[From the REPORT of the BRITISH ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT
of SCIENCE for 1868.]

LAST REPORT

ON

DREDGING AMONG THE SHETLAND ISLES.

BY

J. GWYN JEFFREYS, F.R.S.,
REV. A. MERLE NORMAN, M.A., W.C. M'INTOSH, M.D, F.L.S.,

AND

EDWARD WALLER.

PRINTED BY TAYLOK AND PRANCIS, KED LlOX COTJET, FLEET STREET.

BiOLOGt
RA

a

THIS was my eighth expedition to the northern extremity of our seas, and
occupied the whole of the summer. It was not so successful as those in some
previous years, owing to the stormy state of the weather. While my friends
in England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland were enjoying calm sunshine, our
climate was exactly the reverse ; and the persevering course of the wind
(from north-west to south-west) prevented our doing much at sea. This
part of the North Atlantic is notoriously subject to broken weather, it being
the point where the warm air induced by the Gulf-stream and westerly
winds meets the cold air brought down by the arctic current. The fauna of
the Shetland waters, however, is by no means exhausted. Every expedition
has produced novelties, not only in the Mollusca, but in all other depart-
ments of marine zoology.

On the present occasion I obtained, at a depth of 120 fathoms, a living
specimen and a larger dead one of a fine species of Pleurotoma, P. carinata
of Bivona. It was originally described as a Calabrian fossil ; Jan and Bel-
lardi have given it from the Upper Tertiaries of North Italy, the former un-
der the name of Fvsu-s modiolus ; and Searles Wood records a single specimen

ON DREDGING AMONG THE^'sil Sr?L^ND iSLlsS.^ ' 233

having- been found in the Coralline arjd another i& the^Ee*el :Cija*..J, Professor
Sars and Mr. M' Andrew dredged a few "sf>eciiienV off ^Ke^c6a:&t& -of ^Norway ;
and the former gave some interesting particulars of the animal, which I
have been able to confirm by my own observation. Although allied to P.
nivalis, and found in the same locality, it has distinct eyes placed on rather
prominent stalks or ommatophores, whereas P. nivalis has no eyes nor any
trace of eye-stalks. On this account Sars proposed the generic name Tt/phlo-
mangelia for the latter species ; but it must be borne in mind that Eulima
stenostoma is also eyeless, and yet is closely related to its congeners and com-
panions, all of which have very conspicuous eyes. It is a somewhat remark-
able coincidence that the shell of E. stenostoma resembles a large Achatina
adcula, which is in the same category as regards these so-called organs of
sight. The shells of P. carinata and P. nivalis are easily distinguishable.

Among the rarer and more noteworthy mollusks procured this year were
the following : —

Montacuta tumidula, St. Magnus Bay and near Fetlar. Described by me
from the Hebrides in the Reports of the Association for 18.66.

M. donacina, S. Wood. A single valve from deep water in St. Magnus
Bay. Another valve had been dredged by me at Falmouth in 1839. It is a
rare Coralline Crag fossil. Its nearest ally is M. substriata.

Utriculus globosus, Loven. A small living specimen occurred this year
also in St. Magnus Bay.

U. expansus, Jeffr. A few young specimens again in St. Magnus Bay.

Odostomia Warreni, Thompson. Never having seen this shell in a fresh.
and perfect state, I considered it (Brit. Conch, iv. p. 143) a variety of 0.
obliqua. But the discovery of live specimens in St. Magnus Bay and near
Fetlar enables me to separate the two as distinct species. 0. Warreni has a
shorter spire and more swollen whorls than 0. obliqua, the suture is deeper,
the striaa are much stronger at the base of the shell, the whole surface is covered
with most delicate and close-set microscopic spiral lines, and the umbilicus
is well developed and deep. The animal of 0. Warreni has a peculiar foot ;
this is not plain and rounded at its extremity, as in 0. obliqua, but is deeply
bilobed or forked like the tail of a swallow. No other species of Odostomia,
so far as I am aware, has a similar foot. One individual spun a fine gluti-
nous thread from the middle of the foot, and kept itself suspended for some
time from the surface of the water, with the point of the shell downwards. I
found a dead specimen of 0. obliqua on the same ground with 0. Warreni.

0. umbilicaris, Malm. A young specimen from St. Magnus Bay, nearly
globular, and thus exhibiting the same distinctive characters as the adult.

Siphonodentalium Lofotense and Cadulus (or Loxoporus} subfusiformis were
again found, the former being more widely distributed. Both inhabit the
Mediterranean ; and the latter is a Sicilian and Viennese fossil. I had an
excellent opportunity of observing them alive and in active motion. The
thread-like and extensile organs by which the Solenoconchia seize their prey
are unlike the tentacles of any Gastropod, and their function is quite dif-
ferent. I would call these organs captacula, an appropriate word and not less
classically formed than tentacula.

Leda pernula was dredged, as before, in St. Magnus Bay ; but with it was
a dead and apparently semifossil valve of Tellina calcaria. I must therefore
hesitate in considering the one more than the other recent or an inhabitant
of the British seas at the present time.

Perhaps Lamellaria prodita, Lovcn, may be added to the list; but unfor-
tunately the specimen was handled too roughly, and the shell was crushed to

'

234 • ; ; ;'•. \ / :

pieces. Its, e«J;r^*<^ri#F£ eize; (considerably more than an inch in length)
and the Jeg^^|](1^:fit^oiti,i3).at.VMclr"it was dredged deserve notice.

Being in the south of Europe last winter I had an opportunity of examin-
ing Mediterranean and Adriatic shells ; and the result greatly surprised as
well as interested me. The dredgings of Oapt. Acton (the Commandant of the
Italian navy) in the Gulf of Naples, and the extensive collections of Dr. Tiberi
at Portici, General Stefanis at Naples, Herr Weinkauf from Algeria, and
of Dr. Brusina at Zara, especially yielded a vast quantity of new material
for a comparison of the marine testacea of the north and south of Europe.
Many of the species having been described (some insufficiently) under dif-
ferent names, the difficulty of identification is considerable ; but there is no
doubt that a remarkable concordance exists, and to a great extent, between
the mollusca which inhabit the deeper parts of the Atlantic and Mediterranean
seas from 62° to 36° N. lat. The littoral kinds diifer much more — a cir-
cumstance which may have been occasioned by climatal conditions. To ex-
emplify the former proposition I subjoin a list of 76 species, usually considered
northern, which are common to the North Sea and the Mediterranean, with
their principal synonyms.

Names of Species. Synonyms.

Terebratula caput-serpentis, Linne.

Argiope lunifera, Philippi .• Terebratula cistellula, Searles Wood.

Crania anomala, Mutter Anomia tmbinata, Poli.

Pecten septemradiatus, Mull. Ostrea inflexa and O. clavata, Poli.

P. aratus, Gmelin P. Bruei, Payraudeau.

P. Testae, Bivona P. furtivus, Loven.

P. striatus, Mutt.

P. Hoskynsi, Forbes P. imbrifer, Lov.

P. vitreus, Chemnitz P. Gemellarii-filii, Biondi.

P. similis, Laskey P. pygmseus, von Mimster.

Lima Sarsii, Lov Perhaps L. crassa, Forbes.

L. elliptica, Jeffreys.

L. subauriculata, Montagu.

Pinna rudis, L P. pectinata of some authors, not

Mytilus phaseolinus, Ph. of Linne.

Modiolaria discors, L.
Nucula nitida, G. B. Sowerby.

N. tenuis, Mont N. decipiens, Ph. ; N. segeensis, Forb.

Leda pygmaea, v. Miinst.

Area obliqua, Ph A. Korenii, Danielssen.

A. nodulosa, Mull. A. scabra, Poli; A. aspera, Ph.

Lepton nitidum, Turton.
Montacuta ferruginosa, Mont.
Lucina borealis, L.
Axinus Croulinensis, Jt'ffr.
Cyamium minutum, Fabricius.

Cardium minimum, Ph C. suecicum, Lov.

Astarte sulcata, Da Costa Tellina fusca, Poll.

Lucinopsis undata, Pennant Venus incompta, Ph.

Tellina balthica, L T. rubiginosa. Poli.

T. pusilla, Ph.

Scrobicularia nitida, Mull. Syndesmya intermedia, Thompson.

Lvonsia Norvegica, Ch Pandorina coruscans, Scacchi.

Thracia convexa, W. Wood T. ventricosa, Ph.

Neaera rostrata, Spenyler N. attenuata, Forb.

Xylophaga dorsalis, Turt.

Siphonodentalium Lofotense, Sars.

S. qiiinquangulare, Forb Dentalium variabile, Costa (Faun.

Nap.), not of Deshayes ; S. penta-

gonum, Sars.

ON DREDGING AMONG THE SHETLAND ISLES. 235

Names of Species. Synonyms.

Cadulus subfusiformis, Sars.
Chiton Hanleyi, Bean.
C. cancellatus, G. B. Sow.

C. cinereus, L C. asellus, Sp.

C. lasvis, Mont C. corallinus, Rlsso.

Tectura virginea, Mull.
Propilidium ancyloides, Forb.

Scissurella crisp^ata, Fleming S. aspera, Ph., var.

Trochus cinerarius, L., var. variegata.

Rissoa reticulata, Mont R. Beanii, Hanley.

R. cimicoides, Forb R. sculpta, Forbes $• Haney, not of

R. Zetlandica, Mont. Philippi.

R. abyssicola, Forb.

R. parva, Mont., and var. interrupta R. obscura and R. simplex, Ph.

R. mconspicua, Alder.

R. albella, Lov R. Oenensis, Brusina.

R. vitrea, Mont.

Jefireysia diaphana, Aid. Rissoa ? glabra, Aid., not of Brown.

J. opalina, Jeffr.

Scalaria Trevelyana, Leach.

Aclis Walleri, Jeffr.

Odostomia clavula, Lov.

O. albella, Lov.

O. umbilicaris, Malm.

O. conspicua, Aid.

O. Scillse, Scacchi.

0. nitidissima, Mont.

Eulima bilineata, Aid.

Natica catena, Da C. Probably Nerita kelicina, Brocchi.

Vehitina laevigata, Penn.

Cerithiuni metula, Lov Mediterranean, fide Hanley.

Purpura lapillus, L.

Trophon Mb'rchi, Malm Bela demersa, Tiberi.

Bulla utriculus, Brocchi B. Cranchii, Leach.

Philine scabra, Mull. Bulltea angustata, Biv.

Aplysia punctata, Cuvier A. hybrida, J. Soiverby.

Spirialis retroversus, Fl. Scaea stenogyra; Ph. j oceanic.

Clio pyramidata; L Oceanic.

How is this concordance to be accounted for ? I have carefully read again
Forbes's elaborate essay " On the Connexion between the distribution of the
existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, and the Geological changes
which have affected their area, especially during the epoch of the Northern
Drift" (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, vol. i. 18.46) ; but
I cannot find in it a satisfactory solution of the question. He, indeed, men-
tions the continuance of some " arctic " species in the British seas, the rest
having " retired for ever," and that certain other species which he called
" Boreal or Celtic " occurred in a fossil state in Sicily ; and he states (p. 390)
that " in the deepest of the regions of depth in the JEgean " the same repre-
sentation of a northern fauna as exists in our own seas is maintained, " partly
by identical and partly by representative forms." The instances he gives do
not support such a view ; and I am not a believer in " representative forms."
He evidently was not aware of the fact that boreal (not arctic) species still
live in the Mediterranean. I, however, fully agree with him that at some
former period (which he designates " the newer pliocene epoch ") there was
an open communication between the Atlantic (according to him the " North
Seas") and the Mediterranean, by which the fauna became diffused. I
should be inclined to place the Atlantic point of communication at Bordeaux,
and that of the Mediterranean at Narbonne, in the line of the Languedoc

238 REPORT— 1868.

Canal, which extends from one coast to the other, and is very little ahove
the present level of the sea. This communication must have been very wide ;
and it remained open during the glacial epoch, which affected not only the
north of Europe, but also Naples, Sicily, and probably Rhodes. Dr. Tiberi
showed me a fine valve of Pecten Islandicus which had lately been fished up
in the Gulf of Naples at a depth of 50 fathoms, and with it a valve of
P. opercularis quite as large as northern specimens ; both the valves were in
a semifossil state, and the former was covered with the same Greenland species
of Spirorbis (S. cancellatus, Eabr.) as I noticed on valves of P. Islandicus
dredged in the Shetland seas at depths varying from 75 to 170 fathoms.
Sir Charles Lyell has not adverted, in the last edition of his ' Principles of
Geology,' to the remarkable occurrence of such glacial fossils in the Shetland
sea-bed, to which I called the attention of geologists in my former Reports
as well as in the second volume of * British Conehology,' p. 58 ; and he
seems to have overlooked the observations of Philippi and Seguenza on
the fossils of Calabria and Sicily, when he stated (Princ. Geol. i. p. 298) that
" deposits filled with arctic species of marine shells are to be seen in full force
on the North American continent ten or more degrees further south than in
Europe." Possibly he was misled by one of Forbes's conclusions (Rep. Geol.
Surv. p. 402), that " no glacial beds are known in Southern Europe." This,
however, was more than twenty years ago. I have myself identified from
the Calabrian and Sicilian deposits several high-northern shells (e. g. Tere-
bratula cranium, T. septata, Lima excavata, Mytilm modiolus, Ci/prina Islan-
dica, Mya truncata, var. Uddevallensis, Saxicava Norvegica, Puncturella Noa-
china, Emarginula crassa, Buccinum undatwn, and Natica affinis or clausal),
and from the Rhodian deposits Terebratula septata and Lima Sarsii.

My old companion, Mr. Waller, picked up on the beach in a small bay on
the west coast of Shetland a shell of Spirula australis. It is a tropical
Cephalopod, and is not unfrequently thrown up by the waves on the southern
and western shores of England, Wales, and Ireland, together with exotic
species of Teredo, lanthina, and Hyalcea brought from southern latitudes.
Dr. Morch informs me that several shells of the Spinda have this year been
found in the Earoe Isles. The transport of such tropical productions to
northern latitudes has been usually attributed to the Gulf-stream. It now,
however, appears more probable that this is the consequence, not of the direct
action and course of the Gulf-stream, but of the prevalence of westerly and
south-westerly winds, which waft onwards to northern latitudes, in a north-
erly and north-easterly direction, the floating objects carried .to a certain
distance by the Gulf-stream. The direct course of the Gulf-stream has not
been observed further north than about 45° N. lat. ; from that point it would
seem to dwindle into a north-easterly surface drift. A chart will shortly be
published by the Admiralty in explanation of this view of the case ; and the
following papers on the subject ought to be consulted by physical geographers :
— Dr. Stark " On the Temperature of the Sea around the coasts of Scotland
during the years 1857 and 1858, and the bearing of the facts on the theory
that the mild climate of Great Britain during winter is dependent on the
Gulf-stream " (Trans. R. S. Edin. 1859), and Capt. Thomas's tables and re-
marks in Mr. Alex. Buchan's Report " On the Temperature of the Sea on
the Coast of Scotland" (Journ. Scottish Meteor. Soc. Oct. 1865). See also
<Br. Conch.' vol. i. (Introd.) pp. xeviii and xcix.

I will add a short summary of the observations recorded in my Reports on
Shetland drcdgings and in the work last cited.

1. The bathymetrical zones have been too much divided by Risso and sub-
sequent authors. There are two principal zones, littoral and submarine ; the
nature of the habitat and the supply of food influence the residence and mi-

ON DREDGING AMONG THE SHETLAND ISLES. 237

gration of animals, not the comparative depth of water. Psammobia costu-
lata and Buccinum undatum are instances in support of this proposition.

2. Specimens or varieties of the same species are larger in the littoral and
laminarian zones than in deeper water : e. g. Mactra solida and its variety
elliptica, Solecurtus candidus, Pandora incequivalvis and its variety obtusa or
pinna, Chiton Icevis, Tectura viryinea, Trochus zizypliinus, Pleurotoma Icevi-
gata, and Philine aperta.

3. The size of North-European specimens is usually greater than that of
South-European specimens of the same species, e. g. Pecten septemradiatus,
P. opercularis, Lima hians, Mytilus Adriaticus, Isocardia cor, Astarte sidcata,
Venus eocoleta, V. lincta, Tellina balaustina, Chiton Hanleyi, Tectura virginea,
Natica Alderi, Defrancia teres, D. purpurea, and Bulla utriculus.

4. The colour of specimens from the greatest depths is not less vivid than
of those from shallow water, although each zone has colourless specimens.
Venus ovata, Trochus zizyphinus, Turritella terebra, and Eulima bilineata may
be mentioned as examples. This was lately confirmed by a great authority,
Professor Sars,who has given* numerous instances in illustration of it, founded
on his son's dredgings at depths varying from 250 to 300 fathoms among
the Loffoden Isles. The recent investigations of Dr. W. B. Carpenter and Pro-
fessor Wyville Thomson in the North Atlantic, by means of the dredge, at
much greater depths show also that the shells there procured (e. g. Venus ovata
and Columbella lialiceeti) were highly coloured and variegated. In the ' Bul-
letin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology ' at Harvard College, Cambridge,
U.S., for 1868, will be found an interesting paper by Count L. F. Pourtales,
entitled "Contributions to the Fauna of the Gulf-stream at great depths."
He says that at the greatest depths which he explored, reaching to 517 fathoms,
" the prevailing colours are white, pink, sometimes playing into orange, and a
pale green. Blue was only seen in a small encrusting sponge." And he
further remarks that " the deep-sea animals have generally well- developed
eyes, larger, if anything, than those of their congeners of shallow water."

5. Mollusca inhabiting deep water have a larger supply of oxygen for the
aeration of their gills than those which live in shallow water. See my account
of Columbella haliceeti.

6. The occurrence of the same species in the North Sea and the Mediter-
ranean results partly from former geological or cosmical conditions, and partly
from a communication which once existed between the Bay of Biscay and the
Gulf of Lyons.

7. Oceanic or floating shells of exotic species are carried northwards by west-
erly winds, and not directly by the Gulf-stream, which does not reach our coasts.

8. Land and freshwater mollusca are scarce in Shetland, owing to the
scantiness of succulent vegetation for their food, and of lime for the con-
struction of their shells. These are smaller than southern specimens ; and
the same fact is observable Avith respect to Shetland insects.

9. Semifossil shells of arctic species (such as Pecten Islandicus, Tellina
calcaria, Mya truncata, var. Uddevallensis, Molleria costulata, Trochus cinereus,
and Trophon clathratus) are met with on the sea-bottom at considerable
depths, and at some distance from land. The only explanation I can offer is
a former elevation of the sea- bed whereon these mollusks lived (and which
was probably in shallow water), its conversion into dry land, and a subsequent
subsidence. Perhaps the sea-bed is still sinking.

10. Species recorded from the Coralline Crag and earlier deposits, and sup-
posed to be extinct, have now been discovered living in the Shetland seas ;
e. g. Limopsis aurita, Pleurotoma carinata, and Columbella lialiaeeti. Possibly

* Vidensk.-Selsk. Forhandlinger for 1868, pp. 27 & 28.

238

REPORT 1868.

Trochus amabilis is another case, assuming that it originated from Margarita ?
maculata of Searles Wood.

Professor Dickie has been good enough to report on some Diatoms from
the insides of a quantity of Echinus Norvegicus, which were dredged at a depth
of 78 fathoms about forty miles from the east coast of Shetland. He says
they are chiefly Navicula did y ma, Coscinodiscus excentricus, C. minor, Acti-
noci/clus undulatus, and Melosira sulcata, with fewer of M. nummuloides and
Nitzsohia angularis, all marine ; also a few freshwater Cocconema lanceolatum,
Sunrella minuta, and fragments of a Pinnularia. And he adds that long ago
he recorded the occurrence of freshwater Diatomaceas mixed with marine
species from the stomachs of Ascidice taken in deep water off Aberdeen. The
freshwater Diatoms must evidently have been carried by a stream into the sea,
and transported by the tide to the place where they sunk to the bottom, and
were swallowed by the indiscriminating Echini and Ascidice. Diatoms inhabit
the surface only of the water, and Globigerina and other Foraminifera not of
a fixed or sessile nature "have been observed by Major Owen and myself
to float when alive within a few inches from the surface. Dr. Wallich found
the microscopic organisms which he called coccosphercs " profusely in a living,
or perhaps it would be more safe to say a recent, condition in material col-
lected at the surface of the open seas of the tropics." Coccospheres and free
Foraminifera cover the bed of the Atlantic at enormous depths. The occur-
rence, therefore, of such organisms on the floor of the ocean at such depths
does not prove that they ever lived there. I should rather be inclined to
believe that they dropped to the bottom of the sea when dead or after having
passed through the stomachs of other animals which had fed on them.

A few small fishes were caught in the dredge at depths of from 90 to 100
fathoms. Dr. Giinther reports that they belong to the undermentioned spe-
cies:— Callionymus maculatus (Bonap.), Gobius Jeffrey sii (Giinth.), young,
Cyclopterus lumpus (L.), young, Lejpadog aster bimaculatus (Penn.), and
Rhombus Norvegicus (Giinth.), young. He remarks that the last-named
species is new to the British fauna, having been hitherto known from the
coast of Norway only.

Mr. Norman will report on the Crustacea, Tunicata, Polyzoa, Hydrozoa,
Echinoderms, Actinozoa, and Sponges, Dr. M'Intosh on the Annelids, and
Mr. "Waller on the Foraminifera.

Mollusca inhabiting the Shetland Isles and the adjacent seas. (See Tables
of distribution in * British Conchology,' vols. i.-iv.)

Name of Species.

Northern.

Southern.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

MARINE.

BEACHIOPODA.
Terebratula cranium, Milller ....
caput-serpentis, Linne
fTerebratella Spitzbergensis, Da-
vidson

—

—

Vigo (W Andrew).
Possibly fossil.

fRhynchonella psittacea, L
Argiope lunifera, Philippi

—

Possibly fossil.
Terebratula cistellula, S. AVood.

Crania anomala, Midler

Anomia turbinuta, Poli.

6

G

4

ON DREDGING AMONG THE SHETLAND ISLES.

239

Name of Species.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

CONCHIFERA.

Anomia ephippium, L

patelliformis, L

Ostrea edulis, L

Pecten pusio, L

opercularis, L

septeniradiatus, MiilL

faratus, Gmelin

tigrinus, Mull

tTestae, Bivona

striatus, Mull

tvitreus, Chemnitz

similis, Laskey ,

maximus, L

("Lima Sarsii, Lov

felliptica, Jeffreys

subauriculata, Mont

Loscombii, G. B. Sowerby .
Pinna rudis, L

Mytilus edulis, £. . . .

modiolus, L

Adriaticus, Lamarck . .

phaseolimis, Ph

Modiolaria marmorata, Forbes

discors, L

nigra, Gray

Crenella decussata, Mont

Nucula nucleus, L

nitida, G. B. Sow

tenuis, Mont

Leda pygmsea, von Munster . .

minuta, MiilL

tpernula, Mull ,

Limopsis aurita, Brocchi

Pectunculus glycymeris, L. .
Area pectunculoides, Scacchi .
tobliqua, Ph
tnodulosa, Mull.
tetragona, Poll
Lepton nitidum, Turton

Clarkise, Clark

Montacuta substriata, Mont. .
fdonacina, S. Wood

ttumidula, Jeffr.

ferruginosa, Mont.
Lassea rubra, Mont
Kellia suborbicularis, Mont. .

fcycladia, S. Wood
Lucina spirifera, Mont
borealis. L

P. Bruei, Payraudeau.

P. Gemellarii-Jilii, Biondi.

P. pectinata of some authors, not of
Linne.

Fossil in Calabria and Sicily.

Possibly fossil.

Fossil in the Coralline Crag, and in
miocene and pliocene beds on the
Continent. Perhaps an arctic

species.

A. scabra, Poli; A. aspera, Ph.

A Coralline Crag fossil.

loralline Crag.

240

REPORT 1868.

Name of Species.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

Axinus flexuosus, Mont

tCroulinensis, Jeffr

ferruginosus, Forb

Cyamium minutum, Fabricius . .

Cardium echinatum, L

exiguum, Gmelin

fasciatuin, Mont

nodosum, Turt

edule, L

minimum, Ph

Norvegicum, Spengler . .

Isocardia cor, L

Cyprina Islandica, L

Astarte sulcata, Da Costa

compressa, Mont

triangularis, Mont

Circe minima, Mont

Venus exoleta, L

lincta, Pulteney

fasciata, Da C.

Casina, L

ovata, Pennant

. gallina, L

Tapes virgineus, auct

pullastra, Mont

Tapes decussatus, L

Lucinopsis undata, Penn

' Gastrana fragilis, L

A. p-usillus, Sars.

Fossil at Nice and in Sicily.

Tellina "balaustina, L.
crassa, Penn.
balthica, L.
tennis, Da C.

Probably not Venusvirginea of Linne
Fossil in Sweden and Norway.

Zetlandic on the authority of Forbes,
and Norwegian on that of M' An-
drew.

fabula, Gronovius

donacina, L

pusilla, Ph

Psammobia tellinella, Lam

costulata, Turt. . .
Ferroensis, Ch. . .

Mactra solida, L

subtruncata, Da (7. ....

stultorum, L

Lutraria elliptica, Lam

Scrobicularia prismatica, Mont.

nitida, Mull

alba, W. Wood

Solecurtus candidus, Renier . .
antiquatus, Pult. , .

Solen pellucidus, Penn

ensis, L

siliqua, L

Pandora insequivalvis, L. ....

Boulder-clay of Caithness (Peach).

The northern and deep-water va
rietyis Solen pinna of Montagu =
P. obtusa, Leach.

ON DREDGING AMONG THE SHETLAND ISLES.

241

Name of Species.

Northern.

Southern.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

Lyonsia Norvegica, Ch
Thracia praetenuis, Pult
papyracea, Poli

—

—

Amphidesma phaseolina, Lam.

convexa, W. Wood ....
distorta Jlfont.

—

—

Poromya granulata, Nyst and
"fVestcndorp

Nesora abbreviata Fo>'b

costellata, Deshayes

"frostrata Sp

cuspidata, Olivi

Corbula gibba OL

Mya truncata, L

("Panopea plicata, Mont, . . .

—

Fossil in Sicily.

Saxicava Norvegica, Sp

Shetland (M' Andrew). Fossil in

rngosa. L>

Sicily.

Pholas crispata, L

p

Marseilles (Matheron) ; Fossil ?

Xylophao'a dorsalis, Turt.

Teredo Norve°'ica, Sp

megotara, Hanky

—

—

126

110

107

SOLENOCONCHIA.

Dentalium entails, L. . ....

p

tabyssorum, Sars ....
tSiphoiiodentalium Lofotense; Sars
tCadulus subfusiformis; Sars ....

—

4

4

3

GASTROPODA.
Chiton fasciculariSj L

Hanleyi. £ecin

Dredged by Capt Acton in the Gulf

cancellatus, Leach ? ....
cinereus. L ,

—

—

of Naples !

albus, L

marginatus, Penn

ruber Lowe . . .

l3evis; Mont

marmoreus, Fabr
Patella vul°'ata L

—

Helcion pellucidum, L

Tectiira testudinalis j^Lull

virginea, Mull.

. fulva, Mull
fLepeta cseca, MilH

—

Propilidium ancyloides, Forb. . .
Puncturella Noachina, L.

—

—

Fossil in Sicily.

Emarginula fissura, L

__

crassa, J. Sowerby . .
PFissurella srseca. L.

—

Fossil in Calabria as JE. decussata
(Ph.), and in Sicily (Seguenza).
Zetlandic on Forbes's authority.

242

REPORT 1868.

Name of Species.

Remarks as to distribution
arid synonymy.

Capulus Hungaricus, L

Scissurella crispata, Fleming

Cyclostrema nitens, Ph

serpuloi'des, Mont.

Trochus helicinus, Fabr

Grcenlandicus, Ch. . . .

famabilis, Jeffr

magus, L

tumidus, Mont

cinerarius, Z

Montacuti, W. Wood

millegranus, Ph

zizyphinus, L

occidentalis, Mighels

Lacuna crassior, Mont

divaricatus, Fabr. . . .

puteolus, Turt

pallidula, Da C.

Littorina obtusata, L

neritoides, L.
rudis, Maton

litorea, L.

Rissoa reticulata, Mont. . . .

cimicoides, Forb

t Jeffreys!, Waller . . .

punctura, Mont. . . .

abyssicola, Forb. . . .

Zetlandica, Mont. .

costata, Adams . . .

parva, Da C.

mconspicua, Aid. . . .
falbella, Lov

membranacea, Ad. .

violacea, Desmarets

striata, Ad

proxima, Aid.

vitrea, Mont

soluta, Ph

semistriata, Mont. .

cingillus, Mont. . . .

Hydrobia ulvae, Penn

Jefeeysia diaphana, Aid. .

opalina, Jeffr. . . .

,globularis, Jeffr. .

Skenea planorbis, Fabr. . . .

Ilomalogyra atomus, Ph. .

rota, F.$H..

Caecum glabrum, Mont. . . .

S. aspera, Ph., appears to be the
southern form or variety.

The southern form is the variety
variegata.

Probably arctic.
Gulf of Gascony.
Corunna and Vigo (M' Andrew).
Arcachon (Fischer).
North of Spain, and Vigo ; the Me-
diterranean localities are doubtful.

Corunna and Lisbon (M'Andrew) ;

Algiers (J. W. Flower) ; Adriatic

(Brusina).
Corunna and Lisbon (M 'Andrew) ;

the Mediterranean and Adriatic

localities are doubtful.

Gulf of Gascony (Marquis de Fo-
lin)!

Shetland, fide Barlee.

Adriatic, as R. Oenensis (Brusina).

Shetland, fide Fleming.
Shetland, fide Barlee.
Turbo stagnates, L.

ON DREDGING AMONG THE SHETLAND ISLES.

243

Name of Species.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

Turritella terebra, L
Scalaria Trevelyana, Leach

clathratula, Ad
Aclis unica, Mont
assaris, Turt
supranitida, S. Wood
tWalleri, Jeffr
Gulsonae, Cl

tOdostomia minima, Jeffr
nivosa, Mont
clavula, Lov
tLukisi, Jeffr
falbellft, Lov
pallida, Mont
conoidea, Brocchi
fumbilicaris, Malm
acuta, Jeffr
conspicua, AM
unidentata, Mont
turrita, Hani
insculpta, Mont
fdiaphana, Jeffr
obliqua, Aid

Warreni, Thompson
indistincta, Mont
interstincta, Mont.
spiralis, Mont

eximia, Jeffr
scalaris, Ph
rufa, Ph
Scillae, Scacchi

acicula, Ph

nitidissima, Mont. . .
Stilifer Turtoni, Broderip ....

Eulima polita, L

intermedia, Cantraine
distorta, Desh., sec. Ph.

fstenostoma, Jeffr

Psubulata, Donovan ....

bilineata. Aid.
Natica Islandica, Gm

Groanlandica, Beck
sordida, Ph
catena, Da C.
Alderi, Forb
Montacuti, Forb
Lamellaria persp^icua, L
Yelutina plicatilis, Mull.
leevigata, Penn
fTorellia vestita, Jeffr
Tricliotropis borealis, Brod.
Aporrhai's pes-pelecani, L

Dalmatia (Brusina).

Gulf of Naples (Stefanis).
Vigo Bay (M'Andrew).

Gulf of Naples (Tiberi and Acton).
Dalmatia (Brusina); Sicily (Tiberi).
Dalmatia (Brusina).
O. Novegradensis, Brus.

Gulf of Naples (Actoii).

Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud) .
Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle).

Dalmatia (Brusina); Naples (Ste-
fanis).

Adriatic (Stossich).

Gulf of Naples (Stefanis) j Madeira
and Canaries (M* Andrew).

Adriatic and Mediterranean.
Canary Isles (M 'Andrew).

E. Philippii, Weinkauff.

Shetland, fide Forbes ; Norway,
Jide Loven and Danielssen.
Adriatic and Mediterranean.

Perhaps N. fiisca, De Blainville.
Fossil in Sicily.

244

REPORT— 1868.

Name of Species.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

Aporrhais Macandrese, Jeffr.
Cerithium nietula, Lov.

perversum, L

Cerithiopsis tubercularis, Monl. . .
Metaxa, DeUe Chiaje

fcostulata, Matter . .

Purpura lapillus, L

Buccinum undatum, L

Humphreysianum,
Bennett

Buccinopsis Dalei, J, Sow

Trophon Barvicensis, Johnston . .

tramcatus, Strom

Fusus antiquus, L. . .. ,

Norvegicus, Ch

Turtoni, Bean

flslandicus, Ch

gracilis, Da C.

propinquus, Aid.

Berniciensis, King . . .

Nassa reticulata, L

incrassata, Sir

tColumbella haliaeeti, Jeffr. . . .

nana, Lov

Defrancia teres, Forb

gracilis, Mont.
Leufroyi, Michaiid .

linearis, Mont

freticulata, Ren. . . .

purpurea, Mont. . . .

Pleurotoma costata, Don. . . .

brachystoma, Ph.

nebula, Mont. . . .

fnivalis, Lov. .
fcarinata, Bir.

turricula, Mont. . .
Trevelyana, Turt.

Marginella las vis, Don

Cypraea Europasa, Mont

Cylichna acuminata, Bruguiere

nitidula. Lov

umbilicata, Mont. . .
cylindracea, Penn. . .

falba, Brown

Utriculus mammillatus, Ph. . .
truncatulus, Brug. . .

obtusus, Mont

fexpansus, Jeffr

hyalinus, Turt

tglobosus, Lov

Fossil in Sicily.
Villafranca (Hanley).

Shetland, fide Barlee.

Gulf of Lyons (Martin). Fossil
in Sicily and Calabria.

Fossil in Sicily and Calabria.

An embryo capsule only in Shet-
land.

Bay of Biscay.
Arcachon (Lafont) !

Fossil in the Sicilian and other

tertiary beds.
Genus Thcsbia.

The variety elongata is the Shet-
land form.

Fossil in the Coralline Crag.
Fossil in the Vienna basin, Italy,

and the Crag.
North of France.

Gulf of Naples (Stefanis).

Bay of Biscay and the Adriatic.
Utriculopsis vitrea, Sars.

ON DREDGING AMONG THE SHETLAND ISLES.

245

Name of Species.

Northern.

Southern.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

Acera bullata Mull

Action tornatilis, L

13ulla utriculus. Brocchi

Scaphander li°"naiius L

flibrarius, Lov

Philine scabra, Mull.
catena, Mont

—

—

Shetland7>/?<fc Barlee.

"fanarulata, Jeifr.

ouadrata. S ^Vood

punctata, Cl.

pruinosa Cl.

Dalmatia (Brusina)

fnitida, Jeffr

aperta, L

Aplysia punctata, Cuv

A. hybrid a , J. Sow.

Pleurophyllidia Loveni^ Bcrgh . .
Doris tuberculata, Cuv . .

—

Diphyllidia lineata, Forbes and Han-
ley (not of Otto).

Zetlandica, Alder $ Hancock
Johnstoni, A. Sf JET.

repanda, A. 8f H.

^ muricata. Jbfiill

Alder

bilamellata, L

D fusca, Hull.

pilosa, Miltt.
Goniodoris nodosa, Mont

—

—

Triopa davi^er, Midi

Polycera quadrilineata, Mull.
ocellata, A. $ H.

—

—

Norman.

Ancula cristata, Aid. . . .

Idalia Leachii, A. 8f H.

Norman.

insec[iialis? Forb

Tritonia Hombersri Cuv

plebeia, Jolmst

JSglrus punctilucens, TfOrbigmj
Ijomanotus marmoratus, A. fy H.
Dendronotus arborescens, Mull. . .
Doto fra°ilis Forb.

—

Peach.

coronata, Gm
cuspidata, A. 8f H.

—

—

Eolis papillosa L. ....

coronata Forb

rufibranchialis, Jolmst
Landsbur0"! A &,' H , , .

—

Norman

pellucid a A 8c H

alba, A. $ H.

olivacea. A & H

pustulata, A. ^* H.

aurantiaca, A. Sf H

Norman

? tricolor, Forb

Alder.

picta, A. $ H.
despectn, Johnst.

Norman.

Hermsea bifida, Mont

Embletonia uiinuta, Forbes fy
Gbodsir '.

Antiopa cristata, Delle Qh
l,imapontia nigra, Johnst'.

—

Norman.

Melampus bidentatus, Mont. . . . .

—

246

REPORT 1868.

Name of Species.

Northern.

Southern.

Remarks as to distribution
and synonymy.

PTEROPODA.

—

—

Coralline Crag. Perhaps C. can-
data of Linne and Cleodora com-
pressa of Souleyet.

Loven.
Maclaurin.
Maclauriu.

L. brwmeus, F. & H. ; not Drapar-
naud's species of that name.

L.arborum, Bouchard- Chantereaux.

"j" Clio pyra.niid.atR L

fmfundibulum, S, Wood ....

3

2

3

CEPHALOPODA.
Rossia macrosoma, Delle Cli

—

—

t papillifera, Jeffr., sp. n.
Sepiola Rondeleti Leach

Sepia officinalis. L

Eledone cirrosa; Linn

6

5

3

LAND AND FRESHWATER

CONCHIFERA.

Pisidium nitidum Jeni/ns

—

—

roseum. Scholtz ....

2

2

2

GASTROPODA.
Planorbis nautileus, L
elaber, Jeffr.

—

—

contortus, L
Limnasa peregra, Mull.

truncatula. Jiifull. ,

Arion ater L

Limax ao^restis. L

Isevis H^Lull

tenellus jbtiill

marginatus, Mull
maximus, L
Succinea putris L.

eleganSj Risso

"Vitrina pellucida, Mull.
Zonites cellarius J\fiill.

alliarius, Miller
Helix nemoralisji., var. hortensis
arbustoruni, L

rotundata, Mull

Pupa umbilicata, Draparnaud . .
Clausilia rugosa, Dr

Cochlicopa lubrica, Midi.

22

22

20

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC.

Summary.

247

•d

g.

p

•

53

,3

1

^

Remarks.

0)

r£4

§

3

o

t*

QQ

•^

03

H PQ

MARINE.

Brachiopoda

6

6

4

8

Conchirera . .

19fi

no

107

167

4

4

3

,5

Gastropoda . .

223

188

140

359

The last figure includes 111
Nudibranchs.

3
6

2
5

3

3

3
12

The number of marine species
in Loven's 'Index ' of Scandi-
navian mollusca is 345, in-

LAND AND FRESHWATER.

368

315

260

554

cluding 40 Nudibranchs.

Conchifera

9

9

9

15

92

92

90

109

339

392

282

678

Obs. The Shetland Nudibranchs and Cephalopods have not been sufficiently
investigated. Loven's ' Index ' and a further list of Swedish Nudibranchs
which he lately sent me contain 60 species of that order, out of which 25
,only have been identified as Zetlandic. He also gives 9 species of Cephalo-
pods, of which 5 only are Zetlandic. The southern distribution of our Nu-
dibranchs is very little known. For the preparation of the present list of
Nudibranchs I am in a great measure indebted to the late Mr. Alder and to
Mr. Norman. Forty-eight species of mollusca (marked f) have been discovered
in the Shetland seas since tho publication of Forbes & Hanley's ' History of
British Mollusca and their Shells.7

Shetland Final Dredging Report. — Part II. On the Crustacea, Tuni-
cata, Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Hydrozoa, and Porifera.
By the Rev. ALFRED MERLE NORMAN, M.A.

THE especial object with which the Shetland dredging was recently under-
taken, under the auspices of the British Association, was the examination of
the fauna of the deep water which surrounds that most northern group of
our islands. The abyss of the sea there approaches near to land at a depth
rapidly descending to eighty or one hundred, and subsequently reaching
many hundred fathoms. The sea-bottom at such a depth would never have
been laid bare during those two great upheavals of the earth's surface which
appear to have been the last great geological oscillations over the area of the
north-west of Europe. At a time when all the channels and sea which now
separate our islands from each other, and from the rest of Europe, were raised
high and dry above the level of the ocean, and the whole formed part of one
great continent, the sea, if the calculations as to the extent of that elevation are
anything like the truth, must still have broken on the rocky shores of the

218 REPORT— 1868.

imposingly bold promontory of Shetland, and the forefathers of at least a large
proportion of its present inhabitants must have lived and died in the same
spots which they now occupy.

Before the recent investigation was commenced, the dredgings of Mr.
Jeffreys and the late Mr. Barlee had resulted in procuring many northern
species of Mollusca in Shetland, which were not before supposed to range
so far south. Moreover, the long lines of the Haaf fishermen had brought
up some strangers from the deep, and had made known to Jameson,
Fleming, and others the existence of a fauna of a widely different character
from that of other portions of the British coast. Lastly, the cruise of Mr.
M< Andrew's yacht enabled the late Professor E. Forbes to acquaint himself
with many Echinodermata and other animals of peculiar interest. These
combined circumstances made us anxious that the invertebrata of this
portion of our islands should be thoroughly investigated, and led to the
appointment by the British Association of a Committee to prosecute such
researches. It is only right, however, that it should be known that the
money which, has from time to time been voted by the Association to this
Committee has only consisted of grants in aid*. Dredging in the open waters
of the Atlantic at considerable distances from land necessitates, the employment
of a vessel of some size, and consequently entails a not inconsiderable outlay.
That outlay has been mainly borne by Mr. Jeffreys, who has been the leader
in the whole undertaking. Mr. Leckenby, of Scarborough, has also contributed
largely towards the expenses ; and other members of the Committee, who have
taken part in the expeditions, have similarly aided, if in much smaller sums,
at least not less willingly in proportion to their means. But my object in
referring to this matter is to let it be known that the light which is now
thrown upon the fauna of this portion of our seas, together with any value
which this present Report may possess, is chiefly due to the liberality in the
cause of science of the two naturalists whose names have been mentioned.

The marine fauna of Shetland has now been proved to be extremely rich.
The sea there would seem to be in an especial manner the meeting-place of
northern and southern types. Many arctic forms not known further to the
south are here found associated with numerous Mediterranean species which
do not reach the Scandinavian coast, and some of which are remarkable as
not having as yet been found at any intermediate habitat between the ex-
treme south of Europe and Shetland.

The distribution of animal life around our 'coasts appears for the most part
to have followed the direction south, west, north, east. It would seem that
comparatively very few (if any) southern species have made their way far
north through the straits of Dover, which may probably be accounted for by
the fact that that channel has, geologically speaking, been only a short time
open. As a rule southern species are to be seen at a higher latitude on the
western than they are on the eastern coasts. There are, however, some
apparent, but only apparent, exceptions. These consist of animals known
on the north-east coast of Scotland, which we should not have expected to
meet with there. On examining into the probable cause of their migration to
this district, I am led to believe that they have made their way thither round
the western and northern, and down the eastern coasts to their present habitats,
and not up the eastern coast as might at first have been supposed. For ex-
ample, Cerithium perversum, Pliasianelli pulla, Fissurella Grceca, Telllna ba-
laustina, Callianassa subterranea, Palmists placenta, AmpTiiura brachiata, &c.

* The dredging of the first two years here reported on (1861 and 1862) was carried on
without any aid from the British Association.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 249

have been found in the Moray Firth, but are wholly unknown on the eastern
coast of England. Moreover, many species have been recorded on the Nor-
wegian coast, though never found on the eastern shores of England, and
therefore may be presumed to have migrated thither up the western side of
Great Britain and round the north of Scotland ; as examples of such species
may be cited Pleurotoma striolata, attenuata, and septangular is, Cerithiopsis
tubercularis, Cerithium reticulatum and perversum, Rissoa violacea, Pliolas
dactylus, Solen vagina, Psammobia costulata, Gfastranafragilis, Isocardia cor,
Cardium aculeatum, Lepton squamosum, Xantho rivulosus, Portunus arcuatus,
Gebia deltura, &c. On the other hand, while northern forms do not extend
southward on the east coast beyond Yorkshire and the Dogger Bank, on the
western coasts they in many instances have a range southwards to the
Nymph Bank, off Cork, and even to the Mediterranean sea. Inasmuch,
therefore, as migration northwards has for the most part taken place by way
of the Hebrides and Shetland, a southern form which may be found in
the Gulf of Christiania or neighbouring part of Scandinavia, though at a point
of latitude considerably further to the south than Shetland, may be regarded
practically with respect to distribution to be further north, and a northern
species at Shetland as further south in its course of migration. In the pre-
paration, therefore, of the Tables IV. and VII. I have regarded the whole of
the Scandinavian sea as though it was to the north of Shetland, notwith-
standing that the latter is geographically situated in about the same latitude
as Bergen.

As has been already stated, the chief aim of the Dredging Committee was
to thoroughly examine the invertebrata of the deep sea. This purpose was
never lost sight of, and the dredge was rarely let down in the Voes or other
shallow Avater except when we were driven there by stress of weather ; nor
was it possible to find much leisure, amid the constant labour entailed by the
examination and preparation of the animals procured by the dredge, to devote
to the littoral zone. Notwithstanding, therefore, the great length of the pre-
sent catalogue (which shows the fauna in almost every branch to be more
rich than that of any other portion of the British coast which has been care-
fully examined by competent naturalists) there cannot be a question that
numerous and interesting discoveries will reward the future investigations of
zoologists near the shore as well as in the open sea. For with regard to the
latter, our repeated dredgings in these northern waters have only sent us
home each time more fully convinced how much remains to be done before
we can attain anything like a complete knowledge of the animals which
inhabit them. "We never tried a new locality a few miles distant from that
which we were before examining that we did not meet with species which
had been previously unnoticed : in fact the Shetland seas appear to afford an
inexhaustible treasury of rare animals in every department of zoology.

While some species are extremely widely diffused, though numerically
scarce, throughout the province, others are common everywhere, and others
again apparently excessively limited in their distribution as well as very rare
when found. But one of the most remarkable features in the distribution of
life in the Shetland Sea is the extraordinarily circumscribed habitat, but at
the same time the local profusion, of many species. It will not be without
interest to give a few examples of this. Many Crustacea, as Nilca edulis,
Dorypliorus Gordoni, Uastrosaccus sanctus, &c., occurred on one occasion in
one spot in considerable numbers, but were scarcely ever (if ever) seen again.
Forty miles east of the Whalsey Skerries Echinus Norverjicus was in such
extraordinary profusion that the dredge came up again and again literally
almost filled with it ; but though occurring in many other localities, it was,

1868. T

250 REPOET — 1868.

save in this one instance, comparatively uncommon. Near the same spot
Antedon Sarsii was brought up in thousands, yet, except in that one day's
dredging, I never was fortunate enough to meet with the species. In this
same neighbourhood Ophiura Sarsii was found very abundantly, but it was
scarcely ever seen again during these dredgings. Cidaris papillata and
Spatangus meridionalis appeared to be confined to one limited area to the
north of Unst, yet there they were to be met with in considerable numbers.
Similarly Tealia digitata was chiefly found in one particular spot; and
the same is true of Ascidia obliqua, A. sordida, EscJiara lorea and Icevis,
Gellepora attenuata, Tessarodoma gracile, Pcdmicellaria elegans, Hornera bo-
realis and violacea, Zoanthus papillosus, Sidisia Barleeii, Pennatula phos-
pJiorea, Tubularia attenuata, Quasillina brevis, Phakellia robusta, Isodictya
firtibriata, Oceanapia Jeffreysii, &c., all of which, though dredged occasion-
ally elsewhere, were chiefly to be found in one circumscribed area, where
they appeared to be very common, and in some instances to live in the most
astounding quantities. When cases of remarkable local distribution occur in
channels or bays the circumstance is not unexpected, but it is different when
we are dredging in the wide expanse of the Atlantic with apparently no
causes at work to make such differences in the nature of the sea-bottom,
which around Shetland is in general of nearly uniform though gradually
increasing depth, as would render different positions peculiarly fitted for the
life of different species. Yet this would seem in a most marked degree to
be the case. The nature of the sea-bed on the Haaf is continually changing,
and the character of the inhabitants varies with it. At one moment the
dredge is scraping over hard stony ground calculated to tear the nets to
pieces, at the next it is sunk deep in fine sand or in an unctuous mud.
When the dredge is hauled up it will be often found that while down it has
at first travelled over a soft bottom and thence brought up in the sand some
extremely interesting species, perhaps in profusion, while subsequently it has
been dragged over hard ground and the stones which it has thence collected
have crushed to pieces the delicate organisms which lay below them in the
net. We at once tack and endeavour again to strike the spot where we had
first let down the dredge — no easy matter certainly in the open sea, where no
bearings can be taken from the land; the whole day is spent, perhaps many
days are spent, in the search for that spot, but Ulocyafhus arcticus or Trochus
amabilis declines again to show us its pretty face.

It may be well to mention that the term " Haaf," which constantly occurs
in this Report, means the open sea, and the Shetland fishermen, more espe-
cially those of the " Out " or " Whalsey Skerries," speak of the " inner,"
" middle," or " outer Haaf," according to the distance of the fishing-ground
from land. The " outer Haaf-"' to the east of the Whalsey Skerries is about
forty miles from those rocky islets, and fifty-five or sixty miles from the
mainland.

In the catalogue of species which follows in this Report I have, in the case
of those animals which have only occurred once, generally appended the date
of the year in which they were discovered. The following account of the
naturalists who accompanied the expeditions in the different years will enable
the reader to assign the credit of each discovery to the right persons. Many
invertebrata which were preserved during the years when I was not myself
present with the Committee, and belong to the classes on which I report,
were kindly placed, in my hands by Mr. Jeffreys. In the notes which follow,
the specimens having been actually examined by myself, I hold myself
responsible for the correctness of the identification of the species in all cases,
except where the locality or note is contained within inverted commas, where

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 251

the determination of the species rests upon the authority of the naturalist
whose name follows the quotation.

1861. Mr. Jeffreys, Mr. Waller, and myself. The dredging this year was
chiefly carried on from the Whalsey Skerries, where the Lighthouse was
made our headquarters ; but a short cruise was taken, just before the home-
ward voyage, to the ground to the north of Unst, which in later years
proved so productive. Yessel, the yacht ' Osprey.'

1862. Mr. Jeffreys and Professor Allman. The expedition came to a pre-
mature and unfortunate termination. The vessel which had been chartered,
having been caught in a heavy gale at sea, had her rudder-post carried
away, and thus became disabled. Professor Allman, however, succeeded in
procuring several Hydrozoa new to science.

1863. Mr. Jeffreys, Mr. Waller, Mr. R. Dawson, and myself. A steamer
was this year engaged in the work, and the dredging was in the directions
north, north-east, and east of IJnst.

1864. Mr. Jeffreys, Mr. Waller, and Mr. Peach. The dredging was chiefly
carried on to the north of Unst, Balta Sound being made the headquarters
during the greater portion of the summer. Mr. Peach paid special attention
to the sponges, and discovered several new species. Vessel, the ' Osprey.'

1867. Mr. Jeffreys, Mr. Waller, Mr. Dodd, and myself. The bed of the
ocean, to the north and west of Shetland, was investigated, and at greater
depths than had before been tried. A fortnight was also spent in examin-
ing the rich fauna of the deeper parts of St. Magnus Bay. Yessel, Mr.
Jeffreys's yacht the ' Osprey.'

1868. Mr. Jeffreys, Mr. Waller, and Major Woodall. Dredging chiefly
to the north of Unst and St. Magnus Bay, but the Out Skerries Haaf was
also visited. Vessel, the ' Osprey/

My sincere thanks are especially due to my kind and valued friends Mr.
Jeffreys and Mr. Waller, for the assistance they rendered me in all kinds of
ways during our dredging operations, and in the preservation of those inver-
tebrata which it is my duty here to notice.

In 1867 Mr. D. Bobertson went to Shetland, and, besides dredging and
using the towing-net in Bressay Sound, he visited many of the inland lochs
and streams, for the purpose of examining the Crustacea which they might
contain. I have to thank him for having kindly allowed me to examine
the gatherings which he made, and I am thus enabled to add many species
to the list of Entomostraca.

In the preparation of the Tables which follow, it must be understood
that I have not relied solely on published localities. A large number of the
species have been identified by myself from habitats further to the north or
to the south than those which have been recorded in print. This will
account for the absence of many names from the Tables IV., V., and VII.
which might have been expected there.

I.

Comparison of the Total Number of British and of Shetland Species.
The following Table is intended to show —

1. The number of species belonging to the several Classes and Orders, as
given in the " List of the British Marine Invertebrate Fauna," published by
the British Association in 1861, and which supplies us with a carefully cor-
rected catalogue of the species known seven years ago.

2. The total number of species which have been recorded as British up to
the time of publication of this Eeport. This estimate I have drawn up

252

REPORT 1868.

with. great care. In the second column many species are omitted which,
though contained in the first, are not considered by me to he distinct from
other described species ; consequently the difference between the number
of British species now known, and those which had been recognized previ-
ously to 1861, is even greater than appears from a comparison of the figures
here inserted.

3. The number of species which have heen found in the Shetland seas.
The inland forms are entirely omitted from these columns. The small area of
the Shetland Islands, their isolation, the stunted character of the vegetation,
the almost total absence of trees, and the scarcity of ponds or pieces of
water other than moorland tarns (which character of water has a restricted
fauna peculiarly its own), all tend to limit the numbers of land and fresh-
water invertebrata likely to be found in the islands. Our object was the
investigation of the marine fauna, and but little attention was paid to that
of the land. Those few species, however, which were observed will be found
enumerated in the Catalogue, and consist of twenty-two Crustacea (out of
one hundred and fifteen known as British) and one Hydrozoon.

I.

British,
in 1861.

II.

British,
in 1868.

III.

Shetland.

PRO- ECHINO- MOLLUS-
TOZOA. CCELENTERATA. DERMATA. COIDA. ARTHROPODA.

Crustacea .<;
^Araclmida .

j

Polyzoa , , <

.

(^Brachyura

41
14

52
23
120
50

2

1
21
50
27
11
0
73
110
24
24
3
0
24
15
16
14
3
67
11
11
13
72
36
69
1
3
10
101
10

40
15
53
40
183
66
2
2
124
87
25
25(?)

104
153
25
28
3
1
20
16
18
16
4
74
15
11
14
92
72
69
1
4
12
177
12

18
11
26
23
110
21
, 1
2

87
51
6
6
2
39
102
21

1

1
14 1

15
17
14

I j
1

5 )

52 ']
26
24 !

L

73
5 f

:362

>137

>- 62
34

-104

83

Anomura

Macrura . . .

Stomapoda . ,

Amphipoda

Isopoda ....

Phyllopoda

Cladocera ....

Ostracoda

Copepoda

Cirripedia

Pycnog'onoidea

Acarina

Tunicata

fCheilostomata

Cyclostomata

Ctenostomata

Pedicellinea

l-jophopea

f Holotliuroidea

Echinoidea

Asteroidea

>

Actinozoa , •

Ifydrozoa .-<

,
Porifera , .

^ Crinoidea

C Zoaiitharia

) Alcyonaria

) Ctenopliora

Liicernariada

' Thecaphora

Athecata

"Naked-eyed Medusa"

Calycopliorida

Physophorida

Calcavea

Silicea . .

Keratosa

1122

1612

823

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA; TUNICATA, ETC.

253

IT.

Co mparison of tlw Shetland Invertebrate Marine Fauna with that of
other portions of the British Coast.

No really satisfactory comparison can be made between the number of
animals here reported on as inhabiting the Shetland Sea with those found on
other portions of our coast. Unfortunately very little attention has hitherto
been paid to any, except the larger and more conspicuous forms belonging to
these classes. In order, however, that this comparison may be carried out as
far as at present practicable, I give the following summaries of the most fully
worked up local lists that I am acquainted with.

CKUSTACEA.

Shetland. >

IN orth umber-
land and td
Durham.

Hebrides. Q

D.

1

f§

I

E.

a

1:

p

F.

&
£

O

G.

.S o

03=y

«•£

K.S

5^

Brachvura

18
11
26
23
110
21
1
2
87
61
6
6

13
11
11
9
53
8
1
2
19
12
9
10

16
6
18
6
47
11
1
0
65
22
3
1

18
5
17
4

30

23

8
24
4
22

30
8
22

53

67

A.nomtirft

Macrura

Stomapoda,

Amphipoda

Isopoda . .

Phyllopoda

Cladocera ....

Ostracoda

Copepodn/ .

Cirripedia,

Pycnog'onoidea

362 158

196

74

81

113

B. — Norman, "Beport of Deep-Sea Dredging on the Coast of Northumberland

and Durham, 1862-64. Crustacea," Nat. Hist. Transac. Northumb. and

Durham, vol. i. (1865) p. 12.
C. — Norman, " Beport of Committee appointed for the purpose of Exploring

the Coasts of the Hebrides by means of the Dredge. — Part II.," British

Assoc. Beport, 1866, p. 193.
D. — Bev. G. Gordon, "A List of the Crustaceans of the Moray Eirth,"

Zoologist, 1852, p. 3678 ; and the Ostracoda from G. S. Brady, Trans.

Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 478.
E. — Kinahan, " Beport of the Committee appointed to dredge Dublin Bay,"

Brit. Assoc. Beport, 1860, p. 27 ; and " Beport on Crustacea of the

Dublin District," Brit. Assoc. Beport, 1859, p. 262.
E. — A. G. Melville, " List of Crustacea Podophthalmia of Galway Marine

Districts," Nat. Hist. Beview, vol. iv. (1857) p. 151 ; and the Ostracoda

added from Mr. G. S. Brady's paper in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi.

G. S. Brady, "A Monograph of the Becent British Ostracoda," Trans.

Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 478, — this being the fullest district list given by

him.

G.

254

REPORT 1868.

TuiaCATA.

The only catalogues for comparison with the thirty-nine Shetland Tunicata
are Alder's list of those of the Northumberland and Durham coasts (Catalogue
of the Mollusca of the Northumberland and Durham Coasts, p. 101), which
includes thirty species, my own very short list of sixteen observed in the
Clyde district (" The Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde," Zoologist, 1857, p. 5703),
and a third of twenty-one Hebridean species by Mr. Alder (Brit. Assoc.
Report, 1866, p. 206).

POLYZOA AND CoZLENTEBATA.

II.

Shetland.

I.
Northumber-

. land
and Durham.

K.

Devon and
Cornwall.

L.

Hebrides.

Polyzoa.
Cheilostomata

102

59

87

54

Cyclostomata

21

12

14

10

10

16

17

2

Pedicellinea

3

' 3

3

o

Lophopea

1

0

0

o

Actinozoa.
Zoantharia

21

11

37

4

Alcyonaria

7

4

4

6

Ctenophora

1

0

0

o

Lucernariada

5

2

2

o

Hydrozoa.
Thecaphora . .

52

56

58

28

Atliecata

26

23

19

4

"Naked-eyed Medusae "
Calycophorida . .

24
1

0
0

0
0

0

o

Physophorida

1

o

o

o

275

186

241

108

I. — Alder, " Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham,"

1857, and " Supplement " to the same, 1862.
K. — Rev. T. Hincks, " Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South

Cornwall," 1861-62.
L.— Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 199.

ECHLNODEKMATA.

M.

Shetland.

N.
Northumber-
land
and Durham.

0.

Hebrides.

P.

Orkney.

Q.

Moray
Firth.

R.

Dublin.

Holothuroidea ....
Echinoidea
Asteroidea ....

14

15
17

9
10

8

9
6

8

3
7
10

1
6
11

4
5

8

Ophiuroidea
Crinoidea . .

14

2

10
1

9

2

7
1

7
1

7
1

62

38

34

28

26

25

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC,

N. — G. Hodge, " Report of Deep-Sea Dredging on the Coasts of Northum-
berland and Durham, 1862-64. — Echinodermata," Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumb. and Durham, vol. i. p. 42.

0. — Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 198.

P. — Dr. W. B. Baikie, "Catalogue of the Echinodermata of Orkney," Zoologist,
1853, p. 3811. (Several species are included in Dr. Balfour Baikie's list
for which no Orkney habitat is given ; these are here omitted.)

Q. — Rev. G. Gordon, " List of the Echinodermata hitherto met with in the
Moray Firth," Zoologist, 1853, p. 3781.

R. — Kinahan, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1860, p. 31.

PORIFERA.

The only local List of Sponges is one recently published by Mr. E. Parfitt,
" On the Marine and Freshwater Sponges of Devonshire " (Trans. Devonshire
Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art, 1868) ; it
includes forty-nine marine species, while the Shetland species observed by us
are eighty- three. Only eighteen of these species are as yet known to be
common to these two extremities of our islands.

III.

Species added to the British Fauna during the recent Dredging.
The new species which have during the past six years been discovered in
Shetland have from time to time been published through various channels, a
large proportion of them having been placed in the hands of those naturalists
who were engaged in bringing out works on the several branches of marine
zoology. The following list of 156 species is therefore given here in order to
show at a glance the additions to our fauna which have directly resulted from
the investigations of the Dredging Committee.

Portunus tuberculatus, Roux.
Pagurus tricarinatus, Norman.
Crangon serratus, Norman.
Sabinsea septemcarinata (Sabine).
Lophogaster typicus, M. Sars.
Thysanopoda Norvegica, M. Sars.
Mysis inermis, Ratlike.

ornata, G. O. Sars.

Mysidopsis hispida, Norman.
Gastrosaccus sanctus (Van Benedeti).
Nematopus serratus, G. O. Sars.
Nannasticus binoculoides, Bate.
Diastylis echinata, Bate.

bispinosa (Stimpson).

lasvis, Norman.

spinosa, Norman.

Cumella agilis, Norman.
Probolium serratipes, Norman.
Anonyx nanus, Kroyer.

nanoides, Lilljeborg.

ampulla (Phipps).

tumidus, Kroyer.

Stegocephalus ampulla (Phipps).
Opis leptochela, Bate 8? Westiv. *
Pontoporeia affinis, Lindstrom.
Ampelisca laevigata, Lilljeborg.
GBdiceros parvimanus, B. 8f W.
sequicornis, Norman.

Kroyera altamarina, B. 8f W.
Syrrhoe hamatipes, Norman.
Lilljeborgia Shetlandica; B. fy W.
Dexamine Vedlomensis, B. fy W.
Atylus macer, Norman.
Calliopius Fingalli, B. fy W.
Megamphopus cornutus^ Norman.
Protomedeia pectinata, Norman.
Heiscladus longicaudatus, B. 8f W.
Amphithoe albomaculata, Kroyer.
Siphonoecetes typicus, Kroyer.
Cyrtophium armatum, Norman.
Corophium tenuicorne, Norman.
Hyperia oblivia, Kroyer (not B. fy W.).
Metoecus medusaruni, Kroyer.
Phrjrxus longibranchiatus, B. fy W.
Giro] ana truncata, Norman.
Pontocypris liispida, G. O. Sars.
Cythere dubia, G. S. Brady.
costata, Brady.

mucronata (G. O. Sars).

abyssicola (G. O. Sars).

crenulata ( G. O. Sars).

leioderma, Norman.

Cytherura concentrica, C. B. fyR. (MS.),
flavescens, Brady.

quadrata, Norman.

navicula, Norman.

256

REPORT— 1868.

Sarsiella capsula, Norman.
Cytlieropteron alatum, G. O. Sars.
Bythocythere tenuissima, Norman.
Cypridina Norvegica, Baird.
Conchoecia obtusata, G. O. Sars.
Polycope dentata, Brady.
Cyclops iiigricauda, Norman.

pallidus, Norman.

Amymone falcata, Norman.
Cleta forcipata, Glaus.
Tigriopus Lilljeborgii, Norman.
Thalestris Clausii, Norman.
Porcellidium subrotundum, Norman.
Aspidiscus fasciatus, Norman.
Ascomyzon echinicola, Norman.
Lichomolgus forficula, Thorett.
Entorocola eruca, Norman.
Notodelphys ceerulea, Thorett.

prasina, Thorett.

Doropygus auritus, Thorell.
Botachus cylindratus, Thorell.
Notopterophorus papilio, Hesse.
Nogagus Liitkeni, Norman.
Brachiella rostrata, Kroyer.
Nyuiplion Stromii, Kroyer.
Ascidia obliqua, Alder.

rudis, Alder.

plebeia, Alder.

Polyclimmi succineum, Alder.
Menipea Jeffreysii, Norman.
Hippothoa expansa, Norman.
Membranipora sacculata, Norman.
Lepralia cruenta, Norman.

laqueata, Norman.

abj'ssicola, Norman.

polita, Norman.

microstoma, Norman.

minuta, Norman.

— tubulosa, Norman.
Celleporella lepralioides, Norman.

— pygmsea, Norman.
Cellepora attenuata, Aider.
Palmicellaria elegans, Alder.
Hemeschara struma, Norman.
Eschara lorea, Alder.
Hornera borealis, Husk.

— — violacea, M. Sars.
Alecto diastoporides, Norman.
Rhabdopleura Normani, Allman.
Thyone elegans; Norman.

Spatangus nieridionalis, Risso.
Echinus pictus, Norman.
Asterias Miilleri, M. Sars.
Astropecten aeicularis, Norman.
Arcliaster Parelii (Ditb. fy Kor.).
Ophiura Sarsii, Liitken.
Opliiopeltis securigera, Dub. fy Kor.
Zoanthus anguicoma, Norman.
Cuspidella lumiilisj Hincks.

grandis, Hincks.

Obelia plicata, Hincks.
Gonotliyraea liyalina, Hincks.
Clava diiFusa, Allman.
Tubiclava cornucopiaej Norman.
Coryne nutans, Allman.

verniicularis, Hincks.

Eudendrium annulatimi, Norman.

vaginatum, Allman.

Perigonimus minutus, Allman.
Tubularia bellis, Allman.
attenuata, Allman.

bank.

T

Physophora (Pborealis, Sars).
Normauia crassa, Botcerbank.
Ecionemia compressa, Bow.
Polymastia bulbosa, Bow.

radiosa, Bow.

Tethea spinularia, Bow.
Dictyocylindrus virgiiltosus^ Bow.
Phakellia robusta, Bow.
Microciona ambigua, Bow.

— simplicissima, Bow.
Hymeraphia coronula, Bow.
Hymedesmia radiata^ Bow.
occulta, Bow.

Hymeniacidon reticulatus, Bow.

perarmatus, Bow.

membrana^ Bow.

paupertas, Bow.

Ilalicliondria forcipis, Boiv.
simplex, Bow.

scandens, Bow.

mutulus, Bow.
inornata, Bow.

falcula, Bow.

Isodictya jugosa, Bow.

• laciniosa, Bow.

Raphioderma coacervata, Bow.
Oceanapia Jeffreysii (Bow.).
Desmacidon Peachii, Bow.
constrictus, Boiv.

IY.

Scandinavian and Arctic Species whicli Jiave not been observed further south
than Shetland, for the most part inhabitants of very deep water.

Sabinsea septemcarinata (Sabine).
Lophogaster typicus, M. Sars.
Nematopus serratus, G. O. Sars.
Anonyx nanoides, LiUjeborg.
ampulla (Phipps).

Stegocephalus ampulla (PMpps).
Pontoporeia affinis, Lindstrom.
Amphitlioe albomaculata, Kroyer.
Siphonoecetes typicus, Kroyer.
Metoecus medusarum, Kroyer.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC.

257

Pontocypris hispida, G. O. Sars.
Macrocypris minna (Baird).
Cy there costata, Brady.

mucronata (G. O, Sars).

abyssicola (G. O. Sars).

crenulata (G. O. Sars).

Cytheropteron alatum, G. O. Sars.
Cypridina Norvegica, Baird.
Conchoecia obtusata, G. O. Sars.
Bicellaria Alderi, Busk.
Merabranipora eornigera, Busk.

rhynchota, Busk.

viunerata, Busk.

Alysidota Alderi, Busk.
Lepralia bella, Busk.

abyssicola, Norman.

microstoma, Norman.

Lepralia ringens, Busk.

monodon, Busk.

Celleporella lepralioides, Norman.
Tessarodoma gracile (M. Sars).
Eschara laevis (Fleming}.
Hornera violacea, Sars.
Defrancia truncata (Jameson}.
Echinus Norvegicus, Dilb. fy Kor.
Cidaris papillata, Leske.
Archaster Parelii (Dub. &f Kor.}.
Ophiura Sarsii, Lutken.
Ophiopeltis securigera, Diib. fy Kor.
Astrophyton Linckii, Mull. $ Trosch.
Antedon Sarsii (Diib. $\ Kor.}.
Ulocyathus arcticus, M. Sars.
Lophohelia prolifera (Linn}.
Primnoa lepadifera (Linn.}.

V.

Species which have as yet only been found in the Shetland Seas*.

Pagurus tricarinatus, Norman.
Probolium serratipes, Norman.
(Ediceros sequicornis, Norman.
Syrrhoe hamatipes, Norman.
Atylus macer, Norman.
Megamphopus cornutus, Norman.
Protomedeia pectinata, Norman.
Cyrtophium armatum, Norman.
Corophiuni tenuicorne, Norman.
Cirolana truncata, Norman.
Cythere dubia, G. S. Brady.

leioderma, Norman.

Cytheridea Zetlandica, Brady.
Cytherura navicula, Norman,
Sarsiella capsula, Norman.
Cytheropteron rectum, Brady.
Bythocythere tenuissima, Norman.
Pol}rcope dentata, Brady.
Amymoue falcata, Norman.
Porcellidium subrotundum, Norman.
Aspidiscus fasciatus, Norman.
Entorocola eruca, Norman.
Ascomyzon echinicola, Norman.
Nogagus Liitkeni, Norman.
Polyclinum succineum, Alder.
Hippothoa expansa, Norman.
? Lepralia umbonata, Busk.
Celleporella pygmsea, Norman.
Cellepora attenuata, Alder.
Eschara lorea, Alder.
Hemeschara struma, Norman.
? Pustulipora orchadensis, Bitsk.
Rhabdopleura Normani, Allman.
Thyone elegans, Norman.
Cucumaria fucicola (Forbes fy Goodsir}.
Psolinus brevis (Forbes $ Goodsir}.

Actinia intestinalis, Fleming.

vermicularis, Forbes.

Zoanthus anguicoma, Norman.
Sidisia Barleeii, Gray.
Paracyathus Thulensis, Gosse.
Cuspidella humilis, Hincks.

grandis, Hincks.

Obelia plicata, Hincks.
Gonothyraea hyalina, Hincks.
Clava difFusa, Allman.
Coryne vermicularis, Hincks.

nutans, Allman.

Eudendrium annulatum, Norman.

yaginatum, Allman.

Perigonimus minutus, Allman.
Tubularia bellis, Allman.

attenuata, Allman.

Thaumantias maculata, Forbes.

globosa, Forbes.

melanops, Forbes.

lineata, Forbes.

Trachynema rosea (Forbes}.
Pandea globulosa (Forbes}.
Tiara turrita (Forbes}.
Lizzia bloridina, Forbes.
Margelis nigritella (Forbes}.
Steenstrupia rubra, Forbes.
Ectopleura pulchella (Forbes}.
Geodia Zetlandica (Johnston)
Ecionemia compressa, Bow.
Quasillina brevis (Bow.}.
Polymastia bulbosa, Bow.
Tetiiea spinularia, Bow.
Ilalicnemia patera, Bow.
Dictyocylindrus yirgultosus, Bow.
Phakellia robusta, Bow.

* Of course it \vill be understood that all that is meant by this expression is that we as
yet know nothing whatever of the distribution of the species contained in this list.

258

REPORT 1868.

Microciona Isevis, Sow.

ambigua, Sow.

simplicissima, Sow.

Hymeraphia vermiculata, Sow.

coronula, Soiv.

Hymedesmia- radiata, Sow.

Zetlandica, Sow.

occulta, Sow.

Hymeniacidon reticulatus, Sow.

perarmatus, Sow.

membrana, Sow.

paupertas, Sow.

Halicnondria forcipis, Sow.

simplex, Sow.

scandens, Sow.

? Halichondria Batei, Sow.

albula, Sow.

inornata, Sow.

nmtulus, Sow.

falcula, Sow.

Isodictya varians, Sow.

jugosa, Sow.

Barleei, Sow.

fimbriata, Sow.

Raphioderma coacervata, Sotv.
Oceanapia Jeffreys!! (Sow.}.
Desmacidon Peachii, Sow.

constrictus, Sow.

Diplodemia vesicula, Sow.
Verongia Zetlandica, Soiv.

VI.

Mediterranean Species which occur in Shetland, but have not been found at
intermediate localities. .

Two large and conspicuous animals, Portunus tuberculatus, Roux, and
Spatangus meridionalis, Risso, have been found abundantly in these dredgings
at a depth from eighty to one hundred and forty fathoms. They are well
known in the south of Europe, but were supposed up to the time of their
discovery in Shetland not to occur north of the Mediterranean. It is not
•unlikely that Pagurus tricarinatus, Norman, will also prove to be a deep-
water Mediterranean form. All deep-water dredging seems to establish this
fact more clearly, that deep-water species have a much more extended geo-
graphical range than shallow- water and littoral forms. These Mediterranean
species must have made their way northwards in the abyss of the sea round
the western coast of Ireland, in which locality they will doubtless at some
future day be found. The classes on which it is my lot to report have been
so much neglected, and our knowledge therefore of their distribution is at
present so extremely limited, that it is at present impossible to draw any
satisfactory conclusions as to their range ; but I feel satisfied that when
hereafter fuller and more accurate investigation shall have been carried on
both in the Mediterranean and our own coasts, not only will the number of
species common to the two extremities of Europe be found to be much greater
than is now generally supposed, but also that a very large proportion of such
species will prove to be forms which will be met with in the depths of the
Mediterranean and of the seas to the west and north of our country, but
which will be found to be absent from the channels which intersect and the
shallower water which immediately surrounds our islands. Meanwhile the
occurrence of Portunus tuberculatus and Spatangus meridionalis is of excessive
interest, as such fine and handsome species could not have been well over-
looked, or have failed to attract attention in any portion of the sea which
has been at all efficiently dredged*.

The contents of the three Tables (IV., V., and VI.) added together give the

* The following northern Mollusca have been identified by Mr. Jeffreys from the
Mediterranean, but are not known elsewhere south of the north of Scotland or Shetland
Sea: — Pecten aratus, P. vitreus, Lima Sarsii, Leda pygmaa, Scissurella crispata, Aclis
Walleri, Cerithium metula, &c. ; the occurrence also of the following in the Mediterranean
is yery unexpected : — Terebratula caput-serpentis, Crania anomala, Pecten septemradiatus,
Axinus Croulinensis, Chiton Hanleyi, Propilidium ancylo'ides, Rissoa abyssicola, Scalaria
Trevelyana, Odostomla Scillce, Sulla utriculus, &c.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC.

259

number of Shetland species which are as yet unknown off other parts of
the British coast as one hundred and forty-eight.

YII.

Southern and other forms which are not as

Shetland.

known to the North of

Stenorhynchus longirostris (Fab.).
Inachus leptochirus, Leach.
Portunus holsatus (Fab.).

tuberculatus, Roux.

Porcellana platycheles (Pennant).
Pagurus Hyndmanni, Thompson.

ferruginous, Norman.

Galathea dispersa, Sate.
Crangon trispinosus, Hailstone.
Nika edulis, Risso.
Hippolyte cultellata, Norman.
Mysidopsis hispida, Norman.
Knnnasticus binoculoides, Bate.
Diastylis laevis, Norman.

lamellata, Norman.

spinosa, Norman.

Cornelia agilis, Norman.

luhinoe serrata, Norman.

— — gracilis, Bate.

C'.mia scorpioides (Montagu).

Pi obolium monoculoides (Montayii).

marinum (Bate).

pollexianum (Bate).

Lysianassa Audouiniana; Bate.

longicornis, Lucas.

Anonyx longicornis, Bate.

melanophthalmus, Norman.

Callisoma crenata, Bate.
(Ediceros parvimanus, B. fy W.
Monoculodes Stimpsoni, Bate.
Kroyera altamarina, B. fy W.
Urothoe, species.

Lilljeborgia Shetlandica, B. # W.
Helleria coalita, Norman.
Dexamine Vedlomensis, B. 8f W.
Atylus gibbosus, Bate.

bispinosus, Bate.

Pherusa fucicola, Leach.
Calliopius Ossiani (Bate) ?.
Eusirus Helvetiae, Bate.
Gossea microdeutopa, Bate.
Microdeuteropus versiculatus, Bate.

Websteri, Bate.

Protomedeia hirsutimana, Bate.
Bathyporeia Robertsoni, Bate.
Maera brevicaudata (Bate).
Heiscladus longicaudatus, B. 8f W.
Sunamphithoe hamulus. Bate.

So little is known of the Scandinavian and Arctic Ccelenterata and Pori-
fera that I have omitted these altogether from this list.

Sunamphithoe conformata, Bate.
Podocerus variegatus, Leach?.

falcatus (Montagu).

pelagicus (Leach).

Cerapus abditus, Templeton.

difformis (M.-Edwards).

Nsenia rimapalmata; Bate.

excavata, Bate.

Unciola planipes, Norman.
Corophium longicorne (Fabr.).
Dulichia porrecta, Bate.
Phryxus ualathese (Hesse).
Cirolana spinipes, B. fy W.
Eurydice pulchra, Leach.
Arcturus gracilis, Goodsir.
Pontocypris acupunctata, G. S. Brady.
Bairdia inflata (Norman).

complanata, Brady.

Cythere quadridentata, Baird.

emaciata, Brady.

antiquata (Baird).

acerosa, Brady.

Paradoxostoma Normani, Brady.

ensiforme, Brady.

Cylindroleberis Marise (Baird).
Copej)oda, very many.
Ascidia rudis, Alder.

sordida, A. $ H.

depressa, A. fy H.

plebeia, Alder.

elliptica, A. fy H.

Molgula citrina, A. fy H.
Salicornaria Johnsoni, Busk.
Mernbranipora imbellis, Hincks.

Rosselii (Audouin).

Lepralia Brongniartii (Aud.).

Hyndmanni, Johnst.

Woodiana, Busk.

discoidea, Busk.

innominata, Couch.

bispinosa, Johnst.

collaris, Norman.

pertusa (JEsper).

labrosa, Busk.

simplex, Johnst.

tubulosa, Norman.

Buskia nitens. Alder.

260

EEPORT— 1868.

VIII.

Species peculiarly characteristic of the Fauna of the Outer Haaf.

The following list gives the species which impart a peculiar character to
the fauna of the deep sea of Shetland, known as the " Outer Haaf," in a
depth of 80-170 fathoms. The Molluscan inhabitants of this region are
highly interesting, but it is not within my province here to speak of them.
Crustacea are few in numbers, Portunus tuberculatus, Munida, two or three
species of Crangon, Pandalus brevirostris, Cumacea, Ampelisca, and Epimeria
tricristata .being the most abundant. Echinodermata are abundant, and cer-
tain species sometimes in the most extraordinary profusion. Polyzoa and
Sponges are very abundant, but of Coelenterata there are but few species;
those species which do occur belong, for the most part, to the Zoantharia.
Caryophyllia Smithii v.ar. borealis is found inhabiting these depths in
marvellous abundance ; Zoanthus anguicoma is common, creeping over
Sponges from the greatest depths, and an occasional Bulocera eques or
Tuedicv, or a noble Ulocyathus arcticus presents itself to our admiring gaze.
Yery few Tunicata occur below seventy fathoms.

The names which follow are of the most abundant or, at any rate, more
conspicuous species ; the list might, had I so wished, have been greatly
extended.

Hyas coarctatus, Leach.
Portunus pusillus, Leach.

- tuberculatus, Roux.
Ebalia tuberosa (Penn.).
Atelecyclus septemdentatus (Montagu).
Pagurus pubescens, Kroyer.

Munida Bamffia (Penn.}.
Crangon Allmani, Kinahan.

- nanus Kroyer.

- spinosus, Leach.

- serratus, Norman.
Sabinsea septemcarinata (Sabine).
Hippolyte securifrons, Norman,

- cultellata, Norman.
Pandalus annulicornis,

brevirostris, Rat/ike.
Lophogaster typicus, M. Sars.
Cumace.a, species.
Anonyx tumidus, Kroyer.
Ampelisca, species.
Kroyera altamarina, B. fy W.
Odius carinatus (Bate).
Epimeria tricristata, Costa.
Amphithoe albomaculata, Kroyer.
SiphonoBcetes typicus, Kroyer.
Naenia rimapalmata, Bate.
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
Bairdia complanata, Brady.
Macrocypris minna, Baircl.
Cythere concinna, Jones.
-- angulata (G. O. Sars).
-- dubia, Brady.

- costata, Brady.

- mucronata (G. O. Sars).

- antiquata (Baird*).

Cythere Jonesii (Baircl).

abyssicola (Sars).

crenulata (Sars).

leioderma, Norman.

Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

punctillata, Brady.

subflavescens, Brady.

Sorbyana, Jones.

Eucythere declivis (Normati).
Sarsiella capsula, Norman.
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.
latissimum (Norman).

alatum, G. O. Sars.

Bythocythere turgida, G. O. Sars.
Cypridina Norvegiea, Baird.
Conchoecia obtusata, G. O. Sars.
Polycope dentata, Brady.

orbicularis, G. O. Sars.

Verruca Stromia (Midler).
Alcippe lampas, Hancock.
Nymphon Stromii, Kroyer.
Scrupocellaria inerniis, Norman.
Bicellaria Alderi, Busk.
Flustra Barleei, Busk,
Hippothoa catenularia, Jameson.

expansa, Norman.

Membranipora sacculata, Norman.
Dumerillii (Audouin).

cornigera, Busk.

rhynchota, Busk.

Rosselii (Audouin).

vulnerata, Husk.

Lepralia crystallina, Norman.

auriculata, Hass.

bella. Busk.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC.

261

Lepralia sinuosa, Busk.

cruenta, Norman.

ansata, Johnst.

Woodiana, Busk.

ventricosa, If ass.

laqueata, Norman.

abyss icola, Norman.

polita, Norman.

microstoma, Norman.

ringens, Busk.

monodon, Busk.

Alysidota Alderi, Busk.
Celleporella lepralioides, Norman.

pygmsea, Norman.

Cellepora dichotoma, Hincks.

ramulosa, Linn.

attenuata, Alder.

cervicornis, Ellis fy Sol.

Palmicellaria elegans, Alder.
Tessarodoma gracile (Sars).
Heineschara struma, Norman.
Eschara laevis (Fleming).

lorea, Alder.

Skenei (mis $ Sol.).

Retipora Beaniana, King.

Crisia eburnea, var. producta, Smitt.

Hornera borealis, Busk.

— violacea, Sars.
Idmonea Atlantica, Forbes.
Tubulipora lobularis, Hassall.
Alecto major, Johnst.

compacta, Norman.

diastoporides, Norman.

Defrancia truncata (Jameson).
Synapta digitate (Mont.), purple variety.
Thy one raphanus, Dub. fy Kor.
Thyonidium hyalinum (Forbes).
Cucumaria Hyndmanni ( Thompson).
Spatangus purpureus (Miiller),

meridionalis, Risso.

Echinocardium ovatum (Leske).
Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes).
Toxopneustes pictus^ Norman.

Echinus Norvegicus, Diib. 8f Kor.

Flemingii, Bell.

esculentus, var. tenuispina; Norman.

Cidaris papillata, Leske.

Cribrella sanguinolenta, var. abyssicola,

Northern.

Goniaster Phrygianus (Pareliw).
Porania pulvillus (Miiller).
Archaster Parelii (Diib. $ Koren).
Astropecten acicularis, Norman.
Ophiura affinis, Liltken.

Sarsii, Lutken.

Amphiura ]3allii (Thompson).
Antedon Sarsii (Diib. fy /tor.).
Bulocera eques, Gosse.

Tuediae (Johnst.).

Zoanthus anguicoma, Norman.
Caryophyllea Smithii, var. borealis,

Fleming.

Ulocyathus arcticus, Sars.
Diphasia alata, Hincks.
Tuoiclava cornucopia), Norman^ ..
Normania crassa, Bowerbank.
Ecionemia compressa, Bow.
Quasillina brevis (Boiv.).
Polymastia spinula. Bow.
Tethea cranium (Miiller}.
Halicnemia patera, Bow.
Dictyocylindrus rugosus, Bow.
Pliakellia robusta, Bow.
ventilabrum (Linn.}.

Microciona, species.
Hyuierapliia, species.
Hymedesmia, species.
Hymeniacidon lingua, Bow.

ficus (Esper).

Halichondria forcipis, Bow.
Isodictya infimdibuliformis (Linn.).

laciniosa, Bow.

fimbriata, Boio.

Raphioderma coacervata, Bow.
Oceanapia Jeftreysii, Boiv.
Verongia Zetlandica, Bow.

Species especially characteristic
British Isles, which are

jrom this list are excluded
very local in their distribution,

Achceus Cranchii, Leach.
Pisa, genus.

Maia squinado (Herbst).
Xantho iloridus (Montayii).

tuberculatus, Bell.

Pilumnus hirtellus (Linn.}.
Perimela denticulata (Mont.}.
Portumnus latipes (Penn.}.
Portunus marmoreus; Leach,

IX.

of the Fauna of the Southern portion of the
wholly absent from the Shetland Seas.

most of such southern forms as are rare and

Portunus corrugatus (Pennant}.

longipes, Risso.

avcuatus, Leach.

Polybius Ilenslowii, Leach.
Pinnotheres pisum (Penn.}.

veterum, Bosc.

Nautilograpsus minutus(Ziww.)(= Planes

Linngeana, Bell).
Gonoplax angulata (Fabr.).

262

REPORT— 1868.

Corystes cassivelaunus (Pennant}.

Thia polita, Leach.

Dromia vulgaris, M.-Edw.

Diogenes yarians (Costa) (=Pagurus

Dillwynii, Bate).
Callianassa subterranea (Mont.).
Axius stirynchus, Leach. •
Gebia, genus.
Palinurus vulgaris, Latr.
Crangon sculptus, Bell.
Alpheus, genus.
Typton spongicola, Costa.
Athanas nitescens, Leach.
Hippolyte viridis, Otto.
Palsemon serratus (Penn.).

Leachii, Bell

varians, Leach.

Pasiphsea sivado, Eisso.
Mysis Grimthsiae, Bell.
Squilla, genus.
Orchestia Mediterranea, Costa.

Deshayesii, And.

Nicea Lubbockiana, Bate.
Isaea Montagu!, M.-Edw.
Gamrnarella brevicaudata, M.-Edw.
Msera grossimana (Mont.).

semiserrata (Bate).

Batei, Norman.

Dryope, genus.

Caprella acutifrons, Latr.

Paranthura Costana, Bate.

Bopyrus squillarum, Latr.

Gyge branch! alls, Cor. &• Pane. (=G.

Galatheaa, B. $ W.).
lone thoracica (Montagu).
Rocinela Danmoniensis, Leach.
Conilera cylindracea (Mont.).
Idotea linearis (Penn.).

acuminata (Leach).

appendiculata (Risso).

Dinamene, genus.
Campecopea, genus.
Nsesa bidentata (Adams).
Balanus spongicola, Brown.

perforatus, Bruguiere.

Acasta spongites, Poli.
Pyrgoma anglicum (Leach).
Scrupocellaria scrupea, Busk.
Notamia bursaria (Linn.).
Caberea Boryi (And.).
Flustra papyracea, Ellis.

Lepralia violacea, Johnst.
Gattyee, Lands.

variolosa, Johnst.
figularis, Johnst.

Cecelii (Aud.).

divisa, Norman.

vulgaris (Moll).

venusta, Norman.

armata, Hindis.
Cellepora edax; Busk.
Eschara foliacea, Ellis fy Sol

sanguinea, Norman.
Amathia lendigera (Linn.).
Mimosella gracilis, Hincks.
Holothuria nigra; Couch (?=H. tubu-

losa, Linn.).
Echinus lividus, Lamk.
Asterina gibbosa (Penn.).
Zoantharia, numerous.
Sphenotrochus M' Andre wanus, M.-Edtc
Balanophyllea regia, Gosse.
Gorgonia verrucosa, Linn.
Sertularia nigra, Pallas. .
Plumularia cristata, Lamk.

tubulifera, Hincks.

? fusca, Johnst.

pennatula (Ellis fy Sol).

obliqua (Saunders).

Leuconia nivea (Johnst.).
Grantia tessellata, Bow. "~
Leucosolenia contorta, Bow.
Tethea Collingsii, Bow.

Schmidtii, Bow.

Halyphysema Tunianowiczii; Bow.
Ciocalypta penicillus, Bow.
Dictyocylindrus fascicularis, Bow.
Hymeniacidon Brettii, Boiv.

albescens, Bow.

caruncula. Bow.

sanguinea (Grant).

aurea (Mont.).

Halichondria corrugata, Bow.

nigricans, Bow.

Isodictya rosea, Bow.

fistulosa, Bow.

mammeata, Bow.

simulans, Johnst.

Desmacidon segagrophila (Johnst,).
Chalina Montagu! (Johnst.).

— limbata (Montagu).

seriata (Johnst.).

Enumeration of Species.
Class CEUSTACEA.

There is no text-book which embraces all the orders of Crustacea, and
which can be followed in this class. Even for the separate orders few
guides can be found that are at all up to the standard of the present state
of our knowledge of the British forms. For the Podophthalmia I have in

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 263

the main followed the arrangement of Bell's ' British Stalk-eyed Crustacea ; '
but the law of priority in nomenclature is not sufficiently attended to in
that work, and it is necessary therefore, in numerous instances, to substitute
the earlier names under which the species was described ; and moreover so
greatly has the study of even these larger and better known Crustacea
advanced during the last few years that, of the seventy-eight species of this
subclass here recorded, no less than thirty-one are undescribed in the
work referred to. In the Amphipoda and Isopoda I have followed the
general arrangement of the recently published work upon ' The British Ses-
sile-eyed Crustacea,' by Messrs. Bate and Westwood. In the Ostracoda, two
admirable guides exist in Herr G. rO. Sars's ' Oversigt af Norges marine
Ostracoder, 1865,' and Mr. G. S. Brady's " Monograph of the recent British
Ostracoda" (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. 1868). In the Copepoda, I have
derived great assistance from Dr. Claus's ' Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,' and
from the smaller memoirs by the same author. Descriptions of most of
the remaining species in the following catalogue must be sought in the
various papers, monographs, and works which will be found referred to in
the text.

Order BRACHYURA.

Stenorhynchus rostratus (Linn.) (S.pfalanyiwn, Penn.). 5-70 fathoms, hard
ground, frequent.

longirostris (Fabr.) ($. tenuirostris, Leach). A few specimens off Balta &c.

Inachus Dorsettensis (Penn.). Yery rare. One specimen in 1864, and a few
more in 1867.

dorhynclms, Leach. Bressay Sound, off Balta, <fec.

leptochirus, Leach. Not rare in deep water.

Hyas araneus (Linn.), Large in laminarian zone.

coarctatus, Leach. The most abundant of the higher Crustacea in the

Shetland seas.

Eurynom.e aspera (Pennant). Rare.

Xantho rivulosus (Risso). One young specimen dredged (1867) near the Island
of Balta. Small examples have been taken in Sweden by Loven and
Goes.

Cancer pagurus, Linn.

Carcinus mcenas (Linn.). Remarkably large.

Portunus depurator (Linn.). Yery rare, only two specimens.

liolsatus, Fabr. Frequent.

pusillus, Leach. Frequent.

tuberculatus, Roux, Crust, de la Mediterranee, pi. xxxii. figs. 1-5, =

Portunus pustuhitus, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Rept. 1861 (1862), p. 151.
This fine addition to our fauna was first procured by me in 1861, and
has been taken every year since. It is the most abundant of the genus
in the Shetland seas, living in 80-120 fathoms. The fact of this fine
Mediterranean species occurring in the deep Shetland seas, in company
with many other southern forms, which are not known in intermediate
localities between the Mediterranean and the most northern portion of
the seas, is highly interesting. Portunus tuberculatus is distinguished
by its tubercular, pustulose carapace, by the acuteness of the latero-
anterior teeth, and the great size of the posterior tooth, which is double
the length of the preceding ones, and by the last legs having the swim-
ming-blade furnished with a raised median line.

264 REPORT— 1868.

Ebalia tuberosa (Pennant) (E. Pennant ii, Leach). Abundant.

tumefacta (M.ont.) (E. JBryerii, Leach). A single specimen, 1864. Curi-
ously I have not found E. Cranchii in Shetland, though it seems widely
distributed on the Scotch coast.

Atelecyclus septemdentatiis (Montagu), = A. heterodon, Leach. Common.

Order ANOMURA.

Lithodes maia (Linn.).

Porcellana platychdes (Pennant). Tide-marks, Out Skerries and Lerwick.

. longicornis (Linn.). Common ; a pretty variety with white carapace in
the neighbourhood of the Out Skerries.

Pagurus BernJiardus (Linn.).

Prideauarii, Leach. Common, always with Adamsia.

— cuanensis, Thompson. Rare, 15 fathoms. Vidlom Voe, 1861 ; also 5-7
miles off Balfca, 40-50 fathoms, 1867.

pubescens, Kroyer (P. Thompsons, Bell). Common. A variety occurs

in which the hands are entirely free from the hairs which ordinarily
clothe them.

Hyndmanni, Thompson. 3-12 fathoms ; Bressay and Balta Sounds ;

hard ground.

Icevis, Thompson. Common 011 the Haddock (soft) grounds.

ferrugineus, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1861, pi. xiii. figs. 1-3.

Two specimens taken in Dourie Voe, 1861.

tricar inatus, n. sp. Right chelate foot much larger than left ; meta-
carpus nearly smooth above, but having a few slender porrected spines
on the distant margin, below (as well as succeeding joints) tuberculate ;
wrist spinosely tuberculate ; hand ovate, broad, with three much raised
keels, one median and two lateral, which are denticulate on the crest ;
surface of hand, in the hollow between the keels, tuberculate ; finger
broad, flattened, having the outer margin covered with much elevated
tubercles. Left hand and wrist narrow, pinched up (as in P. pubescens)
into a spine-crowned keel ; outer margin of hand with a row of spines.
First two pair of walking legs having the upper margin spincd. All
the limbs slightly hispid, the hairs more especially developed on the left
cheliped. Length Ij inch. Three examples dredged in deep water
in 1867.

There are two Mediterranean species to which this fine Pagurus
closely approaches, Pagurus angulatus. Risso, and Pagurus meticulosus,
Roux. The figures of the former would well accord with P. tricari-
natus, were it not that the keels of the hand are smooth instead of
strongly tuberculate ; and the latter appears to differ from our Shet-
land form in the more elongated hands. It is, however, not improbable
that the Pagurus here described may hereafter prove to belong to one
of these southern species.

Order MACRURA.

Galatliea strigosa (Linn.).

squamifera (Montagu).

nexa, Embleton. Rare, one specimen only, near Whalsey Skerries,

1861.
intermedia, Lilljeborg (6r. Andrewsu, Kinahan). Not common. I am

indebted to Prof. Lilljeborg for typical specimens of this species, which

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 265

enable me to identify it with the British G. Andrewsii, and to correct

an error I had fallen into in considering it, from his description, to be

synonymous with G. dispersa, Bate.
Galaihea dispersa, Bate. Abundant.
Munida Bamffia (Pennant) (M. Rondeletii, Bell).
Homarus yammarus (Linn.).
Ci-anyon vidyarus, Eabr.
Allmanni, Kinahan. Everywhere in deep water. It is unquestionably

distinct from the last, which never occurs in deep water.

fasciatus, Eisso. Five specimens, 1868.

nanus, Kroyer (G. bispinosus, Hailstone). 5-8 miles east of Balta,

40-50 fathoms, common ; also Whalsey Skerries Haddock ground, and

occasionally elsewhere.

trispinosus (Hailstone). One specimen near Balta, 1863.

spinosus, Leach. Common.

— serratus, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1861 (1862), p. 151 = (7. echi-
nulatus, M. Sars, Yidenskabs Selsk. Porhandl. i Christiania, 1861, p. 186.
This species was discovered by Prof. Sars and myself about the same
time. In 1861 two specimens were taken sixty miles east of Shetland ;
it was not again procured in Shetland until 1867, when it was met
with in St. Magnus Bay.

Salrincea septemcarinata ^Sabine). The only known British example was
dredged, in company with the last, in 80-90 fathoms, in 1861.

Nilca edidis, Risso. Very local ; abundant in one day's dredging, 25 miles N.
by E. from Unst, 90-100 fathoms, 1863; St. Magnus Bay, 1867.

Doryphorus Gordoni, Bate. Deep water, very local.

Hippolyte varians, Leach (H. smaraydina, Kroyer).

— pusiola, Kroyer (H. Andrewsii, Kinahan, H. Barleii, Bate).

• C ranch ii, Leach. Rare, and only the variety with the extremity of

rostrum trifid ( = ZT. mutila, Kroyer = H. Yarrellii, Thompson).

pandaliformis, Bell. Very fine ; abundant in the West Voe, Whalsey

Skerries, 1861; also Balta, 1863, and Hillswick, 1867; always in
laminarian zone.

securifrons, Norman. Not uncommon in deep water.

cultellata, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866 (1867), p. 200. Two

specimens 40 miles east of Whalsey Skerries in 1861, then recorded as
1 * H. polaris." There are certain particulars, however, in which Kroyer's
description does not accord with the British form, though an actual
comparison of specimens may hereafter prove them to belong to the
same species.

Pandalus annulicornis. Leach.

brevirostris, Rathke (Hippolyte Thompsons, Bell, Panddlus Jeffreysii,

Bate). Very common,

Palcvmon squilla (Linn.). Tidemarks, Lerwick, rare, 1861.

Order STOMAPODA.

LopTiogaster typicus, M. Sars, Skand. Naturf. Mote Christiania, 1856, p. 160,
Christiania Universitets-program, 1862. Gtenomysis alata, Norman,
Report British Association, 1861 (1862), p. 151. One specimen, Outer
Haaf, Whalsey Skerries, in 1861 ; a second, Unst Haaf (?), 1868. This
species, described by me in 1861, was the subject of a most elaborate
monograph by Professor Sars in the following year.

Thysanopoda norveyica. M. Sars, Om Sla3gten Thi/sanopoda og dens norske
1868. IT

266 REPORT— 1868.

Arter (Videnskabs Selsk. Forhandl. for 1863), p. 2. Some young TJiysa-
nopodce were taken in the surface-net at the Out Skerries in 1861 ; hut
only one specimen is sufficiently developed to enable me to feel confident
that it has acquired the characters of the adult, and that one being a
male, which is not separately described by Sars, I feel some doubt as to
the identification, more especially as the young females differ in some
respects (which may be the result of age) from Sars's description.

Mysis flexuosa (Huller)=Jfysis chamceleon, Bell, Brit. Crust, p. 336. Com-
mon in rock-pools.

inermis, Rathke, Beitr. zur Fauna Norw. Nov. Act. Cses.-Leop. xx.

p. 20; Lilljeborg, Ofvers. af Yet. Akad. Forhandl. 1852, p. 3; Frey u.
Leuckart, Beitrage zur Kenntniss, Wirbellos. Thiere, p. 160 ; G. 0. Sars,
Beretning (1863) Zool. Eeise i Christiania (1864), p. 16, = Mysis
cornuta, Naturbistorisk Tidsskrift, Tredie Esekke, vol. i. (1861) p. *26,
pi. i. fig. 3, a-g ; Goes, Crust. Decap. Podoph. Suecia?, p. 14.

Antennal scale oblong, 4-5 times as long as broad, not half as long-
again as peduncle of upper antennae, about twice as long as the eye ;
apex very obliquely truncate, a spine at the external angle ; outer mar-
gin smooth. Hostrum distinctly produced into a triangular spine of
moderate length. Eye-stalks ornamented with dendritic pigment mark-
ings. Pereiopods with the propodos 4-articulate; nail well formed. Tel-
son closely resembling that of M. flexuosa, the cleft slightly deeper and
narrower ; 16-18 spines on each side, greatest distance between the last
and penultimate spine. Fourth abdominal foot in male less slender and
more evenly rounded throughout its length than that of M. flexuosa, to
which, in its general character, it closely approaches ; antepenultimate
joint not having any angular projection at its extremity; its seta fully
half as long as penultimate joint, which does not exceed the last joint
in length.

Distinguished from M. flexuosa chiefly by its large and acuter ros-
trum, and its shorter antennal scale. Rock-pools, Shetland, scarce;
also Cullercoats, Northumberland (A. M. IS".), and Banff (Mr. Edward).

spiritus, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1860, pi. viii. fig. 1 ; Trans.

Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. iv. p. 329, pi. xvii. fig. 1 ; G. 0. Sars,
Beretning (1865) Zoologisk Eeise ved Kysterne af Christianias og Chris-
tiansands Stifter, 1866, p. 19. 5-8 miles off Balta, 40-50 fathoms,
1867.

The following are important characteristics of this species, to distin-
guish it from the next : — Antennal scale not widening from base to the
spine on external margin, that spine (in both sexes) at about three-
fifths of the distance from the base to the extremity. Eyes on long
stalks, which project beyond sides of carapace. Inner margin of inner
uropods with a dense crowded row of unequal-sized spines, so closely
packed as to touch each other at their bases. Male having the sexual
lobe of superior antenna? much shorter than the peduncle ; the fourth
foot of pleon with the first three joints subequal in length, and the last
joint subequal to the fourth.

ornata7 G. 0. Sars, Beretning (1863) Zoologisk Eeise i Christiania-

stift. 1864, p. 18.

Eyes short, scarcely reaching beyond the sides of the carapace, and
thick, widening at the cornea, which is somewhat kidney-shaped. Su-
perior antennae with a stout peduncle, which is shorter than the pedun-
cle of the inferior antennx ; fiagella longer than the pereion. Inferior

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 267

antennae having basal joint very short, triangular, the second long, the
third two-thirds length of second ; flagellum long ; antennal scale about
one-third longer than the peduncle, widening from the base to the
spine of external margin, thence narrower by a very oblique truncation
to the apex ; the very large spine in the middle of the external margin ;
external margin below the spine naked, beyond the spine, apex, and
inner margin with long plumose setae, the second joint of scale having
one seta on each side and three terminal. Last joint of pefeiopods 7-arti-
culate. Sixth segment of pleon only slightly longer than fifth. Telson
subequal in length to inner lamellae, and longer than preceding seg-
ment ; lateral spines 25-30 ; cleft moderately deep, and wide toward
the extremity, the sides being only slightly convex, and the serration
longer and larger than usual distally. Inner uropods furnished with
long plumose seta3 all round, and a row of 16-19 rather long subequal
spines, separated from each other on the inner margin. Outer lamellae
narrow, and of nearly equal breadth throughout, nearly half as long
again as the inner. The male has the sexual lobe of the superior
antennae unusually long, as long as the whole peduncle. The antennal
scale is narrower than in the female, the spine nearer the apex than
the base, and the breadth not greater at that point than nearer the
base. The fourth foot of pleon is very long, and reaches beyond the
telson ; the outer branch very like that of M. spiritus, but the third
joint is much longer than either of the two first, which are subequal ;
fifth joint not more than half the length of the fourth. Animal more
or less tinted with yellowish or red. A specimen sent to me by Mr.
Edward of Banff was of a very delicate rose-colour.

Taken 5-8 miles east of Balta, in 40-50 fathoms ; and also off Sea-
ham on the Durham coast (A. M. N.), Banff (Mr. Edward).

Mysis vulgaris, J. Y. Thompson. In the stream which runs into Deal Yoe,
near Lerwick.

Mysidopsis didelpJiys (Norman). Mysis didelpTiys, Tyneside Nat. Field Club,
vol. v. p. 270, pi. xii. figs. 9-11 ; Mysidopsis didelpJiys, Gr. 0. Sars,
Beretning (1863) Zoologisk Eeise i Christiania-stift. (1864) p. 27. Hare,
5-8 miles east of Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

? hispida, n. sp. Body hispid all over, the hispidity evident even on the

peduncles of the eyes. Eye-stalks of moderate length. Carapace pro-
duced into a broadly triangular rostrum of considerable length, reach-
ing beyond the middle of the first joint of the superior antennae; a
notch on each side of the front margin of carapace opposite the centre
of the insertion of the eye. Superior antennae with peduncle twice as
long as the eye-stalk; first joint long, slender, very concave above, two
following much thicker, the third double the length of the second,
hispid like the body. Inferior antennae with peduncle only reaching
the extremity of the penultimate joint of the superior ; scale pro-
duced, slenderly subulate, nearly twice as long as peduncle of superior
antennae (somewhat less in <$}, two-jointed, second joint one-third
total length, both margins fringed with long plumose setae, the second
joint having on each side four lateral at long intervals, and three
terminal. Last joints of pereiopods 4-articulate, first articulation as
long as the two following. Pleopods as in Mysis. Telson linguiform,
long and narrow, subequal to preceding segment ; sides margined with
30-35 spines, which are of equal length at first, but towards the
extremity much larger spines alternate at various distances (e. g. every

TJ2

268 REPORT— 1868.

second, third, fifth, or seventh) with smaller spines, the rounded entire
apex terminating in four spines, the outer pair much longer than the
middle pair ; on examining the telson from below, it is seen to form,
for about half its length, an open tube, the opening consisting of a
central slit, the margins of which are edged with small spines. Interior
lamellae swollen at the base for the reception of the acoustic organ, but
afterwards very narrow, slightly longer than telson. Outer lamellae
remarkably long and very narrow, fully half as long again as inner
pair ; both margins of both pairs fringed throughout with long plumose
setae ; inner margin of inner lamellae also closely beset with spines,
which are of unequal size.

In the male, the superior antennae have the last joint of the pedun-
cle furnished with the usual lobe and dense tuft of hair. All the pleo-
pods have a stout, large basal joint, which gives support to two branches,
the inner of which in the last four pair is multiarticulate and setose,
and gives off, close to the base, a small lateral lobe terminating in short
setae, but in the first pair the inner branch is rudimentary. The outer
branch in the first three and the last pair is also multiarticulate and
setose, but in the fourth pair is a more complicated organ, and consists
of six joints at the base, all furnished on each side with a long plumose
seta, and two branches of equal length, one slender, one-jointed, of
equal thickness throughout, ciliate, the other having a much stouter
basal joint and two multiarticulate ciliated filaments.

A single male in 40-50 fathoms, 5-7 miles off Balta, in 1857 ; and
both sexes previously sent to me by Mr. Edward from Banff.

The descriptions of Mysis gracilis and M. linguura, G. 0. Sars, come
very near to the female of this species, but the present is at once dis-
tinguished by having the antennal scale two- and not three-jointed.

Genus GASTROSACCTJS, Norman.

A genus of Mysidea. Female : marsupial pouch attached to last segment of
pereion and first of pleon. First pleopod composed of a much elongated basal
joint, and two short one-jointed branches ; second to fifth pairs consisting
of a single joint. Male having all the pleopods consisting of a basal joint,
and two branches differently developed on the different segments, and the
third pleopod the greatly developed sexual organ.

Gastrosaccus sanctus (Van Ben.)= Mysis sancta, Van Beneden, Recherch. sur
la Faune Litt. de Belgique, Crustaces (1861), p. 17, pi. vii. figs. 1-4
(the male), = Mysis spinifera, Goes, Crust. Decap: Podophth. marina
Sueciae (1863), p. 14 (the female), = Gastrosaccus sanctus} Norman, Rep.
Brit. Assoc. 1867 (1868), p. 438.

Female. — Sides of carapace extending much beyond the dorsal portion,
which has its margin elegantly scalloped ; fifth segment of pleon pro-
ducing backwards on the back into a well-developed spine. Rostrum
slightly produced, rounded at the extremity. Eyes cylindrical, on short
peduncles. Superior antennae with greatly developed peduncles; first
joint as long as two following, cylindrical, smooth ; second joint half
length of last, with three large spines in a longitudinal row on the
outer margin ; filaments long and slender, the outer with its first joint
long (equal about eleven of inner), and furnished on its inner face with
a cutaceous process, apically setose, which reminds us of the lobe of the
males of Mysis. Inferior antennae having peduncle reaching the last
joint of peduncle of superior antennae ; scale short, subequal in length

DM: THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 269

to the penultimate joint of the peduncle, subquadrate ; external margin
smooth, terminating in a spine ; apex obliquely truncate, not extending
beyond level of the tip of the spine of outer angle ; inner margin and
apex with plumose seta3. Mandible palp three -jointed, last two joints
long, subequal, last slender, both setose. Flattened scalar basal joint of
pereiopods having a naked external margin, terminating in a spine-like
point. Last portion of pereiopod multiarticulate ; in last pair articula-
tions thirteen in number, each with a spine on both margins, and spine-
like setae on inner margin. Marsupial pouch attached to last pereiopods
and first pleopods; the latter composed of a long basal joint (closely resem-
bling a thigh-bone in form), naked during its length, but having at the
base a little lobe, bearing four long plumose setae, and having its
expanded apex surrounded with a circlet of similar long setae, within
which the two little branches in which the member terminates nestle ;
these branches one-jointed, terminated by setae; one branch half the
length of the other. The remaining pleopods, in the form of a narrow
scale, furnished with plumose setae. Telson cleft at the apex to about
one-fifth of its length ; sides furnished with 7—9 spines of great size,
more especially the distal ones, which are equal in length to the cleft; cleft
margined with rather long, sharp, slender serrations. Inner laminae sub-
equal in length to (spines of) telson, narrow, fringed with long setae,
and inner margin also with about ten slender spines ; acoustic organ
unusually small. External laminae shorter than inner, rounded on
apex ; outer margin having about twelve greatly developed curved spines
instead of the usual plumose setae.

Male. — The male, instead of having a separate lobe to superior antennae,
as in My sis, has the first joint of external filament expanded in a similar
manner to the female, but is more strongly developed. All the pleopods
composed of a large basal joint (in the first furnished with large plumose
setae, in the others naked) and two branches; first, fourth, and fifth
pairs with outer branch half as long again as peduncle, multiarticulate
and setose : inner branch short, with widely diverging plumose setae ;
second pair with both branches multiarticulate and plumose, the exter-
nal branch rather more developed than the inner, the latter with a
small lateral lobe at the base ; third pair having outer branch of consi-
derable length, consisting of four long, rounded, slender, smooth joints,
the last having two minute marginal spines, and terminating in two
slender spines ; inner branch shorter than first joint of outer, multiar-
ticulate and plumosely setose ; basal joint giving off a small lateral lobe.
Length three-quarters of an inch.

Dredged 5-8 miles east of Balta, in 40-50 fathoms ; also Banff (Mr.
Edward), Firth of Clyde (Mr. D. Robertson), and off the mouth of the
Tees and Norfolk coast (Mr. G. S. Brady).

Genus NEMATOPTJS, G. 0. Sars.

Allied to Mysis. Superior antennae having first joint of peduncle with a
setiferous process on the outer margin ; the last joint in male with a hirsute
lobed appendage. Pereiopods very long and slender, 8-jointed, nearly fili-
form, with very few hairs, terminating in a well-formed nail. No external
branchio3. Marsupial pouch as in Mi/sis. Pleopods in female rudimentarv
as in Mysis, but in male well developed, two-branched ; branches multiar-
ticulate ; the external branch with a setiferous process on its inner margin ;
in the first pair the terminal part rudimentary, and without setae. Telson

270 REPORT— 1868.

very short, scarcely longer than broad, apically broadly truncate, and ter-
minating in four strong spines and two plumose setae. Acoustic organ large.
Nematopus serratus, G. 0. Sars, Om en i Sommeren 1862, Zoolog. lleise i
Christ, og Trondhjems Stifter (1863), p. 43.

Carapace rounded in front, not produced into a rostrum, but a spine
springs from between the eyes, and bears the appearance of a rostrum.
Eyes reniform, clavate, wider than long. Superior antcnnaB with mid-
dle joint of peduncle very short, first and third subequal. Antennal
scale lanceolate, about half as long again as peduncle of inferior an-
tennae, transversely truncate at the apex ; external margin having 8-9
spine-like processes down the side (each similar in character to the single
apical spine of the scale in My sis flexuosa and its allies). Pereiopods
remarkably long and slender, last joint terminating in a bunch of hairs.
Telson not half the length of the inner laminae, no lateral spine, distally
broadly truncate, and furnished with four long spines, the inner pair
the more greatly developed ; in the middle between these are two plumose
setae. External laminas considerably longer than inner, narrow, and of
nearly equal width throughout ; both margins of both pairs of lamina)
fringed with plumose seta3, which on external margin of outer laminae are
slender and short. Colour white, with a reddish spot on each side of each
segment of pleon, and a band across the fourth ; sometimes also a longitu-
dinal line on each side of the carapace. The very large reniform eyes
are of a lovely and brilliant ruby-red. Length half an inch. Dredged
on muddy bottom in 40-60 fathoms, St. Magnus Bay, 1867.

Order CUMACEA.

Nannastims binoculoides, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xv. (1865) p. 87,
pi. i. fig. 4. The type specimen dredged in 1863 ; again in surface net,
Lerwick Bay, 1867, by Mr. D. Robertson.

Diastylis echinata, Bate, Ann. ]STat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xv. (1865) p. 87, pi. i.
fig. 1. The type specimen dredged in 1863.

bispinosa (Stimpson)=CWa bispinosa, Stimpson, Marine Invertebrata

Grand Manan, p. 39; Danielssen, Reiseberetning i Thr. Yid. Selsk. Skrift.
Bd. iv. p. 108, =Cuma cornuta, A. Boeck, Videnskabs Selsk. Eorhandl.
1863, p. 190, = Diastylis bicornis, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xv.
(1865) p. 84, pi. i. fig. 2, = Diastylis bispinosa, G. 0. Sars, Om den
aberrante Krebsdyrgruppe Cumacea og dens nordiske Arter (1864), p. 39.
The first British specimen dredged in Shetland in 1863, and described
by Mr. Bate under the name Diastylis bicornis.

— Icevis, n. sp., = ? Alauna rostrata, Goodsir, Edinb. New. Phil. Journ.
vol. xxxiv. (1843) p. 130, pi. iv. figs. 1-10.

Pereion, viewed laterally, elongated ovate, seen from above, widest
in the middle, ovate ; carapace rather longer than the free segments,
dorsal margin well arched, surface only slightly hispid, wholly devoid
of spines; lateral margins spined; rostrum acute, slightly bending up-
wards. Last segment of pereion with the sides produced backwards
into short blunt processes. Upper antennae having last joint of peduncle
as long as the first and longer than the second ; filament as long as last
joint of peduncle. Eirst feet with the first joint very long, equal, or nearly
equal, to the remaining portion of the limb ; both margins furnished
with plumose setae, spinose on the side ; last three joints subequal.
Second feet having the fourth joint as long as the first, and longer than

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TITN1CATA, ETC. 271

the last two combined. Telson stibequal to the long peduncle of lateral
appendages, lageniibrm, gradually tapering from near the base to the
extremity, about twelve spines on each side ; terminal spines not larger
than preceding. Lateral appendages with long and slender peduncle,
with about 25-30 spines on the inner margin ; inner ramus not half so
long as peduncle ; first joint equalling in length the two others; inner
margin furnished with spines of similar character to those of peduncle,
eight on first joint, three on second, four on last ; the spines are peculiar,
having a minute cilium springing from them at half their length : outer
ramus longer than inner, ending in 3-4 long spine-like setae ; margins
almost naked, only having very few scattered setae.

Male wholly devoid of spiny armature on cephalothorax and pleon.
First joints of first and second legs spinose. Telson with fewer (about
eight) and much more slender lateral spines, and the terminal spines
considerably larger than the others. Lateral appendages nearly as in 5 ,
but the branches longer, the inner more than hall' length of the peduncle.
Length half an inch.

This seems to be the commonest species in our seas. It is nearly
allied to I). Ratlikii, but the cephalothorax is shorter and more tumid, and
free from spines.

Shetland and Durham coast (A. M. IN"), Moray Firth (Mr. T. Edward).

Diastijlis lamellata, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866 (1867), p. 200. Two
specimens, St. Magnus Bay.

spinosa, n. sp. Male. — Pereion, viewed laterally and dorsally elongated

ovate; carapace toothed in the latero-anterior margin, and having a crested
line passing from behind, very near to and subparallel with the inferior
margin, which curving round in front meets the crest which comes from
the opposite side at a short distance behind the rostrum ; this crest,
throughout the greater part of its length, is composed of little flat
plates, which lie close against each other ; in front, however, the line is
broken up into distinct and separate spines. Rostrum with rows of small
spines on each side; a slight central carina on the carapace. Segments of
pereion smooth, not spined; last segment produced backwards laterally into
much produced and acute processes. Pleon having each of the first five
segments furnished with three more or less developed longitudinal rows
of spines on the back, and two at the edges of the underside ; the hin-
dermost spine of each row the most developed. Sixth segment un-
spined. Superior antennas much developed ; peduncle long, last joint
furnished with a dense brush of auditory cilia ; filaments long. First
joint of last gnathopods and of all the pereiopods with strong spines.
First pereiopods with the antepenultimate joint extending beyond the
rostrum ; penultimate joint equal in length to third and fourth com-
bined, last joint subequal to fourth. Second pereiopods having first joint
strongly spined, second very short, fourth long and unusually slender.
First pleopods with basal joint and two very unequal branches ; second
with two branches of nearly equal length, but one with more numerous
and much longer plumose setae than the other ; infero-posteal margin of
second segment of pleon with a row of (six) long plumose setae ; plu-
mose setae under the third and fourth segments. Telson suddenly bent
downwards at a short distance from the base, gradually attenuated,
much produced, but not as long as the long peduncle of uropods ; twelve
pairs of long, slender, lateral spines; terminal spines rather stouter.
Inner margin of peduncle of uropods with numerous spines, with closely

272 REPORT— 1868.

ciliated margins ; inner ramus subequal in length to outer, with inner
margin of first joint spined, and clothed with dense short fur, of two fol-
lowing joints spined, the last with seven spines, which are more developed
distalry ; outer ramus suddenly contracted in width on the inner margin
at a short distance from the base; inner margin smooth (except quite at
distal extremity, where there are two or three spine-like setae) ; outer
margin with spine-like (annulated?) seta3, and a row of similar setae pas-
sing down the back, and ultimately passing obliquely to the distal
extremity of the inner margin. Length half an inch.

Only the male is known to me. One specimen, Shetland, 1863, and
a second received from Mr. Edward of Banff.

Eudorella truncatula (Bate)= JSMora truncatula, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1ST. S.
vol. xvii. (1856) p. 457, pi. xiv. fig. 3 ; G. 0. Sara, Om den aberrante
Krebsdyrgruppe Cumacea (1864), p. 61, = Eudorella truncatula, Norman,
Brit. Assoc. Eeport, 1866 (1867), p. 197, note. Haddock Ground, near
the Out Skerries,. in 1861.

Lampropsrosea(Noimsm)=Jraunt7iompsoniarosea, Norman, Trans. Tvneside
Nat. Field Club, vol. v. (1863) p. 271, pi. xiii. fig. 1-3 (the female), =
Cyrianassa elegans, id. ib. p. 275, pi. xiv. fig. 1-6 (the male), =Lamprops
rosea, G. 0. Sars, Om Cumacea, p. 64. St. Magnus Bay, rare.

Cumetta agilis, n. sp. Male. — Pereion longer than pleon, five segments un-
covered by carapace. Carapace longer than free segments of pereion,
much deeper in front than behind ; no distinct rostrum ; anterior margin
deeply concave at the side ; infero-anteal corner produced and toothed ;
teeth 2-3 ; surface of carapace smooth. Inferior antennae not so long
as pereion ; second joint of peduncle with a dense tuft of hair above,
third joint also hispid. All pereiopods, except last, furnished with a
palp of unusual structure, which has a second joint which is longer
than the first, and slender, not setose ; then several (? five) very short
setiferous joints which, combined, do not equal more than one-third length
of second joint. First joint of 1st to 4th pairs of pereiopods monstrously
developed, long, and very massive, while the remaining portion of the
limb is very slender ; first pair short, scarcely reaching extremity of the
head; first joint with a long slender spine at the extremity of the hinder
margin, fourth joint equalling in length the two following ; third and
fourth pereiopods with 2nd to 6th joints not equalling length of first; no
whip-setae; sixth joint inform of a long slender nail. No pleopods. Tel-
son rudimentary, widely truncate at extremity. Uropods with peduncle
longer than rami, a few scattered spines on inner margin ; inner ramus
uniarticulate, longer and much stouter than the outer, with ten spines on
inner margin, increasing in size distally ; outer ramus two-jointed, ter-
minating in a long slender spine, with a minute spine on each side of it,
no other spines or setae. Length scarcely more than an eighth of an inch.
Taken abundantly (only males) in the surface-net at night in Balta
Sound, 1863 (A. M. N.) ; and by similar means in Lerwick Bay and
Kirkwall, 1867 (Mr. D. Robertson).

Jphinoe serrata, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866 (1867), p. 201. One
specimen in 70-80 fathoms, sand, Outer Haaf, Out Skerries, 1861,
and again in St. Magnus Bay, 30-60 fathoms, 1867.

• gracilis, Bate= Venilia gracilis, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xvii.

(1856) p. 460, pi. xvi. fig. 7, = Cyrianassa gracilis, Bate, Ann. Nat.
Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xviii. (1856) p. 187. Rare", near Balta Sound, 1863,
in towing-net.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 273

The genus Cyrianassa is founded on the male of Iphinoe. The genus
is characterized (chiefly) by having the pereion very long, five segments
uncovered by carapace, and its posterior segments scarcely deeper than
those of pleon ; the last four pereiopods in both sexes without a palp ;
the telson rudimentary ; the uropods with both branches biarticulate,
the inner strongly spined: and in the male by having the first five seg-
ments of pleon furnished with well-developed biramous pleopods. I am
by no means certain that the present species is not the male, of Iphinoe
trispinosa. Undoubted males of that species resemble the I. gradlis
very closely, except that they have 2-3 spines on carapace, and the
pleopods have not the long plumose setae which adorn those of the latter
species. It is possible, however, that the development of these setae
may depend upon age, and that the presence or absence of the small
dorsal spines may not constitute more than varietal distinction. Puture
observation must be left to clear up this point.

Cuma scorpioides, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xvii. (1856) p. 456,
pi. xiv. fig. 2, = ? Cancer scorpioides, Montagu, Linn. Trans, vol. ix.

Taken in Balta Sound in 1863. Known by its strong angular and
keeled carapace. Only four segments of pereion are exposed, and the
penultimate and the antepenultimate of these are raised into a rounded
rib across the back. The uropods have both branches two-jointed, and
only half as long as peduncle, subequal to each other, inner with nume-
rous short blunt spines, but the two distal ones of each joint long, outer
with plumose setae on the inner margin ; peduncle without spines or
setae, but minutely serrulate on inner margin. The male, as in Iphinoe,
has five well-developed pairs of pleopods.

Order AMPHIPODA.

Talitrus locusta (Linn.),

Orclustia Uttorea. (Montagu).

Probolium monoculoides (Montagu) = Mon tagua monoculoides, Bate & West-
wood. Bressay Sound, and 5-8 miles off Balta, 50 fathoms. Costa' s
genus Probolium (Eicerche sui Crostacei Amfipodi del regno di Napoli,
1853, p. 199) is synonymous with, and has precedence of, Bate's Mon-
tayua, which was established in 1855.

marinum (Bate) = Montayua marina, Bate & Westwood. 5-8 miles

east of Balta, 50 fathoms, and on the Skerries Outer Haaf, in 70-80
fathoms.

Alderi (Bate) = Montayua Alderi, B. & "W. A single specimen of

what I consider a variety of this species taken in Lerwick Bay. It dif-
fers from the ordinary form in having the hand of the second gnatho-
pods longer, being more than twice as long as broad, and in the palm
being less oblique, crenately toothed throughout (instead of in part
only), and the projecting tooth-like process bounding the palm of smaller
size.

serratipes, n. sp. Antennae rather short. Second gnathopods with the

metacarpus posteally produced into a small tooth-like process ; wrist
produced below into an elongated lobe, which stretches along the pos-
• terior margin of the hand (after the manner of the genus Monoculodes) to
half its length, and terminates in two or three setae; hand of large
size, elongated, of somewhat unusual form, widest in the middle, from
which point the posterior margin gently slopes towards the anterior

274 REPORT— 1868.

margin, both towards the base and towards the finger, at this point
the elongated lobe of the wrist terminates and the palm begins ; this is
gently arched, sloping away to the base of the claws, with the margin
denticulately serrated throughout (no spines or larger teeth) ; finger as
long as the palm, slender, curved correspondingly to the palm. First
and second pereiopods slender., propodos and nail long. Last pereiopods
having the metacarpus infero-posteally produced (as is usual in the
genus) to half the length of the wrist ; no portion of the limb serrated.
Length one-twelfth of an inch. One specimen, dredged in about 50
fathoms in St. Magnus Bay, 1867. Probolium polyprion, Costa, agrees
with the present species in having a serrated palm to the second
gnathopods, but differs in the form of the hand, and the presence of spines
at the distal extremity of the palm, in the wrist not being produced,
and in the anterior margin of the last pair of pereiopods being serrated.

Probolium pollexianum (¥>&to}=Montaguapollexiana, Bate & Westwood. 5—8
miles east of Balta in 50 fathoms ; apparently rare in Shetland, one
specimen only having been found.

Lysianassa Gostce, M.-Edwards. Scarce.

Audouiniana, Bate. A specimen taken among Laminaria3, 3-5 fathoms,

Out Skerries Harbour, in 1861, and then submitted to Mr:' Bate, was
considered by him to be a " black-eyed variety " of this species.

longicornis, Lucas. One specimen, 20-25 miles north of Burrafirth

Lighthouse in 1863.

Anonyx longicornis, Bate. A few specimens, deep water, St. Magnus Bay.
This species is recognized instantly by the peculiar dorsal and lateral
angles of the body, and the curious hooded form of the large first joint
of the superior antenna.

. serratus, A. Boeck, Forhandl. ved de Skand. Naturs. 8 de Mode, 1860,

p. 641 ; Lilljeborg, Crustac. Lysianassina of Norway and Sweden, 1865,
p. 29. Anonyx Edwardsii, Bate & Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust.
vol. i. page 94 (but not A. Edivardsii of Kroyer). Dredged in Vidlom
Yoe, and between tide-marks at Lerwick in 1861.

. Holbollii, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. 2 Kaskke, Bd. ii. p. 8 ; Voyage

Scand. Crustac. pi. xv. figs. 1, a-s • Lilljeborg, Crust. Lysianassina of
Sweden and Norway, p. 31 ; Bruzelius, Skand. Arnphip. Gamma-
ridea, p. 43 (but not A. Holbollii of Bate and other British authors), =
Anonyx denticulatus, Bate & Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust, vol. i.

P. ioi.

Common, Bressay Sound, 15 fathoms ; Bressay Sound, 7 fathoms ;
off Balta, 50 fathoms ; Balta Sound and St. Magnus Bay.

gulosus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidssk. Anden Raskke, 1 Bd. p. 611 ; Yoy-

age en Scandinavie, pi. xiv. fig. 2 ; Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gamm.
p. 44 ; Lilljeborg, Crust. Amphip. Lysianassina, p. 24, == Lysianassa
gulosa, Goes, Crust. Amphip. maris Spetsbergiam alluentis, p. 4, =
Anonyx Holbollii, Bate & Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust, vol. i.
p. 104 (but not A. Holbollii of Kroyer).

2-5 fathoms, Out Skerries Harbour, among Laminaria3, 1861.

nanus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. 2 Easkke, 2 Bd. p. 30 ; Lilljeborg,

Crust. Amphip. Lysianassina, p. 28.

Dredged in deep water, St. Magnus Bay, 1867. New to Britain. I
have received it also from Mr. D. Eobertson, who took it in the surface
net in the Firth of Clyde; and from Mr. Laughrin from Polperro,
where it would seem to be remarkably abundant.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 275

Anonyx nanoides, Lilljeborg, Crust. Amphip. Lysianassina, p. 25, pi. iii. figs.
32-34, = ? Anonyx nanus ?, Bruzelius, Skand. Amph. Gammaridea, p. 42.
Another addition to our fauna, procured in 1867, in shallow water,
in Bressay and Balta Sounds, among Lamin arise.

plautus, Krdyer. Mr. Spence Bate doubtfully referred to this species

an Anonyx from the laminarian zone in the Out Skerries Harbour,
procured in 1861.

longipes, Bate. A. longipes, Bate & Westwood, British Sessile-eyed

Crust, vol. i. p. 113, the female, = A. ampulla, Bate £ Westwood, I.e.
p. 116, the male (but not A. ampulla of Kroyer), —A. longipes, Lillje-
borg, Crust. Amphip. Lysianassina, p. 23, pi. iii, figs. 23-31. Prof.
Lilljeborg is unquestionably right in considering the A. ampulla of the
' British Sessile-eyed Crustacea' to be the male of A. longipes. I have
taken both sexes in Balta Sound and in St. Magnus Bay. The true
A. ampulla of Kroyer is the next species which is now added for the
first time to our fauna.

ampulla (Phipps). Cancer ampulla, Phipps, Voyage towards the

North Pole, 1773, p. 191, pi. xii. fig. 2, = $ Anonyx lagena, Kroyer,
Gronlands Amphipoder, p. 237, pi. i. fig. 1 ; M.-Edwards, Hist. Nat.
des trustac. vol. iii. p. 21 ; Bate, Cat. Amphip. Crust, p. 77, pi. xii.
fig. 7 ; Goes, Crust. Amphip. maris Spetsber. alluentis, p. 2, = tf
Anonyx appendiculosa, Kroyer, Gronlands Amphipoder, p. 240, pi. i.
fig. 2 ; M.-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust, iii. p. 21, —Anonyx ampulla.
Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. Anden Rsekke, Bd. i. p. 578 ; Voyage en
Scandinavie, pi. xiii. fig. 2 ; Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gamm. p. 39 ;
Lilljeborg, Crust. Lysianassina of Norway and Sweden, p. 23 (but not
A. ampulla of Cat. Amphip. Crust. Brit. Mus. nor of SessUe-eyed Crus-
tacea).

This Anonyx, the specimens agreeing in all respects with Spitzber-
gen examples, received from Prof. Loven, except that they are not more
than a quarter the size, was procured on the Out Skerries Middle Haaf,
in 1861. It occurred in hundreds upon a fish which had been brought up
dead on a fisherman's long line. It would appear to be one of the
scavengers of the seas ; for Goes also writes of it, " Ad Spetsbergiam
inter algas, prsesertim fundo arenoso et argillaceo profunditate orgyarum
trium usque ad sexaginta copia stupenda, eo ut, si perite ac prudenter in
captura versaris, hos pelagi voracissimos vespellones molibus milliariis
cadavere avium vel phocarum brevi e fundo elicere potes." The contour
of this Anonyx is peculiarly rounded and smooth, by which character it
may, without microscopic examination of the limbs, be distinguished
from longipes. It is now first added to our fauna.

tumidus, Kroyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskr. Anden Rsekke, Bd. ii. p. 16 ;

Voyage en Scandinavie, pi. xvi. fig. 2 ; Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip.
Gammarid. p. 41 ; Spence Bate, Cat. Amphip. Brit. Mus. p. 73 ; Lillje-
borg, Crust. Amphip. Lysianassina, p. 32, pi. iv. fig. 51 ; Heller,
Amphip. des adriatischen Meeres, p. 25, pi. iii. fig. 6-12, = Lysianassina
tumida, Goes, Crust. Amphip. maris Spetsbergiam alluentis, p. 2.

A single specimen taken in the branchial sac of an Ascidian in 1863,
and many more in 1867, living in a fine undescribed sponge, Raphio-
derma coacervata of this Report, which was dredged 25-30 miles
N.N.W. of Burrafirth Lighthouse in 170 fathoms.

melanophtlialmus, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866 (1867), p. 201.

One, 5-8 miles off Balta, in 50 fathoms, 1867.

276 REPORT— 1868.

Acidostoma obesum (Bate), =Anonyx obesus, B. & W., Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust.
vol. i. p. 98, = Acidostoma obesum, Lilljeborg, Crust. Lysianassina, p. 34,
pi. v. fig. 53-65. St. Magnus Bay, in deep water.

Callisoma crenata, Bate. Out Skerries, Middle Haaf, 40 fathoms ; off Isle
of Balta, 40-50 fathoms ; St. Magnus Bay.

StegocepTialus ampulla (Phipps), Cancer ampulla, Phipps, Voyage toward the
North Pole, 1774, p. 191, pi. xii. fig. 3, —Stegocephalus inflatus, Kroyer,
Naturhist. Tidsskr. Forste Kaekke, Bd. i. p. 150 ; Bruzelius, Skand. Am-
phip. Gammarid. p. 38, = Stegocephalus ampulla, Bate, Cat. Amphip.
Brit. Mus. p. 63, pi. x. fig. 2 ; Goes, Crust. Amphip. niaris Spetsberg.
alluentis, p. 5.

A female laden with eggs was dredged in 1867 in St. Magnus Bay,
in about 50 fathoms. It was not quite a quarter of an inch in length,
a pigmy compared with its giant brethren from Spitzbergen, with which,
however, it agrees closely in all particulars. This arctic species is a
very interesting addition to the British fauna.

Opis leptochela, Bate & West. MS. " Shetland, received from Mr. Jeffreys,"
Bate in litt. A species not yet described.

Pontoporeia affinis, Lindstrom, Ofvers. af K. Yet. Akad. Forh. 1855, p. 63 ;
Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gammarid. p. 48 ; Bate, Cat. Amjftiip. Brit.
Mus. p. 83, pi. xiv. fig. 2. " Shetland, from Mr. Jeffreys," Bate in litt.

Ampelisca cequicornis, Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gammarid. p. 82, pi. iv.
fig. 15.

Superior antennae much longer than peduncle of inferior; third joint
half length of first, and scarely more than one-fourth of second. In-
ferior antennae with last two joints of peduncle subequal, both pairs of
antenna fringed with long hairs, and speckled with crimson throughout,
a stain of the same colour at the joints of the peduncle ; nail of first
two pairs of pereiopoda longer than the two preceding joints combined.
Last pereiopods having the posterior lobe of the basos produced down-
wards to the distal extremity of following joint, rounded inferiorly;
meros not posteally produced ; propodos and nail broad and flat. Infero-
posteal angle of third segment of pleon not produced. Last uropods
much longer than preceding pairs, branches nearly as long again as
peduncle. Telson cleft almost to the base, reaching one-third the length
of the branches of last uropods. Generally a conspicuous hump on the
back of the fourth segment of pleon, and a hollow in the back of the
sixth. A common species in our seas. Shetland, Skye, Northumber-
land and Durham coasts, Guernsey.

tenuicomis, Lilljeborg, Ofvers. af Kong. Vet. Akad. Forhand. 1855,

p. 123 ; Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gammarid. p. 84 ; Bate, Cat. Crust.
Amphip. Brit. Mus. p. 96.

Head produced, obliquely truncate in front, the antennae attached to
the oblique truncation and directed downwards. Superior antennae
about equal in length to peduncle of inferior ; second joint of peduncle
much more slender than first ; third joint scarcely differing in size or
length from the joints of the filament, rather more than half length of
second. Inferior antennae with last two joints subequal, very long and
slender; filament very long and slender; antennae speckled with red.
Nail of first two pairs of pereiopoda longer than two preceding joints
combined. Last pereiopods having the posterior lobe of the basos pro-
duced downwards to the distal extremity of the following joint,
rounded inferiorly; meros not posteally produced; propodos and nail

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 277

not very broad or much flattened. Infero-posteal angle of third seg-
ment of pleon not produced. Last uropods much longer than preceding
pairs ; branches about half as long again as peduncle. Telson cleft nearly
to the base, equal in length to the penultimate uropods, and reaching
to one-third the length of the rami of the last pair.

A smaller species than the last, distinguished by the oblique truncation
of the extremity of the head, and by the slenderness of the antennae, and
their great difference in length. It is usually prettily painted with lilac
or rose-colour about the lower parts. Shetland, Skye, Guernsey (A.M.N.),
and Aberdeenshire (Mr. Dawson). I have had the opportunity, through
the kindness of Professor Loven, of comparing the individuals here de-
scribed of this species and of A. Icevigata with Bohuslan examples, and
thus am enabled to speak positively as to their identity.
Ampelisca carinata, Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gammarid. p. 87, pi. 4. fig.
16 ; Bate, Cat. Amphip. Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 371, =Ampelisca Gaimardi,
Bate, Cat. Amphip. Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 91 ; Bate and Westwood, Brit. Ses-
sile-eyed Crust, p. 127 (but not A. Gaimardi of Xroyer and Bruzelius).

Head vertically truncate. Superior antennae a little longer than
peduncle of inferior; peduncle reaching middle of penultimate joint of
peduncle of inferior ; second joint scarcely longer than first ; third joint
about one-third as long as second ; lower side of whole peduncle beset
with numerous transverse tufts of short hair; first joint of filament
larger than usual, looking more like a joint of the peduncle, furnished
below with a bunch of (? auditory) setas. Inferior antennas extremely
long, equalling whole length of animal; upper margin of peduncle
clothed with transverse rows of tufted hair, similar to those on lower
side of superior antennas ; last joint nearly half as long again as penul-
timate ; filament very slender. Nails of first two pairs of pereiopoda not
longer than two preceding joints combined. Two last segments of pleon
(fifth and sixth are coalesced into one) elevated dorsally into very con-
spicuous humps, In other respects agreeing closely with A. cequicornis,
of which species I strongly suspect that it is the male. Shetland
(A. M. N.) ; Kirkwall Bay, Orkney (Mr. D. Eobertson); Aberdeenshire
coast (Mr. Dawson).

The species described by British authors as A. Gaimardi is unques-
tionably the A. carinata of Bruzelius ; the true A. Gaimardi, according
to that author's characters, differs from all British forms in the structure
of the last uropods and telson. " Pedes abdominis ultimi paris duo
paria antecedentia haud superantes. Appendix caudalis brevis, lata,
parum fissa."

Icewgata, Lilljeborg, Ofvers. af Kong. Vetensk. Akad. Porhandl. 1855,

p. 123 ; Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gammarid. p. 84 ; Bate, Cat. Amphip.
Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 96.

Head much produced, squarely truncated in front. Superior antennas
very short, not reaching end of penultimate joint of peduncle of inferior ;
second joint of peduncle half as long again as first, third joint closely
resembling joints of filament, which are only about six. Inferior an-
tennae with a very long peduncle, the last joint distinctly shorter than
preceding. First and second pereiopods having the nails very long, con-
siderably longer than the two preceding joints combined. Last pereiopods
having the posterior lobe of the basos produced downwards to the distal
extremity of the following joint, truncate inferiorly, and closely fringed
with long plumose setce; meros produced backwards and downwards

278 REPORT— 1868.

into a rounded lobe of considerable size, fringed with plumose setae ;
carpus antero-distally bearing a circlet of strong spines ; propodos much
flattened and expanded. Third segment of pleon having the posterior
margin waved, and produced backwards at the infero-posteal angle into
an acute hastate point. Telson cleft almost to the base, having a row
of spine-like hairs down middle of each portion, reaching to the middle
of the branches of the last uropods, which are much longer than the
preceding pairs. Balta Sound and St. Magnus Bay, Shetland (A. M. N) ;
Kirkwall Bay, Orkney (Mr. D. Robertson); Aberdeenshire (Mr. Dawson).
[Ampelisca macrocephala, Lilljeborg, Ofversigt af Kong. Yetensk.
Akad. Forhandl. 1852, p. 7, and 1855, p. 137; Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip.
Gammarid. p. 85 ; Bate, Cat. Crust. Amphip. Brit. Mus. p. 94, agrees
with A. Icevigata in having the infero-posteal angle of the third seg-
ment of the pleon produced backwards into a spine-like point, but
differs in that the meros of the last pereiopods has no posterior lobe.
I have dredged it in the Sound of Skye. The Ainpelisca Belliana of Bate
appears to be referable to this species.]

Phoocus Holbolli, Kroyer. Out Skerries Harbour, 3-5 fathoms ; St. Magnus
Bay.

plumosus, Kroyer. Balta Sound, St. Magnus Bay ; Outer Haaf, 3-90

fathoms.

(Ediceros parvimanus, Bate & Westwood. The type specimens Were procured
in 1861, in 70-90 fathoms, sixty miles east of Shetland ; and I have since
found it in other directions on the Haaf, and very abundantly on the
soft muddy ground of St. Magnus Bay.

— cequicornis, n. sp. Rostrum extending beyond the first joint of upper
antennse. Upper antennas having the three joints of the peduncle of
nearly equal length, each more slender than preceding ; filament equal
the length of last two joints of peduncle, composed of five long articu-
lations. Lower antennae slender but short; peduncle exceeding the
length of that of superior by nearly the last joint, which is equal in
length to the penultimate ; filament very slender, 4-5 jointed, equal in
length to the last joint of peduncle. First gnathopods with wrists in-
feriorly produced into a wide rounded lobe reaching forwards to the
commencement of the palm ; hand obovate, widest in the centre where
the palm commences, which is very oblique ; finger slender, simple, as
long as palm. Second gnathopods very like the first, but the hand
slightly larger, and rather more elongated. All the pereiopods with very
long and nearly straight nails, which about equal the propodos in length ;
propodos much longer than carpus. Penultimate pereiopods with a row
of setae down the middle of the basos. Last pereiopods with the basos
small, elongated, pear-shaped, equally produced anteally and posteally ;
both margins with small cilia, the hinder margin also crenated ; the last
four joints all greatly produced, and each longer than the basos ; the
whole limb very long. Length about one-fourth of an inch. A single
specimen from St. Magnus Bay, in 30-60 fathoms, 1867. (E. cequicornis
comes near to (E. brevicalcar of Goes ; but his figures represent the
hands narrower in proportion to the wrists than in the present species,
and there are other slight points of difference. He does not describe or
figure the last pereiopods, which are the most characteristic organs in
(E. cequicornis.

Genus SYEEHOE, Goes.

Head produced into a rostrum. Eyes like those of (Ediceros. Upper an-

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 279

tennse with a secondary appendage. Mandible having a three-jointed palp.

Gnathopods not subchelate. Telsoii squamiform, deeply cleft.

Syrrhoe hamatipes, n. sp. None of the segments of pleon serrated or toothed.
Superior antennae with a smooth round peduncle, reaching the middle
of the penultimate joint of the inferior, the first joint nearly as long as
two following combined, which are subequal to each other, the last
rather the shorter ; filament rather longer than peduncle, composed of
7-8 long slender articulations ; secondary appendage two-jointed. In-
ferior antennae with a long peduncle, last joint rather longer than the
first, and two-thirds as long as second ; filament shorter than peduncle,
7-jointed, joints very long and slender. Gnathopods not subchelate,
almost identical in structure ; wrist with subparallel margins, of nearly
equal breadth throughout ; hand much narrower than and about two-
thirds the length of wrist, which it resembles in form ; posterior margins
of both wrist and hand with numerous plumose setae ; anterior margin
with two or three such setae ; finger two-thirds length of hand, only
very slightly curved, not capable of being closed with the hand. Pereio-
pods with meros and carpus of equal length ; propodos rather more than
half length of carpus and much narrower; nail small, bent at right
angles to propodos, and having a little spine at half its length; two
spines project forwards from the extremity of the propodos, which are as
long as the nail. Last pereiopods short, having the basos greatly pro-
duced backwards and downwards into a membranaceous lobe, which ex-
tends to the distal extremity of the meros ; meros and carpus subequal
in length, both very wide and flat, the latter slightly tapering distally ;
both margins fringed with plumose setae, and the carpus terminating in
such setae of considerable length and extending beyond the nail ; pro-
podos styliform, much shorter than and scarcely a quarter as broad as
the carpus ; nail (similar to those of preceding pereiopods) slender, small,
bent at right angles to the propodos, and having a little spine at half
its length. Last uropods two-branched ; branches subequal, lanceolate.
Telsoii squamiform, not long, cleft to the base. Length one-fourth of
an inch. One specimen, dredged in St. Magnus Bay, 1867.

I place this species provisionally in the genus Syrrhoe-, the head
having been crushed, I am unable to speak with precision respecting
the eyes and rostrum.

Monoculodes carinatus, Bate= (Ediceros affinis, Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip.
Gammarid. p. 93, pi. iv. fig. 18. St. Magnus Bay, 1867. Male and
female ; the antennae much longer in the former, as is also the case with
(Ediceros parvimanus.

Stimpsoni, Bate. Sixty miles east of Shetland, in 70-90 fathoms, one

specimen, 1861.

Kroyera altamarina, Bate & Westwood. The type, taken sixty miles east of
Shetland in 1861 ; also 5-8 miles east of Balta, in 40-50 fathoms, 1867.

Urothoe marinus, Bate. Balta Sound ; 5-8 miles east of Balta, and St. Mag-
nus Bay, 5-GO fathoms.

elegans, Bate. In the same localities as the last; also on the Out

Skerries Haaf, in 60-70 fathoms.
— Bairdii, Bate. St. Magnus Bay.

LiUjeborgia Shetlandica, Bate & Westw. The types were dredged in 40
fathoms, one mile north of AVhalsey Lighthouse, and in 2-5 fathoms in
Out Skerries Harbour in 1861.

IpJiimedia obesa, llathke. Widely distributed, 2-50 fathoms.

280 REPORT— 1868.

Odius carinatus (Bate). Otus carinatus, Bate & Westw. Brit. Sessile-eyed
Crust, p. 224. Very rare ; two specimens only, in 70-80 fathoms,
sixty miles east of Shetland, 1861. The type was taken by Mr. Barlee
in his last expedition to the Shetland Islands. The name Otus being
preoccupied, Lilljeborg has substituted that of Odius for this genus
(Lilljeborg, Crust. Amphip. Lysianas. p. 19).

Helleria coalita, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. vol. ii. (Dec. 1868) p. 418.
Surface-net, Lerwick (Mr. D. Eobertson).

Epimeria tricristata, Costa, Eicerche sui Crostacei Amfipodi del regno di
Napoli (1853), p. 197, pi. ii. fig. 2, =Acanthonotus Owenii, Bate, Brit.
Assoc. "Rep. 1855, p. 58 ; Bate and Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust.
p. 232. Common in deep water. This species is well described and
figured by Costa, whose name must be adopted, since the specific name
is four years prior to that of Bate ; and as regards the genus, Acaniho-
notus being preoccupied among the Fishes, and Vertumnus only a MS.
title, we must also take that of the Italian naturalist.

Dexamine spinosa (Montagu). Out Skerries Harbour, Lerwick and Balta
Sounds, among Laminariae, always in shallow water.

tenuicornis, Eathke. In similar localities to the last.

Vedlomensis, Bate & Westwood. The type taken in Vidlom Voe in

1861, since dredged in St. Magnus Bay, 60 fathoms ; and 5-8 miles oif
Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

Atylus Swammerdamii (M. -Edwards) = Amphithoe compressa, Lilljeborg,
Ofvers. af K. Yet. Akad. Forhandl. 1852, p. 8. Bressay Sound and
Hills wick, among seaweeds.

gibbosus, Bate. An interesting species on account of the peculiar cha-
racter of the carpi of the pereiopoda. It appears constantly to live
parasitic in sponges (ffalichondria panacea chiefly) between tide-marks
and in shallow water. Abundant in Burrafirth Caves, also Balta Sound,
Out Skerries Harbour, &c.

bispinosus, Bate. St. Magnus Bay, in 50 fathoms.

macer, n. sp. Pleon having the posterior margin of the first five seg-
ments serrated right across the back, with a larger central hastate
tooth, which increases in size from the first to the fourth segment,
where it attains its greatest development. All the members of the body
unusually long and slender ; pereiopods excessively long and delicate ;
basos of posterior pairs narrow ; meros and carpus both very long, the
former the longer, and both longer than the long propodos ; nail very
slender (half as long as propodos), with a single seta beyond the middle
of the inner margin. IJropods very long, the last pair with peduncle
and rami subequal, the whole organ as long as four segments of pleon
(i. e. third to sixth). First gnathopods the longer, second the stouter ;
in both pairs the hand shorter than wrist, and the palm undefined.
Telson deeply sulcated. Length a quarter of an inch. St. Magnus
Bay, muddy bottom, 60 fathoms, 1867. The eye in this species is
situated unusually low down and opposite the base of the inferior an-
tennas ; the antennae are broken off in my specimens. The slenderness
of the anterior pereiopods is very remarkable.

Pherusa bicuspis (Kroyer) . Amphithoe bicuspis, Kro'yer, Gronlands Amphip.
p. 273, pi. ii. fig. 10. Balta Sound, 5 fathoms ; and Bressay Sound,
3-7 fathoms.

fucicola, Leach. Out Skerries Harbour, 3-5 fathoms, 1861.

Calliopius Ossiani (Bate). One mile north of Whalsey Lighthouse, 40 fa-

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 281

thorns; forty miles east of "Whalsey Skerries, 70-90 fathoms. The
name Calliope being preoccupied, Lilljeborg has changed the title of
this genus to Calliopius.

Calliopius Fingalli (Bate & Westw.). The type specimen found in 1861.

Eusirus Helvetia?, H$&iQ=Eusirus Widens, Heller, Amphip. des adriatischen
Meeres, p. 32, pi. iii. fig. 19. Five to eight miles east of Balta, in 40-50
fathoms, sand, 1867. Thighs of last three pereiopods strongly serrated
behind; first two segments of pleon dorsally produced into a central
tooth; hinder margin of third segment of pleon serrated on the side,
lower serrations directed upwards, upper serrations directed downwards ;
all the uropods subequal in length; telson reaching to the middle of
the rami of the last pair.

Lcucothoe furina (Savigny). St. Magnus Bay and Balta Sound.

articulosa (Montagu). In branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia

mentula and A. venosa. This species and Anonyx tumidus are the two
Amphipoda which, with a number of Copepoda, constitute the crustacean
parasites of the Ascidiadce.

Gossea microdeutopa, Bate. Eound in 1861 ; the exact habitat forgotten.

Aora cjracilis, J$a,te=Autonoe punctata, Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gammarid.
p. 24, pi. i. fig. 3. Common in shallow water in all the Voes, among
Laminariae. The female differs widely from the male in the structure
of the first gnathopods. In these organs the meros is not abnormal (as
in male), the wrist subquadrate, slightly widening distally, posteriorly
fringed with setae, and a tuft of setae on the side; propodos broadly
ovate, with tufts of setae on both margins ; palm undefined, except by
the presence of a spine with which the finger when closed impinges ;
finger strong, half length of hand, serrate on the inner margin, with a
small cilium in each serration. I believe, judging from specimens named
for me by Mr. Bate, and the figure and description which represent an
animal " sparingly scattered with black dots," that the Microdeuteropus
anomalus of Bate and Westwood, p. 293 (not of RatJilce), is the female
of this species ; but the females of this and of the next species are so
very much alike as to be almost undistinguishable.

Microdeuteropus anomalus (Eathke). Gammarus anomalus, Nova Acta Leop.
1843, p. 63, pi. iv. fig. 7, =Aulonoe anomala, Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip.
Gammarid. p. 25, pi. i. fig. 4 (but scarcely Microdeutopus anomalus,
Bate & Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust, p. 289), = Microdeutopus
yryllotalpa, Bate & Westwood, 1. c. p. 289 (but not of Costa).

The figure in the ' Brit. Sessile-eyed Crustacea ' of Microdeutopus gryl-
lotalpa represents the young male of this species ; in the adult male the
strong tooth-like process of the carpus of the first gnathopods is itself
furnished with a secondary (lateral) tooth ; and the hand is much nar-
rower at the base than at the apex, the posterior margin being concave ;
this state is well represented by Bruzelius, pi. i. fig. 4, d. The female
is extremely like that of the last species, and is sufficiently well repre-
sented at p. 293, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust. ; though, for reasons already
stated, I incline to think that that figure really is drawn from the female
of Aora. This species is most certainly not the Microdeutopus c/ryllo-
talpa of Costa (Ricerchc sni Crostacei Amfip. del regno di JSTapoli,
p. 231, pi. iv. fig. 10), which, from the four teeth of the carpus, seems to
be closely allied to, if not identical with the Autonoe fjrandimana of
Bruzelius. Dredged in 70-90 fathoms, about forty miles east of the
Out Skerries, 1861.
1868. x

282 REPORT— 1868.

Microdeuteropus versiculatus, Bate. The figures given of this species repre-
sent the female. The male differs greatly in the structure of the first
gnathopods ; these have the carpus very large, ovate, and very broad,
infero-posteally produced into a simple tooth-like process, which reaches
forward to not quite half the length of the hand ; hand as wide or wider
at the extremity than at the base ; posterior margin convex, undulated ;
finger internally serrated, serrations very few, three to five only. Eare
in Shetland; 70-80 fathoms, Outer Haaf.

Websteri, Bate. Bate and "Westwood's figure represents the male.

Specimens from Bressay Sound have a deep brown broad band across
the pereion ; and in company with them were other specimens similarly
marked, and agreeing in general characters, but with gnathopods of
totally different structure. These I take to be the females. They so
closely resemble the females of Aora gracilis and Microdeuteropus ano-
malus that one description would suffice for all. Also taken among
Laminariae in St. Magnus Bay and on the Haaf. I question whether
there are sufiicient grounds for separating the genus Aora from Micro-
deuteropus. We have seen that the females of two are almost undis-
tinguishable ; and if Aora be divided from Microdeuteropus because the
tooth-like projection proceeds from the meros and not the carpus, M.
Websterii must in justice have a similar distinction conferred upon it,
because in that species the tooth-like projection does not spring from
either meros or carpus, but from the hand.

Genus MEGAMPHOPTJS, n. g.*

Antennae slender (imperfect), the insertion of the lower so much behind that
of the upper that the end of the third joint of the peduncle is only on a level
with the end of the head. First segment of pereion produced forwards and
downwards on each side into a remarkable horn-shaped process. Both pair
of gnathopods greatly developed, of equal size, and subchelate. First three
pereiopods short, last two much longer. Telson tubular.

MegampTiopus cornutus, n. sp. (species typica). Head produced greatly be-
yond the origin of the inferior antennae ; eye round, black, immediately
behind the base of the superior antennas, and thus greatly in advance
of the origin of inferior antennae. Superior antennae slender, first joint
very much thicker than but only about half the length of second, sub-
equal in length to last ; (there is perhaps a very minute secondary
appendage, one-jointed, not half length of first joint of filament ; but as
the filaments of the antennae are imperfect, I cannot speak with cer-
tainty on the point, all I am confident of is that if there is a secondary
appendage it is excessively minute). Inferior antennae with the distal
extremity of the third joint only reaching the extremity of the head ;
fourth joint twice as long as third, and last joint rather longer than
fourth; filament subequal in length to last joint of peduncle, com-
posed of eight long articulations. First segment of pereion produced
forward and downwards into a curious horn-like process, the form of
the side of the segment and its process reminding one strongly of the
side of a wheelbarrow and its handle. Pirst gnathopods greatly deve-
loped ; basos long and slender, two following joints short ; carpus long,
nearly four times as long as broad, anterior margin straight, naked,
posterior margin gently convex, with little tufts of setae, distally pro-
duced into a short blunt process which curves backwards ; propodos
* Meyas, great ; «u0w, both ; TTOVS, a foot.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 283

not quite so long as carpus, ovate ; palm continuous with the hand, with
a row of about eight strong spines; finger gently curved, shutting
closely against the hand, which it nearly equals in length. Second
gnathopods in general character very like the first, but the propodos
somewhat broader and longer (as long as carpus), with two or three
longitudinal rows of hairs in place of the spines of the first pair, and
the finger only about half its length. Basos of the anterior pairs of
pereiopods of somewhat twisted form, the front margin armed with
several (5-6) strong spines. All the uropods subequal in length, bear-
ing the same general characters as in the genus Microdeuteropus.
Telson tubular. Length a third of an inch. A single specimen pro-
cured in 1863.

Protomedeia pectinata, n. sp. Superior antennae with second joint of peduncle
subequal in length to but much more slender than first, last joint two-
thirds length of second ; filament slightly longer than peduncle, con-
sisting of about ten long articulations ; secondary appendage two-jointed,
scarcely longer than first articulation of filament. Inferior antenna3
subpediform, short; filament not longer than last joint of peduncle.
First gnathopods having basos fringed anteriorly with a few scattered
long seta3; ischium having a postero-distal dense tuft of long seta3;
meros, carpus, and propodos all posteriorly thickly clothed with rather
long setae, the last two subequal in length, the propodos oblong, sub-
parallel sided, twice as long as broad, distally truncate ; finger strong,
much longer than the truncated extremity of propodos, not internally
serrate (as in $ of Microdeuteropus versiculatus, which this species re-
sembles in general structure of first gnathopods), but furnished with a
single large spine on the inner edge near the apex. Second gnathopods
having basos long (equal in length to four succeeding joints), posteriorly
straight, anteriorly convex, and furnished with two rows (one on edge
and the other a little within it) of very long slender seta3, arranged in a
comb-like manner ; ischium and meros narrower than carpus ; carpus
narrow, only slightly widening distally ; propodos subequal in length to
carpus, lanceolate, tapering from base to distal extremity, both margins
fringed with long setse, those of the anterior side the longer ; finger
long, narrow, of equal thickness throughout, more than half as long as
propodos, not unguiculate, nor capable of being bent back upon the pro-
podos; the blunt distal extremity terminated by two or three seta9.
First pereiopods not having the meros anteriorly produced ; finger very
long and slender, subequal to propodos, and much longer than carpus.
Last pereiopods with hinder margin of basos not serrated, furnished with
a row of distant seta3, which take their origin from some little distance
within the margin. Telson and uropods closely resembling in structure
those of the species of Microdeuteropus.

A single specimen (a female ?) dredged in St. Magnus Bay, 1867.
- (?) Whitei, Bate. Five to eight miles off the island of Balta, 40-50
fathoms, and in Balta Sound, about 7 fathoms.

This species is certainly no Protomedeia ; the squamate, double telson
separates it from that genus. I believe it to be the female of Lillje-
borgia Shetlandica ; at any rate the male of the present species most
closely resembles the drawing and description of that species in all
respects except that the basos of the last pereiopods is not so distinctly
serrated as figured. Unfortunately my type specimens of Lillyeboryia
Shetlandica have been mislaid ; and for the present it will be better to

284 REPORT— 1868.

keep the species apart, notwithstanding a very strong suspicion that
they will hereafter prove to be the same.

Protomedeia hirsutimana, Bate. Unst Haaf, 90-100 fathoms, and 5-8 miles
east of Balta, 40-50 fathoms. The posterior portion of the body, un-
known to Mr. Bate, has some very remarkable characters. The last
three pereiopods successively increase in length, the apex of the palm is
truncate, the finger is short, strong, and bifid, and takes its origin from
one-half only of the end of the propodos, while from the other half
spring several long, spine-like seise. First and second uropods sub-
equal in length ; the first with the branches furnished with the usually
formed spines ; the second of most unusual and remarkable character,
excessively strong and massive, the branches furnished on their upper
edge with two rows of immensely strong, but very short, stout, blunt
spines ; last uropods shorter than preceding pairs : branches subequal
to peduncle, each bearing about three strong spines and terminating in
a tuft of seta3. Telson tubular.

The extraordinarily massive and immensely strong spined second
uropods have no parallel, as far as I am aware, among the known
species of Amphipoda.

Bafhyporeia pilosa, Lindstrom. Forty miles east of Out Skerries, 70-90
fathoms ; 5-8 miles east of Balta, 40-50 fathoms ; Balta Sound, 5-7
fathoms.

Robertsoni, Bate. " Two specimens have been dredged by our friend

Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys in the Shetlands " (Bate and Westwood) .

Melita obtusata (Montagu) = Melita proximo., Bate & Westw. Brit. Sessile-
eyed Crust, p. 344 (the more common variety of male), — Megamcera
Alderi, Bate & Westwood, p. 407 (the female). St. Magnus Bay, off
Balta, Outer Haaf, &c.

Melita proximo, is the common form of the male, and Meg ameer a
Alderi is the female. The variety of the male with a central dorsal
tooth on the second and third segments of pleon is far less common,
and is the typical Melita obtusata (Mont.) ; one specimen of this variety
has occurred to me in Shetland, and other specimens show scarcely
visible rudimentary teeth on those segments.

Mcera longimana (Leach) = Megamcera longimana, Bate & Westw., the male
= Megamcera othonis, Bate & Westw., the female. St. Magnus Bay, both
sexes.

brevicaudata (Bate) = Megamcera brevicaudata, B. & W. A specimen

determined by Mr. Bate, dredged in 4 fathoms, Bressay Sound, 1861.

Eurysitieus erytlirophtlialmus (Lilljeborg). 5-8 miles off Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

AmatJiilla Sabini (Leach). Tide-pools, frequent.

Gammarus marinus, Leach. Between tide-marks.

campylops, Leach. " Our friend the late Mr. Barlec sent us some from

the Shetlands " (Bate and Westwood).

• locusta, Linn.

pulex, Linn.

Heiscladm longicaudatus, B. & W. The type specimens were taken in 1861,
in 2-5 fathoms, Out Skerries Harbour ; also St. Magnus Bay, and Balta
and Bressay Sounds.

Ampliithoe rubricata (Montagu).

littorina, Bate.

albomaculata, Kroyer. The only known British specimen, dredged in

1861, sixty miles east of Shetland, in 70-90 fathoms.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 285

Sunamphithoe Jiamulus, Bate. Out Skerries Harbour, 2-5 fathoms, 1861 ;

Hillswick, among Laminariae, 1867.
conformata, Bate. " Sent to us by the late Mr. Barlee, who took it off

theShetlands"(B- & W.).
Podocerus -pulchettus (Leach). Among Tubularia indivisa, in the caves of

Burrafirth ; and among Laminariae at Hillswick.

variegatus, Leach. One mile north of Whalsey Lighthouse, in 40 fa-
thoms ; and in the Burrafirth caves.

capillatus, Eathke. Among Tubularia indivisa, in Halse Hellyer, Bur-
rafirth; among Laminariae, Hillswick; Out Skerries Harbour, 3-5
fathoms ; and one mile north of Whalsey Lighthouse, in 40 fathoms.

I question whether B. and W.'s figure of the entire animal represents,
as they suppose, the immature state of this Podocerus ; but the figures
of the gnathopod and superior antennae illustrate the strongly marked
features of the mature P. capillatus.

falcatus (Montagu). Out Skerries Harbour, 3-5 fathoms; Burrafirth

caves ; Bressay and Balta Sounds.

pelagicus (Leach). With the last, of which I believe it to be the female.

I have never met with a male pelagicus, nor a female falcatus. The two
forms occur in company, and the structural differences seem confined to
the exact form of the hand of the gnathopods, organs which seem gene-
rally to differ among the Amphipoda according to the sex.
Cerapus abditus, Templeton. Balta Sound and Hillswick.

• difformis (M. -Edwards) <$ ,=Dercothoepunctatus, M. -Edwards, $ . Vid-

lom Voe ; off Balta and St. Magnus Bay. Dercothoe punctatus is unques-
tionably the female of C. difformis, not of C. abditus. The form which
B. and W. figure as the female of C. difformis is probably a variety of
the male.

Siplioncecetes typicus, Kroyer. The first British specimen, dredged in 1861,
sixty miles east of Shetland, in 70-90 fathoms ; also 5-8 miles east of
Balta, 40-50 fathoms, 1867.

Na'nia rimapalmata, Bate. St. Magnus Bay, and 5-8 miles east of Balta ;
40 miles east of Whalsey Lighthouse, 70-90 fathoms.

• excavata, Bate. Off Balta, and in St. Magnus Bay.

Uyrtophium armatum, n. sp. Body strongly tuberculated ; head with a
central tubercle ; first segment of pereion with two tubercles, one behind
the other, all the remaining segments of pereion and first two of pleon
having a transversely placed pair of tubercles, one on each side of the
back, the tubercles of the last segment of pereion and of the first two of
pleon much larger than the others. Eirst gnathopods with wrist and
hand subequal in length, the former wider at the base than at the distal
extremity, with many setae on sides and posterior margin, but none on
the anterior margin ; the latter subtriangular, widest in the middle (at
the commencement of the palm), sloping thence equally to the base and to
the origin of the finger, anterior margin gently convex, dorsal margin,
sides, and palm bearing many setae ; finger not quite as long as the palm,
strong, with a slightly bifid extremity. Second gnathopods with basos
antero-distally produced into a strong spine-formed process ; ischium,
rneros, and carpus all very short, and subequal in length, the meros on
the posterior side running out into a very large spine-formed lobe;
hand very large, obovate, very broad ; palm half its length, bearing a few
small setae ; finger very large and strong, well arched, inner margin
simple. Pereiopods with the basos not at all expanded, nor wider than

286 BEPORT— 1868.

the following joints; nails strong, scimitar-shaped, the entire limbs
almost naked (having only a very few short setas upon them) . Length
one-fifth of an inch. A single female dredged in 100-110 fathoms,
twenty-five miles N. by "W. from Burrafirth Lighthouse, in 1867. The
specimen is imperfect, having lost antenna), &c. The sixth and seventh
segments of the pereion appear to be coalesced. It approaches Lcetma-
tophilus tuberculatus of Bruzelius, but is much more strongly tubercu-
lated, and the gnathopods of different structure, the first smaller, the
second larger, the hand broader, and the basos spined.

Unciola planipes, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans, of Northumberland and Durham,
vol. i. (1865) p. 14, pi. vii. figs. 9-13. Balta Sound, 5-7 fathoms. Many
specimens.

Corophium longicorne (Eabricius). " Some specimens, which we take to be
the young of this species, we find in the collection sent to us by the
Rev. A. M. Norman, taken in from two to five fathoms, in Outer Sker-
ries Harbour, Shetlands" (B. and W.).

crassicorne, Bruzelius, the male, = Corophium Bonellii, Bate & AVestw.

Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust, vol. i. p. 497 (? Corophium Bonellii, M.-Ed-
wards), the female. Very abundant, in 2-5 fathoms, Out Skerries Har-
bour. The C. Bonellii of Bate and Westwood is unquestionably the
female of C. crassicorne ; the female of C. longicorne (which B. and "W.
thought C. Bonellii might be) is quite different.

tenuicorne, n. sp. Two females, dredged in St. Magnus Bay, resem-
bling in general characters the same sex of longicorne and crassi-
corne, but distinguished as follows. Superior antennas slender, longer
than the inferior ; first joint cylindrical (not expanded), peduncle with
two or three spines on inner edge ; second joint longer than first, slender,
third not half as long as second; filament composed of six long joints,
the terminal one bearing a number of long tentaculiform setas. Inferior
antennas with penultimate joint of peduncle cylindrical (not expanded),
inner edge with two or three articulated spines about the centre, and a
single long, slender, articulated spine at the distal termination; last
joint about two-thirds as long as the penultimate, bearing two spines on
the middle of the inner side ; filament unusually pediform, consisting of
• a long, stout articulation (more than half as long as the last joint of the
peduncle) and a strong terminal nail. Finger of gnathopods biclentate
at the apex. Nail of pcreiopods longer than carpus and propodos com-
bined. First and second uropods terminating in long slender spines,
which are more than half as long as their rami ; last uropods having the
branch longer than its peduncle, not wide, three times as long as broad,
tipped with long setse, but having no setas on the inner and outer mar-
gins. Length about one-fifth of an inch. The specimens procured are
females laden with eggs ; the male is unknown to me.

Hyperia galba (Montagu), Bate & West. Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust, vol. ii.
p. 12, the female, = Lestrigonus Kinahani, Bate & AVestw. 1. c. p. 8,
the male, =? Lestrigonus exulans, I.e. p. 5, the young male,=? Hypcria
medusarum, Bate, Cat. Amphip. Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 295, pi. xlix. fig. 1,
the young female (but not Metoecus .medusarum, Ero'yer). In Aurelia,
open sea, twenty-five miles N. by . w! of Unst.

I believe that the above four so-called species are the different sexes
and periods of growth of one. The specific points will be found in the
structure of the gnathopods (as accurately described by B. and W. under
Lestrigonus exulans} and of the uropods, which have the rami of all three

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 287

pairs wide in the middle but narrowed at the base, and mucronate at
the terminations ; the inner margins of the raini of the first pair, and
the inner margin of the outer ramus, and both margins of the inner
ramus of the last two pairs, are elegantly serrated.

Hyperia oblivia, Kroyer, Gronlands Amphipoder, p. 298, pi. iv. fig. 19 (but not
H. oblivia, Bate & Westw. vol. ii. p. 16). Filaments of both antennae
consisting of only a single joint. First gnathopods with wrist and hand
subequal, the former spined posteriorly, not at all produced distally;
hand slightly tapering, palm serrate distally, finger two-thirds as long-
as hand. Second gnathopods with meros sheath-formed, tipped with
spine-like setae and overlapping carpus ; carpus greatly produced dis-
tally into a lobe which reaches nearly to the extremity of the hand ;
finger straight, two-thirds as long as hand. Pereiopoda, last three pair
much longer and more slender than in H. galba ; carpus and propodos
both very long, the latter the longer, both with small distant spines on
the hinder margin, and the whole hinder edge of the propodos micro-
scopically pectinate. Eami of all the uropods lanceolate (not widening
in the middle), gradually tapering to the end (not mucronate as in
If. galba) ; the general serrated character of the margins of the rami.
agrees with H. galba, except that the external margin of the inner
ramus of the second pair is not serrated. The male differs from the
female, as in the last two species, in having the antennae very long and
slender.

A female from an Aurelia, and males taken living free in the towing-
net. It has also been sent to me by Mr. Edward from Banff; and
Mr. G. S. Brady has procured both sexes in some numbers off the mouth
of the Tees in the towing-net.

Bate and Westwood's " H. oblivia" which has not the propodos of the
gnathopods at all produced, cannot be Kroyer's species nor that here
described*. Goes takes Kroyer's Lestrigonus exulans to be the male of
H. oblivia ; and as far as the description and figures go, it may be the
male either of that or of H. galba ; but the short pereiopoda of L. exulans
and L. Kinaliani of Bate will not agree with the male of H. oblivia.
Metoecus medusarum, Krb'yer, Gronlands Amphip. p. 288, pi. iii. fig. 15 (not
Hyperia medusarum. Bate, Cat. Amphip. Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 295).
Female antennae very short; filaments of both pair one-jointed. Both gna-
thopods nearly alike, short, distinctly chelate, and of peculiar structure ;
meros produced into a large sleeve-shaped process, postero-distally tipped
with setce, which fits round the basal portion of the carpus ; carpus
postero-distally produced into a large lobe, which extends as far as the
extremity of the propodos, with which and with the finger it forms a
regular chelate organ ; propodos slightly tapering from the base to the
extremity ; its inner margin, the inner margin of the small finger, and
the inner margin of the thumb-used lobe of the carpus all denticulately
serrated ; hand and wrist wholly free from hairs or spines. Pereiopods of
moderate length; carpus and propodos subequal, their inner margins
microscopically pectinate. All the uropods having the inner margin of
outer ramus, and both margins of inner ramus serrated. The male
differs from the female in having very long antennae.

A female found in a Medusa in Shetland in 1867 ; and a male has
been sent to me by Mr. T. Edward from Banif.

The Hyperia medusarum of Bate bears no resemblance to Kroyer's
* I would propose for it the name of H. gracilipes.

288 REPORT— 1868.

species, to which it is referred, the gnathopods being of entirely dif-
ferent structure.

Phronima sedmtaria (Forskaal). "The only specimen of this species which
we have seen as a native of the British coast is one in the British
Museum, taken by Dr. Fleming on the 3rd of November, 1809, at Bur-
ray, in Zetland, amongst rejectamenta of the sea. Other specimens
from the Shetland Islands were obtained by the late Dr. Johnston, and
exhibited by him before the Berwickshire * Naturalists' Club in IX"M.
—Proceedings, vol. iii. p. 212." (B. and W.)

Dulichiaporrecta, Bate. St. Magnus Bay, 40-60 fathoms.

Proto pedata (Abildgaard). Out Skerries Harbour, 2-5 fathoms ; Bressay
Sound, among Laminariae; St. Magnus Bay, very abundant, 40-60
fathoms.

Goodseri, Bate. Out Skerries Harbour and St. Magnus Bay; much

scarcer than the last.

CapreHa Ihwaris (Linn.). Yery abundant in Halse Hellyer, Burrafirth,
among Tubularia indivim and sponges.

lobata (Miiller). With the last, but scarce.

Tiystriv, Eroyer. Gaves at Burrafirth, 1863.

Order ISOPODA.

Tanais Dulongii, B. & W. St. Magnus Bay, rare.

Paratanais rigidus, Bate & Westw. St. Magnus Bay, 1867.

Anceus maxillaris (Montagu). Frequent.

Edwardii, Bate. 15-20 fathoms ; Yidlom Yoe.

Phryxus abdominalis (Kroyer). On the abdomen of Hippolyte Cranehii,
var. pusiola.

longibranehiatits, Bate & Westw. " Our specimens of this species were

forwarded to us from Shetland by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys " (B. and W.).

Galaihecs (Hesse). Under carapace of Galathea dispersa.

JEga monophthalma, Johnston. One fine specimen procured in 1861.

Cirolana spinipes. Bate & Westw. Haddock ground, near Whalsey Skerries,
and in St. Magnus Bay ; not uncommon.

truncata, n. sp. Head much wider than long ; greatest width in the

centre, at the projection of the eyes, narrower behind and in front, which
is slightly tridentate. Superior antenna? suddenly bent in a remarkable
way at a right angle at the junction of first and second joints of the
peduncle ; third joint of peduncle much narrower and shorter than the
second ; filament consisting of only about four joints, the first twice as
long as last joint of peduncle, and longer than the rest of the filament.
Inferior antennae very long and slender. Telson as broad as long ; mar-
gins crenulated, distally truncate and denticulate; the two extern al
teeth on each side larger than the intermediate ones. Last uropods
having both branches truncate at the extremity.

Dredged in 40-60 fathoms, muddy bottom, in St. Magnus Bay, 1867.

Eurydice pulchra, Leach. St. Magnus Bay.

Jcera albifrons, Leach. Tide-marks, under stones, common.

Leptaspidia brevipes, Bate «fc Westwood. St. Magnus Bay, 40-60 fathoms ;
5-8 miles east of Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

Janira maculosa, Leach. Frequent, between tide-marks, and dredged.

Limnoria lignorum (Rathke). In a piece of wood between tide-marks, near
Lerwick, 1861.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 289

Arcturus lonf/icornis (Sowerby). Common.

graalis (Goodsir). 5-8 miles off Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

Idotea tricuspidata, Desmarest

SpJujeroma Prideau&ianum, Leach. A single specimen.

Cymodocea truncate (Montagu). Bare ; Bressay Sound and St. Magnus Bay.

Ligia oceanica (Linn.).

Oniscus asettus, Linn.

Porcettio scaber, LatreiUe.

These are the only terrestrial Isopoda which I have noticed ; doubtless
several others occur, and only require to be looked for.

Order PHYLLOPODA.

ffdaUa Upes (0. Fabr.). Balta Sound, 5-7 fathoms ; 5-8 miles east of Balta,
40-50 fathoms ; St. Magnus Bay.

Order CLADOCEBA.

Daphniapultx (Linn.).

vetula, Muller.

retieulata (Jurine).

Bosmina longtrostris (Muller). Small lake near Lerwick.
AcanthoUberis curvirostris (Muller). Common, mainland and Unst.
Uyocryptus sordidus (Lievin). Pond back of Lerwick Xorth Loch (Mr. D.

Kobertson).
Lynceus Jiarpce, Baird. Lake near Hillswick (A. M. X.) ; and near Scalloway

(Mr. D. Kobertson).

tlongatw (G. 0. Sars). Common.

• quadrangular is, Muller. Common.

cxiguus, LOljeborg. Lake near Lerwick (A. M. ^.) ; and near Scalloway

(Mr.D. Bobertson).

trigonettus, Muller. Lake near BUlswiek.

nanus (Baird). Pond near Scalloway (Mr. D. Bobertson).

sphoBiicus, Muller.

E"i-ycercus lamettatus (Muller).

Evadne Nordmanni, Loven. Open sea, surfece-net, common.

Pleopis polyphcmoidts, Leuckart. Less common than the last, and procured

under similar circumstances.

Order OSTBACODA.

Oypris ovum (Jurine).

compressa, Baird.

Paracypris polita, G. 0. Sars. St Magnus Bay, 1867.

Pontocyjpris mytttoides (Xorman). Abundant, living among Laminarix, and
down to 100 fathoms.

Tiispida, G. 0. Sars, Oversigt af Gorges marine Ostracoder, 1865,

p. 16. Yery like the last, smaller, and paler in colour, of a light
fulvous hue ; a little more produced behind, upper margin less prominent
in front ; ventral margin more concave ; seen from above much more
tumid, width fully equalling one-third of the length. Surface of valves
clothed with close-set long hair ; right valve having only five serra-
tions at the infero-posterior angle. Sars also describes the animal as
differing in having the nafl of first feet very long and slender, exceed-
ing in length the four preceding joints, and greatly curved at the extre-

290 REPORT— 1868.

mity; in the terminations of the postabdominal rami being of equal
size, and the eye wholly absent. St. Magnus Bay, in 50 fathoms, 1867.
Now first added to our fauna.

Pontocypris trigonetta, Gr. 0. Sars. Among Lamina-rise, Balta and Bressay
Sounds ; St. Magnus Bay, 5-50 fathoms.

acupunctata, Brady. A fine living series from St. Magnus Bay, about

60 fathoms.

Bairdia inflata (Norman). St. Magnus Bay, and 5-8 miles off Isle of Balta,
in about 50 fathoms, 1867.

complanata, Brady. 5-8 miles east of Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

Macrocypris minna (Baird). " Dredged in from 80-90 fathoms, sand, 20
miles east of the Noss in the Shetland Isles, E. M< Andrew, Esq."
(Baird). The one specimen in my own collection was found by Mr.
Waller in sand dredged on the Outer Haaf, in 1861.

Cyihere lutea, Miiiler. Common, alive, rock-pools ; dead, 60 fathoms.

viridis, Miiiler. Among Laminariae, Balta Sound and Hillswick.

pelludda, Baird. Scarce ; off Balta, 73 fathoms.

• tenera, Brady. St. Magnus Bay, Outer Haaf, &c.

convexa, Baird. " Lerwick, Mr. Eobertson " (Brady).

albomaculata, Baird. Alive, littoral and laminarian zones.

• — — tuberculata (Gr. 0. Sars). Very rare, Unst Haaf.

condnna, Jones (Cythereis clavata, Sars). St. Magnus Bay, 50-60

fathoms, 1867.

angulata (Gr. 0. Sars). " Lerwick, Mr. D. Eobertson" (G. S. Brady).

dubia, Brady. The type specimen was procured in sand from the

Unst Haaf, dredged in 1863 ; also Unst Haaf, 100 fathoms, 1867.

costata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 375, pi. Ix. fig. 5. Two

valves from the Unst Haaf, 1867, agreeing in every respect with the
type specimens from the Hunde Islands. Now first added to the British
fauna.

villosa (Sars). Lerwick and St. Magnus Bay.

quadridentata, Baird. 50-100 fathoms, off Island of Balta, and Out

Skerries and Unst Haafs, also St. Magnus Bay.

. . emaciata, Brady. 80-100 fathoms, Unst Haaf, rare.

mucronata (Sars). The only British specimen, in 80-90 fathoms, 20

miles N. by W. from Burrafirth Lighthouse, 1863.

antiquata (Baird). Frequent in deep water down to 100 fathoms.

— Jonesii (Baird). 50-100 fathoms, Out Skerries and Unst Haafs.

acerosa, Brady. St. Magnus Bay, in about 60 fathoms, and 5-8 miles

east of Balta, in 40-50 fathoms.

abyssicola (Gr. 0. Sars). Cythereis abyssicola, Gr. 0. Sars, Oversigt af

Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 43. " Lateral view of female elongated,
subquadrate, much higher in front than behind, the greatest height some-
what greater than half the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded,
posterior truncate : dorsal margin very prominent and angulated over
the eyes, in the middle slightly concave, then convex, and sloping to-
wards the hinder extremity ; ventral margin distinctly sinuated in the
middle. Dorsal aspect of irregular form, showing on each side two
somewhat prominent angulated protuberances, separated from each
other by a deep sinus, both extremities a little projecting and truncate.
Yalves very hard, distinctly areolated in the middle, and girt with a
broad and much-thickened margin, forming two lips, the innermost of
which is finely toothed at each extremity, and beset with long hairs,

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 291

especially at the hinder extremity. Hinge-tooth of the left valve absent.
Eyes very small, round. Colour pale brownish yellow, the limbs pale yel-
low. Antennae rather long, third and fourth joints of the upper pair
coalesced, the last joint short ; lower pair with the third joint narrower
than usual, and the terminal nails long. Branchial appendage of the
palp of the mandibles very small, only bearing two setse, one rudimen-
tary and hamate. Legs slender, second joint of last pair subequal in
length to the two succeeding, terminal nail very slender. Copulative
organs of male small, the terminal part obtusely triangular." Unst Haaf,
20-25 miles N.N.W. of Burranrth, 100-140 fathoms. Now first added
to our fauna.

Cy there crenulata (G. 0. Sars). Oyfhereis crenulata, G. 0. Sars, Overs, af
Norges mar. Ostrac. p. 39.

"Not unlike O. emarginata, but the shell much more ventricose,
height and breadth subequal ; side view very short, the height much
exceeding half the length, obliquely rounded in front, behind subtrun-
cate and slightly emarginate, the lower lobe the more prominant : dor-
sal margin a little concave behind the eyes, then convex; ventral
margin nearly straight, or indistinctly waved in front of the middle.
Dorsal view very tumid in the middle, the two extremities slightly
prominent and subtruncate. Valves indistinctly areolated, but closely
and finely punctate, the front margin and lower part of the hinder
margin forming two lips, the innermost of which is crenulated with
fine teeth, and fringed with rather long hair ; surface uneven, a rounded
protuberance before the middle, and two elongated protuberances to-
wards the hinder extremity, one of which is near the dorsal, the other
near the ventral margin. Eyes very large." Eare, 20-25 miles N.N.W.
of Burrafirth, 100-140 fathoms. New to Britain.

emarginata (G. 0. Sars). One young specimen (?) in St. Magnus Bay,

about 60 fathoms.

— — leioderma, n. sp. Carapace very tumid, subquadrate, length to height
as about two to one ; greatest height anterior : dorsal margin nearly
straight ; ventral also nearly straight, slightly sinuated in the middle :
anterior extremity subtruncately and subobliquely rounded, infero-
anteal corner well rounded, commencement of anterior dorsal slope a
little angled ; posterior extremity truncate, not at all oblique, slightly
emarginate in the middle. Yalves smooth, not sculptured, having only
a very few distant punctured papillaB. Dorsal view long-elliptic, very
tumid ; breadth equal to one-half of length, of nearly equal width
throughout, and remarkably regularly rounded at the broad extremities.
Length ^-V inch.

This species has much more the aspect of a Cytlieridea than of a
Cytliere, but the hinge-margin is not toothed. In the genus Cyfhere it
should perhaps come next to G. albomaculata.
From very deep water, Unst Haaf, 1867.

Cytlieridea papillosa, Bosquet. Eare, Unst Haaf, 1867.

punctillata, Brady. Unst Haaf, 100 fathoms.

subflavescens, Brady. One specimen, 5-8 miles off Balta, 50 fathoms,

1867, exactly agreeing with the type ; another in St. Magnus Bay.

Sorbyana, Jones. 80-100 fathoms, 20-25 miles N.N.W. from Burra-
firth Lighthouse, 1867.

Zetlandica, Brady. The type specimens were found by me among a

gathering of shells &c. procured by washing weeds in Shetland, by Mr.

292 REPORT — 1868.

Eucyihere declivis (Norman). Common in deep water, and very fine.

Argus (G. 0. Sars). I am indebted to Mr. Robertson for specimens of

this species, from off the Isle of Papa Stour, Scalloway.
Ilyolates Bartonensis (Jones). St.N Magnus Bay, in about 50 fathoms, 1867 ;

very local.
Loxocondia impressa (Baird). Tide-marks, and among LaminariaB, living,

Balta and Lerwick.
tamarindus (Jones) (Cyfhere Icevata, Norman). Common in deep water

down to 100 fathoms.
guttata (Norman). Common in deep water, especially in St. Magnus

Bay, muddy ground.
Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird). Tide-marks, and among Laminaria3, Balta, &c. ;

also dredged.
depressa, G. 0. Sars. Common in deep water, especially abundant in

St. Magnus Bay, in about 50-60 fathoms.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). Tide-marks, and down to 50 fathoms.

angulata, Brady. "Lerwick, Mr. D. Robertson" (G. S. Brady).

striata, G. 0. Sars. 3-60 fathoms, frequent.

• lineata, Brady. St. Magnus Bay, 60 fathoms.

cuneata, Brady. '< Lerwick, Mr. D. Robertson" (G. S. B.).

G. 0. Sars. « Shetland, Mr. D. Robertson" (G. S. B.).

undata, G. 0. Sars. St. Magnus Bay, 30-60 fathoms.

pumila, Brady (MS.). Among Laminaria3, Bressay Sound, 1867. Not

yet described.

producta, Brady. With the last.

cornuta, Brady. " Shetland, Mr. D. Robertson " (G. S. B.).

acuticostata, G. 0. Sars. St. Magnus Bay, 50-60 fathoms, common.

clathrata, G. 0. Sars. Ten miles east of Balta, in 73 fathoms, rare.

cellulosa (Norman). St. Magnus Bay, deep water ; also ten miles east

of Balta, 73 fathoms, and Bressay Sound, 5-7 fathoms.

concentrica, C. B. & R. (MS.). Some very small Cytherurce procured

among Laminariae in 5-7 fathoms, Bressay Sound, are a species which
will be described from fossil specimens in the forthcoming ' Monograph
of the British Posttertiary Entomostraca/ by Messrs. Crosskey, Brady,
and Robertson, to be published by the Palaeontographical Society.

flavescens, Brady (MS.). One specimen, 20-25 miles N.N.W. of Burra-

firth Lighthouse, 100-140 fathoms. Not yet described.

quadrata, n. sp. Carapace viewed laterally subquadrangular, of nearly

equal height throughout; height more than half length; rounded in
front, the dorsal arch the more gradually sloped ; behind produced to a
well- developed central process ; ventral and dorsal margins straight,
the former terminating behind in a right angle ; surface-sculpture con-
sisting of pittings more or less circular in shape, arranged for the most
part in longitudinal rows ; a small keel runs parallel with the ventral
margin, and terminates in front in a triangular ala well pronounced
but small in size. Length ^ inch.

C. quadrata comes very near to C. striata, but is shorter and higher,
the ventral margin quite straight ; the ala is more developed, and the
carapace more tumid.

St. Magnus Bay ; also Plymouth.

navicida, n. sp. Carapace having dorsal margin perfectly straight in

the central portion, then sloping both before and behind very obliquely,
with a well-marked very obtuse angle ; ventral margin also straight,
the straight portion much longer than that of dorsal margin, with two

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 293

small nodulous processes, one just opposite the commencement of each
dorsal slope, anteally scarcely rising at all to join the dorsal slope
which at that extremity meets the ventral line very much below the
centre ; posteally sloping upwards obliquely, and meeting the dorsal
margin at a rounded point a little below the middle of that extremity ;
surface perfectly smooth and glabrous. Ventral aspect boat-shaped,
the resemblance most striking, centrally depressed at the juncture of the
valves ; bows moderately sharp, of good breadth of beam, sculptured
with raised thread-like concentric lines representing the timbers, while
the small nodulous processes (mentioned in describing the lateral view)
will stand for the thole-pins ; the dorsal and end views bear out the
allusion, the former representing a boat viewed from below, with a
well-marked keel, and the latter being triangular with gently rounded
sides. Length about -fa inch. St. Magnus Bay, 30-60 fathoms, 1867.

Genus SABSIELLA*, n. g.

Carapace subrotund, with a rostrate posterior (?) projection, much com-
pressed ; surface of valves very rough, with greatly elevated rib-like sculp-
ture ; ventral margin quite flat in its central portion.

These are certainly not satisfactory generic characters, being so in-
complete, but having only one good specimen I am unwilling needlessly to
run the risk of destroying it in the attempt to separate the valves, and
therefore am unable to describe the hinge-structure or animal. The cara-
pace is, however, so remarkable that I cannot place it in any described genus.
It is the largest of British CytJieridce.

Sarsiella capsula, n. sp. Carapace nearly circular, with a short rostriform
process running out from the extremity ; dorsal and ventral margins
each nearly semicircular ; anterior margin completely and widely
rounded ; posterior with a rostrate process below the middle, the ven-
tral margin rather angled in its upward slope, but the dorsal perfectly
rounded. Surface of valves extraordinarily rugose, with concentric
greatly elevated carinae enclosing a deep hollow in the centre of the
valves, and on their exterior side having numerous radiating ribs pass-
ing off in all directions to the margin; interstices of these ribs and
inner slopes of carinse sculptured with circular pittings. Ventral
aspect very irregular, in the centre a quadrangular flat portion sculp-
tured with circular pittings. Anterior portion with tuberculately con-
vex gradually approximating sides ; posterior portion consisting of the
rostriform process, which is seen projecting beyond the truncate extre-
mity of the quadrangular portion. End view with flat sides dorsally
arched, ventrally truncate. The valves are very much compressed, though
appearing more tumid than they really are, on account of the great
elevation of the sculptured surface. Length about T^- inch. St. Mag-
nus Bay, 30-60 fathoms.

Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). St. Magnus Bay, and 10 miles east of
Balta, 30-73 fathoms.

nodosum, Brady. In the same localities as the last.

punctatum, Brady. 10 miles east of the Island of Balta, in 73

fathoms.

* Named after Herr G-. 0. Sars. A genus Sarsia is already established in honour of
the father, Professor Sars. I have given this genus a diminutive termination in reference
to the son, one of the ablest and most accurate of the younger naturalists of the day,
whose admirable Monograph on the Scandinavian Marine Ostracoda points to a fitness in
associating his name with that order.

294 REPORT— 1868.

Gytheropteron multiforum (Norman). Common, 30-140 fathoms.

cdatum, G. 0. Sars, Overs, af Norges mar. Ostrac. p. 81. "Lateral

protuberance very large, triangular, slightly inclined downwards, and
running out into a strong mi&ro,' which projects at the sides ; its hinder
margin furnished with (about twelve) flattened teeth, the two inner-
most much larger than the rest, and in the form of quadrangular serrated
laminae. Lateral aspect of female elongated ovate, the greatest height,
which is in the middle, much less than half the length, equally rounded
in front, behind projecting into a very large process, which is obliquely
truncate at the end ; dorsal margin regularly arched, ventral slightly
sinuated, the lateral protuberance projecting below in the centre of the
ventral margin. Dorsal aspect almost cruciform, the greatest width
(between the lateral protuberances) ' exceeding twice the height, and
even somewhat surpassing the length, suddenly attenuated in front, and
more gradually behind. The shell of the male scarcely differs from that of
the female except in the smaller size. Yalves white, pellucid, smooth,
finely toothed on the front margin." A single specimen of this interesting
addition to our fauna, in sand dredged 5-8 miles east of the Island of
Balta, in 40-50 fathoms. The form is most remarkable, on account
of the immense projection of the lateral ala3 and their dentated edge.

rectum, Brady. The type was " dredged by Mr. D. Eobertson, in

Lerwick Bay, Shetland, in a depth of 12-14 fathoms " (G. S. Brady). I
have procured a second specimen in St. Magnus Bay, in about 60
fathoms.

Bytlwcyihere simplex (Norman). St. Magnus Bay, and 10 miles east of
Balta, 50-73 fathoms.

constricta, G. 0. Sars. "Widely distributed in deep water to 100

fathoms.

turyida, G. 0. Sars. St. Magnus Bay, and 10 miles off the Island of

Balta, 50-73 fathoms.

tenuisswia, n. sp. Elongated, doubly fusiform, both extremities acu-
minate, equally gradually attenuated to sharp central points ; greatest
height central ; length to height as 3-4 to 1 : dorsal margin gently con-
vex throughout ; ventral slightly nexuous, but slightly arched through-
out the greater part of its length ; both margins gradually approaching
each other towards the extremities : valves very thin and fragile, their
surface perfectly smooth and glabrous. Dorsal view remarkably com-
pressed and greatly elongated, widest in the centre, and gradually be-
coming narrower (it is only possible for them to become in the slightest
degree narrower) to the extremities. Length >7L- inch.

St. Magnus Bay, 30-60 fathoms. I place this species provisionally
in the genus Bytlwcy there, as it seems more nearly related to B. sim-
plex in general structure than to any other Ostracod. The lateral aspect
of the carapace finds its nearest counterpart in Bairdia angusta, G. 0.
Sars; but whereas that species is tumid this is exceedingly compressed.

Pseudocy there caudata, G. 0. Sars. 20-25 miles K.N.W. of Burrafirth, in
100-140 fathoms ; 10 miles east of Balta, 50-73 fathoms ; and St.
Magnus Bay, 30-60 fathoms.

Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Very common at all depths, 1-70 fathoms.

Paradoooostoma varialile (Baird). In extraordinary profusion on Laminarirc
in Balta and Bressay Sounds ; also Out Skerries and Hillswick.

Normani, Brady. Among Laminaria3, Bressay Sound, St. Magnus Bay,

and 5-8 miles east of Balta, 5-50 fathoms, alive.

ablreviatum, G. 0. Sars. St. Magnus Bay, 50 fathoms.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 295

Paradoxostoma obliquum, G. 0. Sars. " Shetland, Mr. D. Robertson " (G. S.

Brady).

ensiforme, Brady. St. Magnus Bay and Bressay Sound, 5-50 fathoms.

flexuosum, Brady. St. Magnus Bay, abundant.

arcuatum, Brady. A few specimens, 50 fathoms, in St. Magnus Bay ;

also a much smaller form, closely allied to, but perhaps distinct from, this

species, common on Laminaria3 in Balta Sound ; it is of a green colour.
Philomedes int&rpwnctct (B'diYdi)=Philomedes longicornis, Lilljeborg. Two or

three specimens on the Unst Haaf.
Cypridina Norvegica, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 200, pi. Ixxi. fig. 4 ;

G. 0. Sars, Overs, af Norges mar. Ostrac. p. 104. I have pleasure in

announcing this, the grandest of European Ostracoda, as a member of

the British fauna, a single specimen having been procured on the Unst

Haaf in 1867.
Cylindroleberis Marice (Baird). Unst and Skerries Haafs, and St. Magnus

Bay.
Bradycinetus jBrenda (Baird) •=. Cypridina globosa, Lilljeborg. " Dredged in

80-90 fathoms, sand, 20 miles east of the Noss, in the Shetland Isles,

by E. M< Andrew, Esq." (Baird).
ConcJioecia obtusata, G. 0. Sars. A single imperfect Conchoecia, believed to

belong to this species, was procured from sand dredged on the Unst

Haaf, 20 miles N. by E. from Burrafirth, in 1863.
Polycope orbicularis, G. 0. Sars. 5-8 miles E. of Balta, 20-25 miles N. of

Burrafirth Lighthouse, and in St. Magnus Bay, 40-100 fathoms.
dentata, Brady. The type specimen was from 100 fathoms, about 20

miles JN".W. by W. from Burrafirth.

Order COPEPODA.

Cyclops serrulatus, Fischer. This is the only Shetland species I have as yet
determined, but I have seen others.

nigricauda, n. sp. Antennae shorter than first segment of body, 21-

jointed; joints very short, all except first and last two shorter than
broad. Lower antennae stout and strong, two- thirds as long as upper
antennae ; third joint with a seta at distal extremity of hinder margin ;
fourth (last) joint terminating in six long seta3. Last feet 1 -branched,
well developed, with a strong seta on the middle of the outer margin,
and two similar terminal setae, one at each angle of the extremity, with
a very delicate and minute seta in the middle between them. Caudal
laminae extremely long and slender, more than equal in length to three
preceding segments, of a dark brown colour throughout the greater part
of their length.

A marine species found among Laminariae in Shetland, and also at
Tobermory in the Isle of Mull, abundantly. The black colour of the
basal portion of the caudal laminae is a very useful characteristic by
which to distinguish the species with a low-power lens when mixed in
a mass with other Copepoda.

In the male the antennae are only 17-jointed, and the caudal laminae
shorter, about equal in length to the two preceding segments.

pallidus, n. sp. Upper antennae shorter than first segment of body,

11- or 12-jointed (the basal joints not very distinct) ; last two joints
longer than broad, last joint but two broader than long, two joints pre-
ceding this long, rest shorter. Caudal laminae scarcely twice as long as
broad, and shorter than the preceding segment.

296 REPORT— 1868.

Another marine species found among weeds at Hillswick, Shetland,
and also at Tobermory in the Isle of Mull. A much smaller species
than the last, and, if it were not for the greater number of joints in the
antenna, not unlike C. magniceps of Lilljeborg.

Longipedia coronata, Claus, Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. Ill, pi. xiv.
figs. 14-24. Abundant at Hillswick.

Amymone falcata, n. sp. Superior antennae in female 8-jointed ; second joint
the longest, fourth shorter than any of preceding ; in male second and
fourth joints subequal, and twice as long as third. First segment in-
feriorly much produced, and extending backwards in an acute falcate
form. Hand long ovate, palm fringed with long cilia ; finger nearly as long
as palm, very slender. The coalesced sixth segment has the infero-
posteal corner produced backwards into a somewhat hamate spine-formed
process. Pereiopods long and slender, extending beyond the body.

In most particulars this species comes near to A. sphcerica, Claus ;
but the first segment is widely different, being of similar form to that of
A. harpacticoides, Claus, but still more produced.
Among Laminarise, Bressay Sound, 1867.

Tisbe furcata (Baird) = Canthocamptus furcatus, Baird, Nat. Hist. Brit.
Entom. p. 210, pi. xxv. figs. 1, 2, and pi. xxx. figs. 4-6, = Tisbe furcata,
Lilljeborg, De Crust. Clad. Ostrac. et Cop. in Scania occurr. p. 192,
pi. xxv. figs. 1-5, 11, 12, and 17 ; Claus, Die frei lebend. Copep. p. 116,
pi. xv. figs. 1-10, = Tisbe ensifer, Fischer, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der
Entom. p. 24, pi. xxii. figs. 67-70. Common ; Lerwick, Balta, Hills-
wick.

Westwoodia nolilis (BoiTd.) = Ar-paeticus ndbilis, Baird, 1. c. p. 214, pi. xxviii.
fig. 2, = Westwoodia nobilis, Claus, I. c. p. 118, pi. xxi. figs. 1-9. Among
weeds at Lerwick, 1867.

Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine). Ponds, common.

Cleta forcipata, Claus, Die Copepoden-Fauua von Mzza (1866), p. 23, pi. ii.
figs. 9-11. Between tide-marks, Balta Sound. The male differs from
the female in the structure of the first feet, which are greatly longer,
and at the same time more slender in all their parts. New to Britain.

Dactylopus Stromii (Baird) = Canthocamptus Strbmii, Baird, Brit. Entom.
p. 208, pi. xxvii. fig. 3, = Dactylopus Strb'mii, Claus, Frei lebend. Copep.
p. 126, pi. xvi. figs. 1-6. Lerwick.

tisboides, Claus, Frei lebend. Copep. p. 127, pi. xvi. figs. 24-28 ; Die

Copep.-Fauna von Nizza, p. 27, pi. iii. figs. 1-7. Bressay Sound.

Genus TIGKIOPUS*, n. g.

First feet having outer branches 2-jointed, both joints very long, last wide
at the extremity, with short recurved claws ; inner branch much shorter than
the outer, 3-jointed; basal joint very long, two following short. Gnathopod
(lower footjaw) of moderate size. Mandible palp 1-branched, 3-jointed.

Tigriopus Lilljeborgii, n. sp.=ffarpacticus chelifer t Lilljeborg, De Crust, ex
ord. tribus Clad. Ost. et Copep. p. 200, pi. xxii. figs. 2-11 (but not
Harpacticus chelifer of other authors). Lilljeborg's figures of this species
are good, and by comparing those of the gnathopod and first and last
feet with the drawings given by Claus of the same parts of the true
Harpacticus chelifer, the chief points of distinction will be at once mani-
fest ; the structure of the extremity of the outer branch of the first feet

* Tt'ypts, a tiger ; TTOVS, a foot.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 297

reminds us strongly of the paw and claws of one of the Felidae, hence
the generic name which I have chosen. Frequent in Shetland, and
sometimes occurring in immense numbers in rock -pools which are only
reached by the sea at high spring-tides ; under such circumstances I have
taken it at the Out Skerries, Shetland, and near Marsden, on the coast
of Durham. I have dedicated this species to that excellent carcinologist
Professor Lilljeborg.

TJialestris longimana, Claus, Die frei lebend. Copep. p. 130, pi. xviii. figs. 1-11.
Among Laminariae, Bressay Sound.

Helgolandica, Claus, Die frei lebend. Copep. p. 131, pi. xvii. figs. 12-21.

Bressay Sound.

— harpacticoides, Claus, Die frei lebend. Copep. p. 133, pi. xix. figs. 2-11.
Hillswick, among weeds, 1867.

Clausii, n. sp. Rostrum short, blunt, not as long as first joint of an-

tenna3. Gnathopod (lower footjaw) having inner margin of hand
straight, smooth, outer strongly arched ; finger not quite as long as hand,
much curved at the extremity. First feet with the branches shorter and
stouter than usual, subequal in length ; outer much stouter than inner,
its inner margin glabrous, except three or four cilia close to the base,
outer margin ciliate ; a large lanceolate, ciliated spine on the peduncle ;
a spine at distal extremity of first, and another near the extremity of
second joint, which is only about twice and a half as long as broad ;
last joint with three terminal spines and a seta, the innermost spine
more slender than and about half as long again as the next: inner
branch much more slender than outer, 2-jointed ; first joint long, margins
glabrous, inner with a seta rather nearer to the base than to the ex-
tremity ; second joint terminating in two claw-spines, not very unequal
in length. Last feet with the outer branch obovate, margin ciliated,
with six setae on the more distal portion of the outer margin and the
extremity ; the innermost seta the longest, and the two following close
together, and very much smaller than the others : inner branch rather
shorter than outer, five setae on distal portion of inner margin and at
the extremity, ciliated between the setae, and the seta nearest the base
plumose ; the setae not differing greatly in length, but the third rather
the longest. Caudal laminae with five setae, which are peculiarly
swollen at the base ; the innermost but one the longest, the next half
its length, the others very short, spine-like. In the male the abdominal
segments have rows of spinules on the sides ; the external branch of the
last feet is narrow, with seven setae, of which the innermost but one is
much the longest, and the next is minute; the caudal setae are not
swollen at the base. First feet as in the female. Found among Lami-
nariae in Bressay Sound, 1867 ; and also at Tobermory, in the Isle of
Mull, in 1866. I have named this species after the author of the
beautiful work, so often referred to here, on the free-living Copepoda.

llarpacticus chelifer (Miiller). Bressay Sound.

Po.'cellidium dentatum, Claus, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Entomostraken
(1860), p. 8, pi. ii. figs. 19-22 ; Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 140,
pi. xvii. figs. 2-5. Among weeds, Hillswick and Lerwick, abundant.
—fiinbriatum, Claus, Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 140, pi. xvii. fig. 1.

Hillswick and Lerwick.

— subrotundum, n. sp. Short, broad, nearly as broad as long ; cephalo-
thorax subtruncate in front ; antennae short, not reaching the sides of
cephalothorax, Caudal laminae as broad as long, truncated distally ;

298 REPORT— 1868.

appendages of antepenultimate segment triangular, with small setae on
the external margin towards the extremity. On Laminaria3, Hillswick.
Differing from P. dentatum chiefly in the form of the plate attached
to the antepenultimate segment, which in that species is as wide, or
even wider, at the extremity than at the hase, and denticulate, while
in P. subrotundum it is triangular, narrowing from the base to the ex-
tremity, and only furnished with small setas. It may he mentioned
that though the size of this plate in proportion to the other appendages
varies greatly according to age, the form is still preserved.

Alteufha. bopyroides, Glaus, Die frei lehenden Copepoden, p. 143, pi. xxii.
figs. 10-17. Abundant in the drift-net, and by washing Laminaria3.

-. purpurocincta, Norman —Peltidium purpureum, White, Popular History

of British Crustacea, p. 308, pi. xviii. fig. 4 (but not Peltidium pur-
pureum, Philippi). This fine species, which it is necessary to re-name,
is abundant on LaminariaB at Hillswick.

Zaus spinosus, Gooclsir, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. (1845) p. 326, pi. xi.
figs. 1-8 ; Glaus, Die frei lebend. Copep. p. 146, pi. xxii. fig. 5, and
pi. xxiii. figs. 1-10. Among weeds, tide-marks, Balta Sound.

ASPIDISCTJS, n. g.*

Body oval, depressed like that of Zaus. Upper antenna? 9-jointecl, second
and third joints long, last six short (in male third joint short, fourth, fifth,
sixth long). Lower antenna with the secondary branch slender. First feet
with the inner branch 3-jointed, the first large and very stout, second and
third very short, the last with two membranaceous appendages ; outer branch
not longer than basal joint of inner branch, 3-jointed, last joint furnished
with spines and setae. Last feet consisting of one falcate, 2-jointed branch.
Aspidiscus fasdatus, n. sp. Cephalothorax ovate, truncate behind ; sides of
segments produced backwards in curved points. Abdomen much nar-
rower than cephalothorax. Caudal lamina very small, caudal seta3
very long. Upper antennaj in female 9 -jointed, first joint short, second
longer, with numerous seta3 on anterior margin, third much longer than
second, with a tuft of seta3 at the distal extremity of anterior margin,
fourth half length of third, last five joints short ; in the male the third
joint is shorter than the second, fourth twice as long as third, fifth half
length of fourth, and shorter than sixth, last three short. First feet
having the inner branch with a very massive basal joint, which is hol-
lowed on the inner margin at the base, where there is a rounded lobe
attached to the peduncle ; beyond this excavation of the margin there is
a long seta, second and third joints very short, combined, not so long as
the curious appendages of the last, which consist of two Iacinia3 termi-
nating in membranaceous expansions, as in the genus Scutittidium (vide
Glaus, Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, pi. iv. fig. 15) ; outer branch
3 -jointed," much more slender and not longer than the basal joint of
inner, the third joint furnished on the side with delicate spines, and at
the apex with seta3; basal joint with a plumose seta at the distal ex-
tremity of outer margin. Last feet 1 -branched, falcate, consisting of
two long joints ; the last slightly bilobed on the inner margin, ciliated,
rounded at the extremity, with only one short terminal seta. Colour
pale, with a ruby-coloured fascia on the second and third, or second,
third, and fourth segments of the cephalothorax.

* 'A<r7ri£icrKos, a little shield.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 299

Abundant on Laminarise at Hillswick. It comes near to Scutillidium,
Glaus, differing chiefly in the first feet having the inner branch with
second and third joints very short, and in the structure of the outer
branch ; and in the last feet consisting of only a single branch.

Cetochilus septentrionalis, Goodsir= C. Helgolandicus, Glaus, Die frei lebenden
Copepoden, p. 171, pi. xxvi. figs. 2-7. Abundant in the surface-net in
the open sea.

Calanus Clausii, G. S. Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,
vol. i. (1865) p. 33, pi. i. figs. 1-11, 13. In surface-net off Out Skerries,
1861, and Balta Sound, 1867.

Dias longiremis, Lilljeborg, De Crust, ex ord. tribus Clad. Ost. et Cop. (1853)
p. 181, pi. xxiv. figs. 1-13 ; Glaus, Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 193,
pi. xxxiii. figs. 6-14 ; G. S. Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and
Durham, vol. i. (1865) p. 35, pi. i. fig. 14, and pi. ii. figs. 11-18, = Calanus
Eudiceta, Lubbock, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xx. (1857) p. 401, pi. x.
figs. 1-6. Abundant in the towing-net.

Temora Finmarchica (Gunner). Towing-net, common.

Ichthyophorba hamata, Lilljeborg, De Crust. Clad. Ostrac. et Copep. p. 185,
pi. xxi. figs. 1-5, 7-9, and pi. xxii. figs. 9-12, =IcWiyophorba angustata,
Glaus, I. c. p. 199, pi. xxxv. figs. 2, 10-12, = J. hamaia, G. S. Brady, Nat.
Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. i. (1865) p. 39, pi. i. fig. 17,
and pi. iv. figs. 7-10, =Diaptomus JBateanus, Lubbock, Ann. Nat. Hist.
2nd ser. vol. xx. (1857) p. 404, pi. xi. figs. 1-3. In towing-net,
frequent.

denticornis, Glaus, 1. c. p. 199, pi. xxxv. figs. 1, 3-9 ; G. S. Brady, Nat.

Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. i. (1865) p. 40, pi. iv. figs. 1-6.
Towing-net, open sea, occasional.

Diaptomus Westwoodii, Lubbock, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 203, pi. xxxi.
figs. 1-6. In lakes near Lerwick, and in Unst.

Anomalocera Patersonii, Templeton. Common in the surface-net.

Pontellina brevicornis, Lubbock, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xx. (1857)
p. 407, pi. xi. figs. 4-8. Taken once abundantly in the towing-net be-
tween the Fair Isle and Shetland in 1863.

Notodelphys ascidicola, Allmann ; Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 238, pi. xxx. figs. 7,
8, =sN. Allmanni, Thorell, Crust, som lefva a arter af slagtet Ascidia,
p. 34, pis. i. and ii. fig. 1.

From the branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia venosa. The
specimens of this and all the following species of Crustacea parasitic in
Ascidians have been kindly forwarded to me by Mr. Albany Hancock,
who found them during his investigations into the anatomy and physio-
logy of the Tunicata, when dissecting Shetland Ascidians, with which
Mr. Jeffreys and myself had supplied him. All the seven following
species are new to our fauna.

ccemlea, Thorell, Crust, som lefva a arter af slagtet Ascidia, p. 37, pis. iii.

and iv. fig. 4.

From the branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia parallelogmmma
and A. venosa.

prasina, Thorell, Crust, som lefva a arter af slagtet Ascidia, p. 41, pi. v.

fig. 7. From the water-passages and branchial sac of Ascidia mentula.

Doropygus auritus, Thorell, Crust, som lefva a arter af slagtet Ascid. p. 50,
pis. vii. & viii. fig. 10. From the branchial sac and water-passages of
Ascidia mentula.

BotacJms cytindratus, Thorell, Crust, som lefva a arter af slagtet Ascidia,

y 2

300 REPORT— 1868.

p. 55, pi. ix. fig. 12. In the branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia
mentula.

Notopterophorus papilio, Hessfy Annales des Sciences Natur. Cinquieme Serie,
Zoologie, vol. i. (1864) p. 338, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2, and vol. iii. (1865) p. 221.
This most extraordinary species was found by Mr. Hancock in the
branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia mentula. It is a very inter-
esting addition to onr fanna.

Entorocola eruca, n. sp. Allied to Entorocola fulgens, Van Beneden (Re-
cherches snr la Faune Littorale de Belgique, Crustaces (1861), p. 150,
pi. xxvi.), but is apparently distinct. The feet have one branch stout,
papillary, not furnished with any claw, the other much more slender,
terminating in three minute curved spines. The fifth segment of the
body has a cylindrical tubercular process on each side of the back. The
abdomen is composed of two (? three) articulations, and terminates in a
furca, the branches of which are shorter than broad, and are furnished
with a spine at the tip.

Adhering to the intestine of Ascidia intestinalis. The type of the
genus was found by Yan Beneden in two species of Aplidium.

Lichomolgus forficula, Thorell, Krustaceer somlefva i arter af slagtet Ascidia,
p. 73, pis. xii. & xiii. fig. 19. From the water-passages and branchial
sac of Ascidia mentula.

Ascomyzon echinicola, n. sp. Form of body and of the several segments near
to that of A. Lilljeborgii (vide Thorell, K. Yet. Akad. Hand. Bd. iii.
No. 8 (1859), pi. xiv. fig. 21), but the last thoracic segment rather
longer, and the caudal laminae fully twice as long as broad, and longer
than preceding segment. Upper antennae much shorter than in that
species, 20-jointed, the eleven basal joints excessively short, the remain-
ing somewhat longer, but none of them (unless it be the seventeenth and
eighteenth) as long as they are broad.
Parasitic upon Echinus esculentus, Linn.

Caligus rapax, M. -Edwards. Common on fish belonging to the family
Gadidae.

curtus, Miiller= C. Mulleri, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 271, pi. xxxii.figs. 4, 5.

Common on Cod, Haddock, Ling, &c.

Lepeophtheirus Salmonis, Kroyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 2 Bd. (1837)
p. 13, (figured) : 1 Bd. pi. vi. fig. 7, = Lepeophtheirus Stromii, Baird, Brit.
Entom. p. 274, pi. xxxii. figs. 8, 9. From " Sea-Trout " taken in the
loch near Burrafirth.

— Hippoglossi, Kroyer. "Not uncommon on Hippoglossus vulgaris.

Trebius caudatus, Kroyer. Common on Skate.

Nogagus Lutlceni, n. sp. Upper antennae with both joints long, the first
terminating in a bunch of lanceolate plumose seta?, the second somewhat
clavate, three to four times as long as broad ; anterior margin plain,
posterior with a single spine just beyond the middle ; extremity with a
tuft of seta). Cephalothorax much rounded, the posterior lateral pro-
cesses strongly arched and incurved. Hinder antenna) with the hook
long and slender, and the penultimate joint furnished with two very long
setae. Second gnathopods (maxillipeds) with three crenated nodulous
processes on the palm. Genital segment subquadrate, rather longer
than broad, the sides gently convex. Abdomen consisting of two seg-
ments and the caudal laminae ; the segments short and broad, the second
as long again as the first, the two taken together not exceeding the
breadth of the last ; the caudal laminae large, as long as the two pre-

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 301

ceding segments, terminating in four long plumose lacinise and two small
spines ; inner margin of laminae ciliated.

Kindly procured for me by Dr. Saxby, and found on a Skate. It is very
distinct from all the described species known to me. I have named it
after my friend Dr. Liitken, of Copenhagen, to whom, in conjunction
with Prof. Steenstrup, we are indebted for one of the best monographs
on the parasitic Copepoda. / .

Echthrogaleus coleoptratus (Guenn)=Dinematura coleoptrata, Guerin, Icon.
Beg. Anim. Crust, pi. xxxv. fig. 6, —Dinemoura data, Baird, Brit.
Entom. p. 285, pi. xxxiii. figs. 6, 7, = Echthrogaleus coleoptratus, Steen-
strup & Liitken, Havs Snyltekrebs og Lernseer (1861), p. 40, pi. vm.
fig. 15. On a Shark.

Dinematura producta (Miiller) =Dinemoura Lamn(z, Baird, Brit. Jintom.
p. 286, pi. xxxiii. fig. 8, =Dinematura producta, Steenstrup & Lutken,
Havs Snyltekrebs og Lernsoer, p. 34, pi. vii. fig. 13. With the last.

Pandarus bicolor, Leach. On Dogfish. e

Chondracanthus Lopliii, Johnston =Lernertoma Lophii, Baird. In the poucnes
of the Angler, Lophius piscatorius.

Bmcliiella rostrata, Kroyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 1 Bd. (1837) p. 207,
pi. ii. fig. 1, and Naturhist. Tidss. Tredie Bffikke, vol. 11. (1864) p. 6b4,
pi. xvii. fig. 8. On the Holibut, Hippoglossus vulgaris. New to Britain.

Anchorella undnata (Miiller). Common on various Gadidae and other fish.

Order THOKACICA.
Balanus porcatus, Da Costa. Common in deep water ; but I have never seen

large specimens in the Shetland seas.
- Hameri (Ascanius). 40-50 fathoms ; scarce.

balanoides (Linn.). Common.

Verruca Stromia (Miiller). Common on shells and stones m deep water
ScalpeUum vulgare, Leach. Down to 60 fathoms, St. Magnus Bay, Whalsey

Skerries Haaf ; off Balta &c.
Alcippe lampas, A. Hancock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. iv. (1849)

p. 305, pis. viii. ix. In the shell of Fusus antiquus, dredged m 4

fathoms, 5-8 miles east of Balta.

Order PYCNOGONOIDEA.
Fycnogonum littorale, Strom. Very common under stones, tide-marks; and

also in deep water to 50 fathoms.
PhoxichiKdium femoratum (Rztbke)=Phoxichilidium coccmeum, Johnston.

Common, tide-marks.

Numphon qiqanteum, Johnston. Occasional, deep water.
_-_ Strfaiii, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidssk. Aiidet Easkke (1844), vol. i. p. Ill ;

Gaimard, Voyages en Scandinavie &c. pi. xxxv. fig. 3 A single speci-
men, the only known British example, dredged m 1861 in 80 fathoms,

40 miles east of Whalsey Skerries.
Jurtum, 0. Fab. One mile north of Whalsey Skerries Lighthouse, in

40-50 fathoms.
mixtum, Kroyer. St. Magnus Bay, 1867.

Class AHACHNIDA.

Order ACA1UNA.
Ualacarus ctenopus, Gosse, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xvi. (1855) p. 28,

302 BEPORT— 1868.

pi. iii. figs. 6-10. Common among seaweeds in littoral and laminarian
zones.

Pachyynatlms notops, Gosse, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xvi. (1855) p. 304,
pi. viii. figs. 1-4. Abundant on weeds in rock-pools, Balta Bound,
1867.

Class TUNIC ATA.

My entire collection of Tunicata having been placed in Mr. Alder's
hands for use in the preparation of the work which, in conjunction with
Mr. A. Hancock, he had undertaken for the B-ay Society, and which will be
shortly published, the nomenclature of the following list may be relied upon.
Species of Botryllus, Botrylloides, and allied genera are numerous in Shet-
land, but it being impossible to preserve them satisfactorily, and not having
works with me, I was unable to identify more than two or three species
with any degree of certainty, and have thought it better therefore entirely
to omit these genera in the present lleport, and leave them for some future
investigator to work out.

Pelonaia corrugata, Forbes & Goodsir. A single small specimen oif the
Island of Balta.

Ascidia intestinatis, Linn. At low water, West Yoe, Whalsey Skerries, and
Lerwick.

venosa, Miiller. Middle Haaf, oif Out Skerries, 40-50 fathoms ; also

Haroldswick Bay.

mentula, Miiller. Middle Haaf.

rudis, Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. xi. p. 155. The type specimens

were taken at low- water mark near the Whalsey Lighthouse, Out
Skerries, 1861.

obliqua, Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. xi. p. 154. The type spe-
cimens were dredged in 40-50 fathoms on the Outer Haaf, due east of
"Whalsey Lighthouse, in 1861 ; also several fine examples, in about the
same depth of water, between the islands of Whalsey and Balta, 1867.

sordida, Alder & Hancock. 50-80 fathoms, and common. In most

extraordinary profusion, on sandy ground, 7-10 miles east of the Isle
of Balta, in company with Tubularia gracilis, Eudendrum, Zoanthus
papillosus, which all occur in greater quantity in that locality than
elsewhere in Shetland. In one spot the dredge came up again and
again literally filled with A. sordida.

virginea, Miiller. " Zetland, B. M'Andrew & E. Forbes" (Forbes &

Hanley). It is probable that the last species is meant.

parallelogramma, Miiller. Apparently rare, one specimen only, 10

miles east of Balta.

depressa, Alder & Hancock. Low water, Island of Housay, in company

with the following species.

scdbra, Miiller. Island of Housay (Out Skerries), in the West Yoe,

spring tides, common.

elliptica, Alder & Hancock. Low water, Lerwick, 1861.

plebeia, Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. xi. p. 155. Forty miles cast

of Whalsey Lighthouse, 1861, the type specimens.

Molgula arenosa, Alder & Hancock ; Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. xi. p.
160 ; Molcjula tubulosa, Forbes <fc Hanley, vol. i. p. 36 (but not M.
tubulosa, Miiller). Common on the Haddock-grounds between Whalsey
and Feltar ; east of Balta ; St. Magnus Bay, &c.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 303

Molcjula citrina, Alder & Hancock. Low water, Lerwick, 1861.

Cynthia coriacea, Alder & Hancock. Dourie Yoe, 1863.

grossularia, Van Beneden. Common between tide-marks.

. echinata, Linn. ; Ascidia echinata, Forbes & Hanley, vol. i. p. 35, pi. C.

fig. 4. 5_4Q fathoms, Middle Haaf and Bressay Sound, 1863. Para-
sitic on Ascidia sordida, 5-8 miles east of Balta, 40--50 fathoms, 1867.

Clavelina lepadiformis, Miiller. One mile north of Whalsey Lighthouse,

Polydinum aurantium, M.-Edwards. 3-5 fathoms, Out Skerries Harbour.

1 succineum, Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. xi. p. 169. The type spe-
cimen was dredged in 1861, in 50 fathoms, on the Haddock-ground, 6
miles north of Whalsey Lighthouse.

Amarcecium albicans, M.-Edwards, Observ. sur les Ascidies Composees, p. 287,
pi. i. fig. 3 b. Low water, Lerwick.

.? An undetermined species, tide-marks, Balta Sound, 1863. ^

Botnjllus and Botrylloides. About ten species observed, but not determined
satisfactorily.

Leptodinum durum, M. -Edwards =Leptoclinum aureum (misprint), Forbes <fc
Hanley, vol. i. p. 17. Tide-marks, West Yoe, Out Skerries, 1861.

punctatum, Forbes. With the last.

Didemnum gelatinosum, M.-Edwards, Obs. Ascid.'Compos. p. 295, pi. vn. fig. 5.
Low water, spring tides, West Yoe, Out Skerries ; and in Out bkemes
Harbour, on roots of Laminaria3.

Parascidia Flemingii, Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. xi. p. 172. Sidnyum
turbinatum, Fleming. Low water, Lerwick. In Mr. Alder's opinion this
is not the Sidnyum turbinatum of Savigny (Mem. Anim. sans Vertebres,
vol. ii. p. 238), nor the Sidnyum turbinatum of Forbes and Hanley, which
he also considers distinct from Savign/s species, and proposes to name
Parascidia Forbesii.

Salpa runcinata, Chainisso. Both sexual and asexual forms in vast numbers
in company with Diphyes and Physophora, 30-35 miles, Is JN.W. or
Burrafirth Lighthouse, July 17 and 18, 1867.

Appendicularia flagellum, Huxley. Some Appendiculance were taken by me
in the towing-net in Balta Sound in 1863, which I believe belonged to
this species ; but the bottle in which they were preserved was unfor-
tunately lost (I conclude left behind in Shetland), and thus also the
accurate determination of the species.

Class POL YZO A.

For this class I have adopted, as far as it goes, the general arrangement
of Mr. Busk, in ' A Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Crag, 1859.'
This work having been published subsequently to the ' Catalogue of Marine
Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, 1852,' gives us the author's
maturer views. With respect to the species, if no reference to other works
is given, they will be found described in the ' Catalogue;' but, as will be
seen by the following Report, our knowledge of the animals of this class has
been very materially extended since 1852. Herr F. A. Smitt has just pub-
lished a valuable series of papers on the Polyzoa of the Scandinavian seas,
entitled "Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer" (OlVers.
af K. Yet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1865-67), but I am not prepared to acquiesce in
his views as to the amount of variation to be observed in species of
the class.

304 EEPOET— 1868.

Suborder CHEILOSTOMATA.

Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.). Attached to old shells of Mollusca and Di-
trupa, and on Celleporce, from 40-80 fathoms.

inermis, Norman, Beport Brit. Assoc. 1866 (1867), p. 203 ; Quart.

Journ. Mic. Sei. vol. viii. N. S. p. 215, pi. v. figs. 1-3. llare, 5-8 miles
off Balta, in 40-50 fathoms.

Cellularia Peachii, Busk. Haddock-grounds and Outer Haaf, frequent.

Menipea ternata (Ellis & Sol.). On Tubularia indivisa, dredged in 70
fathoms.

Jeffreysii, Norman, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1868),

p. 213, pi. v. figs. 3-5. Only small fragments of this species, found
among dredged sand, have as yet been observed, 1864.

Canda reptans (Pallas). " On coral, from 100 fathoms, Outer Haaf, Unst "
(Peach, 1864).

Salicornaria farciminoides (Ellis & Sol.) . 40-70 fathoms.

sinuosa, Hassall, Busk, Mon. Crag Polyzoa, p. 23, pi. xxi. fig. 5 ;

Alder, Cat. Zooph. Northumberland and Durham, p. 61. In similar
localities to the last.

Johnsoni, J$usk= Nellia Johnsoni, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S.

vol. vi. (1858) p. 125, pi. xix. fig. 2, =Cellaria Johnsoni, id. ibid. vol.
vii. (1859) p. 65, pi. xxiii. figs. 4-5, =Salicornaria Johnsoni, id. ibid,
vol. viii. (1860) p. 280. Middle Haaf, a much more delicate species
than the last two.

Caberea Ellisii (Fleming). Caberea Hoolceri, Busk, Cat. Marine Polyz. p. 39,
pi. xxxvii. fig. 2, = Caberea Ellisii, Norman, Quart. Journ. Mic. Science,
N. S. vol. viii. (1868) p. 217. Abundant, 40-70 fathoms.

Bicellaria ciliata (Linn.). " Very rare, 45 fathoms, Haddock-ground, Out
Skerries "(Peach, 1864).

Alderi, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Science, N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 213,

pi. xxviii. figs. 1-3 ; Smitt, Ofversigt af K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1867,
p. 289, pi. xviii. figs. 4-8; Norman, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. viii.
(1868) p. 218, =Bicellaria unispinosa, M. Sars. Dredged in 40-100
fathoms, off Unst and Out Skerries. The locality in which I met with
it most frequently was 5-10 miles east of Balta, in 40-70 fathoms, in
company with amazing numbers of Ascidia sordida, with which the
dredge came up time after time completely filled. It generally lives
attached to Hydrozoa (Tubularia, &c.).

Buyula avicularia (Pallas). . Not common.

purpurotincta, Norman, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1868)

p. 219, =B.fastiyiata,Al&CT, Cat. Zoophytes Northumberland and Dur-
ham, p. 59. Scarce, 5-7 miles east of Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

Murrayana (Bean).

flabellata (J. V. Thompson): "15-50 fathoms, Douric Voc and Had-
dock-ground, Out Skerries and .Unst" (Peach, 1864). I do not remember
myself having seen the species.

Flustrafoliacea, Linn.

truncata, Linn.

Barleei, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (I860) p. 123,

pi. xxv. fig. 4, —Flustra membranaceo- truncata, Smitt, Ofvers. af K.
Yet.-Akad. Forh. 1867, p. 358, pi. xx. figs. 1-5.

Very local, between Whalsey and Balta, and off Unst, in about 50
fathoms,

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 305

Cdrbasea papyrea (Pallas). From fishing-boats, Middle ITaaf.

Oemellaria loriculata (Linn.). Occasionally met with.

JEtea ska (Couch). Hippoihoa sica, Couch, Corn. Fauna, iii. p. 102, pi. xix.
fig. 8, —JStea recta, Hincks, Cat. Zoophytes Devon and Cornwall, p. 35,
pi. vii. fig. 3.

40-80 fathoms, on shells and stones, frequent.

JfippotJioa catenularia (Jameson). Common on stones in 40-170 fathoms.

divaricata, Lamx. 40-90 fathoms on shells, more rarely on stones.

expansa, Norman, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. viii. (1868) p. 216,

pi. vi. figs. 1, 2. The type, and only known specimen, dredged in 100
fathoms off Unst in 1864.

Membranipora membranacea (Linn.).
— pilosa (Linn.).

coriacea (Esper.). On underside of stones between tide-marks.

lineata (Linn.), Alder, Cat. Zooph. Northumberland arid Durham, p. 53,

pi. viii. fig. 1. On roots of Fuci and Laminariac.

spinifera (Johnston), Alder, Cat. Zooph. Northumberland and Durham,

p. 53, pi. viii. fig. 2. On stones, tide-marks.

Fleminyii, Busk. 15-100 fathoms.

craticula, Alder, Catal. Zooph. Northumberland and Durham, p. 54,

pi. viii. fig. 3. On a stone from shallow water, Hillswick, and roots of
Laminariae, Bressay Sound.

Dumerittii ( Audouin) = ^tera Dumerillii, Audouin, Savigny, Hist.

1'Egypt, pi. x. fig. 12, = Membranipora Pouilletii, Alder, Cat. Zooph. Nor-
thumberland and Durham, p. 50, pi. viii. fig. 5 ; Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S.
vol. v. (1857) p. 248 (but not Flustra Pouilletii, Audouin, Savigny Hist.
1'Egypt, pi. ix. fig. 12). Occasional on Cellepora cervicornis and shells.
A curious mistake has been made by Alder and Busk respecting this
species, which is clearly that represented by Savigny's pi. x. fig. 12,
viz. Flustra Dumerittii, instead of which the name of pi. ix. fig. 12 has
been quoted Flustra Pouilletii, which bears not the slightest resem-
blance to the present form, being a Lepralia allied to L. innominate.

• unicornis (Fleming), Alder, Cat. Zooph. Northumberland and Durham,

p. 56, pi. viii. fig. 6. « Tide-marks, Balta Sound" (Peach, 1864).

cornigera, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. 1860, p. 124,

pi. xxv. fig. 2. A very interesting and very rare species ; 100 fathoms,
Outer Haaf.

- imbellis, Hincks, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 275,
pi. xxx. fig. 1. Hare, 40-50 fathoms, 5-7 miles east of Balta.

rliynchota, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 125,

pi. xxv. fig. 1 (called M. minax in text) ; Crag Polyzoa, p. 33, pi. iii.
fig. 7. In 40-170 fathoms, common; the most abundant species in
deep water, it encircles the dead shells of Dentalium and Ditrwpa with
its polyzoary.

Itosselii (Audouin). On stones, Outer Haaf, 80-140 fathoms.

sacculata, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. (1864) p. 88,

pi. xi. fig. 3. Common, 40-170 fathoms, on stones and shells.

vulnerata, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Science, N. S. vol. viii. (1860)

p. 124, pi. xxv. fig. 3. In 80-110 fathoms. This very distinct little
species has a very peculiar habit; it is never found on any but the
smallest stones. I do not remember to have ever seen it on a pebble
larger than the little finger-nail ; more generally it selects those that
are not more than a fourth of that size.

306 REPORT— 1868.

Alysidota Alderi, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Science, N. 8. vol. iv. (1856)
p. 311, pi. ix. figs. 6, 7, =Lepralia Barleei, id. ibid, vol.viii. (1860)p.l43,
pi. xxvi. figs. 1, 2. Common, 50-170 fathoms. In its chain-like form
it is the Alysidota Alderi, and when living in groups Busk's Lepralia
Barleei. The two varieties are occasionally found passing into each
other. The type specimens of both are in my collection.

Lepralia Brongniartii (And.). 40-100 fathoms, frequent.

reticulata, Macg. Hare, 80 fathoms.

crystattina, Norman, Eeport Brit. Assoc. 1866 (1867), p. 204. On

shells and stones, 80-140 fathoms.

auriculata, Hassall. To 100 fathoms.

concinna, Busk, 40-170 fathoms.

bella, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 144,

pi. xxvii. fig. 2. A fine species, abundant on large stones on the Outer
Haaf, to 170 fathoms.

sinuosa, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 125,

pi. xxiv. figs. 2 & 3. On stone and shell, Outer Haaf.

verrucosa (Esper.). Tide-marks and shallow water.

cruenta, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. 1864, p. 88. Hare,

80-100 fathoms.

spinifera, Johnst., Busk, Cat. Marine Polyzoa, p.69,pl.lxxvi.figs.2,3(but

not the other figures referred to at p. 69). On stones and roots of Lami-
narise, tide-marks and shallow water, Balta Sound, Hillswick, and Ler-
wick.

unicornis, Johnst., ==L. ansata, Busk, Crag Polyzoa, p. 45, pi. vii. fig. 2.

Mr. Busk appears to me to have transposed the names of this and the
following species. "What I consider to be the true unicornis is the
species evidently referred to by that name in the 'Catalogues' of Alder
and Hincks. It is common between tide-marks.

< ansata, Johnston, =L. unicornis, Busk, Crag Polyzoa, p. 45, pi. v. fig. 4.

This species is distinguished from the last by its short and very broad
cells, and by the much smaller size of its ovicells. It is a deep-water
form, and is extremely abundant in the Shetland seas, in 40-170
fathoms. "Whether this is really a distinct species from L. unicornis is
perhaps doubtful.

trispinosa, Johnston. Found down to 170 fathoms. A pretty variety

coating a Ditrupa, has the punctures round the margin more conspi-
cuous than usual, an avicularium on the front of the cell in the centre,
with its mandible pointing directly downwards, and the ovicell cleft
with wedge-shaped openings, which radiate from the sides towards the
centre.

coccinea, Abildgaard. Abundant between tide-marks and in shallow

water.
Ballii, Johnston. On shells, 30-50 fathoms.

linearis, Hassall. Common down to 170 fathoms.

Var; 1. hastata, Hincks, Cat. Zoophytes Devon and Cornwall, pp. 46
and 63, pi. xii. fig. 4. On Cellepora cervicornis, off the Island of Balta.

Yar. 2. crucifera. With the usual avicularia on each side of the cells,
and with a central, suboral process rising from the cell in the form of a
very long, gradually tapering, rugose, perpendicular spine, which is more
than equal the length of the entire cell, and in its most perfect state
gives off a branch at nearly right angles at rather more than half its
height, so that the whole process is in the form of a cross or trident.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 307

On a shell dredged in 40-50 fathoms off Unst. A very remarkable
form.

Lepralia ciliata (Linn.). Tide-marks to 90 fathoms.

Hyndmanni, Johnst. 80-110 fathoms.

Woodiana, Busk, Crag Polyzoa, p. 42, pi. vii. figs. 1 & 3 ; Hincks, Cat.

Zoophytes Devon and Cornwall, p. 42. Very abundant in deep water,
80-170 fathoms.

discoidea, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. vii. (1859) p. 66,

pi. xxii. figs. 7, 8 ; id. ibid. vol. viii. (1860) p. 144, pi. xxvii. figs. 4, 5 ;
Hincks, ibid. vol. viii. p. 276, pi. xxx. fig. 4. " Shetland, Barlee "
(Busk).

nitida (Eabr.). Tide-marks and shallow water.

• annulata (Eabr.). Hoots of Laminarise and stones, shallow water.

Peachii, Johnst. To 170 fathoms.

ventricosa, Hassall. 15-170 fathoms.

laqueata, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. (1864) p. 85, pi. x.

fig. 5. 80-170 fathoms, frequent.

abyssicola, n. sp. Polyzoary irregular, in patches of considerable size.

Cells irregularly arranged, pointing this way and that, not in quincunx,
widest in the middle, tapering thence above and below, moderately con-
vex ; surface dull, minutely granular, no raised lines or rows of perfora-
tions separating the cells : mouth small, terminal ; lower lip advanced,
encroaching on the mouth, convex, pouting, a denticle within the mouth,
wide, little raised, and so deeply seated that it cannot be seen unless
carefully looked for ; upper lip free, bearing two spines (which, however,
are very rarely present). Ovicell globose, tumid, wider in the centre
than the top of the cell, with a little transverse rib (caused by the upper
lip) just over the mouth ; surface minutely granular as the cells ; these
minute granulations appear to be centrally punctate. The form of the
ovicells and mouth in the fertile cells remind one forcibly of a helmet
with the vizor raised. An inhabitant of the deepest water, having been
only found in 140-170 fathoms to the N.N.W. of Unst.

This species comes very near to L. microstoma, but is, I think distinct.
The cells are very much larger, the mouth less tubular and raised, the
ovicells less thrown back off the mouth ; and there is a deeply seated
denticle in the mouth, which does not seem to be the case in L. micro-
stoma.

polita, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. (1864) p. 87, pi. xi.

fig. 1. 70-170 fathoms.

— microstoma, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. (1864) p. 87,
pi. xi. fig. 2. 20-25 miles N. and N. by W. of Unst. 80-140 fathoms.

innominata, Couch. Scarce, down to 170 fathoms. .

puncta ta, Hassall. Tide-marks, common.

rinr/ens, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. iv. (1856) p. 308, pi. ix.

figs. 3-5. 80-170 fathoms.

bispinosa, Johnst. On stones and shells, 50-170 fathoms-. Differing

from Guernsey specimens in the much larger size of the cells.

umbonata, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sc. N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 143,

pi. xxvii. fig. 1. " On stone, Shetland, Barlee " (Busk).

cottaris, Norman, Eeport Brit. Assoc. 1866 (1867), p. 204. Scarce,

80-100 fathoms.

Pallasiana . (M6ll.)=.Z/. canthariform is, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci.

N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 143, pi. xxvi. figs. 3, 4. Common between tide-

308 BEPORT— 1868.

marks. L. canthariformis9 Busk, seems to be nothing else than this
species with the cells a little more erect than usual.

Lepralia pertusa (Esper). On ahells, especially Ditrupse, and stones,, 40-100
fathoms.

labrosa, Busk. Scarce, 40 fathoms.

simplex, Johnst. " 45 fathoms, Haddock-ground, Unst, Peach, 18G4 "

(fide Alder in litt.).

Malusii (Audouin). Tide-marks to 50 fathoms.

minuta, n. sp. Cells minute, arranged in remarkably regular lines,

diverging from a centre ; the parts about the mouth raised in a pustular
manner ; mouth horseshoe-shaped, the central portion of the lower lip
encroaching on the aperture, sometimes in a rounded, at others in a
more denticulate and bifid form ; surface granulated, margins between
cells areolated ; ovicells subimmersed, granular, imperforate. In very
small roundish patches on stone. Shetland, very rare, and Guernsey
(A. M. N.) ; Wick (Mr. Peach).

tubulosa, n. sp. Cells shortly ovate, hyaline, smooth, glistening, punc-
tate ; mouth produced into a very long tube, which stands upright from
the polyzoary, aperture round, peristome thin and simple ; on the cell
just below the origin of the tube a conspicuous pore. A remarkable
form, wholly unlike any other species ; found on a stone dredged in a
few fathoms water at Hillswick.

monodon, Busk, Quart. Jouru. Mic. Sci. 1ST. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 213,

pi. xxix. figs. 3, 4. Common, in 80-170 fathoms.

granifera, Johnst. Underside of stones, tide-marks.

hyalina (Linn.), Gray, List of British Radiated Animals in Brit.

Mus. pp. 128 & 149. On rocks and weeds.

lepralioides, Norman, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. viii. (1868) p. 222,

pi. vii. figs. 4, 5. On stones, 80-140 fathoms.

pygmcea, n. sp. Cells cylindrical, semierect, immersed through a con-
siderable part of their height ; peristome raised, simple, unattached all
round, more elevated at the sides of the cylindrical aperture; surface
nearly smooth and imperforate. Ovicells galeate, depressed in front,
imperforate. No avicularia. A minute species, presenting very little
character, but manifestly distinct from its allies. Occurs in little round
patches, which are seldom more than a tenth of an inch in diameter ;
the largest patch seen not a fifth of an inch ; on stones from very deep
water, in 80-170 fathoms, where it is not uncommon.

Cellepora pumicosa, Linn.

avicularia, Hincks, Cat. Zooph. Devon and Cornwall, p. 48, pi. xii. fig. 6.

In " nodulous rolls " on Tubularia, Sertularia3, &c.

Hassallii (Johnst.). Rocks, and roots of Laminarise.

ramulosa, Linn. 40-170 fathoms.

dwhotoma, Hincks, Cat. Zooph. Devon and Cornwall, p. 49, pi. xii.

figs. 7, 8 ; Alder, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. iv. (1864) p. 96, pi. ii.
figs. 2-4. Living attached to Sertularian Hydrozoa, in 40-70 fathoms.

attenuata, Alder, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. iv. p. 97 (1864), pi. ii.

figs. 5-8. Local, 80-110 fathoms, 20-25 miles N.N.E. of Unst.

cervicornis (Ellis and Sol.). 40-170 fathoms. The Shetland forms are

much less massive than that of the Devon and Cornish coast. Some-
times they are a great deal branched, the branches interlacing and
crossing each other iri all directions, and more or less flattened. A rarer
form has but few branches, and those very long, simple (i. e. not dicho-

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 309

tomously dividing), and round. Placed side by side with Cornish spe-
cimens this looks very different, but the microscopic characters appear
to be identical.

Palmicellaria elegans, Alder, Quart. Journ. Hie. Sci. vol. iv. (1864) p. 100,
pi. ii. figs. 1-4. A beautiful little species, 80-110 fathoms, eighteen to
twenty-five miles 1ST. and N.N.W. of Burrafirth Lighthouse.

Tessaradoma gracile (Saxs) = Pustuliporagracilis, Sars, Keise Lof. Finm. 1850,
p. 26, = Quadricellaria gracilis, Sars, Beskr. Norske Polyz. p. 15 ; Alder,
Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. iv. (1864) p. 101, pi. ii. figs. 9-12, = OncJw-
pora borealis, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic, Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 213,
pi. xxviii. figs. 6, 7, =Anarihropora borealis, Smitt, Ofvers. af K. Vet.-
Akad. Forh. 1867, Bihang, p. 8, pi. xxiv. figs. 25-29. Eather local, but
not rare on the Outer Haaf. It is necessary that the generic name Qua-
dricellaria, which is preoccupied, should be changed. Smitt has insti-
tuted a genus Anarihropora to receive Lepralia monodon and the present
species ! Such a union, in my opinion, cannot stand. Leaving, there-
fore, L. monodon as the type of Smitt's genus, I propose the name
Tessaradoma, the characters of which will be those given by Alder, I. c.
I have not adopted the genus .Anarihropora for L. monodon in this
Eeport, because an entire rearrangement of the Membraniporidee is re-
quired, and until that entire rearrangement is carried out (and this I
hope shortly to do), I have thought it better not to partially dismember
the genus Lepralia.

Hemeschara struma, Norman, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. viii. (1868) p. 221,
pi. vii. figs. 6-8. In 100 fathoms, about twenty-five miles north of Unst,
attaching itself to stones and the branches of C. cervicornis, and running
out into free expansions.

Escliara Landsborovii (Johnst.) , Alder, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. iv. (1864)
p. 105, pi. iv. figs. 1-3. Very rare ; the Lepralian state on a stone from
170 fathoms.

Icevis (Fleming), Alder, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. iv. (1864) p. 102,

pi. iii. figs. 8-11. Scarce, in about 100-170 fathoms, 20-25 miles N.
and N.N.E. of Unst.

Skenei (Ellis and $ol.)=Cellepora Skenei, Busk, Marine Polyzoa, p. 88,

pi. cxxii. 40-70 fathoms, 5-10 miles east of Balta ; also Out Skerries
Haaf.

lorea, Alder, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. iv. (1864) p. 104, pi. iii. figs, 5-7.

80-100 fathoms, 20-25 miles north of Burrafirth Lighthouse. Certainly
distinct from the last, with which it is united by Smitt.

Retipom Beaniana, King. Occasionally on the Unst Haaf, doAvn to 170
fathoms ; abundant on the Out Skerries Haaf, but not so large as on the
Northumberland coast.

Suborder CYCLOSTOMATA.

Crisla eburnea (Linn.). On Hydrozoa on haddock-grounds.

Yar. producta, Smitt, Ofvers. af K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1865, p. 116,

pi. xvi. figs. 4-6. On stones, 100-170 fathoms.

denticulata (Lamk.). On Zoophytes, Haddock-ground.

acideata, Hassall. " Tide-marks to Haddock-ground " (Peach, 1864) ;

" Shetland, Barlee" (fide Alder in litt.).
Crisidici cornuta (Linn.). On rocks between tide-marks.
Hornera lorealis, Busk, Alder, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. iv. (1864) p. 108,

pi. iv. figs. 1-6. 80-170 fathoms, Outer Haaf.

310 REPORT— 1868.

Homer a violacea, Sars, Geel. og Zool. Jagtt. Reise Trondhj. St. Somm. 1862
(1863), p. 30 ; Smitt, Ofvers. af K. Vet.-Akad. F'orh. 1866, p. 404,
pi. vi. figs. 2-9.

In general form like the last, but the back, instead of being striated,
is granulated ; the branches at their extremities with a rib-like eleva-
tion down the centre, the front having the cells more crowded and
much more produced than in borealis ; ovicells elongated, in the axils of
the branches, generally (in my specimens) with one part on the front,
but coming round the branch, the greater part lies on the back of the
polyzoary, with a very slight longitudinal riblet, otherwise smooth, and
closely punctate. Colour white with a violet tinge. In about 50 fa-
thoms, about seven miles E.S.E. from Balta, rare. Now first added to
cur fauna.

Idmonea Atlantica, Forbes. Outer Haaf, 70-140 fathoms.

serpens (Liim.)=Tubidipora serpens, Johnst. On Sertularia3, &c., com-
mon.

Pustulipora deflexa (Couch). " Shetland, Peach, 1864 " (fide Alder in litt.).

orchadensis, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. viii. (1860) p. 214,

pi. xxix. figs. 1, 2. " Shetland, Barlee" (Busk). The collection of the late
Mr. Barlee, which was bequeathed by him to myself, does not contain
any Polyzoon which I can identify as the type of this species described
by Busk.

Tubidipora lobulata, Hassall. On stones, 30-70 fathoms.

— flabellaris, Johnst. " Shetland, Peach, 1864 " (fide Alder in litt.),

Alecto granulata, M. -Edwards. Dourie Yoe and Haddock-grounds; also
Outer Haaf to 170 fathoms.

major, Johnst. Common to 170 fathoms.

dilatans, Johnst. 80-140 fathoms. Compared with the types in B. M.

compacta, Norman, lleport Brit. Assoc. 1866 (1867), p. 204. On

stones, Outer Haaf, Unst, and Out Skerries, in 80-170 fathoms. It is,
I believe, the Alecto dilatans, var., Johnston, p. 282, pi. xlix. figs. 7, 8.

__ — diastoporides, n. sp. Polyzoary lobulate, the branches diverging from
a common centre, and rapidly widening into fan-formed terminations,
appressed very flatly to stones or shells, closely punctate, but a
transparent looking line (the appearance caused by absence of punc-
tures) marking the course of each side of each concealed tube in a
similar way to the transparent lines in D. obelia ; cells scattered irre-
gularly, many being present on the expanded terminations ; mouth but
little raised above the crust, opening vertically.

This is the largest Alecto in our seas, and a very marked species. It
is found on shell and stone, in 70-110 fathoms.

Mr. Peach has also sent me the species from Wick, including a spe-
cimen nestling in a sheltered spot of the inside of a valve of Tapes vir-
f/inea, which has the cell-tubes erect and long ; in all other specimens
which I have seen they are very short.

Diastopora obelia (Fleming). Down to 170 fathoms, common.

Patinella patina (Lamk.). Common to 170 fathoms.

Yar. prolifera, Busk, Crag Polyzoa, p. 114, pi. xix. fig. 1, and pi. xx.
fig. 3. Frequent on Cellepora cervicornis and Escliara Icevis.

Discoporella liispida (Fleming). Common to 170 fathoms.

Defrancia truncata (Jameson). Not uncommon on the Outer Haaf, in 70-170
fathoms.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 311

Suborder CTENOSTOMATA.

Alcyonidium gelatinosum (Pallas) . 40-50 fathoms, 5-8 miles east of Balta,
sandy bottom, with immense quantities of Hydrozoa and Tunicata ; also
40 fathoms, six miles north of Whalsey Lighthouse.

Mrsutum (Fleming). On Fuci, tide-marks, Balta Sound, and Out Sker-
ries, abundant.

? A third species was found by me in 1861 between tide-marks, "West

Yoe, Out Skerries. Mr. Alder, who examined it for me, gave me the
MS. name for it, " Alcyonidium radiatum"

Arachnidia Tiippotlwoides, Hincks, Cat. Zoophytes Devon and Cornwall, p. 57,
pi. xvi. fig. 2. Creeping over the test of Ascidia sordida; dredged
5-8 miles off Balta.

Flmtrella hispida (Fsibr.^Flustra hispida, Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 263,
pi. Ixvi. fig. 5, = Flustrella Jiispida, Gray, Brit. Eadiated Anim. Brit. Mus.
p. 108 ; Redfern, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S. vol. vi. 1858, p. 96,
pi. iv., = Alcyonidium hispidum, Smitt, Ofvers. af K. Yet.-Akad. Porh.
1866, p. 499, pi. xii. figs. 22-27. On Fuci, Chondrus, and other sea-
weeds ; common.

Vesicularia spinosa (Linn.). « Shetland, 1858, Barlee " (fide Alder in litt.).

BusJcia nitens, Alder, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, p. 66, pi. v.
figs. 1, 2 ; Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. N. S, vol. v. 1857, p. 24, pi. xiii.
figs. 1,2. " On Haledum labrosum, procured by Mr. Barlee " (Alder
in litt.).
Vallceria cuscuta (Linn.). Procured in 1861.

J3oiverbanJcia imbricata (Adams). Tide-marks, common.

Avenella fusca, Dalyell, Rare and Rem. Anim. Scot. vol. ii. p. 65; vol. i.
pi. xii. fig. 11 ; Alder, Cat. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, p. 69, =
Farrella fusca, Busk, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. vi. fig. 3, =Farrella
dilatata, Hincks, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. viii. p. 279, pi. xxx. fig. 7 ;
Cat. Zooph. Devon and Cornwall, p. 30. Parasitic on the tests of
Ascidians from deep water.

Suborder PEDICELLINEA.

Pedicellina Belgica, Van Ben. Recognized by Mr. Alder on some Shetland
Hydrozoa sent to him in 1861.

gracilis, Sars. On Sertularia, 1863 ; rare.

. ecliinata, Sars. " In Dourie Yoe, 15 fathoms, 1864 " (fide Peach).

Suborder LOPHOPEA.

I have pleasure in announcing the discovery in the Shetland seas of a
species of this interesting tribe, which up to the present time has been
supposed to embrace only freshwater forms. Rliabdopleura was dredged by
me in the Outer Haaf, and being unable to recognize it, I sent it to Pro-
fessor Allman for his opinion, and the extract from a letter received from
him, given below, will show the result of his examination.

Rliabdopleura Normani, Allman, nov. gen. et sp. " Now with regard to the
new genus. Expecting nothing but hydroids in your bottles, and being
satisfied on a rapid glance that the contents of one bottle were some-
thing very different from any known hydroid, I at once set the specimen
down in my mind as that of a new genus of Campanularians. I now
find that it is no hydroid, but a very curious and new genus of Polyzoa.
So interesting a form is it that I thought it worth while spending some

312 REPORT— 1868.

time over its thorough investigation . . . ; and so by the help of acetic
and chromic acids and liquor potassse, I have succeeded in very fairly
unravelling the structure of your Polyzoon. It is a true Hippocrepian
form, as entirely and typically so as Plumatella — a fact which gave
facility to my examination, as I had already made the Hippocrepian
Polyzoa a special subject of study. One of its most remarkable fea-
tures is a rigid rod which runs through the ccenoecium, and to which
the polypides are attached, each by a funiculus. This rod was the only
thing at first visible besides the polypides and their tubes of insertion ;
but I afterwards found that the whole of the rod and its attached
polypides were contained in a most delicate and colourless ccenoccium,
into which the free tubes of insertion were continued. The remarkable
internal rod will well suggest a generic name, and I have accordingly
thought of Wiabdopleura as sufficiently significant and distinctive."
— Allman in litt. Outer Haaf oif Unst, in 93 fathoms.

Class ECHINODEKMATA.

The Crinoidea, Ophiuroidea, and Aster videa in the following notes arc
arranged in accordance with my paper " On the Genera and Species of British
Echinodermata " in the ' Annals of Nat. Hist.' for February 1865. With
respect to the Echinoidea and Holothuroidea, I give references where the
nomenclature of Porbes's ( British Starfishes ' is not sufficient to indicate the
species.

Order CBINOIDEA.

Antedon rosaceus (Linck). In the Yoes and thence down to 40 fathoms,
not uncommon, and attaining an unusually large size. Yery abundant
on Laminaria3, in Bressay Sound, off Lerwick.

Sarsii (Diiben & Koren). 80-100 fathoms, 40 miles east of Whalsey

Lighthouse ; very local, but gregarious where found.

Order OPHIIJEOIDEA.

Astrophyton Linckii, Milll. & Trosch=^4. scutatum, Porbes. Off the west
coast, in very deep water (vide Porbes, British Starfishes). It has not
been procured during the recent dredgings off the east and north coasts,
nor do the fishermen on those sides of the island appear to be acquainted
with the species.

Ophiothrix fragilis (Miiller) = Ophiocoma rosula and minuta, Porbes. Having
a very great range in depth, living between tide-marks and thence down
to 170 fathoms, the deepest water dredged.

AmpJiiura JiUformis (Miiller) . 3 fathoms, Balta Sound ; Out Skerries Had-
dock-ground, and in St. Magnus Bay, 30-60 fathoms.

Chiajii, Porbes. Off Balta ; on the Haddock-ground near the Out

Skerries, and in St. Magnus Bay.

eleyans (Leach) = Ophiocoma neglecta, Porbes. Tide-marks, to 40

fathoms.

Ballii (Thompson) = Ophiocoma Ballii and Goodsiri, Porbes. Common

on hard ground in deep water, delighting to nestle in crevices of stones,

shells, and corals.
Ophiopeltis securigera, Dub. & Korcn. Added to the British fauna in 1861,

when a single specimen was dredged on the Haddock-ground, about 5

miles north of Whalsey Lighthouse, in 40 fathoms.
Ophiocoma niyra (Miiller) = Ophiocoma gramdata, Porbes.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 313

Ophwpholis aculeata (Miiller) = Ophiocoma lellis, Forbes. Low water to 170

fathoms.

Ophiura lacertosa (Pennant)=0/>7mm* texturata, Forbes.
Sarsii, Liitken. In 80-100 fathoms, 40 miles east of Whalsey Skerries,

in 1861, and subsequently procured 20-25 miles north of Unst.
albida, Forbes. Yery common. A slender variety in St. Magnus

Bay.
affinis, Liitken, = Ophiura Normani, Hodge. Haddock- ground to the

north of Whalsey Skerries ; 5-10 miles east of Balta, and very abundant

in company with Ophiura lacertosa, albida, squamosa, Amphiura filifor-

mis, Chiajii, &c., on soft mud, in 30-60 fathoms, St Magnus Bay.
- squamosa, Liitken. Two fine specimens, dredged 1867, in about 60

fathoms, St. Magnus Bay.

Order ASTEBOIDEA.

Astropecten irregularis (Pennant) —Asterias aurantiaca, Forbes.

acicularis, Norman. Living gregariously on the Out Skerries Outer

Haaf, in 80-100 fathoms.
Luidia Savignii ( Audouin) = LvAdia fragilissima, Forbes. Fishing-boats from

Middle Haaf, Out Skerries, 1861 ; also St. Magnus Bay, 1867.
/Sarsii, Diiben & Koren. This smaller five-armed species would appear

for the most part to be an inhabitant of deeper water than its congener,

and is much more common in the Shetland seas.
Archaster Parelii (Dub. & Koren). The first British specimen procured in

1864, in 100 fathoms, to the north of Unst ; a second from near the

same ground in 1867, in 170 fathoms.
Palmipes placenta (Pennant). A southern species which attains its northern

limit in Shetland, where it seems widely diffused, though numerically

scarce ; 15-100 fathoms.
Solaster papposus (Linn.).

endeca (Linn.).

Porania pulvillus (Miiller) = Goniaster Templetoni, Forbes. Scarce.
Goniaster phrygianus (Parelius) = G. equestris, Forbes. Not uncommon in

deep water.

Yar. aculeatum = Astrogonium aculeatum, Barrett, Ann. Nat. Hist.

2nd ser. vol. xx. p. 47, pi. iv. fig. 4. Two specimens of this well-
marked variety, in which the tubercles of the upper marginal plates are

nearly or quite obsolete, were found in 75-100 fathoms, off Unst, in

1864.
Cribrella sanguinolenta (Miiller). Very common, and besides the ordinary

form there are found two very distinct varieties.

Yar. curta, which has the rays much shorter, broader, and flatter

than in the type, and their texture much less firm. It is of a pale

yellow colour, and rarely exceeds 2 inches in diameter. Found between

tide-marks in Balta Sound.

Yar. abyssicola. Has the rays produced, very slender, well rounded,

and very firm. The paxillce, especially those of the under surface, are

most distinct and more separated from each other than usual, and the

individual spines have their apices more distinctly and deeply trifid.

Colour a rich saffron-yellow ; greatest diameter 2| inches. Dredged in

very deep water.
Stichaster roseus (Miiller). Deep water, rather local.

1868. z

314 REPORT— 1868.

Asterias glacialis, Linn. Often brought up on the hooks of the long lines,
from the Middle Haaf, Out Skerries.

Mulleri (Sars). Added to the British fauna in 1861, when this pretty

species was dredged off the Whalsey Skerries. It is very local.

rubens, Linn.

viola cea, Miiller.

hispida, Pennant. I am inclined to think that this and the two pre-
ceding must be united. A. hispida was taken under stones between tide-
marks at the Out Skerries.

Order ECHINOIDEA.

Echinus esculentus, Linn. = J£T. sphcera, Forbes. Between tide-marks and in
the laminarian and coralline zones.

Yar. tenuispina. AnEchinus was found in 1863 which must be regarded,
I think, as a remarkable deep-water variety of esculentus. In form it
is very high in proportion to its breadth, and the diameter is not at all
greater below than above. The whole outline is perfectly free from any
appearance of angularity in any part, and the spines are remarkably
slender and delicate. 'It was brought up from a hard bottom 25-30
miles north of Unst, in 110 fathoms, and has a totally different
appearance from the shallow- water forms of the species.

Flemingii, Ball. Outer Haaf, frequent ; but the specimens smaller and

also wider in proportion to the height than those from the south. One
of the largest Shetland specimens measures three inches high and four
wide.

miliaris, Leske. Common, tide-marks and Yoes, and also in deep water.

norvegicus, Diiben & Koren, Ofversigt af Skandinav. Echinodermer,

p. 268, pi. ix. figs. 33-39. Gregariously abundant ; in immense pro-
fusion on the Outer Skerries Haaf, 40 miles east of Whalsey Lighthouse ;
comparatively scarce on the Unst Haaf; St. Magnus Bay frequent. The
bulk of specimens procured do not exceed three-fifths of an inch in dia-
meter; one specimen, however, measures 1^- inch. The spines are
generally more or less of a green colour ; but a beautiful variety also
occurs in which they are vermilion-red, tipped with white.

Toxopneustes Drbbachiensis (Miiller) = Echinus Drbbachiensis, Miiller, Zool.
Dan. Prodrom. p. 235, = Echinus neglectus, Eorbes, Brit. Starfishes,
p. 172. Not common, dredged at the northern entrance to Bressay
Sound.

pictus,!!. sp. Ambulacral pores in 4 or 5 pairs; ambulacral plates

with one primary and many very small tubercles. Interambulacral
plates also with only a single primary and numerous very small tu-
bercles. Spines banded red and white. Diameter of a large specimen
1| inch. In deep water, Shetland Haaf, scarce, and dredged in 40 fa-
thoms, near the Feme Islands, on the Northumberland coast. It is
also among the Echinodermata dredged by Messrs. Carpenter and
Thomson in the ' Lightning ' expedition during the past autumn in
lat. 60° 28' N. long. 6° 54' W. in 500 fathoms, stones and mud, and a
temperature of 32°.

Distinguished at a glance from Drbbachiensis by its more slender
spines and their coloration, which in the latter species is green or
purple, or a mixture of those two colours and white. When the spines
are cleared off, the shell is found to differ in having only one primary
tubercle to each interambulacral plate, while in Drbbachiensis there are

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUN1CATA, ETC. 315

three or four tubercles much larger than the rest, the central one being
only slightly larger than the lateral.

Jlrissopsis lyrifera (Forbes) = Brissus lyrifer, Forbes, British Starfishes,
p. 187, — Brissopsis lyrifera, Sars, Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer,
p. 96. On the Unst and Whalsey Skerries Haafs ; also in St. Magnus
Bay.

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant) =Amphidotus cordatus, Forbes, British
Starfishes, p. 190, = Echinocardium cordatum, Gray, List Brit. Anim. in
Brit. Mus. Radiated Animals, p. 6. Only two or three specimens ob-
served, probably because our dredging was almost wholly confined to
deep water.

pennatifidum, Norman, =Amphidotus gibbosus, Barrett, Ann. Nat. Hist.

2nd ser. vol. xix. (1857), p. 33, pi. vii. fig. 2 (but not A. gibbosus of
Agassiz) .

This species is certainly not A. gibbosus of Agassiz. It is widely
different from E. cordatum, but closely allied to A. ovatum, than which
it is much larger and different in many particulars. The name I pro-
pose for it is in allusion to the beautiful pennatifid pedicellarise with
which it is furnished, and which are wholly unlike those of E. ovatum.
The specimen procured by Barrett was " dredged in 25 fathoms on the
south side of Bressay Island, Shetland, on a coarse sandy bottom." I
have myself seen three specimens of the species from as many different
localities, one dredged by myself in 1867 in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland,
another procured by Mr. D. Robertson in the Clyde district, and the third
obtained by Mr. Hodge off the Northumberland coast.

— - ovatum (Leske)=A/mphidotus roseus, Forbes, British Starfishes, p. 196.
Very common in deep water, 40-140 fathoms.

Spatangus purpureus (MUller). Common in deep water, down to 100 fa-
thoms.

.1 meridionals, Risso, Hist. Nat. de 1'Europe Meridionale, vol. v. (1826)
p. 280 ; Sars, Middlehavets Littoral Fauna (1857), p. 118.

Very near to S. purpureus, but the shell much higher and more
tumid dorsally, and the hinder portion more produced and narrower in
comparison with the anterior extremity. The colour is much deeper,
being of a very deep purple hue in every part ; the larger spines of the
interambulacral areas are not conspicuously larger and longer than the
rest ; the ambulacral fascioles are very narrowly lanceolate, four and a
half to six times as long as broad, and thus much longer in proportion to
their breadth than in S. purpureus, in which they are from twice and a half
to thrice and a half or, very rarely, four times as long as broad *. The
following give the respective dimensions of the parts in two specimens
of the same length : —

Fascicle Fascicle
Long. Wide. High. long. wide.

inches. inches. inches. inch. inch.

S. meridionalis 3| .... 3T% .... 2-jL .... 1^- .... -f^

S. purpureus 3J 3^ 1-JL 1^- .... ^

The specimens measured were selected at random from a number, merely
as being of exactly the same length, and thus calculated to give a fair
idea of the specific differences.

* These measurements are taken from one of the anterior fascioles ;and give the extreme
breadth and height to the outside edge of the pores.

316 REPORT— 1868.

The discovery of this species in the Shetland sea is of very high
interest. It is one of several instances of large conspicuous Mediterra-
nean species turning up in 'the great depths of these northern waters, and
which as yet are unknown at intermediate localities. S. meridional-is
was dredged in 100-140 fathoms, 25-35 miles N.N.W. of Burrafirth
Lighthouse, in company with Cidaris papillata, Archaster Parelii, Nor-
rnania crassa, Tsodictya laciniosa, liaphioderma coacervata, &c.

EcJiinocyamus angulosus, Leske, = Echinocyamus pusillus, Forbes, British
Starfishes, p. 175. Common.

Echinarachnius placenta, Gmelin ; Fleming, British Animals, p. 479 ; Forbes,
British Starfishes, p. 178. " Isle of Foulah, very rare, Professor Jame-
son " (Fleming).

Order HOLOTHUBOIDEA.

Psolus phantapus (Linn.). Frequent. The young of this species has been
mistaken by British naturalists for P. squama tus of Scandinavian authors,
a species which, though several times recorded, has not yet been found
in the British seas.

Psolinus brevis, Forbes & Goodsir. " Discovered by Mr. Goodsir and myself
in the Shetland seas, adhering to the stems of Laminarite" (E. Forbes).
I believe this genus and species to be founded on the young of a Cu-
cumaria.

Cucumaria frondosa (Gunner). Occurs in marvellous abundance in one par-
ticular part of Bressay Sound. " Peter," who was Forbes's dredger, was
indeed true to his word when he stated to me no man knew as he did
where the " Puddings " were. The contents of the dredge on the very
first haul was a sight not soon to be forgotten. It was literally filled
with C. frondosa. There rolled out upon the deck thirty or more of
these huge, deep purple, smooth, slimy Holothurians, measuring from
10 to 18 inches long, in every state of expansion and contraction, evi-
dently greatly discomposed at their novel situation, and in their hurry
to withdraw their much-branched tentacles and make things as snug as
they could, squirting out streams of water from their capacious maws.

• fucicola (Forbes <fe Goodsir). The type specimens were found not un-
commonly " in Bressay Sound, Shetland, in 7 fathoms water, adhering
to the stems of LaminariaB," and thus in the same locality with C. fron-
dosa. Yon Diiben andKoren (Ofversigt af Skandinav. Echinod. p. 294)
referred this species to the young of C. frondosa, and their synonymy
has been copied by all subsequent writers without inquiry. But the
young of C. frondosa is like the adult, in that " corpus, collum et pedum
latera teguntur gmnulis calcareis, irregularibus, difformibus, nunquam
perforatis," which is not the case with C. fucicola. Specimens of this
species, procured by myself in the typical locality, have the skin supplied
with calcareous plates, which are very irregular in form and size, but
when fully developed are nearly round, rather longer, however, than
broad, and perforated with as many as 30-40 holes. The sides of the
feet are likewise furnished with the irregular- shaped, elongated, perfo-
rated plates common in this position in the different species of the genus ;
but these feet-spicules I have also observed sparingly present in the
young of C. frondosa, though in the passage above quoted Diiben and
Koren deny their existence.

fusiformis (Forbes & Goodsir). Forbes, British Starfishes, p. 219, =

Cucumaria elongata, Von Diiben & Koren, Ofversigt af Skandinav,

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA,, TUNICATA, ETC. 317

Echinod. p. 301, pi. xi. fig. 56 b, and pi. iv. figs 14 A & 14 B; Sars,
Middlehavets Littoral Fauna, p. 132, pi. ii. figs. 44-48 ; Oversigt af
Norges Ecliinodermer, p. 101 ; Alder, Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club,
vol. iv. p. 43, pi. ii. figs. 3, 4. Common, more particularly so in St.
Magnus Bay.

Cucumana Hyndmanni (Thompson). Common in deep water.

lactea (Forbes & Goodsir) = Ocnus lacteus, Forbes. British Starfishes,

p. 2'3L, = Cucumaria lactea, Von Diiben & Koren, Ofversigt af Skandi-
nav. Echinod. p. 297, pi. xi. fig. 55, and pi. iv. figs. 3-7. Common.

Thyonidium commune (Forbes & Goodsir) = Cucumaria commune, Forbes,
British Starfishes, p. 217 (but not Thyonidium commune, Yon Diiben &
Koren, Ofversigt af Skandinav. Echinod. p. 305, pi. xi. fig. 51, and pi. iv.
figs. 18-23).

A single specimen in St. Magnus Bay, 1867. In this species there
are spicules present in the skin, and those of the tentacles are of entirely
different structure from those described and figured by Von Diiben and
Koreii in the Scandinavian species, for which 1 would propose the name
Thyonidium Dubeni. In T. commune the skin is covered with table-
formed spicules, which have the lid round, or nearly round, with an un-
usually even rim, and the perforations numerous, very small and round;
the legs are four, connected at the foot, and each there divided. The
tentacles, instead of being covered with spicula of considerable size, as in
T. Dubeni, have only very small spicules imbedded in their substance, of
the same character and nearly the same form as those of Thyone fusus,
but of still smaller size.

hyalinum (Forbes) = Cucumaria hycdina, Forbes, British Starfishes,

p. 221, = Thyonidium pellucidum, Von Diiben & Koren, Ofversigt af
Skandinav. Echinod. p. 303, pi. xi. fig. 57, and pi. iv. figs. 15-17 (but
not Holothuria pellucidci, Vahl, Zool. Dan. pi. cxxxv., which is Chirodota
pellucida, Sars, Oversigt af Norges Echinod. p. 124, pis. xiv.-xvi., = Chi-
rodota Icevis, Liitken, Gronl. Echinod. p. 16). Not rare on the Haaf ;
also in St. Magnus Bay, and the Whalsey Haddock -ground.

Thy one fusus (Miiller) = Holothuria fusus, Miiller, Zool. Dan. pi. x. figs. 5, 6,
= Holothuria papillosa, Abildgaard, Zool. Dan. pi. cviii. fig. 5, = Thy one
papillosa, Forbes, British Starfishes, p. 233, = T hy one fusus, Von Diiben
& Koren, Ofversigt af Skandinav. Echinod. p. 308, pi. xi. fig. 52, and
pi. v. figs. 42-48.

Far from common ; Whalsey Skerries Haddock-ground, and St. Mag-
nus Bay.

raphanus, Von Diiben & Koren, Ofversigt af S.kandinav. Echinod. p. 311,

pi. xi. figs. 58, 59, and pi. v. figs. 49-55 ; Sars, Oversigt af Norges
Echinod. p. 112.

Common in deep water.

elegans, n. sp. Length 1-2 inches. Body smooth ; skin thin, very de-
licate, totally devoid of all calcareous imbedded spicula ; feet numerous,
but not crowded, scattered all over the body, their sides without spicula,
but a large round spiculum at the extremity. This spiculum has
round perforations in the centre, exterior to these a circle of large ra-
diating wedge-shaped openings, the spaces between them very narrow ;
and exterior to these again, and close within the edge, a few small per-
forations, the length of which is in the opposite direction to that of the
radiating openings, each of them forming a minute segment of a semi-
circle. Tentacula 10 (8 long and 2 very short), completely clothed in a

318 REPORT— 1868.

scaly investiture of irregular- shaped cribriform calcareous plates. Found
in St. Magnus Bay, and also on the Balta Haddock-ground.

Synapta digitata (Montagu) — ^hirodota digitata, Forbes, British Starfishes,
p. 239.

A vinous-purple Synapta, which was taken in 1861 in 40 fathoms,
about 5 miles north of the Whalsey Lighthouse, and also on the Out
Skerries Outer Haaf, I cannot distinguish by any other character except
colour from 8. digitata, to which, therefore, I assign it as a variety.

inhcerens (Miiller) = Holotlmria inhcerens, Miiller, Zool. Dan. pi. xxxi.

figs. 1-7 ; Yon Diiben & Koren, Ofversigt af Skand. Echinod. p. 322,
pi. v. figs. 56-62 ; Woodward & Barrett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 363.
St. Magnus Bay, 1867 ; two or three specimens.

Class ACTINOZOA.

In the Zoantharia the arrangement of Gosse's ' History of British Sea
Anemones and Corals ' is followed, and in the Alcyonaria Johnston's * British
Zoophytes.'

Order ZOANTHARIA.

Actinoloba dianfhus (Ellis). In extraordinary profusion in the caves at

Burrafirth ; also under rocks between tide-marks.
Sagartia troglodytes (Johnston). In crevices of rocks between tide-marks to

the south of Lerwick.
viduata (Miiller). " Common, low water to 15 fathoms, Out Skerries,

Unst, and Dourie Yoe, 1864 " (fide Peach in litt.).
Adamsia palliata (Bohadsch). Haddock-grounds, common.
Actinia mesembryanthemum, Ellis & Sol.
intestinalis, Fleming. An obscure species. Fleming says of it, " It

adheres to rocks at low- water mark, Zetland " (Johnston, Brit. Zooph.

p. 219).
vermicular is, Forbes. " Dredged in 50 fathoms by Mr. M'Andrew and

myself between Sombro' Head (Zetland) and Fair Island ; also in 80 fa-
thoms, west of Zetland," Professor E. Forbes (Johnston, Brit. Zooph.

p. 222, pi. xxxviii. figs. 2-5).
Bulocera Tuedice (Johnston). A very fine specimen on the Haddock-ground

to the north of the Out Skerries in 40-50 fathoms, and another off Unst

The detached tentacles are much more frequently met with.
eques, Gosse. A magnificent specimen dredged in 1863 in 80 fathoms

to the north of Unst, and again obtained by Mr. Peach in 1864 near the

same place, in 100 fathoms.
Tealia digitata (Miiller). Very abundant on the Outer Skerries Haaf,

attached to shells of the rarest univalve Mollusca, Fasus Islandicus

(true), F. Berniciensis, F. Norvegicus, Buccinopsis Dalei, as well as to

those of the more common Fmi, and of the deep -water form of Bucci-

num undatum.

crassicornis, Miiller.

Stompliia Churchice, Gosse. In 110 fathoms, sandy ground, on the Outer

Haaf off Unst, 1864 (fide Peach), and St. Magnus Bay, 1867.
Arachnactis albida, Sars. "Abundantly in the towing-net, 1862" (Allman

in litt.).
Corynactisviridis, Allman. Yery local, on the spot between tide-marks, Out

Skerries, and in about 10 fathoms. Mr. Peach tells me he found it in

1864 on a stone dredged in 100 fathoms off Unst.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 319

Zoanthus incrustatus (Diiben & Koren) = Dysidea papillosa, Johnston, Brit.
Zooph. p. 190 partly and woodcut (not pi. xvi. figs. 6, 7), —Epizo-
anthus papillosus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 237, =Zoanthus Cou-
chii, var. dijfusa, Gosse, Brit. Sea Anem. p. 298, pi. ix. fig. 10, =Zo-
anihus Couchii (partly), Holds worth, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. iv.
1859, p. 153, =Mammillifera incrustata, Diiben & Koren, Ofversigt
af K. Yet. Akad. Forh. 1844, p. 115 ; Sars, Reise i Lofot. og Finm.
p. 142; and Forh. ved Skand. Naturf. Mode i Kjobenh. 1860, p. 691,
= Zoanthus incrustatus, Sars, Bemcerk. over norske Ccelenterater (Yi-
denskabs Forhandl. Christ. 1860), p. 2.

This species is well described by Sars, and is certainly, I think,
distinct from Z. Couchii. Johnston described it as a sponge, including
with it the form which he subsequently redescribed as an Actinozoou
under the name Zoanthus Couchii. Both these names, therefore, cannot be
retained, and that of Diiben and Koren must be adopted for the present
species. It is found in immense profusion 5-8 miles east of Balta in
40-50 fathoms, inhabited by Pagurus Icevis ; also in St. Magnus Bay.

anyuicoma, n. sp. Ccenoecium coating sponges, on which it creeps in

strip-like bands, from which at various intervals (generally very short)
arise the polyps ; column 3-5 times as high as broad, slightly expanded
above, external surface of summit with about 18 radiating corrugations.
Tentacles in two rows, about 34, very long and extensile, more than
equal diameter of disk when fully expanded, gradually attenuating to
very slender points. Cuticle with sand imbedded in the surface, but not
very firm. Colour pinkish white.

Living on the Sponges, Phakellia ventilabrum and robusta, Normania
crassa, Oceanapia Jeffreysii, &c., in very deep water, 110-170 fathoms,
20-25 miles N.N.W. of Burrafirth Lighthouse.

Certainly distinct from the last, which has the tentacles very short
and rarely extended beyond the mouth ; indeed I question if they ever
are. I have watched the species alive, but have never seen them pro-
truded to any extent ; and Sars says of them, " Pars protractilis poly-
perum tentaculis munita 36-40 biserialibus, alternantibus, elongato-
conicis, acuminatis, laevibus (haud verrucosis) superioribus longitudine
dimidiam partem diametri disci oralis aequantibus, inferioribus brevio-
ribus." In Zoanthus anguicoma, on the contrary, they are long, slender,
and very extensile, and a colony of the species with the polyps expanded
is a very pretty sight.

Sidisia Barleei, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 532, pi. x. fig. 6, and id.
ibid. 1867, p. 237.

Taken abundantly in company with Zoanthus incrustatus, of which I
was at one time inclined to consider it a variety ; but more careful ex-
amination and dissection has convinced me that there are certain di-
stinctions between the two besides the fact of Sidisia being a free-living,
unattached form. Whether those distinctions are specific or sexual
(which, I think, may be the case), a careful examination of the living
animal must hereafter determine.

CaryophyUea Smithii (Stokes). The variety lorealis, Fleming (Brit. Anim.
p. 509 ; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 195), occurs in many places in extraor-
dinary abundance on the Shetland Haaf. It ordinarily attaches itself
to the shells of Ditrupa, but sometimes on stones, and then the base is
generally broader, and the coral approaches more closely to the ordinary
littoral form. Although I have traced this species over some hundred

320 REPORT 1868.

square miles of sea-bottom, the great mass of the specimens procured
are dead; but on one occasion, about 10 miles east of Balta, in 70
fathoms, the dredge came up containing literally thousands of living
Caryophyllese.

Paracyathus thulensis, Gosse. The type specimen was " dredged by Dr.
Howden off Ord Head, in Bressay Sound, Shetland, in 30-40 fathoms,
on a bottom of small stones, to one of which it was attached " (Gosse).

Ulocyathus arcticus, Sars. Forty miles east of Whalsey Lighthouse, in 80-
100 fathoms, sandy ground, 1861 ; and one specimen 70-100 fathoms,
Unst Haaf, 1864.

Lophohelia prolifera (Linn.). Besides the specimen in the Newcastle Mu-
seum (Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 251) a second fine Shetland example is
now in the British Museum, which was procured some years ago by Dr.
Edmonston from the Unst fishermen, and by him given to Mr. Jeffreys,
who presented it to the British Museum.

Order ALCYONARIA.

Vennatula phosphorea, Linn. In great profusion, in 30-60 fathoms, in St.

Magnus Bay, on a very muddy bottom ; an occasional specimen now

and then taken elsewhere.

Virgularia mirabilis (Linn.). On Haddock- grounds, frequent.
Gorgonia pinnata, Linn. A specimen in British Museum. "Zetland, E.

Forbes, Esq. Presented by G. Johnston, M.D." (Cat. Brit. Radiated

Anim. p. 56).
Primnoa lepadifera (Linn.). "Coasts of Shetland, Jameson" (Johnston,

Brit. Zooph. p. 171).
Alcyonium digitatum, Linn.
glomeratum, Hassall. An orange Alcyonium from a cave at Hillswick

seems to be referable to this. " Rocks, Out Skerries and Balta Sound "

(Peach in litt.).
Rhizoocenia catenata (Forbes). Dourie Voe, and 1 mile N.E. of Whalsey

Lighthouse; also off Balta. This is the Sarcodictyon catenata of Johnston.

Order CTENOPHORA.
Idyia cucumis (Fabr.). Frequent, towing-net.

Class HYDROZOA.

All existing British works are now so far in arrear that I could not with
any degree of satisfaction follow the arrangement given in them. At my
request, therefore, Mr. Hincks has kindly supplied me with a MS. copy of
"the classification which he will propose in his forthcoming work on the Hy-
droida, and this I have adopted in the following Report.

Order LUCERNARIADA.

A-urelia aurita (Muller).

Cyanea capillata (Lamk.).

Lucernaria quadricornis (Muller). On Fuci at low water, Bressay Sound, and

Unst.
auricula, 0. Fabr. " Tide-marks, on weeds, Out Skerries, found by Miss

Jeffreys " (Peach in litt.).
Carduella cyatliiformis (Sars). Professor Allman tells me that he found this

species in 1862.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC.

Order GYMNOCHROA.
Hydra viridis, Linn. In ponds and weedy lakes.

Order THECAPHORA.

Hydrallmania falcata (Linn.).

Plumularia pinnata (Linn.).

— helecioides, Alder. Found by Mr. Bailee in 1858 (fide Alder, Ann. Nat.
Hist. Feb. 1860, in note under Camp, fastiyiata).

setacea (Ellis). Not common.

Catharina, Johnston. In great abundance, 40-73 fathoms, 5-10 miles

east of Balta ; also Dourie Voe, &c.

frutescens (Ellis <fc Sol.). Frequent, but the specimens usually small,

Middle and Outer Haafs, 40-80 fathoms.

Aglaophenia myriophyllum (Linn.). Not uncommon, and often very fine.

Antennularia antennina (Linn.). Rare in Shetland, while the next is
common.

ramosa (Lamx.).

Thuiaria thuia (Linn.). Frequent in about 40-50 fathoms.

articulata (Pallas). Rare, Middle Haaf.

Sertularella Gayi, Lamx. Common, Middle Haaf.

polyzonias (Linn.). Common.

tenella (Alder). Parasitic on Tiibularia indivisa.

rugosa (Linn.). Creeping on sponges, tide-marks, abundant in Halse

Hellyer, Burrafirth.

DipTiasia rosacea (Linn.). Off Balta Sound, and in the Burrafirth caves.

r alata, Hincks. Dredged one mile north of Whalsey Lighthouse, 40 fa-
thoms, and also to the north of Unst.

pinaster (Ellis & Sol.) <$ =S. Maryareta, Hassall $ . Common in 40-

80 fathoms.

tamarisca (Linn.). Frequent, 40-90 fathoms.

fallax (Johnston). Rare, 1861.

fSertularia pumila, Linn. At low water, common on Fuci.

abietina, Linn.

filicula, Ellis & Sol. "Barlee,. 1858" (fide Alder in litt.) ; " 50-100 fa-
thoms, rare, Out Skerries and Unst, 1864 " (Peach in litt.).

gracilis, Hassall. Found in 1861, the exact habitat forgotten.

operculata, Linn.

aryentea, Ellis & Sol. Lerwick Sound, and off Balta.

. cupressina, Linn. Balta Sound and Burrafirth caves, not common, and

small.

Halecium halecinum (Linn.).

Beanii, Johnston. Frequent.

labrosum, Alder. A fine specimen procured by Mr. Barlee in 1858, and

again taken by myself in 1861, in deep water, to the north of Unst.

muricatum (Ellis & Sol.). A fragment procured by me in 1861 off

Unst, and submitted to Mr. Alder, was thought by him to be referable
to this species, although, as it did not bear any gonophores, some doubt
attaches to the identification.

Salacia abietina (M. Sars) = Grammaria ramosa, Alder. The genus Salacia,
Lamx., takes precedence of Grammaria, Stimpson.

Frequent, 40 fathoms, Middle Haaf, and a little to the north of
Whalsey Lighthouse.

322 REPORT— 1868.

Filellum serpens (Hassall) = Reticularia serpens. The generic title Reticularia
being preoccupied, Mr. Hincks substitutes Filellum for it. Creeping on
the stems of Secularise, &c., in the Burrafirth caves.

Lafoea dumosa (Fleming).

fruticosa, $&rs = Campanularia qracillima, Alder. Rare, Outer Haaf,

off Whalsey Skerries, and 5-8 miles off Balta, 40-50 fathoms.

Calycella syringa (Linn.). " Shetland, 1858, Barlee " (fide Alder in litt.).
— fastigiata, Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. v. 1860, Feb. pi. v.
fig. 1. Described from specimens procured by Mr. Barlee in 1858 ;
again found by myself in 1863 and 1867, creeping on the stems of the
larger Hydrozoa.

Cuspidella humilis, Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1866, p. 298. Found by
Mr. Hincks and myself on stems of Zoophytes.

grandis, Hincks. " A new species which has occurred in some dredg-

ings from Connemara of G. S. Brady's, and in Shetland, teste Mr. Alder.
I do not know the history of the specimens, but you know the accuracy
his labellings " (Hincks in litt.).

Campanularia flexuosa (Hincks) = Laomedea flepuosa. Common, between
tide-marks, on Fuci.

neglecta (Alder). Eare, Unst.

volubilis (Linn.). On LaminariEe, in Bressay Sound, in 3-5 fathoms.

integra (Macg.). Parasitic on Tubularia indivisa, at extreme low

water, in the Burrafirth caves.

vertidllata (Linn.) Rare, found in 1861.

Hincksii, Alder. Identified by Mr. Alder among the Zoophytes pro-
cured by Mr. Barlee in 1858.

Cfytia Jolmstoni (Alder). Bressay Sound and Unst.

Obelia longissima (Pallas). 5-10 miles east of Balta, in 40-73 fathoms.

geniculata (Linn.). I insert this species with doubt. In the MS. list

of species procured in 1861, I entered "Laomedea geniculata, var." as
common on Laminarias in Bressay Sound. I have not specimens pre-
served, and they may perhaps have belonged to one of the forms lately
elevated to specific rank.

gelatinosa (Pallas). The specimen from which Johnston's plate xxvii.

was drawn was procured by Dr. Coldstream in Shetland (vide p. 105).

plicata, Hincks. " One of the new species I met with in the large

bottle of Shetland Hydrozoa sent me by Mr. Jeffreys. The precise
place was not marked on it. This Obelia is a very splendid one "
(Hincks in litt.).

Gonothyrcea Loveni, Allman. Once found, 1861.

hyalina, Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1866, p. 297. " Profusely in-
vesting Tubularia, Halecium, &c., from Shetland. I am indebted to J.
Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq., for my specimens " (Hincks, I. c.).

Order ATHECATA.

Clava multicornis (Forsk°l). Abundant between tide-marks, Lerwick, on
Fuci • also at Balta Sound.

squamata (Miiller). With the last at Balta Sound, 1867. Determined

for me by Professor Allman.

cornea, S. Wright. With G. multicornis, at Lerwick, in 1861. Ex-
amined and named by Mr. Alder. I have not the specimens at hand to
reexamine ; and as the members of this genus have been much mis-

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 323

understood, it is probable ' that the specimens here called cornea are
referable to squnmata.

Clava dijfusa, Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xi. 1863, p. 8 ; Brit.
Assoc. Eep. 1862 (1863), p. 101. " Eock-pools, at low spring tides,
Out Skerries " (Allman).

Tubidava cornucopia?, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. p. 82, pi. ix.
figs. 4, 5, =Merona cornucopia, id. ibid. 3rd ser. vol. xv. p. 262. On
Astarte sulcata and Dentalium entale, 20 miles north of Unst, in 80—100
fathoms, 1863 ; St. Magnus Bay, and 5-8 miles east of Balta, in 40-50
fathoms on Dentalium, 1867.

Hydractinia echinata (Fleming).

Podocoryne areolata ( Alder) = Hydractinia areolata, Alder, Trans. Tyn. Nat.
Field Club, vol. v. p. 225. pi. ix. figs. 1-4, =~Rhizocline areolata, Allman,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. (May, 1864). A specimen investing
the shell of Natica Grcenlandica found in 1863, 10 miles east of Balta,
in 73 fathoms.

Coryne pusilla, G&rtner=Sarsia tubulosa, Forbes, Naked-eyed Medusae (the
gonosome), jide L. Agassiz.

Tide-marks, Balta Sound, 1867 ; the ordinary form, and also a slender
Variety of the species.

" nutans, Allman, n. sp. TropJiosome — Hydrocaulus attaining a height

of about 4 lines, much branched; branches subalternately disposed,
deeply and distinctly annulated, the annulations of hydrocaulus becoming
less distinctly marked towards the base. Polypites depressed on one
side of the stalk, so as to assume a nutant posture, ovate, with about
15 tentacula. Gonosome unknown.

" Our ignorance of the gonosome renders the allocation of the present
hydroid in the genus Coryne a merely provisional one .... Its tro-
phosome resembles that of Coryne pusilla, but is smaller, while the hy-
dranths droop upon their stalks in a characteristic way not noticeable
in C. pusilla" (Allman in litt.). Found in 1863 in the caves atBurra-
firth, especially in Halse Hellyer, where it lives abundantly, with the base
of the hydrocaulus immersed in sponges which coat the sides of the cave
from extreme low- water mark to about half- tide.

vermicularis, Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1866, p. 296. « Shetland,

from deep water " (Hincks).

ramosa, Ehrenberg. Procured in 1863 ; the specimen identified by Mr.

Alder.

Syncoryne eximia (Allman). " Shetland, 1864, Peach "(fide Alder in litt.).

Eudenclrium rameum (Pallas).

ramosum (Linn.).

— annulatum, Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. p. 83, pi. ix. figs.
1-3. The type specimens procured in 1863 in " Buness Hall," one of
the caves of Burrafirth, at extreme low water, spring tides.

vaginatum, Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xi. (1863) p. 10;

Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1862 (1863), p. 102. "Eock-pools, extreme low
water, spring tides, Shetland" (Allman); also 40-50 fathoms off Balta,
1867 (A. M. N.), the specimen determined by Prof. Allman.

Coppinia arcta, Dalyell, or Sertularia abietina, Halecium halecinum, &c.
In a paper read this year (1868) at the Brit. Assoc. Meeting, Prof.
Allman showed that Coppinia is a Tubularian and not a Campanularian.

Perigonimus minutus, Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xi. (1863) p. 11 ;
Brit. Assoc. Eep. 1862 (1863), p. 102. " Forming a fringe round the

324 REPORT — 1868.

edge of the operculum of Turritella communis, dredged in Basta Yoe,
Shetland. Out of between1 twenty and thirty specimens of living Tur-
ritella examined, not one was free from this remarkable little Zoophyte "
(Allman). Mr. Hincks tells me that he has identified this species with
Perigonimus repens, Allman, but that Prof. Allman dissents. This being
so, I think it better to retain here the name of minutus given to the
Shetland specimen.

Garveia nutans, S. Wright = Eudendrium (Corythamniuni) bacciferum, All-
man. " Very fine, amongst a number of Zoophytes from Shetland, sent
me by Mr. Busk. In the bottle containing it was also the Coryne ver-
micularis, Hincks, and Zoanthus incrustatus, which I am glad to see you
recognize as a distinct species. I have taken the same view in my Devon
Catalogue, in a note on Cellepora edax. I do not know the precise
locality in which these things were found " (Hincks in litt.).

Dicoryne conferta, Alder. Abundant on shells, especially of Aporrhais pes-
pelecani, dredged in 40-50 fathoms 5-7 miles off Balta, and in St. Mag-
nus Bay.

Tubularia indivisa, Linn. In great abundance at low water, spring tides, in
the Burrafirth caves, also dredged in 50-60 fathoms.

bellis, Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xi. 1863, p. 12 ; Brit.

Assoc. Rep. 1862 (1863), p. 103. " Bottom of rock-pools at extreme
low water, spring tides, Shetland " (Allman).

attenuata, Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiv. p. 60. " Dredged

from about 50 fathoms in the Shetland seas" (Allman). In 1867 I pro-
cured a Tubularia in some quantity 5-8 miles to the east of Balta, which,
not being able to recognize, I sent to Prof. Allman to examine. He refers
it to the present species, and writes : " It has certain distinctive features
it is true, but nothing which I regard as sufficient to separate it from
T. attenuata. The specimens on which I founded this species were
male, while your specimens are female ; and I believe that the difference
in the gonosome between the two forms may be sufficiently explained
by referring them to a difference of sex."

coronata, Yan Ben., = T. gracilis, Harvey. Haddock-ground, Out Sker-

„ ries and Unst.

• larynx, Ellis & Sol. Caves at Burrafirth, spring tides, and 5-7 miles

east of Balta, in 40-50 fathoms, on Tubularia indivisa.

Corymorpha nutans, Forbes & Goodsir. 5-7 fathoms in Balta Sound.

Order CALYCOPHORIDA.

Diphyes (? appendiculata, Eschscholtz) . A beautiful Diphyes, the nectosacs of
which were of a delicate rose-colour, occurred in profusion in the open
sea, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Unst, in July 1867. Unfortunately, as
I had no works with me at the time, I am unable to identify the
species. The rapidity in its growth was most extraordinary ; the coe-
nosarc of a specimen kept alive was developed nearly 3 inches in a
single night.

Order PHYSOPHORIDA.

Physophora (? borealis, Sars, BemaBrkninger over norske Ccelenterater [Yi-
denskabs Forh. i Christiania, 1860], p. 8). Found on the same occasion
with the preceding ; I much regret being unable to determine the species
of the first member of this very interesting order that has been observed
in our seas. On the only occasion on which I saw the Physophora, the

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 325

sight, looking over the yacht's side, was a thing never to be forgotten.
The sea was swarming with myriads of the Pliysophora, Diphyes, Cydippe,
and allies, Cyanea, Aurelia, &c., and long chains of Salpa runci-
nata. Among the animals observed that evening was a Medusa (using
that word in a class sense) which was quite unlike any genus that I am
acquainted with, — a little flat plate, about tho size of a threepenny piece,
with very numerous long tentacles round its edge, the whole animal
perfectly transparent and colourless.

NAKED-EYED MEDUSA.

Although the following species ought to be incorporated with and inserted
in their proper places among the preceding Hydrozoa, yet our knowledge
being at present confined to the gonosome, it is not possible to allocate them
with any degree of precision. I have thought it better therefore to keep
them together here, leaving future discoverers, who shall become acquainted
with the trophosomes, to assign them their respective places. My own
time in Shetland was too much taken up with other animals to allow me to
study these Medusoids. The following list contains the species observed in
Shetland by Forbes, as recorded in his ' British Naked-eyed Medusae ;' but I
have arranged them more in accordance with our present state of knowledge,
throwing them into the families and genera to which they are referred by
Prof. L. Agassiz in his * Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States,' vol. iv. 1862, and by his son, Alexander Agassiz, in his ' Illustrated
Catalogue of North American Acalephae,' 1865.

Order THECAPHORA, Hincks.

Fam. OCEANID^;, Esch.

Genus PLATYPYXIS.

Thaumantlas ceronautica, Forbes. " Off Bressay, and in Hamna Voe in
Papa" (Forbes).

maculata, Forbes. " Sound of Bressay, but not plentiful " (Forbes).

Not hitherto observed elsewhere.

— globosa, Forbes. " Very abundant in the harbours on both sides of the
Shetland Isles " (Forbes). Not as yet noticed elsewhere.

melanops, Forbes. " Has hitherto occurred only in the Zetland seas,

and is not very common there " (Forbes).

L. Agassiz considers the above four species to be referable to Pla-
typyxis, L. Agass., or the closely allied genera Clytia, Lamx., or
Wriyhtia, L. Agass. ; but the younger Agassiz subsequently writes (Cat.
North Amer. Acalephas, p. 103), " may not the T. gibbosa of Forbes be a
young Halopsis? They resemble the young of this species (Halopsis
cruciata, A. Agass.) ; also T. ylobosa, and perhaps T. pilosella"

Genus OCEANIA, Per. & Les. (restricted).

Thaumantias JiemispTwerica, Forbes. " Zetland, where they abound in the bays
and harbours " (E. F.). This species is considered by L. A. to be synony-
mous with Oceania phosphorica, Peron & Les. and the T. inconspicua, T.
lineata, T. punctata, T. pileata, and T. Sarnica are said to be probably
different stages of growth only of T. hemisphcerica.

lineata, Forbes. " Taken in the Zetland seas in 1846, but not found

common" (E. F.).

convexa, Forbes. " A very common species in the Zetland seas " (E. F.).

" May be a distinct species " (L. A.).

326 KEPORT— 1868.

Fam. EUCOPID^E, Gegenb. (restricted^).
Genus EUCOPE, L. Agass.

Eucope lutifera (Forbes) , = Thaumantias lucifera, Forbes. " Zetland " (E. F.).
11 Laomedeagenicidata, Gosse, Devon, pi. iv., and Campanularia gelatinosa,
Yan Ben. pi. i. & ii., may be the young of this species " (L. Agass.).

Fam. LAODICEIDJS, L. Agass.
Genus LAODICEA, Lesson.

Laodicea stauroglypha (Per. & Les.) = Thaumantias (Cosmetira) pilosella,
Forbes. " Yery abundant in the bays and harbours of Zetland, espe-
cially in the Sound of Bressay, where it is the most common species of
the genus" (E. F.).

Earn. TKACHYNEMID-ZE, Gegenb.
Genus TBACHTNEMA, Gegenb. (vide A. Agass. Cat. p. 54).

Trachynema rosea (Forbes) = Circe rosea, Forbes; the generic name Circe pre-
occupied for a genus of Acephalous Mollusca. " The first specimen was
taken by Mr. M' Andrew and myself in the Zetland seas, in August
1845, off Yella, 7 miles from land. We afterwards met with several in
Bressay Sound, on the opposite coast of the mainland " (E. F.).

Order ATHECATA, Hincks.

Earn. NTJCLEIFERJE, Lesson.

Genus STOMATOCA, L. Agass.

Stomatoca dinema (Forbes) =Saplienia dinema, Forbes (but not Esch.),=
Saphenia Titania, Gosse, Devon, pi. xxvi. figs. 7-9. " Near Hillswick,
on the western coast of Zetland, in 1845 " (E. F.).

Genus PANDEA, Less, (restricted, L. A. p. 347).

Pandea globulosa (Forbes) = Oceania globulosa, Forbes. "I procured two
specimens of this singular Oceania in the Sound of Bressay, in 1835 "
(E. F.).

Genus TIARA, Lesson.

Tiara octona (Fleming) = Oceania octona, Forbes. " In the seas near the
east coast of Zetland" (E. F.). " Oceania saltatoria, Sars, 0. turrita,
and 0. episcopalis, Forbes, Nak. Med. pi. ii. figs. 2 & 3, are probably
different stages of growth of this species " (L. Agassiz, p. 347).

• turrita (Forbes) = Oceania turrita, Forbes. "Taken in the Zetland

seas in 1845 " (E. F.).

episcopalis (Forbes) = Oceania episcopalis, Forbes. " This beautiful

Medusa was taken in the neighbourhood of the western line of bank,
40 miles from the mainland of Zetland, in the autumn of 1845 " (E. F.).

lurris digitalis, Forbes. Procured by E. Forbes "in the autumn of 1845,
in the Sound of Bressay." It is not, according to A. Agassiz (Cat. North
Amer. Acal. p. 59), the Medusa digitalis of 0. Fab. to which Forbes
refers it. Fabricius's species is the Trachynema digitate of A. Agassiz.
The trophosome of this genus is Clavula of S. Wright.

Fam. BOUGAINVILLIAD^:, Liitken.

Lizzia octopunctata (Sars). " Swarms in the bays of the eastern and western
coasts of Zetland. I have not met with it elsewhere " (E. F.).

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 327

Lizzia blondina, Forbes. " First met with in the Sound of Bressay, and after-
wards off Fitful Head " (E. F.).

Genus MAEGELIS, Steenstrup.

Margelis ramosa (Daly ell) = Tubular -la ramosa, Dalyell, and Medusa ocilia,
Dalyell, pi. xi., =Bougainvillia Brittanica, Forbes. " Zetland " (E. F.).

nigritella (ForbQsy=Bougainvillia nigritella, Forbes. "Discovered by

Mr. M 'Andrew and myself in the Sound of Bressay, Zetland, during the
autumn of 1845" (E. F.). ( Vide also for remarks on this genus, A. Agass.
Cat. p. 157, and Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii. May 1864).

Fam. TTTBTJLARIAD^), Johnston (restricted).

Sarsia gemmifera, Forbes. " Several specimens in the Zetland seas, by Mr.

M'Andrew and myself in 1845 " (E. F.). " Sarsia gemmifera, Forbes,

Nak. Med, pi. vii. fig. 2, and Sarsia prolifera, Forbes, Nak. Med. pi. vii.

fig. 3, may belong to this genus (i. e. Hybocodon, L. Agass.), or form

another distinct group " (L. A.).
Euphysa aurata, Forbes. " A very beautiful little Medusa, taken in 1835

in Bressay Sound " (E. F.).
Steenstrupia rubra, Forbes. " Hundreds of specimens secured in the bays

of both sides of Zetland " (E. F.).

Genus ECTOPLEFEA, L. Agass.

Ectopleura pulchella, Forbes = Sarsia pulchella, Forbes. " Several specimens
in Bressay Sound, Zetland, in 1845 " (E. F.).

As already stated under Coryne pusilla, Forbes's /Sarsia tubulosa,
procured in Shetland, is the gonosome of that species according to L.
Agassiz ; Hincks writes to me on it, " Sarsia tubulosa, zooid of Syn-
coryne, perhaps S. gravata" {Vide also Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist.
3rd ser. vol. xiii. 1864, May.)

Class PORIFERA.

Dr. Bowerbank's ' Monograph of the British Spongiada3 ' is used as the
text-book for this Class ; and the whole of my collections having been con-
tinually placed at that author's service during the preparation of his work,
the species in the following list have in every case, where there was the re-
motest doubt, been sent for examination and determined by him, a large
number of them being types of his species. In the year 1864, when I was
prevented accompanying the Dredging Committee, Mr. Peach, who was of the
party, paid special attention to the preservation of the sponges, and was in-
strumental in adding a considerable number of species to our fauna.

Order CALCAKEA.

Grantia compressa (Fabr.). Common between tide-marks. The finest spe-
cimens I have ever seen taken in one limited spot at the Out Skerries.
A small and very curious variety between tide-marks in Halse Hellyer,
Burrafirth.

ciliata (Fabr.). On Fuci frequent, tide-marks. It is much to be re-
gretted that Bowerbank in his work has transgressed the law of the
British Association rules of nomenclature, strictly observed by all natu-
ralists (except certain French writers), of affixing that author's name who
first described the species. Thus he assigns this and the foregoing species
to Fleming, whereas they were both characteristically described by 6. Fa-

328 REPORT— 1868.

bricius in his ' Fauna Gronlandica ' forty-eight years before, and simi-
larly the next species appears as Lemosolenia botryoides, Bowerbank,
though Ellis and Solandef were the describers of the species under the
name Spongia botryoides. A curious aggregated form occurs in company
with the var. G. compressa in Halse Hellyer.

Leucosolenia botryoides (Ellis & Sol.). Common under stones and attached
to seaweeds. Specimens of gigantic growth found in the same spot with
the very large Grantia compressa, living attached to the underside of
stones.

lacunosa (Johnston). " Shetland, 1864 " (Peach, fide Bowerbank).

coriacea (Montagu). Common under stones, and on the sides of caves

in various parts of Shetland. Abundant in Halse Hellyer, Burrafirth,
where lemon-yellow and white varieties live side by side.

Leuconia nivea (Grant). " Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.). The speci-
mens in this and other cases thus quoted Dr. Bowerbank informs me
were sent to him by Messrs. Jeffreys and Peach.

Jtstulosa (Johnston). Dredged in St. Magnus Bay, 30-60 fathoms.

Order SILICEA.

Geodia Zetlandica, Johnston. " Island of Eoulah and Unst " (Jameson).

Pachymatisma JoTinstonia, Bow. A single specimen, procured after great
difficulty, and not without some danger, at the extremity of ' Will
Hellyer,' Burrafirth, a cave of difficult access, except under most favour-
able conditions of weather.

Genus NORMANIA, Bowerbank, n. g.

" Skeleton composed at the external surfaces of short fasciculi of siliceous
spicula ; in the interior, of an irregular siliceo-spicular network. Dermis
furnished with ternate connecting spicula. Ovaria membranous, aspiculous.

" Type, Normania crassa.

" The general structure of the skeleton of the type specimen of this genus
is very like that of Pachymatisma, but it is readily distinguished from that
genus by the total absence of siliceous ovaria, and by its thin and delicate
dermal system.

" The radial structure of its skeleton near the surface of the sponge, and
its dermal connecting spicula, bring it somewhat into alliance with Ecionemia,
but the total absence of a central axial column readily distinguishes it from
that genus. I have named this genus after my friend the Rev. Alfred Merle
Norman, the ardent and accomplished naturalist to whom I am indebted for
numerous new and valuable species of British sponges."

" A genus Normania was established by Mr. G. S. Brady in 1866, for a
section of Crustacea Ostracoda (vide Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 382), but
that title cannot be adopted, as the Normania of Brady is identical with
Loxoconcha of G. 0. Sars, which was founded a few months previously (vide
G. 0. Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, 1865, and G. S. Brady,
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. 1868, p. 432).

" Normania crassa, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge cup-shaped, sessile ? ; parietes
stout and thick. Surfaces smooth, outer one minutely reticulated. Os-
cula on inner surface simple, variable in size, very numerous. Dermis
thin, pellucid ; outer surface furnished with a stout polyspiculous irre-
gular reticulation ; on the inner one with numerous dispersed tension-
spicula large and small; spicula subfusiformi-acerate; and also with
numerous large and small attenuato-stellate retentive spicula. Con-

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 329

necting spicula expando-ternate ; radii attenuated, very long, shafts
very short. Skeleton — fasciculi and reticulations stout and polyspicu-
lous ; rete open and irregular ; spicula subfusiformi-acerate, long and
large. Interstitial membranes pellucid, furnished abundantly with small
subfusiformi-acerate tension- spicula, and with numerous large and small
attenuate -stellate retentive spicula. Gremmules membranous, aspiculous.
Colour in the dried state light grey. Habitat. Shetland, 110 fathoms
(Rev. A. M. Norman). Examined in the dried state."

To this description of Dr. Bowerbank I may add that the " subfusi-
formi-acerate tension-spicula " are Jncipiently and entirely spined, and
are, moreover, very frequently furnished with a central umbo.
Ecionemia compressa, Bow. Rare, in very deep water, Unst Haaf, in 1864
and 1868.

Genus QTJASILLIKA*, Norman, n. g.

Sponge consisting of a single clavate hollow body, widening upwards from
the base, and rising at once from the surface of the stone to which it is at-
tached, without any expanded basal mass. Skeleton beautifully reticulate,
primary fasciculi ascending in parallel straight lines from the base, and in
diverging radiating lines from a central mammaeform projection at the
summit of the sponge; secondary fasciculi at right angles to the primary
ones. Spicula fusiformi-acuate.

Qaasillina brevis (Bow. )= Poly mastia brevis, Bow. Brit. Spongiadae, vol. ii.
p. 64. Frequent on pebbles in from 40 to 170 fathoms. It is necessary
to separate this species from the genus Polymastia ; for whereas in the
latter genus several (often very numerous) nstular cloacae arise from an
expanded basal mass, which is, in fact, the body of the sponge, in Quasil-
lina the entire sponge consists of a single hollow cylinder, which widens
from the base upwards, and is most expanded near the summit. When
compressed, a rupture always takes place between the summit of the
column and the cap-formed top, which separates as a kind of lid. This
lid, with its central mammseform point, its radiating primary lines of
bundles of spicules, and its transverse secondary lines, reminds us
strongly of the top of a basket. In all these respects the genus ap-
proaches very closely to the genus Euplectella, much more so than do
the species of the genus Polymastia. The spicula are needle-shaped
(acuate), swollen in the central part, and attenuated towards the " head "
as well as towards the point ; but they are not " acerate " as described
by Dr. Bowerbank, the head end being blunt and rounded. The smaller
spicules sometimes assume a slightly pin-shaped (" spinulate") form.

Pulymastia bulbosa, Bow. The type specimen. " Shetland, Mr. C. "W. Peach,
1864."

spinula, Bow. In 50-110 fathoms, on stones and shells. In a speci-
men which has but one fistula, though its basal mass is only ^ of an
inch in diameter, the fistula is no less than 1| inch long, but only -£$ of
an inch wide. Other specimens have as many as five and six fistulas.

- radiosa, Bow. The type-specimen. " Shetland, Mr. C. W. Peach "
(Bowerbank).

- mammillaris (Miiller). A single specimen in 1868, also procured by
Mr. Barlee.

Tethea cranium (Miiller). Common on the Outer Haaf, sometimes attached

* Quasillus, a little basket,
1868, 2 A

330 REPORT — 1868.

to stones, but more commonly growing parasitic on other sponges, es-
pecially on PkaJcellia ventjldbrum.

Tetfiea lyneurium (Linn.). " Shetland, 1864" (Bowerbank in litt.).

spinularis, Bow. The type specimens found on stones from 70-80

fathoms, Out Skerries Haaf.

Halwnemia patera, Bow. A very rare and remarkably interesting little
sponge, found 1863 and 1864.

Diotyocylindrus virgultosus, Bow. The type specimen found in 1861 in deep
water off Out Skerries.

stuposus (Ellis & Sol.). Yery fine specimens found in 1867.

hispidus (Montagu). Dredged to the east of the Island of Balta, 1867.

rugosus, Bow. A fine species, very local, but, where found, abundant.

Out Skerries, Outer Haaf, 70-90 fathoms, 40 miles E.S.E. of Whalsey
Lighthouse.

PhaTcellia robusta, Bow. In 100-170 fathoms, 20-25 miles N.N.W. of Burra-
firth Lighthouse. My finest specimen measures 5| inches long and 6
in diameter, and is fan-shaped, but doubled back upon itself so as almost
to form a cup. It is one of our finest species.

ventilabrum (Linn.). Very common in deep water in 50-170 fathoms,

though rarely at the former depth. Unquestionably the grandest Bri-
tish sponge. There are two magnificent specimens in my collection.
One, which spreads out at once from the base, so that the cup is hardly
developed at all, and the sponge is nearly flat, measuring 13 inches long
and 9 wide, but is only 3 inches high. The other takes the shape of a
very deep well-formed cup, composed of many lobes, cut almost to the
base of the sponge, but together forming a regular circle ; this sponge
is 10 inches high and as much in diameter at the summit. Proliferous
specimens often occur in which many small sponges grow from the inner
face of the parent.

Microciona luevis, Bow. " Shetland, Mr. Barlee " (Bowerbank). The only
known specimen.

armata, Bow. " Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.).

spinulenta, Bow. " Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.).

ambigua, Bow. Pound in 1861.

atrosanguinea. " Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.).

" simplicissima, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge coating, surface irregular.

Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pel-
lucid, spiculous ; spicula cylindrical, long, slender, and very flexuous ;
rarely acerate, irregularly dispersed, numerous. Basal membrane stout,
abundantly spiculous ; spicula like those of the dermal membrane, very
numerous and closely matted together. Skeleton — columns short and
stout ; spicula acute, not more than half the length of those of the dermal
and basal membranes, but rather stouter. Colour milk-white in the
dried state. Habitat. Shetland, 96 fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman).
Examined in the dried state." (Bowerbank MS.)

Hymerapliia vermiculata, Bow. On stones, Shetland, deep water, not un-
common.

clavata, Bow. On stones, deep water (Mr. Barlee and A. M. N.).

stellifera, Bow. Outer Haaf, on stones, 1861 ; on shell off Balta, 40-50

fathoms, 1863.

" coronula, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge coating, thin. Surface un-
even; both strongly and minutely hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed.
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous; tension-spicula

Otf THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 331

acerate, very long- and slender, flexuous, dispersed singly, or fasciculated,
fasciculi frequently polyspiculous : external defensive spicula — the larger
ones arising from the projection of the distal extremities of the skeleton
spicula through the dermal membrane; the smaller ones attenuato-
spinulate, entirely spined, basal bulb often coronulated spinously. Ske-
leton— spicula spinulate, very long and large, distal end usually projected
through the dermal membrane. Basal membrane pellucid ; tension-spi-
cula same as those of the dermis, dispersed singly, few in number ; in-
ternal defensive spicula same as those of the dermal membrane. Sarcode
abundant. Colour, dried, light grey. Habitat. Shetland (Rev, A. M.
Norman). Examined in the dried state."

Hymedesmia radiata, Bow. The type specimen found in 1864; again pro-
cured in 1867.

Zetlandica, Bow. The type found by Mr. Barlee, and taken by myself

on stones from the Haaf, 1863.

" • occulta, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge parasitical, coating. Surface

irregular, abundantly hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores incon-
spicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous; tension-spicula
acerate, large and long, dispersed; retentive spicula bidentate equi-
anchorate, large and stout, numerous, dispersed. Skeleton fasciculi mul-
tispiculous ; spicula very numerous, same as those of the dermal mem-
brane with an admixture of stout fusiformi- acerate ones. External
defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, size various ; large ones basally
spined ; smaller ones entirely spined. Colour milk-white. Habitat.
Shetland, 96 fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman). Examined in the dried
state."

Hymeniacidon reticidatus, Bow. " Stroma, Shetland, Mr. C. W. Peach "
(Bowerbank).

perarmatus, Bow. The type specimen procured 40 miles east of the

Outer Skerries in 1861.

tnembrana, Bow. The type specimens on the underside of stones

between tide-marks, near Lerwick, 1861.

mammeatus, Bow. Two specimens in 1868.

viridans, Bow. " Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.).

lingua, Bow. A very large species procured in very deep water, Out

Skerries and Unst, in 1864 and 1867.

floreus, Bow. On roots of a Fucus, extreme low water, spring tides,

Out Skerries, 1861.

siibereus (Montagu). Not so common as M.ficus, to which it is very

closely allied.

carnosus (Johnston). Large short-stalked specimens, of the size of a

large apple, in Dourie Yoe. Small specimens with the head about ^ of
an inch in diameter, elevated on a slender footstalk about an inch long,
but at other times almost sessile, in 40-50 fathoms, 5-8 miles east of
the Isle of Balta.

ficus (Esper.). Common, coating univalve shells, and generally inha-
bited by hermit-crabs, in moderately deep water.

[Hymeniacidon gelatinosus, Bow. Dr. Bowerbank gives the locality
of the type specimens of this species as " Dourie Yoe, Shetland." This
is a mistake ; they were from under a stone between tide-marks at Cul-
lercoats, Northumberland. The error doubtless arose from the circum-
stance that at the same time there were sent to him with this species
specimens of Hymeniacidon carnosus, which were from Dourie Voe.]

2 A2

332 REPORT— 1868.

Hymeniacidon sulpJiureus, Bow. " Shetland, 1864" (Bowerbank in litt.).

paupertas, Bow. Parasitical on zoophytes from deep water in 1861, off

Out Skerries.

Cliona celata, Grant. Common in shells.

Halichondria panicea (Pallas). The encrusting forms very abundant in caves
and on stones between tide-marks. A giant specimen, in the form of a
roll wrapped round the stem of a Laminaria, measures 13 inches long
and 3 inches in diameter.

coatita (Grant). " Shetland, 1864" (Bowerbank in litt.).

forceps, Bow. On the Outer Haaf, off Unst, in 1864 and 1868. The

" forcepiform " spicula in this species are very remarkable, and at once
distinguish the species. They resemble very slender hair-pins, the bow
very narrow, the pins very long, finely spinulous, and approaching each
other at the points.

simplex, Bow. " Shetland, Mr. C. W. Peach " (Bowerbank).

incrustans (Esper). Abundant, coating the sides of Halse Hellyer,

Burrafirth, growing side by side with H. panicea and Isodictya fucorum,
the three species intermingling with each other.

Dickiei, Bow. On Cettepora cervicornis, dredged in deep water, 1863.

Patersonii, Bow. Rare, one specimen found in 1867.

" falcula, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge massive, sessile. Surface uneven,

minutely spinous and reticulated. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores in-
conspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, furnished with a stout irre-
regular polyspiculous network. Skeleton — rete polyspiculous, very ir-
regular and diffused ; spicula fusiformi-acuate, slender and long. In-
terstitial membranes — tension-spicula same as those of the skeleton but
smaller, few in number. Eetentive spicula trenchant, contort, biha-
mate, stout and large, very few in number. Gemmules membranous,
aspiculous. Colour in the dried state cream-white. Habitat. Shetland.
Rev. A. M. Norman. Examined in the dried state."

" mululus, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge sessile, massive. Surface

openly reticulated. Oscula simple, very numerous. Pores inconspicuous.
Dermal membrane spiculous ; tensiori-spicula acuate, slender, very
nearly as long as those of the skeleton, few in number ; also tricurvato-
acerate, very long and slender, nearly straight, sometimes flexuous ;
central curve abruptly angulated or looped, rather numerous ; retentive
spicula dentato-palmate, equianchorate, very minute and symmetrical, few
in number. Skeleton equably reticulate ; rete stout and polyspiculous ;
spicula subattenuato-acerate, stout and strong, moderately long. Inter-
stitial membranes pellucid, furnished with the same forms of spicula as
the dermal membrane but more sparingly. Colour in the dried state
light brown. Habitat. Shetland, 96 fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman).
Examined in the dried state."

scandens, Bow. The type specimen, dredged in 1861 in deep water

off the Out Skerries. It is a minute species, which encrusts the stems
of Sertularian. Zoophytes.

Batei, Bow. " Shetland?, Mr. Spence Bate" (Bowerbank).

- Hyndmanni, Bow. " Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.).

albula, Bow. " Shetland, deep water, Barlee " (Bowerbank).

inornata, Bow. " Shetland, Mr. C. W. Peach" (Bowerbank).

Isodictya varians, Bow. "Shetland, Mr. Barlee" (Bowerbank).

jugosa, Bow. The type specimen, found in deep water off the Out

Skerries.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNICATA, ETC. 333

Isodictya palmata (Ellis & Sol.). Shetland (Fleming and Jameson), and more
recently in 1864 (fide, Bowerbank).

infundibuliformis (Linn.). Common on the Haaf in 50-170 fathoms.

My largest specimen measures 9| inches in diameter across the cup, and
is about 6 inches high.

" laciniosa, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge sessile, fan-shaped, thin. Surface

uneven, laciniose, minutely hispid. Oscula and pores inconspicuous.
Dermal membrane pellucid, spiculous ; spicula acuate, long and slender,
not very numerous ; retentive spicula dentato-palmate, equianch orate,
palm rather exceeding one-third the length of the spiculum, tooth ter-
minally truncated, numerous, very minute ; and also bicalcarated biha-
mate, hami terminations truncated, numerous, very minute. Skeleton —
rete very diffuse and open, primary lines with from three to five or six
spicula in thickness ; secondary lines irregular, mostly unispiculous, oc-
casionally containing two or three spicula. Spicula acuate, stout and
large. Internal defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, incipiently spinous,
minute, few in number. Interstitial membranes spiculous ; tension and
retentive spicula same as those of the dermal membrane. Colour in
the dried state light ochreous yellow. Habitat. Shetland, 170 fathoms
(J. G. Jeffreys, Esq., and Rev. A. M. Norman). Examined in the dry
state."

The type-specimen is fan-shaped, with several pliciform projections.
It measures 7 inches in height and 10 inches across. The structure
is so unusually open that the sponge is translucent in every part. It
is a large and remarkably elegant species, on account of its open net-
like structure. It was dredged 20-25 miles N. by W. of Burrafirth
Lighthouse in 1867.

fucorum (Johnston). Abundant between tide-marks on the side of

Halse Hellyer, Burrafirth.

Barleei, Bow. " Haaf Banks, Shetland, Mr. Barlee and Mr. Hum-
phreys " (Bowerbank).

fanbriata, Bow. Abundant in one spot some 40 miles east of Whalsey

Skerries, 1861, also to the north of Unst, 1868.

Genus EAPHIODEKMA, Bowerbank, n. g.

" Skeleton without fibres, composed of an irregular network of polyspi-
culous fagot-like bundles, the spicula of which are compactly cemented to-
gether at the middle, but are radiating at their terminations."

" llapliwderma coacervata, Bowerbank, n. sp. Sponge sessile, fan-shaped,
thick. Surface even, irregularly areolated. Oscula simple, minute,
numerous. Pores inconspicuous. Dermis reticulate ; rete polyspiculous,
irregular, very strong and wide. Dermal membrane pellucid, abun-
dantly spiculous ; tension-spicula attenuato-acerate, long and very slen-
der, dispersed or loosely fasciculated ; retentive spicula contort bihamate,
minute and slender, exceedingly numerous, and dentato-palmate equi-
anchorate, variable in size, few in number, dispersed or congregated in
circular groups. Skeleton irregular and very coarse ; rete polyspiculous ;
spicula subfusiformi-acerate, rather stout and long. Interstitial mem-
brane spicula same as those of the dermal membrane ; dentato-palmate,
variable in size, equally dispersed, largest ones occasionally congregated
in circular groups. Gemmules subspherical, membranous, aspiculous.
Colour in the dried state cream-white. Habitat. Shetland, 170 fathoms,
J. G. Jeffreys, Esq. and Rev. A. M. Norman." (Bowerbank, MS.)

384 REPORT — 1868.

Taken in company with Isodictya laclniosa in 170 fathoms, 20-25
miles 1ST. by W. of Burrafirth Lighthouse, in 1867, and again in 1868.
A very large and thick 'species, growing in flat lobate masses. The
largest piece in my collection measures 11 inches long by 6| in its
greatest breadth.

Genus OCEAKAPIA*, Norman, n . g.

Sponge consisting of a hollow sphere filled with sarcode, surrounded by a
hard spongeous crust of a very close and compact nature. From the oppo-
site poles of the axis of the spherical or ovate body of the sponge there spring
more or less numerous simple or branched fistulaa of great size and length ;
these fistulaB are also furnished at their base with prolongations, which, pass-
ing inwards into the central cavity of the sponge in the form of cylindrical
branching tubes, are bathed in the great sarcodous mass. Skeleton spiculo-
fibrous, irregularly reticulated ; fibres polyspiculous, the primary lines, especi-
ally of the fistula, of great size. Spicula acerate, stout (Bowerbank, pi. i.
fig. 2) and very minute, in the form of half a ring, " simple bihamate "
(Bowerbank, pi. v. fig. 109). Dermal membrane reticulate ; rete for the
most part unispiculous ; spicula of the same two kinds as those of the
skeleton.

Oceanapia Jeffrey sii (Bow.)=Desmacidon Jeffrey sii, Bow. Brit. Spongiadae,
vol. ii. p. 347, — Isodictya robusta, ib. id. p. 304.

In 1861 I dredged a portion of the spherical crust of this sponge,
from which the fistulas had been abraded. This having been placed in
Dr. Bowerbank's hands, was considered by him to belong to the genus
Isodictya, and is described in his work under the name I. robusta. In
subsequent expeditions to Shetland I obtained many detached fistuloe,
and also portions of the crust, which convinced me that the entire sponge,
when found, would prove to be something very different from what had
been imagined by Dr. Bowerbank from the type specimen. In 1864
some of the fistulaB were forwarded by Mr. Peach to Dr. Bowerbank,
who regarded them as a new species of Desmacidon (I). Jeffrey sii}. At
length, during the past summer, several perfect specimens of the sponge
have been dredged, and it is thus proved to be a remarkable species,
jperhaps the most interesting, as it is also one of the largest of British
rorifera.

In form and size the adult sponge most strikingly reminds us of a full-
grown swede turnip. Imagine such a turnip to be going to seed, and to
have sent up several shoots. Now break these shoots off 4 or 5 inches
from the bulb, strip off the leaves as well as the smaller fibrous por-
tions of the roots, and scoop out all the interior of the turnip, leaving
only the rind, and you will have a very fair idea of Oceanapia. The
rind represents the spongeous crust ; the hollow interior is a cup filled
with sarcode ; the broken off stems are the cloacaB, which are of about
the size and shape of a finger, the smaller specimens having sometimes
only one, but the larger as many as a dozen such cloacal fistula of
various sizes, which are generally simple, more rarely branched. The
roots of the turnip represent other fistular appendages of smaller size
than those which spring from the crown, and of more solid and stringy
texture. These appear literally to take the place of roots, since in one
instance they grasp a pebble with their extremities, and in other cases

* Oceanus and napus, a turnip.

ON THE SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, TUNTCATA, ETC. 335

show evident signs of having been partially imbedded among sand. My
largest specimen contained nearly a pint of sarcode in the interior. This
sarcode is of deeper colour than usual among the sponges, and when the
dried Oceanapia is cut open the sarcode will be found lying on that side
which has been downwards when drying, shrunk into a solid deep brown
or almost black mass, having somewhat the appearance and consis-
tency of cobbler's wax.

Desmacidon fruticosus (Montagu). "Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.).

• Peachii, Bow. The type specimen. " Shetland, Mr. C. W. Peach "

(Bowerbank).

constricts, Bow. The type specimen. " Shetland, Mr. C. "W. Peach "

(Bowerbank).

Rapliysus Griffithsice, Bow. " Shetland, Capt. Thomas and Mr. M< Andrew "
(Bowerbank).

Diplodemia vesicula. " Shetland, Mr. Barlee " (Bowerbank).

Order KERATOSA.

Spongionella pulcliella (Sowerby). '"A young specimen coating part of a
small bouldered granite pebble dredged by Mr. Jeffreys off the Outer
Skerries, Shetland, in May 1864, from 50-80 fathoms depth " (Bower-
bank).

Chalina oculata (Pallas). « Shetland, 1864" (Bowerbank in litt.). I have
never myself seen this common species of our southern coasts in the
extreme north.

gracilenta, Bow. " Shetland, 1864 " (Bowerbank in litt.).

Verongia Zeilandica, Bow. Occasional, and widely distributed, but numeri-
cally scarce on the Outer and Middle Haaf.

Dysidea fray His (Montagu). Rare, only two or three specimens observed.

POSTSCRIPT.

Since the Report on the Crustacea has been in print I have received the
last part of Bate and Westwood's ' British Sessile-Eyed Crustacea,' which
contains the appendix to that work. Among the species there described are
several on which, as being connected with the present Report, it is necessary
that I should say a few words.

" Opis leptocliela, n. sp." This I find to be the species described by me under
the name Euonyx chelatus (Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866 (1867), p. 202).
My specimen differs from that described by B. & "W. in having the
second gnathopods larger and stronger than the first, and the hand fur-
nished with a strong nail. This difference is perhaps one of sex. The
species cannot, I think, be placed in the genus Opis.

" Ampelisca Icevigata" Most unquestionably not the true A. Icevigata, but
the A. tenuicornis of Lilljeborg and of this Report. The characters given
by B. & W. are the exact reverse of those which belong to the true
A. Icevigata.

" Haploops ttibicola." B. & "W. give " Shetland " on my authority, but I have
never taken the species there. For " Shetland " read Hebrides*.

" Lepidepecreum." A new genus is characterized under this name to receive

* In the 'Zoological Record' for 1866, Mr. Bate, in referring to my Hebridean Report
(Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 193), in every instance, by some lapsus, misquotes the ha-
bitat as " Shetland."

336 REPORT— 1868.

the Anonyx longicornis, which differs from Anonyx in having no
secondary appendage to the upper antennae.

" Unciola leucopes, Kroyer." B. & "W. consider my U. planipes as " probably
identical " with this species. It may be so, but there are points of dif-
ference which made me think it wiser to keep them apart until the ex-
amination of Greenland specimens should settle the question definitely.

" Hyperia tauriformis, n. sp." This is the Metoecus medusarum of Kroyer
and of this Eeport. B. & W.'s specimens were from Banff, forwarded
by Mr. Edward, to whom I am also myself indebted for specimens.
In the ' Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.' for January 1869, p. 49, pi. viii.

figs. 13-15, will be found a description of Cytlieruraflavescens, by Mr. G. S.

Brady ; and in the ' Quart. Journ. Micros. Science,' January 1869, a full

account by Prof. Allman of Rliabdopleura Normani.

Report on the Annelids dredged off the Shetland Islands by Mr. Gywn
Jeffreys, 1867-68. By W. C. M'INTOSH, M.D., F.L.S.

GWYN JEFFREYS, in his dredging-expedition to the Shetland Islands
last year, kindly selected, chiefly with the assistance of Mr. Sturges Dodd
and the Rev. A. M. Norman, a large number of Annelids, which he most
courteously placed at my disposal ; and, as they were properly preserved in
vessels and fluid sent for the pupose, their subsequent examination proved
very satisfactory. The same was done in 1868 ; but owing to the unfavour-
able state of the weather, the collection was very much smaller than that of
the previous year.

The majority of the Annelids come from St. Magnus Bay, or, rather, from
the deep water (80-100 fathoms) beyond this, not because they so dispro-
portionately abound there (although the muddy sand is eminently favourable
for their increase), but probably because the dredging was most frequently
carried on in that neighbourhood. The other localities, in the order of the
respective collections, are off Balta, North Unst, Bressay Sound, Outer Haaf
(Skerries), Fetlar, and a small shore collection made by Mr. Dodd at Hills-
wick.

The Annelids found in the deep water off North Unst form a collection very
rich in new or rare forms ; for, out of thirteen species, three at least are new
to science, and four not hitherto found in Britain. The collection from the
Outer Haaf (Skerries) has also several rare forms ; out of eight, four are new to
Britain and one to science. Out of sixty found in St. Magnus Bay, four are
new to science and eighteen to Britain. These figures contain the entire
new or rare forms in the individual collections, without reference to their
occurrence in others, as will be apparent when I mention that, out of a
total of about ninety-two Annelids at present identified, five or six, so far as
I can at present make out, are new to science, and about twenty -two to
Britain. As before stated, this is one of the best collections of the kind ever
made in Britain, whether in regard to the excellent condition of the prepara-
tions or the number of new forms. As might be expected, many of the
additions to our fauna are Scandinavian in type ; but others arc not so, at
least they do not occur in the valuable catalogue (Annulate Polycheeta Spets-
bergia3, <fcc.) recently published by Dr. A. J. Malmgrcn, the enterprising
naturalist of Helsingfors.

ON THE ANNELIDS OF THE SHETLAND ISLANDS. 337

I have described some of the supposed new forms elsewhere, and therefore
shall refer to them very briefly at present. They are as follows: — Hipponoe
Jeffrey sii, n. sp., a small Amphinomacean with a simple subulate antenna on
the smooth elevation of the dorsum of the head. There is no caruncle.
The branchirc consist of tufts of simple pi cesses, or they are bifid or some-
what fasciculated. The bristles of the superior lobe of the foot are for the
most part shorter and stouter than the inferior, and of a characteristic shape.

It is allied to the Eurythoe borealis of Sars. Eunoa , the second

species of the genus found in Britain, the first being E. nodosa, Sars, also
found in the Shetland seas by Mr. Jeffreys, and described by Mr. Lankester
as a new form, under the name of Antinoe zetlandica (Linn. Trans, vol. xxv.) ;
in the present species the scales are quite smooth, often bordered with a dark
pigment-belt, and the inferior bristles of the feet have an entire clawed tip.
Sigalion Buslcii, n. sp., a form having the aspect of S. boa rather than that of
S. Mathilda, to which the scales are most nearly allied in structure ; but the
bristles are larger than in either case and characteristic ally different. Notocirrus
scoticus, n. sp., a Lumbrinereian, with a dorsal branchial lobule to each foot,
and found abundantly in comparatively shallow water in the Hebrides, where
the bottom is clayey mud. Eumenia Jeffreysii, n. sp., a form first dredged
by Mr. Jeffreys in the Hebrides, but too much decomposed to be minutely de-
scribed : it is allied to E. crassa • but there are no traces of the branchial fila-
ments in any specimen. A double row of isolated papillae runs along each
side from the snout to the tail, the summit of each giving exit to a bundle of
forked and simple bristles. Praxilla artica (? Malmgren), a species that
very probably is P. artica of that author ; but as he has only mentioned that
it is similar to P. prcetermissa (differing in the hooks having six teeth), we
are left quite in doubt as to his form. The teeth of the funnel are in general
more filiform and distinct than in P. prcetermissa. Poly 'cirrus (?) tribullata,
n. sp., a species having the snout and tentacles of a Poll/cirrus, but without
the bristles or hooks in the anterior region, which is furnished with three
circular and somewhat flattened papillae on each side.

Of the forms new to Britain are — Lcetmonice Jilicornis, Kinberg, which,
however, is Dr. Baird's L. Kinbergi. Harmothoe longisetis, Grube, a widely
distributed species, described by Mr. Lankester as H. Malmgreni (op. cit.),
and therefore previouly found in Britain. PanihcHis GErstedi, Kinberg, a
fine species with the habit of a Sigalion. Sigalion limicola, Ehlers, a
form found by its discoverer in the Adriatic. It is rather abundant in the
Shetland seas, but, so far as known, has not yet been found on any other
part of the British coast. The anterior scales are furnished towards the
outer margin with peculiar ragged processes. It has four eyes, and not two,
as stated by Dr. Ehlers. NepJithys ciliata, Miiller. Genetyllis lutea, Malm-
gren. Ana'itis Jcosteriensis (?), Malmgren. Lumbrinereis fragilis, Miiller,
a species which probably includes L. tricolor and some others, and therefore has
been found previously on the British coast. It ranges from the Channel Islands
to the north of the Shetlands, and large specimens occur at both extremities.
Onupliis sicula, De Quatrefages, a curious species (inhabiting a tube composed
of shell-fragments, stones, and sand), allied to Hyalincecia tubicola, but differ-
ing entirely in the structure of certain of its bristles and hooks, and in the
absence of the small brush-like bristles. It is not uncommon on the south
coast of England, as well as in the Mediterranean. Eone Nordmanni, Malm-
gren, a species having the aspect of Goniada maculata, but differing amongst
other particulars in the structure of the bristles of the dorsal lobe, which end
in a somewhat blunt tip, furnished with a translucent conical apicial pro-

338

REPORT—- 1868.

cess. Scoloplos armiger, M tiller, a very common inhabitant of our western
and northern sandy shores. Naidonereis quadricu-spidata (Fabr.), (Ersted,
also abundant in the same localities. Troplionia glauca, Malmgren, charac-
terized by having bristles instead of hooks on the inferior division of the seg-
ments. Chcetopterus norvegicus, Bars, a species which apparently comprehends
G. insignis, Baird. Scolecolepis cirrata, Sars, not rare in the Shetland seas.
Rhodine Loveni, Malmgren, which has its uncini placed in a double row as
Terebella. It is one of the Maldanidce. AxiotJiea catenata, Malmgren. This
has an infundibuliform anal funnel with alternate longer and shorter fila-
ments, and the base of the cup is marked exteriorly on the ventral surface
by a continuation of the median line. The hooks have usually about six teeth
on the summit above the great fang, though the anterior ones have fewer,
and the posterior a larger number. Praxilla prcetermissa, Malmgren, a
form common on our western and northern shores, in a depth of 4 to 8
fathoms. Praanlla gracilis, Sars. Clymene ebiensis, Aud. & Ed., of which
only a single incomplete example occurred. The hooks are less curved than
in the foregoing species, and the crown somewhat flattened. The type was
found on the coast of Brittany. Ampharete artica, Malmgren. Salellides
sexcirrata, Sars. Grymcea Bairdi, Malmgren, a species very closely allied to
TJielepus ( Venusia) circinnatus. Lysilla Loveni, Malmgren, which has six
pairs of foot-papiike in front, each with a submerged tuft of simple bristles.
The dorsum is densely tuberculated, and the cephalic lobe furnished with
clavate grooves and filiform tentacles. Euclione analis, Kroyer. Clwne in-
fundibuliformis, Kroyer.

The following is a list of the Zetlandic Annelids dredged in 1867 and
1868:—

Name of species.

Range.

Remarks.

Tjuphrosine foliosa A.ud cf" Ed

fathoms.

Hebridean seas.

Hipponoe Jeffrey si i n sp

100

St. Magnus Bay.

Only small specimens.

Jj^ctmoiiice filicornis Kbo.

90-100

Very abundant in the N. Hebri-

Lepidonotus squama/tvis, Linn

0-60

dean and Zetlandic seas.

N y cliia cirrosa fcillcts ... . ....

Ill inoa. • — -" n sp

90

found attached to Spcitanous

ITannothoe imbricata Linn

0-90

purpureus in one instance.

0 90

Jforth TJnst &c

Lepidonotus pellucidus, Ehlers
Polynoe scolopendrina Sctv ....

80
0-15

Rare.
Rare. It is abundant on the

ITalosydna ffelatinosa Sctrs

0-8

shores of the Hebrides between
tide-marks.

Panthalis (Erstedi, Knbg

78

Rare. 35 miles off Out Skerries.

Sigalion boa, Johnst

o

90 9G

North. TJnst

• limicola, Ehlers

80-96

Very abundant.

Pholoe minuta Fabr. .

0-100

!Neplitliys ciliata Mull

100

ca;ca. ~Fa.br

0-50

Grenetyllis lutea, Mgrn. ....

100

St. Magnus Bay.

Anaitis kosteriensis ? Mqrn

100

Phyllodoce groenlandica, (Erst

100

Eumida sanguinea, (Erst.

0-50

ON THE ANNELIDS OF THE SHETLAND ISLANDS.

339

Name of species.

Kange.

Remarks.

Eulalia viridis, Mull

fathoms.

o

Eteone pusilla (Erst

100

Opbiodromus vittatus, Sars

(MOO

Most abundant in the Hebridean

Castalia punctata, Mull.

0-100

seas.

Syllis armillaris Mull

0 100

artica, Mgrn

100

. cornuta, RatJiJc&

50

Nereis pelagica Linn

0-100

Hediste diversicolor, Mull

0-100

Nereilepas fucata, Sciv

100

Heteronereis fucicola (ETst

I/umbrinereis fragilis Mull

0-100-

Notocirrus scoticus, n. sp

5-100

Leodice norvegica, Linn- .

50

25 miles N.N.E. of North Unst

Nothria conchy lega, Sars

90-100

Balta, &c.
Abundant in the Hebridean seas.

Hyalinsecia tubicola Mllll

50-100

Onuphis sicula Quatref

90 .

Off North Unst

Groniada maculata (Erst

80-100

Eone Nordmanni, Morn

90-96

St. Magnus Bay and N. TJnst.

Grlycera capitata (Erst

4-100

Aricia Cuvieri, Aud. fy Ed

4-80

Scoloplos armiger Miill

50

Naidonereis quadricuspidata, (Erst, . . .

70-80

Ammotrypane aulogaster Bcithkc

5-100

Ophelia limacina BttthJce

50

Eumenia Jeffreysii n sp

50-100

Scalibreffrna inflaturo RathJc6

0-50

70

Sph(srodoruin pcripatus, Johnst.

Tropbonia pluniosa Mull

6-8

70-100

Cbtctopterus norvegicus Sars

Scoiecolepis cirrata Sars ....

80-100

0-100

50-90

!Bhodine IJoveni Morn.

40

Fragmentary. N. Hebridean seas

Nicbomacbe lumbricalis Fabr . ...

0-100

100

Praxilla pr^termissa, Mgrn

70-80

- gracilis Sars

100

70-90

Clvmene ebiensis Aud $c Ed.

70-100

Fragmentary Outer Haaf

Ammocbares ottonis G~rub6

4-100

Skerries.
Common.

Sabellaria alveolata Linn..*

Tubes only

Pectinaria belgica Pallas

50-100

100

Ampbarete artica Mgrn

80-100

Amphicteis Grunneri Sars . . .

80-100

80-100

Terebella nebulosa Mont

0-5

littoralis Mont '

• figulus, Dalyell

50

Pista cristata Miill ....

70-80

Not uncommon.

50-120

70-80

Polycirrus aurantiacus, Grrube

70-80

340

REPORT — 1868.

Name of species.

Range.

Remarks.

Polycirrus (^) tribullata. n sp

fathoms.

Fragmentary.
Not uncommon.

Abundant.

Parasitic on the Ilolibut.
Fresh water.

100
100
5-100

Trichobranchus glacialis, Morn

Terebellid.es Strcemii SCITS

Sabella pavonia Sciv

80-100
80-100
100

Chone infundibuliformis, Kroyer
IVotula protensa Crfube ct c&tt ....

Filigrana implexa, Berkeley

Serpula vermicularis, Linn.

reversa Mont

90
85
80-100

4 5

Placosteo'u.s tridentatus Jfdbr

Ditrypa arietina, Mull. '

Tetrasteniina variegatum •••

6-8

pu.lcb.ra . .

Tjhieus longissimus

0

'Yulostoma gulo .

Clitellio arenarius ...

Besides the foregoing, there are several whose examination, partly from
their fragmentary state, has not been completed, and which are at any rate
in the category of those new to Britain, viz. a Sigalion, a SylUs, an Amaye,
and a Polydrrus.

I may also remark, in passing, with reference to the other known forms
in this collection, that the Halosydna Jeffrey sii, Lankester (op. cit.}, is //.
yelatinosa, Sars, as mentioned in Dr. Giinther's Zoological Record for 1866 ;
and that I have not yet been able to make out a specific difference between
Leodice norvegica, Linn., and Eunice Harassii, And. & Ed.

In addition to the foregoing, there was a very remark able Nemerteaii allied
to Borlasia, with a bifid proboscis, a complex structure of the muscular wall
of the body ; and a boring Sipunculus, lodged in its cavity inside a fragment
of shell.

Report on the Shetland Foramini/era for 1868. By EDWARD WALLER.

THE almost unexampled stormy character of the summer in the Shetland
Islands this year necessarily prevented dredging in the depths of 200 and
more fathoms, which your Committee hoped to attain, and from which they
reasonably expected additions to the British fauna in various departments.

The disappointment has, of course, affected the increase in the number of
Foraminifera as of other orders. Notwithstanding this drawback, the exami-
nation of some of the fine siftings of our dredged stuff, even in a very cursory
way, has brought to view some interesting forms hitherto unknown on our
coasts. Amongst them a genus new to Britain, FlabeUina, the observed
species being very similar to the Fldbellina ruyosa, D'Orb., as found in the
Lias of Somersetshire, and figured by Mr. H. B. Brady in the ' Proceedings

OM THE SHETLAND FORAMINIFERA.

341

of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society,' vol. xiii.
1865-66. There are also some forms of Lagena, Cristellaria, Uvigerina, and
Bigenerina, which seem sufficiently distinct from previously recorded British
ones to be described under separate names ; but I believe in no other order
is there so much difficulty in denning the limits of species and varieties, and
consequently so much danger of confusion in nomenclature. A more com-
plete investigation of the dredgings will, I have no doubt, afford additional
novelties.

In the list and remarks appended to my former Report (1867), I endea-
voured to give as complete a view of the Shetland Foraminifera as our pre-
sent knowledge permitted, so that a comparison can be made of their relation
to those of the whole kingdom and of some neighbouring countries.

STJBKINGDOM PROTOZOA.

CLASS RHIZOPODA.

Order RETICULATA.

{Foraminifera . )
Suborder IMPERFORATA.

Family MILIOLIDA.

Genera, Species, and
Varieties.

Keferences to Williamson's ' Monograph.'

CORNUSPIRA, Schultze.
foliacea, Philippi ....
BILOCULINA, D'Orb.
ringens, Lamk
deprsssa jy Orb

Names.
Spirillina foliacea . .

Figures.
199-201.

169-171.
172-174.
175 & 176.

Biloculina ringens

„ „ var. carinata ....
„ „ var. Patagonica. .

elonffata D"1 Orb • . .

sphaera, If Orb

contraria, D' Orb

SPEROLOCULINA, D'Orb.
limbata, D Orb

Spiroloculina depressa

177.
178.
179.

plamilata, Lamk
canaliculata, -D' Orb. . .
excavata. -D' Orb

„ ,, var. rotundata
„ „ var. cymbium

TRILOCULINA, D' Orb.
trigonula, Lamk
oblonga, Montagu ....
tricarinata, D'Orb

Miliolina trigonula

180-182.

186 & 187.

Miliolina seminulum, var. oblonga . .

QUINQTTELOCULINA, D' Orb.

seminulum, Linn

subrotunda. Montagu . .

Miliolina seminulum ...

183-185.

bicomis, W. $ J. ....

Miliolina bicomis

190-194.

188 & 189.
196.

„ seminulum, var. disciformis
„ bicornis, var. angulata ....

Ferussacii D* Orb .

pulchella, D'Orb

TROCHAMMINA, P. 8f J.
incsrta D' Orb

Family LITUOLIDA.
Spirillina arenacea

203.
93 & 94.

inflata JMontaou

Rotalina inflata . ....

LlTUOLA.

Canariensis, D'Orb. ..
VALVULINA, I)' Orb.
Austriaca -D' Orb . . .

Nonionina Jeffreysii

72 & 73.
114 & 115.

Rotalina fusca

342

REPORT 1868.

Suborder PERFORATA.
Family LAGKENIDA.

Genera, Species, and
Varieties.

References to Williamson's ' Monograph.'

LAGENA, Walker.
sulcata, W. fy J. -1

Names.
Lagena vulgaris. var. striata

Figures.
10.
11.
8.
18.
5&5a.
6.
12&13.
14.
9.
7.
15 & 16.
19-21.
22 & 23.
27 & 28.
24.
25 & 26.

„ „ var. interrupta . . ..
„ „ var. perlucida, parte
Entosolenia costata

Isevis, Montagu <

Lagena vulgaris

jj }) var. clavata

Lagena vulgaris, var. gracilis

semistriata, Will. . . . . |
globosa, Montagu ....

marginata, Montagu . .. •<
ornata, Will. ]

„ „ var. substriata . . .
Lagena vulgaris, var. semistriata .
„ „ var. perlucida, parte
Entosolenia globosa

Entosolenia mar°inata. ,

„ „ var. lucida .
„ „ var. quadrata
Entosolenia marginata, var. ornata . .
„ „ var. lagenoides

pulchella, Brady

squamosa, Montagu . . <
melo, D'Orb

Entosolenia squamosa . . .

29.
30.
32.
31.
17.

„ „ var. scalariformis
„ „ var. hexagona . .
Entosolenia squamosa, var. catenulata
Entosolenia globosa, var. lineata . . .

caudata, If Orb.

distoma P fy J

crenata, P fy J. ...

Jeffreys!!, Brady

NODOSARIA, Lanik.
longicauda, If Orb ....
raphanistrum, Linn. . .
pyrula, D'Or6

Nodosaria radicula

36-38.
43&44.
39.

40&41.
42.

45.
46-49.

52 & 53.
54.
55.
56-59.

62.
33-35.

Dentalina subarcuata, var. jugosa . .
Nodosaria pyrula

DENTALINA, I}1 Orb.
communis, D'Orb
obliqua, D'Orb

Dentalina subarcuata

„ „ var. jugosa
Dentalina lesrumen

VAGINULINA, D'Orb.
legumen Linn

linearis, Montagu ....
CniSTELLARiAj Lanik.

rotulataj Lamk <

„ „ var. linearis ....
Cristellaria calcar ....

}) )} var. rotifer

crepidula, F. $ M '. |

MARGINULINA. D'Orb.
lituus, If Orb

Cristellaria calcar, var. oblonga ....
,. subarcuatula

Cristellaria subarcuatula, var. elongata
Lingulina carinata

LINGULINA, D'Orb.
carinata. D'Orb.

GLANDULINA, D'Orb.

POLYMOBPHINA, I)1 Orb.

compressa, If Orb
lactea, W. $ J. j

Polvmorphina lactea parte

145.

146 & 147.
153-155.
148
149&149«,

Polyniorphina lactea, parte

„ communis
Polymorphina lactea, var. acuminata
„ „ var. oblonga . .

acuminata, Will
oblonga, Brown

ON THE SHETLAND FORAMINIFERA.

343

Genera, Species, and
Varieties.

Eeferences to Williamson's ' Monograph.'

POLYMORPHINA, D'Orb.

concava. TVill. . .

Names.
Polymorphina lactea, var. concava . .
„ „ var. fistulosa . .
Polymorphina myristiformis

Figures.
151 & 152.
150.
156 & 157.

138 & 139.
140.

4.
202.
116-118.

162 & 163.
168.
164 & 165.
166 & 167.
158 & 159.
160 & 161.

tubulosa, D'Orb
myristiformis, Will. . .
UVIGERINA, D' Orb.
"Dvarmaea, If Orb. . .

Uviffsrina pygmssa

angulosa, Will.

aneriilosa .

Fa

ORBULINA, D'Orb.
universa, D' Orb
SPIRILLINA, Ehrenb.
vivipara, Ehrenb
GLOBIGERINA, D'Orb.
bulloides, If Orb
TEXTULARIA, Defrance.

variabilis, Witt \

pygmaea, D1 Orb
difformis, D'Orb
sagittula, Defrance ....
trochus, D'Orb
BIGENERINA, D 'Orb.
digitata, If Orb . . .

mily GLOBIGEBINIDA.
Orbulina universa

Spirillina perforata

Grlobigorina bulloidos

Textularia variabilis
„ „ var. laevigata . .
„ „ var. spathulata
„ „ var. difformis . .
Textularia cuneiformis . . .

„ ,, var. conica ....

nodosaria, If Orb

VERNEULLINA, D'Orb.
polystropha, Reuss . . . . -j

BULIMINA, D' Orb.
pupoides, D' Orb
marginata, If Orb
aculeata, D'Orb
ovata, If Orb

Bulimina|scal)ra^LfQfti .

136 & 137.

124 & 125.
126 & 127.
128.
129 & 130.
132 & 133.
134 & 135.

131.

| aranacea, pi. 98 )
Bulimina pupoides

„ „ var. marginata . .
„ „ var. spinulosa . .
„ „ var. fusiformis . .
„ „ var. convoluta . .
Bulimiua elegantissima

convolutaj If Orb. .

elegantissima, If Orb. .
VIRGULINA, If Orb.
Schreibersii, Czjzek, . .
BOLIVINA, D'Orb.
punctata D* Orb

Bulimina pupoides, var. compressa. .

CASSIJ>ULINA; D'Orb.
Isevigata, D'Orb
crassa. If Orb

Cassidulina Isevigata

141 & 142.
143 & 144.

109-111.
112 & 113.
104 & 105.

}) obtusa

DlSCORBINA, P. 8f J.

rosacea, If Orb
ocliracea, Will. . .

Rotalina mamilla

,j ochracea

globularis, D'Orb
Bertheloti, If Orb

„ concamerata (young) ....

PLANORBULINA, D'Orb.
Mediterranensis, D'Orb.
Haidino'Grii If Orb, .

Planorbulina vulgaris

119 & 120.

Unferiana, jD' Orb

TRUNCATULINA, D'Orb.
lobatula, Walker
refulgenSj Montfort

Truncatulina lobatula .

121-123.

ANOMALINA, D'Orb.
coronata, P. 8f J.

344

REPORT 1868.

Genera, Species, and
Varieties.

References to Williamson's ' Monograph.'

PULVINULINA, P. 8f J.

repanda, F. fy M. ....
auricula, F. 8f M. ....
concentrica, -P. 8f J. . .

Names.
Rotalina concamerata ...

Figures.
101-103.
98-100.

?, oblonga

Karsteni Iteuss

ROTALIA.

Beccarii, Linn

Rotalina Beccarii

90-92.
106-108.

nitida, Will.

nitida .

orbicularis, If Orb.

TINOPORUS, Mfmtfort.
Isevis, P fy J

PATELLINA, Witt.
corruo'ata. W^iU.

Patellina corrugata

86-89.

76 & 77.
74 & 75.

78-80.
81 & 82.
82a.

F

NUMMULINA, D'Orb.
radiata F $ M

amily NTJMMULINIDA.
Nummulina planatula

OPERCULINA, If Orb.

ammonoides, Gron. . .

POLYSTOMELLA.

crispa, Linn
striato-punctata, F.fyM. \
arctica, P 8f J.

Nonionina elejrans

Polys tomella crisp a

Polystomella umbilicatula

Polystomella „ var. incerta

NONIONINA, If Orb.
turgida, Will

Rotalina turgida .

95-97.

68 & 69.

70 & 71.

umbilicatula, Montagu.
depress ula, W. fy J. . . <
scapha F fy M

Nonionina Barleeana

Nonionina umbilicatula, p. 97 1
Nonionina crassula, p. 33 j * * • •

stefiigera, D'Orb

Addenda to the REV. A. M. NORMAN'S Report.

Gidaris papiUata, Leske. I find that by some accident I have omitted to
notice this species in the enumeration of species. It appears to be
absent to the east and north-east of Shetland, as during our dredging
in those directions we never saw any trace of it, and the fishermen at the
Out Skerries were unacquainted with it. The specimens which have
been procured through fishermen have been all from the western coast ;
and we had the pleasure of dredging the Piper in some numbers, 25-35
miles N.N.W off Unst in 110-170 fathoms in company with Spatangus
meridionalis and other rarities. They appear to be very sluggish in
their movements, as though kept alive for some time in a large tub of
water, they showed very little inclination to change their position ; of
course, however, they found themselves placed in very unusual and
probably very uncongenial conditions.

AmpJiiura tenuispina, Ljungman, " Tillagg till kannedomen af Skandinaviens
Ophiurider," GEfvers. af k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1863, p. 360, pi. xv. fig. 1 =
Amphipholis elegans var. tenuispina. Ljungman, " Ophiuroidea Yiventia

ADDENDA TO REPORT ON SHETLAND CRUSTACEA, ETC. 345

hue usque cognita," (Efvers. af k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1866, p. 312. The
specimens of " Amphiura elegans " recorded in the foregoing Report from
" 40 fathoms, St. Magnus Bay," belong to A. tenuispina, Ljungman.
That author at first described this form as a species, but in his more
recent memoir considers it to be a deep-water form of A. elegans. On
the other hand I at first regarded it in the latter light, but now think it
may be a distinct species. For its characters I must refer the reader to
Ljungman's paper. I find specimens of this Ophiuridan among the
Echinodennata procured in the ' Lightning ' expedition, and sent to me
for examination by Messrs. Carpenter and Thomson ; and dredged
lat. 59° 40' N., long. 7° 20' W., on a bottom of fine mud in 530
fathoms and a temperature of 47° Fahr.

Pocillipora interstincta, Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 511 ; Johnston's British
Zoophytes, p. 194. This coral, found by Dr. Hibbert in the Shetland sea,
has been an obscure species of which we have been able to make out
nothing hitherto. I have recently, however, seen specimens of a highly
interesting coral procured by Messrs. Carpenter and Thomson in the
' Lightning ' expedition oif Cape Wrath, lat. 59° 5' N"., long. 7° 29' W.,
in 189 fathoms, and also a fragment sent to me to examine by Mr.
D. Robertson, who procured it from Faroe, which exactly correspond
with Flemings brief description ; and as the specimens which I have seen
are from the north and from the south of Shetland, there is every like-
lihood of its having been found at the intermediate locality. A de-
scription of the species will be given by me in the Report of the Inver-
tebrata procured in the * Lightning' expedition.

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