BIOLOGY Digitized by the Internet Archive _ ; in 2010 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign © http://www.archive.org/details/ lepidopteraindic002n or | i ; 7 —- a EPIDOPTERA INDICA. BY F. MOORE, D.SC., CAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGI VOL), iT. RHOPALOCERA. FAMILY NYMPHALIDA. SUB-FAMILIES SATYRIN A (continued), ELYMNIINA, AMATHUSIINA, NYMPHALIN (Group cHARAXINA). LONDON : i REE VY Be. € 0, PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1893—1896. DESCRIPTION Puate 95. Fig. 1, la. Orinoma Damaris, ¢ 2 . 2, 2a. Rhaphicera Satricus, g . 3, 3a. Rhaphicera Moorei, ¢ 9 PratE 96. Fig. 1, la. Lasiommata Schakra, ¢ ? 2,2a, 6. Lasiommata Merula, ¢ ? . 3. Lasiommata Meroides, 9 4, 4a. Lasiommata Menava, ¢ ? Prate 97. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Amecera Cashmirensis, $ 9 2;2 a,b. Chonala Masoni, ¢ 9 Fig. 1, la, Eumenis Baldiva, ¢ ? 2, 2a. Eumenis Lehana, ¢ 9 3, 8a. Chazara Shandura, ¢ 9 4, 4a. Nytha Parisatis, 3 2 . Aulocera Brahminus, ¢ ? 2, 2a. Aulocera Brahminoides, 9 * 8, 3a. Aulocera Chumbica, ¢ 9 4, 4a. Aulocera Loha, ¢ 9 Fig. 1, la, Aulocera Padma, ¢ 9 2, 2a, Aulocera Swaha, ¢ ? . Aulocera Saraswati, ¢ ? Fig. 1, la. Pareneis pumilus, ¢ ?. 2, 2a. Parceneis Sikkimensis, ¢ 3, 3a. Karanasa Hubneri, 3 2 4, 4a. Karanasa Leechii, ¢ 2? . Fig. 1, la. Karanasa modesta, J 9? . 2, 2a, Kanetisa Digna, ¢ 2 3, 3a. Kanetisa Pimpla, ¢ ? Ct EA TiS. PAGE Puate 103. Fig. 1, la. 2, 2a. 3, 3a. 4, 4a. Priate 104. Fig. 1, la. 2, 2a. 3, 3a. 4, 4a. Maniola Davendra, ¢ 2 Maniola latistigma, ¢ ? Maniola brevistigma, ¢ ? Maniola tenuistigma, ¢ . Maniola Cheena, ¢ ? Maniola Kashmiriea, J ? Chortobius pulchra, ¢ 9 Chortobius Neoza, ¢ ? . Prats 105. Fig. 1, la. Chortobius pulchella, 2 2 2. Chortobius Cenonympha, ? 3, 3a. Chortobius Maiza, ¢ 2? . 4, 4a. Chortobius Goolmurga, 5 ? Prate 106. Fig. 1. Thymipa Baldus (larva and pupa) la,b, ¢, d, e, f. Thymipa Baldus (Wet-season brood) 1 g,h,t. Thymipa Baldus tie eB a brood) . - : Pate 107. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa indecora, ¢ (Wet- season brood) 16. Thymipa season brood) 2,2 a,b. Thymipa Matiions, 1O2 (Wet season bi'00d) 2, c. Thymipa Methora, ¢ (Dr ana brood) . ‘ : : . 3 (Dry- indecora, Pate 108. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa a ie 3 (Wet- season brood) 2, 2a. Thymipa Savara, ¢ (Wet- season brood) 2 b, c,d. Thymipa Savara, 3 2 (ane season brood) : 64 64 66 67 iv DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prate 109. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Nikea, g 2,2 a,b. Thymipa Sakra, ¢ ? 3. 3a. Thymipa Austeni, J? . 4. Thymipa Avanta, ? (Wet-season brood) . 4a. Thymipa Avante, 3 (Dryseason brood) . : a : Puate 110. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Singala, ¢ 9 i season brood) 5 1b. Thymipa Singala, g (Dry-season brood) . 3 2, 2a, Thymipa Tabella, 3 3, 3a,b. Thymipa striata, J 9 (wet season brood) 3,c. Thymipa striata, ¢ (Di ry/-Season brood) . . 4, Thymipa avila & Prate 111. Fig. 1. Ypthima Hubneri es and pupa) Ge lay Yathinia Hannan 3? (Wet-season brood) 1 dye, f, 9, h. Ypthima ‘eiaueri eA 2 (Dry-season brood) F ¢ Puate 112. Fig. 1, la, Ypthima Kasmira, @@? . ¢ 2, 2a. Ypthima Ceylonica, ¢ ? (Wet- season brood) 3, 3a. Kolasa Chenui, 3 2 (Wet. season brood) 5 4, 4a. Kolasa Napeememercie 3 @ 5, 5a. Nadiria Bolanica, g 9 Puate 113. Fig. 1, la. Pandima Nareda, 9 2, 2a, Pandima Newara, ¢ 2 3. Pandima Lyeus, ¢ 5 ; 4. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ ( Wet-season brood) . c = 5 é 4 a, b, c. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ 9 (Dry-season brood) Prats 114, Fig. 1, la. Pandima Mahratta, ¢ 9 (Wet- season brood) 1 6, c, Pandima Mahratta, 3 @h: season brood) ‘ ; : PAGE PAGE 2, 2a. Lohana Inica, So 2 (Wet-season 68 brood) . 6 93 69 2 b, c, d, e. Lohana artes ‘3 2 Gn: 69 season brood) 4 F ; - 93 Puate 115. 70 Fig. 1, la. Dallacha Hyagriva, ¢ ? | 8H) 2, Ya. Callerebia Orixa, 32 . 3 96, Ds 3,3 a,b. Callorebia Annada, @ 9 an Prats 116. 72 Fig. 1, la. Callerebia hybrida, ¢ ? . aos 2, 2 a, b, c, d, e. Callerebia Nirmala, 72 Cee 3 5 : . - £00 73 Prate 117. Fig. 1, la, b. Callerebia Scanda, 2 . 101 73 2, 2a. Callarebia Daksha, ¢ . - 02 3, 3 a, 6. Paralasa Kalinda, ¢ 2 . 104 a Prate 118. Fig. 1,1 a,6. Paralasa Shallada, g 2 105 2,2 a,b. Paralasa Mani, G9? . . 106 3, 3a. Hemadara Narasingha, ¢ On 78 Puate 119, 77 Fig. 1,1 a, b. Zipaetis Saitis, g 2° . 108 2,2 a, b. Zipaetis Scylax, J 2 LOS 78 | Phare 120. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Ragadia Crisilda, g 9 - AO 76 2,2 a,b. Ragadia Crito, ¢ 2 . « ae Prats 121. 81 Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Erites argentina, g 2 - ais 2,2 a,b. Erites angularis, ¢ 9 . 115 a 3, 3a. Erites faleipennis, ¢ . » HOG 85 Prats 122. Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Ismene (larva and pupa) . 5 120 86 WA Ch Melanitis ienenee 3 9 o (Wet-season brood) . . . 118 Prate 123. 89 Fig. 1, 1 a,b, c, d, e. Melanitis Ismene, 3 2 (Dry-season brood) = Stil) ae Prats 124, Fig. 1. Melanitis Tambra (larva and pupa) 126 1 a, b, c. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ 2 90 ( Wet-season brood) : ; 125 1 d,e, 7. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ 9 90 (Dry-season brood) - ° . 126 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. v PAGE PAGE Prats 125, Prate 135. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Melanitis Bethami, ¢ ? Fig. 1, la. Elymnias caudata (larva and (Wet-season brood) 4 : a 12% pupa) . F . 150 1 c, d, e. Melanitis Bethami, $2? — 1 }, c, d. Elymnias conidtes 3 9 - 150 Dry-season brood ; : . 128 i a ) Puate 136. Puate 126. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Elymnias Cottonis, 3 9 51 Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melanitis Bela, f 2 (Wet- 2,2 a,b. Elymnias Mimus, $2? . 152 season brood) : 128 PuatTeE 137. i oa Beles é i (Dry. 129 Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Elymnias obnubila, ¢ 9 . 153 +e ees Gi 2, 2a. Elymnias Deedalion, 9. . 154 Puate 127. . ae Prate 138. ey nae! fe) es Sa oe 131 Fig. 1, 3 a, b. Melynias Singala, ¢ 9 . 156 3 ¢ (Wet-season brood) A : 2, 2 a, b. Melynias Peali, ¢ ¢ . 5 oaks oe pane = Prats 139. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f- Melanitis Varaha, Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Melynias Timandra, 9 158 3 2, (Dry-season brood) : . 132 S Puate 140. cee. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melynias Malelas, 62 . 159 Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Gokala, ¢ (Wet- 9, 2a, Melynias Saneri, G2 . 161 season brood) P 133 1 b,c, d, e. Melanitis Gohals. 3 ° Puate 141. (Dry-season brood) ‘ : . 134 Fig. 1, la. Melynias Patna, ¢ c = 262 2, 2a. Melynias Patnoides, ¢ . - 163 Prats 130. 3, 3a. Bruasa Chelensis, f . - 164 Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ 9 (Wet-season brood) ‘ = - 168 PraTE 142. ; . ld. Melanitis Zitenius, 9 (inter- Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Mimadelias hha grade) . ; - - : . 137 oo - 166 2, 2a. Mimadelias Deva, 3 Ons «. 167 Puate 131. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢. Melanitis Zitenius, g 9 Prate 143. (Dry-season brood) ‘ : Siar Fig. 1,1 a@, 6, c. Mimadelias Burmensis, 2, 2a. Melanitis Kalinga, ¢ (Dry- oc? . : : 3 - 168 season brood) : Y ' _ 187 2, 2a. Agrusia Anaeaaics Guns 69 PuatE 132. Prate 144, Fig. 1, 1 a, &. Cyllogenes Suradeva, ¢ 9 138 Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, Zeuxidia Masoni, § ? =. 174 2, 2a. Cyllogenes Janet, J . sy) Pyanaieie 3, 3a. Parantirrheea Marshalli, g . 140 Fig. 1, la, Amathuxidia Amythaon, 2 176 PuateE 133. Prats 146. Fig. 1. Elymnias undularis (larva) . . 147 Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Amathusia Phidippus, 3 la, b,c. Elymnias undularis, 9. 145 2 larva and pupa } i 179 2,2, a, b. Elymnias tinctoria, ¢ 2? . 148 Puate 147. Prate 134, Fig. 1. Amathusia setae tess 3 (Pegu Fig. 1. Elymnias fraterna (larva andpupa) 149 Variety) - : . st 1 a, b,c, d, e. Elymnias fraterna, 2. Amathusia Pindippas, 2 (Anda- Sees c . ¢ : . 149 man Variety) F 5 - 7 18L vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PAGE Puate 148. Puate 164. Fig. 1,1 a, 6. Nandogea Diores, Gd? .- 182 Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e. mona Amathusia, Prate 149. oF 4 : ; ; Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Thauria pseudaliris, G2 . 186 Pam GR. Prate 150. Fig. 1. Discophora Continentalis (larva and pupa) . : : : - 189 1, a, b, c. Discophora Continentalis, OD es ‘ : : : . 188 Prate 151. Fig. 1, 1 a, }, c. Discophora lepida, 2. 190 Pratn 152. Fig. 1, 1 a, ,¢. Discophora Zal, 69 . 191 Puate 153. Fig. 1. Discophora Indica (/arva and pupa) 194 1 a, 6, c, d. Discophora Indica, § ? . 192 Prate 154. Fig. 1, la. Discophora spiloptera, @ @ . 193 Prate 155. Fig. 1, la, 6, c. Enispe Euthymius, ¢ 2. 198 Prater 156. Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Emispe tessellata, ¢ 9 . 200 Priate 157. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Enispe Cycnus, ¢ ? . 201 PuateE 158. Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Camadeva, ep NES : 5 : : . 203 Prate 159. Fig. 1, 1a. Stichophthalma Louisa, f 2 . 204 Prate 160. Fig. 1,1 a, . Stichophthalma Nourmahal, Coe re : 3 : 3 . 205 Puate 161. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Stichophthalma Nurinissa, Re 9) ge ee liuly gh Ohya NOG Prats 162. Fig. 1, la, b, c. Clerome Arcesilaus, ¢ 9. 207 Puate 163. Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Assama, 6 2? . 208 Fig. 1, la. Aimona Pealii, g . 2, 2a. Aimona Lena, ¢ Prate 166. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Xanthotenia Busiris, 3 Puate 167. Fig. 1, la. Melanocyma faunuloides, 9 2. Stichophthalma Sparta, ¢ Puate 168. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Psaphon, ¢ 2? . Puate 169. Fig. 1, la, 6, ec. Haridra Imna, $ 2 larva and pupa , : Puate 170. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Marmax, ¢ 2 Puate 171. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Kahrupa, f 2? . 2. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Desa, ¢ 9 Prats 173. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Aristogiton, g . 2, 2a. Haridra Adamsoni, ¢ PuateE 174. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Harpax, ¢ 9 Prate 175. Fig. 1, 1 a. b. Haridra Corax, ¢ larva and pupa Puate 176. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Haridra Hierax, ¢ 9 Puate 177. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Haridra Hemana, ¢ 2 PuateE 178. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hipponax, § 9. : 1b, c. Haridra Hipponax (Variety) . PAGE DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PAGE Prats 179. Fig. 1, l a, 6, c. Haridra Jalinder, 2 . 243 Puate 180. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hindia, ¢ 5 . 244 1 b,c. Haridra Hindia, ¢ (Variety). 244 Prats 181. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Pleistoanax, oat. ; , : - . 244 Prater 182. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Khasiana, ¢ ? . . 245 2. Haridra Nicholii, @ . ‘ . 246 Prats 183. Fig. 1, la. Charaxes Fabius (larve and pupe) . > . 250 1 b, c, d. Charaxes eabine 3 9 . 249 Prats 184. Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Athamas (Jarve and pupe). j . 253 1 b, ¢, d. Eulepis ‘Asteria, 3 9 . 252 le. Eulepis Athamas, § (Variety) . 255 Prats 185. Fig. 1, 1a. Eulepis eae 3 2 2, 2a. Eulepis Agrarius, 3 9 Puate 186. Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Arja, 3 ? 1 6, c. Eulepis Arja, ¢ 9 (Variety). Prats 187. Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Jalysus, ¢ 2,2 a, 6. Eulepis Moori, g 9 Puate 188. Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Schreiberi, g 9 : 2,2 a,b, Eulepis Wardii, ¢ ? larva and pupa = . “ Prats 189. Fig. 1, la. Murwareda Dolon, ¢ 2, 2a. Murwareda Eudamippus, ¢ Puate 190. Fig 1, la. Murwareda Delphis, ¢ . 2, 2a. Heleyra Hemina, ¢ vii PAGE aI Lo Ww or ctr 258 258 ERRATA, Page 132. Melanitis Varaha (Dry-season brood). For Plate 127, figs.1 ei, read 128 figs. 1 @ to j. », 206. Allied Chinese species of Stichophthalma. For Stichoph. fusca, read sujfusa. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ee Sub family SATYRINZS (continued). Genus ORINOMA. Orinoma, Doubleday in Gray’s Lep. Insects of Nepal, p. 14 (1846); Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 368 (1851); Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50; Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 173 (1883). Tvaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat narrow and elongate, triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle, posterior angle rounded ; cell more than half length of the wing; two subcostals emitted before end of the cell; upper discocellular short, inwardly oblique, lower deeply concave, upper radial from close to the subcostal, lower radial from angle near upper end; median veinlets at equal distances apart. Hindwing short, bluntly oval; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle rounded; exterior margin very slightly scalloped ; cell half the length of wing; first subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular outwardly oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle; middle median emitted immediately before end of cell. Body somewhat slender; thorax clothed with fine silky hairs; palpi compressed, obliquely porrected, clothed with fine short hairs in front, apical joint stout, pointed; legs rather long, femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz very slender, with an extremely slender lengthened club; eyes hairy. ORINOMA DAMARIS (Plate 95, fig1, 1a, gd 9). Orinoma Damaris, Doubleday, in Gray’s Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 2, 2a (1846). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 369, pl. 63, fig. 3 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 4, 4a. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 174, pl. 13, fig. 32, ¢(1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 223, pl. 79, ¢ (1887). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky violescent-black when fresh, fading to dusky violescent-brown ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a prominent ochreous-red patch occupying the basal half of the cell, the patch having two small obliquely-disposed black spots across its centre; a prominent pale olivescent yellowish-white streak extending along lower outer half and a less defined similar coloured speckled-streak along the upper half of the cell; four series of similar coloured streaks disposed transversely between the veins, the streaks being narrowest von. 1. August 5th, 1892. B 2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. anteriorly, longest interiorly, and the two outer series macular; the set between the median and submedian broadest and most connected. Hindwing with a broad divided-streak within the cell, and three outer series of similar-coloured streaks between the veins, the fourth or outer series being more or less obsolete. Under- side. Both wings marked as on upperside, except that all the markings are more prominent and somewhat broader ; both wings with the outer row more transversely linear ; also with an outer-marginal slender interrupted line; and the forewing also having some slender streaks along the costa. Thorax above clothed with glossy virescent-grey hairs, its front with orange-red hairs; abdomen above brown; body beneath yellowish-white ; legs and palpi blackish; sides of palpi and collar white ; antenne black, annulated with white. Expanse, 23 to 3} inches. Hasitat.—N.W. and H. Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Burma. DistripuTion anpD Hasrrs.—* This is a somewhat local insect, nowhere very common. In the Kangra District, Mr. Hocking (P.Z.S. 1882, 235) records that it has been taken at Jatingri, but is very local and rare. In Kumaon, Mr. EH. T. Atkinson obtained it in wooded lowlands, and Major C. F. L. Marshall has taken it in the neighbourhood of Nanai Tal. It occurs in Nepal and Sikkim, and also in the Khasia Hills in the autumn. In Cachar, Mr. Wood-Mason took it on Nemotha in October, and in Silhet. Capt. C. T. Bingham found it in Upper Tenasserim in the lower Thoungyeen forests from March to May. It apparently only occurs in the mountainous parts of North-East India, and at low elevations” (Butt. of India, i. 174). Mr. L. de Nicéville (J.A.S. Beng. July, 1885) records the capture of a ‘female in Sikkim, in October, at 3200 feet elevation.” Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), “I never saw this insect myself in Sikkim, but Mr. Moller obtained it at 2000 to 4000 feet; and Mr. Gammie found it abundant in British Bhotan at 6000 feet, in June. At Cherra Punji, in Khasia, I found it com- mon at 4000 feet, on the edge of the forest, and beat it from bushes by the path. Its flight is not strong, or quick, but dodging. The female seems rare, but Mr. de Nicévyille caught it at 3000 feet in Sikkim, in October.” Dr. N. Manders (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) obtained a single male in the neighbourhood of Bernardmyo, in the Shan States, Burma.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills in May and October. Genus RHAPHICERA. Rhaphicera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164; Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 196 ; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 175 (1883). Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex bluntly pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique and even, posterior margin straight; costal, median, and SATY RIN. 3 submedian slightly swollen at base; cell long, broad; discocellulars outwardly oblique, both radials from extremely close to the subcostal; upper median veinlet arched ; discal area clothed with pale ochreous, rather long and broad scales, inter- spersed with a very few narrow black androconia of similar length, which have either an extremely slender, almost linear, lengthened base with a short filiform end and penicillate tip, or with a lengthened bulbous base and similar penicillate tip. Hindwing rather long, pyriform, exterior margin very convex, very slightly scalloped, and with a tendency to an angle at end of upper median vein; cell broad; middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell. Palpi very hairy in front, apical joint also hairy; middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennee with an elongated slender club ; eyes hairy. Type, R. Satricus. RHAPHICERA SATRICUS (Plate 95, figs. 2, 2a, %). Lasiommata Satricus, Doubleday ; Westwood and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 387, pl. 64, fig. 4 (1851), 2. Rhaphicera Satricus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, pl. 4, fig. 3,9, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 175 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 228, pl. 81 (1887). Iwaco.— Male. Upperside reddish-ochreous, with all the veins black; cilia reddish-ochreous. Forewing with two outwardly-oblique black bars crossing the cell, the inner bar narrowest, a broader outwardly angulated band crossing obliquely from middle of the costa to the lower median veinlet, this band being narrowest posteriorly and angled on the veins; a short subapical oblique macular-band and a rounded spot between the lower medians, followed by an irregular angulated mar- ginal band; the median and submedian vein broadly black lined. Hindwing crossed by a black discal band, which is narrow anteriorly, acutely angled above the upper median, and from thence is broad to near lower median; beyond are four round large black submarginal spots, two upper and two lower, followed by three slender black marginal lines. Underside ochreous-yellow; veins more slenderly lined with black. Forewing with markings as on upperside, except that there is a well-formed subapical ocellus with a bluish-white pupil, and the lower black spot has a bluish- white pupil; the marginal band being represented by slender lines. Hindwing with a pale golden-yellow fascia extending through the cell to near the outer border ; crossed by a very slender black subbasal line and an angular discal line, both indis- tinctly defined in crossing the pale fascia; beyond is a series of six ocelli, the sixth being duplex, the upper third being sometimes absent, each with a black centre and large biuish-white speckled pupil, a yellow ring and a black outer ring; beyond are three slender black marginal lines. B 2 4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside somewhat paler; markings the same, but slightly broader and less prominent. Underside as in the male. Body above reddish-ochreous ; thorax above and beneath, head, palpi in front, forelegs and middle and hind femora beneath, clothed with glossy virescent and golden hairs ; middle and hind legs above brown; palpi edged in front with black ; side of palpi and collar pure white; abdo- men beneath pale ochreous-yellow, Expanse, 23 to 24 inches. Hasirat.—E. Himalayas; Sikkim; Bhotan: Naga Hills. Disrrizution.—This species is found in Sikkim, and Mr, EH. T. Atkinson records it as occurring in the wooded hills beyond Almorah in Kumaon. This is probably the extreme western range of the species; further to the west it is replaced by the allied &. Moorei (Butt. Ind. i.176). Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), ‘I found this species not uncommon on Sinchul and Tonglo, in Sikkim, from 6000 to about 8000 feet, in the end of July and August, and more abundant at 7000 feet near Rikisum in British Bhotan. It flies quickly, with a darting flight, about the forest paths, settling on ordure and wet places, and returning when disturbed. It also settles to rest on damp shady rocks, and flies in wet and cloudy as well as in fine weather. I never saw the female.” Mr. Elwes also records its capture by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hill. (P.Z.S. 1891, 266.) RHAPHICERA MOOREI (Plate 95, figs. 8, 3a, g 2). Rhaphicera Moorei, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, p. 4, fig. 4,9; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 176, pl. xv. fig. 38,9 (1883). Twaco.—Male and female. Upperside yellowish-ochreous, the basal area some- what olivescent-ochreous. Forewing with similarly disposed markings as in LR. Satrvicus, but of a brown tint, broader, less sharply defined, and the veins also broadly bordered, thus giving it the appearance of a darker insect, with smaller and more restricted ochreous markings than those of R. Satricus. Hindwing also simi- larly marked, but less sharply defined; the submarginal spots smaller, there being either two upper and two lower, or sometimes a continuous series of six are present, when the third and the lowest are less distinctly defined, all having a minute whitish pupil, and the lower ones with a slight pale outer ring; the marginal lines are almost confluent and thus form a broad dusky brown border. Underside paler yellowish- ochreous. forewing with the veins black lined, and similar markings to those in R. Satricus, but more defined. Hindwing also similar, but the markings more defined ; there is also a slender inner-line within the cell, the discal angulated line is more irregular, the ocelli prominent, and the marginal lines more sinuous. Expanse, 32% to 22,228 inches. Haszitat.—N.-W. and H. Himalayas. SATYRINA, 5 DistriputTion.—‘ This species is generally considered a rare insect, but in 1882 it was found in great profusion by Mr. W. Doherty in the Bhagi and Narkunda forests, and again at Theog, in the neighbourhood of Simla, in August, flying freely during heavy rain, and alighting on the leaves of bushes and trees. It was con- spicuous when settled, and appears to have nothing protective in its coloration.” Col. A. M. Lang notes, “‘ Observed only late in the autumn, in a forest glade in the Himalayas, near a stream with rich vegetation about its banks.” His collection contained five specimens from the neighbourhood of Simla, taken at 9000 feet eleva- tion, and two from Lower Kunawar, at 7000 feet elevation. It is evidently a very local insect.”” (Butt. India, 176.) Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records specimens from Ketruar, in the Valley of the Rupin River; taken in September. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it from * Dhankuri, Khati, Dwali, and Chaudans, at from 7000 to 11,000 feet in Kumaon.” ‘In Sikkim, this species seems rare, as Mr. Miller had never seen it until I got three specimens on Singalelah at 9000 to 11,000 feet, in July. It occurs higher up than its congener (Satricus), but seems to have much the same flight and habits. My Shikaris brought a few from the interior in 1883 and 1884. The female is rare.” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322.) Inpo-Cuinesr Species oF RHAPHICERA, AND ALLIED Genus.—Jt. dumicola (Satyrus dumicola, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1876, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 7. Habitat, Moupin, EH. Tibet.—Genus nov. Tativca.—Allied to Rhaphicera. orewing with the costa less arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle; discocel- lulars outwardly recurved, upper radial close to subcostal, lower radial near the middle; upper median straight ; discal area clothed with long pale tridentate-tipt scales, a few shorter battledore-scales with dentate tips, and with many interspersing longer black androconia, which have a lengthened broad-bulbous base and elongated hair-like penicillated-tip. These androconia are about twice the length of those in Rhaphicera. Hindwing bluntly-ovate ; exterior margin very oblique and slightly scalloped ; discocellular undulated and angled in the middle, radial from the angle. Type.—Tatinga tibetanus (Satyrus tibetanus, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1876, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 4). Habitat.—Moupin, EH. Tibet. Genus LASIOMMATA. Satyrus, Latreille, Consid. Gen. p. 440 (1810). Lasiommata, Westwood, in Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butt. p. 65 (1840). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 184 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 385 (1851). Scudder, Amer, Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston (1875), p. 202. Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 162; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1868). Kirby, Manual Eur, Butt, p. 50 (1862). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 178 (1883). 6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Saryrcts (part), Godart, Tabl. Méth. Lep. pp. 8, 18 (1823). Boisduval, Ind. Méth. Eur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), id. Edit. 1840, p. 80. Imaco.—forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, even; with an inwardly oblique transverse discal narrow glandular fascia clothed with large rather broad basally-tapering raised scales, which have rounded very blunt-toothed tips, and are interspersed with numerous longer blackish androconia with elongated slender-bulbous hase and lengthened filiform, penicillate tip; cell rather long, narrow ; costal vein swollen at the base, median less swollen. Hindwing bluntly ovate; exterior margin very convex, slightly sinuous; cell long, broad ; two upper medians from end of cell. Palpi clothed with very long hairs in front to the tip, apical joint small; antennal club spatular. Aputt CaTervittar.—Head rather large, globose; body villose, slightly tapering at each end, with two short lateral caudal points; green, with darker dorsal line, and paler subdorsal and spiracular lines. Feeds on grasses. Curysaiis.—Suspended by the tail. Thorax convex; with two short points at the head; abdomen slightly arched on the back; green, or very dark brown. Type.—L. Megera. Historica Notre on tHe Genus Satyrus.—In 1746, Linneus (Faun. Sueciea, i. p. 238) gives to his Papilio, No. 785, the name of Satyrus as being the common one then applied to it. In 1758 (Syst. Nat. i. p. 473, No. 96) he altered the name of this butterfly to Papila Mera, quoting the earlier name (Satyrus) in a synonymic form. In the edition of the ‘‘Fauna Suec. (1761), p. 275, No. 1049, and in the “ Syst. Nat.” of 1767, p.771, No. 141,he also uses the name Mera, referring, in both these works, to the name Satyrus, as its synonym. Retzius, in 1783 (Gen. et. Spec. Ins. p. 32, No. 16), gives Satyrus as the name of a species, and quotes mera as its synonym. Latreille, in 1805 (Gen. Cr. et. Ins. xiv. p. 103), under his division “ Satyri,” of Nymphalis, among other species, gives that of Satyrus (as a synonym of Megvera), and as one of the species of that division. From the above statement, it will be seen that Satyrus is the name of a species synonymous with the Linnzan mera; the name Satyrus, therefore, cannot be used either ina subgeneric or generic sense, as has been subsequently done by the following authors, viz.: Panzer (Faun. Ins. Germ. Heft. 283—34 (1796), where he describes and figures Papilio Satyrus Galathea, P. S. Hypsipyle and P. S. Fauna, and again in Heft 76 (1801), the P. S. Semele and P. S. Cinzia. Cederheilm, in 1798 (Faun. Ingr. Prod. p. 208), deseribes Pap. Satyrus Hyperanthus, P. S. Pamphilus, P. S. Mera, and other species, and in 1810 Latreille (Consid. Gén. p. 440) established his genus “ Saryrus,” giving as types, Teucer, Phidippus, Sophore, Piera, Galathea, and Mora, but also intending it to embrace within it all the species of the group. Subsequently the name “Satyrus” has been adopted in a generic form, in this Subfamily, by Godart Enecyel. Méth. 460 (1819) ; by Swainson, Zool. Illust. 1, iii. pl. 159 (1822); by Boisduval, Index Méth. Eur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), and in Edit. (1840), p. 80; by Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 388 (1851); Butler, Entom. iii. p. 279 (1867), id. Catal. Satyride, Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1868), id. Ent. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 194 ; Crotch, Cistula, Entom. i. p. 91 (1872); Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 73 (1871) ; Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 27 (1871), and others. Moreover, the name “ Satyrus ” was previously used for a genus of Mammals, by Tulpius, in 1739 (Observ. Medica, p. 270), and is also occupied, through ‘“‘ Satyra,” in Diptera, by Meigen, in 1803. SATYRINA, 7 LASIOMMATA SCHAKRA (Plate 96, fig, 1, 1a, 3 9). Satyrus Schakra, Kollar, in Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 446, pl. 15, fig. 3, 4, 3 (1844). Lasiommata Schakra, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep, p. 387 (1851). Amecera Schakra, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist, (1867), p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 179, pl. xv, figs, 45, 46, ¢ 9 (1883), Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown, somewhat tinged with olive; cilia alternated with ochreous-white. Forewing crossed by an inwardly-oblique inner discal narrow sinuous dusky glandular fascia ; followed by a large subapical black ocellus with white pupil and an irregular outer ochreous ring, below which are three decreasing somewhat darker ochreous spots, all being inwardly bordered by an indis- tinct recurved discal darker brown line and an outer or submarginal parallel line. Hindwing with a faint trace of a slender transverse discal dusky angulated line, beyond which is a series of three prominent median ocelli, and one, sometimes two, incipient very small upper ocelli, the three former with a black centre, white pupil and a broad ochreous ring, the two upper spots, when present, being ochreous with sometimes a minute black central dot; marginal lines pale brownish-ochreous. Underside grey basally, greyish-white externally. Forewing crossed by two slender recurved ochreous bars within the cell, the inner one continuing across the wing, a similar bar along the discocellulars, anda more sharply-defined outwardly-recurved wavy discal ochreous-brown line, and a submarginal and a marginal line; subapical ocellus as above, but with a smaller black centre, larger white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, and then a slender brown ring; above this, immediately before the apex, is a minute similar ocellus ; below the ocellus the lower discal area is suffused with bright ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal slender ochreous-brown irregular wavy line, followed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth being duplex, each with a small black centre and white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, a slender brown ring, another ochreous ring, and then another brown ring; the upper, second and third ocelli being the smallest ; beyond are two slender ochreous-brown marginal lines. Female. Upperside paler, and more olivaceous-brown. Forewing with the ocellus, its ochreous ring, and the posterior spots somewhat broader and paler, their lateral bordering line more defined, and the interspace between the ocellus and its upper discal border being more or less whitish, Hindwing with the ochreous ring of the ocelli broader and less defined. Underside coloured and marked as in male. Body above brown; thorax clothed with glossy virescent hairs, thorax beneath clothed with greyish hairs; abdomen beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; legs brownish above, greyish beneath ; collar and sides of palpi greyish-ochreous ; antennze brown, with darker ochreous-tipt club. Expanse, 2 to 22 inches. 8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Carerpintar.—* Apple-green, with pale yellow lateral lines. Feeds on various grasses.” (A. G. Young.) Hasrrat.—N.W. and HE. Himalayas. Distrisution.— This is one of the commonest butterflies of the Western Himalayas, extending eastwards as far as Sikkim. Mr, A. Graham Young states that in Kulu it is very common, appearing in July and again in September and October, the larva being apple-green with pale yellow lateral lines, and feeds on grasses.” (Butt. Ind. i,179.) According to Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499), it is “a very common Himalayan species; to be seen at all seasons flitting about the rocky roadside in Lower Kunawar and the Simla Hills, and pitching on rocks and banks; more abundant on the outer ranges, on bare grassy slopes.’’ In his MS. Notes, 1865, Col. Lang also says, ‘‘ Schakra appears within ten miles of the plains at Kussowhi, frequenting all cliff and_rocky ground. It continues for 200 miles, very scarce in the last fifty of this distance, and I have taken one specimen here, at Pangi; March to October.” Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records it from “ Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir; June and October.’ Major J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 358) records specimens from “‘ Murree, August and September; between Abbottabad and Kala Pani, September. Very common in August and September. Found all along the hills as far as Thundiani, and as low as Tret and Bugnoter; probably not above 5000 feet elevation.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January 1st, 1880), says, ‘ This insect is to be met with at all seasons and everywhere in the N.-W, Himalayas, flitting along rocky roads and paths, and continually settling on stones, etc. JI have taken it in Kashmir and far up into Ladak.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it as being found in “‘ Kumaon generally, up to 9000 feet ; seen as low as Dharchula, 3500 feet.” LASIOMMATA MZRULA (Plate 96, figs. 2, 2a, b, J 9). Lasiommata Merula, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 496, ¢ (1867). Amecera Merula, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 180 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown; cilia alternated with ochreous- white. Horewing not possessing a glandular fascia; the subapical ocellus with its ochreous ring larger than in L. Schakra, and only two narrow ochreous spots present below it, these spots being also situated somewhat further from the outer margin. Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, and sometimes one or two upper incipient spots. Underside similar to LZ. Schakra. Forewing with the two cell bars closer together, these bars and the discocellular, and also the wavy bar beyond the cell, are brown, the latter being more outwardly-oblique; the slender brown outer SATYRINZL. 9 ring of the large subapical ocellus is joined to the minute apical ocellus, and the bright ochreous colour of the lower discal area extends somewhat into the cell. Hindwing with the transverse subbasal and the discal irregular line dark brown, and more zigzag in their course; ocelli with paler ochreous rings. Female. Upperside similar to L. Schakra. Forewing with the ocellus larger, its outer ring paler, and its contiguous inner border whiter, the lower ochreous spots narrower and less defined. Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing the outer ring of the ocellus and its contiguous inner border is whiter, and on the hindwing the ocelli have pale ochreous-white rings. Expanse, ¢ 2, 23 inches, Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalaya (Kunawur, Pangi). Disrrisurion.—Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records this species from “ Pangi in Busahir, in August.” LASIOMMATA M#ROIDES (Plate 96, fig. 3,9). Lasiommata Meroides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii., p. 496, pl. 69, fig. 1, 2 (1867). Amecera Mcroides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 181 (1883). Imaco.—Male. ‘‘ Upperside as in L. menava, but paler; the streaks more obsolete. Forewing with the ocellus distinctly surrounded with fulvous, and with two large spots irrorated with fulvous below it. Hindwing with two ocelli coloured as in L. menava, but more broadly ringed and a little nearer the margin; a fulvous spot annexed to the upper ocellus. Underside asin L. menava, but the hindwing with the streaks of the basal half fuscous, scarcely margined with fulvous ; that beyond the cell a little more directed outwards towards the costa.” Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus placed on a broad triangular ochreous patch paler than in L. menava, distinctly defined throughout, the travers- ing veins being also ochreous and scarcely perceptible; the subapical ocellus is smaller and further from the discal edge of the patch, Hindwing with two prominent ocelli, the lowest small. Underside as in the male. Expanse, d ? 2 to 23 inches. Hasitat.—Dras and Indus Valley ; Ladak. Disrrisution.—The type specimens were taken by the late Dr. F. Stohczka, in the “ Dras Valley, Ladak, and at Chulichang, at 12,000 feet.’’ Major H. B. Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records it from the “ lower part of Dras River Valley, and from Indus Valley between Skardo and Dras River; taken in July.” LASIOMMATA MENAVA (Plate 96, figs. 4, 4a, d 2). Lusiommata Menava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 3, ¢. Amecera Menava, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p, 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 180 (1883). VOL. II. Cc 10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, with an znescent gloss ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a transverse inwardly-oblique discal straight dusky glandular fascia, which extends from the upper median to the posterior margin; two very indistinct slender dusky bars crossing the cell, a similar discocellular bar, and an upper outer-discal outwardly-recurved line, the latter with a slightly paler external bordering edge; beyond is a suffused sub- marginal line ; a moderately large prominent subapical black ocellus and a minute apical ocellus, each with a white pupil and narrow ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with two, sometimes three, similar outer ocelli, the lowest, and when present the upper, being the smallest. Underside pale brownish-grey. Forewing with the lower discal area suffused with bright ochreous; markings as on upperside, with the cell bars, discal and submarginal line prominent, dark brown, and externally bordered with pale grey, the inner cell-bar extending across the wing; ocelli prominent. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal irregular recurved ochreous-brown line ; a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth duplex, each with two pale ochreous rings and two brown rings; marginal lines pale grey bordered. Female paler. Forewing with a broad inverted-pyriform bright ochreous ex- terior patch, on which the two ocelli are very prominent, the patch traversed by the brown veinlets and the large ocellus inwardly bordered by an incurved brown streak. Hindwing with the ocelli as in male, but more prominent. Underside as in the male. Thorax above clothed with virescent-brown hairs; body beneath brownish-grey ; legs above brown; palpi clothed with brownish-grey hairs ; collar and side of palpi greyish-white ; antenne dark brown, annulated with white. Hxpanse.—d ? 1§ to 23 inches. Hasirar.—N.-W. Himalayas ; (? Beluchistan). Disrrisution.—‘* According to Col. A. M. Lang’s MS. notes, this species is very local, and seems to have its headquarters at Pangi, in Middle Kunawur, and to disappear within fifteen miles on either side. On the Werang Pass, nearly 14,000 feet high, and about twelve miles from here, Tibetwards, I have taken this insect in June and July.” Col. Lang also obtained it at Chini, 9000 feet, in September. Major Hellard took it at Pangi im July and August. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 181) observes that ‘it is found in the Pangi and Chini districts in June and July, but it appears to be local, and nowhere very common. I took a male at Nurla, Ladak, on July 5th, and two females at Chanagund and Charjil, Ladak, in June and July; these were all the specimens I saw, the ex- tremely scanty vegetation of this dry and barren region not being favourable to an abundant insect fauna.” A female specimen, doubtfully referable to this species, and differing from SATYRINE. oe dae the same sex of the Persian species (L. Nasshreddini) has the ochreous patch on the forewing paler and with the inner discal border of the patch suffused with ochreous, was taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson at Quetta on May 10th, 1885. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, 81) also refers to “a female specimen taken by Col. A. M. Lang, in the Kawas Valley, Beluchistan, at 8000 feet elevation, in September.” Attiep Psrsian aNp Carnuse Spectres or Lastommata.—L. Nasshreddini (Pararge Nasshreddini, Staudinger; Christoph, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xii. p. 240, pl. 5, figs. 18, 14, ¢ % (1876); Romanoff, Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. Nearest allied to but distinct from L. menava. Habitat. Shahrud, N. Persia.—L. mesa, Leech (Lep. China and Japan). Habitat. W. China. The following are Chinese allied genera:—Genus nov. lLopinca. Male. Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa nearly straight, apex obtuse; ex- terior margin oblique and slightly convex; cell long, narrow; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial from end of cell in a direct line with the sub- costal, lower radial from above middle of the discocellulars; no androconial patch. Hindwing bluntly ovate, exterior margin convex, somewhat sinuous ; cell, broad ; discocellulars undulated, radial from the middle; two upper medians from end of the cell, upper median much arched. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip ; antenne short, stout, with a well-formed thick elongated club. Typs.—JL. dumetorum (Pararge dumetorum, Oberthiir, Etudes Hnt. 1886, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 20). Habitat. W. China.—L. nemorum (Pararge nemorum, Oberthiir, Htudes Ent. 1890, p. 42, pl. 9, fig. 103). Habitat. Yunan.—ZL. catena (Pararge catena, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 30). Habitat. C. China.—L. fulvescens (Pararge fulvescens, Alpheraky, Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. v. 1889, p. 118). Habitat. China. Gen. noy. Crepera. Male. Forewing longer and narrower than in typical Lasiommata (L. megera); costa more arched, exterior margin more oblique, the posterior margin comparatively shorter and with an indistinctly defined inner discal short glandular fascia, which is clothed with short, very broad, battledore- scales, some elongate narrow foliate scales with rounded tip, and a few long fine tapering hairs; cell more than half length of wing, broad. Hindwing short, exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped; cell longer. Palpi slender, clothed with shorter hairs in front; antenne longer, more slender, and with a longer gradually-thickened club. Typs.—Crebeta Deidamia (Pararge Deidamia, Eversm. Bull. Mose, 1851, p. 617. H. Scheffer, Schmett, Eur. i. figs. 609, 610). Habitat. Amurland.—(C. Menetriesii (Satyr. Menetriesii, Bremer and Grey; Motsch. Etud. 1852, p. 59. Menetries, Catal. Acad. Mus. Petr. i. pl. 6, fig. 4 (1855). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 31, pl. 9, fig. 5. Habitat. N. China; Japan. OC. erebina (Pararge erebina Butler, Ann. N.H., 1888, p. 277). Habitat. S. Corea. c 2 12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus AMECERA. Amecera (part), Butler, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 162. Pararge, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883), nec Hiibner. Taco.—Male. Wings broad; woolly at their base. Forewing subtriangular; costa well arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped and convex; costal vein much swollen at the base; the median and submedian much less so; cell broad ; discocellulars angled close to subcostal and before the middle, radials from the angles. No androconial patch present. Hindwing short; exterior margin convex, scalloped; cell short, broad; first subcostal emitted at some distance before end of the cell ; discocellular outwardly-oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle; two upper medians emitted from lower end of the cell, upper median much curved. Thorax hairy; palpi long, slender, hairy in front, apical joint somewhat cylindrical; legs rather long, slender, middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz slender and with a well-formed, elongated, slightly grooved club; eyes hairy. AMECERA CASHMIRENSIS (Plate 97, figs. 1, la, b, 3 2). Pararge Cashmirensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 265, pl. 43, fig. 3, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883). Twaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-yellow, suffused with ochreous-brown at the base of the forewing, and darker on the hindwing; cilia yellowish-white alternated with dark brown. Jorewing with a black dentate discocellular bar, and an ochreous-black exterior marginal band, the inner edge of which commences on the costa about one-third before the apex, and curves exteriorly half round a black white-pupilled subapical spot, and thence attenuates to the posterior angle; no androconia present. Hindwing with a broad dusky ochreous-brown exterior marginal band with waved inner edge, before which are three or four discal black spots, each with a minute white pupil, the middle spot being the largest, and the anterior the smallest. Underside. Forewing paler ochreous, markings as on upper- Hisrorican Note on THE Genus AmEceRA.—This genus was founded in 1867 by Mr. Butler, with megera as the indicated type. As this species (megera) became the type of Westwood’s genus Lasiom- mata, in 1840, it cannot therefore be taken for the type of Amecera. All the other species mentioned by Mr. Butler, under Amecera, are strictly congeneric with megera, except Hversmannt and Baldiva, the latter species (Baldiva) being congeneric with Semele—the type of Hiibner’s genus Huments—eonsequently Eversmanni is the only species remaining in Amecera, and must therefore be retained to represent the genus, The Pap. Climene, Fabricius, of 8. H. Europe, being congeneric with Hversmanni, will also come into Amecera, as here defined. SATYRINZE. 13 side, but greyish-brown; also three slender brown transverse streaks within the cell, and an irregular streak beyond it: two prominent subapical black ocelli with white pupil, the upper one very small, beneath them is a white dot, indicating an incipient ocellus, all three being encompassed by a slender brownish line. Hindwing with greyish-brown basal area and exterior border, the discal area being whitish- grey, the division defined by a dark brown irregular zigzag discal line, there being also a similar brown subbasal line, and a wavy submarginal line, the pale area traversed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the lowest being duplex, each with a black centre and white pupil, an ochreous ring, and then a brown ring, the upper, second, and third ocellus being the smallest, the others of nearly equal size. Female. Upperside. Forewing differs only in the two subapical spots being more prominent, the discocellular bar and the marginal border are broader. Hind- wing asin male. Underside as in male. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 22, $ 22 to 23 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas (Kashmir). Distrisution.—A. Cashmirensis is “‘a rare and very local butterfly. It was captured by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed at Goolmurg, an elevated plateau above 6000 feet, in Kashmir. Specimens have since been taken by Mr. R. Ellis in Pangi, in July and August, at considerable elevations. It was also captured by Mr. Atkinson in Kashmir, but no other record of its capture can be traced.” (Butt. Ind. i. 178.) The late Major H. B. Hellard obtained specimens at Ooramboo and Goolmurg. ALtrep species oF AmecreraA.—The allied A. Hversmanni,* F. v. W. Moscow Bull. 1847, pl. ii. fig. 5, 6, of Central Asia. Specimens which we have examined differ from A. Cashmirensis, on the upperside, in the exterior marginal band being much darker and more pronounced, this band on the hindwing being also con- spicuously narrow, and very sharply defined on its inner edge, the discal black . Spots being five in number, sharply defined, and placed in a more regularly linear sequence, the entire discal and basal area of this wing being also as bright ochreous in colour as the forewing. On the underside A. Hversmanni differs in the forewing being brighter ochreous, the cell streaks and outer markings darker and sharply defined, the cell streaks less sinuous and wider apart, the outer streak being much nearer the discocellular veinlet. In the hindwing the basal area and outer brown portions are darker, the subbasal and discal irregular line prominent, the outer edge of the latter strongly defined, and prominently white bordered ; the ocelli are more regular in size, though smaller, the three upper ocelli being of uniform size, and all are placed in more regularly linear sequence. * Also deseribed and figured by Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 15. See also Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. It is placed, erroneously, in Staudinger’s Catal. Eur. Lep. (1871), p. 30, as a variety of Pararge Roxelana, This latter named insect is not even congeneric. 14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, The following is an allied genus: Gen. nov. Kirtnta. Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing somewhat triangulate ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin very slightly oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein much swollen at the base, median and submedian slightly swollen ; cell very broad, and extending to more than half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close to subcostal and deeply incurved before the middle, radials from the angles ; median . veinlets very wide apart ; the basal half of the wing, including the cell, hairy, and clothed with brownish short, broadly oval, more or less dentate-tipt scales, and conspicuously interspersed with numerous jet-black androconia, which have broad oval bulbous base, and very long fine tapering hair-like tip. Hindwing broadly ovate, exterior margin scalloped; cell broad across its middle; first subcostal emitted fully one-third before end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angled in the middle, radial from the angle; two upper median branches from extreme end of cell, the upper median being much arched ; submedian and median widely separated. Palpi long, slender, clothed with long fine hairs in front, apical joint long. Antenne short, slender, with a lengthened, very slender club. Hyes hairy. Type.—K. Hpimenides (Lasiommata Epimenides, Menétr. Schrenk’s Reise Amurland, Lep. p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 8,9, d ? (1859). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 31, pl. 9, £9. Syn. Neope Fentoni, Butler, Ann. N. H., 1877, p.91. Habitat. Amur- land; Japan.—K. Hpimenondas (Pararge Epimenondas, Staudinger, Romanofi’s Mem. Lep. iii., p. 150, pl. 17, fig. 12). Habitat. Amurland. Genus CHONALA. Iuaco.—Wings short, broad. Forewing triangularly-ovate, with the costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin convex, posterior angle rounded; cell more , than half length of wing, broad; discocellulars outwardly-recurved, upper radial from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle ; medians wide apart. No perceptible discal glandular fascia, but a few long black androconia with stout bulbous base and hair-like penicillate-tip, are present among the ordinary scales. Hindwing bluntly ovate; exterior margin convex, and with a shght tendency to an angle at end of upper median veinlet; anal angle round ; abdominal margin long; cell broad, long ; first subcostal emitted at some distance before upper end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angular in the middle, radial from the angle; middle median emitted from extremely close to end of the cell. Body slender ; palpi clothed in front to the tip with long fine hairs; antenne witha well-formed lengthened club. Typr.—C. Masoni. SATYRIN A. 15 CHONALA MASONI (Plate 97, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 9). Debis (Tansima) Masoni, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. 2. Lethe Masoni, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, ete. i. p. 159 (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1888, p. 315. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent-brown. Jorewing with a broad white transverse discal outwardly-oblique band, which is most sharply defined and somewhat sinuous on its inner edge; the outer border of the wing being darker brown, and with a subapical small white spot between the subcostal and upper radial, sometimes also with a smaller slender spot above it, and an indistinct blackish larger spot below it; cilia broad, alternated with white. Hindwing with a slight white streak bordering the anterior angle; cilia white anteriorly, brownish posteriorly. Underside slightly paler. Forewing with the white band more prominent and some- what broader; subapical white spot more distinct, above which is an intersected paler spot, and below it a prominent black ocellus, with white pupil and ochreous ring ; a short cinereous-white wavy outer line ascending from the upper spot, beyond which are two whitish-ochreous marginal lines. Hindwing thickly irrorated with cinereous scales; crossed by a subbasal and a discal undulated wavy brown line, beyond which is a curved series of six prominent ocelli, each with a black centre and white pupil (the lowest bipupilled), a broad dull ochreous ring, and then a black ring ; followed by two cinereous-white marginal lines, the inner one being slightly dilated at its apical end. Body beneath, and legs cinerescent-brown ; palpi edged and clothed with black hairs; collar and side of palpi white; antenne black, annulated with white. Expanse, 23 to 2¢ inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim. This insect, so far as is yet known, “has only been found in the interior of Sikkim to the eastward by my native collectors, probably in Bhotan or the Chumbi Valley’ (Elwes, l.c. p. 315). CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES oF CHonaLa.—C. episcopalis (Pararge episcopalis, Oberthir, Etudes Entom. 1886, 22, pl. 4, f. 24). Habitat. W. China.—C. preusta (Pararge preusta Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 188). Habitat. W. China. Genus AGAPETES. Arge,* Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 60 (1816). Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p, 25 (1840). Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 383 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus, p. 153 (1868). Agapetes, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). Scudder, Amer. Acad, Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 104. Melanargia, Meigen, Eur. Schmett, i. p. 97 (1829). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 71 (1871). * Founded on the name of one of the speties, therefore not admissible, 16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Melanagria, Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 9 (1861), H. Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 13, 58 (1865). Satyrus (part) Latreille, Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched at base, apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly oblique, slightly convex and slightly scalloped; costal vein swollen at base; cell broad, extending to half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close to subcostal, concave below the angle, upper radial from the upper angle, lower radial emitted before the middle; median veinlets long and wide apart. Hindwing short, rather broad; exterior margin convex, sinuous ; cell broad, short ; discocellulars very oblique; middle median veinlet starting considerably before end of the cell. Palpi clothed in front with long porrect hairs. Antenne thick, with a gradually-formed stout club. Hyes naked. Aputt CaTErPrttar.—‘ Cylindrical, stout, tapering towards each end; head proportionally small, almost globular; anal segment with two short lateral points; minutely villose ; colour buff, with the longitudinal lines more or less brown, or very pale yellowish-green ; the dorsal line dark green, a subdorsal line paler green with yellowish borders ; subspiracular line paler ; spiracles small, round, black; head pale pinkish-brown ; anal points pink; front legs brownish, ventral and prolegs green. Feeds on grasses.” “Changes to a pupa among moss without suspending itself in any way, or making a cocoon.” Curysatis. “Stout, plump, widest where the wing-cases end; headpiece sloping from the shoulders, but ends squarely; thorax rounded; abdomen curved to the tail; abdomen ending in a square piece, on which is placed a short blunt spike, set at the end with two little groups of short straight spines; colour pale ochreous-white ; wing and antenne cases freckled with pale brown ; the segmental rings marked with yellow; a brownish stripe down the middle; spiracles large, brown ; anal spike chestnut-brown.” Eac. ‘‘ Large and plump, stumpy, ovate in outline, the shell looking like dull bone-white china, and is covered all over with very shallow rhomboidal network, with very tiny knobs at the knots, and with a central patch of finer meshes on the top.” (Buckler’s Larve Brit. Butt. i. p. 161.) Typz.—A. Galathea. No species of this genus has yet been recorded from within our northern limits. Specimens of a species closely allied to A. Cleanthe, from Tekes, Kashgar, are in the British Museum Collection. A. montana, Leech, occurs in H. Tibet and Western China ; 4. Leda (Leech, Entom. 1891, p. 57) is also described from W. China. Also A. Halimede, Menetries (Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 101, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6). Habitat. Amurland; Corea. (A. meridionalis, Felder (Staudinger in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1887, p. 147, pl. 16, fig. 9,10). Habitat. W. China. SATYRINZ, ua) Genus EUMENIS. Eumenis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 58 (1816); Samml. Exot. Schmett. 11, pl. 85 (1820-26). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 7 (1850). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, on yale Hipparchia (part) Auctorum (nec Fabricius), Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, subtriangular, rather narrow ; costa slightly arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin long, straight; base of wing hairy; costal and median vein swollen at the base; cell long, extending to three-fifths the length, rather narrow ; disco- cellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower radial from the middle; median veinlets very wide apart; crossed by a medial discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower edge of the cell to beyond its end, and is clothed with laxly-raised, outwardly-curved elongated claviform almost transparent scales, between which are interspersed numerous dark coloured short androconia, which are extremely slender, attenuating to their end, and have a dilated tip, the androconia being scarcely perceptible, unless forcibly dislodged from their positions. Hindwing bluntly-ovate, exterior margin scalloped ; base hairy; cell long, extending more than half the wing; discocellular very long, oblique, recurved ; middle median starting at some distance before end of the cell. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip; antennz slender, with a very short, broad, slightly pointed, flattened spatular club. Hyes naked. Aputt CarerPrtLtar.—* One and a half inch in length, tapering much to the anal forked extremity, and a little towards the head, which is globular; ground colour of the back delicately mottled drab, with longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle segments, viz. a dorsal stripe of olive brown, very dark at the beginning of each segment, with a thin edging of brownish-white; subdorsal region with three. longitudinal stripes, the first composed of a double narrow line of yellowish-brown, the second wider, and of the mottled ground colour, edged with paler above and with white beneath, the third, of similar width, is of a dark grey-brown, edged above with black; spiracular stripe broader, and of nearly equal width, pale ochreous- brown, edged with brownish-white above and below; spiracles black; ventral surface and legs drab colour. Head brown, delicately marked with darker brown stripes. Feeds on grasses.” CurysaLis.— Obtuse, rounded, tumid, and smooth ; abdominal rings scarcely visible, and wholly of a deep red mahogany colour, Formed in a hollow space below the surface, close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them, with the particles of sand and earth very slightly cohering together.” (Buckler.) Type.—K. Semele. vot. 1. August 10th, 1892. D 18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. EUMENIS DIFFUSA. Hipparchia diffusa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 147, gd. Marshall and de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 186 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to #. Semele, with the glandular patch on the forewing less prominent, the ochreous patches enclosing the ocelli obscured and more diffused, and also those between the intervening veins. On the hindwing the discal ochreous-band is very much broader, extending to the costa, and is uniformly ochreous from its sinuous outer edge to its medial angulated edge—this band thus being more like that in the female of Semele, and the subanal ocellus is not ringed with paler yellow. On the underside of the forewing the pale outer discal band is broader than in H. Semele. Hindwing similar, but more densely mottled. Expanse, d 2% inches. Hasrrat.—N.-W. Himalaya. We have examined the type specimen of this species, now in the British Museum collection, and find that it is a male, not a female—as erroneously indicated by Mr. Butler in his original description. The only specimen we have had under examination is that of the type above referred to. Mr. A. Graham-Young (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1885, p. 130) records its capture as follows :— Hipparchia diffusa was, when I first took itin the Ravi Basin (I found it not uncommon in 1866 and 1867), at once recognized by me as merely a variety of H. Semele, and I had the less difficulty in coming to this conclusion, for whereas the specimens of H. Semele (which is very common in Persia) I took near Tabriz and other parts of Azerbijan, agreed exactly with English specimens, those taken in the Shemron, due north of Tehran, had a slight tendency to vary, and specimens from Sharood-i-Bostan and the mountains near Meshed showed a further, but still very slight variation. I have no doubt the ‘ missing links’ will turn up in Afghanistan, and that this form from the Ravi Basin, as far as we know, the eastern limit of H. Semele, will prove inseparable from the European type.” EUMENIS BALDIVA (Plate 98, fig. 1, la, f 2). Lasiommata Baldiva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 4 g. Amecera Baldiva, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868), Hipparchia Baldiva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188 (1883). Tuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dusky cinerescent-brown; with a more or less dusky-black inner discal oblique broad glandular patch, which is clothed with laxly-disposed raised outwardly-curved elongated clavate scales, interspersed with long bulbous androconia, having a fine hair-like end, and a divergent feathery-tip, these androconia varying in length, and some being extremely fine and hair-like SATYRINZ. 19 throughout ; across the outer dise is a bright ochreous band of nearly equal width, the outer edge of which is defined by a dusky lunular line, the inner edge being sinuous; within the band is a small upper and a lower black spot, and sometimes two intervening white dots. Hindwing paler cinereous-brown; with a similar-coloured medial-discal curved band, within which is a very small black spot between the lower median veinlets. Cilia cinerescent-white, very slightly alternated with brown on the forewing. Underside whitish-cinereous. Forewing with the inner-discal area -and middle of the band, as above, paler ochreous, the upper black spot with a white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring, the lower spot minute; costal border and exterior margin crossed by greyish-black strige. Hindwing thickly covered with greyish-black, or ochreous-grey, strigz; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal zigzag blacker line, a well-defined discal line with pale outer border, and by a submarginal simuous line; between the two latter is a small white-pupilled black spot above the lower median veinlet. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the discal band broader, its inner edge angulated at the upper median and below the lower median, the black spots larger than in male, the upper one with a minute white pupil, and between them is one, sometimes two, small white spots surrounded by brown speckles. Hindwing as in the male. Underside similar to the male. Forewing with the two white dots between the discal spots. Hindwing with the transverse zigzag lines less defined. Body cinerescent-brown; abdomen paler; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white. Antenne cinereous-brown, the broad spatular club black beneath. Expanse, ¢ 13, ¢ 23 inches. Hasirar.—Spiti, Upper Kunawur ; W. Tibet. Distrisution.— Obtained by Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499) “on the bare, brown, stony mountain slopes of Spiti, Upper Kunawur, Tibet, where this species seems to delight in the hot weather of June and July ;” and in his “ MS. Notes”’ says, “taken between Shipkee and Broopcha, 10,000 feet, Tibet, in July.’’ It was also collected by Mr. J. H. Leech at Skardo, 7-8000 feet elevation, in July, 1887. EUMENIS LEHANA (Plate 98, fig. 2, 2a, 3 2). Hipparchia Lehana, Moore, Annals, Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 227; cd. Yarkund Mission, Lep, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 4, ¢ (1879). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188, pl. xvi. fig. 48, 9 (1883). Imaco.—Allied to H. Baldiva. Upperside paler in colour, the discal trans- verse ochreous-band broader on both wings, and on the forewing the posterior inner edge of the band, in both sexes, is inwardly oblique. In both sexes the small ocellus on the band above the anal angle is absent on the upper and underside. The underside is also much paler, and the transverse sinuous lines wider apart. Dp 2 20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Expanse ¢ 2 to 22, 9 23 to 24 inches. Hasirat.—Leh, Kharbu ; Ladak. Distrisction.—T he type specimens were obtained by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka, at Leh, in September, and at Kharbu, 13,000 feet, in Ladak. Mr. L. de Nicéville ** took one male and two females at Chanagund, Ladak, in June” (Butt. Ind. i. 188). Capt. H. B. Hellard obtained specimens in the “ Indus Valley, between Skardo and Dras River, in July.” Mr. J. H. Leech caught it on the road to Skoro La and Braldo in July, at 12,000 feet, and Mr. MacArthur obtained it at Kardong at 14,000 feet, in August, 1889. . Our illustrations of this species on Plate 98, fig. 2, represents the male type, reproduced from the plate in “‘ Yarkund Mission ” above referred to, and fig. 2a that of a female from the Indus Valley, in our own collection. EUMENIS THELEPHASSA. Eumenis Thelephassa, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. IT. pl. 85, figs. 14, ¢ 2 (1820-26). Hipparchia Thelephassa, Klug, Sym. Phys. Ins. pl. 29, figs. 1-4 (1832), Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 187 (1883). Satyrus Thelephassa, H. Scheffer, Eur, Schmett. I. figs. 178-9, et figs. 305-6 (1844-6). Satyrus Anthelea, Boisd. Icones Hist. Lep. pl. 41, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 2; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 65, fig. 3 (1851), 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinerescent-brown, cilia broadly alternated with cinereous-white. Forewing with a broad transverse outer-discal bright ochreous or fulvous band, the outer edge of which is almost even and is parallel with the exterior margin, the inner edge being angulated outward at the upper median vein ; within the band is an upper and a lower black spot with minute white pupil, and between them are two small white spots. An oblique discal dusky-grey black-speckled glandulur patch extends narrowly below the cell, and also broadly within the anterior half of the cell, where it is traversed by a prominent longitudinal oblique-streak of black scales ; this black cell-streak is clothed with densely-packed raised narrow oval scales, and the lower area beneath it, within the cell, with raised elongated pale grey claviform scales, which overlap broader-tipt oval dark scales interspersed with a few black very slender attenuated feather-tipt androconia ; below the cell the scales are elongated and pale grey, with a few underlying shorter oval dark scales, and many long slender attenuating feather-tipt androconia. Hindwing with a broad medial discal bright ochreous lunular-edged band, enclosing two very small white-pupilled spots between the radials. Underside. Forewing pale cinereous-brown, the discal area and lower part of the cell bright ochreous, the edges of the discal band defined by a dusky line, the two black spots and intermediate white dots, as in upperside, the upper spot being pale ringed; costal border crossed by dusky-black strigs, and exterior border traversed bya similar-coloured lunular line. Hindwing SATYRINZ. 21 pale cinereous-brown, transversely mottled with darker brown; crossed by an indistinctly-defined subbasal and a more prominent brown irregular angulated discal line, the latter broadly outwardly-bordered by cinereous-white, and beyond which is a very small subanal black spot with white pupil, and a submarginal lunular dusky line. Female. Upperside similar to the male (except in the absence of the sexual patch). Forewing with the inner edge of the discal band more acutely angular, and the outer edge lunular. Underside paler than in male, with similar markings, but less defined. Body cinereous-brown ; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antennz brown, with broad blackish spatular club. Expanse ¢ 23, $ 2¢ inches. Hasitat.—S. Russia; Syria; Persia; Beluchistan; 8. Afghanistan. Distrisution.— Within our limits this species has been taken by Major Howland Roberts in the neighbourhood of Kandahar, who notes that it is “‘ very common at the beginning and middle of May in the nullahs and on the rocky slopes at the foot of the hills, resting under the shade of rocks and stones during the heat of the day, and flying about in the early morning and evening, when it is easily captured. In June scarcely a specimen was to be found.”” (P.Z.S. 1880, 405.) Colonel C. Swinhoe also obtained it in S. Afghanistan, at ‘‘Chaman in May, at Quetta in May and September, and at Gwalin May. Fairly common.’ It was also obtained by Colonel A. M. Lang at “ Quetta at 5500 feet elevation, in the Hanna Valley 6500 feet, and the Kawas Valley, 8000 feet elevation, where it was not uncommon among boulders in the gorges of the high valleys.” (Butt. Ind. 187.) Genus CHAZARA. Both sexes more robust than typical Eumenis (H. Semele), and the general pattern of the markings on the upperside different. Mats.—Forewing more triangular, the glandular patch shorter, confined immediately below the cell, the patch clothed with laxly-raised outwardly-curved elongated broad-tipt dark claviform scales, interspersed with numerous longer very slender tapering dark androconia with feathery tips, the patch also being densely covered with overlapping hairs ; cell broader and shorter. Hindwing broader, more convex externally. Palpi much stouter, apical joint thicker and shorter. Antenne with a shorter, broader, spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. C. Briseis. CHAZARA SHANDURA (Plate 98, figs. 3, 3a, g 2). Hipparchia Shandura, Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, 1882, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 3, 2 ; Marsha and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 191 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black. Cilia alternated with white. 22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Forewing with a darker black broad oblique inner-discal glandular fascia; costal border with a few short black strigz; a broad yellowish-white streak occupying two-thirds of the cell from the base, and a transverse outer-discal series of longi- tudinal short streaks, the outer one, below the radial, being the longest, and divided in its middle by a black spot, the streak between the middle and lower median veinlets nearly obliterated by a large black spot with a slight white pupil. Hind- wing with a broad medial posteriorly-decreasing angular yellowish-white band. Underside. Forewing with the costal and exterior margin greyish-white, mottled with short transverse black strigze-; the cell and discal area washed with very pale yellow ; a broad black bar crossing before end of the cell, and an irregular angulated discal band outwardly-bordering the cell from the subcostal vein to the posterior margin, beyond which is an upper and lower discal black spot with a white pupil, followed by a slender black lunular submarginal line. Hindwing greyish-white, mottled with blackish strigz, which are more thickly disposed partly across the middle and across the disc, and there forming two ill-defined curved bands, the latter slightly showing a small pale central spot between the veins. Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar yellowish-white markings, which are somewhat longer, and more confluent, that above the lower median veinlet much longer, and a small black spot being present below the latter. Hindwing as in the male, with the medial angular-band less defined. Underside similar to the male. Body faliginous-black above, ochreous-white beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath ochreous-white. Hixpanse ¢ 23, 9 2¢ inches. Hasitat.—Northern Kashmir. Allied to OC. Heidenreichi, from the Altai mountains. Somewhat smaller; wings shorter; similarly marked above. On the forewing above, the male has a longer inner pale upper spot, the upper and lower discal black white-centred patch smaller, the lower pale spot more oval in shape. Hindwing with a broader pale irregular angulated discal patch, but with no white-centred black spot between lower and middle medians. On the underside of the forewing the two black white-centred discal spots are smaller, and the submarginal wavy black line is further from the margin. On the hindwing, the transverse mottling is much darker but more irregular, the discal portion haying no well-defined black outer demarcating edge, this portion also being further from the outer margin of the wing, and has no ocellus on it between the lower and middle medians. Distrisution.—T he female type specimen was “ taken by Major J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir. Both sexes were also taken on the Skoro La, Baltistan, 13,000 feet, in July, 1887, by Mr. J. H. Leech. A male and SATYRIN 4. 23 female, from Kashgar, are in the British Museum collection, and also in that of Mr. H. Grose-Smith. The illustrations of this species on our Plate 98, fig. 3, represent a male from Skoro La, kindly lent by Mr. L. de Nicéville, and fig. 3a the female, reproduced from Major Marshall’s figure above referred to. Genus PHILARETA. Matz.—Forewing much broader, shorter, and less triangular, than in typical Chazara (0. Briseis) ; costa much arched before the end, exterior margin almost erect; cell much shorter; glandular patch not present. Hindwing large, very broad, exterior margin scalloped, cell much shorter. Palpi clothed with shorter hairs in front, apex more pointed. Antenne with a stouter, longer, flat, more truncate-tipt spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. P. Hanifa. PHILARETA PERSEPHONE. Papilio Persephone, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. I. pl. 115, figs. 589-90, et pl. 140, figs. 710-11 (1805), Hipparchia Persephone, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 55 (1868). Papilio Anthe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. I. p. 169 (1807). Satyrus Anthe, Boisduval, Icones, pl. 40, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 2. Hipparchia Anthe, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt of India, ete. i. p. 192 (1883). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky-brown, cinereous-brown basally. Cilia alternated with white. Horewing with an outer-discal interrupted band composed of whitish spots,the upper portion being elongated and divided in its middle by a square black spot, and its inner end angled upward to the costa, the next portion, between the upper medians, shorter and curved on its upper edge, the next longer and divided in its middle by a round black spot, the two lower portions shorter. Hindiwing crossed by a medial-discal curved sinuous whitish band, the inner edge sharply defined. Underside cinereous. Forewing with the costal and outer border mottled with blackish and brown strige, the middle of the wing and macular band pale ochreous, the latter almost white and laterally defined by narrow black edging ; the two black spots distinct; posterior border dusky. Hindwing densely mottled with black and brown strigz; a more or less distinct angulated transverse sub- basal and a discal line, and a lunular submarginal line, the two latter with pale cinereous outer border. Body beneath, palpi, and legs brownish-cinereous ; antennal club blackish. Expanse, ¢ 22 to 23, ? 22 to 28 inches. Hasirat.—S8. Russia; Persia; S. Afghanistan. Distrisution.—Within our limits, this species has been taken in the neigh- 24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. bourhood of Kandahar by Colonel C. Swinhoe, who obtained a single “female at Chaman on the 14th May, 1880 ” (Ann. N. H. 1882, 206). This specimen has been under our examination for verification. Genus NYTHA. Nytha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 77 (1820). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 231. Hipparchia, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868), nec Fabricius. Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, posterior margin short; costal and median vein swollen at the base; crossed by a broad medial-discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower part of the cell to its end only, and is densely clothed with raised very long slender serrate-tipt scales, and numerous interspersed long very slender attenuated androconia with truncate base and tasselled-tip ; cell very long, rather broad. Hindwing very broad, exterior margin convex, sharply scalloped; abdominal margin very long; cell long; discocellular much recurved, very oblique. Palpi densely clothed to tip. Antenne long, slender, with short broad spatular club. Hyes naked. Type.—N. Hermione. NYTHA PARISATIS (Plate 98, figs. 4, 4a,¢ 9). Satyrus Parisatis, Kollar, Ins. Fauna 8. Persia, p. 11 (1849); id. Denkschr. Akad. Wien. Math. Nat. Cl. 1, p. 52 (1850). Staudinger, in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 483. Hipparchia Parisatis, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 184, pl. xvi. fig. 47 2 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky-brown, with an olivescent gloss in some lights. Cilia greyish-white, slightly alternated with dark brown at end of the veins, more strongly on the hindwing. Forewing with the costal edge from near the base more or less thickly studded with greyish-white scales, forming a narrow bor- dering fascia, which is dilated before the apex, and the exterior margin posteriorly also studded with greyish-white scales forming a narrow band intersected by the brown veins; a broad dusky-black oblique inner-discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with densely-packed very long narrow foliate serrate-tipt scales, very numerously interspersed with long androconia with bulbous base, hair-like end and feather-tip ; an indistinctly-defined subapical and a lower outer-discal black spot, the upper one white-pupilled, and between them are generally visible two minute narrow white spots, which are situated above and below the upper median veinlet ; beyond is a narrow dusky-black lunular submarginal line edging the grey-white outer border. Hindwing with a broader greyish-white marginal sinuous-edged band SATYRINA?, 25 intersected by the brown veins, the extreme outer marginal edge being also brown speckled at the vein tips; a single subanal black spot with white pupil between the lower median veinlets. Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, palest on the basal area, thickly mottled, except on the lower part of forewing, with dark brown slender transverse strige. Forewing crossed by an angulated dark brown discal line outwardly edged with white, and a slender nearly even submarginal line, the latter also slightly pale edged; the subapical and lower black spot both larger, their intermediate narrow white spots also larger, and very prominent, the subapical and lower spot each with an ochreous and then a narrow brown outer ring, the upper spot also white pupilled. Hindwing crossed by a prominent dark brown angulated discal line outwardly bordered with white, and less-defined brown sub- marginal lunular line, between them is an upper and a lower prominent black ocellus, each with a white pupil, ochreous ring, and then a slender brown outer ring; some- times there is a minute ocellule present above the upper one. Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male. Forewing with the greyish- white costal and marginal border, discal black spots, and the two intervening white spots more prominent, and the discal transverse angular line of the underside slightly traceable. Hindwing with the marginal greyish-white band broader and more or less enclosing the subanal spot: Underside as in the male. Body above brown, cinereous beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white. Expanse, 23, to 32 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas; Afghanistan ; Beluchistan ; S. Persia. Distrisution.—The first record of the capture of this insect within our area is that by Col. A. M. Lang (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 500), who “obtained it on steep pre- cipices over bare hill-sides above the Sutlej; the aspect of the insect onthe wing is quite Nymphalidian, a soaring flight, swift if frightened, and pitching in all sorts of inaccessible spots, Subsequently found very common in Upper Kunawur, always on steep cliffs, pitching on rocks;” and, in his MS. Notes, also says, “This is a Kunawur insect ; only to be seen on cliffs on bona-fide cliff ground, sailing about with rather a Nymphalidian flight, and perching on rocks with closed wings. Rather numerous in such localities as it frequents. Kotghur, taken in May ; in Kumaon, from July to September.” The Rey. J. H. Hocking (P. Z. 8. 1882, 236) obtained it in the “ Kangra Valley, during the rains, June to September. Always settles under- neath overhanging rocks.” Major H. B. Hellard (MS. Notes) records it from “ Pangi and Urni in Busahir, July and August; Kashmir in September, and Skardo in July.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 184) obtained it near Simla, and at Kot- ghur in the autumn, in Chumba in May, at Budruwah and Junglewah on the frontiers of Kashmir in June, and late in July near Bajaura, Kulu. Mrs. Deane obtained specimens in Chini in June, and in Gilgit by Major J. Biddulph in August.” VOL. Il. E 26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. §. 1886, 857): ‘‘Common between Bugnoter and Abbottabad, 4000-5000 feet, September; between Abbottabad and Kali Pani in September; also on the lower slopes of Thundiani; seen near Tret, in October.” Common also on the hills round Abbottabad in August, and common at Kairabad in May and June. Seen also at Attock.”’ (Ann. N. H.1888, 134.) Major Howland Roberts (P. Z. S. 1880, 405) obtained it in the neighbourhood of Candahar in 1880 ; it “frequents nullahs and shady places, and may be caught by dozens at a time. Abundant but local at the end of May, and in June in shady, moist places among the low, rocky, barren hills.”” Colonel C. Swinhoe (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 338) records its capture at Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan, in July and August, 1879 ; and at Chaman and Balgoi in May, 1880. The type specimen described by Kollar is recorded from §. Persia. Genus AULOCERA. Oreas * Hibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1816). Oken, Lehrb. 1. p. 740 (1815). Aulocera, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Se. Boston, 1875, p.124. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 195 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Forewing broad, triangular, base hairy; costal vein swollen at the base; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; with an indistinctly-defined dusky-black inner discal glandular patch, which is clothed with moderately long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely- dentate tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconia + with lengthened bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; cell long, more than half length of wing ; discocellulars recurved, upper angled close to subcostal, upper radial from the angle, lower radial from above the middle. Hindwing broad, base hairy ; exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped, anal angle rounded ; cell half the length, rather broad; discocellulars recurved. Palpi clothed with fine long hairs in front to the apex. Antennx rather slender, with a lengthened slender club. Carrrpintar.— A. Swaha. Colour probably black, but so very thickly clothed with short bright yellow hairs, that it is almost impossible to see what its ground colour is; head and legs black. Found upon the wild blue Iris.” * Preoccupied in 1804 for a genus of Mammals. + In A. Swaha, Loha, and Chumbica the androconia are absent, though the patch is present. In the European species, Proserpina, the androconia are very slender, with an attenuated lengthened truncate base. SATYRIN 2. 27 CurysaLis.—* Attached to the centre of the leaf by the tail, with a bright yellow thread across, head upwards.’ (Captain A. Graham-Young.) Type.—A. Brahminus. AULOCERA BRAHMINUS (Plate 99, figs. 1, la, $2). Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacquemont’s Voy. dans l’Inde, IV. Ins. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1844) g only (nec figs. 5, 6). Aulocera Brahminus, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 198, pl. XVI. fig. 49, f (1883). Aulocera Werang, Lang, Hntom. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 247 ¢ 9. Aulocera Weranga, Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. (1869) p. 35. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 266. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown, bronzy in some lights. Cilia broadly alternated with white. Forewing with an indistinctly apparent dusky-black inner-discal glandular fascia which is clothed with moderately-long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconia with lengthened bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; across the disc is a series of well-separated small white spots, with a divergent spot and slender streaks to the costa beyond the cell, and with an intervening black spot between the radials. Hindwing crossed by a slightly-recurved medial narrow sinuous-edged white band cut by the dark veins, the contour of the outer edge of the band being somewhat angulated at the upper median veinlet, and the entire band decreasing in width to the anal angle. Underside paler, but brighter coloured, and of a more or less olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing with the costal and apical border thickly mottled with darker strigz edged with ochreous; discal band broader, duller in tone, and olivescent-white, more diffused externally, the lower portion and the divergent portion each continuous, the subapical black spot with white pupil and conspicuous. Hindwing densely mottled with brighter olivescent-ochreous edged blackish transverse strigz, some of which at the end of the veinlets are edged with cinereous white, the disc most clouded, and with a more or less apparent series of three or four whitish spots; medial transverse band olivescent ochreous-white, broader than on upperside and more angulate externally. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of spots somewhat longitudinally narrower and elongated ; the band on the hindwing more regular in its course, but of the same width asin male. Underside as in the male. Expanse, g 2¢ to 28, ? 28 to 22 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. DistrisuTion.—The ‘* Himalayas”? is given as the locality of this species by Blanchard (Jacq. Voy. 22). Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 247) gives **Werang Pass, Upper Kunawur,” as the habitat of his species (Weranga), also E 2 28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. remarking that “it appears, however, to be very rare, as I have seen but three speci- mens ; these were all taken by me at an altitude of 12,000 feet, about 1000 feet below the bleak and bare summit of the Werang Pass, amidst the rocky, grassy ground just clear of the forests of pine and cedars. Dr. Jerdon obtained a single specimen at Goolmurg, 9000 feet above the Valley of Cashmere.” The authors of “ Butterflies of India, &e.’’ (p. 199) state that “ A, Brahminus is found, so far as we have any certain knowledge, only in the N.-W. Himalayas at from 7000 to 13,000 feet eleva- tion. Mr, Graham Young took numerous specimens in 1880, in June, on the Ser-ka- joth in North Mandi, two miles south of the Kulu frontier, and forty miles south of the snowy range at barely 8000 feet elevation; these were typical Brahminus. Mr. de Nicéville found it very plentifully on the banks of the Chandra Bhaga river, in July, near Koksir on the borders of Lahul at 7000 feet elevation, and again at Kailing in Lahul at about 9000 feet in the same month; all these specimens being of the Weranga form with the ochreous predominating on the underside, and one, a female, from Kailang, has the nervures powdered with white scales and the whitish black- encircled spots of Scylla. In Lahul, specimens were taken by the Rev. A. Heyde, at Patseo, 11,000 feet, in July, which differ from the usual form in the great predomi- nance of the grey irrorations. In Pangi, on the Sach Pass, Mr. R. Ellis took at an elevation of 13,000 feet, in August and September, some examples in which the pre- yailing ochreous is beautifully contrasted with the grey markings, and dark brown strie ; the veins in these are powdered with white, as in Scylla; and finally a large series were taken by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg, in Kashmir, in July at from 9000 to 10,000 feet elevation, showing every gradation between typical Brahminus and typical Weranga.” Mr. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January 1st, 1880) states that “it always settles on the ground with its wings closed, and then shuts the upper wings into the lower ones, so that only the lower wings and the extreme tips of the upper are visible.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “ Pangi, in Busahir, in July and August, and in Cashmere in August and September” (MS. notes). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens in the Deosi plains in August, 1887. AULOCERA SCYLLA. Aulocera Scylla, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 122, 3. Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118. Male. ‘ Upperside blackish-fuscous, with a whitish discal fascia, macular on the forewing, slender and obsolete near the anal angle on the hindwing, bifurcate at the apex of forewing, and including an oval black spot. Cilia whitish, variegated with black. Underside paler, covered with blackish strie ; the subapical spot of fore- wing ocellated ; hindwing very slightly yellowish, an outer discal series of whitish spots tinged outwardly with black, the discal fascia distinct at the analangle. Most SATY RIN AS, 29 nearly allied to A. Brahminus, but differs in its much smaller size, less sinuated margins, more slender central band, and on the underside in having a row of white spots placed in an arc outside the central band. I have seen three specimens of this species, which all appear to agree in size, pattern, and coloration.” Mr. Butler adds (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 248) that “ the veins on the underside of the hindwing are powdered with whitish scales.” Expanse, ¢ ? 2% inches. Hasitat (of type).—Between Nepal and Tibet Tartary. Both sexes smaller in size than typical Brahminus. Upperside. Forewing with the macular band composed of smaller and longitudinally narrower spots, the band on hindwing also composed of transversely narrower portions. Underside of both wings also with the bands narrower. Hindwing with the veins white-speckled throughout, and with a series of distinct small white spots, each with a dark brown outer border. Expanse, 2} inches. Distripu1ion.—The type specimen of A. Scylla, described by Mr. Butler, and now in the British Museum collection, bears a label with the inscribed locality of ‘‘ near Tibet,’ which was evid ently misread by that author for ‘‘ Silhet,” and was erroneously so printed in the original description. I was fortunate enough to discover this error of the locality on the label when examining the type specimen, and upon referring to the “ Museum Register” it was found that this specimen was taken “ by Major Charlton between Nepal and Tibet Tartary.” There are also two female specimens in the British Museum, captured by Dr. Duthie “near Kutta, 13-14,000 feet, N.-E. Kumaon, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118) records A. Scylla “‘ from the Pindari Glacier, and North Byeri above Furkya, North- West Kumaon, 12-14,000 feet; at Garbyan, 12,000 feet; Lepu Lek, 16,000 feet, North-East Kumaon,” remarking also that the prehensores are distinct from those of Brahminus. The latter has the uncus, seen from above, longer and its branches more slender. Seen from the side, Scylla has the uncus and its branches parallel and nearly in the same horizontal plane, and the top of the uncus is knobbed, while in Brahminus it is smooth, and the branches diverge downwards from it. The clasp has its upper limb toothed horizontally, in Scylla vertically. The present species is small, ochreous-grey below, with a discal line of white spots on the hindwing below, the band there crooked ; on the forewing below, the ocellus is pupilled with white and the band is wide and united. I have caught it flying wets Brahminus, from which I consider it distinct, in the meadows near Furkya.” AULOCERA BRAHMINOIDES (Plate 99, figs. 2, 2a, ? ). Satyrus Brahminus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 324 (nec Blanchard). Comparatively smaller than A. Brahminus. Forewing with the macular band 30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. composed of shorter spots, those between the medians regularly oval in shape, the subapical black spot entirely absent. Hindwing with a broader medial band, which is of uniform width throughout its length to the anal angle. Underside much darker than in Brahminus, with blacker strige, and which are all edged with cinereous-white (not with olivescent-ochreous) ; the band on both wings as on the upperside, and the subapical white-pupilled black spot (always present in Brahminus) entirely absent. Expanse, 22 inches. Hasitat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet. Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- Tibet, in July and August, 1883. AULOCERA CHUMBICA (Plate 99, figs. 3, 3a, $ 2). Satyrus Padma, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 406 (nec Kollar). Smaller than A. Loha. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of discal spots half the size of those in Sikkim examples of Loha, the glandular patch broadly dusky-black, which is clothed with moderately long and broad dentate-tipt pale scales and longer foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales only, no androconia present in the specimens under examination. Hindwing with the transverse band also half the width of that in Sikkimese Loha. Underside of a similar dusky-brown colour and mottled markings; both wings with the bands narrower, as on upperside. Female. Both wings with the transverse bands narrower than in Loha on both the upper and underside. Expanse, ¢ 24, 2 inches. Hasitat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet. Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley on the Tibetan frontier of Sikkim, at 1000 to 15,000 feet elevation, in August and September. AULOCERA LOHA (Plate 99, figs. 4, 4a, f 2). Aulocera Loha, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 118. Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 323, pl. 9, figs. 6, @. Imaco.—Smaller than A. Padma. Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia narrowly alternated with white. Forewing with an indistinctly defined discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with a few short broad serrate-tipt scales, and numerous long broad acutely-serrated tipt scales; no androconia present ; crossed by a discal series of very widely-separated pale ochreous-white spots, there being also two inwardly-divergent spots to the costa beyond the cell, all these spots SATYRIN Z. 31 being conspicuously smaller than in A. Padma, more medially placed across the wing than in Padma, and transversely shorter, and those between the medians pyriform. Hindwing crossed by a narrower medial pale ochreous-white band. Underside brighter coloured, darker, and of a more olive-brown tint than in A. Padma. Fore- wing with the costa, interior of cell, and apical border slightly mottled with darker brown pale-bordered strigz, those at the apex bordered with lilac; transverse discal spots medially-disposed as on upperside, and with an intermediate ill-defined white- pupilled black spot between the radials. Hindwing densely mottled with dark brown strigz more or less edged with lilac; transverse band narrow, as on upperside. Female. Upperside with similar transverse pale ochreous-white markings, medially-disposed as in male, but somewhat less prominently defined. Underside also with similar markings, those on the forewing somewhat larger, but less promi- nently defined ; the bands narrower than in Padma. Expanse, 3d 22, ? 3 inches. Haprrat.—N.-W. Kumaon; Sikkim. The above description is taken from male and female typical specimens obtained by Mr. Doherty at Dankuri, N.-W. Kumaon, kindly lent for this purpose by Mr. L. de Nicéyille. Mr. Doherty’s original description (1. c. p. 118) is as follows: ‘* A. Loha. N.sp. Smaller than Padma ; cell of male smooth, sex mark not very plain; male distin- guished by the divergent white spots from the median band to the costa; the female by the band of the hindwing below being narrow, well defined and ochreous. The insect is darker than Padma, the apex of both wings glossed with lilac below, and the base of the hindwing greenish. It may perhaps be only a seasonal form of Padma.” Distrieotion.—Mr. W. Doherty (I. c. 118) says: “I found Zoha common on Bireg mountain, N.-W. Kumaon, from 9000 to 12,000 feet, in August and September.” We possess a male and female identical with the typical specimen above de- scribed, from the late General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. Mr. H. J. Elwes obtained it in Sikkim, remarking (1. c. 323), “‘I took it only on the Singalelah Range which bound Sikkim on the West between Tonglo and Phallut, at elevations of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, in July, but it was most abundant on the grassy ridge beyond Sundukpho above the pine-forest, where it flies strongly above the trees, resting on their trunks, and settling on flower-heads in the open parts and on the edge of the forest.” In examples of these Sikkim specimens, under our examination, the glandular patch is clothed with somewhat differently-shaped scales from those present in the typical male above described, one form being longer and more oval with scarcely definable serrate-tip, the other lengthened serrate-tipt form being somewhat shorter, and with tapering base, the androconia being also absent. 32 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 92, fig. 4 represents the male, from Dhankuri, in Kumaon, and fig. 4a, the female, from a Nepal example. AULOCERA PADMA (Plate 100, fig. 1, la, g 2). Satyrus Padma, Wollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 445, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2 (1844), 2. Aulocera Padma, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 122; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 196 (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118. gaa Avatara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. Compy. i. p. 229 (1857), ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a broad distinct dusky-black inner-discal glandular patch, which is clothed with long pale foliate serrate-tipt scales, and long blackish andro- conia with short broad bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip—no short scales present; crossed by a discal linear-series of broad yellowish-white spots (those ordinarily proceeding inward to the costa being obsolescent or entirely absent). Hindwing crossed by a medial yellowish-white band. Underside nearly as dark coloured as the upperside. Forewing the palest, the costal and apical border broadly mottled with black strigz slightly edged with cinereous; the transverse discal white spots broader, diffused externally, with the usual divergent costal portion entire, the subapical black spot with white pupil, and distinct. Hindwing thickly mottled with cinereous-edged black strigz, which are more clouded externally; the transverse medial white band sharply defined on its inner edge, but diffused externally ; sub- marginal black lunular line diffused, and with a more or less indistinct subanal black spot with white pupil. Female. Upperside. Forewing crossed by similar but slightly larger spots and with a broken set extending inward to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with the transverse band as in the male. Underside of the same dark colour as in the male. Forewing with the transverse white spots larger and more disconnected. Hindwing with the mottled outer border more thickly flecked with cinereous, and the submarginal line less apparent; the transverse white band broader and more diffused externally than in male. Body and legs dark brown; collar and side of palpi cinereous-white ; antennz dark brown, slightly reddish at the tip beneath. Hxpanse, ¢ 3¢ to 33, ? 33 to 4g inches. Hapirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. DistripuTion AND Haxirs.—Of this species, Col. A, M. Lang remarks (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), “I have always found Padma and Avatara in company, and they have appeared to me as sexes of the same species. ‘hey frequent quite different ground to Swaha and Saraswati, and appear at a different season, flymg in May and June on the borders of oak and rhododendron forests at the summits of ranges SATLRINA. 33 of from 8000 to 10,000 feet altitude. A second brood appears in July in the same localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer congeners Swaha and Saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district into Kunawur.” On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that Padma and Avartara are two distinct species. He writes of A. Padma that “it is fairly common in Kulu, and is double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and above the upper forests, at an elevation of 10,000 feet or so; the second brood appears at a much lower elevation, from 3000 to 4000 feet. It is very punctual in its appear- ance, as, in the fifteen years that I have observed this insect, it has never appeared earlier than the 1st or later than the 3rd of October. It is an extremely powerful insect on the wing, and very difficult to take; it flies down one hill, straight across the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from the ground, and very rarely settling.” While of A. Avatara he writes, “* Confounded with the above by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists; it is smaller in size than A. Padma, and much weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily captured ; a succession of broods appear throughout May, June, and July.” (Butt. Ind. i. 197, 1883.) Mr. A. G. Young subsequently writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1885, 129), “I first took A. Padma near Rajaori, in the Kashmir territory, in July, 1864, at but little over 3000 feet, and have in June, 1883, taken the same sex at Barkli, in the Mundi State, in a Deodar forest on the banks of the Beas, at barely 3000 feet. For some reason that I cannot explain, the females never appear to descend as low as the males do, and it is a very curious circumstance, that as far as my experience goes, the June and July broods seem to consist almost entirely of males. It was not until 1880 that I sueceeded in obtaining a female in June, whereas in October the females are in a great majority, some faded, as though they had come out at the higher levels in the summer, and been driven down by the cold, whilst the greater number, to judge from their fresh condition, had but just emerged from the pupa. I never took but one worn and battered male along with this autumnal brood, which seems a true Amazonian one, all females, and appears in October between 3500 and 4500 feet.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118), ‘‘There are two allied Species passing under the name of Padma. Of the true Padma I have both sexes from Narkunda, near Simla, and from the Galis north of Mari, but in Kumaon I obtained only females, taken in October and November in the Kali Valley, ranging from 7000 feet at Juti in Chandans, to 2500 feet at Garjiaghat, and even lower. This species is the larger of the two; the other species, 4. Loha, is smaller.” AULOCERA SWAHA (Plate 100, figs. 2, 2a, 9 92). Satyrus Swaha, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, LV. 2, p. 444, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2 (1844). Aulocera Swaha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 197 (1883). Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacq. Voy. pl. ii. figs. 5, 6 (nec. fig. 4). voL. 11. August 13th, 1892. F 34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent bronzy-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with an inner-discal short broad dusky-black glandular fascia extending within the cell, which is clothed with moderately-short broad slightly serrate-tipt scales, and long foliate acutely serrated-tipt scales, but no androconia ; crossed by a medial-discal series of creamy-white or ochreous-yellow spots, which are somewhat short and small, a spot being always present (and sometimes an incipient narrow streak) diverging to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with a similar-coloured medial-discal band. Underside paler olivescent bronzy-brown. Forewing with the costal and apical border indistinctly mottled with pale-edged blackish strigze, the discal band creamy-white or ochreous-yellow, broad, its lower portion continuous, the divergent costal portion entire and continued to the edge; subapical black spot with white pupil more or less prominent. Hindwing more or less densely mottled with black strigz, the strige being more or less edged with cinereous ; the base tinged with green; the submarginal lunular line irregular and diffused. Female, Upperside with the transverse band as in male, but somewhat broader. Underside as in the male. Collar and side of palpi, ochreous-white ; legs brown. Expanse, 23 to 3 inches. CaTrrriLLar.—“‘ Colour probably black, but itis so very thickly clothed with short bright-yellow hairs that it is almost impossible to see what its ground-colour really is ; head and legs black. Feeds on wild blue Iris.” Curysatis.—* Attached to the centre of a leaf by the tail, and a bright-yellow thread across the pupa, head upwards, like a Lycenid. Colour shining olive-brown ; head, spines, and tail black ; a white patch crossed by an irregular black band upon each side of the thorax; a circular yellow spot on each shoulder ; on each side of the dorsal segments is an irregular white mark. The colours, very vivid in the living pupa, fade rapidly upon the death of the insect. The imago emerges in a fortnight.” (A. Graham Young.) Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. Distrisution.—This species is the commonest of the group, and according to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246) “abounds in the Simla and Kunawur districts of the N.-W. Himalayas during the rainy season, from July to October, chiefly on grassy slopes and in fields near woods, also in open woods; from the outer spurs overlooking the Indian plains for 200 miles into the interior of the moun- tain ranges towards the treeless regions of Spiti and Tibet.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “Simla, Masuri, Pangi in Busahir, and in Kashmir, from June to October.” (MS. notes.) Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. S. 1886, 357) records it as “common at Murree, August and September; Atabul, 9000 feet; Thundiani, Sep- tember.” In Kulu, Mr. A. Graham Young writes, “ Not uncommon in its peculiar SATYRINZ. 35 haunts, grassy hills at 7000 to 8000 feet elevation, from June to September.” (Butt. Ind. 197), and subsequently (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1886, 103) he records ‘the discovery, after many years’ hunting, of the larva of A. Swaha,” having ‘‘found it on the wild blue Iris during the first week in August, at about 8000 feet elevation, in the Upper Parbutti Valley, in Kulu.” In Kumaon, Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118) ** found it on all the hills of the Pindari district, 7000 to 10,000 feet, also on the outer ranges, Jagheswar, Takula, and the Dhoag, 5500 to 9000 feet, and in Chaudans in Kast Kumaon, 5000 to 7000 feet. A common species.” AULOCERA SARASWATI (Plate 100, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ 2). Satyrus Saraswati, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, IV. 2, p. 445, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4 (1844), 2, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 82 (1887). Aulocera Saraswati, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 121; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868) ; Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 200 (1883). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia broadly alter- nated with white. Forewing crossed by a medial-discal broad yellowish-white com- pact macular band, composed of almost quadrate spots, with a black spot dividing the two longitudinally disposed between the radials; a more or less prominent narrow discal black angular glandular patch, which is clothed with very long foliate acutely serrate-tipt pale scales, some short broad serrate-tipt scales, and interspersed with blackish androconia with broad bulbous base, hair-like end, and _ tasselled tip. Hindwing crossed by a broad yellowish-white uninterrupted discal band, which slightly decreases in width above anal angle. Underside pale olivescent- ochreous ; crossed by a pale ochreous-white band, which is whitest on the forewing, as on upperside, the inner edge of the band being defined by a dark brown line, the outer edge being diffused, the subapical black spot prominent and white-pupilled ; the basal area and the broad outer border delicately mottled with transverse black strigz, and the outer border traversed by a blackish diffused fascia, which latter, on the hindwing, is more or less sinuous, and where the marginal strige beyond are more or less whitish-edged. Female. Upperside of both wings with the white macular band, as in the male, but slightly broader, the subapical intervening black spot on the forewing generally having a minute white pupil. Underside as in the male, the blackish submarginal fascia being much less defined. Body above dark olivescent-brown; abdomen beneath pale olivescent-ochreous; collar, side of palpi, and femora beneath ochreous- white; tibize and tarsi ochreous. Expanse, 3 2% to 28, ¢ 28 to 3 inches. Ha sitat.—N.-W. Himalayas. Disrrisution.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), “ A. F 2 36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Saraswati is not quite so widely spread as A. Swaha, appears later, and disappears earlier; in August it swarms, in localities affected by it, amongst the luxurious grass pastures on the less wooded slopes of the hills in the Simla and Kunawur district.” “In Simla it is not uncommon on the grassy slopes in the neighbourhood in the autumn months. In Pangi Mr. R. Ellis and Dr. Henderson took numerous speci- mens of both sexes in July and August.” Major H. B. Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records its capture at “‘ Pangi, Busahir, in July and August, and in Kashmir during August and September.” Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. S. 1886, 357) obtained it at Dewal in August, also commonly at Murree in August, and also taken in September.” In Kulu, according to Mr. A. Graham Young, it appears in July, and remains on the wing until the middle of October; it is common from 4000 feet and upwards, and greatly affects the thistle flowers, upon which numbers may be captured in their peculiar haunts.”” (Butt. Ind. i. 200.) Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119) obtained it at “ Pyura, above Loharkhet, the Dhoaj, Takula, 5000 to 7000 feet, in Kumaon.”’ Specimens in our own collection are from the late Colonel Impey’s and General Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. AULOCERA sp. ——? Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 266. Hasitat.—Manipur frontier, Naga Hills. Mr. H. J. Elwes (1. c. p. 266) records ““two female specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty at Mao, on the Manipur frontier of the Naga Hills, at 8000 feet elevation, in August.” AuLieD Curnese Specius or AvLocera.—A. Sybillina (Satyrus Sybillina, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1890, p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 106). Habitat. W. China.—A. Merlina (Satyrus Merlina, Oberthiir, id. p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 105). Habitat. Yunan.—A. magica (Satyrus magica, Oberthiir, id. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, fig. 21). Habitat. EH. Tibet. Genus PARCENEIS. Forewing similar in shape to typical Gineis (GZ. Norna) ; venation similar, except that the cell is very much shorter, and there is no androconial patch in the male. Hindwing with the cell also considerably shorter, and the discocellulars less outwardly oblique. Palpi somewhat shorter and more delicate, the apical joint being shorter and less conspicuous. Antennal club shorter and comparatively thicker. Type.—P. pumilus. Typical Gineis (Norna, Jutta, etc.) has the forewing, in the male, furnished with a conspicuous oblique androconial patch, and the cell area in both the fore and hindwing being much longer. The antenne in Mneis has a longer gradually- SATYRIN 2. 37 thickening club; the palpi are somewhat longer. The pattern of the markings on the wings in the species of (neis is also somewhat different, the forewing generally having two or three small submarginal ocellated spots on a pale ferruginous band, the hindwing also mostly having similar submarginal ocelli, whereas in Parceneis the pattern of the markings resemble those pertaining to the species of Aulocera. PARGNEIS PUMILUS (Plate 101, figs. 1, la, g¢ 2). Chionobas pumilus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 490, pl. 69, figs. 6, 7 (1867) g. Gneis pumilus, Marshall and de Nicé¢ville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 238, pl. 15, fig. 37, s. Imaco.—Male. ‘ Upperside pale ochreous-brown, darker externally ; the veins externally lined with darker brown. Cilia ochreous-white alternated with dark brown at the vein points. Horewing crossed by a medial-discal ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow macular band, with an inward-divergent portion pro- ceeding to the costa from between the radials, and where there is a slightly-defined pale intervening-spot, this band being very similar in form to that in Aulocera. Hindwing crossed by a similar ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow continuous band, which is angulated above the radial and at the upper median veinlet. Under- side. Forewing pale brownish-ochreous, the transverse band, as above, with dusky- brown edges ; costal and apical border cinerescent, sparsely flecked with short trans- verse dusky-brown strigz. Hindwing pale ochreous-cinereous, the veins cinereous- white, the transverse angulated-band pale ochreous and well-defined by dusky-black edges, the basal area and outer border thickly mottled with blackish strige with pale ochreous edges. Female. Upperside slightly paler, with the transverse band also less distinct, the apical border of the forewing and the outer border of the hindwing indistinctly mottled with darker strige. Undersideasinthe male. Body above darker ochreous- brown; thorax beneath clothed with dusky-brown hairs; palpi in front, and legs dusky-brown ; palpi above pale ochreous. Antenne blackish above, annulated with ochreous-white, pale ochreous beneath with bright ochreous tip. Expanse, 5 14, ? 13 inch. Hasirat.—Ladak. DistrisutioN.—The type specimens were collected by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka at “Trantse Sumdo on the Lanak Pass at about 15,000 feet elevation, and at Pangchog.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 119) records “ a single female found on the moist ground at the edge of the snow-line on the northern side of the Lepu Pass, Chinese-Tibet, at 17,000 feet (N.-E. Kumaon). Specimens of both sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection, captured at Gya, in August, at 14,000 feet, by Mr. MacArthur. The illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 101, fig. 1, represents the 38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. upperside of a male, and fig. 1a, the underside of a female, both figures being taken from Gya specimens kindly lent by Mr. J. H. Leech. PARENEIS SIKKIMENSIS (Plate 101, fig. 2, 2a, 2). Cneis Sikkimensis, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 21. Chionobas pumilus, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 404, pl. 35, fig. 3 (nec Felder). Gneis pumilus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 327. Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark ochreous-brown. Cilia white alter- nated with dark brown. Forewing crossed by a well-defined medial-discal series of small ochreous spots, with an inward divergent portion extending to the costa from between the radials, where there is also a small intervening blackish spot with a minute white pupil. Hindwing crossed by a well-defined curved discal ochreous narrow broken band, the two portions beyond the cell being somewhat elongate and pointed externally, the other portions being more lunular. Underside paler ochreous-brown. Forewing with the costa and apex cinereous speckled ; across the cell are some blackish strige ; the transverse discal series of prominent pale ochreous spots, as on upperside, black edged. Hindwing with the basal area and outer border densely mottled with black strige and speckles, edged with cinereous; crossed by a pro- minent pale ochreous curved discal irregular band, the inner edge of which is well defined by a black angulated line, and the outer edge by a lunular line, inwardly bordered with blackish speckles; all the veins cinereous-white speckled. Body above dark brown, thorax and front of palpi clothed with black-tipt cinerescent hairs ; sides of palpi and legs beneath cinerescent ; legs above ochreous-brown. Antenne above blackish, annulated with white, entire length below reddish ochreous. Expanse, ¢ 1$ to 1%, ? 1% inch. Hasirat.—Chumbi, Sikkim-Tibet. This species differs from P. pwmilus on the upperside in its uniformly darker colour, the macular band on the forewing being very distinctly defined and composed of smaller spots; the band on the hindwing is also narrower. On the underside it is also very much darker in colour, and the band on both wings much more pro- minently defined. Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- Tibet, in 1881 and 1882. Auiep Spectres or Paranets.—P. Buddha (neis Buddha, Gr.-Gr. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 458). Habitat. C. Asia.—P. palearcticus (Hneis palzarcticus Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 20). Habitat. C. Asia. Genus KARANASA. Satyrus (part) Auctorum. Hipparchia (part) Auctorum. Inaco.—Male. Wings somewhat elongated and narrow. Forewing subtri- SATY RIND. 39 angular; costa very slightly arched, apex obtusely-pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique, convex, posterior angle very convex; costal vein swollen at the base, median very slightly swollen ; cell extending beyond half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly recurved, concave before the middle, upper radial from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets widely separated ; crossed by an ill-defined broad inwardly-oblique discal glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and some longer narrower sharply dentate-tipt scales, interspersed with several longer slender androconia, which have lengthened-bulbous base and short hair-like tasselled-tip. Hindwing ovate ; exterior margin very convex, slightly denticulated ; cell extending to half the length; discocellular very oblique ; middle median emitted at some distance before end of cell. Body rather stout ; thorax and head very hairy; palpi clothed with lengthened fine hairs to the tip ; antenne with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. Eyes naked. Type.—K. Hubneri. KARANASA HUBNERI (Plate 101, figs. 3, 3a, 3 2). Satyrus Hibneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. III. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 8, 9 (1867), 2. Hipparchia Hiibneri, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 189 (1883). Hipparchia Cadesia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 565, pl. 66, fig. 7,g. Marshall and de Nicé- ville, Butt. of India, etc. i, p. 190 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep fulvous, exterior marginal line blackish, the end of the median veinlets on both wings ochreous-speckled. Cilia ochreous- white, alternated with dusky-brown. Forewing with the base, costal border, and exterior margin cinereous ochreous-brown; an incipient upper portion of a dusky brown pale-bordered excurved discal line beyond the cell, which also curves along the subcostal veinlet, extends along the radials, and then sinuously edges the dark outer border of the wing; between the radials is a prominent subapical black spot with white pupil, and on the lower part of the disc is a short broad dusky- black glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and some long, broad, dentate-tipt pale scales, and blackish androconia with lengthened-bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip. Hindwing with the base and abdominal border cinerescent purplish-brown ; crossed by an ill-defined inner-discal excurved angulated diffused dusky line, and a darker outer-discal obtusely-sinuous blackish line, and thus en- closing a curved medial-discal fulvous band. Underside. Forewing paler fulvous, yellowish below the costal border; the base, the costal and outer border brownish- cinereous, finely flecked with brown scales, the ends of the outer veins being white speckled; some short blackish strigz crossing the base and the cell, the upper discal curved line (the lower portion being also very finely indicated) and sinuous sub- 40 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. marginal line, and the subapical black spot, as on the upperside. Hindwing ochreous- cinereous, numerously covered with short blackish strigz and intervening speckles, which are thickest disposed at the base; veins prominently white lined ; crossed by an indistinetly-defined angulated subbasal and a more distinct medial-discal excurved angulated black line, the latter having a whitish outer border, and beyond is a sub- marginal distinct black sinuous line. Female. Upperside. slightly paler fulvous. Forewing with the base pale cinereous purplish-brown, the outer border somewhat darker; crossed by an inner discal diffused blackish line, which is acutely angled outward on the upper median veinlet, the line also extends along the subcostal and then sinuously and prominently edges the dark outer border, thus enclosing a discal fulyous band, within which is an upper and a lower black spot. Hindwing with the entire basal area and outer border cinereous purplish-brown, enclosing a prominent fulyous medial-discal band, which is edged with an inner and outer black sinuous line. Underside. Forewing somewhat paler; markings as in the male, except that the discal line is more distinct, and the submarginal line more sinuous, there being also two black spots of the same size as those above. Hindwing also somewhat paler, with the transverse black lines more acutely defined, the subbasal line more distinctly angled within the cell, and both the discal and outer sinuous line being pale-bordered externally. Body cine- reous-brown ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antennz cine- reous-brown, tipt with ochreous, with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. Expanse, 3d 13 to 18, ? 2 inches. Hasrrat.—Lahul ; Spiti ; Deosi Plains, Stakpila Pass, N. Kashmir. Disrrisution.—Dr. Felder (Reise Noy. 494) gives “‘Lahul and Spiti” as the localities of the type specimens. Under this species, a specimen of the female is recorded in “Second Yarkund Mission,” Lep. p. i., as having been taken by the late Dr. F. Stoliezka at Leh in September. Major H. B. Hellard records it in his ‘MS. Notes” as having been taken on the ** south side of Stakpila Pass in the upper part of the Boorzil Valley, North Kashmir, in July, 1873,” but whether these specimens of Major Hellard’s and those above noted from Leh refer to Hiiberni, as here defined, we are unable to certify. Mr. J. H. Leech obtained many specimens of both sexes in the Deosi plains N.-E. of Kashmir, at 18,000 feet, in August, 1887; others were taken by Mr. McArthur in the Chonging Valley, 15-17,000 feet elevation in July. Mr. LL. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 190), under this species, records “ two females taken by Major J. Biddulph at Gilgit in August.” Neither of these two specimens, which are now before me for examination, agree with true Hiberni. One of them, certainly, is not this species — it is a larger insect, with very much paler discal band on both wings, and is two and a quarter inches in expanse. SATYRIN AG, 4] KARANASA LEECHII (Plate 101, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ 2). Male. Similar to K. Hubneri, somewhat larger. Upperside of a paler fulvous, the ends of the median veinlets ochreous-speckled, the outer borders uniformly dark- coloured. Jorewing with the basal area, including the cell, cinerescent ochreous- brown ; with a well-defined blackish broad inner-discal glandular patch extending throughout its length to the inner edge of the fulvous band, the patch clothed with broad serrate-tipt pale scales and numerous long bulbous androconia with tasselled- tip, these latter being narrower than in K. Hubneri; the sinuous submarginal edge of the fulvous band more acutely defined ; within the band is a subapical blind black spot, a very small spot also being present between the lower median veinlets, and below the upper spot are sometimes two or three minute black speckles. Hindwing with a somewhat broader fulvous band, the outer edge of the band more acutely sinuous ; the ends of the median veinlets not ochreous. Underside. Forewing paler than upperside, but somewhat clouded in the middle, the basal and cell strige obso- lete, the subapical black blind-spot prominent, the lower median small spot some- times absent. Hindwing paler than in K. Hubneri, the strige less, and more speckled throughout with whitish-cinereous edgings to the markings; with similar disposed subbasal, median, and submarginal sinuous lines, but the two latter are more acutely pointed, and the subbasal line is excurved within the cell (not angled as in Hubneri); veins white lined. Female. Upperside paler fulvous than in K. Hubneri, the costa and outer borders, and the basal areas also paler. Forewing with the edges of the discal band less defined; the subapical and lower black spot as in male. Hindwing with the fulyous band comparatively broader, its outer sinuous-edge being slightly nearer the exterior margin of the wing. Underside. Both wings as in male. Expanse, ¢1$ to 13,21 to 2§ inches. , Hasitat.—Skoro La, Baitistan ; Chonging Valley, N. Ladak. DistrinuTIon.—Obtained by Mr. J. H. Leech on the “Skoro La, Baltistan, at 15,000 feet elevation, in July, 1887,” and by Mr. H. McArthur, in the ‘* Chonging Valley, 15—17,000, July and August, 1889,” this valley being situated between the Upper Shayok river and the Dépsang plains in North Ladak. KARANASA MODESTA (Plate 102, figs. 1, la,g 2). Male. Smaller than K. Leechii. Upperside with the entire basal areas and outer borders darker brown, and of a vinescent tint, the discal band narrower on both wings, prominently defined, and of a paler ochreous. Forewing with a large conjoined black subapical spot situated above and below the lower radial veinlet, and a smaller black spot between the lower median veinlets; glandular patch indis- VOL. Il. G 42 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. tinct. Underside. Forewing similar to Leechii, the conjoined black subapical spot with its upper portion minutely white pupilled; the lower median spot as above. Hindwing with similar markings to Leechii, the discal and submarginal sinuous-line being nearer together ; the veins white lined. Female. Upperside slightly paler than in male, the discal band on both wings also paler and somewhat broader ; a single black subapical spot only present on the forewing. Underside. Forewing much paler than in male; a single subapical spot only, as on upper side. Hindwing as in the male. Expanse, $13,918 inch. Hasitat.—Deosi Plains; Kokser, Lahul. Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. J. H. Leech in the Deosi Plains, 13,000 feet elevation, in August, 1887; other specimens were also obtained by Mr. McArthur at Kokser, on the Chandra River in Lahul, in July, 1888, and on the Bara Lacha Pass in August. Genus KANETISA. Satyrus (part) auctorum, Hipparchia (part) auctorum. Male. Wings much broader and comparatively shorter than in Karanasa. Forewing broad, short, triangular ; costa well-arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique and hardly convex, posterior margin short; with a very broad transverse discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with slightly-raised dark-coloured claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with attenuated end and feather-tip ; cell somewhat shorter ; median veinlets much wider apart. Hindwing short, broadly ovate, exterior margin very convex, scalloped; cell longer and narrower; discocellular more oblique. Palpi more compactly clothed in front; antennal club shorter. Eyes naked. Tyrpe.—K. Digna. KANETISA DIGNA (Plate 109, figs. 2, 2a,g 2). Hipparchia Digna, Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1882, p. 67,2. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 189 (1888) ?. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent-brown. Cilia cinereous-white alter- nated with dusky-brown. /orewing crossed by a broad decreasing discal deep fulvous sinuous-edged macular band, cut with the brown veins, and enclosing a large black blind subapical spot ; between the band and the cell is a broad inner-discal blackish glandular patch, which is clothed with slightly-raised claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with SATYRIN 2. 45 attenuated end and feather-tip. Hindwing crossed by a discal curved narrow fulvous macular band, the spots being elongated, narrow, and with somewhat blackish edges. Underside. Forewing with the basal cell and discal area fulvous, paling to ochreous below the costa; costal border, the outer border, and base of posterior border brownish-cinereous mottled with blackish strigz; inner line of the discal band indistinct except at its costal end, its outer line sinuous ; subapical black spot with white pupil. Hindwing pale brownish-cinereous, thickly mottled with blackish strigze ; crossed by a wavy subbasal and a somewhat angulated blackish discal line, the interspace between them forming a darker band, with its inner and outer edge broadly bordered with whitish-cinereous ; submarginal sinuous black line distinct. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the discal fulvous band entire, somewhat broader and slightly paler, its sinuous inner and outer edge darkly defined, subapical black spots large. Hindwing with the discal fulvous band also entire, broader and with less sinuous outer edge. Underside as in male, except that both wings are paler ; markings the same. Expanse, ¢ ? 23 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. This species is nearest allied to the Huropean congener K. Hrythia, Hiibner. DisrrisutTion.—The type specimen was ‘‘ taken by Major J. Biddulph, on the Shandur Plateau, in Northern Kashmir” (Butt. Ind. 189.) A male, labelled ** Gilgit,” is in the collection of Mr. L. de Nicéville. Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 102, fig. 2 represents the Gilgit male, and fig. 2a the type female, both of which have been kindly lent for this pur- pose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. KANETISA PIMPLA (Plate 102, figs. 3, 3a, 3 9). Satyrus Pimpla, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 10, 11 (1867),9. Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868). Hipparchia Pimpla, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 185 (1888) ¢ 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy olivescent-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a black subapical spot, sometimes minutely pupilled with white and with an obsolescent pale iris; with a broad short inner-discal ill-defined dusky- black glandular patch, which is clothed with claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, some underlying shorter fusiform scales, interspersed by several long slender an- droconia with attenuated end and feather-tip. Underside. Forewing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, the lower part of the cell and middle of the dise ferruginous, leaving the costa, outer border and posterior margin broadly brown; the costal border and upper part of cell mottled with darker strigz; crossing the disc is a G 2 44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. slightly-defined blackish angular line, and beyond a lunular submarginal line; and between them is a large prominent subapical black spot with minute white pupil and pale outer ring. Hindwing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, mottled with fine darker brown strigz ; crossed by a subbasal and a discal curved angulated black line, and a submarginal sinuous line, the two latter outwardly-bordered with whitish speckles. Female. Upperside somewhat paler glossy olivescent-brown. Forewing with a larger subapical black ocellus, with a distinct white pupil and pale ill-defined ochreous outer ring, below which are also two ill-defined pale ochreous spots between the medians. Underside with the broad borders of the forewing, and the entire hindwing pale brownish-cinereous, finely mottled with delicate brown strigz. Forewing with the disc pale bright fulvous; crossed by faint traces of an inner discal fulvous-brown angular line and a brown lunular submarginal line, the white pupilled ocellus with very pale outer ring. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal blackish angulated line, and sinuous submarginal line, the two latter with pale outer border. Body beneath pale brownish-cinereous ; legs above brown. Expanse, ¢ 2, ? 22 inches. Hasirat.— Western Himalayas ; Afghanistan; Beluchistan. Distrisution.—The type specimen, a female, is recorded by Dr. Felder (Reise Nov. 494), as having been taken at “ Chalichang in Ladak.’’ 7 EEPIDOPTERA ENDEOL wit dark eivescent-brown sities; both wes wah 2 subereimal ad a decal beown fee: ocelli smile, eacept thet om the eedwimg the lower seves are larger a Gt Ce Se Female Upperside paler Ghee mm the seme sex of Soivs, the ovter deal area orems sales. Foremng with the oeelins lercer. Hindwing wah 3 large sabagmeal ecelins, and two median ecole o@ fhe eee Soe: sometimes 2 seller occas 5s mm male the stmee dalle, the bose) area and the bros’ mares! border densely Glomtet. the Rriermetate omer-iseal aes bem wees oGeercou: and shghtly @avesed by the siiee, thos forme a more o@ keedeieed sobeargml pale fees Oncllos of frewme very eres, rounded = sometimes a small lower ocellale i present between the mediums; oceli oo bedwne somewhat smaller thom male, the three lower of unite sie. Bzganse, 2 2, 2 2 mekes Hisar —Ehasts Hols; Naga Hills: Looskai Hills, Upper Bare. Dusmarm.—_S pecimens were takem im the Khasta Hills by Li_Colomel HL EL Getwm-Austen. Eeengles fom the Kies Hills are also m ithe collection of Caine! C_ Swmioe Mr. HL J. Hiwes (P_ ZS. 1991, 268) records specimens, taken by Me. W. Doherty, @ the Noes His, and & Beeardeyo, Borma =O Mr P. Crowley's election ave eagles from the Looskai Hills. TEYRIPA AVANTA. WeeSuses Exo (Pinte: 168, fic £2) Fpfiine ordinate, Batier, Pose. Zool Soe. Lond 1960, p 14%, pl 14, fie 3; ok 19K, wp So Marsiall and de Maeéoillie, Bact. of Ene, coe. i pe 20S (19S). Barter, Ao st. Fs, 1, pb Tusea—Mele Upperside mifornly Goritrown., Forewing with 0 mdstinetly defined Geoad dusky desea) glandular poich, whieh is dothed with short roand-tipt dender dort topering filiform andrsemia with tassel-tips; 2 subapical bipupilled ocdins. Himduing with two, 2nd sometimes 2 lower third subanal small ocelli Underside pale cchreous-grey, very densely covered with dark-brown strige. Both wings cromed by 2 more or kessdefined angulated subbasal and medal, and a sibmarsaal brown fsacia. Forewing with 2 large prominent subapical cecilus. Himdwing wih two woper 2nd four lower well-formed large ovate ocelli, the two anal being geminated, cack with 2 large Wack centre and 2 large oval silvery pupil. Fande Upperside with the ocelli more prowment. Underside strigose, as im BSS heh: * ENS. i TH Ge mnie ie oli somewien eee ee eos ee, ee ese ee : Egy, Z 13, = 14, notes, Etim Soot: Wier Prez. Toei) Soe Loe, DSA ST. ies ee Ge see, Fath iim, sei pp DE pl oe ee, TO. Wie, Sot > es oe a OS. S&F Hitiie, Som The Hi: SE SS. Ieee Wee Cees mi eee Freee oti ees Gf Gena dusty Geo) dioniivar eres ees a ey Sei] ee il stage alos. Smiiene wo wo wey smell) sesame sie aol Staats Gespween Ge metas. Umiesie ee tine ey Ge el woh: Sie Grew. Se ee ee oes oes i 2 ew Sis, mesial ami 2 Steed) ews Ses, She Ses] oe] esa] Seem om Ge bmiwoe bee wo Fever wht 2 geome Geer Geet oe See] Fen Ufressiie. Fore wich 2 eepe wel Steet aie Test neil wag wish beze geome eels mes Bmiiemp wit Sep small ine Eee, F 1S, 14, = 1A, th Baar — W_ Stairs; Bese Iie = Western Eee. Dew —* Ts She Wesse mig. he deen ore & So ee 4ge7 a Soros heme ee a Ei. ew estan op Ester am ie Wa” Giuk. Goin o. S. Mager EB. B. Bleed aiitemmell Ge dseenson form on the “Lower Rach Ever Wall, Edit at die en of Some” (GS. Wee) Big ZW. Wettors (PS. P86 9) uk She et eensoe form ewe Litas ami Kai Pani in Seouemiter. a6 Wire emi Thee om Qeenties,, anil She dieorson omm a Kai Pani im Sor] smi Mee = bere como: set Sie Fao as om Gee ad Iettweem SOihnaihad ami Rucnre in Seremie” T Wi (6 F mse Scoliecam ame sqetimers af die edseam reed Pom Gil 3 Wl Lamp. aie mo Ee Bagieswan, SRA) Ges im Seeemite. at Eameewl 40) et > Gok TI W_ Daiesty (Geum. Sst. See Reel, ISS, 2) weeds ft om “Soe ee fami im civer wilkgs eerily Geom SSDP a RW) Get cheat” Bh Rute @.Z.S BRQ MS gies * Regi” vas She Innit ut Sie ae Secs IE rita, > 72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. In Colonel Swinhoe’s collection is a male of the dry-season form, taken at Paras Pani, Mirzapur, N. W. Provinces, and which was erroneously referred by him in P. Z. 8. 1883, 145, under Y. Inica, as being the same as that species. In Capt. E. Y. Watson’s collection are specimens taken at Berhampur, Ganjam District, in Orissa. Capt. Watson collected specimens [which we have examined] during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, and took the wet-season form at Pauk-Yaw, on the Burmese side, in November, and of the dry-season form also, at Tilin-Yaw, in March and April” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35). Capt. Watson also obtaimed the wet-season form at Toungoo, in November, and at Sittang, in Tenasserim, in January. THYMIPA SINGALA. Wer-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 1, la, d 92). Ypthima Singala, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gessell. 1868, p. 283. Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 3, 3a, g (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 230 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Both wings generally without any ocelli visible, but sometimes an indistinct black subapical spot is present on the forewing, and either one, or two, small subaaal ocelli on the hindwing. Underside pale ochreous-grey, very thickly covered with uniformly-disposed brown strigee; both wings showing slight traces of an incurved discal, and a submarginal narrow brown fascia. Jorewing with a very prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with two small apical, two median, and two smaller anal round linearly- disposed ocelli, each with a minute silvery-white pupil, the two anal ocelli being smallest and geminated, and the upper apical generally also smaller. Female. Upperside. Forewing with a well-formed subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with the two small median ocelli also present. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 1,4 to 1,% inch. Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 110. fig. 1b, ). Ypthima Thora, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 4, 4a, J (1830). Imaco.—Upperside. Forewing with the subapical ocellus present or absent. Hindwing with one only, or sometimes two, small median ocelli. Underside thickly covered with uniformly-disposed brown striga, and with indistinct traces of an incurved discal and marginal fascia, Morewing with a prominent bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with two apical, two median, and two anal minute round ocelli. Expanse, 1,“ to 1;% inch. Hasitat.—Ceylon. Distrisution.—The type specimen described by Dr. Felder was obtained at SATYRINZ. 73 Badulla at an elevation of 3000 feet. Capt. Hutchison states (Lep. Ceylon, 24) that it is “rare, a few specimens only being taken in long grass on borders of coffee- plantations at Buselowe at 3000 feet elevation.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood, in his ‘Notes,’ records it “from 2000 feet upwards, in patenas and small undergrowth adjoining. Most plentiful at Ambegamoa.” THYMIPA TABELLA. Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 110, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). Ypthima Tabella, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 284 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniform brown, with a slightly-defined submarginal linear shade. Forewing with a small rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus, and hindwing with two small median round ocelli; no glandular patch nor androconia, the discal area being clothed with ordinary scales only. Underside pale ochreous- grey, thickly covered with uniformly-disposed dark-brown strige. Horewing with a prominent subapical ocellus. Hindwing with six ocelli, placed in echelon,—viz. : a geminated apical pair, the upper one being minute and sometimes absent, two median ocelli, and an anal geminated pair of smaller ocelli. Expanse 1,%, to 1,3, inch. Dry-Szason Broop. Male. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside uniformly covered with strige. Forewing with a prominent apical ocellus. Hindwing with two minute subapical ocelli, the upper one being sometimes obsolete, two minute median ocelli, and two still more minute anal ocelli. Expanse 1,% inch. Hasirat.—South India. Distripution.—The type specimen described by Capt. Marshall is recorded from the Wynaad. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 350) says it is Common at the North-West corner of the Nilgiris on the Wynaad boundary.” Mr. Hampson obtained the wet-season brood on the Nilgiris in September and October. Capt. E. Y. Watson took specimens of the dry-season brood on_ the Nilgiris, at Devala, in January. Capt. E. Y. Watson also obtained examples of what appear to be the dry-season brood of this species, at Sittang and Toungoo, in Burma, in December and January. THYMIPA STRIATA. Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 110, figs. 3, 3a, b, ¢ 2). Ypthima striata, Hampson, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 349. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark-brown; cilia pale cinereous. Forewing with a VOL. II. if 74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. distinct large subapical black ocellus, bipupilled, and ringed with ochreous-yellow ; with a faintly defined darker-brown submarginal and a discal fascia; glandular patch not apparent, its area clothed with short, and a few longer, broad scales with dentate tips, interspersed with a very few dark filiform androconia. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli. Underside cinereous-white, with numerous distinctly defined very slender brown strigze. Horewing with the ocellus somewhat larger and brighter than on upperside; crossed by a well-defined darker brown slightly recurved submarginal and a discal fascia. Hindwing crossed by a similar brown recurved medial and a discal fascia and a broken submarginal fascia, the latter partly encompassing the ocelli; a geminated apical pair of prominent ocelli, and three linearly-disposed lower ocelli, the anal smallest and duplex. Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocelluslarger. Hindwing also with the ocellus somewhat larger, and with the two upper and the minute anal ocelli of the underside slightly visible. Underside as in the male. Expanse ¢ 1, to 1,5, ? 1,% inch. Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 110, fig. 3c, g). Male. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a very small ill-defined black ocellus. Hindwing with a small subanal ocellus. Underside cinereous-white, the atrige less-defined ; both wings with the fascie less distinct. Ocellus on forewing smaller than in wet-season brood. Ocelli on hindwing minute, but distinctly formed, the two apical and the two anal being well separated from each other. Female. Upperside. Forewing differs from the male in having a large and distinct ocellus, as in the wet-season brood. Underside: both wings with the fascia more prominent, but not as much as in the wet season-brood ; ocelli as in the male. Expanse ¢ 1,4, ? 1,5 inch. Hasirat.—Nilgiris. Distripution.— The wet-season brovd occurs at 2000 to 4000 feet, and commonly at about 3000 feet, on the southern slopes of the Nilgiris, in August, and the dry-season brood in December and January.” (Hampson, l.c. p. 349.) Capt. HE. Y. Watson also obtained it at Coonoor in the Nilgiris during August. Inpo-Manayan Spucres or Tuymipa.—T’. Horsfieldii (Y. Horsfieldii) Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 18; Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 3. Habitat. Java.—T. Philomela (Pap. Philomela, Johansson, Amen. Acad. 1764, p. 404). We have illustrated this species on our Plate 110, fig. 4, ¢. Both sexes smaller than 7’. Baldus. Forewing shorter and less triangular, the exterior margin more erect. Male. Upperside brown, the discal patch less prominent; ocelli similar, but smaller and more narrowly ringed. Underside with uniformly disposed strigee, the transverse fasciz either obsolete or but very faintly defined ; ocelli on SATYRINZ. 75 forewing. smaller and more narrowly ringed; ocelli on hindwing similarly disposed in three pairs, but also smaller. Female. Upperside paler than in male, outer discal area slightly flecked with pale-ochreous strigz. Underside as in male. Expanse ¢ 1%, % 1,4. Habitat. Java (Batavia). Sumatra.—In Coll. British Museum and F. Moore.—T. Lisandra (Pap. Lisandra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. IV. pl. 298, fig. G. H.) Habitat. China—T. Zodia (Y. Zodia, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 402. Elwes P. Z.8. 1881, p. 904). Habitat. N. China (Snowy Valley, hills of Ningpo).—T. Argus (Y. Argus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1866, p. 56). Habitat. Japan.—T. evanescens (Y. evanescens, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 134). Habitat. Japan. —T. fasciata (Y. fasciata, Hewits. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 287). Habitat. Borneo. Genus YPTHIMA. Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 196; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868); Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 36 (1869). Kirby Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 94(1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 212 (1883). Yphthima, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 138 (1844), Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewit- son’s D. Lep. p, 394 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 235 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 283, Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. and Sc. Boston, 1875, p. 289. Imaco.—Wings moderately small. Forewing elongated, triangular, costal margin arched, apex rounded, exterior margin even, slightly convex, posterior margin almost straight ; costal vein strongly swollen at the base, median vein moderately swollen, sub-median scarcely swollen; cell extending to half the wing ; subcostal vein with its first branch arising just before anterior end of the cell, the second, third, and fourth branches at equal distances apart, the second being emitted at about one- third beyond end of the cell; upper discocellular very short, middle discocellular inwardly curved, lower discocellular longer and outwardly oblique; median vein with its lower and middle branch wide apart; submedian vein nearly straight ; no glandular patch visible, in the type species (Hiibneri), but the lower discal area is clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many elongated ~ broad acutely jagged-tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia of similar length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing broadly triangularly-ovate ; costal margin arched from near the base, apex rounded, exterior margin convex, abdominal margin slightly convex; costal vein extending to near the apex; subcostal vein starting from opposite the short pre- costal veinlet, its branch arising at about one-third from its base; upper discocellular short, curved, starting ata short distance from base of second subcostal, lower dis- cocellular longer, outwardly-oblique and slightly curved ; cell extending to beyond half the wing ; median vein three-branched ; submedian straight ; inner vein slightly L 2 76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. recurved. Body slender; head and thorax small, clothed in front with hairs. Hyes prominent, naked. Palpi long, slender, obliquely-porrect, compressed, clothed in front with long straight divergent bristly hairs; second joint reaching to vertex, third joint fully two-thirds the length of second, slender, naked. Antenne very slender, ringed with white, terminating in a very slender gradually-formed club. CaTerPILttar.—‘‘* When full grown is about an inch or a little less in length; entirely green; head round; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment, which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails; the head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely-set tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs.” Curysatis.—* Hither green or brown; head rounded, the edge of the wing- cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax humped” (de Nicéville). Tyrz,—Y. Hiibneri. YPTHIMA KASMIRA (Plate 112, fig. 1, la, 2). Ypthima Kasmira, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 5,?. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a moderate- sized subapical bipupilled ocellus ; lower discal area clothed with short broad dentate- tipt scales, some longer scales with dentate tips, and a very few intervening longer black androconia with broad bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli situated between the medians in the male, and a third minute anal ocellus in the female. Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, very densely covered with entirely uniformly-disposed broad brown strige. Forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with a prominent apical ocellus, and three lower linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest being bipupilled. Expanse ¢ 13, % 1$ inch. Hasirat.—Kashmir. DistRriBUTION.—Specimens of both sexes of this species in our own collection were taken by Major H. B. Hellard in Kashmir, in September. YPTHIMA APICALIS. Ypthima apicalis, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of Ins, pl. 179, fig. 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brown. Jorewing palest obliquely across the lower discal area; with a small rounded bipupilled subapical ocellus, above which is a distinct whitish apical streak. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli, the upper SATYRIN AS. (ith one minute, the anal and the apical ocellus of the underside being slightly visible. Underside pale brownish-ochreous, with ill-defined darker brown uniformly disposed strige. Forewing with the subapical ocellus and white upper streak, as above. Hindwing with a small apical and three lower ocelli, the anal one bipupilled ; an in- distinct pale whitish fascia traceable across the disc above the lower ocelli. Expanse, 12 inch. Hasitat.—Deyra Dhoon. The male above described is all that is known tous. It is probably only a curiously-marked variety of Y. Hiibneri. YPTHIMA HUBNERI. Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 111, fig. 1, larva and pupa, 1, a, b,c, 3 2). Ypthima Philomela, Hiibner, Zutrige Exot. Schmett, p. 17, figs. 83, 84 (1816-18); Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868)—(nee Linnzeus).* Yphthima Philomela, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 284. Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Ypthima Hiibnert, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 57, pl. 7, fig. 5, ? (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 226, pl. 17, fig. 65, f (1888); de Nicéyille, Journ, Asiat, Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 231, pl. 12, fig. 1, a, b, larva and pupa. Ivaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slightly pale-bordered dusky sub- marginal line. Cilia pale brownish-cinereous. Forewing with a rather large rounded ocellus bipupilled with silvery-blue; no glandular patch visible, but the lower discal area is clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many elongated broad acutely-jagged tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia of similar length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel- tip. Hindwing with three small subanal ocelli, the lowest generally minute and sometimes obsolete, sometimes the upper one is also minute or obsolete, and in some specimens the apical ocellus of the underside is visible. Underside various shades of cinerescent ochreous-white, numerously, but not densely, covered with fine olivescent- brown strigze. Forewing with a large prominent ocellus, bipupilled with silvery- blue, encircled by a broad pale ochreous ring and then by a narrow brown ring, the latter ring being dilated below the ocellus, and extending to or near the posterior margins ; a more or less defined submarginal lunular brown slender fascia, and a medial discal transverse fascia. Hindwing with a moderately large apical ocellus and three subanal linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest generally bipupilled; a more or less defined submarginal sinuous brown fascia, and, generally, a more or less ill-defined transverse discal angulated fascia. * The Pap. Philomela Johansson, is quite distinct from this. It is a Javan species belonging to the genus‘Thymipa. See our Plate 110, fig. 4, > 78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger and more prominent, the darker brown submarginal and discal fascia with indistinctly visible intervening pale brownish-white strige. Hindwing with the ocelli as in the male, sometimes the apical ocellus of the underside being also slightly apparent ; outer border also slightly traversed with pale strige. Underside as in the male but some- what darker in tint. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger. Hindwing also with the ocelli larger, the three lower sometimes having the yellow rings coalescent, and sometimes a variety occurs in which a small lower ocellus is attached beneath the apical one—when the outer yellow ring coalesces and is then continuous through- out the entire series ; another variety sometimes show three continuous decreasing upper ocelli, each with a separate yellow ring. Hxpanse, 1,5, to 1,5, inch. Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 111, figs. 1, d,e, f, gh, d 2). Ypthima Howra, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to the Identification of Insects, pl. 179, fig. 4, g. Ypthima Catharina, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 183. Ypthima jocularia, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 396. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Forewing with the lower discal area clothed with similar scales and androconia. Hindwing with the ocelli minute or obsolescent, the submarginal area more or less speckled with pale cinerescent scales. Underside with somewhat paler shades of cinerescent ochreous-white ; both wings generally with paler and less-defined strigz, especially on the hindwing. Jorewing with the ocellus, as in the wet-season brood, the sub- marginal and discal fascia less defined. Hindwing with the apical and three lower ocelli either very minute, but distinctly formed, or reduced to black dots, and some- times entirely obsolete ; the transverse discal angular fascia and submarginal sinuous line slightly apparent, or sometimes obsolete. Expanse, 1,3, to 1,5 inches. Avount Caterpiitar.—‘ The larva when full grown is about an inch, or a little less in length; the head round ; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment, which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails. The head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely- set tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs. Colour entirely green, with a dorsal line somewhat darker green, which becomes white at the fourth segment, and extends right through the crown of the head; there is also a paler green lateral line below the spiracles.” Curysatis.— The pupa is either green or brown; with the head rounded, the SATY RIN i. ‘ 79 edge of the wing-cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax humped, and marked, like the abdominal segments, with some dark brown waved lines and spots’ (de Nicéville). Hasirat.—India, Burma. Rearing oF Wer anp Dry-Suason Broop rrom tHe Eac.—Mr. L. de Nicéville (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, 231) gives the first recorded instance of rearing both the wet and dry-season brood of this species from the egg, as follows : —‘‘ On September 5th, 1885, Captain C. A. R. Sage, of the 18th Bengal Infantry, sent me in a tin box with a gauze cover seven live females which had that day been caught. WhenI received them they had laid over 70 eggs of a beautiful light green colour on the gauze cover, and two on the side of the box. On September 9th, larvae commenced to emerge, and I placed the gauze on which the eggs were laid amongst some grass growing in a pot, covering the whole with a large wooden box with glass sides. The larve rapidly fed up, and turned to pup, the imagines emerging between October 19th and 25th, as true Y. Hébneri like their mothers. The pupz were sometimes green, sometimes brown. On my return on November 8th from my autumn holiday in the Sikkim Hills, Captain Sage gave me six about half-erown larvze, which he had hatched on October 20th from eggs laid by Y. Hiibneri on the 15th. Being few in number, these larvae were fed up by me in a stoppered glass jar, fresh grass being supplied about every other day. ‘The first of them changed to a pupa on November 20th, and the imago emerged on December 7th; on November 22nd, another larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging December 9th ; on November 25th, two more larve changed to pupe, the imagines emerging December 12th; on December 8rd, another larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging December 19th; on December 12th, the last larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging on January Ist. All the pupz were green, and all the imagines were true Y. Howra. The colour of the pupa does not, I believe, affect the imago in the least ; it is purely protective, the green ones in nature being pro- bably attached to the green blades of grass, while the brown ones occur on the dark-coloured stems near the roots. Captain Sage first took Y. Howra on November 18th, at a time when a few Y. Hiibnert were still on the wing, this being the earliest date on which he captured the cold and dry-season non-ocellated form of this species.” Distrisution.—From North-Western India, specimens are recorded (Butt. Ind. i. 228) from Chumba. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in “‘ Kumaon, at Bag- heswar, Rambagh, and at Kapkot, at from 1000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. A.S. Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. G. F. Hampson has the wet-season form from Naini Tal, 1000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in October. In the North-East, Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 326) says it “cccursin the Sikkim Terai during the 80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. rainy season, but, as far as we know, not in the Hills.” It was also ‘taken by Mr. Otto Miller in the Sikkim Terai, from July to September ” (Butt. Ind. i. 227). From Western India we possess the wet-season form from Bombay, and Colonel C. Swinhoe (P. Z. 5. 1885, 127) obtained the wet-season form at ‘ Mahableshwar in May,” and the dry-season form ‘ (joculari) in April and May” (P. Z. 8S. 1889, 396). Mr. C. R. Morris obtained it in the Upper Godavery District in September, and Mr. G. Vidal took numerous specimens in March on the Coessi and Onomed Ghats in the South Konkan” (Butt. Ind. 228). In the South it has been taken by Captain E. Y. Watson, in Mysore, at Kathlekan, Kadur District, in November, and the dry- season form in November and December. Mr. G. F. Hampson has it also from Mysore, taken at 3000 feet in September. From the Nilgiri Hills, Mr. Hampson (J. A. S. Bengal, 1888, 350) records it as being common on the Northern Slopes, at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation,’ the wet-season form being registered in his MS. Notes, as taken in May, and the dry-season form [agreeing with Howra-jocularia | in January. Mr. A. W. Morris obtained the dry-season form (jocularia) on the Shevaroy Hills. “Mr. H. Fergusson took it at Trevandrum and in the Ashamboo Hills ” (Butt. Ind. 228). We possess the wet-season form from Mynall, 2600 feet, in Travancore. From the Eastward, Captain EH. Y. Watson has the dry-season form from Surada, Gangam District, Orissa, taken in January. ‘In the neigh- bourhood of Calcutta it is common throughout the year’’ (Butt. Ind. 227). Mr. L. de Nicéville reared the wet-season form in Calcutta, from the egg, in October, and the dry-season form in November, December and January, as above recorded. It occurs “in Assam, as far north as Sibsagur” (Butt. Ind. 227), and Mr. J. Wood- Mason records ‘‘numerous specimens from Cachar” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 351). From Burma we possess the wet-season form from Chittagong, taken in August and September. It has been taken in “ Akyab in July” (Butt. Ind. 227). Captain E. Y. Watson obtained many specimens during the Chin Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35), which we have examined, the wet-season form having been taken at Pauk Yaw in September, and also on the road from Pauk to Tilin in November, and the dry-season form at Tilin Yaw in January and April, Pauk to Tilin in November, and at Tilin in November and April. Captain Watson also took the wet-season form at Rangoon in May, July, August, September, November and December, the wet-season form at Poungadaw, Thyetmyo in October and November, at Beeling, in Tenasserim, in March, and the dry-season form also at Beeling in March and April, at Kyaikto in February, at Sittang, Tenasserim, in January, and at Toungu in March. Commander Carpenter, R.N., obtained the dry- season form, named Y. Catharina, by Mr. Butler, “at Katha on the Irrawaddy, in January, and at Myadoung in January.” (Ann. N. H. 1886, 183.) Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season form at Bhamo, in November. It is also recorded SATYRINZ. 81 (Butt. Ind. 227) from ‘“‘ Pegu, in May and June, and taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson at Gyne,” in January. Dr. J. Anderson found it ‘‘very common in the Mergui Archipelago, from December to March.” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 32.) Distripution Ovursipz Inpran Arna.—Mr, W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, p. 5) describes and figures a female of the wet-season form from Malacca, Malay Penin- sula. We also possess it from Malacca. Mr. Distant also records it from Sumatra and Java, on the authority of Herr Snellen. The latter locality is doubtless an error, for this species, as we possess several specimens received from Herr Snellen, labelled, “ philomela,” of Hubner, and all of them have six ocelli, disposed in three pairs, on the underside of the hindwing, and are undoubted philomela of Linnzus, which latter species is quite distinct, and belongs to another division of the Ypthime group. Of the illustrations of Y. Hubnert on our Plate No. 111, fig. 1 represents the larva and pupa reared in Calcutta by Mr. L. de Nicéville; jigs. la, b, Calcutta males of the wet-season brood, and fig. 1c, a Nilgiri female of the same brood ; jigs. 1d, e, represent the male and female of the dry-season brood, these being the type specimens of ‘‘ Howra,” jig. f is from one of the dry-season males reared by Mr. de Nicéville in Calcutta; jig. g is a male, and fig. h the female Mahabeshwar type specimens of jocularia, kindly lent by Colonel Swinhoe. YPTHIMA CEYLONICA. Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 112, figs. 2, 2a, g 2). Yphthima Ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 288, pl. 18, figs. 14, 15, ¢@. Ypthima. Ceylonica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i, p. 25, pl. 12, figs. 5, 5a, 2 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 228 (1883). TIvaco.—Male. Upperside brown; cilia of forewing cinerescent-brown, of hind- wing white. Forewing with a prominent large apical bipupilled ocellus, and a few very slightly-defined submarginal pale cinerescent strige. Hindwing with the lower half pure white, the extreme outer edge-line and a contiguous submarginal sinuous line being dark brown ; bordering the latter are two small black median ocelli, and, generally, a smaller anal ocellus, each with a slightly-defined minute white pupil, ochreous ring, and then a brown ring ; sometimes a small apical black spot is also present. Underside cinerescent-white, purest white on the hindwing; sparsely covered with delicate transverse brown strigz, which are much less numerous, more slender, and more widely separated on the discal area of the hindwing. Forewing with the ocellus larger than above, broadly pale ochreous ringed, and outwardly by a brown ring, the latter ring broadly extending below the ocellus, and descending as a brown streak to the posterior margin ; a slightly-defined discal and submarginal vot. u. November 17th, 1892. M 82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. brown fascia. Hindwing with a prominent black apical ocellus, two median and a bipupilled anal ocellus, each distinctly formed with an ochreous ring and slender outer brown ring. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocelli are somewhat larger, and those on the hindwing slightly blurred by contiguous brown strigz, some few strige also being visible across the white area. Underside more densely packed with brown strigz than in the male, on both wings, the ocelli being the same, but very prominent. Body beneath white; palpi brown above, edged with white, the frontal hairs brown and white; legs brown above, white beneath; antenne dark brown, annulated with white, tip reddish. Dry-Szason Broop. Male. Upperside slightly paler brown. Hindwing with the marginal and sinuous submarginal brown line less defined; two ill-defined median minute ocelli. Underside also slightly paler. Hindwing with the apical and lower ocelli all very minute. Female. Upperside paler. Ocelli on the hindwing with the marginal and sinuous submarginal brown line very slenderly defined. Underside paler, some- what ochreous-white, the strigz paler, and the ocelli on hindwing very minute. Expanse, ¢ 12, to1,3, 2 1,3, to 1,5, inches. Hasitat.—Ceylon; S. India; Orissa. Distrisution.—In Ceylon, according to Captain F. J. Hutchison, it is ‘ very common at Galle and Colombo, among grass and weeds by the road side. Flight short, constantly settling down on leaves, or in the grass” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 25). Mr. F. M. Mackwood notes that it is “very abundant from the level of the coast to the highest ranges, and at all times of the year.” Major J. W. Yerbury recently obtained the wet-season brood at Trincomaliin July and September. ‘“‘ Till recently it was believed to be confined to the Island of Ceylon, but it has now been taken in Travancore by Mr. H. Fergusson, and was found extremely common in Orissa by Mr. W. C. Taylor. Mr. Kirby records it from Madras” (Butt. Ind. i. 228). Mr. F. C. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng., 1888, 350) obtained it in the “ Nilgiris at 2000 to 4000 feet elevation on the Southern Slopes, where it takes the place of Y. Hubneri of the Northern Slopes; very common; March; August.’ Lieut. E. Y. Watson has obtained it at Berhampore in Gangam, having taken the wet-season brood in September, 1887, and the dry-season brood in February of the same year. Genus KOLASA. Imaco.—Forewing comparatively longer, less triangular, and the exterior margin less oblique than in typical Ypthima (Hiibneri). Hindwing longer, narrower, exterior SATYRINZ. 83 margin very oblique, abdominal margin longer, and excavated before the anal angle. Venation similar, except that in the forewing the cell is longer posteriorly, and the discocellulars considerably more bent inward; cell of hindwing also longer posteriorly. No andreconia on the forewing. Apical joint of palpi much shorter, stouter, and with long projecting hairs in front, whereas in Hiibneri this joint is long, slender, cylindrical, and naked. Antenne stouter, with a conspicuous lengthened grooved rather broad club, the club in Hiibneri being slender, and not grooved. Type.—K. Chenui. ° KOLASA CHENTI. Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 112, figs. 3, 3a, 5 2). Satyrus Chenu, Guérin-Méneville, in Delessert’s Souv. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 77, pl. 21, fig. 2 (1843). Yphthima Chenu, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 396 (1851). Hewitson, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 285. ; Ypthima Chenui, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 228 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinereous ochreous-brown; cilia cinereous. Forewing with a moderately large prominent rounded obliquely-disposed subapical black ocellus, bipupilled with silvery-blue, and encircled by an ochreous-yellow outer ring; a very indistinct dusky-brown discal and a submarginal fascia. Hindwing with two small prominent subanal ocelli, pupilled with silvery-blue and encircled by an ochreous-yellow ring. Underside whitish, very numerously covered with thick dark ochreous-brown strigz, which are most numerous and somewhat confluent on the forewing. Forewing with a subapical ocellus as on upperside, but more promi- nent, and contiguously bordered by a more or less well-defined discal and a sub- marginal transverse ochreous-brown fascia. Hindwing with a single prominent aical oval ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and four linearly-disposed lower decreasing ovate ocelli, the two anal being minute and sometimes geminated ; crossed by a more or less well-defined broad subbasal, a discal, and an anteriorly- broader submarginal ochreous-brown fascia, the latter encompassing the lower ocelli and sometimes coalescent in the middle with the discal fascia. Female. Upperside paler, the outer discal area slightly mottled with pale cinereous-ochreous strigz ; ocelli on both wings as in the male. Underside as in the male. Dry-Srason Broop.—Male. Upperside as in wet-season brood. Underside less whitish, the brown strigze more confluent, the transverse bands broader, the ocelli on hindwing reduced to smaller oval size. Female. Upperside with less perceptible pale strigew. Underside as in male. Expanse, 1,% to 1,4 inch. M 2 84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasitat.—Nilgiri Hills, 8. India. Disrrisution.—According to Mr. G. F. Hampson (‘‘MS. Notes”) this is “common on rocky hill sides. It has four broods in the year. Taken at Dun- sandle, Nilgiris, 6700 feet elevation from February to May, and at the Sholur Ghat, 6500 feet, in March. Is not found below 5000 feet, and chiefly frequents places on the top of the plateau where sheet-rocks crop out on grass hill sides. It is also found on the Anaymalai Hills, 4300 feet, south of the Palghat Gap in February, flying with K. Yphthimoides.” Captain E. Y. Watson obtained specimens at Coonoor and Ootacamiind in August. KOLASA YPHTHIMOIDES (Plate 112, figs. 4, 4a, $ @). Callerebia Yphthimoides, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 307. Ypthima Yphthimoides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 230 (1883). Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 4. Ypthima Robinson, Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 406. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 229. Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent-brown ; cilia cinerescent- brown. Forewing with an obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with silvery- blue and encircled by a very slender dark ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with two small median ocelli pupilled with silvery-blue. Underside numerously covered with pale brownish-grey strigz, which are duller and uniformly-disposed on the fore- wing, but on the hindwing the strigz are paler grey and more prominently-disposed in transverse broad fascie, similar to those in K.Chenui. Forewing with an ocellus, as above, and slight traces of a submarginal and a discal darker fascia. Hindwing with one, sometimes two, small apical ocelli, two median, and two minute anal ocelli, the two latter being sometimes geminated, each with a single silvery-blue pupil and slender dark ochreous ring. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the outer borders are mottled with pale brownish-grey strigz ; sometimes there is a geminated pair of minute anal ocelli on the hindwing. Underside paler than in the male, the pale strige and the fascize bemg more defined. Body beneath, palpi and legs brown in the male, but brownish-grey in the female ; antennz with reddish tip. Expanse, d 1$ to 18, ¢ 1% to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Travancore Hills, 8. India. Disrrizorion.—‘* Obtained by Mr. Bourdillon at Colathoorpolay Patnas, 4000 feet elevation, Travancore, in April.” Mr. Fergusson writing from Trevandrum says, “it is to be found on the hills here only on grass land near the tops of the hills. My specimens were taken in two localities—one a small patch of grass about an acre in extent at an elevation of 3500 feet, and the other on a grass hill about 8000 SATYRINAL. 85 feet; here they were fairly abundant” (Butt. India, i. 230). Mr. W. L. Distant (Ann. N. H. 1882, 406) records specimens obtained by Mr. F. E. Robinson, in the Pulni Hills. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens taken in the Anaymalai Hills, at 4500 feet elevation in February. Genus NADIRIA. Inaco.—Wings broader than in typical Ypthima. Jorewing with the costa more arched, subcostal and median vein much swollen; cell broader. No ANpRo- conta. Hindwing with the costa more arched ; cell broader ; three linearly-disposed apical ocelli, and two anal ocelli on the underside. Antennz with a shorter and somewhat stouter club. Type.—N. Bolanica. NADIRIA BOLANICA (Plate 112, figs. 5, 5a, g 2). Ypthima Bolanica, Marshall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1882, p. 759, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 231 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Cilia brown with a distinct whitish-cinereous inner line. Forewing with the subcostal and median vein very tumid at the base; a prominent large subapical black ocellus with two silvery- blue pupils, a yellowish ring and an outer brown ring, the surrounding border mottled with lilacine-grey and then edged by the darker brown curved continuous submarginal and discal fascia. Hindwing with a slightly-apparent darker brown submarginal line, a single small prominent black subanal ocellus between the two lower medians, pupilled with silvery-blue and yellow ringed, sometimes the two minute silvery-blue dots of the geminated anal ocellus of the underside are also visible. Underside whitish-cinereous, thickly covered with purpurescent ochreous-brown strigee, which are broadest on the basal area. Forewing with the subapical ocellus as on upperside, but more prominent, and the broad brown curved-submarginal and the oblique-discal fascia broadly confluent above the posterior angle ; two short ill- defined brown bands also across end of the cell. Hindwing crossed by a rather broad brown excurved discal band, which is slightly angulated posteriorly, and an ill- defined submarginal wavy fascia; three upper linearly-disposed slightly decreasing ocelli, disposed between the upper subcostal and upper median veinlet, and a some- what larger subanal ocellus and a smaller geminated anal pair, all being prominently oval-pupiiled with silvery-blue and with a dark narrow yellow ring. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocellus on both wings is larger. Underside also as in the male, the ocelli larger, more prominent, and with brighter yellow ring. Expanse, ¢ 1,5 to 1,4, ? 144 to 1,4 inch. 86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasitat.—Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan ; N.-W. India. Distrisution.—The type specimen, which we have examined, was taken by Colonel C. Swinhoe at Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan, in September, 1879. We possess specimens taken by Major J. W. Yerbury at Attack Bridge in November, 1885, and April, 1886, at Kairabad in March and April, 1886, at Campbellpur in April, and on the Akhori Hills in September. Major Yerbury records it (Ann. N. H. 1888, 136) as being “common on the Hills round Campbellpur, Attack, and Kairabad in March and April.” Genus PANDIMA. Imaco.— Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing less subtriangular, costa much arched, exterior margin less oblique and more convex; cell broad; discocellulars very concave. No Anproconra. Hindwing beneath with one apical ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and two anal ocelli. Palpi stouter; antennz with a slenderly-formed club. Type.—P. Nareda. PANDIMA NAREDA (Plate 113, figs. 1, la ¢). Satyrus Nareda, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 451 (1844). Yphthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 6, ¢ (mec fig. 7). Ypthima Nareda, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 221, pl. xvii. fig. 63, ¢ (1883). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 359. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown ; both wings with the outer border slightly paler and crossed by an indistinct darker diffused submarginal and a slender marginal line; cilia brownish-cinereous. J’orewing with an oval sub- apical black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white, and with a slender pale ochreous outer ring ; the area bordering the ocellus somewhat paler than the ground colour, thus forming an ill-defined halo. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus witha single bluish-white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring; occasionally a minute anal ocellus is also present. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, or cinereous, very numerously covered with delicate dark-brown strige. Forewing with a diffused rufescent-brown submarginal fascia, which widens inward posteriorly and slightly ascends towards end of the cell ; a prominent black subapical ocellus with silvery-blue pupils, bright ochreous ring and then a brown ring. Hindwing with an ill-defined diffused rufescent-brown submarginal fascia, a large prominent round apical black ocellus, the pupil of which is disposed between the upper and lower subcustals; two some- what smaller anal ocelli, the upper with a single silvery-blue pupil, the lower generally bipupilled. Female, Upperside slightly paler ; the submarginal fascia more diffused; ocelli the same. Underside as in the male. SATYRINA. 87 Expanse, 1,4, to 1,5 inch. Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalayas. DistRIBUTION.—This is a common species in the Western Himalayas, being replaced in the East by the next species. Major H. B. Hellard took it at ‘‘ Simla, Masuri, and in Kashmir from June to October” (MS. Notes). Colonel A. M. Lang obtained it at ‘ Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, in May and June, and at Jaranda, ‘Kunawur, in June” (MS. Notes). The late Mr. W. S. Atkinson obtained it in the Tavi Valley, Kashmir, and at Naini Tal. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens taken at Naini Tal 5000 to 6000 feet, in May, by Colonel Lang, and from Kulu Valley, 5000 feet, taken by Mr. A. Graham Young. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A.S. Beng. 1886, 119) says it is found “common in Kumaon generally, up to 9000 feet.” Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. N. H. 1888, 137) records it as “ fairly common between Abbottabad and Kala Pani; common also at Murree in August, also taken at Dewal in August.” ‘Throughout the Western Himalayas it occurs at from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation in suitable localities and is not uncommon. In Kashmir it has been taken in June at 8200 feet elevation; in Pangi and Kulu in May and July, and in the neighbourhood of Simla in July; it also occurs at Masuri and probably in Kumaon”’ (Butt. of Ind. 221). PANDIMA NEWARA (Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). Ypthima Newara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 567, g ; Waterhouse, Aid Identif. Ins. pl. 179, fig. 7, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 222 (1883). Yphthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, pl. 17, fig. 7, 2 (mec fig. 6). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown ; the submarginal diffused pale- bordered fascia and slender marginal line darker brown. Forewing with a sub- apical black oval ocellus (which is disposed less outwardly-oblique than in Nareda) bipupilled with blue.. Hindwing with a round subanal blue-pupilled ocellus and a minute anal oval pupilled ocellus; sometimes the latter is obsolete and also occasionally geminated. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous ; numerously covered with delicate brown strige. Forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled ccellus (disposed less out- wardly-oblique than in Nareda) ; the submarginal brown fascia narrow, not dilated posteriorly, but with slight traces of a similar inner lower-discal shade. Hindwing with a slightly-defined submarginal fascia, the apical black ocellus prominently large and silvery-blue pupilled (sometimes being bipupilled), the two lower ocelli also pro- minent, the lowest bipupilled, the pupils in each being large and oval in shape. Female. Upperside paler; the outer half of both wings indistinctly traversed with pale ochreous-cinereous strigz ; ocelli as in male. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 1,5 to 2, ¢ 1,8 inch. 88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Hastern Himalayas. P. Newara is distinguishable from P. Nareda on the upperside by the less out- wardly-oblique position of the ocellus on both the upper and underside of the fore- wing. On the underside also, the ocelli are larger, especially the apical ocellus on the hindwing, and in the female being numerously covered with pale strigz on the upperside. Our illustrations on Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, represent the Nepal type male and female. DistrisuTion.—Occurs in the Hastern Himalayas. We possess specimens from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and from Sikkim. ‘“ Mr. Otto Miiller took it in Sikkim, in October, at about 8000 feet elevation. We have specimens from Nepal” (Butt. Ind. i. 222). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 325) says it “occurs in Sikkim from the Terai up to about 5000 feet, from May to September.” PANDIMA LYCUS (Plate 113, fig. 3, ¢). Ypthima Lycus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 164, pl. A, fig. 2, ¢. Ypthima Motschulzkii, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 214 (mec Bremer). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous. ore- wing with a small black bipupilled subapical ocellus with a slender pale ochreous outer ring; discal area, including lower part of the cell, dusky, but clothed with ordinary broad rather large dentate-tipt scales and some longer narrower anteriorly widening scales with sharp dentate-tips. Hindwing with a small well-formed round ocellus situated between the lower medians. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous, thickly covered with dark-brown strige which are uniformly-disposed throughout. Forewing with the ocellus as above, but more prominent, and with broader outer yellow ring. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus and two smaller anal ocelli, the lowest bipupilled. Female. Upperside paler throughout than in the male ; ocelli on both wings the same, those on the underside being larger. Expanse 1,5, to 1,8 inch. Hasitat.—Khasia Hills. This is a smaller insect than Y. Newara. The underside is more uniformly covered with brown strigee ; discal shade not present. Distripution.—* Occurs near Shillong in the Khasia Hills, where it was taken by Dr. E. R. Johnson in March, April, May and July, who writes “ that it flies faster than Y. Newara, frequents more open spaces, and is rather uncommon”’ (Butt. Ind. i. 215). We possess specimens taken by Dr. G. Watt, in November, on his journey to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 302), and also specimens from Balah 4000 feet SATYRIN 4. 89 elevation, taken by Dr. Watt. The specimens recorded as “‘ Newara” by Mr Wood- Mason (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 351) as occurring in the “ forests near Silcuri, Cachar, in May and July,” and those mentioned (Butt. Ind. 222) as from “ Sibsagur, Upper Assam,” doubtless refers to this. PANDIMA WATSONI. Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 113, fig. 4, ¢). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown; both wings with a darker brown submarginal fascia and a single slender marginalline. Forewing with a moder- ately large subapical ocellus bipupilled with silvery-white, and a slightly-defined out- wardly-oblique discal brown fascia. Hindwing witha single subanal moderately-large ocellus, and a slightly-defined angulated discal brown fascia. Underside dull whitish- cinereous, numerously covered with thick dark-brown strigz. Forewing with a large subapical ocellus broadly ringed with pale ochreous; an ill-defined discal and a submarginal brown fascia. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus, a large subanal and a conjoined large anal ocellus, each with a broad pale-ochreous ring and silvery- blue pupil, the anal ocellus being bipupilled. Female. Upperside paler ; submarginal brown fascia and single slender marginal line, as in the male. Both wings with the ocellus larger, and the discal area mottled with pale cinereous strigz ; the hindwing showing also an incipient small anal ocellus. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ ¢ 1,5, to 1,8, inch. Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 113, figs. 4, a, b,c, ¢ ¢). Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinerescent-brown. Forewing with a large rounded bipupilled ocellus, a well-defined outwardly-oblique discal and a submarginal darker brown fascia, both joining above the posterior angle. Hindwing with a moderately large subanal ocellus, an angulated discal brown fascia and a _ well-defined submarginal fascia, the inner area between the fascia on both wings being paler. Underside pale olivescent-cinereous, numerously covered with olive-brown speckled- strigz at the base and outer border and with paler speckles only on the ocelli areas. Forewing with the ocellus large and prominent, the outwardly-oblique discal and the submarginal brown fascia distinct and joined together above the posterior angle. Hindwing also with two distinctly-defined medial brown fasciz, both being angulated, the outer one especially; submarginal fascia also prominent; the apical ocellus, situated between the subcostals, and the two anal ocelli, very minute. Female. Upperside paler; the discal area between the fascie mottled with pale cinereous strige. Hindwing with a minute geminated anal ocellus below the sub- anal. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 1,4, ¢ 1,5 inch. VOL. Il. 90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Burma. This species is nearest allied to the Malayan P. corticara. The male of the wet- season brood of P. Watsoni differs from the same sex of P. corticaria, on the upperside of both wings, in haying only one marginal slender brown line, whereas the latter species, in both sexes, possess wo very distinctly-defined marginal lines, in addition to the submarginal fascia ; the ocellus on both wings of P. Watsoni also have a broader and paler ochreous ring. On the underside of P. Watsoni, the strige are more uniformly-disposed, the hindwing not showing the transverse pale fascie as are present in P. corticaria; the ocelli in P. Watsoni have a much broader pale ochreous ring, and the ocelli on the hindwing are also larger. DisTRIBUTION.—Specimens of the wet-season brood were taken by Signor Leonardo Fea at Palon, in Pegu, during August, and others at Bhamo in November. In Major C. H. E. Adamson’s Collection are examples from Kindat in Chindwin, taken in November, 1891, and others from Pyoumyoung in the Shan States, taken in July. Dr. N. Manders records (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519), under Y. Newara, “ five specimens of both sexes taken in the wet and dry seasons, in the Shan States, one of which was taken in April on the Yatsouk Expedition.” Capt. E. Y. Watson took examples of the dry-season brood at Toungoo in January and March, 1891. Dr. J. Anderson took specimens in Burma during the Yunan Expedition. PANDIMA MAHRATTA. Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, la, ¢ ¢). Ypthima Mahratta, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 16. Waterhouse, Aid Indentif. of Ins, pl. 179, fig. 1, ¢. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 137. Ypthima Asterope, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 224 (nec. Klug). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a subapical bipupilled ocellus, a slightly darker brown submarginal and a curved discal fascia, with paler intervening area bordering the ocellus. Hindwing with a very small sub- anal ocellus pupilled with blue. Underside cinereous, very numerously covered with short delicate pale-brown strige, which are uniformly disposed, but in most speci- mens show traces of an ill-defined irregular discal brown fascia. Forewing with a brownish submarginal fascia which curves below the ocellus and joins the discal fascia. Hindwing with a very small distinct and well-formed apical ocellus dis- posed between the subcostals, and two similar subanal ocelli of the same size, the lowest being bipupilled. Expanse ¢ ljo, ? 1,% inch. Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, b,c, ¢). Ypthima Alemola, Swinhoe, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 127. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 137. Male and female. Upperside of both sexes similar to the wet-season brood. SATYRINZ. 91 Underside. Forewing also similar. Hindwing finely irrorated with brown scales— imperfectly forming strige, which are more densely disposed on the basal half, paler and less numerous on the outer half; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal, a medial narrow sinuous angular fascia, and a less-defined submarginal fascia ; a very minute apical and two anal black dots, the former disposed between the subcostals and generally blind, the two latter sometimes pupilled and ringed. The following is the original description of Y. Alemola. ‘*‘Male and female. Upperside very similar to Y. Asterope, an African species. Underside much paler, and of a different hue, greyish-white, very plentifully covered with pale reddish-brown striz, more dense in the fore than in the hindwing. Forewings with a brown fascia from the costa round the ocellus back to the costa, diffuse and deep below the ocellus. Hind- wing with three sinuous fasciz across the wing, the first before the middle, the second beyond the middle, the third submarginal; one or other of these fascie is very often obsolete ; the striz is denser towards the base of the wing, leaving the outer half whitish; two anal and one apical blind dots, in the place of the well-formed ocelli with yellow wings of Y. Asterope, one or other of these dots is often wanting, in some specimens all are wanting.” Expanse, 1,%, to 1; inch. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas ; Western and Central India; Orissa. This species is allied to the N.-E. African (Aden) species P. Asterope of Klug, specimens of which from Lahej, in Aden, collected by Major J. W. Yerbury, are in our collection. Distripution.—In the N.-W. Himalayas, the wet-season form of this species has been taken by Colonel A. M. Lang in the ‘‘ Simla Hills in June and July” (MS. Notes), and at Naini Tal. Col. C. H. T. Marshall took it in “‘Chumba, in March” (Butt. Ind. 225), and Col. Swinhoe possesses specimens from Col. Marshall taken at Chumba in April. Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 137) collected the wet-season form at Attock and Abbottabad in April, at Campbellpur and Hassan Abdal in June and July, at Kairabad in July, and at Abbottabad and Kala Pani in July and August. The dry-season form (Alemola) was also obtained at Attock in March and April, at Kairabad in April, at Campbellpur in April, at Akhori Hill in April, at Hassan Abdal in May, Kala Pani in May, and at Rawul Pindi and on the Murree Road in March and April. Both forms being common on the Hills round Campbellpur, and on the lower slopes of the Hills near Abbottabad.” Mr. W. Doherty doubtless refers to this species (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119), under Y. Asterope, as having been collected by him in Kumaon at “‘ Bagheswar, Takula, Lower Sarfu and Lower Gori, at 2000 to 6000 feet elevation.” In Western India, it has been taken at “ Hyderabad in Sind” (Butt. Ind. 225). Specimens from Mount Aboo are in Major Adamson’s collection. The late Mr. G. H. Wilkinson took it at N 2 92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Akote. Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained both forms at Ahmednuggur, and records (P. Z. S. 1885, 127) the wet-season form (Mahratta) as taken in “‘ Bombay in October and November, and the diy-season form (Alemola) at Poona from October to June.” At Mhow the wet-season form was taken in ‘June, July and November, also at Neemuck, September to November,’ and the dry-season form in February, and “from April to July” (P. Z. 8. 1886, 423). The late Dr. F. Day collected speci- mens in the Dekkan. It has also been taken in “ Khandesh and Nagpur, and by Mr. J. A. Betham at Amri and Ghindwara, Central Provinces, in October” (Butt. Ind. 225). Capt. E. Y. Watson has specimens of the wet-season form, taken at Ahmednuggur in August, and also of the dry-season form (Almeola) taken in April. Capt. Watson also took the wet-season form in Ganjam, Orissa, in June. This species (Mahratta) is erroneously entered by Mr. G. F. Hampson (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 350), as having been taken by him in the Nilgiris. The specimens in his collection (which we have examined), and are entered in his MS. Journal as this species, are labelled as having been taken in “‘ Poona by Col. Swinhoe.” Iypo-Matayan sprcies oF Panpiwa.—P. Pandocus (Y. Pandocus, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. EH. I. Compy., i. p. 235. Hewitson, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 290, pl. 18, fig. 12). Habitat. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.—P. corticaria (Y. corticaria, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 537); Distant Rhop. Malay, p. 55, pl. 7, fig. 8. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Singapore.—P. Motschulskyi (Sat. Motsch. Bremer; Menétries, Catal. Mus. Acad. Petr. Lep. i. pl. 6, fig. 5,1885). Habitat. N. China.—P. multistriata (Y. multistriata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 50). Habitat. N. Formosa.— P. sempera (Y. sempera, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 125). Semper, Reis. Archipel. Phil. Lep. i. 49, pl. 10, figs. 1,2. Habitat. Mindanaro.—P. Stellera (Hipp. stellera, Esch. Kotzeb. Reise iii., p. 216, pl. 10, fig. 24, 1881). Semper, l.c., p. 48. Habitat. Philippines.—P. norma (Y. norma, Westwood, in Doubleday, and Hewits, Gen. D. Lep. 395, pl. 67, fig 1, 1851). Habitat. China (? Java). Genus LOHANA. Imaco.—Wings much shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing with the cell very broad: discocellulars much more oblique; no visible glandular patch, but the lower discal area is clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt scales, some longer dentate-tipt scales, and a few long filiform dark androconia with tassel-tips. Hindwing with one subapical ocellus, disposed between the lower subcostal and the radial veinlet. Palpi slender, apical joint long; antennal club very slender. Type.—L. Inica. SATYRINZ. 93 LOHANA INICA. Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 2). Ypthima Ariaspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 224 (1883). 3 Ypthima Rara, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 1, 9. Ypthima Dedalea, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1886, p. 423, ¢. Iwaco.—Male and female. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Forewing with a rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus; no visible glandular patch, but the lower discal area clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt scales, some longer dentate-tipt scales, and many long filiform dark androconia with tassel-tips. Hind- wing with a small subanal ocellus. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous, uniformly covered with numerous narrow brown prominent strige ; no submarginal shade. Jorewing with ocellus, as above, prominent, bipupilled, and with pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with an apical ocellus (disposed between the lower subcostal and radial) and two small subanal ocelli, the lowest bipupilled. Expanse, I 9 to 1, inch. Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, b,e,d,e, 2). Yphthima Inica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 5, 9. Ypthima Inica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i, p. 225 (1883). , Ypthima Alkibie, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 422. Ypthima complexiva, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 423, pl. 40, fig. 2, 2 (variety). Male and Female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside pale ochreous-grey, very numerously covered with brown strigz, more or less uniformly disposed on both wings, and with an indistinctly defined incomplete submarginal sinuous fascia, which is more distinct on parts of the hindwing, or the hindwing is crossed by four more or less defined somewhat clouded brown sinuous fasicx, the intervening strigose spaces being pale ochreous-grey. Forewing with a prominent ocellus, as in wet-season brood, sometimes there is a minute blind ocellule present (as in the variety complexiva) between the lower median veinlets. Hindwing with three minute, more or less perfectly-formed ocelli, or, black dots, sometimes the black dots are obsolescent, as in the typically described Inica. Expense, 1,'5 to 1,9 inch. Hasitat.— Western and Central India, Upper Bengal. Distrisution.—The type specimens of the wet-season brood (Ariaspa) were obtained by the late General G. Hearsey in the Punjab District, and the late Mr. 94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. EK, T. Atkinson collected it in Western Central India. Colonel C. Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1883, 145) also collected the wet-season form in “ Mhow, Central India, in September and October 1881,” also recording it (P. Z. S. 1886, 423) as being “ very plentiful in Mhow from May to November ; and at Neemuck in November.” In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection are several of the wet-season brood, which were taken by Mr. W. H. Irvine at Bholakat, Malda District, Upper Bengal. The dry-season brood (Inica Hewitson), of which the type specimen was taken in Malwa, Central India, is in the British Museum collection. Colonel Swinhoe records it (P. Z. S. 1883, 145) from Mhow, December and February, and in P. Z. 8. 1886, 422-3) his alkibie, also from ‘‘ Mhow, being very plentiful from November to March, and at Depalpur in January and February ;” the variety, complexiva, having been also taken at ‘‘Depalpur in November.” The type specimens of both the wet and dry-season form of this species, referred to above, have all been examined and verified by the author. Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 114, figs. 2, 2a represent the male and female wet-season brood (ariaspa), figs. 2b, c, d, e, the diry-season brood ; Jig. 2b being a male similar to the figure of ‘ complexiva,’ and figs. 2c, d, e, being typical ‘ Inica ’ and ‘ Alkibie.’ Genus DALLACHA. Imaco.—Wings short. Forewing very broad; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin almost erect and slightly convex; cell broad, very long, extending to more than half the wing; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third and fourth at equal distances beyond; upper disco- cellular angled close to the subcostal, concave below, lower discocellular convex ; subcostal much swollen at the base, median not swollen. No androconia. Hindwing short, very broad; cell extending to beyond half the wing; discocellulars long, very oblique ; with two apical and two anal ocelli on the underside. Palpi stout, densely clothed ; antennz with a very lengthened slender club. Tyrr.—D. Hyagriva. According to Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119) “‘ the venation of the forewing shows this species to be a true Callerebia, both the first and second subcostals being emitted before end of the cell. The structure of the pre- hensores shows the same thing. All the Satyride known to me, except Ypthima and Melanitis, have the uncus branched, and in Hyagriva this part is branched precisely as in other Callerebia. The prehensores are scarcely to be distinguished from those of C. Annada,” SATYRINZ. 95 DALLACHA HYAGRIVA (Plate 115, figs. 1, la, 3 9). Yphthima Hyagriva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Compy., i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1885, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 11. Ypthima Hyagriva, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 226, pl. 17, fig 64, 9 (1883). TIuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent brown; cilia cinereous-brown with a paler inner line ; both wings with a dusky-brown submarginal fascia. Forewing with a prominent large broadly-oval or rounded subapical black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and ringed with ochreous, sometimes a single white pupil only is present, and in some a minute ocellule is also present between the lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a large round subanal ocellus with a single pupil and ochreous ring. Underside deep olivescent brownish-ochreous ; cilia brownish- ochreous with a brown line. Jorewing with the costal edge and outer border slightly flecked with brown strige ; a distinct broad dusky-brown submarginal fascia and a slender black marginal line; ocellus, as in upperside, bipupilled, and below it is one, or two, white spots between the medians, the lower one being sometimes a fully developed minute ocellus. Hindwing numerously covered with dusky-brown waved strigz ; a submarginal dusky-brown fascia; a large geminated pair of apical ocelli, each with a bluish-white pupil and both encompassed by an ochreous ring; a similar geminated pair of anal ocelli, and between the upper and lower medians two intervening white dots are generally present. Female. Upper and underside as in the male; sometimes a minute anal ocellus being present on upperside of the hindwing. Body beneath, palpi, and legs olives- cent brownish-ochreous ; antennz brown above and ochreous beneath in male, reddish in the female. Expanse, ¢ 1,4 to 1,%, 2 1, to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. Distrisotion.—In the late Mr, W. 8. Atkinson’s collection we verified speci- mens labelled ‘ Tavi Valley, Kashmir,” and “ Chumba,”’ and in a MS. Note, he says, **T have a specimen from Kumaon, and I took two or three near Thana Mandi just before crossing the Ruttan Pir. It seemed common there. I also took a specimen on the outer hills of Chumba.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “ Masuri at the end of September, or beginning of October ”’ (MS. Notes). In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection are specimens taken by “Colonel A. M. Lang in Gin Chini, Kumaon, at 5000 feet in September, and at Naini Tal, 6500 feet, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 119) says, “I found Hyagriva not uncommon at various points in Kumaon, from 3000 to 7000 feet elevation, during the rains.” ‘‘ Mr. A. Graham Young took it in the Kulu Valley in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 226). We have a specimen from General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection, 96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus CALLEREBIA. Callerebia, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217 ; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868); Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 243 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing broad, subtriangular; costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly convex, posterior angle rounded ; cell broad, extending to more than half the wing ; costal vein much swollen at the base, median vein slightly swollen; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, the first at some distance before, and the second close to the end; upper discocellular short and inwardly-oblique, angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long, excurved; upper radial from angle close to the subcostal, lower radial from the middle below the end of upper discocellular ; median branches at nearly equal distances apart; submedian slightly recurved from the base. Hind- wing very broad, obtusely-conical; anterior margin convex, apex round, exterior margin convex, anal angle somewhat produced and slightly lobular, abdominal margin recurved and convex towards the base; cell long, broad across the middle; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular very oblique, slightly concave anteriorly, radial from above the middle; the middle median emitted at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi densely hairy to the tip, above, and beneath; antennz with a lengthened slender tip. Typz.—C. Scanda. Hasits.—The species of Callerebia “are autumnal insects of weak flopping flight, with an irregular pitching action ; frequenting bare grassy slopes [hybrida], or else hedges, copses, and fields near woods [Nirmala and Scanda].” (Col. A. M. Lang, MS.: Notes). In the Western Himalayas they affect lower elevations than the species of Paralasa, and are common in the outer ranges at 6000 feet elevation. CALLEREBIA ORIXA (Plate 115, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ 2). Callerebia Orixa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 555, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, ete. i. p. 245 (1883). Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 301. Callerebia ophthalmica, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p, 227, pl. 81 (1887). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown, vinescent in some lights; exterior borders slightly paler; both wings traversed by a slender dusky- brown submarginal line ; cilia with a cinerescent-white inner line. Forewing with a large prominent subapical rounded black ocellus, which is bipupilled with bluish- white and has a broad bright reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small round subanal ocellus with a single pupil. Underside paler, but of a brighter and redder-brown on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical border slightly mottled with cinerescent strige ; the ocellus as above, the submarginal dusky fascia joining SATYRINZ:. 97 a similar discal fascia below the ocellus, both fasci# being disposed, anteriorly, close to the ocellus. Hindwing with numerous greyish-white transversely-disposed strigz, which are most numerous and are somewhat confluent from the abdominal margin and less frequent before and below the apex, where their partial absence form an upper-diseal and upper-marginal fascia of the ground colour; two very small anal ill-formed ocelli. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger, its ochreous ring paler, broader and dilated outwardly. Hindwing with the anal ocellus also somewhat larger. Underside as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is larger and has a broader and paler but less-defined ochreous ring. Expanse, ¢ 2,3, to 2;4,, % 2,5 inches. Hasirat.—Khasia and Naga Hills; Manipur. Both sexes of C. Oriva are distinguishable from C. Annada by the larger size of the ocellus on the forewing, on both the upper and underside; and on the underside of the forewing having the submarginal and discal conjoined-line disposed close to the edge of the ocellus. DistrisutTion.— This species is isolated in its geographical range from the rest of the genus. We have specimens taken by Mr. A. O. Hume in the eastern hills of Manipur, in May, and others taken by Mr. H. R. Johnson at Shillong in May and June, and at Terria Ghat below Shillong in the autumn” (Butt. Ind. i. 245). Mr. W.S. Atkinson took it in Cherra Punji. Dr. G. Watt obtained specimens “ near Assam ”’ during his journey to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 801). Has also been obtained in the Khasia Hills by Mr. H. J. Elwes, and in the Naga Hills by Mr. W. Doherty. CALLEREBIA ANNADA (Plate 115, figs. 3, 3a, b, 3 2). Erebia Annada, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 226 (1857), Callerebia Annada, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 245 (1883). Callerebia Scanda (var. b.), Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 8. Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent umber-brown, vinescent-brown in some lights, the exterior borders paler; cilia with a whitish-cinereous inner line; both wings with a slender dusky-brown submarginal line. Forewing with a moderate- sized obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and with a narrow reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small round subanal ocellus, with a single pupil. Underside much paler. Forewing cinerescent-brown, suffused with pale chestnut-brown ; apical border mottled with cinereous strige ; subapical ocellus more prominent, somewhat larger than on upperside, and ringed with pale ochreous ; the dusky-brown submarginal line joined to the discal line at the lower median vein, the lower area between the lines being bright chestnut-brown, and the lines disposed at some distance from the ocellus. Hindwing chestnut-brown ; very numerously vou. 1. February 28th, 1893. 0 98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. © covered with more or less-confluent cinereous-white transverse strige ; crossed by an ill-defined discal brown sinuous fascia, this fascia being dilated anteriorly before the apex, and by a less defined upper marginal brown fascia ; two small anal blind ocelli. Female. Upperside somewhat paler, the ocellus on both wings larger, the one on the forewing being round. Underside as in the male, but paler, the ocellus on forewing large and round, the ocelli on the hindwing also larger. Expanse, ¢ 2,*%, to 2,5, % 2,5 inches. Hasirat.—Himalayas (Kashmir to Bhotan). DistTRIBUTION.—We have examined, and verified specimens, now in the British Museum Collection, taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, at Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, in June, 1868, and others taken at Naini Tal, 4000 to 7000 feet, taken in May, September and October, in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. We possess specimens from Masuri and Kashmir, taken by the late Major H. B. Hellard in August and September, and others from Major-General G. Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. Major J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 858) records specimens (which are now in the British Museum Collection, and have been verified as true C. Annada) “ between Abbottabad and Kala Pani, taken on 25th September, 1885, being not uncommon about Kala Pani; its ‘habits here appeared different from those of Callerebia in general, as it was flying over stones and low bushes, not affecting the shade; near Tret on October 8th, however, OC. Annada affected the shade much like C. Nirmala.” Myr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 119) records it from ‘‘ Kumaon generally, from 5000 to 7000 feet elevation ; first specimen taken on September 22nd.” In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection, are examples taken by Mr. MacArthur, at Kujiar, 6000 feet, in April, at Narkunda in April, and at Kala in August. ‘* Mr. Hocking took it in the Kangra District; Major C. H. T. Marshall obtained it in the Chumba State in May, and Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Simla. The type is recorded from Bhotan. The India Museum, Calcutta, has it from Nepal, and it is probably to be found in all the intermediate regions, occurring in the rainy season” (Butt. India, i. 246). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 327) says, “I have no specimens taken in recent years in Sikkim, but two which were contained in Mr. Wilson’s Sikkim Collection are somewhat larger than those from Kulu and Nepal. Mr. Knyvett’s collectors took it in 1887, in the interior of West Bhotan, near the Sikkim frontier.” CALLEREBIA HYBRIDA (Plate 116, figs. 1, 1a, 2). Callerebia hybrida, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 147. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 246, pl. xv. fig. 44, (1883). Callerebia Nada, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1881, p. 306. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent umber-brown, slightly paler at the apex; with arather broad dusky-black submarginal line; cilia cinerescent-brown SATYRINZ:. 99 with a slightly paler inner line. Forewing with a subapical obtusely-oval black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark reddish-ochreous. Hindwing with a small subanal round ocellus with single pupil. Underside paler. Forewing with the discal area suffused with chestnut-brown ; ocellus prominent, ringed with pale ochreous; apical border and upper area of ocellus thickly covered with cinerescent strige; submarginal and conjoined discal dusky-brown line prominent. Hindwing uniformly covered with dull cinerescent mostly-confluent strige; crossed by a discal undulated sinuous slender brown line, and a less-defined submarginal line ; two perfectly formed prominent subanal ocelli of nearly equal size, each with a single pupil and pale ochreous ring, above which are four inner submarginal cinereous-white ocelloid-dots, which latter are sometimes replaced by well-developed minute ocelli. Female. Upperside somewhat paler; ocellus on forewing larger. Underside as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is also larger. Expanse, do 2 to 2;, ¢ 2;% to 2,5 inches. Hasitat.—Western Himalayas. Distinguishable from C. Annada by the shorter and more convex apex of the forewing, and on the underside of the hindwing by the more uniformly disposed and duller strigz, the sinuous discal line being slender and uniform in width throughout its course across the wing, and by the prominent well-formed subanal ocelli. Our illustrations of this species on Plate 116, figs. 1, la, represent the male and female specimens of C. Nada. Distripution.—This species ‘‘is very common in the Western Himalayas, throughout the outer ranges, at moderate elevations from May to September” (Butt. of India, 247). Colonel A. M. Lang found it ‘‘ very abundant in Middle and Upper Kunawur, in June and July, frequenting hot, dry hill-sides ’ (MS. Notes). We possess specimens from Col. Lang, and both sexes obtained by Major H. B. Hellard at Simla and Masuri, in June and October; from Kulu by Mr. J. H. Hocking, and from the Jumna Valley, 5000 to 6000 feet, in September, by Major J. W. Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in “ Kumaon generally, at from 6000 to 9000 feet elevation” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 119). Specimens from Naini Tal, 6500 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in May, 1887, and from the Kulu Valley, 5000 feet, taken by Mr. de Nicéville, are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection are examples taken at Sultanpur in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham Young ; others also from Sultanpur taken in September, by Mr. McArthur, from Ramband 2000 feet, taken in May, 1889, from Narkunda, taken in April, and from Chamba Valley, taken in September by Mr. McArthur. 0 2 100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ° CALLEREBIA NIRMALA (Plate 116, figs. 2, 2a, b, c, d,e,é 2)- Erebia Nirmala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1865, p. 501. Callerebia Nirmala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 247 (1883). Callerebia Scanda (var. ¢.), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 9. Callerebia intermedia, et C. Cashapa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 236 (Varieties). Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent vinous-brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous, with a paler inner line. Forewing with an -obtusely-oval black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark ochreous ; sometimes a minute ocellule is also present between the middle and lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a round subanal single-pupilled ocellus. Underside paler. Forewing with the costal and apical border speckled with brownish-cinereous scales, the discal area broadly suffused with bright chestnut-brown; ocellus as above, but more prominent and paler ochreous ringed, the submarginal and discal upper dusky line slightly defined. Htndwing uniformly-covered with brownish-cinereous confluent strige ; and crossed by a slightly-defined discal sinuous brown line and a less apparent submarginal line, beyond which is a series of four upper white dots, a prominent well-formed subanal ocellus, and an anal white dot. Female. Upperside as in male, but somewhat paler. Underside also paler. Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. , Hindwing with the submarginal and discal line less defined ; a subanal and an anal ocellus below the upper white dots. Expanse, ¢ 2, ? 2,% inches. Variety intermedia (Plate 116, figs. 2,b, c,d). Male and female. Upperside similar. Hindwing sometimes with a small ocellus above the upper median. Under- side. Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. Hindwing uniformly speckled with brownish-grey scales; the discal and submarginal brown line being obsolete; with a subanal, or both a subanal and an anal ocellus, and with either one or two upper ocelli, situated above and below the radial, one or other of which are sometimes obsolete. Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 2, ¢ 2; inches. Variety Cashapa (Plate 116, figs. 2,d,e, ¢%). Upperside similar. Hindwing with one, or two, upper ocelli. Underside of similar tints to intermedia. Hindwing with a more or less well-formed discal brown sinuous line, and generally three upper and two lower ocelli, or sometimes a complete series of six well-formed ocelli, the upper ones decreasing in size, and the anal one also small; sometimes the upper one, the lower third, and the anal one are either absent or represented by a white dot. Probably this is the wet-season brood. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,%, #2; inches, Hasitat.— Western Himalayas. SATYRINA. 101 DistrrBution.—Typical 0. Nirmala “is very abundant in Kunawur in June and July. It hasa wide range, flies for many months, and is very common. It frequents the same ground as (. Nada, but extends also through the habitat of C. Scanda almost to the Plains. It appears among woods and glens and damp regions, as well as the dry slopes above, in middle and upper Kunawur” (Lang’s MS. Notes). “It is very common at moderate elevations throughout the Western Himalayas, from May till September. It affects the undergrowth in glades and forests, and may be seen on the wing even on damp and cloudy days” (Butt. Ind. 248). Capt. Beckett took it in Gurhwal. Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “ Simla, and Pangi, Busahir, in July and August”? (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty records it from “ Loharkhet, Western Kumaon, at from 7000 to 8000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119). We possess the type specimens of C. Nirmala, and also the form intermedia, from Simla, and of Cashapa, from Masuri, 7000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang, in June, from Kangra, taken by Mr. Hocking, and from Simla, taken by Major Hellard in June, and from Masuri in October. Specimens are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection, taken by Col. Lang, at Naini Tal, 3500 to 7700 feet elevation in May and June, 1887. CALLEREBIA SCANDA (Plate 117, figs. 1, la, b,d 2). Erebia Scanda, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 452, pl. 17, figs. 3, 4, ¢ (1844). Callerebia Scanda, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217; Ent. Mo. Mag, 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr, B. M. p. 96 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 244 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinerescent olive-brown, darkest basally and with a vinescent tint in some lights; cilia cinerescent-brown, with a cinereous-white inner line which is most distinct on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical area perceptibly paler and traversed by a narrow submarginal dusky fascia; subapical ocellus obtusely-oval, black, bipupilled with bluish-white, and ringed with dull ochreous. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus pupilled with bluish-white. Underside paler. Forewing with the ocellus more prominent, the apical area very slightly speckled with cinereous scales, traversed by an indistinct dusky-brown submarginal and an oblique discal fascia, which are convexly-joined at the lower median. Hindwing irrorated with cinerescent-white scales, which are very densely disposed towards the inner area and there form more or less-defined strige; a prominent round subanal and a smaller anal ocellus both white pupilled, the latter being sometimes bipupilled; above these is a submarginal series of four white ocelloid dots. Body beneath and legs above brown; legs cinerescent beneath ; palpi cinerescent at the side, with a lateral black streak and black-tipt frontal hairs ; antennz brown. Female. Upperside as in the male, but somewhat paler. Underside as in the 102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. _ male, except that on the hindwing the cinerescent-white speckles are less prominent. Expanse, 3 2 to 2;%,? 2,% inches. Hasirat.— Western Himalayas. DistrisutTion.—Obtained by Colonel A. M. Lang at “ Narkunda, at 6000 to 7000 feet altitude, in Lower Kunawur, appearing only when the rainy season has set in thoroughly, flying only in July and August, where, in dripping forests about moist banks draped in dense ferns, this species flies weakly even during rain, and when flying looks parti-coloured—black and white. It is local, extending perhaps through seventy miles, and flies only in the autumn in damp regions where and when the rainfall is heavy, whereas C. Nirmala extends through at least 200 miles from the Plains into the mountains, through damp and wooded regions, and dry rocks, hot mountain sides, and through many months of the year” (Lang’s MS. Notes). Specimens taken by Colonel Lang in 1887, at Naini Tal 6500 to 7000 feet elevation in August, arein Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. This species is *“common throughout the outer ranges of the Western Himalayas, as far east as Masuri, and is probably found in Kumaon; our collection contains specimens from Pangi, taken by Mr. R. Ellis, and from Simla and Masuri” (Butt. Ind. i. 245). A specimen from Kulu, taken by Mr. Hocking, is in the British Museum, and our own collection contains various specimens, among them males from Narkunda taken by Col. Lang, and others from the Jumna Valley, 5000 feet, taken in September by Major J. W. Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it “‘ above Loharkhet, Khati, and at Dhankuri, in N.W. Kumaon, at 7000 to 11,000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119). CALLEREBIA DAKSHA (Plate 117, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). Callerebia Daksha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 266, pl. 43, fig. 1, ¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883). Callerebia modesta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinous-brown, of a uniform tint throughout; cilia cinereous-brown. forewing with an obtusely-oval black subapical ocellus, bipupilled with pure white and with a very indistinctly defined brownish-ochreous narrow outer ring ; sometimes a minute ocellule is present between the middle and lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a round similar subanal ocellus with white pupil, and sometimes there is present either one, two, or three upper discal minute white ocelloid dots. Underside slightly paler vinous-brown, of a uniform tint throughout. Forewing with the subapical ocellus more prominent, beneath which is a minute white dot between the upper medians. Hindwing with a prominent round subanal ocellus and a smaller anal ocellus, above which is a discal series of five pure SATY RINE. 103 white dots, the lower of which—and sometimes the two or three lower—appear as small ocelli, and in some the anal ocellus is represented by a white dot. Body beneath blackish ; legs above and entire palpi blackish ; legs beneath brownish. Expanse, 1,% to 2 inches. Hasirat.— Kashmir. DistrisuTI0N.—The type specimens of C. Daksha were taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed at Gulmurg, and Major H. B. Hellard took it in the Jheelum Valley, Kashmir, in July and August. “Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Gond, also in Kashmir; and Mrs. Bazett obtained a large number at Katabal near Gulmurg, at 8000 to 9000 feet elevation, in June” (Butt. Ind. 248), Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens in the Scind Valley, 7000 feet, in June, 1887. Major J. W. Yerbury obtained it at Thundiani in August, 1886. Autiep Tiseran and CurnesE species of Catterupia.—C. Sylvicola, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, £. 25. Habitat. Tibet.—C. pratorwm, Oberthiir, id. 1886, p. 25, pl. 4, f. 26. Habitat. Tibet.—C. polyphemus, Oberthiir (Friv. Term. Fuz. Magyar Nem. Mus. x. p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 8. Allied to C. Orixa. Habitat. N. China.—C. albipunctata, Leech, Ent. 1890, p. 31; Lep. China, etc., p. 102, pl. 9, figs.5, 6. Habitat. W.China—C. rurigena, Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc., p. 101, pl. 9,f. 8. Habitat. Moupin; W.China. C. Delavoyi, Oberthiir, 1891, pl.dait. 18: Habitat. W. China.—(. ruricola, Leech, id. p. 100, pl. 9, fig. 4. Habitat. W. China.—(. sawicola (Hrebia saxicola, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1876, p. 32, pl. 4). Habitat. Mongolia. Genus PARALASA, Imaco.—Male. From Callerebia, this genus differs in the comparatively longer, narrower and more triangular forewing, longer and much narrower hindwing, and in the grooved spatulate-club of the antenna. Venation similar. From typical Erebia (EH. Ligea) the forewing differs in being comparatively longer and narrower, the costa being more convex, the apex rounded, and the exterior margin more oblique.. The hindwing shorter, much narrower posteriorly and more produced anally, the anterior margin being very short and the apex oblique, exterior margin posteriorly convex, the abdominal margin very long and excavated above the angle. Body slender, antennz more slender, and with a shorter and broader grooved-club. Type.—P. Kalinda. In the general pattern of the markings the species of this genus are distin- guishable from Callerebia, on the upperside of the forewing, by the ocellus having a single white pupil—whereas in all the species of Callerebia there are two white pupils; and on the hindwing in the absence of the subanal ocellus. From Erebia 104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ~ it is also easily distinguishable by the absence of the series of submarginal ocelli, on a ferruginous band, which are generally present on both wings in most of the species of the latter genus. PARALASA KALINDA (Plate 117, figs. 3, 3a, b, d 2). Erebia Kalinda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig. 5, 2. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 241 (1888). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, pp. 331, 341. Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown; cilia alternately edged with white and brown. Sorewing with a subapical round black ocellus, pupilled with white and narrowly ringed with ochreous, below which is an outer-discal chestnut-red patch. Hindwing with a lower outer-discal smaller chestnut-red patch, which is nearly or sometimes quite obsolete in some specimens. Underside cinerescent-brown. Jore- wing with the entire discal area, including the cell, chestnut-red, the subapical ocellus more prominent and paler ringed, and the brown apical border speckled with cinerescent scales. Hindwing sparsely speckled with distinctly-defined cinereous scales, these scales being more densely disposed across the disc and there form an ill-defined transverse fascia, beyond which is an outer discal recurved series of white dots. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger, and the discalred patch much broader. Hindwing as in the male. Underside duller brown, in some darker cinerescent-brown. Forewing as in the male. Hindwing more densely speckled with cinereous scales, the discal white dots less prominent. Thorax beneath greyish-black; abdomen beneath and legs beneath greyish; legs above brown; palpi white at the side, frontal hairs black; antennz blackish above, pale ringed beneath, club reddish and black tipt. Expanse, ¢ 1,4 to 2, 2 1,% to 2/6 inches. Hasitat.— Western Himalayas. Distrizution.—The type specimens were taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, who remarks that “this is a subalpine Kunawur insect, and is local. I saw very few, and at only two places, on the Hill-sides below the Werang and Runang Passes, at perhaps from 11,000 to 12,000 feet elevation, in July. It has a weak low flight amongst grass and flowers” (MS. Notes). ‘‘ Mr. A. Graham Young took it in the Kulu Valley in May. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained numerous males and one female at Ulwas in May, and Mr. R. Elis and Dr. Hutchinson took numerous specimens of both sexes in Pangi, in June and July, at altitudes of 9000 feet and upwards” (Butt. Ind. 241). Dr. G. Watt obtained it in the Pine forests of the Ravi Basin, up to 12,000 feet. Specimens are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection, taken by Mr. H. McArthur in the Kutie Pass, 7000 feet, N. of Dalhousie, in September, 1889, and from Kokser, in Lahul in July, 1888, and from the Kutkie Pass, 85,000 feet, in SATYRINZ, 105 July, taken by Capt. Thompson, and also from Dugi, 12,000 feet, August and September, from Baralacha, August, and from Spiti, August and September, taken by Mr. McArthur. Major H. B. Hellard took it on the “ South side of Runang Pass, at about 12,000 feet, in August” (MS. Notes). PARALASA SHALLADA (Plate 118, figs, 1, la, b,¢ ?). Erebia Shallada, Lang, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 241, pl. xv. fig. 42, g (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1889, pp. 331, 341, TImaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark velvety olivescent-brown ; cilia brown alternately edged with white between the veins, Forewing with a subapical black ocellus having one prominent white pupil and an indistinctly-defined brownish- ochreous outer ring; below which is a small dark red outer-discal patch, situated between the middle and lower median vein. Hindwing with a similar red patch extending from above the upper to the lower median vein, Underside. Forewing dark red, with the borders dark cinerescent-brown, and the apex speckled with cinerescent scales; ocellus larger than on upperside, bipupilled with white and ringed with pale ochreous. Hindwing dark-brown, sparsely irrorated with cinerescent speckles and short hairy scales, which are somewhat more numerously disposed across the disc and there form a very ill-defined curved fascia ; beyond which is an outer- discal curved series of white dots. Female, Upperside somewhat paler brown, the dark red patches brighter coloured and more diffused, the subapical ocellus larger, more distinct and bipupilled, the lower pupil being minute, outer ring pale ochreous ; sometimes there is a minute ocellule between the upper and middle medians. Underside as in the male, but paler brown and more densely speckled, the subapical ocellus more prominent, larger, and brighter coloured. Expanse, 2 to 2,3, inches. Hasitat.— Western Himalayas. Distrisution.—This species was first obtained by Col. A. M. Lang, who remarks that ‘‘it appears to be very local, as during three or four years collecting in Kunawur I only twice met with it, taking only five specimens, once at 6000 feet altitude, and again at 8000 feet, on grass ground and rocky slopes near Wangtoo, above the Sutlej, in June” (MS. Notes). Since then Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken a large number at Ulwas, in company with P. Kalinda, in May; he also found it during May exceedingly plentiful along all the roads in the Station of Dalhousie, and through the thick forest as far as Kujiar. Major C. H. T. Marshall also found it commonly at Kujiar, near Dalhousie, and at other places in the Chumba State, in May ; and Mr, A, Graham Young took it in Kulu in May and July ” (Butt. India, VOL. I, P 106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ° i. 141). In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection are specimens taken by Mr. H. McArthur at Dana, in June, 1888, and from Sultanpur, in Kulu, taken by Mr. A. G. Young in 1889. PARALASA MANTI (Plate 118, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 2). Erebia Mani, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 242, pl. xv. fig. 43, J (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, pp. 331, 341. Inaco.—Male. Upperside. Dusky-brown; cilia alternated with cinerescent- white. Forewing with a large somewhat-quadrate bright-ochreous discal-patch, which encompasses a round black subapical ocellus having a white pupil and paler ochreous outer ring. Hindwing immaculate. Underside paler; cinerescent-brown. Forewing with the costal and exterior border darker brown irrorated with cinerescent scales, the quadrate ochreous discal patch paler, the ocellus as above, the basal area being chestnut-brown. Hindwing numerously but indistinctly irrorated with cinerescent-white speckles and hairy-scales, and crossed by a curved discal series of eight prominent white dots. Female. Upperside as in male, but slightly paler brown, the discal ochreous patch on forewing somewhat larger and also paler; cilia more prominently alternated with cinerescent-white. Underside as in male. Expanse, ¢ 2, ¢ 2,5 inches. Hasirat.—Ladak. Distripution.—* Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained six males and two females on the Chung Pass on July 10th, and one female at Lingti, on July 16th, all at high elevations” (Butt. Ind. i. 242). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens at Skardo, 13,000 feet, in July, 1887. Caress and other Asiatic species of Paratasa.—P. Megalomma (Erebia megalomma, Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 236 (1874). Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 86, pl. 9, fig. 2. Habitat. Shanghai, N. China.—P. Cyclopius (Erebia Cyclopius, Eversmann, Bull. Mose. 1844, p. 590, pl. 14, fig. 4. H. Scheeff. Schmett, Eur. i. figs. 606-8). Habitat. Siberia; Amurland; Ural.—P. Maracandica (Erebia mara- candica, Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 13 (1874). Habitat. Central Asia.—P. Jordana (Erebia Jordana, Staudinger, Berlin Ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 171). Habitat. Khokand.—P. Roxane (Erebia Roxane, Grum.-Grsh. Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. iii. p. 401, 1888). Habitat. Pamir.—P. Herse (Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc., p. 99, pl. 9, fig. 7, 8). Habitat. W. China. Genus HEMADARA. Inaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, subtriangular; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein SATYRINZ.. 107 much swollen at the base. Venation similar to typical Ypthima, except that the second subcostal branch arises at end of the cell, and that the cell is, comparatively, much longer and broader. With a broad discal glandular patch clothed with a few short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt scales, and numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing short, broad, triangular, the costa slightly arched near the base, exterior margin obtusely angular in the middle, anal angle somewhat produced and almost lobate, abdominal margin long, excavated near posterior angle. Body slender, short; palpi very long, obliquely porrect, second joint extending two-thirds beyond the front, third joint nearly half length of second, each clothed with long projecting hairs in front. Antenne very slender, short, with a moderately slender flattened club. Typz.—H. Narasingha. HEMADARA NARASINGHA (Plate 118, figs. 3, 3a, f). Yphthima Narasingha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 19. Ypthima Narasingha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. p. 225. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 268, pl. 27, fig. 2,°. Ivaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown ; cilia cinerescent-brown. orewing with a broad inwardly-oblique discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt scales, and numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base and hair-like tassel-tip ; a large subapical black ocellus bipupilled with white and narrowly ringed with pale olivescent-ochreous, beyond which is a slender dusky submarginal line, which is joined on the lower median vein to a similar discal line. Hindwing with a dusky-brown marginal border, which is slightly speckled with a few cinerescent scales. Underside olivescent-grey. Horewing numerously speckled with brown scales, and crossed by an outer-discal and a submarginal dusky line; ocellus as above, but more prominent and brighter coloured. Hindwing numerously covered with uniformly-disposed short dark-brown transverse strige; an ill-defined outer discal series of white dots being more or less apparent, and the outer margin posteriorly grey speckled. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger, the submarginal and discal slender line apparent. Hindwing as in male. Underside as in male. Body and legs beneath, and sides of palpi olivescent-grey; clothing of palpi blackish, tipt with grey ; antennz brown, tip reddish. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 23, $ 23 inches. Hasitat.— Burma. pe 2 _ 108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Drstripution.—The only authentic record of the habitat of this rare butterfly is that by Mr. W. Doherty, who captured it ‘“ at Bernardmyo, 5400 feet elevation, north of Mandalay, where it was very scarce”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 268). Genus ZIPETIS. Zipetis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii, p. 100 (1863), Herr Scheffer, Prod. Lep. i. p. 63 (1864). Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1868). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 103 (1871). Zipoetes, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883). Ziboetes, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1881, p. 86. Tuaco. Male. Forewing somewhat elongated, subtriangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; costal vein swollen at the base; cell broad, long, extending beyond half-length of the wing; first and second subcostal veinlets emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, upper short and concave ; upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets equi-distant apart. Hindwing rather short, broad ; exterior margin convex, obtusely scalloped; cell long, rather broad ; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular Jong, outwardly recurved, radial from above its middle; the middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi long, rather stout, compressed, thickly clothed in front with long hairs, third joint stout; antennze with a slender gradually-thickened club ; eyes smooth. Typz.—Z. Saitis. . ZIPETIS SAITIS (Plate 119, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Zipetis Saitis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100, Zp. pl. fig. 6, g (1863). Marshall and de Nicé- ville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 78, 9 (1883). Imaco. Male. Upperside dark yinescent-brown, darkest basally ; both wings with an ill-defined pale-bordered dusky-black submarginal line; cilia alternated with brownish-cinereous. Jorewing crossed by an outwardly-oblique broad subapical purpurescent-white band. Hindwing crossed by a similar white posterior sub- marginal band, which is sinuous on its outer edge and is attenuated upwards towards the apex. Underside uniformly paler, the dusky marginal lines distinctly pale bordered. Forewing with the oblique white band as above. Hindwing with the posterior submarginal white band as above, before which is a discal series of five prominent black ocelli, two upper and three lower, with white pupils, the upper one and the two lowest being minute, the second upper one very large and bipupilled, the third about half its size, each ringed with ochreous, the two upper also being SATYRIN 4. 109 outwardly encompassed by a silvery line, and the three lower by a similar silvery line. Female. Upperside paler. Both wings with the white bands as in the male. Underside much paler; both wings marked as in the male. Body beneath, legs, and front of palpi brown; side of palpi whitish ; antennz reddish-brown, black-tipt. Expanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2,5, 2 2,5 to 2,4 inches. Hasrtat.— Hills of South India. Disrripution.—“ Not uncommon on the Western Slopes of the Nilgiris, at from 2000 to 8000 feet. A brood emerges at the end of September ” (Hampson, J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 350). “*Mr. Harold Fergusson took it m May and June, at Mynall in the Ashamboo Hills in Travancore, at an altitude of 2600 feet. Itis also found in the Wynaad” (Butt. Ind. 249). We possess specimens taken by Mr. Bour- dillon in Travancore, at 2200 feet elevation in April, and at Mynall at 1800 feet, in August. ZIPATIS SCYLAX (Plate 119, figs. 2, 2a, b). Zipetis Scylax, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100, Zip. pl. fig. 7 (1863). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc.i. p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 62, 2 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 83 (1887). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, paler externally and of a cinereous ochreous tint. Both wings with two well-defined blackish marginal lines, both of which are bordered by a pale cinereous-ochreous line ; cilia pale ochreous-cinereous. Underside uniformly slightly paler brown; both wings with three prominent mar- ginal blackish pale-bordered lines. Forewing with an upper submarginal row of five small bluish-white pupilled ocelli, which are inwardly bordered by a slightly- defined sinuous silvery line. Hindwing with a submarginal series of five very prominent black bluish-white pupilled ocelli, two upper, and three lower, the upper one being minute, the second very large, oval, and bipupilled, the third very large and round, the two lowest small, all being encompassed within a broad silvery band. Female. Upperside and underside as in the male. Body beneath brown; legs beneath paler ; side of palpi pale ochreous; antennz reddish-brown. Expanse, 2,4, to 2,% inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Naga and Khasia Hills. Distrizution.—“ Rather a rare insect. Mr. Otto Méller has taken it at moderate elevations in Sikkim, and Mr. L. de Nicéville met with it in the Great Runjit Valley in October. It probably will be found to occur here and there in the lower ranges on the north-eastern frontier of Bengal and Assam” (Butt. Ind. 249). It is also recorded from the Naga Hills, and we possess specimens from the Khasia Hills. Mr. W. H. Irvine obtained it in Sikkim in April. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 328) records it as “not a common species in Sikkim, and 110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. only found in low, hot valleys at 1000 to 3000 feet elevation, from May to November. I took it near the Tista Bridge in August, and noticed that its flight and appearance were similar to those of an Ypthima.”’ Genus RAGADIA. Ragadia, Westwood, Genera of D, Lep. ii. p. 376 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyr., B. M. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p, 234 (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 420 (1886). Iuaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique ; costal vein much swollen at the base; cell long, broad; first subcostal emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars very concave ; upper radial from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of discocellular; median veinlets very wide apart. Hindwing rather short ; exterior margin very convex and slightly uneven; precostal very short; costal vein much curved at the base ; subcostal almost straight, its lower branch emitted at half length of the wing ; cell extremely short and acute, the radial emitted from below subcostal at about one-third between its base and its branch; upper discocellular short, emitted from close to base of subcostal and extending sharply inward, the lower discocellular being very acutely bent outward and joining the median vein before the origin of its lower branch, the lower discocellular being developed along the underside into a narrow elongated glandular pouch, and on the upperside is fur- nished with a small tuft of fine long hairs which le along it. Body slender; palpi moderately long, clothed in front with rather short hairs, apex slender ; eyes nearly naked ; antennz with a slender gradually formed club. Typz.—R. Crisia. Hasits.—Capt. Godfrey, who captured 2. Crisia in the Malay Peninsula, de- scribes it as being ‘found in low undergrowth in the forest, where, especially in the early morning, it was several times met with. Its flight being weak and feeble, but it cleverly eludes pursuit by threading its way through the tangled brushwood ” (Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 421). RAGADIA CRISILDA (Plate 120, figs. 1, la, b, d 2). Ragadia Crisilda, Hewitson, Exotic, Butt. iii. Rag. pl. figs. 5, 6, 2 (1862). Marshall and de Nicé- ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 235, pl. 15, fig. 36, 9 (1883). Inaco.—Male.—Upperside dull brownish-black ; cilia cinereous-brown. Jore- wing crossed by an oblique discal white vein-intersected band, also by the two inner and the submarginal band of the underside showing through by semi-transparency. Hindwing crossed by an oblique discal and a curved submarginal white band, the basal bands and the marginal of the underside also visible. Underside brownish- SATYRINZ 111 black ; both wings crossed by six white bands, the basal and submarginal on the forewing being slender and less defined, but the latter on the hindwing well formed. Forewing with a row of eight small black ocelli, each pupilled with silvery bluish- white and with a slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the outer-discal black band. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli upon the broad outer- discal black band, with silvery bluish-white pupils and slender ochreous outer ring, the upper ocellus being small, the three next large and united, the fifth also large, the sixth and seventh being geminated. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the white bands are somewhat broader. Underside also as in the male, the white bands somewhat broader and the slender marginal band on the forewing well defined. Body beneath pale-ochreous ; legs brownish-ochreous ; side and front clothing of palpi ochreous white, the tip above brown ; antenne brown, with pale annulations, club with a reddish band. iepause, o 1%, to 14), 2°15, mch. Hasrtat.— Khasias ; Silhet; Cachar ; Lushais ; Upper Tenasserim. DistrrBution.— This is apparently a rare insect. It was originally described from Silhet, and Colonel A. M. Lang’s Collection contains two males from that locality. Mr. Kirby notes it from the Khasia Hills—which, if correct, it probably occurs only at the foot of them, and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens, believed to have been taken in Cachar”’ (Butt. Ind. p. 235). The late Mr. W.S. Atkinson possessed specimens from the Khasia Hills and Cherra Punji. In Mr. P. Crowley’s Collection are specimens from Shillong and the Lushai Hills. Major C. H. H. Adamson (Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 9) records taking specimens of this insect on one occasion only, in October, 1880, flying among long grass on the bank of the Aploon Choung, a small stream in the neighbourhood of Moulmein, in Upper Tenasserim. RAGADIA CRITO (Plate 120, figs. 2, 2a,b, d 2). Ragadia Crito, de Nicéville, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 199, pl. D, figs. 1, 2, J 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull cinerescent-black. Both wings crossed by four oblique obscure sullied cinerescent-whitish bands and a less apparent marginal band, these bands being those of the underside showing through by semi-transparency. Underside of a more brownish-black tint; both wings crossed by five oblique prominent white bands and a similar more slender band at the extreme base of the wing. Forewing with the outer-discal black band traversed by a row of eight small black ocelli, each having a silvery bluish-white pupil and slender ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli, with a silvery bluish- white pupil and slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the broad outer-discal 112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. . black band, the upper ocellus minute, the three next large and united together, the fifth large, and the two lower geminated. Female. Upperside. Both wings with all the pale bands broader and clearer white. Underside. Both wings as in the male, but all the markings more clearly defined. Body and legs beneath, and side of palpi pale ochreous-white ; antennz black, distinctly annulated with white, club with a reddish band. Expanse, d 1,4, ¢ 2 inches. Hasirat.—Bhotan; Upper Assam. DistriBuTion.—This species was first taken in Bhotan by Mr. Otto Moller, in September, 1888, and was also taken in October, by Mr. Fritz Méller’s native collectors. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 266) records it from ‘‘ Margherita in Upper Assam,” where several specimens were captured by Mr. W. Doherty. RAGADIA CRITOLAUS. Ragudia Critolaus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 322, g, pl. H. fig. 1, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings with the ground-colour about equally divided between black and white. Forewing with the white area commencing on the inner margin about half its length from the base of the wing and almost reaching the anal angle, extending towards the apex of the wing, which it does not reach, in a triangular or wedge-shaped figure, bearing a series of five round black spots between the veins, of which the three posterior ones are well-formed and separated, the two anterior ones have their outer edges more or less merged into the outer black border of the wing; the base of the wing is occupied very obliquely by two streaks a little darker than the blackish ground-colour; there is also a narrow whitish streak below the costa; the outer margin is broadly black, with its inner edge festooned. Hindwing with the dusky basal area crossed by two straight dark lines; a broad discal black band touching the costa but not quite reaching to the abdominal margin, broadest in the middle, narrowing towards both ends ; the outer margin broadly black, bearing a slightly paler line. Underside of both wings precisely as in 2. crito, from Bhotan, but all the black bands narrower, the white ground being consequently more extensive. Female differs from the male only in its slightly broader and more rounded wings. Expanse, 3 1-5 to 1-7; ¢ 1-6 inches. Hasirat.— Burma. ** Nearest to &.crito, from which it may be known at a glance by the greater extent of the white ground-colour on the upperside of both wings, which character will also separate it from R. crisilda equally well.” Distrisution.—* Major C. T. Bingham and Mr. L. de Nicéyille captured this SATYRINZ. 113 species in considerable numbers in October, 1891, and 1892, in the virgin forests at the foot of the Donat Range, Middle Tenasserim, the butterfly always keeping in the shade of the great trees, and flying amongst the bushes and brushwood, on which it often settled. Its flight is only equalled in weakness and gentleness by Leptosia wiphia” (De Nicéville Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1892, p. 328). Inpo-Matayan species oF Racapia.—R. crisia (Hiibner, Zutr. figs. 675-6 (1832). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 420, pl. xix. fig. 7. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang ; Singapore ; Borneo.—R. makuta (Horsfield, Catal. Lep. HE. I. C. pl. 5, figs. 9, 9a, (1829). Habitat. Java; Sumatra.—R. annulata, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 485. Habitat. N. Borneo.—R. latifasciata, Leech, The Entom. 1891, p- 25; Lep. China, ete., p. 92, pl. x. fig. 2. Habitat. W. China.—k. Luzonia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1861, p. 305. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. pl. 8, fig. 1. Habitat. Luzon.—R. melindena, Felder, 1. c. 1863, p. 125. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. pl. 8, figs. 8, 4. Habitat. Mindanao.—R. crohonica, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 46, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8,9, ¢d ¢. Habitat. Philippines. Genus ERITES. Erites, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 392 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. fF. C. i. p. 229 (1857). Butler, Catak Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 146 (1868), Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 46, (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 235 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongated and narrow, subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and nearly even ; costal vein much swollen at the base; cell long; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave; upper radial from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets equidistant ; submedian vein recurved. Hindwing short, triangularly-ovate ; outer margin convex, sinuous, slightly produced at end of upper median; cell long; first subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular long, outwardly recurved, radial from above the middle; the middle median veinlet emitted before end of the cell. Body slender; eyes prominent, naked; palpi very slender, erect, clothed in front with fine long lax hairs, tip slender ; antennz with a gradually slender club, Typr.—H. Madura. ERITES ARGENTINA (Plate 121, figs. I, la, b, ¢ 2). Erites argentina, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 188, pl. 5, fig. 8, 9 (1868). Imaco.—Male. Upperside semi-transparent ; pale purpurescent fuligmous-brown; marginal pale ochreous lines slender and sharply defined on the hindwing. Forewing subtriangular; crossed by two discal broad dusky-brown bands, beyond which is a large posterior ‘round blackish nearly-blind ocellus narrowly ringed with pale voL. 11. February 28th, 1898. Q 114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, ochreous, above which is a series of four subapical small similar ocelli. Hindwing crossed by two discal bands, the inner band even and dusky-brown, the outer band angulated and ochreous with a dusky-brown border, beyond which is a series of very prominent nearly-blind small ocelli, the four lower being ringed with ochreous. Underside pale purpurescent-cinereous, the basal area with numerous ill-defined brown strigz; marginal lines very sharply defined. Forewing with the two discal bands distinct and brownish ochreous ; the posterior ocellus very prominent, with a large silvery-blue pupil and bright ochreous outer ring, the four small subapical ocelli sharply defined and white pupilled. Hindwing with the two discal bands bright ochreous, the inner band even, the outer band angulated and broadest anteriorly, followed by five prominent small submarginal ocelli, each with a silvery- white pupil and ochreous ring, the three lower being outwardly-blurred with bright ochreous. Female. Upperside as in the male. Underside also as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 1,%, 2 2,2, inches. Hasrtar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Borneo. Distripution.—The type specimens of ZH. argentina are recorded from Labuan, Borneo. Major C. H. E. Adamson caught specimens—which are identical with the Bornean type—near Kannee, on the Siamese border, Upper Tenasserim, in October, 1880. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 121, figs. 1 and la represent the male from Upper Tenasserim, kindly lent from Major Adamson’s Collection, and fig. 1b the female from Borneo. ERITES BEELINGA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside semi-transparent, pale cinerescent brownish-ochreous. Forewing crossed by two discal pale brown narrow bands, beyond which is a very prominent posterior black ocellus with pale ochreous ring and pur-blind pupil; the three minute subapical ocelleid spots of the underside also sometimes being slightly visible. Hindwing crossed by an outer-discal narrow pale ochreous angulated band, and a submarginal series of four large black blind~ocelli, all with conjoined pale ochreous outer rings; extreme marginal sinuous lines pale ochreous. Underside paler and of a mure ochreous tint ; marginal lines slender, dusky-brown ; forewing with the basal and apical area very sparsely and indistinctly flecked with pale brown strigee; crossed by two discal slender ochreous bands; the subapical minute ocelli slightly apparent ; the large posterior ocellus more prominent, brighter ringed and with a large bluish-white pupil. Hindwing very sparsely and indistinctly flecked with slender brown strige; the two discal angulated pale ochreous bands very obscurely defined; the five submarginal ocelli being all very minute. SATYRINZ. 115 Expanse, 1,8, to 2 inches. Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim. This species is nearest allied to the Javan EZ. madura, but is distinguishable from it by being smaller, and on the upperside by the smaller size of the posterior ocellus on the forewing, and on the hindwing by the series of four black ocelloid- spots being conjoined by the unison of their pale ochreous rings. On the underside of the forewing, the two discal ochreous bands are somewhat more incurved, the subapical ocelli very minute, and on the hindwing the two discal ochreous bands are very imperceptibly defined, the submarginal ocelli being all minute and obscurely pale bordered. Distrisution.—This species was captured by Capt. E. Y. Watson at Beeling, about sixty miles north of Moulmein in Upper Tenasserim, in March and April, 1886, the specimens being now in the British Museum Collection. According to Capt. Watson (Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1888, p. 3) this species is ““not uncommon in Beeling, at moderate altitudes, but very difficult to capture, as it is only found in thick bamboo jungle. I found the best plan to have them driven towards me.” ERITES ANGULARIS (Plate 121, figs. 2, 2a, b, d ?). Erites angularis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1878, p. 825, 3. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 46, pl. 5, fig. 3, g (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, etc. i. p. 236, pl. 16, fig. 50, @ (1883). Imaco.—Wings semi-transparent; all the markings of the underside showing through by transparency. Male. Upperside pale purpurescent fuliginous-brown ; cilia cinereous. Both wings faintly showing the numerous slender dusky-brown transverse wavy-strige. Forewing subfalcate; showing two transverse discal dusky- brown fasciz, the inner one being straight, the outer recurved ; a large oval dusky- black ocellus above the posterior angle, and three, or four, upper subapical less apparent minute ocelli. Hindwing faintly showing two transverse discal angulate ochreous bands, and a submarginal series of five pale ochreous-ringed blind black ocelli, the three upper ones small, the two lower large and more defined ; the outer marginal border narrowly dusky-black and traversed by two slender pale ochreous lines. Underside, pale purpurescent-cinereous, the basal area with a nacreous gloss, the transverse brown strigz distinct but somewhat confluent towards the apex; prominent black and ochreous lines more distinct, especially on the hindwing. Forewing with the two discal dusky-brown fasciz prominent; the posterior ocellus more distinctly defined, having a large blurred silvery bluish-white pupil and an ochreous outer ring, the three upper subapical small ocelli also more or less distinct. Hindwing crossed by two moderately broad angulate wavy ochreous bands, both bordered by the strigz, the inner band narrowest and traversed by them; beyond qz 116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. is a submarginal series of five small ocelli, each with a minute silvery-white pupil, ochreous outer ring and then a blurred circlet of brownish-ochreous speckles. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that on the forewing the ocelli are more prominent, the posterior one larger, blacker, and blind; on the hindwing the outer-discal angulate band is externally edged by a narrow bright ochreous line, and all the ocelli are distinctly ringed with ochreous. Underside slightly paler than in male, the transverse strigze confined to the basal area, the transverse discal bands on both wings ochreous, those on the hindwing brightest, and the ocelli on both wings more prominent. Body beneath,legs beneath and sides of palpi pale ochreous ; legs above brownish-ochreous ; clothing of palpi in front dusky-brown; antennz brownish-ochreous. Expanse, ¢ ? 2;% to 2, inches. Hasirat.—Pegu ; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula. DistriputroN.—T he type specimens were taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg on the Taoo plateau, Upper Tenasserim, at from 3000 to 5000 feet elevation. ‘Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained it in the Mepley Valley in January, and in the Thoungyeen forests in March” (Butt. Ind. 237). Major C. H. E. Adamson “found it common at Jayling Choung, near the three Pagedas at the boundary between Burma and Siam, in December, 1877, and January, 1878, these specimens being much worn, and occasionally in ether places in Upper Tenasserim, in April” (Adamson, Catal. Burma Butt. p.9). ‘Mr. W. Doherty took numerous specimens in East Pegu, at about 1500 feet” (Hlwes, P. Z. S. 1891, 268). Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malay. p- 47) records it from Perak, in the Malay Peninsula. ERITES FALCIPENNIS (Plate 121, figs. 3,-3a, 3). Evrites falcipennis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 287 (1883), gd. De Nicé- ville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1887, p, 351, pl. 16, fig. 2, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent fuliginous-brown throughout ; the outer marginal lines slightly defined. Forewing distinctly falcate ; the transverse discal bands of the underside visible, the posterior ocellus prominent, rounded, black, with a distinct white pupil. Hindwing with the two discal angulate ochreous bands of the underside slightly visible; the submarginal blind-ocelli uniformly defined. Underside purpurescent-cinereous, the -hindwing posteriorly being tinted with ochreous ; both wings with numerous dark brown transversely-disposed speckled-strige ; marginal lines ill-defined. Forewing crossed by two distinct brownish-ochreous discal bands; the posterior ocellus very prominent, the small upper subapical ocelli minute, but distinct. Hindwing crossed by two discal angulate ochreous bands, and a submarginal series of five small distinct ocelli, each with a white pupil and narrow ochreous-outer ring. Expanse, 2,% to 2,9 inches. SATYRINZ.. 117 Hasirat.—Cachar. Disrrisution.—‘* Mr. J. Wood-Mason took a single male in the forests near Silcuri on 6th August, and another male on Nemotho Peak at 3300 feet elevation on 25th November” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1887, 351). , Inpo-MaLayaN ALLIED Erires.—H. elegans, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 147, pl. 2, fig. 4, ¢ (1868).—Staudinger, Exot. Schmett., pl. 82 (1887).— Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.—H. vchreana, Staudinger, Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 88. Habitat. — ?—H. Madura, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 5, figs. 8, 8a (1829). Habitat. Java. Genus MELANITIS. Melanitis, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company i. p. 222 (1857); dd. Lep. of Ceylon. i. p, 14 (1880), Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; zd. Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 1 (1868) ; id. Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 9 (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 40 (1882), Marshall and de Nicé¢ville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 250 (1883). Hipio, Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816). Cyllo, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 140 (1832). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 360 (1851). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 151. Imaco.—Wings moderately short, broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa convex, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, more or less angled below the apex and slightly waved below the angle, posterior margin nearly straight; cell very long; first and second subcostal veinlets emitted before end of the cell ; upper discocellular twice angled close to subcostal, lower discocellular long and obliquely concave, radials from the upper angles; median veinlets wide apart; submedian recurved and terminating above the posterior angle. Hindwing short, subovate, costa slightly arched, apex convex, exterior margin sinuous and produced into an obtuse angle at end of the upper median veinlet, abdeminal margin long; costal vein curved and extending to the apex ; precostal short; subcostal bent close to the costal vein near the base, the first branch ending below the apex; cell broad ; discocellular oblique, convex, bent outward above the middle, radial from the angle; middle median emitted before end of the cell. Body short, slender ; palpi porrect, compressed, compactly and densely clothed to tip with short scaly hairs, apex obtuse, legs slender, antennz slender; eyes naked. Aputt CaterpitLar.—EHlongated, somewhat fusiform, slightly pubescent, the terminal segment armed with two divergent pubescent fleshy processes ; head large, prominent, armed with two vertically erect well-separated pubeseent fleshy processes. Feeds on grasses. Carysatis.—Thick, simple; abdomen dorsally convex; thorax broad and dorsally obtuse; head case terminated in an obtuse point in front. 118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Tyrz.—M. Leda. Tae species or MELANITIS ARE DIMORPHIC.—The species of this genus have two forms, the result of a wet season-brood and of a diy-season brood occurring within the year, and to Mr. L. de Nicéville belongs the credit of having discovered and proved the fact that the common Indian species, M. Ismene, is dimorphic, and that the forms hitherto known as M. Leda and M. Ismene were only the wet and dry- season broods of one species. The two forms in this genus differ, not only in the ocellated or non-ocellated markings of the underside, as occurs in the species of the allied genera of Mycalesis and Ypthima, but the outline of the wings of the specimens in each brood, in Melanitis, also differ, especially in the males, the forewing in the males of the wet-season brood being shorter, its exterior margin nearly even or with but a very slight angle below the apex; whereas in the males of the dry-season brood, the forewing is subfaleate and has a more or less prolonged acute angle below the apex ; and in the hindwing, also, of the wet-season brood the angle on middle of the exterior margin is short and obtuse, but in the hindwing of the dry-season brood this angle is also acute and prolonged. Further, the undersides of the dry-season or unocellated-brood are very variable, and in their markings and tints of colour they harmonize so completely with the coloration of decaying vegetation, that when settled amongst dead leaves and dried- up grass, it is almost impossible to see them. MELANITIS ISMENE. Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 122, figs. 1, 1a, larva and pupa, 1, b, c,d, e, 3 2). Papilio Leda, Drury, Exot. Ins. i. pl. 15, figs. 5, 6, 2 (1773). Cramer, Pap, Exot. iii. pl. 196, figs. c, D (1780). (nee Linneus).* Melanitis Leda, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282, 1807). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 222 (1857); zd. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 15, pl. 10, figs. 1, a, b, g 2(1880). Butler (part) Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 1 (1868); zd. Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 9 (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 10, ¢ (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 252 (1883). De Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 237, pl. 12, fig. 4, larva and pupa, Oreas M. Leda, Hibner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 91, figs. 1, 2, 9 (1806-16). Hipio Leda, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816). Satyrus Leda (part) Godart, Ene. M¢th. ix. p. 478 (1819). Hipparchia Leda, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 8, fig. 9, larva and pupa (1829), * The Pap. Leda, Linn. 8. N. 1758, p. 474, is an Amboina species, quite distinct from the Indian. See Butler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. vi. Linneeus’ reference to Edwards’ Birds, pl. 297, is not given in the 1758 edition, but is erroneously added in the 1767 edit. of Syst. Nat. Edwards’ figure, however, represents the dry-season form of our Indian species. SATYRINZ. 119 Cyllo Leda, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 361 (1851). Hewitson, Journ. Linn, Soc. Zool. 1864, p. 144. Melanitis determinata, Butler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. vi. Imaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat pale olivescent umber-brown ; cilia alternated with whitish-cinereous. Forewing with two superposed more or less- defined subapical black confluent ocelloid spots, one on either side of the upper median veinlet, the lower spot large and rounded, the upper narrow, both more or less obscurely bordered by a pale ferruginous ring, which is generally apparent only on their inner side, and each with a pure white pupil; there is also a very diffused and indistinctly-defined blackish patch before the apex and a similar patch internal to it extending into the cell, these two indistinct patches being divided by a slightly perceptible pale ferruginous bar. Hindwing with a series of submarginal more or less defined ocelloid spots, varying in number and distinctness, as disposed on the underside, the three posterior generally being mostly defined and with a white pupil and obscure pale ferruginous outer ring, the upper spots usually being obsolescent. Underside pale ochreous or purpurescent-cinereous, uniformly covered with numerous dark brown strigz, the forewing generally showing a more or less slightly defined transverse subbasal, medial, and a discal narrow brown fascia, which are formed by confluent strigz, and the hindwing generally showing a slight subbasal and more or less distinct medial similar fascia. Forewing generally with a series of five submarginal black ocelli, the two upper small, the fourth larger and most prominent, but further removed from the outer margin, the fifth also small, each pupilled with bluish-white, ringed with pale ochreous and by an outer slender brown ring ; sometimes the upper ocellus, the third and the lowest are minute or obsolete. Hindwing with a suomarginal series of six prominent black ocelli, the upper one and the sixth being the largest, the others decreasing from the second, the sixth also small, each bluish-white pupilled (the anal one being sometimes bipupilled), ringed with pale ochreous and by an outer brown ring. Female. Upperside as in the male; the ocelloid black spots larger, more defined, and with larger white pupils, a small ocelloid spot also sometimes being present on the forewing between the middle and lower medians. Underside also as in the male, with the ocelli larger and more prominent. Body beneath, legs, and palpi pale ochreous-cinereous ; antenne pale brown, club dusky with a reddish tip. Expanse, 2,6, to 3,% inches. Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 123, figs. 1, a, b, c, d, e, ¢ 2). Papilio Tsmene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, figs. a, b (1775). Edwards’ Birds, pl. 297. Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 14, pl. 10, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 2 (1880). Distant, Rhop. 120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Malayana, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 9, 11, 12, f 2(1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 256, pl. xii. fig. 28, 9 (1883). Papilio Mycena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 291, fig. F (1782). Papilio Arcensia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292, fig. o (1782). Imuaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat pale olivescent-brown, the costa of forewing and the exterior margins slightly paler and speckled with vinescent- cinereous scales ; cilia brown, slightly pale-edged. Forewing more acutely angled below the apex than in the wet-season brood, with the apical area dusky-brown, the subapical black spots larger, more prominent and confluent than in the wet-season brood (Leda), the white pupils also larger, and the ferruginous inwardly-defined ring and upper bar broader and brighter in colour; sometimes, though but rarely, there is asmaller narrow black spot attached to the lower one. Hindwing with only the posterior ocelloid spots present, which are very small, or sometimes almost obsolete or represented only by the white dot. Underside extremely variable; the ground- colour in some being pale buff-brown, cinerescent-brown, ochreous or ferruginous- brown, ochreous, dark-brown or almost black, with various intermediate shades between these colours. Usually both wings are crossed by darker fasciz, as in wet- season brood, which, in some, are narrow, in others broad, the outer fascia being generally more sharply defined along its exterior edge. Both wings are numerously covered with strigz of darker colour than that of the ground-colour, and some have the fasciz broadly blotched of a darker colour, resembling fungi on dead leaves, or the entire surface of both wings may be darkly mottled throughout. On both wings the ocelloid spots are more or less obsolescent, or indicated by whitish dots, and in some few instances the ocelli are all indistinctly defined, Female. Upperside similar to the male, but somewhat paler. Underside generally paler than in the male, and, generally, of shades of ferruginous ground- colour, with darker strige and transverse fasciz; the ocelloid spots as in the male. Expanse, 2,% to 3;% inches. Apu CaTerPittar.—Long, slender, somewhat fusiform, rough; terminal segment armed with two divergent setose fleshy processes; head prominent and armed with two erect obtuse setose fleshy processes; ‘‘ colour grass-green with a yellow lateral line and many rows of very small white spots ; head normally green, with the horns and a continuing cheek-stripe red and three black spots on the face, but sometimes the head and horns are dark brown with three white spots on the face” (Aitken, Bombay, 1890). Feeds on grasses. Curysatis.—Thick, smooth, abdomen dorsally convex, head case terminating in an obtuse point in front; colour, pale watery green without markings. SATYRINZ. 121 Hasrtat.—Throughout India; Ceylon; Burma; Andaman and Nicobar Isles ; Malay Peninsula. Dimorratc Specimen or Fema.e with the markings peculiar to both seasonal forms occurring in the same specimen.—A specimen of the female, from Berhampur, Ganjam District, Madras, taken in October by Capt. E. Y. Watson, has the upper- side of both forewings as in the dry-season form (Ismene), with the left-hand hindwing of the upperside having the two median ocelli of the same large size as in the wet-season form, and the right-hand hindwing with these ocelli minute as in dry-season form both on the upper and underside, whereas, the underside of the left- hand hindwing have the ocelli large, as in the wet-season form. REARING OF THE TWO FORMS OF THIS SPECIES IN Caxcurra by Mr. L. de Nicéville. In the Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, p. 237, Mr. de Nicéville says, “I did not keep a very exact record of dates in breeding this species, as the transforma- tions had been previously recorded, but, from eggs laid by M. Leda in August, I bred, on September 6th, a female of M. Leda; on the 7th another female; on the 8th two female M. Ismene, one with distinct ocelli and therefore an intergrade between M. Leda and M. Ismene, though nearer the latter; on September 9th one male and two females of M. Ismene; on September 10th three males and four females of M. Ismene, several of which are intergrades, and one male of M. Leda; on September 11th two males and one female (the latter a highly ocellated specimen) of M. Ismene; and on September 12th one male of M. Ismene; the total result being that from nineteen pupe bred from eggs laid by true M. Leda I obtained three specimens (1 ¢ 2 2) like the mother, and sixteen specimens (7 d 9 ?) of M. Ismene, several of which, though transitional forms, were yet all nearer to M. Ismene than to M. Leda. My efforts to breed a second generation failed, all the specimens dying without coupling or laying eggs.’ Description of the larve of the wet-season brood, reared from the egg, in Lucknow, 1860, by the late Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette: “Larva; After first moult, two- fifths of an inch long; ground-colour grass-green; dorsal line well-defined, dark- green ; lateral line broad and interrupted, yellow, placed close over the legs; anal segment terminating in two long pointed tails, giving it a forked appearance ; abdomen and legs green; head large, blue-green, circled with deep carmine and having on the top two long appendages, like little horns, of the same colour; the carmine does not quite circle the head, the part where the circle is incomplete being the space between the two horns; on either side of the head is a milky streak bordering the carmine circle. Head and horns, hairy; body rugose, from being covered with yellow piliferous spots. After last moult : Length 1 inch; cylindrical, tapering much posteriorly and a little anteriorly ; rugose; ground-colour and general characters as after first moult. Feeds on the leaves of Saccharum Ravenne. VoL. Il. R 122 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. Habits slow. Went into chrysalis 3lst August. Chrysalis (pendulz) green, with a little brown fascia on either side. Imago emerged 7th September” (From original MS.) ; Nores on Hasits or Imaco.—In the Western Himalayas “these insects inhabit dark, thickly shaded, gloomy hill-slopes clad with oak (Quercus incana) and creel (Pinus longifolia). On very hot days, they may be seen flying with a short jerky flight in the shade of the trees, just within the line of sunlight. On such days it is curious, as you tread the forest path, to see it rise suddenly at your feet, and disappear as quickly within a yard. On the wing it is of course plainly seen, except in very dark corners, but the moment it settles among the dry spikes of the pines, and the brown scanty vegetation which struggles for bare existence under these trees, it is lost, and it requires much experience of its ways and keen eyes to find it lying within a foot or two of your path. The genus Melanitis mimics on the underside of the wings many species of fungi, and this, with the sober colouring of the upperside, increases the difficulty of finding the insect amid the débris of the forest ; the underside is very variable, scarcely two being exactly alike, and this may arise from the fact that they mimic the fungus most common at the time and place of flight” (Rev. J. H. Hocking, Sci. Gossip, 1882, 271). In Southern India ** these are insects of the dusk, coming out after the sun is down, and dancing round the roots of trees in company, after the manner of fairies. A little later they come out of their haunts and fly straight up into the air as far as the eye can follow them. They are thirsty creatures, and will gather in numbers where water has been spilt on the ground, but they prefer whiskey. I found the larve feeding on grass; the laryee is difficult to find, being a night feeder and very shy. As the species of grass on which it feeds grows during the monsoon only, except where there is water, this species js in season all the latter part of the rainy season, and in some places for a short time they almost jostle each other for room. About October, when vegetation is drying up, it gives place to the form Ismene. I have noticed it on alighting fall over on its side until it was almost horizontal, which very much enhanced its like- ness to a dead leaf. In Guzerat and Bombay we have reared the larva on Grass. In Karwar we found it during August and September on Rice. It is very shy, resting by day on the underside of a blade and feeding by night” (H. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1886, 129, id. 1890, p. 267). ‘ Larva and perfect insect very common on the Western Coast amongst the long grass. The perfect insect affects dark places during the day time. It seems to me to migrate, and from the mountains to below sometimes in great numbers. I have traced them on the move from 2000 feet high to the sea coast”? (S. N. Ward MS. Notes). Of our illustrations of this species plate 122 represents the male and female, and larvze and pupx of the wet-season brood, fig. 1 being the larva and pupa reared in SATYRINZ.. 123 Madras by the late Sir Walter Elliot, and reproduced from his original drawings ; fig. la is the larva and pupa reproduced from Mr. L. de Nicéville’s figure in Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, pl. 12, fig. 4; plate 123, figs. 1, a, b, ¢, d, e, ‘represents the male and female of the dry-season form. DistRIBUTION WITHIN INDIAN AREA.—This species is extremely common in many parts of the country, and has a very wide range. It is found throughout India, and occurs in the Himalayas at low elevations; also Upper and Lower Burma, Tenasserim, the Mergui Archipelago, Andaman and Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. “ It is on the wing more or less throughout the year. The upperside is fairly constant in coloration throughout its range, some specimens, however, having the ground- colour darker than others ; but the underside of the dry-season form varies strangely even in the same locality, and in their markings and tints they harmonize so com- pletely with the autumnal coloration of decaying vegetation, that, when settled amongst dead leaves and dried-up grass, it is almost impossible to see them” (Butt. of India, i. 257). _ We possess specimens from Cashmere, taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed, and from the N.-W. Himalayas. ‘“ Mr. C. J. Rodgers took the dry-season form below Dalhousie. In the neighbourhood of Simla Mr. L. de Nicéville took two specimens only in four years’ collecting. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has a single specimen from Masuri’’ (Butt. of India, i. 257). Mr. W. Doherty took it in the «Tarai and low valleys of Kumaon up to 4000 feet, capturing the wet-season form in August and September, and the dry-season form in October and November ” (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120). The Rev. J. H. Hocking obtained it in the Kangra District. We possess specimens, from General G. Ramsay’s Nepal Collection, ‘“ the wet-season form being rare in the Valley of Nepal, but the dry- season form is very common in the rice-fields”” (Ramsay’s MS. Notes). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 328) says, “it occurs in Sikkim all the year round at low elevations, and I have taken the wet-season form in July as high as 7000 feet, but it is not so common in Sikkim as in the plains.” Capt. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 182) records “ both broods common in Oudh and Umballa, always flitting about under the shade of trees, or lurking in long grass. I reared the larvze . on Saccharum Ravenne.” At Saugor, Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette (Ann. N. H. 1865, 37) found the dry-season form ‘more common of the two. They fly at sunset under the Neem trees (Azadirachta indica), resting for a long time motionless on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon them, when they will fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite stone.” Capt. H. B. Hellard took it at Allahabad. Major J. Le Mesurier, R.E., obtained it in Sind, Capt. Lloydin Kattywar, and Col. C. Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1884, 504) records ‘‘ both forms are apparently common in places in the interior of Karachi; I have R 2 124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. seen it from Hydrabad, but they are apparently very rare on the coast. I obtained one wet-season form at Karachi, and there is one of the dry-season form labelled Karachi in the museum.” ‘It is comparatively rare in the Punjab; in the North- Western Provinces it is much commoner, but throughout Central and Peninsular India and Bengal it is very common” (Butt. Ind. i. 257). Col. C. Swinhoe (P. Z.58. 1886, 422) records taking ‘‘ the wet-season form at Mhow in June, July, September and October, and the dry-season form commonly during the cold weather from the latter end of October to beginning of March. I have, however, taken one of the latter in June.” Dr. Forsayeth (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1884, 377) records rearing, and describes the larva, at Mhow. In Bombay ‘it is common in all moist places, the wet-season form from July to October, and the dry-season form all the year round, being very plentiful in the cold season” (P. Z. 8. 1885, 126). Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1888, 351) obtained it on the Nilgiri Hills at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation, the wet-season form, April-August, the dry-season form, August, November, December and February, being common in forests.’ Capt. HE. Y. Watson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 2) records ‘‘ the wet-season form taken in Mysore, October, November and December, and the dry-season form in Noyember and December.” In Madras, the late Sir Walter Elliot reared the wet-season brood from “ larvz * found on Guinea Grass, changing to pupa on October 29th, the butterfly emerging on November 7th” (MS. Notes). Mr. J. Rothney (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 34) found it common “ in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, but difficult to catch; always found in shade, either under Bamboo or Mangoe topes; fond of settling, when disturbed, in cactus hedges.” ‘ In Calcutta it is common, both in the rainy and dry seasons. Keeps in shade under trees and bushes and amongst dead leaves during the day, but flies about rapidly in the evening” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. 8S. Beng. 1885, 43). Mr. J. Wood-Mason records (J. A.8. Beng. 1887, 352) “the dry-season form from Silchar and Silcuri in Cachar, in April and end of May, and the wet-season form in May, July and August.” It is also found in Silhet and Assam. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 9) says it is ‘common throughout Burma. I have bred the wet-season form from the egg; the larvee feeds on the rice-plant, remaining in the pupa state fifteen to seventeen days ; the dry-season form very common at all times of the year except May and June.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season form at Bhamo in October. Capt. E. Y. Watson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35) records “the wet-season form, taken during the Chin Lushai Expedition, at Pauk in September, and at Pokoko in October, and the dry-season form at Pauk in November, and at Tilin from November * Figured on our Plate 122, fig. 1, from Sir W. Elliot’s original drawings. SATYRINA. 125 to May.” Dr. Manders (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) took it in the “ Shan States, Eastern Burma, where it is abundant at low elevations.” In Upper Tenasserim, Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 824) records the dry-season form taken in December at Ahsown, 2000 feet, Moulmain, Meetan, at 300 feet, Naththoung to Paboga, and at Moolai, 3000 to 5000 feet.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A.S. Beng. 1887, 417) records it from Tavoy. Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 32) * obtained the wet-season form in Mergui, December and end of April, the dry-season form at Mergui in March and April, Owen Island in January, King’s Island in January, and Elphinstone Island in March.’ Mr. F. de Roepstorff obtained it at Fort Blair, South Andamans (Moore, P. Z.8. 1877, 583), and Mr. J, Wood-Mason (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1882, 16) from Kamorta Island, Nicobars. In Ceylon, according to Major Hutchison, it is “found at all times in the Western and Central Provinces, in grassy places, both in the plains and hills up to 2000 feet ; flying at dawn and dusk of the evening, rarely by day. Settles down in grass” (Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 15). According to Mr. F. M. Mackwood the wet-season form affects the low country in Ceylon, having a range up to 3000 feet, and is very abundant especially from November to January, but is found all the year round; the dry- season form (Ismene) being found in the up-country, from 2000 feet and upwards ” (MS. Notes). DistRisuTION wiTHIN Inpo-Matayan Area.—Mr.:W. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, p- 41) records it from the Malay Peninsula and Penang. We possess specimens from Malacca, Nias, Sumatra, and Java, the latter bred from larve by the late Dr. Horsfield. Mr. H. Druce (P. Z. 8. 1874, 104) enumerates it from Chentaboon in Siam. We have it from N. China. We also have it from 8. Borneo, and Mr. W. B. Pryer (Distant, Ann. N. H. 1887, 48) obtained it at Sandakan, North Borneo. The late Robert Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1878, 690) took it in the Island of Hainan, and also in the Island of Formosa (P. Z. 8. 1866, 360). Herr G. Semper (Lep. Philippen, pp. 40, 41, pl. 9, figs. 1-4) records it from the Philippines. Mr. H. Pryer (Butt. of Japan, p. 30, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8) describes and figures both forms from Japan. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z.S. 1881, 90) also states that it is “ found in Nikko, Japan.” MELANITIS TAMBRA. Wer-szason Broop (Plate 124, figs. 1, a, b,c, ¢ 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark dusky olivescent-brown. Forewing with the exterior margin almost straight below the apex; the ordinary subapical black spots not defined. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark purpurescent-brown ; the veins grey and black speckled; thickly covered with strige, which are cinereous- ochreous and most dense on the basal area and brighter ochreous but Jess defined 126 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. on the outer area; fasciz indistinctly darker, submarginal ocelli small, fully developed. Female. Upperside much paler olivescent-brown. Forewing angled below the apex; with the subapical dusky-black confluent spots and costal patch obscurely defined, the spots white pupilled, the upper pale bar very obscurely brownish- ochreous. Hindwing with three small posterior submarginal white dots. Underside pale bright ferruginous, with darker strigz; the fascia prominently defined and covered with more uniformly-disposed darker strigz, their outer edges’ waved, that of the discal fascize on forewing being distinctly sinuous, their interspaces and basal area of hindwing and outer border of discal fascia paler; the ordinary dusky black cell spot on hindwing; the submarginal ocelli small, well developed. Expanse, d 2,4, 2 23% inches. Dry-sEason Broop (Plate 124, fig. 1, larva and pupa, 1 d,e, f, g 2). Melanitis Tambra, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 15, pl. 9, figs. 2, a, b, c, ¢ 2, larva and pupa (1880), Imaco.—Upperside dark olivescent-brown, apical area and outer borders slightly paler and obscurely speckled with ferruginous or cinereous-ferruginous scales. Fore- wing somewhat angled below the apex; with two very obscure small ,ordinary subapical blackish confluent-spots, with a single white pupil on its upper portion, but in some a lower white dot is shghtly apparent. Hindwing without markings. Underside very dark ferruginous or purplish-ferruginous ; veins alternately blackish and pale ochreous speckled ; more or less numerously variegated with pale ochreous strigze, which are more dense and confluent between the fasciz on the forewing, and the basal area and end of cell on the hindwing; the transverse ordinary fascize darker, those on forewing diffused, the outer one broadly greyish washed externally, most apparent on the hindwing, but paler and more ochreous on the forewing, especially on the dilated upper end before the apex. Both wings with the sub- marginal ocelloid spots small, ochreous-brown ringed, those on the hindwing being most distinct. Female. Upperside paler and of a ferruginous olivescent-brown tint, the costa and apex of forewing and outer borders suffusedly speckled with pale brighter ferruginous. forewing more acutely angled below the apex than in the wet-season form; with the subapical black confluent-spots large, each with a prominent white pupil, the upper one large, the lower small, the pale ferruginous ring obscure, the upper ferruginous bar more defined, the contiguous dusky costal patch blackish. Hindwing with three, or four, posterior submarginal minute white spots. Underside much paler and brighter ferruginous than in the male; the fasciz more defined and more uniformly strigose, their interspaces and basal area of hindwing not pale mottled, SATYRINA. 127 the ordinary dusky blackish spot in cell of hindwing being distinct ; submarginal ocelloid spots more or less developed. Expanse, ¢ 2,;% to 2;%, ? 2,% to 3 inches. CarErPILtar.—Hlongated, thickened in the middle ; head with two long pubes- cent red processes; anal segment also with two processes ; colour green, with longitudinal] and transverse darker lines ; face striped with red. Curysatis.—Green. Head and thorax flattened. Hasitat.—Ceylon. Distrizution.—* Found in the Western and Central provinces; in the plains, and up to 3000 feet elevation. June to September” (Hutchison, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 16). Mr. E. E. Green obtained it at Pundaloya in January, March, April, May, July and October, and at Ramboda, Kandy, in January and April. MELANITIS BETHAMI. Wert-season Broop (Plate 125, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Melanitis Bethami, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1887, p. 451. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky fuliginous-brown, the outer borders palest ; cilia brown. Forewing very slightly angled below the apex; with a well-defined subcostal nearly round ochreous patch before the apex, divided by the brown radial veinlets. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark purpurescent-brown, densely and uniformly covered with ochreous-cinereous strigze; the outer border ferruginous. Forewing with four ordinary small obscure white-pupilled ocelli. Hindwing with a series of six submarginal prominent ocelli, the upper second minute, the anal geminated, the other four nearly equal and much larger, each pupilled with white. Female. Upperside. Both wings much paler than in the male. Forewing more broadly angled below the apex; with the entire apical area broadly pale ochreous, on which is placed a round black spot with white pupil, situated between the upper and middle median veinlets, also a minute obsolescent ocellus below it and three above it. Hindwing with a small posterior submarginal black spot between the middle and lower medians, pupilled with white. Underside. Both wings with the ground-colour pale purpurescent-ochreous, densely covered with darker brown strige, the basal area and outer borders of the discal fascia slightly washed with pale purpurescent-cinereous ; the ocelli as in the male, but rather larger; the outer margins ochreous. J orewing with an obscure ochreous oblique medial and a waved discal narrow fascia, and the hindwing with a medial excurved similar fascia, the two latter somewhat most defined. Body beneath, and palpi cinereous-ochreous speckled ; legs brown; antennz brown, with a pale ochreous tip. Expanse, ¢ 2;%, ¢ 3 inches. 128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Dry-season Broop (Plate 125, figs. 1,¢c,d,e, ¢ 2). IuAco.—Male. Upperside much deeper dusky-brown than in the wet-season form, the colour having a purpurescent tint, and the outer borders are thickly speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales. Forewing with a more acute and prolonged angle below the apex than in male of the wet-season form ; the large apical patch being of a rich ochreous and darkest inwardly, the patch extending from within the end of the cell to the cinereous marginal border; the ocelloid spots being obscurely defined. Hindwing unmarked; the tail much prolonged. Under- side very densely purpurescent-brown or purpurescent olive-brown, the cinerescent strige very irregular and more or less indistinctly disposed and mottled, the basal area darkest, the outer discal washed with cinereous; the ocelloid spots smaller, very ill-defined. Female. Upperside much paler than in the male, with less distinct cinereous margins. Forewing even more acutely angled below the apex than in male; the rich ochreous apical patch occupying about half the wing, extending more or less well into the cell and to the posterior angle, the enclosed ocelloid spots being present as in the female of the wet-season form, or the two ordinary-disposed subapical black spots are developed, but both well-separated, more or less elongated, and with a distinct white pupil. Hindwing with one, or two, posterior submarginal white dots. Underside. Both wings dusky ochreous, with uniformly-disposed dark brown strigz, which are sometimes more or less irregularly blotched; the submarginal ocelloid spots also blotched. HExpanse, ¢ 3 to 3;%, % 3yo to 3;% inches. Hasrrat.—Satpura Hills, Central Pr ovinces. Disrriputioy.—The type specimens of this beautiful species were ‘‘ taken by Mr. J. A. Betham at Pachmari, a Sanatarium in the Satpura Hills, Central Provinces, at an elevation of 3500 feet, the wet-season form having been captured in August, and the dry-season form in October.” Mr. Betham (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 160) states that “it has the same habits as MW. Leda, and has only been found about Pachmari, where it is fairly abundant.” The illustrations of this species on our Plate 125 represent the male and female of both the wet and dry-season forms, from the type specimens kindly lent for this purpose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. MELANITIS BELA. Wer-szason Broop (Plate 126, figs. 1, la, b, 2). Cyllo Aswa, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 769, ¢. Melanitis Aswa, Butler, Catal. Satyr, Brit, Mus. p. 5 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 253 (1883). Cyllo tristis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 463 (1867), ¢ SATYRINZ. 129 Imaco.—Male. Forewing with but a very slight angle below the apex. Upper- side uniformly dark olivescent umber-brown, the outer borders slightly paler ; cilia entirely brown. ‘Typically both wings are unspotted, but in most specimens the forewing has one, or two, obscurely-defined subapical white dots, the lowest some- times black-bordered, and the hindwing has a submarginal white dot between the lower and middle medians. Underside dark purpurescent-brown, or dark ferru- ginous-brown, uniformly covered with short grey or ochreous-grey strigze; the forewing crossed by three, more or less obscurely-defined, darker and brighter coloured narrow ordinary fascie, and the hindwing by a narrow discal similar fascia, the outer borders also with a more or less-defined fascia. Forewing with five more or less defined minute ocelli, composed of a black spot, white pupil, dull ochreous ring, and a darker brown outer circlet. Hindwing with a submarginal series of six well-defined black ocelli, each with a large bluish-white pupil, narrow ochreous ring and dark brown outer circlet, the lowest sometimes being geminated. Female. Forewing somewhat more angled below the apex than in male. Upperside paler. Forewing with two obscurely-defined subapical black confluent spots with white pupils, and a minute white dot nearer the apex; the dusky-black subcostal pale-bordered patch more or less apparent. Hindwing with a submarginal series of five small white-pupilled black spots, the upper and lowest minute, the three middle spots very obscurely ochreous ringed. Underside paler, but brighter coloured than in male; with the uniformly-disposed grey strige throughout, the darker and brighter coloured fasci# and submarginal ocelli also as in male. Body beneath dark brown; legs ferruginous brown; sides of palpi grey speckled; antenna brown, with a dusky subterminal band and pale tip. Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3;, ? 3% inches. Dry-srason Broop (Plate 126, figs. 1, c,d, e, 5 2). Melanitis Bela, Moore, Catal. Lep., Mus. E. I. Company i. p. 223 (1857). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 4 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 254 (1883). Melanitis Duryodana (part), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc, i. p. 257 (nec Felder). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky olivescent-brown or cinereous olivescent- brown, the subapical area more intensely dusky brown, the costal edge of forewing and exterior margin of both wings more or less thickly covered with purpurescent- cinereous scales; cilia pale brownish-cinereous. Forewing with two moderately small subapical confluent black spots with prominent pure white pupils, the upper pupil large, the spots more or less obscurely inwardly-circled by ferruginous, the upper ferruginous bar, generally, being somewhat more sharply defined. Hindwing with either one, two, or three, white-pupilled minute black dots. Underside either VOL. II. s _ 130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. dark ferruginous, dark greyish ferruginous, dark olivescent-ferruginous, or olivescent- grey, the transverse ordinary fasciz darker and generally broadly defined, their outer borders washed with grey, and the entire surface is variegated with more or less darker strigze and pale ochreous mottlings, which latter tend to coalesce in irregular patches; veins alternately dark and grey speckled. Forewing with the greyish border to outer discal fascia broadly dilated to the costa before the apex ; with five small submarginal pale ochreous ocelloid spots more or less well-defined. Hindwing with a submarginal series of similar, ill-defined, ocelloid spots. Female. Upperside paler and more olivescent in tint, the outer borders more broadly-speckled with cinereous, the apex of forewing dark ferruginous speckled. Forewing with a larger and more prolonged acute angle below the apex; the subapical black confluent-spots large and broad, the inner-part of the upper spot projecting towards the cell and joins the dusky costal patch; a lower small black spot sometimes being also present between the middle and lower medians, the white pupils large, the bright ferruginous outer-bordering ring broad and diffused, the upper ferruginous bar also broad ; there are also two white specks close to the apex situated above and below the upper radial. Underside brighter ferruginous than in the male, but identical in markings. Body beneath and sides of palpi dark ferru- ginous; legs paler ; antennz pale ferruginous, with a dusky club. | Expanse, 3 to 3; inches, Hanitat.—N.-W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Naga and Khasia Hills ; Upper Burma ; Tenasserim. DisTRIBUTION.—We have examined and verified specimens of the wet-season form from the N.-W. Himalayas, possessing examples of both forms, as well as both sexes of the dry-season form from Kashmir, taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed. Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at Simla and Masuri, June. to October. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120) records both the dry and wet-season forms from the “Kali Valley, 2500 feet, in Kumaon, both being rare.” Mr. J. H. Hocking obtained the dry-seasonformin Kulu. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses the dry-season form from Rhani Ket, Kumaon, taken at 5000 feet, in July, and from Naini Tal, 4200 feet, in October, both taken by Col. A. M. Lang. It also occurs at Bhimtal, at 4500 feet in Kumaon. From the Hastern Himalayas we also possess examples of both forms from Sikkim. Mr. H. J. Elwes records it from “ Sikkim at from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation, from April to November” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 329). It has been taken at Sibsagar, Assam, at Shillong, in November, and in the Naga Hills, Khasia Hills, and Silhet. In Burma, Major C. H. E. Adamson took it in ‘‘ Arakaa, the wet-season form in September and October, and the dry-season form in Arakan, Bhamo, and in Tenasserim” (List. p. 9). Capt. HE. Y. Watson, during the Chin- Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, obtained the wet-season form at Tilin Yaw in SATYRINZ. 131 December, and the dry-season form at Pauk and Tilin in November, December, and April. Capt. Watson also took the wet-season form in Rangoon in June, July, August, and September, and the dry-season form at Beeling in Upper Tenasserim, in February, March, and April. Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season form at Palone in Pegu, in August, and the dry-season form at Moolayet in March, and also at Bhamo in October. Capt. Bingham took the dry-season form at Thoungyeen in Tenasserim in January and February, and at Houndrau in November. Capt. Watson also obtained the dry-season form at Poungdau near Thyetmyo in November, and in the Karen Hills in December. Mr. O. Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878, 824) obtained the dry-season form in Upper Tenasserim at Ahsown, Meetan, 3000 feet in April, Naththoung to Paboga, Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, and Moolat, 4500.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1887, 417) records the dry-season form from Tavoy. This species is also found in Western China; the wet-season form (Aswa) is described by Mr. J. H. Leech in “ Lep., China, etc.” p. 108, and the dry-season form (Bela) described and figured as M. Ismene, p. 106, pl. 13, figs. 2, 5. MELANITIS VARAHA. Wet-srason Broop (Plate 127, figs. 1, la, b,c, d, g 2). Melanitis Ampa, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 353, 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark sepia-brown, the exterior borders paler. Forewing with the exterior margin nearly straight. Both wings generally unspotted, but sometimes the forewing shows two subapical white dots and the hindwing two posterior submarginal dots. Underside purpurescent-brown; densely covered with uniformly-disposed narrow purpurescent-grey strige. Both wings crossed by a very obscurely-defined darker narrow discal fascia, the ordinary inner fascia on the forewing not being defined; submarginal ocelli small, fully developed, white pupilled, the pupil on those of the hindwing large, and in some few examples the ocelli on both wings are of nearly uniform large size and the pupil occupying the whole of the centre. Female. Upperside much paler and of a cinerescent olive-brown tint. ore- wing angled below the apex; with two very obscure blackish-brown subapical superposed spots, both with an indistinct whitish pupil, the adjacent costal patch also obscurely defined. Hindwing sometimes with one, or two, posterior submarginal prominent whitish spots. Underside reddish-brown or brownish-ochreous; densely covered with uniformly-disposed pale ochreous-grey strigze. Both wings with the discal fascia well defined, narrow, darker and brighter reddish-brown or brownish- ochreous, the marginal border being also of the same darker colour; the submarginal s 2 132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ocelli as in the male, and sometimes the ocelli on both wings are of nearly uniform large size throughout, with large white centres. Expanse, o 2,% to 2;%, % 2; to 2;% inches. Dry-season Broop (Plate 127, figs. 1, e, f, g,h,i, d 2). Melanitis Varaha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 224 (1857), g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 256 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark vinescent olive-brown; both wings with the exterior margin more or less densely speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales. Forewing with the subapical dusky black spots and costal patch very indistinct, the confluent-spots small, each generally with a prominent white pupil, in some they are quite obsolete. Hindwing with two, or three, posterior submarginal white dots. Underside with the ground-colour either ashy-brown tinged with olive at the base, or pale purpurescent-cinereous-brown with the base olivescent, pur- purescent-cinereous with the base brown, or various shades of dark purplish-brown, ferruginous or reddish-brown with the base or transverse fascie still more intense, or purplish-red with darker base, or, again, in some it is dusky-ochreous ; all are more or less numerously covered with obscure cinereous strige and the basal area with darker strige of the ground colour; the veins also being speckled; the ordinary fasciz either ill-defined and narrow, or the discal fascia only being indicated as the outer border of the dark basal area; in some the fasciz are intervened by pale ochreous strigz, and in some few the fascie are blotched with darker strige ; the submarginal series of ocelloid spots are small, more or less ill-defined and imperfectly developed, being either pale ochreous and brown speckled, or pale ochreous, or iron-grey speckled, or, sometimes they are large and prominent and yellowish or brown speckled and with a darker brown speckled ring, those at the apex of the forewing also being sometimes inwardly-bordered by whitish speckles, and there is, generally, present in most specimens a pale ochreous-white speckled patch at end of the cell on the hindwing. Female. Upperside pale olivescent-brown, the outer margins cinereous speckled. Forewing more acutely and broader angled below the apex than in male; with the apex ochreous tinged, the subapical dusky black spots more defined, white pupilled, and with a slightly-indicated obscure ochreous upper bar to the costa; a minute white speck also present close to the apex. Hindwing with the posterior sub- marginal white dots more or less distinct. Underside of various shades of dark ochreous or ferruginous, numerously covered with striga, with the fascie indicated, and the submarginal ocelloid spots as in the male. Body beneath, and palpi either cinereous or ochreous; legs brownish-ochreous ; antennw pale ochreous, with a dusky-brown subterminal band and pale tip. SATYRINZ, 133 Expanse, d 2,4 to 2;%, % 2,5 to 2,8, inches. Hasirat.—South India. DisrrisuTion.—The type specimens of the female of the wet-season form, described erroneously as male and female, were taken in North Kanara by Mr. Wise, and the type of the dry-season form was also taken in N. Kanara by the late Mr. S. N. Ward. In the Nilgiris, Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it at from 3000 to 4000 feet elevation, being common on the lower slopes, flying round trees at dusk, the wet-season brood appearing in June and the dry-season brood in December. In Mr. Hampson’s MS. Notes the wet-season brood is recorded as having been taken in “July, August and October, and the dry-season brood also in April, July and November.” We also possess specimens of the dry-season brood from Capt. E. Y. Watson, which were taken numerously at Kathlekan, Kadur District, Mysore, in November, December and January. The late Capt. Bayne Reed took it in the Wynaad, and we have it from Mynall, Travancore, 2500 to 3000 feet, taken in March. Of our illustrations of this species, Plate 127, figs. 1, 1a, b, c, d, represent the male and females of the wet-season brood; 1 and 1a the male; 1b and c the female, and 1d the type female described as Ampa by Col. Swinhoe. The dry-season brood is represented on Plate 128, figs. 1 and la, the upper and underside of typical male (Varaha), figs. 1b and ¢, also males, and figs. d, e, f, the female of the dry-season brood. MELANITIS GOKALA. Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 129, figs. 1, la, 3). Melanitis Gokala, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 224 ¢ (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 256 (1883). Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 351 (wet-season form). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown; cilia dark-brown. Forewing with the exterior margin nearly straight, with but a very slight angle below the apex; two subapical more or less indistinctly-defined large blackish spots and obliquely-continued patch to the costa, the subapical spots when less defined being without pupils, but in others, where these spots are more defined, the two white pupils are present, and in these latter specimens the ordinary upper pale bar is very obscurely brownish-ochreous. Hindwing with one, or two, posterior sub- marginal white dots. Underside with the ground-colour pale glossy olivescent- brown, very indistinctly speckled with grey strigze, which are most numerous and distinct on the basal area, and borders of the fasciz, or the ground-colour is pale ‘ochreous with dark ferruginous-brown strige, and the fascie more defined and bordered with grey strige; the submarginal series of ocelli very small, white pupilled. 134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside similar to male. Underside pale ochreous, with brighter ochreous bordering to the narrow fascie and outer margins, and uniformly-covered with slightly-defined brownish-ochreous strige; submarginal ocelli very small, as in male. Body beneath and palpi grey-speckled; legs pale ochreous; antennew pale ochreous with a dusky subterminal band. Expanse, 3 3 to 3,9, ? 3;% inches. Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 129, figs. 1, b, c, d, e, g 2). Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Beng. 1888, p. 351, f 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat paler olivescent-brown than in wet-season brood ; outer borders very slightly speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales and brown strigz ; cilia dark brown. Forewing with the apex subfalcate, the exterior margin broadly angled below the apex; the subapical blackish confluent-spots and costal patch obscurely-defined, the upper spot with an ochreous-white pupil, the oblique upper bar to costa pale dusky ochreous. Hindwing with two posterior submarginal white dots. Underside pale olivescent-brown, washed with grey basally and speckled with darker olive-brown strigz, the transverse fasciz on forewing less erey and broadly-defined, and speckled with dark brown confluent-strigx ; a strigose brown blotch also in the middle of cell of hindwing; submarginal ocelloid spots minute, indicated by blackish-edged whitish dots. Female. Upperside. Forewing more sharply angled below the apex than in male; the apex and exterior margins tinged with reddish ferruginous ; with the subapical blackish spots and costal patch more defined, the spots usually whitish pupilled, the upper bar paler ochreous and somewhat more distinctly defined. Underside. Both wings pale purpurescent-ochreous or ferruginous, with indistinctly darker strigx, the fasciz narrow, not prominent, their borders slightly washed with grey ; the submarginal ocelloid spots as in the male, Expanse, ¢ 3,4, % 3,% to 3, inches. Hasitat.—South India (Mysore, Nilgiris). Disrrizuti0on.—The type specimen of M. Gokala was taken by the late Mr. S. N. Ward in Kanara. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 351) obtained it on the “northern slopes of the Nilgiris and Mysore forests at 3000 to 3500 feet elevation,” the wet-season form having been captured in July, and the dry-season form in September and April. Capt. E. Y. Watson’s Collection contained examples of the dry-season form ‘‘ taken at Kathlekan in the Kadur District, Mysore, in November and December,” and are referred to, erroneously, under the name M. Gnophodes, in Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 3. Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 129, figs. 1, la, represent the SATYRIN ZL. 135 male of the wet-season fori and figs. 1b, c, d, e, the male and female of the dry- season form, from the type specimens described by Mr. Hampson. MELANITIS ZITENIUS. Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 130, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, g ?). Imaco.—Male. Forewing with the apex not subfalcate, the exterior margin being but very slightly angled below the apex. Upperside paler olivescent ochreous- brown than in the dry-season brood. Sorewing with the subapical black confluent spots smaller, more or less obscurely defined, the upper spot with a pale ochreous pupil, the ochreous upper bar being narrow and also more or less obscurely-defined, the dusky inner-patch to the costa obscure. Hindwing with three posterior sub- marginal minute blackish-edged white dots. Underside with the ground-colour either cinerescent-ochreous or ochreous, densely and uniformly-covered with dark brown strigze; the transverse fasciz on the forewing somewhat indicated by slightly more dense confluent-strige, the edge of the outer discal fascia on both wings being more brightly defined; the marginal border with a more or less brighter ochreous fascia; the submarginal series of ocelli more or less fully developed. Female. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing angled below the apex as in dry-season brood; the subapical blackish spots, inner costal dusky patch and their ochreous outer border more or less paler, narrower, and obscurely defined. Underside more ochreous than in male; the strige more slender and paler; the transverse fasciz narrow and well-defined ; the submarginal ocelli as in the male. Expanse, d 3, ? 3,° inches. Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 131, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Papilio Zitenius, Herbst, Natursyst, Schmett. viii. p. 5, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2 (1796). Melanitis Zitenius, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 258, pl. xii. fig. 29, ? (1883). Melanitis Vamana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. Company, i. p. 223 (1857). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 3 (1868). Cyllo Duryodana, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 464 (1867). Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown, the exterior borders slightly-speckled with prominent grey scales and blackish strige; cilia brown, alternately edged with pale ochreous. Forewing with two large subapical confluent black spots, the upper spot narrow, pupilled with ochreous-white, the lower pupil being minute, and from the upper spot a continuous blackish patch extends inward across end of the cell to the costal vein, both being broadly more or less obscurely bordered by pale ochreous, which colour is obscure and diffused on their discal side 136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. but broad and more defined exteriorly, and is brighter on the upper bar to the costa. edge. Hindwing with two, or sometimes three, posterior submarginal prominent minute black-edged ochreous white dots. Underside with the ground-colour either purpurescent-cinereous or purpurescent-ochreous, both colours sometimes being dark olivescent tinted; more or less thickly speckled with black or dark brown strige and scales, which are most densely packed and partly-confluent where they form the ill-defined broad dark-blotched fascize on the forewing and a blotched cell and discal patch on the hindwing; the normal dark transverse discal fascia on both wings being indicated by an ill-defined brighter pale-edged line ; the posterior border and triangular patch before the apex of forewing, and the costal border and a submarginal fasciole on the hindwing, generally, being paler and unspeckled. Both wings with a submarginal series of ordinary positioned more or less small black blotchy-spots with ochreous-white pupil. Female. Forewing sharply faleate below the apex. Upperside somewhat paler, the markings as in male, the outer margins more broadly-speckled with grey and blackish strigze, the subapical black confluent-spots and continuous-patch less sharply defined and larger, the ochreous bordering paler and generally of a purpurescent- ochreous tint; the strige uniformly-disposed throughout, the transverse fasciz narrow and slightly-defined ; the submarginal ocelloid-spots as in the male. Expanse, $3;'9 to 3,%, ?3,% to 3° inches. Hasirar.—N.-W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; South Andamans, Malay Peninsula. Distripution.—Mr. W. Doherty (J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120) records this species from the “ Kali Valley, 2000 to 4000 feet, in Kumaon.” “It is found in the Eastern Himalayas, and the Khasia Hills, and through Burma to Tenasserim. In Tenasserim it was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests in April, in the South Andamans by Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff in August, and there are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from the Daffla Hills, and from Sikkim” (Butt. India, i. 258). Through the kindness of the Honble. W. Rothschild we have examined and verified Felder’s types of male and female duryodana from Assam and Cachar. We possess specimens from Sikkim and from Gen. Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. According to Mr. L. de Nicéville (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1882, 56) it is “common in Sikkim at low elevations in October.” Mr. H. J. Elwes found it also “common in Sikkim from April to November” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 329). Capt. E. Y. Watson (J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 36) obtained the dry-season form during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 at Tilin, from November to May, “it being the commonest Melanitis met with.’ Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1887, 417) records the dry-season form from “ Sinbyoodine, Tavoy.”’ Mr. Roep- storff obtained examples of the dry-season form at Fort Blair, South Andamans. SATYRINA. 137 Mr. W. D. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 412, pl. 38, fig. 2, describes and figures the male of the wet-season form, taken in Perak, Malay Peninsula. Of the illustrations of this species, those on our Plate 130, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, represent the male and female wet-season form, and fig. 1d an intergrade female ; of the dry-season form, on Plate 131, figs. 1, la, b, c, represent the male and female. MELANITIS KALINGA. Dry-Snason Broop (Plate 131, figs. 2, 2a, 3), Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing with a large quadrate ordinary subapical black spot and continuous costal patch, the spot with a very obscure upper pale-ochreous pupil, the circling border and upper bar bright ochreous sharply defined. Hindwing unmarked. Underside with the ground-colour either purplish olive-brown with obscurely-defined purplish-cinereous strige, the fascia indistinct, and the submarginal spots almost obsolete, or the ground-colour is dark dusky-ochreous, with dark brown strige; blotched fasciz on the forewing and irregular blotches on the basal area of hindwing, the fascia on hindwing and the marginal border brighter ochreous ; submarginal spots minute and almost obsolete. Expanse, 3 inches. Hasitat.—Upper Godaveri District, South India; (? Orissa). This is a smaller insect than the dry-season form of M. Zitenius. Specimens have been taken by Mr. C. B. Morris, and are in Col. Swinhoe’s and our own Collection. Iypo-Matayan species or Munanttis.—M. Abdullx, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p- 241, pl. 19, fig. 3, d (1883). Nearest allied to M. Tambra.—Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—M. Suyudana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. HE. I. Compy. i. p. 224 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 412, pl. 39, fig. 2. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Nias; Sumatra; Java.—M. Phedima, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292, fig. b (1782). Habitat. —— ?.—M. Ambasara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy: i. p. 223 (1857). Syn. M. Gnophodes, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 1 (1868) ¢. Habitat. Java.—WM. Atraxz, Semper, Reisen Philippen, Lep. p. 41, pl. 9, fies. 5, 6 (1868). Habitat. Luzon.—WM. Cajetana, Semper, id. p. 42, pl. 9, figs: 7, 8. Habitat. Mindanao.—M. Hrichsonia, Semper, id. p. 42, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10. Habitat. Mindoro.—M. Boisduvalia, Semper, id. p. 48, pl. 9, fig. 11. Habitat. Luzon. Genus CYLLOGENES. Cyllogenes, Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 260 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongated, subtriangular; costa very vou. 1, April 24th, 1893. uu > 138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. convex, apex pointed, exterior margin oblique and almost even, posterior angle pointed; with a large oval inwardly-oblique medial glossy-black patch, clothed with glossy-black modified scales, which are either moderately short or rather long and . have acute tridentate tips, some few however having a four-pointed tip; no androconia ; cell very broad; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars deeply concave in the middle, the lower long; upper radial from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; the middle and lower median veinlets very wide apart, the lower terminating at the posterior angle; submedian very short, recurved, and terminating on the middle of the posterior margin. Hindwing short and broad, the apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin sinuous and produced into an obtuse short caudate angle at end of upper median veinlet ; costal vein terminating on the middle of the costa; first subcostal branch ending on the costa at some distance before the apex, the second branch ending at the apex; cell broad across the middle ; discocellular very oblique, radial from near upper end; middle median emitted before end of the cell. Body short, somewhat woolly; palpi obliquely porrect, compressed, clothed to tip with fine short hairy-scales, apex, pointed; antenne slender, rather short; eyes naked. Typz.—C, Suradeva. CYLLOGENES SURADEVA (Plate 132, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Melanitis Suradeva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 223, pl. 79, ¢ (1887). ' Cyllogenes Suradeva, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1868). Marshall and de Nicé¢ville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 260, pl. xiii. fig. 30, g 2 (1883). Taaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-brown, darkest at the apex; cilia brown edged with cinereous. Forewing with a prominent narrow excurved subapical pale ochreous streak, below which is a large medial obliquely-oval glossy-black patch, clothed with glossy-black modified scales, which are either moderately short or rather long, and have acute tridentate-tip, some few however having a four-pointed tip; no androconia. Hindwing without markings. Underside dull ochreous, numerously covered with short, narrow, undulating strige; both wings with a transverse darker brown ill-defined discal fascia, which is formed by confluent strige, the fascia outwardly bordered by a few pinkish-white strigz ; a submarginal series of normally-disposed ill-defined small lilacine white-centred longitudinally black-speckled bordered spots. Female. Upperside with a bluish-purple tint. Forewing with a broader and darker ochreous excurved subapical streak. Underside as in the male, except that SATYRINZ. 139 the discal fascia is not outwardly bordered by pinkish-white strigze. Body beneath, legs and palpi, dull ochreous ; antennze brown above, ochreous beneath. Expanse, 3 to 3,% inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim. Disrrisution.—* This appears to be a very rare insect. Col. A. M. Lang has five males in his collection, from Sikkim, and Mr. Otto Méller has taken a female also in Sikkim” (Butt. of India, 260). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330), it is ‘ not so rare in Sikkim, as supposed, but local, as far as known, and confined to an elevation of about 2000 feet, where it is taken by Mr. Moller’s collectors at Singla, from April to June.” CYLLOGENES JANETZ (Plate 132, figs. 2, 2a, 3). Cyllogenes Janete, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 453. Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown ; cilia black, edged with cinereous-white. Forewing with the apical half blackish-brown ; crossed by an oblique excurved rich ochreous subapical band, which broadly extends from the costa, and is attenuated towards the posterior angle. Hindwing with the outer margin somewhat broadly covered with ochreous strige. Underside. Both wings with the ground-colour ochreous, very thickly covered with dark olivescent-brown strige, the strigz being less numerous along the costal border of both wings, where they thus leave short ochreous fasciz, and the outer borders also more ochreous ; cross- “ing the dise is an obscurely defined narrow dusky-brown fascia, followed by a sub- marginal series of small lilacine-white spots, which are longitudinally bordered on each side by black speckles ; the outer discal area is also washed with pale lilacine-purple. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the subapical ochreous band broader, richer coloured, and extending along the costa; the black apical area traversed by ochreous veins, the median veinlets also lined with ochreous near the band. Hind- wing with the outer border richer ochreous. Underside much paler; the dark strige far less dense, and with no trace of the diffused fascia. Expanse, g 3,5, 2 31 inches. Hasitat.—Bhotan; Naga Hills. Distripution.— “Two males taken by Mr. A. W. Knyvett in Bhotan, and a female in Mr. O. Moller’s collection” (de Nicéville, 7. ¢.). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes, “a single male was taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hills, which agrees with Bhotan specimens” (P. Z. 8. 1891, p. 269). Genus PARANTIRRH@GA. Parantirrhea, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 248; id. Annals of Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 333. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 261 (1883). t 2 ~ 140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco. Male. Forewing broad, triangular; costa moderately and regalarly arched, the apex acute, exterior margin straight, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin somewhat sinuous, being lobed near the base, and the edge of the middle folded back flat upon the underside, the fold being thickly clothed on its surface and fringed at its free edge with firmly attached long and somewhat raised modified scales, rendered conspicuous by their rich dark-brown colour and satiny lustre; the outline of this turned-down fold is marked out on the upperside by a curvilinear eroove; first subcostal branch emitted just before end of the cell, second branch beyond the end of the cell, the first and second, and the third coales- cing near their middle respectively with each other, and the first with the costal, ending on the costa before the apex; discocellulars concave, upper radial from a slight angle close to subcostal, the lower radial from above the middle ; median veinlets emitted at equal distances apart and from the base, the lower median terminating at the posterior angle; submedian vein sinuous, being much recurved downward from the base, and touching the posterior margin at one- fourth from the base from whence it is curved upward, and terminates on the posterior margin. About one-fourth from the posterior angle, the middle of the posterior margin being folded beneath the wing as above stated. Hindwing broad, quadrate, tailed ; anterior margin very much arched, and almost angled in its middle, apex angled, exterior margin broadly produced in the middle, and with a prolonged tail at end of the upper median veinlet, anal angle rounded ; costal vein short and terminating on the middle of the margin; first subcostal branch ending beyond the middle, and the second at the apex; cell narrow; discocellular starting from near the base of lower subcostal, and running in the same straight line, then curving obliquely downward and outward to lower end of the cell, radial from its middle; the middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower median at about two-fifths; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved, the submedian furnished with a prominent black sagittate glandular patch, divided by the vein, near the anal angle; the patch clothed with black elongated scales of nearly equal width throughout, their apex being very obtusely bidentate, and their base also bidentate ; some few of these scales are much narrower, but of the same form. Body, slender; palpi very compactly clothed with short hairy scales, tip pointed; legs slender ; antenne very slender, rather short, and with a well-formed club ; eyes naked. Typr.—P. Marshalli. PARANTIRRHGA MARSHALLI (Plate 132, figs. 3, 3a, ¢). Parantirrhea Marshalli, Wood-Mason, Journ, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1880, p. 250; id. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 335, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 262, fig. g (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violescent-brown, with a violet-blue tint in ELYMNIINZ. 141 some lights; cilia brown. Forewing crossed by a broad subapical somewhat excurved pale violet band, which extends decreasingly to above the posterior angle, the area of the band being traversed by three small superposed discal whitish spots, situated respectively between the upper and lower radials and the middle median; posterior margin with a medial dusty-brown curved bar, outwardly edged with pale ochreous- brown, which is formed by the folding beneath of the middle of the lobular margin. Hindwing with the anterior margin broadly pale ochreous-brown, and with a prominent black sagittate glandular patch on the submedian vein near its anal end, the patch being clothed with black elongated scales of nearly equal width throughout, their apex being very obtusely bidentate, and their base also bidentate ; some few of these scales are much narrower, but of the same form. Underside dull pale-ochreous, numerously covered with obscure ochreous-brown transverse strigz, which are slender and more sparsely disposed on the basal half, but are more confluent on the exterior half, and there form two broad ill-defined fascie, between which is a very indistinctly more or less ill-defined series of ordinary-disposed submarginal small black-speckled spots, the veins are also slightly black speckled. Body beneath, palpi, and legs pale ochreous; antennz brown with a pale ochreous tip. Expanse, ¢ 2,4 inches. Hasitat.—South India. Distrisution.—The type specimens of this insect were taken at Trevandrum in Travancore, and are in the collections of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and that of Capt. G. F. L. Marshall. Sub-family ELYMNIINZ. Elymniina, Herrich-Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. i. p. 15 (1864). Elymniine, Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 112 (1871). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 263 (1883). Satyrine (group Elymniades), Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1869). Elymniade, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. Eurytelide (part) Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 403 (1851). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869,- p- 321. CuaracTtErs or THE Hnymniine®.—Imaco.—Wings moderately large, weak, outer margin generally dentate. ore-wing with the costal vein always swollen at the base; cell short and broad; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, the lower considerably the longest and deeply concave; the two upper median veinlets emitted from end of the cell; submedian undulated and extending to the posterior angle. The male, in the group represented by Hlymnias undularis 142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and its allies, has an inconspicuous glandular patch on the upperside between the base of the median and submedian vein, the patch being clothed with peculiar-shaped scales, but no androconia; a corresponding nacrescent patch being also present on the underside of this wing; and, in another group, repre- sented by vasudeva, the forewing has the middle portion of the posterior margin folded over on to the upperside, the fold covering a glandular patch of scales, and the patch overlaid by an erectile tuft of enclosed hairs. Hindwing, in the males of all species, with a glandular patch situated within the upper half of the cell, which is overlaid by a lengthened tuft of erectile hairs, arising from the lower edge of the patch, the patch being clothed with very densely packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equab width throughout and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short fusiform slender blackish scales (androconia), which latter have an acute point at each end; costal vein short, looped at its base and forming a false prediscoidal cell; the cell short, very broad ; upper subcostal branch emitted at about half way before end of the cell, and terminating on middle of the anterior margin; lower discocellular concave; the two upper median veinlets emitted from end of the cell. Head moderate sized ; body moderately robust; eyes naked, prominent; antenn slender, with a gradually formed indistinct club; forelegs small, those of the male hairy, those of the female also small but more robust, naked, cylindrical, and blunt at the tip; palpi elongate, porrect, clothed with short adpressed hairy-scales and perceptibly tufted above. Apu Carrrritnar.—Somewhat fusiform, minutely pubescent; head armed with two erect divergent branched-processes ; anal segment also armed with two longer slender setose hindwardly-projected processes. CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail only; head truncated, with two small pointed processes in front, and a similar thoracic process above. . Eceo.—* Similar (to those of the Satyrinz), large, globular, translucent, hard, obscurely facetted, nearly as high as wide” (Doherty, J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 109). Gmnerat Caaractertstics.—The males of all the known species possess, on the upperside of the hindwing, a basal glandular patch of scales overlaid by a tuft of erectile hairs. In certain species of the genus Hlymnias (undularis and its immediate allies) there is also an inconspicuous glandular patch on the upperside of the forewing, below the base of the cell, and in the genus Mimadelias, the forewing has the middle of the posterior margin folded over on to the upperside, the fold covering a glandular patch of scales, and an erectile tuft of hairs. The genera of Elymniinez, though structurally similar as regards their venation, the species, as here assigned to each genus, not only exhibit, to a certain degree, the particular form of the wings, but in their colours, and also their peculiar style of markings, they accord with the group of protected butterflies, of which, respectively, ELYMNIIN 4, 143 they are mimics—the species of Hlymnias and of Melynias, agreeing with certain species of Limnaina and Euploina—those of Bruasa also with certain Elploeina— those of Mimadelias with certain Pierinea—those of Agrusia with certain Nymphaline, and the typical species of the Malayan genus, Dyctis, with certain Morphine. Foop pPLaNnts or CarmrriLtar.—So far as yet known, the caterpillar of only two of the genera, here described, have been discovered, and these are recorded as feeding upon plants of different Orders, namely—the caterpillar of Hlymnias (undularis, etc.), upon Patmacem, and those of Mimadelias (Godferyi) upon OrcHIDACER. Hasirs or Imaco.—‘‘ The Elmniine are forest-loving insects, with a weak flight, frequenting dense undergrowth or bush jungle, and usually avoiding the open sunshine ; they are all tropical or subtropical insects”? (Butt. of India, 264). Tur Specizs or Enymnun® aru ALL Mimetic.—The species of this sub-family possess a highly mimetic character, and are, I believe, without exception, mimics, both in general form of their wings, and in the colowrs and markings of the upperside, of certain ‘ protected’ or ‘inedible’ species of butterflies common to the district they inhabit. Of the commonly known species, the female of Hlymnias wndularis, and of its immediate allies, the species which they mimic is the Limnaine butterfly, Salatura genutia,’ the Malayan Hlym. discrepans, in both sexes, mimic the Huplceine butterfly, Calliplea Ledereri, and the Hlym. panthera (Dusara Horsf.), the Euploeine butterfly, Vadebra sepulchralis. In the genus Melynias (Timandra, and its Malayan allies, Lais, Ceryx, etc., both sexes mimic the Limnaine genera Parantica,’ and Caduga; the Melynias Malelas, in both sexes, mimic the corresponding differently- marked sexes of the Huplceine butterfly, Zrepsichrois Linnwi,? and in the allied Melynias Saueri the male mimics the same sex of Trepsichrois, but the female mimics quite a different butterfly, namely the Limnaine genus Hestia (probably H. Agamarschana,* or H. Donovani); the Melynias Patna, both sexes mimic the Eupleine butterfly, Stictoplea binotata® or Isamia splendens; and the Melynias Singala probably mimics the Huplceine butterfly, Pademma Sinhala.’ In the genus Bruasa, the male of B. Penanga and probably also that of B. Chelensis mimics the Eupleine butterfly, Calliplea Ledereri.’” In the genus Mimadelias, the M. Vasudeva, in both sexes, mimic the Pierine butterfly, Delias pasithox, and the allied Malayan M. Godferyi the Delias Dione. In the genus Agrusia, the A. Andersonii, A. Hsaca, and its allies, the males are excellent mimics of the ‘protected’ section of the 1 See vol. i. pl. 10, figs. 1, b, ¢. 2 See vol. i. plates 13 and 14. 3 See vol. i. pl. 35. * See vol. i. pl. 4, fig. 1. 5 See vol. i. pl. 53, figs. 2, 2a. 6 See vol. i. pl. 47, figs. 3, 3a. 7 See vol. i. pl, 36, figs, 1, la. - 144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Nymphalid butterflies of the genus Buthalia, of which lepidea, Andersonit, Diardii, Aimbalika, etc., are representatives. Key vo tHe Inpian GENERA OF HLYMNIINZ. 1, Forewing rather short, subtriangular. Srorron A. Forewing of male possessing a glandular patch situated between the base of median and submedian vein. Hindwing with a very slight caudate-angle to exterior margin, Srorron B. Forewing of male not possessing the glandular patch. Hindwing caudate . : : , ; A : : ° ; - . ELyYMnias. 2. Forewing elongated, triangular. Hindwing somewhat more or less caudate : . MELynias. 3. Forewing elongated, subtriangular, exterior margins very slightly sinuous. Hindwing not caudate . 3 : ; : : : : . Bruasa. 4, Wings short, very broad, exterior margins uniformly scalloped. Forewing of male with a longitudinal fold on posterior margin covering a glandular patch and an erectile tuft of hairs. Hindwing convex. : . Mrimaperias, 5. Wings very short and broad, exterior margins extremely-slightly sinuous , ; . AGRUSIA, Genus ELYMNIAS. Elymnias, Hiibner, verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816); 2d. Ziitrage, Samml. Exot. Schmett. figs. 37, 38 (1818). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 236 (1857); zd. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 25 (1880). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 38 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 519. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p, 264 (1883). Melanitis (part) Fabricius, Iligers’ Mag. 1807, p. 282. Melanitis, Horsfield (1829); Boisduval (1833); Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 403 (1851). Biblis (part) Godart, Enc. Mé¢th. ix. p. 325 (1819). Imaco.—Male. Wings moderately broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very convex, apex acute, exterior margin very slightly oblique and sinuous, posterior margin slightly convex towards the base; costal vein much swollen at the base and terminating near middle of the costa ; subcostal arched near its base, the first and second branches emitted before end of the cell; the cell short and very broad ; discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper angled close to the subcostal, lower radial from slight angle above the middle ; the two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, the upper median much arched ; submedian bent close to the median at the base, thence slightly recurving to the posterior angle. On the upperside between the basal interspace of the lower median and the submedian is an incon- spicuous rounded black glandular patch, which, as seen under the microscope, is clothed with laxly-raised short black scales,* with many-toothed tips, and by longer * We possess three specimens, from different localities, in which these scales ave been removed from the patch on both wings during the life of the insect, thus leaving the entire patch quite bare, ELYMNIINZA. 145 narrower bidentate-tipt scales, but no androconia visible; on the underside of the wing is a glossy nacrescent patch below the base of the cell, which is clothed with broad ordinary scales, and a restricted portion below the sub- median is clothed with laxly-packed raised narrow oval scales. Hindwing short, obtusely triangularly-ovate; anterior margin extremely convex, apex pointed, exterior margin convex, sinuous, and with a broader caudate angle at end of upper median ; anal angle obtusely pointed; costal vein short, looped at its base, forming a false prediscoidal cell, emitting a short spur towards the base of the costa; cell short, very broad ; upper subcostal emitted at one-half before end of the cell, and terminating on middle of the costa, second subcostal terminating at the angle ; discocellulars erect, lower concave, radial from angle above the middle; the two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower median at more than one-third before the end; submedian vein straight; internal vein recurved ; on the upperside is a glandular patch situated within the upper half of the cell, and is overlapped by a tuft of long erectile-hairs arising from along its lower edge, the patch being clothed with very densely-packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width throughout, and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short, slender, nearly fusiform blackish scales (androconia) with an acute point at each end. Body moderately robust ; palpi elongate, porrect, slender, very compactly clothed beneath with adpressed scales, and pilose above; front legs hairy, middle and hindlegs naked; antenne with a slender indistinctly formed club; eyes naked. Apuur CaTERPILLAr.— Somewhat fusiform, minutely pubescent; head armed with two erect divergent setose processes; anal segment also armed with two longer, slender, hindwardly-projected setose processes. Feeds on Palmacee. CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail; head truncate, with two small pointed processes in front, and a similar thoracic process above. Tyrr.—H. undularis. Of the species enumerated by Hiibner (Verz. p. 87), under Hlymnias, viz., Protogenia, Jynx, undularis, and Lais, Jynz is figured as an Hlymnias, by Hiibner (Zitrage, figs. 37, 38). This group, therefore, becomes the typical one, and not that represented by Lais. ELYMNIAS UNDULARIS (Plate 133, figs, 1, larva, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Papilio undularis, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 10, figs. 1,2, ¢ (1773). Fabricius, Spec. Ins. App. p. 504 (1781); Ent. Syst. iii. i, p. 127 (1793). Biblis undularis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 326 (1819). WMelanitis undularis, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 404 (1851). Elymnias undularis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. VOL. IL. U > 146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Compy. i. p. 237 (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1869); Prov, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, ete. i p, 266, pl. xvii. fig. 59, ¢ 2(1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 237, pl. 86, g 9. Tuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark, velvety ; purpurescent blackish- brown, in fresh specimens somewhat tinged with blue, and the edge of the outer margin with purple; in older specimens the ground-colour is generally more or less dark chestnut-brown; some blue irrorated-strigez along the costal margin, and an excurved subapical series of small violet-blue irrorated spots disposed between the veinlets, the spots elongated near the apex, those below rounded ; between the basal interspace of the median and submedian vein is an inconspicuous rounded impressed black glandular patch, which is clothed with short broad many-pointed tipt black scales, and with some longer narrower tridentate-tipt scales. Hindwing somewhat paler, purpurescent blackish-brown, or chestnut-brown, the outer border being broadly suffused chestnut-red, fading to dull dark ferruginous, which is sometimes traversed by a submarginal series of’ very small more-or-less pale red or white spots ; the veins across the red band also sometimes being black lined; within the upper base of the cell is an elongated glandular patch, which is clothed with very densely-packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width throughout and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short fusiform slender blackish scales (androconia) with an acute point at each end, the patch being also overlapped from its posterior edge by a tuft of long blackish hairs. Cilia alternately edged with white. Underside deep chestnut-red, with numerous wavy transverse lilacine-cinereous strigee of more-or-less intensity, these strige being sparsely-disposed on the basal two-thirds, and are generally densely-packed and confluent on the outer border, where their density forms a more-or-less defined paler nebulous border, the division generally being indicated by the angulated curved edge of the dark basal area. On the forewing is a prominent triangular costal patch before the apex, which is densely covered with lilacine cinereous strigz, and on the middle of the discocellular veinlet is a minute whitish speckled-spot ; on the hindwing, also, there is a more or less prominent subcostal white spot above end of the cell, and occasionally a sub- marginal series of white points are more or less apparent. Body beneath, legs, and palpi paler brown ; legs beneath cinereous-brown; antenne brown with a pale tip. Female. Upperside coloured and marked somewhat after the style of Salatura Genutia. Forewing with the costal border from the base, the outer half, and below the submedian vein blackish-brown, the medial area from the lower base of the cell being ochreous ; along the base of the costa are some violescent-white strige, and before the apex a broad violescent-white subapical band intersected by the dark veins, below which are three submarginal decreasing white rounded spots. Hind- wing with the costal border and outer margin broadly dark brown, the latter ELYMNIINA. 147 traversed by a submarginal series of four large white round spots, the inner basal area being ochreous, intersected by the brown radial and median veinlets. Underside paler and more suffused chestnut-red than in the male, the basal area of an ochreous tint, with numerous paler ochreous or cinerescent-ochreous transverse strigz, which are very broad and are palest on the lower basal area of the forewing; the costal border, apical patch and outer border of the forewing, and outer border of the hind- wing, more or less thickly covered with transverse lilacine-white, or ochreous-white, strige ; the subcostal white spot on hindwing more or less prominent, or sometimes absent. Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 3,4, ? 37% to 3; inches. Aputt Carerritnar.—Hlongate, fusiform, setose ; green, with longitudinal dorsal and lateral yellow lines, and a subdorsal row of yellow elongated yellow spots which are centred with red and posteriorly edged with blue; head brownish, armed with two erect brownish setose processes; anal seement also with two red slender hindward-projecting processes. (Described from a drawing reproduced on our plate, made in Allipur, Lower Bengal, by the late Mr. Arthur Grote’s native artist.) CurysaLis.—Similar to HL. fraterna and H. caudata. Hasrrat.—Western and Hastern Himalayas; Assam; Hastern and Lower Bengal ; Central India. The female of H. undularis is an excellent mimic of the common Limnaine butterfly, Salatura Genutia.* Distripution.— This is the common Elymnias of Northern India. It is common in the warm valleys of the outer Himalayas, as far west as Masuri. In Bengal, where the rainfall is heavy, it extends into the plains, and is found in Assam, Silhet, Eastern Bengal, and along the Hast Coast as far South as Raja- mundry on the Godaveri, and it also occurs in the Deccan. It affects bush jungle and shady undergrowth” (Butt. Ind. 267). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in Kumaon at “Ranibagh at the foot of the outer hills, at 1000 feet elevation” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as being “found in Sikkim from the Terai up to 3000 feet more or less commonly at all seasons of the year” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330). Mr. J. Wood-Mason ‘‘obtained twenty-seven males and two females in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, between April and August, being most common in June and July. The males emit a strong odour resembling vanilla, but the females are scentless” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 352). The late Capt. Mortimer Slater found it ‘‘ not uncommon at Dacca, flying in a weak, hovering manner, generally over the damp pits formerly used by the muslin manufacturers”? (MS. Notes). It is “ very common at Calcutta, settling on the * See vol. i. Plate 10, figs, 1b, c. U2 148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. trunks of the Corypha” (Capt. Chaumette, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1865, 38). Mr. J. Rothney records the ‘‘male common and the female rare at Barrackpur, near Calcutta, settling in dense foliage close to the trunk” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 34). Mr. L. de Nicéville also found it “a common species in Calcutta, the larva feeding on Palmacew” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 43). The late Mr. A. Grote found the larva at Allipur in the district of Calcutta, feeding on the Rattan and on Corypha. (MS. Notes.) In Orissa, it is recorded by Mr. Taylor (List, p. 3) as “not common at Khurda.” Of the illustrations on our Plate 133, fig. 1 is a reproduction of the original drawing of the larva found at Allipur, by Mr. A. Grote, now in our possession ; ‘and figs. la, b, c, represent the male and female. ELYMNIAS TINCTORIA (Plate 133, figs. 2, 2a-b, ¢ 2). Elymnias tinetoria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 826, @. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 267 (1883). Moore, Journ, Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, p. 32. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent bluish-black. Sorewing with the excuryed series of blue spots larger and broader throughout than in typical 2. wndu- laris, in some the upper spots are conjoined, and the lower touch the outer margin. Hindwing with the outer border dusky, suffused purplish chestnut-red, the sub- marginal spots indistinctly whitish, or the two upper pale blue. Female. Upperside similar to £. wndularis, except that on the forewing the bluish-black costal and outer border is comparatively broader, and consequently, the ochreous inner-area more restricted ; the lower white spots are smaller, and the three submarginal spots on the hindwing are also smaller. Undersides of both sexes similar. Expanse, d 2, to 3, ? 3 to 3; inches. Haszirat.—Burma; Tenasserim. The female of H. tinctoria is more like that sex of the Javan form (H. Pro- togenia) than to H. wndularis, in the broad breadth of the dark borders, but the Javan females have even a broader border to the forewing, than in tinctoria, and consequently the ochreous area is still more restricted, and, it may be noted, that the tint of the ochreous colour on both wings of the Javan female is more intense and dusky, agreeing in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the Javan Huploeid, Salatwra intensa, and of which the female of H. Protogenia is a mimic. Disrrisution.—‘* Very common throughout Burma, at all times” (Major Adam- son, List, p. 10). Specimens in Capt. E. Y. Watson’s collections were captured during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at ‘* Pauk Yaw, in October and November, and at Tilin from November to May” (Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 36). Mr. ELYMNIINA. 149 F. E. Dempster obtained it at Lounghut during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, only on low ground up to 1000 feet (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 2). Capt. Watson also obtained specimens at Rangoon in August, Sittang, Tenasserim, in January, Beeling in April, Toungoo in March, Kyaikto, Tenasserim, in February, and in the Karen Hills, 500 to 1500 feet, in December. ‘‘It is very common in Eastern Karenee at 800 feet, in January’? (Dr. Manders, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519). Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘‘ Mee- tan, 3000 feet, in April, at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, and at T'aoo, 3500 feet.” Capt. Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests. Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in Bhamo in September. Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from *Tavoy in March.” Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, 32) obtained it in ‘* Mergui in December, and on King’s Island in January. ELYMNIAS FRATERNA (Plate 134, figs. 1, larva and pupa, la, b,c, d,e, ¢ 9). Elymnias fraterna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 3, @. Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 25, pl. 13, figs. la, b, g ? (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 268 (1883). TImaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown. Forewing with the exterior margin slightly tinged with purplish-ochreous ; crossed by a very obscurely-defined excurved subapical series of very small purplish-blue spots. Hindwing with a broad pale fulvous marginal band, and a submarginal series of paler spots. Underside dark chestnut-red; a triangular apical patch on forewing and the outer borders of both wings densely covered with confluent brownish-grey strige; the basal areas also with less numerous but more regularly disposed strigz; a distinct bluish-white spot on anterior border of hindwing. Female. Upperside blackish purple-brown. Forewing with the basal and discal area rich ochreous ; a subapical oblique purplish-white vein-divided fascia and three lower submarginal spots, having the strigee on the underside visible by semi-trans- parency. Hindwing with the basal and discal area rich ochreous, the branches of the median vein and the abdominal area grey speckled, or the entire ochreous area is more or less covered with pale transverse strige; a submarginal series of four large bluish-white round spots. Underside as in the male, but paler, the basal area slightly ochreous, and the strige on the borders more dense, prominent, and ochreous-white with ill-defined submarginal round spots ; costal bluish-white spot prominent. Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2;%, % 3 to 3,% inches. Aputt Catrerritiar.—Elongated ; thickened in the middle, pubescent ; head small, yellow, surmounted by two erect pink pubescent processes, anal segment also with hindwardly-divergent processes; colour green, with longitudinal yellow lines, 150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the subdorsal ornamented with some chrome-yellow spots, and the fifth to eighth segments with a red and blue spot. Feeds on Palmacez. CurysaLis.—Green, with longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or spots ; head and thorax truncate in front, with three short tubercles. Hasirar.—Ceylon. The male of H. fraterna is a much paler and differently coloured insect, on the upperside, from the same sex of H. undularis; the female also having broader and darker borders on the upperside, and the hindwing of the latter sex has the ochreous area always more or less partially or entirely covered with pale strige. The female of this species is also a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Salatura Genutia. Distrieuti0on.—According to Capt. Wade ‘it occurs at Galle and also about Kandy.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood notes that it is a ‘‘ low country species, and generally abundant.’ Capt. Yerbury recently obtained it at Trincomali, in July and October. ELYMNIAS CAUDATA (Plate 135, figs. 1, la, larva and pupz, lb, c, d, 3 2). Elymnias caudata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 4, ¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, etc. i. p. 270 (1883). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p- 351. Davidson and Aitken, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 268, pl. A. figs. 2, 2a, larva and pupa. Tnaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark velvety purple-brown, bluish-black in some lights; with an oblique subapical bluish-white band and three lower submarginal oval spots, the upper spot being disposed inwardly-oblique, and the lower spot outwardly-oblique, the strige of the underside being visible by semi-transparency on the band; no glandular patch. Hindwing paler purple- brown, darkest at the base; glandular tuft within the cell cinereous-brown ; crossed by a more or less broad discal fulvous band, which is intersected by the brown veins and generally traversed by small paler or sometimes nearly white submarginal spots, and occasionally the dark strigz of the underside are visible on the band. Underside dark chestnut-brown, the basal area with several very obscurely-defined brownish-grey strigze. Forewing with a prominent apical triangular patch, and an irregular submarginal fascia composed of confluent pinkish cinereous- white striga. Hindwing with a broad outer fascia or the entire border very densely covered with more or less confluent pinkish cinereous-white strige ; the ordinary submarginal spots being indicated by small dark brown or white centred points. Body beneath, palpi, and legs pale brown; legs beneath cinereous; antenne dark brown with a pale ochreous tip. Female. Upperside with paler purplish-brown outer borders, the inner area dull ochreous. Forewing with the subapical bluish-white band and lower spots as in the male. Hindwing with the costal and outer border, and the veins, broadly paler brown; the inner area, and streaks between the veins obscurely merging into the ELYMNIIN 4. 151 submarginal spots, being pale dull ochreous, the spots sometimes being almost white. Underside much paler than in the male, but marked the same. Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 334, ? 3,%, to 3,5, inches. Avutt Carzrrittar.— Fusiform, slender, transversely rugose and clothed with short stout bristles just visible to the naked eye; head large, surmounted by two stout, straight processes, sloping backwards, which are slightly branched at their end ; a pair of long straight caudal processes, setose like the body; colour of the body bright green, with two dorsal and two lateral longitudinal yellow lines, more or less distinct, and a subdorsal row—one on each side—of large yellow spots tinged with pink and sometimes tipt with black; head dark brown, with a yellow cheek stripe and frontal line. Feeds on Palmacex (Cocoanut and Betel-nut Palms).” Curysatis.—* Suspended by the tail only, but in a rigidly horizontal position ; regular, with the exception of two small pointed processes from the head and an acute thoracic process above them; colour bright green, ornamented with four irregular rows of large yellow spots bordered with red” (Davidson and Aitken, Ll. c. 268). Hasrrar.—South India. DisterBotion.— This has only been found in the South of Peninsular India. Mr. H. 8. Fergusson took both sexes on the Ashamboo Hills, Travancore, where it is fairly common in April and May. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Calicut, the Wynaad, and the Kadur District in Mysore” (Butt. Ind. 271). We have several specimens, from Calicut and the Wynaad, Malabar, captured by the late Dr. Bayne Reed, and from the Nilgiris. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 351) records it as being “rare in the Bamboo jungles at the foot of the Northern and Western Slopes of the Nilgiris.”’ Messrs. Davidson and Aitken (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 268) obtained the larvee and several pup on the Cocoanut and Betel-nut palms, in October. The late Mr. 8. N. Ward obtained the type specimens at Calicut, and “found the larve feeding on the Soopari, (Areca-nut Palm) in September, October and December, both above and below the Ghats” (MS. Notes). Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 135, fig. 1 is a copy of Mr. 8. N. Ward’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la, a reproduction of Mr. Aitken’s figure in the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, and figs. 1b, c, d, the male and female. ELYMNIAS COTTONIS (Plate 136, figs. 1, la, b, 99). Melanitis Cottonis, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 358. Elymnias Cottonis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 583. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc, Bengal, 1881, p. 245, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 268 (1883). > 152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark velvety purple-brown, almost black in some lights; cilia alternately edged with cinereous-white. Forewing with the costa more or less obscurely flecked with bluish strigz, the outer margin with a suffused deep purple-red band, the inner edge of which is anteriorly incurved to the costa; the black glandular patch below the median vein visible. Hindwing with a similar purple-red marginal band ; the glandular tuft within the cell cinereous black. Underside dark chestnut-red, the basal area darkest and very sparsely covered with obscure brownish-grey strigx, the outer margins and the apical patch on forewing more numerously covered with broader more or less confluent plumbeous strigs, and forming an ill-defined fascia on the former; on the hindwing is a prominent white costal spot, and sometimes a submarginal series of white or bluish-white points. Female. Upperside paler, with the outer marginal band also paler. Forewing with the inner area of the marginal band traversed by an excurved series of obscure ochreous spots. Hindwing with the band also traversed by two or three small pale ochreous submarginal spots. Underside paler than in the male, the strige on basal area the same, those on the triangular costal patch and outer borders brighter and lilacine-grey. Hindwing with the costal white spot prominent, and the submarginal white points also distinct. Expanse, ¢ 2,4, to 3, 9 3% inches. Hasirat.—South Andamans. This species in all probability is a mimic of the Eupleine butterfly, Menama simulatriv, a common butterfly in South Andamans. Distrisution.—* This species is apparently common at Port Blair, S. Andamans, where it was taken by Mr. F. de Roepstorff in the months from April to August” (Butt. of India, 269). ELYMNIAS MIMUS (Plate 136, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 2). Elymnias mimus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 230; id. 1882, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 3,4, ¢ 9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 271 (1883). Elymnias dolorosa, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1883, p. 53. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown. Forewing with an obscurely paler olivescent cinereous-brown excurved marginal band; no glandular patch. Hindwing with a similar paler marginal border, and sometimes one or two obscure small dusky-black submarginal spots are present; glandular tuft within base of cell blackish. Cilia alternately whitish. Underside pale chestnut- brown; the basal area of both wings densely covered with broad transverse dark chestnut-brown strige, and the outer margins with more slender and sparsely- disposed strige. Forewing with an obscure ordinary costal patch and the broad posterior margin dull cinerescent-brown. Hindwing with the submarginal area dull ELYMNIINA. 153 cinerescent-brown, traversed by six suboval black ocelli, the first upper and the fifth large, the others much smaller, and sometimes the third is obsolete, and the two last are geminated, the first and fifth with a violet-white speckled oval pupil, the others with a slender pupil, the fifth and the geminated anal pair also having a slightly- defined pale-ochreous outer ring; below the costal border is another but more prominent white pupilled black spot. Female. Upperside much lighter brown, with the marginal paler cinerescent- brown band broader. Forewing with some pale strige along base of the costa. Hindwing with three lower submarginal dusky-black ocelli, as on underside, apparent. Underside paler, with the dark chestnut-brown strige less confluent and permit- ting more of the ground colour to be seen; the subcostal white-pupilled ocellus on hindwing larger, and with a more diffused black border, the upper submarginal ocellus with a rudimentary white pupil. Expanse, ¢ 2,4, 2 2;% inches. Hasitrat.—Nicobar Islands ; Nias Island. This species, ‘in all probability, mimics the Euploeine butterfly, Crastia Camorta, a species which abounds in all the islands of the Nicobars”’ (Butt. Ind. 272). Distrisution.—Specimens have been received in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Mr. F. de Roépstorff, taken in Kar Nicobar, Pulo Koudul, Great Nicobar, Kamorta, Trinkutt, Teressa, and Katschall” (Butt. Ind. 272). The type of H. dolorosa is described by Mr. A. G. Butler from Nias Island, Sumatra. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 136, figs. 2, a, b, are from the type specimens named mimus by Mr. Wood-Mason, which have been kindly lent for this purpose. ELYMNIAS OBNUBILA (Plate 137, figs. 1, la, b,g 2). Elymnias olbnubila, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 272 (1883). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 2, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety chestnut-brown, glossed with violet in certain lights; Forewing with a much paler chestnut-red excurved outer band; no glandular patch. Hindwing witha similar pale chestnut-red outer band, the glandular tuft brown. Underside numerously covered with dark chestnut-red strigx, and intervening lilacine grey strigze, which are most densely packed and broadest on the basal area, and are more slender on the outer half, the costal patch on forewing, and the submarginal areas being most densely covered with the lilacine grey striga. Hindwing with a submarginal series of six small black spots with silvery-white pupils, and a larger-pupilled subcostal spot. Female larger; paler. Upperside with the pale marginal band much wider, VOL. Il. x 154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. occupying on the hindwing the whole outer half; a submarginal series of four brown obsolescent dots. Underside also paler. Hindwing with the silvery subcostal spot larger, the rest of the ocelii smaller and imperfect, being reduced to blackish dots with white speckles on their inner edge. Expanse, d 2,4, % 8 inches. Hasrrar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago. Disrrtpution.—** A female in Major Marshall’s collection was taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests, in Upper Tenasserim, in December”’ (Butt. Ind. 272). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 269), Mr. W. Doherty found it rare in the ‘ Karen Hills at about 2000 feet elevation, in April. Found also West of Bassein.”’ Of this rare species a single male, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutia, was taken by Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1888, 38) at Thaing, King Island, Mergui Archipelago, in January. A male of this species, identical with the type, from the Island of Salanga, is in the British Museum collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 137, fig. 1, la is from the type male kindly lent from the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and fig. 1b the female taken by Mr. Doherty, obligingly lent for this purpose by Mr. Elwes. ELYMNIAS DADALION (Plate 137, figs. 2, 2a, 3 ). Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 202, pl. D, fig. 4, 2. Imaco.—‘‘ Female. Upperside. Both wings dull reddish-brown, almost fuscous ; crossed by a broad pinkish-white band, beyond which the ground-colour is somewhat obscurely striated with paler. Worewing with the costa striated with white; the broad white band slightly outwardly-curved, commencing on the costa at the middle and decreasing in width to the anal angle, its lower portion sullied, especially at the edges. Hindwing with the broad discal white band extending from the anterior margin to the abdominal margin above the angle, widest in the middle, and traversed outwardly by a series of five round black spots. Underside. Both wings with the basal half dull castaneous-brown, coarsely striated with whitish, the discal fascia white, the outer margins coarsely striated with dark castaneous brown; the hind- wing with the black spots as above, and a small bluish-centred costal spot between the base of the subcostal veins. Expanse, 2;% to 2; inches. Hasrrat.— Burma. Distripurion.—- The type specimen was taken at Myitta, Burma, in January, and is in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon (de Nicéville, /. c. p. 203). Major C. H. E. ELYMNIINAS. 155 Adamson obtained a female at ‘Tavoy, in August,’ which was kindly lent for examination, and is referred to in his ‘ List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10,’”’ under the name of Hlym. Mimus. This is nearest allied to the Bornean Elym. Dara, Distant (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50), the female of Dedalion differing, on the upperside, from the same sex of Dara, in the white band on the forewing being straighter and broader in its oblique-course from the costa to posterior angle ; the band on the hindwing is also broader. On the underside, Deedalion has both bands as on upperside, and both are entirely free from strige. Inpo-Matayan allied species of Etymyras.—Z. Protogenia (Cramer, Pap. Exot. u. pl. 189, figs. F, G, ?; id. ii. pl. 25, figs. A, B, d (1777). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. EK. I. C..pl. 3, fig. 24; pl. 8, fig. 8 (1829). Syn. E. Jynx, Hiibn. Zutrige Exot. Schmett. figs. 87, 838, ¢ (1818). Both sexes smaller than in the allied Indian species (undularis). In the male the curved series of blue spots on forewing above are generally smaller and longitudinally narrow, the underside more uniformly covered throughout with strige. Female with much broader dark-brown borders to the forewing, the dark marginal band on the hindwing being obsolescent posteriorly and with much smaller white spots. Expanse, ¢ 2,6 to 2;%, ? 2;% to 3 inches. This is nearer to the Burmese species (tinctoria) than to the Indian (wndularis), both in size and in the broader dark-brown borders of the upperside of the female. The Javan female has the ochreous colour on both wings more intense and dusky than in either tinctoria or undularis, coinciding, in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the Javan Huploeine Salatura intensa, of which the female of EH. Protogenia is a mimic. Habitat. Java.—. discrepans, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 60, pl. vi. figs. 2, 3, ¢ (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.—ZH. leucocyma (Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 326 (1819). Described by Godart as having “absolutely the appearance and shape of ‘undularis,’ the upperside blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue-violet spots on the border of forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of hind- wing. Underside deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish waves, more powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing.” Habitat. Java.—H. nigrescens. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 1. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 61, pl. 6, fig. 1, $, pl. 9, fig. 1, % (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Billiton; Borneo; Formosa.—H. Hecate. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 2. Habitat. Labuan, Borneo.—EH. congruens, Semper, Reisen Philippen, Lep. i. p. 61, pl. xi. figs. 8, 9,10, d% (1886). Habitat. Mindanao.—H. Hainana, Moore, P. Z. §. 1878, p. 696. Habitat. Hainan; Formosa.—H. Panthera (Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p- 39 (1787) ; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 88, pl. 2, fig. 7. Syn. M. Dusara, Hors- field, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. pl. 5, fig. 7 (1829). Habitat. Java.—E. lutescens, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 404, pl. 9, fig. 10. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 62, x 2 > 156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. pl. 6, figs. 4, 5, ¢% (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Borneo.— HL. Dara, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50. Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Albofas- ciata, Staudinger, Iris, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 39. Habitat. Palewan.— E. Enganica, Doherty, J. A. S. Beng. 1891, p. 24. Habitat. Engano Island, Sumatra. Genus MELYNIAS. Elymnias (part), Hubner Verz. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 236 (1857). Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 519. Scudder Proc, Amer. Acad. A. Sci. Boston, 1875, 161. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 264 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongate, triangular ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and scalloped, posterior margin slightly convex; costal vein swollen at the base ; first and second subcostal emitted before end of the cell; the cell broad ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, Jower concave ; two upper medians originating from end of cell. Hindwing short, obtusely ovate, anterior margin regularly convex, exterior margin convex, scalloped and subcaudate at end of upper median; cell extending to nearly half the wing, rather narrow ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, much recurved, radial from above the middle; two upper medians from end of cell; glandular patch and tuft within the cell, as in Klymnias. Tyrz.—M. Lais. The species of this genus are mimics of the Euploine genera Parantica, Caduga, Trepsichrois, and Hestia. MELYNIAS SINGALA (Plate 138, figs. 1, la, b, 9). Elymnias Singala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568; id. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 26, pl. 18, figs. 2, 2a, g 2 (1880). Dyctis Singala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 277 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivaceous purpurescent-brown ; cilia alternated with pale olivescent-cinereous. Jorewing with a marginal macular band formed of pale olive-grey speckled quadrate spots; a few olivescent-ochreous strige along the costa; no glandular patch. Hindwing with a broad submarginal band composed of transversely-disposed more or less confluent olive-grey strige; glandular tuft within cell cinerescent-brown. Underside paler purplish-brown; covered with blackish strigee, which are most numerous on the basal half, and along the extreme outer margins ; the submarginal area being broadly covered with densely packed pinkish-grey strigz, forming a broad fascia which is more or less inwardly suffused ELYMNIINA:. 157 with olivescent-brown; on the hindwing is a submarginal series of small blackish points and a bluish-white apical spot situated between the subcostals. Female brighter coloured, the marginal bands more prominent. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 3 to 3,6, inches. Hasirat.—Ceylon. This species is probably a mimic of the Euploeine butterfly Pademma Sinhala. Distrisution.—* A scarce butterfly, except at the Peradeniya Gardens. The larva feeds on a species of palm-tree”’? (Mackwood MS. Notes). MELYNIAS PEALII (Plate 138, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 2). Elymnias Pealii, Wood-Mason, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 62, pl. 2, figs. A, B, ¢. Dyctis Peali, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 276 (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124, pl. x. fig. 3, 2. Ivaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent black, darkest basally, with the mark- ings deep lavender-blue; cilia alternated with greyish-white. Forewing with an oblique subapical band and a continuous submarginal series of rather faint and diffused blotches, and the extreme apex lavender-blue ; the costa also transversely striated with lavender-blue. Hindwing with a curved submarginal layender-blue band, which is very prominent, and is composed of coarse strige extending from the apex to the lower median vein, and ends in a purple patch at the anal angle. Underside much as in H. wndularis and its allies, but more richly coloured. Female. ‘“Upperside. Both wings tinted with blue instead of violet. Forewing with the subcostal band very obscure, the cell dark, the disc pale. Hindwing with a conspicuous rufous-orange anal spot occupying the entire breadth of the submedian interspace, the violet submarginal band of the male replaced by a broad bluish fascia extending over the disc to before the apex. Underside with the entire fore- wing, except the cell and outer margin clouded with large violet-blue strigz, and so also is the apical and part of the discal area of the hindwing” (Doherty, fares p. 124). Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 3,‘ inches. Hasitat.—Assam. DisrriputioN.—The male type specimen was “captured by Mr. S. E. Peal at Aideo, Sibsagar district, Assam ”’ (W. Mason, J. c. p. 62). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1889, 124), records it from “‘ Sadiya and Margherita, Upper Assam, between August and December.” According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 269), Mr. Doherty also took “‘ a single specimen at Margherita in May.” 158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 138, figs. 2, 2a, b, male and female, are reproduced from the figures above quoted. MELYNIAS TIMANDRA (Plate 139, figs. 1, la, b,c, 9 2). Elymnias Timandra, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 275 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Forewing with some pro- minent bluish-grey strigz at base of the costa, and some quadrate spots towards the apex ; a violescent-blue or verditer-blue broad streak within the cell and a longitu- dinal streak disposed between the veins ; the two upper streaks below the subcostal being slender, the next also slender but broadly lobate at end of the cell, the three next broadest at their inner end and somewhat lobate at their outer end, the posterior margin also with a narrow streak. Hindwing with a similarly-disposed but much paler and less sharply defined streak between the veins, the outer streaks broadest at their discal end, the ends being indented, and are each opposed to an opposite submarginal lunular-spot, these streaks and spots being mottled with brown speckles ; glandular tuff cimereous-brown. Underside densely covered with dark purplish- brown transverse strigze, and intervening purpurescent-cinereous strigz, the dark strigze most dense and more confluent on the basal half and the onter margin, the pale strigze most dense and confluent on the discal area. Thorax and abdomen above speckled with verditer-blue scales; spots on the head above, collar, and sides of palpi whitish ; antennz brown above, ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside paler brown, the markings as in male; those on the fore- wing paler and of a violaceous-blue, paling to ochreous-cinereous posteriorly, and those on the hindwing also ochreous-cinereous. Underside less densely but more uniformly covered with slender dark-brown strigz and broader confluent pur- purescent-white strige. Expanse, d 3 to 3,%, ? 3, inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Silhet ; Arakan ; Tenasserim. This species is a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Parantica Aglea.* Distrisurion.—Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 321) records a “single specimen of the female, apparently agreeing with Timandra, taken in Sikkim by Mr. Otto Moller’s collector at Singla, in April, 1887.” The late W.S. Atkinson obtained it in Silhet. ‘ The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Silhet. Capt. Bingham took a male in the Donat range in Tenasserim in April, and one female was taken at Kanhlete in September, by Major Adamson” (Butt. Ind. 275). Obtained by * See vol. i. pl. 13. ELYMNIINAE. 159 Major C. H. EH. Adamson in “ Arakan and Tenasserim in September, February, April and May, but it is very rare in Burma” (List of Burmese Butt., p. 10). Mr. A. R. Wallace records it from ‘“ Moulmein” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1869, 326). MELYNIAS MALELAS (Plate 140, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Melanitis Malelas, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. mel. pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, ¢ (1863). Elymnias Malelas, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1869, p. 327. Melanitis leucocyma, Boisdaval ; Doubleday, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p, 144 (1844), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 404 (1851) nec Godart.* Elymnias leucocyma, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E, [. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 273, pl. xvii. fig. 60, ¢ 2 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety blackish purple-brown. Cilia alter- nately edged with white. Forewing darkest, the outer two-thirds brilliantly glossed with steel-blue in some lights; costal edge with several short pale-blue strige; an excurved submarginal series of violet-blue spots, of which there are five, the lower being rounded, the two upper oval and Jonger ; sometimes an incipient slender sub- costal upper spot is also slightly indicated ; three similar blue smaller spots also on the disc, another just beyond end of the cell, and a more or less defined slender speckled streak extending to near each of the upper outer spots, the lowest and sometimes the middle spot being slender and extending towards the outer lower spots. Hindwing paler externally, with a purpurescent tinge ; with, or without, an obscure sub- marginal series of small violet-grey speckled lunules; the basal tuft of hairs cinereous-brown. Underside uniformly paler brown, undulated with short trans- verse cinereous-ochreous strigze, which are most densely disposed externally and more or less obsolescent, or absent basally ; the costa of both wings being also more prominently edged with whiter strige, and the base of the hindwing with three superposed white spots. Head above, and thorax beneath spotted with white; collar beneath also white ; clothing of palpi above and beneath tipt with white; legs white speckled; antenne brown. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing as in the male, except that the glossy blue * Godart’s lewcocyma (Enc. Méth. ix. p. 325) is described by him as having “ absolutely the appear- ance and shape of ‘ undularis,’ the upperside of the wings of a blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue- violet spots on border of the forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of the hindwing. Underside deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish-waves, more powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing. Habitat, Java.” I am indebted to Mr. P. C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, for directing my attention to Godart’s species (in a letter dated Feb. 2, 1890), wherein he says that ‘‘ Lewcocyma of Godart is not found in Java, where only the typical undularis form with its very different female occurs. I have lewcocyma from Sumatra, Banca, Billiton, and Flores, the female resembling the male.” 160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. area is confined to the outer half, the spots much paler and the lower whiter, or mostly white, with a pale ochreous-cinereous speckled-streak extending from the lower outer spot to the base, and a much less defined narrow similar streak from the lower discal spot. Hindwing with all the interspaces marked with transverse ochreous- cinereous strige, these strigze forming a more or less confluent longitudinal streak between the veins. Underside also paler than in the male; markings the same, except that the strigze are much paler and wider. Expanse, ¢ 3,6 to 3,4, 9 3,8 to 4,2, inches. Hasirat.—Western and Hastern Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Silhet; Burma. This insect is an excellent mimic of the Eupleine butterfly, Trepsichrois Linnei, both the male and female resembling the corresponding sexes of the latter butterfly.* Disrripution.—It is common in the submontane districts of Northern and Hastern India, extending through Burma as far South as Tavoy (Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. E. J. Atkinson records it “from Kali, Kumaon, on the western border of Nepal” (Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the “ Kali Valley, E. Kumaon, at Balwakot and Toli, 2500 to 3000 feet elevation, which, compared with Sikkim speci- mens, are more striated and speckled with white below, and have an irregular line of whitish spots round the outer disc of the hindwing above”’ (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120). Wehave specimens from the late General G@. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. “Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken it around villages in Sikkim at about 2000 feet elevation, in October” (Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330) records it as ‘‘ not rare in the low valleys of Sikkim, from the Terai up to 3000 feet, during almost every month in the year.” “The India Museum, Calcutta, possess specimens from Upper Assam, and from Silhet, and Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar in June and July” (Butt. Ind. 273), The late Mr. W. 8S. Atkinson took it in Cherra Punji, and the late Mr. A. Grote obtained it in Silhet. Captain KE. Y. Watson’s collection contained it from the Khasia Hills. ‘‘ Capt. C. H. E. Adamson obtained it in Akyab, and found it commonly in plantain gardens in Moulmein in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 273). Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it at Bhamo in November. ‘‘ Mr. T. C. Hill took it in Tavoy in March ; Capt. C. T. Bingham found it commonly in the Thoungyeen forests in the autumn and again in April’’ (Butt. Ind. 273). Capt. E. Y. Watson took it at “ Pounga- dow, Upper Burma, in October, and at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, in January ” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 4). Mr. O. Limborg obtained it at “* Ahsown, in Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826). * See vol. i. pl. 35. ELYMNIINZ.. 161 MELYNIAS SAUERI (Plate 140, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 9). Elymnias Saueri, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 65, pl. 9. fig. 3, ¢ (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 274 (1883), ¢@. Elymnias Kiinstlert, Honrath, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr, 1885, p. 276, pl. 8, fig. 3, 9. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 422, pl. 41, fig. 9 (1886), ?. Imaco.—Male. “ Upperside. Forewing dark violaceous-brown, with paler blue suffusions on apical area; with a submarginal series of five pale violaceous-blue spots, and three discal smaller indistinct spots ; costal margin basally speckled with greyish strige and apical bluish spots. Hindwing castaneous brown, the basal area fuscous. Underside pale ferruginous, thickly mottled with dark chocolate-brown strigee, which are irregular in shape and size. Yorewing with the costal margin speckled with grey; the upper part of the cell and apical area somewhat paler in hue, and with indications of a dark-waved fascia near the cell. Hindwing somewhat darker, the strigz being more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a much- waved and irregular dark fascia crossing the wing about end of the cell, and a more or less distinct broad submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken, and indistinct lines ” (Distant, J. c. 65). Female. ‘ Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with greyish-blue reflections in the cell and pale ochraceous shadings on inner marginal area; costa more or less spotted and marked with blackish, thickly so to end of the cell, and some similar markings in the cell along the median vein ; veinlets ornamented with fuscous and blackish blotches, the three median veinlets and the lower discoidal veinlet most prominently so. Zindwing with the basal and abdominal areas more or less shaded with pale ochraceous ;, veins with black and fuscous blotches as on forewing, but less prominent; a blackish spot uniting the discoidal and upper median veinlets; a submarginal series of irregular-shaped blackish spots, between which and the posterior margin are many wavy fuscous and black irregularly-shaped and placed linear spots. Forewing as above, but more uniformly greyish, the shadings along the veins much more broken and unrelieved by fuscous-brown; several curved black lines crossing the cell. Hindwing generally as above” (Distant, J. c. 422). Expanse, 3d 3,%, ? 4,8 inches. HasitaT.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. The male is a mimic of the same sex of the Hupleine Trepsichrois Linnzi,* and the female, apparently, is a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly Hestia Agamar- schana, or H. Donovant. Distrisution.—A male of this species, taken by Capt. Bingham in the Thoung- yeen Valley, Tenasserim, is in the British Museum collection. The male type * See vol. i. plate 35, and plate 4, fig. 1. vot. u. July 22nd, 1893. Y > 162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. described by Mr. Distant, was captured in Province Wellesly, Malay Peninsula, by Mr. Saiier, and the above assigned female, in Perak, by Mr. Kiinstler. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 140, fig. 2, 2a, male and female, both are copied from Mr. Distant’s figures above quoted. MELYNIAS PATNA (Plate 141, figs. 1, la, 2). Melanitis Patna, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 405, pl. 68, fig. 2 (1851). Elymnias Patna, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 327. Dyctis Patna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 525. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 277 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety blackish purple-brown ; cilia alternately edged with white. Forewing with the outer area glossed with dark violaceous-blue, and crossed by a curved discal series of elongated purplish-blue streaks, which commence from middle of the costal edge, and decrease posteriorly; the streak disposed between the lower radial and upper median being more or less very obsolescent, slender, lobate, and obscurely extending in a lobe to end of the cell. Hindwing paler externally, with the apical area glossed with violaceous-blue ; crossed by a submarginal series of four distinct white dots; the glandular tuft of hairs at the base pale ochreous-brown. Underside uniformly paler brown. orewing with the costal edge flecked with bluish-white strigz ; the discal area with numerous transverse very obscurely-defined brownish-cinereous strigz, and a submarginal row of three bluish-white dots. Hindwing with a submarginal curved series of seven bluish-white spots, the upper one disposed between the subcostals; the outer border being flecked with cinereous: strige. Head above and thorax beneath spotted with white ; collar and streak on sides of palpi also white. Female. Upperside paler. J orewing as in the male, except that the elongated purple-blue streaks are larger, longer, and more diffused, the submarginal streaks each with a slightly-defined outer central white dot. Hindwing as in male. Underside also paler ; markings as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,9, ¢ 3;°9 inches. Hasirat.— Western and Hastern Himalayas ; Cachar; Silhet; Burma. This species is a mimic, both in form, colour, and general markings, of the Hupleeine butterflies Stictoplea binotata,* and Isamia splendens. Disrrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 120) records ‘‘ two males, taken at Garjiaghat, near the junction of the Kali and the Gori, Hastern Kumaon, at 2500 feet. They do not differ from Sikkim specimens.” The late W. S. Atkinson * See vol. i. plate 53, figs. 2, 2a. J > J ELYMNIINZ. 163 took it in Cherra Punji. ‘It is not a common species, and we have only seen it from Sikkim, Cachar, and Silhet. Mr. L. de Nicéville took it in the Valley of the Great Runjit, in Sikhim, in October ; and Mr. Wood-Mason took a single specimen on Nemotha Peak, Cachar, in September” (Butt. Ind. 278). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330) records it as “ not a common species in the low Valleys of Sikkim up to 3000 feet, between April and December.” MELYNIAS PATNOIDES (Plate 141, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing comparatively narrower and more tri- angular in shape than typical Patna, the pale blue streaks somewhat shorter and narrower. Hindwing conspicuously more triangular in shape; the anterior margin less arched, the exterior margin being almost straight from the apex to anal angle, and less broadly sinuous; the submarginal bluish-white spots disposed more linearly in their course. Underside uniformly coloured throughout. Forewing with no trace of the obscure pale transverse strige (which are always present broadly across the disc in Patna) ; there are also five submarginal prominent small bluish-white spots, two apical and three lower, the lowest being slender and disposed between the median and submedian veinlets. Hindwing with very prominent bluish-white sub- marginal spots, which, as on upperside, are disposed in a more linear course. Expanse, d 3,% inches. Hasrrar.—Burma. Distrisution.—A single male was taken at Kathapa, in February, by Major C. H. E. Adamson. ‘Two specimens of the male were also taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Karen Hills, Hast Pegu, at 4000 feet elevation in March and April, 1890” (H. J. Elwes, P. Z. §. 1891, 270). Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 141, figs. 2, 2a, represent the male from Kathapa, kindly lent for this purpose from Major Adamson’s collection. Iypo-Matayan sprotus or Mutyntas.—WM. Lais (Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 114, figs. A, B (1779). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 62, pl. ix. fig. 2 (1882). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 237, pl. 86, ¢ (1887). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Billiton ; Java; Borneo; Siam.—WM. Ceryz (Boisduval. Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 9, fig. 8 (1836). Habitat. Java—WM. Casiphone (Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. iii. (1820-26). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 64, pl. vi. fig. 10, ¢ (1882). Semper, Reise Phiippen, Lep. pl. xi. figs. 11, 12, d 9. Habitat. Singapore; Java; Mindano. —M. Kumara (Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 239 (1857). Habitat. Java.—M. Harterti (Elym. Harterti, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 165, pl. 2, fig. 3). Allied to M. Peali. Habitat. Malacca. ber 164 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus BRUASA. Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, triangular; costa much arched; apex pointed, very acute; exterior margin oblique and very slightly sinuous, posterior angle convex; cell very broad and short ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, lower deeply concave. Hindwing triangularly-ovate ; anterior margin long, apex obtusely pointed; exterior margin oblique, slightly sinuous; cell short, broad; glandular patch and tuft of hairs within the cell ; palpi long, slender, porrect. Typr.—B. Penanga. BRUASA CHELENSIS (Plate 141, figs. 3, 3a, 3). Elymnias Chelensis, de Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 200, pl. D, fig. 3, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings fuscous-brown. Forewing with the basal half of the costal and the outer margin narrowly ferruginous brown, the rest of the wing strongly glossed with rich deep blue, becoming obsolete basally ; two large conjoined equal-sized oblong upper discal pale blue spots, and three similar but smaller lower spots in the median interspaces, the lowest being sometimes obsolete. Hindwing entirely unglossed with blue, the fuscous ground-colour becoming lighter towards the outer margin, the extreme outer margin ferruginous-brown. Underside; both wings rich castaneous-brown, sprinkled with purplish and white strige. Fore- wing with the white mottlings concentrated into an oblique band, which commences on the costa and ends .at the first median veinlet, where the speckles are more scattered and larger, and with the mottling extended one-fourth along the costa from the apex ; inner margin dull fuscous, extending on to the disc beyond the oblique diseal mottled-band and ending in a point on the third median veinlet. Hindwing divided into two equal well-defined areas, the basal area rich castaneous, sparsely sprinkled with dull purplish strigz, the outer area so thickly sprinkled with purplish confluent-strige that the castaneous ground-colour is almost obliterated; a large oval pale ochreous spot in the middle of the upper subcostal interspace ; an outer discal or submarginal series of five minute black dots inwardly marked with a minute white dot, one in each interspace. Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2;% inches. Hasirat.—Khasia Hills; Upper Tenasserim. According to Mr. L. de Nicéville this is “closely allied to Elym. penanga [mehida, Hewitson] from the Malay Peninsula, from which it differs in the apex of the forewing being more produced, the outer margin much less sinuous, the apex of the hindwing also more produced, the outer margin con- siderably truncated and entire; in the costa of the forewing and of the outer margin of both wings on the upperside being tinged with ferruginous, instead ELYMNIINZ. 165 of being concolorous with the rest of the wing, as in H. penanga [mehida]; in the forewing [in the type] having four instead of five spots, owing to the posterior one being absent; in the two anterior spots being shorter, wider, and conjoined instead of well separated; in the hindwing being entirely unglossed with blue, whereas in EF. penanga [mehida] it is strongly blue-glossed ; in the markings of the underside of both wings being more variegated, and in the presence [in the type] of the large ochreous subcostal spot of the hindwing” (de Nicéville, J. c.). Distrizution.—* The type specimens were captured by the Rev. W. A. Hamilton’s native collectors at Chelapunji, at the foot of the Khasia hills, on the Silhet side, at nearly sea-level” (de N.J.c.) A single male, taken by Major C. H. E, Adamson, on April 23rd, 1880, in Upper Tenasserim on the road to the Siam frontier, which is evidently of the same species, has five blue elongated spots on the forewing above, and on the underside the ochreous subcostal spot is absent, this spot being also either absent or present in the male of the allied Malay species, B. penanga. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8.1891, 269) records a single specimen from the low country of Hast Pegu, taken by Mr. W. Doherty. Both this species, and penanga, are mimics of the Huploine butterfly Calliplea Ledereri.* Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 141, fig. 3 is a reproduction of M. de Nicéville’s figure of the type, and fig. 8a is from the Burmese specimen taken by Major Adamson. Inpo-Maayan species or Bruasa.—B. Penanga (Melanitis Penanga, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 405, ¢ (1851). Habitat. Penang—B. Mehida (Elymnias Mehida, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Mel. pl. figs. 2, 8, ¢ (1863). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 63, pl. 7, fig. 6, ¢; pl. 6, fig. 11, 2 (1882). Habitat. Malacca. Singapore.—B. Sumatrana (Elymnias Sumatrana Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, ¢. Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii, Mel. pl. figs. 1, 4, ? (1863). Habitat. Sumatra.—B. Abrisa (Elymnias Abrisa, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 531; Rhop. Malayana, p. 421, pl. 43, fig. 5, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—B. Borneensis (Elym- nias Borneensis; Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1892, p. 428). Habitat. N.-EH. Borneo.—B. Konga (Elymnias Konga, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 317). Habitat. Kina Balu, N. Borneo. Genus MIMADELIAS. Wings shorter, broader, and more regularly triangular than in Hlymnias. Fore- wing with the costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped ; posterior margin slightly convex, the middle portion being folded over on to * See vol. i. plate 36, figs. ], la. 166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. a the upperside and there covering a scabrous glandular patch of scales situated below the submedian vein, a tuft of fine erectile hairs arising from the inner end of the patch, and enclosed within the fold. Veins as in Elymnias. Hindwing obtusely-ovate, the costa much arched at the base, exterior margin convex and scalloped, but not cau- date, the anal angle rounded. Cell shorter and broader, the discocellular outwardly- oblique, nearly straight; other veins and also the glandular patch and tuft of hairs within the cell, as in Hlymnias. T'ype.—M. Vasudeva. The species of this genus are mimics of the Pierine butterflies of the genus Delias. Hasits ; AND Foop pLant or Caterrittar.— According to the observations of Capt. Godfery (Distant Rhop. Malay. 423) the species of this genus (M. Godferyi) found in the Malay Peninsula, was captured ‘hovering with some- what feeble flight over the high banks separating the road from the adjacent forest.” Mr. Distant also records (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50) on the authority of Mr. W. B. Pryer, that in North Borneo the larva of this same species (God- feryi) “feeds on an Orchid—a specimen of this orchid hanging in my verandah attracted two or three females, and a caterpillar feeding on the orchid was bred up and produced the male butterfly. This butterfly may be described as rare, but is probably common enough 150 feet above ground amongst the tree tops, where only the orchid grows.” MIMADELIAS VASUDEVA (Plate 142, figs. 1, la, b, e,¢ 9). Elymnias Vasudeva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 327. Dyctis Vasudeva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 525. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 278, pl. xvii. fig. 61, g (1883). Elymnias Thycana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 323, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dull black, glossed with indigo-blue ; some bluish-grey strigw along the costal edge, a bluish-grey broad fusiform cell- streak cut by the discocellulars, below which are three longitudinal median discal streaks, and beyond is an excurved outer decreasing series of six small streaks, the cell and discal streaks being, generally, narrowed at their outer end, and joined to the opposite outer streak, and the extreme outer margin also lunularly speckled with bluish scales ; posterior margin with the middle portion folded over upon the upperside and there covering a scabrous glandular patch of scales situated below the submedian vein, a tuft of fine erectile hairs arising from the inner end of the patch, and enclosed within the fold, the inner surface of the fold being white, and the tuft brownish-ochreous. Hindwing with the costal border and exterior margin ELYMNIINZ. 167 broadly dull blue-black, the extreme edge of the exterior margin lunularly speckled with bluish-grey scales ; the lower half of the cell, a streak beyond the cell, and the inner interspaces of the median veins to the abdominal margin white, thus forming a large white lower basal area; glandular tuft of hairs within the cell pale brownish- ochreous. Underside dull white; veins black lined. Forewing numerously covered with black strige, which are broadest and partly confluent on the basal area, par- tially absent across the disc and more slender but less densely packed on the outer area. Hindwing with the basal third and the outer border decreasing to anal angle more densely covered with confluent black strigew, the upper discal interspaces being ochreous-white, bare of strige, and the lower interspaces broadly also bare, but of a chrome-yellow colour; between the base of the internal and lower median vein is ared patch. Clothing of body above and palpi tipt with bluish-grey; head above and thorax beneath with white spots; collar white; legs above bluish-grey, beneath brown ; antennz brown above, ochreous beneath. Female. Wings somewhat longer than in male. Upperside paler. Forewing with the longitudinal streaks duller, less prominent, and more diffused. Hindwing with the outer band traversed by broad transverse grey strigze. Underside as in the male, but with all the strigze more slender and uniformly disposed. Expanse, d 3,, ¢ 3, inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim. This very peculiarly marked species is a mimic of the common Pierine butterfly Delias pasithoe. Distrisution.—Specimens in Mr. O. Miller’s collection, now in the possession of the Hon. W. Rothschild, were taken in Sikkim from June to October. The late W. 8. Atkinson obtained it in Sikkim. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained it in “ Sikkim at low elevations, in October” (J. A. S. Beng. 1882, 56). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 331) records it as ‘‘ not uncommon in the low valleys of Sikkim, at 1000 to 2000 feet, from May to October.” MIMADELIAS DEVA. (Plate 142, figs. 2, 2a, 3° ?). Ivaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with much broader and paler grey streaks between the veins, these being entire from the base of wing to the outer border. Hindwing with a narrower outer marginal band, the upper portion being composed of the broad black ends of the veins. Underside. Forewing whiter, with similarly, but less dense black strige. Hindwing with similar basal marks, narrow strigose outer border, and bright ochreous medial and lower area; red spot dis- tinct. Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar broad but duller bluish-grey streak 168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. between the veins, as in male. Hindwing with broader outer band traversed by slender bluish-grey strige. Underside as in male. Expanse, d 3, ? 3,%, inches. Hapitat.—Assam ; Khasia Hills. DistriBuTIon.—Specimens were taken by the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson in Silhet. Mr. J. J. Weir possesses a male from Assam. Col. Godwin Austen obtained it in the Khasia Hills. Specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors, are in Col. C. Swinhoe’s collection. MIMADELIAS BURMENSIS (Plate 143, figs. 1, la, b,c, g$ 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with dark bluish-grey streaks between the veins, which are broad and continuous. Hindwing with broad biack outer border ending narrowly at the anal angle, the lower white discal area being broadly ochreous-tinted. Underside. Ground-colour white. J orewing with more densely disposed and finer strige than in Vasudeva or Deva. Hindwing also with the basal area and exterior margin more densely covered with black confluent-strigze than in the above; the upper medial interspaces being quite white; red spot prominent and large. Female. Forewing with the dark bluish-grey streaks confined to the base, and to an outer excurved series. Hindwing with a broad black marginal lunulose band. Underside. Forewing with densely-disposed strigze. Hindwing with the auterior border and outer margin to near anal angle uniformly strigose, the lower discal area bright-ochreous. Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ¢ 3,% inches. Hazitat.—Burma ; Tenasserim. DistrisuTionN.—Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at “ Kathapa, Upper Burma, in February.” A female, in Mr. F. Godman’s collection, from “Taoo, 3000 to 5000 feet, Upper Tenasserim,”’ was taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826). Capt. E. Y. Watson records ‘“‘a single male taken at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, in January” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, p. 4). Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 419), also records it from ‘‘ Tavoy, in March.” Inpo-Matayan ALLIED Mimapetias.—M. Godferyi (Elymnias Godferyi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 423, pl. 39, fig. 5, % (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; N. Borneo.—M. Borneensis (Elymnias Borneensis, Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 824, 2. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 237, pl. 86, ¢ (1887). Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.—M. Egialina (Melanitis Egialina, Felder, Noy. Reise, Lep. iii. pl. 61, figs. 7, 8 (1867). Habitat. Luzon. ELYMNIINE. 169 Genus AGRUSIA. Imaco.—Male. Forewing very short and broad, triangular; costa much arched, apex obtuse ; exterior margin almost erect and very slightly scalloped, posterior angle rounded; posterior margin long, with the middle longitudinally folded wpon the upperside and covering a scabrous patch of scales below the submedian vein, the patch with an erectile tuft of hatrs arising from the inner end; cell short, very broad. Hindwing short, and very broad, triangular; anterior margin arched at the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin obliquely-convex and almost even, anal angle obtuse ; the normal glandular tuft within the cell ; the cell short and broad. Typz.—A. Hsaca. The species of this genus are mimics of the Nymphalid butterflies of the ** protected” section of the genus Huthalia—of which lepidea, ambalika, Diardi, Andersonii, etc., are representatives. According to Mr. W. B. Pryer (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50) the A. Hsaca is found in N. Borneo, “in fairly open ground, in sunshine.” AGRUSIA ANDERSONII (Plate 143, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ ). Dyctis Andersonii, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 33, pl. 8, fig. 5, 3. Dyctis Esaca (part), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 278, Iuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent violet-brown. Forewing with a marginal excurved series of lilacine-grey spots, the three upper of which are of a lengthened oval form, and the three lower pyriform with the point acute. Hind- wing with a broad marginal scalloped-edge lilacine-grey band. Underside pale vinous-brown, the apical area of forewings and the exterior marginal area of hind- wings whitish ; covered with numerous darker brown more or less confluent strigze, which are broadest from the disc to the base. Female unknown. Expanse, ¢ 23 inch. Hasitat.—Mergui Archipelago. This species is, apparently, a mimic of the Nymphalid Huthalia Andersonit. DistrisuTion.—A single specimen was taken by Dr. J. Anderson at Minthan- toung, Mergui, in December. Inpo-Matayan allied species of Acrusta.—A. Hsacoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 323, ¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra (Coll. Godman).—A. Hsaca (Melanitis Esaca), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 405, 3 (1851). Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ui. Mel. pl. fig. 5, ¢ (1863). Elym. Egialina, Semper [nec Felder], Reisen Philippen, Lep. i. pl. xii. figs. 7, 8, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Borneo.* Philippines. * Not Assam, as has erroneously been stated. voL. 1. October 23rd, 1898. P 170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Sub-family AMATHUSIINZ. Morphide (part) Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 332 (1851). Morphine (part) Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 8 (1869). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 115 (1871). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 281 (1883). Nymphaline (part) Bates, Journ. Ent. 1864, p. 176. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 26 (1881). Nymphaline (group Morphina), Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 67 (1882). Morphide (sect. B.), Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 182 (1889). Imaco.—Wings broad, ample, varying in outline; generally ocellated on the underside. Forewing with the costal vein generally slightly and gradually dilated at the base ; first subcostal veinlet long, emitted before end of the cell; second sub- costal four-branched; cell short and very broad, completely closed ; median and submedian both with a basal more or less slightly-projected approximating tumid angle, that of the submedian in typical Zeuxidia (Luxerii) being developed into a short spur. Hindwing with the cell area rather narrow, partly closed, or entirely open, the discocellular veinlet appearing asa third subcostal branch ; no prediscoidal cell; the inner margin of the wing broadly channelled, and enclosing the entire abdomen ; the male furnished with a glandular patch or patches of scales, and tufts of overlapping hairs on various positions of the upperside of this wing, or with a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian or internal vein. Body robust, seldom elongate ; thorax woolly ; the abdomen sometimes furnished with subanal lateral glandular tufts of hairs, or with basal glandular patches of scales; head usually small, tufted; eyes large, prominent, naked; palpi slender, somewhat elongate, erect, or sometimes porrect, the front edge not dilated, clothed in front with dense appressed hairs, above with longer hairs ; antenne long, slender, with a lengthened, very gradually slender club ; forelegs of male small, brush-like ; those of the female larger, longer, and less hairy ; anal claspers elongate, narrow. CaterPItLAR.—Cylindrical, of nearly equal thickness throughout ; hairy ; head (in Amathusia) furnished with two palmated processes, and anal segment (in Ama- thusia and Discophora) with two fleshy setose points. In Xanthotznia (according to Mr. W. Doherty, P. Boston N. H. 8. 1890, 60) the larva is not hairy. Curysatis.—Elongate, boat-shaped, head-piece prolonged into an acuminated bifid point. Eac.—* Globular, translucent, hard, not so high as wide, smooth (Discophora, Thaumantis), or obscurely facetted (Clerome) ” (Doherty, J. A. 5. Bengal, 1886, 109). Hasits or Imaco.—According to the observations made by Mr. W. Doherty, “they are all crepuscular. Except Clerome and Xanthotenia, they have the curious habit of flying up and down a given space for an hour about sunset and sunrise, as if taking a ‘ constitutional,’ never varying a hair’s breadth from their given ‘beat,’ AMATHUSIIN 4. 171 except when disturbed by another of the same species. In that case they fly with lightning rapidity, and in a most erratic way, and once I saw a Discophora dash himself to pieces upon an obstructive bough, through which he was apparently trying to fly. This is quite true, though it sounds improbable. They fly so fast that they generally get broken in the net by the force of impact; you may strike at them a dozen times as they pass you without inducing them to change their route” (Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1890, 60). Mr. L. de Nicéville states that: “ All of them affect shade, flying but little unless disturbed, and resting near the ground with closed wings, usually amongst dead leaves” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 43). As observed in N. Borneo, by Mr. W. B. Pryer, “One or two species of not common Morphine are almost the only butterflies found in the deep gloomy forest which covers by far the great bulk of the country. Thaumantis comes next, perhaps, in its preference for heavy forest”? (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, 45). Foop Pranrs or Carmrrittar.—The caterpillar of Discophora Celinde feeds upon the leaves of the Cocoanut Palm tree, and that of Disc. indica upon the Bamboo. The larva of Amathusia phidippus also feeds upon the Cocoanut Palm tree. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMATHUSIIN®. The differential characteristics, between the Amathusiine and the American Morphine, are as follows :— AMATHUSIINA. Morpuin2. Forewine.—First subcostal veinlet only emitted Forew1ne.—First and second subcostal veinlets free before end of the cell. and both emitted before end of the cell. Second subcostal veinlet four-branched. Third subcostal veinlet three-branched. Cell short, very broad, not extending to Cell very long, narrow, extending to nearly half length of the wing. two-thirds the length of the wing. No median vein spur, but the median and Median vein witha basalspur. Submedian submedian with a slightly projected, approxi- slender, no basal tumid angle. mating tumid angle, that of the submedian in Zeuxidia developed into a slight spur. Hinpwine.—Celleither partially closedorentirely open, Hinpwixe.—Cell entirely open. Cell area rather narrow. Cell area rather broad. Male furnished with glandular patches of Male. Glandular patches or tufts not scales and tufts of hairs on various parts of present. this wing. Bopy.—Robust, thorax woolly. Bopy.—Somewhat slender, smoothly scaled. Antenne long. Antenne short. Abdomen sometimes with a glandular patch Abdomen. Glandular patch or tuft not of scales on the base beneath, or with lateral present. tufts. Anal claspers of male elongate, narrow. Anal claspers of male broad, thick. Z2 172 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. AmatHustinz—(continued). Morputx x—(continued). Hasits or Isaco.—Crepuscular ; affecting shady Hasits or Imaco.—Diurnal, flying in the hottest undergrowth in forests. sunshine. Larva.—Hairy ; head with or without two promi- Larva.—Hairy; head and anal segment with or nent processes on vertex; anal segment with without very short, obtuse, inconspicuous two elongate processes, processes. Pura.—Elongate, boat-shaped; head-piece pro- Pupa.—Stout; head-piece broad, and with widely longed into an acuminated bifid-point. separated short points. The characteristics of the AmaTaHustINm, as above defined, we consider amply distinctive for justifying their entire separation from the true Morpuiya, with which they have hitherto been mostly included, and have therefore adopted the oldest generic name for their designation. In the Brassotm#, the American allied sub-family, the forewing, in all the known genera, has both the first and second subcostals free, and the third subcostal three-branched ; the hindwing also having a prediscoidal cell; the antennz being long, and in Opsiphanes with a stout club. In the genus Caligo, the males are furnished with secondary sexual characters, the hindwing of the male of C. Ampht- medon possessing a glandular-tufted pouch along the base of the submedian vein, and it also has a large prominent glandular patch of scales near the end of this vein, besides also having a glandular patch of scales on the side of the abdomen. In the genus Opsiphanes, the hindwing of the male of O. Xanthus and O. Cassie possesses a subcostal glandular tuit, and a tufted pouch along the submedian vein, in addition to a glandular patch of scales on the side of the abdomen. 'The larva of the Brasso- line are elongate, thickest about the middle, minutely hairy, or nearly nude, the head being furnished with two lengthened spiny processes on the vertex, and two or three shorter lateral processes, and the anal segment with two elongated fleshy processes. The pupx are somewhat stout, the thorax broad and truncate in front, the head-piece with two short widely separated points. Key to tap InpriAN Genera OF AMATHUSIINZ. A.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell partially closed by a short lower discocellular veinlet. Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched. a.—Forewing with the upper median veinlet emitting a short spur beyond the cell, a.—Hindwing of male with a two subcostal glandular tufted patches, and a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian vein . : . ZEUXIDIA. b.—Forewing without the upper submedian spur. a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian vein. : . : AMATHUXIDIA. }.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell open, but apparently partially closed by a short AMATHUSIIN &. 173 transverse discocellular foldin the wing membrane, Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched. a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular-tufted pouch along the submedian vein . : : : Pers : - . A - . AMATHUSIA, C.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell completely open. A. 1.—Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched. a.— Hindwing of male with a small subcostal glandular tufted pouch . NanDoGEa. b.—Hindwing of male with a large subcostal glandular hairy patch, and a glandular tufted pouch along the internal vein. Abdomen beneath with a basal glandular patch of scales : : . THAURIA. ¢.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch on internal vein, and a large discal glandular patch. Abdomen beneath with a basal glandular patch of scales . é 3 . DiscopHora. A. 2,—Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet three- ate ia a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch along the internal vein. Abdomen beneath with a basal glandular patch of scales . - . ENISPE. b.—Hindwing of male with | a fii ities Sindee tufted pee . STICHOPHTHALMA. A. 3.— Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched. a.—Hindwing of male with a small subcostal glandular tufted pouch . CLBROME, b.—Hinduing of male with a glandular tuft along submedian vein. . Mona XANTHOTZNIA. Genus ZEUXIDIA. Zeuxidia, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. Index p. 2 (1820-26). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p. 114 (1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 327 (1851). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 72 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. p. 285 (1883). Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot. Schmett, ii. p. 186 (1889). Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 72 (1887). Tuaco.—Male. Wings large, short, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa convex, apex acute, exterior margin oblique, even, very slightly concave, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin extremely convex; costal and subcostal vein much arched at the base; cell very broad ; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell and touching the costal near its end, second subcostal emitted at about half its length beyond the cell; upper discocellular short, almost erect, bent close to sub- costal; lower discocellular very long, outwardly oblique and concave at upper end; upper radial from angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above middle of disco- cellulars; median veinlets equidistant apart, straight, the middle median emitted at some distance before end of the cell; wpper median bent beyond the cell and emitting a short outwardly curved spur from the angle; submedian vein bent downward close at its base and emitting a very short spur from the angle, thence closely following the curve of the posterior margin. Hindwing short, produced hindward; anterior margin convex, apex rounded, exterior margin convex and produced at the anal angle into a broad pointed tail; abdominal margin convex and broadly channelled to 174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. receive the abdomen; costal vein with a short curved inner spur; first subcostal veinlet arched, starting at two-thirds before end of the cell, the radial (the base of which is homologous to an upper discocellular) starting from below the second sub- costal at more than one-third before end of the cell; median veinlets straight, the upper median giving off a short incomplete tubular discocellular veinlet, which latter does not reach the radial but completely terminates at a short distance from it, and thus leaves the cell partially open; swbmedian vein long, much recurved, and on the upperside of the wing has a lengthened fold along its inner edge, and a narrow lateral glandular pouch at the middle of its length, the pouch being open on the upperside of the wing and enclosing an erectile tuft of long bristly hairs, the edge of the fold above being fringed with fine woolly hairs ; within the cell there are two small oval superposed glandular patches, and above the cell, between the subcostal and costal veins, is a third similar glandular patch, each patch being overlaid by a tuft of erectile hairs arising from their inner end. Body woolly; head woolly in front; eyes large, prominent, naked; palpi elongate, narrow, compressed, erect, extending above level of the vertex, densely clothed with appressed scales beneath, laxly hairy above, terminal joint slender, pointed; antennz long, slender, distinctly articulated, the club very siender and elongated. Forelegs of male slender, hairy, of female rather longer, more robust, tarsus spiny beneath. Typr.—Z. Luxerii. ZEUXIDIA MASONTI (Plate 144, figs. 1, la, b, J 2). Zeuwidia Masoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 826, 9. Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 89. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 286 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violescent-brown, palest at the margins. Cilia cinerescent-white. Forewing crossed by a subapical excurved broad decreasing violet-blue band, extending from the costa to below the lower median veinlet. Hind- wing with a broad violet-blue posterior patch extending broadly from the submedian vein and decreasing upward along the outer border to near the apex ; within the cell is a small oval glandular patch overlaid by a tuft of erectile blackish hairs arising from its inner end; above the cell is a smaller similar glandular patch, which is over- laid by a tuft of ochreous hairs, and along the inner edge of the base of the submedian vein is a lengthened glandular pouch, which is fringed by long dark-brown hairs and a terminal tuft of erectile ochreous hairs. Underside purpurescent-brown ; crossed by a narrow brown discal fascia with sharply-defined outer edge, four short basal fascise, and a very indistinctly defined submarginal sinuous line, the basal interspaces, the apical area beyond the cell, and the posterior area of the hindwing, being washed with glossy pale purplish-grey. On the hindwing are two small brownish-ochreous ocelli, the upper one situated between the subcostals, the lower between the middle and AMATHUSIIN 2. 175 lower median veinlets. Body beneath, legs and palpi pale brown; forelegs beneath whitish ; side of palpi white streaked. Female. Upperside ochreous-brown basally, dusky-brown anteriorly. Forewing crossed by an oblique subapical broad pale yellow band, which is entire from the costa to the middle median veinlet, below which is a small triangular spot followed by two pale ochreous lower submarginal spots and lower marginal line; a small pale yellow spot also before the apex. Hindwing broadly lunularly-bordered with pale ochreous or cinnamon-brown. Underside similarly coloured to male. Expanse, d 3,8 to 4, ? 4;% mches. Hasitat.— Upper Tenasserim. The male of Z. Masoni is distinguishable, from the same sex of the allied Ma- layan Z. Amethystus, on the upperside of the forewing, in the oblique blue band being comparatively narrower and more excurved in its course; and on the hindwing in the posterior blue band extending fully up to the upper median veinlet and more narrowly along the margin to the apex. On the underside the ground-colour is darker, the discal transverse fascia and the short basal fasciz also darker ; the two ocelli on the hindwing being about half the size. The female of Z. Masoni differs from the same sex of Z. Amethystus in its paler ochreous-brown colour, and on the forewing in the greater width of the subapical pale yellow band, this band being entire and terminates at the middle median veinlet, below which are two small yellow spots, but no inner discal third spot. The hindwing is broadly bordered with pale ochreous or cinnamon-brown. Distrisution.—The type specimen—a female—was taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg at Meetan, 3000 feet altitude, Upper Tenasserim, in April. A male was also taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, at the same season. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in Hast Pegu, at 4000 to 5000 feet, in March, April and May. Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 144, fig. 1, la is that of a male in Mr. Philip Crowley’s collection, and fig. 1b is that of a female, from East Pegu, taken by Mr. W. Doherty, and now in the possession of Mr. F. Godman. Inpo-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES OF ZeEuxIDIA.—Z. Luwerti, Hibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett ii. (1820-26). Westwood, Cab. Oriental Ent. pl. 19, fig. 5 (1848). Syn. Z. Boisduvalii, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 329 (1851). Habitat. Java.—Z. Doubledayi, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 329, pl. 52, fig. 1, ? (1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 287, fig. ¢ (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 424, fig. ¢ ; id. pl. 88, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.—Z. Amethystus. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 485. Distant, Rhopal, Malayana, p. 72, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, d% (1882); id. p. 424, pl. 38, fig.5, d. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188, pl. 68, ¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Z. Wallacei, Felder, Reise 176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Novara, Lep. p. 461, pl. 62, fig. 3. Habitat. Borneo.—Z. Horsfieldii, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 460, pl. 62, fig. 4 (1867). Habitat. Java.—Z. Victriz, Staud- inger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 41. Habitat. Palawan.—Z. Semperi, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 304; Reise Novara, Lep. iii. pl. 62, figs. 1, 2 (1867). Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippen, Lep. p. 72 (1887). Habitat. Luzon.—Z. Sibulana, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 205, pl. 2, fig. 2, ¢; pl. 3, fig. 2a od; pl. 4, fig. 2,b 2. Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Lep. p. 73. Habitat. Mindanao. Genus AMATHUXIDIA. Amathuxidia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887). Imaco.—Wings large, short, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa much arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin almost erect, even, posterior angle rounded; posterior margin almost straight ; cell short, very broad ; first subcostal emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell and touching the costal vein near its end; dis- cocellulars concave, lower very oblique; median veins slightly curved, upper median bent beyond the cell, but not spurred. Hindwing produced posteriorly into a short spatulate tail; cell partially closed by a short spur, which extends from the upper median veinlet to near the lower subcostal; on the upper side is a large velvety glandular patch extending across the middle of the cell to below the middle and lower medians, but which is not accompanied with the usual overlapping tuft of hairs; along the inner edge of the middle of the suwbmedian vein is a lengthened fold and narrow glandular pouch with an accompanying radiating-tuft of erectile hairs. Typr.—A. Amythaon. AMATHUXIDIA AMYTHAON (Plate 145, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2). Amathusia Amythaon, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 175; List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. p. 29 (1848). Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 39, pl. 19, figs, 1, 2,3, @ 9 (1848). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 291 (1883). Amathuxidia Amythaon, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887). Amathusia Portheus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 461, ¢ 9 (1867). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1869, p. 55. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i p. 293, fig. ¢ (1883). Amathusia Westwoodti, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1869, p. 59. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, the basal area almost black ; cilia white. Forewing crossed by an oblique medial broad excurved pur- purescent violet-blue band extending from the costa to the submedian vein, the band being of uniform width to the lower median veinlet, below which it is somewhat narrower. Hindwing with a large reddish-brown glandular patch extending across the middle of the cell to below the medians, the patch being clothed with laxly packed lengthened broad blackish scales of mostly equal width and obtuse tips ; no AMATHUSIINZ. 177 androconia; and along the inner edge of the middle of the submedian vein is a lengthened fold and a narrow glandular pouch, with accompanying radiating tuft of erectile ochreous hairs. Underside pale purpurescent-cinereous. Forewing crossed by three chocolate-brown slender cell-streaks, an erect medial streak, and two discal more slender streaks, also by a less distinct submarginal line. Hindwing crossed by outwardly-oblique slender chocolate-brown cell-streaks, a long basal streak, which latter joins a medial streak by the subanal ocellus, beyond which is a discal streak which is ‘bent below the ocellus and ascends up the abdominal margin, also a submarginal similar streak; a large ocellus situated between the subcostals, and another ocellus between the lower medians, each with grey and brown-speckled centre, white pupil, and a slender black outer ring. Body beneath, legs beneath, collar, and palpi pale lilacine-cinereous ; palpi tipt with brown ; legs above brown. Female. Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a broad oblique medial yellow band, which is narrower than in the male, and does not extend across end of the cell, as occurs in the male; the inner edge of the band irregularly sinuous, there is also a faint brown wavy discal line across its middle, and a similar line near the outer margin; below the band is asmall yellow lunate spot between the middle and lower medians. Hindwing with the spatulate-tail marked with two black-and-white lunate spots. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous, crossed by similar but paler brown streaks, as in the male, the ocelli being larger. Expanse ¢ 4,4 to 5, 2 5 to 5;% inches. Hasrrat (? Sikkim). Assam; Sylhet; Cachar; Naga Hills; Hast Peeou; Tenasserim. We have examined the type specimens in the collection of the British Museum, described by Mr. Doubleday as Amythaon, the specimens figured by Prof. Westwood, now in the Oxford University Museum (the male of which is badly engraved on the plate in his ‘ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,” and was subsequently named ** Westwoodti”’ by Mr. Butler); and, by the kindness of Mr. Walter Rothschild, we have also compared Dr. Felder’s types of the male and female Portheus, these comparisons proving that they all represent but one species. Distrieution.—* The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, in Assam, from Sikkim, and from Cachar. The latter taken by Mr. Wood-Mason in August” (Butt. Ind. i. 293). According to Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 334) ‘it occurs very rarely, if at all, in Sikkim.” The type specimens described by Mr. E. Doubleday are labelled ‘‘Sylhet.”” We possess both sexes from Sylhet. Specimens from the Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley. Mr. Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 270) records “ three males and one female, taken by Mr. Doherty at the foot of the Karen Hills.’’ Capt. C. T. Bingham “took a few specimens of both sexes in the autumn and winter months in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper VoL. Il. Aa 178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Tenasserim” (Butt. Ind. i, 293). Major C. H. E. Adamson (List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10) ‘‘obtained two males, which flew into his tent about 6 p.m. on Christmas Day, 1879, when encamped in evergreen forest near the sources of the ‘houngyeen River in Upper Tenasserim.” We also possess a male from Tavoy. Mr. A. R. H. Tucker recently took specimens in Tavoy, in heavy forest, flying both at sundown and in the early morning. Inpo-MatayaN ALLIED SPECIES OF AMATHUXIDIA.—A. dilucida (Amathusia dilucida, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 206, pl. 3, fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 3, b, % (1884). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 423, pl. 38, fig. 7, d (1886). Habitat. Malay Penin- sula.—A. insularis (Amathusia insularis, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 25. Habitat. Engano, Nias Islands.—A. Porthaon (Amathusia Porthaon Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ui. p. 779 (1867). Habitat. Java.— A. Ottomana, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1869, p.55. Habitat. Borneo.—4d. Pylaon (A. Pylaon, Felder Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 461. Habitat. Java.— A. Philippina (Amathusia Portheus, Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 71, pl. 13, fig. 7, ?). Habitat. Philippines. The following is an allied genus :— Amaxipia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1. p. 188 (1887).—Type. 192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the outer margin, the middle row being slightly incurved; the discal and inner submarginal row are lilacine-white, the former somewhat diamond-shaped, the latter broadly triangulate, the outer row being pale ochreous and narrowly lunate; a dusky-brown spot upon the middle of the discocellulars, and a dot obliquely below it within the cell, these two spots being indistinctly ochreous-bordered. Hindwing crossed by a short upper discal and two complete submarginal rows of pale ochreous triangulate spots, followed by a broad lunular marginal border; the discal black glandular patch very prominent. Underside ochreous ; crossed by a broad inner- discal purple-brown somewhat sinuous-edged fascia, composed of speckled striga, a less-defined similar outer discal fascia, and a narrower submarginal fascia; there is also a narrow sinuous but less-defined subbasal fascia, and two basal cell-dots, and a discocellular speckled-dot. On the hindwing also there is a small ocellate spot between the subcostals and a less-defined ocellule between the lower medians, Body, palpi, and legs beneath pale ochreous. Abdomen beneath with a small glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales, placed on each side of the keel near the base. Female. Upperside somewhat paler ochreous-brown, darkest externally; the basal half being somewhat ochreous. Forewing crossed by three similar rows of larger spots, the discal row being lilacine-white and with a larger upper spot, the two upper also being bent inward to near the costa, the lower of the middle row ochreous-tinged, the outer row ochreous, and the two inner spots above and those below the radial confluent; the discocellular and cell spots distinct, their borders and the basal interspaces of the medians pale ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a complete discal and two submarginal rows of ochreous triangulate spots; the cell spot distinct. Underside paler than in the male, markings the same, the two small ocellules on the hindwing white-centred, Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 3%, % 3; inches. Hasrrat.—Khasia Hills. Upper Burma. DisTRIBUTION.—We possess specimens of this species from the Khasia Hills, taken by Major Godwin-Austen. Specimens are also in the collection of Mr, Philip Crowley. Major C. H. E, Adamson has a male, taken at Singoo, 4000 feet elevation, in March, and a female taken at Kindat, Upper Burma, in April, 1892, both of which are typical D. Zal. DISCOPHORA INDICA (Plate 153, figs. 1, la, b, c, dj 9, larva and pupa), Discophora Tullia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 211, pl. 12, figs. 15, 15a, larva and pupa (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 74, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9, d ¢ (1883); Ann, Nat. Hist. AMATHUSIIN:. 193 1883, p. 352. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i, p. 298, fig. ¢ 9 (1883) nec Cramer, Discophora Indica, Staudinger, Exot, Butt. i. p. 190, pl. 63, 9 (1887). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky purpurescent-brown in fresh examples, fading to dusky ochreous-brown ; cilia ochreous. Forewing crossed by a discal and two submarginal rows of bluish spots ; the discal row very small, the upper spot largest, either rounded or linear in shape, and in some they are more or less obsolete, or occasionally, all, except the upper spot are absent; the middle row larger, dentate, the upper being sometimes coalesced with its opposite discal; the outer row smaller and either rounded or lunate. Hindwing with a large discal velvety black glandular patch of raised scales; these scales being slightly longer and of more irregular width than those in D. Celinde; with or without faint traces of a submarginal row of pale ochreous lunules or points, and sometimes also of an inner discal series of points ; this wing also has the exterior margin either quite even, and angulate in its middle, or is somewhat scalloped and less distinctly angulate. Underside brownish- ochreous, with numerous short transverse, more or less intense dark brown strige, and which are generally less apparent basally ; crossed by a dark brown slender zigzag subbasal line, a broad discal fascia, an ill-defined slender sinuous submarginal line, and a lunular marginal fascia, the interspace between the latter being more or less washed with lilacine-white, which is most intense posteriorly. Forewing also with three dark brown dots across base of the cell, a ringlet-spot on the discocellulars and a dot below it. Hindwing also with two basal cell dots and a discocellular dot ; and a large upper and lower ocellus, both with ochreous centre, white lunate- pupil, and a slender black outer ring; a third smaller lower ocellus sometimes being present between the upper medians ; and, in some specimens, generally in those which have the exterior margin of hindwing most angulate (probably the dry-season brood), the upper and lower ocellus are both smaller and less-defined. Body beneath, palpi, and legs ochreous; abdomen beneath with a small glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales placed on each side of the keel near the base ; antenne brown above, ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside somewhat paler, darkest upon the discal area. Forewing with the three transverse rows of spots bluish-white, larger, the lower discal diamond-shape, the upper largest and disposed inward; the middle row broadly- dentate, the upper incurved and coalescent with the opposite discal; the outer row rounded or broadly lunate ; the discocellular spot of the underside sometimes slightly apparent. Hindwing with a complete discal row and two submarginal rows of pale ochreous decreasing spots, the discal spots being obtusely dentate, the middle row acutely dentate, and the outer row more or less lunate or rounded ; followed by marginal lunules. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, numerously covered with VOL. Il. ce 194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. olivescent-brown strigz, and crossed with less-defined fascie and markings, and _ ocelli, as in male. Expanse, 3 3 to 3,4, 2 3,') to 4 inches. Aputt Caterrittar.—Length 2} inches; cylindrical; with two short anal processes ; thickly covered with fine pale ochreous hairs; the third and fourth segment with a transverse dorsal dense row of longer purple-brown hairs, a sub- dorsal slight tuft of longer purple-brown hairs arising from anterior edge of the segments; body dark purple-brown, speckled with grey; a broad dorsal paler yellower-edged band from fifth to anal segment, the anterior junction of the segments marked by a subdorsal prominent short black and yellow streak ; head large, dark purplish-brown, with grey marks. Curysatis.—Suspended by the tail ; boat-shaped; smooth ; ventral line nearly straight, dorsal line arched ; thorax also arched ; head-piece prolonged into an acute apex ; colour pale yellowish-ochreous, with a white bloom. ; Hasitar.—N.-H. India ; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. Foop prant and nasits of LarvA.—The late Mr. Arthur Grote found the larva on Bamboo, in the Calcutta district. Mr. W.S. Atkinson also found the larva in the Calcutta district, “on Bamboo, living between rolled up leaves, on April 23rd, 1856, the larva changing to pupa on the 26th ” (MS. Notes). Dr. Manders (Trans. - Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, 519) found the larva in the Shan States, “on Bamboo, living during the day among three or four leaves spun together,” and describes the larva and pupa as follows : “ Full fed larva two inches long; colour black, mottled with grey ; a rather broad yellowish dorsal line; the junction of the segments marked by a thin irregular yellow line and red spot ; body covered with white hairs; head and anus black, the former marked with perpendicular yellow lines. Pupa white, sus- pended by the tail; the labial palpi prominently projected ; changing to dark brown a few hours before emergence. The perfect insect remains three weeks in pupa.” Distrisutronx.—‘‘ Commoner than D. Continentalis, and has been taken in more localities, but the geographical range is the same within Indian limits, except that D. indica is known to occur in the Plains of Bengal as far South as Calcutta. It is common in Sikkim, and in Tenasserim, from September to April. In the neighbour- hood of Caleutta, Mr. de Nicéville has taken it throughout the year. They rest under the shade of large trees among the dead leaves on the ground, taking short flights when disturbed, and are easily captured. They not unfrequently enter houses. There are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and Silhet ” (Butt. Ind. i. 298). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 331) records it as ‘‘ common in Sikkim up to about 2000 feet, perhaps extending a little higher, and occurring throughout the year.’ Mr. W. 8. Atkinson obtained it at * Darjeling, Cherra Punji, and Plains of Bengal”? (MS. Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe AMATHUSIIN 2. 195 has specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 353) records it as “common in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, from May ‘to August.” The late Mr. Arthur Grote found the larva feeding on Bamboo in the Calcutta district. Mr. W. 8. Atkin- Son also obtained the larva in the Calcutta district, on Bamboo, living between rolled up leaves, on April 23rd, 1856. Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken the species “‘in dry ditches in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, during the cold weather” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 43). Mr. J. Rothney obtained it in “ Barrackpore Park, near Calcutta” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882). Mr. Charlton Swinhoe also recently obtained it in the Calcutta district. In Burma, according to Major C. H. HE. Adamson (List, p. 11) it is recorded as being common throughout the country; both this species and D. Continentalis having been caught by me early in the morning before the sun was much above the horizon.” Captain EH. Y. Watson (J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, 36) obtained both sexes during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at Tilin Yaw, in March, April, and September.’ Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it at Bhamo, and Dr. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) records it as being ‘‘common in the Shan States.” It has been taken in Rangoon, in July and August. Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘‘Taoo, 3000 to 5000 feet ; Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet; and above Ahsown.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from Tavoy. We possess a specimen recently received from Mr. A. R. H. Tucker, taken in Tavoy in December. Mr. Distant describes and figures both sexes from the Malay Peninsula, the male being entirely unspotted on the upperside of the forewing (Rhop. Malayana, p. 75, pl. 7). D. indica is probably only the wet-season form of D. Zal. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 153, fig. 1 represents the larva and pupa reproduced from Mr. A. Grote’s original drawings of Calcutta'specimens, and figs. 1, a, b, c, d, the male and female. DISCOPHORA SPILOPTERA (Plate 154, figs. 1, la, f 2). Discophora spiloptera, de Nicéville, trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 331. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky ochreous-brown; cilia ochreous. Forewing crossed by an erect discal, and two erect submarginal rows of rich ochreous spots, the discal row being small and longitudinally slender, the ordinary spot between the upper median and radial being obsolescent, and the upper one ochreous-white ; the middle row composed of large wedge-shaped spots, the outer row of small posteriorly decreasing rounded spots; the extreme outer margin also lunularly bordered. Hind- wing crossed by a short upper discal row of two small rounded ochreous spots, an inner submarginal row of large triangular spots, and an outer row of lunate spots, the extreme outer margin also broadly lunularly bordered ; the discal black glandular cc 2 196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. patch very prominent. Underside ochreous, with the fasciz and other markings similar to those in male D. Zal. Female. Upperside paler ochreous-brown, externally and between the markings dusky-brown. J orewing with the three transverse rows of ochreous spots larger than in male, the discal row being much larger, very prominent, and slightly paler, the dusky-brown cell dots and discocellular spot present. Hindwing with a complete discal row, and two submarginal rows of much larger paler ochreous spots, and outer lunular border. Underside paler than in male; crossed with fasciz as in D. Zal, the basal area also being speckled with transverse brown strigz, the two small ocelloid spots on hindwing as in D. Zal. Expanse, d 3,%, ? 4; inches. Hapirat.—Sikkim. The male of D. spiloptera is distinguishable from the same sex of D. Zal, by the difference in size, shape, and colour of the spots on the forewing; the female also differing from that sex of D. Zal, in these spots being larger, both the inner and middle series being erect, and wide apart at their upper end. The type specimens, from which our descriptions and figures are taken, are now in the possession of the Honble. Walter Rothschild, who has kindly lent them for this purpose, and were taken in Sikkim by Mr. Otto Moller’s native collectors, in the middle of March, 1887, at about 2000 feet elevation. Our illustrations of this species, on Plate 154, fig. 1, la are taken from the type specimens of the male and female, which have been kindly lent for this purpose by the Honble. Walter Rothschild. Inpo-Matayan atLigp DiscopHoras.—Discophora Celinde (Pap. Celinde, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. pl. 87, figs. 1, la, d (1790). Herr.-Sheffer, Exot. Schmett. ii. figs. 5, 6, d (1853). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, pl. 6, fig.6, 2; pl. 7, fig. 11, a-h, larva, etc. (1829). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p- 211, pl. 6, figs. 5, 5a, larva and pupa (1857). Staudinger, Exott. Schmet. 1. p. 190, pl. 638, d. Synonyms—Pap. Menetho. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 83, ? (1793). Jones, Icones, v. pl. 61, ?. Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 1, (1800). Disc. Menetho. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 45 (1869). Pap. Aristides, Fabr. — Ent, Syst. ili. i. p. 86, ? (1793). Both sexes of this species (Celinde) were taken, and the larve bred, in Java, by the late Dr. Horsfield, the males agreeing with the figure by Stoll, and the females with the type specimen of Menetho, in the ‘* Linnzan Cabinet,” in the possession of the Linnzan Society of London, a label upon which latter specimen states that, Jones’ figure (from which Fabricius’ description was taken) was made from this identical specimen. The Javan female has the ochreous band on the forewing broad only at its upper end (from the costa to the upper median), below which are two inner-discal small spots and two outer lunules, followed by the submarginal row of five lunular patches and the marginal lunules, AMATHUSIINZ. 197 and on the hindwing also, the submarginal and marginal series are both composed of larger and broader lunate spots. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Timora, Double- day and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 2,2(1851). Habitat. Timor.—Discophora Necho, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 462, ¢ 2 (1867). The male type specimen of this species, which we have examined, through the kindness of the Honble. Walter Rothschild, has a broad oblique discal band, similar to that in D. Dis ; this band having faded to a whitish colour in the type, and described as whitish by Felder, but which, in freshly-caught specimens, would certainly be blue, as in D. Dis ; the female having a broad pale ochreous confluent band on the forewing, of the Celinde pattern. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Dis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 325, pl. H. fig. 3,¢. Habitat. Sumatra.—Discophora Cheops, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. i. p. 463 (1867). Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.— Discophora Ogina (Morpho Ogina, Godart, Enc. Méth. p. 445 (1823). Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. (1820-26). Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippen, Lep. i. p. 74, nec fig.). Syn. D. Melinda, Feld. Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 122. Habitat. Manilla, Philippines. —Discophora Celebensis, Holland, Proc. Boston, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 59, pl. 5, figs.5,6, 0 $. Habitat. Celebes.—Discophora Tullia (Pap. Tullia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 81, figs. A, B,?(1775). D. Tullia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 189 (1887). Male. Upperside dusky purplish-brown ; forewing less acute at the apex and the posterior angle, and the extreme margin less even thanin Burmese or Indian D. indica ; the hindwing is convex, somewhat scalloped, and less angular at end of upper median veinlet. Jorewing with two submarginal transverse rows of small blue spots, the inner row dentate, the outer row rounded. Hindwing with a very prominent jet-black discal glandular patch, and a slightly-defined submarginal series of ochreous points. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous-brown, with numerous short transverse darker brown strigz, which are most distinct externally ; the normal subbasal markings indistinct; crossed by a darker brown discal fascia, an ill-defined submarginal slender fascia and a sinuous marginal fascia, the area between the discal and submarginal fascia slightly washed and the anal angle of the hindwing distinctly speckled with llacine-white ; ocelli of hindwing large, distinct and perfectly formed. Female. Upperside much paler brown. Forewing with three transverse rows of pale lilacine-blue spots, the discal lower three being small, the upper large, inwardly- disposed and coalescent with those of the middle row, the other spots large, the middle row being much incurved in their course. Hindwing with two upper discal small pale ochreous spots, and two submarginal rows of pale lilacine-blue spots. Under- side pale olivescent-ochreous, with olivescent-brown markings as in the male; ocelli large and perfect. Another female has the outer row of spots on upperside of the forewing pale ochreous, and all those of the hindwing also pale ochreous; the ocelli on the hindwing beneath being small and ill-defined. Expanse, 3 3, 2 3,4 inches. 198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Halitat.—S. China. Specimens of both sexes of D. Tullia, taken in Hong Kong, are in Mr. J. Jenner Weir’s collection. We also possess both sexes from China. Capt. J. R. Walker, R.N., also obtained it in Hong Kong.—JDiscophora Sondaica, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 12, fig. 3 (1836), ¢. ? Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 426, pl. 43, fig. 7, d. Habitat.’ Java; Sumatra; ? Malay Peninsula.— Discophora simplex, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 42. Habitat. Palawan.— Discophora Semperi (Disc. Zal. Semper, Reisen Archipel Philippen, Lep. p. 73, pl. 13, figs. 10, 11, 3; figs. 8, 9, 2 (nee Westwood). Habitat. Mindanao,—Discophora Philippina (Dise. Menetho, Semper, Reisen Archip. Philippen, Lep. p. 74, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2, d (1887), nec Fabricius. Habitat. Philippines.—Disc. Bambuse, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ili. p. 462 (1867). Habitat. Gilolo. Genus ENISPE. Enispe, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40 (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292 (1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 299 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii p. 187 (1889). Tmaco.—Male. Both wings similar in shape to typical Discophora. Forewing with the posterior margin somewhat convex ; first subcostal branch anastomosed with the costal for a short distance near its end; second subcostal with only three branches ; upper discocellular angled close to the subcostal, the radials from the angles; upper median veinlet curved from its base. Hindwing with the veins as in Disco- phora ; no discal glandular patch ; the entire cell and the longitudinal fold between the median and submedian being covered with long fine hairs; a small glandular pouch close to base of inner vein enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Thorax very robust and woolly ; base of abdomen above also woolly, and beneath with a very prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales near the base. Forelegs longer than in Discophora. : Typr.—E, Euthymius. ENISPE EUTHYMIUS (Plate 155, fiys. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Adolias Euthymius, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 179. Enispe Euthymius, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40, fig. 2, g (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292 (1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 300, fig. g (1883). Stau- dinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 190, pl. 63, ¢; id. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1887); Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 111 (1892). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright orange-red ; cilia reddish-black. Forewing with a reddish-black short curved streak on upper part of the discocellulars, a sinuous AMATHUSIIN 2. 199 streak beyond the celi, a discal series of four somewhat sagittate speckled spots, one each being upon the lower radial and median veinlets, followed by a submarginal narrow sinuous band and then by a broader marginal band, the latter being faintly traversed by reddish lunules, the three series being broadly confluent at their apical end. Hindwing with the base clothed with long fine dusky hairs, and marked with two blackish lower discal sagittate spots, a transverse inner discal slender line, two sub- marginal narrow lunulate bands and paler outer marginal lunules; a small pale yellowish glandular pouch situated close to the abdominal base of the inner vein, the pouch enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Underside pale ochreous, or ochreous- yellow, of more or less intensity. Both wings crossed by a brown subbasal sinuous line and a straighter discal line, their inner borders being clouded with brownish- ochreous, beyond which are three outer transverse indistinct lunulated brownish- ochreous fasciz. Forewing also with three brown basal dots within the cell. Hind- wing also with a single similar dot and a short discocellular streak, and a discal series of four small darker brown spots, the lowest of which is white-pupilled, and the two inner smallest. Body beneath pale ochreous ; base of abdomen beneath with avery prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales; palpi, and legs pale ochreous ; antennz reddish. Female. Upperside paler and of a more ochreous tint ; markings on both wings the same, but somewhat narrower than in male, the inner line on the hindwing more distinct and extending straight across from the costa to the anal angle. Underside paler than in the male; markings the same; the basal spots and transverse discal bordered-line being more distinct. Expanse, ¢ 3,5), ? 4 inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim; Assam; Cachar; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma. Disrrisution.— This is found in the mountains to the North-East of Bengal, extending southward as far as Tenasserim. It is not uncommon in Sikkim; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from the Naga Hills. It was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, in March and April”? (Butt. India, i. 301). “Mr. Otto Moller took it in the Runjit Valley, Sikkim. It has the habit of a Discophora, flying off into the jungle when disturbed, and resting on a leaf with closed wings” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1883, 93). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, 332), it is ‘‘ not uncommon in Sikkim, at low elevations, from April to October.” In the late W. S. Atkinson’s collection were specimens from Darjeling and Cherra Punji. Of typical Huthymius numerous males and females from the Khasia Hills, taken by Rev. W. Hamilton’s collec- tors, are in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s collection. It is recorded in Lieut. D. Thompson’s List of Chin-Lushai butterflies (Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1890, 295). Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, in November. Mr. W. Doherty took 200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. it in East Pegu, where it “‘seems to be very common in the Karen Hills, at from 1500 to 4000 feet” (Elwes, P. Z. 8S. 1891, 270). The Pegu males are richly-coloured orange-red, and have the markings above more like those in ¢essellate than in typical Euthymius. According to Mr. de Nicéville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 353), * #. Euthymius is, judging from the specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, an eminently variable species, whose variations are in no way-related either to locality or to geographical range, so that the term ‘local race’ cannot be applied to the extreme dark form named E. tessellata.” ENISPE TESSELLATA (Plate 156, figs. 1, la, b,c, g 2). Enispe tessellata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521, $ ¢. Enispe Euthymius, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. 15, fig. 1, g. Enispe Sylhetensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 191 (1887). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from typical HZ. Huthymius, in the basal area being much darker coloured; the markings being similar, but con- spicuously more broader and more sharply defined, and on the forewing there is a prominent inner-discal erect band which coalesces with the upper streak beyond the cell. Hindwing with the basal area ochreous-brown, and the markings conspicuously much broader, the discal series extending across from the subcostal vein. Female. Both wings also with much darker basal area, and with markings similar to the male. Expanse, d 3}, ? 3% inches. Hasrrat.—Nepal; Sikkim ; Cachar. We have here retained H. tessellata as differing from HL. Huthymius. The male type of tessellata was obtained from the “ Darjeling” collection formed by the late Arthur Grote, and the female type from the “ Nepal”? collection of the late General G. Ramsay, and from these type specimens our figures on Plate 156 are taken. Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. xv. fig. 1) describe and figure a male—identical with our type of tessellata—which is therein stated to be taken from a Cachar specimen captured by Mr. Wood-Mason on Nemotha Peak in September.* * This same Cachar specimen was previously referred to, under the name of E. Euthymius, by the authors of the ‘‘ Butterflies of India,” p. 801, as being only ‘‘ of a far deeper and richer orange-red ” than any other specimens we have ever seen;” but they do not there mention the differences in the markings between that specimen and the others under their examination. Specimens from Sylhet, from the AMATHUSIIN 2. 201 ENISPE CYCNUS (Plate 157, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 2). Enispe Cycnus, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 330 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p- 212 (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 301 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, darkest and with blue reflections on the outer half of the forewing ; cilia ochreous. Forewing with a broad oblique lilacine-white band extending from middle of the costa to the upper median veinlet, below which are three decreasing broad lunate spots, followed by a sub- marginal series of four triangular similar-coloured spots, which increase in size from the upper one; a slightly-defined pale ochreous spot-streak below the submedian near the angle, and an inner discal series of small ochreous spots sometimes being visible. Hindwing with a more or less indistinct submarginal row of small pale ochreous spots and marginal lunules, and sometimes a discal row of slender lunules; from the cell to below the median, and the abdominal fold, clothed with long fine hairs. Underside ochreous-yellow, merging to olivescent ochreous-brown on the outer borders. Both wings crossed by a slender subbasal zigzag dark ochreous-brown line with a pale outer border, and a broader brown sinuous discal band, followed by a contiguous less-defined paler outer-discal lunular fascia, and two submarginal sinuous fascie. Forewing also with three brown basal cell-spots and some disco- cellular spots. Hindwing also with one basal cell-spot, a discocellular spot, and a very small white-pupilled ocellule between the subcostals, and a similar ocellule with large white pupil between the lower medians. Body and legs beneath, palpi, and collar ochreous-yellow ; legs above and tip of palpi ochreous-brown; abdomen beneath with a basal glandular patch of dark grey scales. Female. Both wings with the basal area ochreous-brown, the outer area of the forewing dark purpurescent- brown, of the hindwing dark brown. Forewing with the lilacine-white oblique band and the two series of spots as in the male, but larger, the lower discal spot and a narrow streak below the submedian being partly ochreous ; there is also two inner- discal rows of smaller ochreous spots, and a spot is sometimes present beyond end of the cell, and a streak-bordering the inner-edge of the discocellulars. Hindwing with an inner-discal short row of small ochreous spots, a discal row of larger decreasing spots, the lower being lunate, followed by a submarginal row of broad pointed-spots, and then by a marginal continuous lunular-band. Underside pale ochreous-yellow with a slightly olivescent tint; the transverse discal band and markings as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 3,%,, 2 3,5 inches. “ Atkinson ” collection, are in the “ Hewitson” Cabinet at the British Museum. From specimens in the late W. S. Atkinson’s collection, Dr, Staudinger has recently separated this species under the name of E. Sylhetensis. VOL. IL. pd 7 202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasitat.—Sikkim (?); Bhotan; Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. Distripution.— The type specimen is recorded from Sylhet; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and from Sikkim” (Butt. of India, 301). It has been taken at Shillong and the Khasia Hills. “It occurs not uncommonly at Buxa, in Bhotan, in July, but I know of no specimens having been recently taken in Sikkim” (Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333). Dr. N. Manders, in his List of the Lepidoptera of the Shan States (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 520) records “ one male taken at Bernardmyo, a Hill Station at about 7000 feet elevation north of the Ruby Mines.” Mr. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 271) also records “ specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hills at low elevations, and others at Bernardmyo in Burma.” Aturp Carwsse Entspr.—Z. lunatus, Leech, Entomologist, 1891, suppl. p. 26 ; Lep. China, ete. p. 111, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, d % (1892). Habitat. W. China. Genus STICHOPHTHALMA. Stichophthalma, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. vi. p. 27 (1862). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 308 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 184 (1889). Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 113 (1892). Imaco.—Male. Wings large, very broad. Forewing subtriangular; with the costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior margin long and nearly straight; cell very broad; first subcostal branch emitted at one- fourth before end of the cell and entirely free from the costal; second subcostal three-branched; discocellulars. outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled at lower end, lower discocellular deeply concave; radials from the upper angles; upper median veinlet arched from the end of the cell. Hindwing obovate; costal vein ending beyond the middle; first subcostal branch emitted at half distance before second and third; cell narrow, open; upper median veinlet arched from its base; internal vein much recurved ; a small ovate glandular patch * situated above the base of the subcostal veinlet, which is overlapped by an erectile tuft of fine hairs arising from below the base of the subcostal vein. Body robust; thorax woolly; eyes prominent, naked; palpi long, slender, extending more than half beyond the front ; antennsw slender, evenly articulated. Typre.—S. Howqua. * Mr. Wood-Mason (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 853) remarks that “ this gland, in S. Camadeva, secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour, distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the presence of, a much stronger odour (resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop) which is common to the two sexes.” AMATHUSIIN. 203 STICHOPHTHALMA CAMADEVA (Plate 158, figs. 1, la, d ?). Morpho (Thaumantis) Camadeva, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2 (1848). Thaumantis Camadeva, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, 1856, p. 177 ; id. Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 377, pl. 55, fig. 2 (1851). Stichophthalma Camadeva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 309, fig. 9 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 204, pl. 65, ¢ (1887) ; id. ii. p. 184, pl. 30 (1889). Ivaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the basal area rich ochreous-brown, the outer area purpurescent lilacine-grey, and traversed by a discal series of small round blackish spots, followed by a row of quadrate sagittate-spots, which latter have their outer angle dilated and extending along the vein to the margin, and then by a submarginal row of continuous lunules, the upper end of each series being broadly dilated at the apex. Hindwing with the basal area rich dark ochreous-brown, the outer area purpurescent-black, traversed by a submarginal row of large broad pur- purescent lilacine-grey biconical spots, and a marginal narrow lunular band; basal glandular tuft pale ochreous. Cilia pale ochreous. Underside rich brownish-ochreous ; crossed by a subbasal and a medial slender black sinuous line, the former generally being inwardly-bordered by pale olivescent-ochreous, and the latter outwardly-bor- dered by a whitish fascia, followed by a dark brown speckled-edged lunular fascia ; the disc crossed by a row of red ocelli, five on each wing, each being centred with a white lunule, and having a black outer ring ; beyond are two submarginal ill-defined brown lines, the outer line sometimes being more or less broad, and both ending at the anal angle in a black speckled streak, the outer streak much dilated. Body beneath, legs, and palpi brownish-ochreous ; antennz dark brown. Female. Upperside as in the male, with the marginal markings broader. Un- derside as in the male. Expanse, 5 to 6 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Assam; Khasia Hills; Cachar ; Manipur. Disrripution.— ‘Common in Sikkim, in June and July” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. S. Bengal, 1885, 2). Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333) records it as not uncommon, in Sikkim, in suitable localities, from May or June to October. I found it not un- common by the river at Choongtong, at 2500 feet, in July, but difficult to take in good condition, as it flies so close to the ground among thick vegetation that it is not easy to get a clear stroke of the net.” Major H. H. Godwin-Austen—who captured several specimens in the Jatinga Valley, N. Cachar Hills, during his Survey operations—noted that “‘ it affects the openings in forests ; having a lopping lazy sort of flight, flying about quite low down among the brushwood, during April, just after the rains set in.” Mr. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 353), found it ‘ very common in the forests near Silcuri in Cachar, during May ; others also being taken pd 2 204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. in July. The gland covered by a patch of modified scales and by an erectile wisp of hairs on each hindwing of the male, secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the presence of, a much stronger odour, resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop, which is com- mon to both sexes.’ Dr. G. Watt (Ann. N. H. 1885, p. 303) obtained specimens during his journey to Manipur. STICHOPHTHALMA LOUISA (Plate 159, figs. 1, la, J 2). Thaumantis Louisa, Wood-Mason, Proc, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 163; zd. Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, 1878, p. 175, pl. 12. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 827. Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 40, 2. Stichophthalma Louisa, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 311 (1883). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area of both wings rich pale yellowish- ochreous, and the outer area lilacine-white. Both wings with a submarginal row of black hastate-spots, their outer angles coalescing with a marginal row of lunules, each series palest and increasing in size from the apex of the forewing, where the border is clouded with dusky speckles ; the transverse lines and ocelli of the under- side being visible by semi-transparency ; basal tuft on the hindwing ochreous. Underside very pale dull olivescent-ochreous ; both wings crossed by a subbasal and a medial slender blackish sinuous line, the former with a whitish inner border, the latter with a more distinctly-defined whitish outer-bordering fascia, followed by a broad pale olivescent-brownish lunular fascia; a discal series of small pale ochreous- brown ill-defined ocelli, of which the upper and lower on the hindwing are prominent, much larger, reddish-ochreous, and with a slender black ring; beyond is a pale de- fined olivescent-brownish submarginal series of hastate-spots and marginal lunules, the latter forming an indistinctly-defined broader marginal fascia, the submarginal series traversed by a slender sinuous line, and the marginal ending in a dilated black anal spot speckled with grey. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the marginal hastate marks and lunules are larger.and entirely coalescent. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 5 to 5, inches. Hasirar.— Upper Tenasserim. Disrrisution.—The type specimen was “ taken at Taoo, 3000 to 6000 feet alti- tude, in Upper Tenasserim, by Mr. Ossian Limborg in the cold season. Capt. C. T. Bingham took specimens between March and May in the lower Thoungyeen forests” (Butt. Ind. i. 311). Mr. W. Doherty ‘‘ took many males, but only two or three females at the foot of the Karen Hills, in March and April” (Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, 271). Signor Leorardo Fea obtained specimens at Moolayet, in April. AMATHUSIIN 4. 205 STICHOPHTHALMA NOURMAHAL (Plate 160, figs. 1, la,b, d 2). Thaumantis Nourmahal, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 337 (1851); zd. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 178, pl. 18, figs. 1, la, 2. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, Hast Ind. Company,i. p. 215 (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 312 (1888). Imaco.—Male. Upperside with both wings chestnut-red, cilia brownish cine- reous. Forewing crossed by a broad excurved oblique subapical ochreous fascia, which extends from the costa to the outer margin below the apex aud to the pos- terior angle, the apex of the wing being darker brown, and the fascia traversed by a submarginal row of dark brown hastate points and a marginal row of lunules. Hindwing with the outer border narrowly margined with ochreous and traversed by a submarginal and a marginal row of similar brown marks. Underside paler. Both wings crossed by a subbasal and a medial discal slender black irregular line, the subbasal edged on its innerside and the discal on its outerside with olivescent silvery-grey scales; on the forewing the base of second subcostal, and the discocel- lulars to the middle black; the outer border with a submarginal and a marginal black zigzag line. Forewing also with an outer discal series of five round ocell, of which the lower first and the fourth are the most defined, being red with a white pupil, black ring and then an outer pale ochreous ring; the others being ill- defined by ochreous scales. Hindwing also with similar but somewhat larger ocelli, the first, third, and fifth being more brightly developed and are of a deep red, the second and fourth being ill-defined by ochreous scales. Body, legs, and palpi beneath pale ochreous ; legs and palpi above reddish-brown ; antennz black. Female. Upperside similar to the male, but somewhat darker coloured, the oblique subapical fascia on the forewing slightly broader, and with a prominent white spot before the apex between the subcostals; the submarginal and marginal markings also somewhat broader. Underside darker than in the male, being of an olivescent brownish-ochreous colour and darkest across the disc ; the subbasal and discal black lines also broadly edged with silvery-grey ; the ocelli and submarginal lines similar. Expanse, 3 3,% to 4, ? 4° to 4,% inches. Hasirat.—Native Sikkim. . Distrisut1on.—The type was described from a female in the collection of the late Mr. W. W. Saunders; specimens of both sexes were also in the Hast India Company’s Museum, and others in the Hewitsonian collection. According to “ Mr. A. V. Knyvett, specimens have recently been obtained by his collectors in Native Sikkim ” (de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 181). 206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. STICHOPHTHALMA NURINISSA (Plate 161, figs. 1, la, b, 3 2). Stichophthalma Nuriniesa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 131, pl. C. fig. 3 f. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings differ from those of S. Nowrmahal in the ground-colour being paler and of a much brighter tint of chestnut-red. On the fore- wing the ochreous outer fascia is narrower and the dark brown margin broader. On the hindwing the ochreous outer fascia is much broader, with submarginal blackish points and broad marginal lunules. Underside. Both wings of a lighter colour ; the transverse subbasal and discal black line less intensely edged with olivescent silvery-grey scales; the submarginal and marginal line more sinuous and nearer together ; the ocelli are similar. Female. Upperside also much paler, the ochreous fascia, the submarginal points and marginal lunules, as in the male; the apical white spot is larger, and there is a minute spot above it and also one below it. Underside as in the male, but darker coloured, the markings all more intensely defined. Expanse, 3 3, to 4, ¢ 4; to 5 inches. Hasitat.—Bhotan. Disrrisution.—‘‘ Numerous specimens were taken near Buxa, in Bhotan, by the native collectors of the late Mr. Otto Méller, and Mr. A, V. Knyvett” (de Nicéville, 1. ¢.). AuLinp CHINESE sPECIES oF SticHopHTHaLMA.—St. Cambodia (Thaumantis Cam- bodia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Thawm. pl. fig. 2 (1862). Habitat. Cambodia. —St. Howqua (Th. Howqua, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1851, p. 174; id. 1856, p. 178, pl. 18, figs. 2, 2a. Habitat. N. China; Formosa.—St. fusca, Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 113, pl. 1, fig. 8, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.—St. Newmogeni, Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 5, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China. Genus CLEROME. Clerome, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 333 (1851) ; id. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1856, p. 182. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 80 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 312 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889). Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 112 (1892). Faunis, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 55 (1816), preoccupied. Imaco.—Male. Wingsshort, very broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched at the base, apex rounded, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin lobularly dilated near the base ; cell broad ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fourth before end of the cell, free from the costal, second subcostal four-branched ; dis- cocellulars very outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled near subcostal, lower AMATHUSIINZ. 207 very long and much recurved, being concave at its upper end and convex at its lower end; radials from upper angles of discocellulars; upper median veinlet not arched. Hindwing broadly ovate, apex somewhat obtusely pointed, exterior margin very convex posteriorly, anal angle rounded; subcostal branches arising near base of the wing; cell very narrow; upper median veinlet arched from the base; a short very slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first subcostal branch, the pouch being surrounded by a patch of fine raised hair-like scales, which are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by a very slender tuft of long erectile hairs arising from below the base of the median vein. Body moderately robust ; thorax woolly; eyes naked, large; palpi compactly clothed, hairy above, slender, projected in front of the head; antenne long, slender. Typse.—C. Arcesilaus. CLEROME ARCESILAUS (Plate 162, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, ¢ 2). Papilio Arcesilaus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 28 (1787). Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 2 (1800). Clerome Arcesilaus, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep., p. 334, pl. 54*, fig. 5, 2 (1851). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1869). Marshall and de Nic¢ville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 133 (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 428, pl. 40, fig, 5 (1886). Staudinger, Hxot. Schmett. i. p. 202, pl. 65, ¢ (1887) ii. p. 188, pl. 31 (1889) : Faunis Caneus, Hibner, Samm. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 82, 2 (1820-26). Morpho Leonteus, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Acad. N. C. 1831, p. 170, pl. 17, figs. 14, 15 (1831). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulvous, uniformly tinted throughout both wings. Cilia brownish cinereous. Hindwing with a short very slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first subcostal branch, the pouch itself surrounded by a patch of raised fine hair-like scales which are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by a very slender tuft of long erectile. hairs arising from below the base of the median vein. Underside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, Both wings crossed by a wavy indis- tinctly-defined blackish curved narrow subbasal fascia, and a more defined sinuous narrow curved medial discal fascia; an outer discal series of minute ochreous-white spots, six on the forewing and seven on the hindwing, followed by a slender blackish submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown; palpi brownish-ochreous ; antenne reddish. Female. Upperside paler and brighter coloured, but with the apex and outer borders darker tinted. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 2,6 to 2,5, ? 2,4 to 3 inches. > 208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Sikkim?; Khasia and Naga Hills; Silhet; Looshai Hills; Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula. Disrrrpution.—Within our area Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 314) record “specimens from Sikkim, from the collection of the late Mr. Mandell.” According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 334) ‘it has never been seen recently by Mr. Moller or myself from Sikkim.” Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens taken in the Khasia Hills by the Rev. W. Hamilton’s native collectors. The late W. S. Atkinson obtained itat Cherra Punji. It is also recorded from Silhet. Specimens are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection from the Lushai and Naga Hills. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 10) obtained it at ‘‘ Bhamo, Burma, and in Upper Tenasserim, in woody places, during the cold weather.” Capt. C. Bingham obtained in the Donat Range in Upper Tenasserim in January, and others in the Thoung- yeen forests in March and December” (Butt. Ind. 314). Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878, p. 827) met with it above Ahsown in Upper Tenasserim in the cold weather.” Mr. Elwes (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from “Tavoy and Ponsekai.’ The type specimen described by Fabricius is recorded from Siam, now in the Bankhan Cabinet at the British Museum, which we have examined, and is identical with our Indian examples. DisTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 429) records it from the Malay Peninsula, where Capt. Godfery ‘took it in a shady nook near a well. Its flight was very low; issuing from the surrounding jungle it would flit along the path, or rest upon it for a while, and then return to the thickest shades.” Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at Perak (P. Z.S. 1891, 273). It also occurs at Penang and Singapore; Nias (Kheil); Sumatra (Snellen); and Java (Horsfield). The Java specimens (of which many were obtained by the late Dr. Horsfield) differ on the underside in having both the dark transverse subbasal and medial fascia con- spicuously broader, the latter fascia’ being also less sinuous on its outer edge; the submarginal line is also comparatively broader. If this Java form proves distinct, it will take Hiibner’s name of Caneus. It is also recorded from Borneo. CLEROME ASSAMA (Plate 163, figs. 1, la, b, c,d 2). Clerome Assama, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 184. Marshall and de Nic¢ville, Butt. India, etc. i. p. 314, fig. 9 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulyous, uniformly tinted throughout both wings. Sometimes the median pale spots of the underside are slightly apparent. Underside much darker, and more or less ochreous-brown in tint. Both wings crossed by a prominent black slightly-wavy subbasal and a medial discal line ; an outer discal series of small pale yellow rounded spots, the penultimate lower AMATHUSIINZ. 209 one on the forewing the largest, and the upper one on the hindwing still larger, followed by a black submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown ; palpi pale ochreous below. Female, Upperside somewhat darker, especially at apex of the forewing, which is crossed by a very ill-defined oblique excurved paler ochreous band, the inner edge of the band obsolescently merging into the basal ground-colour. Underside marked as in the male; the transverse series of yellow spots being comparatively larger. Expanse, 3 3,%, to 3;, ? 4 inches. Hasirat.—Assam ; Khasia and Lushai Hills. DisrriBuTion.— Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen obtained specimens in the Khasia Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It is recorded by Mons. Oberthiir (Etudes Ent. 1893, p. 13) as occurring also in Tonkin, but it is probable that this is erroneous, and that the specimens are refer- able to the Chinese species, C. Humeus. Inpo-Matayan species of Crerome.—C. Humeus (Pap. Eumeus, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 2, fig. 3 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 183, figs. C, D (1777). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1869). Pap. Gripus Fabr. Syst. Ent. App. p. 809 (1775). Pap. decem- punctatus, Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. i. p. 212 (1779). Habitat. China; Hong-kong ; Hainan; Borneo.—C. rope, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 31; Lep. China, etc. p- 112, pl. 1, fig. 4,5 (1892). Habitat. W. China.—OC. Stomphar, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4. Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.— C. Kirata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 344, pl. F. fig. 3. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—C. gracilis, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p- 401, pl. 8, fig. 7. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 1. Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.—C. Besa, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Cl. pl. 1, fig. 1 (1868). Habitat. Borneo.—C. Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 44. Habitat. Palawan.—C. Phaon (Pap. Phaon, Erichson, N. A. Acad. N.C. p. 401, pl. 50, figs. 1, la (1834). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 185. Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 68 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Leucis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 804; Reise Novara, Lep. pl. 62, figs. 5, 6 (1867). Semper, Reisen Philippen Lep. p. 69 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao, Philippines.—C. lurida, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 460 (1867). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 19, 20 (1887). Habitat. Mindoro, Philippines—C. Kleis, Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 70, pl. 8, figs. 17, 18 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Sappho Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 15, 16 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao, Philippines. vot. 11. March 18th, 1895. Ee 210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus MELANOCYMA. Melanocyma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 186. Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad; exterior margin oblique. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin lobate near the base; cell broad, upper end extending to nearly half the wing, lower end to three-fifths; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second at two- thirds beyond end of the cell, third, fourth, and fifth nearer the apex; upper discocellular short, angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long, much | recurved ; radials from angles near subcostal; median veinlets wide apart, equi- distant ; submedian recurved near the base. Hindwing obconical, anterior margin long, nearly straight, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and rounded posteriorly ; furnished with a recumbent androconial tuft of hairs at base of the subcostal, and a row of fine longish hairs extending between the submedian and internal vein, which terminate more thickly above the anal angle; subcostal branches and radial emitted together near the base of costal; cell open; medians wide apart ; middle median emitted at about halfthe wing. Body slender; palpi slender, porrect, finely hairy above ; antennz slender, and with an elongated club. Tyrz.—M. Faunula. MELANOCYMA FAUNULOIDES (Plate 167, fig. 1, la, 2). Melanocyma faunuloides, de Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, 1895, p. , pl. N. fig 2, 9. Imaco.— Female. Upperside, both wings very pale fuscous or French-grey, all the black markings of the underside showing through faintly by transparency. Forewing with the veins slightly infuscated. Hindwing with the outer two-thirds of the abdominal margin, and the anal region widely as far as the inter-nervular fold in the first median interspace ochreous-yellow, this colour being carried narrowly along the outer margin as far as the second median neryule. Underside, both wings slightly paler than above, especially the hindwing. Forewing with a large round black spot near the middle of the discoidal cell; a broad black line across the cell beyond its middle, joined to two similar lines running along the subcostal and median nervures from the base of the wing, the latter broadening out towards the base of the submedian interspace ; the anterior half of the discocellular nervules black, fining away to nothing posteriorly ; two broad slightly irregular nearly parallel black lines commencing at the subcostal and ending at the submedian nervure, the inner line somewhat lunulated between the median nervules; a very fine obscure submarginal blackish line, with an extremely fine black line on the margin. Hindwing with the abdominal margin ochreous-yellow of a paler shade than on the upperside, this colour becoming AMATHUSIINZ. 211 entirely lost towards the middle of the submedian interspace, extending narrowly along the outer margin as far as the first median inter-nervular fold; the wing is crossed by four broad parallel highly irregular black bands, all commencing close to the costa; the first band is straight and is quite close to the base of the wing, and ends on the submedian nervure ; the second band is also nearly straight and ends on the internal inter-nervular fold; the third band is highly irregular and lunulated, the concavity of each lunulated portion directed towards the outer margin, it ends in a somewhat faint detached spot on the internal inter-nervular fold, anteriorly it is joined to the second band by a thin black line running along the costa; the fourth band is also highly irregular and lunulated, the concavity of each lunulated portion directed towards the base of the wing; a somewhat broad submarginal fuscous line posteriorly becoming lost in the ochreous anal area; a very fine black line on the margin ending posteriorly on the first median inter-nervular fold. Cilia throughout very short and cinereous; antenne black; thorax in front ochreous, posteriorly, and abdomen pale fuscous.”’ Expanse, ? 4,% inches. Hasirat.—North Chin Hills, Upper Burma. *‘ A reference to Hewitson’s, Westwood’s, and Distant’s figures (Rhop. Malay. pl. 8, f. 2), of Melanocyma faunula, Westwood, all taken from female specimens, will at once reveal the many important characters in which that species differs from the present one, which characters are also borne out by the numerous specimens of M. faunula I possess from several localities in the Malay Peninsula and from Chanta- boon in Siam. The ground-colour in M. faunula is almost white on the upperside of the hindwing instead of being concolorous with the forewing; the yellow colour is more extensive also, reaching to the second median nervule; in M. fauwnuloides it ends midway between the first and second median nervules; on the underside of the forewing the black discal bands are highly lunulated, and the points of the lunules almost meet in M. fawnula, while in M. fawnuloides the bands are nearly straight and the inner one is only slightly lunulated; this character is even more strongly pronounced on the hindwing, as in M. fawnula anterior to the third median nervule these bands entirely join, enclosing large oval spots of the ground-colour; lastly the yellow colour is much duller, and does not extend half as far on to the disc in M. faunuloides.” “Described from two specimens kindly given to me by Lieut. EH. Y. Watson, which were captured in June, 1893, at Number Three Stockade, in the North Chin Hills, at 3500 feet elevation above the sea”’ (de Nicéville, 1.c.). Inpo-Matayan Sprcizs or Menanocyma, M. faunula (Thaum. faunula, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 1) (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, fig. 2,2. Ee 2 _ 212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Siam ; Cambodia. Genus Tenaris, Hiibner (Syn. Drusilla, Swains.)—Z. Birchii, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 241; Rhop. Malayana, p. 428, pl. 39, fig. 7 (1886). Habitat, Malay Peninsula. Singapore.—T. Horsfieldii (Drusilla Horsfieldii Swainson, Zool. lust. i. pl. 11 (1820). Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 4 (1851). Thon, Ent. Archiv. p. 90, pl. 4, fig. 3. Habitat. Java.—T. occulta, Grose-Smith, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 316. Habitat. Borneo.—TZ, Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 48. Habitat, Palawan. Genus AXMONA. Aimona, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iv. 2m. pl. figs. 3, 4 (1868). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 175. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 302 (1888). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 187 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Forewing rather broad, subtriangular; costa arched, apex acutely pointed and produced; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex hind- ward ; posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to five-sevenths of the length of the costal margin; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell and anastomosed with the costal vein for some distance before its end; upper discocellular twice angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long and outwardly recurved, radials from the upper angles ; middle and lower median veinlets wide apart, upper median slightly curved beyond the cell. Hindwing short, broad, somewhat quadrangular; apex rounded, exterior margin obtusely angular in the middle ; subcostal branches straight at their base; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fifth from the base; cell area rather broad; upper median veinlet nearly in a line with the base; submedian vein recurved, and with a row of fine hairs extending along its outer edge, ending in a curled glandular fascicle of longer and stouter hairs, which latter overlap a slight groove or fold of the wing before the anal angle. Head small; eyes naked; palpi slender, apex pointed ; antennz rather short and with a well-formed lengthened club. Tyrr.— Ad. Amathusia. ZEMONA AMATHUSIA (Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b,c, d,e, g 2). Clerome Amathusia, Hewitson, Trans, Ent. Soe. Lond. 1867, p. 566, 2. Aimone Amathusia, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iv. 4m. pl. figs. 3, 4, 2(1868). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 176, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 2, 2a, J (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale ochreous-yellow or fulvous, the basal area tinged with brownish-ochreous ; cilia brown. Forewing with the apex and the AMATHUSIINA. 213 exterior margin pale ochreous-brown; crossed by the slightly-apparent excurved subbasal and the oblique discal brownish line of the underside. Hindwing crossed by the slightly-apparent subbasal and discal brown line of the underside, followed by a more distinct outer discal sinuous brown line, and then by a slightly-defined less sinuous upper submarginal line. Underside uniformly paler ochreous-yellow, the veins brownish; crossed by an ochreous-brown subbasal line, which is incurved on the forewing and excurved on the hindwing, a narrow oblique discal fascia and a slender sinuous submarginal line; between the two latter is a series of small ocelli, which decrease in size upwards, those on the forewing varying from one to five, and those on the hindwing from five to six, the one situated between the lower medians the largest, and the upper ones, generally, more or less imperfect; these ocelli, where perfect, have a pure white centre, ringed with black, a bright ochreous ring, and then an outer black ring. Body, palpi, and legs beneath ochreous-yellow ; antenne brown. Female (type). Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a faintly-defined broad excurved band of ochreous-yellow, which commences from the costa, where it is broadest and brightest yellow, and ends indistinctly towards the posterior angle, where it merges into the ground-colour; also crossed by the very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside. Hindwing crossed by the very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside, followed by an ochreous-brown outer discal sinuous line, and then by a submarginal line, the apical area being also slightly paler ochreous. Underside dull pale cinerescent ochreous- brown; crossed by slightly broader lines, as in the male, and more sharply-defined submarginal ocelli. Another female (from the Khasia Hills) is smaller than the type above described, and on the upperside is duller coloured, with the subapical pale band less-defined, but the transverse oblique discal line broad and distinctly defined ; on the underside the basal area is uniformly darker, the ocelli being of the same size, and with an additional small ocellus at the anal angle. Expanse, 3 2,6 to 3, ? 3 to 3, inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga, Khasia, and Garrow Hills. Distrrpution.—The type specimen (female) has a printed label “ Darjeling” attached to it, and was obtained by the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson, as is indicated in his MS. Notes in our possession. A male, taken in Bhotan, August, 1888, by Mr. Otto Méller’s native collectors, is now in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection, as is also a male, labelled “Garo Hills, December, 1888,” taken by the Rev. W. Hamilton. Colonel C. Swinhoe has specimens of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, also taken by,Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. Specimens from the Khasias are also in the collection of Mr, Philip Crowley. Mr. 8. E. Peal obtained a single male in the Naga Hills. 214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b,c represent a male and the female from the Khasia Hills, in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe ; figs. d and e are reproductions of the Hewitsonian figure of the type female. ZEMONA PEALII (Plate 165, figs. 1, la, ¢). mona Pealit, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 177, pl. 6, figs.3, 3a, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 3, 3a, g (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124. Imaco.—Male. “Closely allied to A. amathusia. Upperside coloured and marked in the same manner, but with the ocelli as well as the strige of the under- side showing through. Forewing with the apex angulated but not produced, the outer margin arched instead of being concave, sinuous, and the inner angle not so broadly rounded. Hindwing darker coloured, and also paling towards the outer margin, but with the submarginal series of arcuate marks smaller and less distinct. Underside coloured and marked in much the same manner, but with more perfectly formed and more numerous ocelli, the forewing having three—(the first between the submedian vein and the first median veinlet, the second the largest and best defined) —rperfect ocelli and two or three rudimentary ones following them, and the hind- wing haying one rudimentary (close to the submedian vein) and six (the first in the same interspace with the rudimentary one, and the second the largest of all) perfect ocelli; each ocellus dark brown encircled by a very fine line of the colour of the strige and pupilled with iridescent silvery-white; the thin submarginal brown line more deeply engrailed.”” Female unknown. Expanse, d 2;% inches. Hasrrar.—Assam. Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. S. E. Peal at Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. According to Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1889, 124), * 4. Pealvi appears to be the wet-season form of 47. amathusia, differing only in the less acute and falcate forewing, the more distinct ocelli, and brighter colouring below. I took two specimens of Pealii near Sadiya in September; the outer margin of the forewing was convex throughout, but the apex was slightly more acute than in the type. On the lst of December, I caught a single ragged specimen of Amathusia near Margherita, apparently quite typical.” Mr. Ernst Hartert, who accompanied Mr. Doherty in his Assam journey, also records (Proc. A. S. Beng. 1890, 205) the capture of this species. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, figs. 1, la are reproductions of Mr. Wood-Mason’s figure in the Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1880. AMATHUSIIN A. 215 JEMONA LENA (Plate 165, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). Aimona Lena, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 215, pl. 12; fig. 1, g. Moore, Anderson’s Zool. Exped. W. Yunan, i. p. 924, pl. 81, fig. 1(1878). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 177. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 302 (1888). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 203, pl. 65, $ (1887) ; id. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brownish-ochreous; cilia ochreous-brown. Forewing with the veins bordered with dusky-brown which broadens outwardly and pervades the entire margin, the disc being crossed by a slightly darker brown narrow sinuous band, thus breaking the pale interspaces between the veins and showing a more prominently-defined outer series of pale pointed streaks, beyond which is a faintly-defined submarginal line. Hindwing paler anteriorly, the posterior area being broadly ochreous yellow; the dusky-brown subbasal and discal line of the underside visible by semi-transparency ; a series of four upper submarginal whitish quadrate-spots, the three upper with brown-speckled edges. Underside dull pale brownish-ochreous ; an ochreous-brown narrow band extending from apex of the forewing to above the anal angle of the hindwing ; the hindwing also having a short subbasal similar line ; both wings also with a much less defined slender submarginal line and a series of small pale ochreous-white ocelloid spots. Female unknown. Expanse, 3,° inches. Hasitat.— Burma. Distxisotion.—The type specimen—now in the Hewitson collection at the British Museum, and from which our description is taken, was obtained by Dr. J. Anderson, during the Yunan Expedition of 1868, and is labelled “ Yunan” in Mr. Atkinson’s handwriting. ‘There are two specimens of the male, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken by Dr. Anderson at the same time. In a specimen of the male received from the Upper Thoungyeen forests, Burma, by Major G. F. L. Marshall, taken in April, the three white spots on the anterior half of the hindwing are larger, forming a band divided by the veins” (Butt. of India, i. 303). This species was also taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg at ‘* Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet eleva- tion, in Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 827). ‘A single male was taken by Mr. W. Doherty, in the Karen Hills, at 2000 feet. It also occurs near Bernardmyo, in Upper Burma’”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8S. 1891, 271). Dr. N. Manders also records the capture of a male at Bernardmyo (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 520). Our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, fig. 2, 2a, are reproductions of Mr. Atkinson’s figure of the male from the Proc. Zoological Society for 1871. 216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus XANTHOTENIA. Xanthotenia, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 82 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p, 283 (1883). Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa arched, apex obtusely convex; exterior margin short, almost erect, very slightly convex, even, posterior angle obtusely convex ; posterior margin long ; costal vein thick; first subcostal veinlet emitted before end of the cell, second at nearly one- third beyond the cell ; the cell broad; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper angled close to the subcostal and concave below; lower discocellular Jong and _ slightly outwardly-recurved ; upper radial from angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets at equal distances apart ; submedian vein re- curved from the base. Hindwing short, very broad, triangularly-ovate ; anterior margin broadly lobate at the base and nearly straight outwardly; apex obtuse; exterior margin very conyexly-produced hindward from the middle; abdominal margin long; costal vein with a long inner spur near the base, terminating near the apex; first subcostal veinlet emitted at about one-third before end of the cell area, the radial (the base of which is homologous to an upper discocellular) starting from below the second subcostal at one-third from its base ; lower discocellular completely atrophied (as seen in the desquamated wing under the microscope), thus leaving the cell quite open; the cell area moderately broad; the two upper median veinlets emitted from the lower end of the cell area ; submedian vein with a raised fold along its outer edge and scantily fringed with fine long hairs, the fold terminating beyond the middle in a small longitudinal scabrous glandular patch of scales overlaid by a tuft of long erect hairs. Body rather long, abdomen slender, not tufted ; eyes naked; palpi much compressed, curved and extending to level of the vertex, thickly clothed with appressed hairy-scales beneath and with longer hairs above, the tip distinct, slender, acute at the tip; legs long; antennz long, distinctly articulated, with a lengthened gradually slender club and acute tip. Typr.—X. Busiris. XANTHOTAENIA BUSIRIS (Plate 166, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 9). Xanthotenia Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 827. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 7 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 284, fig. g (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 145, pl. 50, ¢ (1886); id. ii. p. 188, pl. 30 (1889). Xanthotenia obscura, Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1883, p. 54 (variety). Twaco.—Male. Upperside dusky chestnut-red. Cilia brown, edged with cine- reous. Jorewing with the outer half dusky chestnut-brown ; crossed by an outwardly- AMATHUSIIN 2. 217 oblique medial-discal pale ochreous-yellow sinuous-edged band, which extends from the costa to the lower median and terminates near the outer margin; a subapical yellow triangular dot before the apex. Hindwing unmarked; the abdominal margin with the longitudinal raised fold bordering the submedian, its scabrous glandular patch, and erect tuft of hairs paler red. Underside paler and of a brownish-ochreous tint of colour. Forewing with the oblique yellow band as above; a dark brown slender zigzag line crossing the cell, and two sinuous lines before the outer margins ; before the apex are two small superposed yellow dots, the upper one minute, followed below by an ocellated spot and then by two lower yellow dots. Hindwing crossed by two zigzag subbasal and two sinuous submarginal slender brown lines which terminate at the submedian vein; the discal area also being traversed by a series of eight ocellated spots, the two upper being conjoined, and the sixth large, the others more or less small, the former with a large brown-and-grey-speckled centre, minute black-speckled yellow pupil, and narrow yellow outer ring, the others more or less imperfectly developed. - Body beneath, legs and palpi, pale brownish-ochreous ; antenne red. Female. Larger than the male.. Upperside of the same colour; the oblique yellow band on the forewing somewhat broader, the white apical spot more distinct. Underside as in the male, except that all the markings are more dismay defined. Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 2,%, 2 2,8 to 3,4, inches. ei sn -Incae etii' ; Malay poinaGils DistrisuTion.— Within our limits, this species is found in Upper Tenasserim, where Mr. Ossian Limborg took it “near Moolai, at 3000 to 6000 feet altitude” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, 827), and “ Capt. C. T. Bingham also obtained it on the Donat Range and in the lower Thoungyeen forests in April” (Butt. Ind. 285). Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List, p. 10) records it from ‘“‘Tavoy and Tenasserim, frequenting thick evergreen forests, September.” Also “taken at Tavoy and at Ponsekai”’ (Elwes, J. A.S. Bengal, 1887, 419). DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—This species occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias Island (these being very dark coloured), Java (Coll. Distant), and Borneo, where, according to Mr. W. B. Pryer—(Ann. N. H. 1887, 51)—who obtained it in Sandakan, N. Borneo, ‘it frequents only the shade of the high forest.” The following additional species of the genus Stichophthalma has recently been discovered in Manipur, namely :— STICHOPHTHALMA SPARTA (Plate 167, figs. 2, 2a, 3). Stichophthalma Sparta, de Nicéville, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1894, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 4, g. Imaco.—* Male, Upperside. Both wings deep rich reddish fulvous or VOL, II. Ff - 218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ferruginous. Forewing with the irregular discal black line of the underside showing through by transparency; the apical area widely pale fulvous, this pale area extends from the submarginal hastate black markings to just within the discal line, it is very wide on the costa, but dies away to nothing before reaching the first median nervule ; a series of five submarginal hastate black markings, one in each interspace from the upper discoidal nervule to the submedian nervure, increasing progressively in size from the anterior to the posterior marking ; a large black patch at the apex ; a submarginal fulvous line, beyond which is a narrower anteciliary black line, both reaching from the inner angle to the lower discoidal nervule; the area enclosed by the coalescing of the hastate markings forms a series of six rounded spots, regularly increasing in size, the anterior spot the smallest, the posterior one the largest ; these spots are of a slightly darker shade than the pale fulyous apical area, but not so dark as the dark rich reddish-fulvous of the rest of the wing. Hindwing with the abdominal and outer margins rather paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal series of seven black markings, of which the anterior one is a small lunule with its concave edge directed towards the base of the wing, the next five markings are hastate-shaped, increasing in size from the anterior one to the posterior one in the first median interspace, the seventh posterior marking somewhat quadrate in form, and occupying the whole width of the submedian inter- space; a fine black anteciliary thread. “Underside. Both wings of areddish-fulvous of not quite so rich a shade as on the upperside. Forewing with a small irregular black marking towards the base of the cell; a highly irregular and zigzag black line crosses the middle of the cell and extends both to the costa and to the submedian nervure, the posterior portion of the line is broken and shifted outwardly below the median nervure; the upper, middle, and anterior half of the lower discocellular nervule defined by a black line; an irregular discal black line from the costa to the submedian nervure, just touching the lower end of the cell; beyond the line is a series of five somewhat cordate reddish ocelli, each ocellus centred with a whitish lunule, and bounded by a fine whitish, and then a fine black line, the four anterior ocelli equal-sized, the fifth posterior one in the first median interspace a little larger; beyond these ocelli is another irregular black line from the costa to the inner margin, this line is narrower and paler than the discal one ; the space between these two lines is anteriorly somewhat paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal nebulous straight blackish band; a very fine anteciliary black line. Hindwing with an irregular subbasal and a discal black line, the latter posteriorly curving round and almost meeting the posterior end of the former, both terminating above the anal angle on the submedian nervure; a series of five ocelli on the disc similar to those in the forewing, the posterior one the largest and rather mis-shapen, the anterior one the next largest, the three in the middle NYMPHALINE. 219 nearly equal sized ; the outer discal fulvous line and blackish submarginal band as in the forewing; a small oval deep black spot at the anal angle, with a black cloud above it reaching to the posterior ocellus; an anteciliary black thread. Body throughout ferruginous. Antennz black. ** Expanse, 5 inches.” Hasitat.—Manipur. This beautiful species is ‘‘ nearest to S. Howqua, var. suffusa, Leech (Butt. China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 3, ?), from Western China, differing in the forewing, on the upperside, in the pale apical area being very much smaller, not extending into the cell as it does in S. suffusa; on the hindwing the hastate markings in S. Sparta are well formed, in suffusa they have lost all shape, having coalesced into an almost solid black band. On the underside the ground-colour in 8. suffusa is pale greenish, in 8. Sparta it is ferruginous, but this may be only a sexual difference ; but in true S. Howqua, and its named variety, the outer discal line and the submarginal band on both wings are half the distance apart that they are in S. Sparta; and they have six and sometimes seven ocelli on the forewing, while S. Sparta has only five” (de Nicéville, 1.c.). Sub-family NYMPHALINZ. Nymphalidi (part), Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p. 14 (1829). Nymphalides, Peridromides, Biblides (part), Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. p. 164-5 (1836). Nymphalides, Apaturides, Boisduval, Ind. Méth. pp. 16, 24 (1840). Nymphalide, Argynnide, Vanesside, Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. pp. 2, 8 (1844). Nymphalites, Argynnites, Peridromites, Biblites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. pp. 330, 332 (1845). Nymphalide, Peridromide, Doubleday, List of Lep. Brit. Mus. Part I. pp. 46, 64 (1844). Nymphalide, Ageronide, Eurytelide, Doubleday, Hewitson, and Westwood’s Gen. D. Lep. pp. 81, 148, 403 (1847-52). Nymphalidi, Vanessidi, Argynnidi, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. pp. 10, 13 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. pp. 33, 41 (1857). Nymphalides, Lederer, Class. Eur. Lep. p. 21 (1852). Wallengren, Lep. Scand. pp. 4, 59 (1853). Nymphalina, Herrich-Schiffer, Lep. Exot. p.54 (1858); Syst. Verz. Eur. Schmett. p. 3 (1861). Platz, Mitth. Nat. Ver. Vorp. 1886, p. 5. Nymphaline, Bates, Journ. Ent. 1861, p. 220; 7d. 1864, p. 176. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 46 (1869). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 147 (1871). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p.+26 (1880). De Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 1 (1886). Scudder, Butt, E. United States i. p. 222 (1889). Leech, Butt. China, etc. i. p. 116 (1892). Nymphalides, Vanessides, Apaturides, Argynnides, Kirby, Catal. Eur. Butt. p. 21 (1862). Nymphalina (part), Eurytelina, Herr. Schiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 16, 17 (1864). Nymphalide, Apaturide, Staudinger, Catal. Lep, Eur. p. 15 (1871). Lang, Rhop, Eur. i. pp. 153, 159 (1884). Nymphalina, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83 (1882). rf 2 bo Lo o LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Nymphalidae, Apaturide, Eurytelide, Charaxide, Doherty, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. Nymphalidae, Staudinger, Exotic Schmett. p. 86 (1885) ; Staudinger and Schiitts, id. p. 108 (1887). Najades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Borkhausen, Nat. Eur. Schmett. pp. 37-48 (1785). Consules (part), Nobiles, Herbst. Lemoniades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Najades, Potamides, Hibner, Tentamen p. 1 (1806) ; 7d. Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pp. 1, 2 (1806-19). Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 26-46 (1816). Spinose, Carunculate, Guénee, Lep. Eure et Loir, pp. 17, 23 (1867). Spinigeri, Limaciformes, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 19 (1871). Najades, Scudder, Syst. Rev, Amer. Butt. p. 8 (1872). CHARACTERS OF THE NYMPHALIN®”. Imaco.—Wings of either small, medium, or large size. Forewing generally more or less triangular, usually produced at the apex, seldom pointed at the tip; exterior margin more or less emarginate, sometimes angulated ; costal vein (except in the group Eurytelina), not dilated at the base } first and second subcostal branches generally emitted before the end of the cell ; in some genera, however, the first sub- costal branch only is emitted before the end of the cell, in which latter case the second subcostal is four-branched. Hindwing generally broadly oval or triangularly oval, the exterior margin sometimes more or less deeply scalloped or tailed; in some the anal angle is prolonged ; abdominal margin always affording a deep groove for the reception of the abdomen. Discoidal cell either closed in both wings, or in some genera closed in the forewing only, in which latter cases the cell of the hindwing is open, and in several genera, the cell in both wings is entirely open. Body usually robust. Head variable in size. Hyes large, generally naked ; in some hairy. Palpi rather large, generally porrected, extending considerably in front of the head, usually protruded widely apart, well clothed with scales and hairs. Abdomen short. Antenne generally rather long, the club either broad or elongated. Forelegs greatly atrophied in the male, less so in the female; the fore tibia and tarsus of the male clothed with fine hairs; the fore tarsus of the male consisting of a single elongate joint and unarmed ; the fore tarsus of the female composed of five joints, which are generally rather dilated at their extremity, each joint being furnished beneath with a pair of short, fine spines.* Abdominal appendages (Prehensores of male), ‘‘ with the upper organ [tegumen, B.. White ; wncus, Gosse], of variable size, never provided with lateral appendages ; * In Calinaga—a genus hitherto placed in the Nymphaline—the female (of both the Indian and Chinese species) has the fore tarsus perfect, the terminal joint being furnished with a pair of rather long, stout, curved, forward-projecting claws, paronychia and pulvilli. This genus we have therefore assigned to a subsequent sub-family, the Cantnacinz. Another genus—Pseudergolis—hitherto placed in the Nym- phalinz, the females of which also possess perfect tarsi, has consequently been assigned to another sub- family. NYMPHALING, 221 clasps large and broad and tumid, seldom tapering much apically, furnished with an upper apical or basal process, emitted from the edge of the outer surface, and often with an upward directed, free or attached finger on the inner side of the clasp” (Scudder, Butt. E. U. S. I. 223). Eac.—“ Either subglobular and then reticulate and filamentous; or barrel- shaped, distinctly higher than broad, and then vertically ribbed, the ribs usually higher near the summit than on the sides, and sometimes confined to the upper half” (Scudder, 1.c.). CatTERPILLAR.—Hither limaciform or nearly cylindrical, rarely not distinctly moniliform, equal or tapering behind, sometimes in front, or if swollen unusually in any part, such prominence is restricted to a single segment, and is not massed in two or more adjoining segments ; either smooth and minutely shagreened, or armed above with longitudinal rows of mostly branched-spines, or conspicuous spinous- tubercles, the anal segment occasionally bifid or with a posterior median tuberosity. Head more or less slightly cleft above, hairy, or set with either two or more very short simple spines, or too elongated spiniform-tubercles, on the vertex ; or with four —two vertical and two lateral—moderately long spinous-processes. CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail. Hither smooth, thick, almost oval or boat- shaped with obtuse or bifid head, or generally more or less elongate, with either a conical, angulated, or dilated medio-dorsal and thoracic prominence, and abdominal segmental small conical points. Szconpary Sexvat Cuaracters.—In the butterflies of this sub-family there are but few genera in which Androconia, or scent-producing scales, have been found, and these mostly occurring in certain genera of the groups Euthaliina, Limenitina, Argynnina, and Hurytelina. Ssasonat Dimorpnism.—The perfect insects in this sub-family mostly have settled characters in their markings, and are but little subject to variation, but in the group Cuaraxina, it will probably ultimately be found that certain species, as here described, of the genus Haridra and of Hulepis, are but seasonal forms only. In certain genera of the group NympHatina, i.e. Grapta, Araschnia, Junonia, and Hypolimnas [Apatura], seasonal dimorphism occurs to a more or less extent, and probably also in some species of the group Limenitina, i.e. Athyma and Neptis, and also in the group Arcynnina. In the genus Symbrenthia, the species [.S. Hippo- clus P], as occurring in Java, is stated by Mr. W. Doherty to be dimorphic in the female. Potymorpuism and Mmicry.—In some species of Hypolimnas [Apatura], notably H. Misippus, of the genus Huripus, i.e. H. Halitherses, and of Sephisa, i.e. S. Chandra, the females are polymorphic, as well as being mimics of certain species of Limnaine and of Hupleeine butterflies. The males of the same species of Huripus and both sexes 222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of Hestina, also mimic certain species of Limnaine butterflies. Apatura [Potamis] Chevana, which is alike in both sexes, is on the upperside a remarkable mimic of a white-banded species of Athyma, namely of A. Opalina. The species of Symbrenthia, in the shape and red colour of the markings on the upperside, closely resemble, in both sexes, the red-banded females of certain species of Athyma. In the genus Symbrenthia, the species (S. Hippoclus ?), as occurring in Jaya, is stated by Mr. Doherty to be also dimorphic in the female—one form having red bands, the other white—but it is also very remarkable that these white-banded females of Symbrenthia are mimics of the white-banded males of the common Athyma Nefte, and the red- banded forms of the red-banded female of the same species of Athyma. In the group Arcynyina, the female.of the widely-distributed Eastern species Argynnis Niphe is a fair mimic of the equally widely-distributed and common Limnaine butterfly, Limnas chrysippus ; and the female of the rare N.W. Himalayan Argynnis Clara is also a good mimic of the female Parnassius Charino. CHARACTERISTIOS OF CATERPILLAR AND CurysALis.—The external appearance of both the caterpillar and of the chrysalis of the Nymphaline exhibits a variety of forms. The caterpillar is either slug-shaped, smooth and shagreened, with processes on the head and anal segment, or cylindrical, with rows of either short or long branched-spines, and occasionally similar spines on the head, or, with some of the anterior segments tumid and surmounted with short or elongated spiny processes. The chrysalis is always fully suspended by the tail, and is either thick, oval, or boat- shaped, or with a dorsal and thoracic prominence, tumid or angular wing-cases, and bifid or hammer-shaped head piece, and some with abdominal conical or slender points, or with dilated processes. Hasrrs or Imaco.—The butterflies of this sub-family ‘“ are pre-eminently bold sunshine-loving insects, never skulking in the shade amongst trees and bushes, as do the butterflies of the Amathusiine and Satyrine. Their flight is usually strong, and as a rule they are seen most abundantly at mid-day. Generally they rest with the wings widely spread open, and delight in displaying their beauty. In the genus Charawes the power of rapid flight is very great. In the genus Neptis, and the ‘ White-Admiral’ group of Limenitis, the flight is easy, graceful, and sailing, while in Vanessa, Argynnis, Apatura [Potamis], &c., though the flight is rapid and irregular, they are often easily caught, owing to their habit of returning again and again to the same resting place on a particular leaf. The flight of Cyrestis is weak, and very often, when pursued, suddenly alights on the underside of a leaf; so also does Stibochiona Nicea. Many of the species are very foul feeders, the depraved tastes of the ‘Purple Emperor’ [Potamis Iris] are well known. Species of Charawes have also been taken on carrion, and CO. Fabius is very fond of the juice of the Toddy Palm, and Luthalia of rotten fruit, &c.” (de Nicéyille Butt. Ind. ii. 3). Dr. NYMPHALIN 4. 223 Thwaites, writing of the butterflies of this sub-family as observed in Ceylon, says, “The strength and firm texture of the wings enable them to keep up an unceasing activity during the bright hours of the day. They seem to delight in displaying their exquisite beauty to the sun. Their flight, though so powerful, is not observed to sustain these charming insects in one uniform direction, like the Euploeas, but serves rather to enable them, when rambling in their frolic, to make wide sweeps within no very extensive area. Some species, such as the Junonias, prefer to display their bright expanded wings upon the sunny ground, whilst others, as Neptis, fly gaily about the low flowering shrubs. Many kinds, like Diadema [ Hypolimnas], &c., when at play, return again and again at certain intervals of time to the same, or to nearly contiguous spots, and thus give the collector renewed opportunities of capture” (Lep. Ceylon, 1, 26). ** All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there is nothing more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region. They fly so straight that you can take them on the wing nine times out of ten; they persistently return to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting twigs, where you can easily get them by a stroke of the net from below. But this is not the case in the Malayan regions; I do not know how many hours I spent in the interior of Sumba, trying to eatch a huge undescribed Charawes of the pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group never seem common down there as in India” (Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256). DisrrisuTion.—The Nymphaline are found throughout the world. One species, Vanessa cardui, may well be called cosmopolitan, ‘‘ whose range,” writes Mr. Scudder (l.c. 469), “‘ with the exception of the Arctic regions and South America, extends over the entire extent of every continent, Australia and New Zealand producing a race peculiar to themselves, while the other large islands south of Asia possess the normal type, which is also found upon the small islands lying off the western borders of the Old World, the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, and St. Helena, occurring also in Bermuda, Cuba, and has been taken at various points in the Hawaiian Archipelago.” The greatest development of the sub-family is “in tropical and sub-tropical regions” (de Niceville l.c. 3). Some Himalayan species occur at very high altitudes; Vanessa indica was observed by the late Major J. L. Sherwill in the Hastern Himalayas, “as being common at great elevations, and also on the snow and on the glaciers at 13,000 to 16,000 feet elevation.” Vanessa Ladakensis was taken by Dr. Stoliczka at 15,000 feet in the Western Himalayas. Captain Lang took Grapta C-album on the Hungrung Pass, at about 15,000 feet altitude, and Limenitis Ligyes at 10,000 feet. Dr. Stoliczka observed an Argynnis on the top of the Lanak Pass, at an elevation of 18,672 feet. Dr. Duthie obtained Argynnis clara at 12,000 to 14,000 feet in the North-Western Himalayas, and Major H. B. Hellard took specimens of the same Argynnis on the north side of the Rupin Pass from about 224 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 12,000 feet to near top of the pass. Captain Lang obtained specimens of Melitea Sindura at 16,000 feet elevation in North-Western Himalayas. Groups oF THE NYMPHALINE® AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. The Nymphaline is the most extensive sub-family of butterflies, and embraces a great variety of forms, not only in the caterpillar and chrysalis state, but also in that of the imago. The assemblage of these various forms, as here embraced in this sub- family, has, by most modern Lepidopterists who have studied their structure, been divided into three or four, or more, limited natural groups,* and which, by some authors, are mainly based upon the differences of form in their larval and pupal stages. In the arrangement of the Nymphalinz, in this work, we have assigned the various genera of the Indian fauna to named groups, into which they naturally range themselves, in accordance with their special characteristics, and which are here briefly indicated as follows :— Group I. Cuwaraxina. Imago.—Very robust, thorax very stout. Forewings triangular, short, broad ; apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point. Hindwings short; exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed tail at end of upper and lower median veinlets. Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped (limaciform), with four lengthened processes on the head, and two skort processes on the anal segment. Chrysalis—Short, thick, almost oval; smooth; dorsum much arched, head more or less obtusely pointed. Eqg.—* Large; few; globular; hard; not so high as broad; with obscure ribs and cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting points at their intersection ’’ (Doherty). Group II. Poramina [Apaturide, auctorum]). Imago.—Robust. Forewings more or less elongate and triangular ; apex obtuse; exterior margin sometimes slightly angulated below the apex. Hindwings short, either triangular and somewhat prolonged at anal angle in male, or subquadrate ; exterior margin slightly scalloped, or obtusely produced at end of the upper median veinlet. * But have been ignored by Mr. Distant (Rhop, Malayana), Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, ete.), Mr. Elwes (P.Z.S., 1888, etc.), and Mr. Leech (Butt of China, etc.), although the life history of many species of the various groups were then known, consequently their arrangement of the genera in this sub-family is erroneous and entirely unnatural. NYMPHALINA. 225 Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped, with two processes on the head, and two on the anal segment. Chrysalis.—Somewhat boat-shaped; dorsum arched ; head with two short pro- jecting points. Egg.—*‘ Large; few; hardly as high as wide; ribs low, serrate, rather numerous, not produced at apex ” (Doherty). Group III. EHorsaiuna. Imago.—Robust. Forewings broad, triangular; apex either obtusely pointed or rounded, or somewhat falcate; exterior margin either slightly, but obtusely, scalloped, or nearly even. Hindwings short, broad, triangular or obovate, or some- times subquadrate, Caterpillar—Head slightly cleft and spiny or minutely hairy. Body armed with a subdorsal and lateral row of erect branched-spines, or with very long lateral horizontally-projecting branched-spines. Chrysalis.—Hlongate and boat-shaped, with arched dorsum and bifid head; or, short and stout, with triangulate medio-dorsal prominence, and bifid head. EHog.—? Group IV. Limenrrra. Imago.—Moderately robust, generally. Forewings either short and more or less triangular, or elongate and narrow; apex obtuse or rounded; exterior margin in some more or less slightly scalloped. Hindwings short, generally broad and triangularly-ovate, in some obovate ; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, and in some the anal angle is prolonged, or lobate, the apex slightly excised, and with a short acute point or narrow tail at end of upper median veinlet. Caterpillar —Head cleft, or serrate, on vertex. Body either unequally humped dorsally, or more or less cylindrical; armed with two subdorsal series of mostly short irregular-shaped fleshy branched-spines. Chrysalis—Somewhat elongate, or short; with projecting wing-cases, broad rounded elevated anterio-dorsal prominence, arched thorax, and projected bifid (or rarely single) head piece. Egg.— Very large; few; soft; not so high as wide, strongly reticulate with elevated translucent lines crossing the surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal and hexagonal spaces, and bearing long, acute, often bifid spines at their in- tersection ’’ (Doherty). Group V. NympHa.ina. Imago.—Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtusely angled or rounded, in some produced to a more or less distinct point ; exterior margin either more or less VOL. II, Gg 226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, slightly scalloped and with a more or less prominent outward angle below the apex and a lesser angle at the lower median veinlet, or the entire margin slightly but obtusely scalloped, or more or less even. Hindwings short, obovate, or somewhat quadrate; the exterior margin either more or less slightly scalloped, or nearly even, or, in some the apex is slightly excised and with a short broad caudate angle at the upper median veinlet ; or, in some the wing is triangular, with the exterior margin nearly or quite even, and the anal angle prolonged into a lobate tail. Caterpillar—Head mostly very slightly cleft, in some surmounted with two minute tuberculous-spines or very short stellate-spines, or armed with two long erect: branched-spines. Body armed with mostly nine (sometimes eleven) longitudinal series of branched-spines. Chrysalis—With dorsal and lateral abdominal segmental conical points; thorax obtusely or angularly conical ; head piece more or less bifid. Eqg.—* Not so high as wide; ribs few, sharp and prominent, usually projecting at apex, and often serrate” (Doherty). Nore. on tHe Group NympHarina.—We refer the origin of this name to Linnzus, who, in 1758, Syst. Nat. p. 472, uses the plural form [Nymphales] at the head of the group, but in the singular form [Nymphalis] at the top of the pages ; dividing the group into two sections, the species in the first section (Nym. Gemmati) being To, Almana, Asterie, Aunone, Aonis, Lemonius, Orithyia, Cardui, Lampetia, Iris, and some Satyrids. In the second section (Nym. Phalerati) Populi, Antiopa, Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, C. Aureum, Dirce, Amathea, Venilia, Alimene, Leucothce, Phtusa, Bolina, and others. In the 12th Edit. Syst. Nat. p. 769 (1767) Linnezeus repeats the above. In 1777, Esper, Die Schmett. p. 87 [Nym- phalis], under section I. gives Io, Cardui, Iris, and some Satyrids. II. Populi, Antiopa, Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, Atalanta, Sibilla, Camilla, Rumina, Levana, Lucina, Maturna, Cinxia, Dia, Paphia, Aglaia, Adippe, Lathonia, Euphro- syne, Niobe. In 1781, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linné, pp. 162, 172 [Nymphales] at head of group, and Nymphalis for sections, describes and figures lo, and Urtice, only, as typical. Any further restriction of the name in its generic use must therefore be confined to these two species. In 1784, Esper, Natur. des Linn. Syst. p. 209 [Nymphales], gives sect. I. Io, Galathea; sect. Il. Urtice, Atalanta, Lathonia. In 1793, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 61 [Nymphales] places at the head of the list, Jasius and Pyrrhus ; two species not occurring in Linneus’s group Nymphales, and which, by some modern authors, have been erroneously taken as the typical species of the genus Nymphalis. In 1798, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. p. 589 [Nymphales], gives Antiopa, Io, Cardui, Atalanta. This action of Cuvier’s thus fixes Jo as the type of Nymphalis. re) re) a NYMPHALINZ. Group VI. Araynnina. Imago.—Forewings elongately-triangular, or triangular; apex obtuse or rounded; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, or even. Hindwings short, broad, obovate, in some subquadrate ; exterior margin more or less slightly, or prominently scalloped ; in some with a more or less prominent broad caudate angle at end of the upper median veinlet. Caterpillar—Head hairy, either armed with two vertical branched-spines, or, not armed. Body armed with from six to nine longitudinal rows of branched-spines. Chrysalis.—More or less constricted at the waist ; thorax arched ; wing-cases ample and protuberant; either with dorsal conical tubercles, which in some are slender, in others the anterior and the posterior dorsal pair are abnormally long, enlarged, and expanded at the base ; head obtusely or acutely bifid. Figg.—** Sugar-loaf shaped”? (Scudder). ‘‘As high as wide or higher; ribs rather numerous, heavy, blunt, anastomosing, projecting at apex, with numerous distinct cross lines” (Doherty). Group VII. Meniraina. Imago.—Small. Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtuse; exterior margin almost even. Hindwings short, obovate; exterior margin barely slightly scalloped. Caterpillar.—Head small, unarmed. Body attenuated a little anteriorly, armed with four longitudinal series of short, coarse branched-spines. Chrysalis‘ Rather stout. Head obtuse; thorax rounded; abdominal segments with dorsal and lateral small blunt tubercles ’’ (Scudder). Egqg.—‘* Somewhat acorn-shaped, higher than broad, well rounded at base and at sides, and broadly docked at the summit; with very slight longitudinal ribs occupying only the upper half, the surface below being smooth, or indented with polygonal or rounded depressions ’”’ (Scudder). ; Group VIII. EHuryreina. Imago.—Of moderate size. Forewings mostly short and broad, elongately- triangular, or triangular; costal vein dilated at the base ; apex abruptly pointed or obtuse; exterior margin either erect, slightly scalloped, and angled outward below the apex and less so at the upper median veinlet, or the margin oblique and nearly even. Hindwings short, broadly obovate; exterior margin more or less scalloped. Caterpillar.—Slender. Head armed with two long branched-spines. Body armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of short branched-spines. g¢g2 228 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Chrysalis—Slender. Wing-cases somewhat dilated and angular; anterior dorsum and thorax angular; head with two small points. Egg.—* Radiate, small, hard, nearly as high as wide, with radiating lines of erectile bristles ’’ (Doherty). ; Group I. CHARAXINA. Apaturides (part), Boisduval, Ind. Mé¢th. ii. p. 24 (1840). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 44 (1862). Tymphalide (part), Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844). Nymphalina (part), Herrich-Schiiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p, 83, (1882). Apature (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1869). Apaturide (part), Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 153 (1884). Charazidew, Doherty, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. CHARACTERS OF THE Group CHARAXINA. Imaco.—Very robust. Thorax very stout. Jorewings triangular, short, broad ; apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, except in Helcyra, in which the second branch is emitted beyond the cell; the cell closed in all except Heleyra. Hindwings short, exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed tail at end of the upper and lower median veinlets ; cell imperfectly closed by a very fine slender thread, except in Eulepis and Helcyra, in which it is entirely open. Forelegs of male short, slender, clothed with appressed short hairy scales ; fore tarsus almost smooth, femur and tibia finely hairy beneath. Fore tarsus of female smooth, thickened beneath apically, each joint with two short spines beneath. Antenne thick, with a lengthened club, except in Heleyra, in which it is slender and with a short spatular club. Eyes naked. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped, with four lengthened fleshy processes on the head, and two short processes on the anal segment. Curysatis.—Short, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum much arched; head more or less obtusely pointed. Ecc.—* Large, globular, hard; not so high as broad; with obscure ribs and cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting points at their intersections ’? (Doherty). Hasits or tHE Imaco.—Mr. HE. H. Aitken remarks, ‘‘ Last December Mr. J. Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matheran in trying to capture two specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, of C. Imna, for when we got them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found that it is by no means uncommon on the Ghits from December to March, at least; but it does not put itself in the way of being converted into cabinet specimens. NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA,) 229 It comes out about ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves, perches bolt upright in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest point you can reach with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is fenced on all sides with a creeper, whose sharp-curved thorns lay hold of everything that passes them, and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing away any other butterfly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. If you pelt it with stones, it darts off, takes a short circuit, and returns to the same leaf. You may pelt it for an hour with the same result” (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, p. 132). <“* All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there is nothing more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region. They fly so straight that you can take them on the wing nine times out of ten; they persistently return to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting twigs, where you can easily get them by a stroke of the net from below. But this is not the case in the Malayan regions; I do not know how many hours I spent in the interior of Sumba trying to catch a huge undescribed Charazes of the pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group never seem common down there as in India” (Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256). DimorenisM.—In the group Charaxina, it will probably ultimately be found, that certain species of the genus Haridra, and of Hulepis, as here described, are but dimorphic or seasonal forms. In Haridra, it probably occurs both in the section of which the males have no white band on the forewing, and also in the section in which the white band is present in both male and female. But, as there is little available data respecting the times of appearance on the wing of the various species, and further, where such is known, the names of the species, as cited by certain authors, are erroneously determined (as we have personally proved by actual comparison of specimens) ; consequently we cannot utilize them with certainty. Key to THe GENERA OF THE CHARAXINA, A. First and second subcostal branches of forewing emitted before end of the cell. a. Cell of hindwing imperfectly closed : : ‘ . : . Haripra. CHaRaxes. b. Cell of hindwing entirely open - ; ‘ . Huuepis. Murwarepa. B. First subcostal branch only of the forewing oated heii aa of the cell ; cell of hindwing open ‘ ; . 5 : ; : 5 . Hetoy a. Genus HARIDRA. Haridra, Moore, Lepidoptera of Ceylon, i. p. 30 (1&80). Charazes (part), Felder ; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville. Imaco.—Male. Wings similar in form to Charaxes. Forewing somewhat broader, with the costa more arched. Hindwing somewhat more convex externally. 230 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. costal margin shorter ; cell imperfectly closed by a very slender thread; precostal curved towards the end; with a short tail from the upper median veinlet only. Body extremely robust ; antenng more slender ; palpi porrect, projected in front of the head; forelegs of the male longer than in typical Charaxes, femur slender, sparsely clothed with long fine hairs beneath, tibia thickened and hairy at the base, tarsus compact; forelegs of the female longer than in typical Charaxes, scaly, tarsus stouter. Sexes dimorphic. Type H. Psaphon. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; with four vertical elongated spinous fleshy processes on the head, and two short naked depressed pointed processes on anal segment. Curysatis.—Thick, oval, abbreviated, dorsum well arched ; head obtuse. Egg.—Unknown. HARIDRA PSAPHON (Plate 168, fig. 1, la, b,c, d ?). Charazxes Psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Ent. p. 43, pl. 21, fig. 1,2, ¢ (1848). Butler, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 636. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii, p. 284 (1886). Nymphalis Psaphon, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 309 (1850). Haridra Psaphon, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 2, g (1880). Haridra Serendiba, Moore, id. p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 3, 2 (1880). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous-red. Forewing with the exterior half purpurescent-black, forming a broad marginal band, its inner edge being erect and sinuous ; a discocellular duplex black mark, and some very indistinct slender blackish discoidal streaks. Hindwing with a very broad apical and marginal band, which sinuously attenuates hindward, and terminates in two small white-marked anal spots; a short sinuous black streak from the costa contiguous to the band. Underside fulvous-brown, washed with purplish-grey. Both wings crossed by three basal, and two discal zigzag black lines with pale borders. Forewing also with a submarginal fascia composed of more or less defined small blackish dentate inner spots and outer diffused pearly-white dentate lunules. Hindwing also with a submarginal darker blackish-grey lunular fascia, and outer series of small black-tipt pearly-white dentate spots. Female. Upperside deep fulvous-yellow. Forewing with a transverse medial discal purplish-white band, which shows, by semi-transparency, the discal sinuous line of the underside, and is edged inwardly by a broken black line which is more or less inwardly diffused anteriorly ; outer border of the wing broadly black, with its inner edge sinuous, and bearing a slight fulvous lunular posterior inner streak. Hindwing with a short medial discal purplish-white band edged inwardly by a slender black sinuous line ; submarginal black band broad, as in the male, but broken and macular posteriorly, and with a distinct white lunule on each portion between all the NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 231 veins, the anal spot being also blue-speckled. Underside. Olivescent fulvous- brown, darkest basally and externally, and washed with purplish-grey ; transverse markings throughout, as in the male; the subbasal interspace being slightly, and the medial discal interspace distinctly fulvous-white or pale fulvous-yellow. Body entirely dark fulvous-red ; palpi blackish above, white beneath; pectus fulvous- white; legs above dark fulvous-red, whitish beneath; fore-tarsi fulvous-white ; antenne black; eyes dark red. Expanse, d 34, ¢ 4 to 43 inches. Hasitat.—Ceylon. Distrisution.—Major Hutchison obtained males near Trincomali in August, fluttering over the ground on the edge of forest jungle. Capt. Wade took males and a female at Kandy, and a female in the forest at Kottawa. A female was taken by Mr. Skinner in March, 1875, at Arisvawalle. Major Yerbury took a female at sugar in October, at Kanthalla. HARIDRA IMNA (Plate 169, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9, et larva and pupa). Charaxes Imna, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 2, g ; de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 285 (1886). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 355. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1889, p. 278, pl. A, fig. 4, 4a, Zarva. Charaxes Hindia (female only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5, 2 (1872). Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a somewhat paler fulvous-red than in the closely allied Psaphon. Forewing with the black marginal band slightly narrower, the dis- cocellular streak slightly defined. Hindwing with the black band comparatively narrower apically, and posteriorly broken up into two or three spots, in addition to the white-centred anal spots; the slender costal streak also further from the apical portion of the band. Underside paler fulvous-brown than in Psaphon; markings similar, but of a more generally uniform tint throughout ; the sinuous transverse lines and fasciz being much less defined. Female. Upperside similar to that of Psaphon, the fulvous colour somewhat paler. Forewing with the white band comparatively narrower, and its inner black edgings less sharply defined. Hindwing also similar, but the black macular band somewhat narrower. Underside similar, but paler, and the transverse sinuous markings less defined. Expanse, d 33, ° 4 to 4} inches. CaTERPILLAR.—‘ Slug-shaped, elongated ; head very broad, surmounted by two pairs of incurved rugose fleshy processes, the outer pair longest ; anal segment flat, square, ending in two points; last pair of legs almost aborted; colour rich dark green, with a large dorsal semicircle of pinkish-white on the seventh segment, and a 232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, yellow lateral line ; horns and sides of face rusty-brown”’ (Davidson and Aitken, J. Bomb. N.H.S. 1890, p. 278). Cuarysatis.x—Thick, cylindrically oval; dorsum much arched; head obtuse; colour green. Hasirat.—Lower Bengal; Orissa ; Bombay ; 8. India. DistriputioN.— We have examined the type specimen of the male, now in the possession of Mr. H. Grose Smith. Specimens of the female in my own collection (described erroneously as the female of C. Hindia by Mr, Butler) were taken by the late Mr. Arthur Grote at Parasnath Hill, Behar, in Lower Bengal; a female from Ranchi, Chota Nagpore, is in Mr. Grose Smith’s collection; a female is recorded (Butt. Ind. ii. 291) from Nagpur, taken in March by Mr. EH. A. Minchin, and a female was taken by Mr. L. de Nicéville in a garden at Alipur, near Calcutta, in the cold weather (J.A.S. Beng. 1885, 45). Males are also recorded from Khorda in Orissa by Mr. W. C. Taylor. Colonel Swinhoe has males from Khandalla taken in October, and a female was taken at Lanaoli in February by Mr. A. B. Watson. Mr. Lindsay took it in Coonoor, and Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained both sexes on the Nilgiris, where it was rare, at from 3000 to 4000 feet. The late Dr. Shortt took both sexes on the Shevaroy Hills. Lieut. E. Y. Watson obtained two males in November at Kathlekan in Mysore. Mr. H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay, N.H.S. 1891, 10) says it is “ not uncommon in the low country of Travancore, and at the foot of the hills.’ According to Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 285), “The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens of male from the Wynaad taken by Mr. R. Morgan; Mr. W. Doherty took males in Travancore and Beypur; Mr. G. W. Vidal obtained males at Khandalla in April, and Mr, E. H. Aitken took it on Matherhan in January.” Hasits or Imaco.—Mr. J. Betham (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 286) states that “it has the most powerful flight of any butterfly I know (while Athamas is the fastest), and looks like a bird while on the wing. It is a very foul feeder, and greedily fond of Mhowa, so much so, that it can be approached and taken by the fingers while engaged in its meal. One year I took several of these and C. Fabius and a few C. Athamas, at a Sirris tree (Acacia speciosa) which had a bough injuredin some way, and from which a juice was exuded. The wings of several of the Charaxes that I took had bits chipped out of them by the beaks of birds.” Mr. E. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, 132) says: “ Last December Mr. J. Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matherhan in trying to capture two specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, for when we got them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found that it is by no means uncommon on the Ghats from December to March at least, but it does not put itself in the way of being captured. It comes out about NYMPHALIN-. (Group CHARAXINA.) 233 ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves, perches itself bolt upright in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest point you can reach with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is fenced on all sides with a creeper whose sharp curved thorns lay hold of everything that passes them, and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing away any other butter- fly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. Ifyou pelt it with stones, it darts off, takes a short circuit and returns to the same leaf. You may pelt it for an hour with the same result.” Hasits anp Foop Prant or Larva.—Messrs. J. Davidson and H. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 278) gives the following :— “We reared three specimens of the larve of this butterfly on Aglaia Roxburgh- tana, a very common tree in Kanara, belonging to the Order Meliacezw. Among butter- flies the length of the larval life seems to be generally proportioned to the robustness of the insect in its perfect state, and, as might be expected, C. Imnais a Methuselah among butterflies. One found on the 6th October, then evidently a few days old, became a pupa on the 25th of November. ‘he butterfly emerged on the 9th of December. Like most smooth caterpillars, this species eats its skin when cast, but not the head-case. When touched it appears to use its horns defensively, as does also C. Athamas.” The larva figured in Mr. Arthur Grote’s drawing was taken “feeding on Amoora Rohituka.” Of our illustrations of this species on plate 169, fig. 1 is copied from Messrs. Davidson and Aitken’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la is from Mr. Grote’s drawing; fig. 1b is from a Khandalla male, and fig. 1c is from the type specimen described by Mr. Butler, erroneously, as the female of C. Hindia. HARIDRA MARMAX (Plate 170, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Charaxes Marmazx, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 43, pl. 21, ¢ 92 (1848). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. (1865), p. 636. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), p. 831. De Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 281 (1886). Charazes Lunawara (male only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. g (1872).* Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous; the costal area of hindwing palest. Forewing with faint traces of three transverse slender sinuous dusky-fulvous lines within the cell, two similar discal lines below the cell, beyond which is a discal line and a less defined inner submarginal line, followed by a more distinct but diffused submarginal line, which latter is somewhat blackish, and widens out at the costal end, and is there apically joined to a marginal sinuous black band, the fulvous inter- * The type female, described erroneously as that sex of Lunawara, is from the Philippines, and is identical with C. Amycus, Felder. vou. 1. April 10th, 1895. Hh 234 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. spaces forming between the veins a series of seven lunules; the outer edge of the band haying the tips of the veins indicated by fulvous points, and the lower end of the band terminating in a narrower lunular end at the submedian vein; at the end of the cell is a slender, dusky lunule, with a continuous outer upper black streak, beyond which is a subcostal short narrow black broken curved mark. Hindwing with two medial costal short slender black sinuous lines below the costal vein, the outer line being continued below the subcostal; beyond is a submarginal decreasing row of black spots centred by a white dentate point, the upper spots being ovate, the lower dentate. Underside ochreous-yellow. Both wings crossed by four or five slender black sinuous lines on the basal half, the interspace between the two outer lines being dull fulvous; a discal less-defined fulyous line with diffused border, followed, on the forewing, by a submarginal series of slightly-defined pearly-white lunules, the upper two being broadest and dentate, and their outline diffused with fulvous; and on the hindwing the discal line is followed by.a slight dusky grey- speckled dark fulvous sinuous fascia, and then by a submarginal series of pearly- white dentate marks, of which the posterior marks are tipt with blue scales and a black point. Female. Upperside with the discal area, and middle of costa on hindwing paler fulvous than in the male. Forewing with the outer discal sinuous line dis- tinctly defined and blackish, the cell mark and the subcostal streak beyond broader black, the submarginal sinuous line blackish and slender to its costal end, but with the marginal black border as in the male. Hindwing with the costal sinuous marks and the submarginal row of spots as in the male, the latter only being somewhat larger and more distinctly white centred. Underside exactly as in the male. Body bright fulvous; palpi above brown, white beneath; pectus white; legs above pale ochreous, whitish beneath; fore tarst white; antenne blackish, club tipt with ochreous ; eyes dark purple-brown. Expanse, d 32, ? 43 inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim. Disrrisution.—In Sikkim, according to Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 1. 282), this species is the commonest of the group. ‘It occurs from April to October at low elevations, the female being much rarer than the male” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148). Specimens taken in Sikkim in July and November by Mr. Otto Moller are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection, It has been taken at Buxa in Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. It also occurs in Assam and Sylhet. We have it from the Naga Hills, and specimens from the Garo Hills are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at Bhamo, Burma, and Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in East Pegu. Both sexes from Taipang, Malay Peninsula, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAYINA.) 235 HARIDRA KAHRUBA (Plate 171, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, as in H. Marmaz, with similarly disposed markings. Forewing differing in the comparatively broader black marginal band, and in the much more sharply-defined submarginal sinuous line, which latter line is also narrower at its costal end, thus giving the intervening broad lunular marks a more prominent shape throughout their extent. Hindwing with the medial costal sinuous streak distinct, and the submarginal black spots somewhat larger and more irregularly-oval in shape, the central dot ochreous-white. Underside with the ground-colour pale Indian yellow, the transverse sinuous lines more sinuously disposed than in Marmaz, but very sharply defined, their bordering shades, and the submarginal dentate fascia, and also the interspace between the two medial discal sinuous lines, being dark ochreous- brown. Female. Upperside uniformly paler than in male. Forewing with the markings less defined. Hindwing with the submarginal row of black spots also less defined, but each with a central dentate mark. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 32 to 4, ? 43 to 44 inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Sylhet; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Burma. DistRisuTion.—Presuming this to be the species referred to by Mr. de Nicéville as Lunawara, “itis much rarer than Marmar in Sikkim, but occurs at the same seasons and elevations”’ (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148). Specimens from Sikkim taken in July, August, and November, by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. We have it from Sylhet, Cachar, and Colonel Swinhoe has it from the Khasia Hills. We have also identified specimens from the Arakan Hills, taken in November by Major C. H. HE. Adamson, in the Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, and in September, by Captain Bingham; and also specimens from Hast Pegu. HARIDRA DESA (Plate 172, figs. 1, la, b,c, 3 9).J Charaxes Desa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1878, p. 832, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 283 (1886). TImaco.—Male. Nearest allied to H. Aristogiton. Forewing differs in the inner edge of the black marginal band being bent inward from the costa to the upper radial, whereas, in Aristogiton, the edge is more even, and comparatively nearer the subcostal streak ; and the submarginal lunules are comparatively broader. Hindwing with similar black macular band. Underside similar. Female. Upperside paler than in male; similarly marked as the same sex of Marmaz. Forewing with the discocellular duplex streak and the subcostal streak Hh 2 236 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. somewhat narrower, the inner discal sinuous line less defined, the marginal macular band broader, the submarginal sinuous line sharply defined, and dilated at its costal end, with the intervening lunular spaces more prominent. Hindwing similar to Marmaz. Underside paler purpurescent brownish-ochreous than in male ; markings the same. Expanse, d 4, ? 43 inches. Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim. DisrrisuTion.—The type specimen, a male, was taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason at Moolai, 83-6000 feet, Upper Tenasserim. A specimen from Toungoo is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Major C. H. E., Adamson obtained two males in the Thoungyeen Valley in February, and indicated it under Aristogiton in his List, p. 20. HARIDRA ARISTOGITON (Plate 173, figs. 1, la, ¢). Charaxes Aristogiton, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867), g. Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1870, 121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 282 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer border, which is traversed by a series of six narrow fulvous lunules, the three upper being small; a slender blackish duplex streak from upper end of cell, a very in- distinctly defined inner discal sinuous line, and a black subcostal streak disposed apically before the outer band. Hindwing with a medial costal short sinuous black slender line, and a submarginal black macular band, the apical portion being large, the lower portions formed of decreasing broadly-dentate spots, each with a white central speck. Underside purpurescent brownish-ferruginous, with a darker brownish submarginal fascia bordering the lilacine-grey washed dentate marks; transverse sinuous lines black. Female unknown. Expanse, d 3} to 4 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga Hills; Sylhet. DistrrsuTion.—Males, taken in Sikkim in April by Mr. Otto Mller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148) says “it occurs in Sikkim with the two preceding species (Marmaz and Kharuba).” A specimen from Buxa, Bhotan, is in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. Others from the Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild. Our illustration of this species, on Plate 173, is from a male, identical in every respect with Felder’s type. HARIDRA ADAMSONI (Plate 173, figs. 2, 2a, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a very indistinctly defined upper discocellular streak, a less broad marginal black band than in Coraz NYMPHALINZ. (Group o#4RAXINA.) 237 or Harpaw, leaving a much wider interspace between it and the end of the cell, the band with a regular but indistinct inner sinuous line which forms an inward row of lunules to the interspaces between the upper median and lower radial, above which point are two upper fulvous spots diverging abruptly outward; the extrene outer margin of the wing edged with fulvous at end of the veins. Hindwing with a submarginal row of smaller black spots, of which the two apical are divided, and with slight whitish-speckled centres, the lower spots being minute, dentate points. Underside pale duller fulvous than upperside, with transverse sinuous blackish lines, the medial discal lines approximated ; a submarginal slightly-defined lilacine dentate fascia on forewing, and a row of minute black-tipt marks on the hindwing. Expanse, 3 8, inches. Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim. A single male of this species was taken by Major C. H. EH. Adamson in the Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in February. HARIDRA HARPAX (Plate 174, figs. 1, la, b, c, ¢ 2). Charazxes Harpax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 121. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 109, pl. 13, fig. 1, ¢ (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii, p. 288 (1886). Charaxes Agna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832, 3. Charaxes Borneensis (female only) Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 16, 9. Charaxes Baya, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 36, fig. 1, g (nec Moore). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing differs from typical Coraz in the outer black band being comparatively broader anteriorly, the upper portion thus being nearer the discoidal streak, and its inner edge is also less sinuous. Hindwing with well-separated and smaller submarginal white-centred spots. Under- side precisely the same as in Coraz, the submarginal spots on the hindwing appearing farther from the margin simply because they are smaller. (Described from Felder’s type in coll. Honble. W. Rothschild.) Female. Upperside dullfulvous. Forewing with the outer border broadly black, traversed by a series of four or five pale fulvous lunules ; crossed by a broad oblique discal diffused pale fulvescent-white band, the discal sinuous lines of the underside being also apparent. Hindwing with the middle of the costa broadly pale fulvescent- white; submarginal row of black spots of moderate size, the two apical conjoined, the others separate, each with a distinct white lunule. Underside pale olivescent- ochreous ; the normal transverse sinuous lines brown and slender, the inner discal and subbasal interspaces pale purpurescent-brown, the outer discal interspaces somewhat pale, glossy olivescent yellowish-white, the outer border with lilacine-grey dentate 238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. markings, those on the hindwing with blue-speckled black-tips. (Described from Mr. Butler’s type specimens erroneously described by him as the female of Borneensis.) Expanse, ¢ 3,5 to 3,9, ¢ 4 inches. Hasirat.—Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, &c. Distrisution.—A Burmese male identical with the type is in Major C. H. E. Adamson’s collection. A male from Thoungyeen is also in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. The specimens named Agna were taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet elevation, Upper Tenasserim. We also have a male from Megaree, Pegu. A female (erroneously referred by me to Borneensis) was taken by Dr. J. Anderson on Elphinstone Island, Mergui, in March (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 38). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant l.c. pp. 109, 433). We possess both sexes from Sumatra, the type female (Borneensis, Butler) from Borneo, and both sexes also from Borneo, are in Mr. P. Crowley’s, Colonel Swinhoe’s, and Mr. Godman’s collection. Of our illustration of this species on Plate 174, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type of the male, and fig. 1, b, c, from a female example from Borneo. HARIDRA CORAX (Plate 175, figs, 1, la, b, ¢, et larva and pupa). Charazxes Ooras, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 287 (1886). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, of a uniform tint throughout. ore- wing with the outer border broadly purpurescent-black, commencing anteriorly at nearly half the costa and well decreasing posteriorly to a little beyond the angle, its inner edge being sinuous anteriorly and undulated posteriorly, and with a slender slightly-defined fulvous lunular streak descending from before the angle; a slightly blackish duplex streak at upper end of the cell. Hindwing with a submarginal black macular band, the apical portion being broad and marked with two white dots and a small inner irrorated fulvous spot, the descending lower black spots small, and dentate, the two anal marked with bluish-white scales ; a short medial costal sinuous black slender line. Underside rufescent with somewhat darker rufescent-brown borders to the transverse sinuous lines, and outer margin, the basal area and the submarginal dentate fascia more or less glossed with pale purplish-white ; the sub- marginal spots on the hindwing somewhat anchor-shaped, with black-tip, blue centre and white base. Body above bright fulvous ; palpi blackish above, ochreous-white beneath ; pectus, fore tarsi, middle and hind tibiw and tarsi ochreous-white, fore tibize and femur, and middle and hind femora rufescent-brown ; antennz black, club rufous tipt. Described from Dr. Felder’s type in coll. Mr, W. Rothschild. NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA,) 239 In some specimens the band on both wings is less heavily defined, and the band on the hindwing is composed of the upper two conjoined-spots and lower more or less smaller separated spots. In these specimens the underside of the wings is also of a much less paler rufescent colour, and the sinuous transverse lines and other markings less defined—these characters indicating that the latter specimens probably belong to aseasonal brood. Female unknown. Expanse, 3 3, to 3,“ inches. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; widest in the middle, tapering rapidly towards the end and more gradually towards the head, the anal segment terminating in two short pointed processes ; head encircled by a mottled pink and white line and surmounted with four pink rugose curved processes, each being tipt with blue. General colour rich green, but somewhat mottled above, yellowish beneath, with the lateral edge defined by a pink speckled line; a large white-ringed dorsal spot with pink centre on middle of the back, and three small similar subdorsal spots on each side. Curysatis.—Pale green, unmarked ; head ending up in a blunt point. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam, Khasia Hills; Burmah. DistriBuTion.—Specimens taken in Sikkim in September, 1886, by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Colonel C. Swinhoe also has specimens from Sikkim taken by Mr. Paul Mowis. A specimen taken in Bhotan, July, 1887, by Mr. O. Moller, is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Col. Swinhoe and Mr. P. Crowley have specimens from the Khasia Hills. Two males in the British Museum are from Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, taken in September, and from Tounyah, Donat Range, October. We have it from Toungoo, Upper Tenasserim, and from the Karen Hills. Specimens taken by Mr. Doherty in East Pegu, in March and April, are in Mr. Godman’s collection. A male from King’s Island, Mergui, taken in February, is in the British Museum. Of our illustration of this species on Plate 175, fig. 1 is from the drawing of the larva and pupa and imago, made by the late Mrs. Hamilton from specimens reared at Amherst, Moulmain, in November, 1852. This larva being erroneously figured in Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. xii. fig. 14, as that of H. Baya. Fig. 1, a, b, is from Felder’s type specimen of the male. HARIDRA HIERAX (Plate 176, figs. 1, la, b, S 2). Charaxes Hierax (male only), Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent- Soc. 1870, p. 120. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 290 (1886). Charaxes Watti, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 2, g. Charaxes Hipponazx (female only), Felder, l.c. p. 443. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich fulvous. Forewing with the marginal broad band rusty-black, the inner edge of the band oblique but not curved, sinuous, its 240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. upper edge extending in slender points along the subcostal veins to the black disco- cellular duplex streak, below which is an indistinctly-defined blackish slender sinuous line; the interspace between the latter line and the black outer band being of the same fulvous colour as the basal area; posterior border of the blackish band with slightly-defined fulvescent lunules. Hindwing with a broad black submarginal decreasing continuous macular band, and a short upper discal black sinuous line slightly-diffused outwardly with pale fulvous. Underside fulvous-red, the normal transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the interspace between the discal lines darkest ; outer border with lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above rich fulvous; palpi above greyish-black, white beneath ; pectus and fore tarsi whitish ; body beneath and legs pale ochreous ; antenne black. Described from Felder’s type of male. Female. Upperside paler than in male. J orewing with a broad white discal band, the discocellular blackish duplex streak and lower sinuous line ill-defined ; the outer series of fulyous whitish spots distinct. Hindwing with short upper discal whitish band, and broad submarginal macular band with prominent white central lunules. Described from specimen presumed to be the type female of Felder’s Hipponaz, now in possession of Mr. W. Rothschild. Expanse, ¢ 3,9, ° 4 inches. Hasitat.—Assam. Disrripution. —Felder’s type is from Assam. The type specimen of Watti was taken at Bishnath in Assam. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 176, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type specimen of the male. Fig. 1b is from the female specimen presumably assigned by Felder to H. Hipponax. HARIDRA HEMANA (Plate 177, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Charaxes Hemana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 283 (1886). Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1886), p. 124. Charaxes Bernardus, Kollar, Hiigels Kasehmi, iv. 2, p. 484, pl. xi. figs. 1, 2, ¢ (1844) (nec Fabricsus). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous. Forewing with the outer border rusty-black; the inner edge of the border excurved and with two sub- costal slightly defined black-edged slightly pale fulvous spots before its upper end, the lower end of the border traversed inwardly to or above the upper median by three or four slender pale fulvous lunules; a slightly-defined slender blackish discocellular duplex streak, and a transverse discal interrupted sinuous line, the discal interspace between the sinuous line and the black band being slightly paler fulyous or exactly of the same tint as the basal area. Hindwing with a broad NYMPHALINZA, (Group CHARAXINA.,) 941 black submarginal decreasing macular band, which sometimes has central white dots ; a short upper discal slender black sinuous line slightly diffused outwardly with paler fulvous. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, crossed by the normal slender blackish sinuous lines, the interspace of the discal lines being darker ochreous, and the marginal border with the normal lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above pale fulvous; palpi above dusky-brown, beneath white; body beneath and legs pale greyish-ochreous; fore tarsi whitish ; antennz black. Female. Upperside yellowish-fulvous ; much paler than in male. Forewing with the outer border broadly black, the extreme marginal edge being fulvous tinged ; discocellular duplex streak and inner discal transverse lunules black and sharply defined, the lunules between the median basal interspaces decreasing in width from the upper, which is broad; the series of six submarginal lunular spots on the black border are broad, well-defined, and pale fulvous-yellow ; the medial discal area is pale yellowish-white, the upper portion being whitest, and with a distinct black costal streak extending from the costal vein to the lower radial. Hindwing with a submarginal series of broad black rounded spots, the two upper largest and united, the six next decreasing in size, the fourth, fifth, and sixth with a slightly defined central white speck, the two anal with a distinct white lunule speckled with grey scales ; a slender obsolescently decreasing black sinuous discal line extending from the costal vein to the lower median, the medial costal area slightly paler yellow. Under- side similar to that of the male. Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3,4, ? 3,% to 4 inches. Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas ; Nepal. This species—compared with the type of Hieraw—is a comparatively shorter insect, the forewing being less produced apically, and differs in having the inner edge of the black outer marginal band excurved (whereas in Hierar this band is broader and its inner edge is obliquely erect); the transverse discal sinuous line of Hemana is also further from the outer band, being three-tenths of an inch in width between the upper and middle medians (whereas in Hieraz it is not two-tenths); the whole underside is also of a much paler colour. Disrrisution.—Kollar’s specimens are recorded from Masuri. Specimens of both sexes, from Masuri, are in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection. A female from the Uglar Valley, north of Landour, is in the British Museum. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 124) records it from ‘‘ Kapot, on the Sarju, also from the Gori and Kali Valleys, Kumaon.” The type male is recorded from Nepal, and specimens of it, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, during his residency at the Court of Nepal, are in my own collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 177, fig. 1, la, is from a Nepal male, identical with the type, and fig. 1b is from a Masuri female. VOL. II. i bo rs to LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. HARIDRA HIPPONAX (Plate 178, figs. 1, la, 9 9). Charaxes Hipponaz, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 120. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 290 (1886). Charaxes Hierax (female only), Felder, lc. p. 442. Charazes Khimalara (female only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 97, 2. Isaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous. Forewing with the outer border broadly black ; a transverse discal white band extending to near or to the lower median veinlet, this band being comparatively narrower and more irregular in its course than in H. Jalinder, its upper end generally composed of the two outer or lower spots above the radial, the crossing veins also being black; the black discocellular duplex streak more diffused and the inner-bordering sinuous line of the white band more thickly defined; the submarginal row of fulvous spots obsolescent or obsolete. Hindwing with a short upper discal thickly-defined black sinuous line, which is outwardly diffused with white and crossed by black veins; the submarginal black macular band broad and continuous to the anal spots, each portion generally with a white central speck. Underside pale rufescent olive-brown, the bordering inter- spaces between the discal sinuous lines, and less so of the subbasal lines, pale yeliowish-ochreous ; the outer borders with the normal lilacine-grey washed markings. Female. Upperside most like female of H. Hierax, the basal area of forewing and the hindwing darker, being dusky brownish-fulvous. Forewing with the discal bluish-white band somewhat narrower, the outer series of whitish spots smaller. Hindwing with short upper discal white band, and broad black submarginal macular band with white lunate central marks. (Described from Felder’s type of female Hierax, in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild.) Expanse, d 34, ? 4 inches. Hasirat.—Assam ; Sylhet; Khasia Hills; Naga Hills. Variety (Plate 178, fig. 1, b, c)—In the Naga Hill specimens, which are somewhat smaller, being only 3} inches in expanse, the discal band on the forewing is comparatively narrower, and is either white, as in typical specimens, or it is of a more or less pale fulyous-white, and, in some, is nearly of the same depth of tint as the basal area, which latter is also somewhat darker in tint. Distrisution.—Felder’s type is from Assam. Specimens from Shillong are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Mr. W. B. Farr took it in Sylhet. Specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken in October by Rev. W. A. Hamilton, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Several specimens of the male of the variety from Naga Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 178, fig. 1 is from a male specimen identical with Felder’s type. Fig. 1a is from the type female erroneously assigned by Felder to H. Hierax. . Figs. 1, b, c, are from the Naga Hills variety. NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA.) 243 HARIDRA JALINDER (Plate 179, figs. 1, la, b,c, 9). Charares Jalinder, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 4, ¢ 9 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii, p. 291 (1886). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright rich dark fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer border, a transverse discal white band ending at or before the submedian vein, normally broken anteriorly below the subcostal, and inwardly bordered by a black discocellular duplex streak at end of cell, and, generally, by a lower discal sinuous line; the outer black border traversed by a row of more or less defined small fulvous lunate spots. Hindwing with a very short upper discal white or whitish band, not extending beyond the lower subcostal, and which is inwardly edged by a black sinuous line; submarginal macular black decreasing band with or without white lunate dots. Underside purpurescent brownish-red, washed with lilacine-grey, the transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the discal interspaces pale yellowish. Female. Upperside darker fulvous than in male. Forewing with the discal white band broader, its inner sinuous edge broader black and its subcostal streak more or less slender or obsolescent ; the outer row of spots more or less large and fulvous-white. Hindwing with a short upper discal white band, and a broad submarginal black macular band with slender white lunular marks. Underside much paler than in male, with prominent yellowish discal and darker subbasal interspaces. Expanse, ¢ 3} to 33, 2 4 to 42 inches. Hasitat.—H. Himalayas ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. Distrizution.—We have typical Jalinder from Sikkim, and Buxa in Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens from Sikkim, taken in July, September and November, by the late Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Both sexes from the Khasia Hills are in Colonel Swinhoe’s and Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Males obtained by Lieut. H. Y. Watson in the Chin Hills, 1000 to 2000 feet, in May, are in the British Museum ; Major C. H. E. Adamson took it commonly at Bhamo; specimens from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, were taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., and are in the collection of Mr. H. C. Dent, Mr. W. Rothschild and my own. Of our illustrations of H. Jalinder on Plate 179, fig. 1, la, b, c, are from the male and female type specimens described by Mr. Butler. On Plate 180, fig. 1, 1a, we figure a male of the (? seasonal) form of this species named Hindia. ph yh 244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, SEASONAL FORM ? (Plate 180, figs. 1, 19, 2). Charaxes Hindia (male only), Butler,* Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5 (1872), 2. Male. Upperside paler bright fulvous than in typical Jalinder; the discal white band on forewing unbroken from the subcostal to submedian. Underside pale purpurescent-ferruginous, washed with lilacine-grey; sinuous lines ill-defined ; discal interspaces dull pale yellow. Darjiling (Major Roberts); Darjiling (coll. W. Rothschild); Shillong (coll. P. Crowley). In some specimens (Plate 180, fig. 1, b, c), labelled ** Sikkim,” in Mr. Crowley’s collection, the discal band is less defined and of a diffused fulvous white, with bright falvous submarginal lunular spots. HARIDRA PLEISTOANAX (Plate 181, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Charaxes Pleistoanax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 121; Lep, Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 3, g (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 292 (1886). Charaxes Khimalara (male only), Butler, Lep, Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 1 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 292. Tmaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area dark olivaceous brownish- ochreous, the outer border of hindwing brighter ochreous. Forewing with the apex and outer border broadly black and traversed by an inner incurved series of more or less obsolescent or well-defined pale ochreous or ochreous-white spots; a rather broad bluish-white transverse discal band continued to the posterior margin, the upper end of which is broken into spots between the lower subcostal and lower radial ; the discocellulars marked by a more or less defined duplex black streak, and the inner. border of the white discal band generally defined by a more or less black-speckled sinuous line to near the submedian vein. Hindwing with a bluish- white prominent upper discal band obsolescently decreasing to the middle median veinlet, inwardly edged anteriorly by a black sinuous line, and traversed by black veins, which latter sometimes dilatingly merge into the black submarginal band; the black band broad anteriorly and decreasing to anal angle, composed of conjoined spots, which generally have a central white lunate dot. Underside olivescent purplish-brown ; crossed by pale-edged normal sinuous black lines, outer discal pale olivescent-yellow dentate markings and submarginal glossy lilacine-grey dentate markings, the latter on the hindwing bordering a row of black-tipt whitish anchor- shaped spots; the subbasal and discal transverse interspaces pale yellow. * The female described and figured by Mr, Butler (Lc¢.) as erroneously assigned to that sex of Hindia, belongs to the species named Imna, NYMPHALINA, (Group CHARAXINA.) 245 Female. Upperside similar to male. Forewing with the white transverse band broader, anteriorly broken by a broad subcostal black streak, and with a broad black-speckled inner discal border extending to near the submedian vein ; the outer series of white spots large and lunular. Hindwing with the white upper discal band broader and extending to near the middle median veinlet; the submarginal black macular band broader and with slender white lunular marks. Underside as in the male, but somewhat more olivescent in tint. Body dark brownish-ochreous ; palpi above black; palpi beneath and pectus white; legs brownish-ochreous ; fore tarsi white ; antenne black ; eyes red. Expanse, ¢ 3,8, ° 4,%, to 4,5, inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Naga Hills. DistrisuTion.—** Common in Sikkim throughout the summer months at low elevations” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 149). Specimens taken by the late Mr. Otto Moller in Sikkim in June and July are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. It was also taken at Buxa in Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, Specimens from the Naga Hills are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 181, fig. 1 is from Mr. Butler’s type male of Khimalara, and figs. la, b, c, are from male and female identical with Felder’s types. HARIDRA KHASIANA (Plate 182, figs. 1, la, $2). Charazes Khasianus, Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 6, ¢ 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 293 (1886). Charaxes Pleistoanaz (female only), Felder, Reise Novara iii. p. 443. Imaco.—Male. Similar to H. Pleistoanax. Upperside differs in the olivaceous- ochreous basal area and hindwing being paler. Forewing with the bluish-white discal band broader and extending diffusedly within the basal area beyond the sinuous black line, which latter is generally broadly defined ; submarginal series of spots small or lunulate. Hindwing with the white discal band also broader and extending diffusedly inwards more or less beyond the black sinuous line; sub- marginal black macular decreasing band with white lunate marks. Underside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but generally more ochreous. Female. Upperside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the basal areas muc paler, the abdominal margin of hindwing and its outer border also much paler. Forewing with the discal bluish-white band much broader, and also extending diffusedly inward more or less beyond the blackish-speckled virgula; the outer marginal series of spots white, large, and conspicuous. Hindwing with the white 246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. discal band also broader and extending posteriorly to near the submedian vein and more or less diffusedly inward beyond the discal black virgula; submarginal black macular band broader. Underside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the discal interspaces much broader. Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 3;%, ? 4 to 43 inches. Hasitat.— Khasia Hills; Burma. ; DistrisutioN.—We possess specimens from the Khasia Hills. Specimens of both sexes from the Khasias are in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe, and also in that of Mr. W. Rothschild, taken by the Rev. W. A. Hamilton in October. A male from Toungoo is in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. We have it also from the Shan States, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E. HARIDRA NICHOLII (Plate 182, fig. 2, 3). Charaxes Nicholii, Grose Smith, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 150, g ; id. Rhop. Exotica, ch. pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 (1887), 3. Iuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the apical two-thirds obliquely blue- black, the base ferruginous-brown; crossed by a discal recurved series of five (or six) lilacine-white letter V-shaped marks, the upper being slender, the two lower conjoined, followed by a submarginal row of larger-sized broad white lunate marks; the extreme margin also showing a small white dot between the lower veins, and a broader white space at the posterior angle. Hindwing with the basal half ferruginous- brown, discally edged with a sinuous black line, the broad outer border being olivescent-white, and traversed by a submarginal row of six small decreasing blackish rings, and two very small blue-black anal points. Underside lilacine-grey, crossed by the normally disposed black slender sinuous lines, and sub-marginal dentated fascia, the interspace between the discal sinuous lines darkest. Body and palpi above ferruginous-brown ; body beneath and legs dull lilacine-grey ; antennz black; eyes dark brown. Expanse, ¢ 3,°9 inches. Hasitat.—East Pegu. Disrrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty took this species in the Karen Hills, Hast Pegu, in March and April, 1890. It is quite distinct from H. Durnfodii, Distant. Cumnesr AND Inpo-Matayan Speorms or Haripra.—Haridra Bernardus (Pap. Bernardus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 71, 9 (1793); Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 35, 9 (1798); Jones, Icones, iv. pl. 65, fig. 2, 9). Charaxes Bernardus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B.M., p. 50 (1869). Mazz. Upperside very dark fulvous. Forewing with the black outer border extending anteriorly to the cell; crossed by a medial discal prominent bluish-white band with distinctly-defined sinuous edges ending at NYMPHALINZ. (Group OHARAXINA,) 247 the lower median veinlet, this band composed of the three median portions, a smaller spot outside end of the cell, and sometimes two superposed smaller outer spots below the subcostal ; two, or some times three, pale fulvous lunules bordering the marginal band. Hindwing with a submarginal black continuous macular band centred with white points; upper discal black sinuous line distinct, its outer area pale fulvous. Fematz. Upperside deep fulvous. Forewing with black marginal band traversed by pale fulvescent-white lunules ; crossed by a broad fulvescent-white discal band; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line. Hindwing with a submarginal black decreasing macular band centred with white points ; an upper discal black sinuous line, its outer area diffused fulvescent-white. Expanse,. ¢ 3,4, % 4 inches. Habitat—Hongkong. Described from a male and female taken in Hongkong by Bishop Smith, from the late J. J. Weir’s collection, and now in the possession of Mr. Stanley Edwards. Both sexes were also taken in Hongkong in May, 1892, by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N. This species is distinct from H. Polyxena, and is allied to the Indian H. Jalinder and Hipponax. Haridra Polyzena (Pap. Polyxena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 54, figs. A, B, 2 (1779). Doxocopa Epilais, Hiibner, Verz. p.50 (1816). Marz. Upperside fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer border, its inner edge commencing from middle of the costa at a short distance beyond end of cell, whence it descends very obliquely to the upper median, and from thence posteriorly to the submedian, and enclosing three broad fulvous lunules ; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line, slightly defined. Hindwing with a moderately broad black submarginal decreasing macular band with white centred points; an upper discal black sinuous line, slender, its outer costal area paler fulvous. Fematz. Upperside pale fulvous. Forewing with a broad fulvescent-whitish discal band; outer black border traversed by fulvescent-whitish lunules ; a blackish costal streak, discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line, each diffused. Hindwing with a prominent black sub- marginal decreasing macular band with distinct white central lunules ; upper discal blackish line slender, its outer costal area fulvescent-whitish. Expanse, 3 3,4, ? 3, to4 inches. Habiiat—S. China. Described from specimens in our own collection. This species belongs to the Corax section of the genus. Haridra Borneensis (Char. Borrieensis, Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 2, male only (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 37, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—H. Bupalus (Char. Bupalus, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Distanti (Char. Distanti, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 277. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 484, pl. 36, fig. 2, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—H. Harpagon (Char. Harpagon, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 85). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Scylaz (Char. Scylax, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Habitat. Java—H. Harmodius (Char. Harmodius, 248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867). Habitat. Java.—H, Baya (Nymph Baya, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 207 (1857). Habitat. Java.—H. Bajula (Char. Bajula, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p.86). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Georgius (Char. Georgius, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 262). Habitat. Mindoro.— H. Plateni (Char. Plateni, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Amycus (Char. Amycus, Felder, Wien. Ent, Monats. 1861, p. 303). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 8, 5, ¢ ¢.—Syn. Char, Lunawara (? only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 2, %. Habitat. Philippines.— H. Antonius (Char, Antonius, Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 6, 7, 8, 3% (1860). Habitat. Philippines —H. Durnfordii (Char. Durnfordii, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 432, pl. 40, fig. 8, d (1886). Allied to but distinct from H. Nicolii. Habitat. Malay Peninsulaa—H. Hveretti (Char. Everetti, Rothschild, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1893, p. 438). Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Staudingeri (Char. Staudingeri, Rothschild, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1893, p. 439). Habitat. N, Borneo. Genus CHARAXES. Charazxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV. p. 18 (1816). Felder, Neues Lep. p. 39 (1861). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 623. Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 650 (1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 28 (1880). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 101 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete, ii. p. 269 (1886). Nymphalis, Uatreille, Sonn. Buff. xiv. p. 82 (1805). Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 306 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C, i. p. 204 (1857). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 267 (1871), nec Linneus. Paphia (part), Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. VI. p. 282 (1807), preoccupied. Eribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. p. 46 (1816). Jasia, Swainson, Zool. Ilust, ii. p. 90 (1832). Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex narrow, obtuse; exterior margin oblique, uneven, concave in the middle; posterior margin straight, thickly fringed at the base; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, the first at about one-third before the end, third branch immediately beyond the cell and extending to the extreme apex, fourth and fifth branches at one- third beyond ; upper discocellular very short, lower slender and concave, closing the cell, radials from upper angles; median veinlets wide apart, upper curved; sub- median vein curved at the base. Hindwing triangular, short ; costa very convex at the base, apex rounded, exterior margin nearly straight, sinuous, with a slender tail at end of upper and lower median veinlets ; abdominal margin long; the cell and along the submedian vein thickly clothed with long hairs; costal vein much curved, extending to the extreme apex and with a short abruptly bent precostal spur; sub- costals and radial equidistant from the costal yein ; cell imperfectly closed by a very NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 249 slender discocellular thread, which joins the median just before the middle branch ; submedian and internal vein wide apart, internal vein short. Body short; thorax elongated, broad, very robust, woolly at the base; head large, woolly, not tufted ; eyes prominent, naked; palpi large, obliquely porrected, broad and flat in front, the tip elevated much above the vertex, and extending forward, apart at the base, but approximating at the tip, thickly scaled, second joint above clothed with short erect hairs, apical jomt almost smooth, conical ; forelegs of male minute, scaly, and slightly hairy ; forelegs of female scaly, femur very slightly hairy on the inner side, tarsus dilated towards the tip, which is rounded off in front, each joint with two short blunt spines beneath; middle and hind legs rather short, robust, finely scaled, tibize flat beneath, each side armed with a row of short fine spines, tarsi armed with four series of short spines, the terminal lateral spine on each side being the longest, claws moderate, inner lobe short, outer lobe acute, curved; antenne rather short, stout, straight, the club elongated, thick and truncate at the tip, with a slight treble carina on its inner edge. Type, C. Jasius. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; head with four vertical short spiny processes ; anal segment with two short depressed points. Curysatis.—Abbreviated, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum arched; head very obtuse. Eec.—Large, globular; apex flattened, broad. CHARAXES FABIUS (Plate 183, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, 3, 2; larva and pupa). Papilio Fabius, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 12 (1781). Mant. Ins. ii. p. 7 (1787). Ent. Syst. iii., i., p. 64 (1798). Nymphalis Fabius, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 309 (1851). Charaxes Fabius, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1869). Kirby, Catal. Butt. p. 268 (1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 15, fig. 1 (1880). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 280 (1886). Paphia Fabia, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, pl. 12, fig. 3, larva (1846). Papilio Solon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii., i, p. 69 (1793). Jones, Icones, pl. 63, fig. 2, 9. Papilio Euphanes, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 59, fig. 1, g (1785-90). Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish olive-brown, palest basally. Forewing with a transverse discal recurved series of eight yellow spots increasing in size from near the costa, the upper spots mostly rounded, the lower spots being broad and irregularly-quadrate with uneven exterior ; also a yellow subcostal spot between the lower subcostal veinlets and upper radial, and a smaller spot outside end of the cell above the upper median veinlet ; a marginal lower row of minute yellow spots which are more or less obsolescent anteriorly. Hindwing with a transverse discal VOL. II. Kk 250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. yellow irregular band, decreasing posteriorly ; a submarginal row of small, yellow lunules, and a marginal row of small geminate spots, those at the anal angle being greenish-grey. Underside lilac-grey, of a more or less pale or darker tint, but dullest at the base, and purplish-tinted externally. Both wings with white trans- verse discal markings as on upperside, but each inwardly-edged by a black line; the basal area crossed by irregular black slender lines. Forewing also with three basal black spots in the cell, a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with posteriorly- increasing black borders, and a marginal lower row of indistinct purplish-white lunules. Hindwing also with a discal more or less defined irregular row of black- edged purplish-white lunules, and a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with blackish outer borders, followed by a marginal row of small, more or less ochreous- yellow or greenish-ochreous lunules surmounted by an indented black line and white speckles above, and broken lunate white spots below ; the extreme margin and tails being blackish-edged. Female. Upperside as in the male, with the markings somewhat larger. Underside as in the male, Body above dark olive-brown ; collar, front, and palpi above black, spotted with white ; palpi, body beneath, and legs whitish ; fore tibia brown above; antenne black ; eyes reddish. Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3;%, % 3,‘ to 3,% inches. CatERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; bluish-green; head armed with four reddish-tipt spinous fleshy vertical processes ; anal segment with two short depressed points; a small dorsal semicircle of white on seventh segment; lateral line dotted with pale yellow. Feeds on Tamarindus indica. Curysatis.—Cylindrically-ovate, smooth ; dorsum arched ; head obtusely pointed. Hasirat.—Himalayas ; Oudh; EH. and 8. India; Ceylon; Burma. In specimens from the N.W. Himalayas, the undersides are the palest coloured, and also have the markings less prominently defined. In Eastern Indian and Burmese specimens the underside is darker, and the South Indian and Ceylonese examples are darkest of all, being of a purpurescent-brownish tint, with all the markings intensi- fied. The S. Indian specimens are identical with the Fabrician type. DistrizuTion AND Hasits.—This butterfly has a wide range. In the Western Himalayas it “has been taken in Chumba in March by Lieut.-Col. C. H. T. Marshall, and in Mundi in July and September by Mr. A. Graham Young” (Butt. Ind. ii. 280). The Rey. J. H. Hocking took it in “ Dharmsala in July, at sugar” (P. Z.S. 1882, 288). Mr. W. Doherty found it in “ Rambagh, at the foot of the hills, Kumaon” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124). In Oudh “it occurs in Lucknow” (Lang. Ann. N. H. 1864, 181), and “at Fyzabad” (Butt. Ind. ii, 280). In the Eastern Himalayas “ stragglers have been taken in Sikkim at low elevations from May to NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA,) 251 July” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 147). The larva is figured in General Hardwicke’s Drawings (Libr. Brit. Mus.), found in August feeding on leaves of Gardenia. It occurs in Assam. Mr. J. W. Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 363), records its capture at “ Silchar, Cachar, in September.” According to Mr. de Nicé- ville (Butt. Ind. ii. 280), ‘* it is common in Calcutta, and have taken nearly all my specimens in the cold weather, frequently having been taken drinking the juice of the date palms when cut for the extraction of toddy. It occurs also during the rains.” Mr. J. Rothney also obtained it in the Barrackpore Gardens, near Calcutta. Capt. Mortimer Slater in his MS. Notes, p. 41, states: ‘* At Dinapur, I generally found it near or on pomegranate trees; flies rapidly. Uncommon.” The late General Hearsey (Westw. Orient. Ent.), says, “‘ he usually captured this species upon wounded apple trees, the butterflies frequenting the wounds to suck up the fluids which were discharged therefrom.” Mr. W. C. Taylor obtained it in Orissa, and it has been taken in Belgaum (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Colonel C. Swinhoe took it in *Mhow, June and October (P. Z. S. 1886, 425); in Poona, February, April, and November ; and at Belgaum in November” (P. Z. 8. 1885, 130). In Madras, Lieut. EK. Y. Watson took it in April (J. A. S. Beng. 1890, 266). Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 278) record “the capture of larve in Karwar in July and August, and have also reared it in Khandeish and the Dekkan, always on the tamarind tree,’ The butterfly occurs in Bombay sparingly, specimens being captured in Khandeish and the Tanna District (Aitken, id. 1886, 133). Mr. J. Betham (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 286) says, ‘‘ It is a bold creature, with a strong flight, but sometimes falls a prey to curiosity. One settled on my boot once, and at another time one wanted to see what my tonga was, and flitted round it as I went along, until it was caught.” The late S. N. Ward obtained it in Kanara. Mr. G. F. Hampson found it rare on the Nilgiris at 3000 to 4000 feet (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 355). “It occurs throughout South India to Travancore” (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay N.H. 8. 1891, 10) says, “It is fairly common in the low country of Travancore, but is not found in the hills.” In Ceylon, it has been taken at Dambool and Kandy, but not very commonly (Capt. Wade). Mr. F. M. Mack- wood also caught it in the low country to the north of Matale, and always on human excrement (MS. Notes). Major Yerbury took it at Trincomali in October. Godart cites Nicobars, but this has not since been verified, and therefore is doubtful. In Burma, Dr. N. Manders obtained a single specimen in December, at 5000 feet eleva- tion, at the bottom of the Hopaung Valley, 8.H. of Fort Stedman in the Shan States (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526). Lieut. HE. Y. Watson obtained it during the Chin-Lushai Expedition ‘“‘ on the road from Pauk to Tilin in October, and also at Tilin in March ” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 42). Major C. H. E. Adamson took it in Arakan, but not common, from March to May (List, p. 20). Specimens from the Karen Hills EEQ 252 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It has also been taken in the Lower Thoungyeen forests in May, and in the Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim (Butt. Ind. ii- 280). Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 183, fig. 1 is from Mr. Ward’s draw- ing, fig. la is copied from Messrs. Davidson and Aitken’s figures published in the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, fig. 1b is from a Kangra male, and le from a Ceylon female. Inpo-Manayan Sprcius og Caaraxes.—C. Lampedo, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 52, figs. 3,4, ? (1820-26). Syn. Char. Zephyrus, Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 5 (1869) 3 ; 2d. Lep. Exotica, i. pl. 10, fig.1, g (1870). Habitat. Mindanao.— C. Echo, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 401, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6, g. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 103, fig. 38, ¢ (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Labuan, Borneo. Genus EULEPIS. Eulepis, Dalman, in Billberg’s Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29 (1880). Bribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816). Charaxes (part), Felder ; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville. Tuaco.—Male. Outline of wings as in Charaxes. Forewing with the veins also similar. Hindwing with the second subcostal veinlet and the radial emitted nearer to the base of the first branch; cell completely open ; precostal veinlet gently curved; upper and middle median veinlets emitted further from base of the lower. Thorax and head more woolly ; antennz less thick; palpi stouter; forelegs of male short, clothed with fine long hairs ; forelegs of female shorter than in typical Charaxes, scaly, tarsus slightly dilated at the tip, joints with short lateral spines. Sexes alike. Type, EH. Athamas. CaTerPiLLarR.—Slug-shaped ; with four vertical elongated fleshy spinous pro- cesses on the head, and two short naked depressed conical processes on anal segment. Curysatis.—Thick, oval, smooth, abbreviated ; dorsum arched; head obtuse. Ece.—Unknown. EULEPIS ATHAMAS (Plate 184, figs. 1, la, b,c, d, o ? ; larva and pupa). Papilio Athamas, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot, i. pl. 89, figs. C, D (1776). Nymphalis Athamas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823). Paphia Athamas, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. pl. 8, fig. 7, a—g; larva and pupa, (1829). Charaxes Athamas, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 205, pl. 6, figs. 3, 3a (1857). Butler, Proc, NYMPHALINZ. (Group OHARAXINA.) 253 Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 106, pl. 13, fig. 8, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 275 (1886). Eribea Athamis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 47 (1816). Papilio Pyrrhus, Donovan, Ins, Ind. pl. 29, fig. 3 (1800), nee Linn. Charaxes Bharata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 438 (1867) @. Charazes Samatha, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 831. Eulepis Samatha, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a, b, g ; larva and pupa (1880). Ivaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent-black, the basal border somewhat greyish-black. Forewing with a transverse medial-discal more or less moderately broad olivescent-yellow band, commencing at the upper median veinlet, above which is an out- wardly-disposed rather large obliquely-quadrate yellow spot, and a much smaller subapical spot. Hindwing with a similar broad olivescent-yellow band extending from the costa, and decreasing to a point at the lower median veinlet above the anal angle ; a submarginal series of very small narrowly-ovate white spots, followed by a marginal row of more or less indistinct ochreous-red lunules, with intervening blue streaks along the two tails. Underside. Both wings purpurescent olive-brown, of more or less pale or darker tint, the discal olivescent-yellow band as above, but paler and glossy, the whole inner margin of the band bordered by a rich dark olivescent- red narrow band, which is defined on both the sides of its middle portion by a black line inwardly-edged by pearly-white scales. Forewing also with only the lower subapical spot well defined, the other either obsolescent or absent; within the base of the cell are two superposed small white-centred black dots; a row of posteriorly in- creasing lunate marks outwardly bordering the discal band. Hindwing also with the outer edge of the discal band bordered by a row of sharply-defined carmine-red sinuous marks, each mark being transversed by a pearly-white lunate line, and the upper and lower marks outwardly-edged by a black sinus; beyond is a submarginal row of small black lunate spots with diffused pearly-white borders, followed by a marginal row of dull ochreous-red lunules. Female. Upperside similar to the male. Forewing with the discal pale yellow band broader, the lower subapical spot larger. Hindwing also with broader discal band, the submarginal white spots larger and very prominent, the marginal ochreous lunules also distinct. Body above purpurescent greyish-brown ; collar and front black, with ochreous- white spots; palpi black above, ochreous-white beneath; pectus ochreous-white ; fore femur and tibia purplish-brown, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora blackish, tibiz and tarsi ochreous-white, antennz black ; eyes reddish-brown. Expanse, ¢ 2,4, to 3;%, 9 3;%, to 3, inches. CatrrPILtaR.—Hlongated, slug-shaped, dark-green; head large, wide and sur- mounted by four divergent curved fleshy spinous processes ; anal segment with two short naked terminal points; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white lateral 254 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, stripe, most prominent on the seventh, ninth, and eleventh segments, and beneath these a lower series of small white spots. Curysatis.—Thick, cylindrically oval; green, streaked with white; dorsum and thorax convex ; head broad, truncated, obtusely pointed in front. Hasirat.—Hills N.E. and 8. India; Ceylon; S. Andamans; Burma; Malay Peninsula, ete, , DistRIBUTION WITHIN OUR AREA.—This insect has a wide range. We possess it from Sikkim; specimens are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection from Sikkim, taken by the late Otto Moller in July and October. Mr. G. C, Dudgeon obtained it at Buxain Bhotan. Mr, L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147) says “ this is the commonest species of Charaxes in Sikkim, and found from April to December, from 6000 feet to the level of the Terai.” It is also found in Assam, Silhet, Cachar. Mr. Wood-Mason (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 363) obtained males in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, in June and August. Specimens from the Khasia Hills are in Colonel Swinhoe’s and Mr, P. Crowley’s collections. Mr. J. L. Sherwill took it in the Naga Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are also in Mr. Crow- ley’s collection. Lieut. E. Y. Watson took it during the recent Chin-Lushai Expedi- tion, in the Chin Hills at from 1000 to 2000 feet elevation in May, and at Tilin Yaw in November and February (Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 41). It also occurs at Toungoo, in Upper Tenasserim; Mr. Wood-Mason took it at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, in Tenasserim, According to Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526), “It occurs commonly all the year round throughout the Shan Hills and Karenni.” Specimens from the Karen Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection, From Southern India, we possess it from the Nilgiris, taken by Mr. G. F. Hampson, “ commonly at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888, 355), and from Kanara, taken by the late S. N. Ward; Mr. E. H. Aitken says it “is common enough on the [Western] Ghats, chiefly, I think, from December to March” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 133). The late Dr. Leith obtained it on Matheran, and Col. Swinhoe also took it on Matheran in December (P. Z. 8S. 1885, 130) ; also from Kathlekan, in Mysore, taken by Lieut, E, Y. Watson, in November. In Ceylon it is “taken at Colombo and Kandy; common” (Wade), and according to Mr. F. M. Mackwood’s “ Notes,” it is plentiful about Kandy and similar elevations in the island, DIstTRIBUTION OUTSIDE ouR ArEA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 106) records it from the Malay Peninsula, It has been taken at Chentaboon, in Siam (P. Z. §. 1874, 106). Mr. Snellen (Lep. Mid. Sumatra, 16) records it from Sumatra. From Borneo we possess a male taken at Sarawak, a female taken at Hong Kong, and another female was in the late Mr. J. J. Weir’s collection, both of which were taken by the late Bishop of Hong Kong. Mr. J, J. Walker, R.N., writes me that he has also observed it in Hong Kong. NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 255 It also occurs in the Philippines; a specimen from Mindoro being in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Hasits or Imaco.—* The fastest butterfly I have come across. It is, in common with C. Fabius and 0. Imna,a very foul feeder” (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1890, 286). Mr. E. H. Aitken (J. Bomb. N. H. 8S. 1886, 133) says, “it is very similar in its habits to C. Imna, and almost as difficult to capture. They have a penchant for certain places.” Capt. Wade, in his Ceylon * Notes,” remarks, ‘“‘ Males most frequently found perched high up on Acacia trees; flight, quick and strong ; common,” and Mr. F. M. Mackwood states that they are “ not easily caught, as they rest generally on trees out of reach,” Hasits or Larva.— Mr. Moore’s description (Lep. Ceylon, i. 29) is good, but we have found different specimens to vary very much in the distinctness and colour of the lateral stripes ; they are always present, but sometimes very faint indeed. Another more important point, which seems hitherto to have escaped notice, is that’ the last pair of legs are almost obsolete, and are not used in walking. We found this larva, from June to October, on the ‘ Goolmohr’ (Poinciana regia), the ‘ Khairee’ (Cesalpinia mimosioides), and several other trees. The larva, like those of most wary and strong-winged butterflies, is very shy and cautious in its habits, feeding by night, and remaining motionless all day; but it is much preyed on from the time it leaves the egg, and only a small proportion seem to reach maturity. The pupa is almost oval, smooth, and without irregularities ; in colour, green, with faint white lines, more or less distinct”? (J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 277). In Ceylon, according to the late Dr. Thwaites, the larva feeds upon Cesalpinia. Mr. HE. A. Minchin (Butt. India, ii. 277) says the “larva feeds in South India on Adenanthera pavonica.” FE. Athamas (Variety)—Plate 184, fig. le. Male.—Upperside deep rich indigo- blue black. * Forewing with a small single subapical spot only ; the olivescent-white band on both wings narrower than in typical specimens of Athamas-—being from two-tenths to three-tenths of an inch only in width ; the outer edge of the band on the hindwing is bordered by purplish-blue speckles lunularly disposed between the median veinlets; the marginal series of white spots are also much smaller. Under- side darker, and the markings also richer and darker in colour, and more prominently defined. Hxpanse, 2,% inches. Habitat, Khasia Hills. This variety (or seasonal form) appears to be scarce in collections. I have only seen a few specimens, all males, two being from the Khasia Hills, in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection, others, also from the Khasias, iu Colonel Swinhoe’s collection, and one I possess, from Colonel Taylor’s cabinet, doubtfully taken at Buxa. Mr. de Nicéville probably refers to this form, under C. Avja (Butt. Ind. ii. 278), from Cachar, four males haying been taken by Mr. Wood-Mason, in June and 256 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. August, at Silcuri, also two males from Shillong, taken by Dr. Johnson, a male from Jorehat, taken by Mr. J. L. Sherwill, and a male from Sibsagar, taken by Mr. 8. E. Peal. Of our illustrations of H. Athamas, on Plate 184, fig. 1 is from Mr. S. N. Ward’s drawing of larva reared in Kanara ; fig. lais from the Ceylon larva; fig. 1b, ¢, is from a Sikkim male, and fig. ld, a female from Shillong, Assam. Fig. le is the variety from the Khasia Hills. EULEPIS HAMASTA (Plate 185, figs. 1, la, g 2). Eulepis Hamasta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 238. Charaxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 275 (1886). Ivaco.—Male. Both wings with broad olivescent-yellow discal band, broader than in £. Athamas, the black outer border, consequently, being narrower. Forewing with a quadrate larger lower subapical spot, and a small apical spot. Hindwing with prominent submarginal white lunate spots and ochreous marginal lunules. Underside paler; with the band inwardly-bordering the broad discal band paler olivescent-ochreous, and the outer marginal lunular marks narrower. Female. Upperside with broad discal band. Forewing with large quadrate subapical spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing with very pro- minent yellowish-white submarginal spots, the four upper small and ovate, the lower large and broadly lunate ; the marginal ochreous lunules indistinct, the lowest edged with bluish-grey. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3, ? 3,%, to 3,4 inches. Hasitat.— Western and Eastern Himalayas; C. India. Distripution.—The type specimens were taken by the Rev. J. H. Hocking at ‘“‘Dharmsala, 6200 feet,in March and June” (P. Z. S. 1882, 238). The late Captain R. Bayne Reed records ‘‘ Athamas” in his list of butterflies taken in Kashmir in 1872. Colonel A. M. Lang also obtained it in the Tonse Valley, Gurhwal, at 6000 feet, and Mr. W. Doherty captured it in the “ Sarju, Kali, and Gori Valleys, 2000 to 4000 feet, in Kumaon, in September” (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 124). Males, taken in Sikkim, March, 1887 and 1888, by Mr. O. Moller, are in the collection of Mr. Walter Rothschild, and I possess specimens which were also taken in Sikkim by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens, labelled Buxa, are in Mr. H. Druce’s collection, and a male and female from Deesa, Central India, are in Colonel Swinhoe’s collection. Haxits.—This is ‘fan insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 257 up and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens, 3000 to 5000 feet. It pitches on rocks in mid-streams, and flashes off again if approached. It is not common, and is very difficult to capture; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven individuals sitting with closed wings motionless on a foul spot (by the damp sandy margin of a stream), so close together that I might have put my hat on all of them. Except on that occasion, I have never seen more than one at a time” (Lang, P. Z. S. 1865, 498). Mr. Hocking says, “it is the wildest butterfly that I know. It takes very long flights at a time and returns to the same point. It is very shy” (P. Z. S. 1882, 238). Mr. L. de Nicéville remarks, ‘I took one specimen in October, 1878, at Kotgurh, imbibing moisture on a damp spot near the Komarsen stream. Of all the butterflies I am acquainted with this insect is the swiftest on the wing. I have taken a few small and apparently hybernated specimens on hill tops near Simla in April, and have seen the ordinary sized ones in various places near Simla in the autumn. My Darjeeling specimens are decidedly darker than those taken at this end of the Himalayas. Expanse from 2-2 inches to 2°9 inches” (Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880). Of our illustrations of EH. Hamasta on Plate 185, fig. 1 is from a Sikkim male identical with the type, and fig. la is from the type specimen of the female. EULEPIS AGRARIUS (Plate 185, figs. 2, 2a, gd 2). Charazes Agrarius, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 425, pl. 40, fig. 3, ¢. Charazxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 275 (1886). Twaco.—Male and female. Both wings with the yellow discal band uniformly narrower, the outer edge of the band more irregular, undulated, the portions between the medians being each somewhat incurved. Forewing with a large quadrate lower submarginal spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing with yellowish-white rounded submarginal spots, the upper minute, the lower three large and dento-lunate; marginal ochreous lunules not present in the male, very indistinct in female, the lower bluish-grey streaks only present in male. Underside similar to H. Hamasta, but paler. Expanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2;%, ? 2,8 inches. Habitat.—Hills of Central India ; Eastern Ghats ; ? Chin Hills. DistripuTion.—T he type specimens were taken by Colonel Swinhoe at Mhow in October, at Assighur in October, and at Poona in September. A female from Ganjam, taken by Mr. Minchin, is in Mr. Druce’s collection. Similar specimens (presumably of this species) are in the British Museum collection, and others in my own possession, taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson during the Chin-Lushai Expedition, are labelled “‘ Tilin Yaw, February and March, Chin Hills, May,” except that the yellow band is narrower, and the marginal white spots on hindwing are vou. 1. May 8th, 1895. L 1 258 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of uniform size, there being also a spot present between the costal and subcostal; the underside of these latter specimens have the discal band and lower subapical spot clouded with ochreous-yellow. Of our illustrations of ZH. Agrarius, on Plate 185, figs. 2 and 2a are from the type specimens of the male and female in Colonel Swinhoe’s Collection. EULEPIS ARJA (Plate 186, figs. 1, la, g, 2). Charaxes Arja, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ili. p. 438 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p- 119. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 278 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent bluish-black. Both wings with the discal band olivescent-white. Forewing more obtuse at the apex, with the band broader at its anterior end and of more equal width than in H. Athamas ; the lower subapical spot more ovate, the other minute or absent. Hindwing with the discal band also broader and less sharply defined than in E. Athamas, its outer edge posteriorly blue speckled, and the submarginal white spots somewhat larger, lunular, and very prominent. Underside similarly marked to H. Athamas. Female. Upperside with the discal band olivescent-white, more uniformly broader than in HZ. Athamas, the lower subapical spot larger, the upper very small. Hindwing with the discal band also broader, and the submarginal white lunulate spots very prominent. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 2,5, to 3;%,% 3,79 to 3; inches. Hanitat.—Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma. Distrisution.—Confined to the north-eastern portion of India and Burma. Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. II. 278) records it from ‘‘ Sikkim (where it is less common than ZH. Athamas), Sylhet, Jorehat, Sibsagar, Chittagong, and Upper Tenasserim.” We have verified specimens with Felder’s type, from the following localities, namely, Sikkim, taken in March and October by Mr. Otto Moller, now in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection; Buxa, Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon; Khasia Hills, in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s and my own collection; Shillong, Assam, Lushai Hills, and Karen Hills, in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Tilin Yaw, Burma, taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson in November and December (J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1891, 42) ; Toungoo, Rangoon, in May, and Malawoon, Tenasserim, taken by Signor Leonardo Fea in August, in our own collection. Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526) says it is “ quite as common as FH, Athamas in the Shan States, and is found in the same localities.”’ E. Arja (Variety) Plate 186, fig. 1, b, c. Male and female. Upperside differs from typical Avja in the forewing being comparatively more triangular ; both wings, for their size, have a somewhat broader NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 259 olivescent-white discal band, and narrower outer black border. Forewing with an elongated quadrate lower subapical spot and two small apical spots. Hindwing with a prominent series of white lunular spots. Underside with the marginal ground colour paler than in typical Avja; the subbasal and marginal markings less defined. Described from a male and female, from Toungoo, in our own collection. Expanse, ¢ 2,5, ? 2,8, inches. Hasirat.—Burma. Of our illustrations of H. Arja on Plate 186, Fig. 1 is from a Khasia Hill male identical with Felder’s type specimen, fig. lathatof a female. Figs. 1, b, c, represent the Burmese variety, male and female, in our own collection. EULEPIS JALYSUS (Plate 187, figs. 1, la, ¢). Charaxes Jalysus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 438, pl. 59, fig. 5, (1866). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1877, p. 539. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 4,9 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., p. 278 (1886). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 284. Charaxes Moori, apud Adamson, Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 20 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing witha purpurescent- blackish band extending from base of the costa, including the apex above and beyond the middle of the median veinlet, from which it descends narrowly to the posterior angle; base of the wing and the cell area speckled with darker olivescent scales ; before the apex is a rather large pale spot of the ground colour. Hindwing with a submarginal row of broad purplish-black, continuous, lunular spots, each of which bears a slender white lunule, the whole series being inwardly bordered with olivescent-grey, and outwardly by a marginal row of ochreous lunules, the extreme marginal edge and cilia being black. Underside with the costal border, the base and outer border of both wings, pale purplish-brown, palest on the hindwing; a dark purplish-red narrow band inwardly bordering the broad pale olivescent discal area, from the pale subapical spot on forewing to above the anal angle, this band being edged by a broken black line on its basal portion of each wing and above the anal angle; along the exterior border of the discal area, on both wings, is a submarginal series of black-edged lunules, those on the forewing being narrow on a pearly-white ground, and those on the hindwing broader, deep red, traversed by a slender pearly-white sinuous line, and bordered inwardly by red and outwardly by diffused pearly-white and a row of small black dots ; the margin being bordered by ochreous lunules. Female. Upperside similar to the male, except that the olivescent-yellow discal area is somewhat broader, and the marginal band on the hindwing is entire through- out, not composed of conjoined spots, and on the underside the submarginal deep red lunules are less angular. Thorax greyish-brown; abdomen olivescent; palpi 112 260 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. above brown ; collar and vertex with white spots; palpi below and pectus white ; forelegs blackish, fore tarsi white; middle and hind femora blackish, tibize whitish ; antenne black. Expanse, ¢ 3 to 33, ? 33 inches. Hasirat.—Burma ; Malay Peninsula. DisrriBoTion.—Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 20) records (under OC. Moor), ‘one specimen taken at Poonkan, Tenasserim, in August.” This specimen we have verified as being true Jalysus. Two specimens are recorded as having been taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Karen Hills (P. Z.S. 1891, 284). Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 109) says “‘ this species appears to be moderately rare in Province Wellesley, one specimen only being captured by myself. It is, however, not uncommon in Malacca.” EULEPIS MOORI (Plate 187, figs. 2, 2a, J, 9). Charaxes Moori, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 3, g (1883). Imaco.—Nearest allied to H. Kaba. Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from E. Kaba in the pale olivescent-yellow discal area being narrower, the basal area and the outer black border, consequently, being broader ; the entire cell and basal area is also much darker. Hindwing with the marginal black spots disposed in a con- joined series, the three large anterior portions forming one continuous piece. Under- side similar to H. Kaba; the olivescent discal area being narrower. Female. Similar to the same sex of H. Hebe. Upperside. Forewing with the pale olivescent discal area broader than in either Malacca or Sumatran female Hebe, being more like that in Jalysus, the curve from the base being more regular, and the lower portion of the black outer border more undulated. Hindwing with the marginal spots smaller throughout the series than in Hebe. Underside similar to Hebe, but having the pale olivescent discal area of both wings very much broader, this area being quite as broad as in Jalysus. Expanse, ¢ 2%, ? 3} inches. Hasrtat.—Naga Hills ; Burma; Malay Peninsula. Disrripution.—A specimen of the male, from the Naga Hills, taken by Mr. J. L. Sherwill, is in the collection of Mr. Philip Crowley ; and one also in that of Mr. W. Rothschild ; a male from Moulmein is in the British Museum; a female, also from Burma, is in the Hewitsonian collection. Mr. Distant’s type specimen was taken in the Malay Peninsula. Of our illustrations of H. Moori, on Plate 187, fig. 2, 2a is from a Naga Hill male in Mr. Crowley’s collection, and fig. 2b is from a Burmese female in the Hewitsonian collection. NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 261 EULEPIS SCHREIBERI (Plate 188, figs. 1, la, f 9). Nymphalis Schreiberi, Godart, Encyclop. Meth. ix., Suppl. p. 825 (1828). Paphia Schreiberi, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. pl. vi., figs. 3, 3a, 2 (1829) Charaxes Schreiberi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 633. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 104, pl. xiii. fig. 2, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 274,| Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings bluish-black, the basal third palest and most tinged with blue. Forewing crossed by an erect medial bluish-white band, which commences anteriorly in the interspace between the lower radial and upper median veinlet, and sinuously widens out externally to the posterior margin ; between the upper and lower radials is a moderate-sized somewhat quadrate white spot, situated exteriorly beyond the medial band, and a smaller similar spot near the apex between the upper radial and lower subcostal ; both of these spots being sometimes obsolescent, or the subapical spot absent; the medial band is more or less thickly bordered posteriorly along both sides with smalt-blue scales. Hindwing with a similar medial white band decreasing evenly from the costa to the lower median veinlet, its posterior borders being also externally bordered with smalt-blue scales, the outer portion broader and sinuously ; a submarginal row of small white lunules, and a marginal series of indistinct ochreous lunules with intervening blue-speckled shorter streaks, except on the two tails, where the blue streaks are longer ; abdominal border broadly dusky greyish-brown. Underside dull nacreous pinkish-white, the outer borders suffused with olive-brown ; the medial white band and apical spots bluish-tinted on the forewing, but the band pure white on the hindwing. Forewing with the medial band inwardly-bordered by a transverse dark olive-brown band with sharply-defined black borders inwardly-edged with smalt-blue, this latter band extending from the costal vein to beneath the lower median veinlet; bordering the black-edged outside of the medial band is a curved series of slender brown-edged lunulate marks, the lowest mark more or less merged in a large blue-black patch ; between the upper end of the medial white band and the outer lunules is a carmine patch, and above this patch is a slender black streak; two small black superposed spots near base of the cell. Hindwing with the medial band similarly inwardly bordered by a black-edged olive-brown band, the inner line of which ends above the anal angle, and outwardly bordered by a series of deep carmine lunules; the extreme outer margin of the wing bearing blue-edged ochreous-red lunules and blue intervening streaks. Female. Upperside resembling the male, but with the medial white band broader, and on the forewing there are two superposed quadrate white spots (the upper one sometimes small) beyond the medial band, as well as the smaller sub- apical spot. On the hindwing the submarginal slender white lunules are larger and longer, and the marginal ochreous-red lunules very prominent. Underside 262 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. marked as in the male. Body bluish-black above, ochreous beneath; collar and vertex white spotted; palpi black above; palpi beneath and pectus white; fore femora and tibiz black, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora black, with the tibize and tarsi dull ochreous-white, the tarsi with black bands. Antenne black; eyes reddish-brown. Expanse, d 23 to 34, ? 3} to 4 inches. Hasrrat.—Assam ; Naga Hills; Arakan, Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc. Distrisution.—This is a very rare butterfly. Colonel Swinhoe has a male from Cherra Punji. A male and female from Shillong, Assam, and a male from the Naga Hills is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Mr. L. de Nicéville records it from Jorehat, in Assam; Major C. H. E. Adamson took two females in Arakan in November. Mr. W. Doherty obtained a tattered male in Toungoo (P. Z. 8. 1891, 283). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant Rhop. Malay. p. 104), Batavia (Snellen), Java (Horsfield), Billiton (Godman and Salvin), Labuan (British Museum), and Borneo (Distant). Of our illustrations of H. Schreiberi on Plate 188, fig. 1 is from the Naga Hill male, and fig. la from a Shillong female. EULEPIS WARDII (Plate 188, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ ; et larva and pupa). Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to E. Schreiberi. Forewing differing in the medial white band extending up to the lower subcostal veinlet, the upper end having two additional portions, placed in a linear series with the others, the band itself being also comparatively narrower and of a more uniform width, and the subapical spots being absent. Hindwing similar to Schreiberi. Underside differs in the medial white band of the forewing being of uniform width and having the two additional portions at the upper end, the carmine patch absent, and the lunular marks disposed in a less curved series, otherwise similarly marked as in Schreiberi, Expanse, ¢ 32 to 3% inches. Aporr Carmrrittar.—Slug-shaped; dark green and pale dotted above, pale beneath, and with a yellowish saddle-like dorsal band on anterior part of seventh segment; head with four incurved, red, tuberculated processes ; anal segment with two, short, conical pointed processes. Curysatis.—Short, thick, cylindrically-ovate; green; smooth; dorsum much arched; head truncated, pointed in front. Hasrtat.—S. India. Disrrisution.—The late Mr. 8. N. Ward reared a male from larva found at Calicut, in August, 1853. Dr. Jerdon obtained a specimen at Anjirucady, near Tellicherry. Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. India, 275) records a single male taken in the Wynaad by Mr. Rhodes Morgan; and that Mr. Harold Ferguson obtained a broken NYMPHALINA. (Group CHARAXINA.) 263 specimen in Trayancore—probably a female—having the discal band twice as broad as in the Wynaad example, and with the two upper spots joined to it and very large. ‘‘ Mr. Imray also has taken it on the plateau of Pirmerd, at an elevation of 3700 feet, in Travancore” (Journ. Bombay N. H.8. 1891, 10). Colonel C. Swinhoe has two males taken at Karwar, in Bombay, in September and October, by Mr. E. H. Aitken. Of our illustrations of H. Wardii on Plate 188, fig. 2, 2a is from a Karwar male im Colonel Swinhoe’s collection. Fig. 2b is from the drawing of the larva and pupa made by Mr. Ward at Calicut. Inpo-Matayan Sprcrus or Euturis.—Z. Attalus (Charaxes Attalus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 488 (1867). Syn. C. Fruhstorferi et C. Phrixus, Rober, Ent. Nachr., 1895, pp. 63, 64. Habitat. Java.—H. Hebe (Char. Hebe, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634, pl. 37, fig. 3). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 107, pl. 15, fig. 2, 3 (1883). Syn. C. Albanus, Rober, lc. p. 66. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.—H. Ganymedes, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 173 (1888). Habitat. Borneo.—H. Smerdis (Char. Smerdis, Felder MS.) Syn. Jasia Athama, Swainson, Zool. Ilust. 2nd ser., pl. 90 (1833). C. Fallax et Javanus, Rober, l.c. pp. 66, 298. Habitat. Sumatra, Java.—EH. Kaba (Char. Kaba, Khiel, Rhop. Nias, p. 27, pl. 3, fig. 19 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—H. Heracles (C. Heracles, Rober, lc. p. 292). Habitat. Borneo.—£. Niasica (Char. Niasica, Butler, Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 56). Allied to H. Schreiberi. Habitat. Nias Island—H#. Kadenii (Char. Kadenii, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. IV. p. 232, pl. 3, fig. 2 (1860). Habitat. Java. Genus MURWAREDA. Charaxes (part) anctorum. Wings comparatively broader than in Hulepis. Forewing more regularly triangular, costa less arched, apex more pointed, exterior margin more even; third subcostal branch emitted nearer end of the cell, fourth and fifth emitted nearer to base of third, and consequently much nearer to end of the cell; the cell shorter and wider. Hindwing more convex externally ; cell broader; middle median veinlet emitted near to base of lower branch; tails more elongated. Antennal club longer; palpi stouter and more laxly clothed above; fore femur and tibia of male longer , fore tarsus of female much stouter. Typx.—M. Dolon. MURWARDA DOLON (Plate 189, figs. 1, la, 3). Charazes Dolon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 55, pl. 27, figs. 2,3 (1848). Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 272, pl. 22, fig. 100, (1886), Haridra Dolon, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 306. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with 264 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the costa, a streak at end of the cell, and the apical border broadly decreasing to the posterior angle, purpurescent-black ; the outer border traversed by a submarginal row of pale olivescent-yellow decreasing spots. Hindwing with a submarginal narrow band composed of bluish-white lunular spots, each surrounded by black and inwardly-traversed by a slender bluish-white line; the extreme marginal edge, including the two slender tails and the ends of the veins, black, diffused inwardly with bluish-grey. Body dark purpurescent-brown; palpi brown above, white beneath ; vertex and collar white-spotted ; forelegs brown, fore tarsus white ; middle and hind femora brown above, white beneath, tibiz and tarsi white; antenne black ; eyes reddish. Underside. Both wings pearly-white; the costa of forewing to near the tip, a narrow recurved subbasal band, an excurved submarginal band, and an extreme marginal band olivescent brownish-ochreous, brightest on the hindwing ; the subbasal band anteriorly-edged with a slender black broken line, the sub- marginal band outwardly edged on the forewing by a broken black lunular line, and on the hindwing traversed by a row of narrow black-edged lunules, followed by an outer row of small black spots. Expanse, 3} to 3 inches. Hasirar.—Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam. Distrisution.—In Butt. Ind. ii. 273 Mr. de Nicéville records “two specimens taken in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham Young.” The late General G. Ramsay took it in Nepal. According to Mr. de Nicéville this species is “‘ apparently single-brooded, and in Sikkim occurs at low elevations only in April and May. I have only seen one female of this species, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon in Bhotan on 2nd May, 1892” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs in Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, and Upper Tenasserim. Mr. Tucker, of the Rangoon Police, took it at Tavoy in December, and Capt. Bingham in Thoungyeen Vailey in February. It is also found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, MURWAREDA EUDAMIPPUS (Plate 189, fics. 2, 2a ¢). Charaxes Eudamippus, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p. 218, pl. 8. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 273 (1886). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Both wings pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with the costa including more or less the upper-half of the cell, and a broad bar at its end, the apex widely and the outer margin broadly, deep purpurescent- black ; also a short continuous black streak below the base of the upper median veinlet enclosing a quadrate pale yellow spot beyond the cell; following which are two superposed pale yellow subquadrate spots, a transverse submarginal series of spots, the three upper of which are obconical and the four lower decreasingly NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 265 lunular, the last being bluish-tinted and extending to the posterior angle, and then a marginal series of dentate smaller-sized spots. Hindwing with a submarginal series of seven decreasing white spots, of which the upper are more or less angularly- conical, and the lower lunular; each of these spots is surrounded by a blue-black border, and each with a pale grey inner-bordering lunule, which is again inwardly- edged more or less by a black line; the extreme outer margin of the wing, including the long, narrrow tail at the end of the lower and upper median veinlet, is inwardly-suffused with blue. Underside. Both wings pearly-white. Forewing with two superposed black spots within the cell ; a short transverse subbasal narrow olivescent-ochreous black-edged band; a transverse submarginal straight narrow olivescent-ochreous band, which is outwardly-edged with a short black incurved line between the veins, the lowest being lunular; followed by a plain marginal olivescent-ochreous band. Hindwing with a transverse narrow slightly-incurved subbasal bright olivescent-ochreous band, which is anteriorly-edged on both sides by an interrupted black line; beyond is a submarginal row of black-edged narrow bluish- grey lunules, inwardly-bordered by a narrow olivescent-ochreous band, and outwardly by a row of black dots, followed by a marginal olivescent-ochreous band, which latter, with the tails, is outwardly edged with bluish-grey; a short black streak on the abdominal margin above the lower submarginal lunule. Thorax and abdomen olivescent-yellow, the middle of the thorax tinged with grey ; collar, head, palpi, and sides of thorax beneath brown; vertex and sides white spotted ; palpi beneath white; pectus, hind part of thorax beneath and abdomen beneath white; fore femora and tibiz brown, tarsi white; middle and hind femora brown above, tibize and tarsi white ; middle and hind tarsi with brown bands; eyes reddish; antennz black. Expanse, d 3% to 4, 2 44 to 42 inches. Hapirat.—H. Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim. Distripution.—The female of this butterfly is extremely rare. I have seen but two specimens, one being in the Hewitson collection, and the other in Mr. W. Rothschild’s, the latter from Sikkim, taken in July by the late Otto Méller. Males are common in all collections. Mr. W. Doherty (J. As. Soc. Beng., 1886, 124) records observing it at Jhulaghat, on the Kali,in Kumaon. We possess specimens from Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan, and Assam. Mr. de Nicéville records it from Sibsagar, in Upper Assam. ‘‘ A much commoner species in Sikkim in the spring than H. Dolon. Found at low elevations only. It occurs from April to August, according to Mr. O. Méller”’ (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs inthe Naga Hills, Upper Burma. It was taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., on the Upper Makong, Shan States. It occurs also in Upper Tenasserim and Tayoy. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List Burm. Butt., p. 20) ‘ took it in Tenasserim and Bhamo in April and August, about decaying VOL. IT. Mm 266 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. refuse on the banks of streams.” Lieut: E. Y. Watson obtained two specimens at Tilin in February (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 41). MURWAREDA DELPHIS (Plate 190, Figs. 1, la ¢). Charaxes Delphis, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p. 217, pl. 7. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 635. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 105, pl. 15, fig. 1., d (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 272 (1886). Charaxes Concha, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. iv. p. 162, pl. 10, figs, 1-3 (1861). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with the base of the costa slightly infuscated ; an indistinct slender black streak on upper end of the discocellulars ; the whole apical border broadly purpurescent-black ; the inner edge of the black border irregularly sinuous, commencing on the costa beyond the cell, curving outward and rapidly decreasing to a narrow lunule above end of the submedian vein; below the apex is an oblique more-or-less lunate white spot. Hindwing with a submarginal row of narrow greenish lunules, the three upper of which are disconnected, and with thickly black-spotted edges, the lower lunules being paler, connected, their ends extending to the point of the veins are but slightly black speckled, and show a slender white inner streak. Body pale olivescent-yellow ; thorax above tinged with grey ; collar, head and palpi above dark brown; vertex and sides of collar white spotted ; palpi beneath white; legs above blackish; white beneath; fore tarsi white; antennze black; eyes reddish. Underside olivescent pearly white. Forewing with two (occasionally only one) small, superposed, and a larger broken upper black spot within the cell ; a lunate black-edged bluish-centred lunule and a slender contiguous streak in front at end of the cell, below which is a larger bluish-centred black-edged round spot between the middle and lower medians, beyond which are two short slender excurved subapical black streaks below the subcostal, followed by a submarginal row of slender bluish-grey speckled lunules, and a parallel row of small rich ochreous dentate spots. Hindwing with a large blue-centred black-edged round spot on middle of the costa, a similar small spot below it, but which latter is sometimes absent ; a slender black-edged lunate mark at end of the cell, and lower slender black streaks extending to above the analangle ; followed by a submarginal row of bluish-grey lunules, a parallel row of dark rich ochreous spots, and an outer reversed-lunulate pale ochreous fascia, beyond which another row of bluish-grey narrow lunules, and then a marginal row of broader pale ochreous lunate spots. Expanse, 3} to 4 inches. Hasirat.—Assam ; Cachar; Sylhet; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc. Distriputiox.—Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 426) records a single male in August from Tavoy. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 20) took it at ‘‘ Tavoy and Hpapoon in October and November ; but was rare.” Mr. A. R. H. NYMPHALINZ. (Group OHARAXINA.) 267 Tucker also recently took it in Tavoy. ‘‘ Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained a male on the Donat range in January, and another in the Thoungyeen forests towards the end of the year, and there are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sylhet and Moulmain” (Butt. Ind. II., 272). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Labuan, Borneo. Cuinese Species or Murwarepa.—M. Nepenthes (Char. Nepenthes, Grose Smith, Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 58; id. Rhop. Exot. Char. pl. 2, figs. 3,4. Habitat. Siam. —NM. Rothschildi (Char. Rothschildi, Leech, Lep. China, etc., p. 128, pl. 14, fig. 3, g (1891). Syn. Char. Ganymedes, Leech, Entom. Suppl. p. 80 (1891). Habitat. W. China.—M. Narceus (Nymph. Narceeus, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. I., Nymph. pl. 1, fig.1,4(1854). Habitat. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.). Japan.— M. Mandarinus (Char. Mandarinus Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. III. p. 437 (1867). Habitat. Shanghai. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.).—M. Tibetanus (Char. Tibetanus, Oberthur, Etud. Entom. XV., p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1891). Habitat. KE. Tibet.—M. Menedemus (Char. Menedemus, Oberthur, Etud., Entom. XV., p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 9 (1891). Habitat. W. China.—WM. Posidonius (Char. Posidonius, Leech, Entom. Suppl., p. 30 (1891); id. Lep. China, etc., p. 127, pl. 14, fig. 4 3. Syn. Char. Clitiphon, Oberthur, Etud. Entom. XY., p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 11. Habitat. W. China. Genus HELCYRA. Helcyra, Felder, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xl. p. 450 (1860). Neues Lep. pp. 37, 44 (1861). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 45 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, almost even, posterior angle rounded ; subcostal vein five branched, first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before upper end of the cell, second at a short distance beyond the end, third at fully half beyond the end, fourth and fifth at fully half between the third and the apex; upper discocellular very short, slightly bent close to subcostal ; the two radials from the angle; cell open; median veinlets wide apart; submedian vein straight. Hindwing triangularly-ovate; base of anterior margin much arched; apex rather pointed, exterior margin convex posteriorly, sinuous ; precostal vein curved outward; subcostals and radial emitted together ‘from upper end of the cell; the cell open. ‘Body robust, thorax hairy ; palpi obliquely porrect, compactly scaled, second joint hairy above, apex pointed ; fore legs of the male hairy ; middle and hind legs scaley; fore legs of the female smooth, fore- tarsus slightly thickened beneath at the apex, the apical joints each with a terminal short spine on each side ; eyes naked; antennz rather long, slender, with a short thick ovate club, which is finely tricarinated on its inner side. Type.—H, Chionippe. Mm 2 268 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. HELCYRA HEMINA (Plate 190, figs. 2, 2a 2). Helcyra Hemina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1864, p. 245, pl. 15, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 45, pl. xix. fig. 85, g (1886). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent pearly-white. Forewing with a broad purpurescent-black decreasing apical band, the inner edge of which is very irregular and its lower end fromthe middle median narrow, marked by a slight white lunular streak above the posterior angle; obliquely across the band before the apex are two white spots; two obliquely-superposed black spots at end of the cell, the upper spot small; and between the lower median veinlet and submedian vein is another black spot near the angle. Hindwing with a submarginal series of eight smaller black spots, placed in eschelon, three being inwardly disposed anteriorly, two in the middle, and the subanal, followed by a narrow black marginal lunular line and a slender anteciliar line. Underside glossy pearly-white. Both wings with the markings of the upperside indistinctly visible and bluish-tinted. Forewing also with a very slightly-defined slender black sinuous line extending from middle of the lower radial to the middle median veinlet. Hindwing also with a very slender black sinuous discal line placed before the transverse spots of the upperside, these spots being bluish- tinted, and the third subanal spot being bright yellow with blue and black scaled tip. Body white; front of thorax and head grey; palpi above dark brown; antenne black above, ochreous beneath; legs white; eyes red. Expanse, 2} to 3 inches. Hasrrar.—Sikkim ; Khasia and Naga Hills ; Upper Burma. DistripuTion.—This beautiful species is rare. Mr. Otto Moller took males in Sikkim in April, May, and September, and a single female at Singla, near Darjiling, 1300 feet, in October, 1884. A male from the Naga Hills is in the British Museum, Calcutta (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 45). “A very rare butterfly, which occurs singly in Sikkim during the summer. It is less rare in the Daling division of Darjiling, where it occurs at 4000 feet. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon once took a specimen himself at 3000 feet in Darjiling, and found that it flies very swiftly, which may help to account for its scarcity in collections ” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134). Specimens from the Khasia Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. ‘“ Mr. W. Doherty obtained a male in the Naga Hills, and four at the Ruby Mine district, north of Mandalay, Burma, in June” (P. Z. 8., 1891, 273). CHINESE AND Matayan Hetoyras. Helcyra superba, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 189; Lep. China, ete. p. 152, pl. xx. fig. 2 (1891). Habitat. W. China. Helcyra sp.? (Qf. Snellen, Tijd. vy. Entom. 1894, p. 78). Habitat. Java (Coll. Mus. Leyden). Heleyra chionippe, Felder, Sitzb, Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1860, p. 450 ; Neues, Lep. p. 46, pl. 1 (1861), Habitat. Amboina, INDEX OF Adolias Euthymius, Dbleday. 198. imona, Hewits. 173, 212. Amathusia, Hewits. 212. Lena, Atkinson, 215, Pealii, W. Mason, 214. Agapertss, Billberg, 15. Cleanthe, 16. Galathea, 16. Halimede, Menétr. 16. meridionalis, Feld. 16. montana, Leech, 16. Ageronide, Dbleday. 219. AarustA, Moore, 144, 169. Andersonii, Moore, 169. Esaca, Westw. 169. Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169. Amaruustia, Fabr. 173, 178. Amythaon, Dbleday. 176. Aureliana, Honrath, 178. Aurelius, Cram. 178. dilucida, Honrath, 178. insularis, Doherty, 178. ochraceofusca, Honrath, 182. Ottomana, Butler, 178. Perakana, Honrath, 179. Phidippus, Linn. 179. Pollicaris, Butler, 182. Porthaon, Feld. 178. Portheus, Felder, 176. Pylaon, Feld. 178. Schonbergit, Honrath, 182. virgata, Butler, 182. Westwoodi, Butler, 176. AmatTuusiunz, Moore, 170. Amatuouxinis, Stgr. 172, 176. Amythaon, Déleday. 176. dilucida, Honrath, 178. insularis, Doherty, 178. Ottomana, Butler, 178. Philippina, Moore, 178. GENERA AND VOL. EE Amatuuxip1a Porthaon, Feld, 178. Pylaon, Felder, 178. Amaxidia, Stgr. 178. Aureliana, Honrath, 178. Aurelius, Cram, 178. AMEOERA, Butler, 12. Baldiva, 12, 18. Cashmirensis, Moore, 12. Climene, Fabr. 12. Eversmanni, F. v, W. 13. mceroides, Felder, 9. Merula, Felder, 8. Megera, 12. Menava, Moore, 9. Schakra, Kollar, 7. Apaturide, Stgr. 219. Apaturides, Boisd. 219. Arge, Hiibner, 15. Argynnide, Dup. 219. Argynnides, Kirby, 219. Argynnidi, Steph. 219. ArGynninA, Moore, 227. Avtocera, Butler, 26. Brahminoides, Moore, 29. Brahminus, Blanch. 27, 33. Chumbica, Moore, 30. Loha, Doherty, 30. Padma, Kollar, 32. Saraswati, Kollar, 35. Scylla, Butler, 28. Swaha, Kollar, 33. Weranga, Lang, 27. Biblides, Boisd. 219, Biblis undularis, Godart, 145. leucocyma, Godart, 155. Brassoline, 172. Bruasa, Moore, 144, 164. Abrisa, Distant, 165. Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165, Chelensis, de Wicéville, 164. SPECIES. Bruasa Konga, Grose Smith, 165. Mehida, Hewits. 165. Penanga, Westw. 165. Sumatrana, Wallace, 165. Caligo, 172. Amphimedon, 172. Calinaga, Moore, 220. Catinaainz, Moore, 220, CaLLeREsBiA, Butler, 96. albipunctata, Leech, 103. Annada, Moore, 97. Cashapa, Moore, 100. Daksha, Moore, 102. Delavoyi, Oberth. 103. hybrida, Butler, 98. intermedia, Moore, 100. modesta, Moore, 102. Nada, Moore, 98. Nirmala, Moore, 100. ophthalmica, Stgr. 96. Orixa, Moore, 96. Polyphemus, Oberth. 103. pratorum, Oberth. 103. ruricola, Leech, 103. rurigena, Leech, 103. saxicola, Oberth. 103. Scanda, Kollar, 101. Sylvicola, Oberth. 103. Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. Cuaraxts, Ochs. 229, 248. Agna, Moore, 237. Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257. albanus, Rober, 263. Amycus, Felder, 248. Antonius, Semper, 248. Aristogiton, Felder, 236. Arja, Felder, 258. Athamas, Drury, 252. Attalus, Felder, 263. Bajula, Stgr. 248. 270 Cuaraxes Baya, Moore, 248. Bernardus, Fabr. 246. Bernardus, Kollar, 240. Bharata, Felder, 253. Borneensis, Butler, 237, 247. Bupalus, Stgr. 247. Clitiphon, Oberth. 267. Concha, Vollenh. 265. Corax, Felder, 238. Delphis, Dbleday. 265. Desa, Moore, 235. Distanti, Honrath, 247. Dolon, Westw. 263. Durnfordii, Distant, 248. Echo, Butler, 252. Endamippus, Dbdleday. 264. Everetti, Rothschild, 248. Fabius, abr. 249, Fallax, Rober, 263. Fruhstorferi, Rober, 263. Ganymedes, Leech, 267. Ganymedes, Stgr. 263. Georgius, Stgr. 248. Hamasta, Moore, 256. Harmodius, Felder, 247. Harpagon, Stgr. 247. Harpaz, Felder, 237. Hebe, Butler, 263. Hemana, Butler, 240. Heracles, Rober, 263. Hieraz, Felder, 239, 242. Hindia, Butler, 231, 244. Hipponaz, Felder, 239, 248. Imna, Butler, 231. Jalinder, Butler, 243. Jalysus, Felder, 259. Javanus, Rober, 263. Kaba, Khiel, 263. Kadenii, Felder, 263. Khasianus, Butler, 245. Khimalara, Butler, 242, 244. Lampedo, Hiibn. 252. Lunawara, Butler, 233, 248. Mandarinus, Feld. 267. Marmaz, Westw. 233. Menedemus, Oberth, 267. Moori, Distant, 260. Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267. Niasica, Butler, 263. Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246, INDEX. Cuaraxes Phrizus, Rober, 263. Plateni, Stgr. 248. Pleistoanaz, Felder, 244, 245. Polyxena, Cram. 247. Posidonius, Leech, 267. Psaphon, Westw. 230. Rothschildii, Leech, 267. Samatha, Moore, 253. Schreiberi, Godt. 261. Scylax, Felder, 247. Smerdis, Felder, 263. Staudingeri, Rothschild, 248. Tibetanus, Oberth. 267. Watti, Butler, 239. Zephyrus, Butler, 252. Charazide, Doherty, 220, 228. CuaARAXINA, Moore, 224, 228. Cuazara, Moore, 21. Briseis, 21. Heidenreichi, 22. Shandura, Marshall, 21. Chionobas pumilus, Felder, 37. Cuonata, Moore, 14. episcopalis, Oberth. 15. Masoni, Elwes, 15. preusta, Leech, 15. Cuortosius, Guénee, 51. Ccenonympha, Jveld. 54, Goolmurga, Lang, 56. Maiza, Lang, 55. Neoza, Lang, 54. pavonica, Alph. 57. pulehra, Feld. 52. Sinica, Alph. 57. Cierome, Westw. 178, 206. Brope, Leech, 209. Amathusia, Hewits. 212. Arcesilaus, Fubr. 207. Assama, Westw. 208. Besa, Hewits. 209. Eumeus, Drury, 209. gracilis, Butler, 209. Kirata, de Nicéville, 209. Kleis, Semper, 209. Leucis, Felder, 209. lurida, Felder, 209. Phaon, Erichs. 209. Plateni, Stgr. 209. Sappho, Semper, 209. Stomphaz, Westw. 209. Caenonympha, Hiibn. 51. pavonica, Alph. 57. Creseta, Moore, 11. Deidamia, Eversm. 11, erebina, Butler, 11. Menétriesii, Brem. 11. Cyllo, Boisd. 117. Aswa, Moore, 128. Duryodana, Feld. 135, tristis, Felder, 128. Cytioceyzs, Butler, 137. Janetx, de Nicéville, 139. Suradeva, Moore, 138. Datuacua, Moore, 58, 94. Hyagriva, Moore, 58, 95. Debis Masoni, Elwes, 15. Discopuora, Boisd. 173, 187. Andamanensis, Stgr. 188. Bambuse, Felder, 198. Celebensis, Holland, 197. Celinde, Distant, 188. Celinde, Stoll, 196. Cheops, Felder, 197. Continentalis, Stgr. 188. Dis, de Nicéville, 197. indica, Stgr. 192. lepida, Moore, 190. Menetho, Semper, 198, Necho, Felder, 197. Ogina, Godart, 197. Philippina, Moore, 198. Semperi, Moore, 198. simplex, Stgr. 198. Sondaica, Boisd. 198. spiloptera, de Nicéville, 195. Timora, Dbleday. 197. Tullia, Cram. 197. Tullia, Moore, 192. Zal, Semper, 198. Zal, Westw. 191. Doxocopa Epalias, Hibner, 247. Drusilla, Swains. 212. Horsfieldii, Swains, 212. Dryades, Hiibner, 220. Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154. Patna, Butler, 162. Pealii, de Nicéville, 157. Singala, de Nicéville, 156. Vasudeva, Butler, 166, Elymniade, Doherty, 141. Elymniades, Butler, 141. Exymntas, Hiibner, 144. Abrisa, Distant, 165. Albofasciata, Stgr. 156. Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165. Borneensis, Wallace, 168, Casiphone, Hiibn. 163. Caudata, Butler, 150, Ceryx, Boisd. 163. Chelensis, de Nicéville, 164, Congruens, Semper, 155. Cottonis, Hewits. 151. Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154. Dara, Distant, 156. discrepans, Distant, 155. dolorosa, Butler, 152. Dusara, Horsf. 155. Enganica, Doherty, 156. Esaca, Westw. 169. Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169. fraterna, Butler, 149. Godferyi, Distant, 168. Hainana, Moore, 155. Harterti, Honrath, 163. Hecata, Butler, 155. Jynx, Hiibn. 105, Konga, Grose Smith, 165. Kumara, Moore, 163. Kunstleri, Honrath, 161. Lais, Cram. 163. leucocyma, Boisd. 159. leucocyma, Godart, 155, 159. lutescens, Butler, 155. malelas, Hewits. 159. Mehida, Hewits. 165. mimus, W. Mason, 152. nigrescens, Butler, 155. obnubila, de Wicéville, 153. Panthera, Fabr. 155, Patna, Westw. 162. Pealii, W. Mason, 157. Penanga, Westw. 165. Protogenia, Cram. 155. Saueri, Distant, 161. Singala, Moore, 156. Sumatrana, Wallace, 165. Thycana, Wallace, 166. Timandra, Wallace, 158. tinetoria, Moore, 148. undularis, Drury, 145. INDEX. Exymnias Vasudeva, Moore, 166. Elymniina, H. Scheetfer, 141. Exrymnun, Kirby, 141. Entsre, Dbleday. 173, 198, Cyecnus, Westw. 201. Euthymius, Dbleday. 198. lepida, Moore, 190. lunatus, Leech, 262. sylhetensis, Stgr. 200. tessellata, Moore, 200, Epinephila, Stephens, 44. E/pinephele, Hiibner, 44. Cheena, Moore, 50. cenonympha, Feld. 54. Davendra, Moore, 45. Goolmurga, Lang, 56. interposita, Hirsch, 49. Maiza, Lang, 55. Narica, Butler, 48. Neoza, Lang, 53. pulchella, Feld. 54. pulchra, Feld, 52. Roxane, Feld. 45. Sinica, Alph. 57. Erebia Cyclopius, Eversm. 106. Herse, Leech, 106. Jordana, Stgr. 106. Kalinda, Moore, 104. Mani, de Nicéville, 106. Maracandica, Ersch. 106. Megalomma, Butler, 106. Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106. saxicola, Oberth. 103. shallada, Lang, 105. Eribea, Hibn. 248. Erites, Westw. 113. argentina, Butler, 113. angularis, Moore, 115. Beelinga, Moore, 114. elegans, Butler, 117. Salcipennis, W. Mason, 116. Madura, Horsf. 117. ochreana, Stgr. 117. Evuuepis, Dalman, 229, 252. Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257. Arja, Felder, 258. Athamas, Drury, 252. Attalus, Felder, 263. Ganymedes, Stgr. 263. Hamasta, Moore, 256. Evuzris Hebe, Butler, 263, Heracles, Rober, 263. Jalysus, Felder, 259, Kaba, Khiel, 263. Kadenii, Felder, 263. Moori, Distant, 260. Niasica, Butler, 263. Samatha, Moore, 253. Schreiberi, Godart, 261, Smerdis, Felder, 263. Wardii, Moore, 262. Euments, Hiibner, 17. Baldiva, Moore, 18. diffusa, Butler, 18. Lehana, Moore, 19. Semele, 17. Thelephassa, Hiibn. 20. Eurytelide, Dbleday. 2i9. EurytTetina, Moore, 227. Evuruatiina, Moore, 225. Faunis, Hibner, 206. Caneus, Hiibn, 207. Hamadryades, Hiibn, 220. Haripra, Moore, 229. Adamsoni, Moore, 236. Amycus, Felder, 248. Antonius, Semper, 248. Aristogiton, Felder, 236. Bajula, Stgr. 248. Baya, Moore, 248. Bernardus, Fabr. 246. Borneensis, Butler, 247. Bupalus, Stgr. 247. Corax, Felder, 238. Desa, Moore, 235. Distanti, Honrath, 247. Durnfordii, Distant, 248, Everetti, Rothschild, 248. Georgius, Stgr. 248. Harmodius, Felder, 247. Harpagon, Stgr, 247. Harpax, Felder, 237. Hemana, Butler, 240. Hierax, Felder, 239. Hipponax, Felder, 242, Imna, Butler, 231. Jalinder, Butler, 243. Kahruba, Moore, 235. Khasiana, Butler, 245. Marmax, Westw. 233. 272 Hanrrpra Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246. Plateni, Stgr. 248. Pleistoanax, Felder, 244. Polyxena, Cram. 247. Psaphon, Westw. 230. Scylax, Felder, 247. Serendiba, Moore, 230. Staudingert, Rothschild, 248. Hetcyra, Felder, 229, 267. Chionippe, Felder, 268. Hemina, Hewits. 268. superba, Leech, 268. Hemapara, Moore, 106, Narasingha, Moore, 107. Hipio, Hiibner, 117, Hipparchia, 17. Anthe, Boisd, 23. Baldiva, de Nicéville, 18. Cadesia, Moore, 39. diffusa, Butler, 18. Digna, Marshall, 42. Hiibneri, Butler, 39. Lehana, Moore, 19. Parisatis, Kollar, 24. Persephone, Hiibn. 23. Pimpla, Felder, 42. Shandura, Marshall, 21. Thelephassa, Klug. 20. Jasia, Swainson, 248. Athama, Swains. 263. Kanetsta, Moore, 42, Digna, Marshall, 42. pimpla, Felder, 43. Karawnasa, Moore, 38. Hiibneri, Feld. 39. Leechii, Moore, 41. modesta, Moore, 41. Krrinia, Moore, 14. Epimenides, Menétr. 14. Epimenondas, Stgr. 14. Kowasa, Moore, 57, 82. Chenui, Guérin. 57, 85. Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. Kriyaana, Moore, 185. Klugius, Zink. Som. 185. Lucipor, Westw. 185. Noureddin, Westw. 185. Lastommata, Westwood, 5. Baldiva, Moore, 18. Epimenides, Menétr. 14. INDEX. LastommaTa Meeroides, Felder, 9. Merula, Felder, 8. Mesa, Leech, 11. Megera, 12. Menava, Moore, 9. Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11. Satricus, Dbleday. 3, Schakra, Kollar, 7. Lemoniades, Hiibn. 220. Lethe Masoni, de Nicéville, 15. Livenitina, Moore, 225. Louana, Moore, 58, 92. Tnica, Hewits. 93. Lorinea, Moore, 11. Metanitis Ismene, Cram. 118. Kalinga, Moore, 137. Leda, Fabr. 118. leucocyma, Boisd. 159. Malelas, Hewits. 159. Mycena, Cram. 120. Patna, Westw. 162. Phedima, Cram. 1387. Suradeva, Moore, 138. Suyudana, Moore, 137. Tambra, Moore, 125. undularis, Westw. 145. Vamana, Moore, 135. Varaha, Moore, 131. catena, Leech, 11. dumetorum, Oberth. 11. Sulvescens, Alph. 11. nemorum, Oberth. 11. Mera Phidippe, Hiibn. 179. Manroua, Schrank, 44. brevistigma, Moore, 47. Cheena, Moore, 50. Davendra, Moore, 45. interposita, Lrsch. 49. Jurtina, 45. Kashmirica, Moore, 51. latistigma, Moore, 46. Narica, Hiibn. 48. Melanargia, Meigen, 15. Mexanitis, Fabr. 117. Abdulla, Distant, 137. aculeata, Hampson, 133. Ambasara, Moore, 137. Ampa, Swinhoe, 131. Arcensia, Cram. 120. Aswa, Moore, 128. Atrax, Semper, 137. Bela, Moore, 128. Bethami, de Nicéville, 127. Boisduvalia, Semper, 137. Cajetana, Semper, 137. Cottonis, Hewits. 151. determinata, Butler, 119. Duryodana, de Nieéville, 129. Dusara, Horsf. 155. Egialina, Feld. 168. Erichsonia, Semper, 137. Esaca, Westw. 169. Gnophodes, Butler, 137. Gokala, Moore, 133. Zitenius, Herbst. 135. Meranocyma, Westw. 210, Jaunula, 210. faunuloides, de Nicéville, 210. Metitzina, Moore, 227. Metynias, Moore, 144, 156. Casiphone, Hibn. 163. Ceryz, Boisd. 163. Harterti, Honrath, 163. Kumara, Moore, 163. Lais, Cram. 163. Malelas, Hewits. 159, Patna, Westw. 162. patnoide:, Moore, 163. Pealii, W. Mason, 157. Saueri, Distant, 161. Singala, Moore, 156. Timandra, Wallace, 158. Mmrapetras, Moore, 144, 165. Borneensis, Wallace, 168. Burmensis, Moore, 168. Deva, Moore, 167. Egialina, Felder, 168. Godferyi, Distant, 168. Vasudeva, Moore, 166. Mitocerus, Billberg, 178. Morphine, 170, 171. Morpho Camadeva, Westw. 203. Leonteus, Zinken-Som. 207. Klugius, Zinken-Som. 185. Odana, Godart, 185. Ogina, Godart, 197. Phidippus, Godart, 179. Mourwarepa, Moore, 229, 263. Delphis, Dbleday. 266, Dolon, Westw. 263. MorwarepaEudamippus, Dbdy.264. Mandarinus, Fldr, 267. Menedemus, Oberth. 267. Narceus, Hewits. 267. Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267. Posidonius, Leech, 267. Rothschildii, Leech, 267. Tibetanus, Oberth. 267. Napiria, Moore, 57, 85. Bolanica, Marshall, 57, 85. Najades, Hibner, 220. Nanpoeea, Moore, 173, 182. Diores, Dbleday. 182. Nymphalide, Dup. 219. Nymphatides, Boisd. 219. Nymphalidi, Steph. 219. Nympwauina, Moore, 224. H. Sch. 219. NympuHatina, Bates, 219. Nympuatis, Linn. 226. To, Linn. 226. Nymphalis, Latr, 248. Athamas, Godart, 252. Baya, Moore, 248. Fabius, Godart, 249. Narceus, Hewits. 267. Psaphon, Westw. 230, Nymphalites, Blanch. 219. Nya, Billberg, 24. Hermione, 24. Parisatis, Kollar, 24, CEners, Hiibn. 36. Jutta, 36. Norma, 36. Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38. Opsiphanes, 172. Cassiw, 172. Xanthus, 172. Oreas, Hiibn. 26. Proserpina, 26. Ortnoma, Doubleday, 1. Damaris, Dbleday. 1. Panpiwa, Moore, 58, 86. corticaria, Butler, 92. Lycus, de Nicéville, 88. Mahratta, Moore, 90. Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92. multistriata, Butler, 92. Nareda, Kollar, 86. Newara, Moore, 87. Vor. II. INDEX. Panpima Norma, Westw. 92. Pandocus, Moore, 92. Sempera, Felder, 92. Stellera, Esch. 92. Watsoni, Jfoore, 89. Paphia, Fabr. 248. Athamas, Horsf. 252. Fabia, Gray, 249. Papilio Anthe, Ochs. 23. Arcesilaus, Fabr. 207. Aristides, Fabr. 196. Athamas, Drury, 252. Aurelius, Cram. 178. Baldus, Fabr. 58. Bernardus, Fabr. 246. Celinde, Stoll, 196. Climene, Fabr. 12. Eumeus, Drury, 209. Euphanes, Esper. 249. Gripus, Fabr. 209. Leda, Drury, 118. Menetho, Fabr. 196. Narica, Hibn. 48. Persephone, Hiibn. 23. Phidippus, Johanssen, 179. Philomela, Johans. 74. Polyxena, Cram, 247. Protogenia, Cram. 155. Pyrrhus, Donov. 253. Solon, Fabr. 249. Tullia, Cram. 197. undularis, Drury, 145. Paranasa, Moore, 103. Cyclopius, Eversm. 106. Herse, Leech, 106. Jordana, Stgr. 106. Kalinda, Moore, 104. Mani, de Nicéville, 106. Maracandica, Ersch. 106. Megulomma, Butler, 106. Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106. Shallada, Zang, 105. PARANTIRRH@A, W. Mason, 139. Marshalli, W. Mason, 140. Pararge Catena, Leech, 11. Deidamia, Eversm. 11. dumetorum, Oberth. 11. Epimenondas, Stgr. 14. episcopalis, Oberth, 15. erebina, Butler, 11. 273 Pararge fulvescens, Alph. 11. Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11. nemorum, Oberth, 11. preusta, Leech, 15. Pareneis, Moore, 36. Buddha, Gr.-Gr. 38. palearcticus, Stgr. 38, pumilus, Felder, 37. Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38. Peridromide, Dbleday. 219. Peridromides, Boisd. 219. Putuareta, Moore, 23. Hanifa, 23, Persephone, Hiibn. 23. Potamides, Hubner, 220. Potamina, Moore, 224. Pseudamathusia, Hourath, 182. virgata, Butler, 182. Pseudergolis, 220. Racapia, Westw. 110. annulata, Grose Smith, 113. Crisia, Hiibn. 113. Crisilda, Hewits. 110. Crito, de Nicéville, 111. Critolaus, de Nicéville, 112. Crohonica, Semper, 113. latifasciata, Leech, 113. Luzonia, Feld. 113. Melindena, Felder, 113. Makuta, Horsf. 113. Ruapuicera, Butler, 2. dumicola, Oberth. 5, Moorei, Butler, 4. Satricus, Doubleday, 3. Satyring, 1. Satyrus, Latreille, 5. Anthea, Boisd. 23. Anthelea, Boisd. 20. Avatara, Moore, 32. Baldus, Godt. 58. Brahminus, Blanch. 27. Chenui, Guérin. 83. dumicola, Oberthiir, 5. (Histortcat Nore), 6. Hiibneri, Felder, 39. Loha, Elwes, 30, 36. Menétriesii, Brem. 11, Nareda, Kollar, 86. Narica, Boisd. 48. Padma, Kollar, 32. Nn Satyrus Parisatis, Kollar, 24. Pimpla, Felder, 43. Saraswati, Kollar, 35. Schakra, Kollar, 7. Swaha, Kollar, 33. Thelephassa, H. 8, 20. Tibetanus, Oberth. 5. SticuoputHarma, Felder, 173, 202. Camadeva, Westw. 203. Cambodia, Hewits. 206. Jusca, Leech, 206. Howqua, Westw. 206. Louisa, W. Mason, 204. Neumogeni, Leech, 206. Nourmahal, Westw. 205, Nurinissa, de Nicéville, 206. Sparta, de Nicéville, 217. Sufusa, Leech, 206. Tansima Masoni, Elwes, 15. TatinGa, Moore, 5. Tibetanus, Oberth. 5. Tenaris, Hiibner, 212. Birchii, Distant, 212. Horsfieldii, Swains. 212. occulta, Grose Smith, 212. Plateni, Stgr. 212. THAUMANTIS, Hiibner, 184. Aliris, Westw. 187. Camadeva, Westw. 203. Cambodia, Hewits. 206. Diores, Dbleday. 182. Jaunula, Westw. 211. Howqua, Westw. 206. Louisa, W. Mason, 204. Lucipor, Westw. 185. Noureddin, Westw. 185. Nourmahal, Westw. 205. Odana, Godart, 185, pseudaliris, Butler, 186, Tuaurta, Moore, 173, 185. Aliris, Westw. 187. pseudaliris, Butler, 186. Tuymiea, Moore, 57, 58. Argus, Butler, 75. Austeni, Moore, 69, Avanta, Moore, 70. Baldus, /abr. 58. INDEX. Tuymipa Dohertyi, Moore, 65. evanescens, Butler, 75. Jfasciata, Hewits. 75. Horsfieldii, Moore, 74. indecora, Moore, 63. Lisandra, Cram. 75. Marshallii, Butler, 59. Methora, Hewits. 64. Nikeza, Moore, 68. Philomela, Johanssen, 74. Sakra, Moore, 69. Savara, Grose Smith, 66. Singala, Felder, 72. striata, Hampson, 73. Tabella, de Nicéville, 73. Zodia, Butler, 75. Vanesside@, Dup. 219. Vanessides, Kirby, 219. Vanessidi, Steph. 219. XantTHoTzNnr1A, Westw. 173, 216. Busiris, Westw. 216. obscura, Butler, 216. Yphthima, Dbleday. 75. Baldus, Dbleday. 59. Yrruima, Hiibner, 75, 75. Alemola, Swinhoe, 90. Alkibie, Swinhoe, 93. . apicalis, Moore, 76. Ariaspa, Moore, 93. Asterope, de Nicéville, 90. Avanta, Moore, 71. Baldus, Butler, 59. Bolanica, Marshall, 85. Catharina, Butler, 78. Ceylonica, Hewits. 81. Chenui, Butler, 83. complexiva, Swinhoe, 93. corticaria, Butler, 92. Dedalea, Swinhoe, 93. Horsfieldii, Moore, 74. Howra, Moore, 78. Hiibneri, Kirby, 77. Hyagriva, Moore, 95. indecora, Moore, 63. Inica, Hewits. 93. Jocularia, Swinhoe, 78. Kasmira, Moore, 76. Yrtuima Lycus, de Nicéville, 88. Mahratta, Moore, 90. Marshallii, Butler, 59. Methora, Distant, 59. ¢ Elwes, 65. oF Hewits. 64. Motschulskyi, de Nicé. 88. Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92. Multistriata, Butler, 92. Narasingha, Moore, 107. Nareda, Kollar, 86. Newara, Moore, 87. Newboldii, Distant, 59. Nikawa, Moore, 68. Norma, Westw. 92. ordinata, Butler, 70. Pandocus, Moore, 92. Philomela, de Nicéville, 59. Philomela, Hiibn. 77. Philomela, Johanssen, 74. Kara, Butler, 93. Robinsoni, Distant, 84. Salkra, Moore, 69, Savara, Grose Smith, 66. Sempera, Felder, 92. Singala, Feld. 72. Stellera, Esch. 92. _ striata, Hampson, 73. Tabella, de Nicéville, 73. Thora, Moore, 72. Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. Ziboetes, W. Mason, 108, Zipztis, Hewitson, 108. Saitis, Hewits. 108. Scylax, Hewits. 109. Zipoetes, de Nicéville, 108. Zevuxip1a, Hiibner, 172, 173. Amethystus, Butler, 175. Boisduvalii, Westw. 175, Doubledayi, Westw. 175. Horsfieldii, Felder, 176. Lusxerit, Hiibner, 175. Masoni, Moore, 174. Semperi, Felder, 176. Sibulana, Honrath, 176. Victriz, Stgr. 176. Wallacei, Felder, 175. PU.95. F.C Moore,del et ith. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, Imp L. Reeve & C° Landon. PU. 96. E.C.Moore, del. et kth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, imp. L.Reeve & COLondon. Plate 97. F.C. Moore del. et lith, Vincent Brooks Day & Son,Imp L. Reeve & CS London Plate 98. Vancent Brooks Day & SanImp F.C Moore, del et lith LReeve & C9 London. Pl. 99. Vincent Brocks Day & Son Imp F. C. Moore, del et lth L.Reeve 2C®° London PL, 100. 1, OPENER? \ Vincent Brooks. Day & Son, Imp. F.C. Moore del ethth L. 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Moore delet hth Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp. L.Reeve C° London Pl 163, F.C-Moore del,et hth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp L Reeve & C° London Pl 164. F.C.Moore del, etlith. : Vincent Brooks, Day & Son imp. LReeve & C°Lohdon. PU 165. F.C-Moore del et lith Vincent Brocks,Day & Son Imp L Reeve & C2 London PU 166. F.C.Moore delet lth. Vincent Brooks,Day &Son Imp L.Reeve & C° London PL 167 Vincent Brooks, Day & SonImp FEC.Moore del, et hth LReeve & C° London. PL 168. F.C Moore del etlith Vincent Brooks,Day 6. Son Imp L Reeve & C° London a - —_ 7 i . : : ; a : ® ‘al PU 169. F.C.Moore del, et kth. Vincent Brooks,Day & Son imp L Reeve & C2 London Pt 170. F.C Moore del,et hth Vincent Brooks Day & Sonimp L Reeve & C° Landon PUL 771. F.C.Moore dal, et hth “Vincent Brooks Day & Son imp LReeve & C2 London PU 772. F.C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks Day & Son bp LReeve &C® London PL 178. F.C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp. L. Reeve & C° London PU 174 1" & SonImp Vincent BrooksD ay F.C Moore del et hth. L. Reeve & C° London PUITS F.C. Moore del, et lith Vincent Brooks, Day & SonIinp L.Reeve & C? London a) Pl 176 F.C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks,Day & SonImp LReeve & C® London Pb $77. '.C. Moore delet hth B Soni F VincentBrooks,Day & SanImp LReeve & C° London PU 178. PU 179. F.C.Moore del et lth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp. LRseve & O° London. i ay a ' ‘ , | . . | i if ; | ; i | > ‘ . +, F | L? ; . % ‘ j . ; : : ®, ; 2 - co * 734 . . 7. _ PUL 180. F.C.Moore delet lth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp. LReeve & CO? London. 2 PL 768]. PU 182. delet hth L Reeve & C2 London , la Be ee ean, eee ees Bee PL 183. PL 184. FO.Moore del, etlith L Reeve & C? Londan PL 185. F.C.Moore del, et hu LReeve & C2 London PL 186 PL 187. PLISS. PL 789. F.C. Moore delet lith L-Reeve & C° London PL 190. F.C Moore del,st hth LResve & C° London. 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