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599 3582 ^ Lemming Bibliography Page 1 of 19

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1996 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

1 Bibliography of Bog Lemmings

Compiled by James Reichel, Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996

3 0864 1001 8320 4

Adelman, E. B. 1979. A suney of the nongame mammals in the Upper Rattlesnake Creek
drainage of western Montana. [M.S. Thesis] University of Montana, Missoula. 129 pp.

• Small mammal diversity, niche widtli and niche overlap were studied in the Upper Rattlesnake
Creek drainage, Montana. Snap-trap results, habitat associations and observations are described.
For SYNAPTOMYS: habitat was a wet sedge-bluejoint meadow (subalpine fir/bluejoint-bluejoint
habitat t\'pe); one male caught 9/8/78 in 200 trap-nights; measurements; associated species
included: SOREX VAGRANS, CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI, and MICROTUS
PENNSYLVANICUS.

Allen, J. A. 1903. Mammals collected in Alaska and northern British Columbia by the Andrew J.
Stone expedition of 1902. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 19:521- 567.

. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: Describes the Type specimen of SYNAPTOMYS

CHAPMANI, sp. nov. (=S. BOREALIS) by an adult male specimen taken in July 1901 in Glacier,
B.C. Gives external and skull measurements and pelage description.

Allen, J. A. 1904. Mammals collected in Alaska by the Andrew J. Stone expedition of 1903. Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20:273-292.

• Gives lists of all locations trapped and species at each (arranged in species accounts). 66
SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS were taken at 5 locations trapped. 1/3 were adults, 4 females and 15
males. Measurements were taken and separated by sex. At Seldovia SYNAPTOMYS was found
"most frequently in little marshy meadows, but was also sometimes taken in timber in places like
those inhabited by red- backed mice."

Anderson, R. M. 1932. Five new mammals from British Columbia. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 70:99-
119.

• Describes 5 new species of mammals from Canada including Type of SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS ARTEMISIAE from Stevenson Creek, SW of Princeton at 2400 ft elevation . Known
only from Similkameen valley from 2400-5600 ft. Description of color, size, skull. Five
individuals (4 males, 1 female) were taken at 2400 ft site, 4 (2 males, 2 females) at a 5600 ft site.
The habitat at the lower site is dry Transition zone, with sagebrush, pine grass, and occasional
PINUS PONDEROSA. The upper site is Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and abundant ground
cover including VALERIANA SITCHENSIS, VERATRUM VIRIDE, ANEMONE
OCCIDENT ALIS, VACCINIUM, LUPINUS. and waist-high dense SALIX. Compares external
and skull measurements of subspecies ARTEMISIAE (6Male, SFemale), CHAPMANI (lOM, 3F),
WRANGELI (2M, 2F), BOREALIS (2M), and DALLI (3?).

Anderson, R. M. 1947. Catalogue of Canadian Recent mammals. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 102. 238
PP-

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: Taxonomic review of specimens by location. Gives 9
subspecies all in single species.

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

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Anderson, R. M., and A. L. Rand. 1943. A new lemming mouse (SYNAPTOMYS) from Manitoba
with notes on some other forms. Can. Field-Nat. 57:101-103.

• Distribution, measurements, descriptions, and taxonomy.

Anderson, S. 1962. A new northern record of SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in Ungava. J.
Mammal. 43:421-422.

• Record of SYNAPTOMYS for the Ungava peninsula is a new northern record for the species.
Bones of 2 lemmings were found in an owl pellet.

Baker, R. H. 1951. Mammals taken along the Alaska Highway. Univ. Kansas Publ ,, Mus. Nat.
Hist 5(9):87-117.

• Gives lists of all locations trapped and species at each (arranged in species accounts).
SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS taken at 2 of 43 locations trapped. At one 30X60 ft grassy area near
Mclntyre Creek, Yukon, 2250 ft elevation 5 were taken in 66 trap-nights. In thick sedge bordering
a small pond at Deadman Lake , Alaska, 1 800 ft., one was taken.

Banfleld, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
Reprinted, 1981.

• Detailed accounts of 196 species. Includes information on description, habits , habitat,
reproduction, ecological status, and distribution. 46 color plates , 1 00 black and white drawings.
SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: distribution; description ; short underground burrows and runways
through vegetation; constructs globular nests of grass above ground in winter and below ground in
summer; active all winter and throughout 24 hr day; food includes grasses and sedges which are
cut into short sections and piled in runways; habitat primarily sphagnum-labrador tea-black spruce
bogs but also found in deep mossy spruce woods, wet subalpine meadows, alpine, and sagebrush
(one subspp) habitat; breeding season from May-Aug; litters average 4, range 2-8; uncommon in
NW Can and rare in E Canada; nine poorly differentiated subspp.

Banfield, F. A. 1941. Notes on Saskatchewan mammals. Can. Field-Nat. 55:117- 123?.

• Short accounts of new records. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS was collected (adult male) fi-om the
edge of a grassy flat bordering a small marshy bay of Emma Lake.

Bangs, O. 1897. On a small collection of mammals from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador . Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. 11:235-240.

• SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS collected at Fort Chimo, Labrador; description of single male
collected.

Bangs, O. 1898. A list of the mammals of Labrador. Amer. Nat. 32:489-507.

• An early Hst of Labrador mammals. Lists Type specimen of SYNAPTOMYS INNUITUS
(=BOREALIS) fi:om Fort Chimo, Labrador.

Bangs, 0. 1900. Three new rodents from southern Labrador. Proc. New England Zool. Club 2:35-

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MTNHP Bog Lemming Bibliography Page 3 of 19

• Describes Type specimen of S^^APTOMYS INNUITUS MEDIOXIMUS (=BOREALIS) from
Lance au Loup, Labrador. Adult male with description and measurements.

Beasley, L. E. and L. L. Getz. 1986. Comparison of demography of sympatric populations of
MICROTUS OCHROGASTER and SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI. Acta Theriologica 31:385-400.

• Both species followed multi-year cycles. Population changes and survival were similar, with
lemmings showing less dramatic changes during the cycle.

Beckstrom, S. G. 1993. Food habits of boreal owl during brood-rearing in southwest Montana.
Unpubl, ms. 15 pp.

• Pellets from 10 nest boxes found CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI the most important food item
(53.6%). PHENACOMYS INTERMEDIUS was next most important with 20.7% biomass. Small
mammals in general were 99% of prey biomass. 8 SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS were found in 4
nests, comprising 0.7% of the diet.

Booth, E. S, 1947. Systematic review of the land mammals of Washington. Ph.D. Thesis, Wash.
State Univ., Pullman.

• Good review of knowledge up to that time; has some locations missed by Dal quest (1947). Has
information (by subspecies) for all Washington land mammals and includes: dot maps,
systematics, taxonomy, descriptions, and habitat. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: shows 2
locations in the North Cascade Mountains. Only subspecies then knovm was WRANGELLI but
Booth speculated others would be found farther east (he was right). Description and
measurements. Habitat is described as wet, boggy places in the mountains.

Bursik, R. J. 1993. Fen vegetation and rare plant population monitoring in Cow Creek Meadows
and Smith Creek Research Natural Area, Selkirk Mountains, Idaho. Cooperative Challenge Cost-
share Project, Idaho Panhandle National Forests and Idaho Conser>'ation Data Center, Idaho
Department of Fish and Game . 25 pp.

• Botanical exploration has revealed that Cow Creek Meadows, on the east slope of the Selkirk
Mountains, Idaho, are of extraordinary biodiversity value. Seven rare plant populations are known
from the meadows along with one rare animal (Northern Bog Lemming). In addition, grizzly bear
and woodland caribou are known to use the drainage during parts of the year. Human activities in
the form of cattle grazing, logging, and road building have had an impact on the meadows and are
seen as a potential threat to the sensitive plant and animal populations that occur there. In 1992,
the Idaho Fish and Game's Conservation Data Center and the Bonners Ferry Ranger District,
Idaho Panhandle National Forests, entered into a cooperative agreement to establish monitoring
plots in fen habitats of Cow Creek Meadows and Smith Creek RNA to ascertahi whether logging
and cattle grazing are having negative effects on the sensitive plant populations in Cow Creek
Meadows. Smith Creek RNA is the control area for this study. Nine ECODATA plots were placed
in the Cow Creek Meadows and four were placed in Smith Creek RNA. An inventory of the
vascular and bryophyte floras were made in each area. One hundred and one vascular and
bryophyte species occur in the Cow Creek Meadows, making it one of the most floristically
diverse peatland systems in Idaho. Reanalysis of Cover Microplot data for each ECODATA plot
is recommended at three- to four-year intervals over the next 20 years or more to assess
population and habitat trends. Management recommendations are made, including a proposal to
establish Cow Creek Meadows as a Special Interest Botanical Area.

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Clark, B. K. and D. W. Kaufman. 1990. Short-term responses of small mammals to experimental
fire in tallgrass prairie. Can. J. Zool. 68:2450-2454.

• Short-term response to burning was moving off area by most harvest mice, southern bog
lemmings, and prairie voles; deer mice moved onto burned area.

Clough, G. C, and J. J. Albright. 1987. Occurrence of the northern bog lemming, SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS, in the northeastern United States. Can. Field- Naturalist 101:611-613.

• Three specimens of SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS for Maine and one for New Hampshire are
reported. On 1 8-20 July 1 immature female and 1 aduh female (4 embryos) were captured in
pitfalls (117 Sherman live trap-nights, 108 pitfall trap- nights). Both were captured at 1375 m in a
wet sedge meadow dominated by CAREX , sphagnum moss, lichen (CETRARIA NIVALIS),
SALIX UVA-URSI, and BETULA GLANDULOSA. Associated species at the site were
MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS, CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI, PEROMYSCUS
MANICULATUS, BLARINA BREVICAUDA, and SOREX CINEREUS. A single immature
male SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS was captured on 1 1 Aug in a stand of dead fir and spruce at
400 m elevation. Understory was dominated by fir, spruce, mountain ash, and paper birch; shrub
and ground layer was dense raspberry, ferns, some grass and sedge, and sphagnum in scattered
damp areas. The area was trapped in 1982 (360 trap-nights), July 1985 (135 Longworth live trap-
nights) and Aug 1985 (300 snap trap-nights). Other mammals at this site included MICROTUS
CHROTORRHINUS, M. PENNSYLVANICUS , CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI,
PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS, and SOREX CINEREUS. There are now a total of 7
specimens from 4 locations in Maine and New Hampshire.

Coffin, B. and L. PfannmuUer (eds). 1988. Minnesota's endangered flora and fauna. U. Minn.
Press, Minneapolis.

• Good reference for Minnesota sensitive species with state maps with county of occurrence, status
and basis for status, habitat, identification, recommendations, and selected references.
SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS summarizes the 5 locations in N MN where lemmings are known.
Suggests the species may be difficult to trap. Habitat given as dominated by sphagnum and
graminoids; may include forested bogs or open ericaceous shrublands over total range.
Recommend additional sampling by qualified professionals and preservation of large tracts of
peatlands.

Cowan, I. M., and C. J. Guiguet. 1965. The mammals of British Columbia. Brit. Columbia Prov.
Mus. Handbook 11. 414 pp.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: description and measurements; Habitat: usually wet alpme and
subalpme meadows; runways and bun'ows well defined; moves to higher ground in winter; eats
sedges, grasses, saxifrages, and other plants; makes small piles of cuttings in runways; deposits
droppings in special places where 2 cupfuls may accumulate; 2-8 young per litter, usually 4-5;
young bom May-Aug; winter nest of dry grass 8" diameter; no citations for any of this
information.

Cowan, I. McT. 1939. The vertebrate fauna of the Peace River District of British Columbia.
Occasional Papers B.C. Prov. Mus. 1.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: On 28 June found a colony in muskeg and 4 were taken .

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Habitat was 50 feet square and the "mossy carpet was honeycombed with tunnels." Fecal pellets
were strewn about the tunnels, concentrated where feeding was occurring. 1-1.5 inch cuttings of
grass were piled throughout the colony. Also caught here were MICROTUS
PENNSYLVANICUST Measurements.

Cross, E. C. 1938. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS from Godbout, Quebec. J. Mammal. 19:378.

• Single immature taken, with description and measurements.

Dalquest, W. W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. University of Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 2:1-
444.

• Distributional accounts which include brief descriptions and accounts of habits; dot and associated
shading on maps; key to spp. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS shows known 2 locations and a
possible location (later verified by Wilson, Johnson and Reichel 1980).

Dearden, L. C. 1958. The baculum in LAGURUS and related Microtines. J. Mammal „ 39:541-553.

• Describes variation in the baculi of LAGURUS. Compares baculi across Microtine genera
including LEMMUS, SYNAPTOMYS, DICROSTONYX, CLETHRIONOMYS,
PHENACOMYS, and MICROTUS (drawings). SYNAPTOMYS is shown to be most closely
related to DICROSTONYX.

Dice, L. R. 1921. Notes on the mammals of interior Alaska. J. Mammal. 2:20-28.

• Records of unusual specimens taken in Alaska. Two SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS taken, one in
scrub willows and one in horsetails.

Downing, S. C. 1940. First Ontario record of the subgenus MICTOMYS. Can. Field -Nat. 54:109-
110.

• One immature male 25 July 1939 at Moosonee, Ontario. Taken on an open bank of a small creek
draining a bog. Surrounding area had spruce trees and deep mossy ground cover. Measurements
and description.

Dutcher, B. H. 1903. Mammals of Mt. Katahdin, Maine. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 16 :63-72.

. Describes 36 mammals known from Mt. Katahdin. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS, 2 were
trapped in balsam scrub by a spring at 4500 ft. during >270 trap-nights.

Edwards, R. L. 1963, Obser\'ations on the small mammals of the southeastern shore of Hudson
Bay. Can. Field-Nat. 77:1-12.

• Caught 25 individuals at 5 sites (185 trap-nights); most were caught in open, very wet places. No
scat piles or cuttings were associated with this species. Only 2 showed breeding activity, a male
with scrotal testes on 23 Aug and a female with 3 embryos on 1 0 Sept. Most mice appeared to be
yearlings. There appeared to be two litters per year, with some young breeding the same summer
they were bom. Description & measurements.

Foresman, K. R. and D. E. Pearson. 1990. Ecology of the northern bog lemming [ abstract]. Sci.

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Glacier Natl. Park 1990, Ann. Rep. Coop. Park Studies, p. 41.

• Relocated lemmings at Shoofly Meadows site [Adelman 1979] and found lemmings in Numa
Ridge Bog in 1990.

Gaines, M. S., C. L. Baker and A. M. Vivas. 1979. Demographic attributes of dispersing southern
bog lemmings (SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI) in eastern Kansas. Oecologica (Berlin) 40:91-101.

• There was a positive correlation between lenmiing colonizing removal grids and density of control
grids. 41% of losses of control grids were accounted for by dispersal. Residents differed from
dispersers by: 1) higher % males; 2) lower % of adult females colonizing grids were in breeding
condition; reversed for subadult females; and 3) higher % subadults.

Gaines, M. S., R. K. Rose and L. R. McClenaghan, Jr. 1977. The demography of SYNAPTOMYS
COOPERI populations in eastern Kansas. Can. J. Zool. 55:1584-1594.

• Annual and multi-year population cycles were found. Adult and juvenile survival was higher in
winter than summer. Breeding was higher in summer than winter, but occurred during both
periods.

Garton, E. R. 1977. Late Pleistocene and Recent mammals remains from two caves at Bowden,
West Virginia [abstract]. Proc. W. Virginia Academy Sci. 49: 41.

• Found SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in a limestone cave; no time correlation could be done since
they were in a cave-stream deposit.

Godin, A. J. 1977. Wild mammals of New England. Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore.
304 pp.

• Popular account of the mammals of New England. Covers description, distribution, ecology,
behavior, age and sex determination, list of specimens examined, records and reports for each
species. Literature references and museum sources cited.

Godin, A. J. 1977. Wild mammals of New England. Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore.
304 pp.

• Popular account of the mammals of New England. Covers description, distribution, ecology,
behavior, age and sex determination, list of specimens examined, records and reports for each
species. Literature references and museum sources cited. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS "occurs in
cold sphagnum bogs, in bluebunch fields matted with weeds, and in dense hemlock and beech
woods" [ does not match other literature for the area, ie. Clough and Albright 1987]. Lemmings
may build runways above ground or burrow in leaf litter. Nest is lined with leaves, grasses, and
sometimes fur, and located either above or below ground. May be in small colonies or burrows of
other small mammals. Known to eat raspberry seeds and the ftingus ENDOGONE.

Green, M. M. 1930. Notes on some small Canadian mammals. Can. Field-Nat. 44:69.

• Two SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS were taken near Pine Falls in Apr 1929. They were in an open
tamarack bog with SOREX HOYI and SOREX CINEREUS. In May 1929 a male was taken 50
miles north of Pas and had side glands 1 1X7 mm. A female taken 8 May had 3 embryos 30 mm

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long.

Groves, C. R. 1994. Effects of timber hanest on small mammals and amphibians in old-growth
coniferous forests on the Priest Lake Ranger District, Idaho Panhandle National Forests,
[Unpublished report to the Priest Lake Ranger District]. 18 pp. The Nature Conser^ ancy,
Boulder, Colorado.

• Abstract: Summary of field data collected in survey of small mammals and amphibians in old-
growth coniferous forests on the Priest Lake Ranger District , Idaho Panhandle National Forests.
Abundance and species richness were estimated on pitfall trapping grids with drift fences at 1 5
sites representing five replicates of three treatments. 5 shrew species, 1 pocket gopher sp., 6 sp. of
mice and vole (including Northern Bog Lemmings) , and 3 amphibian sp. were found over a three
year period.

Groves, C. and E. Yensen. 1989. Rediscovery of the northern bog lemming ( SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS) in Idaho. Northw. Nat. 70:14-15.

• A single adult male was captured on 14 July 1988 at Cow Creek, Boundary Co., Idaho at 1304 m
elevation. The site was at the edge of a sphagnum bog next to an Englemann spruce tree.
Dominant vegetation in the bog included: DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA. CAREX
ROSTRATA, ERIOPHORUM CHAMISSONIS, BETULA GLANDULOSA, KALMIA
MICROPHYLLA, and SPHAGNUM spp. Other small mammals captured at the site included:
ZAPUS PRINCEPS, CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI, SOREX spp, TAMIAS RUFICAUDUS,
and MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS. The lemming was taken during 2 nights of trapping with
32 museum special snap traps and 16 pitfalls . The other Idaho SYNAPTOMYS site on Gold Peak
Road (Johnson and Cheney 1953) was re-sampled in 1987 but no SYNAPTOMYS taken; it was
logged sometime between the original capture and the re-trapping attempt in 1987. States that
records of SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS captured by Larrison (Larrison 1967; Larrison and
Johnson 1981) were actually misidentified PHENACOMYS INTERMEDIUS.

Guthrie, R. D. 1968. Paleoecology of a Late Pleistocene small mammal community from interior
Alaska. Arctic 21:223-244.

• SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS is currently present at the site but was not found in Late Pleistocene
deposits. Guthrie is unsure if it is a post-glacial immigrant or was present but not found.

Hall, E. R. 1981. Mammals of North America. 2nd edition. 2 vol. John Wiley and Sons.

• Identification and distribution information for mammals of North America. SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS: description and measurements; distribution; 9 subspp.

Hall, E. R. and E. L. Cockrum. 1953. A synopsis of the North American Microtine rodents. LTniv.
Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist. 5:373-498.

• Good for synonymies, distribution, subspecies, key, and citations of original descriptions. For
SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: places in subgenus MICTOMYS and lists 9 subspecies and their
distributions. Gives external measurements as totakl 18 -135; tail:19-27; hind foot:I6-22; ear:12-
13; weight 32-34 g (n=2). Pelage description.

Hall, F, S. 1932. A historical resume of exploration and survey - mammal types and their

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collectors in the state of Washington. Murrelet 13:63-91.

• Gives original citation and information from it on the description of SYNAPTOMYS TRUEI (=S.
BOREALIS) from the Skagit Valley of Washington in 1859.

Hamilton, W. J., Jr. and J. O. Whitaker, Jr. 1979. Mammals of the eastern United States. Cornell
University Press. Ithaca, NY. 346 pp.

• Listed by order. Useful information concerning distribution, habits. Provides range maps and
illustrations. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: distribution and description only.

Harper, F. 1961. Land and fresh-water mammals of the Ungava Peninsula. Univ. Kansas PubL,
Mus. Nat. Hist. 27: includes pp. 55-62.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: measurements and description. On 16 June an adult female was
trapped on a mossy log in swamp among tall and low willows, dwarf birch, CAREX?, sphagnum,
and liverwort. She had 7 embryos (13mm), enlarged mammary glands (2 pair pectoral, 2 pair
inguinal, with drawing), and lateral glands slightly developed (10x4. 5mm). On 17 July a male was
trapped on a rock in a brook flowing through mossy woods. Surrounding vegetation included
white spruce, tamarack, alder, willow (tall and low), Labrador tea, VIBURNUM EDULE,
CORNUS CANADENSIS, RUBUS, COPTIS GROENLANDICA, VIOLA, TRJENTALIS
BOREALIS, USNEA, and SPHAGNUM. He had moss (HYLOCOMIUM PYRENACIACUM) in
his mouth. Testes were 8X5mm; lateral glands greatly developed 14X8 and 2mm thick; a less
developed glandular area was located between each ear and foreleg. Another male found dead on
13 June had testes 7.5X6mm and lateral glands greatly developed 15X7mm. On the lemmings
were found a flea (MEGABOTHRIS ASIO ASIO) and 3 species of mites (HEMOGAMASUS
ALASKENSIS, LAELAPS ALASKENSIS, HAEMOLAELAPS GLASGOWl).

Heaney, L. R. and E. C. Birney. 1975. Comments on the distribution and natural history of some
mammals in Minnesota. Can. Field-Nat. 89:29-34.

• Observations on the distribution and natural history of 18 species. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS
found 10 mi S of Big Falls, an extension of the range in the central U.S. approximately 50 miles to
the south of previous records ( Wetzel and Gunderson 1949).

HeUer, E. 1910. Mammals of the 1908 Alexander Alaska expedition. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.
5:321-360.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: collected 8 specimens. 3 are from Cordova in "a tangle of rye-
grass, stumps, and salmonberry bushes." Five are from Port Nell Juan in open tundra in very
swampy situations near the beach.

Hinton, M. A. C. 1926. Monograph of the voles & lemmings (Microtinae). Vol. 1 . British Mus.
Nat. Hist., London.

• Taxonomic discussion of the subfamily. Places SYNAPTOMYS in the group Lemmi and says it is
the most primitive of the true lemmings (SYNAPTOMYS, LEMMUS, MYOPUS). Divides the
genus in two subgenera (SYNAPTOMYS. MICTOMYS) of which MICTOMYS is the most
primitive. Long descriptions of skeletal and dental ( rootless cheek teeth) differences with
excellent drawings of cheek teeth. Says S. BOREALIS has 8 mammae and S. COOPERI 6. Gives

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MTNHP Bog Lemming Bibliography Page 9 of 19

8 species and 9 forms but says many of doubtful validity.

Hoffmann, R. S., P. L. Wright and F. E, Newby. 1969. Distribution of some mammals in Montana.
I. Mammals other than bats. J. Mammal. 50(3): 579-604.

• Distribution and specimen records listed for select mammals in Montana. SOREX PREBLEI,
SCIURUS NIGER, PEROGNATHUS PARVUS, and PROCYON LOTOR are reported for the
first time in Montana. Not extensive data. Two SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS taken at same site in
Glacier NP as Wright (1950) on 20-21 July 1953 but not taken in other of 17 years trapped since
1949. Gives dates, 15 Sep 1953 and 12 Sept 1956 for 2 additional specimens taken at Anaconda
Creek, Glacier N.P. (see Weckwerth and Hawley 1962).

HoUister, N. 1912. Mammals of the Alpine Club expedition to the Mount Robson region. Canadian
Alpine Journal, Spec. No. pp. 1-44.

• SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS CHAPMANI recorded from Moose Pass, British Columbia, and
Moose Pass Branch of the Smoky River, Alberta (in Howell 1927).

Hooper, E. T. and B. S. Hart. 1962. A synopsis of Recent North American Microtine rodents.
Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 120. 68 pp.

• Systematic study primarily using glans characteristic and comparing cranial and external
characteristics. Includes measurements and description of glans for a wide range of rodents
mcluding SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS. The 2 SYNAPTOMYS species are shown to be closely
related and the most closely related to them may be PHENACOMYS FNTERMEDIUS.

Howell, A. B. 1927. Revision of the American lemming mice (genus SYNAPTOMYS). N. Amer.
Fauna 50. 37 pp.

• A taxonomic revision of the genus SYNAPTOMYS. Gives distribution maps, drawings of dental
and cranial characteristics, descriptions of the different subspecies (7), Type localities and
citations, and lists of specimens. Ecological information is primarily based on SYNAPTOMYS
COOPERI.

Ingles, L. G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
506 pp.

• Very brief description, habitat, shaded map, and key to mammals in WA, OR, and CA.

Johnson, M. L. and P. W. Cheney. 1953. SYNAPTOMYS in Idaho and northeastern Washington.
Murrelet 34:10.

• SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS was collected at one site each in WA and ID. Two immature
specimens (1 male, 1 female) were collected at Sema Meadows, Washington, 3000 ft, "at the edge
of open beaver meadows" on 4-5 Aug 1952. Two adults (1 male, 1 female) were collected on
Gold Peak Road, Idaho, 4200 ft, in a small bog along a stream on 8 Aug 1952.

Jones, J. K., Jr. and E. C. Birney. 1988. Handbook of mammals of the north- central states. U.
Minn. Press, Minneapolis. 346 pp.

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• Semi-popular account of mammals of the North-Central U.S. with general distribution maps
(shading only), description with measurements, some natural history, and selected references.
S\TS[APTOMYS BOREALIS habitat is primarily bogs and marshy areas, but occasionally occurs
in more xeric areas including dry woods and sagebrush. It digs short burrows and uses
conspicuous runways. Globular nests of dry vegetation are built above ground in winter and below
in summer. They do not hibernate. Food is grasses and sedges. Fecal pellets are bright green. The
middle claws are enlarged during winter, presumably an adaptation to living in snow. Breeding
season form May- Aug. Females produce several litters per year. Number of young range from 2-
8, averaging 4. Females have 4 pair mammae (2 pectoral, 2 inguinal). Presumably northern bog
lemmings have 3 maturational pelages and 2 seasonal molts in adults as do other microtines.

Jonkel, C. J. 1959. An ecological and physiological study of pine marten. M.S . Thesis, Montana
State Univ., Missoula. 81 pp.

• Concluding phase of a long-term (1952-1958) study in Glacier NP. Investigated minimum
breeding age, time of implantation, and ensuing time to parturition and continued studies on the
relationship between small mammals and marten population densities. 2 individual
SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS trapped at two grids during 2 years.

Koenigswald, W. V., and L. D. Martin. 1984. Revision of the fossil Lemminae ( Rodentia,
Mammalia). Spec. Publ. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 9:122-137.

• Fossil history of the Lemminae is revised and three genera recognized: LEMMUS ,
SYNAPTOMYS, and MICTOMYS. DICROSTONYX and LAGURUS are excluded. Speculates
Lemminae originated in Eurasia and SYNAPTOMYS immigrated to North America in the late
Pliocene. Uses enamel patterns for comparison. Places SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in the genus
MICTOMYS.

Krebs, C. J. and I. Wingate. 1985. Population fluctuations in the small mammals of the Kluane
Region, Yukon Territory. Can. Field-Nat. 99:51-61.

• Looks at population changes in small mammals in the Yukon. Caught 7 SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS in 11 0,628 snap-trap nights.

Larrison, E. J. 1970. Washington mammals, their habits, identification, and distribution. Seattle
Audubon Soc, Seattle, Wash.

• Gives brief and anecdotal information about life history, identification, and distribution of
Washington mammals. Lists locations for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in Washington including
E. Fork Gold Creek [specimens from that site have been re-identified as PHENACOMYS. Use of
life biistory information for bog lemmings from this book is problematical since Larrison had
misidentified material from both WA and ID (J.D. Reichel, pers. comm.).]

Larrison, E. J. and D. R. Johnson. 1981. Mammals of Idaho. Univ. Press of Idaho, Moscow. 166
pp.

• Gives brief and anecdotal information about life history, identification, and distribution of Idaho
mammals. Lists locations for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in Idaho; Larrison states that some
specimens lack grooves in the upper incisors [these and perhaps others have been re-identified as
PHENACOMYS. Use of life history information for bog lemmings from this book is

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problematical since Larrison had misidentified material from both WA and ID (J.D. Reichel, pers.
comm.).]

Layser, E. F. and T. E. Burke. 1973. The northern bog lemming and its unique habitat in
northeastern Washington. Murrelet 54:7-8.

• SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS is described from Bunchgrass Meadows in NE Washington at 5000
ft. Area is a true bog/fen of over a square mile with a few small spruce and fir islands. Plants
present included: BETULA GLANDULOSA, CAREX LIMOSA, C. SCOPULORUM,
DROSERA ANGLICA. LYCOPIUM SITCHENSE, KALMIA POLIFOLIA, SCHEUCHZERLA
PALUSTRIS, SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS, and SPHAGNUM. Authors list bird and herp spp
also present. Present on the site were piles of grass and sedge cuttings at the base of small shrubs
and along runways; most common cuttings were CAREX SCOPULORUM. A single bog
lemming was captured during 140 snaptrap nights on 10-11 July 1972. Suggest threats to
population may include: overgrazing, compaction of snow (destroying runways and nests) by
snowmobiles , and impoundments which could flood the area.

Linzey, A. V. 1983. SYNAPTOMYS COOPERl. Mammalian Species 210:1-5.

• Good summary of available information.

Linzey, A. V. 1984. Patterns of coexistence in SYNAPTOMYS COOPERl and MICROTUS
PENNSYLVANICUS. Ecol. 65:382-393.

• SYNAPTOMYS are excluded from preferred habitats by MICROTUS. The following patterns
were observed: 1) In undisturbed sympatric populations, microhabitat partitioning was observed
when habitat was marginal for voles. 2) Lemming microhabitat had more trees and shrubs when
voles were present. 3) If vole populations declined, lemmings shifted into habitat previously
occupied by voles. 4) Removal of voles from a grid resulted in immediate colonization by
lemmings. 5) A year following lemming removal, former lemming habitat remained empty despite
an increasing vole population. 6) Food of lemmings was less digestible than voles on grids where
both occurred. 7) When voles were removed from a grid, lemming diets became more similar to
voles (72 vs 37%).

Lyon, M. W., Jr. and W. H. Osgood. 1909. Catalogue of the Type specimens of mammals in the
United States National Museum, including the Biological Survey Collection. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull

62. 325 pp.

• Lists the Type specimens with citations of original description, what is present in collection and
the state of the material.

Manville, R. H. and S. P. Young. 1965. Distribution of Alaskan mammals. Bur. Sport Fish Wildl.
Circular 211. 74 pp.

• Provides dot range map for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS. Describes habitat as wet tundras and
sphagnum bogs, occasionally dry or moist meadows.

Martell, A. M. 1974. A northern range extension for the northern bog lemming, SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS BOREALIS (Richardson). Can. Field-Nat. 88:348.

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• Near Inuvik. 4 specimens (3 M, 1 F) captured in 75,000 trap-nights.

Mead, J. I., C. J. Bell, and L. K. Murray. 1992. MICTOMYS BOREALIS (northern bog lemming)
and the Wisconsin paleoecology of the east-central Great Basin. Quaternary Res. 37:229-238.

• Summarizes the paleo records of northern bog lemmings with a dot map and citations. Indications
are that the species in the Snake Range on the NV/UT border was only locally present in or near
mesic spruce forest habitat 24,000 to 15,000 yrs BP.

Millar, J. S., D. G. L. Innes, and V. A. Loewen. 1985. Habitat use by non- hibernating small
mammals of the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta. Can. Field- Naturalist 99:196-204.

• Caught one northern bog lemming in "mature subalpine forest" during 26,700 trapnights.

Merriam, C. H. 1896. Revision of the lemmings of the genus SYTVAFTOMYS, with descriptions of
new species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 10:55-64.

• Descriptions and some locations. First to break SYNAPTOMYS into two subgenera.

Miller, G. S., Jr. 1896. Genera and subgenera of voles and lemmings. N. Amer. Fauna 12. 84 pp.

• Gives description of both species of SYNAPTOMYS, including pelage, measurements, skull, and
teeth.

Morlan, R. E. 1989. Paleoecological implications of Late Pleistocene and Holocene microtine
rodents from the Bluefish Caves, northern Yukon Territory. Can. J. Earth Sci. 26:149-156.

. A single SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS found (in Holocene birch phase sediment) among 10s of
thousands of small mammal remains. It was not found in Pleistocene deposits. Currently inhabits
the area.

Munro, J. A. 1947. Observations of birds and mammals in central British Columbia. Occasional
Papers B.C. Prov. Mus. 6.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: 2 locations in central BC; female w/ 4 embryos taken 15 May;
all trapped in runways through VACCINIUM; associated species included MICROTUS
PENNSYLVANICUS and CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI.

Osgood, W. H. 1900. A biological reconnaissance of the Yukon River Region: annotated account
of mammals. N. Amer. Fauna 19:1-45.

• Collected SYNAPTOMYS DALLI (=BOREALIS) at several locations. At one location near Lake
Lebarge they were in long grass at the edge of a small pond, while other locations were in cold
boggy places near small streams. Gives description and measurements.

Osgood, W. H. 1904. A biological reconnaissance of the base of the Alaska Peninsula. N. Amer.
Fauna 24. 86 pp.

• Collected 24 SYNAPTOMYS DALLI (=BOREALIS) of all age and sex categories. Found much
age variation in skull measurements. Usually found in small colonies "hi very wet swampy places.

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preferably in wet moss." One area was a small boggy place partially filled with dead logs and
branches and overgrown with moss. Says they make runways slightly smaller than MICROTUS
and usually in "moss rather than grass and weeds." Gives description and measurements.

Osgood, W. H. 1904. Natural history of the Cook Inlet region, Alaska. N. Amer . Fauna 21:51-81.

• Collected 1 SYNAPTOMYS DALLI (=BOREALIS) a small peat bog near Hope. Gives
description and measurements.

Osgood, W. H. 1907. Some unrecognized and misapplied names of American mammals . Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 20:43-52.

• Redescribes Type specimen and gives some of original description of ARVICOLA
( =SYNAPTOMYS) BOREALIS from Richardson (1828).

Osgood, W. H. 1909. Biological investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory. N . Amer. Fauna
30. 86 pp.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: "Rather rare, only 4 specimens taken" in E Central AK . 1
taken in a "grassy swamp" other 3 near timberhne at the head of Seward Creek. In the Ogilvie
Range 2 were taken in "cold Swamps." In the MacMillan region 5 were taken in a sphagnum
swamp near mouth of Russell Creek.

Pearson, D. E. 1991. The northern bog lemming in Montana and the contiguous United States:
Distribution, Ecologj' and relic species theory. Unpubl. Senior Thesis, Univ. Mont., Missoula. 33
pp.

• SYNAPTOMYS surveys were conducted with Sherman live traps at 1 6 sites. Describes 4 new
lemming capture sites in Glacier National Park (McGee Meadows (1 animal), Little McGee
Meadows (2), Numa Ridge Bog (1), and McDonald Creek ( 1)) and a new specimen from the
known Shoofly Meadows site [see Adelman 1979 ]. The McDonald Creek site was part of a
general small mammal project and has been surveyed on multiple occasions but only a single
lemming has been captured. This site is in old-growth western hemlock (TSUGA
HETEROPHYLLA) without typical bog/fen habitat (includes plant list). The other sites are all
typical bog/fen habitat with thick sphagnum moss mats and are structurally described in some
detail with vegetation mentioned to the generic level. Other small mammals captured at lemming
sites included: CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI, PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS, SOREX
spp., MICROTLIS spp, TAMIAS spp. Trapping success was 1 lemming per 806 Sherman live
trap-nights ( 16 sites with 4030 TN). Mortality rate for lemmings was 60% 93 of 5). Tracking
board sampling was tried, but lemming dropping could not be differentiated from MICROTUS
(CLETHRIONOMYS and SOREX could be). Includes a summary of most of the specimens taken
in the lower 48 states. Good discussion of research methodologies and distribution.

Peterson, R. L. 1966. The mammals of eastern Canada. Oxford University Press. Toronto,
Canada. 465 pp.

• Good general reference; body measurements; references. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS :
rarest rodent in collections for eastern Canada. Description. Notes that 2 specimens taken in mid-
January and mid- April at Indian House Lake, Quebec, showed extreme enlargement of 2 middle
claws on the front feet; it is unkno^wn if this is normal since only 2 specimens have ever been

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taken during this season. A series of 6 specimens taken in northern Quebec were from a dry,
partly wooded habitat. Specimens of three pregnant females in the Royal Ontario Museum taken
in June had 4. 4, and 7 embryos.

Preble, E. A. 1899. Description of a new lemming mouse from the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13:43-45.

• Description of the subspecies SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS SPHAGNICOLA based on one
specimen trapped at Fabyans (1600') near the base of Mt. Washington on 29 June 1898. Habitat
"is swampy and quite densely carpeted with moss..." Associated species included MICROTUS,
PEROMYSCUS, BLARINA, CLETHRIONOMYS. ZAPUS HUDSONICUS, and NAPOZAPUS
INSIGNUS.

Preble, E. A. 1902. A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay Region. N. Amer. Fauna 22. 140
pp.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BULLATUS (=BOREALIS): Only trapped 2 specimens, one near Norway
House. The other was a female with 6 embryos in a swamp bordering the Echimamish River on
June 25.

Preble, E. A. 1902. Descriptions of new species of SYNAPTOMYS and PHENACOMYS from
MacKenzie, Canada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 15:181-182.

• Description of new species SYNAPTOMYS BULLATUS (=S. BOREALIS) from Great Slave
Lake, Canada from a skin and skull of adult male.

Preble, E. A. 1908. A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie Region. N. Amer.
Fauna 27. 574 pp.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: took 8 near site (Ft. Franklin) of those originally described by
Richardson (1829) and quotes extensively from that paper. Caught one female with 4 embryos.
Habitat at various sites where lemmings were captured include: 1) border of a small meadow; 2)
wet swamp; 3) near small muskeg ponds; and 4) marsh. Says Loring found SYNAPTOMYS
rather common in October in a sphagnum swamp and caught about a dozen. Gives measurements
and descriptions and merges S. DALLI with S. BOREALIS as S.B. DALLI.

Prince, L. A. 1942. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS from Fort Severn, Hudson Bay, Ontario . J.
Mammal 23:216.

• An mimature male SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS was trapped at Ft. Severn on 1 1 July 1940 . Was
taken in a "water trap" on alder and willow bordered bank of a stream draining a black spruce bog.
Gives measurements of the single specimen.

Rand, A. L. 1945. Investigations on the Canal Road, Yukon and Northwest Territories, 1944.,
Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 99„

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: 7 taken m 400 trap-nights in open, wet moss, sedge, willow
and spruce swamp on Lapie River. Also taken were MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS. At
Mount Sheldon 12 were taken in marshy sedge fringing ponds in a dwarf birch flat 11-15 Aug. On
22-25 Aug 7 were taken in a wet grassy glade on the Macmillan River. In all cases the species was

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very local, with none being caught during extensive trapping in the surrounding area.
Rand, A. L. 1945. Mammals of Yukon. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 100. 93 pp.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: description and measurements. States "...scarce animal, found
in grass and sedge areas in bogs and marshes where it makes runways" but no indication this is
based on observations or literature or?

Reichel, J. D. 1984. Ecology of Pacific Northwest alpine mammals. Unpubl. Ph.D . Thesis, Wash.
State U., Pullman. 91 pp.

• Information on distribution, dispersal, population structure and habitat use of alpine areas in WA
and OR by small mammals. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS one new site, and additional
information on another site (Wilson et al. 1980), is given. At sites where lemmings were trapped,
Gypsy Peak (918 snap trap-nights ) and Slate Peak (11 73 snap trap-nights) each produced a single
animal (one male, one female). The Gypsy Peak site was fellfield habitat, while the Slate Peak site
was a sedge/graminoid wet meadow. Lemmings were not relocated at the Cascade Creek site of
Shaw (1930).

Reichel, J. D. and S. G. Beckstrom. 1993. Northern bog lemming survey: 1992. [ Unpublished
report] Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 64 pp.

• Surv^ey of 21 sites in western Montana for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS using primarily snaptraps
(some comparisons using live traps and pitfalls). Found 5 new sites including the southern-most
sites in western North America (map). Compares baits. Lemmings were captured at elevations
from 4760-6520 feet. All sites had thick mats of sphagnum moss present. Bog birch and/or a
dwarf willow were present at all sites. At sites where lemmings were found, it took 5-140 trap-
nights for the first lemming capture; in contrast, 240-556 trap-nights were tabulated at sites where
none were captured. Other species captured at sites with bog lemmings included: MICROTUS
PENNSYLVANICUS, CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI, SOREX, and PHENACOMYS
INTERMEDIUS. Includes research needs and methods, management recommendations, and
references.

Reichel, J. D. and S. G. Beckstrom. 1994. Northern bog lemming survey: 1993. Montana Natural
Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 87 pp.

• During the 1993 field season small mammals were surveyed for at 30 sites, capturing northern
bog lemmings at 5 new sites. One site, Wood Creek on the Rocky Mountain Ranger District,
Lewis and Clark NF, is the eastern-most site known in Montana and 90 km from the nearest
previously known site. Three sites on the Kootenai NF were in the Sunday Creek drainage, 1-6
km from the site discovered there in 1992. The last new site, also on the Kootenai NF, was found
at Cody Lake, 32 km from the nearest known site. Despite surveys at 5 sites with apparently good-
excellent habitat on the Flathead NF, no new lemming sites were found there. The total number of
known bog lemming sites in Montana is 1 7, the most sites in any of the lower 48 states. All sites
found in 1993 had moss mats at or near the trap location. Known sites in Montana range in size
from 1 to 340 acres. The best habitat predictor for potential bog lemming sites in Montana is the
presence of extensive, thick moss mats, particularly sphagnum moss. More sites with apparently
good quality habitat were trapped unsuccessfully in 1993 than 1992; whether lemmings are
actually present at some or all of those sites is unknown.

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Repenning, C. A. and F. Grady. 1988. The Microtine rodents of the Cheetah room fauna,
Hamilton Cave, West Virginia, and the origin of SYNAPTOMYS. U.S. Geol. Survey BulL 1853:1-
32.

• Give history of bog lemmings, starting with ancestral form from eastern Europe 4 million yrs ago.
Has found evidence that SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI evolved from the MICTOMYS line (which
is 3 million yrs old) only about 600.000 yrs ago.

Rhoads, S. N. 1894. Descriptions of a new subgenus and new species of ar\'icoIine rodents from
British Columbia and Washington. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci . Philadelphia 1894:282-288.

• Description of Topot>'pe of ARVICOLA BOREALIS (=SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS) of an adult
female taken near Ft. Anderson, north of Great Bear Lake. [NOTE: drawing of dentition looks like
MICROTUS not SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS].

Rose, R. K. and A. M. Spevak. 1978. Aggressive behavior in two sympatric microtine rodents. J.
Mammal. 59:213-216.

• SYNAPTOMYS were less aggressive and showed more avoidance than MICROTUS in lab
encounter trials.

Saunders, W. E. 1927. PHENACOMYS UNGAVA in Ontario. J. Mammal. 8:305-307.

• Notes on captures of PHENACOMYS UNGAVA (=INTERMEDIUS) and SYNAPTOMYS.
Caught a SYNAPTOMYS almost daily.

Scott, P. A. and R. L C. Hansell. 1989. The lemming community on the lichen- heath tundra at
Churchill, Manitoba. Can. Field-Nat. 103:358-362.

• Describes lemming community by species and habitat. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS only 2
were captured (2360 trap-nights), one each in a CAREX-moss-SALIX community and a SALIX
community. Other species present on the sites of capture included: DICROSTONYX
RICHARDSONI and MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS.

Seton, E. T. 1909. Life-histories of northern animals. An account of the mammals of Manitoba.
Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

• Repeats other literature briefly (description, distribution, habitat of cold sphagnum bogs). No
original information except "shy, secretive, nocturnal" but no citation or indication of where the
information came from.

Severinghaus, W. D. 1981. Methods useful in distinguishing Microtines sympatric with the
subgenus PEDOMYS. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 56:20-22.

Shaw, W. T. 1930. The lemming mouse in North America and its occurrence in the state of
Washington. Murrelet 11:7-10.

• SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS (immature) was first captured in Washington in "the Skagit Valley,
Skagit Co. on 6 Aug 1859. At the head of Cascade Creek a single individual was taken on 30 Jul
1923 and 1 1 more during summer 1926; none were trapped in 1928 and 1929 at the same location.

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The location was at 5000 ft at the head of the drainage in a bog-like area. The bog had many logs
from avalanches, PERNASSIA FIMBRIATA, CAREX SPECTABILIS, HABENARIA
SACCATA, TOFIELDIA OCCIDENT ALIS, MIMULUS TILINGI, M. LEWISII, and a thick
carpet of moss (HYPNUM).

Smith, H, C. 1993. Alberta mammals, an atlas and guide. Prov. Mus. Alberta, Edmonton. 238 pp.

• Good general information guide with keys, dot maps, habitat, status in Alberta , and
measurements. For S\T\[APTOMYS BOREALIS: identifying characteristics and description;
mapped locations in N part of Alberta down W side in mountains to within 1 50 km of US border;
status is uncommon though widely distributed; habitat is "moist meadows and bogs;" table with
weight and external measurements for male (n=15) and female (n=4) lemmings.

Smith, R. W. 1940. The land mammals of Nova Scotia. Amer. Midi. Nat. 24:213- 241.

• Short accounts of new records during 1925-1940. SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI was collected but
S. BOREALIS was not.

Smits, C. M. M., B. G. Slough and C. A. Yasui. 1989, Summer food habits of sympatric arctic
foxes, ALOPEX LAGOPUS, and red foxes, VULPES VULPES, in the northern Yukon Territory.
Can. Field-Nat. 103:363-367,

• Diets of both foxes were similar with small mammals predominating. SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS was up to 3.7% frequency in the diet at some locales for Arctic Fox.

Soper, J. D. 1948. Mammal notes from the Grande Prairie - Peace River region. Alberta. J.
Mammal. 29:49-64.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: "scarce and local." One male taken in moist spruce woods near
shore of Lake Ray, Alberta on 6 July 1 944. Measurements and pelage description.

Soper, J. D. 1973. The mammals of Waterton Lakes National Park Alberta. Can. WildL Serv. Rep.
Series 23:1-57,

• No SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS have been found in Park. Short summary of nearby locations
and general information.

Stenseth, N. C, and R, A, Ims (eds). 1993. The biology of lemmings. Linnean Society Symposium

Series 15, 683 pp.

• A series of articles by various authors on evolutionary history, taxonomy, distribution, population
dynamics, food, growth, reproduction, and Intra- and Interspecific relationships. Also included are
sections on the history of lemming research, future research needs, and research techniques. Little
information on northern bog lemmings.

Swath, H. S. 1922. Birds and mammals of the Stikine River region of northern British Columbia
and southeastern Alaska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 24:125-314,

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: Great Glacier on Stikine River, B.C.; 3 males caught ;
description; habitat- alder thicket.

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True, F. W. 1894. Diagnoses of new North American mammals. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 17:241-243.

• Description of Type of MICTOMYS INNUITUS (=S\^APTOMYS BOREALIS) collected Fort
Chimo, Ungava, Labrador by L.M. Turner spring 1884. Nursing female.

Weckwerth, R. P. and V. D. Hawley. 1962. Marten food habits and population fluctuations in
Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 26(l):55-74.

• A 5 year investigation of the relationships between marten population fluctuations, food habits, &
prey densities in Glacier NP. Foods were mostly mammals-Cricetidae. Varied with season &
availability; population trends strongly influenced by prey densities. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS
was trapped in 2 of 5 years trapping was done. Marten scats contained SYNAPTOMYS
BOREALIS at a 1.6% frequency during the study, while lemmings comprised only 2 of 223 small
mammals trapped.

Wetzel, R. M. and H. L. Gunderson. 1949. The lemming vole, SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS , in
northern Minnesota. J. Mammal. 30:437.

• Gives locations for 1 immature female (5 Aug 1932) and 1 aduh male (27 July 1948).

Wilson, C, R. E. Johnson, and J. D. Reichel. 1980. New records for the northern bog lemming in
Washington. Murrelet 61:104-106.

•&'

• Describes 3 new sites for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in Washington. One individual

( immature, sex unknown) was collected 22 Jun 1 979 in a wet (standing water) hummocky sedge
meadow with willow and bog birch at 6100 ft. On 25 June 1980 an adult male was collected at a
similar site (less hummocky, no bog birch) at 5400 ft, about 6 mi from the first site. At both these
sites MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS was also trapped. An immature female was captured at
the third site (extreme NE WA) at 7250 ft on 23 Aug 1980. The habitat was a barren alpine ridge
(15% vegetative cover) at least 900 vertical ft above the nearest boggy meadow.

Wright, P. L. 1950. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS from Glacier National Park, Montana. J .
Mammal. 31(4):460.

• First record of northern bog lemming in Montana. Addt male caught. HABITAT: a swampy area;
plants included Englemann spruce, timothy, false hellebore, alder, nannyberry, cow parsnip,
horsemint, yellow monkey flower, and snowberry . ASSOCIATED SPECIES included:
MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS and SOREX VAGRANS. TRAPPING SUCCESS: 1 lemming
in 62 trap-nights; not found at same site during 200 trap-nights 2 months later.

Wrigley, R. E. 1974. Ecological notes of animals of the Churchill region of Hudson Bay. Arctic
27:201-214.

• One SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS collected in sedge-moss tundra 35 mi. NW of Churchill.

Youngman, P. M. 1964. Range extensions of some mammals from northwestern Canada. Natl.
Mus. Can., Nat. Hist. Paper 23. 6 pp.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: lists far north records including Old Crow and Rampart House,
Yukon, the farthest know north records for the species at the time.

http://nhp.nris.state.mt.us/animal/reports/mammaIs/bogbiblio.html 1/28/2003

MTNHP Bog Lemming Bibliography Page 19 of 19

Youngman, P. M. 1968. Notes on mammals of southeastern Yukon Territory and adjacent
Mackenzie District. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 223:70-86.

• For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: collected in the N. W. T.: 1) a male and nonparous female in a
hot spring meadow with MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS and M. LONGICAUDUS at 4000 ft.
Flat River; 2) one at a marsh at Glacier Lake, 2500 ft; in the Yukon: 3) a male in riparian
brushlands 5 mi E of Little Hyland River, 6000 ft and a male at 4000 ft; 4) 1 1 males and 4 females
in white spruce at North Toobally Lake, 2200 ft.

Youngman, P. M. 1975. Mammals of the Yukon Territory. Natl. Mus. Canada, Publ . Zool. 10. 192
pp.

• Very good general reference with sections on environmental influences, vegetation and refugium
effects on mammal distribution. Species accounts have detailed taxonomic synonymies, dot maps,
external and skull measurements, and remarks on fossils, habitat, and ecology. For
SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: distributed throughout the wooded portion of the Yukon. Has
external and skull measurements of males (n=18) and females (n=5-6); pelage description.
Suggests that S. BOREALIS speciated in a south-western refugium and is a post- glacial
immigrant to the north. Collected in the Yukon "between 800 and 6000 ft mostly in bogs and
marshes." Stated 10 pregnant females averaged 4.4 (3-6) embryos.

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Montana Natural Heritage Program
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