Request of

IRev. 1b. <L Scabbing,

to tbe
of tbe

TIlm\>er6it\> of ZToronto

1901

u/"

BEQUEST
REV. CANON 80AC-DMG, D. ft
TORONTO, 1901.

LATIN PROSODY

MADE EASY.

BY J. CAREY, LL.D.

PRIVATE TEACHER OF THE CLASSICS, FRENCH, AND SHORT-HAND,

A NEW EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED,

LONDON,

PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1808.

APPROVED, as a teacher, by families of distinguished rank, whe
have experienced his careful attention and successful method the
writer of this book author likewise of various other publications, and
translator of several works from the French would instruct a Youth in
the CLASSICS, French, English, and Short-hand give Lessons in
PROSODY to an Adult or teach SHORT-HAND alone. His
Short-Hand may be learned in four Lessons price two Guineas
which he will refund on the production of any other system (now publicly
known in England) that shall prove superior to his in Simplicity, Facility,
and Clearness. Letters (post paid) may be addressed to " Dr. Curey,
Islington"

#3r He has just published a Moral Tale for Youth, entitled " Learning
better than House and Land"

O. Woodfall, Printer,
Paternoster-row.

TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE

SPENCER PERCEVAL,

CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER,

SIR,

ALTHOUGH that un-assuming and un-ostcntatious
Modesty, which forms a conspicuous feature in your
private character, may condemn me for thus divul-
ging those deeds which your right hand secretly per-
formed without the knowledge of your left; I cannot
consent to forego the present opportunity of publicly
; tying my gratitude for the numerous favors you
were pleased to heap on me during the three years
that I visited your son as private tutor, either con-
stantly in preparing him for Harrow school, or oc-
casionally afterward during his vacations favors, not
limited to the cheerful payment of a generous remu-
neration for my visits, but extended to further in-
stances of kindness in various forms, particularly to
repeated acts of unsolicited Munificence ~ to additio-
nal Bounties, incalculably enhanced in value by a

iv Dedication.

self-denying Delicacy in the mode of conferring them,
which exalted you much higher in my estimation, than
even the Bounties themselves, large and liberal as they
were.

Accept, Sir, the only return in my power the re-
spectful, though un- authorised, dedication of this
volume ; and, with that mild, indulgent Benignity,
which I have more than once experienced from you,
excuse the freedom of this address from.

Sir,

your much obliged,
and most obedient humble servant,

J. CAREY.

Islington,
July 16, 1808,

P R E F A C E.

SOME authors complain of the severity and illiberality
of the public: but, for my part, I have great reason to
congratulate myself on the public liberality and lenity,
which if I had not experienced in a very eminent degree,
I never should have troubled the world with this second
edition of my Prosody.

The first edition was disfigured with numerous and
glaring blemishes; and no wonder: for the idea of that
publication was suddenly taken up at the casual suggestion
of a friend, as observed in my former preface; and, in
nine days, the whole of the manuscript was ready for the
press, except the "Analysis of the Hexameter" which
also, in its turn, was dispatched with equal haste.

All its imperfections, however, not withstanding, the
public were pleased to receive my volume with indulgence,
and to call for a new edition. A new edition, therefore,
I now present for their acceptance: and, though I dare
not yet presume to give it as a positively good book, yet I
may safely venture to assert that it is a much less bad one
than its predecessor.

I will not here enter into an enumeration of the c0rrec-

vi Preface.

tions and improvements, but f.ball content myself withbrief-
Iv noticing a few particulars, which require explanation.

Throughout the whole of the work, to every verse (other
than hexameter or pentameter) quoted as authority for
quantity, I have annexed a number, referring to the No.
in the Appendix, under which the reader will find a de-
scription of such verse, and the mode of scanning it. In
page 3, for example, the number 12, added to

Nunc mare, nunc slime ....

refers to No. 12 in the Appendix, where it will appear
that the verse in question is an Archilochian Dactylic Tri-
meter Catalectic, consisting of two dactyls and a semi-
foot.

Should the reader ask, why I have quoted verses of less
familiar kind, in many cases, Where I might, with much
less trouble to myself, have produced examples in hexa-
meter my answer is, that many of those hexameters,
which are commonly admitted as proofs, afford no proof.
For instance, the following line from Ovid, Ibis, 577

Ulque nepos /Ethrae, Vencris periturus ob iram ....
affords no positive proof that the OS of Ncpos is naturally
long, because the c&sura would alone be sufficient to lengthen
a short syllable in that position, as observed in page 140:
and the same would be the case in any other hexameter or
pentameter which might be quoted. But the quantity is
decisively proved by the trimeter iambic which I have
given in page 133, where the syllable in question termi-
nates a loot, viz.

. . . Priami | mpos \ Hecloreus, et letum oppetat.

In that respect, it is much to be regretted, that, when I
beginning to read the poets with a view to this now
4

Preface. vii

edition, the idea did not occur to me of deviating from
the beaten track, and noting such verses as should fuVnish,
not merely examples, but decisive proofs, of the quantity
of final long syllables. Unluckily, the thought did not
suggest itself to me until I had actually finished my course
of reading. I afterward attempted to supply the omission,
and, to a certain degree, succeeded, though not without
considerable labor and loss of time. But, neither myself
possessing, nor having elsewhere access to, the works of
the poets with verbal indexes, I was compelled to relin-
quish the task to content myself, in the remaining
cases, with the extracts which I had already made and to
follow the routine of my predecessors in giving examples
instead of proofs.

In different parts of the "Analysis of the Hexameter ^
some readers may perhaps be surprised to see so many
examples quoted, where it might appear, at first sight,
that a single one would be sufficient. It would have been
lucky for me, if /had thought so in the outset, as I should
have saved myself a great deal of labor; having, on more
occasions than one, been obliged to run my eye over the
entire works of half a dozen poets, in quest of a single line
to answer my idea. But I wished (whether judiciously or
otherwise, the reader must determine) to give examples,
not simply of a dactyl or a spondee in a particular position,
but of such dactyl or spondee preceded or followed by feet
of diversified construction, the better to show the effect of
every possible combination. Had I the work to do over
again, I should not be so minute.

In tiiat " Analysis? wherever I say that such or such
combination is pleasing or unpleasing, harmonious or in-

viii Preface.

harmonious, I would not be understood to speak dicta-
torially, as attempting to prescribe laws to controul the
reader's judgement By those and similar expressions, I
only mean that such is the effect produced on my ear: and
I am far from commending the despotic arrogance of a
French critic in denouncing " Wot" to any man who
should disrelish a particular verse which happened to please
Ins fancy " Malheur a cdui qui ne gout e pas la douceur
de ce beau vers /" Like the corporeal taste, the intellectual
also is widely different in different persons; nor would it
perhaps be possible to find any two individuals upon earth,
who should exactly agree in their taste of either corporeal
or intellectual objects. As, in the former case, what is
highly savoury to one palate, often proves disgusting to
another, so, in the latter, a poetic combination which /
approve, may be disapproved by some other writer one
which /condemn, may by him be admired: and this diffe-
rence of sentiment is the more likely to exist, if we happen
to differ in our mode of reading, with respect to accent and
quantity. On such occasions, I am by no means desirous that
any one of my readers, however young and inexperienced,
should implicitly adopt mine in preference to the contrary
opinion : I rather wish him to examine the poets for himself,
and, according as their practice implies approbation or dis-
approbation, to form his own judgement, un-influenced by
modern authority. Which way soever he may determine, my
quotations will prove equally serviceable to him being
ready collected to his hand, and furnishing convenient ma-
terials for whatever use he chooses to make of them.

Respecting the inaccuracy of our " Corpus Pottarum"
noticed in pp. 184, 272, and other parts of this book, it may
be proper to observe that I never have collated a single page

Preface. ix

t)f that publication, or a tenth part of a page and therefore
beg leave to enter my anticipative protest against any dis-
advantageous conclusion deducible from my silence concern-
ing other instances of inaccuracy, however gross or nume-
rous, which may hereafter be detected on a closer examina-
tion. It was, moreover, through pure accident that I hap-
pened to exemplify in Claudian, not in Horace, Virgil, or
Ovid. Going on a rural excursion, I put a small classic vo-
lume into my pocket; and that volume chanced to be Clau-
dian. On reading him in the country, I followed my usual
practice of noting with my pencil in the margin whatever
appeared to me a typographic or editorial error ; and, on
my return to town, had the curiosity to examine how far
my emendatory conjectures were confirmed by what I had
erroneously supposed to be Mr. Maittaire's publication ;
when, to my utter astonishment, I thus accidentally dis-
covered it to be only a servile re-impression from the common
editions of the day a faithful transcript of the grossest
errors.

I now conclude with a request that the oversights or de-
fects of this my second edition may experience from the
reader's lenity the same indulgence as was shown to those
of the former.

J. CAREY.

Islington)
June 1, 1808,

On the initial SC, SP, ST } X, and Z.

IN page 15, I referred to this place for remarks on the
initial SC, SP, >ST, X, and Z; a paper, which contained
several of my quotations, being astray at the time when
that part of my work went to press.

Respecting the initial SC, SP, ST 9 Terentianus ob-
serves (de Syllabis, 783) that, if follow td by a long
vowel, they have the power of lengthening a preceding
short final vowel, as in the subjoined example which he
gives '

Ante STtsichorum vatem natura creavit

but that, if followed by a short vowel, they have not the
power of lengthening a preceding vowel. This, however,
is a chimerical distinction, wholly unwarranted by the prac-
tice of the poets.

The learned Mr. Burgess, in his valuable edition of
Dawes's " Miscellanea Critica" (p. 347), has shown him-
self much better acquainted with the nature of the subject.
Without regarding the quantity of the following syllable,
he lays down the rule, that the preceding short syllable,
if it terminate a foot, may remain short; which is cer-
tainly true; but that, if it do not terminate a foot*, it
becomes long, except " in scriptis comicis, usque qua
sermoni propiora mnt:" and this, too, is pretty generally
the case. But, as it will presently appear that Ennius and
Propertius (to say nothing of the quotation from Horace)

* This being differently expressed by Mr. Burgess, I here give his own
words " Qttotiescuvujue ultima, qua brevis sit, rocaluli pracedcntis
partem tjusdem cum ST, 6'P, SC, fyc. pedis coH-stituat, toties earn esxe
Ittn^am, niii in scriptis comicis, , Usque yine sermuni propiuru sunt."

Initial SC, SP, ST. xi

furnish examples of a vowel remaining short which does
not terminate a foot, I presume we may safely venture to
simplify and generalise the rule, by saying, that

The 'initial SC*, SP, SI] (with or without the addi-
tion of a third consonant, as in SCRipta, &V.) have ex-
actly the same power over a preceding short final vowel,
as a mute and liquid liave over a preceding short vowel
in the body of a word that is to say, that the vowel
in question may, in every case, either remain short, or
be made long., at the poet's option f.

* SQ is, in .this respect, equal to SC, as will appear in the sequel.

-j- Priscian has, in different parts of his first book, some scattered
observations on the S, which are here worthy of notice. " S ante
Mittam positd , inveniuntvr duo verba, quee gem-want qyllabam in pr&terito,
Sto, Steti, Spondeo, Spopondi .... Nee sine ratione, S ante mutam
posita, invenitur geminatum verbum, cum S amittit vim suara plerumque
sic posita ante mutam ; wide nee in secundd syllabd rcpetitvr" r " Vi-
tium faciwit, qui Z ante M scribunt. Nunqiiam trnm duplex, in capite
syllable posita, potest cum alid jungi consonante. Lucanus quoqvc hoc os~
tenditinlQ [121]

Tcrga-sedentt crebro waculas distinct* SM a rag do:

nam, si eitstt ' ante M, subtrahi in metro minime posset, nee starct versus.
S enim in metro saepe vim consonantis amittit." "S in metro apud
vetustissicaos vim suarh frequenter amittit. f^irgilins, in il [JEncid. 30^]

Powite : SPe* sibi quisquc"

On considering these passages, together with the poetic authorities which
I here quote, and my remarks on the suppression of the final S in
pages l6'2, 173, 190* the reader will, no doubt, conclude, that,
where we find a final vowel short before SC, 6'/ J , ST, the initial $ was
equally suppressed in pronunciation; but that, where the preceding
short vowel is made long, the ,V received its fullest sound, to produce
the effect of lengthening such vowel by its position before two conso*
nants. All this, however, not withstanding, I recommend to the
Mouthful versifier, nei'cr (unices compelled by unavoidable necessity) to

xii Initial SC, SP, AX

The following quotations arc, I believe, sufficient
establish tlus rule.

1. Examples of final vowels short before SC*, SP,

Auspicio regni, stabilitagw? SCamna solumque. (Ennius, Annal. \, 18.
Tuque, o, Minoa venumda^ .SCylla; figura. (Propcrtius, 3, 19, 21.
Alteelafc* .SPecus, pelrisque ingentibu' tecta. (tbmius, Ann. 11, 15.
Ut ne^w SPectari neque cognosci potuerit. 22. {Terazce, Ilec. prol. 3.
Tenuia SPuta, cruenta, croci contincta colore. (Lucretius, 4, 1146.
Brachirt SPectavi sacris admorsa colubris. (Propertius, 3, 9, 53.

Jam ben2 SPondebant tune omina, quod iiihil illain (Proper t. 4, 1, 41,

Tu cat SPinosi roscida terga jugi. (Propertius, 4, 4, 48.

. . . Poni^: SPes sibi quisque : sed haec ^uam angusta, videtis.

(Virgil, ^n. 11, 309.

Addidit ctfontcs, immensJ7?/ 57agna, lacusque (Ovid, Met. 1,38.
Ante meos oculos tu STat, tua semper imago. (Ovtd, Pont. 2, 4, 6.
Contra alius nullam, nisi olcnti in fornic STantcm. (Horace, Sat. 1, 2, 30,
$&j) STylum verta?, iterum quae digna legi sint. . .(Horace, Sat. 1, 10, 72,

?. A vow el short before three consonants.

Est in qua nostri liter^ SCTftpta mernor. (Ovid, Ep. 5, 26.
. . . Multo aj^tiquius est, quam lecti molli^f ST7?ata. (Lucretius, 4, 847.
... l.inquimus, insani ridentes praemi^ SCRibx (Horace, Sat. \, 5, 35.
Speluncasque videt saxis pendentii' .S7'/?uctas. (Lucretius, 6, 194.
Consuluityw? 57'^iges nostro de sanguine; et in me . . . (Propcrt.1,5, 17.

place a short final vowel before any of tbose combinations of consonants,
or before X or Z: for, whether he choose to lengthen such vowel or to
preserve it short, the effect will not, with our modern pronunciation,
be so pleasing or handsome, as if the syllable terminated t ither with a
consonant or with a vowel naturally long.

* 1 do not here quote Undo, Scamandri from Catullus, 6l, 357, be-
cause the name (as observed in page 1<)0) is written Kfx3jj9 in ancient
Greek MSS. and so Dr. Clarke found it in the Harlcian Mb. of Homer,
as appears in his note's on Iliad 0, 124, 305, &c.

Initial SC, SP> ST. xiii

Ilia squat raucum, quiddamque inamabi/? STRidet. (Ovid, Art. S, 289.

.ijue ub't 77?igandum est, et ubi currendum, scio. 22. (Phad. 3, 6, 8.
Mille Agathynia dedit, pcrflata<?2tf STflongylos Austria. (&7t.v, 14, 260-

3. ^f */W/ Mtff/e long *.

Nee deprecor jam, si ncfarirf SC/frpta ... 23. (Catullus, 4, 9.

Ferte citi ferrum: date te/J : SCandite muros. (Virgil, JEn. 9, 37.

Cel.w SCandere cqntigit Tonantis. 38. (Prudcntius, Peri-Steph. 6, 98,

Ineptirt .STultitiaque adeo, ettemeritas. 22. (Plautus, Merc. 1, 1,26.

Ut apud nivem et ferarum geli^ 5Tabula forem. 34. (Catullus, 61,55.,

Post, ubi procg?is generos^ STirpibus arbor . . . (Gratius, 142.

Q,uicl gladium demens Roma?*fl STRingis in ora? (Martial, 5, 64.

Ut didi^ 5Tipendiis

Ducem juvetpecunia. 29. (Prudentius, Peri-Steph. 2, 90.

Ut suevit patri5 Sraingere pectora, 44. (Martianus Caplla, 1, 4, 64.

4. In the following examples, where the lengthened
yovvel stands at a c&sura, I leave the reader to judge
for himself whether it be rendered long by the ccesura
alone, or by the following consonants, or by the combined
efficacy of both.

I\'on pulsYJ 6'Cythico sagitta nervo. 38. (Sidon* Apollinaris, Carm. 23, 345,
...Complert SPatium: nam primiim quemque necesse cst...(Luc-r. 1, 390.
Nulla fugae ratio ; nul/ SPcs: omnia muia. (Catullus, 6 1> 186.
Pro sege/e SPicas, pro grege ferre dapem. (Tibullus, 1, 5, 28.
Occult SPolia, et pluresde pace triumphos. (Juvenal, 8, 107.
Ut dig?z^ SPeculo fivit imago tua. (Martial, 2, 66.

Corripit gregis suilli sordid SPurcainiua. 36. (Prudcntius, fythan. 9, 56.
Tristi S.3ualentis sclhrae palluerunt sidcra. 36. (Prudent. Catheut. 9, 77.
Si pofc STblidum repente excitare veternum. 3. (Catullus, 18,24.
Jura dart STatuas inter et arma Mari. (Propcrtius, 5, 11, 46

* I do not quote, as an example, Modo SC?/rr, from Catullus/20, 1C,
"because 3Ivdo had the final common, as will presently appear in the
" Addenda et corrigenda," page xix.

xiv Initial X and Z.

. , . Autpretium: quippi? STimulo fluctuque furoris . . . (Li/can, 5, 118.
. . . Praecekres. Agile STudium, et tenuissima virtus. (Stat. Theb. 6, 551.
In Iate?v7 STbmachumqtie furit. 10 (Prudentius, Peri-Steph. 3, 150.
Caesaraugusta STudiosa Christi. 37. (Prudentius, Peri-Steph. 4, 54.
Promts detraher? STudebat unus. 38. (Prudcntivs, Peri-Steph. 6, 15.
O novum caeff? STupenda vulneris miraculum ! 36. (Prudent. Catltem. 9, 84.
Confer STudium est vota propaginis. 44. (Martianus Capdia, 1, 4, 58.

With respect to the initial X and Z, there cannot be a
doubt that they had the power of lengthening a preceding
short final vowel, since we see that effect produced by a
mute and liquid (page 17), though the mute and liquid
did not possess equal efficacy with the A" or Z to lengthen
a preceding vowel in the body of a word; such vowel be-
ing only rendered common before the mute and liquid
(page 16), but unavoidably and invariably long before
either of the double letters (page 13). Accordingly, in
the poetry of Homer, where the initial H and Z very often
occur, not a single example is to be found of a final vowel
remaining short before H not a single one before Z,
except in the instances of two proper names, ZsXs/a and
Zofxtn&oc, which he could not possibly have introduced
into his verses without a licence of some kind. On the
other hand, the examples of short vowels lengthened before
the initial H and Z are very numerous. But, to avoid
crowding my page with quotations, or noticing any line
where the effect might be attributed to the c&sura, I con-
tent myself with referring to the following passages, in
which the lengthened vowel terminates a spondee

Before "5. --II. O, 26 Od. A, 123 --H, 192
0, 42, 101, 145, 159, 251, 461 - - O, 535 --P,
163, 586-- 2, 404 T, 309 O, 314, 424
flt, 262.

Initial X and Z. XY

Before Z 11. A, 331 K, 77 A, 752 N,
355_-O, 97 P, 271, 4O5 T, 87 , 43,
685 --Od. A, 483, 558 P, 424 T, 80 T,
339 x, 177 Hymn, in Ven. 189, i>23.

With these examples before their eyes, we might liav<*
expected that the Latin poets would, on every occa-
have lengthened a short vowel before A", and never pre-
served one short before Z, except in cases of unavoidable
necessity, such as the following

Jam medio apparet flucfci nemoroai S^cynthos. (ftrgil, JEn. 3, 270.
Dulicbii, Samiique, et quos tulit olta cynthos. (OriJ, Ep. \, 87.
...Sanxerit; et Locris dederit quce jura <*leucus. (Ausonius, Prof. 22, II.

Yet, in Ennius (Annal. 13, 4) we read

Pontibus instratis conjunxit liters Xerxes

and Terentianus (de Syllabis, 881) gives another ex-
ample *, viz.

.Sanguine turbatua miscebat litom Xanthus -

while, of a short syllable lengthened in such position, though
I am not prepared to assert that no example occurs in Latin
poetry, I must say that I have not any-where observed an
unquestionable instance : for, in that line of Virgil, Geo. 4.

336

Drymoque, Aanthoque, Ligeaque, Phyllodocecjlie

the Qite might be lengthened by the casura alone, without
the aid of the A".

* But, in a passage sometimes quoted from Lucan, 2, 672
Tales fania canit tumidum super aequora Xerxcn
Construxisse vias

the text is corrupt ; the more accurate copies having Persen, " THE
Persian" which is more elegant and poetic, and so used by Petronius
Antigenides, epig. 4

Perses insLguus adest: totus comitatur euntem
Ortis: quid dubitas, Grcecia, ferrejugum?

Initial Xand 2.

Of final syllables remaining short before Z we Snd nu*
merous instances, and in cases where no actual nec\
existed * ; as, for example
Cancer ad aestivae fulget fastigi* onse. (Manilius, 3, 625.
Aut Pelusiaci proritet pocu/a 5ythi. (ColumeUa, 116.
Si lib? elotyp3D retegantur scrinia mcechae. (Juvenal, 6, 277.
Trucis zntra ethi, nobiles Dirces aquas. 22. (Seneca, Here. Fur. 916,
Eno^/e cphyris pinus opponens latus. 22. (Seneca, (Edip. 541.
Pendentem volo oilum videre. 38. (Martial, 4, 77.
Involvet quoties mobile Zona latus. (Paronius, eplg. 4.
Censor Aristarchus, norma^i^ ^enodoti. (Auson(m, Sept. Sap. prof. 12.
Quotque super ten-am sider^ Cbdiaci f. (Ansonius, epist. 17, 8.

to which add Seneca, Thyest. 846*; Agam. 43.3; (Edip.
421 Juvenal, 5, 45 Martial, 2, 58; 11, 86; 14,
151 Ausonius, Prof. 13, 3, and Eel. 5, 9.
I Of a final short vowel made long before Z, I cannot
produce a single instance in Latin; though it is not im-
possible that there may somewhere exist a lurking example
which has escaped my observation.

* Whether the Greeks of Homer's day, like the modern Germans and
Italians, more fully sounded the Z as DS or TS t and the Romans less
fully, I cannot pretend to say. But, however that may have been, Tc-
rentianus (de Syllab. 641) clearly acknowledges a double sound in
theZ

Quom sonis utrisque constetZ, quod estGraecum duplex
whereas a passage in Quintilian, 12, 10, respecting the pronunciation of
certain letters, is not quite so clear or satisfactory to me, as it has ap-
peared to some other writers who have quoted it on the subject of the Z,

f Through typographic inaccuracy, this line, together with the ninth,
18 omitted in the Corpus Poet arum , n which, see some remarks in
page 272.

xvii

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

P. 1. Where I say, that "the C was pronounced as K before all vowels
indiscriminately," / simply mean that it was pronounced hard before the
E, I, and Y, as well as before A, O, and U: for, t/iiugh sounded bard,
it was not pronounced as K in Caius, but as G; which peculiarity of
pronunciation is noticed by Terentianus, de Syllab. 617

Cains praenomen . . . . C notatur, G sonat :

and his authority is confirmed by the concurrent testimony of the Greek
writers on Roman affairs, who uniformly spelled the name FaVoj.

P. 5. lines 3 and 4. Read

IU8 commune cst gtnitivo prater AHus,
Quod mediant extendit. Pompei, et talia, produc.
P. 9. After the line, Jam Dsedaleo, fyc. instead of 56, read 55.
P. 10. After the line, Aspice! per bifidas, fyc. instead of 51, read 56.
P. 15, line 1. For Ferte citi flammas, read Ferte citi ferrum.
P. 26. Instead of the Note on the noun Propago, substitute the following
quotation from Statius, Silv. 2, 3, 39

Primoevam visu platanum, cui longa propago,
Innumerseqiie manus, et iturus in aethera vertex
which fully establishes my assertion, and shows the futility of the gramma^
ruaut* distinction between the zrge table and the animal kingdom , in assign"
g different quantities to the first syllable of that word.
P. 28, line 5 from bottom. Read

At nos horrifico cinefactum te prope busto ....

P. 33. To the note on Areopagus add the following line from Ennius,
-Eitmenid. 5

Addenda SC Corrienda.

Areopagiticam ea de re vocant petram

which appears intended for a Trimeter Iambic to be scanned, in that
case, areo-|-pagl-|-ticam, #c.

In my former edition, I said that the second syllable ii-us long, agreeably
to the Greek name, Apw wayo? collis Martins. But, if the line be (as
I suppose} a Trimeter Iambic, Ennius has made the RE short; forming
the word, as a compound, from an oblique case of the substantive, Agr?,

Pp. 39, 41. Expunge from page 39 the seventh line,

Nee supera caput ejusdem cecidisse viltam . . . (Lucretius.

and place it in page 41, after
Armaque gavlso, &c.

altering, in page 41, the third line to

Gavisum quoque producas, pariterque Victum

and, toward the bottom, " Gavisum has" to " Gavisum and Vietuim

P. 41, line 17. Instead of

Cautum et stziutum jusserat
read Cautum et statutum Jws erat.

P. 53, line 10 from bottom. Read " the subjoined passage (4, 6, 75)"
P. 71. Instead of " as will be shown in Sect. 42, on occasion of Es from

Sum," read, " as will be shown in page 77."
P. 98. Strike out the line,

Homo, qui erranti, frc.

which cannot be admitted to prove the point, because tw might, agreeably
to t he practice of. Ennius and others, preserve the dm from elision, and
scan

Homo, qui \ erranti ....
or Homo, qui | erranti ....

Neither do the lines from Catullus and Prudcntius afford decisive proot :
ft>r, in that of Catullus, if me consider the line as a single iv/v,r, in:
might allowably make a dactyl of Est homo; or, if we divide it into two
tents (as in page 205) the Quantity of the final syllable in homo w in-
different: and, with respect to Prudcntfas, it was a common

Addenda ( Corrigenda.

. him to lengthen a short final vowel before two consonants at the com*
mencement of the word ensuing. But the quotation from Martial, inde-
pendent of any other authority, is alone sufficient to decide the question.
P. 99. Expunge " Mtxjo" from its present station, and insert it with
" Sero," 4'c. as having the final O common: for, in Seneca's Octavia,
273, we find the following Anapaestic (No. 14)

Quse fa-|-ma modo \ venit ad awes

whence we may conclude, that, in the subjoined passages, the final vowel
is long by its own power, not accidentally lengthened by the caesura or
the SC

At tu, si qua modo non adspernanda putabis ....

(Calphurnius, 4, 157.
Hoc quid putemus esse ? qui modo scurra .... 23.

(Catullus, 22, 12.

P. 119, line 6. Read"Lucai}, 10, 382."

P. 131, line 20. Read

Samnis in ludo ac rudibus cuivis satis asper.

P. 137. After the line, Hie CEdipus, Sfc. add 22, as a reference to the
jVo. in the Appendix.

P. 190, line 8 from bottom. Read

Testis erit magnis virtutibus unda Camandri.
P. 154. Strike out Alituum, as an example of Epenthesis. On second

thoughts, it appears to me only a change of vowel, Alituum for Alitium

(like Civitatium), as Documentum, Arcubus, Portubus, for Dokimen-

tuir, Arkibus, Portibus.
P. 246. At the end of the Article GaUiambits, add <( See some remarks

on the Galliambus in page 279."

P. 262, line 5 from bottom. Instead of " by Seneca, in near two hun-
dred lines/' read " by Seneca, with only one exception, in near two
hundred lines."

P. 264. At the bottom, add, " Although neither Catullus nor Horace
used the Glyconic, except in conjunction with verses of different kind,
other writers composed entire poems in this metre, as Boethius, 1,6;
2f. 8; 3, 12; 4, '> Prudentius, Peri-Steph. 7 ; cont. Symm. 2,

1

Addenda &" Corrienda.

p rgc f. , an( l Terentianus, the preface to bis treatise de Literis. In
tragic choruses also, it was used in continuation, as in Seneca's Here.
Fur. act. 3, Here. GEt. act. 3, and Thyest. act. 2 which last men-
tioned chorus consists entirely of Glyconics.

P. 283. The Lesser Alcaic (> o. o3 '.. might have been placed in the class
of Choriambics, and thus scanned as a Trimeter, of a different species
from the Glyconic (No. 46}

Levia. | peraoniie-|-re suxa

the initial Dactyl sometimes occurring in one Species of Choriambic, the
Asckpiadic Tetrameter (No. 44) and the concluding Bacc/iius being
used in two others, the Tetrameter (No. 43) and the Dimeter (No. 49).

PROSODY,

SECT. I.

PftOSOD Y teaches the proper accent and leogtn of syl-
lables, and the right pronunciation of words.

The letters of the alphabet are divided into Vowels and
Consonants.

The Vowtls are six, viz. A, E, /, 0, U, K

The remaining letters are Consonants, except H, which
is generally considered as only a note of aspiratio'n or
breathing*.

The Consonants are divided into Mutes and Semi-
vowels.

The Mutes are eight ; v4& JB, C\, D, Gf, K, P, 2, T.

Some ancient grammarialis co'nside'rfcd // as a consonant, and
ranked it with the semivowels, &e Teren'tianus Maurus, de syll. 51 J .
t The C was prtfrkmticed as K "before all vowels indiscriminately ;
and the G was in e^'ery I case souTide'd "hard, as in the English g'itfe, get*
Hence the -easy transition from Lukitentus (as pc&tilentus),
to LucukntvS) Docufacttfv
B

2 Letters.

The Semivowels are likewise eight, jp, Z, y]/*, N* t R,
,S't, A r , Z.

Of the Semivowfls four are called Liquids, viz. Z, JI/,
JV, #; and

T\vo are double letters, viz. A' and Z; the A" being
-q.ial to CS or A^+ and the Zto ZXS'or 7^.

The .7 was nothing more than the I less fully pro-
nounced, though considered by some ancient gramma-
rians as a kind of consonant ||. In words of Greek origin,

* The final A/ and final A' were pronounced with a slight nasal sound,
a* iii the French words Faim and Pain, so as to be hardly, or not at all,
distinguishable from each other. From Cicero (Orator, 154) we learn
that their sound was so nearly alike as to create, in certain cases, a very
aukward ambiguity. See also Quinctilian, ix, 4.

f The early Romans, like the modern French, did not, in many cases,
pronounce the final S, unless the following word began with a vowel,
Cunius, Annal. vii, 66",

Ingenio quoi mil la malum sententia suadet*
Ut faceret facinus levis aut main'; doctu', fidelis,
Suavishomo, Jacundif, suo content u\ beatus,
Scitu', secundaloquensin ternpore, cumwoclu', verbum
Paucum, multatenens antiqua, sepulta, vetusta.

About Cicero's time it began to be generally sounded (Orator, i6l;
Quinctil. ix, 4) ; and Cicero himself, as \yell as his contemporaries Ca-
tullus and Lucretius, occasionally omitted it in his poetry, as Tori-u'
draco, phnen. 15 Magnn* 7co, 4p. See further under Synafapfa.

I Likewise to GS, as in Rcxi, Junxi, Fin ; and apparently also, by
metathesis, to SC, as Mixtum for misc'fum or tniscitum, like the English
vulgarism Aks or ax for at>k.

And also to 6'D, as Aduvajc for A&wsurh.

\\ Ter. Maiir. in one place calls it a consonant, elsewhere a vowel.
Quinctilian (i, 4) considers the J and / in conJIcio as the same voicel
doubled. It probably was sounded by the Romans as it now is by the
Germans in JaJir, Jagcr, Jena, &c. i. e. exactly like our initial Y iu

^ More probably sue'set. See Swfoff, Sect. LV,

Quantity of Syllables. 3

the I is always a vowel, as liison, Tdpeliis, Tdspis, locust a *

Daanira.

Colchidasic hospes quondam decepit iason. (Properties.

Daveniuin: praeclara illic laudatur laspis. (Juvenal.

Impia, quid cessas, Dtianira, mori ? (Ovid.

The U was pronounced like our OO or broad U, as in
Fool, Rule*, &c.; and the V was only the same vowel
sounded as a single syllable in conjunction with the next
vowel before or after it, as our 1V'\.

A Diphthong consists of two vowels pronounced toge-
ther in one syllable, as Aurum, Euge, Muses, (Estrum.

SECT. II,

Quantity of Syllables.

Of Syllables, some are short, some long, and some
common.

Youth, Year, Yard, viz. Yahr, Yager, Yena -so that Jupiter, Jocus, Ja?
cvlttm, were pronounced Yupiter, Yocus, Yaculum. Hence the easy de-
rivation of Julius from lulus, JEncid. 1, 29-- See Position*

* It was avowedly equivalent to the Greek OT: and in like manner
the Italian Pur, the French Pour, and the English Poor, exactly agree
in sound. Hence the easy transition, in many words, from to U, as
Virulent us for virolentus, Vultfoi I'olt, Pullic-us tor pop'licus, '&c.

f Hence Sy-lu-a, So'lu-o, or syl-ia, svl-i'o, i. e. syl-wa, sol-wv,
Nunc mare, nunc &jliiaf....\2 (Horace,

Nulla queat posthac nos soluisse dies. (Tibull.

Hence also A-wispex, av'spcx, auspex Ca-id-tum, cats' tum t cautum
La-wi-tinn (from law., lazis) lav:' turn, lautum. (See Syncope an,^
Epentfais.) Cicero relates (Div. ii, 40) that, when Crassus was setting
out on the disastrous expedition in which he lost his life, the cry of
"-Cattncas!" uttered by a man selling Caunian figs, was considered as
ominous, being equivalent to Care ne cas, i.e. Caw'n'cas, as the words
were probably sounded in the rapidity of ordinary speech. r(Sce further
under Diphthongs.}

B 2

4 Vowel before Vowel.

The quantity or length of syllables is marked as in the
word timabo, of which the first syllable is short, the second
long, and the third common.

A short syllable is rapidly pronouncedy as C7in Cancido
(to /#//), or as the middle syllable in the English word
Confident.

A long syllable requires double the time in pronunciation,
as CI in Cowcido (to cut to pieces), or as the second syl-
lable in the English word Confiding.

A common syllable is that which may be pronounced
either short or long at the option of the poet, as Hynien or
Hymen*, Papyrus or Papyrus, Vaticanus or Vatleanus %
Ill/us or Illlus, Fuefimus or Fuerlmus, (See Genitives
in IUS, and Rimus Subjunctive.)

Adfuit et sertis tempora vinctus Hymen. (Ovid.

Et subito nostras Hymen cantatus ad aures. (Ovid.

"Sfcoivu KCU favrri tr^r/yo^vov 7T&.'jrvg&>, (Anthol,

Perdite Niliacas, Musae, mea damna, papyros, (3Iart,
Redderet laudes tibi Vatican*

Montis imago, 37. (Hor.

Vaficana bibas, si delectaris aceta (Mart,

SECT. III.

Vowel before VoweL

Vocctlcm breviant, alia mbcunte, Latmi.
Produc (ni segitit&r R) fio, et nonwia quintx,

'* Something similar may be observed in the English 'substantive Re*
cord, in which the quantity of the latter syllabic varies according i 1
accent is laid upon or removed from the former.

3

Vowel before Vowel, 5

eminos casus, E longo, assumit in El.
E corripiunt Fidel^e, Spei^we, Reijw.
IUS commune cst vati ; producito Alius :
Alterfus bre'cia. Pompei, et talia, proditc.
Eheu protrahitur : sed lo variatur, et Ohe.
Nomina Gracorum cert&sine lege vagantur :
Qua dam etcmm long is, ceu Dla, Chorea, Platea,
Quadam etiam brecibus, vtluti Symphonia, gaudent.

lo words of Latin origin, a vowel is usually short wheii
immediately followed by a vowel or diphthong, as Puer,
De*.

Comcia mens recti famx mendacia ridet. (Ovid.

O pate r^ O pa t ri& c u r a sal u s q u e / IKK I ( Ovid.

The same happens, though the first vowel be followed by
//, or was originally long, as the particle I)e, and the
middle syllable in Audivit.

Vellera saepe eadem Tyrio medicantur aheno* (Ovid.

Officium, nemo, qui reprchendat, erit. (Ocid.

Quae minimis stipata coherent partibus arete. (Lucret.
Hos amplectitur; hos dcosculatur. 38. (Martial.

A media coelum region e dehisce re coepit. (Ovid.

jl ltd i it et Triviae longe lacus, audiit amnis

Exceptions.

1. The verb Fio has the /long, when not followed by
Yt, ttFlunt, Fiebam, Flam.

Magnarurn return fiunt exordia srepe. (Lucre t.

F'tent ista palam; cupient c j t in acta referri. (Juvenal

6 Foicel before Voicel.

But, when R follows, the /is usually short*.
Kcflieret prima pes tuus udus aqua. (Ovid.

1 2. The genitives and datives singular of the fifth declen-
sion make E long before /.
Xon radii solis, neque lucida telaiSei. . (Lucrcf.

But it is found short in Sp2i, and both long and short in
Rei and Fidel,

Extingue flammas ; neve te dira? spe'l 22. (Seneca.

Curtae nescio quid semper abest rei. 44. (Horace.

Ipsius ra| rationem reddere possis. (Liter et.

Unum pectus habent, Jideique immobile vinclum. (Manll.
.. . . Nee jacere indu manus, via qua munitajfa/e/. (Lucrct.
liievir baud magna cum re, sed ptetfu'jft&t. (Enniiis.

3. Genitives in IUS have the I long in prosej, though
in poetry it is common, as Uifius or Urn us, III IMS or II fins,

* Yet Terence and Plautus make it long

iDJunum est: nani, si esset untie \<\f~ieret. ... 22. (Ter. Ad. 1,2, 26.

Si in obserendo possint intcrfuri 22. (Plautux, Trin. 2, 4.

JPostquam nos vidimus auro insidias^Im. 22. (Plant. Bacch. 2, 3..
Neque v.nquam ludos tarn festivosj'zm. 22. (Plant. Casin. 4, 1,2.
Pater curavit, URO ut fetu/Imtf. 22. (Plaut. Ampli. 1, 2, 25,.

1 Pmdeutius, on the contrary, (Pass. Cyp. 59) has

Jarnque tuum fieri mandas : fio Cyprianus alter. 56.
t Lucretius furnishes five) examples of Ji^J, besides that in iv. 883,
where it is not certain whether he intended Ipmt r~e~i t or Ipslus v\ ith rei a
monosyllable, as in iii, 931. (See Sy<rmw.) Plautus, too, (Mil.
Gl. 2, 1, 25) has

Magnai re~i publicai* gratia. 22.

e cases appear to have been anciently written both c-i and ti-i;
which accounts for the variation in the quantity.

I Qurc. fiant spatio, sive quum sylla.ba longa corripitur, ut

" Vntus ob noxatn ct furias" extra carmen non deprchendas. Quinq-
t:l. 1, 5.

Vossius (Art. Gram, 2. 13) considered Svliusznl Ufrius as ahvavs

I'vzcel before Vowel. 7

except All us, which (being formed by crasis from aliins] is
always lon.u.

Hints etnitido stillent unguenta capillo. (Tibiill.

Hints puro dostilleut tempera nardo. (TibulL

L^'iuft ob noxani et furias Ajacis, Oilei. (J^ ir g-

Si non unlit*, qurcso, miserere duoruin. (P roper t.

Arcanum nee tu scrutaberis ullius unquam. (Hor.

Nultiusque larem, nullos adit ilia penates. (Germanicus*
Parsque mea? poenae tbfius instar erit. (Ovid.

Kxcipiam medius tot Jus vulnera belli. (Lucan.

Tu potes alter ius studiis haerere Minerva?. (Claud.

Mox dum altcr'nis obligurrias bona. 22. (Ennins, sat* 6.

4. Such proper names as Cains, Pompcins, Vulteins
posed to have been originally written with a diphthong,
Cai-nis, Pompci-'ius, Vultei-ius), as likewise Grains, Veins,
&c. have the A .or E long before the /: the A also is
long in the antique genitives, Aulai, Ternii, &c.
Pervigil in pluma. Cnit'is, ecce, jacet. (Martial.

Arcipe, Pompci, deductum carmen ab illo (Ovid.

DivesequCan, dives pictai vestis, et auri. (Virgil.

llladomus princeps Trojani Grant belli. (3-Iamlius.

Forte super portae dux Veins adstitit arcein. (Propert.

'5. In Ohe, lo (whether interjection or proper name),

long, but was unable to produce any example. I do not recollect to
have ever observed either of them so, and should be glad to see an ex-
ample quoted from any good author. Terence has Sotius short,
. . . t Sofiu' soliciti sint caussa, utmeunum expleant. 22. (Hcaut. 1, i', 77.
Horace has Utnus short, epist. i, 3, 15; and its compound Utnusque
occurs short in Od. iii, 8, 5 Phsedrus, 3, 10 Seneca, Tliyest..714-
Martial-, spect. 13 Avienus, orb. desc. 1423, iS:c. Tofius is short
in Cr.tullus, IS, and Lucretius, 6, 652. Alterlus is three times longm
Tercnt. Maurus, de syllab. 1072, de metr. 32, and

8 Vowel before

and in Diana, the first syllable is common : id cheu it is

long.

o/ie! jam satis est, ohe, libelle ! 38. {Martial.

llursus, w, magnos clamat tibi Roma triumphos. (Martial.

Quaque fcrebatur ductor Sidonius, ~w

Conclamant ...... (5/7. ItaL

/<?, versa caput, primos mugiverat annos. (Propert.

Qua? tibi caussa fugze ? quid, lo, freta longa pererras?

(Ovid.

Experta estnumen moriens utriusque T)ian&. (Martial.
Juno, Y T esta, Ceres, Diana, Minerva, Venus, Mars,
Mercurius, Jovi', Neptun us, Vulcan us, Apollo. (Ennius*

6. In many Greek words, a vowel is long, though imme-
diately followed by another, as Her, Achaia, Achelous,
aonides, Laertes, Laodicc and other words compounded
with Xaoj, La tons, E-tiyo, Panchaia, TJireicius, Taygetus,
Trvas, Troiies, Galatla, &c.

Erubuit Mavors, aversaque risit Enyo. (Claudian.

Hunc Galatla* vigens ausa est inccssere bello. (Statius.

7. Tliose words which are written in Crreek with the
Diphthong Ely and in Latin with a single E or /, have that
E or / long, as JEiieas, Museum, Darius, Thalia, Clio,
Elegla, Ortadcs, &c.

Xecmihi sunt visa? Clio C/^/.vque sorores. (Ovid.

....... Detineat, cultis aut Eleg'ta comis. (JlfartiaL

Et panacea potcns, etThessala ccntaiirca. (Liican*

8. Most adjectives in EL'S, formed from Greek proper
names, have the E long; and it continues so, when re**
soivedf into El. -- (See

* Hence, lc. us say, tlio q St. Paul to the G'alati-gns, nof

Gcla-tians.
t Being originally a <\*-\ : 'k. But those wlucJi (

Vowel before Fowel. 9

Eumenidum vidit vultus Pelopeiis Orestes. (Lucan.

Oppida semoto Pelop'eia marte vigerent. (Claudiqn.

Jamque fretum Minya? Pagasea puppe secabant. (Ovid.

.... Spargat : et (Ebalium Pagaseia puppis alumnum

(F. Flaccu*.

Laudata est oculis quod Cytherca meis, (Sabinus.

Exigit indicii memorem Cy there ia poenam. (Ovid.

In imitation of the Greeks, we see, in Statius, the adjec-
tive Tibereius.

9. Names of towns, temples, or monuments, in EA,
I A, or EUM, formed, in the Greek manner, from the
proper names of persons, most commonly have the penul-
tima long, as Laodicta, Apamea, C&sarea y Alexandria ,
Antioclria, Mausoleum*.

Terrarum mediis Apamecz mcenia clara, (Priscian.

Noxia Alexandria f, dolis aptissima tell us. (P roper t.

Jam vicina jubent nos vivere Mausolea. (Martial.

10. Academut) Chorea, Platea, Malea, have the penul-
tima common.

In Latium spretis Academia migrat Athenis. (Claud.

tain a trochee (**) in the two syllables immediately preceding the penul-
tima, were, both in Greek and Latin, most frequently (but not always)
formed with the penultima short, for the convenience of furnishing a
dactyl, as Hectoreus, NestoreitSy Agenoreus, Antenoreits, &c.

Herculeam Sparten, Nestoreamqus Pylon. (Ovid.

Quidquid Agenoreo Tyros improba cogit aheno. (Martial.
Atque Antenorei dispergitur unda Timavi. (Lucan.

D&daleum lino quum duce rexit iter. (Propert.

JzmD&daleo tutior Icaro.... 56. (Horace.

* In fact, they are only adjectives, agreeing, the feminities with
TrcXK urbs- the neuters with pmyi.uQvltfCvmonimcntumtemplu'ni.

t As we find, for this passage, the various reading, AlexanJrina, see
Horace's Alexandria supplex, Od. iv, 14, 35.

C

10 Diphthongs.

Atque Academia celebratam nomine villam,

(Laurea Tullius.
Protinus et nuda choreas imitabere sura. (Proper t.

Kxercent varias naturae lege choreas. (Mctmluis.

Purae smrtplatece, nihil ut med'itantibus obstet. (Hor.
Aspice ! per bifidas plebs Romula funditurflateas. 57.

(Prudent.

Jonioque marr, Maleceque sequacibus undis. (Virg.

Et ratibus longae flexus donare Mttlete. (Lncan.

11. Greek genitives and accusatives from nominatives
in EUS have the penultima short according to the common
dialect, long according to the Ionic.

Tydeos ilia dies: ilium fugiuntque tremuntque. (Statius.
Excitor; et summa Theseavoce voco. (Ovid.

. . . Regula. Cepheos vestigia balteas ambit (Gtrmanicus.
Illonea petit dextra, laevaque Serestum. (J^irgiL

SECT. IV.

Diphthongs*

Diphthongus longa est in Gratis atquc Latinis.
I^rce breria, si compositum vocalibits anteit.

" A diphthong is long, whether in a Greek or Latin word,
as Jlltfomdes, Mdiba'us, Premium, CM/KM, LaTts, Graius
and Calus, dissyllables, Pompelus, Procultlus y &c.
En-Priamus: sunt hie etiam sua pr&mia laitdi. . (J r irg.
(^uis cd'lum terris non tnisceat, et mare cltlo ? (Juv.

Scis, Profcli, scisipse; nequ'e est te tallerectiiquarn.

Spargk aqua capto.s lustruli Grata sacerdos. x

' Quis hi ?' f Caius*A\tf.* f Vivisne ?' . . . . . . (Ausonlus.

Hand procul est iina Pompeii nomen arena. (Lucan.

Diphthongs. 1 1

Note. We may suppose a latent or virtual diphthong
in every syllable formed from two syllables by crasis*; and
every such syllable is long, as Jull from Julii and Julie
Demo and Promo from de-emo and pro-emo Dcbeo from
dcfiibco or de-habeo the genitive and dative Manus and
Manu from manuis and manui^ Jucundus, Junius,
Jupiter, from Juvicundus, Juve-nius, Jovis pater '[. (See
Supines, Sections 14 and 15, and Syn&resiSy page 147,
Notes 1 and 4.)

Jull bibliotheca Martialis. 38. (Martial.
Jail Flore, quibus terrarum militet oris .... (Horace.
Turbine flectit iter, portuque refertur amico. (JP. Flaccus.
O dxAdjucunda viro, jucunda parent! ! (Catullus.
Junius, a juvenum nomine dictus, habet. (Ovid.

Exception. Free, immediately before a vowel in a
compound word, is generally short .

* But not by elision or syncope alone, as ant'eaf, scmanimis,
magn'vpere, tindemitor^ &c. &c. (See Syncope.)

. . . Desinc: nee cursus ant eat ilia tuos. (Ovid.

&ffM*imfque micant cligiti, ferrumque retractant. (Virgil.
fifagnopcre a vcra laps! ratione videntnr. (Lucretius.

Carpebat raras serus lindstmtor nvas. (Seneca.

t It will thus be easy to account for the quantity of many syllables,
according to the doctrine of Vossius and Busby, viz. maaue t manu
maniH*, in anus nrZ6iff, rebus iims, am as amae y ama audits, aucKs
audie, at.(Ti t &Q. See Terence, Ileaut. ii, 3, 4-6 Vossius de anal.
2, 17 and Busby 'a Paradigms.

J That is to say, jWiCundus, juWcundus JuWenius, JuW'n'uis
(See Syjixresis, page 151.) And from the nominative Joiia (quoted in
page 8), Jclf'"i' t JoW^ Ju, as from boi'ibus or boWtbtts, boWbus, bubus.
In like manner, Ovid and Seneca make the diphthong short in

though it is usually lc ng'

Longiur autiquis visa Mteutis hiems. (OnW, Trist. 3, 12, .2.
. . . Arva mutantesj quasque JM&otis . . . . 5 U. (Scacca, (Edip. 474

J3 Diphthongs.

Stipitibus duris agitur, sudibusque pr&iistis *. (FirgiL

Jamque novi praeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget. (Claud.
Quos ubi vidernnt, prdacutce cuspidis hastas .... (Ovid.
. . . Incidunt: arbusta fr&alta securibu' caedunt. (Ennius.

Note. Greek proper names in EUS (genitive EOS)
always have the EU a diphthong, or one long syllable, in
the original; and the Latin poets accordingly made the
EUo, diphthong, with very few exceptions, for which see
Diaresis (page 15S). Wherefore, although the Romans
sometimes inflected these names after the forms of the second
declension (which supposes the EUS to have been consi-
dered as two short syllables), I do not conceive that we
ought in any case to pronounce it otherwise than as one
long, unless compelled by unavoidable necessity.
Parvo dilexit spatio M inoida Theseus. (Propertius.

Eurydicenque suam jam tuto respicit Orphean. (Ovid.

Conditus Inarimes aeterna mole Typhocus. (Lucan.

. IT is also a diphthong in Greek names such as
Orithyia, Hitliyia, Harpy la, slgyiens^, tS:c.
Ma/cfc, KGU Qos&vict,, zv7r}.ox,oifio$ r ApuSr&ta. (Homer.
Or~it.liyltin aiwans fulvis ampleclitur alls. (Ovid.

* In fact, the Pre being originally prai or prac, these words become
pra'ustis, pra'eunt, &.C. the luttor of the two vowels being tacitly elided,
as the entire diphthong is by Catullus, Nupt. Pel. 120,

Omnibus his Thesei duicem preopUirit aincix-iu
lor which, liowever, some editions give pr&forrct.

Siatius (Theb. 6', 5iy) and Sidonius Apolliiuiris (cann. ^3} preserve
the /L' long

. . . cam vucuus domino prairct -\riou. (Statins.

Pt-eesse ofliciis tuie solebut. 38. (Sid. An respecting which,

see the remark under PhaUxian.

\ The original being TI, which can as easily be sounded in one syllable,
as UI m the French monosyllables Lui t Xtii, &c. l-'or an exception,
Sect. 4&, p. J6S.

Position. 13

Et patrio insontes Harpyias pellere regno; (J^irgil.

Lenis Ilithyia, tuere matres. 37- (Horace.

Lasvis Agyieu. 13. (Horace.

SECT. V.

Position.

Vocalis longa est, si consona bina sequatur,
Aut duplex, aut\ vocalibus interjectum.

A vowel is long by position, when it immediately precedes
two consonants, or one double consonant (AT or Z), or is
immediately followed by the letter J, as in major, pejor,
hujus, cujus *.

Quis furor est atram bellis arcessere mortem ! (Tibullus.
Atnobis, Pcix alma, veni, spicamque teneto. (Tibull.
It Sthenelus, qualem Mavortia vidit Amazon. (V. Flac.
Atque, a fine trahens titulum, memoratur horizon. (Manil.
Kara juvant : primis sic major gratia pomis. (Martial.
Caussa patrocinio non bon&pejor erit. (Ovid.

Exception. Bijiigus, and other such compounds of
jugum, have the /short before the /f.

* In fact, the / (or /) makes a diphthong with the preceding vowel,
viz. mai-or, pei-or and so in Mai-a, Mai-us, Bai-ee, Troi-a, Ai-ax>
ti-vnt, Cai-eta, Cai-us and Grai-us dissyllabics, &c. As for hvjvs
and cujus, they were (like illivs) originally trisyllables : tlie former was
ku-i-us, of which the first two syllables gradually coalesced into one by
a synaeresis very easy of pronunciation to a Frenchman. In like
manner, from qui-i-ui, quo-i-us, cu-i-us, came at length the dissyllabic
fui-us or cujus.
t The cause of that seeming difference is simply this, that the word

14 Position:

Interea bijugis infert se Leucagus albis.
Centum yuadryugos agitabo ad flumina currus.

Nvte. The position equally produces its effect on a

i %/

syllable naturally short, as in rapt um, tectum, doc turn*,
rejicio '\.

Egreditur, famuli raptos iwdutus amictus. (Lucan.

Rejice succinctos operoso stamine fusos. (Ovid.

%. The effect is the same when one of the consonants
stands at the end of a word, and the other at the beginning
of the word following.
Tollemoras; semper nocmt differre paratis. (Lucan.

3. If the two consonants, or double letter, stand at the
beginning of the following word, the vowel equally becomes
long ; though the poets sometimes neglected this rule .

"which in England we pronou nee jug MM, is in reality "z-ugum or yugwR, as
the Germans in fact at this day pronounce it and, in the meeting of
the two vowels in composition, the former is tacitly elided,, leaving the
words b'lugus, quadr'iugus, as scmhlanie (Catullus r 59? 220) for -semi*
foante, &c. See Syncope.

* Originally rapituvt, tegitum, docitum ; and N. B. the usual division
of the syllables, in such cases as those above, was ra-ptum, te-ctum,
do-ctum, /a-psum, &c. as noticed by Terentianus Maurus, de syll. 984.

f In rejicioj the J unites with the in re to form a diphthong,
rey-icio : for, when J stands at the beginning of a word, it has not the
peWer of lengthening the final syllable of the preceding, as
Car* Jovis conjux maxima Juno.

PracfipitarJ'jubcnt ....fcrden? j'ungant. )

So, in jur" jurando, (Seneca, Troacl. f)12, and Phacdrns, 1, 8) the
-re continues short, not uniting with the J, since jure jurando is not
properly a compound, but two distinct words, as

fraudemjwre tu-eri Juraudo. [Juvenal, 13, joi.

Sanctiora ndigisjuraadajura. (Pflrctfr/w.v, tr. 393.

t Respecting the power of the initials SC, SI*, ST, to lengthen a
bLort syllable, it is worthy of Minark, that, in compound '

Position. M

Ferte citi ffammas ; date Ida ; scandite mu'ros. (77rv7.
Post, ubi proceris generow j/irpibus arbor ..... (Gratius*.
4. But //is not, in any of the foregoing respects, to be
deemed a consonant. Joined with any one of the conso-
nants, either in the beginning or middle or end of a
word, it has not the power of lengthening a preceding short
vowel: even with two consonants (i.e. a mute and liquid
in the same syllable See the next rule) it may stand after
a vowel remaining short ; and, when placed, without a con-
sonant, at the beginning of a word, it does not, like a
consonant, save the final vowel of the preceding word from
elision*.

IllicPellcei proles vesaw# P/rilrppi. (Luatn.

Cernitur egregius lapis hie, cui nomen achates. (Prucltm*,
Hie Paphias myrtos, hie purpureas amcthystos ---- (OvitL
Sardonychas veros mensa qusesivit in omni. {Martial.

Haec implet lento calctthos e vimine textos. (Ovid.

Conveniunt pictis incinetse vestibtis HOIK. (Ovid.

Arbor //abet frondes, pabula semper humus. (Ovid.

words, such syllables are always made long, as rescindo y respito,
antlsto, antlstes, denttscsfyium.

Herculis antistare autem si fa eta putabis. (Lucrct.

Bis senos triplices^ et dentlsailpia centum, (Martial. '

For further remarks on the initial SC, Sl\ ST, A*, Z, see the end of the
preface.

* In such instances as this of Virgil, Mn. 1, 20,

. . . Fosthahitacoluisse Saww. J/ic illius arraa

it is not the //that saves the preceding vowel. The caesura (even with-
out so remarkable a pause in the sen.se) is alone sufficient, as in Ca-
tullus, 64, 1 L

Quu rex tempestate noi'5 auctus hynieixco ....
See further under C'sura.

16 Mute and Liquid.

SECT. VI.

Mute and Liquid.

Si mutant liquidamque simul brevis una prteivit,
Contrahit orator, variant in carmine vates.

A short syllable, followed by a mute and a liquid, may
be either long or short in poetry, though always pronounced
short in prose : and the addition of H to the mute makes
no difference.

Et primo similis volucri, mox vera volucris. (Ovid.

Natum ante orapatris, pat rein qui obtruncat ad aras.

(Virgil.

Mittere cum posses vel cochleare mihi. (Martial.

Cochlear extremum est, scruplique imitabitur instar.

(Priscian.

Note. If the liquid stand before the mute, the prece-
ding syllable, though naturally short*, becomes always long,
assert, fertis, from fcrit, ftritis.

2. If the mute and liquid belong to different syllables,
the preceding short vowel becomes necessarily long, as
tib-luo y Ob-mo, sub-ruo t quamob-rem ; although, on ac-

* To determine, in many cases, whether a syllable, which we find
long before two consonants, be naturally long, or only rendered so by
that position, we must look to the word in a different state where the
position does not take place, as

Non tales volucer pandit Junonius alas. (Claudian.

Materni celebcr nomine Drusus avi. (Pedo.

Nee mora: Bistoniis alacer consurgi* ab oils. (Claud.

Utque facis, coeptis, Phoebe saluber y ades. (Ovid.

Improbus ille puer, crudelis tu quoque mater. (Virg.

Nee euro, utrum sis albus an ater homo. (Catull.

! I' utc. and Liquid. 1 7

count of the different division of syllables, it may remain
short before some less smooth combinations of mute and
liquid in words of Greek origin, as cy-cnus, ari-tknic-
tica* t &c.

Quo? capta cst aiio nuda Lacuna cj-cno. (Martial.

Ilerculc supposito sidcra fulsit A-tlas. (Otic!.

Etbaccis rcdimita da-phnc, tremuhrqne cupressns. (Petr.
Atque nrbaiiii Pro-cue .... (Petronius,

Aura vehit ; religant tonsas; vc\or\uv Pro-cnesson 1 , * (J^F.
Delectat Marinm si perniciosus 1-ehnetfmott. (Afartiffl.
. . . Forma captivte dominnm r l&cinessK. *>7. (Horace.

3. A vowel naturally long is never rendered short by a
mute and liquid following : e. g. rnatris, atri, salubrls^
gubcrnTiclum, from mater, liter* salnbo'j gubcrnaculinn,
are always Ion 5.

4. A mute and a liquid at the beginning of a word were
sometimes made to lengthen a short syllable preceding f, as
Pr*bponti<#?, trucemvc Ponticum sinum. 22. (Catullus.

(^< Mtyeiptuf) w ^oyo?, ovo ' otpf-Qy.^. (Callimacliiis.
So Sophocles, crra-S^a, Philoct. 4^)0 TI-XX>*, ib. 874 Ti^wjjr, Trnch.
6'^f) Theocritus, A-^K, cpig. 3 and 4 and thus, in imitation of the
Greeks, Prudentius has Re-thlcm, cathemer. 7, 1. -Nay, Hesiod seems
to have preserved a vowel short before tuo mutes and a liquid (Scut,
Here. 3)

unless it be thought preferable to scan W^tK-r^yo^ making rfiu a single
syllable by syna?resis. But that is not necessary : for a Greek, fami-
liarised to KT at the beginning of words, could as easily pronounce
KTP in one syllable, as a Roman pronounced SCR, 5'77t, before both
which clusters of consonants we find short vowels retaining their natu-
ral quantity in Latin poetry. See Preface.

f But this liberty was very rarely used : for, in such instances as
fi/>/cvfaque clyptiquc (&ueid, 7, 186), and 7Y/6i//ffquc trahtteqve (Gee.
I, 16'4), the po\ver f the ca-svra is alone sufficient to lengthen the qvc

1)

18 Dtrfadtitfct,

SECT. VII. Derivali-ces.

Dcrii'ata patris naturam rerba seqimntnr.
Mobilis, ct Tomes, La tern a, ac Kegula, Scde?,
Qudmyuam orta e bre-cibus, gait dent producer c primam.
Corripiuntur arista, Vuduin, Sopor, atquc Luerna,
Nata licet loiigis. 'Usus teplitra docebit.

Derived words usually follow the quantity of their pri-
mitives, as anhnosus from animus iimmal, a-nimutus,
from anima* /e/z/.y, fctura, fcinnw, jecundus, from the
obsolete Jco, ftre facundus from fart | ghncbundu9 t

frtmcbundus^, from gcmcre, frcincrc -ftimllia from

famulus tutus (so great) from ttit , &c.

(see C&sura) without the aid of tb- mute and liquid, as in Liminaque
lavrusque (A^neid, 3, 91), Sideraquc I'cntiquc iioc:nt (-Ov. Met. 5, 484),
Ttfj'/que pinu squc (Gratius, 130), &c, &c. Indeed there is not per-
haps, in any classic author posterior to Catullus, a single example Uu-bc
found of a short final vowel made long by a mute and liquid following
without tlit aid of the Ca'Si/ra. Catullus, however, besides the verse
above quoted, has three (and only three) other unquestionable ex-
amples of the kind, viz.

Et inde tot per iwpotcnfiZ freta, 2Q (4, 18.

. . . Habebat uncti, ct ultima Britannia. 2'2 ('27, 4.

Patria, o wca creatrix ! patria, o mea genitrix ! 3 (6l, 50.

* The distinction between animus and anima (though both derived
from the same Greek origin) is thus pointedly marked by Accius,
frag. 351 Sapimus animo; fruimur unlmd : sine animo, anima est
debilis.

t So tracjmdus from the obsolete tYo, iras^ Iran , whence the participk-
iratus.

I Though we see some words of this kind written with E, us above, and
others with 7, as furtbundus, luiTibundus, &:c. all those from verbs of thp
.same conjugation ought, no doubt, to be written alike.

Butfcfiw (the whole) has the long, as may be seen in the verstf
quoted for totus.

Derivatives. 19

Scmimbus jactis est ubi fetus ager. (Ovid.

Et qua>rit/<~/tf-v per nonius omnc suos. (Ovid.

Si ft (itra gregerusuppleyorit, aureus eeto. (Virgil,

lamina prm'cdit donsissima a'inibus eintis. (Ovid.

Fccioidam vctnit reparari moriibus hydram. (Martial.
Xon formosus ovat, sed evv&facundits, Ulysses. (Ovid.
Pater familiar verus cst Quirinalis. 23. (Martial.

Nee /o'/fl pars, homo terrai quota totius unus. (Lucret.

In the tenses of verbs, this rule uniformly prevails, as
nwvcbaw, muvcbo, move, morearn, ?nuverem > m'tirere,
woven*?, muvcHdits, which, being forjned from muveo,
have their tirst syllable short in conformity to it; whereas
moveraw, Movcrim, mwisscm, movero, movissc, being
derived from )iidvi, whose first syllable is long, have their
tirst syllable long likewise as also moturus and wiotus
from the supine mot urn.

.Indrum, simulacrum, ambulacrum, lavacrum, volu-
tabruni, involucrum* have their pen.ultima long, because
derived from the supines aratum, simulatum, ambulatum,
lavutuw, volntatuw* involutum, in \vhiph the penultima
has the same quantity.

On the other hand, morii'metttUM, initium *', have their
second syllable short, because the corresponding syllable
is short in the supines monituni and iriititm, from which
they are derived.

Exceptions. - Many derivatives deviate from the quuu

* To these l,et nic add Documcnfum, for the sake of introducing a
remark which may be of some use to learners, by removing a difficulty
respecting the apparent irregularity of a long list of supines. That sup
posed irregularity will iu great measure disappear, if they only recol-

20 Deri I'd frees.

tity of their primitives, astriobilis*] fumes, latcrna, re
ncdeSy which have their first syllable long, although ihe
correspond ing syllable be short in the words whence they
deduce their origin, viz. in<rccv y foi'eo, Idteo, re go, xcdco,
See further under Syncope.

Again, Inccrna, arista, st'ipor, and radum, have their
fust syllable short, though derived from Itlcco, r/reo, wpio,
vudo, in which tlie first syllabic is long.

In like manner, the entire class of verbs in VR'IO,
railed desidcratire*, have the U short, though derived
from the future participle in URUS, of which the penultima
is invariably long; as parliirit, csi'irit, ca } natiirit, imp*

Icct that the regular supine of the second and third conjugations is ITU 31
with the / short; but that the Romans in many instances omitted the
Short 7 in the rapidity of pronunciation, as we omit to sound the short E in
the preterites of most of our verbs whose present tense does not end in D
or T, as Lov'd, Talk'd, P reach' d, &c. so Ih&tDoctum is merely the syncope
Doc'tvm from Docitum or Dokitum, whence Dolawcntum or Document inn
above. And, as this syncope has, in some cases with us, been attended
withan alteration of harsher into softer consonants for the sake ofpleasing
ihe ear, it produced a similar effect in many of the Latin supines. Thus,
as we hz\e passed, pass'd, past, burned, burn'd, burnt, dwelled, dwcll'd,
dwelt, &c. the Romans had legitum, leg' turn, Icctum scribltinn,
scrib'tum, scriptum rumpitum, rump' turn, rnptum nubitum, inib'tuui*
nuptum with numerous similar cases, iij which the ear alone will be ti
sufficient guide, without the aid of any further rule.

* The irregularity of mobilis, however, exists only in appearance ; for, the
regular supine of mneo being moviturn orineititinx, reduced by syncope to
mow' t urn t and by crasis to motum -the adjective was first mfctbilis or
mowibilis, then by syncope nww'bilis, and finally, by crasis, mebilis, with-
out the smallest irregularity in any respect. -Pomes, too, might easily
be traced in the same manner: but this hint will be sufficient to awake
the attentipu of learners.

Compound

riirit, with two others, in Martial, 11, 78, and Juvenal,
u, ^08 ; from which examples it seems to follow that the U
is likewise short in other verbs of the same class, as a (lo-
rn turif, canlurit, diet nr it, dormiturit, cmpti'irit, lec-
turit, petit urit, proscriptiirit, sculpturit, scripti'irit, syl-
latilrit*.

Partarit imuuneros angusto pectore inundos. (Claud.

Xovi hominis mores : csiirit atque sitit. (Mart.

SECT. VIII, Compound Words.

Legem simplidum refluent cmnposta suoruw,

J'ocakw licet, aut diphthongmn, syllaba mutet.

Dcjero corripies^ cum Pejcfro, et Innuba, neciwn

Pronuba, Faticlicum et socios, cum Semisopitus,

(-lucix ctiam Xiliilum, cum Cogn'ftus, Agnitus, h&rent. *

Longam Itubeeiljus, verb unique Ambitus, amabit.

Compound words generally agree in quantity with the
simple words from which they are formed.

Thus pcrlego, attigi, admonct, consonans, have the

* Is oblltcro another instance of such deviation from the quantity of
the primitive ?

HIEC vigeaut majjdata, nee ulla ollitcrct aetas. (Cat nil.
Is it of the same family as dc-feo? \\z. ob-lco, ob-letuin, ub-lctura ,
thence (as picturatus from pictura) oblcturo, gradually, changed to
vbTitutQ and oblttero ? The quantity of the second syllable seems to ex-
clude Ktura of I'uw ; and the common derivation from litcra appears jioi
over-satisfaptory.

22 Compound Words.

middle syllable short, agreeably to the quantity of the cor-
esponding syllable in their primitives, lego, tctigi, munet,

svnans.

Thus also perlegi, remotus, ablatus, have the penultima
long, because it is long in Icgi, motus % latus.
Quandoquidem data suntipsis quoque fata sepuicris. (Jur.
Tuque, O, Minoa rcnuwdata, Seylla, figura. (Propert.

The quantity of the primitive word is generally preserved
in the compound, notwithstanding the alteration of a vowel
in the latter.

Thus ace i do, cone i do, eve I do, I net do, occi'do, reel do,
mice/do, fromciido, have the middle syllable short; where-
as, in accido, concldo, excldo, ineldo, oca do, rccldo, sue*
cldo, from ccedo, the same syllable is long.
Steniit tigros, sternit sata laeta, boumque labores, (Vfrg.
Milo domi non est : peregre ]\lilone pro fee to. . . . (J\Iart.
Ibis, io ! Romain uunc peregrine liber. (Mart,

Desipercni homines, aaperent ferasecla feiarum. (Lucre f f

Exceptions. Djejero and pejcro, derived fromjilro
aledicus, caussidicus y fatidlcus, veridicus, from dlco -
3anis6pitKS) from suplo- -ni/iiluni, from /ilium hodie from
fcc die ag-riitus and cogriitus, from notns change the
long syllable of their primitives into a short.

.... Crclites mfrilormnus 47. (Catullus.

Sera nimis vita est crastina : vive htfdie, (J\IartM f

Et prior tsris era* qaam ferri eogriitus usus. (Lucret.

.Agriitus accipics. Jubet a praocone vocari.. .. (Jyvenal t

Imteciilus, from b^cUrum^ has the second syllable
long.

Compound fVords. 23

The participle ambitus has the pea ultima long, whereas
the J1I is short in the substantive ambitus, and in am-
bit io *.

Jussit, et amblta' circuindare litora terrte. (Ovid.

Fallit, et ambit os a principe vendit honores, (Claud.

Et properantis aquas per amcenos ambitus agros. (Hor.
Cumque suo deinens expelliturv/wfoYz^auro. (Claudian.
Nee n os ambitiO) nee amor nos tungit habendi. (^Ovid.

Proniiba, inniiba, and sukni(ba % from nubo, have the
NL r short : but it is common in connubium.
Bis nocui mundo : mepronuba duxit Erinnys. (Lucan.
Auxilium volucri Pallas tulit inniiba fratri. (Lucan.

Quod gernitllypsipyle, lecti quoque subnuba nostri... (Or,
Lusus cratsacrae connubia fallere toedce. (Martial.

t Connubio juirgam stabili, propriamque dicabo. (

SECT. IX. Prepositions in Composition.

Longa A, DE, E, SE> DI, prater Dirimo atque Dl-

sertus.
Sit RE brci'c: at Rcfert a Res produdto semper.

* Besides ambio, ambltum, a simple derivative from ap$t or antic.
(as supcro from super), there probably also was amb-co, amb-itum, a
compound from to.

f Observe, however, that neither this line, nor any other hexame-
ter nor indeed any verse that I can find, although I might quote three
or four from the tragedies of Seneca is capable of positively proving
the second syllable in Connuliwn to be ever short. In truth, it is so
frequently found Jong, that, at first sight, \ve \Vould be justifiable in

2

4 Prepositions in Composition.

Grcecuin; produc ptcrumqnc Latinnlrt.
Contrahc quw Fundus, Fugio, Neptis///^', Xeposywe,
Et Festus, Fari, Fateor, Fanum^we, crednitit.
Hiscc Profecto addes, pantcrqnc Proeella, Protervus.
At primam variant Propago, Propino, Profundo,
Procure, Propello, Propulso : Proserpinajw/ife. -
Corripe AB, et rdiquas, obxtet nisi consona bind.

In compound words, the prepositions or particles A>
DE> E, $E, DI, are long, as amitfo, Deduco, trumpo,
Sc.paro, D'irtgo.

Et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campum. (Vlrgih

Dcducunt socii naves, et litoracornplent. . (VirgiL

Quidquid ero, Stygiis erumpere nitar ab oris. (Ovid.

Scparat Aonios Actaeis Phocis ab arvis. (Ovid.

Perge modo, et, qua te ducit via, dlrige gressum. (Virgil.

Exceptions. Dlis short in D'/rimo and Disertus.
Hanc Deus et nielior litevn natura diremit. (Ovid.

Fecundi * calices queni non fecere disertum ? (Horace.

RE is short, as rcimquo, rcfero : but, in the imper-
sonal refert (it concerns}, the RE is long, as coming
from res.
Xec tumulum euro : sepelit natura relic 'tos. (Mceccnas.

afTirming it to be always so, and that, wherever it appears to be other-
wise, the word should be pronounced Connub-yum t as Abietc and
Jlrkte t when employed as dactyls in Virgil, are "pronounced Ab-ycte,
Ar-yete. (See Synaeresis.) But the quantity of Pronuha, Innuba, and
Subnuba, fully authorises us to conclude, that, in the line above quoted,
and in other like instances, the second syllable of Connubium is really
short,

* See the note on thispassngp, in Sect. XXIL

Prepositions In Compos it ion, 5

Propelfit Boreas , stus ct unda refcrt. (Ovid.

Pra'terea nee jam mutari pabula rtjcrt. (P r irg.

PRO is short in Greek words, as Prometheus, Propon*

tis*: in Latin words, we most frequently find it long, as
prvi'eho, prbnurus.

Qualiter in Scvthica religatus rape Prometheus .. . (Mart.

Misit in has siquos longa Prtipontis aquas. (Ovid.

Prove/if mur portu ; temvque urbesque receduot. (Virg.

Promtrus et niagni Laomedontis ero, (Ovid.

Exceptions. Prtifundut. Prtifugies, Prtifugio, Pro-
wepos, Proncptis, frtifesjus, Proficiscor, Prvfari, Pro'*
Jiteor, Prtifanus, Prbfccto, Prticclla, Protervus, and Pru-
pero (i. e. pro-pilro) have the pro short as likewise
Procus, which is sometimes erroneously classed with the
compounds.

Semanimes alii vastum subicre profundiim. (Lycan.

I lac r JVro'j, hac profugos po^uistis sede penatcs. (Ovid.
Cum Baliyloniacas subuiersa frftfugit in undas. (JltihiL
Ut prunepos, Saturne, tuus, quern reddere vitam .... ((h\
...Jam reliquaex amitis, patruelis nulla, protiept!$...(Pcrs.
Jam vero a mane ad noctem, festo *t(\uerofesfo< (LuciL
Ipse soni terrore pavens, Pro/icixcere, dixit. (Ovid.

Ncn aliter placiturn viro, sic moesta/^'^/rt/v/; 1 . (Lucan.
Cur, cum me peteres, ea non projitenda putabas? (Ovid.
Quis Cereris ritus ausit vulgare projaiii* ? (Ovid.

Ad Cinnas Mariosque venis : sterncre pro feet o. (Litaui,
Jsostra per adversas agitur fortune pr&cetlas. (Ovid,

1 Manilius, however, by a bold violation of Greek prosody,
i^ie pro long i

. . , /Kcjnora, et extremum Propontidvs Hellcspoiitum !4 , -1 39

26* Prepositions in Composition.

Cum modo me specUis oculis, lascive, protcrvjs* (Ovid.
Nox tibi, ni properes, ista pcrcnnis crit. (Ovid.

Inter tot juvenes intemeratay;;*o6'o*. (Ovid.

Propago (whether noun * or verb) Propino, Projuudo,
Procufo, Propello, Propulso, Proserpina (though,
N. B. not a compound, but merely a corruption of the
Greek Persephone} have the/;ro common f.
At consueta dotmi catulorurn blanda propago . .. . (Lucret,
Sed truncis oleas melius, propagine vites .... (Virgil.

Nee ratione fluunt alia, stragemque prvpagant. (Lucret.

* The noun Propago, we are told by grammarians, lias the pro long
Tvhon it signifies a line-stock or layer, and short when it signifies race
or lineage ; and indeed ( it so happens that the passages in which the
poets have used the word, lend a color to the assertion. That dif-
ference, however, evidently appears to be the effect of pure chance,
since Propago is in both cases the same identical word, only used on
some occasions in its natural acceptation, on others metaphorically, as
we say in English the Stock of a tree and the Stock of a family. Now
the verb PrS pago having the first syllable avowedly common we
run no risk in asserting that Propago, in every shape and in every
sense, may have the Pro either long or short.

f When I observe the very great irregularity of the Latin Pro in
composition, without the slightest appearance of rule or reason to de-
termine why it should be short in one word, long in another, and com-
mon in a thud, I conclude that it was in reality evcryvJiere cwnmon, and
that we should probably iind it so if we had enough of the ancient
poetry remaining. The word being evidently borrowed from the Greek,
in which it is written with an 0-micron, we might for that reason expect
'.o find it invariably short : but, the Latin final being in other cases
more gene: ally long, we might, for this reason again, as naturally ex-
jpect to Iind Pro usually made long by those at least who did not un-
derstand Greek. The poets seeiii to have dexterously availed themselves
of this convenient ambiguity, by making the Pro either long or short ai
it happened to suit their purpose.

A, E, I, in Composition. 27

Hi propaganda rucrant pro limite rcgni. (Claudian.

Quod nulli calicem tiunn prophut*. 18. (Mart,

line pro phi (frit Bitiaj pulcherrima Dido, (Mart.

Quid refert ? aniniam per vulnera inillc prtifudit. (Sabinus.
Flumina pro fund ens alien! conscia coeli. (Claud.

\\\<\e. procurator minium quoque multa prticurat. (Ovid.
.... Lintea : pars Indi procurat segmina dentis. (Aviemts.
Aer a tergo quasi provehat, atque propel tat. (Lucret.

Ut ywriteT propulsa ratis, stant litore matres. (F. Flaccus.

Quam paene furvae regna Proserpina 56. (Horace.

Non omnes fallis: scit te Proserpina canum. (Mart.

The prepositions Ab, Ad, In, Ob, Per, Sub, are
short in composition before vowels, as is likewise the final
syllable of Ante, Circum, Super.

Sometimes, when Ab or Ob is joined in composition to
a word beginning with a consonant, the preposition, in-
stead of becoming long by position, loses its final con-
sonant, and remains short, as aperio, operio, timitto.
(See also under Systole.}

Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum. (Ovid.

Tantum operire soles &\\\.aperire domum. (Catullus.

Quod petiit spernit, repetit quod nuper omisit. (Horace.

SECT. X. A, E, /, in Composition.

Produc A semper compos ti part e prior e.
At simul E, simul I, ferme breviare memento.
Nequidquam produc, Nequando, Venefica, Nequam,
Nequaquam, Nequis sociosque : Videlicet addes.?'

28 A, E, /, in Composition.

Idem masculcum monitus producito, Slquis,
Scilicet, et Blgne, Tiblcen : junge Qadrlg,
Blrnus, Tantldem, Quidam, etcbtopostd*Diei.
Composition varidbis Ubi ; v*ruxbi$ Ibidem.

If the first member of a Latin compound word end in A,
that vowel is long, as Trado, Trano, Traduco : but in Greek
compounds, the A is sometimes short, as adipsos, some-
times long, as Neapolls.

Traditur armatis vulgus inerme viris. (Ovid.

Snepe, petcns Hero, juvenis tranaverat undas. (Ovid.

Assuetam bello pacis traduxit ad artes. (Ovid.

Exstinguitque sitim porno, cui nomen adlpsos. (Priscian.
Ambarum medio procera Ncapotis arcem (Arienus.

If it terminate in E, the E is usually short, as equidem,
ntfaSy trcccnti. But, in verbs compounded with/^c/o or
Jio 9 it appears to be common ; for we find it short in some,
long in others, and, in others again, both long and short,
without any apparent reason for the difference.
Non cquidcm miror, si stat victoria tecum. (O-cid.

Solve nefas, dixit : solvit et ille ncfas. (Ovid.

A sene sed postquam numrni venere trcccnti. (Mart.

Et stupcfacta suos inter Germania partus. (Ma nil.

Jnsolito belli tremcfecit murmure Thulen. (Ciaudian.
Sanguine quam largo Grajios calcfcccrit amnes. (Cl(tud.
Velleradet succis bis madSfacta Tyros. (Tibull.

Dum nimium vano tumcfactus nomine gaudes. (Mart,

At nos horrifico cintfactum de i>rope busto (Lucrct.

Quae semper maneant illabcfacta y precor. (Ovid.

Sic mea perpetuis liquV/iunt pectora curis. (Or/A

'Omentum in flainma })ingue Uqitifaciens. (Cat u II.

Tnterea teneris tcpi-factus in ossibus humor, (JTirg.

A, E, 7, In Composition.

Alta tepcfticiet pcrmixta ihunina ctrde.

Intremuit, motiunie sinus fate fed I aqnarum. (O*cid.

Inde [HitT'ft'cit nidi is rota Candida coelum. (Ennitts.

Xec tleiui dumirur ptiir/uint nocte fcneMrze. (Proptrt.

CatiBser'patt/iet, qwe ferri pelliceat vim. (Lucret*

Tube fact a seneseere tandem. 9- (Prudent,

Qucc me miseria et cura cwitabefacit. 22. {Plaut.

Hoc fit item cunctas in partes, unde vacffit

Cumque locus .... (Zwcre*.

Et rarefecit calido miscente vapore. (Lucrct.

Exceptions. The .E is long in Neqitis, Nequa,
Ntquitidj Ncquaify Ntquaquam, Ncquldquam^

Videlicet, Vtm-ficus, Scccdo and words similarly compound-.,
ed, likewise in those compounded with &C- for Se.v or Semi-,
as Sedecim, Sentestfls, Se7W/i/^.~Martial, however, makes
the first syllable of Stlibra short in several instances, and
never long: and Terence (Adelph. 3, 4, 4 and Ileaut. 5,
4 J, ( 2) has J'idc/icet short, unless we are to suppose that he
made a syncope in the rapidity of enunciation, and pro-
nounced the word rid' licet.
Argenti libram mittebas : facta sclibra est. {]\fart.

Pol, hand paternum istuc dedisti. Videlicet 22. (Ter.

' If the fu^st member of the compound word terminate ia

* The difference in quantity between ncccsse, nefas, nefandus, /-
faatus, nefarius, ntqwo, and ntquis, nequam, ncquitia, &c. may per-
haps be accounted for by supposing, that, in the former class of
words, the ne was formed by apocope from the conjunction 'no.', and so
retains its original quantity; whereas, in the latter, either it is the ad-
verb T??, which is always long, or the c of cc was retained ia
ciaue.Q, though omitted ia writing.

SO Ay E, lj in Composition.

I or Uy the 7 or U is short, as Omnipotent Caussidims,

Biceps, Triceps* Siquidem, Duplex, \Ditcenii, Quadritpe*,
Indriperator, Inddgredior, Inditpedire.
Turn pater omuipotcnSy rerum cui surnma potestas. . . . (Vir.
Sed nee caussidico possis irnpune negare. (Martial.

Jane biceps ! anni tacite labentis origo. (Ovid.

Hoc quoquetentemus : siquidem jejuna remansit... (Ovid.

Ingemit, et diiplices tendens ad sidera palmas (Virgil.

Cum facias versus nulla non luce dticentos ..... (Martial.
Quadriipedcmque citum ferratacalce fatigat. (Virgil.

Indi'iperatores pugnare, ac proelia obire. (Lucretius.

...Tndiigredi, motus hominum gestusquesequentem.(Zz/cv.
Indiipedita suis fatalibus omnia vinclis. (Lucretius.

But, in Ludlmagister, Lucrlfacio, Lucrlfio, and Com-
pendlfacio (which are properly not compounds, but each a
combination of two distinct and complete words) the / is
long: and the same may be said of Agriculturay though
the /is short in the compound^ Agricola.
Ludl-magistery parce simplici turbae. 23. (Martial.

.... Tyrias coloris optimi : lucri- fecit. 23. (Mart.

Nunc furtiva lucrl-fieri bombycina possunt. (Mart.

Orationis operam compcndJ-face. 22. (Plant.

TulnceUi according to the general rule, has the / short ;
\vhereas, in Tiblceny the middle syllable is long, because it
is a crasis of two short vowels into one long, from the origi-
nal Tib'iicen.

Qua jacet et Trojaa tufricen Misenus arena. (Proper tins.
Cur vagus incedit totii tilncen in urbe ? (Ovid.

The masculine ~idem*, Biga 3 , Quadrlgtf, SiquiSy S~iqu<x,

For the neuter idem, is short

Invitum qui servat, Idem iucit Occident! ,

(Horace.

A, E, /, in Composition. 31

Siquod* Scilicet, llicet, 7>7>/w.v, Trimus, Qundrluntti, Qiriris,
the pronoun Quldtnu, Qullibct, Tant'ideni, Blduitw, Tnduutn,
Quofidie^j and the other coinpou nds of dic.s, have the / long.
Omnibus Idem animus, scclerata cxcedcre terra. (I'irg.
M totus tibi trlduo legatur. 38. (Mart.

Inter tepentes post meridiem buxos. 23. (Mart.

Quo tldie damnatur, qui semper timet. 22. (P. Syrus.

Quotidian^ vita? consuetudinem. 22. (Terence.

In Tgnfidem, the 1 is longf.
Tantldem, quasi fela canes sine dcntibu' latrat. (Ennius.

As the / is common in 7i&7, so it is in Utiicumque and
Ublvis, With respect to Ubitjuc, we are told that it has
the middle syllable always long. But, though I cannot
produce a quotation to prove that it was also short, there
appears no reason why it should not have been so, since
the addition of the que can make no possible alteration in

* Although Quofidic and Quottdiantts have the second syllable long,
as may be proved by many examples in addition to the two here quoted,
the following verse irom Catullus (66", 139) i*> Adduced to prove that the
syllable is common

Conjugis in culpa flagravit quotthUund,

This line, however, arVords no such proof, since we are 'authorised
to account it a spondaic verse, in which trie disputed word is to be pro*-
nounced quottld-yaiia in four syllables, as ab*y?te and ar-yftc, in Virgil,
for abute and aril te ab-yrgnits, in Propertius (3, 19, l<2) for aliu'gnu$
and Vwdcm-yator iorl'in^emiator^ in Horace, Sat. 1, 7,00,

V Mediator et invictus cuisa?pe viator

and as Xasld-yeni is prondunctd for ya&dieni, by those who do not
approve an anapaest instead of a dactyl in the line (Horace, Sat. 2,
8, 1)

Ut Na-)-i(/i'e-!-m juvit te coena beati ?

i If ever short, as it is said to be, on the authority of a doubtful
verse from Varro, we Can only conclude that Tantldtm was formed by
crasis from tanti-utem, and Tanfidcrn bj syncope. Tiie word t
\v\\l bear us ou; in this supposition,

35 A, E y I, in Composition.

the quantity of the preceding 7, whatever difference it
may produce in the accent.

Ibidem, too, is said to have the middle syllable long :
and I grunt- that so we happen to find it in the best
writers. Yet that circumstance may be considered as
merely the effect of chance, since we know that IKl has
its last syllable common, and even find instances of Ih'i-
</# with the penultima short in Jnvencus and Marnercus,
whose authority, though not equal to that of Horace
or Virgil, is certainly not to be overlooked in a case of
this kind.

And here let me caution the learner against considering
Tri gin t a, Trlgesimus or Trlce&Thus, and TnCtrft, as
compound words in which the Tri must be short as it is in
all the real compounds of Tris, viz. Triceps, Triplex, 7V/-
f&rmis, Trlcuspis, Tricentics, e, e : for Triginta can-
not with propriety be called a compound word (like 7V/-
ceutlcs) since GINTA is merely a termination. At all
,its, the Tri in Triginta, together with its derivatives.
Trigtsithus, Tr'iCfsimuSy and Trlccni, is ever long; and
the examples which might be quoted are numerous : but, in
addition to this from Martial (1, 4-4)
Bis tibi triccni fuimus, Mancine, vocati
I content myself with one from Horace, Sat. ^?, .0, 6.9
> . . Teinpore dicam : hodie triccs'ima sabbata. Vin' tu . . .
o show by his own authority that Triccnis cannot possibly
the true reading ia Od. 2, 14, 5, where the measure
pdispetisably requires a short syllable, though I see that
very li.oe quoted in a modern Prosody to prove the syllabi?
long. Instead, therefore, of Maittaire's Trlcems, we
with Dacier, the Dauphin editor, and Mr. Wake-

O and Y in Composition. 3.3

field read TrEccnis (three hundred), which, beside*
preserving the quantity, at the same time improves the
sentiment, since, the greater the number, the more affect-
ing is the lamentation.

With respect to words of Greek origin, the / whkli
terminates the first member of the compound word (if it be
not written in Greek with the diphthong El) is short,
less it happen to be rendered common or long by position,
as Callimachus, Call*} crates, Call'tstratus ; in the first
of which words, the /is naturally short; in the second it
becomes common before the mute and liquid, CR; and, in
the last, it is necessarily rendered long by the STR.

SECT. XL O and Yin Composition.

Grcecum O-micron pri md composti corripe parte :
O-mega produces : ast Y-psilon br&viabis.
() Latiiun in v arils br eclat vel protrakit usits.

In compound words of Greek origin, when the first
member ends in O, that vowel is short, as (Enuphorum,
Schcenobates, Argonauta, Bibliopola, Areopagus*, Thes-
salomca | unless rendered common or long by position,

* Areopagus being frequently mis-pronounced in English vvjth the
penultima long, it may be- proper to observe that the pa is short, as ap-
pears from Homer, Odyssey E, 405 and 411, besides the following
line from Brcdseus's Authologiu, page 5

T*? vi rJArOE tft^py^o?, avr^icj, i^il;',

t Instead of Thcssalunians in the N.Testament, as if the name of the
town were Thessalonfonis, or Thcssa/unict. it would be more proper to

F

34 O and Yin Composition.

as Chirographum, Hippocrene y Philoxenus, Nicostratus.
(Enophorum sitiens, plena quod tenditur urna. (Juvenal.
Augur, schcentibateS) medicus, magus, omnia novit. (Juv.
Et qui per freta duxit Argtinautas. 38. (Statins.

Non habeo, sed habet biblitfpolaTryphon. (Mart,

Tarigebat Macetum fines, murosqije subibat,
Thes&al&nica, tuos. (Claud.

But, if the first fart of the compound word end with
an O-mega y as Mtvurctpgog, Minotaurus, TeaptrgTig, Go~
metres, rwygKQofr Geographus, Aayarcroy;, Lagopus,
Agfi/Jo^o^ *, Leodocus, the O is long in Latin.
Minotaurus inest, Veneris monimenta nefandoc. (VirgiL
Si meus aurit^ gaudet lagopode Flaccus. (Martial.

Kititur hinc Talaus, fratrisque Leodocus urget
Remo terga sui. (VaL flacc.

Metiri certa solet arte gcotnetra terramf.
Describis varias tu, docte gcogrdphe, terras J.

When Y terminates the first member of a Greek pom-
read ThessalonldanSj conformably to the Greek i<rrXo>IKic. Thes-
$alonians (which occurs in the title alone of the epistle) probably was at
first only a typographic error, though faithfully copied in all sqbse.
quent editions of the sacred volume.

* According to the Attic dialect, for Aao&xo?, Laodocus,
f I These two lines are not quoted from any classic author, bqt ex.
temporarily made for the purpose of pointing put to learners the right
pronunciation of two words which they may have frequent occasion to
use, at l^M in English. J have never seen Geographus in poetry, and
cannot find any verse in which Geometra or Geomttres has its true quan-
tity. Jn his third satire, verse 76, Juvenal makes Gco- one long syllable
by synaereais, and moreover avails himself of the mute and liquid 7'^ to
inake the MF< long. Sidonius Apollinaris, copying probably after Ju-
venal, and mistaking his spondee for a dactyl, makes the shortj
jp an unpardonable violation of prosody.

O and Y in Composition. 35

pound word, that vowel is short, as Thrasybulus, F.ury-

pylus, Polydamas, Polypus, unless rendered common
or long by position, as Fotycletus, which has the Y com-
mon, and Polyxena, in which it is long.
Anna superveheris quod, Thrasybtile, tua. (Ausonius.
Vely cum Deiphobo, Poljdamanta * roga. (Ovid.

. . . Polypus hseret, et hac eludit retia fraude. (Ovid.

O, in compound Latin words, is sometimes long, as
Alidquin, Quandoque t, and sometimes short, as Quandfc
quidern^ Hodie, Dnodeni.

Mendosa est natural, alioqui recta; velut si . . . (Horace.
Sera nimis vita est crastina: vive htfdie. (Martial*

* Tlie Po in Polydamas is naturally short, altliough the author availed
himself of the licence used by the Greek poets, of writing riovAuj instead
oflloXvc and probably pronounced the name Poolydamas, giving the
vowel a sound similar to that of the diphthong in our English words
Poo/ and Fool Thus Homer (II. X, 100, alluded to by Persius, 1, 4)
bat

1 he same remark applies to Polypus, where we find it with the first
syllable long (which is perhaps uniformly the case in Latin), unless we
choose to recur to the Doric dialect, in which it is written with an
0-mega. Homer, without a Doricism, has it in his Hymn to Apollo,
spelled with a diphthong

f As to Quandoque and Quandoquidem, although I cannot produce any
authority to prove that the O was ever made short in the former, or long
in the latter, I think we may lawfully presume that it was common in
both, as in the simple Qtfando. And although we may not be able to
ihid an instance of Duodeni with the long, yet we may reasonably con-
clude tbat it occasionally was so, as in the simple Duo,

Preterites of two Syllables.

SECT. XII. Preterites of two Syllables.

P reefer it a as summit pr imam dissyllaba longam.
Sto, Do, Scindo, Fero, rapiunt, Bibo, Findo, prior es.

Preterites of two syllables have the first syllable long, as
Vcm, Vldi y Vici, Fed, Crevi.

Vtnit summa dies, et ineluctabile ternpus. (l r irgiL

Cur aliquid v~id't ? cur noxia lamina ftci ? (Ovid.

Paene puer vario juvenes certamine vlci. (Ovid:

. . . Eripui, etpotius germanum amittere crcvi. (Catul.

Exception*. Sttti,- Dedi*, Scidi, Tuli, Bibi, and
Fidi from Findo, have the first syllable short
Olli per galeam fixo stetit hasta cerebro. (Virg.

Creta Stdit magnum, majus de'dit Africa nomeh. (Mart.
Aut scidit, et medias fecit sibi litora terras. (Lucan.

Et qui non tulefat verbera, tela tulit. (Mart.

* Although, in compliance with established usage, -Sttti and Dedi are
retained here as exceptions, they might, with greater propriety, be
classed under the general head of " Preterites doubling thejini Syllable "
In fact, Dcdi is nothing else than the regular preterite di of the third
conjugation, with the augment prefixed. Sttti is formed in like manner
from the simple sti, only with the omission of the /&', as> in Spopondi no-
tired in the ensuing section. That do and sto belonged to the third ag
well as the first conjugation, will hardly be doubted by any scholar whg
considers that the compounds of do are mostly of the third, that the su-
pine of sto hud its penultima sometimes long agreeably to the first con-
jugation, sometimes short according to the third, as may be seen by it?
derivatives in sect. 14 and that, besides the preterite steti, it had also
atari, a* appears from the following verse of Proper tiua, 2, 34, 53
Nv ? si post Stygias aliquid restaverit umbras

Preterites doubling the first Syllable. 37

Hand aliter titubat, qiiam si friera vina Vibisset. (Ovid.

D iff! di t, et muM por rectum extendrt arena. (Virg.
The middle syllable is long in Abscldi from Ctfdo, and
short in Abscidl from Scindo.

Abs-cidit nostras multumsors invida laudi. (Lucan.

Ab-scidit impulsu ventorum adjuta vetustas. (Lucan.

SECT. XIII. Preterites doubling the first Syllable.

Prccteritum geminans primam breviabit utramque,
Ut Pario, Peperi, vetet id nisi consona bina.
Casdo Cecldit habet y longd, ceu Pedo, secundd.

When the first syllable of a verb is doubled in the perfect
tense, the first and second of the perfect are both short, as
Ci'riHi, Tctigi, Pepuli, Meniini.

Tityre, te patulae cecini sub tegmine fagi. (Virgil.

Pars* mihi pacis erit dextram teftgisse tyranni. (Virgil.
Litora, quag cornu pepulit Saturnus equino. (Fa 1. Place.
Si wiemhii, fuerant tibi quatuor, ^Elia, dentes. (Mart.

Although the first vowel be long by position in the present
tense, and continue long in the preterite, the prefixed syllable*
(or augment} is nevertheless short, as Cucurri, Tetendi,
Monwrdi. Spo

Instead of Pars, q. Pr#s,' a. pledge, a security?

t From the authorities here quoted, it follows that fpopondi is. the
classic orthography, not spospondi, which would have the first syllable
Jong by its position before &P, as we may invariably observe in com-
pound words, ex. gr. Respuo, Respicio, Respondso, Respiro t Rtspergo, Sec.

38 Supines of two Syllables.

Stella facem ducens multa cum luce clicurrit.
Ingemuit miserans graviter, dextramque tettndit. (Virg*
Pectora legtthnus casta momordit amor. (Ovid.

, . . Votum spopondit : nulla propter me sacro . . .22. (Sen*
Quos Deus ipse viris intermina fortibus spbpondit. 56.

(Prudent.

Exceptions. Cecidi from Cado, and Pepedi, have the
second syllable long.

Terga fuga, donee vetuerunt castra, ctcldit. (Lucan.
Nam, displosa son at quantum vesica, pepedi. (Horace.

SECT. XIV. Supines of two Syllables.

Cuncta supina voluntprimam dissyllaba longam.
Ire, Fuo, Cieo, Reor, et Sero, Quire, Sinoquc,
Do, Lino, et orta Ruo, breviabunt rite priores.

Supines of two syllables generally have the first syllable
long, asPisum, Motum y Potum, esum, Ffefu?n,the obsolete
Pleturn, whence Impletum y RcplZtum,* &c. and the
participles of the future active and preterite passive agree
in quantity with the supine, as Flsurus, I r isus, Moturus,
Alotus, Crctus, Fetus, Viltus^ Scltus, &c.

* The supines in etum must unavoidably be long, as formed by
crasis from eUum> Fie item FKtum, Pttitw* 1'letum,

Supines of two Syllables. 39

Exspectem, qui me numquam vlsurus abisti ? (Ovid.

. . . Jussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes. (Ovid.

Jamjam poturi deserit unda sitim. (TibulL

. -. . Jactor, et tsuros terna per ora canes. (Ovid.

Nee matura metitjteturi vota coloni. (Ovid.

Imfjletura fuit sextas modo frigora brumze. (Martial,

Nee supera caput ejusdem ceeidisse vittam . . . . (Lucrct.

. . . Vis erat : hinc leges, etplebis-scita coacUe. (Lucaih

Exceptions. The first syllable is short in Datum,
Ratum, Saturn, ~itiim, Li turn, Quitujn, Siturn, the
obsolete Fiitum* (from Fuo 9 whence Fiiturus), and
Rutum-\ from Ruo, whence Dirutum, Erutum, Obrii-
turn, Proriitum, Subrutum.

Cui datus haerebam custos, cursusque regebam. (Virg.
Atjuvenis, vipjsse dolo ratus, avolat ipse. (Virg.

Hie Amrnone satus, rapta Garamantide nytnpha. (Virg*
. . . Poscebatur humus ; sed Mum est in viscera terras. (Ovid.
Ardentes auro, et pa.ribus lit a corpora guttis. (Virgil.

forma in teqebris nosci non quit a est. (Terence.

Hie situs est Phaethon, currus auriga paterni. (Ovid.

Nectu mensarum morsus horresce^/w^ros. (Virgil.

Saxa tulit penitus fyscyssis prortita muris. (Lucan.

Jdcirco virtus medio jacet obruta coeno. (Petron.

Citum from Cieo, of the second conjugation, has the /
short; whence Citus, ConcHtus, Excitus.
Corripuit sese, et tectis citus extulit altis. (Virg.

*f For the reason of the difference in quantity between these two
supines and all others inutwn, see the ensuing section. Rutus is found
in Cicero, Ulpian, and other ancient writers.

40 Supines of two Syllables.

Altior insurgens, et cursu concitus 3 heros. (Virgil.

Nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus txciia curls. (Ovid.

But C'ttum from C/0, of tlie fourth coojugation, has a
long.

Unde ruunt toto concita pericula mundo. (Lucan.

Rupta quies populis, stratisque e^dtajuventus. (Lucan.

Statum seems to have had the first syllable common %
as appears by its derivatives.

Hie status incoelo multos permansit in annos. (Ovid.

Ponemusque suos ad stata signa dies. (Ovid.

Hie Stator : hoc primum condita Roma loco est. (Ovid.
Dixit, et alterna fratrem statione redemit. (Ovid.

Sex sestertia si statim dedisses. 38. (Mart.

Damnavit multo staturum sanguine Martem. (Mart.

Constatura fides superum: feraleper urbem
Justitium .... {Lucan.

Solsfitio Meroen, bruma tentabimus Istrum. (Claud.

Quae sic orsaloqui: Spesne obstatura Pelasgis. . .(Statins.
Preestatura novas vires incendia poscit. (Claud.

Ins fit or imperil, caupo famosus honorurn. (Claud.

Quseque tegis medios, ins fit a longa, pedes. (Ovid.

Ipse deus solitus stabulls expellere vaccas. (Tibull.

Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parcap. (Virg.

Sic erat instdbilis tellus, innabilis unda. (Ovid.

Qiri tu scis ? an tu fortasse fuisti mea3 matri obstctrlv ? 25.

(Plaut.

* Or, to speak more properly, the supine Statum, from Sto of the
first conjugation, was regularly long, while Stttum, from Sto of the,
third (noticed in sect. 12), was short: but, in process of time, the or-
thographic distinction between Sfutum and Sfitum was confounded, and
both were alike written with a y though the difference in point of quan-
tity was still observed.

Poly syllabic Supines. 41

SECT. XV. Polysyllabic Supines*

UTUM producunt polysyllaba cuncta supina.
Gavisum pariter medium producers gaudct.
I VI praterito, semper producitur ITUM. -
C&tera corripies in ITUM qu&cumque

Supines in UTUM, consisting of more syllables than
two, have the penultima (or last syllable but one) long,
as Sol a turn, Indutum, Exutum, Volutum, Minutum^
Acutum, Metutum, Stattltum*.

Et circum Iliades, crinem de more sol u tec. (Virg*

Si fuit Andromache tunicas induta valentes* (Ovid.

Sustulit cxutas vinclis ad sidera palmas. (Virg.

Ecce autein flammis inter tabulata volutus . * . . (Virg.
Implet et ilia manum, sed parcius aere minuto. (Juven*
Ponite jam gladios hebetes : pugnetur acutis. (Ovid.

Narn cupide conculcatur niinis ante metutum* (Lucret.
Cauturn et statutum jusserat. 29. (Prudentius,

Gavisum has the penultima long:.
Armaque g aviso referat captiva parenti. (Claud*

Supines in ITUM, from preterites in IT /T I t are likewise
long, zsPetltum, Pofitum, Qu&sltum, Arcess'itum, La*

* It is not protended that all these supines actually cxi.-t at present 2
but thcrec an be no doubt that they once did exist, as appears from
their derivatives. They were formed by crasis from **^tuw (u& /'/ji/0
from Fiutto, in Lucretius, 3, 190), and therefore are long; \vhereas
Futu?n and "Rutum (noticed in tlie preceding section) were formed by
syncope, F*ttoat Fii'tum, RSStum, Rii'tvm, and therefore contiriue short,

G

42 Polysyllabic Supines.

Cessitum, ComUtum from Condio, to season or preserve;
(for Conditum from Condo, to fon'/^/, is short.)
Saepe laccss'ttus probris, gladiisque petltus. (Claudian.
Vidit ut optato se consule Rom&potltam. (Claud.

Necsese dedit in conspectum corde cupltus. (Ennius.
Quo rediturus crat, non arcessltus ; et hceret.. . (Hor.
Ne male co?id~t turn jus apponatur ; ut omnes .... (Hor.
Venimus hue lapsis quas'itum oracula rebus. (Virg,

Supines in ITUMfrom preterites in (77 (except Recen-
sttum*\ and all other supines in ITUM, not included in
the preceding rule, have the / short, as Monitum, Tad-
turn, P lac it urn, Territum y Raitum, Luitum > &c.
Scilicet oblitos admonitura rnei. (Ovid.

Saecula Romanos numquam tacitura labores. (Lucan*
Turn quoque, cum fugerem, quasdam placitura cremavi.

(Ovid,

Inde lavant aegros. Est ira coercita morbi. (Gratius.

Tcrriia quaesitis ostendit terga Britannis. (Lucan.

Quae cineri vanus dat rititura labor. (Martial.

Vastato tandem pocnas liiitura profundo. (Claud.

Prisca rccensltis evolvite saecula fastis. (Claud:

But this rule does not extend to polysyllabic compounds
from supines of two syllables, noticed in the preceding sec-
tion. They follow the quantity of the simple supines from
\vhich they are formed, agreeably to the rule " Legem slm-
plicium " Sect. 8, as itum, Obititm Datum, Abd'itum,

** This is perhaps only an apparent exception; the early authors
having probably written Reccn.rivi as \vell as Recensui ; in which case,
Reccnsltum is regular according to the general rule, " IV I prateritu . , . "
To countenance this supposition, we find Deposiri for Dcfosui
Dcposlvit olivam. 48. (Catvll. 3?, 8.

Increment of Nouns. 43

Credit um Saturn, Tnsitum, Sec. except Cognition
and Agiiiturn, noticed in the same section.

Morte ob'itd, quorum tellus arnplectitur ossa. (Lucretius,

Indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerum. (Horace,

Ora clci jussu non umq'uam credit a Teucris. (Plrgil.

/Eternis faiiuc monimentis visit a florent. (Lucretius.

At specimen sdtionis et insitionis origo. (Lucretius.

SECT. XVI. Increment of Nouns.

If the genitive case singular of a noun do not con-
tain a greater number of syllables than the nominative,
that noun has no increment, as Musa, MUSK, Dominus,
Domini. But

If the genitive contain more syllables than the nomina-
tive, then the penultiina of the genitive is the increment :
and, whether that syllable be long or short, it preserves
the same quantity in all the oblique cases, singular and
plural, as Casaris, C&sciri, Ccesarem, Casarc* Casares,
Ctesarum, Ccesdribus Sermenit, Sermoni, Sermvnem,
Scrmune, Sermdncs, Scrmonitm, Sermonibus.

From this rule we must except Bobus> or Bubus, in
which the increment is long, although short in the ge-
nitive *,

* This, however, is only an apparent deviation from the general
rule, since Ilobus is formed by syncope and crasis from Bo-cibus, or, as
\ve ought rather to pronounce it, Bowtbus, which was contrucicrd to
s t and at Icnglh to Bobus, or, probably, as we would pronouuce

44* Increment of N

Proditus inclusoG Cacus ab ore bovis. (Ovid.

Non prefectures litora bubus aras. (Ovid.

Iter, Supeilcx, and the compounds of Caput, are said
to have a double increment, or an increment of two addi-
tional syllables, Itineris, Supellectilis, and Pracipitis-
But there is an inaccuracy in the assertion, since Itbieris
comes from Itiner, and Ifer gives Iteris : Supplied ili$,
too, is found in the nominative, as likewise Supellectile ;
and the genitive Pratipiti* flows from Pracipes, whereas
Pr (Keeps formed Pracipi*.

it, Boo-bus ; whence it was indifferently written Bobys or Hubus, as
Yolgvs Vutgus, Volnus Vulnus, Voltus Vultus, &c, &c; and the quan-
tity was equally long in both cases; although Ausonius, contrary to thq
practice of better authors, has an example of fiobus short, as if it had
been formed by simple syncope, without crasis, Bo'bus

. . . . /Es, velpti spirans, cum bobus exagites. Epig. 62.
But he might with equal propriety have made the participle Motvs short,
in opposition to ail the other poets, who uniformly made it long, and
for the same reason as Bobus or Bubus t viz. that it was first Alovltus or
MZwtus, thence contracted to M^to'tvs, and finally reduced by
crasis 10 Mot us, with trje Q of course long like our o|d English par-
ticiple Knowen, changed to Knov'n and Knovn Flowcn, to Flow'n
and Mown Shove* to ShoiDn and Shovn, &c, &c. I would not have
dwelt so long on a single syllable, were I not desirous of awaking the
attention of learners to these apparently trifling minutijr, of which a
proper conception will, in numerous cases of greater importance and
jn eyery language, modern as well as ancient remove many doubts
and difficulties respecting prosody, orthography, and etymology,,

Increments of the First a fid Second Declensions. 45

SECT. XVII. Increments of the First and Second
Declensions.

Casibus obliquis i'iv crescit prima. Secundce
Sunt brcria incrementa: tamen producit Iberi.

The antique increment of the first declension, by the re-
solution of the diphthong 2E into A'i, is only to be found
in the poets, and rarely in any subsequent to the age of
Lucretius. A few instances, however, occur in Virgil,
as Aulai, Pictai, Aural ; and in these, and all such, the
A is long.

Olli respondit rex Albai Longai. (Ennius.

/Ethereum sensum, atque aurtti siinplicis ignem.

(JEn. 6, 747.

The increments of the second declension are short, as
Putrij I r iri, Saturi (if indeed they can properly be called
increments, when Piter, Vir> Satur, &c. are formed by
apocope from Puerus, rirus, Saturus, &c.)
O pifcri! ne tanta aniinis adsuescite bella. (Virgil.

Anna, v'iri! ferte arma! vocat lux ultima victos. (Virgil.
Ite doinurn saturce venit Hesperus ite, eapella?. (J- r irg.

Exception. Iber, and its compound Celtiber, have
the penultima of the genitive long.

Quique feros movit Sertorius exul Iberos. (Lucan.

Vir Celtibms non tacende gentibus. 122. (Martial.

Tlie increment in 76^' has already been noticed iu
Sect. 3, page 6.

46 Increments of the Third Declension.

SECT. XVIII. Increments of the Third Declension.
Increment in A.

Nominis A crescens, quodflectit tertia> Ion gum est.
Mascula corripies AR et ALjimta, simulque
Par cum compositis, Hepar, cum Nectare, Bacchar,
Cum Vade, Mas, et Anas; ^ueis junge LaremyMe
Jubarj-we.

The increment A of the third declension is mostly long,
as Pads, Titanis, Vectigalix, Pietatis, Calcaris, Ajacis,
NostratiS) Cujatis, &c.

Jane, fac a?ternos/wcew pacisc\ue ministros. (Ovid,

Accipe belligerae cruduni thoraca Minervac. (Martial.
Graeca quoin duplex duabus solvitur nostratibus. 36.

(TercntMus*

Concitat iratus validos Tltanas in anna. (Qvid.

Exceptions. Masculines in AL and AR^ (except Car
and Nar) increase short, as Annibal*, Par and its com-
pounds, iS/, whether neuter or masculine, Hepar, Nectar,
Bacchar., Vas> Mas, Anas, Lar, and Jubar.
Annibalcm Fabio ducam spectante per urbem. (Silius.

Cui, saevum arridens, Narrabis Amilcaris umbris. (Sinus.
Vela dabant Jaeti, ct spumas stills a?re ruebant. (Virgil.

* The gramrriarian Valerius Probus (quoted by AGcllius, 4, 7)
says that Eimius, and othej: early authors, wrote Annibalis, AsdrubaUs,
Amilcarlsj with the penultima long. Though they were probably more
accurate, in this than their successors who made the increment short, the
authority of the latter is the rule to be followed by us moderns.

3

Increment from A and AS. 47

Ipsa merumsecum portat, et ipsa salern. (MartiaL

Latipedenique anatem cernas exccdcre ponto. (Avicmis.

Sacra Borne, mafibus non adeunda, Deos. (Ovid.

Pugnavere pares; succubuere pares. {Martial.
Ossaque nee tumulo, nee separe conteget urna. (F. Flac*

Supparis ha^.c aevi tempora grata mihi. (Ausonim.

Sulfureas posuit spirarnina Naris ad undas. (Ennius.

I^audibus immodicis Cares in astra ferant. (Martial.

SECT. XIX. Increment from A and AS.

A quoquc et AS Gracivm breve post ulat incrementum;
S quoque Jinitum, si consona ponitur ante ;
Et Dropax, Anthrax, Atrax, cum Smilace, Climax ;
Queis Atiiccm, Panacem, Coliicem, Styracein^//^, Fit-

* cemque,

Atque Abacem, Coracem, Phylncem, compostaque nectesi
A tide Harpax. Syplntcis legitur tamen atque Syphacis.

Greek nouns in A and AS increase short, as Poema,
Stemma, Lampas also nouns ending in S preceded by a
consonant, as Trabs, Arabs likewise Fa,i\Drvpa.i\ Arc-
tophylav and any other compounds of <pyX|, SmiUu\ C/i-
ma*\ Colax, Nycticorax, Styrax, and the other words
enumerated in the rule.

Non quivis videt imrnodulata poematct judex. (Horace.
Non * sttmns audacis plebeia toreumata vitri. (Martial.

* So, J apprehend, the passage ought to be readj unless we con-
jecture, moreover, that the author perhaps wrote aitdaces litrci [i. c.

4$ Increment in .

Uudique collucent prsecinctae lampddes auro. (Ovid,

Namrnodothurilegos Arcibas, modo suspicis Indos. (Ovid.
Psilothro faciem iaevas, et dropace calvam. (Martial,

Atacem tonare cum suis oloribus. 22. (Sidon. ApolL

Nunc inedica panacem lacryma, succoque salubri ....

(Ser. Sam.

Non sty race Idaeo fragrantes uncta capillos. (Virgil.

"Smyrna'* cavas Atracis penitus mittetur ad undas.

(Catullus.

Syphax has the increment common.
Compulimus dirum Syphacem, fractumque Metello ....

(Claudian.
Tolle tuum, precor, Annibalera, victumque Syphacem.

(Juvenal.

SECT. XX. Increment in E.

E crescens numero breviabit tertia pftmo,

Prafcr Iber, patriosque ENIS, (sed contrahit Hymen)

calices]. Respecting those curious and costly vessels, see the Presi-
dent de BrosseVs Letters from Italy, and wonder, with me, that, when
expressly treating on the subject, he could patiently content himself
tyith the preposterous vulgar reading (14, 94)

Nos sumus audacis pleheia toreumata vitri :
Nostra nee ardenti gemma feritnr aqud

as if, truly, the very rarest and most expensive sort of glass were exclu-
sively reserved for plebeians, and the cheap common sort left for their
betters ! Martial, beyond all doubt, intended thus: Sumus toreumata
fion plebcia litriaudacis QT [Nos], toreumata vitri audacis, nun
pltbda or, admitting the conjecture, [Nos], audaces vitrei, nun
plcbeia torcmnafa.

1

Increment in E. 49

Ver, Mansues, Locuples, Ha?res, Mercesque,

Et Vcrvex, Lex, Rex, tt Plebs, Seps, insuper

lialec ;
EL pcregrinum; ES, ER, Graca /Ethere et Acre

demptis.

The increment of the third declension is mostly short,
as Gregis, Pedis, Compedis, MuHeris, Lateris, whether
from Later or Lotus, &c. &c.

Nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum. (Ovid.
Pressatur pede pes, mucro mucrone, viro vir. (Furiiis.
Spes etiam validil solatur compede vinctum. (Tibullus.

Ilaec sunt venena formosarum muliefum. 22. (Afranius.
Non latere cocto*, quo Semiramis longam
Babylooa cinxit. 23. (Mart.

Dcinde hserere tuo laterl. prtecedere sellam. (Martial.

Exceptions. The genitive Ibcris, from Iber, has the
pen ultima long. So likewise have the genifives in ENIS,
as Ren rcnis, Siren Sir en is, except that of Hymen, which
increases short. Ver, Mansues, c, increase long.
Quern juxta terras habitant Orientis Iberes. (Priscian.,
Non triste mentuin, sordidique lichenes. 23. (Martial.
Dulcia (Plaucus ait) grandi minus apta lieni. (Seren. Sam.
Praedixit spleni Deus Ida? posse mederi. (Seren. Samon.
Quod lapides renum tritus potusque resolvit. (Priscian.
Capparin, et putri cepas halece natantes. (Martial.

Hebrew and other foreign names in EL, as Michael,
increase long, as do likewise Greek nouns in ES and ER,
such as Tapes, Trapes, Lebes, Soter, Crater except
/Ether and Aer, which increase short.

H

50 Increment in I and Y.

Viginti fulvos operoso ex asre lebetas. (Ovid.

Isse^per attonitos bacca pendente trapetas. (Sid. Apolitn.
Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant. (Virgil.

Quid pereunt stulto fortes haltere Jacerti ? (Martial.

Quacumque ilia levem fugiens secatathera pennis. (Virg.

51 nigrum obscure comprenderit atra cornu. (VirgiL

SECT. XXI. Increment in I and Y.

I crescens numero breviabit tertia primo.
Graia sed in pat rid Ion gum IN IS et YNIS adopt ant.
Et Lis, Glis, Samnis, Dis, Gryps, Nesis/pe, Quirisjz/c,.
Cum Viblce, simul longa increment a reposcunt.

The increment /or JTof the third declension is gene-
rally short, as Stips sfipiSj Pollev pollicis, Chlamys chla-
mydis, Chalybs Chalybis, Persis Persldis.
Die, inquam, parva cur sfipe quaerat opes. (Ovid.

Insula inexhaustis Chalybum generosa metailis. (Virgil.
Qualein virgineo demessumj&o///ceflorem. (Virgil.

AnchLsae sceptrum, chlamydem pharetramque nepoti. (Ov.
Lidice non opus est nostris, nee vindwe, libris. (Martial.
Bidentc dicit attondisse forfice. 22. (VirgiL

Codicis immundi vincula sendtanus. (Properties.

Nee toga, nee focus est, nee tritus cimice Icctus. (Martial.
Ncmlms ingenio quemquam confulere oportct. (L-ffcii

Increment from IX and YX. 5 1

Exceptions. Genitives in INIS or YNIS, from
nouns of Greek origin, have the penultima long, as Del-
phin delphlnis, Phorcyn Phorcynis, Salamis Salami nis;
likewise I)is D'ttis, Vlbcx vibLcis, Gils gliris, Gryps
grypkis, Samnis Sammtis, Qniris Quifitis.
Orpheus in silvis, inter delphwas Arion. (Virgil.

Laomedontiaden Priamum Salami na petentem. (Virgil.
Noctes atque dies patet atri janua D'ltis. (Jlrgi/.

Huic horret thorax Sammtis pellibus ursae. (Sil. Ital.

Tradite nostra viris, ignavi, signa, Quirltes. (Lucan.

Although proper names in IS, genitive IDOS or IDIS,
occur in so many hundred instances with the penultima
of the genitive short, that we might almost lay that down
as an invariable rule, yet we find Nesis with a long incre-
ment.

Silvaque, qurc fixam pelago Ncs'ida coronat, {Statins.

Nee spatio distant Ncsldum litora longe. (Priscian.

Psophis, too, increases long, as in Ovid, Met. 5, 607
Usque sub Orchomenon, Psopkldaque, Cyllenenque.

Statius, however, makes it short, Theb. 4, 2<)6 '
JEpytios idem ardor agros, et Psophida celsam ....

But here perhaps, as in Ovid, we ought to read Psoplii-
daquc ; since the word occurs several times in Pausanias
with the penultima uniformly circumflexed.

SECT. XXII. Increment from IX and YX.

IX atque YX produc. Brcviabis Nixywe, Cili
Strix, Fornix, Histrix, Chcenixye^ Varixye^e,

52 Increment from IX and FAT.

Mastichis his, Fili'cis, Larfcis, Coxendicis, et Fix,
Et Calicis, Calycis<pe, et Eryx, et Styx, et lapyx,
Phryx, et Onyx, addas. Bebryx variare memento.

Nouns ending in IX ov FA" mostly have the penultima
of the genitive long, as Felix fellcis, Ptrdix perd'icis,
Coturnix coturmcis, Pernix perriicis, Lodix lodicis,
l^ombyx bombycis.

Tollite jampridem mctflcia tollite signa. (Lucan.

Ecce coturnlces inter sua pvoeliavivun*. (Ovid.

Vulturis atquejecur, vel jus perdlcis apricse. (Seren. Sam.
.... Cedit apex, summa qua lux pistrice coruscat.

(Avientu*

SpadJcesvix Pell^ei valuere Cerauni. (Gratius.

lodices mittet docti tibi terra Catulli. (Martial.

Nee siqua Arabio lucet bombyce puella. (Propertius.

Et mala radices altius arbor agit. (Ovid*

Vivere cornices multos dicuntur in annos. (Pedo Albinov.
Fata cicatricem ducere nostra sine. (Oral.

Exceptions. NLv, Cilir, Sfrii\ For nix, Histrix,
Chcenix, Varix, Salix, Filir, Larix, Coxendix, Pix,
Calix y Calyx> Eryx, Styx, lapyx, Phryx, Onyx, have
their increments short, as have likewise some proper and
gentile names, such as Ambiorix, Biturix, &c.
Et s trig is inventas per busta jacentia plumae. (Propertius.

Venit, et hirsuta spinosiqr his trice barba. (Calphur.

Ille licet Cilicum victas agat ante catervas. (Tibullits.

Ssspius occultus \ictiicoxe?idice morbus ,.,. (Seren. Samon.
Fecundi* calices quern non feccrc disertum ? (Horace.

* I had long entertained a suspicion that l-'ecundi \va? not from the

Increment from 7A' and FLY. 53

Masiiv inasfichis, a gam, increases short, whereas
Mastiv mast'tgis, a whip or scourge, makes the incre-
ment long.
Pulegium, abrotonum, nitida cum masfiche coctutn.

(Ser. Sam.

AXXa Aios MA2TIFI tcaty tfafiiffM* A^a/o;. (Homer.
Nunc mastlgophoris, oleoqae et gymnadis arte... (Prudent.

If we be guided by analogy, Appendix ought to increase
short, Appendicls. Natriv is said to increase short, on
the authority of the following fragment of Lucilius, 2, 19
Si natibus natricem impressit crassam, capitatarn
which bears the appearance of a hexameter verse. If it
really is what it appears, there can be no doubt respecting
the quantity; though I confess that I should still be inclined to
consider Nalrivm the same light as Nutriv, Vtctrix, Altrh\

pen of Horace, and tli.it be had perhaps written Facundi, poetically
transferring to the cause the epithet which properly belongs to the ef-
fect, as, in Homer, o;>ov eifywo, (II. r, 24-) in English, the cheerful-
glass in Prci-jertius, (3, ^3, IS) garrula Iiora, &c. \vc. for I never
could reconcile myself to the epithet Fccundi, in the common accepta-
tion. But, if we give to Horace's words a new and different interpreta-
tion, consonant to the idea of Propertius in tne subjoined passage
6, 75), the adjective Fccundi, far from being exceptionable, must bfc
considered as a very hv.ppy epilhr-t; the poet having in vi'.-vv, not so
much the over/lowing bumper, as the bowl teeming . i>: inspira-

Lull iliu vcrse-insp.iring g ;

Miu-n potis irritet Musa poe'lis :
Kacchc, soles Phaboytr^Y/.y ese ti;o

iation is fully authorised by Ovid, uho uses the very
:;, Fccundm, in a pcri'ectly jina 1 :- . o

. . . . Quum clauifiui implevity"ec/ir/a Jupiter axrv. (Met. -i,

54- Increment in O.

and other feminine verbal nouns in IX, all increasing
long, if Lucan had not used it in the masculine gender

Et natrix violator aquag 9, 7 C 23.

Bebryx and SandLv have the increment common.
Bcbrycis et Scythici procul inclementia sacri. (VaL Flac.
Possessus Baccho sseva Bcbrycis in aula. (Siiiits Italicus.
Illaque plebeio, vel sitsantTtcis amictu. (Properties,

Interdum Lihvco fucantur sancttce pinnae. (Gratius.

SECT. XXIII. Increment in O.

O crcsccns numero produdmus usque pricre.

O parvum in Greeds br evict ; producito magnum.

Ausonhis genitivux ORIS, quern neutra dtdcre,

Corripitur : propria hisjunges, ui Nestor, ct Hector.

Os orisj mediosque gradus, extends : sed Arbos,

lloug coMbosta, Lepus, Meinor, et Bos, Compos, et

Impos,
.Corripe, Cappadocem, Allobrogem, cum Pre2C:/ce, it

OBS, OPS.
Ferum produces Cercops, Hjdrppsywe, Cyciops^e.

The increment in O of the third declension is long in

O

words of Latin origin, as Sol soiis^ J'o.v vocis, Vtlox

:l$ 9 Victor victoris, Lcpor leporis, Eos ruris, Flos

jioris, Dos dot is, Cos cot is, Tiro tirvnis, Cu-stos

C::stodis, titatio stationis, and all other feminines in TO

formed from the supines of verbs Cat-. (.':i~;nis, aiul

r Lalin pro/ a .

Increment in O. 55

Vivite, lurconcs, comedones! vivite, venires! (Luclihis.

Delectique sctcerdotes in publica vota. (Manilius.

Matronaincedit, census induta neputitm. (Properties.

Inquinat egregios adjuncta superbia mores. (Claudlan.

Exesosque situ cogit splendere ligones. (Claudian.

Ire vetat, cursusque vagos statione inoratur. (Lucan.

Et mala vel duri lacrynias motura Catonls. (Luc-an,

Exception. Proper names in OJVor O, taken from the
Greek HN, as Agamemnon or Agamcmno, Plat on or
Plato, and other Greek names increasing in O, preserve
in Latin the same quantity of the increment which they have
in the Greek. If that increment be an Q-micron^ it is
short ; if an O-mega, it is long.

Thus Agamemnon, lason, Amazon, Slndon, Philemon,
Pahemon, c. increase short; whereas Simon or Simo,
Plato, Spado, Agon, Solon, Lacon, Sicyon, c. increase

Cuitus slndone non quotidiana. 38. (Martial.

Sic Metliymnaeo gavisus Arlone delphin. (Martini.

Halcyfaium tales ventosa per aequora questus. (Pedo Albin.
Pythagoran, Anytique reum, doctumque Ptatuna. (Hor.
Etgratum nautis sidus fulgere Laconum. (Martial.

Daphnunas, pla- ananas, et alfrias cyparissos. (Martial.
Solicitant pavidi dum rhlnocerota rnagistri. (Martial.

Sldon, Orion, and JEgaton, have the penultiina of the
genitive common.

Stat, fucare coins nee Sidonc vilior, Ancon .... (SiL Itai
Atque equidem Teucniin memiui Sidona venire. (/".
Quorum si mediis Bceoton Gridna quaeres. (Q-cid,

56 Increment in O^

Scorpius ingentem perterrltat Oriona. [MdnitiuS.

Haec ceatutagemini strictos ^Egaonis enses . . . (Claudian.
.... JEgGiona suis iinmania terga lacertis. (OvicL

Saxo > Seno, and several other gentile names, increase
short.

Me Senonum furiis, Ercnni me reddite flamtnis. {Claudian.
Prospicerem dubiis venicntem Saxona vantis. ( Cfau'dian*
Pugnaces pictis cohibebant Liugomn armis. (Lucan.

Brito has the increment common.

Qua nee terribiies Cirnbri, nee ErUtoncs unquam. . . (,//;r\
Quam vcteres hracct&Brittduispo.u\)C\i3, et quam, M (Mizr/<

Exception II. Genitives in OR IS, from Latin nouns
of the neuter gender, have the penultima short, as 3-farmo/;
Ebur, Corpus, &c. But

A dor forms adorls and adoris, whence A dor cits in Vir-
gil, and Adorea in Horace and Claudian.
Mox ador, atque adoris de polline pultificum far, (Auson.
Iliam sponte satos adoris stravisse maniplos.

(Gannius, ap. Priscian*

Emicat in nubcs nidoribus ardor adoris. (Idem, ibid.

.Whether this variation of quantity be connected with a
difference of gender, as in Decus dccoris and Decor dc-
coris, I \vill not pretend to decide.

Greek proper names in OR. and appellatives, as Rhetor,
increase short.

Ingemit etdulci frater cum Castore Pollux. (Val. Flaccus.
Et multos illic Hectoras esse puta. (Ovid.

Peleos et Priami transit, vel Nest or is, astas. {Martial.
Dum modo caussidicum, dum te modo rhctora fingis.

(Martial.

Os (the mouth) makes or is long. Adjectives of the

Increment in U. 57

Comparative degree have a long increment, as Melioris,
Major is, Pejoris, c.

ura, dei jussu non uinquam credita Teucrisi (Virgil.

.... ^lens aliud suadet: video meliora, proboque;
Deterwra sequor. (Ovid.

The compounds of Hovg, as Tripus, Polypus, (Edipus,
also Mcmor, Arbor, Lepus, Bos, Compos, Impos, in-
crease short.

Insignem fama, sanctoque Melampode creturn. (Statins.
Phineas invites, Afer, et (Edipodas. (Martial.

Mavis, Rufe, coquum scindere, quam leptirem. (Martial.
Vivite felices, mcmtires et vivite nostri, (Tibullus.

Exception III. Cappadox, Allobrox, Prtecox, and
nouns which have a consonant immediately before S in
the nominative, as Scobs, Scrobs, Ops, Inops, JEthiops,
Cecrops, Dolops, increase short except Cyclops, Cer-
cops, Hy drops.

Mancipiis locuples, eget asris Cappadticum rex. (Horace.
.... Materna, letum prcecocis mali tulit. 22. (Seneca.

Insita praecoquibus surrepere Persica prunis. (Calphurnius.
Hie Dolupum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles. (Virgil.
Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. (Ovid*

Et pcirtentosos Cercopum luditin ortus, (Manilius.

SECT. XXIV.Incremwtin if.

tl crescens breve sit. Verum genitivus in URIS,
UDIS, et UTIS, ab US, producitur : adjice Fur, Frux,
Lux, Pollux. Brevia Jntercus^e, Pecusy//e, Li

58 Plural Increment of Nouns.

The increment U of the third declension is mostly short,
as Murmur murmaris, Furfur furfuris, Dux duds,
Prasul prcesi'dis, Turtur turtitris.

Consiile nos, ditce nos, diice jam victore, caremus. (Pedo.
Non falsa pendens in cruet Laureolus. (Martial.

Exceptions. Genitives in UDIS, URIS, and UTIS,
from nominatives in US, have the penultima long, as
Palus palfidis, Incus incudis, Tell us telluris, Virtus
virtu tis ; also Fur furis, Lux lucis, Pollux Pol-
lucis, besides Friigis from the obsolete Frux. But In-
tercus, Pecus, and Ligus, increase short.
Tarn grave percussis incudibus aera resultant, (Martial.
Cum sanguis nimius purl commixtus atroci. (Scr. Sainon.
Quid domini faciant, audent cum taliajT/7r^ ? (Virgil.
Pollucem pugiles, Castora placet eques. (Ovid.

'Luce sacra requiescat humus, requiescat arator. (TibuUus.

SECT. XXV. Plural Increment of Nouns.

When the genitive or dative case plural contains a syl-
lable more than the nominative plural, the penultima of
such genitive or dative is called the plural increment, as
SA in Musarum,' *BO in Amborum and Ambobus, BI in
Nubium and Nubibus, QUO in, Quorum, QUIin Quibux,
RE in Rerum and Reims.

Plural Increments in A, E, /, O, U. 69

Plural Increments in A, E t /, 0, U.

Pluwlis casits si c reseat, protrahit A, E,
AtqueO. Corripies I, U: verum excipe Bubus.

The plural increments, A, E, O, are long, as Harum,
Quarum, Musarum, Ambabus, Animabus, Rerum, Rebus^
Ho rum, Quorum, Domino rum.

Quarum quae forma pulcherrima, Dei'opeiam .... (Virgil.
Tuque, liarum interpres cur arum, et conscia, Juno. (Fir.
.... Aut sicas patribus: sod Tartara nigra animabus ....

(Prudentius.
Arreptaquemanu, "Quidagis, dulcissime * rerum?" (Hor.

* As this passage has been misunderstood by the learned H. Ste-
phanus and other critics, who have made the genitive rerum to depend
on quid, let me here observe, en passant, that, in this and similar com-
binations, the word rerum is exactly equivalent to our English phrase,
" in tht world," or, as the French more nearly express it, " of th$
n'orld" " du monde." The following quotations will set the point iu
its true light

Tertia pars rerum, Libye .... Lucan, 9, 41 U
" Africa, the third grand division of the world."

Sic traditus illi,

Servatusque, Oriens; at non pars altera rerum

Tradita Claudian, 4 Cons. Hon. 70.

" the other great division of the world," i. e. the West,

Quid membra immania prosunt ?

Quid geminae vires ? quid, (\uodfortisswia rerum

In nobis natura duplex animalia )\iux\\. ? Ovid, Met. 12,501.
. . . . " combined in us [Centaurs] the powers of two different animals,
the most courageous under heaven" the adjective very properly agreeing
xvith atiimalia, not with res, as in Catullus, 4, 2,
illo, quern videljs, hospiies,

60 Plural Increments in A, E, /, 0, U.

Jttbus in angustis facile est contemnere vitam. (Martial.

Projicis? o Latio caput horum et caussa matt rum !

(Virgil

The plural increments /and U are short, as Quibus,
Tribus, Montibus, Lacitbus, Verubus : except Bubus,

Ait fuisse navivm celerrimus

i. e. " celerrimus pJiaselus omnium navium," with which Horace*s For-
tissima 1 yndaridarvm (Sat, 1,1,100) is in perfect unison ; fortusima
agreeing \\iihjemina understood, and Tyndaridarum (from the mascu-
line Tyndarides] meaning the whole posterity of Tyndarus the mas-
culine gend r including, of course, the feminine, as in ten thousand
other instances, occurring in every page of the classics; so that there was
not the smallest necessity for that pretended emendation, Tyndariarum,
which is neither Greek nor Latin, or for supposing the unlicensed fe-
minine nominative, Tyndarida. - As well might operum, in the follow*
ing passage, be considered as a syncope for operorum from a pretendecj
masculine, opems or vper, of the second declension, because, truly, the
adjective pulchcrrimus is masculine !

Nonne vjdes, operuni quo se pulcherrimus ille

Mundus amore liget ? Claudian, 4 Cpns. Hon. 2 84.

But, to return to rerum

Ergo erit ilia dies, qua tu, pulcherrime renum,

Quatuor in niveis aureus ibis equis ? Ovid, Art. 1,213.

Si, quae te peperit, talis, pulcherrime rerum,

Qualis es ipse, fuit. Ovid, Met. 8, 49.

O utinam nocitura tibi, pulcherrime rerum,

Inmedio nisu viscera ruptaforent. Ov. Ep. 4, JC5.

Qua tanto minor es, rjuanto te, maxime rerum,

Quam quos vicisti, vincere majus erat. Ov. Ep. 9, 107.
The sense of these passages is sufficiently evident from what has pre*
ceded; nor will ihe following be less easily understood.

Modo maxima rerum,

Tot generis natisque potens [Hecuba]) nuribusque, viroque,

Nunc trahor exsul, inops - Ov. Met. 13, 508.

'* the greatest queen in the universe."

.... Maxima rerum Roma Virgil, ^En. 7, G02, and

Increment of Verbs. 6 i

i has the penultiina long, for the reason alleged in
-

,;e fel ; ces, qiiibus est fortuna peracta .... (Virgil.

S'c etiatus Ibus : latrones dicta facessunt. (Ennius.

te tribus nodis ternos, Amarylli, colores. (Virgil.

NOD opikus inentes hominum curreque levantur. (Tibullus*
Proeterea domibus flammam, domtbusque ruinam ....

(Proper this.

.... Prremia, de lacubus proxima musta tuis. (Ovid.

Purs in frusta secant, veriibusque trementia figunt. (Virg.
Portubus egredior, ventisquQ/crentibus usus .... (Ovid.
Et toturn lustret curvatis arcubus orbem. (Mamlius.

Et Tibcris nostris advena bubus erat. (Propertius.

SECT. XXVI. Increment of Verbs.

The second person singular of the present tense indica-
tive active is the standard by which we estimate the incre-
ments of verbs. Any tense or person, which does not con-

.... Rerum pukherrima Roma Georg. 2, 534,

'* the greatest, the finest, city in the universe" the adjective agreeing
with Roma, as, in Horace's

, . , . . . Venit, vilissima rerum,

Ilicaqua (Sat. 1, 5, 88)

cilissima agrees with aqui, though we translate it, " the cheapest thing
(or commodity) under heaven."

In the following passage of Ovid, Art. 1, 359, the word rerun, will
Jiardly bear to be translated

Mens erit apta capi tune, cum, l&tissima rerum,
Ut seges in pingui, luxuriabit, huoao.

6% Verbal Increment in A.

tain a greater number of syllables than tbat standard word,
has no increment. Thus Amat, Amant^ Ama y Amem,
Amans, containing, like Amas, only two syllables, have
no increment.

If a tense or person contain one additional syllable, it
has a single increment, which is the penultima, as qMAmus,
ttMAtis ; for the final syllable is never called the incre-
ment. If it contain two additional syllables, it has a
double increment, as aMABAmus, aMABImus. Jf it
contain three additional syllables, it has a triple increment,
as aMAVERImus, aUAVERItis \i four, a fourfold
increment, as auDIEBAMIni.

For deponent verbs, we may either suppose an active
voice which shall furnish our standard to regulate the incre-
ments, or we may regulate them by other verbs of the same
conjugation which have an active voice. Thus, for the
verb Gradior, we may either suppose a fictitious active
Gradio gradis, or be guided by Rapior which has a real
active.

SECT. XXVII. Verbal lucre A.

A crescens produc. Do incremento cxcipe prlmo.

A is long in all increments of verbs, of every conjuga-
tion, as Stabani) Stares, P roper t&iut, Doceblnnui\ Au-

Serins aut citius sedem proper amus ad unam. (Grid.

Pugnabant armis, OUK yostfabricai'erqt usus. (Horace.

I

Verbal Increment in . 6$

Festimwit AtBb$ t festina > cere Sabsei. (Martial.

Qua nunc arte graves tolerabis inutilis annos ? (Martial.

Ipse gubernabit residens in puppe Cupido. (Ovid.

Clam tamen intrato, ne te mea carrnina leedant. (Ovid.

Hunc omnes servate ducem, servate senatum. (Martial.

Serta mi hi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas. (Virgil.

Et cant are pares, et respondere parati* (Virgil.

Esse videbaris, fateor, Lucretia nobis. (MartiaL

Jupiter ! o quanta belli donabere pvseda ! (Statins.
Contempt a tor item, cum se nux plurima silvis . . . (VirgiL

Exception. The first increment (alone) of the verb
Do is short, as Damus, Datis, Dabam, Dabo, Darem,
Dare; for which reason we pronounce Circumdare,
Venumdare, Pessumdare, Sec. with the penultima short,
The second increment of Do, not being excepted, is
long according to the general rule, as Dabamus, D&bet*
mini, Sec.

Hie lacrymis vitam damns, et miserescimusultro. (J^irgiL
Quamvis magna dartt, quamvis majora daturus. (Tib nil.
.... Taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo. (Virgil.
Nam quod consilium, aut qua 3 jam fortuna, dabatur? (Fir.
Multa rogant utenda dtiri, data reddere nolunt. (Ovid.

SECT. XXVIII. Verbal Increment in K.

E quogue producunt verbi incrcmcnta. Scd, ante R,
F- brcviarc solent tcrna duo tempora prima.

64 Verbal Increment in E*

Die BeRIS atque BeRE at ReRIS produdto ReRE.
Sit brevis E, quando RAM, RIM, RO, adjunct a se-
quent ur.
Corripit inter dum Steterunt Dedruntywe />0eta.

The increment E is long* as Flebam, Rebar, Amerif,
Doeerern, Legerunt.

Prseteritique memorjlebat, metuensque futuri. (Lucan.
Sic equidem ducebam animo, rebarque futurmn. (Virgil.
Non hue Sidonii torscrunt cornua nautos. (Horace^

Neu juvenes celebret multo sermone, cave to. (Tibullus.
Quo fletu manes, qua numina voce, mover et ? (Virgil.
Dasdale ! Lucano cum sic lacereris ab uryo .... (Martial.
Tu cave defendas, quamvis mordebere dictis. (Ovid.

tjnde habeas, quaeritnemo: sed oportet habere. (Ennius.
Castigatque, auditque dolos, subigitqueyi^erj. . . (VirgiL

Exception. E 'before R is sh