BIOLOGY
Digitized by the Internet Archive _ ;
in 2010 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign ©
http://www.archive.org/details/ lepidopteraindic002n or
| i ; 7 —- a
EPIDOPTERA INDICA.
BY
F. MOORE, D.SC.,
CAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN,
AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE
MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY
OF BENGAL.
FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGI
VOL), iT.
RHOPALOCERA.
FAMILY NYMPHALIDA.
SUB-FAMILIES SATYRIN A (continued), ELYMNIINA, AMATHUSIINA,
NYMPHALIN (Group cHARAXINA).
LONDON :
i REE VY Be. € 0,
PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS,
6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1893—1896.
DESCRIPTION
Puate 95.
Fig. 1, la. Orinoma Damaris, ¢ 2 .
2, 2a. Rhaphicera Satricus, g .
3, 3a. Rhaphicera Moorei, ¢ 9
PratE 96.
Fig. 1, la. Lasiommata Schakra, ¢ ?
2,2a, 6. Lasiommata Merula, ¢ ? .
3. Lasiommata Meroides, 9
4, 4a. Lasiommata Menava, ¢ ?
Prate 97.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Amecera Cashmirensis, $ 9
2;2 a,b. Chonala Masoni, ¢ 9
Fig. 1, la, Eumenis Baldiva, ¢ ?
2, 2a. Eumenis Lehana, ¢ 9
3, 8a. Chazara Shandura, ¢ 9
4, 4a. Nytha Parisatis, 3 2
. Aulocera Brahminus, ¢ ?
2, 2a. Aulocera Brahminoides, 9
* 8, 3a. Aulocera Chumbica, ¢ 9
4, 4a. Aulocera Loha, ¢ 9
Fig. 1, la, Aulocera Padma, ¢ 9
2, 2a, Aulocera Swaha, ¢ ?
. Aulocera Saraswati, ¢ ?
Fig. 1, la. Pareneis pumilus, ¢ ?.
2, 2a. Parceneis Sikkimensis, ¢
3, 3a. Karanasa Hubneri, 3 2
4, 4a. Karanasa Leechii, ¢ 2? .
Fig. 1, la. Karanasa modesta, J 9? .
2, 2a, Kanetisa Digna, ¢ 2
3, 3a. Kanetisa Pimpla, ¢ ?
Ct EA TiS.
PAGE
Puate 103.
Fig. 1, la.
2, 2a.
3, 3a.
4, 4a.
Priate 104.
Fig. 1, la.
2, 2a.
3, 3a.
4, 4a.
Maniola Davendra, ¢ 2
Maniola latistigma, ¢ ?
Maniola brevistigma, ¢ ?
Maniola tenuistigma, ¢ .
Maniola Cheena, ¢ ?
Maniola Kashmiriea, J ?
Chortobius pulchra, ¢ 9
Chortobius Neoza, ¢ ? .
Prats 105.
Fig. 1, la. Chortobius pulchella, 2 2
2. Chortobius Cenonympha, ?
3, 3a. Chortobius Maiza, ¢ 2? .
4, 4a. Chortobius Goolmurga, 5 ?
Prate 106.
Fig. 1. Thymipa Baldus (larva and pupa)
la,b, ¢, d, e, f. Thymipa Baldus
(Wet-season brood)
1 g,h,t. Thymipa Baldus tie eB a
brood) . - :
Pate 107.
Fig. 1, la. Thymipa indecora, ¢ (Wet-
season brood)
16. Thymipa
season brood)
2,2 a,b. Thymipa Matiions, 1O2 (Wet
season bi'00d)
2, c. Thymipa Methora, ¢ (Dr ana
brood) . ‘ : :
. 3 (Dry-
indecora,
Pate 108.
Fig. 1, la. Thymipa a ie 3 (Wet-
season brood)
2, 2a. Thymipa Savara, ¢ (Wet-
season brood)
2 b, c,d. Thymipa Savara, 3 2 (ane
season brood) :
64
64
66
67
iv DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Prate 109.
Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Nikea, g
2,2 a,b. Thymipa Sakra, ¢ ?
3. 3a. Thymipa Austeni, J? .
4. Thymipa Avanta, ? (Wet-season
brood) .
4a. Thymipa Avante, 3 (Dryseason
brood) . : a :
Puate 110.
Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Singala, ¢ 9 i
season brood) 5
1b. Thymipa Singala, g (Dry-season
brood) . 3
2, 2a, Thymipa Tabella, 3
3, 3a,b. Thymipa striata, J 9 (wet
season brood)
3,c. Thymipa striata, ¢ (Di ry/-Season
brood) . .
4, Thymipa avila &
Prate 111.
Fig. 1. Ypthima Hubneri es and
pupa)
Ge lay Yathinia Hannan 3?
(Wet-season brood)
1 dye, f, 9, h. Ypthima ‘eiaueri eA 2
(Dry-season brood) F ¢
Puate 112.
Fig. 1, la, Ypthima Kasmira, @@? . ¢
2, 2a. Ypthima Ceylonica, ¢ ? (Wet-
season brood)
3, 3a. Kolasa Chenui, 3 2 (Wet.
season brood) 5
4, 4a. Kolasa Napeememercie 3 @
5, 5a. Nadiria Bolanica, g 9
Puate 113.
Fig. 1, la. Pandima Nareda, 9
2, 2a, Pandima Newara, ¢ 2
3. Pandima Lyeus, ¢ 5 ;
4. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ ( Wet-season
brood) . c = 5 é
4 a, b, c. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ 9
(Dry-season brood)
Prats 114,
Fig. 1, la. Pandima Mahratta, ¢ 9 (Wet-
season brood)
1 6, c, Pandima Mahratta, 3 @h:
season brood) ‘ ; :
PAGE PAGE
2, 2a. Lohana Inica, So 2 (Wet-season
68 brood) . 6 93
69 2 b, c, d, e. Lohana artes ‘3 2 Gn:
69 season brood) 4 F ; - 93
Puate 115.
70 Fig. 1, la. Dallacha Hyagriva, ¢ ? | 8H)
2, Ya. Callerebia Orixa, 32 . 3 96,
Ds 3,3 a,b. Callorebia Annada, @ 9 an
Prats 116.
72 Fig. 1, la. Callerebia hybrida, ¢ ? . aos
2, 2 a, b, c, d, e. Callerebia Nirmala,
72 Cee 3 5 : . - £00
73 Prate 117.
Fig. 1, la, b. Callerebia Scanda, 2 . 101
73 2, 2a. Callarebia Daksha, ¢ . - 02
3, 3 a, 6. Paralasa Kalinda, ¢ 2 . 104
a Prate 118.
Fig. 1,1 a,6. Paralasa Shallada, g 2 105
2,2 a,b. Paralasa Mani, G9? . . 106
3, 3a. Hemadara Narasingha, ¢ On
78
Puate 119,
77 Fig. 1,1 a, b. Zipaetis Saitis, g 2° . 108
2,2 a, b. Zipaetis Scylax, J 2 LOS
78 | Phare 120.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Ragadia Crisilda, g 9 - AO
76 2,2 a,b. Ragadia Crito, ¢ 2 . « ae
Prats 121.
81 Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Erites argentina, g 2 - ais
2,2 a,b. Erites angularis, ¢ 9 . 115
a 3, 3a. Erites faleipennis, ¢ . » HOG
85 Prats 122.
Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Ismene (larva and
pupa) . 5 120
86 WA Ch Melanitis ienenee 3 9
o (Wet-season brood) . . . 118
Prate 123.
89 Fig. 1, 1 a,b, c, d, e. Melanitis Ismene,
3 2 (Dry-season brood) = Stil)
ae Prats 124,
Fig. 1. Melanitis Tambra (larva and pupa) 126
1 a, b, c. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ 2
90 ( Wet-season brood) : ; 125
1 d,e, 7. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ 9
90 (Dry-season brood) - ° . 126
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. v
PAGE PAGE
Prats 125, Prate 135.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Melanitis Bethami, ¢ ? Fig. 1, la. Elymnias caudata (larva and
(Wet-season brood) 4 : a 12% pupa) . F . 150
1 c, d, e. Melanitis Bethami, $2? — 1 }, c, d. Elymnias conidtes 3 9 - 150
Dry-season brood ; : . 128
i a ) Puate 136.
Puate 126. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Elymnias Cottonis, 3 9 51
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melanitis Bela, f 2 (Wet- 2,2 a,b. Elymnias Mimus, $2? . 152
season brood) : 128
PuatTeE 137.
i oa Beles é i (Dry. 129 Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Elymnias obnubila, ¢ 9 . 153
+e ees Gi 2, 2a. Elymnias Deedalion, 9. . 154
Puate 127.
. ae Prate 138.
ey nae! fe) es Sa oe 131 Fig. 1, 3 a, b. Melynias Singala, ¢ 9 . 156
3 ¢ (Wet-season brood) A : 2, 2 a, b. Melynias Peali, ¢ ¢ . 5 oaks
oe pane = Prats 139.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f- Melanitis Varaha, Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Melynias Timandra, 9 158
3 2, (Dry-season brood) : . 132
S Puate 140.
cee. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melynias Malelas, 62 . 159
Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Gokala, ¢ (Wet- 9, 2a, Melynias Saneri, G2 . 161
season brood) P 133
1 b,c, d, e. Melanitis Gohals. 3 ° Puate 141.
(Dry-season brood) ‘ : . 134 Fig. 1, la. Melynias Patna, ¢ c = 262
2, 2a. Melynias Patnoides, ¢ . - 163
Prats 130. 3, 3a. Bruasa Chelensis, f . - 164
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ 9
(Wet-season brood) ‘ = - 168 PraTE 142. ; .
ld. Melanitis Zitenius, 9 (inter- Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Mimadelias hha
grade) . ; - - : . 137 oo - 166
2, 2a. Mimadelias Deva, 3 Ons «. 167
Puate 131.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢. Melanitis Zitenius, g 9 Prate 143.
(Dry-season brood) ‘ : Siar Fig. 1,1 a@, 6, c. Mimadelias Burmensis,
2, 2a. Melanitis Kalinga, ¢ (Dry- oc? . : : 3 - 168
season brood) : Y ' _ 187 2, 2a. Agrusia Anaeaaics Guns 69
PuatE 132. Prate 144,
Fig. 1, 1 a, &. Cyllogenes Suradeva, ¢ 9 138 Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, Zeuxidia Masoni, § ? =. 174
2, 2a. Cyllogenes Janet, J . sy) Pyanaieie
3, 3a. Parantirrheea Marshalli, g . 140
Fig. 1, la, Amathuxidia Amythaon, 2 176
PuateE 133. Prats 146.
Fig. 1. Elymnias undularis (larva) . . 147 Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Amathusia Phidippus, 3
la, b,c. Elymnias undularis, 9. 145 2 larva and pupa } i 179
2,2, a, b. Elymnias tinctoria, ¢ 2? . 148
Puate 147.
Prate 134, Fig. 1. Amathusia setae tess 3 (Pegu
Fig. 1. Elymnias fraterna (larva andpupa) 149 Variety) - : . st
1 a, b,c, d, e. Elymnias fraterna, 2. Amathusia Pindippas, 2 (Anda-
Sees c . ¢ : . 149 man Variety) F 5 - 7 18L
vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PAGE
Puate 148. Puate 164.
Fig. 1,1 a, 6. Nandogea Diores, Gd? .- 182 Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e. mona Amathusia,
Prate 149. oF 4 : ; ;
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Thauria pseudaliris, G2 . 186 Pam GR.
Prate 150.
Fig. 1. Discophora Continentalis (larva
and pupa) . : : : - 189
1, a, b, c. Discophora Continentalis,
OD es ‘ : : : . 188
Prate 151.
Fig. 1, 1 a, }, c. Discophora lepida, 2. 190
Pratn 152.
Fig. 1, 1 a, ,¢. Discophora Zal, 69 . 191
Puate 153.
Fig. 1. Discophora Indica (/arva and pupa) 194
1 a, 6, c, d. Discophora Indica, § ? . 192
Prate 154.
Fig. 1, la. Discophora spiloptera, @ @ . 193
Prate 155.
Fig. 1, la, 6, c. Enispe Euthymius, ¢ 2. 198
Prater 156.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Emispe tessellata, ¢ 9 . 200
Priate 157.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Enispe Cycnus, ¢ ? . 201
PuateE 158.
Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Camadeva,
ep NES : 5 : : . 203
Prate 159.
Fig. 1, 1a. Stichophthalma Louisa, f 2 . 204
Prate 160.
Fig. 1,1 a, . Stichophthalma Nourmahal,
Coe re : 3 : 3 . 205
Puate 161.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Stichophthalma Nurinissa,
Re 9) ge ee liuly gh Ohya NOG
Prats 162.
Fig. 1, la, b, c. Clerome Arcesilaus, ¢ 9. 207
Puate 163.
Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Assama, 6 2? . 208
Fig. 1, la. Aimona Pealii, g .
2, 2a. Aimona Lena, ¢
Prate 166.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Xanthotenia Busiris,
3
Puate 167.
Fig. 1, la. Melanocyma faunuloides, 9
2. Stichophthalma Sparta, ¢
Puate 168.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Psaphon, ¢ 2? .
Puate 169.
Fig. 1, la, 6, ec. Haridra Imna, $ 2 larva
and pupa , :
Puate 170.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Marmax, ¢ 2
Puate 171.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Kahrupa, f 2? .
2.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Desa, ¢ 9
Prats 173.
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Aristogiton, g .
2, 2a. Haridra Adamsoni, ¢
PuateE 174.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Harpax, ¢ 9
Prate 175.
Fig. 1, 1 a. b. Haridra Corax, ¢ larva
and pupa
Puate 176.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Haridra Hierax, ¢ 9
Puate 177.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Haridra Hemana, ¢ 2
PuateE 178.
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hipponax, § 9. :
1b, c. Haridra Hipponax (Variety) .
PAGE
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PAGE
Prats 179.
Fig. 1, l a, 6, c. Haridra Jalinder, 2 . 243
Puate 180.
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hindia, ¢ 5 . 244
1 b,c. Haridra Hindia, ¢ (Variety). 244
Prats 181.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Pleistoanax,
oat. ; , : - . 244
Prater 182.
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Khasiana, ¢ ? . . 245
2. Haridra Nicholii, @ . ‘ . 246
Prats 183.
Fig. 1, la. Charaxes Fabius (larve and
pupe) . > . 250
1 b, c, d. Charaxes eabine 3 9 . 249
Prats 184.
Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Athamas (Jarve and
pupe). j . 253
1 b, ¢, d. Eulepis ‘Asteria, 3 9 . 252
le. Eulepis Athamas, § (Variety) . 255
Prats 185.
Fig. 1, 1a. Eulepis eae 3 2
2, 2a. Eulepis Agrarius, 3 9
Puate 186.
Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Arja, 3 ?
1 6, c. Eulepis Arja, ¢ 9 (Variety).
Prats 187.
Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Jalysus, ¢
2,2 a, 6. Eulepis Moori, g 9
Puate 188.
Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Schreiberi, g 9 :
2,2 a,b, Eulepis Wardii, ¢ ? larva
and pupa = . “
Prats 189.
Fig. 1, la. Murwareda Dolon, ¢
2, 2a. Murwareda Eudamippus, ¢
Puate 190.
Fig 1, la. Murwareda Delphis, ¢ .
2, 2a. Heleyra Hemina, ¢
vii
PAGE
aI
Lo Ww
or ctr
258
258
ERRATA,
Page 132. Melanitis Varaha (Dry-season brood). For Plate 127, figs.1 ei, read 128 figs. 1 @ to j.
», 206. Allied Chinese species of Stichophthalma. For Stichoph. fusca, read sujfusa.
LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
ee
Sub family SATYRINZS (continued).
Genus ORINOMA.
Orinoma, Doubleday in Gray’s Lep. Insects of Nepal, p. 14 (1846); Westwood in Doubleday and
Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 368 (1851); Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50; Marshall and de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 173 (1883).
Tvaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat narrow and elongate, triangular; costa
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle, posterior
angle rounded ; cell more than half length of the wing; two subcostals emitted
before end of the cell; upper discocellular short, inwardly oblique, lower deeply
concave, upper radial from close to the subcostal, lower radial from angle near upper
end; median veinlets at equal distances apart. Hindwing short, bluntly oval; apex,
exterior margin, and anal angle rounded; exterior margin very slightly scalloped ;
cell half the length of wing; first subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular
outwardly oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle; middle median
emitted immediately before end of cell. Body somewhat slender; thorax clothed
with fine silky hairs; palpi compressed, obliquely porrected, clothed with fine short
hairs in front, apical joint stout, pointed; legs rather long, femora slightly hairy
beneath ; antennz very slender, with an extremely slender lengthened club; eyes
hairy.
ORINOMA DAMARIS (Plate 95, fig1, 1a, gd 9).
Orinoma Damaris, Doubleday, in Gray’s Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 2, 2a (1846). Westwood,
in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 369, pl. 63, fig. 3 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 4, 4a. Marshall
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 174, pl. 13, fig. 32, ¢(1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett.
p. 223, pl. 79, ¢ (1887).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky violescent-black when fresh, fading
to dusky violescent-brown ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a prominent
ochreous-red patch occupying the basal half of the cell, the patch having two small
obliquely-disposed black spots across its centre; a prominent pale olivescent
yellowish-white streak extending along lower outer half and a less defined similar
coloured speckled-streak along the upper half of the cell; four series of similar
coloured streaks disposed transversely between the veins, the streaks being narrowest
von. 1. August 5th, 1892. B
2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
anteriorly, longest interiorly, and the two outer series macular; the set between the
median and submedian broadest and most connected. Hindwing with a broad
divided-streak within the cell, and three outer series of similar-coloured streaks
between the veins, the fourth or outer series being more or less obsolete. Under-
side. Both wings marked as on upperside, except that all the markings are more
prominent and somewhat broader ; both wings with the outer row more transversely
linear ; also with an outer-marginal slender interrupted line; and the forewing also
having some slender streaks along the costa. Thorax above clothed with glossy
virescent-grey hairs, its front with orange-red hairs; abdomen above brown; body
beneath yellowish-white ; legs and palpi blackish; sides of palpi and collar white ;
antenne black, annulated with white.
Expanse, 23 to 3} inches.
Hasitat.—N.W. and H. Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Burma.
DistripuTion anpD Hasrrs.—* This is a somewhat local insect, nowhere very
common. In the Kangra District, Mr. Hocking (P.Z.S. 1882, 235) records that it
has been taken at Jatingri, but is very local and rare. In Kumaon, Mr. EH. T.
Atkinson obtained it in wooded lowlands, and Major C. F. L. Marshall has taken it
in the neighbourhood of Nanai Tal. It occurs in Nepal and Sikkim, and also in the
Khasia Hills in the autumn. In Cachar, Mr. Wood-Mason took it on Nemotha in
October, and in Silhet. Capt. C. T. Bingham found it in Upper Tenasserim in the
lower Thoungyeen forests from March to May. It apparently only occurs in the
mountainous parts of North-East India, and at low elevations” (Butt. of India, i.
174). Mr. L. de Nicéville (J.A.S. Beng. July, 1885) records the capture of a
‘female in Sikkim, in October, at 3200 feet elevation.” Mr. H. J. Elwes writes
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), “I never saw this insect myself in Sikkim, but Mr.
Moller obtained it at 2000 to 4000 feet; and Mr. Gammie found it abundant in
British Bhotan at 6000 feet, in June. At Cherra Punji, in Khasia, I found it com-
mon at 4000 feet, on the edge of the forest, and beat it from bushes by the path.
Its flight is not strong, or quick, but dodging. The female seems rare, but Mr. de
Nicévyille caught it at 3000 feet in Sikkim, in October.” Dr. N. Manders (Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) obtained a single male in the neighbourhood of Bernardmyo,
in the Shan States, Burma.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills
in May and October.
Genus RHAPHICERA.
Rhaphicera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164; Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 196 ; Catal. Satyr. Brit.
Mus. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 175 (1883).
Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex bluntly pointed, exterior
margin slightly oblique and even, posterior margin straight; costal, median, and
SATY RIN. 3
submedian slightly swollen at base; cell long, broad; discocellulars outwardly
oblique, both radials from extremely close to the subcostal; upper median veinlet
arched ; discal area clothed with pale ochreous, rather long and broad scales, inter-
spersed with a very few narrow black androconia of similar length, which have either
an extremely slender, almost linear, lengthened base with a short filiform end and
penicillate tip, or with a lengthened bulbous base and similar penicillate tip.
Hindwing rather long, pyriform, exterior margin very convex, very slightly scalloped,
and with a tendency to an angle at end of upper median vein; cell broad; middle
median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell. Palpi very hairy
in front, apical joint also hairy; middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ;
antennee with an elongated slender club ; eyes hairy.
Type, R. Satricus.
RHAPHICERA SATRICUS (Plate 95, figs. 2, 2a, %).
Lasiommata Satricus, Doubleday ; Westwood and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 387, pl. 64, fig. 4
(1851), 2.
Rhaphicera Satricus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, pl. 4, fig. 3,9, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus.
p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 175 (1883). Staudinger,
Exot. Schmett, p. 228, pl. 81 (1887).
Iwaco.— Male. Upperside reddish-ochreous, with all the veins black; cilia
reddish-ochreous. Forewing with two outwardly-oblique black bars crossing the
cell, the inner bar narrowest, a broader outwardly angulated band crossing obliquely
from middle of the costa to the lower median veinlet, this band being narrowest
posteriorly and angled on the veins; a short subapical oblique macular-band and a
rounded spot between the lower medians, followed by an irregular angulated mar-
ginal band; the median and submedian vein broadly black lined. Hindwing crossed
by a black discal band, which is narrow anteriorly, acutely angled above the upper
median, and from thence is broad to near lower median; beyond are four round
large black submarginal spots, two upper and two lower, followed by three slender
black marginal lines. Underside ochreous-yellow; veins more slenderly lined with
black. Forewing with markings as on upperside, except that there is a well-formed
subapical ocellus with a bluish-white pupil, and the lower black spot has a bluish-
white pupil; the marginal band being represented by slender lines. Hindwing with
a pale golden-yellow fascia extending through the cell to near the outer border ;
crossed by a very slender black subbasal line and an angular discal line, both indis-
tinctly defined in crossing the pale fascia; beyond is a series of six ocelli, the sixth
being duplex, the upper third being sometimes absent, each with a black centre and
large biuish-white speckled pupil, a yellow ring and a black outer ring; beyond are
three slender black marginal lines.
B 2
4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler; markings the same, but slightly broader
and less prominent. Underside as in the male. Body above reddish-ochreous ;
thorax above and beneath, head, palpi in front, forelegs and middle and hind femora
beneath, clothed with glossy virescent and golden hairs ; middle and hind legs above
brown; palpi edged in front with black ; side of palpi and collar pure white; abdo-
men beneath pale ochreous-yellow,
Expanse, 23 to 24 inches.
Hasirat.—E. Himalayas; Sikkim; Bhotan: Naga Hills.
Disrrizution.—This species is found in Sikkim, and Mr, EH. T. Atkinson records
it as occurring in the wooded hills beyond Almorah in Kumaon. This is probably
the extreme western range of the species; further to the west it is replaced by the
allied &. Moorei (Butt. Ind. i.176). Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888,
322), ‘I found this species not uncommon on Sinchul and Tonglo, in Sikkim, from
6000 to about 8000 feet, in the end of July and August, and more abundant at 7000
feet near Rikisum in British Bhotan. It flies quickly, with a darting flight, about the
forest paths, settling on ordure and wet places, and returning when disturbed. It
also settles to rest on damp shady rocks, and flies in wet and cloudy as well as in
fine weather. I never saw the female.” Mr. Elwes also records its capture by Mr.
W. Doherty in the Naga Hill. (P.Z.S. 1891, 266.)
RHAPHICERA MOOREI (Plate 95, figs. 8, 3a, g 2).
Rhaphicera Moorei, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, p. 4, fig. 4,9; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus.
p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 176, pl. xv. fig. 38,9
(1883).
Twaco.—Male and female. Upperside yellowish-ochreous, the basal area some-
what olivescent-ochreous. Forewing with similarly disposed markings as in LR.
Satrvicus, but of a brown tint, broader, less sharply defined, and the veins also
broadly bordered, thus giving it the appearance of a darker insect, with smaller and
more restricted ochreous markings than those of R. Satricus. Hindwing also simi-
larly marked, but less sharply defined; the submarginal spots smaller, there being
either two upper and two lower, or sometimes a continuous series of six are present,
when the third and the lowest are less distinctly defined, all having a minute whitish
pupil, and the lower ones with a slight pale outer ring; the marginal lines are almost
confluent and thus form a broad dusky brown border. Underside paler yellowish-
ochreous. forewing with the veins black lined, and similar markings to those in R.
Satricus, but more defined. Hindwing also similar, but the markings more defined ;
there is also a slender inner-line within the cell, the discal angulated line is more
irregular, the ocelli prominent, and the marginal lines more sinuous.
Expanse, 32% to 22,228 inches.
Haszitat.—N.-W. and H. Himalayas.
SATYRINA, 5
DistriputTion.—‘ This species is generally considered a rare insect, but in 1882
it was found in great profusion by Mr. W. Doherty in the Bhagi and Narkunda
forests, and again at Theog, in the neighbourhood of Simla, in August, flying freely
during heavy rain, and alighting on the leaves of bushes and trees. It was con-
spicuous when settled, and appears to have nothing protective in its coloration.”
Col. A. M. Lang notes, “‘ Observed only late in the autumn, in a forest glade in the
Himalayas, near a stream with rich vegetation about its banks.” His collection
contained five specimens from the neighbourhood of Simla, taken at 9000 feet eleva-
tion, and two from Lower Kunawar, at 7000 feet elevation. It is evidently a very
local insect.”” (Butt. India, 176.) Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records
specimens from Ketruar, in the Valley of the Rupin River; taken in September.
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it from * Dhankuri, Khati, Dwali,
and Chaudans, at from 7000 to 11,000 feet in Kumaon.” ‘In Sikkim, this species
seems rare, as Mr. Miller had never seen it until I got three specimens on Singalelah
at 9000 to 11,000 feet, in July. It occurs higher up than its congener (Satricus),
but seems to have much the same flight and habits. My Shikaris brought a few
from the interior in 1883 and 1884. The female is rare.” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc.
1888, 322.)
Inpo-Cuinesr Species oF RHAPHICERA, AND ALLIED Genus.—Jt. dumicola (Satyrus
dumicola, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1876, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 7. Habitat, Moupin, EH.
Tibet.—Genus nov. Tativca.—Allied to Rhaphicera. orewing with the costa less
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle; discocel-
lulars outwardly recurved, upper radial close to subcostal, lower radial near the
middle; upper median straight ; discal area clothed with long pale tridentate-tipt
scales, a few shorter battledore-scales with dentate tips, and with many interspersing
longer black androconia, which have a lengthened broad-bulbous base and elongated
hair-like penicillated-tip. These androconia are about twice the length of those in
Rhaphicera. Hindwing bluntly-ovate ; exterior margin very oblique and slightly
scalloped ; discocellular undulated and angled in the middle, radial from the angle.
Type.—Tatinga tibetanus (Satyrus tibetanus, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1876, p. 28,
pl. 2, fig. 4). Habitat.—Moupin, EH. Tibet.
Genus LASIOMMATA.
Satyrus, Latreille, Consid. Gen. p. 440 (1810).
Lasiommata, Westwood, in Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butt. p. 65 (1840). Doubleday, List.
Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 184 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep.
p. 385 (1851). Scudder, Amer, Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston (1875), p. 202.
Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 162; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1868).
Kirby, Manual Eur, Butt, p. 50 (1862). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 178
(1883).
6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Saryrcts (part), Godart, Tabl. Méth. Lep. pp. 8, 18 (1823). Boisduval, Ind. Méth. Eur. Lep. p. 19
(1829), id. Edit. 1840, p. 80.
Imaco.—forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior
margin oblique, even; with an inwardly oblique transverse discal narrow glandular
fascia clothed with large rather broad basally-tapering raised scales, which have
rounded very blunt-toothed tips, and are interspersed with numerous longer blackish
androconia with elongated slender-bulbous hase and lengthened filiform, penicillate
tip; cell rather long, narrow ; costal vein swollen at the base, median less swollen.
Hindwing bluntly ovate; exterior margin very convex, slightly sinuous; cell long,
broad ; two upper medians from end of cell. Palpi clothed with very long hairs in
front to the tip, apical joint small; antennal club spatular.
Aputt CaTervittar.—Head rather large, globose; body villose, slightly tapering
at each end, with two short lateral caudal points; green, with darker dorsal line,
and paler subdorsal and spiracular lines. Feeds on grasses.
Curysaiis.—Suspended by the tail. Thorax convex; with two short points at
the head; abdomen slightly arched on the back; green, or very dark brown.
Type.—L. Megera.
Historica Notre on tHe Genus Satyrus.—In 1746, Linneus (Faun. Sueciea, i. p. 238) gives to his
Papilio, No. 785, the name of Satyrus as being the common one then applied to it. In 1758 (Syst. Nat.
i. p. 473, No. 96) he altered the name of this butterfly to Papila Mera, quoting the earlier name (Satyrus)
in a synonymic form. In the edition of the ‘‘Fauna Suec. (1761), p. 275, No. 1049, and in the “ Syst.
Nat.” of 1767, p.771, No. 141,he also uses the name Mera, referring, in both these works, to the
name Satyrus, as its synonym. Retzius, in 1783 (Gen. et. Spec. Ins. p. 32, No. 16), gives Satyrus as the
name of a species, and quotes mera as its synonym. Latreille, in 1805 (Gen. Cr. et. Ins. xiv. p. 103),
under his division “ Satyri,” of Nymphalis, among other species, gives that of Satyrus (as a synonym of
Megvera), and as one of the species of that division.
From the above statement, it will be seen that Satyrus is the name of a species synonymous with the
Linnzan mera; the name Satyrus, therefore, cannot be used either ina subgeneric or generic sense, as has
been subsequently done by the following authors, viz.: Panzer (Faun. Ins. Germ. Heft. 283—34 (1796), where
he describes and figures Papilio Satyrus Galathea, P. S. Hypsipyle and P. S. Fauna, and again in Heft
76 (1801), the P. S. Semele and P. S. Cinzia. Cederheilm, in 1798 (Faun. Ingr. Prod. p. 208), deseribes
Pap. Satyrus Hyperanthus, P. S. Pamphilus, P. S. Mera, and other species, and in 1810 Latreille
(Consid. Gén. p. 440) established his genus “ Saryrus,” giving as types, Teucer, Phidippus, Sophore,
Piera, Galathea, and Mora, but also intending it to embrace within it all the species of the group.
Subsequently the name “Satyrus” has been adopted in a generic form, in this Subfamily, by Godart
Enecyel. Méth. 460 (1819) ; by Swainson, Zool. Illust. 1, iii. pl. 159 (1822); by Boisduval, Index Méth.
Eur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), and in Edit. (1840), p. 80; by Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D.
Lep. p. 388 (1851); Butler, Entom. iii. p. 279 (1867), id. Catal. Satyride, Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1868), id.
Ent. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 194 ; Crotch, Cistula, Entom. i. p. 91 (1872); Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 73
(1871) ; Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 27 (1871), and others.
Moreover, the name “ Satyrus ” was previously used for a genus of Mammals, by Tulpius, in 1739
(Observ. Medica, p. 270), and is also occupied, through ‘“‘ Satyra,” in Diptera, by Meigen, in 1803.
SATYRINA, 7
LASIOMMATA SCHAKRA (Plate 96, fig, 1, 1a, 3 9).
Satyrus Schakra, Kollar, in Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 446, pl. 15, fig. 3, 4, 3 (1844).
Lasiommata Schakra, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep, p. 387 (1851).
Amecera Schakra, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist, (1867), p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868).
Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 179, pl. xv, figs, 45, 46, ¢ 9 (1883),
Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown, somewhat tinged with olive; cilia
alternated with ochreous-white. Forewing crossed by an inwardly-oblique inner
discal narrow sinuous dusky glandular fascia ; followed by a large subapical black
ocellus with white pupil and an irregular outer ochreous ring, below which are three
decreasing somewhat darker ochreous spots, all being inwardly bordered by an indis-
tinct recurved discal darker brown line and an outer or submarginal parallel line.
Hindwing with a faint trace of a slender transverse discal dusky angulated line,
beyond which is a series of three prominent median ocelli, and one, sometimes two,
incipient very small upper ocelli, the three former with a black centre, white pupil
and a broad ochreous ring, the two upper spots, when present, being ochreous with
sometimes a minute black central dot; marginal lines pale brownish-ochreous.
Underside grey basally, greyish-white externally. Forewing crossed by two slender
recurved ochreous bars within the cell, the inner one continuing across the wing, a
similar bar along the discocellulars, anda more sharply-defined outwardly-recurved
wavy discal ochreous-brown line, and a submarginal and a marginal line; subapical
ocellus as above, but with a smaller black centre, larger white pupil, a pale ochreous
ring, and then a slender brown ring; above this, immediately before the apex, is a
minute similar ocellus ; below the ocellus the lower discal area is suffused with bright
ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal slender ochreous-brown
irregular wavy line, followed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth being
duplex, each with a small black centre and white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, a
slender brown ring, another ochreous ring, and then another brown ring; the upper,
second and third ocelli being the smallest ; beyond are two slender ochreous-brown
marginal lines.
Female. Upperside paler, and more olivaceous-brown. Forewing with the
ocellus, its ochreous ring, and the posterior spots somewhat broader and paler, their
lateral bordering line more defined, and the interspace between the ocellus and its
upper discal border being more or less whitish, Hindwing with the ochreous ring
of the ocelli broader and less defined. Underside coloured and marked as in
male. Body above brown; thorax clothed with glossy virescent hairs, thorax
beneath clothed with greyish hairs; abdomen beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; legs
brownish above, greyish beneath ; collar and sides of palpi greyish-ochreous ; antennze
brown, with darker ochreous-tipt club.
Expanse, 2 to 22 inches.
8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Carerpintar.—* Apple-green, with pale yellow lateral lines. Feeds on various
grasses.” (A. G. Young.)
Hasrrat.—N.W. and HE. Himalayas.
Distrisution.— This is one of the commonest butterflies of the Western
Himalayas, extending eastwards as far as Sikkim. Mr, A. Graham Young states that
in Kulu it is very common, appearing in July and again in September and October,
the larva being apple-green with pale yellow lateral lines, and feeds on grasses.”
(Butt. Ind. i,179.) According to Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499), it is “a
very common Himalayan species; to be seen at all seasons flitting about the rocky
roadside in Lower Kunawar and the Simla Hills, and pitching on rocks and banks;
more abundant on the outer ranges, on bare grassy slopes.’’ In his MS. Notes, 1865,
Col. Lang also says, ‘‘ Schakra appears within ten miles of the plains at Kussowhi,
frequenting all cliff and_rocky ground. It continues for 200 miles, very scarce in
the last fifty of this distance, and I have taken one specimen here, at Pangi; March
to October.” Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records it from “ Simla, Masuri, and
Kashmir; June and October.’ Major J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 358) records
specimens from “‘ Murree, August and September; between Abbottabad and Kala
Pani, September. Very common in August and September. Found all along the
hills as far as Thundiani, and as low as Tret and Bugnoter; probably not above
5000 feet elevation.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January 1st, 1880),
says, ‘ This insect is to be met with at all seasons and everywhere in the N.-W,
Himalayas, flitting along rocky roads and paths, and continually settling on stones,
etc. JI have taken it in Kashmir and far up into Ladak.” Mr. W. Doherty
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it as being found in “‘ Kumaon generally, up to
9000 feet ; seen as low as Dharchula, 3500 feet.”
LASIOMMATA MZRULA (Plate 96, figs. 2, 2a, b, J 9).
Lasiommata Merula, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 496, ¢ (1867).
Amecera Merula, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, etc. i. p. 180 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown; cilia alternated with ochreous-
white. Horewing not possessing a glandular fascia; the subapical ocellus with its
ochreous ring larger than in L. Schakra, and only two narrow ochreous spots present
below it, these spots being also situated somewhat further from the outer margin.
Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, and sometimes one or two upper
incipient spots. Underside similar to LZ. Schakra. Forewing with the two cell bars
closer together, these bars and the discocellular, and also the wavy bar beyond the
cell, are brown, the latter being more outwardly-oblique; the slender brown outer
SATYRINZL. 9
ring of the large subapical ocellus is joined to the minute apical ocellus, and the
bright ochreous colour of the lower discal area extends somewhat into the cell.
Hindwing with the transverse subbasal and the discal irregular line dark brown, and
more zigzag in their course; ocelli with paler ochreous rings.
Female. Upperside similar to L. Schakra. Forewing with the ocellus larger,
its outer ring paler, and its contiguous inner border whiter, the lower ochreous spots
narrower and less defined. Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing
the outer ring of the ocellus and its contiguous inner border is whiter, and on the
hindwing the ocelli have pale ochreous-white rings.
Expanse, ¢ 2, 23 inches,
Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalaya (Kunawur, Pangi).
Disrrisurion.—Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records this species from
“ Pangi in Busahir, in August.”
LASIOMMATA M#ROIDES (Plate 96, fig. 3,9).
Lasiommata Meroides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii., p. 496, pl. 69, fig. 1, 2 (1867).
Amecera Mcroides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 181 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. ‘‘ Upperside as in L. menava, but paler; the streaks more
obsolete. Forewing with the ocellus distinctly surrounded with fulvous, and with
two large spots irrorated with fulvous below it. Hindwing with two ocelli coloured
as in L. menava, but more broadly ringed and a little nearer the margin; a fulvous
spot annexed to the upper ocellus. Underside asin L. menava, but the hindwing
with the streaks of the basal half fuscous, scarcely margined with fulvous ; that
beyond the cell a little more directed outwards towards the costa.”
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus placed on a broad triangular
ochreous patch paler than in L. menava, distinctly defined throughout, the travers-
ing veins being also ochreous and scarcely perceptible; the subapical ocellus is
smaller and further from the discal edge of the patch, Hindwing with two
prominent ocelli, the lowest small. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, d ? 2 to 23 inches.
Hasitat.—Dras and Indus Valley ; Ladak.
Disrrisution.—The type specimens were taken by the late Dr. F. Stohczka, in
the “ Dras Valley, Ladak, and at Chulichang, at 12,000 feet.’’ Major H. B. Hellard,
in his MS. Notes, records it from the “ lower part of Dras River Valley, and from
Indus Valley between Skardo and Dras River; taken in July.”
LASIOMMATA MENAVA (Plate 96, figs. 4, 4a, d 2).
Lusiommata Menava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 3, ¢.
Amecera Menava, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p, 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868).
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 180 (1883).
VOL. II. Cc
10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, with an znescent
gloss ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a transverse inwardly-oblique
discal straight dusky glandular fascia, which extends from the upper median to the
posterior margin; two very indistinct slender dusky bars crossing the cell, a
similar discocellular bar, and an upper outer-discal outwardly-recurved line, the
latter with a slightly paler external bordering edge; beyond is a suffused sub-
marginal line ; a moderately large prominent subapical black ocellus and a minute
apical ocellus, each with a white pupil and narrow ochreous outer ring. Hindwing
with two, sometimes three, similar outer ocelli, the lowest, and when present the
upper, being the smallest. Underside pale brownish-grey. Forewing with the
lower discal area suffused with bright ochreous; markings as on upperside, with
the cell bars, discal and submarginal line prominent, dark brown, and externally
bordered with pale grey, the inner cell-bar extending across the wing; ocelli
prominent. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal irregular recurved
ochreous-brown line ; a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth duplex, each with
two pale ochreous rings and two brown rings; marginal lines pale grey
bordered.
Female paler. Forewing with a broad inverted-pyriform bright ochreous ex-
terior patch, on which the two ocelli are very prominent, the patch traversed by
the brown veinlets and the large ocellus inwardly bordered by an incurved brown
streak. Hindwing with the ocelli as in male, but more prominent. Underside
as in the male. Thorax above clothed with virescent-brown hairs; body beneath
brownish-grey ; legs above brown; palpi clothed with brownish-grey hairs ; collar
and side of palpi greyish-white ; antenne dark brown, annulated with white.
Hxpanse.—d ? 1§ to 23 inches.
Hasirar.—N.-W. Himalayas ; (? Beluchistan).
Disrrisution.—‘* According to Col. A. M. Lang’s MS. notes, this species is
very local, and seems to have its headquarters at Pangi, in Middle Kunawur, and
to disappear within fifteen miles on either side. On the Werang Pass, nearly
14,000 feet high, and about twelve miles from here, Tibetwards, I have taken this
insect in June and July.” Col. Lang also obtained it at Chini, 9000 feet, in
September. Major Hellard took it at Pangi im July and August. Mr. L. de
Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 181) observes that ‘it is found in the Pangi and Chini
districts in June and July, but it appears to be local, and nowhere very common.
I took a male at Nurla, Ladak, on July 5th, and two females at Chanagund and
Charjil, Ladak, in June and July; these were all the specimens I saw, the ex-
tremely scanty vegetation of this dry and barren region not being favourable to an
abundant insect fauna.”
A female specimen, doubtfully referable to this species, and differing from
SATYRINE. oe dae
the same sex of the Persian species (L. Nasshreddini) has the ochreous patch on
the forewing paler and with the inner discal border of the patch suffused with
ochreous, was taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson at Quetta on May 10th, 1885. Mr.
L. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, 81) also refers to “a female specimen taken by
Col. A. M. Lang, in the Kawas Valley, Beluchistan, at 8000 feet elevation, in
September.”
Attiep Psrsian aNp Carnuse Spectres or Lastommata.—L. Nasshreddini (Pararge
Nasshreddini, Staudinger; Christoph, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xii. p. 240, pl. 5,
figs. 18, 14, ¢ % (1876); Romanoff, Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. Nearest allied
to but distinct from L. menava. Habitat. Shahrud, N. Persia.—L. mesa, Leech
(Lep. China and Japan). Habitat. W. China.
The following are Chinese allied genera:—Genus nov. lLopinca. Male.
Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa nearly straight, apex obtuse; ex-
terior margin oblique and slightly convex; cell long, narrow; discocellulars
outwardly-oblique, upper radial from end of cell in a direct line with the sub-
costal, lower radial from above middle of the discocellulars; no androconial patch.
Hindwing bluntly ovate, exterior margin convex, somewhat sinuous ; cell, broad ;
discocellulars undulated, radial from the middle; two upper medians from end of
the cell, upper median much arched. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip ;
antenne short, stout, with a well-formed thick elongated club. Typs.—JL.
dumetorum (Pararge dumetorum, Oberthiir, Etudes Hnt. 1886, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 20).
Habitat. W. China.—L. nemorum (Pararge nemorum, Oberthiir, Htudes Ent. 1890,
p. 42, pl. 9, fig. 103). Habitat. Yunan.—ZL. catena (Pararge catena, Leech,
Entomologist, 1890, p. 30). Habitat. C. China.—L. fulvescens (Pararge fulvescens,
Alpheraky, Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. v. 1889, p. 118). Habitat. China.
Gen. noy. Crepera. Male. Forewing longer and narrower than in typical
Lasiommata (L. megera); costa more arched, exterior margin more oblique, the
posterior margin comparatively shorter and with an indistinctly defined inner
discal short glandular fascia, which is clothed with short, very broad, battledore-
scales, some elongate narrow foliate scales with rounded tip, and a few long fine
tapering hairs; cell more than half length of wing, broad. Hindwing short,
exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped; cell longer. Palpi slender, clothed
with shorter hairs in front; antenne longer, more slender, and with a longer
gradually-thickened club. Typs.—Crebeta Deidamia (Pararge Deidamia, Eversm.
Bull. Mose, 1851, p. 617. H. Scheffer, Schmett, Eur. i. figs. 609, 610). Habitat.
Amurland.—(C. Menetriesii (Satyr. Menetriesii, Bremer and Grey; Motsch. Etud.
1852, p. 59. Menetries, Catal. Acad. Mus. Petr. i. pl. 6, fig. 4 (1855). Pryer,
Butt. Japan, p. 31, pl. 9, fig. 5. Habitat. N. China; Japan. OC. erebina
(Pararge erebina Butler, Ann. N.H., 1888, p. 277). Habitat. S. Corea.
c 2
12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Genus AMECERA.
Amecera (part), Butler, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 162.
Pararge, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883), nec Hiibner.
Taco.—Male. Wings broad; woolly at their base. Forewing subtriangular;
costa well arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped and convex;
costal vein much swollen at the base; the median and submedian much less so;
cell broad ; discocellulars angled close to subcostal and before the middle, radials
from the angles. No androconial patch present. Hindwing short; exterior margin
convex, scalloped; cell short, broad; first subcostal emitted at some distance
before end of the cell ; discocellular outwardly-oblique and angular in the middle,
radial from the angle; two upper medians emitted from lower end of the cell,
upper median much curved. Thorax hairy; palpi long, slender, hairy in front,
apical joint somewhat cylindrical; legs rather long, slender, middle and hind
femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz slender and with a well-formed, elongated,
slightly grooved club; eyes hairy.
AMECERA CASHMIRENSIS (Plate 97, figs. 1, la, b, 3 2).
Pararge Cashmirensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 265, pl. 43, fig. 3, g. Marshall and de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883).
Twaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-yellow, suffused with ochreous-brown at
the base of the forewing, and darker on the hindwing; cilia yellowish-white
alternated with dark brown. Jorewing with a black dentate discocellular bar, and
an ochreous-black exterior marginal band, the inner edge of which commences on
the costa about one-third before the apex, and curves exteriorly half round a black
white-pupilled subapical spot, and thence attenuates to the posterior angle; no
androconia present. Hindwing with a broad dusky ochreous-brown exterior
marginal band with waved inner edge, before which are three or four discal black
spots, each with a minute white pupil, the middle spot being the largest, and the
anterior the smallest. Underside. Forewing paler ochreous, markings as on upper-
Hisrorican Note on THE Genus AmEceRA.—This genus was founded in 1867 by Mr. Butler, with
megera as the indicated type. As this species (megera) became the type of Westwood’s genus Lasiom-
mata, in 1840, it cannot therefore be taken for the type of Amecera. All the other species mentioned
by Mr. Butler, under Amecera, are strictly congeneric with megera, except Hversmannt and Baldiva, the
latter species (Baldiva) being congeneric with Semele—the type of Hiibner’s genus Huments—eonsequently
Eversmanni is the only species remaining in Amecera, and must therefore be retained to represent the
genus,
The Pap. Climene, Fabricius, of 8. H. Europe, being congeneric with Hversmanni, will also come into
Amecera, as here defined.
SATYRINZE. 13
side, but greyish-brown; also three slender brown transverse streaks within the
cell, and an irregular streak beyond it: two prominent subapical black ocelli with
white pupil, the upper one very small, beneath them is a white dot, indicating an
incipient ocellus, all three being encompassed by a slender brownish line. Hindwing
with greyish-brown basal area and exterior border, the discal area being whitish-
grey, the division defined by a dark brown irregular zigzag discal line, there being
also a similar brown subbasal line, and a wavy submarginal line, the pale area
traversed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the lowest being duplex, each with a
black centre and white pupil, an ochreous ring, and then a brown ring, the upper,
second, and third ocellus being the smallest, the others of nearly equal size.
Female. Upperside. Forewing differs only in the two subapical spots being
more prominent, the discocellular bar and the marginal border are broader. Hind-
wing asin male. Underside as in male.
Expanse, ¢ 2 to 22, $ 22 to 23 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas (Kashmir).
Distrisution.—A. Cashmirensis is “‘a rare and very local butterfly. It was
captured by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed at Goolmurg, an elevated plateau above
6000 feet, in Kashmir. Specimens have since been taken by Mr. R. Ellis in Pangi, in
July and August, at considerable elevations. It was also captured by Mr. Atkinson
in Kashmir, but no other record of its capture can be traced.” (Butt. Ind. i. 178.)
The late Major H. B. Hellard obtained specimens at Ooramboo and Goolmurg.
ALtrep species oF AmecreraA.—The allied A. Hversmanni,* F. v. W. Moscow
Bull. 1847, pl. ii. fig. 5, 6, of Central Asia. Specimens which we have examined
differ from A. Cashmirensis, on the upperside, in the exterior marginal band being
much darker and more pronounced, this band on the hindwing being also con-
spicuously narrow, and very sharply defined on its inner edge, the discal black
. Spots being five in number, sharply defined, and placed in a more regularly linear
sequence, the entire discal and basal area of this wing being also as bright ochreous
in colour as the forewing. On the underside A. Hversmanni differs in the
forewing being brighter ochreous, the cell streaks and outer markings darker and
sharply defined, the cell streaks less sinuous and wider apart, the outer streak being
much nearer the discocellular veinlet. In the hindwing the basal area and outer
brown portions are darker, the subbasal and discal irregular line prominent, the
outer edge of the latter strongly defined, and prominently white bordered ; the ocelli
are more regular in size, though smaller, the three upper ocelli being of uniform
size, and all are placed in more regularly linear sequence.
* Also deseribed and figured by Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 15. See also Romanoff’s
Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. It is placed, erroneously, in Staudinger’s Catal. Eur. Lep. (1871), p. 30, as a
variety of Pararge Roxelana, This latter named insect is not even congeneric.
14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
The following is an allied genus: Gen. nov. Kirtnta. Male. Wings short,
broad. Forewing somewhat triangulate ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded,
exterior margin very slightly oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein much
swollen at the base, median and submedian slightly swollen ; cell very broad, and
extending to more than half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close
to subcostal and deeply incurved before the middle, radials from the angles ; median
. veinlets very wide apart ; the basal half of the wing, including the cell, hairy, and
clothed with brownish short, broadly oval, more or less dentate-tipt scales, and
conspicuously interspersed with numerous jet-black androconia, which have broad
oval bulbous base, and very long fine tapering hair-like tip. Hindwing broadly
ovate, exterior margin scalloped; cell broad across its middle; first subcostal
emitted fully one-third before end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angled in the
middle, radial from the angle; two upper median branches from extreme end of
cell, the upper median being much arched ; submedian and median widely separated.
Palpi long, slender, clothed with long fine hairs in front, apical joint long. Antenne
short, slender, with a lengthened, very slender club. Hyes hairy.
Type.—K. Hpimenides (Lasiommata Epimenides, Menétr. Schrenk’s Reise
Amurland, Lep. p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 8,9, d ? (1859). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 31, pl.
9, £9. Syn. Neope Fentoni, Butler, Ann. N. H., 1877, p.91. Habitat. Amur-
land; Japan.—K. Hpimenondas (Pararge Epimenondas, Staudinger, Romanofi’s
Mem. Lep. iii., p. 150, pl. 17, fig. 12). Habitat. Amurland.
Genus CHONALA.
Iuaco.—Wings short, broad. Forewing triangularly-ovate, with the costa much
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin convex, posterior angle rounded; cell more ,
than half length of wing, broad; discocellulars outwardly-recurved, upper radial
from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle ;
medians wide apart. No perceptible discal glandular fascia, but a few long black
androconia with stout bulbous base and hair-like penicillate-tip, are present among
the ordinary scales. Hindwing bluntly ovate; exterior margin convex, and with a
shght tendency to an angle at end of upper median veinlet; anal angle round ;
abdominal margin long; cell broad, long ; first subcostal emitted at some distance
before upper end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angular in the middle, radial
from the angle; middle median emitted from extremely close to end of the cell.
Body slender ; palpi clothed in front to the tip with long fine hairs; antenne witha
well-formed lengthened club.
Typr.—C. Masoni.
SATYRIN A. 15
CHONALA MASONI (Plate 97, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 9).
Debis (Tansima) Masoni, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. 2.
Lethe Masoni, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, ete. i. p. 159 (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent.
Soe. Lond. 1888, p. 315.
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent-brown. Jorewing with a
broad white transverse discal outwardly-oblique band, which is most sharply defined
and somewhat sinuous on its inner edge; the outer border of the wing being darker
brown, and with a subapical small white spot between the subcostal and upper radial,
sometimes also with a smaller slender spot above it, and an indistinct blackish larger
spot below it; cilia broad, alternated with white. Hindwing with a slight white
streak bordering the anterior angle; cilia white anteriorly, brownish posteriorly.
Underside slightly paler. Forewing with the white band more prominent and some-
what broader; subapical white spot more distinct, above which is an intersected
paler spot, and below it a prominent black ocellus, with white pupil and ochreous
ring ; a short cinereous-white wavy outer line ascending from the upper spot, beyond
which are two whitish-ochreous marginal lines. Hindwing thickly irrorated with
cinereous scales; crossed by a subbasal and a discal undulated wavy brown line,
beyond which is a curved series of six prominent ocelli, each with a black centre and
white pupil (the lowest bipupilled), a broad dull ochreous ring, and then a black
ring ; followed by two cinereous-white marginal lines, the inner one being slightly
dilated at its apical end. Body beneath, and legs cinerescent-brown ; palpi edged
and clothed with black hairs; collar and side of palpi white; antenne black,
annulated with white.
Expanse, 23 to 2¢ inches.
Hasitat.—Sikkim.
This insect, so far as is yet known, “has only been found in the interior of
Sikkim to the eastward by my native collectors, probably in Bhotan or the Chumbi
Valley’ (Elwes, l.c. p. 315).
CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES oF CHonaLa.—C. episcopalis (Pararge episcopalis,
Oberthir, Etudes Entom. 1886, 22, pl. 4, f. 24). Habitat. W. China.—C. preusta
(Pararge preusta Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 188). Habitat. W. China.
Genus AGAPETES.
Arge,* Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 60 (1816). Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p, 25 (1840). Westwood
in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 383 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus,
p. 153 (1868).
Agapetes, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). Scudder, Amer. Acad, Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875,
p. 104.
Melanargia, Meigen, Eur. Schmett, i. p. 97 (1829). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 71 (1871).
* Founded on the name of one of the speties, therefore not admissible,
16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Melanagria, Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 9 (1861), H. Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 13, 58
(1865).
Satyrus (part) Latreille,
Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched at base, apex obtuse,
exterior margin very slightly oblique, slightly convex and slightly scalloped; costal
vein swollen at base; cell broad, extending to half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly
oblique, angled close to subcostal, concave below the angle, upper radial from the
upper angle, lower radial emitted before the middle; median veinlets long and wide
apart. Hindwing short, rather broad; exterior margin convex, sinuous ; cell broad,
short ; discocellulars very oblique; middle median veinlet starting considerably
before end of the cell. Palpi clothed in front with long porrect hairs. Antenne
thick, with a gradually-formed stout club. Hyes naked.
Aputt CaTErPrttar.—‘ Cylindrical, stout, tapering towards each end; head
proportionally small, almost globular; anal segment with two short lateral points;
minutely villose ; colour buff, with the longitudinal lines more or less brown, or very
pale yellowish-green ; the dorsal line dark green, a subdorsal line paler green with
yellowish borders ; subspiracular line paler ; spiracles small, round, black; head pale
pinkish-brown ; anal points pink; front legs brownish, ventral and prolegs green.
Feeds on grasses.” “Changes to a pupa among moss without suspending itself in
any way, or making a cocoon.”
Curysatis. “Stout, plump, widest where the wing-cases end; headpiece
sloping from the shoulders, but ends squarely; thorax rounded; abdomen curved
to the tail; abdomen ending in a square piece, on which is placed a short blunt
spike, set at the end with two little groups of short straight spines; colour pale
ochreous-white ; wing and antenne cases freckled with pale brown ; the segmental
rings marked with yellow; a brownish stripe down the middle; spiracles large,
brown ; anal spike chestnut-brown.”
Eac. ‘‘ Large and plump, stumpy, ovate in outline, the shell looking like dull
bone-white china, and is covered all over with very shallow rhomboidal network,
with very tiny knobs at the knots, and with a central patch of finer meshes on the
top.” (Buckler’s Larve Brit. Butt. i. p. 161.)
Typz.—A. Galathea.
No species of this genus has yet been recorded from within our northern limits.
Specimens of a species closely allied to A. Cleanthe, from Tekes, Kashgar, are in the
British Museum Collection. A. montana, Leech, occurs in H. Tibet and Western
China ; 4. Leda (Leech, Entom. 1891, p. 57) is also described from W. China. Also
A. Halimede, Menetries (Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 101, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6).
Habitat. Amurland; Corea. (A. meridionalis, Felder (Staudinger in Romanoff’s
Mem. Lep. 1887, p. 147, pl. 16, fig. 9,10). Habitat. W. China.
SATYRINZ, ua)
Genus EUMENIS.
Eumenis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 58 (1816); Samml. Exot. Schmett. 11, pl. 85 (1820-26).
Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 7 (1850). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875,
on yale
Hipparchia (part) Auctorum (nec Fabricius),
Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, subtriangular, rather narrow ; costa slightly
arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded,
posterior margin long, straight; base of wing hairy; costal and median vein swollen
at the base; cell long, extending to three-fifths the length, rather narrow ; disco-
cellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower
radial from the middle; median veinlets very wide apart; crossed by a medial
discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower edge of the
cell to beyond its end, and is clothed with laxly-raised, outwardly-curved elongated
claviform almost transparent scales, between which are interspersed numerous dark
coloured short androconia, which are extremely slender, attenuating to their end,
and have a dilated tip, the androconia being scarcely perceptible, unless forcibly
dislodged from their positions. Hindwing bluntly-ovate, exterior margin scalloped ;
base hairy; cell long, extending more than half the wing; discocellular very long,
oblique, recurved ; middle median starting at some distance before end of the cell.
Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip; antennz slender, with a very short,
broad, slightly pointed, flattened spatular club. Hyes naked.
Aputt CarerPrtLtar.—* One and a half inch in length, tapering much to the anal
forked extremity, and a little towards the head, which is globular; ground colour of
the back delicately mottled drab, with longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle
segments, viz. a dorsal stripe of olive brown, very dark at the beginning of each
segment, with a thin edging of brownish-white; subdorsal region with three.
longitudinal stripes, the first composed of a double narrow line of yellowish-brown,
the second wider, and of the mottled ground colour, edged with paler above and
with white beneath, the third, of similar width, is of a dark grey-brown, edged above
with black; spiracular stripe broader, and of nearly equal width, pale ochreous-
brown, edged with brownish-white above and below; spiracles black; ventral
surface and legs drab colour. Head brown, delicately marked with darker brown
stripes. Feeds on grasses.”
CurysaLis.— Obtuse, rounded, tumid, and smooth ; abdominal rings scarcely
visible, and wholly of a deep red mahogany colour, Formed in a hollow space below
the surface, close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them, with the particles of
sand and earth very slightly cohering together.” (Buckler.)
Type.—K. Semele.
vot. 1. August 10th, 1892. D
18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
EUMENIS DIFFUSA.
Hipparchia diffusa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 147, gd. Marshall and de Nicéyille, Butt. of
India, ete., i. p. 186 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to #. Semele, with the glandular patch on the
forewing less prominent, the ochreous patches enclosing the ocelli obscured and more
diffused, and also those between the intervening veins. On the hindwing the discal
ochreous-band is very much broader, extending to the costa, and is uniformly
ochreous from its sinuous outer edge to its medial angulated edge—this band thus
being more like that in the female of Semele, and the subanal ocellus is not ringed
with paler yellow. On the underside of the forewing the pale outer discal band
is broader than in H. Semele. Hindwing similar, but more densely mottled.
Expanse, d 2% inches.
Hasrrat.—N.-W. Himalaya.
We have examined the type specimen of this species, now in the British Museum
collection, and find that it is a male, not a female—as erroneously indicated by
Mr. Butler in his original description.
The only specimen we have had under examination is that of the type above
referred to. Mr. A. Graham-Young (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1885, p. 130) records its
capture as follows :— Hipparchia diffusa was, when I first took itin the Ravi Basin
(I found it not uncommon in 1866 and 1867), at once recognized by me as merely
a variety of H. Semele, and I had the less difficulty in coming to this conclusion,
for whereas the specimens of H. Semele (which is very common in Persia) I took
near Tabriz and other parts of Azerbijan, agreed exactly with English specimens,
those taken in the Shemron, due north of Tehran, had a slight tendency to vary,
and specimens from Sharood-i-Bostan and the mountains near Meshed showed a
further, but still very slight variation. I have no doubt the ‘ missing links’ will
turn up in Afghanistan, and that this form from the Ravi Basin, as far as we know,
the eastern limit of H. Semele, will prove inseparable from the European type.”
EUMENIS BALDIVA (Plate 98, fig. 1, la, f 2).
Lasiommata Baldiva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 4 g.
Amecera Baldiva, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868),
Hipparchia Baldiva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188 (1883).
Tuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dusky cinerescent-brown; with a more
or less dusky-black inner discal oblique broad glandular patch, which is clothed with
laxly-disposed raised outwardly-curved elongated clavate scales, interspersed with
long bulbous androconia, having a fine hair-like end, and a divergent feathery-tip,
these androconia varying in length, and some being extremely fine and hair-like
SATYRINZ. 19
throughout ; across the outer dise is a bright ochreous band of nearly equal width,
the outer edge of which is defined by a dusky lunular line, the inner edge being
sinuous; within the band is a small upper and a lower black spot, and sometimes two
intervening white dots. Hindwing paler cinereous-brown; with a similar-coloured
medial-discal curved band, within which is a very small black spot between the
lower median veinlets. Cilia cinerescent-white, very slightly alternated with brown
on the forewing. Underside whitish-cinereous. Forewing with the inner-discal area
-and middle of the band, as above, paler ochreous, the upper black spot with a white
pupil and pale ochreous outer ring, the lower spot minute; costal border and
exterior margin crossed by greyish-black strige. Hindwing thickly covered with
greyish-black, or ochreous-grey, strigz; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal zigzag
blacker line, a well-defined discal line with pale outer border, and by a submarginal
simuous line; between the two latter is a small white-pupilled black spot above
the lower median veinlet.
Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the discal band broader, its inner
edge angulated at the upper median and below the lower median, the black spots
larger than in male, the upper one with a minute white pupil, and between them is
one, sometimes two, small white spots surrounded by brown speckles. Hindwing as
in the male. Underside similar to the male. Forewing with the two white dots
between the discal spots. Hindwing with the transverse zigzag lines less defined.
Body cinerescent-brown; abdomen paler; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath
cinereous-white. Antenne cinereous-brown, the broad spatular club black beneath.
Expanse, ¢ 13, ¢ 23 inches.
Hasirar.—Spiti, Upper Kunawur ; W. Tibet.
Distrisution.— Obtained by Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499) “on the bare,
brown, stony mountain slopes of Spiti, Upper Kunawur, Tibet, where this species
seems to delight in the hot weather of June and July ;” and in his “ MS. Notes”’
says, “taken between Shipkee and Broopcha, 10,000 feet, Tibet, in July.’’ It was
also collected by Mr. J. H. Leech at Skardo, 7-8000 feet elevation, in July, 1887.
EUMENIS LEHANA (Plate 98, fig. 2, 2a, 3 2).
Hipparchia Lehana, Moore, Annals, Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 227; cd. Yarkund Mission, Lep, p. 1, pl. 1,
fig. 4, ¢ (1879). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188, pl. xvi. fig. 48, 9
(1883).
Imaco.—Allied to H. Baldiva. Upperside paler in colour, the discal trans-
verse ochreous-band broader on both wings, and on the forewing the posterior inner
edge of the band, in both sexes, is inwardly oblique. In both sexes the small
ocellus on the band above the anal angle is absent on the upper and underside. The
underside is also much paler, and the transverse sinuous lines wider apart.
Dp 2
20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Expanse ¢ 2 to 22, 9 23 to 24 inches.
Hasirat.—Leh, Kharbu ; Ladak.
Distrisction.—T he type specimens were obtained by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka, at
Leh, in September, and at Kharbu, 13,000 feet, in Ladak. Mr. L. de Nicéville ** took
one male and two females at Chanagund, Ladak, in June” (Butt. Ind. i. 188).
Capt. H. B. Hellard obtained specimens in the “ Indus Valley, between Skardo and
Dras River, in July.” Mr. J. H. Leech caught it on the road to Skoro La and Braldo
in July, at 12,000 feet, and Mr. MacArthur obtained it at Kardong at 14,000 feet,
in August, 1889. .
Our illustrations of this species on Plate 98, fig. 2, represents the male type,
reproduced from the plate in “‘ Yarkund Mission ” above referred to, and fig. 2a that
of a female from the Indus Valley, in our own collection.
EUMENIS THELEPHASSA.
Eumenis Thelephassa, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. IT. pl. 85, figs. 14, ¢ 2 (1820-26).
Hipparchia Thelephassa, Klug, Sym. Phys. Ins. pl. 29, figs. 1-4 (1832), Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit.
Mus. p. 51 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 187 (1883).
Satyrus Thelephassa, H. Scheffer, Eur, Schmett. I. figs. 178-9, et figs. 305-6 (1844-6).
Satyrus Anthelea, Boisd. Icones Hist. Lep. pl. 41, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 2; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen.
D. Lep. pl. 65, fig. 3 (1851), 9.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinerescent-brown, cilia broadly alternated with
cinereous-white. Forewing with a broad transverse outer-discal bright ochreous or
fulvous band, the outer edge of which is almost even and is parallel with the exterior
margin, the inner edge being angulated outward at the upper median vein ; within
the band is an upper and a lower black spot with minute white pupil, and between
them are two small white spots. An oblique discal dusky-grey black-speckled
glandulur patch extends narrowly below the cell, and also broadly within the anterior
half of the cell, where it is traversed by a prominent longitudinal oblique-streak of
black scales ; this black cell-streak is clothed with densely-packed raised narrow
oval scales, and the lower area beneath it, within the cell, with raised elongated
pale grey claviform scales, which overlap broader-tipt oval dark scales interspersed
with a few black very slender attenuated feather-tipt androconia ; below the cell the
scales are elongated and pale grey, with a few underlying shorter oval dark scales,
and many long slender attenuating feather-tipt androconia. Hindwing with a
broad medial discal bright ochreous lunular-edged band, enclosing two very small
white-pupilled spots between the radials. Underside. Forewing pale cinereous-brown,
the discal area and lower part of the cell bright ochreous, the edges of the discal
band defined by a dusky line, the two black spots and intermediate white dots, as in
upperside, the upper spot being pale ringed; costal border crossed by dusky-black
strigs, and exterior border traversed bya similar-coloured lunular line. Hindwing
SATYRINZ. 21
pale cinereous-brown, transversely mottled with darker brown; crossed by an
indistinctly-defined subbasal and a more prominent brown irregular angulated discal
line, the latter broadly outwardly-bordered by cinereous-white, and beyond which is
a very small subanal black spot with white pupil, and a submarginal lunular dusky
line.
Female. Upperside similar to the male (except in the absence of the sexual
patch). Forewing with the inner edge of the discal band more acutely angular, and
the outer edge lunular. Underside paler than in male, with similar markings, but
less defined. Body cinereous-brown ; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath
cinereous-white ; antennz brown, with broad blackish spatular club.
Expanse ¢ 23, $ 2¢ inches.
Hasitat.—S. Russia; Syria; Persia; Beluchistan; 8. Afghanistan.
Distrisution.— Within our limits this species has been taken by Major Howland
Roberts in the neighbourhood of Kandahar, who notes that it is “‘ very common at
the beginning and middle of May in the nullahs and on the rocky slopes at the foot
of the hills, resting under the shade of rocks and stones during the heat of the day,
and flying about in the early morning and evening, when it is easily captured. In
June scarcely a specimen was to be found.”” (P.Z.S. 1880, 405.) Colonel C. Swinhoe
also obtained it in S. Afghanistan, at ‘‘Chaman in May, at Quetta in May and
September, and at Gwalin May. Fairly common.’ It was also obtained by Colonel
A. M. Lang at “ Quetta at 5500 feet elevation, in the Hanna Valley 6500 feet, and
the Kawas Valley, 8000 feet elevation, where it was not uncommon among boulders
in the gorges of the high valleys.” (Butt. Ind. 187.)
Genus CHAZARA.
Both sexes more robust than typical Eumenis (H. Semele), and the general
pattern of the markings on the upperside different. Mats.—Forewing more
triangular, the glandular patch shorter, confined immediately below the cell, the patch
clothed with laxly-raised outwardly-curved elongated broad-tipt dark claviform scales,
interspersed with numerous longer very slender tapering dark androconia with
feathery tips, the patch also being densely covered with overlapping hairs ; cell
broader and shorter. Hindwing broader, more convex externally. Palpi much
stouter, apical joint thicker and shorter. Antenne with a shorter, broader, spatular
club. Hyes naked. Type. C. Briseis.
CHAZARA SHANDURA (Plate 98, figs. 3, 3a, g 2).
Hipparchia Shandura, Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, 1882, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 3, 2 ; Marsha
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 191 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black. Cilia alternated with white.
22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Forewing with a darker black broad oblique inner-discal glandular fascia; costal
border with a few short black strigz; a broad yellowish-white streak occupying
two-thirds of the cell from the base, and a transverse outer-discal series of longi-
tudinal short streaks, the outer one, below the radial, being the longest, and divided
in its middle by a black spot, the streak between the middle and lower median
veinlets nearly obliterated by a large black spot with a slight white pupil. Hind-
wing with a broad medial posteriorly-decreasing angular yellowish-white band.
Underside. Forewing with the costal and exterior margin greyish-white, mottled
with short transverse black strigze-; the cell and discal area washed with very pale
yellow ; a broad black bar crossing before end of the cell, and an irregular angulated
discal band outwardly-bordering the cell from the subcostal vein to the posterior
margin, beyond which is an upper and lower discal black spot with a white pupil,
followed by a slender black lunular submarginal line. Hindwing greyish-white,
mottled with blackish strigz, which are more thickly disposed partly across the middle
and across the disc, and there forming two ill-defined curved bands, the latter slightly
showing a small pale central spot between the veins.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar yellowish-white markings, which
are somewhat longer, and more confluent, that above the lower median veinlet much
longer, and a small black spot being present below the latter. Hindwing as in the
male, with the medial angular-band less defined. Underside similar to the male.
Body faliginous-black above, ochreous-white beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs
beneath ochreous-white.
Hixpanse ¢ 23, 9 2¢ inches.
Hasitat.—Northern Kashmir.
Allied to OC. Heidenreichi, from the Altai mountains. Somewhat smaller; wings
shorter; similarly marked above. On the forewing above, the male has a longer
inner pale upper spot, the upper and lower discal black white-centred patch smaller,
the lower pale spot more oval in shape. Hindwing with a broader pale irregular
angulated discal patch, but with no white-centred black spot between lower and
middle medians. On the underside of the forewing the two black white-centred
discal spots are smaller, and the submarginal wavy black line is further from the
margin. On the hindwing, the transverse mottling is much darker but more
irregular, the discal portion haying no well-defined black outer demarcating edge,
this portion also being further from the outer margin of the wing, and has no
ocellus on it between the lower and middle medians.
Distrisution.—T he female type specimen was “ taken by Major J. Biddulph on
the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir. Both sexes were also taken on the
Skoro La, Baltistan, 13,000 feet, in July, 1887, by Mr. J. H. Leech. A male and
SATYRIN 4. 23
female, from Kashgar, are in the British Museum collection, and also in that
of Mr. H. Grose-Smith.
The illustrations of this species on our Plate 98, fig. 3, represent a male from
Skoro La, kindly lent by Mr. L. de Nicéville, and fig. 3a the female, reproduced
from Major Marshall’s figure above referred to.
Genus PHILARETA.
Matz.—Forewing much broader, shorter, and less triangular, than in typical
Chazara (0. Briseis) ; costa much arched before the end, exterior margin almost
erect; cell much shorter; glandular patch not present. Hindwing large, very broad,
exterior margin scalloped, cell much shorter. Palpi clothed with shorter hairs
in front, apex more pointed. Antenne with a stouter, longer, flat, more truncate-tipt
spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. P. Hanifa.
PHILARETA PERSEPHONE.
Papilio Persephone, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. I. pl. 115, figs. 589-90, et pl. 140, figs. 710-11 (1805),
Hipparchia Persephone, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 55 (1868).
Papilio Anthe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. I. p. 169 (1807).
Satyrus Anthe, Boisduval, Icones, pl. 40, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 2.
Hipparchia Anthe, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt of India, ete. i. p. 192 (1883).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky-brown, cinereous-brown basally.
Cilia alternated with white. Horewing with an outer-discal interrupted band composed
of whitish spots,the upper portion being elongated and divided in its middle by a square
black spot, and its inner end angled upward to the costa, the next portion, between
the upper medians, shorter and curved on its upper edge, the next longer and
divided in its middle by a round black spot, the two lower portions shorter. Hindiwing
crossed by a medial-discal curved sinuous whitish band, the inner edge sharply
defined. Underside cinereous. Forewing with the costal and outer border mottled
with blackish and brown strige, the middle of the wing and macular band pale
ochreous, the latter almost white and laterally defined by narrow black edging ;
the two black spots distinct; posterior border dusky. Hindwing densely mottled
with black and brown strigz; a more or less distinct angulated transverse sub-
basal and a discal line, and a lunular submarginal line, the two latter with pale
cinereous outer border. Body beneath, palpi, and legs brownish-cinereous ; antennal
club blackish.
Expanse, ¢ 22 to 23, ? 22 to 28 inches.
Hasirat.—S8. Russia; Persia; S. Afghanistan.
Distrisution.—Within our limits, this species has been taken in the neigh-
24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
bourhood of Kandahar by Colonel C. Swinhoe, who obtained a single “female at
Chaman on the 14th May, 1880 ” (Ann. N. H. 1882, 206). This specimen has been
under our examination for verification.
Genus NYTHA.
Nytha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 77 (1820). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 231.
Hipparchia, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868), nec Fabricius.
Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex
obtuse, exterior margin oblique, posterior margin short; costal and median vein
swollen at the base; crossed by a broad medial-discal inwardly-oblique glandular
patch, which also extends within lower part of the cell to its end only, and is densely
clothed with raised very long slender serrate-tipt scales, and numerous interspersed
long very slender attenuated androconia with truncate base and tasselled-tip ; cell
very long, rather broad. Hindwing very broad, exterior margin convex, sharply
scalloped; abdominal margin very long; cell long; discocellular much recurved,
very oblique. Palpi densely clothed to tip. Antenne long, slender, with short broad
spatular club. Hyes naked.
Type.—N. Hermione.
NYTHA PARISATIS (Plate 98, figs. 4, 4a,¢ 9).
Satyrus Parisatis, Kollar, Ins. Fauna 8. Persia, p. 11 (1849); id. Denkschr. Akad. Wien. Math.
Nat. Cl. 1, p. 52 (1850). Staudinger, in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 483.
Hipparchia Parisatis, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville
Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 184, pl. xvi. fig. 47 2 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky-brown, with an olivescent gloss in some
lights. Cilia greyish-white, slightly alternated with dark brown at end of the
veins, more strongly on the hindwing. Forewing with the costal edge from near the
base more or less thickly studded with greyish-white scales, forming a narrow bor-
dering fascia, which is dilated before the apex, and the exterior margin posteriorly
also studded with greyish-white scales forming a narrow band intersected by the
brown veins; a broad dusky-black oblique inner-discal glandular fascia, which is
clothed with densely-packed very long narrow foliate serrate-tipt scales, very
numerously interspersed with long androconia with bulbous base, hair-like end and
feather-tip ; an indistinctly-defined subapical and a lower outer-discal black spot, the
upper one white-pupilled, and between them are generally visible two minute
narrow white spots, which are situated above and below the upper median veinlet ;
beyond is a narrow dusky-black lunular submarginal line edging the grey-white outer
border. Hindwing with a broader greyish-white marginal sinuous-edged band
SATYRINA?, 25
intersected by the brown veins, the extreme outer marginal edge being also brown
speckled at the vein tips; a single subanal black spot with white pupil between the
lower median veinlets. Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, palest
on the basal area, thickly mottled, except on the lower part of forewing, with dark
brown slender transverse strige. Forewing crossed by an angulated dark brown
discal line outwardly edged with white, and a slender nearly even submarginal line,
the latter also slightly pale edged; the subapical and lower black spot both larger,
their intermediate narrow white spots also larger, and very prominent, the subapical
and lower spot each with an ochreous and then a narrow brown outer ring, the
upper spot also white pupilled. Hindwing crossed by a prominent dark brown
angulated discal line outwardly bordered with white, and less-defined brown sub-
marginal lunular line, between them is an upper and a lower prominent black ocellus,
each with a white pupil, ochreous ring, and then a slender brown outer ring; some-
times there is a minute ocellule present above the upper one.
Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male. Forewing with the greyish-
white costal and marginal border, discal black spots, and the two intervening white
spots more prominent, and the discal transverse angular line of the underside
slightly traceable. Hindwing with the marginal greyish-white band broader and more
or less enclosing the subanal spot: Underside as in the male. Body above brown,
cinereous beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white.
Expanse, 23, to 32 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas; Afghanistan ; Beluchistan ; S. Persia.
Distrisution.—The first record of the capture of this insect within our area is
that by Col. A. M. Lang (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 500), who “obtained it on steep pre-
cipices over bare hill-sides above the Sutlej; the aspect of the insect onthe wing is quite
Nymphalidian, a soaring flight, swift if frightened, and pitching in all sorts of
inaccessible spots, Subsequently found very common in Upper Kunawur, always
on steep cliffs, pitching on rocks;” and, in his MS. Notes, also says, “This is a
Kunawur insect ; only to be seen on cliffs on bona-fide cliff ground, sailing about with
rather a Nymphalidian flight, and perching on rocks with closed wings. Rather
numerous in such localities as it frequents. Kotghur, taken in May ; in Kumaon,
from July to September.” The Rey. J. H. Hocking (P. Z. 8. 1882, 236) obtained it
in the “ Kangra Valley, during the rains, June to September. Always settles under-
neath overhanging rocks.” Major H. B. Hellard (MS. Notes) records it from
“ Pangi and Urni in Busahir, July and August; Kashmir in September, and Skardo
in July.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 184) obtained it near Simla, and at Kot-
ghur in the autumn, in Chumba in May, at Budruwah and Junglewah on the
frontiers of Kashmir in June, and late in July near Bajaura, Kulu. Mrs. Deane
obtained specimens in Chini in June, and in Gilgit by Major J. Biddulph in August.”
VOL. Il. E
26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. §. 1886, 857): ‘‘Common between Bugnoter and
Abbottabad, 4000-5000 feet, September; between Abbottabad and Kali Pani in
September; also on the lower slopes of Thundiani; seen near Tret, in October.”
Common also on the hills round Abbottabad in August, and common at Kairabad
in May and June. Seen also at Attock.”’ (Ann. N. H.1888, 134.) Major Howland
Roberts (P. Z. S. 1880, 405) obtained it in the neighbourhood of Candahar in 1880 ;
it “frequents nullahs and shady places, and may be caught by dozens at a time.
Abundant but local at the end of May, and in June in shady, moist places among
the low, rocky, barren hills.”” Colonel C. Swinhoe (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 338)
records its capture at Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan, in July and August, 1879 ;
and at Chaman and Balgoi in May, 1880. The type specimen described by Kollar
is recorded from §. Persia.
Genus AULOCERA.
Oreas * Hibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1816). Oken, Lehrb. 1. p. 740 (1815).
Aulocera, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868).
Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Se. Boston, 1875, p.124. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
ete. i. p. 195 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Forewing broad, triangular, base hairy; costal vein swollen at
the base; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; with
an indistinctly-defined dusky-black inner discal glandular patch, which is clothed with
moderately long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely-
dentate tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconia + with lengthened
bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; cell long, more than half
length of wing ; discocellulars recurved, upper angled close to subcostal, upper radial
from the angle, lower radial from above the middle. Hindwing broad, base hairy ;
exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped, anal angle rounded ; cell half the length,
rather broad; discocellulars recurved. Palpi clothed with fine long hairs in front to
the apex. Antennx rather slender, with a lengthened slender club.
Carrrpintar.— A. Swaha. Colour probably black, but so very thickly clothed
with short bright yellow hairs, that it is almost impossible to see what its ground
colour is; head and legs black. Found upon the wild blue Iris.”
* Preoccupied in 1804 for a genus of Mammals.
+ In A. Swaha, Loha, and Chumbica the androconia are absent, though the patch is present. In the
European species, Proserpina, the androconia are very slender, with an attenuated lengthened truncate
base.
SATYRIN 2. 27
CurysaLis.—* Attached to the centre of the leaf by the tail, with a bright yellow
thread across, head upwards.’ (Captain A. Graham-Young.)
Type.—A. Brahminus.
AULOCERA BRAHMINUS (Plate 99, figs. 1, la, $2).
Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacquemont’s Voy. dans l’Inde, IV. Ins. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1844) g
only (nec figs. 5, 6).
Aulocera Brahminus, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1. Marshall and de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 198, pl. XVI. fig. 49, f (1883).
Aulocera Werang, Lang, Hntom. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 247 ¢ 9.
Aulocera Weranga, Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. (1869) p. 35. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 266.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown, bronzy in some
lights. Cilia broadly alternated with white. Forewing with an indistinctly apparent
dusky-black inner-discal glandular fascia which is clothed with moderately-long
broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely dentate-tipt
scales, interspersed with long blackish androconia with lengthened bulbous base and
short hair-like end and tasselled tip; across the disc is a series of well-separated
small white spots, with a divergent spot and slender streaks to the costa beyond the
cell, and with an intervening black spot between the radials. Hindwing crossed by a
slightly-recurved medial narrow sinuous-edged white band cut by the dark veins, the
contour of the outer edge of the band being somewhat angulated at the upper median
veinlet, and the entire band decreasing in width to the anal angle. Underside paler,
but brighter coloured, and of a more or less olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing
with the costal and apical border thickly mottled with darker strigz edged with
ochreous; discal band broader, duller in tone, and olivescent-white, more diffused
externally, the lower portion and the divergent portion each continuous, the subapical
black spot with white pupil and conspicuous. Hindwing densely mottled with brighter
olivescent-ochreous edged blackish transverse strigz, some of which at the end of
the veinlets are edged with cinereous white, the disc most clouded, and with a more
or less apparent series of three or four whitish spots; medial transverse band
olivescent ochreous-white, broader than on upperside and more angulate externally.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of spots somewhat
longitudinally narrower and elongated ; the band on the hindwing more regular in
its course, but of the same width asin male. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, g 2¢ to 28, ? 28 to 22 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
DistrisuTion.—The ‘* Himalayas”? is given as the locality of this species by
Blanchard (Jacq. Voy. 22). Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 247) gives
**Werang Pass, Upper Kunawur,” as the habitat of his species (Weranga), also
E 2
28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
remarking that “it appears, however, to be very rare, as I have seen but three speci-
mens ; these were all taken by me at an altitude of 12,000 feet, about 1000 feet below
the bleak and bare summit of the Werang Pass, amidst the rocky, grassy ground
just clear of the forests of pine and cedars. Dr. Jerdon obtained a single specimen
at Goolmurg, 9000 feet above the Valley of Cashmere.” The authors of “ Butterflies
of India, &e.’’ (p. 199) state that “ A, Brahminus is found, so far as we have any
certain knowledge, only in the N.-W. Himalayas at from 7000 to 13,000 feet eleva-
tion. Mr, Graham Young took numerous specimens in 1880, in June, on the Ser-ka-
joth in North Mandi, two miles south of the Kulu frontier, and forty miles south of
the snowy range at barely 8000 feet elevation; these were typical Brahminus. Mr.
de Nicéville found it very plentifully on the banks of the Chandra Bhaga river, in
July, near Koksir on the borders of Lahul at 7000 feet elevation, and again at Kailing
in Lahul at about 9000 feet in the same month; all these specimens being of the
Weranga form with the ochreous predominating on the underside, and one, a female,
from Kailang, has the nervures powdered with white scales and the whitish black-
encircled spots of Scylla. In Lahul, specimens were taken by the Rev. A. Heyde, at
Patseo, 11,000 feet, in July, which differ from the usual form in the great predomi-
nance of the grey irrorations. In Pangi, on the Sach Pass, Mr. R. Ellis took at an
elevation of 13,000 feet, in August and September, some examples in which the pre-
yailing ochreous is beautifully contrasted with the grey markings, and dark brown
strie ; the veins in these are powdered with white, as in Scylla; and finally a large
series were taken by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg, in Kashmir, in July at from 9000 to
10,000 feet elevation, showing every gradation between typical Brahminus and typical
Weranga.” Mr. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January 1st, 1880) states that
“it always settles on the ground with its wings closed, and then shuts the upper
wings into the lower ones, so that only the lower wings and the extreme tips of the
upper are visible.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “ Pangi, in Busahir, in July
and August, and in Cashmere in August and September” (MS. notes). Mr. J. H.
Leech obtained specimens in the Deosi plains in August, 1887.
AULOCERA SCYLLA.
Aulocera Scylla, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 122, 3.
Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118.
Male. ‘ Upperside blackish-fuscous, with a whitish discal fascia, macular on
the forewing, slender and obsolete near the anal angle on the hindwing, bifurcate at
the apex of forewing, and including an oval black spot. Cilia whitish, variegated
with black. Underside paler, covered with blackish strie ; the subapical spot of fore-
wing ocellated ; hindwing very slightly yellowish, an outer discal series of whitish
spots tinged outwardly with black, the discal fascia distinct at the analangle. Most
SATY RIN AS, 29
nearly allied to A. Brahminus, but differs in its much smaller size, less sinuated
margins, more slender central band, and on the underside in having a row of white
spots placed in an arc outside the central band. I have seen three specimens of this
species, which all appear to agree in size, pattern, and coloration.” Mr. Butler
adds (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 248) that “ the veins on the underside of the hindwing are
powdered with whitish scales.”
Expanse, ¢ ? 2% inches.
Hasitat (of type).—Between Nepal and Tibet Tartary.
Both sexes smaller in size than typical Brahminus. Upperside. Forewing with
the macular band composed of smaller and longitudinally narrower spots, the band on
hindwing also composed of transversely narrower portions. Underside of both wings
also with the bands narrower. Hindwing with the veins white-speckled throughout,
and with a series of distinct small white spots, each with a dark brown outer border.
Expanse, 2} inches.
Distripu1ion.—The type specimen of A. Scylla, described by Mr. Butler, and
now in the British Museum collection, bears a label with the inscribed locality of ‘‘ near
Tibet,’ which was evid ently misread by that author for ‘‘ Silhet,” and was erroneously
so printed in the original description. I was fortunate enough to discover this
error of the locality on the label when examining the type specimen, and upon
referring to the “ Museum Register” it was found that this specimen was taken “ by
Major Charlton between Nepal and Tibet Tartary.” There are also two female
specimens in the British Museum, captured by Dr. Duthie “near Kutta, 13-14,000
feet, N.-E. Kumaon, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118)
records A. Scylla “‘ from the Pindari Glacier, and North Byeri above Furkya, North-
West Kumaon, 12-14,000 feet; at Garbyan, 12,000 feet; Lepu Lek, 16,000 feet,
North-East Kumaon,” remarking also that the prehensores are distinct from those
of Brahminus. The latter has the uncus, seen from above, longer and its branches
more slender. Seen from the side, Scylla has the uncus and its branches parallel
and nearly in the same horizontal plane, and the top of the uncus is knobbed, while
in Brahminus it is smooth, and the branches diverge downwards from it. The clasp
has its upper limb toothed horizontally, in Scylla vertically. The present species is
small, ochreous-grey below, with a discal line of white spots on the hindwing below,
the band there crooked ; on the forewing below, the ocellus is pupilled with white
and the band is wide and united. I have caught it flying wets Brahminus, from
which I consider it distinct, in the meadows near Furkya.”
AULOCERA BRAHMINOIDES (Plate 99, figs. 2, 2a, ? ).
Satyrus Brahminus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 324 (nec Blanchard).
Comparatively smaller than A. Brahminus. Forewing with the macular band
30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
composed of shorter spots, those between the medians regularly oval in shape, the
subapical black spot entirely absent. Hindwing with a broader medial band, which
is of uniform width throughout its length to the anal angle. Underside much darker
than in Brahminus, with blacker strige, and which are all edged with cinereous-white
(not with olivescent-ochreous) ; the band on both wings as on the upperside, and
the subapical white-pupilled black spot (always present in Brahminus) entirely
absent.
Expanse, 22 inches.
Hasitat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet.
Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-
Tibet, in July and August, 1883.
AULOCERA CHUMBICA (Plate 99, figs. 3, 3a, $ 2).
Satyrus Padma, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 406 (nec Kollar).
Smaller than A. Loha. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series
of discal spots half the size of those in Sikkim examples of Loha, the glandular patch
broadly dusky-black, which is clothed with moderately long and broad dentate-tipt
pale scales and longer foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales only, no androconia present
in the specimens under examination. Hindwing with the transverse band also half
the width of that in Sikkimese Loha. Underside of a similar dusky-brown colour
and mottled markings; both wings with the bands narrower, as on upperside.
Female. Both wings with the transverse bands narrower than in Loha on both the
upper and underside.
Expanse, ¢ 24, 2 inches.
Hasitat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet.
Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley on the
Tibetan frontier of Sikkim, at 1000 to 15,000 feet elevation, in August and
September.
AULOCERA LOHA (Plate 99, figs. 4, 4a, f 2).
Aulocera Loha, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 118.
Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 323, pl. 9, figs. 6, @.
Imaco.—Smaller than A. Padma. Male. Upperside very dark olivescent
blackish-brown. Cilia narrowly alternated with white. Forewing with an indistinctly
defined discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with a few short broad serrate-tipt
scales, and numerous long broad acutely-serrated tipt scales; no androconia present ;
crossed by a discal series of very widely-separated pale ochreous-white spots, there
being also two inwardly-divergent spots to the costa beyond the cell, all these spots
SATYRIN Z. 31
being conspicuously smaller than in A. Padma, more medially placed across the wing
than in Padma, and transversely shorter, and those between the medians pyriform.
Hindwing crossed by a narrower medial pale ochreous-white band. Underside
brighter coloured, darker, and of a more olive-brown tint than in A. Padma. Fore-
wing with the costa, interior of cell, and apical border slightly mottled with darker
brown pale-bordered strigz, those at the apex bordered with lilac; transverse discal
spots medially-disposed as on upperside, and with an intermediate ill-defined white-
pupilled black spot between the radials. Hindwing densely mottled with dark
brown strigz more or less edged with lilac; transverse band narrow, as on
upperside.
Female. Upperside with similar transverse pale ochreous-white markings,
medially-disposed as in male, but somewhat less prominently defined. Underside
also with similar markings, those on the forewing somewhat larger, but less promi-
nently defined ; the bands narrower than in Padma.
Expanse, 3d 22, ? 3 inches.
Haprrat.—N.-W. Kumaon; Sikkim.
The above description is taken from male and female typical specimens obtained
by Mr. Doherty at Dankuri, N.-W. Kumaon, kindly lent for this purpose by Mr. L. de
Nicéyille. Mr. Doherty’s original description (1. c. p. 118) is as follows: ‘* A. Loha.
N.sp. Smaller than Padma ; cell of male smooth, sex mark not very plain; male distin-
guished by the divergent white spots from the median band to the costa; the female
by the band of the hindwing below being narrow, well defined and ochreous. The
insect is darker than Padma, the apex of both wings glossed with lilac below, and
the base of the hindwing greenish. It may perhaps be only a seasonal form of
Padma.”
Distrieotion.—Mr. W. Doherty (I. c. 118) says: “I found Zoha common on
Bireg mountain, N.-W. Kumaon, from 9000 to 12,000 feet, in August and September.”
We possess a male and female identical with the typical specimen above de-
scribed, from the late General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. Mr. H. J. Elwes
obtained it in Sikkim, remarking (1. c. 323), “‘I took it only on the Singalelah Range
which bound Sikkim on the West between Tonglo and Phallut, at elevations of from
10,000 to 12,000 feet, in July, but it was most abundant on the grassy ridge beyond
Sundukpho above the pine-forest, where it flies strongly above the trees, resting on
their trunks, and settling on flower-heads in the open parts and on the edge of the
forest.” In examples of these Sikkim specimens, under our examination, the
glandular patch is clothed with somewhat differently-shaped scales from those present
in the typical male above described, one form being longer and more oval with
scarcely definable serrate-tip, the other lengthened serrate-tipt form being somewhat
shorter, and with tapering base, the androconia being also absent.
32 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 92, fig. 4 represents the male, from
Dhankuri, in Kumaon, and fig. 4a, the female, from a Nepal example.
AULOCERA PADMA (Plate 100, fig. 1, la, g 2).
Satyrus Padma, Wollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 445, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2 (1844), 2.
Aulocera Padma, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 122; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868), Marshall
and de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 196 (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886,
p. 118.
gaa Avatara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. Compy. i. p. 229 (1857), ¢.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia alternated
with white. Forewing with a broad distinct dusky-black inner-discal glandular patch,
which is clothed with long pale foliate serrate-tipt scales, and long blackish andro-
conia with short broad bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip—no short scales
present; crossed by a discal linear-series of broad yellowish-white spots (those
ordinarily proceeding inward to the costa being obsolescent or entirely absent).
Hindwing crossed by a medial yellowish-white band. Underside nearly as dark
coloured as the upperside. Forewing the palest, the costal and apical border broadly
mottled with black strigz slightly edged with cinereous; the transverse discal white
spots broader, diffused externally, with the usual divergent costal portion entire, the
subapical black spot with white pupil, and distinct. Hindwing thickly mottled with
cinereous-edged black strigz, which are more clouded externally; the transverse
medial white band sharply defined on its inner edge, but diffused externally ; sub-
marginal black lunular line diffused, and with a more or less indistinct subanal black
spot with white pupil.
Female. Upperside. Forewing crossed by similar but slightly larger spots and
with a broken set extending inward to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with
the transverse band as in the male. Underside of the same dark colour as in the
male. Forewing with the transverse white spots larger and more disconnected.
Hindwing with the mottled outer border more thickly flecked with cinereous, and
the submarginal line less apparent; the transverse white band broader and more
diffused externally than in male. Body and legs dark brown; collar and side of
palpi cinereous-white ; antennz dark brown, slightly reddish at the tip beneath.
Hxpanse, ¢ 3¢ to 33, ? 33 to 4g inches.
Hapirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
DistripuTion AND Haxirs.—Of this species, Col. A, M. Lang remarks (Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1868, 246), “I have always found Padma and Avatara in company, and they
have appeared to me as sexes of the same species. ‘hey frequent quite different
ground to Swaha and Saraswati, and appear at a different season, flymg in May
and June on the borders of oak and rhododendron forests at the summits of ranges
SATLRINA. 33
of from 8000 to 10,000 feet altitude. A second brood appears in July in the same
localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer congeners
Swaha and Saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district into Kunawur.”
On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that Padma and Avartara are two
distinct species. He writes of A. Padma that “it is fairly common in Kulu, and is
double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and
above the upper forests, at an elevation of 10,000 feet or so; the second brood appears
at a much lower elevation, from 3000 to 4000 feet. It is very punctual in its appear-
ance, as, in the fifteen years that I have observed this insect, it has never appeared
earlier than the 1st or later than the 3rd of October. It is an extremely powerful
insect on the wing, and very difficult to take; it flies down one hill, straight across
the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from
the ground, and very rarely settling.” While of A. Avatara he writes, “* Confounded
with the above by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists; it is smaller in size
than A. Padma, and much weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily
captured ; a succession of broods appear throughout May, June, and July.” (Butt.
Ind. i. 197, 1883.) Mr. A. G. Young subsequently writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1885,
129), “I first took A. Padma near Rajaori, in the Kashmir territory, in July, 1864,
at but little over 3000 feet, and have in June, 1883, taken the same sex at Barkli, in
the Mundi State, in a Deodar forest on the banks of the Beas, at barely 3000 feet.
For some reason that I cannot explain, the females never appear to descend as low
as the males do, and it is a very curious circumstance, that as far as my experience
goes, the June and July broods seem to consist almost entirely of males. It was not
until 1880 that I sueceeded in obtaining a female in June, whereas in October the
females are in a great majority, some faded, as though they had come out at the
higher levels in the summer, and been driven down by the cold, whilst the greater
number, to judge from their fresh condition, had but just emerged from the pupa.
I never took but one worn and battered male along with this autumnal brood, which
seems a true Amazonian one, all females, and appears in October between 3500 and
4500 feet.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118), ‘‘There are two allied
Species passing under the name of Padma. Of the true Padma I have both sexes
from Narkunda, near Simla, and from the Galis north of Mari, but in Kumaon I
obtained only females, taken in October and November in the Kali Valley, ranging
from 7000 feet at Juti in Chandans, to 2500 feet at Garjiaghat, and even lower.
This species is the larger of the two; the other species, 4. Loha, is smaller.”
AULOCERA SWAHA (Plate 100, figs. 2, 2a, 9 92).
Satyrus Swaha, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, LV. 2, p. 444, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2 (1844).
Aulocera Swaha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 197 (1883).
Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacq. Voy. pl. ii. figs. 5, 6 (nec. fig. 4).
voL. 11. August 13th, 1892. F
34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent bronzy-brown. Cilia alternated with
white. Forewing with an inner-discal short broad dusky-black glandular fascia
extending within the cell, which is clothed with moderately-short broad slightly
serrate-tipt scales, and long foliate acutely serrated-tipt scales, but no androconia ;
crossed by a medial-discal series of creamy-white or ochreous-yellow spots, which
are somewhat short and small, a spot being always present (and sometimes an
incipient narrow streak) diverging to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with a
similar-coloured medial-discal band. Underside paler olivescent bronzy-brown.
Forewing with the costal and apical border indistinctly mottled with pale-edged
blackish strigze, the discal band creamy-white or ochreous-yellow, broad, its lower
portion continuous, the divergent costal portion entire and continued to the edge;
subapical black spot with white pupil more or less prominent. Hindwing more or
less densely mottled with black strigz, the strige being more or less edged with
cinereous ; the base tinged with green; the submarginal lunular line irregular and
diffused.
Female, Upperside with the transverse band as in male, but somewhat broader.
Underside as in the male. Collar and side of palpi, ochreous-white ; legs brown.
Expanse, 23 to 3 inches.
CaTrrriLLar.—“‘ Colour probably black, but itis so very thickly clothed with short
bright-yellow hairs that it is almost impossible to see what its ground-colour really is ;
head and legs black. Feeds on wild blue Iris.”
Curysatis.—* Attached to the centre of a leaf by the tail, and a bright-yellow
thread across the pupa, head upwards, like a Lycenid. Colour shining olive-brown ;
head, spines, and tail black ; a white patch crossed by an irregular black band upon
each side of the thorax; a circular yellow spot on each shoulder ; on each side of the
dorsal segments is an irregular white mark. The colours, very vivid in the living
pupa, fade rapidly upon the death of the insect. The imago emerges in a fortnight.”
(A. Graham Young.)
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
Distrisution.—This species is the commonest of the group, and according to
Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246) “abounds in the Simla and Kunawur
districts of the N.-W. Himalayas during the rainy season, from July to October,
chiefly on grassy slopes and in fields near woods, also in open woods; from the
outer spurs overlooking the Indian plains for 200 miles into the interior of the moun-
tain ranges towards the treeless regions of Spiti and Tibet.” Major H. B. Hellard
obtained it in “Simla, Masuri, Pangi in Busahir, and in Kashmir, from June to
October.” (MS. notes.) Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. S. 1886, 357) records it as
“common at Murree, August and September; Atabul, 9000 feet; Thundiani, Sep-
tember.” In Kulu, Mr. A. Graham Young writes, “ Not uncommon in its peculiar
SATYRINZ. 35
haunts, grassy hills at 7000 to 8000 feet elevation, from June to September.” (Butt.
Ind. 197), and subsequently (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1886, 103) he records ‘the discovery,
after many years’ hunting, of the larva of A. Swaha,” having ‘‘found it on the wild
blue Iris during the first week in August, at about 8000 feet elevation, in the Upper
Parbutti Valley, in Kulu.” In Kumaon, Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118)
** found it on all the hills of the Pindari district, 7000 to 10,000 feet, also on the
outer ranges, Jagheswar, Takula, and the Dhoag, 5500 to 9000 feet, and in Chaudans
in Kast Kumaon, 5000 to 7000 feet. A common species.”
AULOCERA SARASWATI (Plate 100, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ 2).
Satyrus Saraswati, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, IV. 2, p. 445, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4 (1844), 2, Staudinger,
Exot. Schmett. pl. 82 (1887).
Aulocera Saraswati, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 121; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868) ;
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 200 (1883).
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia broadly alter-
nated with white. Forewing crossed by a medial-discal broad yellowish-white com-
pact macular band, composed of almost quadrate spots, with a black spot dividing
the two longitudinally disposed between the radials; a more or less prominent
narrow discal black angular glandular patch, which is clothed with very long foliate
acutely serrate-tipt pale scales, some short broad serrate-tipt scales, and interspersed
with blackish androconia with broad bulbous base, hair-like end, and _ tasselled
tip. Hindwing crossed by a broad yellowish-white uninterrupted discal band,
which slightly decreases in width above anal angle. Underside pale olivescent-
ochreous ; crossed by a pale ochreous-white band, which is whitest on the forewing,
as on upperside, the inner edge of the band being defined by a dark brown line, the
outer edge being diffused, the subapical black spot prominent and white-pupilled ;
the basal area and the broad outer border delicately mottled with transverse black
strigz, and the outer border traversed by a blackish diffused fascia, which latter, on
the hindwing, is more or less sinuous, and where the marginal strige beyond are
more or less whitish-edged.
Female. Upperside of both wings with the white macular band, as in the male,
but slightly broader, the subapical intervening black spot on the forewing generally
having a minute white pupil. Underside as in the male, the blackish submarginal
fascia being much less defined. Body above dark olivescent-brown; abdomen
beneath pale olivescent-ochreous; collar, side of palpi, and femora beneath ochreous-
white; tibize and tarsi ochreous.
Expanse, 3 2% to 28, ¢ 28 to 3 inches.
Ha sitat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
Disrrisution.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), “ A.
F 2
36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Saraswati is not quite so widely spread as A. Swaha, appears later, and disappears
earlier; in August it swarms, in localities affected by it, amongst the luxurious grass
pastures on the less wooded slopes of the hills in the Simla and Kunawur district.”
“In Simla it is not uncommon on the grassy slopes in the neighbourhood in the
autumn months. In Pangi Mr. R. Ellis and Dr. Henderson took numerous speci-
mens of both sexes in July and August.” Major H. B. Hellard, in his MS. Notes,
records its capture at “‘ Pangi, Busahir, in July and August, and in Kashmir during
August and September.” Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. S. 1886, 357) obtained it at
Dewal in August, also commonly at Murree in August, and also taken in September.”
In Kulu, according to Mr. A. Graham Young, it appears in July, and remains on the
wing until the middle of October; it is common from 4000 feet and upwards, and
greatly affects the thistle flowers, upon which numbers may be captured in their
peculiar haunts.”” (Butt. Ind. i. 200.) Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119)
obtained it at “ Pyura, above Loharkhet, the Dhoaj, Takula, 5000 to 7000 feet, in
Kumaon.”’ Specimens in our own collection are from the late Colonel Impey’s and
General Ramsay’s Nepal Collection.
AULOCERA sp. ——?
Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 266.
Hasitat.—Manipur frontier, Naga Hills. Mr. H. J. Elwes (1. c. p. 266) records
““two female specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty at Mao, on the Manipur frontier of
the Naga Hills, at 8000 feet elevation, in August.”
AuLieD Curnese Specius or AvLocera.—A. Sybillina (Satyrus Sybillina, Oberthiir,
Etudes Ent. 1890, p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 106). Habitat. W. China.—A. Merlina (Satyrus
Merlina, Oberthiir, id. p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 105). Habitat. Yunan.—A. magica (Satyrus
magica, Oberthiir, id. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, fig. 21). Habitat. EH. Tibet.
Genus PARCENEIS.
Forewing similar in shape to typical Gineis (GZ. Norna) ; venation similar,
except that the cell is very much shorter, and there is no androconial patch in the
male. Hindwing with the cell also considerably shorter, and the discocellulars less
outwardly oblique. Palpi somewhat shorter and more delicate, the apical joint
being shorter and less conspicuous. Antennal club shorter and comparatively
thicker.
Type.—P. pumilus.
Typical Gineis (Norna, Jutta, etc.) has the forewing, in the male, furnished
with a conspicuous oblique androconial patch, and the cell area in both the fore and
hindwing being much longer. The antenne in Mneis has a longer gradually-
SATYRIN 2. 37
thickening club; the palpi are somewhat longer. The pattern of the markings on
the wings in the species of (neis is also somewhat different, the forewing generally
having two or three small submarginal ocellated spots on a pale ferruginous band,
the hindwing also mostly having similar submarginal ocelli, whereas in Parceneis
the pattern of the markings resemble those pertaining to the species of Aulocera.
PARGNEIS PUMILUS (Plate 101, figs. 1, la, g¢ 2).
Chionobas pumilus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 490, pl. 69, figs. 6, 7 (1867) g.
Gneis pumilus, Marshall and de Nicé¢ville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 238, pl. 15, fig. 37, s.
Imaco.—Male. ‘ Upperside pale ochreous-brown, darker externally ; the veins
externally lined with darker brown. Cilia ochreous-white alternated with dark
brown at the vein points. Horewing crossed by a medial-discal ill-defined pale
brownish-ochreous narrow macular band, with an inward-divergent portion pro-
ceeding to the costa from between the radials, and where there is a slightly-defined
pale intervening-spot, this band being very similar in form to that in Aulocera.
Hindwing crossed by a similar ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow continuous
band, which is angulated above the radial and at the upper median veinlet. Under-
side. Forewing pale brownish-ochreous, the transverse band, as above, with dusky-
brown edges ; costal and apical border cinerescent, sparsely flecked with short trans-
verse dusky-brown strigz. Hindwing pale ochreous-cinereous, the veins cinereous-
white, the transverse angulated-band pale ochreous and well-defined by dusky-black
edges, the basal area and outer border thickly mottled with blackish strige with
pale ochreous edges.
Female. Upperside slightly paler, with the transverse band also less distinct,
the apical border of the forewing and the outer border of the hindwing indistinctly
mottled with darker strige. Undersideasinthe male. Body above darker ochreous-
brown; thorax beneath clothed with dusky-brown hairs; palpi in front, and legs
dusky-brown ; palpi above pale ochreous. Antenne blackish above, annulated with
ochreous-white, pale ochreous beneath with bright ochreous tip.
Expanse, 5 14, ? 13 inch.
Hasirat.—Ladak.
DistrisutioN.—The type specimens were collected by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka
at “Trantse Sumdo on the Lanak Pass at about 15,000 feet elevation, and at
Pangchog.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 119) records “ a single female
found on the moist ground at the edge of the snow-line on the northern side of the
Lepu Pass, Chinese-Tibet, at 17,000 feet (N.-E. Kumaon). Specimens of both
sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection, captured at Gya, in August, at 14,000
feet, by Mr. MacArthur.
The illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 101, fig. 1, represents the
38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
upperside of a male, and fig. 1a, the underside of a female, both figures being taken
from Gya specimens kindly lent by Mr. J. H. Leech.
PARENEIS SIKKIMENSIS (Plate 101, fig. 2, 2a, 2).
Cneis Sikkimensis, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 21.
Chionobas pumilus, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 404, pl. 35, fig. 3 (nec Felder).
Gneis pumilus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 327.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark ochreous-brown. Cilia white alter-
nated with dark brown. Forewing crossed by a well-defined medial-discal series of
small ochreous spots, with an inward divergent portion extending to the costa from
between the radials, where there is also a small intervening blackish spot with a minute
white pupil. Hindwing crossed by a well-defined curved discal ochreous narrow
broken band, the two portions beyond the cell being somewhat elongate and pointed
externally, the other portions being more lunular. Underside paler ochreous-brown.
Forewing with the costa and apex cinereous speckled ; across the cell are some
blackish strige ; the transverse discal series of prominent pale ochreous spots, as on
upperside, black edged. Hindwing with the basal area and outer border densely
mottled with black strige and speckles, edged with cinereous; crossed by a pro-
minent pale ochreous curved discal irregular band, the inner edge of which is well
defined by a black angulated line, and the outer edge by a lunular line, inwardly
bordered with blackish speckles; all the veins cinereous-white speckled. Body
above dark brown, thorax and front of palpi clothed with black-tipt cinerescent hairs ;
sides of palpi and legs beneath cinerescent ; legs above ochreous-brown. Antenne
above blackish, annulated with white, entire length below reddish ochreous.
Expanse, ¢ 1$ to 1%, ? 1% inch.
Hasirat.—Chumbi, Sikkim-Tibet.
This species differs from P. pwmilus on the upperside in its uniformly darker
colour, the macular band on the forewing being very distinctly defined and composed
of smaller spots; the band on the hindwing is also narrower. On the underside it
is also very much darker in colour, and the band on both wings much more pro-
minently defined.
Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-
Tibet, in 1881 and 1882.
Auiep Spectres or Paranets.—P. Buddha (neis Buddha, Gr.-Gr. Hor. Soc.
Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 458). Habitat. C. Asia.—P. palearcticus (Hneis palzarcticus
Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 20). Habitat. C. Asia.
Genus KARANASA.
Satyrus (part) Auctorum. Hipparchia (part) Auctorum.
Inaco.—Male. Wings somewhat elongated and narrow. Forewing subtri-
SATY RIND. 39
angular; costa very slightly arched, apex obtusely-pointed, exterior margin slightly
oblique, convex, posterior angle very convex; costal vein swollen at the base, median
very slightly swollen ; cell extending beyond half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly
recurved, concave before the middle, upper radial from a slight angle very close to
subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets widely separated ;
crossed by an ill-defined broad inwardly-oblique discal glandular patch, which is
clothed with a few short oval and some longer narrower sharply dentate-tipt scales,
interspersed with several longer slender androconia, which have lengthened-bulbous
base and short hair-like tasselled-tip. Hindwing ovate ; exterior margin very convex,
slightly denticulated ; cell extending to half the length; discocellular very oblique ;
middle median emitted at some distance before end of cell. Body rather stout ;
thorax and head very hairy; palpi clothed with lengthened fine hairs to the tip ;
antenne with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. Eyes naked.
Type.—K. Hubneri.
KARANASA HUBNERI (Plate 101, figs. 3, 3a, 3 2).
Satyrus Hibneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. III. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 8, 9 (1867), 2.
Hipparchia Hiibneri, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, etc. i. p. 189 (1883).
Hipparchia Cadesia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 565, pl. 66, fig. 7,g. Marshall and de Nicé-
ville, Butt. of India, etc. i, p. 190 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep fulvous, exterior marginal line blackish, the
end of the median veinlets on both wings ochreous-speckled. Cilia ochreous-
white, alternated with dusky-brown. Forewing with the base, costal border,
and exterior margin cinereous ochreous-brown; an incipient upper portion of a
dusky brown pale-bordered excurved discal line beyond the cell, which also curves
along the subcostal veinlet, extends along the radials, and then sinuously edges the
dark outer border of the wing; between the radials is a prominent subapical black
spot with white pupil, and on the lower part of the disc is a short broad dusky-
black glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and some long, broad,
dentate-tipt pale scales, and blackish androconia with lengthened-bulbous base and
hair-like tasselled tip. Hindwing with the base and abdominal border cinerescent
purplish-brown ; crossed by an ill-defined inner-discal excurved angulated diffused
dusky line, and a darker outer-discal obtusely-sinuous blackish line, and thus en-
closing a curved medial-discal fulvous band. Underside. Forewing paler fulvous,
yellowish below the costal border; the base, the costal and outer border brownish-
cinereous, finely flecked with brown scales, the ends of the outer veins being white
speckled; some short blackish strigz crossing the base and the cell, the upper discal
curved line (the lower portion being also very finely indicated) and sinuous sub-
40 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.
marginal line, and the subapical black spot, as on the upperside. Hindwing ochreous-
cinereous, numerously covered with short blackish strigz and intervening speckles,
which are thickest disposed at the base; veins prominently white lined ; crossed by
an indistinetly-defined angulated subbasal and a more distinct medial-discal excurved
angulated black line, the latter having a whitish outer border, and beyond is a sub-
marginal distinct black sinuous line.
Female. Upperside. slightly paler fulvous. Forewing with the base pale
cinereous purplish-brown, the outer border somewhat darker; crossed by an inner
discal diffused blackish line, which is acutely angled outward on the upper median
veinlet, the line also extends along the subcostal and then sinuously and prominently
edges the dark outer border, thus enclosing a discal fulyous band, within which is
an upper and a lower black spot. Hindwing with the entire basal area and outer
border cinereous purplish-brown, enclosing a prominent fulyous medial-discal band,
which is edged with an inner and outer black sinuous line. Underside. Forewing
somewhat paler; markings as in the male, except that the discal line is more distinct,
and the submarginal line more sinuous, there being also two black spots of the same
size as those above. Hindwing also somewhat paler, with the transverse black lines
more acutely defined, the subbasal line more distinctly angled within the cell, and
both the discal and outer sinuous line being pale-bordered externally. Body cine-
reous-brown ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antennz cine-
reous-brown, tipt with ochreous, with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse.
Expanse, 3d 13 to 18, ? 2 inches.
Hasrrat.—Lahul ; Spiti ; Deosi Plains, Stakpila Pass, N. Kashmir.
Disrrisution.—Dr. Felder (Reise Noy. 494) gives “‘Lahul and Spiti” as the
localities of the type specimens. Under this species, a specimen of the female is
recorded in “Second Yarkund Mission,” Lep. p. i., as having been taken by the late
Dr. F. Stoliezka at Leh in September.
Major H. B. Hellard records it in his ‘MS. Notes” as having been taken on the
** south side of Stakpila Pass in the upper part of the Boorzil Valley, North Kashmir,
in July, 1873,” but whether these specimens of Major Hellard’s and those above
noted from Leh refer to Hiiberni, as here defined, we are unable to certify. Mr. J.
H. Leech obtained many specimens of both sexes in the Deosi plains N.-E. of
Kashmir, at 18,000 feet, in August, 1887; others were taken by Mr. McArthur in
the Chonging Valley, 15-17,000 feet elevation in July. Mr. LL. de Nicéville (Butt.
Ind. 190), under this species, records “ two females taken by Major J. Biddulph at
Gilgit in August.” Neither of these two specimens, which are now before me for
examination, agree with true Hiberni. One of them, certainly, is not this species —
it is a larger insect, with very much paler discal band on both wings, and is two
and a quarter inches in expanse.
SATYRIN AG, 4]
KARANASA LEECHII (Plate 101, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ 2).
Male. Similar to K. Hubneri, somewhat larger. Upperside of a paler fulvous,
the ends of the median veinlets ochreous-speckled, the outer borders uniformly dark-
coloured. Jorewing with the basal area, including the cell, cinerescent ochreous-
brown ; with a well-defined blackish broad inner-discal glandular patch extending
throughout its length to the inner edge of the fulvous band, the patch clothed with
broad serrate-tipt pale scales and numerous long bulbous androconia with tasselled-
tip, these latter being narrower than in K. Hubneri; the sinuous submarginal edge
of the fulvous band more acutely defined ; within the band is a subapical blind black
spot, a very small spot also being present between the lower median veinlets, and
below the upper spot are sometimes two or three minute black speckles. Hindwing
with a somewhat broader fulvous band, the outer edge of the band more acutely
sinuous ; the ends of the median veinlets not ochreous. Underside. Forewing paler
than upperside, but somewhat clouded in the middle, the basal and cell strige obso-
lete, the subapical black blind-spot prominent, the lower median small spot some-
times absent. Hindwing paler than in K. Hubneri, the strige less, and more
speckled throughout with whitish-cinereous edgings to the markings; with similar
disposed subbasal, median, and submarginal sinuous lines, but the two latter are
more acutely pointed, and the subbasal line is excurved within the cell (not angled as
in Hubneri); veins white lined.
Female. Upperside paler fulvous than in K. Hubneri, the costa and outer
borders, and the basal areas also paler. Forewing with the edges of the discal band
less defined; the subapical and lower black spot as in male. Hindwing with the
fulyous band comparatively broader, its outer sinuous-edge being slightly nearer the
exterior margin of the wing. Underside. Both wings as in male.
Expanse, ¢1$ to 13,21 to 2§ inches. ,
Hasitat.—Skoro La, Baitistan ; Chonging Valley, N. Ladak.
DistrinuTIon.—Obtained by Mr. J. H. Leech on the “Skoro La, Baltistan, at
15,000 feet elevation, in July, 1887,” and by Mr. H. McArthur, in the ‘* Chonging
Valley, 15—17,000, July and August, 1889,” this valley being situated between the
Upper Shayok river and the Dépsang plains in North Ladak.
KARANASA MODESTA (Plate 102, figs. 1, la,g 2).
Male. Smaller than K. Leechii. Upperside with the entire basal areas and
outer borders darker brown, and of a vinescent tint, the discal band narrower on
both wings, prominently defined, and of a paler ochreous. Forewing with a large
conjoined black subapical spot situated above and below the lower radial veinlet,
and a smaller black spot between the lower median veinlets; glandular patch indis-
VOL. Il. G
42 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
tinct. Underside. Forewing similar to Leechii, the conjoined black subapical spot
with its upper portion minutely white pupilled; the lower median spot as above.
Hindwing with similar markings to Leechii, the discal and submarginal sinuous-line
being nearer together ; the veins white lined.
Female. Upperside slightly paler than in male, the discal band on both wings
also paler and somewhat broader ; a single black subapical spot only present on the
forewing. Underside. Forewing much paler than in male; a single subapical spot
only, as on upper side. Hindwing as in the male.
Expanse, $13,918 inch.
Hasitat.—Deosi Plains; Kokser, Lahul.
Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. J. H. Leech in the Deosi
Plains, 13,000 feet elevation, in August, 1887; other specimens were also obtained
by Mr. McArthur at Kokser, on the Chandra River in Lahul, in July, 1888, and on
the Bara Lacha Pass in August.
Genus KANETISA.
Satyrus (part) auctorum,
Hipparchia (part) auctorum.
Male. Wings much broader and comparatively shorter than in Karanasa.
Forewing broad, short, triangular ; costa well-arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin
oblique and hardly convex, posterior margin short; with a very broad transverse
discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with slightly-raised dark-coloured
claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long
slender androconia with attenuated end and feather-tip ; cell somewhat shorter ;
median veinlets much wider apart. Hindwing short, broadly ovate, exterior
margin very convex, scalloped; cell longer and narrower; discocellular more
oblique. Palpi more compactly clothed in front; antennal club shorter. Eyes
naked.
Tyrpe.—K. Digna.
KANETISA DIGNA (Plate 109, figs. 2, 2a,g 2).
Hipparchia Digna, Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1882, p. 67,2. Marshall and de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 189 (1888) ?.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent-brown. Cilia cinereous-white alter-
nated with dusky-brown. /orewing crossed by a broad decreasing discal deep fulvous
sinuous-edged macular band, cut with the brown veins, and enclosing a large black
blind subapical spot ; between the band and the cell is a broad inner-discal blackish
glandular patch, which is clothed with slightly-raised claviform scales with deep
jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with
SATYRIN 2. 45
attenuated end and feather-tip. Hindwing crossed by a discal curved narrow
fulvous macular band, the spots being elongated, narrow, and with somewhat
blackish edges. Underside. Forewing with the basal cell and discal area fulvous,
paling to ochreous below the costa; costal border, the outer border, and base of
posterior border brownish-cinereous mottled with blackish strigz; inner line of the
discal band indistinct except at its costal end, its outer line sinuous ; subapical black
spot with white pupil. Hindwing pale brownish-cinereous, thickly mottled with
blackish strigze ; crossed by a wavy subbasal and a somewhat angulated blackish
discal line, the interspace between them forming a darker band, with its inner and
outer edge broadly bordered with whitish-cinereous ; submarginal sinuous black
line distinct.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the discal fulvous band entire, somewhat
broader and slightly paler, its sinuous inner and outer edge darkly defined, subapical
black spots large. Hindwing with the discal fulvous band also entire, broader and
with less sinuous outer edge. Underside as in male, except that both wings are
paler ; markings the same.
Expanse, ¢ ? 23 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
This species is nearest allied to the Huropean congener K. Hrythia, Hiibner.
DisrrisutTion.—The type specimen was ‘‘ taken by Major J. Biddulph, on the
Shandur Plateau, in Northern Kashmir” (Butt. Ind. 189.) A male, labelled
** Gilgit,” is in the collection of Mr. L. de Nicéville.
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 102, fig. 2 represents the Gilgit
male, and fig. 2a the type female, both of which have been kindly lent for this pur-
pose by Mr. L. de Nicéville.
KANETISA PIMPLA (Plate 102, figs. 3, 3a, 3 9).
Satyrus Pimpla, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 10, 11 (1867),9. Butler, Catal.
Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868).
Hipparchia Pimpla, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 185 (1888) ¢ 2.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy olivescent-brown. Cilia alternated with
white. Forewing with a black subapical spot, sometimes minutely pupilled with white
and with an obsolescent pale iris; with a broad short inner-discal ill-defined dusky-
black glandular patch, which is clothed with claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed
tip, some underlying shorter fusiform scales, interspersed by several long slender an-
droconia with attenuated end and feather-tip. Underside. Forewing pale cinereous
vinaceous-brown, the lower part of the cell and middle of the dise ferruginous,
leaving the costa, outer border and posterior margin broadly brown; the costal
border and upper part of cell mottled with darker strigz; crossing the disc is a
G 2
44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
slightly-defined blackish angular line, and beyond a lunular submarginal line; and
between them is a large prominent subapical black spot with minute white pupil and
pale outer ring. Hindwing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, mottled with fine darker
brown strigz ; crossed by a subbasal and a discal curved angulated black line, and a
submarginal sinuous line, the two latter outwardly-bordered with whitish speckles.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler glossy olivescent-brown. Forewing with
a larger subapical black ocellus, with a distinct white pupil and pale ill-defined
ochreous outer ring, below which are also two ill-defined pale ochreous spots
between the medians. Underside with the broad borders of the forewing, and the
entire hindwing pale brownish-cinereous, finely mottled with delicate brown strigz.
Forewing with the disc pale bright fulvous; crossed by faint traces of an inner
discal fulvous-brown angular line and a brown lunular submarginal line, the white
pupilled ocellus with very pale outer ring. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a
discal blackish angulated line, and sinuous submarginal line, the two latter with pale
outer border. Body beneath pale brownish-cinereous ; legs above brown.
Expanse, ¢ 2, ? 22 inches.
Hasirat.— Western Himalayas ; Afghanistan; Beluchistan.
Distrisution.—The type specimen, a female, is recorded by Dr. Felder (Reise
Nov. 494), as having been taken at “ Chalichang in Ladak.’’
7 EEPIDOPTERA ENDEOL
wit dark eivescent-brown sities; both wes wah 2 subereimal ad a decal
beown fee: ocelli smile, eacept thet om the eedwimg the lower seves are
larger a Gt Ce Se
Female Upperside paler Ghee mm the seme sex of Soivs, the ovter deal area
orems sales. Foremng with the oeelins lercer. Hindwing wah 3 large sabagmeal
ecelins, and two median ecole o@ fhe eee Soe: sometimes 2 seller occas 5s
mm male the stmee dalle, the bose) area and the bros’ mares! border densely
Glomtet. the Rriermetate omer-iseal aes bem wees oGeercou: and shghtly
@avesed by the siiee, thos forme a more o@ keedeieed sobeargml pale
fees Oncllos of frewme very eres, rounded = sometimes a small lower ocellale
i present between the mediums; oceli oo bedwne somewhat smaller thom male,
the three lower of unite sie.
Bzganse, 2 2, 2 2 mekes
Hisar —Ehasts Hols; Naga Hills: Looskai Hills, Upper Bare.
Dusmarm.—_S pecimens were takem im the Khasta Hills by Li_Colomel HL EL
Getwm-Austen. Eeengles fom the Kies Hills are also m ithe collection of
Caine! C_ Swmioe Mr. HL J. Hiwes (P_ ZS. 1991, 268) records specimens, taken
by Me. W. Doherty, @ the Noes His, and & Beeardeyo, Borma =O Mr P.
Crowley's election ave eagles from the Looskai Hills.
TEYRIPA AVANTA.
WeeSuses Exo (Pinte: 168, fic £2)
Fpfiine ordinate, Batier, Pose. Zool Soe. Lond 1960, p 14%, pl 14, fie 3; ok 19K, wp So
Marsiall and de Maeéoillie, Bact. of Ene, coe. i pe 20S (19S). Barter, Ao st. Fs, 1,
pb
Tusea—Mele Upperside mifornly Goritrown., Forewing with 0 mdstinetly
defined Geoad dusky desea) glandular poich, whieh is dothed with short roand-tipt
dender dort topering filiform andrsemia with tassel-tips; 2 subapical bipupilled
ocdins. Himduing with two, 2nd sometimes 2 lower third subanal small ocelli
Underside pale cchreous-grey, very densely covered with dark-brown strige. Both
wings cromed by 2 more or kessdefined angulated subbasal and medal, and a
sibmarsaal brown fsacia. Forewing with 2 large prominent subapical cecilus.
Himdwing wih two woper 2nd four lower well-formed large ovate ocelli, the two
anal being geminated, cack with 2 large Wack centre and 2 large oval silvery pupil.
Fande Upperside with the ocelli more prowment. Underside strigose, as im
BSS heh: * ENS. i TH
Ge mnie ie oli somewien eee ee eos ee, ee ese ee
:
Egy, Z 13, = 14, notes,
Etim Soot: Wier Prez. Toei) Soe Loe, DSA ST. ies ee Ge see, Fath
iim, sei pp DE pl oe ee, TO. Wie, Sot > es oe a OS.
S&F Hitiie, Som The Hi: SE SS.
Ieee Wee Cees mi eee Freee oti ees
Gf Gena dusty Geo) dioniivar eres ees a ey Sei] ee il
stage alos. Smiiene wo wo wey smell) sesame sie aol
Staats Gespween Ge metas. Umiesie ee tine ey Ge el
woh: Sie Grew. Se ee ee oes oes i 2 ew Sis,
mesial ami 2 Steed) ews Ses, She Ses] oe] esa] Seem om Ge
bmiwoe bee wo Fever wht 2 geome Geer Geet oe See]
Fen Ufressiie. Fore wich 2 eepe wel Steet aie Test neil
wag wish beze geome eels mes Bmiiemp wit Sep small ine
Eee, F 1S, 14, = 1A, th
Baar — W_ Stairs; Bese Iie = Western Eee.
Dew —* Ts She Wesse mig. he deen ore & So ee
4ge7 a Soros heme ee a Ei. ew estan op Ester am ie Wa”
Giuk. Goin o. S. Mager EB. B. Bleed aiitemmell Ge dseenson form on the
“Lower Rach Ever Wall, Edit at die en of Some” (GS. Wee) Big
ZW. Wettors (PS. P86 9) uk She et eensoe form ewe Litas ami
Kai Pani in Seouemiter. a6 Wire emi Thee om Qeenties,, anil She dieorson omm a
Kai Pani im Sor] smi Mee = bere como: set Sie Fao as om Gee ad
Iettweem SOihnaihad ami Rucnre in Seremie” T Wi (6 F mse Scoliecam
ame sqetimers af die edseam reed Pom Gil 3 Wl Lamp. aie mo Ee
Bagieswan, SRA) Ges im Seeemite. at Eameewl 40) et > Gok TI W_
Daiesty (Geum. Sst. See Reel, ISS, 2) weeds ft om “Soe ee
fami im civer wilkgs eerily Geom SSDP a RW) Get cheat” Bh Rute
@.Z.S BRQ MS gies * Regi” vas She Innit ut Sie ae Secs IE rita,
>
72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
In Colonel Swinhoe’s collection is a male of the dry-season form, taken at Paras Pani,
Mirzapur, N. W. Provinces, and which was erroneously referred by him in P. Z. 8.
1883, 145, under Y. Inica, as being the same as that species. In Capt. E. Y. Watson’s
collection are specimens taken at Berhampur, Ganjam District, in Orissa. Capt.
Watson collected specimens [which we have examined] during the Chin-Lushai
Expedition of 1889-90, and took the wet-season form at Pauk-Yaw, on the Burmese
side, in November, and of the dry-season form also, at Tilin-Yaw, in March and
April” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35). Capt. Watson also obtaimed the
wet-season form at Toungoo, in November, and at Sittang, in Tenasserim, in
January.
THYMIPA SINGALA.
Wer-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 1, la, d 92).
Ypthima Singala, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gessell. 1868, p. 283. Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24,
pl. 12, figs. 3, 3a, g (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 230 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Both wings generally
without any ocelli visible, but sometimes an indistinct black subapical spot is
present on the forewing, and either one, or two, small subaaal ocelli on the hindwing.
Underside pale ochreous-grey, very thickly covered with uniformly-disposed brown
strigee; both wings showing slight traces of an incurved discal, and a submarginal
narrow brown fascia. Jorewing with a very prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus.
Hindwing with two small apical, two median, and two smaller anal round linearly-
disposed ocelli, each with a minute silvery-white pupil, the two anal ocelli being
smallest and geminated, and the upper apical generally also smaller.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with a well-formed subapical bipupilled ocellus.
Hindwing with the two small median ocelli also present. Underside as in the
male.
Expanse, 1,4 to 1,% inch.
Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 110. fig. 1b, ).
Ypthima Thora, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 4, 4a, J (1830).
Imaco.—Upperside. Forewing with the subapical ocellus present or absent.
Hindwing with one only, or sometimes two, small median ocelli. Underside thickly
covered with uniformly-disposed brown striga, and with indistinct traces of an
incurved discal and marginal fascia, Morewing with a prominent bipupilled ocellus.
Hindwing with two apical, two median, and two anal minute round ocelli.
Expanse, 1,“ to 1;% inch.
Hasitat.—Ceylon.
Distrisution.—The type specimen described by Dr. Felder was obtained at
SATYRINZ. 73
Badulla at an elevation of 3000 feet. Capt. Hutchison states (Lep. Ceylon, 24) that
it is “rare, a few specimens only being taken in long grass on borders of coffee-
plantations at Buselowe at 3000 feet elevation.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood, in his
‘Notes,’ records it “from 2000 feet upwards, in patenas and small undergrowth
adjoining. Most plentiful at Ambegamoa.”
THYMIPA TABELLA.
Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 110, figs. 2, 2a, ¢).
Ypthima Tabella, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 284 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniform brown, with a slightly-defined submarginal
linear shade. Forewing with a small rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus, and
hindwing with two small median round ocelli; no glandular patch nor androconia,
the discal area being clothed with ordinary scales only. Underside pale ochreous-
grey, thickly covered with uniformly-disposed dark-brown strige. Horewing with a
prominent subapical ocellus. Hindwing with six ocelli, placed in echelon,—viz. : a
geminated apical pair, the upper one being minute and sometimes absent, two
median ocelli, and an anal geminated pair of smaller ocelli.
Expanse 1,%, to 1,3, inch.
Dry-Szason Broop.
Male. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside uniformly covered
with strige. Forewing with a prominent apical ocellus. Hindwing with two minute
subapical ocelli, the upper one being sometimes obsolete, two minute median ocelli,
and two still more minute anal ocelli.
Expanse 1,% inch.
Hasirat.—South India.
Distripution.—The type specimen described by Capt. Marshall is recorded
from the Wynaad. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 350) says it is
Common at the North-West corner of the Nilgiris on the Wynaad boundary.”
Mr. Hampson obtained the wet-season brood on the Nilgiris in September and
October. Capt. E. Y. Watson took specimens of the dry-season brood on_ the
Nilgiris, at Devala, in January. Capt. E. Y. Watson also obtained examples of
what appear to be the dry-season brood of this species, at Sittang and Toungoo, in
Burma, in December and January.
THYMIPA STRIATA.
Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 110, figs. 3, 3a, b, ¢ 2).
Ypthima striata, Hampson, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 349.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark-brown; cilia pale cinereous. Forewing with a
VOL. II. if
74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
distinct large subapical black ocellus, bipupilled, and ringed with ochreous-yellow ;
with a faintly defined darker-brown submarginal and a discal fascia; glandular
patch not apparent, its area clothed with short, and a few longer, broad scales with
dentate tips, interspersed with a very few dark filiform androconia. Hindwing
with two small subanal ocelli. Underside cinereous-white, with numerous distinctly
defined very slender brown strigze. Horewing with the ocellus somewhat larger and
brighter than on upperside; crossed by a well-defined darker brown slightly
recurved submarginal and a discal fascia. Hindwing crossed by a similar brown
recurved medial and a discal fascia and a broken submarginal fascia, the latter
partly encompassing the ocelli; a geminated apical pair of prominent ocelli, and
three linearly-disposed lower ocelli, the anal smallest and duplex.
Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocelluslarger. Hindwing
also with the ocellus somewhat larger, and with the two upper and the minute anal
ocelli of the underside slightly visible. Underside as in the male.
Expanse ¢ 1, to 1,5, ? 1,% inch.
Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 110, fig. 3c, g).
Male. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a very small ill-defined black
ocellus. Hindwing with a small subanal ocellus. Underside cinereous-white, the
atrige less-defined ; both wings with the fascie less distinct. Ocellus on forewing
smaller than in wet-season brood. Ocelli on hindwing minute, but distinctly formed,
the two apical and the two anal being well separated from each other.
Female. Upperside. Forewing differs from the male in having a large and
distinct ocellus, as in the wet-season brood. Underside: both wings with the fascia
more prominent, but not as much as in the wet season-brood ; ocelli as in the male.
Expanse ¢ 1,4, ? 1,5 inch.
Hasirat.—Nilgiris.
Distripution.— The wet-season brovd occurs at 2000 to 4000 feet, and
commonly at about 3000 feet, on the southern slopes of the Nilgiris, in August, and
the dry-season brood in December and January.” (Hampson, l.c. p. 349.) Capt.
HE. Y. Watson also obtained it at Coonoor in the Nilgiris during August.
Inpo-Manayan Spucres or Tuymipa.—T’. Horsfieldii (Y. Horsfieldii) Moore, Journ.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 18; Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 3.
Habitat. Java.—T. Philomela (Pap. Philomela, Johansson, Amen. Acad. 1764,
p. 404). We have illustrated this species on our Plate 110, fig. 4, ¢. Both sexes
smaller than 7’. Baldus. Forewing shorter and less triangular, the exterior margin
more erect. Male. Upperside brown, the discal patch less prominent; ocelli
similar, but smaller and more narrowly ringed. Underside with uniformly disposed
strigee, the transverse fasciz either obsolete or but very faintly defined ; ocelli on
SATYRINZ. 75
forewing. smaller and more narrowly ringed; ocelli on hindwing similarly disposed
in three pairs, but also smaller. Female. Upperside paler than in male, outer discal
area slightly flecked with pale-ochreous strigz. Underside as in male. Expanse ¢
1%, % 1,4. Habitat. Java (Batavia). Sumatra.—In Coll. British Museum and
F. Moore.—T. Lisandra (Pap. Lisandra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. IV. pl. 298, fig. G. H.)
Habitat. China—T. Zodia (Y. Zodia, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 402. Elwes
P. Z.8. 1881, p. 904). Habitat. N. China (Snowy Valley, hills of Ningpo).—T. Argus
(Y. Argus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1866, p. 56). Habitat. Japan.—T.
evanescens (Y. evanescens, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 134). Habitat. Japan.
—T. fasciata (Y. fasciata, Hewits. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 287). Habitat. Borneo.
Genus YPTHIMA.
Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 196; Catal.
Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868); Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 36 (1869). Kirby Syn. Catal. D.
Lep. p. 94(1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete., i. p. 212 (1883).
Yphthima, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 138 (1844), Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewit-
son’s D. Lep. p, 394 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 235 (1857). Hewitson,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 283, Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. and Sc. Boston, 1875, p. 289.
Imaco.—Wings moderately small. Forewing elongated, triangular, costal margin
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin even, slightly convex, posterior margin almost
straight ; costal vein strongly swollen at the base, median vein moderately swollen,
sub-median scarcely swollen; cell extending to half the wing ; subcostal vein with
its first branch arising just before anterior end of the cell, the second, third, and
fourth branches at equal distances apart, the second being emitted at about one-
third beyond end of the cell; upper discocellular very short, middle discocellular
inwardly curved, lower discocellular longer and outwardly oblique; median vein
with its lower and middle branch wide apart; submedian vein nearly straight ; no
glandular patch visible, in the type species (Hiibneri), but the lower discal area is
clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many elongated ~
broad acutely jagged-tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia of similar
length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip.
Hindwing broadly triangularly-ovate ; costal margin arched from near the base, apex
rounded, exterior margin convex, abdominal margin slightly convex; costal vein
extending to near the apex; subcostal vein starting from opposite the short pre-
costal veinlet, its branch arising at about one-third from its base; upper discocellular
short, curved, starting ata short distance from base of second subcostal, lower dis-
cocellular longer, outwardly-oblique and slightly curved ; cell extending to beyond
half the wing ; median vein three-branched ; submedian straight ; inner vein slightly
L 2
76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
recurved. Body slender; head and thorax small, clothed in front with hairs. Hyes
prominent, naked. Palpi long, slender, obliquely-porrect, compressed, clothed in
front with long straight divergent bristly hairs; second joint reaching to vertex,
third joint fully two-thirds the length of second, slender, naked. Antenne very
slender, ringed with white, terminating in a very slender gradually-formed club.
CaTerPILttar.—‘‘* When full grown is about an inch or a little less in length;
entirely green; head round; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly
increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment,
which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails; the
head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely-set
tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs.”
Curysatis.—* Hither green or brown; head rounded, the edge of the wing-
cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax humped” (de Nicéville).
Tyrz,—Y. Hiibneri.
YPTHIMA KASMIRA (Plate 112, fig. 1, la, 2).
Ypthima Kasmira, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid Identif. of Ins.
pl. 179, fig. 5,?.
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a moderate-
sized subapical bipupilled ocellus ; lower discal area clothed with short broad dentate-
tipt scales, some longer scales with dentate tips, and a very few intervening longer
black androconia with broad bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing with
two small subanal ocelli situated between the medians in the male, and a third
minute anal ocellus in the female. Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous,
very densely covered with entirely uniformly-disposed broad brown strige. Forewing
with a prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with a prominent apical
ocellus, and three lower linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest being bipupilled.
Expanse ¢ 13, % 1$ inch.
Hasirat.—Kashmir.
DistRriBUTION.—Specimens of both sexes of this species in our own collection
were taken by Major H. B. Hellard in Kashmir, in September.
YPTHIMA APICALIS.
Ypthima apicalis, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of
Ins, pl. 179, fig. 2.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brown. Jorewing palest obliquely across the
lower discal area; with a small rounded bipupilled subapical ocellus, above which is
a distinct whitish apical streak. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli, the upper
SATYRIN AS. (ith
one minute, the anal and the apical ocellus of the underside being slightly visible.
Underside pale brownish-ochreous, with ill-defined darker brown uniformly disposed
strige. Forewing with the subapical ocellus and white upper streak, as above.
Hindwing with a small apical and three lower ocelli, the anal one bipupilled ; an in-
distinct pale whitish fascia traceable across the disc above the lower ocelli.
Expanse, 12 inch.
Hasitat.—Deyra Dhoon.
The male above described is all that is known tous. It is probably only a
curiously-marked variety of Y. Hiibneri.
YPTHIMA HUBNERI.
Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 111, fig. 1, larva and pupa, 1, a, b,c, 3 2).
Ypthima Philomela, Hiibner, Zutrige Exot. Schmett, p. 17, figs. 83, 84 (1816-18); Verz. bek.
Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868)—(nee Linnzeus).*
Yphthima Philomela, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 284. Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus.
p. 152 (1868).
Ypthima Hiibnert, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 57, pl. 7, fig. 5,
? (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 226, pl. 17, fig. 65, f (1888); de
Nicéyille, Journ, Asiat, Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 231, pl. 12, fig. 1, a, b, larva and pupa.
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slightly pale-bordered dusky sub-
marginal line. Cilia pale brownish-cinereous. Forewing with a rather large rounded
ocellus bipupilled with silvery-blue; no glandular patch visible, but the lower discal
area is clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many
elongated broad acutely-jagged tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia
of similar length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel-
tip. Hindwing with three small subanal ocelli, the lowest generally minute and
sometimes obsolete, sometimes the upper one is also minute or obsolete, and in some
specimens the apical ocellus of the underside is visible. Underside various shades of
cinerescent ochreous-white, numerously, but not densely, covered with fine olivescent-
brown strigze. Forewing with a large prominent ocellus, bipupilled with silvery-
blue, encircled by a broad pale ochreous ring and then by a narrow brown ring, the
latter ring being dilated below the ocellus, and extending to or near the posterior
margins ; a more or less defined submarginal lunular brown slender fascia, and a
medial discal transverse fascia. Hindwing with a moderately large apical ocellus and
three subanal linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest generally bipupilled; a more or less
defined submarginal sinuous brown fascia, and, generally, a more or less ill-defined
transverse discal angulated fascia.
* The Pap. Philomela Johansson, is quite distinct from this. It is a Javan species belonging to the
genus‘Thymipa. See our Plate 110, fig. 4,
>
78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger and more
prominent, the darker brown submarginal and discal fascia with indistinctly visible
intervening pale brownish-white strige. Hindwing with the ocelli as in the male,
sometimes the apical ocellus of the underside being also slightly apparent ; outer
border also slightly traversed with pale strige. Underside as in the male but some-
what darker in tint. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger. Hindwing also
with the ocelli larger, the three lower sometimes having the yellow rings coalescent,
and sometimes a variety occurs in which a small lower ocellus is attached beneath
the apical one—when the outer yellow ring coalesces and is then continuous through-
out the entire series ; another variety sometimes show three continuous decreasing
upper ocelli, each with a separate yellow ring.
Hxpanse, 1,5, to 1,5, inch.
Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 111, figs. 1, d,e, f, gh, d 2).
Ypthima Howra, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to the
Identification of Insects, pl. 179, fig. 4, g.
Ypthima Catharina, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 183.
Ypthima jocularia, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 396.
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Forewing
with the lower discal area clothed with similar scales and androconia. Hindwing with
the ocelli minute or obsolescent, the submarginal area more or less speckled with
pale cinerescent scales. Underside with somewhat paler shades of cinerescent
ochreous-white ; both wings generally with paler and less-defined strigz, especially
on the hindwing. Jorewing with the ocellus, as in the wet-season brood, the sub-
marginal and discal fascia less defined. Hindwing with the apical and three lower
ocelli either very minute, but distinctly formed, or reduced to black dots, and some-
times entirely obsolete ; the transverse discal angular fascia and submarginal sinuous
line slightly apparent, or sometimes obsolete.
Expanse, 1,3, to 1,5 inches.
Avount Caterpiitar.—‘ The larva when full grown is about an inch, or a little
less in length; the head round ; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly
increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment,
which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails.
The head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely-
set tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs. Colour entirely green, with a dorsal
line somewhat darker green, which becomes white at the fourth segment, and
extends right through the crown of the head; there is also a paler green lateral line
below the spiracles.”
Curysatis.— The pupa is either green or brown; with the head rounded, the
SATY RIN i. ‘ 79
edge of the wing-cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax humped, and
marked, like the abdominal segments, with some dark brown waved lines and
spots’ (de Nicéville).
Hasirat.—India, Burma.
Rearing oF Wer anp Dry-Suason Broop rrom tHe Eac.—Mr. L. de Nicéville
(Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, 231) gives the first recorded instance of
rearing both the wet and dry-season brood of this species from the egg, as follows :
—‘‘ On September 5th, 1885, Captain C. A. R. Sage, of the 18th Bengal Infantry,
sent me in a tin box with a gauze cover seven live females which had that day been
caught. WhenI received them they had laid over 70 eggs of a beautiful light
green colour on the gauze cover, and two on the side of the box. On September
9th, larvae commenced to emerge, and I placed the gauze on which the eggs were
laid amongst some grass growing in a pot, covering the whole with a large wooden
box with glass sides. The larve rapidly fed up, and turned to pup, the imagines
emerging between October 19th and 25th, as true Y. Hébneri like their mothers.
The pupz were sometimes green, sometimes brown. On my return on November
8th from my autumn holiday in the Sikkim Hills, Captain Sage gave me six about
half-erown larvze, which he had hatched on October 20th from eggs laid by
Y. Hiibneri on the 15th. Being few in number, these larvae were fed up by me in a
stoppered glass jar, fresh grass being supplied about every other day. ‘The first
of them changed to a pupa on November 20th, and the imago emerged on December
7th; on November 22nd, another larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging
December 9th ; on November 25th, two more larve changed to pupe, the imagines
emerging December 12th; on December 8rd, another larva changed to a pupa, the
imago emerging December 19th; on December 12th, the last larva changed to a
pupa, the imago emerging on January Ist. All the pupz were green, and all the
imagines were true Y. Howra. The colour of the pupa does not, I believe, affect
the imago in the least ; it is purely protective, the green ones in nature being pro-
bably attached to the green blades of grass, while the brown ones occur on the
dark-coloured stems near the roots. Captain Sage first took Y. Howra on
November 18th, at a time when a few Y. Hiibnert were still on the wing, this being
the earliest date on which he captured the cold and dry-season non-ocellated form
of this species.”
Distrisution.—From North-Western India, specimens are recorded (Butt.
Ind. i. 228) from Chumba. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in “‘ Kumaon, at Bag-
heswar, Rambagh, and at Kapkot, at from 1000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. A.S.
Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. G. F. Hampson has the wet-season form from Naini Tal,
1000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in October. In the North-East, Mr. H. J.
Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 326) says it “cccursin the Sikkim Terai during the
80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
rainy season, but, as far as we know, not in the Hills.” It was also ‘taken by
Mr. Otto Miller in the Sikkim Terai, from July to September ” (Butt. Ind. i. 227).
From Western India we possess the wet-season form from Bombay, and Colonel C.
Swinhoe (P. Z. 5. 1885, 127) obtained the wet-season form at ‘ Mahableshwar in
May,” and the dry-season form ‘ (joculari) in April and May” (P. Z. 8S. 1889, 396).
Mr. C. R. Morris obtained it in the Upper Godavery District in September, and
Mr. G. Vidal took numerous specimens in March on the Coessi and Onomed Ghats
in the South Konkan” (Butt. Ind. 228). In the South it has been taken by Captain
E. Y. Watson, in Mysore, at Kathlekan, Kadur District, in November, and the dry-
season form in November and December. Mr. G. F. Hampson has it also from
Mysore, taken at 3000 feet in September. From the Nilgiri Hills, Mr. Hampson
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1888, 350) records it as being common on the Northern Slopes, at
3000 to 4000 feet elevation,’ the wet-season form being registered in his MS.
Notes, as taken in May, and the dry-season form [agreeing with Howra-jocularia |
in January. Mr. A. W. Morris obtained the dry-season form (jocularia) on the
Shevaroy Hills. “Mr. H. Fergusson took it at Trevandrum and in the Ashamboo
Hills ” (Butt. Ind. 228). We possess the wet-season form from Mynall, 2600 feet,
in Travancore. From the Eastward, Captain EH. Y. Watson has the dry-season
form from Surada, Gangam District, Orissa, taken in January. ‘In the neigh-
bourhood of Calcutta it is common throughout the year’’ (Butt. Ind. 227). Mr.
L. de Nicéville reared the wet-season form in Calcutta, from the egg, in October,
and the dry-season form in November, December and January, as above recorded.
It occurs “in Assam, as far north as Sibsagur” (Butt. Ind. 227), and Mr. J. Wood-
Mason records ‘‘numerous specimens from Cachar” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 351).
From Burma we possess the wet-season form from Chittagong, taken in August and
September. It has been taken in “ Akyab in July” (Butt. Ind. 227). Captain E.
Y. Watson obtained many specimens during the Chin Lushai Expedition of 1889-90
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35), which we have examined, the wet-season form
having been taken at Pauk Yaw in September, and also on the road from Pauk to
Tilin in November, and the dry-season form at Tilin Yaw in January and April,
Pauk to Tilin in November, and at Tilin in November and April. Captain Watson
also took the wet-season form at Rangoon in May, July, August, September, November
and December, the wet-season form at Poungadaw, Thyetmyo in October and
November, at Beeling, in Tenasserim, in March, and the dry-season form also at
Beeling in March and April, at Kyaikto in February, at Sittang, Tenasserim, in
January, and at Toungu in March. Commander Carpenter, R.N., obtained the dry-
season form, named Y. Catharina, by Mr. Butler, “at Katha on the Irrawaddy, in
January, and at Myadoung in January.” (Ann. N. H. 1886, 183.) Signor Leonardo
Fea obtained the wet-season form at Bhamo, in November. It is also recorded
SATYRINZ. 81
(Butt. Ind. 227) from ‘“‘ Pegu, in May and June, and taken by Captain C. H. E.
Adamson at Gyne,” in January. Dr. J. Anderson found it ‘‘very common in
the Mergui Archipelago, from December to March.” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886,
32.)
Distripution Ovursipz Inpran Arna.—Mr, W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, p. 5)
describes and figures a female of the wet-season form from Malacca, Malay Penin-
sula. We also possess it from Malacca. Mr. Distant also records it from Sumatra
and Java, on the authority of Herr Snellen. The latter locality is doubtless an
error, for this species, as we possess several specimens received from Herr Snellen,
labelled, “ philomela,” of Hubner, and all of them have six ocelli, disposed in three
pairs, on the underside of the hindwing, and are undoubted philomela of Linnzus,
which latter species is quite distinct, and belongs to another division of the
Ypthime group.
Of the illustrations of Y. Hubnert on our Plate No. 111, fig. 1 represents
the larva and pupa reared in Calcutta by Mr. L. de Nicéville; jigs. la, b,
Calcutta males of the wet-season brood, and fig. 1c, a Nilgiri female of the same
brood ; jigs. 1d, e, represent the male and female of the dry-season brood, these
being the type specimens of ‘‘ Howra,” jig. f is from one of the dry-season males
reared by Mr. de Nicéville in Calcutta; jig. g is a male, and fig. h the female
Mahabeshwar type specimens of jocularia, kindly lent by Colonel Swinhoe.
YPTHIMA CEYLONICA.
Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 112, figs. 2, 2a, g 2).
Yphthima Ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 288, pl. 18, figs. 14, 15, ¢@.
Ypthima. Ceylonica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i, p. 25,
pl. 12, figs. 5, 5a, 2 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 228 (1883).
TIvaco.—Male. Upperside brown; cilia of forewing cinerescent-brown, of hind-
wing white. Forewing with a prominent large apical bipupilled ocellus, and a few
very slightly-defined submarginal pale cinerescent strige. Hindwing with the lower
half pure white, the extreme outer edge-line and a contiguous submarginal sinuous
line being dark brown ; bordering the latter are two small black median ocelli, and,
generally, a smaller anal ocellus, each with a slightly-defined minute white pupil,
ochreous ring, and then a brown ring ; sometimes a small apical black spot is also
present. Underside cinerescent-white, purest white on the hindwing; sparsely
covered with delicate transverse brown strigz, which are much less numerous, more
slender, and more widely separated on the discal area of the hindwing. Forewing
with the ocellus larger than above, broadly pale ochreous ringed, and outwardly by
a brown ring, the latter ring broadly extending below the ocellus, and descending
as a brown streak to the posterior margin ; a slightly-defined discal and submarginal
vot. u. November 17th, 1892. M
82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
brown fascia. Hindwing with a prominent black apical ocellus, two median and a
bipupilled anal ocellus, each distinctly formed with an ochreous ring and slender
outer brown ring.
Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocelli are somewhat larger,
and those on the hindwing slightly blurred by contiguous brown strigz, some few
strige also being visible across the white area. Underside more densely packed
with brown strigz than in the male, on both wings, the ocelli being the same, but
very prominent. Body beneath white; palpi brown above, edged with white, the
frontal hairs brown and white; legs brown above, white beneath; antenne dark
brown, annulated with white, tip reddish.
Dry-Szason Broop.
Male. Upperside slightly paler brown. Hindwing with the marginal and
sinuous submarginal brown line less defined; two ill-defined median minute ocelli.
Underside also slightly paler. Hindwing with the apical and lower ocelli all very
minute.
Female. Upperside paler. Ocelli on the hindwing with the marginal and
sinuous submarginal brown line very slenderly defined. Underside paler, some-
what ochreous-white, the strigz paler, and the ocelli on hindwing very minute.
Expanse, ¢ 12, to1,3, 2 1,3, to 1,5, inches.
Hasitat.—Ceylon; S. India; Orissa.
Distrisution.—In Ceylon, according to Captain F. J. Hutchison, it is ‘ very
common at Galle and Colombo, among grass and weeds by the road side. Flight
short, constantly settling down on leaves, or in the grass” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 25).
Mr. F. M. Mackwood notes that it is “very abundant from the level of the coast to
the highest ranges, and at all times of the year.” Major J. W. Yerbury recently
obtained the wet-season brood at Trincomaliin July and September. ‘“‘ Till recently
it was believed to be confined to the Island of Ceylon, but it has now been taken in
Travancore by Mr. H. Fergusson, and was found extremely common in Orissa by
Mr. W. C. Taylor. Mr. Kirby records it from Madras” (Butt. Ind. i. 228). Mr. F.
C. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng., 1888, 350) obtained it in the “ Nilgiris at 2000 to 4000
feet elevation on the Southern Slopes, where it takes the place of Y. Hubneri of the
Northern Slopes; very common; March; August.’ Lieut. E. Y. Watson has
obtained it at Berhampore in Gangam, having taken the wet-season brood in
September, 1887, and the dry-season brood in February of the same year.
Genus KOLASA.
Imaco.—Forewing comparatively longer, less triangular, and the exterior margin
less oblique than in typical Ypthima (Hiibneri). Hindwing longer, narrower, exterior
SATYRINZ. 83
margin very oblique, abdominal margin longer, and excavated before the anal angle.
Venation similar, except that in the forewing the cell is longer posteriorly, and the
discocellulars considerably more bent inward; cell of hindwing also longer
posteriorly. No andreconia on the forewing. Apical joint of palpi much shorter,
stouter, and with long projecting hairs in front, whereas in Hiibneri this joint is
long, slender, cylindrical, and naked. Antenne stouter, with a conspicuous
lengthened grooved rather broad club, the club in Hiibneri being slender, and not
grooved.
Type.—K. Chenui. °
KOLASA CHENTI.
Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 112, figs. 3, 3a, 5 2).
Satyrus Chenu, Guérin-Méneville, in Delessert’s Souv. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 77, pl. 21, fig. 2 (1843).
Yphthima Chenu, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 396 (1851). Hewitson, Tr.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 285. ;
Ypthima Chenui, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871).
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 228 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinereous ochreous-brown; cilia cinereous.
Forewing with a moderately large prominent rounded obliquely-disposed subapical
black ocellus, bipupilled with silvery-blue, and encircled by an ochreous-yellow outer
ring; a very indistinct dusky-brown discal and a submarginal fascia. Hindwing
with two small prominent subanal ocelli, pupilled with silvery-blue and encircled by
an ochreous-yellow ring. Underside whitish, very numerously covered with thick
dark ochreous-brown strigz, which are most numerous and somewhat confluent on
the forewing. Forewing with a subapical ocellus as on upperside, but more promi-
nent, and contiguously bordered by a more or less well-defined discal and a sub-
marginal transverse ochreous-brown fascia. Hindwing with a single prominent
aical oval ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and four linearly-disposed lower
decreasing ovate ocelli, the two anal being minute and sometimes geminated ;
crossed by a more or less well-defined broad subbasal, a discal, and an anteriorly-
broader submarginal ochreous-brown fascia, the latter encompassing the lower
ocelli and sometimes coalescent in the middle with the discal fascia.
Female. Upperside paler, the outer discal area slightly mottled with pale
cinereous-ochreous strigz ; ocelli on both wings as in the male. Underside as in
the male.
Dry-Srason Broop.—Male. Upperside as in wet-season brood. Underside less
whitish, the brown strigze more confluent, the transverse bands broader, the ocelli
on hindwing reduced to smaller oval size. Female. Upperside with less perceptible
pale strigew. Underside as in male.
Expanse, 1,% to 1,4 inch.
M 2
84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Hasitat.—Nilgiri Hills, 8. India.
Disrrisution.—According to Mr. G. F. Hampson (‘‘MS. Notes”) this is
“common on rocky hill sides. It has four broods in the year. Taken at Dun-
sandle, Nilgiris, 6700 feet elevation from February to May, and at the Sholur Ghat,
6500 feet, in March. Is not found below 5000 feet, and chiefly frequents places on
the top of the plateau where sheet-rocks crop out on grass hill sides. It is also
found on the Anaymalai Hills, 4300 feet, south of the Palghat Gap in February,
flying with K. Yphthimoides.” Captain E. Y. Watson obtained specimens at
Coonoor and Ootacamiind in August.
KOLASA YPHTHIMOIDES (Plate 112, figs. 4, 4a, $ @).
Callerebia Yphthimoides, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 307.
Ypthima Yphthimoides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 230 (1883). Distant,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 4.
Ypthima Robinson, Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 406. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 229.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent-brown ; cilia cinerescent-
brown. Forewing with an obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with silvery-
blue and encircled by a very slender dark ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with two
small median ocelli pupilled with silvery-blue. Underside numerously covered with
pale brownish-grey strigz, which are duller and uniformly-disposed on the fore-
wing, but on the hindwing the strigz are paler grey and more prominently-disposed
in transverse broad fascie, similar to those in K.Chenui. Forewing with an ocellus,
as above, and slight traces of a submarginal and a discal darker fascia. Hindwing
with one, sometimes two, small apical ocelli, two median, and two minute anal
ocelli, the two latter being sometimes geminated, each with a single silvery-blue
pupil and slender dark ochreous ring.
Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the outer borders are mottled
with pale brownish-grey strigz ; sometimes there is a geminated pair of minute anal
ocelli on the hindwing. Underside paler than in the male, the pale strige and the
fascize bemg more defined. Body beneath, palpi and legs brown in the male, but
brownish-grey in the female ; antennz with reddish tip.
Expanse, d 1$ to 18, ¢ 1% to 2 inches.
Hasirat.—Travancore Hills, 8. India.
Disrrizorion.—‘* Obtained by Mr. Bourdillon at Colathoorpolay Patnas, 4000
feet elevation, Travancore, in April.” Mr. Fergusson writing from Trevandrum
says, “it is to be found on the hills here only on grass land near the tops of the hills.
My specimens were taken in two localities—one a small patch of grass about an
acre in extent at an elevation of 3500 feet, and the other on a grass hill about 8000
SATYRINAL. 85
feet; here they were fairly abundant” (Butt. India, i. 230). Mr. W. L. Distant
(Ann. N. H. 1882, 406) records specimens obtained by Mr. F. E. Robinson, in the
Pulni Hills. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens taken in the Anaymalai
Hills, at 4500 feet elevation in February.
Genus NADIRIA.
Inaco.—Wings broader than in typical Ypthima. Jorewing with the costa
more arched, subcostal and median vein much swollen; cell broader. No ANpRo-
conta. Hindwing with the costa more arched ; cell broader ; three linearly-disposed
apical ocelli, and two anal ocelli on the underside. Antennz with a shorter and
somewhat stouter club.
Type.—N. Bolanica.
NADIRIA BOLANICA (Plate 112, figs. 5, 5a, g 2).
Ypthima Bolanica, Marshall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1882, p. 759, g. Marshall and de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 231 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Cilia brown with a distinct
whitish-cinereous inner line. Forewing with the subcostal and median vein very
tumid at the base; a prominent large subapical black ocellus with two silvery-
blue pupils, a yellowish ring and an outer brown ring, the surrounding border
mottled with lilacine-grey and then edged by the darker brown curved continuous
submarginal and discal fascia. Hindwing with a slightly-apparent darker brown
submarginal line, a single small prominent black subanal ocellus between the two
lower medians, pupilled with silvery-blue and yellow ringed, sometimes the two minute
silvery-blue dots of the geminated anal ocellus of the underside are also visible.
Underside whitish-cinereous, thickly covered with purpurescent ochreous-brown
strigee, which are broadest on the basal area. Forewing with the subapical ocellus
as on upperside, but more prominent, and the broad brown curved-submarginal and
the oblique-discal fascia broadly confluent above the posterior angle ; two short ill-
defined brown bands also across end of the cell. Hindwing crossed by a rather
broad brown excurved discal band, which is slightly angulated posteriorly, and an ill-
defined submarginal wavy fascia; three upper linearly-disposed slightly decreasing
ocelli, disposed between the upper subcostal and upper median veinlet, and a some-
what larger subanal ocellus and a smaller geminated anal pair, all being prominently
oval-pupiiled with silvery-blue and with a dark narrow yellow ring.
Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocellus on both wings is
larger. Underside also as in the male, the ocelli larger, more prominent, and with
brighter yellow ring.
Expanse, ¢ 1,5 to 1,4, ? 144 to 1,4 inch.
86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Hasitat.—Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan ; N.-W. India.
Distrisution.—The type specimen, which we have examined, was taken by
Colonel C. Swinhoe at Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan, in September, 1879. We
possess specimens taken by Major J. W. Yerbury at Attack Bridge in November,
1885, and April, 1886, at Kairabad in March and April, 1886, at Campbellpur in
April, and on the Akhori Hills in September. Major Yerbury records it (Ann. N. H.
1888, 136) as being “common on the Hills round Campbellpur, Attack, and
Kairabad in March and April.”
Genus PANDIMA.
Imaco.— Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima.
Forewing less subtriangular, costa much arched, exterior margin less oblique and
more convex; cell broad; discocellulars very concave. No Anproconra. Hindwing
beneath with one apical ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and two anal ocelli.
Palpi stouter; antennz with a slenderly-formed club.
Type.—P. Nareda.
PANDIMA NAREDA (Plate 113, figs. 1, la ¢).
Satyrus Nareda, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 451 (1844).
Yphthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 6, ¢ (mec fig. 7).
Ypthima Nareda, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 221, pl. xvii. fig. 63, ¢ (1883). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 359.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown ; both wings with the
outer border slightly paler and crossed by an indistinct darker diffused submarginal
and a slender marginal line; cilia brownish-cinereous. J’orewing with an oval sub-
apical black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white, and with a slender pale ochreous
outer ring ; the area bordering the ocellus somewhat paler than the ground colour,
thus forming an ill-defined halo. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus witha single
bluish-white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring; occasionally a minute anal ocellus
is also present. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, or cinereous, very numerously
covered with delicate dark-brown strige. Forewing with a diffused rufescent-brown
submarginal fascia, which widens inward posteriorly and slightly ascends towards
end of the cell ; a prominent black subapical ocellus with silvery-blue pupils, bright
ochreous ring and then a brown ring. Hindwing with an ill-defined diffused
rufescent-brown submarginal fascia, a large prominent round apical black ocellus,
the pupil of which is disposed between the upper and lower subcustals; two some-
what smaller anal ocelli, the upper with a single silvery-blue pupil, the lower
generally bipupilled.
Female, Upperside slightly paler ; the submarginal fascia more diffused; ocelli
the same. Underside as in the male.
SATYRINA. 87
Expanse, 1,4, to 1,5 inch.
Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
DistRIBUTION.—This is a common species in the Western Himalayas, being
replaced in the East by the next species. Major H. B. Hellard took it at ‘‘ Simla,
Masuri, and in Kashmir from June to October” (MS. Notes). Colonel A. M. Lang
obtained it at ‘ Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, in May and June, and at Jaranda,
‘Kunawur, in June” (MS. Notes). The late Mr. W. S. Atkinson obtained it in the
Tavi Valley, Kashmir, and at Naini Tal. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens
taken at Naini Tal 5000 to 6000 feet, in May, by Colonel Lang, and from Kulu
Valley, 5000 feet, taken by Mr. A. Graham Young. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A.S.
Beng. 1886, 119) says it is found “common in Kumaon generally, up to 9000 feet.”
Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. N. H. 1888, 137) records it as “ fairly common between
Abbottabad and Kala Pani; common also at Murree in August, also taken at Dewal
in August.” ‘Throughout the Western Himalayas it occurs at from 6000 to 8000
feet elevation in suitable localities and is not uncommon. In Kashmir it has been
taken in June at 8200 feet elevation; in Pangi and Kulu in May and July, and in
the neighbourhood of Simla in July; it also occurs at Masuri and probably in
Kumaon”’ (Butt. of Ind. 221).
PANDIMA NEWARA (Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, ¢).
Ypthima Newara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 567, g ; Waterhouse, Aid Identif. Ins. pl.
179, fig. 7, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 222 (1883).
Yphthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, pl. 17, fig. 7, 2 (mec fig. 6).
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown ; the submarginal diffused pale-
bordered fascia and slender marginal line darker brown. Forewing with a sub-
apical black oval ocellus (which is disposed less outwardly-oblique than in Nareda)
bipupilled with blue.. Hindwing with a round subanal blue-pupilled ocellus and
a minute anal oval pupilled ocellus; sometimes the latter is obsolete and also
occasionally geminated.
Underside pale ochreous-cinereous ; numerously covered with delicate brown
strige. Forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled ccellus (disposed less out-
wardly-oblique than in Nareda) ; the submarginal brown fascia narrow, not dilated
posteriorly, but with slight traces of a similar inner lower-discal shade. Hindwing
with a slightly-defined submarginal fascia, the apical black ocellus prominently large
and silvery-blue pupilled (sometimes being bipupilled), the two lower ocelli also pro-
minent, the lowest bipupilled, the pupils in each being large and oval in shape.
Female. Upperside paler; the outer half of both wings indistinctly traversed
with pale ochreous-cinereous strigz ; ocelli as in male. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 1,5 to 2, ¢ 1,8 inch.
88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Hasirat.—Hastern Himalayas.
P. Newara is distinguishable from P. Nareda on the upperside by the less out-
wardly-oblique position of the ocellus on both the upper and underside of the fore-
wing. On the underside also, the ocelli are larger, especially the apical ocellus on
the hindwing, and in the female being numerously covered with pale strigz on the
upperside.
Our illustrations on Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, represent the Nepal type male and
female.
DistrisuTion.—Occurs in the Hastern Himalayas. We possess specimens from
Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and from Sikkim. ‘“ Mr. Otto Miiller
took it in Sikkim, in October, at about 8000 feet elevation. We have specimens
from Nepal” (Butt. Ind. i. 222). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 325)
says it “occurs in Sikkim from the Terai up to about 5000 feet, from May to
September.”
PANDIMA LYCUS (Plate 113, fig. 3, ¢).
Ypthima Lycus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 164, pl. A, fig. 2, ¢.
Ypthima Motschulzkii, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 214 (mec Bremer).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous. ore-
wing with a small black bipupilled subapical ocellus with a slender pale ochreous
outer ring; discal area, including lower part of the cell, dusky, but clothed with
ordinary broad rather large dentate-tipt scales and some longer narrower anteriorly
widening scales with sharp dentate-tips. Hindwing with a small well-formed round
ocellus situated between the lower medians. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous,
thickly covered with dark-brown strige which are uniformly-disposed throughout.
Forewing with the ocellus as above, but more prominent, and with broader outer
yellow ring. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus and two smaller anal ocelli, the
lowest bipupilled.
Female. Upperside paler throughout than in the male ; ocelli on both wings
the same, those on the underside being larger.
Expanse 1,5, to 1,8 inch.
Hasitat.—Khasia Hills.
This is a smaller insect than Y. Newara. The underside is more uniformly
covered with brown strigee ; discal shade not present.
Distripution.—* Occurs near Shillong in the Khasia Hills, where it was taken
by Dr. E. R. Johnson in March, April, May and July, who writes “ that it flies faster
than Y. Newara, frequents more open spaces, and is rather uncommon”’ (Butt. Ind.
i. 215). We possess specimens taken by Dr. G. Watt, in November, on his journey
to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 302), and also specimens from Balah 4000 feet
SATYRIN 4. 89
elevation, taken by Dr. Watt. The specimens recorded as “‘ Newara” by Mr Wood-
Mason (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 351) as occurring in the “ forests near Silcuri, Cachar,
in May and July,” and those mentioned (Butt. Ind. 222) as from “ Sibsagur, Upper
Assam,” doubtless refers to this.
PANDIMA WATSONI.
Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 113, fig. 4, ¢).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown; both wings with a darker
brown submarginal fascia and a single slender marginalline. Forewing with a moder-
ately large subapical ocellus bipupilled with silvery-white, and a slightly-defined out-
wardly-oblique discal brown fascia. Hindwing witha single subanal moderately-large
ocellus, and a slightly-defined angulated discal brown fascia. Underside dull whitish-
cinereous, numerously covered with thick dark-brown strigz. Forewing with a large
subapical ocellus broadly ringed with pale ochreous; an ill-defined discal and a
submarginal brown fascia. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus, a large subanal and
a conjoined large anal ocellus, each with a broad pale-ochreous ring and silvery-
blue pupil, the anal ocellus being bipupilled.
Female. Upperside paler ; submarginal brown fascia and single slender marginal
line, as in the male. Both wings with the ocellus larger, and the discal area mottled
with pale cinereous strigz ; the hindwing showing also an incipient small anal ocellus.
Underside as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ ¢ 1,5, to 1,8, inch.
Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 113, figs. 4, a, b,c, ¢ ¢).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinerescent-brown. Forewing with a large rounded
bipupilled ocellus, a well-defined outwardly-oblique discal and a submarginal darker
brown fascia, both joining above the posterior angle. Hindwing with a moderately
large subanal ocellus, an angulated discal brown fascia and a _ well-defined
submarginal fascia, the inner area between the fascia on both wings being paler.
Underside pale olivescent-cinereous, numerously covered with olive-brown speckled-
strigz at the base and outer border and with paler speckles only on the ocelli areas.
Forewing with the ocellus large and prominent, the outwardly-oblique discal and the
submarginal brown fascia distinct and joined together above the posterior angle.
Hindwing also with two distinctly-defined medial brown fasciz, both being angulated,
the outer one especially; submarginal fascia also prominent; the apical ocellus,
situated between the subcostals, and the two anal ocelli, very minute.
Female. Upperside paler; the discal area between the fascie mottled with pale
cinereous strige. Hindwing with a minute geminated anal ocellus below the sub-
anal. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 1,4, ¢ 1,5 inch.
VOL. Il.
90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Hasirat.—Burma.
This species is nearest allied to the Malayan P. corticara. The male of the wet-
season brood of P. Watsoni differs from the same sex of P. corticaria, on the upperside
of both wings, in haying only one marginal slender brown line, whereas the latter
species, in both sexes, possess wo very distinctly-defined marginal lines, in addition
to the submarginal fascia ; the ocellus on both wings of P. Watsoni also have a
broader and paler ochreous ring. On the underside of P. Watsoni, the strige are
more uniformly-disposed, the hindwing not showing the transverse pale fascie as
are present in P. corticaria; the ocelli in P. Watsoni have a much broader pale
ochreous ring, and the ocelli on the hindwing are also larger.
DisTRIBUTION.—Specimens of the wet-season brood were taken by Signor
Leonardo Fea at Palon, in Pegu, during August, and others at Bhamo in November.
In Major C. H. E. Adamson’s Collection are examples from Kindat in Chindwin,
taken in November, 1891, and others from Pyoumyoung in the Shan States, taken
in July. Dr. N. Manders records (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519), under Y. Newara,
“ five specimens of both sexes taken in the wet and dry seasons, in the Shan States,
one of which was taken in April on the Yatsouk Expedition.” Capt. E. Y. Watson
took examples of the dry-season brood at Toungoo in January and March, 1891.
Dr. J. Anderson took specimens in Burma during the Yunan Expedition.
PANDIMA MAHRATTA.
Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, la, ¢ ¢).
Ypthima Mahratta, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 16. Waterhouse, Aid Indentif. of
Ins, pl. 179, fig. 1, ¢. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 137.
Ypthima Asterope, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 224 (nec. Klug).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a subapical
bipupilled ocellus, a slightly darker brown submarginal and a curved discal fascia,
with paler intervening area bordering the ocellus. Hindwing with a very small sub-
anal ocellus pupilled with blue. Underside cinereous, very numerously covered with
short delicate pale-brown strige, which are uniformly disposed, but in most speci-
mens show traces of an ill-defined irregular discal brown fascia. Forewing with a
brownish submarginal fascia which curves below the ocellus and joins the discal
fascia. Hindwing with a very small distinct and well-formed apical ocellus dis-
posed between the subcostals, and two similar subanal ocelli of the same size, the
lowest being bipupilled.
Expanse ¢ ljo, ? 1,% inch.
Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, b,c, ¢).
Ypthima Alemola, Swinhoe, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 127. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist.
1888, p. 137.
Male and female. Upperside of both sexes similar to the wet-season brood.
SATYRINZ. 91
Underside. Forewing also similar. Hindwing finely irrorated with brown scales—
imperfectly forming strige, which are more densely disposed on the basal half,
paler and less numerous on the outer half; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal, a
medial narrow sinuous angular fascia, and a less-defined submarginal fascia ; a very
minute apical and two anal black dots, the former disposed between the subcostals
and generally blind, the two latter sometimes pupilled and ringed. The following
is the original description of Y. Alemola. ‘*‘Male and female. Upperside very
similar to Y. Asterope, an African species. Underside much paler, and of a different
hue, greyish-white, very plentifully covered with pale reddish-brown striz, more
dense in the fore than in the hindwing. Forewings with a brown fascia from the
costa round the ocellus back to the costa, diffuse and deep below the ocellus. Hind-
wing with three sinuous fasciz across the wing, the first before the middle, the second
beyond the middle, the third submarginal; one or other of these fascie is very
often obsolete ; the striz is denser towards the base of the wing, leaving the outer
half whitish; two anal and one apical blind dots, in the place of the well-formed
ocelli with yellow wings of Y. Asterope, one or other of these dots is often wanting,
in some specimens all are wanting.”
Expanse, 1,%, to 1; inch.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas ; Western and Central India; Orissa.
This species is allied to the N.-E. African (Aden) species P. Asterope of Klug,
specimens of which from Lahej, in Aden, collected by Major J. W. Yerbury, are in
our collection.
Distripution.—In the N.-W. Himalayas, the wet-season form of this species has
been taken by Colonel A. M. Lang in the ‘‘ Simla Hills in June and July” (MS.
Notes), and at Naini Tal. Col. C. H. T. Marshall took it in “‘Chumba, in March”
(Butt. Ind. 225), and Col. Swinhoe possesses specimens from Col. Marshall taken
at Chumba in April. Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 137) collected
the wet-season form at Attock and Abbottabad in April, at Campbellpur and Hassan
Abdal in June and July, at Kairabad in July, and at Abbottabad and Kala Pani in
July and August. The dry-season form (Alemola) was also obtained at Attock in
March and April, at Kairabad in April, at Campbellpur in April, at Akhori Hill in
April, at Hassan Abdal in May, Kala Pani in May, and at Rawul Pindi and on the
Murree Road in March and April. Both forms being common on the Hills round
Campbellpur, and on the lower slopes of the Hills near Abbottabad.” Mr. W. Doherty
doubtless refers to this species (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119), under Y.
Asterope, as having been collected by him in Kumaon at “‘ Bagheswar, Takula, Lower
Sarfu and Lower Gori, at 2000 to 6000 feet elevation.” In Western India, it has
been taken at “ Hyderabad in Sind” (Butt. Ind. 225). Specimens from Mount
Aboo are in Major Adamson’s collection. The late Mr. G. H. Wilkinson took it at
N 2
92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Akote. Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained both forms at Ahmednuggur, and records
(P. Z. S. 1885, 127) the wet-season form (Mahratta) as taken in “‘ Bombay in October
and November, and the diy-season form (Alemola) at Poona from October to June.”
At Mhow the wet-season form was taken in ‘June, July and November, also at
Neemuck, September to November,’ and the dry-season form in February, and
“from April to July” (P. Z. 8. 1886, 423). The late Dr. F. Day collected speci-
mens in the Dekkan. It has also been taken in “ Khandesh and Nagpur, and by
Mr. J. A. Betham at Amri and Ghindwara, Central Provinces, in October” (Butt.
Ind. 225). Capt. E. Y. Watson has specimens of the wet-season form, taken at
Ahmednuggur in August, and also of the dry-season form (Almeola) taken in April.
Capt. Watson also took the wet-season form in Ganjam, Orissa, in June.
This species (Mahratta) is erroneously entered by Mr. G. F. Hampson (Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 350), as having been taken by him in the Nilgiris. The
specimens in his collection (which we have examined), and are entered in his MS.
Journal as this species, are labelled as having been taken in “‘ Poona by Col.
Swinhoe.”
Iypo-Matayan sprcies oF Panpiwa.—P. Pandocus (Y. Pandocus, Moore, Catal.
Lep. Mus. EH. I. Compy., i. p. 235. Hewitson, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 290, pl. 18, fig.
12). Habitat. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.—P. corticaria (Y. corticaria, Butler, Trans.
Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 537); Distant Rhop. Malay, p. 55, pl. 7, fig. 8. Habitat.
Malay Peninsula, Singapore.—P. Motschulskyi (Sat. Motsch. Bremer; Menétries,
Catal. Mus. Acad. Petr. Lep. i. pl. 6, fig. 5,1885). Habitat. N. China.—P. multistriata
(Y. multistriata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 50). Habitat. N. Formosa.—
P. sempera (Y. sempera, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 125). Semper, Reis.
Archipel. Phil. Lep. i. 49, pl. 10, figs. 1,2. Habitat. Mindanaro.—P. Stellera (Hipp.
stellera, Esch. Kotzeb. Reise iii., p. 216, pl. 10, fig. 24, 1881). Semper, l.c., p. 48.
Habitat. Philippines.—P. norma (Y. norma, Westwood, in Doubleday, and Hewits,
Gen. D. Lep. 395, pl. 67, fig 1, 1851). Habitat. China (? Java).
Genus LOHANA.
Imaco.—Wings much shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing
with the cell very broad: discocellulars much more oblique; no visible glandular
patch, but the lower discal area is clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt
scales, some longer dentate-tipt scales, and a few long filiform dark androconia with
tassel-tips. Hindwing with one subapical ocellus, disposed between the lower subcostal
and the radial veinlet. Palpi slender, apical joint long; antennal club very slender.
Type.—L. Inica.
SATYRINZ. 93
LOHANA INICA.
Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 2).
Ypthima Ariaspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, etc. i. p. 224 (1883). 3
Ypthima Rara, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 1, 9.
Ypthima Dedalea, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1886, p. 423, ¢.
Iwaco.—Male and female. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Forewing with
a rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus; no visible glandular patch, but the lower
discal area clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt scales, some longer
dentate-tipt scales, and many long filiform dark androconia with tassel-tips. Hind-
wing with a small subanal ocellus.
Underside pale ochreous-cinereous, uniformly covered with numerous narrow
brown prominent strige ; no submarginal shade. Jorewing with ocellus, as above,
prominent, bipupilled, and with pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with an apical
ocellus (disposed between the lower subcostal and radial) and two small subanal
ocelli, the lowest bipupilled.
Expanse, I 9 to 1, inch.
Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, b,e,d,e, 2).
Yphthima Inica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 5, 9.
Ypthima Inica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, etc. i, p. 225 (1883). ,
Ypthima Alkibie, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 422.
Ypthima complexiva, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 423, pl. 40, fig. 2, 2 (variety).
Male and Female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside pale
ochreous-grey, very numerously covered with brown strigz, more or less uniformly
disposed on both wings, and with an indistinctly defined incomplete submarginal
sinuous fascia, which is more distinct on parts of the hindwing, or the hindwing is
crossed by four more or less defined somewhat clouded brown sinuous fasicx, the
intervening strigose spaces being pale ochreous-grey. Forewing with a prominent
ocellus, as in wet-season brood, sometimes there is a minute blind ocellule present
(as in the variety complexiva) between the lower median veinlets. Hindwing with
three minute, more or less perfectly-formed ocelli, or, black dots, sometimes the black
dots are obsolescent, as in the typically described Inica.
Expense, 1,'5 to 1,9 inch.
Hasitat.— Western and Central India, Upper Bengal.
Distrisution.—The type specimens of the wet-season brood (Ariaspa) were
obtained by the late General G. Hearsey in the Punjab District, and the late Mr.
94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
EK, T. Atkinson collected it in Western Central India. Colonel C. Swinhoe (P. Z. 8.
1883, 145) also collected the wet-season form in “ Mhow, Central India, in September
and October 1881,” also recording it (P. Z. S. 1886, 423) as being “ very plentiful
in Mhow from May to November ; and at Neemuck in November.”
In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection are several of the wet-season brood, which
were taken by Mr. W. H. Irvine at Bholakat, Malda District, Upper Bengal. The
dry-season brood (Inica Hewitson), of which the type specimen was taken in Malwa,
Central India, is in the British Museum collection. Colonel Swinhoe records it
(P. Z. S. 1883, 145) from Mhow, December and February, and in P. Z. 8. 1886,
422-3) his alkibie, also from ‘‘ Mhow, being very plentiful from November to March,
and at Depalpur in January and February ;” the variety, complexiva, having been
also taken at ‘‘Depalpur in November.” The type specimens of both the wet
and dry-season form of this species, referred to above, have all been examined and
verified by the author.
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 114, figs. 2, 2a represent the
male and female wet-season brood (ariaspa), figs. 2b, c, d, e, the diry-season brood ;
Jig. 2b being a male similar to the figure of ‘ complexiva,’ and figs. 2c, d, e, being
typical ‘ Inica ’ and ‘ Alkibie.’
Genus DALLACHA.
Imaco.—Wings short. Forewing very broad; costa much arched, apex obtusely
rounded, exterior margin almost erect and slightly convex; cell broad, very long,
extending to more than half the wing; first and second subcostal branches emitted
before end of the cell, third and fourth at equal distances beyond; upper disco-
cellular angled close to the subcostal, concave below, lower discocellular convex ;
subcostal much swollen at the base, median not swollen. No androconia. Hindwing
short, very broad; cell extending to beyond half the wing; discocellulars long, very
oblique ; with two apical and two anal ocelli on the underside. Palpi stout, densely
clothed ; antennz with a very lengthened slender club.
Tyrr.—D. Hyagriva.
According to Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119) “‘ the
venation of the forewing shows this species to be a true Callerebia, both the first and
second subcostals being emitted before end of the cell. The structure of the pre-
hensores shows the same thing. All the Satyride known to me, except Ypthima and
Melanitis, have the uncus branched, and in Hyagriva this part is branched precisely
as in other Callerebia. The prehensores are scarcely to be distinguished from
those of C. Annada,”
SATYRINZ. 95
DALLACHA HYAGRIVA (Plate 115, figs. 1, la, 3 9).
Yphthima Hyagriva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Compy., i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1885, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 11.
Ypthima Hyagriva, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, ete. i, p. 226, pl. 17, fig 64, 9 (1883).
TIuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent brown; cilia cinereous-brown with
a paler inner line ; both wings with a dusky-brown submarginal fascia. Forewing
with a prominent large broadly-oval or rounded subapical black ocellus, bipupilled
with bluish-white and ringed with ochreous, sometimes a single white pupil only is
present, and in some a minute ocellule is also present between the lower median
veinlets. Hindwing with a large round subanal ocellus with a single pupil and
ochreous ring. Underside deep olivescent brownish-ochreous ; cilia brownish-
ochreous with a brown line. Jorewing with the costal edge and outer border
slightly flecked with brown strige ; a distinct broad dusky-brown submarginal fascia
and a slender black marginal line; ocellus, as in upperside, bipupilled, and below it
is one, or two, white spots between the medians, the lower one being sometimes a
fully developed minute ocellus. Hindwing numerously covered with dusky-brown
waved strigz ; a submarginal dusky-brown fascia; a large geminated pair of apical
ocelli, each with a bluish-white pupil and both encompassed by an ochreous ring; a
similar geminated pair of anal ocelli, and between the upper and lower medians two
intervening white dots are generally present.
Female. Upper and underside as in the male; sometimes a minute anal ocellus
being present on upperside of the hindwing. Body beneath, palpi, and legs olives-
cent brownish-ochreous ; antennz brown above and ochreous beneath in male,
reddish in the female.
Expanse, ¢ 1,4 to 1,%, 2 1, to 2 inches.
Hasirat.—Western Himalayas.
Distrisotion.—In the late Mr, W. 8. Atkinson’s collection we verified speci-
mens labelled ‘ Tavi Valley, Kashmir,” and “ Chumba,”’ and in a MS. Note, he says,
**T have a specimen from Kumaon, and I took two or three near Thana Mandi just
before crossing the Ruttan Pir. It seemed common there. I also took a specimen
on the outer hills of Chumba.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “ Masuri at the
end of September, or beginning of October ”’ (MS. Notes). In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s
collection are specimens taken by “Colonel A. M. Lang in Gin Chini, Kumaon, at
5000 feet in September, and at Naini Tal, 6500 feet, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 119) says, “I found Hyagriva not uncommon at various points
in Kumaon, from 3000 to 7000 feet elevation, during the rains.” ‘‘ Mr. A. Graham
Young took it in the Kulu Valley in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 226).
We have a specimen from General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection,
96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Genus CALLEREBIA.
Callerebia, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217 ; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868); Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1868, p. 194. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 243 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing broad, subtriangular; costa much
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly convex, posterior angle rounded ;
cell broad, extending to more than half the wing ; costal vein much swollen at the
base, median vein slightly swollen; first and second subcostal branches emitted
before end of the cell, the first at some distance before, and the second close to the
end; upper discocellular short and inwardly-oblique, angled close to the subcostal,
lower discocellular long, excurved; upper radial from angle close to the subcostal,
lower radial from the middle below the end of upper discocellular ; median branches
at nearly equal distances apart; submedian slightly recurved from the base. Hind-
wing very broad, obtusely-conical; anterior margin convex, apex round, exterior
margin convex, anal angle somewhat produced and slightly lobular, abdominal
margin recurved and convex towards the base; cell long, broad across the middle;
first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular
very oblique, slightly concave anteriorly, radial from above the middle; the middle
median emitted at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi densely
hairy to the tip, above, and beneath; antennz with a lengthened slender tip.
Typz.—C. Scanda.
Hasits.—The species of Callerebia “are autumnal insects of weak flopping
flight, with an irregular pitching action ; frequenting bare grassy slopes [hybrida],
or else hedges, copses, and fields near woods [Nirmala and Scanda].” (Col. A. M.
Lang, MS.: Notes). In the Western Himalayas they affect lower elevations than
the species of Paralasa, and are common in the outer ranges at 6000 feet elevation.
CALLEREBIA ORIXA (Plate 115, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ 2).
Callerebia Orixa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 555, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt,
of India, ete. i. p. 245 (1883). Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 301.
Callerebia ophthalmica, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p, 227, pl. 81 (1887).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown, vinescent in some
lights; exterior borders slightly paler; both wings traversed by a slender dusky-
brown submarginal line ; cilia with a cinerescent-white inner line. Forewing with a
large prominent subapical rounded black ocellus, which is bipupilled with bluish-
white and has a broad bright reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small
round subanal ocellus with a single pupil. Underside paler, but of a brighter and
redder-brown on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical border slightly mottled
with cinerescent strige ; the ocellus as above, the submarginal dusky fascia joining
SATYRINZ:. 97
a similar discal fascia below the ocellus, both fasci# being disposed, anteriorly, close
to the ocellus. Hindwing with numerous greyish-white transversely-disposed strigz,
which are most numerous and are somewhat confluent from the abdominal margin
and less frequent before and below the apex, where their partial absence form an
upper-diseal and upper-marginal fascia of the ground colour; two very small anal
ill-formed ocelli.
Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger, its ochreous ring
paler, broader and dilated outwardly. Hindwing with the anal ocellus also somewhat
larger. Underside as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is larger and
has a broader and paler but less-defined ochreous ring.
Expanse, ¢ 2,3, to 2;4,, % 2,5 inches.
Hasirat.—Khasia and Naga Hills; Manipur.
Both sexes of C. Oriva are distinguishable from C. Annada by the larger size of
the ocellus on the forewing, on both the upper and underside; and on the underside
of the forewing having the submarginal and discal conjoined-line disposed close to
the edge of the ocellus.
DistrisutTion.— This species is isolated in its geographical range from the rest
of the genus. We have specimens taken by Mr. A. O. Hume in the eastern hills of
Manipur, in May, and others taken by Mr. H. R. Johnson at Shillong in May and
June, and at Terria Ghat below Shillong in the autumn” (Butt. Ind. i. 245). Mr.
W.S. Atkinson took it in Cherra Punji. Dr. G. Watt obtained specimens “ near
Assam ”’ during his journey to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 801). Has also been
obtained in the Khasia Hills by Mr. H. J. Elwes, and in the Naga Hills by Mr. W.
Doherty.
CALLEREBIA ANNADA (Plate 115, figs. 3, 3a, b, 3 2).
Erebia Annada, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 226 (1857),
Callerebia Annada, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 245 (1883).
Callerebia Scanda (var. b.), Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 8.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent umber-brown, vinescent-brown in some
lights, the exterior borders paler; cilia with a whitish-cinereous inner line; both
wings with a slender dusky-brown submarginal line. Forewing with a moderate-
sized obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and with a narrow
reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small round subanal ocellus, with a
single pupil. Underside much paler. Forewing cinerescent-brown, suffused with
pale chestnut-brown ; apical border mottled with cinereous strige ; subapical ocellus
more prominent, somewhat larger than on upperside, and ringed with pale ochreous ;
the dusky-brown submarginal line joined to the discal line at the lower median vein,
the lower area between the lines being bright chestnut-brown, and the lines disposed
at some distance from the ocellus. Hindwing chestnut-brown ; very numerously
vou. 1. February 28th, 1893. 0
98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ©
covered with more or less-confluent cinereous-white transverse strige ; crossed by an
ill-defined discal brown sinuous fascia, this fascia being dilated anteriorly before the
apex, and by a less defined upper marginal brown fascia ; two small anal blind ocelli.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler, the ocellus on both wings larger, the one
on the forewing being round. Underside as in the male, but paler, the ocellus on
forewing large and round, the ocelli on the hindwing also larger.
Expanse, ¢ 2,*%, to 2,5, % 2,5 inches.
Hasirat.—Himalayas (Kashmir to Bhotan).
DistTRIBUTION.—We have examined, and verified specimens, now in the British
Museum Collection, taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, at Masuri, 7000 feet elevation,
in June, 1868, and others taken at Naini Tal, 4000 to 7000 feet, taken in May,
September and October, in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. We possess specimens
from Masuri and Kashmir, taken by the late Major H. B. Hellard in August and
September, and others from Major-General G. Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. Major
J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 858) records specimens (which are now in the British
Museum Collection, and have been verified as true C. Annada) “ between Abbottabad
and Kala Pani, taken on 25th September, 1885, being not uncommon about Kala
Pani; its ‘habits here appeared different from those of Callerebia in general, as
it was flying over stones and low bushes, not affecting the shade; near Tret on
October 8th, however, OC. Annada affected the shade much like C. Nirmala.” Myr.
W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 119) records it from ‘‘ Kumaon generally, from
5000 to 7000 feet elevation ; first specimen taken on September 22nd.” In Mr. J.
H. Leech’s Collection, are examples taken by Mr. MacArthur, at Kujiar, 6000 feet,
in April, at Narkunda in April, and at Kala in August. ‘* Mr. Hocking took it in
the Kangra District; Major C. H. T. Marshall obtained it in the Chumba State in
May, and Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Simla. The type is recorded from Bhotan.
The India Museum, Calcutta, has it from Nepal, and it is probably to be found in
all the intermediate regions, occurring in the rainy season” (Butt. India, i. 246).
Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 327) says, “I have no specimens taken in
recent years in Sikkim, but two which were contained in Mr. Wilson’s Sikkim
Collection are somewhat larger than those from Kulu and Nepal. Mr. Knyvett’s
collectors took it in 1887, in the interior of West Bhotan, near the Sikkim frontier.”
CALLEREBIA HYBRIDA (Plate 116, figs. 1, 1a, 2).
Callerebia hybrida, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 147. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 246, pl. xv. fig. 44, (1883).
Callerebia Nada, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1881, p. 306.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent umber-brown, slightly paler at the
apex; with arather broad dusky-black submarginal line; cilia cinerescent-brown
SATYRINZ:. 99
with a slightly paler inner line. Forewing with a subapical obtusely-oval black
ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark reddish-ochreous.
Hindwing with a small subanal round ocellus with single pupil. Underside paler.
Forewing with the discal area suffused with chestnut-brown ; ocellus prominent, ringed
with pale ochreous; apical border and upper area of ocellus thickly covered with
cinerescent strige; submarginal and conjoined discal dusky-brown line prominent.
Hindwing uniformly covered with dull cinerescent mostly-confluent strige; crossed
by a discal undulated sinuous slender brown line, and a less-defined submarginal
line ; two perfectly formed prominent subanal ocelli of nearly equal size, each with
a single pupil and pale ochreous ring, above which are four inner submarginal
cinereous-white ocelloid-dots, which latter are sometimes replaced by well-developed
minute ocelli.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler; ocellus on forewing larger. Underside
as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is also larger.
Expanse, do 2 to 2;, ¢ 2;% to 2,5 inches.
Hasitat.—Western Himalayas.
Distinguishable from C. Annada by the shorter and more convex apex of the
forewing, and on the underside of the hindwing by the more uniformly disposed
and duller strigz, the sinuous discal line being slender and uniform in width
throughout its course across the wing, and by the prominent well-formed subanal
ocelli.
Our illustrations of this species on Plate 116, figs. 1, la, represent the male and
female specimens of C. Nada.
Distripution.—This species ‘‘is very common in the Western Himalayas,
throughout the outer ranges, at moderate elevations from May to September”
(Butt. of India, 247). Colonel A. M. Lang found it ‘‘ very abundant in Middle and
Upper Kunawur, in June and July, frequenting hot, dry hill-sides ’ (MS. Notes).
We possess specimens from Col. Lang, and both sexes obtained by Major H. B.
Hellard at Simla and Masuri, in June and October; from Kulu by Mr. J. H. Hocking,
and from the Jumna Valley, 5000 to 6000 feet, in September, by Major J. W.
Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in “ Kumaon generally, at from 6000 to
9000 feet elevation” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 119). Specimens from Naini Tal,
6500 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in May, 1887, and from the Kulu Valley, 5000
feet, taken by Mr. de Nicéville, are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. In Mr.
J. H. Leech’s Collection are examples taken at Sultanpur in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham
Young ; others also from Sultanpur taken in September, by Mr. McArthur, from
Ramband 2000 feet, taken in May, 1889, from Narkunda, taken in April, and from
Chamba Valley, taken in September by Mr. McArthur.
0 2
100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. °
CALLEREBIA NIRMALA (Plate 116, figs. 2, 2a, b, c, d,e,é 2)-
Erebia Nirmala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1865, p. 501.
Callerebia Nirmala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 247 (1883).
Callerebia Scanda (var. ¢.), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 9.
Callerebia intermedia, et C. Cashapa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 236 (Varieties).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent vinous-brown ; cilia
brownish-cinereous, with a paler inner line. Forewing with an -obtusely-oval black
ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark ochreous ;
sometimes a minute ocellule is also present between the middle and lower median
veinlets. Hindwing with a round subanal single-pupilled ocellus. Underside paler.
Forewing with the costal and apical border speckled with brownish-cinereous scales,
the discal area broadly suffused with bright chestnut-brown; ocellus as above, but
more prominent and paler ochreous ringed, the submarginal and discal upper dusky
line slightly defined. Htndwing uniformly-covered with brownish-cinereous confluent
strige ; and crossed by a slightly-defined discal sinuous brown line and a less
apparent submarginal line, beyond which is a series of four upper white dots, a
prominent well-formed subanal ocellus, and an anal white dot.
Female. Upperside as in male, but somewhat paler. Underside also paler.
Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. , Hindwing with the submarginal
and discal line less defined ; a subanal and an anal ocellus below the upper white
dots.
Expanse, ¢ 2, ? 2,% inches.
Variety intermedia (Plate 116, figs. 2,b, c,d). Male and female. Upperside
similar. Hindwing sometimes with a small ocellus above the upper median. Under-
side. Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. Hindwing uniformly
speckled with brownish-grey scales; the discal and submarginal brown line being
obsolete; with a subanal, or both a subanal and an anal ocellus, and with either one
or two upper ocelli, situated above and below the radial, one or other of which are
sometimes obsolete.
Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 2, ¢ 2; inches.
Variety Cashapa (Plate 116, figs. 2,d,e, ¢%). Upperside similar. Hindwing
with one, or two, upper ocelli. Underside of similar tints to intermedia. Hindwing
with a more or less well-formed discal brown sinuous line, and generally three upper
and two lower ocelli, or sometimes a complete series of six well-formed ocelli, the
upper ones decreasing in size, and the anal one also small; sometimes the upper
one, the lower third, and the anal one are either absent or represented by a white
dot. Probably this is the wet-season brood.
Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,%, #2; inches,
Hasitat.— Western Himalayas.
SATYRINA. 101
DistrrBution.—Typical 0. Nirmala “is very abundant in Kunawur in June and
July. It hasa wide range, flies for many months, and is very common. It frequents
the same ground as (. Nada, but extends also through the habitat of C. Scanda
almost to the Plains. It appears among woods and glens and damp regions, as well
as the dry slopes above, in middle and upper Kunawur” (Lang’s MS. Notes). “It
is very common at moderate elevations throughout the Western Himalayas, from
May till September. It affects the undergrowth in glades and forests, and may be
seen on the wing even on damp and cloudy days” (Butt. Ind. 248). Capt. Beckett
took it in Gurhwal. Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “ Simla, and Pangi, Busahir,
in July and August”? (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty records it from “ Loharkhet,
Western Kumaon, at from 7000 to 8000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119).
We possess the type specimens of C. Nirmala, and also the form intermedia, from
Simla, and of Cashapa, from Masuri, 7000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang, in June,
from Kangra, taken by Mr. Hocking, and from Simla, taken by Major Hellard in
June, and from Masuri in October. Specimens are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection,
taken by Col. Lang, at Naini Tal, 3500 to 7700 feet elevation in May and June,
1887.
CALLEREBIA SCANDA (Plate 117, figs. 1, la, b,d 2).
Erebia Scanda, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 452, pl. 17, figs. 3, 4, ¢ (1844).
Callerebia Scanda, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217; Ent. Mo. Mag, 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr,
B. M. p. 96 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 244 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinerescent olive-brown, darkest basally and
with a vinescent tint in some lights; cilia cinerescent-brown, with a cinereous-white
inner line which is most distinct on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical area
perceptibly paler and traversed by a narrow submarginal dusky fascia; subapical
ocellus obtusely-oval, black, bipupilled with bluish-white, and ringed with dull
ochreous. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus pupilled with bluish-white.
Underside paler. Forewing with the ocellus more prominent, the apical area very
slightly speckled with cinereous scales, traversed by an indistinct dusky-brown
submarginal and an oblique discal fascia, which are convexly-joined at the lower
median. Hindwing irrorated with cinerescent-white scales, which are very densely
disposed towards the inner area and there form more or less-defined strige; a
prominent round subanal and a smaller anal ocellus both white pupilled, the latter
being sometimes bipupilled; above these is a submarginal series of four white
ocelloid dots. Body beneath and legs above brown; legs cinerescent beneath ;
palpi cinerescent at the side, with a lateral black streak and black-tipt frontal hairs ;
antennz brown.
Female. Upperside as in the male, but somewhat paler. Underside as in the
102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. _
male, except that on the hindwing the cinerescent-white speckles are less
prominent.
Expanse, 3 2 to 2;%,? 2,% inches.
Hasirat.— Western Himalayas.
DistrisutTion.—Obtained by Colonel A. M. Lang at “ Narkunda, at 6000 to
7000 feet altitude, in Lower Kunawur, appearing only when the rainy season has
set in thoroughly, flying only in July and August, where, in dripping forests about
moist banks draped in dense ferns, this species flies weakly even during rain, and
when flying looks parti-coloured—black and white. It is local, extending perhaps
through seventy miles, and flies only in the autumn in damp regions where and
when the rainfall is heavy, whereas C. Nirmala extends through at least 200 miles
from the Plains into the mountains, through damp and wooded regions, and dry
rocks, hot mountain sides, and through many months of the year” (Lang’s MS.
Notes). Specimens taken by Colonel Lang in 1887, at Naini Tal 6500 to 7000
feet elevation in August, arein Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. This species is
*“common throughout the outer ranges of the Western Himalayas, as far east as
Masuri, and is probably found in Kumaon; our collection contains specimens from
Pangi, taken by Mr. R. Ellis, and from Simla and Masuri” (Butt. Ind. i. 245).
A specimen from Kulu, taken by Mr. Hocking, is in the British Museum, and our
own collection contains various specimens, among them males from Narkunda taken
by Col. Lang, and others from the Jumna Valley, 5000 feet, taken in September by
Major J. W. Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it “‘ above Loharkhet, Khati, and
at Dhankuri, in N.W. Kumaon, at 7000 to 11,000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8. Beng.
1886, 119).
CALLEREBIA DAKSHA (Plate 117, figs. 2, 2a, ¢).
Callerebia Daksha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 266, pl. 43, fig. 1, ¢. Marshall and de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883).
Callerebia modesta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinous-brown, of a uniform tint throughout;
cilia cinereous-brown. forewing with an obtusely-oval black subapical ocellus,
bipupilled with pure white and with a very indistinctly defined brownish-ochreous
narrow outer ring ; sometimes a minute ocellule is present between the middle and
lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a round similar subanal ocellus with white
pupil, and sometimes there is present either one, two, or three upper discal minute
white ocelloid dots. Underside slightly paler vinous-brown, of a uniform tint
throughout. Forewing with the subapical ocellus more prominent, beneath which is
a minute white dot between the upper medians. Hindwing with a prominent round
subanal ocellus and a smaller anal ocellus, above which is a discal series of five pure
SATY RINE. 103
white dots, the lower of which—and sometimes the two or three lower—appear
as small ocelli, and in some the anal ocellus is represented by a white dot. Body
beneath blackish ; legs above and entire palpi blackish ; legs beneath brownish.
Expanse, 1,% to 2 inches.
Hasirat.— Kashmir.
DistrisuTI0N.—The type specimens of C. Daksha were taken by the late Capt.
Bayne Reed at Gulmurg, and Major H. B. Hellard took it in the Jheelum Valley,
Kashmir, in July and August. “Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Gond, also in
Kashmir; and Mrs. Bazett obtained a large number at Katabal near Gulmurg, at
8000 to 9000 feet elevation, in June” (Butt. Ind. 248), Mr. J. H. Leech obtained
specimens in the Scind Valley, 7000 feet, in June, 1887. Major J. W. Yerbury
obtained it at Thundiani in August, 1886.
Autiep Tiseran and CurnesE species of Catterupia.—C. Sylvicola, Oberthiir,
Etud. Ent. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, £. 25. Habitat. Tibet.—C. pratorwm, Oberthiir, id.
1886, p. 25, pl. 4, f. 26. Habitat. Tibet.—C. polyphemus, Oberthiir (Friv. Term.
Fuz. Magyar Nem. Mus. x. p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 8. Allied to C. Orixa. Habitat. N.
China.—C. albipunctata, Leech, Ent. 1890, p. 31; Lep. China, etc., p. 102, pl. 9,
figs.5, 6. Habitat. W.China—C. rurigena, Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc., p. 101,
pl. 9,f. 8. Habitat. Moupin; W.China. C. Delavoyi, Oberthiir, 1891, pl.dait. 18:
Habitat. W. China.—(. ruricola, Leech, id. p. 100, pl. 9, fig. 4. Habitat. W.
China.—(. sawicola (Hrebia saxicola, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1876, p. 32, pl. 4).
Habitat. Mongolia.
Genus PARALASA,
Imaco.—Male. From Callerebia, this genus differs in the comparatively longer,
narrower and more triangular forewing, longer and much narrower hindwing, and
in the grooved spatulate-club of the antenna. Venation similar. From typical
Erebia (EH. Ligea) the forewing differs in being comparatively longer and narrower,
the costa being more convex, the apex rounded, and the exterior margin more
oblique.. The hindwing shorter, much narrower posteriorly and more produced
anally, the anterior margin being very short and the apex oblique, exterior margin
posteriorly convex, the abdominal margin very long and excavated above the angle.
Body slender, antennz more slender, and with a shorter and broader grooved-club.
Type.—P. Kalinda.
In the general pattern of the markings the species of this genus are distin-
guishable from Callerebia, on the upperside of the forewing, by the ocellus having a
single white pupil—whereas in all the species of Callerebia there are two white
pupils; and on the hindwing in the absence of the subanal ocellus. From Erebia
104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ~
it is also easily distinguishable by the absence of the series of submarginal ocelli,
on a ferruginous band, which are generally present on both wings in most of the
species of the latter genus.
PARALASA KALINDA (Plate 117, figs. 3, 3a, b, d 2).
Erebia Kalinda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig. 5, 2. Marshall and de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 241 (1888). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, pp. 331, 341.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown; cilia alternately edged with white
and brown. Sorewing with a subapical round black ocellus, pupilled with white and
narrowly ringed with ochreous, below which is an outer-discal chestnut-red patch.
Hindwing with a lower outer-discal smaller chestnut-red patch, which is nearly or
sometimes quite obsolete in some specimens. Underside cinerescent-brown. Jore-
wing with the entire discal area, including the cell, chestnut-red, the subapical
ocellus more prominent and paler ringed, and the brown apical border speckled with
cinerescent scales. Hindwing sparsely speckled with distinctly-defined cinereous
scales, these scales being more densely disposed across the disc and there form an
ill-defined transverse fascia, beyond which is an outer discal recurved series of white
dots.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger, and the
discalred patch much broader. Hindwing as in the male. Underside duller brown,
in some darker cinerescent-brown. Forewing as in the male. Hindwing more
densely speckled with cinereous scales, the discal white dots less prominent. Thorax
beneath greyish-black; abdomen beneath and legs beneath greyish; legs above
brown; palpi white at the side, frontal hairs black; antennz blackish above, pale
ringed beneath, club reddish and black tipt.
Expanse, ¢ 1,4 to 2, 2 1,% to 2/6 inches.
Hasitat.— Western Himalayas.
Distrizution.—The type specimens were taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, who
remarks that “this is a subalpine Kunawur insect, and is local. I saw very few,
and at only two places, on the Hill-sides below the Werang and Runang Passes, at
perhaps from 11,000 to 12,000 feet elevation, in July. It has a weak low flight
amongst grass and flowers” (MS. Notes). ‘‘ Mr. A. Graham Young took it in the
Kulu Valley in May. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained numerous males and one female at
Ulwas in May, and Mr. R. Elis and Dr. Hutchinson took numerous specimens of
both sexes in Pangi, in June and July, at altitudes of 9000 feet and upwards”
(Butt. Ind. 241). Dr. G. Watt obtained it in the Pine forests of the Ravi Basin,
up to 12,000 feet. Specimens are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection, taken by Mr.
H. McArthur in the Kutie Pass, 7000 feet, N. of Dalhousie, in September, 1889,
and from Kokser, in Lahul in July, 1888, and from the Kutkie Pass, 85,000 feet, in
SATYRINZ, 105
July, taken by Capt. Thompson, and also from Dugi, 12,000 feet, August and
September, from Baralacha, August, and from Spiti, August and September, taken
by Mr. McArthur. Major H. B. Hellard took it on the “ South side of Runang
Pass, at about 12,000 feet, in August” (MS. Notes).
PARALASA SHALLADA (Plate 118, figs, 1, la, b,¢ ?).
Erebia Shallada, Lang, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 241, pl. xv. fig. 42, g (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1889, pp. 331,
341,
TImaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark velvety olivescent-brown ; cilia brown
alternately edged with white between the veins, Forewing with a subapical black
ocellus having one prominent white pupil and an indistinctly-defined brownish-
ochreous outer ring; below which is a small dark red outer-discal patch, situated
between the middle and lower median vein. Hindwing with a similar red patch
extending from above the upper to the lower median vein, Underside. Forewing
dark red, with the borders dark cinerescent-brown, and the apex speckled with
cinerescent scales; ocellus larger than on upperside, bipupilled with white and ringed
with pale ochreous. Hindwing dark-brown, sparsely irrorated with cinerescent
speckles and short hairy scales, which are somewhat more numerously disposed across
the disc and there form a very ill-defined curved fascia ; beyond which is an outer-
discal curved series of white dots.
Female, Upperside somewhat paler brown, the dark red patches brighter
coloured and more diffused, the subapical ocellus larger, more distinct and bipupilled,
the lower pupil being minute, outer ring pale ochreous ; sometimes there is a minute
ocellule between the upper and middle medians. Underside as in the male, but
paler brown and more densely speckled, the subapical ocellus more prominent,
larger, and brighter coloured.
Expanse, 2 to 2,3, inches.
Hasitat.— Western Himalayas.
Distrisution.—This species was first obtained by Col. A. M. Lang, who remarks
that ‘‘it appears to be very local, as during three or four years collecting in Kunawur
I only twice met with it, taking only five specimens, once at 6000 feet altitude, and
again at 8000 feet, on grass ground and rocky slopes near Wangtoo, above the
Sutlej, in June” (MS. Notes). Since then Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken a large
number at Ulwas, in company with P. Kalinda, in May; he also found it during
May exceedingly plentiful along all the roads in the Station of Dalhousie, and
through the thick forest as far as Kujiar. Major C. H. T. Marshall also found it
commonly at Kujiar, near Dalhousie, and at other places in the Chumba State, in
May ; and Mr, A, Graham Young took it in Kulu in May and July ” (Butt. India,
VOL. I, P
106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. °
i. 141). In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection are specimens taken by Mr. H. McArthur
at Dana, in June, 1888, and from Sultanpur, in Kulu, taken by Mr. A. G. Young in
1889.
PARALASA MANTI (Plate 118, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 2).
Erebia Mani, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, etc. i. p. 242, pl. xv. fig. 43, J (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, pp. 331,
341.
Inaco.—Male. Upperside. Dusky-brown; cilia alternated with cinerescent-
white. Forewing with a large somewhat-quadrate bright-ochreous discal-patch,
which encompasses a round black subapical ocellus having a white pupil and paler
ochreous outer ring. Hindwing immaculate. Underside paler; cinerescent-brown.
Forewing with the costal and exterior border darker brown irrorated with cinerescent
scales, the quadrate ochreous discal patch paler, the ocellus as above, the basal area
being chestnut-brown. Hindwing numerously but indistinctly irrorated with
cinerescent-white speckles and hairy-scales, and crossed by a curved discal series of
eight prominent white dots.
Female. Upperside as in male, but slightly paler brown, the discal ochreous
patch on forewing somewhat larger and also paler; cilia more prominently alternated
with cinerescent-white. Underside as in male.
Expanse, ¢ 2, ¢ 2,5 inches.
Hasirat.—Ladak.
Distripution.—* Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained six males and two females on the
Chung Pass on July 10th, and one female at Lingti, on July 16th, all at high
elevations” (Butt. Ind. i. 242). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens at Skardo,
13,000 feet, in July, 1887.
Caress and other Asiatic species of Paratasa.—P. Megalomma (Erebia
megalomma, Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 236 (1874). Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 86,
pl. 9, fig. 2. Habitat. Shanghai, N. China.—P. Cyclopius (Erebia Cyclopius,
Eversmann, Bull. Mose. 1844, p. 590, pl. 14, fig. 4. H. Scheeff. Schmett, Eur. i.
figs. 606-8). Habitat. Siberia; Amurland; Ural.—P. Maracandica (Erebia mara-
candica, Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 13 (1874). Habitat. Central
Asia.—P. Jordana (Erebia Jordana, Staudinger, Berlin Ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 171).
Habitat. Khokand.—P. Roxane (Erebia Roxane, Grum.-Grsh. Romanoff’s Mem.
Lep. iii. p. 401, 1888). Habitat. Pamir.—P. Herse (Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc.,
p. 99, pl. 9, fig. 7, 8). Habitat. W. China.
Genus HEMADARA.
Inaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, subtriangular; costa much arched, apex
obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein
SATYRINZ.. 107
much swollen at the base. Venation similar to typical Ypthima, except that the
second subcostal branch arises at end of the cell, and that the cell is, comparatively,
much longer and broader. With a broad discal glandular patch clothed with a few
short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt scales, and
numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base and hair-like
tassel-tip. Hindwing short, broad, triangular, the costa slightly arched near the
base, exterior margin obtusely angular in the middle, anal angle somewhat produced
and almost lobate, abdominal margin long, excavated near posterior angle. Body
slender, short; palpi very long, obliquely porrect, second joint extending two-thirds
beyond the front, third joint nearly half length of second, each clothed with long
projecting hairs in front. Antenne very slender, short, with a moderately slender
flattened club.
Typz.—H. Narasingha.
HEMADARA NARASINGHA (Plate 118, figs. 3, 3a, f).
Yphthima Narasingha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 19.
Ypthima Narasingha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. p. 225. Elwes, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1891, p. 268, pl. 27, fig. 2,°.
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown ; cilia cinerescent-brown. orewing
with a broad inwardly-oblique discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with a
few short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt
scales, and numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base
and hair-like tassel-tip ; a large subapical black ocellus bipupilled with white and
narrowly ringed with pale olivescent-ochreous, beyond which is a slender dusky
submarginal line, which is joined on the lower median vein to a similar discal line.
Hindwing with a dusky-brown marginal border, which is slightly speckled with a few
cinerescent scales. Underside olivescent-grey. Horewing numerously speckled with
brown scales, and crossed by an outer-discal and a submarginal dusky line; ocellus
as above, but more prominent and brighter coloured. Hindwing numerously covered
with uniformly-disposed short dark-brown transverse strige; an ill-defined outer
discal series of white dots being more or less apparent, and the outer margin
posteriorly grey speckled.
Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger, the submarginal
and discal slender line apparent. Hindwing as in male. Underside as in male.
Body and legs beneath, and sides of palpi olivescent-grey; clothing of palpi blackish,
tipt with grey ; antennz brown, tip reddish.
Expanse, ¢ 2 to 23, $ 23 inches.
Hasitat.— Burma.
pe 2
_
108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Drstripution.—The only authentic record of the habitat of this rare butterfly is
that by Mr. W. Doherty, who captured it ‘“ at Bernardmyo, 5400 feet elevation, north
of Mandalay, where it was very scarce”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 268).
Genus ZIPETIS.
Zipetis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii, p. 100 (1863), Herr Scheffer, Prod. Lep. i. p. 63 (1864).
Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1868). Kirby, Syn. Catal.
D. Lep. p. 103 (1871).
Zipoetes, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883).
Ziboetes, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1881, p. 86.
Tuaco. Male. Forewing somewhat elongated, subtriangular; costa arched,
apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; costal vein swollen
at the base; cell broad, long, extending beyond half-length of the wing; first and
second subcostal veinlets emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved,
upper short and concave ; upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower radial
from above the middle; median veinlets equi-distant apart. Hindwing rather short,
broad ; exterior margin convex, obtusely scalloped; cell long, rather broad ; first
subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular Jong,
outwardly recurved, radial from above its middle; the middle median veinlet emitted
at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi long, rather stout,
compressed, thickly clothed in front with long hairs, third joint stout; antennze
with a slender gradually-thickened club ; eyes smooth.
Typz.—Z. Saitis. .
ZIPETIS SAITIS (Plate 119, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).
Zipetis Saitis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100, Zp. pl. fig. 6, g (1863). Marshall and de Nicé-
ville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 78, 9 (1883).
Imaco. Male. Upperside dark yinescent-brown, darkest basally ; both wings
with an ill-defined pale-bordered dusky-black submarginal line; cilia alternated with
brownish-cinereous. Jorewing crossed by an outwardly-oblique broad subapical
purpurescent-white band. Hindwing crossed by a similar white posterior sub-
marginal band, which is sinuous on its outer edge and is attenuated upwards towards
the apex. Underside uniformly paler, the dusky marginal lines distinctly pale
bordered. Forewing with the oblique white band as above. Hindwing with the
posterior submarginal white band as above, before which is a discal series of five
prominent black ocelli, two upper and three lower, with white pupils, the upper one
and the two lowest being minute, the second upper one very large and bipupilled,
the third about half its size, each ringed with ochreous, the two upper also being
SATYRIN 4. 109
outwardly encompassed by a silvery line, and the three lower by a similar silvery
line.
Female. Upperside paler. Both wings with the white bands as in the male.
Underside much paler; both wings marked as in the male. Body beneath, legs, and
front of palpi brown; side of palpi whitish ; antennz reddish-brown, black-tipt.
Expanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2,5, 2 2,5 to 2,4 inches.
Hasrtat.— Hills of South India.
Disrripution.—“ Not uncommon on the Western Slopes of the Nilgiris, at from
2000 to 8000 feet. A brood emerges at the end of September ” (Hampson, J. A. S.
Beng. 1888, 350). “*Mr. Harold Fergusson took it m May and June, at Mynall
in the Ashamboo Hills in Travancore, at an altitude of 2600 feet. Itis also found
in the Wynaad” (Butt. Ind. 249). We possess specimens taken by Mr. Bour-
dillon in Travancore, at 2200 feet elevation in April, and at Mynall at 1800 feet, in
August.
ZIPATIS SCYLAX (Plate 119, figs. 2, 2a, b).
Zipetis Scylax, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100, Zip. pl. fig. 7 (1863). Marshall and de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc.i. p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 62, 2 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 83 (1887).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, paler externally and of a cinereous
ochreous tint. Both wings with two well-defined blackish marginal lines, both of
which are bordered by a pale cinereous-ochreous line ; cilia pale ochreous-cinereous.
Underside uniformly slightly paler brown; both wings with three prominent mar-
ginal blackish pale-bordered lines. Forewing with an upper submarginal row of
five small bluish-white pupilled ocelli, which are inwardly bordered by a slightly-
defined sinuous silvery line. Hindwing with a submarginal series of five very
prominent black bluish-white pupilled ocelli, two upper, and three lower, the upper
one being minute, the second very large, oval, and bipupilled, the third very large
and round, the two lowest small, all being encompassed within a broad silvery band.
Female. Upperside and underside as in the male. Body beneath brown; legs
beneath paler ; side of palpi pale ochreous; antennz reddish-brown.
Expanse, 2,4, to 2,% inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Naga and Khasia Hills.
Distrizution.—“ Rather a rare insect. Mr. Otto Méller has taken it at
moderate elevations in Sikkim, and Mr. L. de Nicéville met with it in the Great
Runjit Valley in October. It probably will be found to occur here and there in the
lower ranges on the north-eastern frontier of Bengal and Assam” (Butt. Ind.
249). It is also recorded from the Naga Hills, and we possess specimens from the
Khasia Hills. Mr. W. H. Irvine obtained it in Sikkim in April. Mr. H. J. Elwes
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 328) records it as “not a common species in Sikkim, and
110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
only found in low, hot valleys at 1000 to 3000 feet elevation, from May to November.
I took it near the Tista Bridge in August, and noticed that its flight and appearance
were similar to those of an Ypthima.”’
Genus RAGADIA.
Ragadia, Westwood, Genera of D, Lep. ii. p. 376 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyr., B. M. p. 158 (1868).
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p, 234 (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 420
(1886).
Iuaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched, apex rounded,
exterior margin oblique ; costal vein much swollen at the base; cell long, broad;
first subcostal emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars very concave ; upper
radial from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of
discocellular; median veinlets very wide apart. Hindwing rather short ; exterior
margin very convex and slightly uneven; precostal very short; costal vein much
curved at the base ; subcostal almost straight, its lower branch emitted at half
length of the wing ; cell extremely short and acute, the radial emitted from below
subcostal at about one-third between its base and its branch; upper discocellular
short, emitted from close to base of subcostal and extending sharply inward, the
lower discocellular being very acutely bent outward and joining the median vein
before the origin of its lower branch, the lower discocellular being developed along
the underside into a narrow elongated glandular pouch, and on the upperside is fur-
nished with a small tuft of fine long hairs which le along it. Body slender; palpi
moderately long, clothed in front with rather short hairs, apex slender ; eyes nearly
naked ; antennz with a slender gradually formed club.
Typz.—R. Crisia.
Hasits.—Capt. Godfrey, who captured 2. Crisia in the Malay Peninsula, de-
scribes it as being ‘found in low undergrowth in the forest, where, especially in the
early morning, it was several times met with. Its flight being weak and feeble, but
it cleverly eludes pursuit by threading its way through the tangled brushwood ”
(Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 421).
RAGADIA CRISILDA (Plate 120, figs. 1, la, b, d 2).
Ragadia Crisilda, Hewitson, Exotic, Butt. iii. Rag. pl. figs. 5, 6, 2 (1862). Marshall and de Nicé-
ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 235, pl. 15, fig. 36, 9 (1883).
Inaco.—Male.—Upperside dull brownish-black ; cilia cinereous-brown. Jore-
wing crossed by an oblique discal white vein-intersected band, also by the two inner
and the submarginal band of the underside showing through by semi-transparency.
Hindwing crossed by an oblique discal and a curved submarginal white band, the
basal bands and the marginal of the underside also visible. Underside brownish-
SATYRINZ 111
black ; both wings crossed by six white bands, the basal and submarginal on the
forewing being slender and less defined, but the latter on the hindwing well formed.
Forewing with a row of eight small black ocelli, each pupilled with silvery bluish-
white and with a slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the outer-discal black
band. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli upon the broad outer-
discal black band, with silvery bluish-white pupils and slender ochreous outer ring,
the upper ocellus being small, the three next large and united, the fifth also large,
the sixth and seventh being geminated.
Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the white bands are somewhat
broader. Underside also as in the male, the white bands somewhat broader and the
slender marginal band on the forewing well defined. Body beneath pale-ochreous ;
legs brownish-ochreous ; side and front clothing of palpi ochreous white, the tip
above brown ; antenne brown, with pale annulations, club with a reddish band.
iepause, o 1%, to 14), 2°15, mch.
Hasrtat.— Khasias ; Silhet; Cachar ; Lushais ; Upper Tenasserim.
DistrrBution.— This is apparently a rare insect. It was originally described
from Silhet, and Colonel A. M. Lang’s Collection contains two males from that
locality. Mr. Kirby notes it from the Khasia Hills—which, if correct, it probably
occurs only at the foot of them, and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens,
believed to have been taken in Cachar”’ (Butt. Ind. p. 235). The late Mr. W.S.
Atkinson possessed specimens from the Khasia Hills and Cherra Punji. In Mr. P.
Crowley’s Collection are specimens from Shillong and the Lushai Hills. Major C.
H. H. Adamson (Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 9) records taking specimens of this insect
on one occasion only, in October, 1880, flying among long grass on the bank of
the Aploon Choung, a small stream in the neighbourhood of Moulmein, in Upper
Tenasserim.
RAGADIA CRITO (Plate 120, figs. 2, 2a,b, d 2).
Ragadia Crito, de Nicéville, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 199, pl. D, figs. 1, 2, J 2.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull cinerescent-black. Both wings crossed by four
oblique obscure sullied cinerescent-whitish bands and a less apparent marginal band,
these bands being those of the underside showing through by semi-transparency.
Underside of a more brownish-black tint; both wings crossed by five oblique
prominent white bands and a similar more slender band at the extreme base of the
wing. Forewing with the outer-discal black band traversed by a row of eight small
black ocelli, each having a silvery bluish-white pupil and slender ochreous outer
ring. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli, with a silvery bluish-
white pupil and slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the broad outer-discal
112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. .
black band, the upper ocellus minute, the three next large and united together, the
fifth large, and the two lower geminated.
Female. Upperside. Both wings with all the pale bands broader and clearer
white. Underside. Both wings as in the male, but all the markings more clearly
defined. Body and legs beneath, and side of palpi pale ochreous-white ; antennz
black, distinctly annulated with white, club with a reddish band.
Expanse, d 1,4, ¢ 2 inches.
Hasirat.—Bhotan; Upper Assam.
DistriBuTion.—This species was first taken in Bhotan by Mr. Otto Moller, in
September, 1888, and was also taken in October, by Mr. Fritz Méller’s native
collectors. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 266) records it from ‘‘ Margherita in
Upper Assam,” where several specimens were captured by Mr. W. Doherty.
RAGADIA CRITOLAUS.
Ragudia Critolaus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 322, g, pl. H. fig. 1, g.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings with the ground-colour about equally
divided between black and white. Forewing with the white area commencing on
the inner margin about half its length from the base of the wing and almost reaching
the anal angle, extending towards the apex of the wing, which it does not reach, in
a triangular or wedge-shaped figure, bearing a series of five round black spots
between the veins, of which the three posterior ones are well-formed and separated,
the two anterior ones have their outer edges more or less merged into the outer
black border of the wing; the base of the wing is occupied very obliquely by two
streaks a little darker than the blackish ground-colour; there is also a narrow
whitish streak below the costa; the outer margin is broadly black, with its inner
edge festooned. Hindwing with the dusky basal area crossed by two straight dark
lines; a broad discal black band touching the costa but not quite reaching to the
abdominal margin, broadest in the middle, narrowing towards both ends ; the outer
margin broadly black, bearing a slightly paler line. Underside of both wings
precisely as in 2. crito, from Bhotan, but all the black bands narrower, the white
ground being consequently more extensive.
Female differs from the male only in its slightly broader and more rounded
wings.
Expanse, 3 1-5 to 1-7; ¢ 1-6 inches.
Hasirat.— Burma.
** Nearest to &.crito, from which it may be known at a glance by the greater
extent of the white ground-colour on the upperside of both wings, which character
will also separate it from R. crisilda equally well.”
Distrisution.—* Major C. T. Bingham and Mr. L. de Nicéyille captured this
SATYRINZ. 113
species in considerable numbers in October, 1891, and 1892, in the virgin forests
at the foot of the Donat Range, Middle Tenasserim, the butterfly always keeping
in the shade of the great trees, and flying amongst the bushes and brushwood, on
which it often settled. Its flight is only equalled in weakness and gentleness by
Leptosia wiphia” (De Nicéville Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1892, p. 328).
Inpo-Matayan species oF Racapia.—R. crisia (Hiibner, Zutr. figs. 675-6 (1832).
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 420, pl. xix. fig. 7. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang ;
Singapore ; Borneo.—R. makuta (Horsfield, Catal. Lep. HE. I. C. pl. 5, figs. 9, 9a,
(1829). Habitat. Java; Sumatra.—R. annulata, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist.
1887, p. 485. Habitat. N. Borneo.—R. latifasciata, Leech, The Entom. 1891,
p- 25; Lep. China, ete., p. 92, pl. x. fig. 2. Habitat. W. China.—k. Luzonia,
Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1861, p. 305. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. pl. 8, fig. 1.
Habitat. Luzon.—R. melindena, Felder, 1. c. 1863, p. 125. Semper, Reisen Phil.
Lep. pl. 8, figs. 8, 4. Habitat. Mindanao.—R. crohonica, Semper, Reisen Phil.
Lep. p. 46, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8,9, ¢d ¢. Habitat. Philippines.
Genus ERITES.
Erites, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 392 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. fF. C. i. p. 229
(1857). Butler, Catak Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 146 (1868), Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 46, (1882).
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 235 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongated and narrow, subtriangular ;
costa slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and nearly even ; costal
vein much swollen at the base; cell long; first and second subcostal branches
emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave; upper radial from
slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets
equidistant ; submedian vein recurved. Hindwing short, triangularly-ovate ; outer
margin convex, sinuous, slightly produced at end of upper median; cell long; first
subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular long, outwardly recurved, radial
from above the middle; the middle median veinlet emitted before end of the cell.
Body slender; eyes prominent, naked; palpi very slender, erect, clothed in front
with fine long lax hairs, tip slender ; antennz with a gradually slender club,
Typr.—H. Madura.
ERITES ARGENTINA (Plate 121, figs. I, la, b, ¢ 2).
Erites argentina, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 188, pl. 5, fig. 8, 9 (1868).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside semi-transparent ; pale purpurescent fuligmous-brown;
marginal pale ochreous lines slender and sharply defined on the hindwing. Forewing
subtriangular; crossed by two discal broad dusky-brown bands, beyond which is a
large posterior ‘round blackish nearly-blind ocellus narrowly ringed with pale
voL. 11. February 28th, 1898. Q
114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
ochreous, above which is a series of four subapical small similar ocelli. Hindwing
crossed by two discal bands, the inner band even and dusky-brown, the outer band
angulated and ochreous with a dusky-brown border, beyond which is a series of very
prominent nearly-blind small ocelli, the four lower being ringed with ochreous.
Underside pale purpurescent-cinereous, the basal area with numerous ill-defined
brown strigz; marginal lines very sharply defined. Forewing with the two discal
bands distinct and brownish ochreous ; the posterior ocellus very prominent, with a
large silvery-blue pupil and bright ochreous outer ring, the four small subapical
ocelli sharply defined and white pupilled. Hindwing with the two discal bands
bright ochreous, the inner band even, the outer band angulated and broadest
anteriorly, followed by five prominent small submarginal ocelli, each with a silvery-
white pupil and ochreous ring, the three lower being outwardly-blurred with bright
ochreous.
Female. Upperside as in the male. Underside also as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 1,%, 2 2,2, inches.
Hasrtar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Borneo.
Distripution.—The type specimens of ZH. argentina are recorded from Labuan,
Borneo. Major C. H. E. Adamson caught specimens—which are identical with the
Bornean type—near Kannee, on the Siamese border, Upper Tenasserim, in October,
1880.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 121, figs. 1 and la represent the
male from Upper Tenasserim, kindly lent from Major Adamson’s Collection, and
fig. 1b the female from Borneo.
ERITES BEELINGA.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside semi-transparent, pale cinerescent brownish-ochreous.
Forewing crossed by two discal pale brown narrow bands, beyond which is a very
prominent posterior black ocellus with pale ochreous ring and pur-blind pupil; the
three minute subapical ocelleid spots of the underside also sometimes being slightly
visible. Hindwing crossed by an outer-discal narrow pale ochreous angulated band,
and a submarginal series of four large black blind~ocelli, all with conjoined pale
ochreous outer rings; extreme marginal sinuous lines pale ochreous. Underside
paler and of a mure ochreous tint ; marginal lines slender, dusky-brown ; forewing
with the basal and apical area very sparsely and indistinctly flecked with pale brown
strigee; crossed by two discal slender ochreous bands; the subapical minute ocelli
slightly apparent ; the large posterior ocellus more prominent, brighter ringed and
with a large bluish-white pupil. Hindwing very sparsely and indistinctly flecked
with slender brown strige; the two discal angulated pale ochreous bands very
obscurely defined; the five submarginal ocelli being all very minute.
SATYRINZ. 115
Expanse, 1,8, to 2 inches.
Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim.
This species is nearest allied to the Javan EZ. madura, but is distinguishable
from it by being smaller, and on the upperside by the smaller size of the posterior
ocellus on the forewing, and on the hindwing by the series of four black ocelloid-
spots being conjoined by the unison of their pale ochreous rings. On the underside
of the forewing, the two discal ochreous bands are somewhat more incurved, the
subapical ocelli very minute, and on the hindwing the two discal ochreous bands are
very imperceptibly defined, the submarginal ocelli being all minute and obscurely
pale bordered.
Distrisution.—This species was captured by Capt. E. Y. Watson at Beeling,
about sixty miles north of Moulmein in Upper Tenasserim, in March and April, 1886,
the specimens being now in the British Museum Collection. According to Capt.
Watson (Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1888, p. 3) this species is ““not uncommon
in Beeling, at moderate altitudes, but very difficult to capture, as it is only found in
thick bamboo jungle. I found the best plan to have them driven towards me.”
ERITES ANGULARIS (Plate 121, figs. 2, 2a, b, d ?).
Erites angularis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1878, p. 825, 3. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 46,
pl. 5, fig. 3, g (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, etc. i. p. 236, pl. 16, fig. 50,
@ (1883).
Imaco.—Wings semi-transparent; all the markings of the underside showing
through by transparency. Male. Upperside pale purpurescent fuliginous-brown ;
cilia cinereous. Both wings faintly showing the numerous slender dusky-brown
transverse wavy-strige. Forewing subfalcate; showing two transverse discal dusky-
brown fasciz, the inner one being straight, the outer recurved ; a large oval dusky-
black ocellus above the posterior angle, and three, or four, upper subapical less
apparent minute ocelli. Hindwing faintly showing two transverse discal angulate
ochreous bands, and a submarginal series of five pale ochreous-ringed blind black
ocelli, the three upper ones small, the two lower large and more defined ; the outer
marginal border narrowly dusky-black and traversed by two slender pale ochreous
lines. Underside, pale purpurescent-cinereous, the basal area with a nacreous gloss,
the transverse brown strigz distinct but somewhat confluent towards the apex;
prominent black and ochreous lines more distinct, especially on the hindwing.
Forewing with the two discal dusky-brown fasciz prominent; the posterior ocellus
more distinctly defined, having a large blurred silvery bluish-white pupil and an
ochreous outer ring, the three upper subapical small ocelli also more or less distinct.
Hindwing crossed by two moderately broad angulate wavy ochreous bands, both
bordered by the strigz, the inner band narrowest and traversed by them; beyond
qz
116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
is a submarginal series of five small ocelli, each with a minute silvery-white pupil,
ochreous outer ring and then a blurred circlet of brownish-ochreous speckles.
Female. Upperside as in the male, except that on the forewing the ocelli are
more prominent, the posterior one larger, blacker, and blind; on the hindwing the
outer-discal angulate band is externally edged by a narrow bright ochreous line, and
all the ocelli are distinctly ringed with ochreous. Underside slightly paler than in
male, the transverse strigze confined to the basal area, the transverse discal bands
on both wings ochreous, those on the hindwing brightest, and the ocelli on both
wings more prominent. Body beneath,legs beneath and sides of palpi pale ochreous ;
legs above brownish-ochreous ; clothing of palpi in front dusky-brown; antennz
brownish-ochreous.
Expanse, ¢ ? 2;% to 2, inches.
Hasirat.—Pegu ; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula.
DistriputroN.—T he type specimens were taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg on the
Taoo plateau, Upper Tenasserim, at from 3000 to 5000 feet elevation. ‘Capt. C.
T. Bingham obtained it in the Mepley Valley in January, and in the Thoungyeen
forests in March” (Butt. Ind. 237). Major C. H. E. Adamson “found it common
at Jayling Choung, near the three Pagedas at the boundary between Burma and
Siam, in December, 1877, and January, 1878, these specimens being much worn,
and occasionally in ether places in Upper Tenasserim, in April” (Adamson, Catal.
Burma Butt. p.9). ‘Mr. W. Doherty took numerous specimens in East Pegu, at
about 1500 feet” (Hlwes, P. Z. S. 1891, 268). Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malay.
p- 47) records it from Perak, in the Malay Peninsula.
ERITES FALCIPENNIS (Plate 121, figs. 3,-3a, 3).
Evrites falcipennis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 287 (1883), gd. De Nicé-
ville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1887, p, 351, pl. 16, fig. 2, ¢.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent fuliginous-brown throughout ;
the outer marginal lines slightly defined. Forewing distinctly falcate ; the transverse
discal bands of the underside visible, the posterior ocellus prominent, rounded,
black, with a distinct white pupil. Hindwing with the two discal angulate ochreous
bands of the underside slightly visible; the submarginal blind-ocelli uniformly
defined. Underside purpurescent-cinereous, the -hindwing posteriorly being tinted
with ochreous ; both wings with numerous dark brown transversely-disposed
speckled-strige ; marginal lines ill-defined. Forewing crossed by two distinct
brownish-ochreous discal bands; the posterior ocellus very prominent, the small
upper subapical ocelli minute, but distinct. Hindwing crossed by two discal
angulate ochreous bands, and a submarginal series of five small distinct ocelli, each
with a white pupil and narrow ochreous-outer ring.
Expanse, 2,% to 2,9 inches.
SATYRINZ.. 117
Hasirat.—Cachar.
Disrrisution.—‘* Mr. J. Wood-Mason took a single male in the forests near
Silcuri on 6th August, and another male on Nemotho Peak at 3300 feet elevation
on 25th November” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1887, 351). ,
Inpo-MaLayaN ALLIED Erires.—H. elegans, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus.
p. 147, pl. 2, fig. 4, ¢ (1868).—Staudinger, Exot. Schmett., pl. 82 (1887).— Habitat.
Sarawak, Borneo.—H. vchreana, Staudinger, Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 88. Habitat.
— ?—H. Madura, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 5, figs. 8, 8a (1829).
Habitat. Java.
Genus MELANITIS.
Melanitis, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I.
Company i. p. 222 (1857); dd. Lep. of Ceylon. i. p, 14 (1880), Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868,
p. 194; zd. Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 1 (1868) ; id. Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 9 (1869).
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 40 (1882), Marshall and de Nicé¢ville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 250
(1883).
Hipio, Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816).
Cyllo, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 140 (1832). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 120
(1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 360 (1851). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. Sci. Boston,
1875, p. 151.
Imaco.—Wings moderately short, broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa
convex, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, more or less angled below
the apex and slightly waved below the angle, posterior margin nearly straight; cell
very long; first and second subcostal veinlets emitted before end of the cell ; upper
discocellular twice angled close to subcostal, lower discocellular long and obliquely
concave, radials from the upper angles; median veinlets wide apart; submedian
recurved and terminating above the posterior angle. Hindwing short, subovate,
costa slightly arched, apex convex, exterior margin sinuous and produced into an
obtuse angle at end of the upper median veinlet, abdeminal margin long; costal
vein curved and extending to the apex ; precostal short; subcostal bent close to the
costal vein near the base, the first branch ending below the apex; cell broad ;
discocellular oblique, convex, bent outward above the middle, radial from the angle;
middle median emitted before end of the cell. Body short, slender ; palpi porrect,
compressed, compactly and densely clothed to tip with short scaly hairs, apex obtuse,
legs slender, antennz slender; eyes naked.
Aputt CaterpitLar.—EHlongated, somewhat fusiform, slightly pubescent, the
terminal segment armed with two divergent pubescent fleshy processes ; head large,
prominent, armed with two vertically erect well-separated pubeseent fleshy processes.
Feeds on grasses.
Carysatis.—Thick, simple; abdomen dorsally convex; thorax broad and
dorsally obtuse; head case terminated in an obtuse point in front.
118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Tyrz.—M. Leda.
Tae species or MELANITIS ARE DIMORPHIC.—The species of this genus have
two forms, the result of a wet season-brood and of a diy-season brood occurring
within the year, and to Mr. L. de Nicéville belongs the credit of having discovered
and proved the fact that the common Indian species, M. Ismene, is dimorphic, and
that the forms hitherto known as M. Leda and M. Ismene were only the wet and dry-
season broods of one species.
The two forms in this genus differ, not only in the ocellated or non-ocellated
markings of the underside, as occurs in the species of the allied genera of
Mycalesis and Ypthima, but the outline of the wings of the specimens in
each brood, in Melanitis, also differ, especially in the males, the forewing in the
males of the wet-season brood being shorter, its exterior margin nearly even or with
but a very slight angle below the apex; whereas in the males of the dry-season
brood, the forewing is subfaleate and has a more or less prolonged acute angle below
the apex ; and in the hindwing, also, of the wet-season brood the angle on middle of
the exterior margin is short and obtuse, but in the hindwing of the dry-season brood
this angle is also acute and prolonged.
Further, the undersides of the dry-season or unocellated-brood are very variable,
and in their markings and tints of colour they harmonize so completely with the
coloration of decaying vegetation, that when settled amongst dead leaves and dried-
up grass, it is almost impossible to see them.
MELANITIS ISMENE.
Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 122, figs. 1, 1a, larva and pupa, 1, b, c,d, e, 3 2).
Papilio Leda, Drury, Exot. Ins. i. pl. 15, figs. 5, 6, 2 (1773). Cramer, Pap, Exot. iii. pl. 196, figs. c,
D (1780). (nee Linneus).*
Melanitis Leda, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282, 1807). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. i. p. 222 (1857); zd. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 15, pl. 10, figs. 1, a, b, g 2(1880). Butler (part)
Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 1 (1868); zd. Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 9 (1869). Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 10, ¢ (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 252
(1883). De Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 237, pl. 12, fig. 4, larva and pupa,
Oreas M. Leda, Hibner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 91, figs. 1, 2, 9 (1806-16).
Hipio Leda, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816).
Satyrus Leda (part) Godart, Ene. M¢th. ix. p. 478 (1819).
Hipparchia Leda, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 8, fig. 9, larva and pupa (1829),
* The Pap. Leda, Linn. 8. N. 1758, p. 474, is an Amboina species, quite distinct from the Indian.
See Butler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. vi. Linneeus’ reference to Edwards’ Birds, pl. 297, is not given
in the 1758 edition, but is erroneously added in the 1767 edit. of Syst. Nat. Edwards’ figure, however,
represents the dry-season form of our Indian species.
SATYRINZ. 119
Cyllo Leda, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 361 (1851). Hewitson, Journ. Linn, Soc. Zool. 1864,
p. 144.
Melanitis determinata, Butler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. vi.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat pale olivescent umber-brown ; cilia
alternated with whitish-cinereous. Forewing with two superposed more or less-
defined subapical black confluent ocelloid spots, one on either side of the upper
median veinlet, the lower spot large and rounded, the upper narrow, both more or
less obscurely bordered by a pale ferruginous ring, which is generally apparent only
on their inner side, and each with a pure white pupil; there is also a very diffused
and indistinctly-defined blackish patch before the apex and a similar patch internal
to it extending into the cell, these two indistinct patches being divided by a slightly
perceptible pale ferruginous bar. Hindwing with a series of submarginal more or
less defined ocelloid spots, varying in number and distinctness, as disposed on the
underside, the three posterior generally being mostly defined and with a white pupil
and obscure pale ferruginous outer ring, the upper spots usually being obsolescent.
Underside pale ochreous or purpurescent-cinereous, uniformly covered with
numerous dark brown strigz, the forewing generally showing a more or less slightly
defined transverse subbasal, medial, and a discal narrow brown fascia, which are
formed by confluent strigz, and the hindwing generally showing a slight subbasal
and more or less distinct medial similar fascia. Forewing generally with a series
of five submarginal black ocelli, the two upper small, the fourth larger and most
prominent, but further removed from the outer margin, the fifth also small, each
pupilled with bluish-white, ringed with pale ochreous and by an outer slender brown
ring ; sometimes the upper ocellus, the third and the lowest are minute or obsolete.
Hindwing with a suomarginal series of six prominent black ocelli, the upper one and
the sixth being the largest, the others decreasing from the second, the sixth also
small, each bluish-white pupilled (the anal one being sometimes bipupilled), ringed
with pale ochreous and by an outer brown ring.
Female. Upperside as in the male; the ocelloid black spots larger, more
defined, and with larger white pupils, a small ocelloid spot also sometimes being
present on the forewing between the middle and lower medians. Underside also as
in the male, with the ocelli larger and more prominent. Body beneath, legs, and
palpi pale ochreous-cinereous ; antenne pale brown, club dusky with a reddish
tip.
Expanse, 2,6, to 3,% inches.
Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 123, figs. 1, a, b, c, d, e, ¢ 2).
Papilio Tsmene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, figs. a, b (1775). Edwards’ Birds, pl. 297.
Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 14, pl. 10, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 2 (1880). Distant, Rhop.
120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Malayana, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 9, 11, 12, f 2(1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc.
i. p. 256, pl. xii. fig. 28, 9 (1883).
Papilio Mycena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 291, fig. F (1782).
Papilio Arcensia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292, fig. o (1782).
Imuaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat pale olivescent-brown, the costa of
forewing and the exterior margins slightly paler and speckled with vinescent-
cinereous scales ; cilia brown, slightly pale-edged. Forewing more acutely angled
below the apex than in the wet-season brood, with the apical area dusky-brown, the
subapical black spots larger, more prominent and confluent than in the wet-season
brood (Leda), the white pupils also larger, and the ferruginous inwardly-defined ring
and upper bar broader and brighter in colour; sometimes, though but rarely, there
is asmaller narrow black spot attached to the lower one. Hindwing with only the
posterior ocelloid spots present, which are very small, or sometimes almost obsolete
or represented only by the white dot. Underside extremely variable; the ground-
colour in some being pale buff-brown, cinerescent-brown, ochreous or ferruginous-
brown, ochreous, dark-brown or almost black, with various intermediate shades
between these colours. Usually both wings are crossed by darker fasciz, as in wet-
season brood, which, in some, are narrow, in others broad, the outer fascia being
generally more sharply defined along its exterior edge. Both wings are numerously
covered with strigz of darker colour than that of the ground-colour, and some have
the fasciz broadly blotched of a darker colour, resembling fungi on dead leaves, or
the entire surface of both wings may be darkly mottled throughout. On both
wings the ocelloid spots are more or less obsolescent, or indicated by whitish dots,
and in some few instances the ocelli are all indistinctly defined,
Female. Upperside similar to the male, but somewhat paler. Underside
generally paler than in the male, and, generally, of shades of ferruginous ground-
colour, with darker strige and transverse fasciz; the ocelloid spots as in the
male.
Expanse, 2,% to 3;% inches.
Apu CaTerPittar.—Long, slender, somewhat fusiform, rough; terminal segment
armed with two divergent setose fleshy processes; head prominent and armed with
two erect obtuse setose fleshy processes; ‘‘ colour grass-green with a yellow lateral
line and many rows of very small white spots ; head normally green, with the horns
and a continuing cheek-stripe red and three black spots on the face, but sometimes
the head and horns are dark brown with three white spots on the face” (Aitken,
Bombay, 1890). Feeds on grasses.
Curysatis.—Thick, smooth, abdomen dorsally convex, head case terminating
in an obtuse point in front; colour, pale watery green without markings.
SATYRINZ. 121
Hasrtat.—Throughout India; Ceylon; Burma; Andaman and Nicobar Isles ;
Malay Peninsula.
Dimorratc Specimen or Fema.e with the markings peculiar to both seasonal
forms occurring in the same specimen.—A specimen of the female, from Berhampur,
Ganjam District, Madras, taken in October by Capt. E. Y. Watson, has the upper-
side of both forewings as in the dry-season form (Ismene), with the left-hand
hindwing of the upperside having the two median ocelli of the same large size as in
the wet-season form, and the right-hand hindwing with these ocelli minute as in
dry-season form both on the upper and underside, whereas, the underside of the left-
hand hindwing have the ocelli large, as in the wet-season form.
REARING OF THE TWO FORMS OF THIS SPECIES IN Caxcurra by Mr. L. de Nicéville.
In the Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, p. 237, Mr. de Nicéville says, “I
did not keep a very exact record of dates in breeding this species, as the transforma-
tions had been previously recorded, but, from eggs laid by M. Leda in August, I
bred, on September 6th, a female of M. Leda; on the 7th another female; on the
8th two female M. Ismene, one with distinct ocelli and therefore an intergrade
between M. Leda and M. Ismene, though nearer the latter; on September 9th one
male and two females of M. Ismene; on September 10th three males and four
females of M. Ismene, several of which are intergrades, and one male of M. Leda;
on September 11th two males and one female (the latter a highly ocellated specimen)
of M. Ismene; and on September 12th one male of M. Ismene; the total result
being that from nineteen pupe bred from eggs laid by true M. Leda I obtained
three specimens (1 ¢ 2 2) like the mother, and sixteen specimens (7 d 9 ?) of
M. Ismene, several of which, though transitional forms, were yet all nearer to M.
Ismene than to M. Leda. My efforts to breed a second generation failed, all the
specimens dying without coupling or laying eggs.’
Description of the larve of the wet-season brood, reared from the egg, in Lucknow,
1860, by the late Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette: “Larva; After first moult, two-
fifths of an inch long; ground-colour grass-green; dorsal line well-defined, dark-
green ; lateral line broad and interrupted, yellow, placed close over the legs; anal
segment terminating in two long pointed tails, giving it a forked appearance ;
abdomen and legs green; head large, blue-green, circled with deep carmine and
having on the top two long appendages, like little horns, of the same colour; the
carmine does not quite circle the head, the part where the circle is incomplete
being the space between the two horns; on either side of the head is a milky streak
bordering the carmine circle. Head and horns, hairy; body rugose, from being
covered with yellow piliferous spots. After last moult : Length 1 inch; cylindrical,
tapering much posteriorly and a little anteriorly ; rugose; ground-colour and general
characters as after first moult. Feeds on the leaves of Saccharum Ravenne.
VoL. Il. R
122 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.
Habits slow. Went into chrysalis 3lst August. Chrysalis (pendulz) green, with
a little brown fascia on either side. Imago emerged 7th September” (From
original MS.) ;
Nores on Hasits or Imaco.—In the Western Himalayas “these insects
inhabit dark, thickly shaded, gloomy hill-slopes clad with oak (Quercus incana) and
creel (Pinus longifolia). On very hot days, they may be seen flying with a short
jerky flight in the shade of the trees, just within the line of sunlight. On such days
it is curious, as you tread the forest path, to see it rise suddenly at your feet, and
disappear as quickly within a yard. On the wing it is of course plainly seen,
except in very dark corners, but the moment it settles among the dry spikes of the
pines, and the brown scanty vegetation which struggles for bare existence under
these trees, it is lost, and it requires much experience of its ways and keen eyes to
find it lying within a foot or two of your path. The genus Melanitis mimics on the
underside of the wings many species of fungi, and this, with the sober colouring of
the upperside, increases the difficulty of finding the insect amid the débris of the
forest ; the underside is very variable, scarcely two being exactly alike, and this
may arise from the fact that they mimic the fungus most common at the time and
place of flight” (Rev. J. H. Hocking, Sci. Gossip, 1882, 271). In Southern India
** these are insects of the dusk, coming out after the sun is down, and dancing round
the roots of trees in company, after the manner of fairies. A little later they come
out of their haunts and fly straight up into the air as far as the eye can follow them.
They are thirsty creatures, and will gather in numbers where water has been spilt
on the ground, but they prefer whiskey. I found the larve feeding on grass; the
laryee is difficult to find, being a night feeder and very shy. As the species of grass
on which it feeds grows during the monsoon only, except where there is water, this
species js in season all the latter part of the rainy season, and in some places for a
short time they almost jostle each other for room. About October, when vegetation
is drying up, it gives place to the form Ismene. I have noticed it on alighting fall
over on its side until it was almost horizontal, which very much enhanced its like-
ness to a dead leaf. In Guzerat and Bombay we have reared the larva on Grass.
In Karwar we found it during August and September on Rice. It is very shy,
resting by day on the underside of a blade and feeding by night” (H. H. Aitken,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1886, 129, id. 1890, p. 267). ‘ Larva and perfect
insect very common on the Western Coast amongst the long grass. The perfect
insect affects dark places during the day time. It seems to me to migrate, and from
the mountains to below sometimes in great numbers. I have traced them on the
move from 2000 feet high to the sea coast”? (S. N. Ward MS. Notes).
Of our illustrations of this species plate 122 represents the male and female, and
larvze and pupx of the wet-season brood, fig. 1 being the larva and pupa reared in
SATYRINZ.. 123
Madras by the late Sir Walter Elliot, and reproduced from his original drawings ;
fig. la is the larva and pupa reproduced from Mr. L. de Nicéville’s figure in Journ.
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, pl. 12, fig. 4; plate 123, figs. 1, a, b, ¢, d, e,
‘represents the male and female of the dry-season form.
DistRIBUTION WITHIN INDIAN AREA.—This species is extremely common in many
parts of the country, and has a very wide range. It is found throughout India,
and occurs in the Himalayas at low elevations; also Upper and Lower Burma,
Tenasserim, the Mergui Archipelago, Andaman and Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. “ It
is on the wing more or less throughout the year. The upperside is fairly constant
in coloration throughout its range, some specimens, however, having the ground-
colour darker than others ; but the underside of the dry-season form varies strangely
even in the same locality, and in their markings and tints they harmonize so com-
pletely with the autumnal coloration of decaying vegetation, that, when settled
amongst dead leaves and dried-up grass, it is almost impossible to see them” (Butt.
of India, i. 257).
_ We possess specimens from Cashmere, taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed,
and from the N.-W. Himalayas. ‘“ Mr. C. J. Rodgers took the dry-season form
below Dalhousie. In the neighbourhood of Simla Mr. L. de Nicéville took two
specimens only in four years’ collecting. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has a single
specimen from Masuri’’ (Butt. of India, i. 257). Mr. W. Doherty took it in the
«Tarai and low valleys of Kumaon up to 4000 feet, capturing the wet-season form
in August and September, and the dry-season form in October and November ”
(Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120). The Rev. J. H. Hocking obtained it in
the Kangra District. We possess specimens, from General G. Ramsay’s Nepal
Collection, ‘“ the wet-season form being rare in the Valley of Nepal, but the dry-
season form is very common in the rice-fields”” (Ramsay’s MS. Notes). Mr. H. J.
Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 328) says, “it occurs in Sikkim all the year round
at low elevations, and I have taken the wet-season form in July as high as 7000
feet, but it is not so common in Sikkim as in the plains.” Capt. A. M. Lang (Ent.
Mo. Mag. 1864, 182) records “ both broods common in Oudh and Umballa, always
flitting about under the shade of trees, or lurking in long grass. I reared the larvze
. on Saccharum Ravenne.” At Saugor, Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette (Ann. N. H.
1865, 37) found the dry-season form ‘more common of the two. They fly at
sunset under the Neem trees (Azadirachta indica), resting for a long time motionless
on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon them, when they will
fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite stone.”
Capt. H. B. Hellard took it at Allahabad. Major J. Le Mesurier, R.E., obtained it
in Sind, Capt. Lloydin Kattywar, and Col. C. Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1884, 504) records
‘‘ both forms are apparently common in places in the interior of Karachi; I have
R 2
124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
seen it from Hydrabad, but they are apparently very rare on the coast. I obtained
one wet-season form at Karachi, and there is one of the dry-season form labelled
Karachi in the museum.” ‘It is comparatively rare in the Punjab; in the North-
Western Provinces it is much commoner, but throughout Central and Peninsular
India and Bengal it is very common” (Butt. Ind. i. 257). Col. C. Swinhoe (P. Z.58.
1886, 422) records taking ‘‘ the wet-season form at Mhow in June, July, September
and October, and the dry-season form commonly during the cold weather from the
latter end of October to beginning of March. I have, however, taken one of the
latter in June.” Dr. Forsayeth (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1884, 377) records rearing, and
describes the larva, at Mhow. In Bombay ‘it is common in all moist places, the
wet-season form from July to October, and the dry-season form all the year round,
being very plentiful in the cold season” (P. Z. 8. 1885, 126). Mr. G. F. Hampson
(J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1888, 351) obtained it on the Nilgiri Hills at 3000 to 4000 feet
elevation, the wet-season form, April-August, the dry-season form, August,
November, December and February, being common in forests.’ Capt. HE. Y.
Watson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 2) records ‘‘ the wet-season form taken in
Mysore, October, November and December, and the dry-season form in Noyember
and December.”
In Madras, the late Sir Walter Elliot reared the wet-season brood from “ larvz *
found on Guinea Grass, changing to pupa on October 29th, the butterfly emerging
on November 7th” (MS. Notes).
Mr. J. Rothney (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 34) found it common “ in the neighbourhood
of Calcutta, but difficult to catch; always found in shade, either under Bamboo or
Mangoe topes; fond of settling, when disturbed, in cactus hedges.” ‘ In Calcutta it
is common, both in the rainy and dry seasons. Keeps in shade under trees and
bushes and amongst dead leaves during the day, but flies about rapidly in the
evening” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. 8S. Beng. 1885, 43). Mr. J. Wood-Mason records
(J. A.8. Beng. 1887, 352) “the dry-season form from Silchar and Silcuri in Cachar,
in April and end of May, and the wet-season form in May, July and August.” It is
also found in Silhet and Assam. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 9) says it is
‘common throughout Burma. I have bred the wet-season form from the egg; the
larvee feeds on the rice-plant, remaining in the pupa state fifteen to seventeen days ;
the dry-season form very common at all times of the year except May and June.”
Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season form at Bhamo in October. Capt.
E. Y. Watson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35) records “the wet-season form,
taken during the Chin Lushai Expedition, at Pauk in September, and at Pokoko in
October, and the dry-season form at Pauk in November, and at Tilin from November
* Figured on our Plate 122, fig. 1, from Sir W. Elliot’s original drawings.
SATYRINA. 125
to May.” Dr. Manders (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) took it in the “ Shan States,
Eastern Burma, where it is abundant at low elevations.” In Upper Tenasserim,
Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 824) records the dry-season form taken in
December at Ahsown, 2000 feet, Moulmain, Meetan, at 300 feet, Naththoung to
Paboga, and at Moolai, 3000 to 5000 feet.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A.S. Beng. 1887,
417) records it from Tavoy. Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 32)
* obtained the wet-season form in Mergui, December and end of April, the dry-season
form at Mergui in March and April, Owen Island in January, King’s Island in
January, and Elphinstone Island in March.’ Mr. F. de Roepstorff obtained it at
Fort Blair, South Andamans (Moore, P. Z.8. 1877, 583), and Mr. J, Wood-Mason
(J. A. 8. Bengal, 1882, 16) from Kamorta Island, Nicobars. In Ceylon, according
to Major Hutchison, it is “found at all times in the Western and Central
Provinces, in grassy places, both in the plains and hills up to 2000 feet ; flying at
dawn and dusk of the evening, rarely by day. Settles down in grass” (Lep. of
Ceylon, i. p. 15). According to Mr. F. M. Mackwood the wet-season form affects
the low country in Ceylon, having a range up to 3000 feet, and is very abundant
especially from November to January, but is found all the year round; the dry-
season form (Ismene) being found in the up-country, from 2000 feet and upwards ”
(MS. Notes).
DistRisuTION wiTHIN Inpo-Matayan Area.—Mr.:W. Distant (Rhop. Malayana,
p- 41) records it from the Malay Peninsula and Penang. We possess specimens from
Malacca, Nias, Sumatra, and Java, the latter bred from larve by the late Dr.
Horsfield. Mr. H. Druce (P. Z. 8. 1874, 104) enumerates it from Chentaboon in
Siam. We have it from N. China.
We also have it from 8. Borneo, and Mr. W. B. Pryer (Distant, Ann. N. H. 1887,
48) obtained it at Sandakan, North Borneo. The late Robert Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1878,
690) took it in the Island of Hainan, and also in the Island of Formosa (P. Z. 8.
1866, 360). Herr G. Semper (Lep. Philippen, pp. 40, 41, pl. 9, figs. 1-4) records it
from the Philippines. Mr. H. Pryer (Butt. of Japan, p. 30, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8) describes
and figures both forms from Japan. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z.S. 1881, 90) also
states that it is “ found in Nikko, Japan.”
MELANITIS TAMBRA.
Wer-szason Broop (Plate 124, figs. 1, a, b,c, ¢ 2).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark dusky olivescent-brown. Forewing with the
exterior margin almost straight below the apex; the ordinary subapical black
spots not defined. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark purpurescent-brown ;
the veins grey and black speckled; thickly covered with strige, which are cinereous-
ochreous and most dense on the basal area and brighter ochreous but Jess defined
126 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
on the outer area; fasciz indistinctly darker, submarginal ocelli small, fully
developed.
Female. Upperside much paler olivescent-brown. Forewing angled below the
apex; with the subapical dusky-black confluent spots and costal patch obscurely
defined, the spots white pupilled, the upper pale bar very obscurely brownish-
ochreous. Hindwing with three small posterior submarginal white dots. Underside
pale bright ferruginous, with darker strigz; the fascia prominently defined and
covered with more uniformly-disposed darker strigz, their outer edges’ waved, that
of the discal fascize on forewing being distinctly sinuous, their interspaces and basal
area of hindwing and outer border of discal fascia paler; the ordinary dusky black
cell spot on hindwing; the submarginal ocelli small, well developed.
Expanse, d 2,4, 2 23% inches.
Dry-sEason Broop (Plate 124, fig. 1, larva and pupa, 1 d,e, f, g 2).
Melanitis Tambra, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 15, pl. 9, figs. 2, a, b, c, ¢ 2, larva and pupa (1880),
Imaco.—Upperside dark olivescent-brown, apical area and outer borders slightly
paler and obscurely speckled with ferruginous or cinereous-ferruginous scales. Fore-
wing somewhat angled below the apex; with two very obscure small ,ordinary
subapical blackish confluent-spots, with a single white pupil on its upper portion,
but in some a lower white dot is shghtly apparent. Hindwing without markings.
Underside very dark ferruginous or purplish-ferruginous ; veins alternately blackish
and pale ochreous speckled ; more or less numerously variegated with pale ochreous
strigze, which are more dense and confluent between the fasciz on the forewing, and
the basal area and end of cell on the hindwing; the transverse ordinary fascize
darker, those on forewing diffused, the outer one broadly greyish washed externally,
most apparent on the hindwing, but paler and more ochreous on the forewing,
especially on the dilated upper end before the apex. Both wings with the sub-
marginal ocelloid spots small, ochreous-brown ringed, those on the hindwing being
most distinct.
Female. Upperside paler and of a ferruginous olivescent-brown tint, the costa
and apex of forewing and outer borders suffusedly speckled with pale brighter
ferruginous. forewing more acutely angled below the apex than in the wet-season
form; with the subapical black confluent-spots large, each with a prominent white
pupil, the upper one large, the lower small, the pale ferruginous ring obscure, the
upper ferruginous bar more defined, the contiguous dusky costal patch blackish.
Hindwing with three, or four, posterior submarginal minute white spots. Underside
much paler and brighter ferruginous than in the male; the fasciz more defined and
more uniformly strigose, their interspaces and basal area of hindwing not pale mottled,
SATYRINA. 127
the ordinary dusky blackish spot in cell of hindwing being distinct ; submarginal
ocelloid spots more or less developed.
Expanse, ¢ 2,;% to 2;%, ? 2,% to 3 inches.
CarErPILtar.—Hlongated, thickened in the middle ; head with two long pubes-
cent red processes; anal segment also with two processes ; colour green, with
longitudinal] and transverse darker lines ; face striped with red.
Curysatis.—Green. Head and thorax flattened.
Hasitat.—Ceylon.
Distrizution.—* Found in the Western and Central provinces; in the plains,
and up to 3000 feet elevation. June to September” (Hutchison, Lep. Ceylon, i.
p. 16). Mr. E. E. Green obtained it at Pundaloya in January, March, April, May,
July and October, and at Ramboda, Kandy, in January and April.
MELANITIS BETHAMI.
Wert-season Broop (Plate 125, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).
Melanitis Bethami, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1887, p. 451.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky fuliginous-brown, the outer borders palest ;
cilia brown. Forewing very slightly angled below the apex; with a well-defined
subcostal nearly round ochreous patch before the apex, divided by the brown radial
veinlets. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark purpurescent-brown, densely and
uniformly covered with ochreous-cinereous strigze; the outer border ferruginous.
Forewing with four ordinary small obscure white-pupilled ocelli. Hindwing with
a series of six submarginal prominent ocelli, the upper second minute, the anal
geminated, the other four nearly equal and much larger, each pupilled with white.
Female. Upperside. Both wings much paler than in the male. Forewing
more broadly angled below the apex; with the entire apical area broadly pale
ochreous, on which is placed a round black spot with white pupil, situated between
the upper and middle median veinlets, also a minute obsolescent ocellus below it and
three above it. Hindwing with a small posterior submarginal black spot between
the middle and lower medians, pupilled with white. Underside. Both wings with
the ground-colour pale purpurescent-ochreous, densely covered with darker brown
strige, the basal area and outer borders of the discal fascia slightly washed with
pale purpurescent-cinereous ; the ocelli as in the male, but rather larger; the outer
margins ochreous. J orewing with an obscure ochreous oblique medial and a waved
discal narrow fascia, and the hindwing with a medial excurved similar fascia, the
two latter somewhat most defined. Body beneath, and palpi cinereous-ochreous
speckled ; legs brown; antennz brown, with a pale ochreous tip.
Expanse, ¢ 2;%, ¢ 3 inches.
128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Dry-season Broop (Plate 125, figs. 1,¢c,d,e, ¢ 2).
IuAco.—Male. Upperside much deeper dusky-brown than in the wet-season
form, the colour having a purpurescent tint, and the outer borders are thickly
speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales. Forewing with a more acute and
prolonged angle below the apex than in male of the wet-season form ; the large
apical patch being of a rich ochreous and darkest inwardly, the patch extending
from within the end of the cell to the cinereous marginal border; the ocelloid spots
being obscurely defined. Hindwing unmarked; the tail much prolonged. Under-
side very densely purpurescent-brown or purpurescent olive-brown, the cinerescent
strige very irregular and more or less indistinctly disposed and mottled, the basal
area darkest, the outer discal washed with cinereous; the ocelloid spots smaller,
very ill-defined.
Female. Upperside much paler than in the male, with less distinct cinereous
margins. Forewing even more acutely angled below the apex than in male; the
rich ochreous apical patch occupying about half the wing, extending more or less
well into the cell and to the posterior angle, the enclosed ocelloid spots being
present as in the female of the wet-season form, or the two ordinary-disposed
subapical black spots are developed, but both well-separated, more or less elongated,
and with a distinct white pupil. Hindwing with one, or two, posterior submarginal
white dots. Underside. Both wings dusky ochreous, with uniformly-disposed
dark brown strigz, which are sometimes more or less irregularly blotched; the
submarginal ocelloid spots also blotched.
HExpanse, ¢ 3 to 3;%, % 3yo to 3;% inches.
Hasrrat.—Satpura Hills, Central Pr ovinces.
Disrriputioy.—The type specimens of this beautiful species were ‘‘ taken by
Mr. J. A. Betham at Pachmari, a Sanatarium in the Satpura Hills, Central Provinces,
at an elevation of 3500 feet, the wet-season form having been captured in August,
and the dry-season form in October.” Mr. Betham (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 1890, p. 160) states that “it has the same habits as MW. Leda, and has only
been found about Pachmari, where it is fairly abundant.”
The illustrations of this species on our Plate 125 represent the male and
female of both the wet and dry-season forms, from the type specimens kindly lent
for this purpose by Mr. L. de Nicéville.
MELANITIS BELA.
Wer-szason Broop (Plate 126, figs. 1, la, b, 2).
Cyllo Aswa, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 769, ¢.
Melanitis Aswa, Butler, Catal. Satyr, Brit, Mus. p. 5 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 253 (1883).
Cyllo tristis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 463 (1867), ¢
SATYRINZ. 129
Imaco.—Male. Forewing with but a very slight angle below the apex. Upper-
side uniformly dark olivescent umber-brown, the outer borders slightly paler ; cilia
entirely brown. ‘Typically both wings are unspotted, but in most specimens the
forewing has one, or two, obscurely-defined subapical white dots, the lowest some-
times black-bordered, and the hindwing has a submarginal white dot between the
lower and middle medians. Underside dark purpurescent-brown, or dark ferru-
ginous-brown, uniformly covered with short grey or ochreous-grey strigze; the
forewing crossed by three, more or less obscurely-defined, darker and brighter
coloured narrow ordinary fascie, and the hindwing by a narrow discal similar fascia,
the outer borders also with a more or less-defined fascia. Forewing with five more
or less defined minute ocelli, composed of a black spot, white pupil, dull ochreous
ring, and a darker brown outer circlet. Hindwing with a submarginal series of six
well-defined black ocelli, each with a large bluish-white pupil, narrow ochreous ring
and dark brown outer circlet, the lowest sometimes being geminated.
Female. Forewing somewhat more angled below the apex than in male.
Upperside paler. Forewing with two obscurely-defined subapical black confluent
spots with white pupils, and a minute white dot nearer the apex; the dusky-black
subcostal pale-bordered patch more or less apparent. Hindwing with a submarginal
series of five small white-pupilled black spots, the upper and lowest minute, the
three middle spots very obscurely ochreous ringed. Underside paler, but brighter
coloured than in male; with the uniformly-disposed grey strige throughout, the
darker and brighter coloured fasci# and submarginal ocelli also as in male. Body
beneath dark brown; legs ferruginous brown; sides of palpi grey speckled; antenna
brown, with a dusky subterminal band and pale tip.
Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3;, ? 3% inches.
Dry-srason Broop (Plate 126, figs. 1, c,d, e, 5 2).
Melanitis Bela, Moore, Catal. Lep., Mus. E. I. Company i. p. 223 (1857). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit.
Mus. p. 4 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 254 (1883).
Melanitis Duryodana (part), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc, i. p. 257 (nec Felder).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky olivescent-brown or cinereous olivescent-
brown, the subapical area more intensely dusky brown, the costal edge of forewing
and exterior margin of both wings more or less thickly covered with purpurescent-
cinereous scales; cilia pale brownish-cinereous. Forewing with two moderately
small subapical confluent black spots with prominent pure white pupils, the upper
pupil large, the spots more or less obscurely inwardly-circled by ferruginous, the
upper ferruginous bar, generally, being somewhat more sharply defined. Hindwing
with either one, two, or three, white-pupilled minute black dots. Underside either
VOL. II. s
_
130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
dark ferruginous, dark greyish ferruginous, dark olivescent-ferruginous, or olivescent-
grey, the transverse ordinary fasciz darker and generally broadly defined, their
outer borders washed with grey, and the entire surface is variegated with more or
less darker strigze and pale ochreous mottlings, which latter tend to coalesce in
irregular patches; veins alternately dark and grey speckled. Forewing with the
greyish border to outer discal fascia broadly dilated to the costa before the apex ;
with five small submarginal pale ochreous ocelloid spots more or less well-defined.
Hindwing with a submarginal series of similar, ill-defined, ocelloid spots.
Female. Upperside paler and more olivescent in tint, the outer borders more
broadly-speckled with cinereous, the apex of forewing dark ferruginous speckled.
Forewing with a larger and more prolonged acute angle below the apex; the
subapical black confluent-spots large and broad, the inner-part of the upper spot
projecting towards the cell and joins the dusky costal patch; a lower small black
spot sometimes being also present between the middle and lower medians, the white
pupils large, the bright ferruginous outer-bordering ring broad and diffused, the
upper ferruginous bar also broad ; there are also two white specks close to the apex
situated above and below the upper radial. Underside brighter ferruginous than in
the male, but identical in markings. Body beneath and sides of palpi dark ferru-
ginous; legs paler ; antennz pale ferruginous, with a dusky club. |
Expanse, 3 to 3; inches,
Hanitat.—N.-W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Naga and Khasia Hills ; Upper
Burma ; Tenasserim.
DisTRIBUTION.—We have examined and verified specimens of the wet-season
form from the N.-W. Himalayas, possessing examples of both forms, as well as both
sexes of the dry-season form from Kashmir, taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed.
Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at Simla and Masuri, June. to October. Mr. W.
Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120) records both the dry and wet-season forms from
the “Kali Valley, 2500 feet, in Kumaon, both being rare.” Mr. J. H. Hocking
obtained the dry-seasonformin Kulu. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses the dry-season
form from Rhani Ket, Kumaon, taken at 5000 feet, in July, and from Naini Tal, 4200
feet, in October, both taken by Col. A. M. Lang. It also occurs at Bhimtal, at
4500 feet in Kumaon. From the Hastern Himalayas we also possess examples of
both forms from Sikkim. Mr. H. J. Elwes records it from “ Sikkim at from 2000
to 4000 feet elevation, from April to November” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 329). It has
been taken at Sibsagar, Assam, at Shillong, in November, and in the Naga Hills,
Khasia Hills, and Silhet. In Burma, Major C. H. E. Adamson took it in ‘‘ Arakaa,
the wet-season form in September and October, and the dry-season form in Arakan,
Bhamo, and in Tenasserim” (List. p. 9). Capt. HE. Y. Watson, during the Chin-
Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, obtained the wet-season form at Tilin Yaw in
SATYRINZ. 131
December, and the dry-season form at Pauk and Tilin in November, December, and
April. Capt. Watson also took the wet-season form in Rangoon in June, July,
August, and September, and the dry-season form at Beeling in Upper Tenasserim,
in February, March, and April. Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season
form at Palone in Pegu, in August, and the dry-season form at Moolayet in March,
and also at Bhamo in October. Capt. Bingham took the dry-season form at
Thoungyeen in Tenasserim in January and February, and at Houndrau in November.
Capt. Watson also obtained the dry-season form at Poungdau near Thyetmyo in
November, and in the Karen Hills in December. Mr. O. Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878,
824) obtained the dry-season form in Upper Tenasserim at Ahsown, Meetan, 3000
feet in April, Naththoung to Paboga, Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, and Moolat, 4500.”
Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1887, 417) records the dry-season form from
Tavoy.
This species is also found in Western China; the wet-season form (Aswa) is
described by Mr. J. H. Leech in “ Lep., China, etc.” p. 108, and the dry-season
form (Bela) described and figured as M. Ismene, p. 106, pl. 13, figs. 2, 5.
MELANITIS VARAHA.
Wet-srason Broop (Plate 127, figs. 1, la, b,c, d, g 2).
Melanitis Ampa, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 353, 2.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark sepia-brown, the exterior borders
paler. Forewing with the exterior margin nearly straight. Both wings generally
unspotted, but sometimes the forewing shows two subapical white dots and the
hindwing two posterior submarginal dots. Underside purpurescent-brown; densely
covered with uniformly-disposed narrow purpurescent-grey strige. Both wings
crossed by a very obscurely-defined darker narrow discal fascia, the ordinary inner
fascia on the forewing not being defined; submarginal ocelli small, fully developed,
white pupilled, the pupil on those of the hindwing large, and in some few examples
the ocelli on both wings are of nearly uniform large size and the pupil occupying
the whole of the centre.
Female. Upperside much paler and of a cinerescent olive-brown tint. ore-
wing angled below the apex; with two very obscure blackish-brown subapical
superposed spots, both with an indistinct whitish pupil, the adjacent costal patch
also obscurely defined. Hindwing sometimes with one, or two, posterior submarginal
prominent whitish spots. Underside reddish-brown or brownish-ochreous; densely
covered with uniformly-disposed pale ochreous-grey strigze. Both wings with the
discal fascia well defined, narrow, darker and brighter reddish-brown or brownish-
ochreous, the marginal border being also of the same darker colour; the submarginal
s 2
132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
ocelli as in the male, and sometimes the ocelli on both wings are of nearly uniform
large size throughout, with large white centres.
Expanse, o 2,% to 2;%, % 2; to 2;% inches.
Dry-season Broop (Plate 127, figs. 1, e, f, g,h,i, d 2).
Melanitis Varaha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 224 (1857), g. Marshall and de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 256 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark vinescent olive-brown; both wings with
the exterior margin more or less densely speckled with purpurescent-cinereous
scales. Forewing with the subapical dusky black spots and costal patch very
indistinct, the confluent-spots small, each generally with a prominent white pupil,
in some they are quite obsolete. Hindwing with two, or three, posterior submarginal
white dots. Underside with the ground-colour either ashy-brown tinged with olive
at the base, or pale purpurescent-cinereous-brown with the base olivescent, pur-
purescent-cinereous with the base brown, or various shades of dark purplish-brown,
ferruginous or reddish-brown with the base or transverse fascie still more intense,
or purplish-red with darker base, or, again, in some it is dusky-ochreous ; all are
more or less numerously covered with obscure cinereous strige and the basal
area with darker strige of the ground colour; the veins also being speckled; the
ordinary fasciz either ill-defined and narrow, or the discal fascia only being indicated
as the outer border of the dark basal area; in some the fasciz are intervened by
pale ochreous strigz, and in some few the fascie are blotched with darker strige ;
the submarginal series of ocelloid spots are small, more or less ill-defined and
imperfectly developed, being either pale ochreous and brown speckled, or pale
ochreous, or iron-grey speckled, or, sometimes they are large and prominent and
yellowish or brown speckled and with a darker brown speckled ring, those at the
apex of the forewing also being sometimes inwardly-bordered by whitish speckles,
and there is, generally, present in most specimens a pale ochreous-white speckled
patch at end of the cell on the hindwing.
Female. Upperside pale olivescent-brown, the outer margins cinereous speckled.
Forewing more acutely and broader angled below the apex than in male; with the
apex ochreous tinged, the subapical dusky black spots more defined, white pupilled,
and with a slightly-indicated obscure ochreous upper bar to the costa; a minute
white speck also present close to the apex. Hindwing with the posterior sub-
marginal white dots more or less distinct. Underside of various shades of dark
ochreous or ferruginous, numerously covered with striga, with the fascie indicated,
and the submarginal ocelloid spots as in the male. Body beneath, and palpi either
cinereous or ochreous; legs brownish-ochreous ; antennw pale ochreous, with a
dusky-brown subterminal band and pale tip.
SATYRINZ, 133
Expanse, d 2,4 to 2;%, % 2,5 to 2,8, inches.
Hasirat.—South India.
DisrrisuTion.—The type specimens of the female of the wet-season form,
described erroneously as male and female, were taken in North Kanara by Mr. Wise,
and the type of the dry-season form was also taken in N. Kanara by the late Mr.
S. N. Ward. In the Nilgiris, Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it at from 3000 to 4000
feet elevation, being common on the lower slopes, flying round trees at dusk, the
wet-season brood appearing in June and the dry-season brood in December. In
Mr. Hampson’s MS. Notes the wet-season brood is recorded as having been taken
in “July, August and October, and the dry-season brood also in April, July and
November.” We also possess specimens of the dry-season brood from Capt. E. Y.
Watson, which were taken numerously at Kathlekan, Kadur District, Mysore, in
November, December and January. The late Capt. Bayne Reed took it in the
Wynaad, and we have it from Mynall, Travancore, 2500 to 3000 feet, taken in
March.
Of our illustrations of this species, Plate 127, figs. 1, 1a, b, c, d, represent the
male and females of the wet-season brood; 1 and 1a the male; 1b and c the female,
and 1d the type female described as Ampa by Col. Swinhoe. The dry-season brood
is represented on Plate 128, figs. 1 and la, the upper and underside of typical male
(Varaha), figs. 1b and ¢, also males, and figs. d, e, f, the female of the dry-season
brood.
MELANITIS GOKALA.
Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 129, figs. 1, la, 3).
Melanitis Gokala, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 224 ¢ (1857). Marshall and de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 256 (1883).
Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 351 (wet-season form).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown; cilia dark-brown. Forewing
with the exterior margin nearly straight, with but a very slight angle below the
apex; two subapical more or less indistinctly-defined large blackish spots and
obliquely-continued patch to the costa, the subapical spots when less defined being
without pupils, but in others, where these spots are more defined, the two white
pupils are present, and in these latter specimens the ordinary upper pale bar is
very obscurely brownish-ochreous. Hindwing with one, or two, posterior sub-
marginal white dots. Underside with the ground-colour pale glossy olivescent-
brown, very indistinctly speckled with grey strigze, which are most numerous and
distinct on the basal area, and borders of the fasciz, or the ground-colour is pale
‘ochreous with dark ferruginous-brown strige, and the fascie more defined and
bordered with grey strige; the submarginal series of ocelli very small, white
pupilled.
134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Female. Upperside similar to male. Underside pale ochreous, with brighter
ochreous bordering to the narrow fascie and outer margins, and uniformly-covered
with slightly-defined brownish-ochreous strige; submarginal ocelli very small, as in
male. Body beneath and palpi grey-speckled; legs pale ochreous; antennew pale
ochreous with a dusky subterminal band.
Expanse, 3 3 to 3,9, ? 3;% inches.
Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 129, figs. 1, b, c, d, e, g 2).
Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Beng. 1888, p. 351, f 2.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat paler olivescent-brown than in wet-season
brood ; outer borders very slightly speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales and
brown strigz ; cilia dark brown. Forewing with the apex subfalcate, the exterior
margin broadly angled below the apex; the subapical blackish confluent-spots and
costal patch obscurely-defined, the upper spot with an ochreous-white pupil, the
oblique upper bar to costa pale dusky ochreous. Hindwing with two posterior
submarginal white dots. Underside pale olivescent-brown, washed with grey basally
and speckled with darker olive-brown strigz, the transverse fasciz on forewing less
erey and broadly-defined, and speckled with dark brown confluent-strigx ; a strigose
brown blotch also in the middle of cell of hindwing; submarginal ocelloid spots
minute, indicated by blackish-edged whitish dots.
Female. Upperside. Forewing more sharply angled below the apex than in
male; the apex and exterior margins tinged with reddish ferruginous ; with the
subapical blackish spots and costal patch more defined, the spots usually whitish
pupilled, the upper bar paler ochreous and somewhat more distinctly defined.
Underside. Both wings pale purpurescent-ochreous or ferruginous, with indistinctly
darker strigx, the fasciz narrow, not prominent, their borders slightly washed with
grey ; the submarginal ocelloid spots as in the male,
Expanse, ¢ 3,4, % 3,% to 3, inches.
Hasitat.—South India (Mysore, Nilgiris).
Disrrizuti0on.—The type specimen of M. Gokala was taken by the late Mr. S. N.
Ward in Kanara. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 351) obtained it on the
“northern slopes of the Nilgiris and Mysore forests at 3000 to 3500 feet elevation,”
the wet-season form having been captured in July, and the dry-season form in
September and April. Capt. E. Y. Watson’s Collection contained examples of the
dry-season form ‘‘ taken at Kathlekan in the Kadur District, Mysore, in November
and December,” and are referred to, erroneously, under the name M. Gnophodes, in
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 3.
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 129, figs. 1, la, represent the
SATYRIN ZL. 135
male of the wet-season fori and figs. 1b, c, d, e, the male and female of the dry-
season form, from the type specimens described by Mr. Hampson.
MELANITIS ZITENIUS.
Wer-Srason Broop (Plate 130, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, g ?).
Imaco.—Male. Forewing with the apex not subfalcate, the exterior margin
being but very slightly angled below the apex. Upperside paler olivescent ochreous-
brown than in the dry-season brood. Sorewing with the subapical black confluent
spots smaller, more or less obscurely defined, the upper spot with a pale ochreous
pupil, the ochreous upper bar being narrow and also more or less obscurely-defined,
the dusky inner-patch to the costa obscure. Hindwing with three posterior sub-
marginal minute blackish-edged white dots. Underside with the ground-colour
either cinerescent-ochreous or ochreous, densely and uniformly-covered with dark
brown strigze; the transverse fasciz on the forewing somewhat indicated by slightly
more dense confluent-strige, the edge of the outer discal fascia on both wings
being more brightly defined; the marginal border with a more or less brighter
ochreous fascia; the submarginal series of ocelli more or less fully developed.
Female. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing angled below
the apex as in dry-season brood; the subapical blackish spots, inner costal dusky
patch and their ochreous outer border more or less paler, narrower, and obscurely
defined. Underside more ochreous than in male; the strige more slender and
paler; the transverse fasciz narrow and well-defined ; the submarginal ocelli as in
the male.
Expanse, d 3, ? 3,° inches.
Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 131, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).
Papilio Zitenius, Herbst, Natursyst, Schmett. viii. p. 5, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2 (1796).
Melanitis Zitenius, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 258, pl. xii. fig. 29, ?
(1883).
Melanitis Vamana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. Company, i. p. 223 (1857). Butler, Catal. Satyr.
Brit. Mus. p. 3 (1868).
Cyllo Duryodana, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 464 (1867).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown, the exterior borders
slightly-speckled with prominent grey scales and blackish strige; cilia brown,
alternately edged with pale ochreous. Forewing with two large subapical confluent
black spots, the upper spot narrow, pupilled with ochreous-white, the lower pupil
being minute, and from the upper spot a continuous blackish patch extends inward
across end of the cell to the costal vein, both being broadly more or less obscurely
bordered by pale ochreous, which colour is obscure and diffused on their discal side
136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
but broad and more defined exteriorly, and is brighter on the upper bar to the costa.
edge. Hindwing with two, or sometimes three, posterior submarginal prominent
minute black-edged ochreous white dots. Underside with the ground-colour either
purpurescent-cinereous or purpurescent-ochreous, both colours sometimes being
dark olivescent tinted; more or less thickly speckled with black or dark brown
strige and scales, which are most densely packed and partly-confluent where
they form the ill-defined broad dark-blotched fascize on the forewing and a blotched
cell and discal patch on the hindwing; the normal dark transverse discal fascia on
both wings being indicated by an ill-defined brighter pale-edged line ; the posterior
border and triangular patch before the apex of forewing, and the costal border and a
submarginal fasciole on the hindwing, generally, being paler and unspeckled. Both
wings with a submarginal series of ordinary positioned more or less small black
blotchy-spots with ochreous-white pupil.
Female. Forewing sharply faleate below the apex. Upperside somewhat paler,
the markings as in male, the outer margins more broadly-speckled with grey and
blackish strigze, the subapical black confluent-spots and continuous-patch less sharply
defined and larger, the ochreous bordering paler and generally of a purpurescent-
ochreous tint; the strige uniformly-disposed throughout, the transverse fasciz
narrow and slightly-defined ; the submarginal ocelloid-spots as in the male.
Expanse, $3;'9 to 3,%, ?3,% to 3° inches.
Hasirar.—N.-W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; South
Andamans, Malay Peninsula.
Distripution.—Mr. W. Doherty (J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120) records this
species from the “ Kali Valley, 2000 to 4000 feet, in Kumaon.” “It is found in the
Eastern Himalayas, and the Khasia Hills, and through Burma to Tenasserim. In
Tenasserim it was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests in
April, in the South Andamans by Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff in August, and there are
specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from the Daffla Hills, and from Sikkim”
(Butt. India, i. 258). Through the kindness of the Honble. W. Rothschild we have
examined and verified Felder’s types of male and female duryodana from Assam
and Cachar. We possess specimens from Sikkim and from Gen. Ramsay’s Nepal
Collection. According to Mr. L. de Nicéville (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1882, 56) it is
“common in Sikkim at low elevations in October.” Mr. H. J. Elwes found it also
“common in Sikkim from April to November” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 329). Capt.
E. Y. Watson (J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 36) obtained the dry-season form
during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 at Tilin, from November to May, “it
being the commonest Melanitis met with.’ Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. Soc. Bengal,
1887, 417) records the dry-season form from “ Sinbyoodine, Tavoy.”’ Mr. Roep-
storff obtained examples of the dry-season form at Fort Blair, South Andamans.
SATYRINA. 137
Mr. W. D. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 412, pl. 38, fig. 2, describes and figures the
male of the wet-season form, taken in Perak, Malay Peninsula.
Of the illustrations of this species, those on our Plate 130, figs. 1, la, b, ¢,
represent the male and female wet-season form, and fig. 1d an intergrade female ;
of the dry-season form, on Plate 131, figs. 1, la, b, c, represent the male and female.
MELANITIS KALINGA.
Dry-Snason Broop (Plate 131, figs. 2, 2a, 3),
Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing with a large
quadrate ordinary subapical black spot and continuous costal patch, the spot with
a very obscure upper pale-ochreous pupil, the circling border and upper bar bright
ochreous sharply defined. Hindwing unmarked. Underside with the ground-colour
either purplish olive-brown with obscurely-defined purplish-cinereous strige, the
fascia indistinct, and the submarginal spots almost obsolete, or the ground-colour is
dark dusky-ochreous, with dark brown strige; blotched fasciz on the forewing and
irregular blotches on the basal area of hindwing, the fascia on hindwing and the
marginal border brighter ochreous ; submarginal spots minute and almost obsolete.
Expanse, 3 inches.
Hasitat.—Upper Godaveri District, South India; (? Orissa).
This is a smaller insect than the dry-season form of M. Zitenius. Specimens
have been taken by Mr. C. B. Morris, and are in Col. Swinhoe’s and our own
Collection.
Iypo-Matayan species or Munanttis.—M. Abdullx, Distant, Rhop. Malay.
p- 241, pl. 19, fig. 3, d (1883). Nearest allied to M. Tambra.—Habitat. Malay
Peninsula.—M. Suyudana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. HE. I. Compy. i. p. 224
(1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 412, pl. 39, fig. 2. Habitat. Malay Peninsula;
Nias; Sumatra; Java.—M. Phedima, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292, fig. b (1782).
Habitat. —— ?.—M. Ambasara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy: i. p. 223
(1857). Syn. M. Gnophodes, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 1
(1868) ¢. Habitat. Java.—WM. Atraxz, Semper, Reisen Philippen, Lep. p. 41, pl. 9,
fies. 5, 6 (1868). Habitat. Luzon.—WM. Cajetana, Semper, id. p. 42, pl. 9, figs: 7, 8.
Habitat. Mindanao.—M. Hrichsonia, Semper, id. p. 42, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10. Habitat.
Mindoro.—M. Boisduvalia, Semper, id. p. 48, pl. 9, fig. 11. Habitat. Luzon.
Genus CYLLOGENES.
Cyllogenes, Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
etc. i. p. 260 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongated, subtriangular; costa very
vou. 1, April 24th, 1893. uu
>
138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
convex, apex pointed, exterior margin oblique and almost even, posterior angle
pointed; with a large oval inwardly-oblique medial glossy-black patch, clothed with
glossy-black modified scales, which are either moderately short or rather long and .
have acute tridentate tips, some few however having a four-pointed tip; no
androconia ; cell very broad; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end
of the cell; discocellulars deeply concave in the middle, the lower long; upper radial
from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; the
middle and lower median veinlets very wide apart, the lower terminating at the
posterior angle; submedian very short, recurved, and terminating on the middle of
the posterior margin. Hindwing short and broad, the apex obtusely pointed,
exterior margin sinuous and produced into an obtuse short caudate angle at end of
upper median veinlet ; costal vein terminating on the middle of the costa; first
subcostal branch ending on the costa at some distance before the apex, the second
branch ending at the apex; cell broad across the middle ; discocellular very oblique,
radial from near upper end; middle median emitted before end of the cell. Body
short, somewhat woolly; palpi obliquely porrect, compressed, clothed to tip with
fine short hairy-scales, apex, pointed; antenne slender, rather short; eyes
naked.
Typz.—C, Suradeva.
CYLLOGENES SURADEVA (Plate 132, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).
Melanitis Suradeva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Staudinger, Exot.
Schmett. p. 223, pl. 79, ¢ (1887). '
Cyllogenes Suradeva, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1868). Marshall and de Nicé¢ville, Butt.
of India, ete. i. p. 260, pl. xiii. fig. 30, g 2 (1883).
Taaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-brown, darkest at the apex; cilia brown
edged with cinereous. Forewing with a prominent narrow excurved subapical pale
ochreous streak, below which is a large medial obliquely-oval glossy-black patch,
clothed with glossy-black modified scales, which are either moderately short or
rather long, and have acute tridentate-tip, some few however having a four-pointed
tip; no androconia. Hindwing without markings. Underside dull ochreous,
numerously covered with short, narrow, undulating strige; both wings with a
transverse darker brown ill-defined discal fascia, which is formed by confluent
strige, the fascia outwardly bordered by a few pinkish-white strigz ; a submarginal
series of normally-disposed ill-defined small lilacine white-centred longitudinally
black-speckled bordered spots.
Female. Upperside with a bluish-purple tint. Forewing with a broader and
darker ochreous excurved subapical streak. Underside as in the male, except that
SATYRINZ. 139
the discal fascia is not outwardly bordered by pinkish-white strigze. Body beneath,
legs and palpi, dull ochreous ; antennze brown above, ochreous beneath.
Expanse, 3 to 3,% inches.
Hasitat.—Sikkim.
Disrrisution.—* This appears to be a very rare insect. Col. A. M. Lang has
five males in his collection, from Sikkim, and Mr. Otto Méller has taken a female
also in Sikkim” (Butt. of India, 260). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc.
1888, 330), it is ‘ not so rare in Sikkim, as supposed, but local, as far as known, and
confined to an elevation of about 2000 feet, where it is taken by Mr. Moller’s
collectors at Singla, from April to June.”
CYLLOGENES JANETZ (Plate 132, figs. 2, 2a, 3).
Cyllogenes Janete, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 453.
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown ; cilia black, edged
with cinereous-white. Forewing with the apical half blackish-brown ; crossed by an
oblique excurved rich ochreous subapical band, which broadly extends from the
costa, and is attenuated towards the posterior angle. Hindwing with the outer margin
somewhat broadly covered with ochreous strige. Underside. Both wings with the
ground-colour ochreous, very thickly covered with dark olivescent-brown strige,
the strigz being less numerous along the costal border of both wings, where they
thus leave short ochreous fasciz, and the outer borders also more ochreous ; cross-
“ing the dise is an obscurely defined narrow dusky-brown fascia, followed by a sub-
marginal series of small lilacine-white spots, which are longitudinally bordered on each
side by black speckles ; the outer discal area is also washed with pale lilacine-purple.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the subapical ochreous band broader,
richer coloured, and extending along the costa; the black apical area traversed by
ochreous veins, the median veinlets also lined with ochreous near the band. Hind-
wing with the outer border richer ochreous. Underside much paler; the dark
strige far less dense, and with no trace of the diffused fascia.
Expanse, g 3,5, 2 31 inches.
Hasitat.—Bhotan; Naga Hills.
Distripution.— “Two males taken by Mr. A. W. Knyvett in Bhotan, and
a female in Mr. O. Moller’s collection” (de Nicéville, 7. ¢.). According to Mr.
H. J. Elwes, “a single male was taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hills, which
agrees with Bhotan specimens” (P. Z. 8. 1891, p. 269).
Genus PARANTIRRH@GA.
Parantirrhea, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 248; id. Annals of Nat. Hist.
1881, p. 333. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 261 (1883).
t 2
~
140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Imaco. Male. Forewing broad, triangular; costa moderately and regalarly
arched, the apex acute, exterior margin straight, posterior angle rounded, posterior
margin somewhat sinuous, being lobed near the base, and the edge of the middle
folded back flat upon the underside, the fold being thickly clothed on its surface
and fringed at its free edge with firmly attached long and somewhat raised modified
scales, rendered conspicuous by their rich dark-brown colour and satiny lustre; the
outline of this turned-down fold is marked out on the upperside by a curvilinear
eroove; first subcostal branch emitted just before end of the cell, second
branch beyond the end of the cell, the first and second, and the third coales-
cing near their middle respectively with each other, and the first with the
costal, ending on the costa before the apex; discocellulars concave, upper radial
from a slight angle close to subcostal, the lower radial from above the
middle ; median veinlets emitted at equal distances apart and from the base, the
lower median terminating at the posterior angle; submedian vein sinuous, being
much recurved downward from the base, and touching the posterior margin at one-
fourth from the base from whence it is curved upward, and terminates on the
posterior margin. About one-fourth from the posterior angle, the middle of the
posterior margin being folded beneath the wing as above stated. Hindwing broad,
quadrate, tailed ; anterior margin very much arched, and almost angled in its middle,
apex angled, exterior margin broadly produced in the middle, and with a prolonged
tail at end of the upper median veinlet, anal angle rounded ; costal vein short and
terminating on the middle of the margin; first subcostal branch ending beyond the
middle, and the second at the apex; cell narrow; discocellular starting from near
the base of lower subcostal, and running in the same straight line, then curving
obliquely downward and outward to lower end of the cell, radial from its middle;
the middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower
median at about two-fifths; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved, the
submedian furnished with a prominent black sagittate glandular patch, divided by the
vein, near the anal angle; the patch clothed with black elongated scales of nearly
equal width throughout, their apex being very obtusely bidentate, and their base also
bidentate ; some few of these scales are much narrower, but of the same form. Body,
slender; palpi very compactly clothed with short hairy scales, tip pointed; legs
slender ; antenne very slender, rather short, and with a well-formed club ; eyes naked.
Typr.—P. Marshalli.
PARANTIRRHGA MARSHALLI (Plate 132, figs. 3, 3a, ¢).
Parantirrhea Marshalli, Wood-Mason, Journ, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1880, p. 250; id. Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1881, p. 335, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 262, fig. g (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violescent-brown, with a violet-blue tint in
ELYMNIINZ. 141
some lights; cilia brown. Forewing crossed by a broad subapical somewhat excurved
pale violet band, which extends decreasingly to above the posterior angle, the area
of the band being traversed by three small superposed discal whitish spots, situated
respectively between the upper and lower radials and the middle median; posterior
margin with a medial dusty-brown curved bar, outwardly edged with pale ochreous-
brown, which is formed by the folding beneath of the middle of the lobular margin.
Hindwing with the anterior margin broadly pale ochreous-brown, and with a
prominent black sagittate glandular patch on the submedian vein near its anal end, the
patch being clothed with black elongated scales of nearly equal width throughout,
their apex being very obtusely bidentate, and their base also bidentate ; some few of
these scales are much narrower, but of the same form. Underside dull pale-ochreous,
numerously covered with obscure ochreous-brown transverse strigz, which are
slender and more sparsely disposed on the basal half, but are more confluent on the
exterior half, and there form two broad ill-defined fascie, between which is a very
indistinctly more or less ill-defined series of ordinary-disposed submarginal small
black-speckled spots, the veins are also slightly black speckled. Body beneath,
palpi, and legs pale ochreous; antennz brown with a pale ochreous tip.
Expanse, ¢ 2,4 inches.
Hasitat.—South India.
Distrisution.—The type specimens of this insect were taken at Trevandrum in
Travancore, and are in the collections of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and that of
Capt. G. F. L. Marshall.
Sub-family ELYMNIINZ.
Elymniina, Herrich-Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. i. p. 15 (1864).
Elymniine, Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 112 (1871). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete.
i. p. 263 (1883).
Satyrine (group Elymniades), Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1869).
Elymniade, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109.
Eurytelide (part) Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 403 (1851). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869,-
p- 321.
CuaracTtErs or THE Hnymniine®.—Imaco.—Wings moderately large, weak,
outer margin generally dentate. ore-wing with the costal vein always swollen
at the base; cell short and broad; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, the lower
considerably the longest and deeply concave; the two upper median veinlets
emitted from end of the cell; submedian undulated and extending to the
posterior angle. The male, in the group represented by Hlymnias undularis
142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
and its allies, has an inconspicuous glandular patch on the upperside
between the base of the median and submedian vein, the patch being clothed
with peculiar-shaped scales, but no androconia; a corresponding nacrescent patch
being also present on the underside of this wing; and, in another group, repre-
sented by vasudeva, the forewing has the middle portion of the posterior margin folded
over on to the upperside, the fold covering a glandular patch of scales, and the patch
overlaid by an erectile tuft of enclosed hairs. Hindwing, in the males of all species,
with a glandular patch situated within the upper half of the cell, which is overlaid
by a lengthened tuft of erectile hairs, arising from the lower edge of the patch, the
patch being clothed with very densely packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equab
width throughout and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short
fusiform slender blackish scales (androconia), which latter have an acute point at each
end; costal vein short, looped at its base and forming a false prediscoidal cell; the
cell short, very broad ; upper subcostal branch emitted at about half way before end
of the cell, and terminating on middle of the anterior margin; lower discocellular
concave; the two upper median veinlets emitted from end of the cell. Head
moderate sized ; body moderately robust; eyes naked, prominent; antenn slender,
with a gradually formed indistinct club; forelegs small, those of the male hairy,
those of the female also small but more robust, naked, cylindrical, and blunt at
the tip; palpi elongate, porrect, clothed with short adpressed hairy-scales and
perceptibly tufted above.
Apu Carrrritnar.—Somewhat fusiform, minutely pubescent; head armed
with two erect divergent branched-processes ; anal segment also armed with two
longer slender setose hindwardly-projected processes.
CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail only; head truncated, with two small pointed
processes in front, and a similar thoracic process above. .
Eceo.—* Similar (to those of the Satyrinz), large, globular, translucent, hard,
obscurely facetted, nearly as high as wide” (Doherty, J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 109).
Gmnerat Caaractertstics.—The males of all the known species possess, on the
upperside of the hindwing, a basal glandular patch of scales overlaid by a tuft of erectile
hairs. In certain species of the genus Hlymnias (undularis and its immediate
allies) there is also an inconspicuous glandular patch on the upperside of the
forewing, below the base of the cell, and in the genus Mimadelias, the forewing
has the middle of the posterior margin folded over on to the upperside, the fold
covering a glandular patch of scales, and an erectile tuft of hairs.
The genera of Elymniinez, though structurally similar as regards their venation,
the species, as here assigned to each genus, not only exhibit, to a certain degree, the
particular form of the wings, but in their colours, and also their peculiar style of
markings, they accord with the group of protected butterflies, of which, respectively,
ELYMNIIN 4, 143
they are mimics—the species of Hlymnias and of Melynias, agreeing with certain
species of Limnaina and Euploina—those of Bruasa also with certain Elploeina—
those of Mimadelias with certain Pierinea—those of Agrusia with certain Nymphaline,
and the typical species of the Malayan genus, Dyctis, with certain Morphine.
Foop pPLaNnts or CarmrriLtar.—So far as yet known, the caterpillar of only two
of the genera, here described, have been discovered, and these are recorded as
feeding upon plants of different Orders, namely—the caterpillar of Hlymnias
(undularis, etc.), upon Patmacem, and those of Mimadelias (Godferyi) upon
OrcHIDACER.
Hasirs or Imaco.—‘‘ The Elmniine are forest-loving insects, with a weak flight,
frequenting dense undergrowth or bush jungle, and usually avoiding the open
sunshine ; they are all tropical or subtropical insects”? (Butt. of India, 264).
Tur Specizs or Enymnun® aru ALL Mimetic.—The species of this sub-family
possess a highly mimetic character, and are, I believe, without exception, mimics,
both in general form of their wings, and in the colowrs and markings of the
upperside, of certain ‘ protected’ or ‘inedible’ species of butterflies common to the
district they inhabit.
Of the commonly known species, the female of Hlymnias wndularis, and of its
immediate allies, the species which they mimic is the Limnaine butterfly, Salatura
genutia,’ the Malayan Hlym. discrepans, in both sexes, mimic the Huplceine
butterfly, Calliplea Ledereri, and the Hlym. panthera (Dusara Horsf.), the Euploeine
butterfly, Vadebra sepulchralis. In the genus Melynias (Timandra, and its Malayan
allies, Lais, Ceryx, etc., both sexes mimic the Limnaine genera Parantica,’ and
Caduga; the Melynias Malelas, in both sexes, mimic the corresponding differently-
marked sexes of the Huplceine butterfly, Zrepsichrois Linnwi,? and in the allied
Melynias Saueri the male mimics the same sex of Trepsichrois, but the female
mimics quite a different butterfly, namely the Limnaine genus Hestia (probably
H. Agamarschana,* or H. Donovani); the Melynias Patna, both sexes mimic the
Eupleine butterfly, Stictoplea binotata® or Isamia splendens; and the Melynias
Singala probably mimics the Huplceine butterfly, Pademma Sinhala.’ In the genus
Bruasa, the male of B. Penanga and probably also that of B. Chelensis mimics the
Eupleine butterfly, Calliplea Ledereri.’” In the genus Mimadelias, the M. Vasudeva,
in both sexes, mimic the Pierine butterfly, Delias pasithox, and the allied Malayan
M. Godferyi the Delias Dione. In the genus Agrusia, the A. Andersonii, A. Hsaca,
and its allies, the males are excellent mimics of the ‘protected’ section of the
1 See vol. i. pl. 10, figs. 1, b, ¢. 2 See vol. i. plates 13 and 14.
3 See vol. i. pl. 35. * See vol. i. pl. 4, fig. 1.
5 See vol. i. pl. 53, figs. 2, 2a. 6 See vol. i. pl. 47, figs. 3, 3a.
7 See vol. i. pl, 36, figs, 1, la.
-
144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Nymphalid butterflies of the genus Buthalia, of which lepidea, Andersonit, Diardii,
Aimbalika, etc., are representatives.
Key vo tHe Inpian GENERA OF HLYMNIINZ.
1, Forewing rather short, subtriangular.
Srorron A. Forewing of male possessing a glandular patch situated between the base
of median and submedian vein. Hindwing with a very slight
caudate-angle to exterior margin,
Srorron B. Forewing of male not possessing the glandular patch. Hindwing
caudate . : : , ; A : : ° ; - . ELyYMnias.
2. Forewing elongated, triangular. Hindwing somewhat more or less caudate : . MELynias.
3. Forewing elongated, subtriangular, exterior margins very slightly sinuous. Hindwing
not caudate . 3 : ; : : : : . Bruasa.
4, Wings short, very broad, exterior margins uniformly scalloped. Forewing of male
with a longitudinal fold on posterior margin covering a glandular
patch and an erectile tuft of hairs. Hindwing convex. : . Mrimaperias,
5. Wings very short and broad, exterior margins extremely-slightly sinuous , ; . AGRUSIA,
Genus ELYMNIAS.
Elymnias, Hiibner, verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816); 2d. Ziitrage, Samml. Exot. Schmett. figs. 37,
38 (1818). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 236 (1857); zd. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 25
(1880). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 38 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 519.
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p,
264 (1883).
Melanitis (part) Fabricius, Iligers’ Mag. 1807, p. 282.
Melanitis, Horsfield (1829); Boisduval (1833); Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p.
403 (1851).
Biblis (part) Godart, Enc. Mé¢th. ix. p. 325 (1819).
Imaco.—Male. Wings moderately broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very
convex, apex acute, exterior margin very slightly oblique and sinuous, posterior
margin slightly convex towards the base; costal vein much swollen at the base and
terminating near middle of the costa ; subcostal arched near its base, the first and
second branches emitted before end of the cell; the cell short and very broad ;
discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper angled close to the subcostal, lower radial
from slight angle above the middle ; the two upper median branches emitted from
end of the cell, the upper median much arched ; submedian bent close to the median
at the base, thence slightly recurving to the posterior angle. On the upperside
between the basal interspace of the lower median and the submedian is an incon-
spicuous rounded black glandular patch, which, as seen under the microscope, is
clothed with laxly-raised short black scales,* with many-toothed tips, and by longer
* We possess three specimens, from different localities, in which these scales ave been removed from
the patch on both wings during the life of the insect, thus leaving the entire patch quite bare,
ELYMNIINZA. 145
narrower bidentate-tipt scales, but no androconia visible; on the underside of
the wing is a glossy nacrescent patch below the base of the cell, which is
clothed with broad ordinary scales, and a restricted portion below the sub-
median is clothed with laxly-packed raised narrow oval scales. Hindwing short,
obtusely triangularly-ovate; anterior margin extremely convex, apex pointed,
exterior margin convex, sinuous, and with a broader caudate angle at end of upper
median ; anal angle obtusely pointed; costal vein short, looped at its base, forming
a false prediscoidal cell, emitting a short spur towards the base of the costa; cell
short, very broad ; upper subcostal emitted at one-half before end of the cell, and
terminating on middle of the costa, second subcostal terminating at the angle ;
discocellulars erect, lower concave, radial from angle above the middle; the two
upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower median at more than
one-third before the end; submedian vein straight; internal vein recurved ; on the
upperside is a glandular patch situated within the upper half of the cell, and is
overlapped by a tuft of long erectile-hairs arising from along its lower edge, the patch
being clothed with very densely-packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width
throughout, and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short, slender,
nearly fusiform blackish scales (androconia) with an acute point at each end. Body
moderately robust ; palpi elongate, porrect, slender, very compactly clothed beneath
with adpressed scales, and pilose above; front legs hairy, middle and hindlegs
naked; antenne with a slender indistinctly formed club; eyes naked.
Apuur CaTERPILLAr.— Somewhat fusiform, minutely pubescent; head armed with
two erect divergent setose processes; anal segment also armed with two longer,
slender, hindwardly-projected setose processes. Feeds on Palmacee.
CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail; head truncate, with two small pointed
processes in front, and a similar thoracic process above.
Tyrr.—H. undularis.
Of the species enumerated by Hiibner (Verz. p. 87), under Hlymnias, viz.,
Protogenia, Jynx, undularis, and Lais, Jynz is figured as an Hlymnias, by Hiibner
(Zitrage, figs. 37, 38). This group, therefore, becomes the typical one, and not
that represented by Lais.
ELYMNIAS UNDULARIS (Plate 133, figs, 1, larva, la, b,c, ¢ 2).
Papilio undularis, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 10, figs. 1,2, ¢ (1773). Fabricius, Spec. Ins. App.
p. 504 (1781); Ent. Syst. iii. i, p. 127 (1793).
Biblis undularis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 326 (1819).
WMelanitis undularis, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 404 (1851).
Elymnias undularis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I.
VOL. IL. U
>
146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Compy. i. p. 237 (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1869); Prov, Zool.
Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, ete. i p, 266, pl. xvii. fig.
59, ¢ 2(1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 237, pl. 86, g 9.
Tuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark, velvety ; purpurescent blackish-
brown, in fresh specimens somewhat tinged with blue, and the edge of the outer
margin with purple; in older specimens the ground-colour is generally more or less
dark chestnut-brown; some blue irrorated-strigez along the costal margin, and an
excurved subapical series of small violet-blue irrorated spots disposed between the
veinlets, the spots elongated near the apex, those below rounded ; between the basal
interspace of the median and submedian vein is an inconspicuous rounded impressed
black glandular patch, which is clothed with short broad many-pointed tipt black
scales, and with some longer narrower tridentate-tipt scales. Hindwing somewhat
paler, purpurescent blackish-brown, or chestnut-brown, the outer border being broadly
suffused chestnut-red, fading to dull dark ferruginous, which is sometimes traversed
by a submarginal series of’ very small more-or-less pale red or white spots ; the veins
across the red band also sometimes being black lined; within the upper base of
the cell is an elongated glandular patch, which is clothed with very densely-packed
laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width throughout and have obtuse rounded
tip and base, and with numerous short fusiform slender blackish scales (androconia)
with an acute point at each end, the patch being also overlapped from its
posterior edge by a tuft of long blackish hairs. Cilia alternately edged with white.
Underside deep chestnut-red, with numerous wavy transverse lilacine-cinereous
strigee of more-or-less intensity, these strige being sparsely-disposed on the basal
two-thirds, and are generally densely-packed and confluent on the outer border,
where their density forms a more-or-less defined paler nebulous border, the division
generally being indicated by the angulated curved edge of the dark basal area. On
the forewing is a prominent triangular costal patch before the apex, which is
densely covered with lilacine cinereous strigz, and on the middle of the discocellular
veinlet is a minute whitish speckled-spot ; on the hindwing, also, there is a more or
less prominent subcostal white spot above end of the cell, and occasionally a sub-
marginal series of white points are more or less apparent. Body beneath, legs, and
palpi paler brown ; legs beneath cinereous-brown; antenne brown with a pale tip.
Female. Upperside coloured and marked somewhat after the style of Salatura
Genutia. Forewing with the costal border from the base, the outer half, and below
the submedian vein blackish-brown, the medial area from the lower base of the cell
being ochreous ; along the base of the costa are some violescent-white strige, and
before the apex a broad violescent-white subapical band intersected by the dark
veins, below which are three submarginal decreasing white rounded spots. Hind-
wing with the costal border and outer margin broadly dark brown, the latter
ELYMNIINA. 147
traversed by a submarginal series of four large white round spots, the inner basal
area being ochreous, intersected by the brown radial and median veinlets. Underside
paler and more suffused chestnut-red than in the male, the basal area of an ochreous
tint, with numerous paler ochreous or cinerescent-ochreous transverse strigz, which
are very broad and are palest on the lower basal area of the forewing; the costal
border, apical patch and outer border of the forewing, and outer border of the hind-
wing, more or less thickly covered with transverse lilacine-white, or ochreous-white,
strige ; the subcostal white spot on hindwing more or less prominent, or sometimes
absent.
Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 3,4, ? 37% to 3; inches.
Aputt Carerritnar.—Hlongate, fusiform, setose ; green, with longitudinal dorsal
and lateral yellow lines, and a subdorsal row of yellow elongated yellow spots which
are centred with red and posteriorly edged with blue; head brownish, armed
with two erect brownish setose processes; anal seement also with two red slender
hindward-projecting processes. (Described from a drawing reproduced on our
plate, made in Allipur, Lower Bengal, by the late Mr. Arthur Grote’s native artist.)
CurysaLis.—Similar to HL. fraterna and H. caudata.
Hasrrat.—Western and Hastern Himalayas; Assam; Hastern and Lower
Bengal ; Central India.
The female of H. undularis is an excellent mimic of the common Limnaine
butterfly, Salatura Genutia.*
Distripution.— This is the common Elymnias of Northern India. It is
common in the warm valleys of the outer Himalayas, as far west as Masuri. In
Bengal, where the rainfall is heavy, it extends into the plains, and is found in
Assam, Silhet, Eastern Bengal, and along the Hast Coast as far South as Raja-
mundry on the Godaveri, and it also occurs in the Deccan. It affects bush jungle
and shady undergrowth” (Butt. Ind. 267). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in
Kumaon at “Ranibagh at the foot of the outer hills, at 1000 feet elevation”
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as being “found in
Sikkim from the Terai up to 3000 feet more or less commonly at all seasons of
the year” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330). Mr. J. Wood-Mason ‘‘obtained twenty-seven
males and two females in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, between April and
August, being most common in June and July. The males emit a strong odour
resembling vanilla, but the females are scentless” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 352).
The late Capt. Mortimer Slater found it ‘‘ not uncommon at Dacca, flying in a
weak, hovering manner, generally over the damp pits formerly used by the muslin
manufacturers”? (MS. Notes). It is “ very common at Calcutta, settling on the
* See vol. i. Plate 10, figs, 1b, c.
U2
148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
trunks of the Corypha” (Capt. Chaumette, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1865, 38). Mr. J.
Rothney records the ‘‘male common and the female rare at Barrackpur, near
Calcutta, settling in dense foliage close to the trunk” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 34).
Mr. L. de Nicéville also found it “a common species in Calcutta, the larva feeding
on Palmacew” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 43). The late Mr. A. Grote found the larva
at Allipur in the district of Calcutta, feeding on the Rattan and on Corypha. (MS.
Notes.) In Orissa, it is recorded by Mr. Taylor (List, p. 3) as “not common at
Khurda.”
Of the illustrations on our Plate 133, fig. 1 is a reproduction of the original
drawing of the larva found at Allipur, by Mr. A. Grote, now in our possession ;
‘and figs. la, b, c, represent the male and female.
ELYMNIAS TINCTORIA (Plate 133, figs. 2, 2a-b, ¢ 2).
Elymnias tinetoria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 826, @. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, etc. i. p. 267 (1883). Moore, Journ, Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, p. 32.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent bluish-black. Sorewing with the
excuryed series of blue spots larger and broader throughout than in typical 2. wndu-
laris, in some the upper spots are conjoined, and the lower touch the outer margin.
Hindwing with the outer border dusky, suffused purplish chestnut-red, the sub-
marginal spots indistinctly whitish, or the two upper pale blue.
Female. Upperside similar to £. wndularis, except that on the forewing the
bluish-black costal and outer border is comparatively broader, and consequently, the
ochreous inner-area more restricted ; the lower white spots are smaller, and the three
submarginal spots on the hindwing are also smaller. Undersides of both sexes
similar.
Expanse, d 2, to 3, ? 3 to 3; inches.
Haszirat.—Burma; Tenasserim.
The female of H. tinctoria is more like that sex of the Javan form (H. Pro-
togenia) than to H. wndularis, in the broad breadth of the dark borders, but the
Javan females have even a broader border to the forewing, than in tinctoria, and
consequently the ochreous area is still more restricted, and, it may be noted, that
the tint of the ochreous colour on both wings of the Javan female is more intense
and dusky, agreeing in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the Javan
Huploeid, Salatwra intensa, and of which the female of H. Protogenia is a mimic.
Disrrisution.—‘* Very common throughout Burma, at all times” (Major Adam-
son, List, p. 10). Specimens in Capt. E. Y. Watson’s collections were captured during
the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at ‘* Pauk Yaw, in October and November,
and at Tilin from November to May” (Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 36). Mr.
ELYMNIINA. 149
F. E. Dempster obtained it at Lounghut during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of
1889-90, only on low ground up to 1000 feet (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 2).
Capt. Watson also obtained specimens at Rangoon in August, Sittang, Tenasserim,
in January, Beeling in April, Toungoo in March, Kyaikto, Tenasserim, in February,
and in the Karen Hills, 500 to 1500 feet, in December. ‘‘It is very common in
Eastern Karenee at 800 feet, in January’? (Dr. Manders, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519).
Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘‘ Mee-
tan, 3000 feet, in April, at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, and at T'aoo, 3500 feet.” Capt.
Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests. Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in
Bhamo in September. Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from
*Tavoy in March.” Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, 32)
obtained it in ‘* Mergui in December, and on King’s Island in January.
ELYMNIAS FRATERNA (Plate 134, figs. 1, larva and pupa, la, b,c, d,e, ¢ 9).
Elymnias fraterna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 3, @. Moore, Lep. of
Ceylon, i. p. 25, pl. 13, figs. la, b, g ? (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete.
i. p. 268 (1883).
TImaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown. Forewing with the exterior
margin slightly tinged with purplish-ochreous ; crossed by a very obscurely-defined
excurved subapical series of very small purplish-blue spots. Hindwing with a broad
pale fulvous marginal band, and a submarginal series of paler spots. Underside
dark chestnut-red; a triangular apical patch on forewing and the outer borders of
both wings densely covered with confluent brownish-grey strige; the basal areas
also with less numerous but more regularly disposed strigz; a distinct bluish-white
spot on anterior border of hindwing.
Female. Upperside blackish purple-brown. Forewing with the basal and discal
area rich ochreous ; a subapical oblique purplish-white vein-divided fascia and three
lower submarginal spots, having the strigee on the underside visible by semi-trans-
parency. Hindwing with the basal and discal area rich ochreous, the branches of
the median vein and the abdominal area grey speckled, or the entire ochreous area
is more or less covered with pale transverse strige; a submarginal series of four
large bluish-white round spots. Underside as in the male, but paler, the basal area
slightly ochreous, and the strige on the borders more dense, prominent, and
ochreous-white with ill-defined submarginal round spots ; costal bluish-white spot
prominent.
Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2;%, % 3 to 3,% inches.
Aputt Catrerritiar.—Elongated ; thickened in the middle, pubescent ; head
small, yellow, surmounted by two erect pink pubescent processes, anal segment also
with hindwardly-divergent processes; colour green, with longitudinal yellow lines,
150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
the subdorsal ornamented with some chrome-yellow spots, and the fifth to eighth
segments with a red and blue spot. Feeds on Palmacez.
CurysaLis.—Green, with longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or
spots ; head and thorax truncate in front, with three short tubercles.
Hasirar.—Ceylon.
The male of H. fraterna is a much paler and differently coloured insect, on the
upperside, from the same sex of H. undularis; the female also having broader and
darker borders on the upperside, and the hindwing of the latter sex has the ochreous
area always more or less partially or entirely covered with pale strige. The female
of this species is also a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Salatura Genutia.
Distrieuti0on.—According to Capt. Wade ‘it occurs at Galle and also about
Kandy.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood notes that it is a ‘‘ low country species, and generally
abundant.’ Capt. Yerbury recently obtained it at Trincomali, in July and October.
ELYMNIAS CAUDATA (Plate 135, figs. 1, la, larva and pupz, lb, c, d, 3 2).
Elymnias caudata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 4, ¢. Marshall and de
Nicéville, Butt, of India, etc. i. p. 270 (1883). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888,
p- 351. Davidson and Aitken, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 268, pl. A. figs. 2, 2a,
larva and pupa.
Tnaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark velvety purple-brown, bluish-black
in some lights; with an oblique subapical bluish-white band and three lower
submarginal oval spots, the upper spot being disposed inwardly-oblique, and
the lower spot outwardly-oblique, the strige of the underside being visible by
semi-transparency on the band; no glandular patch. Hindwing paler purple-
brown, darkest at the base; glandular tuft within the cell cinereous-brown ;
crossed by a more or less broad discal fulvous band, which is intersected by
the brown veins and generally traversed by small paler or sometimes nearly white
submarginal spots, and occasionally the dark strigz of the underside are visible on
the band. Underside dark chestnut-brown, the basal area with several very
obscurely-defined brownish-grey strigze. Forewing with a prominent apical triangular
patch, and an irregular submarginal fascia composed of confluent pinkish cinereous-
white striga. Hindwing with a broad outer fascia or the entire border very densely
covered with more or less confluent pinkish cinereous-white strige ; the ordinary
submarginal spots being indicated by small dark brown or white centred points.
Body beneath, palpi, and legs pale brown; legs beneath cinereous; antenne dark
brown with a pale ochreous tip.
Female. Upperside with paler purplish-brown outer borders, the inner area
dull ochreous. Forewing with the subapical bluish-white band and lower spots as in
the male. Hindwing with the costal and outer border, and the veins, broadly paler
brown; the inner area, and streaks between the veins obscurely merging into the
ELYMNIIN 4. 151
submarginal spots, being pale dull ochreous, the spots sometimes being almost white.
Underside much paler than in the male, but marked the same.
Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 334, ? 3,%, to 3,5, inches.
Avutt Carzrrittar.— Fusiform, slender, transversely rugose and clothed with
short stout bristles just visible to the naked eye; head large, surmounted by two
stout, straight processes, sloping backwards, which are slightly branched at their
end ; a pair of long straight caudal processes, setose like the body; colour of the
body bright green, with two dorsal and two lateral longitudinal yellow lines, more
or less distinct, and a subdorsal row—one on each side—of large yellow spots tinged
with pink and sometimes tipt with black; head dark brown, with a yellow cheek
stripe and frontal line. Feeds on Palmacex (Cocoanut and Betel-nut Palms).”
Curysatis.—* Suspended by the tail only, but in a rigidly horizontal position ;
regular, with the exception of two small pointed processes from the head and an
acute thoracic process above them; colour bright green, ornamented with four
irregular rows of large yellow spots bordered with red” (Davidson and Aitken,
Ll. c. 268).
Hasrrar.—South India.
DisterBotion.— This has only been found in the South of Peninsular India.
Mr. H. 8. Fergusson took both sexes on the Ashamboo Hills, Travancore, where it
is fairly common in April and May. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from
Calicut, the Wynaad, and the Kadur District in Mysore” (Butt. Ind. 271). We
have several specimens, from Calicut and the Wynaad, Malabar, captured by the
late Dr. Bayne Reed, and from the Nilgiris. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. S. Beng.
1888, 351) records it as being “rare in the Bamboo jungles at the foot of the
Northern and Western Slopes of the Nilgiris.”’ Messrs. Davidson and Aitken
(Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 268) obtained the larvee and several pup on
the Cocoanut and Betel-nut palms, in October. The late Mr. 8. N. Ward obtained
the type specimens at Calicut, and “found the larve feeding on the Soopari,
(Areca-nut Palm) in September, October and December, both above and below the
Ghats” (MS. Notes).
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 135, fig. 1 is a copy of Mr. 8. N.
Ward’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la, a reproduction of Mr. Aitken’s
figure in the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, and figs. 1b, c, d, the male
and female.
ELYMNIAS COTTONIS (Plate 136, figs. 1, la, b, 99).
Melanitis Cottonis, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 358.
Elymnias Cottonis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 583. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ.
Asiatic Soc, Bengal, 1881, p. 245, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 268
(1883).
>
152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark velvety purple-brown, almost black in
some lights; cilia alternately edged with cinereous-white. Forewing with the
costa more or less obscurely flecked with bluish strigz, the outer margin with a
suffused deep purple-red band, the inner edge of which is anteriorly incurved to the
costa; the black glandular patch below the median vein visible. Hindwing with a
similar purple-red marginal band ; the glandular tuft within the cell cinereous black.
Underside dark chestnut-red, the basal area darkest and very sparsely covered with
obscure brownish-grey strigx, the outer margins and the apical patch on forewing
more numerously covered with broader more or less confluent plumbeous strigs, and
forming an ill-defined fascia on the former; on the hindwing is a prominent white
costal spot, and sometimes a submarginal series of white or bluish-white points.
Female. Upperside paler, with the outer marginal band also paler. Forewing with
the inner area of the marginal band traversed by an excurved series of obscure
ochreous spots. Hindwing with the band also traversed by two or three small pale
ochreous submarginal spots. Underside paler than in the male, the strige on basal
area the same, those on the triangular costal patch and outer borders brighter and
lilacine-grey. Hindwing with the costal white spot prominent, and the submarginal
white points also distinct.
Expanse, ¢ 2,4, to 3, 9 3% inches.
Hasirat.—South Andamans.
This species in all probability is a mimic of the Eupleine butterfly, Menama
simulatriv, a common butterfly in South Andamans.
Distrisution.—* This species is apparently common at Port Blair, S. Andamans,
where it was taken by Mr. F. de Roepstorff in the months from April to August”
(Butt. of India, 269).
ELYMNIAS MIMUS (Plate 136, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 2).
Elymnias mimus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 230; id.
1882, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 3,4, ¢ 9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 271
(1883).
Elymnias dolorosa, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1883, p. 53.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown. Forewing with an
obscurely paler olivescent cinereous-brown excurved marginal band; no glandular
patch. Hindwing with a similar paler marginal border, and sometimes one or
two obscure small dusky-black submarginal spots are present; glandular tuft
within base of cell blackish. Cilia alternately whitish. Underside pale chestnut-
brown; the basal area of both wings densely covered with broad transverse dark
chestnut-brown strige, and the outer margins with more slender and sparsely-
disposed strige. Forewing with an obscure ordinary costal patch and the broad
posterior margin dull cinerescent-brown. Hindwing with the submarginal area dull
ELYMNIINA. 153
cinerescent-brown, traversed by six suboval black ocelli, the first upper and the fifth
large, the others much smaller, and sometimes the third is obsolete, and the two last
are geminated, the first and fifth with a violet-white speckled oval pupil, the others
with a slender pupil, the fifth and the geminated anal pair also having a slightly-
defined pale-ochreous outer ring; below the costal border is another but more
prominent white pupilled black spot.
Female. Upperside much lighter brown, with the marginal paler cinerescent-
brown band broader. Forewing with some pale strige along base of the costa.
Hindwing with three lower submarginal dusky-black ocelli, as on underside, apparent.
Underside paler, with the dark chestnut-brown strige less confluent and permit-
ting more of the ground colour to be seen; the subcostal white-pupilled ocellus
on hindwing larger, and with a more diffused black border, the upper submarginal
ocellus with a rudimentary white pupil.
Expanse, ¢ 2,4, 2 2;% inches.
Hasitrat.—Nicobar Islands ; Nias Island.
This species, ‘in all probability, mimics the Euploeine butterfly, Crastia Camorta,
a species which abounds in all the islands of the Nicobars”’ (Butt. Ind. 272).
Distrisution.—Specimens have been received in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
from Mr. F. de Roépstorff, taken in Kar Nicobar, Pulo Koudul, Great Nicobar,
Kamorta, Trinkutt, Teressa, and Katschall” (Butt. Ind. 272).
The type of H. dolorosa is described by Mr. A. G. Butler from Nias Island,
Sumatra.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 136, figs. 2, a, b, are from
the type specimens named mimus by Mr. Wood-Mason, which have been kindly
lent for this purpose.
ELYMNIAS OBNUBILA (Plate 137, figs. 1, la, b,g 2).
Elymnias olbnubila, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 272 (1883). Moore, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 2, g.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety chestnut-brown, glossed with violet in
certain lights; Forewing with a much paler chestnut-red excurved outer band; no
glandular patch. Hindwing witha similar pale chestnut-red outer band, the glandular
tuft brown. Underside numerously covered with dark chestnut-red strigx, and
intervening lilacine grey strigze, which are most densely packed and broadest on the
basal area, and are more slender on the outer half, the costal patch on forewing, and
the submarginal areas being most densely covered with the lilacine grey striga.
Hindwing with a submarginal series of six small black spots with silvery-white
pupils, and a larger-pupilled subcostal spot.
Female larger; paler. Upperside with the pale marginal band much wider,
VOL. Il. x
154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
occupying on the hindwing the whole outer half; a submarginal series of four brown
obsolescent dots. Underside also paler. Hindwing with the silvery subcostal spot
larger, the rest of the ocelii smaller and imperfect, being reduced to blackish
dots with white speckles on their inner edge.
Expanse, d 2,4, % 8 inches.
Hasrrar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago.
Disrrtpution.—** A female in Major Marshall’s collection was taken by Captain
C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests, in Upper Tenasserim, in December”’
(Butt. Ind. 272). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 269), Mr. W.
Doherty found it rare in the ‘ Karen Hills at about 2000 feet elevation, in April.
Found also West of Bassein.”’
Of this rare species a single male, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutia, was
taken by Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1888, 38) at Thaing, King Island,
Mergui Archipelago, in January. A male of this species, identical with the type,
from the Island of Salanga, is in the British Museum collection.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 137, fig. 1, la is from the type
male kindly lent from the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and fig. 1b the female taken
by Mr. Doherty, obligingly lent for this purpose by Mr. Elwes.
ELYMNIAS DADALION (Plate 137, figs. 2, 2a, 3 ).
Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 202, pl. D, fig. 4, 2.
Imaco.—‘‘ Female. Upperside. Both wings dull reddish-brown, almost fuscous ;
crossed by a broad pinkish-white band, beyond which the ground-colour is somewhat
obscurely striated with paler. Worewing with the costa striated with white; the
broad white band slightly outwardly-curved, commencing on the costa at the middle
and decreasing in width to the anal angle, its lower portion sullied, especially at
the edges. Hindwing with the broad discal white band extending from the anterior
margin to the abdominal margin above the angle, widest in the middle, and traversed
outwardly by a series of five round black spots. Underside. Both wings with the
basal half dull castaneous-brown, coarsely striated with whitish, the discal fascia
white, the outer margins coarsely striated with dark castaneous brown; the hind-
wing with the black spots as above, and a small bluish-centred costal spot between
the base of the subcostal veins.
Expanse, 2;% to 2; inches.
Hasrrat.— Burma.
Distripurion.—- The type specimen was taken at Myitta, Burma, in January,
and is in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon (de Nicéville, /. c. p. 203). Major C. H. E.
ELYMNIINAS. 155
Adamson obtained a female at ‘Tavoy, in August,’ which was kindly lent for
examination, and is referred to in his ‘ List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10,’”’ under the
name of Hlym. Mimus.
This is nearest allied to the Bornean Elym. Dara, Distant (Ann. Nat. Hist.
1887, p. 50), the female of Dedalion differing, on the upperside, from the same sex
of Dara, in the white band on the forewing being straighter and broader in its
oblique-course from the costa to posterior angle ; the band on the hindwing is also
broader. On the underside, Deedalion has both bands as on upperside, and both are
entirely free from strige.
Inpo-Matayan allied species of Etymyras.—Z. Protogenia (Cramer, Pap. Exot.
u. pl. 189, figs. F, G, ?; id. ii. pl. 25, figs. A, B, d (1777). Horsfield, Catal. Lep.
EK. I. C..pl. 3, fig. 24; pl. 8, fig. 8 (1829). Syn. E. Jynx, Hiibn. Zutrige Exot.
Schmett. figs. 87, 838, ¢ (1818). Both sexes smaller than in the allied Indian species
(undularis). In the male the curved series of blue spots on forewing above are
generally smaller and longitudinally narrow, the underside more uniformly covered
throughout with strige. Female with much broader dark-brown borders to the
forewing, the dark marginal band on the hindwing being obsolescent posteriorly and
with much smaller white spots. Expanse, ¢ 2,6 to 2;%, ? 2;% to 3 inches. This
is nearer to the Burmese species (tinctoria) than to the Indian (wndularis), both in
size and in the broader dark-brown borders of the upperside of the female. The Javan
female has the ochreous colour on both wings more intense and dusky than in either
tinctoria or undularis, coinciding, in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the
Javan Huploeine Salatura intensa, of which the female of EH. Protogenia is a mimic.
Habitat. Java.—. discrepans, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 60, pl. vi. figs. 2, 3, ¢
(1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.—ZH. leucocyma (Godart, Enc. Méth.
ix. p. 326 (1819). Described by Godart as having “absolutely the appearance and
shape of ‘undularis,’ the upperside blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue-violet
spots on the border of forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of hind-
wing. Underside deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish waves, more
powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing.” Habitat. Java.—H. nigrescens.
Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 1. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 61, pl. 6, fig.
1, $, pl. 9, fig. 1, % (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Billiton; Borneo;
Formosa.—H. Hecate. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 2. Habitat.
Labuan, Borneo.—EH. congruens, Semper, Reisen Philippen, Lep. i. p. 61, pl. xi. figs.
8, 9,10, d% (1886). Habitat. Mindanao.—H. Hainana, Moore, P. Z. §. 1878,
p. 696. Habitat. Hainan; Formosa.—H. Panthera (Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p- 39
(1787) ; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 88, pl. 2, fig. 7. Syn. M. Dusara, Hors-
field, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. pl. 5, fig. 7 (1829). Habitat. Java.—E. lutescens,
Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 404, pl. 9, fig. 10. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 62,
x 2
>
156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
pl. 6, figs. 4, 5, ¢% (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Borneo.— HL.
Dara, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50. Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Albofas-
ciata, Staudinger, Iris, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 39. Habitat. Palewan.—
E. Enganica, Doherty, J. A. S. Beng. 1891, p. 24. Habitat. Engano Island,
Sumatra.
Genus MELYNIAS.
Elymnias (part), Hubner Verz. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 236 (1857).
Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 519. Scudder Proc, Amer. Acad. A. Sci. Boston, 1875, 161. Distant,
Rhop. Malay, p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 264 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongate, triangular ; costa much arched,
apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and scalloped, posterior margin
slightly convex; costal vein swollen at the base ; first and second subcostal emitted
before end of the cell; the cell broad ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, Jower concave ;
two upper medians originating from end of cell. Hindwing short, obtusely ovate,
anterior margin regularly convex, exterior margin convex, scalloped and subcaudate
at end of upper median; cell extending to nearly half the wing, rather narrow ;
discocellulars inwardly-oblique, much recurved, radial from above the middle; two
upper medians from end of cell; glandular patch and tuft within the cell, as in
Klymnias.
Tyrz.—M. Lais.
The species of this genus are mimics of the Euploine genera Parantica,
Caduga, Trepsichrois, and Hestia.
MELYNIAS SINGALA (Plate 138, figs. 1, la, b, 9).
Elymnias Singala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568; id. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 26, pl. 18,
figs. 2, 2a, g 2 (1880).
Dyctis Singala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 277 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivaceous purpurescent-brown ; cilia alternated
with pale olivescent-cinereous. Jorewing with a marginal macular band formed of
pale olive-grey speckled quadrate spots; a few olivescent-ochreous strige along
the costa; no glandular patch. Hindwing with a broad submarginal band composed
of transversely-disposed more or less confluent olive-grey strige; glandular tuft
within cell cinerescent-brown. Underside paler purplish-brown; covered with
blackish strigee, which are most numerous on the basal half, and along the extreme
outer margins ; the submarginal area being broadly covered with densely packed
pinkish-grey strigz, forming a broad fascia which is more or less inwardly suffused
ELYMNIINA:. 157
with olivescent-brown; on the hindwing is a submarginal series of small blackish
points and a bluish-white apical spot situated between the subcostals.
Female brighter coloured, the marginal bands more prominent. Underside
as in the male.
Expanse, 3 to 3,6, inches.
Hasirat.—Ceylon.
This species is probably a mimic of the Euploeine butterfly Pademma Sinhala.
Distrisution.—* A scarce butterfly, except at the Peradeniya Gardens. The
larva feeds on a species of palm-tree”’? (Mackwood MS. Notes).
MELYNIAS PEALII (Plate 138, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 2).
Elymnias Pealii, Wood-Mason, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 62, pl. 2, figs. A, B, ¢.
Dyctis Peali, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 276 (1883). Doherty, Journ.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124, pl. x. fig. 3, 2.
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent black, darkest basally, with the mark-
ings deep lavender-blue; cilia alternated with greyish-white. Forewing with an
oblique subapical band and a continuous submarginal series of rather faint and
diffused blotches, and the extreme apex lavender-blue ; the costa also transversely
striated with lavender-blue. Hindwing with a curved submarginal layender-blue
band, which is very prominent, and is composed of coarse strige extending from
the apex to the lower median vein, and ends in a purple patch at the anal angle.
Underside much as in H. wndularis and its allies, but more richly coloured.
Female. ‘“Upperside. Both wings tinted with blue instead of violet. Forewing
with the subcostal band very obscure, the cell dark, the disc pale. Hindwing with a
conspicuous rufous-orange anal spot occupying the entire breadth of the submedian
interspace, the violet submarginal band of the male replaced by a broad bluish
fascia extending over the disc to before the apex. Underside with the entire fore-
wing, except the cell and outer margin clouded with large violet-blue strigz, and
so also is the apical and part of the discal area of the hindwing” (Doherty, fares
p. 124).
Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 3,‘ inches.
Hasitat.—Assam.
DisrriputioN.—The male type specimen was “captured by Mr. S. E. Peal at
Aideo, Sibsagar district, Assam ”’ (W. Mason, J. c. p. 62). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S.
Bengal, 1889, 124), records it from “‘ Sadiya and Margherita, Upper Assam, between
August and December.” According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 269), Mr.
Doherty also took “‘ a single specimen at Margherita in May.”
158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 138, figs. 2, 2a, b, male and female,
are reproduced from the figures above quoted.
MELYNIAS TIMANDRA (Plate 139, figs. 1, la, b,c, 9 2).
Elymnias Timandra, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 275 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Forewing with some pro-
minent bluish-grey strigz at base of the costa, and some quadrate spots towards the
apex ; a violescent-blue or verditer-blue broad streak within the cell and a longitu-
dinal streak disposed between the veins ; the two upper streaks below the subcostal
being slender, the next also slender but broadly lobate at end of the cell, the three
next broadest at their inner end and somewhat lobate at their outer end, the posterior
margin also with a narrow streak. Hindwing with a similarly-disposed but much
paler and less sharply defined streak between the veins, the outer streaks broadest
at their discal end, the ends being indented, and are each opposed to an opposite
submarginal lunular-spot, these streaks and spots being mottled with brown speckles ;
glandular tuff cimereous-brown. Underside densely covered with dark purplish-
brown transverse strigze, and intervening purpurescent-cinereous strigz, the dark
strigze most dense and more confluent on the basal half and the onter margin, the
pale strigze most dense and confluent on the discal area. Thorax and abdomen above
speckled with verditer-blue scales; spots on the head above, collar, and sides of palpi
whitish ; antennz brown above, ochreous beneath.
Female. Upperside paler brown, the markings as in male; those on the fore-
wing paler and of a violaceous-blue, paling to ochreous-cinereous posteriorly, and
those on the hindwing also ochreous-cinereous. Underside less densely but more
uniformly covered with slender dark-brown strigz and broader confluent pur-
purescent-white strige.
Expanse, d 3 to 3,%, ? 3, inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Silhet ; Arakan ; Tenasserim.
This species is a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Parantica Aglea.*
Distrisurion.—Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 321) records a “single
specimen of the female, apparently agreeing with Timandra, taken in Sikkim by Mr.
Otto Moller’s collector at Singla, in April, 1887.” The late W.S. Atkinson obtained
it in Silhet. ‘ The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Silhet. Capt. Bingham
took a male in the Donat range in Tenasserim in April, and one female was taken
at Kanhlete in September, by Major Adamson” (Butt. Ind. 275). Obtained by
* See vol. i. pl. 13.
ELYMNIINAE. 159
Major C. H. EH. Adamson in “ Arakan and Tenasserim in September, February,
April and May, but it is very rare in Burma” (List of Burmese Butt., p. 10). Mr.
A. R. Wallace records it from ‘“ Moulmein” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1869, 326).
MELYNIAS MALELAS (Plate 140, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).
Melanitis Malelas, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. mel. pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, ¢ (1863).
Elymnias Malelas, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1869, p. 327.
Melanitis leucocyma, Boisdaval ; Doubleday, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p, 144 (1844), Westwood,
Gen. D. Lep. p. 404 (1851) nec Godart.*
Elymnias leucocyma, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E, [. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 273, pl. xvii. fig. 60, ¢ 2 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety blackish purple-brown. Cilia alter-
nately edged with white. Forewing darkest, the outer two-thirds brilliantly glossed
with steel-blue in some lights; costal edge with several short pale-blue strige; an
excurved submarginal series of violet-blue spots, of which there are five, the lower
being rounded, the two upper oval and Jonger ; sometimes an incipient slender sub-
costal upper spot is also slightly indicated ; three similar blue smaller spots also on the
disc, another just beyond end of the cell, and a more or less defined slender speckled
streak extending to near each of the upper outer spots, the lowest and sometimes the
middle spot being slender and extending towards the outer lower spots. Hindwing
paler externally, with a purpurescent tinge ; with, or without, an obscure sub-
marginal series of small violet-grey speckled lunules; the basal tuft of hairs
cinereous-brown. Underside uniformly paler brown, undulated with short trans-
verse cinereous-ochreous strigze, which are most densely disposed externally and
more or less obsolescent, or absent basally ; the costa of both wings being also more
prominently edged with whiter strige, and the base of the hindwing with three
superposed white spots. Head above, and thorax beneath spotted with white;
collar beneath also white ; clothing of palpi above and beneath tipt with white; legs
white speckled; antenne brown.
Female. Upperside paler. Forewing as in the male, except that the glossy blue
* Godart’s lewcocyma (Enc. Méth. ix. p. 325) is described by him as having “ absolutely the appear-
ance and shape of ‘ undularis,’ the upperside of the wings of a blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue-
violet spots on border of the forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of the hindwing. Underside
deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish-waves, more powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing.
Habitat, Java.” I am indebted to Mr. P. C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, for directing my attention to
Godart’s species (in a letter dated Feb. 2, 1890), wherein he says that ‘‘ Lewcocyma of Godart is not found
in Java, where only the typical undularis form with its very different female occurs. I have lewcocyma
from Sumatra, Banca, Billiton, and Flores, the female resembling the male.”
160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
area is confined to the outer half, the spots much paler and the lower whiter, or mostly
white, with a pale ochreous-cinereous speckled-streak extending from the lower
outer spot to the base, and a much less defined narrow similar streak from the lower
discal spot. Hindwing with all the interspaces marked with transverse ochreous-
cinereous strige, these strigze forming a more or less confluent longitudinal streak
between the veins. Underside also paler than in the male; markings the same, except
that the strigze are much paler and wider.
Expanse, ¢ 3,6 to 3,4, 9 3,8 to 4,2, inches.
Hasirat.—Western and Hastern Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Silhet; Burma.
This insect is an excellent mimic of the Eupleine butterfly, Trepsichrois
Linnei, both the male and female resembling the corresponding sexes of the latter
butterfly.*
Disrripution.—It is common in the submontane districts of Northern and
Hastern India, extending through Burma as far South as Tavoy (Butt. Ind. 273).
Mr. E. J. Atkinson records it “from Kali, Kumaon, on the western border of Nepal”
(Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the “ Kali Valley, E. Kumaon, at
Balwakot and Toli, 2500 to 3000 feet elevation, which, compared with Sikkim speci-
mens, are more striated and speckled with white below, and have an irregular line
of whitish spots round the outer disc of the hindwing above”’ (J. A. S. Beng. 1886,
120). Wehave specimens from the late General G@. Ramsay’s Nepal collection.
“Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken it around villages in Sikkim at about 2000 feet
elevation, in October” (Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888,
330) records it as ‘‘ not rare in the low valleys of Sikkim, from the Terai up to 3000
feet, during almost every month in the year.” “The India Museum, Calcutta,
possess specimens from Upper Assam, and from Silhet, and Mr. Wood-Mason took it
in Cachar in June and July” (Butt. Ind. 273), The late Mr. W. 8S. Atkinson took
it in Cherra Punji, and the late Mr. A. Grote obtained it in Silhet. Captain
KE. Y. Watson’s collection contained it from the Khasia Hills. ‘‘ Capt. C. H. E.
Adamson obtained it in Akyab, and found it commonly in plantain gardens in
Moulmein in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 273). Signor Leonardo Fea
obtained it at Bhamo in November. ‘‘ Mr. T. C. Hill took it in Tavoy in March ;
Capt. C. T. Bingham found it commonly in the Thoungyeen forests in the autumn
and again in April’’ (Butt. Ind. 273). Capt. E. Y. Watson took it at “ Pounga-
dow, Upper Burma, in October, and at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, in January ”
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 4). Mr. O. Limborg obtained it at “* Ahsown, in
Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826).
* See vol. i. pl. 35.
ELYMNIINZ.. 161
MELYNIAS SAUERI (Plate 140, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 9).
Elymnias Saueri, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 65, pl. 9. fig. 3, ¢ (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 274 (1883), ¢@.
Elymnias Kiinstlert, Honrath, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr, 1885, p. 276, pl. 8, fig. 3, 9. Distant, Rhop.
Malayana, p. 422, pl. 41, fig. 9 (1886), ?.
Imaco.—Male. “ Upperside. Forewing dark violaceous-brown, with paler blue
suffusions on apical area; with a submarginal series of five pale violaceous-blue
spots, and three discal smaller indistinct spots ; costal margin basally speckled with
greyish strige and apical bluish spots. Hindwing castaneous brown, the basal area
fuscous. Underside pale ferruginous, thickly mottled with dark chocolate-brown
strigee, which are irregular in shape and size. Yorewing with the costal margin
speckled with grey; the upper part of the cell and apical area somewhat paler in
hue, and with indications of a dark-waved fascia near the cell. Hindwing somewhat
darker, the strigz being more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a much-
waved and irregular dark fascia crossing the wing about end of the cell, and a more
or less distinct broad submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken, and
indistinct lines ” (Distant, J. c. 65).
Female. ‘ Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with greyish-blue reflections in
the cell and pale ochraceous shadings on inner marginal area; costa more or less
spotted and marked with blackish, thickly so to end of the cell, and some similar
markings in the cell along the median vein ; veinlets ornamented with fuscous and
blackish blotches, the three median veinlets and the lower discoidal veinlet most
prominently so. Zindwing with the basal and abdominal areas more or less shaded
with pale ochraceous ;, veins with black and fuscous blotches as on forewing, but less
prominent; a blackish spot uniting the discoidal and upper median veinlets; a
submarginal series of irregular-shaped blackish spots, between which and the
posterior margin are many wavy fuscous and black irregularly-shaped and placed
linear spots. Forewing as above, but more uniformly greyish, the shadings along
the veins much more broken and unrelieved by fuscous-brown; several curved black
lines crossing the cell. Hindwing generally as above” (Distant, J. c. 422).
Expanse, 3d 3,%, ? 4,8 inches.
HasitaT.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.
The male is a mimic of the same sex of the Hupleine Trepsichrois Linnzi,*
and the female, apparently, is a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly Hestia Agamar-
schana, or H. Donovant.
Distrisution.—A male of this species, taken by Capt. Bingham in the Thoung-
yeen Valley, Tenasserim, is in the British Museum collection. The male type
* See vol. i. plate 35, and plate 4, fig. 1.
vot. u. July 22nd, 1893. Y
>
162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
described by Mr. Distant, was captured in Province Wellesly, Malay Peninsula, by
Mr. Saiier, and the above assigned female, in Perak, by Mr. Kiinstler.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 140, fig. 2, 2a, male and female,
both are copied from Mr. Distant’s figures above quoted.
MELYNIAS PATNA (Plate 141, figs. 1, la, 2).
Melanitis Patna, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 405, pl. 68, fig. 2 (1851).
Elymnias Patna, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 327.
Dyctis Patna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 525. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
ete. i. p. 277 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety blackish purple-brown ; cilia alternately
edged with white. Forewing with the outer area glossed with dark violaceous-blue,
and crossed by a curved discal series of elongated purplish-blue streaks, which
commence from middle of the costal edge, and decrease posteriorly; the streak
disposed between the lower radial and upper median being more or less very
obsolescent, slender, lobate, and obscurely extending in a lobe to end of the cell.
Hindwing paler externally, with the apical area glossed with violaceous-blue ;
crossed by a submarginal series of four distinct white dots; the glandular tuft of
hairs at the base pale ochreous-brown. Underside uniformly paler brown. orewing
with the costal edge flecked with bluish-white strigz ; the discal area with numerous
transverse very obscurely-defined brownish-cinereous strigz, and a submarginal row
of three bluish-white dots. Hindwing with a submarginal curved series of seven
bluish-white spots, the upper one disposed between the subcostals; the outer
border being flecked with cinereous: strige. Head above and thorax beneath
spotted with white ; collar and streak on sides of palpi also white.
Female. Upperside paler. J orewing as in the male, except that the elongated
purple-blue streaks are larger, longer, and more diffused, the submarginal streaks
each with a slightly-defined outer central white dot. Hindwing as in male.
Underside also paler ; markings as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,9, ¢ 3;°9 inches.
Hasirat.— Western and Hastern Himalayas ; Cachar; Silhet; Burma.
This species is a mimic, both in form, colour, and general markings, of the
Hupleeine butterflies Stictoplea binotata,* and Isamia splendens.
Disrrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 120) records ‘‘ two males,
taken at Garjiaghat, near the junction of the Kali and the Gori, Hastern Kumaon, at
2500 feet. They do not differ from Sikkim specimens.” The late W. S. Atkinson
* See vol. i. plate 53, figs. 2, 2a.
J > J
ELYMNIINZ. 163
took it in Cherra Punji. ‘It is not a common species, and we have only seen it
from Sikkim, Cachar, and Silhet. Mr. L. de Nicéville took it in the Valley of the
Great Runjit, in Sikhim, in October ; and Mr. Wood-Mason took a single specimen
on Nemotha Peak, Cachar, in September” (Butt. Ind. 278). Mr. H. J. Elwes
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330) records it as “ not a common species in the low Valleys of
Sikkim up to 3000 feet, between April and December.”
MELYNIAS PATNOIDES (Plate 141, figs. 2, 2a, ¢).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing comparatively narrower and more tri-
angular in shape than typical Patna, the pale blue streaks somewhat shorter and
narrower. Hindwing conspicuously more triangular in shape; the anterior margin
less arched, the exterior margin being almost straight from the apex to anal angle,
and less broadly sinuous; the submarginal bluish-white spots disposed more linearly
in their course. Underside uniformly coloured throughout. Forewing with no trace
of the obscure pale transverse strige (which are always present broadly across the
disc in Patna) ; there are also five submarginal prominent small bluish-white spots,
two apical and three lower, the lowest being slender and disposed between the
median and submedian veinlets. Hindwing with very prominent bluish-white sub-
marginal spots, which, as on upperside, are disposed in a more linear course.
Expanse, d 3,% inches.
Hasrrar.—Burma.
Distrisution.—A single male was taken at Kathapa, in February, by Major
C. H. E. Adamson. ‘Two specimens of the male were also taken by Mr. W.
Doherty in the Karen Hills, Hast Pegu, at 4000 feet elevation in March and April,
1890” (H. J. Elwes, P. Z. §. 1891, 270).
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 141, figs. 2, 2a, represent the male
from Kathapa, kindly lent for this purpose from Major Adamson’s collection.
Iypo-Matayan sprotus or Mutyntas.—WM. Lais (Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 114,
figs. A, B (1779). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 62, pl. ix. fig. 2 (1882). Staudinger,
Exot. Schmett. p. 237, pl. 86, ¢ (1887). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra;
Billiton ; Java; Borneo; Siam.—WM. Ceryz (Boisduval. Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 9,
fig. 8 (1836). Habitat. Java—WM. Casiphone (Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. iii.
(1820-26). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 64, pl. vi. fig. 10, ¢ (1882). Semper, Reise
Phiippen, Lep. pl. xi. figs. 11, 12, d 9. Habitat. Singapore; Java; Mindano.
—M. Kumara (Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 239 (1857). Habitat.
Java.—M. Harterti (Elym. Harterti, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 165, pl.
2, fig. 3). Allied to M. Peali. Habitat. Malacca.
ber
164 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Genus BRUASA.
Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, triangular; costa much arched; apex
pointed, very acute; exterior margin oblique and very slightly sinuous, posterior
angle convex; cell very broad and short ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, lower
deeply concave. Hindwing triangularly-ovate ; anterior margin long, apex obtusely
pointed; exterior margin oblique, slightly sinuous; cell short, broad; glandular
patch and tuft of hairs within the cell ; palpi long, slender, porrect.
Typr.—B. Penanga.
BRUASA CHELENSIS (Plate 141, figs. 3, 3a, 3).
Elymnias Chelensis, de Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 200, pl. D, fig. 3, g.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings fuscous-brown. Forewing with the
basal half of the costal and the outer margin narrowly ferruginous brown, the rest of
the wing strongly glossed with rich deep blue, becoming obsolete basally ; two large
conjoined equal-sized oblong upper discal pale blue spots, and three similar but
smaller lower spots in the median interspaces, the lowest being sometimes obsolete.
Hindwing entirely unglossed with blue, the fuscous ground-colour becoming lighter
towards the outer margin, the extreme outer margin ferruginous-brown. Underside;
both wings rich castaneous-brown, sprinkled with purplish and white strige. Fore-
wing with the white mottlings concentrated into an oblique band, which commences
on the costa and ends .at the first median veinlet, where the speckles are more
scattered and larger, and with the mottling extended one-fourth along the costa from
the apex ; inner margin dull fuscous, extending on to the disc beyond the oblique
diseal mottled-band and ending in a point on the third median veinlet. Hindwing
divided into two equal well-defined areas, the basal area rich castaneous, sparsely
sprinkled with dull purplish strigz, the outer area so thickly sprinkled with purplish
confluent-strige that the castaneous ground-colour is almost obliterated; a large
oval pale ochreous spot in the middle of the upper subcostal interspace ; an outer
discal or submarginal series of five minute black dots inwardly marked with a
minute white dot, one in each interspace.
Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2;% inches.
Hasirat.—Khasia Hills; Upper Tenasserim.
According to Mr. L. de Nicéville this is “closely allied to Elym. penanga
[mehida, Hewitson] from the Malay Peninsula, from which it differs in the
apex of the forewing being more produced, the outer margin much less
sinuous, the apex of the hindwing also more produced, the outer margin con-
siderably truncated and entire; in the costa of the forewing and of the outer
margin of both wings on the upperside being tinged with ferruginous, instead
ELYMNIINZ. 165
of being concolorous with the rest of the wing, as in H. penanga [mehida]; in the
forewing [in the type] having four instead of five spots, owing to the posterior one
being absent; in the two anterior spots being shorter, wider, and conjoined instead
of well separated; in the hindwing being entirely unglossed with blue, whereas in
EF. penanga [mehida] it is strongly blue-glossed ; in the markings of the underside of
both wings being more variegated, and in the presence [in the type] of the large
ochreous subcostal spot of the hindwing” (de Nicéville, J. c.).
Distrizution.—* The type specimens were captured by the Rev. W. A.
Hamilton’s native collectors at Chelapunji, at the foot of the Khasia hills, on the
Silhet side, at nearly sea-level” (de N.J.c.) A single male, taken by Major C.
H. E, Adamson, on April 23rd, 1880, in Upper Tenasserim on the road to the Siam
frontier, which is evidently of the same species, has five blue elongated spots on
the forewing above, and on the underside the ochreous subcostal spot is absent, this
spot being also either absent or present in the male of the allied Malay species,
B. penanga. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8.1891, 269) records a single specimen from
the low country of Hast Pegu, taken by Mr. W. Doherty.
Both this species, and penanga, are mimics of the Huploine butterfly
Calliplea Ledereri.*
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 141, fig. 3 is a reproduction
of M. de Nicéville’s figure of the type, and fig. 8a is from the Burmese specimen
taken by Major Adamson.
Inpo-Maayan species or Bruasa.—B. Penanga (Melanitis Penanga, Westwood,
Gen. D. Lep. p. 405, ¢ (1851). Habitat. Penang—B. Mehida (Elymnias Mehida,
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Mel. pl. figs. 2, 8, ¢ (1863). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p.
63, pl. 7, fig. 6, ¢; pl. 6, fig. 11, 2 (1882). Habitat. Malacca. Singapore.—B.
Sumatrana (Elymnias Sumatrana Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, ¢.
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii, Mel. pl. figs. 1, 4, ? (1863). Habitat. Sumatra.—B.
Abrisa (Elymnias Abrisa, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 531; Rhop. Malayana,
p. 421, pl. 43, fig. 5, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—B. Borneensis (Elym-
nias Borneensis; Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1892, p. 428). Habitat. N.-EH.
Borneo.—B. Konga (Elymnias Konga, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 317).
Habitat. Kina Balu, N. Borneo.
Genus MIMADELIAS.
Wings shorter, broader, and more regularly triangular than in Hlymnias. Fore-
wing with the costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly
scalloped ; posterior margin slightly convex, the middle portion being folded over on to
* See vol. i. plate 36, figs. ], la.
166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. a
the upperside and there covering a scabrous glandular patch of scales situated below the
submedian vein, a tuft of fine erectile hairs arising from the inner end of the patch, and
enclosed within the fold. Veins as in Elymnias. Hindwing obtusely-ovate, the
costa much arched at the base, exterior margin convex and scalloped, but not cau-
date, the anal angle rounded. Cell shorter and broader, the discocellular outwardly-
oblique, nearly straight; other veins and also the glandular patch and tuft of hairs
within the cell, as in Hlymnias.
T'ype.—M. Vasudeva.
The species of this genus are mimics of the Pierine butterflies of the genus
Delias.
Hasits ; AND Foop pLant or Caterrittar.— According to the observations
of Capt. Godfery (Distant Rhop. Malay. 423) the species of this genus (M.
Godferyi) found in the Malay Peninsula, was captured ‘hovering with some-
what feeble flight over the high banks separating the road from the adjacent
forest.” Mr. Distant also records (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50) on the authority
of Mr. W. B. Pryer, that in North Borneo the larva of this same species (God-
feryi) “feeds on an Orchid—a specimen of this orchid hanging in my verandah
attracted two or three females, and a caterpillar feeding on the orchid was bred up
and produced the male butterfly. This butterfly may be described as rare, but is
probably common enough 150 feet above ground amongst the tree tops, where only
the orchid grows.”
MIMADELIAS VASUDEVA (Plate 142, figs. 1, la, b, e,¢ 9).
Elymnias Vasudeva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 327.
Dyctis Vasudeva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 525. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 278, pl. xvii. fig. 61, g (1883).
Elymnias Thycana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 323, ¢.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dull black, glossed with indigo-blue ;
some bluish-grey strigw along the costal edge, a bluish-grey broad fusiform cell-
streak cut by the discocellulars, below which are three longitudinal median discal
streaks, and beyond is an excurved outer decreasing series of six small streaks,
the cell and discal streaks being, generally, narrowed at their outer end, and
joined to the opposite outer streak, and the extreme outer margin also lunularly
speckled with bluish scales ; posterior margin with the middle portion folded over
upon the upperside and there covering a scabrous glandular patch of scales situated
below the submedian vein, a tuft of fine erectile hairs arising from the inner end of the
patch, and enclosed within the fold, the inner surface of the fold being white, and
the tuft brownish-ochreous. Hindwing with the costal border and exterior margin
ELYMNIINZ. 167
broadly dull blue-black, the extreme edge of the exterior margin lunularly speckled
with bluish-grey scales ; the lower half of the cell, a streak beyond the cell, and the
inner interspaces of the median veins to the abdominal margin white, thus forming
a large white lower basal area; glandular tuft of hairs within the cell pale brownish-
ochreous. Underside dull white; veins black lined. Forewing numerously covered
with black strige, which are broadest and partly confluent on the basal area, par-
tially absent across the disc and more slender but less densely packed on the outer
area. Hindwing with the basal third and the outer border decreasing to anal angle
more densely covered with confluent black strigew, the upper discal interspaces
being ochreous-white, bare of strige, and the lower interspaces broadly also bare,
but of a chrome-yellow colour; between the base of the internal and lower median
vein is ared patch. Clothing of body above and palpi tipt with bluish-grey; head
above and thorax beneath with white spots; collar white; legs above bluish-grey,
beneath brown ; antennz brown above, ochreous beneath.
Female. Wings somewhat longer than in male. Upperside paler. Forewing
with the longitudinal streaks duller, less prominent, and more diffused. Hindwing
with the outer band traversed by broad transverse grey strigze. Underside as in
the male, but with all the strigze more slender and uniformly disposed.
Expanse, d 3,, ¢ 3, inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim.
This very peculiarly marked species is a mimic of the common Pierine butterfly
Delias pasithoe.
Distrisution.—Specimens in Mr. O. Miller’s collection, now in the possession
of the Hon. W. Rothschild, were taken in Sikkim from June to October. The late
W. 8. Atkinson obtained it in Sikkim. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained it in “ Sikkim
at low elevations, in October” (J. A. S. Beng. 1882, 56). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1888, 331) records it as ‘‘ not uncommon in the low valleys of Sikkim,
at 1000 to 2000 feet, from May to October.”
MIMADELIAS DEVA. (Plate 142, figs. 2, 2a, 3° ?).
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with much broader and paler grey
streaks between the veins, these being entire from the base of wing to the outer
border. Hindwing with a narrower outer marginal band, the upper portion being
composed of the broad black ends of the veins. Underside. Forewing whiter, with
similarly, but less dense black strige. Hindwing with similar basal marks, narrow
strigose outer border, and bright ochreous medial and lower area; red spot dis-
tinct.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar broad but duller bluish-grey streak
168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
between the veins, as in male. Hindwing with broader outer band traversed by
slender bluish-grey strige. Underside as in male.
Expanse, d 3, ? 3,%, inches.
Hapitat.—Assam ; Khasia Hills.
DistriBuTIon.—Specimens were taken by the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson in Silhet.
Mr. J. J. Weir possesses a male from Assam. Col. Godwin Austen obtained it in
the Khasia Hills. Specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s
native collectors, are in Col. C. Swinhoe’s collection.
MIMADELIAS BURMENSIS (Plate 143, figs. 1, la, b,c, g$ 2).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with dark bluish-grey streaks between
the veins, which are broad and continuous. Hindwing with broad biack outer
border ending narrowly at the anal angle, the lower white discal area being broadly
ochreous-tinted. Underside. Ground-colour white. J orewing with more densely
disposed and finer strige than in Vasudeva or Deva. Hindwing also with the basal
area and exterior margin more densely covered with black confluent-strigze than in
the above; the upper medial interspaces being quite white; red spot prominent and
large.
Female. Forewing with the dark bluish-grey streaks confined to the base,
and to an outer excurved series. Hindwing with a broad black marginal lunulose
band. Underside. Forewing with densely-disposed strigze. Hindwing with the
auterior border and outer margin to near anal angle uniformly strigose, the lower
discal area bright-ochreous.
Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ¢ 3,% inches.
Hazitat.—Burma ; Tenasserim.
DistrisuTionN.—Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at “ Kathapa, Upper
Burma, in February.” A female, in Mr. F. Godman’s collection, from “Taoo,
3000 to 5000 feet, Upper Tenasserim,”’ was taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8.
1878, 826). Capt. E. Y. Watson records ‘“‘a single male taken at Beeling, Upper
Tenasserim, in January” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, p. 4). Mr. H. J. Elwes
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 419), also records it from ‘‘ Tavoy, in March.”
Inpo-Matayan ALLIED Mimapetias.—M. Godferyi (Elymnias Godferyi, Distant,
Rhop. Malayana, p. 423, pl. 39, fig. 5, % (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula;
N. Borneo.—M. Borneensis (Elymnias Borneensis, Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1869, p. 824, 2. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 237, pl. 86, ¢ (1887). Habitat.
Sarawak, Borneo.—M. Egialina (Melanitis Egialina, Felder, Noy. Reise, Lep. iii. pl.
61, figs. 7, 8 (1867). Habitat. Luzon.
ELYMNIINE. 169
Genus AGRUSIA.
Imaco.—Male. Forewing very short and broad, triangular; costa much arched,
apex obtuse ; exterior margin almost erect and very slightly scalloped, posterior
angle rounded; posterior margin long, with the middle longitudinally folded wpon
the upperside and covering a scabrous patch of scales below the submedian vein, the
patch with an erectile tuft of hatrs arising from the inner end; cell short, very broad.
Hindwing short, and very broad, triangular; anterior margin arched at the base,
apex obtuse, exterior margin obliquely-convex and almost even, anal angle obtuse ;
the normal glandular tuft within the cell ; the cell short and broad.
Typz.—A. Hsaca.
The species of this genus are mimics of the Nymphalid butterflies of the
** protected” section of the genus Huthalia—of which lepidea, ambalika, Diardi,
Andersonii, etc., are representatives.
According to Mr. W. B. Pryer (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50) the A. Hsaca is
found in N. Borneo, “in fairly open ground, in sunshine.”
AGRUSIA ANDERSONII (Plate 143, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ ).
Dyctis Andersonii, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 33, pl. 8, fig. 5, 3.
Dyctis Esaca (part), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 278,
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent violet-brown. Forewing with a
marginal excurved series of lilacine-grey spots, the three upper of which are of a
lengthened oval form, and the three lower pyriform with the point acute. Hind-
wing with a broad marginal scalloped-edge lilacine-grey band. Underside pale
vinous-brown, the apical area of forewings and the exterior marginal area of hind-
wings whitish ; covered with numerous darker brown more or less confluent strigze,
which are broadest from the disc to the base. Female unknown.
Expanse, ¢ 23 inch.
Hasitat.—Mergui Archipelago.
This species is, apparently, a mimic of the Nymphalid Huthalia Andersonit.
DistrisuTion.—A single specimen was taken by Dr. J. Anderson at Minthan-
toung, Mergui, in December.
Inpo-Matayan allied species of Acrusta.—A. Hsacoides, de Nicéville, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 323, ¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra
(Coll. Godman).—A. Hsaca (Melanitis Esaca), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 405, 3
(1851). Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ui. Mel. pl. fig. 5, ¢ (1863). Elym. Egialina,
Semper [nec Felder], Reisen Philippen, Lep. i. pl. xii. figs. 7, 8, ¢ (1886). Habitat.
Borneo.* Philippines.
* Not Assam, as has erroneously been stated.
voL. 1. October 23rd, 1898. P
170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Sub-family AMATHUSIINZ.
Morphide (part) Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 332 (1851).
Morphine (part) Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 8 (1869). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 115 (1871).
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 281 (1883).
Nymphaline (part) Bates, Journ. Ent. 1864, p. 176. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 26 (1881).
Nymphaline (group Morphina), Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 67 (1882).
Morphide (sect. B.), Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 182 (1889).
Imaco.—Wings broad, ample, varying in outline; generally ocellated on the
underside. Forewing with the costal vein generally slightly and gradually dilated
at the base ; first subcostal veinlet long, emitted before end of the cell; second sub-
costal four-branched; cell short and very broad, completely closed ; median and
submedian both with a basal more or less slightly-projected approximating tumid
angle, that of the submedian in typical Zeuxidia (Luxerii) being developed into a
short spur. Hindwing with the cell area rather narrow, partly closed, or entirely
open, the discocellular veinlet appearing asa third subcostal branch ; no prediscoidal
cell; the inner margin of the wing broadly channelled, and enclosing the entire
abdomen ; the male furnished with a glandular patch or patches of scales, and tufts
of overlapping hairs on various positions of the upperside of this wing, or with
a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian or internal vein. Body robust, seldom
elongate ; thorax woolly ; the abdomen sometimes furnished with subanal lateral
glandular tufts of hairs, or with basal glandular patches of scales; head usually
small, tufted; eyes large, prominent, naked; palpi slender, somewhat elongate,
erect, or sometimes porrect, the front edge not dilated, clothed in front with dense
appressed hairs, above with longer hairs ; antenne long, slender, with a lengthened,
very gradually slender club ; forelegs of male small, brush-like ; those of the female
larger, longer, and less hairy ; anal claspers elongate, narrow.
CaterPItLAR.—Cylindrical, of nearly equal thickness throughout ; hairy ; head
(in Amathusia) furnished with two palmated processes, and anal segment (in Ama-
thusia and Discophora) with two fleshy setose points. In Xanthotznia (according
to Mr. W. Doherty, P. Boston N. H. 8. 1890, 60) the larva is not hairy.
Curysatis.—Elongate, boat-shaped, head-piece prolonged into an acuminated
bifid point.
Eac.—* Globular, translucent, hard, not so high as wide, smooth (Discophora,
Thaumantis), or obscurely facetted (Clerome) ” (Doherty, J. A. 5. Bengal, 1886,
109).
Hasits or Imaco.—According to the observations made by Mr. W. Doherty,
“they are all crepuscular. Except Clerome and Xanthotenia, they have the curious
habit of flying up and down a given space for an hour about sunset and sunrise, as
if taking a ‘ constitutional,’ never varying a hair’s breadth from their given ‘beat,’
AMATHUSIIN 4. 171
except when disturbed by another of the same species. In that case they fly with
lightning rapidity, and in a most erratic way, and once I saw a Discophora dash
himself to pieces upon an obstructive bough, through which he was apparently
trying to fly. This is quite true, though it sounds improbable. They fly so fast
that they generally get broken in the net by the force of impact; you may strike at
them a dozen times as they pass you without inducing them to change their route”
(Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1890, 60). Mr. L. de Nicéville states that: “ All
of them affect shade, flying but little unless disturbed, and resting near the ground
with closed wings, usually amongst dead leaves” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 43). As
observed in N. Borneo, by Mr. W. B. Pryer, “One or two species of not common
Morphine are almost the only butterflies found in the deep gloomy forest which
covers by far the great bulk of the country. Thaumantis comes next, perhaps, in its
preference for heavy forest”? (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, 45).
Foop Pranrs or Carmrrittar.—The caterpillar of Discophora Celinde feeds upon
the leaves of the Cocoanut Palm tree, and that of Disc. indica upon the Bamboo.
The larva of Amathusia phidippus also feeds upon the Cocoanut Palm tree.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMATHUSIIN®.
The differential characteristics, between the Amathusiine and the American
Morphine, are as follows :—
AMATHUSIINA. Morpuin2.
Forewine.—First subcostal veinlet only emitted Forew1ne.—First and second subcostal veinlets free
before end of the cell. and both emitted before end of the cell.
Second subcostal veinlet four-branched. Third subcostal veinlet three-branched.
Cell short, very broad, not extending to Cell very long, narrow, extending to nearly
half length of the wing. two-thirds the length of the wing.
No median vein spur, but the median and Median vein witha basalspur. Submedian
submedian with a slightly projected, approxi- slender, no basal tumid angle.
mating tumid angle, that of the submedian
in Zeuxidia developed into a slight spur.
Hinpwine.—Celleither partially closedorentirely open, Hinpwixe.—Cell entirely open.
Cell area rather narrow. Cell area rather broad.
Male furnished with glandular patches of Male. Glandular patches or tufts not
scales and tufts of hairs on various parts of present.
this wing.
Bopy.—Robust, thorax woolly. Bopy.—Somewhat slender, smoothly scaled.
Antenne long. Antenne short.
Abdomen sometimes with a glandular patch Abdomen. Glandular patch or tuft not
of scales on the base beneath, or with lateral present.
tufts.
Anal claspers of male elongate, narrow. Anal claspers of male broad, thick.
Z2
172 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
AmatHustinz—(continued). Morputx x—(continued).
Hasits or Isaco.—Crepuscular ; affecting shady Hasits or Imaco.—Diurnal, flying in the hottest
undergrowth in forests. sunshine.
Larva.—Hairy ; head with or without two promi- Larva.—Hairy; head and anal segment with or
nent processes on vertex; anal segment with without very short, obtuse, inconspicuous
two elongate processes, processes.
Pura.—Elongate, boat-shaped; head-piece pro- Pupa.—Stout; head-piece broad, and with widely
longed into an acuminated bifid-point. separated short points.
The characteristics of the AmaTaHustINm, as above defined, we consider amply
distinctive for justifying their entire separation from the true Morpuiya, with which
they have hitherto been mostly included, and have therefore adopted the oldest
generic name for their designation.
In the Brassotm#, the American allied sub-family, the forewing, in all the
known genera, has both the first and second subcostals free, and the third subcostal
three-branched ; the hindwing also having a prediscoidal cell; the antennz being
long, and in Opsiphanes with a stout club. In the genus Caligo, the males are
furnished with secondary sexual characters, the hindwing of the male of C. Ampht-
medon possessing a glandular-tufted pouch along the base of the submedian vein, and
it also has a large prominent glandular patch of scales near the end of this vein,
besides also having a glandular patch of scales on the side of the abdomen. In the
genus Opsiphanes, the hindwing of the male of O. Xanthus and O. Cassie possesses
a subcostal glandular tuit, and a tufted pouch along the submedian vein, in addition
to a glandular patch of scales on the side of the abdomen. 'The larva of the Brasso-
line are elongate, thickest about the middle, minutely hairy, or nearly nude, the head
being furnished with two lengthened spiny processes on the vertex, and two or three
shorter lateral processes, and the anal segment with two elongated fleshy processes.
The pupx are somewhat stout, the thorax broad and truncate in front, the head-piece
with two short widely separated points.
Key to tap InpriAN Genera OF AMATHUSIINZ.
A.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell partially closed by a short lower discocellular
veinlet. Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched.
a.—Forewing with the upper median veinlet emitting a short spur beyond
the cell,
a.—Hindwing of male with a two subcostal glandular tufted patches, and
a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian vein . : . ZEUXIDIA.
b.—Forewing without the upper submedian spur.
a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian
vein. : . : AMATHUXIDIA.
}.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell open, but apparently partially closed by a short
AMATHUSIIN &. 173
transverse discocellular foldin the wing membrane, Forewing with
the second subcostal veinlet four-branched.
a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular-tufted pouch along the submedian
vein . : : : Pers : - . A - . AMATHUSIA,
C.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell completely open.
A. 1.—Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched.
a.— Hindwing of male with a small subcostal glandular tufted pouch . NanDoGEa.
b.—Hindwing of male with a large subcostal glandular hairy patch, and
a glandular tufted pouch along the internal vein. Abdomen
beneath with a basal glandular patch of scales : : . THAURIA.
¢.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch on internal vein,
and a large discal glandular patch. Abdomen beneath with
a basal glandular patch of scales . é 3 . DiscopHora.
A. 2,—Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet three- ate ia
a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch along the internal
vein. Abdomen beneath with a basal glandular patch of
scales . - . ENISPE.
b.—Hindwing of male with | a fii ities Sindee tufted pee . STICHOPHTHALMA.
A. 3.— Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched.
a.—Hindwing of male with a small subcostal glandular tufted pouch . CLBROME,
b.—Hinduing of male with a glandular tuft along submedian vein. . Mona
XANTHOTZNIA.
Genus ZEUXIDIA.
Zeuxidia, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. Index p. 2 (1820-26). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus.
pt. i. p. 114 (1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 327 (1851). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 72
(1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. p. 285 (1883). Staudinger and Schiitz,
Exot. Schmett, ii. p. 186 (1889). Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 72 (1887).
Tuaco.—Male. Wings large, short, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa convex,
apex acute, exterior margin oblique, even, very slightly concave, posterior angle
rounded, posterior margin extremely convex; costal and subcostal vein much arched
at the base; cell very broad ; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fourth before end
of the cell and touching the costal near its end, second subcostal emitted at about half
its length beyond the cell; upper discocellular short, almost erect, bent close to sub-
costal; lower discocellular very long, outwardly oblique and concave at upper end;
upper radial from angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above middle of disco-
cellulars; median veinlets equidistant apart, straight, the middle median emitted at
some distance before end of the cell; wpper median bent beyond the cell and emitting
a short outwardly curved spur from the angle; submedian vein bent downward close
at its base and emitting a very short spur from the angle, thence closely following
the curve of the posterior margin. Hindwing short, produced hindward; anterior
margin convex, apex rounded, exterior margin convex and produced at the anal angle
into a broad pointed tail; abdominal margin convex and broadly channelled to
174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
receive the abdomen; costal vein with a short curved inner spur; first subcostal
veinlet arched, starting at two-thirds before end of the cell, the radial (the base of
which is homologous to an upper discocellular) starting from below the second sub-
costal at more than one-third before end of the cell; median veinlets straight, the
upper median giving off a short incomplete tubular discocellular veinlet, which latter
does not reach the radial but completely terminates at a short distance from it, and
thus leaves the cell partially open; swbmedian vein long, much recurved, and on the
upperside of the wing has a lengthened fold along its inner edge, and a narrow lateral
glandular pouch at the middle of its length, the pouch being open on the upperside
of the wing and enclosing an erectile tuft of long bristly hairs, the edge of the fold
above being fringed with fine woolly hairs ; within the cell there are two small oval
superposed glandular patches, and above the cell, between the subcostal and costal veins,
is a third similar glandular patch, each patch being overlaid by a tuft of erectile hairs
arising from their inner end. Body woolly; head woolly in front; eyes large,
prominent, naked; palpi elongate, narrow, compressed, erect, extending above level
of the vertex, densely clothed with appressed scales beneath, laxly hairy above,
terminal joint slender, pointed; antennz long, slender, distinctly articulated, the
club very siender and elongated. Forelegs of male slender, hairy, of female rather
longer, more robust, tarsus spiny beneath.
Typr.—Z. Luxerii.
ZEUXIDIA MASONTI (Plate 144, figs. 1, la, b, J 2).
Zeuwidia Masoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 826, 9. Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, 1882, p. 89. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 286 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violescent-brown, palest at the margins. Cilia
cinerescent-white. Forewing crossed by a subapical excurved broad decreasing
violet-blue band, extending from the costa to below the lower median veinlet. Hind-
wing with a broad violet-blue posterior patch extending broadly from the submedian
vein and decreasing upward along the outer border to near the apex ; within the cell
is a small oval glandular patch overlaid by a tuft of erectile blackish hairs arising
from its inner end; above the cell is a smaller similar glandular patch, which is over-
laid by a tuft of ochreous hairs, and along the inner edge of the base of the submedian
vein is a lengthened glandular pouch, which is fringed by long dark-brown hairs and
a terminal tuft of erectile ochreous hairs. Underside purpurescent-brown ; crossed
by a narrow brown discal fascia with sharply-defined outer edge, four short basal
fascise, and a very indistinctly defined submarginal sinuous line, the basal interspaces,
the apical area beyond the cell, and the posterior area of the hindwing, being washed
with glossy pale purplish-grey. On the hindwing are two small brownish-ochreous
ocelli, the upper one situated between the subcostals, the lower between the middle and
AMATHUSIIN 2. 175
lower median veinlets. Body beneath, legs and palpi pale brown; forelegs beneath
whitish ; side of palpi white streaked.
Female. Upperside ochreous-brown basally, dusky-brown anteriorly. Forewing
crossed by an oblique subapical broad pale yellow band, which is entire from the
costa to the middle median veinlet, below which is a small triangular spot followed
by two pale ochreous lower submarginal spots and lower marginal line; a small pale
yellow spot also before the apex. Hindwing broadly lunularly-bordered with pale
ochreous or cinnamon-brown. Underside similarly coloured to male.
Expanse, d 3,8 to 4, ? 4;% mches.
Hasitat.— Upper Tenasserim.
The male of Z. Masoni is distinguishable, from the same sex of the allied Ma-
layan Z. Amethystus, on the upperside of the forewing, in the oblique blue band being
comparatively narrower and more excurved in its course; and on the hindwing in
the posterior blue band extending fully up to the upper median veinlet and more
narrowly along the margin to the apex. On the underside the ground-colour is
darker, the discal transverse fascia and the short basal fasciz also darker ; the two
ocelli on the hindwing being about half the size. The female of Z. Masoni differs
from the same sex of Z. Amethystus in its paler ochreous-brown colour, and on the
forewing in the greater width of the subapical pale yellow band, this band being
entire and terminates at the middle median veinlet, below which are two small yellow
spots, but no inner discal third spot. The hindwing is broadly bordered with pale
ochreous or cinnamon-brown.
Distrisution.—The type specimen—a female—was taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg
at Meetan, 3000 feet altitude, Upper Tenasserim, in April. A male was also taken
by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, at the
same season. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in Hast Pegu, at 4000 to 5000 feet, in
March, April and May.
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 144, fig. 1, la is that of a male
in Mr. Philip Crowley’s collection, and fig. 1b is that of a female, from East Pegu,
taken by Mr. W. Doherty, and now in the possession of Mr. F. Godman.
Inpo-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES OF ZeEuxIDIA.—Z. Luwerti, Hibner, Samml. Exot.
Schmett ii. (1820-26). Westwood, Cab. Oriental Ent. pl. 19, fig. 5 (1848). Syn.
Z. Boisduvalii, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 329 (1851). Habitat. Java.—Z. Doubledayi,
Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 329, pl. 52, fig. 1, ? (1851). Marshall and de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, i. p. 287, fig. ¢ (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 424, fig. ¢ ;
id. pl. 88, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.—Z. Amethystus.
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 485. Distant, Rhopal, Malayana, p. 72, pl. 7, figs.
1, 2, d% (1882); id. p. 424, pl. 38, fig.5, d. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188,
pl. 68, ¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Z. Wallacei, Felder, Reise
176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Novara, Lep. p. 461, pl. 62, fig. 3. Habitat. Borneo.—Z. Horsfieldii, Felder, Reise
Novara, Lep. iii. p. 460, pl. 62, fig. 4 (1867). Habitat. Java.—Z. Victriz, Staud-
inger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 41. Habitat. Palawan.—Z. Semperi, Felder,
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 304; Reise Novara, Lep. iii. pl. 62, figs. 1, 2 (1867).
Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippen, Lep. p. 72 (1887). Habitat. Luzon.—Z. Sibulana,
Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 205, pl. 2, fig. 2, ¢; pl. 3, fig. 2a od; pl. 4,
fig. 2,b 2. Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Lep. p. 73. Habitat. Mindanao.
Genus AMATHUXIDIA.
Amathuxidia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887).
Imaco.—Wings large, short, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa much
arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin almost erect, even, posterior angle rounded;
posterior margin almost straight ; cell short, very broad ; first subcostal emitted at
one-fifth before end of the cell and touching the costal vein near its end; dis-
cocellulars concave, lower very oblique; median veins slightly curved, upper median
bent beyond the cell, but not spurred. Hindwing produced posteriorly into a short
spatulate tail; cell partially closed by a short spur, which extends from the upper
median veinlet to near the lower subcostal; on the upper side is a large velvety
glandular patch extending across the middle of the cell to below the middle and lower
medians, but which is not accompanied with the usual overlapping tuft of hairs; along
the inner edge of the middle of the suwbmedian vein is a lengthened fold and narrow
glandular pouch with an accompanying radiating-tuft of erectile hairs.
Typr.—A. Amythaon.
AMATHUXIDIA AMYTHAON (Plate 145, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2).
Amathusia Amythaon, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 175; List Lep. Brit. Mus. App.
p. 29 (1848). Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 39, pl. 19, figs, 1, 2,3, @ 9
(1848). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 291 (1883).
Amathuxidia Amythaon, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887).
Amathusia Portheus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 461, ¢ 9 (1867). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag.
1869, p. 55. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i p. 293, fig. ¢ (1883).
Amathusia Westwoodti, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1869, p. 59.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, the basal area almost
black ; cilia white. Forewing crossed by an oblique medial broad excurved pur-
purescent violet-blue band extending from the costa to the submedian vein, the band
being of uniform width to the lower median veinlet, below which it is somewhat
narrower. Hindwing with a large reddish-brown glandular patch extending across
the middle of the cell to below the medians, the patch being clothed with laxly
packed lengthened broad blackish scales of mostly equal width and obtuse tips ; no
AMATHUSIINZ. 177
androconia; and along the inner edge of the middle of the submedian vein is a
lengthened fold and a narrow glandular pouch, with accompanying radiating tuft of
erectile ochreous hairs. Underside pale purpurescent-cinereous. Forewing crossed
by three chocolate-brown slender cell-streaks, an erect medial streak, and two discal
more slender streaks, also by a less distinct submarginal line. Hindwing crossed by
outwardly-oblique slender chocolate-brown cell-streaks, a long basal streak, which
latter joins a medial streak by the subanal ocellus, beyond which is a discal streak
which is ‘bent below the ocellus and ascends up the abdominal margin, also a
submarginal similar streak; a large ocellus situated between the subcostals, and
another ocellus between the lower medians, each with grey and brown-speckled
centre, white pupil, and a slender black outer ring. Body beneath, legs beneath,
collar, and palpi pale lilacine-cinereous ; palpi tipt with brown ; legs above brown.
Female. Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a broad oblique
medial yellow band, which is narrower than in the male, and does not extend across
end of the cell, as occurs in the male; the inner edge of the band irregularly
sinuous, there is also a faint brown wavy discal line across its middle, and a similar
line near the outer margin; below the band is asmall yellow lunate spot between
the middle and lower medians. Hindwing with the spatulate-tail marked with two
black-and-white lunate spots. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous, crossed by
similar but paler brown streaks, as in the male, the ocelli being larger.
Expanse ¢ 4,4 to 5, 2 5 to 5;% inches.
Hasrrat (? Sikkim). Assam; Sylhet; Cachar; Naga Hills; Hast Peeou;
Tenasserim.
We have examined the type specimens in the collection of the British Museum,
described by Mr. Doubleday as Amythaon, the specimens figured by Prof. Westwood,
now in the Oxford University Museum (the male of which is badly engraved on
the plate in his ‘ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,” and was subsequently named
** Westwoodti”’ by Mr. Butler); and, by the kindness of Mr. Walter Rothschild, we
have also compared Dr. Felder’s types of the male and female Portheus, these
comparisons proving that they all represent but one species.
Distrieution.—* The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar,
in Assam, from Sikkim, and from Cachar. The latter taken by Mr. Wood-Mason in
August” (Butt. Ind. i. 293). According to Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
334) ‘it occurs very rarely, if at all, in Sikkim.” The type specimens described by
Mr. E. Doubleday are labelled ‘‘Sylhet.”” We possess both sexes from Sylhet.
Specimens from the Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley. Mr. Elwes
(P. Z. S. 1891, 270) records “ three males and one female, taken by Mr. Doherty at
the foot of the Karen Hills.’’ Capt. C. T. Bingham “took a few specimens of both
sexes in the autumn and winter months in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper
VoL. Il. Aa
178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Tenasserim” (Butt. Ind. i, 293). Major C. H. E. Adamson (List of Burmese
Butterflies, p. 10) ‘‘obtained two males, which flew into his tent about 6 p.m. on
Christmas Day, 1879, when encamped in evergreen forest near the sources of the
‘houngyeen River in Upper Tenasserim.” We also possess a male from Tavoy.
Mr. A. R. H. Tucker recently took specimens in Tavoy, in heavy forest, flying both
at sundown and in the early morning.
Inpo-MatayaN ALLIED SPECIES OF AMATHUXIDIA.—A. dilucida (Amathusia dilucida,
Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 206, pl. 3, fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 3, b, % (1884).
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 423, pl. 38, fig. 7, d (1886). Habitat. Malay Penin-
sula.—A. insularis (Amathusia insularis, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1891,
p. 25. Habitat. Engano, Nias Islands.—A. Porthaon (Amathusia Porthaon Felder,
Reise Novara, Lep. ui. p. 779 (1867). Habitat. Java.— A. Ottomana, Butler,
Entom. Monthly Mag. 1869, p.55. Habitat. Borneo.—4d. Pylaon (A. Pylaon, Felder
Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 461. Habitat. Java.— A. Philippina (Amathusia
Portheus, Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 71, pl. 13, fig. 7, ?). Habitat.
Philippines.
The following is an allied genus :—
Amaxipia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1. p. 188 (1887).—Type.
192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
the outer margin, the middle row being slightly incurved; the discal and inner
submarginal row are lilacine-white, the former somewhat diamond-shaped, the latter
broadly triangulate, the outer row being pale ochreous and narrowly lunate; a
dusky-brown spot upon the middle of the discocellulars, and a dot obliquely below
it within the cell, these two spots being indistinctly ochreous-bordered. Hindwing
crossed by a short upper discal and two complete submarginal rows of pale ochreous
triangulate spots, followed by a broad lunular marginal border; the discal black
glandular patch very prominent. Underside ochreous ; crossed by a broad inner-
discal purple-brown somewhat sinuous-edged fascia, composed of speckled striga,
a less-defined similar outer discal fascia, and a narrower submarginal fascia; there
is also a narrow sinuous but less-defined subbasal fascia, and two basal cell-dots,
and a discocellular speckled-dot. On the hindwing also there is a small ocellate
spot between the subcostals and a less-defined ocellule between the lower medians,
Body, palpi, and legs beneath pale ochreous. Abdomen beneath with a small
glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales, placed on each side of the keel near
the base.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler ochreous-brown, darkest externally; the
basal half being somewhat ochreous. Forewing crossed by three similar rows of
larger spots, the discal row being lilacine-white and with a larger upper spot, the
two upper also being bent inward to near the costa, the lower of the middle row
ochreous-tinged, the outer row ochreous, and the two inner spots above and those
below the radial confluent; the discocellular and cell spots distinct, their borders
and the basal interspaces of the medians pale ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a
complete discal and two submarginal rows of ochreous triangulate spots; the cell
spot distinct. Underside paler than in the male, markings the same, the two small
ocellules on the hindwing white-centred,
Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 3%, % 3; inches.
Hasrrat.—Khasia Hills. Upper Burma.
DisTRIBUTION.—We possess specimens of this species from the Khasia Hills,
taken by Major Godwin-Austen. Specimens are also in the collection of Mr,
Philip Crowley. Major C. H. E, Adamson has a male, taken at Singoo, 4000 feet
elevation, in March, and a female taken at Kindat, Upper Burma, in April, 1892,
both of which are typical D. Zal.
DISCOPHORA INDICA (Plate 153, figs. 1, la, b, c, dj 9, larva and pupa),
Discophora Tullia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 211, pl. 12, figs. 15, 15a, larva
and pupa (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 74, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9, d ¢ (1883); Ann, Nat. Hist.
AMATHUSIIN:. 193
1883, p. 352. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i, p. 298, fig. ¢ 9 (1883) nec
Cramer,
Discophora Indica, Staudinger, Exot, Butt. i. p. 190, pl. 63, 9 (1887).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky purpurescent-brown in fresh examples, fading
to dusky ochreous-brown ; cilia ochreous. Forewing crossed by a discal and two
submarginal rows of bluish spots ; the discal row very small, the upper spot largest,
either rounded or linear in shape, and in some they are more or less obsolete, or
occasionally, all, except the upper spot are absent; the middle row larger, dentate,
the upper being sometimes coalesced with its opposite discal; the outer row smaller
and either rounded or lunate. Hindwing with a large discal velvety black glandular
patch of raised scales; these scales being slightly longer and of more irregular
width than those in D. Celinde; with or without faint traces of a submarginal row
of pale ochreous lunules or points, and sometimes also of an inner discal series of
points ; this wing also has the exterior margin either quite even, and angulate in its
middle, or is somewhat scalloped and less distinctly angulate. Underside brownish-
ochreous, with numerous short transverse, more or less intense dark brown strige,
and which are generally less apparent basally ; crossed by a dark brown slender
zigzag subbasal line, a broad discal fascia, an ill-defined slender sinuous submarginal
line, and a lunular marginal fascia, the interspace between the latter being more or
less washed with lilacine-white, which is most intense posteriorly. Forewing also
with three dark brown dots across base of the cell, a ringlet-spot on the discocellulars
and a dot below it. Hindwing also with two basal cell dots and a discocellular dot ;
and a large upper and lower ocellus, both with ochreous centre, white lunate-
pupil, and a slender black outer ring; a third smaller lower ocellus sometimes
being present between the upper medians ; and, in some specimens, generally in
those which have the exterior margin of hindwing most angulate (probably the
dry-season brood), the upper and lower ocellus are both smaller and less-defined.
Body beneath, palpi, and legs ochreous; abdomen beneath with a small glandular
patch of laxly raised ochreous scales placed on each side of the keel near the base ;
antenne brown above, ochreous beneath.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler, darkest upon the discal area. Forewing
with the three transverse rows of spots bluish-white, larger, the lower discal
diamond-shape, the upper largest and disposed inward; the middle row broadly-
dentate, the upper incurved and coalescent with the opposite discal; the outer row
rounded or broadly lunate ; the discocellular spot of the underside sometimes slightly
apparent. Hindwing with a complete discal row and two submarginal rows of pale
ochreous decreasing spots, the discal spots being obtusely dentate, the middle row
acutely dentate, and the outer row more or less lunate or rounded ; followed by
marginal lunules. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, numerously covered with
VOL. Il. ce
194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
olivescent-brown strigz, and crossed with less-defined fascie and markings, and
_ ocelli, as in male.
Expanse, 3 3 to 3,4, 2 3,') to 4 inches.
Aputt Caterrittar.—Length 2} inches; cylindrical; with two short anal
processes ; thickly covered with fine pale ochreous hairs; the third and fourth
segment with a transverse dorsal dense row of longer purple-brown hairs, a sub-
dorsal slight tuft of longer purple-brown hairs arising from anterior edge of the
segments; body dark purple-brown, speckled with grey; a broad dorsal paler
yellower-edged band from fifth to anal segment, the anterior junction of the segments
marked by a subdorsal prominent short black and yellow streak ; head large, dark
purplish-brown, with grey marks.
Curysatis.—Suspended by the tail ; boat-shaped; smooth ; ventral line nearly
straight, dorsal line arched ; thorax also arched ; head-piece prolonged into an acute
apex ; colour pale yellowish-ochreous, with a white bloom.
; Hasitar.—N.-H. India ; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.
Foop prant and nasits of LarvA.—The late Mr. Arthur Grote found the larva
on Bamboo, in the Calcutta district. Mr. W.S. Atkinson also found the larva in
the Calcutta district, “on Bamboo, living between rolled up leaves, on April 23rd,
1856, the larva changing to pupa on the 26th ” (MS. Notes). Dr. Manders (Trans. -
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, 519) found the larva in the Shan States, “on Bamboo, living
during the day among three or four leaves spun together,” and describes the larva
and pupa as follows : “ Full fed larva two inches long; colour black, mottled with
grey ; a rather broad yellowish dorsal line; the junction of the segments marked by
a thin irregular yellow line and red spot ; body covered with white hairs; head and
anus black, the former marked with perpendicular yellow lines. Pupa white, sus-
pended by the tail; the labial palpi prominently projected ; changing to dark brown
a few hours before emergence. The perfect insect remains three weeks in pupa.”
Distrisutronx.—‘‘ Commoner than D. Continentalis, and has been taken in more
localities, but the geographical range is the same within Indian limits, except that
D. indica is known to occur in the Plains of Bengal as far South as Calcutta. It is
common in Sikkim, and in Tenasserim, from September to April. In the neighbour-
hood of Caleutta, Mr. de Nicéville has taken it throughout the year. They rest
under the shade of large trees among the dead leaves on the ground, taking short
flights when disturbed, and are easily captured. They not unfrequently enter houses.
There are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sibsagar, Upper Assam,
and Silhet ” (Butt. Ind. i. 298). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 331)
records it as ‘‘ common in Sikkim up to about 2000 feet, perhaps extending a little
higher, and occurring throughout the year.’ Mr. W. 8. Atkinson obtained it at
* Darjeling, Cherra Punji, and Plains of Bengal”? (MS. Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe
AMATHUSIIN 2. 195
has specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors.
Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 353) records it as “common in the
forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, from May ‘to August.” The late Mr. Arthur
Grote found the larva feeding on Bamboo in the Calcutta district. Mr. W. 8. Atkin-
Son also obtained the larva in the Calcutta district, on Bamboo, living between rolled
up leaves, on April 23rd, 1856. Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken the species “‘in dry
ditches in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, during the cold weather” (J. A. S. Beng.
1885, 43). Mr. J. Rothney obtained it in “ Barrackpore Park, near Calcutta”
(Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882). Mr. Charlton Swinhoe also recently obtained it in the
Calcutta district. In Burma, according to Major C. H. HE. Adamson (List, p. 11)
it is recorded as being common throughout the country; both this species and
D. Continentalis having been caught by me early in the morning before the sun was
much above the horizon.” Captain EH. Y. Watson (J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891,
36) obtained both sexes during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at Tilin
Yaw, in March, April, and September.’ Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it at Bhamo,
and Dr. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) records it as being ‘‘common in the
Shan States.” It has been taken in Rangoon, in July and August. Mr. Ossian
Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘‘Taoo, 3000 to
5000 feet ; Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet; and above Ahsown.” Mr. H. J. Elwes
(J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from Tavoy. We possess a specimen recently
received from Mr. A. R. H. Tucker, taken in Tavoy in December. Mr. Distant
describes and figures both sexes from the Malay Peninsula, the male being entirely
unspotted on the upperside of the forewing (Rhop. Malayana, p. 75, pl. 7). D.
indica is probably only the wet-season form of D. Zal.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 153, fig. 1 represents the larva and
pupa reproduced from Mr. A. Grote’s original drawings of Calcutta'specimens, and
figs. 1, a, b, c, d, the male and female.
DISCOPHORA SPILOPTERA (Plate 154, figs. 1, la, f 2).
Discophora spiloptera, de Nicéville, trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 331.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky ochreous-brown; cilia ochreous. Forewing
crossed by an erect discal, and two erect submarginal rows of rich ochreous spots,
the discal row being small and longitudinally slender, the ordinary spot between the
upper median and radial being obsolescent, and the upper one ochreous-white ; the
middle row composed of large wedge-shaped spots, the outer row of small posteriorly
decreasing rounded spots; the extreme outer margin also lunularly bordered. Hind-
wing crossed by a short upper discal row of two small rounded ochreous spots, an
inner submarginal row of large triangular spots, and an outer row of lunate spots,
the extreme outer margin also broadly lunularly bordered ; the discal black glandular
cc 2
196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
patch very prominent. Underside ochreous, with the fasciz and other markings
similar to those in male D. Zal. Female. Upperside paler ochreous-brown, externally
and between the markings dusky-brown. J orewing with the three transverse rows
of ochreous spots larger than in male, the discal row being much larger, very
prominent, and slightly paler, the dusky-brown cell dots and discocellular spot
present. Hindwing with a complete discal row, and two submarginal rows of much
larger paler ochreous spots, and outer lunular border. Underside paler than in male;
crossed with fasciz as in D. Zal, the basal area also being speckled with transverse
brown strigz, the two small ocelloid spots on hindwing as in D. Zal.
Expanse, d 3,%, ? 4; inches.
Hapirat.—Sikkim.
The male of D. spiloptera is distinguishable from the same sex of D. Zal, by
the difference in size, shape, and colour of the spots on the forewing; the female also
differing from that sex of D. Zal, in these spots being larger, both the inner and
middle series being erect, and wide apart at their upper end. The type specimens,
from which our descriptions and figures are taken, are now in the possession of the
Honble. Walter Rothschild, who has kindly lent them for this purpose, and were
taken in Sikkim by Mr. Otto Moller’s native collectors, in the middle of March,
1887, at about 2000 feet elevation.
Our illustrations of this species, on Plate 154, fig. 1, la are taken from the type
specimens of the male and female, which have been kindly lent for this purpose by
the Honble. Walter Rothschild.
Inpo-Matayan atLigp DiscopHoras.—Discophora Celinde (Pap. Celinde, Stoll,
Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. pl. 87, figs. 1, la, d (1790). Herr.-Sheffer, Exot.
Schmett. ii. figs. 5, 6, d (1853). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, pl. 6,
fig.6, 2; pl. 7, fig. 11, a-h, larva, etc. (1829). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i.
p- 211, pl. 6, figs. 5, 5a, larva and pupa (1857). Staudinger, Exott. Schmet. 1. p.
190, pl. 638, d. Synonyms—Pap. Menetho. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 83, ?
(1793). Jones, Icones, v. pl. 61, ?. Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 1, (1800).
Disc. Menetho. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 45 (1869). Pap. Aristides, Fabr. —
Ent, Syst. ili. i. p. 86, ? (1793). Both sexes of this species (Celinde) were taken,
and the larve bred, in Java, by the late Dr. Horsfield, the males agreeing with the
figure by Stoll, and the females with the type specimen of Menetho, in the ‘* Linnzan
Cabinet,” in the possession of the Linnzan Society of London, a label upon which
latter specimen states that, Jones’ figure (from which Fabricius’ description was
taken) was made from this identical specimen. The Javan female has the ochreous
band on the forewing broad only at its upper end (from the costa to the upper
median), below which are two inner-discal small spots and two outer lunules,
followed by the submarginal row of five lunular patches and the marginal lunules,
AMATHUSIINZ. 197
and on the hindwing also, the submarginal and marginal series are both composed
of larger and broader lunate spots. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Timora, Double-
day and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 2,2(1851). Habitat. Timor.—Discophora
Necho, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 462, ¢ 2 (1867). The male type specimen
of this species, which we have examined, through the kindness of the Honble.
Walter Rothschild, has a broad oblique discal band, similar to that in D. Dis ;
this band having faded to a whitish colour in the type, and described as whitish by
Felder, but which, in freshly-caught specimens, would certainly be blue, as in D.
Dis ; the female having a broad pale ochreous confluent band on the forewing, of the
Celinde pattern. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Dis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay,
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 325, pl. H. fig. 3,¢. Habitat. Sumatra.—Discophora
Cheops, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. i. p. 463 (1867). Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.—
Discophora Ogina (Morpho Ogina, Godart, Enc. Méth. p. 445 (1823). Hiibner,
Samml. Exot. Schmett. (1820-26). Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippen, Lep. i. p. 74,
nec fig.). Syn. D. Melinda, Feld. Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 122. Habitat. Manilla,
Philippines. —Discophora Celebensis, Holland, Proc. Boston, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 59,
pl. 5, figs.5,6, 0 $. Habitat. Celebes.—Discophora Tullia (Pap. Tullia, Cramer, Pap.
Exot. i. pl. 81, figs. A, B,?(1775). D. Tullia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 189
(1887). Male. Upperside dusky purplish-brown ; forewing less acute at the apex and
the posterior angle, and the extreme margin less even thanin Burmese or Indian D.
indica ; the hindwing is convex, somewhat scalloped, and less angular at end of
upper median veinlet. Jorewing with two submarginal transverse rows of small
blue spots, the inner row dentate, the outer row rounded. Hindwing with a very
prominent jet-black discal glandular patch, and a slightly-defined submarginal series
of ochreous points. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous-brown, with numerous
short transverse darker brown strigz, which are most distinct externally ; the normal
subbasal markings indistinct; crossed by a darker brown discal fascia, an ill-defined
submarginal slender fascia and a sinuous marginal fascia, the area between the discal
and submarginal fascia slightly washed and the anal angle of the hindwing distinctly
speckled with llacine-white ; ocelli of hindwing large, distinct and perfectly formed.
Female. Upperside much paler brown. Forewing with three transverse rows of
pale lilacine-blue spots, the discal lower three being small, the upper large, inwardly-
disposed and coalescent with those of the middle row, the other spots large, the
middle row being much incurved in their course. Hindwing with two upper discal
small pale ochreous spots, and two submarginal rows of pale lilacine-blue spots. Under-
side pale olivescent-ochreous, with olivescent-brown markings as in the male; ocelli
large and perfect. Another female has the outer row of spots on upperside of the
forewing pale ochreous, and all those of the hindwing also pale ochreous; the ocelli
on the hindwing beneath being small and ill-defined. Expanse, 3 3, 2 3,4 inches.
198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Halitat.—S. China. Specimens of both sexes of D. Tullia, taken in Hong Kong,
are in Mr. J. Jenner Weir’s collection. We also possess both sexes from China.
Capt. J. R. Walker, R.N., also obtained it in Hong Kong.—JDiscophora Sondaica,
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 12, fig. 3 (1836), ¢. ? Distant, Rhop. Malay. p.
426, pl. 43, fig. 7, d. Habitat.’ Java; Sumatra; ? Malay Peninsula.— Discophora
simplex, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 42. Habitat. Palawan.—
Discophora Semperi (Disc. Zal. Semper, Reisen Archipel Philippen, Lep. p. 73, pl. 13,
figs. 10, 11, 3; figs. 8, 9, 2 (nee Westwood). Habitat. Mindanao,—Discophora
Philippina (Dise. Menetho, Semper, Reisen Archip. Philippen, Lep. p. 74, pl. 14,
figs. 1, 2, d (1887), nec Fabricius. Habitat. Philippines.—Disc. Bambuse, Felder,
Reise Novara, Lep. ili. p. 462 (1867). Habitat. Gilolo.
Genus ENISPE.
Enispe, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40 (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292 (1851). Marshall
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 299 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii
p. 187 (1889).
Tmaco.—Male. Both wings similar in shape to typical Discophora. Forewing
with the posterior margin somewhat convex ; first subcostal branch anastomosed with
the costal for a short distance near its end; second subcostal with only three branches ;
upper discocellular angled close to the subcostal, the radials from the angles; upper
median veinlet curved from its base. Hindwing with the veins as in Disco-
phora ; no discal glandular patch ; the entire cell and the longitudinal fold between
the median and submedian being covered with long fine hairs; a small glandular
pouch close to base of inner vein enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Thorax very
robust and woolly ; base of abdomen above also woolly, and beneath with a very
prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales near the base. Forelegs longer than
in Discophora. :
Typr.—E, Euthymius.
ENISPE EUTHYMIUS (Plate 155, fiys. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).
Adolias Euthymius, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 179.
Enispe Euthymius, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40, fig. 2, g (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292
(1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 300, fig. g (1883). Stau-
dinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 190, pl. 63, ¢; id. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1887); Leech, Lep. China, ete.
p. 111 (1892).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright orange-red ; cilia reddish-black. Forewing
with a reddish-black short curved streak on upper part of the discocellulars, a sinuous
AMATHUSIIN 2. 199
streak beyond the celi, a discal series of four somewhat sagittate speckled spots, one
each being upon the lower radial and median veinlets, followed by a submarginal
narrow sinuous band and then by a broader marginal band, the latter being faintly
traversed by reddish lunules, the three series being broadly confluent at their apical
end. Hindwing with the base clothed with long fine dusky hairs, and marked with two
blackish lower discal sagittate spots, a transverse inner discal slender line, two sub-
marginal narrow lunulate bands and paler outer marginal lunules; a small pale
yellowish glandular pouch situated close to the abdominal base of the inner vein, the
pouch enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Underside pale ochreous, or ochreous-
yellow, of more or less intensity. Both wings crossed by a brown subbasal sinuous
line and a straighter discal line, their inner borders being clouded with brownish-
ochreous, beyond which are three outer transverse indistinct lunulated brownish-
ochreous fasciz. Forewing also with three brown basal dots within the cell. Hind-
wing also with a single similar dot and a short discocellular streak, and a discal
series of four small darker brown spots, the lowest of which is white-pupilled, and
the two inner smallest. Body beneath pale ochreous ; base of abdomen beneath with
avery prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales; palpi, and legs pale
ochreous ; antennz reddish.
Female. Upperside paler and of a more ochreous tint ; markings on both wings
the same, but somewhat narrower than in male, the inner line on the hindwing more
distinct and extending straight across from the costa to the anal angle. Underside
paler than in the male; markings the same; the basal spots and transverse discal
bordered-line being more distinct.
Expanse, ¢ 3,5), ? 4 inches.
Hasitat.—Sikkim; Assam; Cachar; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma.
Disrrisution.— This is found in the mountains to the North-East of Bengal,
extending southward as far as Tenasserim. It is not uncommon in Sikkim; the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from the Naga Hills. It was taken by
Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, in March
and April”? (Butt. India, i. 301). “Mr. Otto Moller took it in the Runjit Valley,
Sikkim. It has the habit of a Discophora, flying off into the jungle when disturbed,
and resting on a leaf with closed wings” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1883, 93).
According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, 332), it is ‘‘ not uncommon in
Sikkim, at low elevations, from April to October.” In the late W. S. Atkinson’s
collection were specimens from Darjeling and Cherra Punji. Of typical Huthymius
numerous males and females from the Khasia Hills, taken by Rev. W. Hamilton’s collec-
tors, are in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s collection. It is recorded in Lieut. D. Thompson’s
List of Chin-Lushai butterflies (Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1890, 295). Signor
Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, in November. Mr. W. Doherty took
200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
it in East Pegu, where it “‘seems to be very common in the Karen Hills, at from
1500 to 4000 feet” (Elwes, P. Z. 8S. 1891, 270). The Pegu males are richly-coloured
orange-red, and have the markings above more like those in ¢essellate than in typical
Euthymius.
According to Mr. de Nicéville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 353), * #. Euthymius is,
judging from the specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, an eminently variable
species, whose variations are in no way-related either to locality or to geographical
range, so that the term ‘local race’ cannot be applied to the extreme dark form
named E. tessellata.”
ENISPE TESSELLATA (Plate 156, figs. 1, la, b,c, g 2).
Enispe tessellata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521, $ ¢.
Enispe Euthymius, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. 15,
fig. 1, g.
Enispe Sylhetensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 191 (1887).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from typical HZ. Huthymius, in the
basal area being much darker coloured; the markings being similar, but con-
spicuously more broader and more sharply defined, and on the forewing there is a
prominent inner-discal erect band which coalesces with the upper streak beyond the
cell. Hindwing with the basal area ochreous-brown, and the markings conspicuously
much broader, the discal series extending across from the subcostal vein.
Female. Both wings also with much darker basal area, and with markings similar
to the male.
Expanse, d 3}, ? 3% inches.
Hasrrat.—Nepal; Sikkim ; Cachar.
We have here retained H. tessellata as differing from HL. Huthymius. The male
type of tessellata was obtained from the “ Darjeling” collection formed by the late
Arthur Grote, and the female type from the “ Nepal”? collection of the late General
G. Ramsay, and from these type specimens our figures on Plate 156 are taken.
Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. xv. fig. 1)
describe and figure a male—identical with our type of tessellata—which is therein
stated to be taken from a Cachar specimen captured by Mr. Wood-Mason on
Nemotha Peak in September.*
* This same Cachar specimen was previously referred to, under the name of E. Euthymius, by the
authors of the ‘‘ Butterflies of India,” p. 801, as being only ‘‘ of a far deeper and richer orange-red ” than any
other specimens we have ever seen;” but they do not there mention the differences in the markings
between that specimen and the others under their examination. Specimens from Sylhet, from the
AMATHUSIIN 2. 201
ENISPE CYCNUS (Plate 157, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 2).
Enispe Cycnus, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 330 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i.
p- 212 (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 301 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, darkest and with blue
reflections on the outer half of the forewing ; cilia ochreous. Forewing with a broad
oblique lilacine-white band extending from middle of the costa to the upper median
veinlet, below which are three decreasing broad lunate spots, followed by a sub-
marginal series of four triangular similar-coloured spots, which increase in size from
the upper one; a slightly-defined pale ochreous spot-streak below the submedian near
the angle, and an inner discal series of small ochreous spots sometimes being visible.
Hindwing with a more or less indistinct submarginal row of small pale ochreous
spots and marginal lunules, and sometimes a discal row of slender lunules; from
the cell to below the median, and the abdominal fold, clothed with long fine hairs.
Underside ochreous-yellow, merging to olivescent ochreous-brown on the outer
borders. Both wings crossed by a slender subbasal zigzag dark ochreous-brown
line with a pale outer border, and a broader brown sinuous discal band, followed by
a contiguous less-defined paler outer-discal lunular fascia, and two submarginal
sinuous fascie. Forewing also with three brown basal cell-spots and some disco-
cellular spots. Hindwing also with one basal cell-spot, a discocellular spot, and a
very small white-pupilled ocellule between the subcostals, and a similar ocellule with
large white pupil between the lower medians. Body and legs beneath, palpi, and
collar ochreous-yellow ; legs above and tip of palpi ochreous-brown; abdomen
beneath with a basal glandular patch of dark grey scales. Female. Both wings with
the basal area ochreous-brown, the outer area of the forewing dark purpurescent-
brown, of the hindwing dark brown. Forewing with the lilacine-white oblique band
and the two series of spots as in the male, but larger, the lower discal spot and a
narrow streak below the submedian being partly ochreous ; there is also two inner-
discal rows of smaller ochreous spots, and a spot is sometimes present beyond end
of the cell, and a streak-bordering the inner-edge of the discocellulars. Hindwing
with an inner-discal short row of small ochreous spots, a discal row of larger
decreasing spots, the lower being lunate, followed by a submarginal row of broad
pointed-spots, and then by a marginal continuous lunular-band. Underside pale
ochreous-yellow with a slightly olivescent tint; the transverse discal band and
markings as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 3,%,, 2 3,5 inches.
“ Atkinson ” collection, are in the “ Hewitson” Cabinet at the British Museum. From specimens in the
late W. S. Atkinson’s collection, Dr, Staudinger has recently separated this species under the name of
E. Sylhetensis.
VOL. IL. pd
7
202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Hasitat.—Sikkim (?); Bhotan; Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper
Burma.
Distripution.— The type specimen is recorded from Sylhet; the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and from Sikkim”
(Butt. of India, 301). It has been taken at Shillong and the Khasia Hills. “It
occurs not uncommonly at Buxa, in Bhotan, in July, but I know of no specimens
having been recently taken in Sikkim” (Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333).
Dr. N. Manders, in his List of the Lepidoptera of the Shan States (Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1890, 520) records “ one male taken at Bernardmyo, a Hill Station at about
7000 feet elevation north of the Ruby Mines.” Mr. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 271) also
records “ specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hills at low elevations,
and others at Bernardmyo in Burma.”
Aturp Carwsse Entspr.—Z. lunatus, Leech, Entomologist, 1891, suppl. p. 26 ;
Lep. China, ete. p. 111, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, d % (1892). Habitat. W. China.
Genus STICHOPHTHALMA.
Stichophthalma, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. vi. p. 27 (1862). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete. i. p. 308 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 184 (1889). Leech,
Lep. China, ete. p. 113 (1892).
Imaco.—Male. Wings large, very broad. Forewing subtriangular; with the
costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior margin
long and nearly straight; cell very broad; first subcostal branch emitted at one-
fourth before end of the cell and entirely free from the costal; second subcostal
three-branched; discocellulars. outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled at lower
end, lower discocellular deeply concave; radials from the upper angles; upper
median veinlet arched from the end of the cell. Hindwing obovate; costal vein
ending beyond the middle; first subcostal branch emitted at half distance before
second and third; cell narrow, open; upper median veinlet arched from its base;
internal vein much recurved ; a small ovate glandular patch * situated above the base
of the subcostal veinlet, which is overlapped by an erectile tuft of fine hairs arising
from below the base of the subcostal vein. Body robust; thorax woolly; eyes
prominent, naked; palpi long, slender, extending more than half beyond the front ;
antennsw slender, evenly articulated.
Typre.—S. Howqua.
* Mr. Wood-Mason (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 853) remarks that “ this gland, in S. Camadeva,
secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour, distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the
presence of, a much stronger odour (resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop) which is common
to the two sexes.”
AMATHUSIIN. 203
STICHOPHTHALMA CAMADEVA (Plate 158, figs. 1, la, d ?).
Morpho (Thaumantis) Camadeva, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2
(1848).
Thaumantis Camadeva, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, 1856, p. 177 ; id. Doubleday and Hewitson,
Gen. D. Lep. p. 377, pl. 55, fig. 2 (1851).
Stichophthalma Camadeva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 309, fig. 9 (1883).
Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 204, pl. 65, ¢ (1887) ; id. ii. p. 184, pl. 30 (1889).
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the basal area rich ochreous-brown,
the outer area purpurescent lilacine-grey, and traversed by a discal series of small
round blackish spots, followed by a row of quadrate sagittate-spots, which latter
have their outer angle dilated and extending along the vein to the margin, and then
by a submarginal row of continuous lunules, the upper end of each series being
broadly dilated at the apex. Hindwing with the basal area rich dark ochreous-brown,
the outer area purpurescent-black, traversed by a submarginal row of large broad pur-
purescent lilacine-grey biconical spots, and a marginal narrow lunular band; basal
glandular tuft pale ochreous. Cilia pale ochreous. Underside rich brownish-ochreous ;
crossed by a subbasal and a medial slender black sinuous line, the former generally
being inwardly-bordered by pale olivescent-ochreous, and the latter outwardly-bor-
dered by a whitish fascia, followed by a dark brown speckled-edged lunular fascia ;
the disc crossed by a row of red ocelli, five on each wing, each being centred with a
white lunule, and having a black outer ring ; beyond are two submarginal ill-defined
brown lines, the outer line sometimes being more or less broad, and both ending at
the anal angle in a black speckled streak, the outer streak much dilated. Body
beneath, legs, and palpi brownish-ochreous ; antennz dark brown.
Female. Upperside as in the male, with the marginal markings broader. Un-
derside as in the male.
Expanse, 5 to 6 inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Assam; Khasia Hills; Cachar ; Manipur.
Disrripution.— ‘Common in Sikkim, in June and July” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. S.
Bengal, 1885, 2). Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333) records it as not uncommon,
in Sikkim, in suitable localities, from May or June to October. I found it not un-
common by the river at Choongtong, at 2500 feet, in July, but difficult to take in
good condition, as it flies so close to the ground among thick vegetation that it is
not easy to get a clear stroke of the net.” Major H. H. Godwin-Austen—who
captured several specimens in the Jatinga Valley, N. Cachar Hills, during his Survey
operations—noted that “‘ it affects the openings in forests ; having a lopping lazy sort
of flight, flying about quite low down among the brushwood, during April, just after
the rains set in.” Mr. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 353), found it ‘ very
common in the forests near Silcuri in Cachar, during May ; others also being taken
pd 2
204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
in July. The gland covered by a patch of modified scales and by an erectile wisp
of hairs on each hindwing of the male, secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour
distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the presence of, a much
stronger odour, resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop, which is com-
mon to both sexes.’ Dr. G. Watt (Ann. N. H. 1885, p. 303) obtained specimens
during his journey to Manipur.
STICHOPHTHALMA LOUISA (Plate 159, figs. 1, la, J 2).
Thaumantis Louisa, Wood-Mason, Proc, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 163; zd. Journ. Asiatic Soe.
Bengal, 1878, p. 175, pl. 12. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 827. Marshall, Journ.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 40, 2.
Stichophthalma Louisa, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 311 (1883).
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area of both wings rich pale yellowish-
ochreous, and the outer area lilacine-white. Both wings with a submarginal row of
black hastate-spots, their outer angles coalescing with a marginal row of lunules,
each series palest and increasing in size from the apex of the forewing, where the
border is clouded with dusky speckles ; the transverse lines and ocelli of the under-
side being visible by semi-transparency ; basal tuft on the hindwing ochreous.
Underside very pale dull olivescent-ochreous ; both wings crossed by a subbasal and
a medial slender blackish sinuous line, the former with a whitish inner border, the
latter with a more distinctly-defined whitish outer-bordering fascia, followed by a
broad pale olivescent-brownish lunular fascia; a discal series of small pale ochreous-
brown ill-defined ocelli, of which the upper and lower on the hindwing are prominent,
much larger, reddish-ochreous, and with a slender black ring; beyond is a pale de-
fined olivescent-brownish submarginal series of hastate-spots and marginal lunules,
the latter forming an indistinctly-defined broader marginal fascia, the submarginal
series traversed by a slender sinuous line, and the marginal ending in a dilated black
anal spot speckled with grey.
Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the marginal hastate marks
and lunules are larger.and entirely coalescent. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, 5 to 5, inches.
Hasirar.— Upper Tenasserim.
Disrrisution.—The type specimen was “ taken at Taoo, 3000 to 6000 feet alti-
tude, in Upper Tenasserim, by Mr. Ossian Limborg in the cold season. Capt. C.
T. Bingham took specimens between March and May in the lower Thoungyeen
forests” (Butt. Ind. i. 311). Mr. W. Doherty ‘‘ took many males, but only two or
three females at the foot of the Karen Hills, in March and April” (Elwes, P. Z. S.
1891, 271). Signor Leorardo Fea obtained specimens at Moolayet, in April.
AMATHUSIIN 4. 205
STICHOPHTHALMA NOURMAHAL (Plate 160, figs. 1, la,b, d 2).
Thaumantis Nourmahal, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 337 (1851); zd. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1856,
p. 178, pl. 18, figs. 1, la, 2. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, Hast Ind. Company,i. p. 215 (1857).
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 312 (1888).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside with both wings chestnut-red, cilia brownish cine-
reous. Forewing crossed by a broad excurved oblique subapical ochreous fascia,
which extends from the costa to the outer margin below the apex aud to the pos-
terior angle, the apex of the wing being darker brown, and the fascia traversed by
a submarginal row of dark brown hastate points and a marginal row of lunules.
Hindwing with the outer border narrowly margined with ochreous and traversed by
a submarginal and a marginal row of similar brown marks. Underside paler. Both
wings crossed by a subbasal and a medial discal slender black irregular line, the
subbasal edged on its innerside and the discal on its outerside with olivescent
silvery-grey scales; on the forewing the base of second subcostal, and the discocel-
lulars to the middle black; the outer border with a submarginal and a marginal
black zigzag line. Forewing also with an outer discal series of five round ocell, of
which the lower first and the fourth are the most defined, being red with a white
pupil, black ring and then an outer pale ochreous ring; the others being ill-
defined by ochreous scales. Hindwing also with similar but somewhat larger
ocelli, the first, third, and fifth being more brightly developed and are of a deep
red, the second and fourth being ill-defined by ochreous scales. Body, legs, and
palpi beneath pale ochreous ; legs and palpi above reddish-brown ; antennz black.
Female. Upperside similar to the male, but somewhat darker coloured, the
oblique subapical fascia on the forewing slightly broader, and with a prominent
white spot before the apex between the subcostals; the submarginal and marginal
markings also somewhat broader. Underside darker than in the male, being of an
olivescent brownish-ochreous colour and darkest across the disc ; the subbasal and
discal black lines also broadly edged with silvery-grey ; the ocelli and submarginal
lines similar.
Expanse, 3 3,% to 4, ? 4° to 4,% inches.
Hasirat.—Native Sikkim.
. Distrisut1on.—The type was described from a female in the collection of the
late Mr. W. W. Saunders; specimens of both sexes were also in the Hast India
Company’s Museum, and others in the Hewitsonian collection. According to “ Mr.
A. V. Knyvett, specimens have recently been obtained by his collectors in Native
Sikkim ” (de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 181).
206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
STICHOPHTHALMA NURINISSA (Plate 161, figs. 1, la, b, 3 2).
Stichophthalma Nuriniesa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 131, pl. C. fig.
3 f.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings differ from those of S. Nowrmahal in the
ground-colour being paler and of a much brighter tint of chestnut-red. On the fore-
wing the ochreous outer fascia is narrower and the dark brown margin broader. On
the hindwing the ochreous outer fascia is much broader, with submarginal blackish
points and broad marginal lunules. Underside. Both wings of a lighter colour ;
the transverse subbasal and discal black line less intensely edged with olivescent
silvery-grey scales; the submarginal and marginal line more sinuous and nearer
together ; the ocelli are similar.
Female. Upperside also much paler, the ochreous fascia, the submarginal points
and marginal lunules, as in the male; the apical white spot is larger, and there
is a minute spot above it and also one below it. Underside as in the male, but
darker coloured, the markings all more intensely defined.
Expanse, 3 3, to 4, ¢ 4; to 5 inches.
Hasitat.—Bhotan.
Disrrisution.—‘‘ Numerous specimens were taken near Buxa, in Bhotan, by
the native collectors of the late Mr. Otto Méller, and Mr. A, V. Knyvett” (de
Nicéville, 1. ¢.).
AuLinp CHINESE sPECIES oF SticHopHTHaLMA.—St. Cambodia (Thaumantis Cam-
bodia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Thawm. pl. fig. 2 (1862). Habitat. Cambodia.
—St. Howqua (Th. Howqua, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1851, p. 174; id. 1856,
p. 178, pl. 18, figs. 2, 2a. Habitat. N. China; Formosa.—St. fusca, Leech, Lep.
China, ete. p. 113, pl. 1, fig. 8, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.—St. Newmogeni,
Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 5, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.
Genus CLEROME.
Clerome, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 333 (1851) ; id. Trans. Ent. Soe.
1856, p. 182. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 80 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
etc. i. p. 312 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889). Leech, Lep.
China, ete. p. 112 (1892).
Faunis, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 55 (1816), preoccupied.
Imaco.—Male. Wingsshort, very broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much
arched at the base, apex rounded, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin lobularly
dilated near the base ; cell broad ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fourth
before end of the cell, free from the costal, second subcostal four-branched ; dis-
cocellulars very outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled near subcostal, lower
AMATHUSIINZ. 207
very long and much recurved, being concave at its upper end and convex at its
lower end; radials from upper angles of discocellulars; upper median veinlet not
arched. Hindwing broadly ovate, apex somewhat obtusely pointed, exterior margin
very convex posteriorly, anal angle rounded; subcostal branches arising near base
of the wing; cell very narrow; upper median veinlet arched from the base; a
short very slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first
subcostal branch, the pouch being surrounded by a patch of fine raised hair-like scales,
which are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by
a very slender tuft of long erectile hairs arising from below the base of the median
vein. Body moderately robust ; thorax woolly; eyes naked, large; palpi compactly
clothed, hairy above, slender, projected in front of the head; antenne long,
slender.
Typse.—C. Arcesilaus.
CLEROME ARCESILAUS (Plate 162, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, ¢ 2).
Papilio Arcesilaus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 28 (1787). Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 2
(1800).
Clerome Arcesilaus, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep., p. 334, pl. 54*, fig. 5, 2
(1851). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus.
p. 44 (1869). Marshall and de Nic¢ville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 133 (1883). Distant, Rhop.
Malayana, p. 428, pl. 40, fig, 5 (1886). Staudinger, Hxot. Schmett. i. p. 202, pl. 65, ¢
(1887) ii. p. 188, pl. 31 (1889) :
Faunis Caneus, Hibner, Samm. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 82, 2 (1820-26).
Morpho Leonteus, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Acad. N. C. 1831, p. 170, pl. 17, figs. 14, 15 (1831).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulvous, uniformly tinted
throughout both wings. Cilia brownish cinereous. Hindwing with a short very
slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first subcostal
branch, the pouch itself surrounded by a patch of raised fine hair-like scales which
are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by a very
slender tuft of long erectile. hairs arising from below the base of the median vein.
Underside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, Both wings crossed by a wavy indis-
tinctly-defined blackish curved narrow subbasal fascia, and a more defined sinuous
narrow curved medial discal fascia; an outer discal series of minute ochreous-white
spots, six on the forewing and seven on the hindwing, followed by a slender blackish
submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown; palpi brownish-ochreous ;
antenne reddish.
Female. Upperside paler and brighter coloured, but with the apex and outer
borders darker tinted. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 2,6 to 2,5, ? 2,4 to 3 inches.
>
208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Hasirat.—Sikkim?; Khasia and Naga Hills; Silhet; Looshai Hills; Burma;
Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula.
Disrrrpution.—Within our area Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville (Butt. Ind.
314) record “specimens from Sikkim, from the collection of the late Mr. Mandell.”
According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 334) ‘it has never been seen recently
by Mr. Moller or myself from Sikkim.” Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous
specimens taken in the Khasia Hills by the Rev. W. Hamilton’s native collectors.
The late W. S. Atkinson obtained itat Cherra Punji. It is also recorded from Silhet.
Specimens are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection from the Lushai and Naga Hills.
Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 10) obtained it at ‘‘ Bhamo, Burma, and in Upper
Tenasserim, in woody places, during the cold weather.” Capt. C. Bingham obtained
in the Donat Range in Upper Tenasserim in January, and others in the Thoung-
yeen forests in March and December” (Butt. Ind. 314). Mr. Ossian Limborg
(P. Z. S. 1878, p. 827) met with it above Ahsown in Upper Tenasserim in the cold
weather.” Mr. Elwes (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from “Tavoy and
Ponsekai.’ The type specimen described by Fabricius is recorded from Siam,
now in the Bankhan Cabinet at the British Museum, which we have examined,
and is identical with our Indian examples.
DisTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 429) records it
from the Malay Peninsula, where Capt. Godfery ‘took it in a shady nook near a
well. Its flight was very low; issuing from the surrounding jungle it would flit
along the path, or rest upon it for a while, and then return to the thickest shades.”
Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at Perak (P. Z.S. 1891, 273). It also occurs at Penang
and Singapore; Nias (Kheil); Sumatra (Snellen); and Java (Horsfield). The
Java specimens (of which many were obtained by the late Dr. Horsfield) differ on
the underside in having both the dark transverse subbasal and medial fascia con-
spicuously broader, the latter fascia’ being also less sinuous on its outer edge; the
submarginal line is also comparatively broader. If this Java form proves distinct,
it will take Hiibner’s name of Caneus. It is also recorded from Borneo.
CLEROME ASSAMA (Plate 163, figs. 1, la, b, c,d 2).
Clerome Assama, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 184. Marshall and de Nic¢ville, Butt. India,
etc. i. p. 314, fig. 9 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulyous, uniformly tinted
throughout both wings. Sometimes the median pale spots of the underside are
slightly apparent. Underside much darker, and more or less ochreous-brown in tint.
Both wings crossed by a prominent black slightly-wavy subbasal and a medial discal
line ; an outer discal series of small pale yellow rounded spots, the penultimate lower
AMATHUSIINZ. 209
one on the forewing the largest, and the upper one on the hindwing still larger,
followed by a black submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown ; palpi
pale ochreous below.
Female, Upperside somewhat darker, especially at apex of the forewing, which
is crossed by a very ill-defined oblique excurved paler ochreous band, the inner
edge of the band obsolescently merging into the basal ground-colour. Underside
marked as in the male; the transverse series of yellow spots being comparatively
larger.
Expanse, 3 3,%, to 3;, ? 4 inches.
Hasirat.—Assam ; Khasia and Lushai Hills.
DisrriBuTion.— Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen obtained specimens in the Khasia
Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It
is recorded by Mons. Oberthiir (Etudes Ent. 1893, p. 13) as occurring also in
Tonkin, but it is probable that this is erroneous, and that the specimens are refer-
able to the Chinese species, C. Humeus.
Inpo-Matayan species of Crerome.—C. Humeus (Pap. Eumeus, Drury, Ill.
Exot. Ent. i. pl. 2, fig. 3 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 183, figs. C, D (1777).
Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus.
p. 44 (1869). Pap. Gripus Fabr. Syst. Ent. App. p. 809 (1775). Pap. decem-
punctatus, Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. i. p. 212 (1779). Habitat. China; Hong-kong ;
Hainan; Borneo.—C. rope, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 31; Lep. China, etc.
p- 112, pl. 1, fig. 4,5 (1892). Habitat. W. China.—OC. Stomphar, Westwood,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4. Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.—
C. Kirata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 344, pl. F. fig. 3.
Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—C. gracilis, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867,
p- 401, pl. 8, fig. 7. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 1. Habitat. Malay
Peninsula ; Borneo.—C. Besa, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Cl. pl. 1, fig. 1 (1868).
Habitat. Borneo.—C. Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 44.
Habitat. Palawan.—C. Phaon (Pap. Phaon, Erichson, N. A. Acad. N.C. p. 401,
pl. 50, figs. 1, la (1834). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 185. Semper,
Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 68 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Leucis, Felder, Wien.
Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 804; Reise Novara, Lep. pl. 62, figs. 5, 6 (1867). Semper,
Reisen Philippen Lep. p. 69 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao, Philippines.—C. lurida,
Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 460 (1867). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8,
figs. 19, 20 (1887). Habitat. Mindoro, Philippines—C. Kleis, Semper, Reisen
Philip. Lep. p. 70, pl. 8, figs. 17, 18 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Sappho
Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 15, 16 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao,
Philippines.
vot. 11. March 18th, 1895. Ee
210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Genus MELANOCYMA.
Melanocyma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 186.
Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad; exterior margin oblique. Forewing
triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior
angle rounded, posterior margin lobate near the base; cell broad, upper
end extending to nearly half the wing, lower end to three-fifths; first
subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second at two-
thirds beyond end of the cell, third, fourth, and fifth nearer the apex; upper
discocellular short, angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long, much |
recurved ; radials from angles near subcostal; median veinlets wide apart, equi-
distant ; submedian recurved near the base. Hindwing obconical, anterior margin
long, nearly straight, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and rounded
posteriorly ; furnished with a recumbent androconial tuft of hairs at base of the
subcostal, and a row of fine longish hairs extending between the submedian and
internal vein, which terminate more thickly above the anal angle; subcostal branches
and radial emitted together near the base of costal; cell open; medians wide apart ;
middle median emitted at about halfthe wing. Body slender; palpi slender, porrect,
finely hairy above ; antennz slender, and with an elongated club.
Tyrz.—M. Faunula.
MELANOCYMA FAUNULOIDES (Plate 167, fig. 1, la, 2).
Melanocyma faunuloides, de Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, 1895, p. , pl. N.
fig 2, 9.
Imaco.— Female. Upperside, both wings very pale fuscous or French-grey, all
the black markings of the underside showing through faintly by transparency.
Forewing with the veins slightly infuscated. Hindwing with the outer two-thirds of
the abdominal margin, and the anal region widely as far as the inter-nervular fold in
the first median interspace ochreous-yellow, this colour being carried narrowly along
the outer margin as far as the second median neryule. Underside, both wings slightly
paler than above, especially the hindwing. Forewing with a large round black spot near
the middle of the discoidal cell; a broad black line across the cell beyond its middle,
joined to two similar lines running along the subcostal and median nervures from
the base of the wing, the latter broadening out towards the base of the submedian
interspace ; the anterior half of the discocellular nervules black, fining away to nothing
posteriorly ; two broad slightly irregular nearly parallel black lines commencing at
the subcostal and ending at the submedian nervure, the inner line somewhat
lunulated between the median nervules; a very fine obscure submarginal blackish
line, with an extremely fine black line on the margin. Hindwing with the abdominal
margin ochreous-yellow of a paler shade than on the upperside, this colour becoming
AMATHUSIINZ. 211
entirely lost towards the middle of the submedian interspace, extending narrowly
along the outer margin as far as the first median inter-nervular fold; the wing is
crossed by four broad parallel highly irregular black bands, all commencing close to
the costa; the first band is straight and is quite close to the base of the wing, and
ends on the submedian nervure ; the second band is also nearly straight and ends on
the internal inter-nervular fold; the third band is highly irregular and lunulated,
the concavity of each lunulated portion directed towards the outer margin, it ends
in a somewhat faint detached spot on the internal inter-nervular fold, anteriorly it is
joined to the second band by a thin black line running along the costa; the
fourth band is also highly irregular and lunulated, the concavity of each lunulated
portion directed towards the base of the wing; a somewhat broad submarginal
fuscous line posteriorly becoming lost in the ochreous anal area; a very fine black
line on the margin ending posteriorly on the first median inter-nervular fold. Cilia
throughout very short and cinereous; antenne black; thorax in front ochreous,
posteriorly, and abdomen pale fuscous.”’
Expanse, ? 4,% inches.
Hasirat.—North Chin Hills, Upper Burma.
*‘ A reference to Hewitson’s, Westwood’s, and Distant’s figures (Rhop. Malay. pl.
8, f. 2), of Melanocyma faunula, Westwood, all taken from female specimens, will at
once reveal the many important characters in which that species differs from the
present one, which characters are also borne out by the numerous specimens of M.
faunula I possess from several localities in the Malay Peninsula and from Chanta-
boon in Siam. The ground-colour in M. faunula is almost white on the upperside of
the hindwing instead of being concolorous with the forewing; the yellow colour is
more extensive also, reaching to the second median nervule; in M. fauwnuloides it
ends midway between the first and second median nervules; on the underside of the
forewing the black discal bands are highly lunulated, and the points of the lunules
almost meet in M. fawnula, while in M. fawnuloides the bands are nearly straight and
the inner one is only slightly lunulated; this character is even more strongly
pronounced on the hindwing, as in M. fawnula anterior to the third median nervule
these bands entirely join, enclosing large oval spots of the ground-colour; lastly the
yellow colour is much duller, and does not extend half as far on to the disc in M.
faunuloides.”
“Described from two specimens kindly given to me by Lieut. EH. Y. Watson, which
were captured in June, 1893, at Number Three Stockade, in the North Chin Hills,
at 3500 feet elevation above the sea”’ (de Nicéville, 1.c.).
Inpo-Matayan Sprcizs or Menanocyma, M. faunula (Thaum. faunula, Westwood,
Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 1) (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, fig. 2,2.
Ee 2
_
212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ;
Siam ; Cambodia.
Genus Tenaris, Hiibner (Syn. Drusilla, Swains.)—Z. Birchii, Distant, Ann.
Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 241; Rhop. Malayana, p. 428, pl. 39, fig. 7 (1886). Habitat,
Malay Peninsula. Singapore.—T. Horsfieldii (Drusilla Horsfieldii Swainson, Zool.
lust. i. pl. 11 (1820). Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 4 (1851). Thon,
Ent. Archiv. p. 90, pl. 4, fig. 3. Habitat. Java.—T. occulta, Grose-Smith, Ann,
Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 316. Habitat. Borneo.—TZ, Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent.
Zeit. 1889, p. 48. Habitat, Palawan.
Genus AXMONA.
Aimona, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iv. 2m. pl. figs. 3, 4 (1868). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatie Soc.
Bengal, 1880, p. 175. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 302 (1888).
Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 187 (1889).
Imaco.—Male. Forewing rather broad, subtriangular; costa arched, apex
acutely pointed and produced; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex hind-
ward ; posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to five-sevenths of the
length of the costal margin; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before end
of the cell and anastomosed with the costal vein for some distance before its end;
upper discocellular twice angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long and
outwardly recurved, radials from the upper angles ; middle and lower median veinlets
wide apart, upper median slightly curved beyond the cell. Hindwing short, broad,
somewhat quadrangular; apex rounded, exterior margin obtusely angular in the
middle ; subcostal branches straight at their base; first subcostal branch emitted
at about one-fifth from the base; cell area rather broad; upper median veinlet
nearly in a line with the base; submedian vein recurved, and with a row of fine
hairs extending along its outer edge, ending in a curled glandular fascicle of
longer and stouter hairs, which latter overlap a slight groove or fold of the wing
before the anal angle. Head small; eyes naked; palpi slender, apex pointed ;
antennz rather short and with a well-formed lengthened club.
Tyrr.— Ad. Amathusia.
ZEMONA AMATHUSIA (Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b,c, d,e, g 2).
Clerome Amathusia, Hewitson, Trans, Ent. Soe. Lond. 1867, p. 566, 2.
Aimone Amathusia, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iv. 4m. pl. figs. 3, 4, 2(1868). Wood-Mason, Journ.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 176, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
etc. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 2, 2a, J (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale ochreous-yellow or fulvous, the basal area
tinged with brownish-ochreous ; cilia brown. Forewing with the apex and the
AMATHUSIINA. 213
exterior margin pale ochreous-brown; crossed by the slightly-apparent excurved
subbasal and the oblique discal brownish line of the underside. Hindwing crossed
by the slightly-apparent subbasal and discal brown line of the underside, followed
by a more distinct outer discal sinuous brown line, and then by a slightly-defined
less sinuous upper submarginal line. Underside uniformly paler ochreous-yellow,
the veins brownish; crossed by an ochreous-brown subbasal line, which is incurved
on the forewing and excurved on the hindwing, a narrow oblique discal fascia and a
slender sinuous submarginal line; between the two latter is a series of small ocelli,
which decrease in size upwards, those on the forewing varying from one to five,
and those on the hindwing from five to six, the one situated between the lower
medians the largest, and the upper ones, generally, more or less imperfect; these
ocelli, where perfect, have a pure white centre, ringed with black, a bright ochreous
ring, and then an outer black ring. Body, palpi, and legs beneath ochreous-yellow ;
antenne brown.
Female (type). Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a
faintly-defined broad excurved band of ochreous-yellow, which commences from
the costa, where it is broadest and brightest yellow, and ends indistinctly towards
the posterior angle, where it merges into the ground-colour; also crossed by the
very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside. Hindwing crossed by
the very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside, followed by an
ochreous-brown outer discal sinuous line, and then by a submarginal line, the apical
area being also slightly paler ochreous. Underside dull pale cinerescent ochreous-
brown; crossed by slightly broader lines, as in the male, and more sharply-defined
submarginal ocelli. Another female (from the Khasia Hills) is smaller than the
type above described, and on the upperside is duller coloured, with the subapical
pale band less-defined, but the transverse oblique discal line broad and distinctly
defined ; on the underside the basal area is uniformly darker, the ocelli being of the
same size, and with an additional small ocellus at the anal angle.
Expanse, 3 2,6 to 3, ? 3 to 3, inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga, Khasia, and Garrow Hills.
Distrrpution.—The type specimen (female) has a printed label “ Darjeling”
attached to it, and was obtained by the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson, as is indicated in
his MS. Notes in our possession. A male, taken in Bhotan, August, 1888, by
Mr. Otto Méller’s native collectors, is now in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection, as
is also a male, labelled “Garo Hills, December, 1888,” taken by the Rev. W.
Hamilton. Colonel C. Swinhoe has specimens of both sexes from the Khasia Hills,
also taken by,Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. Specimens from the Khasias are
also in the collection of Mr, Philip Crowley. Mr. 8. E. Peal obtained a single male
in the Naga Hills.
214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b,c represent a
male and the female from the Khasia Hills, in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe ;
figs. d and e are reproductions of the Hewitsonian figure of the type female.
ZEMONA PEALII (Plate 165, figs. 1, la, ¢).
mona Pealit, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 177, pl. 6, figs.3, 3a, g. Marshall
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 3, 3a, g (1883). Doherty, Journ.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124.
Imaco.—Male. “Closely allied to A. amathusia. Upperside coloured and
marked in the same manner, but with the ocelli as well as the strige of the under-
side showing through. Forewing with the apex angulated but not produced, the
outer margin arched instead of being concave, sinuous, and the inner angle not so
broadly rounded. Hindwing darker coloured, and also paling towards the outer
margin, but with the submarginal series of arcuate marks smaller and less distinct.
Underside coloured and marked in much the same manner, but with more perfectly
formed and more numerous ocelli, the forewing having three—(the first between the
submedian vein and the first median veinlet, the second the largest and best defined)
—rperfect ocelli and two or three rudimentary ones following them, and the hind-
wing haying one rudimentary (close to the submedian vein) and six (the first in the
same interspace with the rudimentary one, and the second the largest of all) perfect
ocelli; each ocellus dark brown encircled by a very fine line of the colour of the
strige and pupilled with iridescent silvery-white; the thin submarginal brown line
more deeply engrailed.”” Female unknown.
Expanse, d 2;% inches.
Hasrrar.—Assam.
Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. S. E. Peal at Sibsagar,
Upper Assam, and are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. According to Mr. W.
Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1889, 124), * 4. Pealvi appears to be the wet-season form
of 47. amathusia, differing only in the less acute and falcate forewing, the more
distinct ocelli, and brighter colouring below. I took two specimens of Pealii near
Sadiya in September; the outer margin of the forewing was convex throughout, but
the apex was slightly more acute than in the type. On the lst of December, I
caught a single ragged specimen of Amathusia near Margherita, apparently quite
typical.” Mr. Ernst Hartert, who accompanied Mr. Doherty in his Assam journey,
also records (Proc. A. S. Beng. 1890, 205) the capture of this species.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, figs. 1, la are reproductions
of Mr. Wood-Mason’s figure in the Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1880.
AMATHUSIIN A. 215
JEMONA LENA (Plate 165, figs. 2, 2a, ¢).
Aimona Lena, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 215, pl. 12; fig. 1, g. Moore, Anderson’s Zool.
Exped. W. Yunan, i. p. 924, pl. 81, fig. 1(1878). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1880,
p. 177. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 302 (1888). Staudinger, Exot.
Schmett. i. p. 203, pl. 65, $ (1887) ; id. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1889).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brownish-ochreous; cilia ochreous-brown.
Forewing with the veins bordered with dusky-brown which broadens outwardly and
pervades the entire margin, the disc being crossed by a slightly darker brown narrow
sinuous band, thus breaking the pale interspaces between the veins and showing a
more prominently-defined outer series of pale pointed streaks, beyond which is a
faintly-defined submarginal line. Hindwing paler anteriorly, the posterior area
being broadly ochreous yellow; the dusky-brown subbasal and discal line of the
underside visible by semi-transparency ; a series of four upper submarginal whitish
quadrate-spots, the three upper with brown-speckled edges. Underside dull pale
brownish-ochreous ; an ochreous-brown narrow band extending from apex of the
forewing to above the anal angle of the hindwing ; the hindwing also having a short
subbasal similar line ; both wings also with a much less defined slender submarginal
line and a series of small pale ochreous-white ocelloid spots.
Female unknown.
Expanse, 3,° inches.
Hasitat.— Burma.
Distxisotion.—The type specimen—now in the Hewitson collection at the
British Museum, and from which our description is taken, was obtained by Dr. J.
Anderson, during the Yunan Expedition of 1868, and is labelled “ Yunan” in Mr.
Atkinson’s handwriting. ‘There are two specimens of the male, in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, taken by Dr. Anderson at the same time. In a specimen of the
male received from the Upper Thoungyeen forests, Burma, by Major G. F. L.
Marshall, taken in April, the three white spots on the anterior half of the hindwing
are larger, forming a band divided by the veins” (Butt. of India, i. 303). This
species was also taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg at ‘* Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet eleva-
tion, in Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 827). ‘A single male was taken by
Mr. W. Doherty, in the Karen Hills, at 2000 feet. It also occurs near Bernardmyo,
in Upper Burma’”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8S. 1891, 271). Dr. N. Manders also records the
capture of a male at Bernardmyo (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 520).
Our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, fig. 2, 2a, are reproductions of
Mr. Atkinson’s figure of the male from the Proc. Zoological Society for 1871.
216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Genus XANTHOTENIA.
Xanthotenia, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 82 (1882).
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p, 283 (1883). Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot.
Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889).
Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa
arched, apex obtusely convex; exterior margin short, almost erect, very slightly
convex, even, posterior angle obtusely convex ; posterior margin long ; costal vein
thick; first subcostal veinlet emitted before end of the cell, second at nearly one-
third beyond the cell ; the cell broad; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper angled
close to the subcostal and concave below; lower discocellular Jong and _ slightly
outwardly-recurved ; upper radial from angle close to subcostal, lower radial from
above the middle; median veinlets at equal distances apart ; submedian vein re-
curved from the base. Hindwing short, very broad, triangularly-ovate ; anterior
margin broadly lobate at the base and nearly straight outwardly; apex obtuse;
exterior margin very conyexly-produced hindward from the middle; abdominal
margin long; costal vein with a long inner spur near the base, terminating near the
apex; first subcostal veinlet emitted at about one-third before end of the cell area,
the radial (the base of which is homologous to an upper discocellular) starting from
below the second subcostal at one-third from its base ; lower discocellular completely
atrophied (as seen in the desquamated wing under the microscope), thus leaving the
cell quite open; the cell area moderately broad; the two upper median veinlets
emitted from the lower end of the cell area ; submedian vein with a raised fold along
its outer edge and scantily fringed with fine long hairs, the fold terminating beyond
the middle in a small longitudinal scabrous glandular patch of scales overlaid by a
tuft of long erect hairs. Body rather long, abdomen slender, not tufted ; eyes naked;
palpi much compressed, curved and extending to level of the vertex, thickly clothed
with appressed hairy-scales beneath and with longer hairs above, the tip distinct,
slender, acute at the tip; legs long; antennz long, distinctly articulated, with a
lengthened gradually slender club and acute tip.
Typr.—X. Busiris.
XANTHOTAENIA BUSIRIS (Plate 166, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 9).
Xanthotenia Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1878, p. 827. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 7 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, i. p. 284, fig. g (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 145, pl. 50, ¢ (1886);
id. ii. p. 188, pl. 30 (1889).
Xanthotenia obscura, Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1883, p. 54 (variety).
Twaco.—Male. Upperside dusky chestnut-red. Cilia brown, edged with cine-
reous. Jorewing with the outer half dusky chestnut-brown ; crossed by an outwardly-
AMATHUSIIN 2. 217
oblique medial-discal pale ochreous-yellow sinuous-edged band, which extends from
the costa to the lower median and terminates near the outer margin; a subapical
yellow triangular dot before the apex. Hindwing unmarked; the abdominal margin
with the longitudinal raised fold bordering the submedian, its scabrous glandular
patch, and erect tuft of hairs paler red. Underside paler and of a brownish-ochreous
tint of colour. Forewing with the oblique yellow band as above; a dark brown
slender zigzag line crossing the cell, and two sinuous lines before the outer margins ;
before the apex are two small superposed yellow dots, the upper one minute, followed
below by an ocellated spot and then by two lower yellow dots. Hindwing crossed
by two zigzag subbasal and two sinuous submarginal slender brown lines which
terminate at the submedian vein; the discal area also being traversed by a series
of eight ocellated spots, the two upper being conjoined, and the sixth large, the
others more or less small, the former with a large brown-and-grey-speckled centre,
minute black-speckled yellow pupil, and narrow yellow outer ring, the others more
or less imperfectly developed. - Body beneath, legs and palpi, pale brownish-ochreous ;
antenne red.
Female. Larger than the male.. Upperside of the same colour; the oblique
yellow band on the forewing somewhat broader, the white apical spot more distinct.
Underside as in the male, except that all the markings are more dismay defined.
Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 2,%, 2 2,8 to 3,4, inches.
ei sn -Incae etii' ; Malay poinaGils
DistrisuTion.— Within our limits, this species is found in Upper Tenasserim,
where Mr. Ossian Limborg took it “near Moolai, at 3000 to 6000 feet altitude”
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, 827), and “ Capt. C. T. Bingham also obtained it on the
Donat Range and in the lower Thoungyeen forests in April” (Butt. Ind. 285).
Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List, p. 10) records it from ‘“‘Tavoy and Tenasserim,
frequenting thick evergreen forests, September.” Also “taken at Tavoy and at
Ponsekai”’ (Elwes, J. A.S. Bengal, 1887, 419).
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—This species occurs in the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Nias Island (these being very dark coloured), Java (Coll. Distant), and
Borneo, where, according to Mr. W. B. Pryer—(Ann. N. H. 1887, 51)—who obtained
it in Sandakan, N. Borneo, ‘it frequents only the shade of the high forest.”
The following additional species of the genus Stichophthalma has recently been
discovered in Manipur, namely :—
STICHOPHTHALMA SPARTA (Plate 167, figs. 2, 2a, 3).
Stichophthalma Sparta, de Nicéville, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1894, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 4, g.
Imaco.—* Male, Upperside. Both wings deep rich reddish fulvous or
VOL, II. Ff
-
218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
ferruginous. Forewing with the irregular discal black line of the underside
showing through by transparency; the apical area widely pale fulvous, this pale area
extends from the submarginal hastate black markings to just within the discal line,
it is very wide on the costa, but dies away to nothing before reaching the first
median nervule ; a series of five submarginal hastate black markings, one in each
interspace from the upper discoidal nervule to the submedian nervure, increasing
progressively in size from the anterior to the posterior marking ; a large black patch
at the apex ; a submarginal fulvous line, beyond which is a narrower anteciliary
black line, both reaching from the inner angle to the lower discoidal nervule; the
area enclosed by the coalescing of the hastate markings forms a series of six
rounded spots, regularly increasing in size, the anterior spot the smallest, the
posterior one the largest ; these spots are of a slightly darker shade than the pale
fulyous apical area, but not so dark as the dark rich reddish-fulvous of the rest of
the wing. Hindwing with the abdominal and outer margins rather paler than the
rest of the wing; a submarginal series of seven black markings, of which the
anterior one is a small lunule with its concave edge directed towards the base of the
wing, the next five markings are hastate-shaped, increasing in size from the anterior
one to the posterior one in the first median interspace, the seventh posterior marking
somewhat quadrate in form, and occupying the whole width of the submedian inter-
space; a fine black anteciliary thread.
“Underside. Both wings of areddish-fulvous of not quite so rich a shade as on
the upperside. Forewing with a small irregular black marking towards the base of
the cell; a highly irregular and zigzag black line crosses the middle of the cell and
extends both to the costa and to the submedian nervure, the posterior portion of the
line is broken and shifted outwardly below the median nervure; the upper, middle,
and anterior half of the lower discocellular nervule defined by a black line; an
irregular discal black line from the costa to the submedian nervure, just touching the
lower end of the cell; beyond the line is a series of five somewhat cordate reddish
ocelli, each ocellus centred with a whitish lunule, and bounded by a fine whitish, and
then a fine black line, the four anterior ocelli equal-sized, the fifth posterior one in
the first median interspace a little larger; beyond these ocelli is another irregular
black line from the costa to the inner margin, this line is narrower and paler than
the discal one ; the space between these two lines is anteriorly somewhat paler than
the rest of the wing; a submarginal nebulous straight blackish band; a very fine
anteciliary black line. Hindwing with an irregular subbasal and a discal black line,
the latter posteriorly curving round and almost meeting the posterior end of the
former, both terminating above the anal angle on the submedian nervure; a series
of five ocelli on the disc similar to those in the forewing, the posterior one the largest
and rather mis-shapen, the anterior one the next largest, the three in the middle
NYMPHALINE. 219
nearly equal sized ; the outer discal fulvous line and blackish submarginal band as in
the forewing; a small oval deep black spot at the anal angle, with a black cloud
above it reaching to the posterior ocellus; an anteciliary black thread. Body
throughout ferruginous. Antennz black.
** Expanse, 5 inches.”
Hasitat.—Manipur.
This beautiful species is ‘‘ nearest to S. Howqua, var. suffusa, Leech (Butt.
China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 3, ?), from Western China, differing in the forewing, on
the upperside, in the pale apical area being very much smaller, not extending into
the cell as it does in S. suffusa; on the hindwing the hastate markings in S. Sparta
are well formed, in suffusa they have lost all shape, having coalesced into an almost
solid black band. On the underside the ground-colour in 8. suffusa is pale greenish,
in 8. Sparta it is ferruginous, but this may be only a sexual difference ; but in true
S. Howqua, and its named variety, the outer discal line and the submarginal band on
both wings are half the distance apart that they are in S. Sparta; and they have six
and sometimes seven ocelli on the forewing, while S. Sparta has only five” (de
Nicéville, 1.c.).
Sub-family NYMPHALINZ.
Nymphalidi (part), Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p. 14 (1829).
Nymphalides, Peridromides, Biblides (part), Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. p. 164-5 (1836).
Nymphalides, Apaturides, Boisduval, Ind. Méth. pp. 16, 24 (1840).
Nymphalide, Argynnide, Vanesside, Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. pp. 2, 8 (1844).
Nymphalites, Argynnites, Peridromites, Biblites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. pp. 330, 332
(1845).
Nymphalide, Peridromide, Doubleday, List of Lep. Brit. Mus. Part I. pp. 46, 64 (1844).
Nymphalide, Ageronide, Eurytelide, Doubleday, Hewitson, and Westwood’s Gen. D. Lep. pp. 81,
148, 403 (1847-52).
Nymphalidi, Vanessidi, Argynnidi, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. pp. 10, 13 (1850). Stainton,
Manual Brit. Lep. pp. 33, 41 (1857).
Nymphalides, Lederer, Class. Eur. Lep. p. 21 (1852). Wallengren, Lep. Scand. pp. 4, 59 (1853).
Nymphalina, Herrich-Schiffer, Lep. Exot. p.54 (1858); Syst. Verz. Eur. Schmett. p. 3 (1861). Platz,
Mitth. Nat. Ver. Vorp. 1886, p. 5.
Nymphaline, Bates, Journ. Ent. 1861, p. 220; 7d. 1864, p. 176. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M.
p. 46 (1869). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 147 (1871). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p.+26 (1880). De
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 1 (1886). Scudder, Butt, E. United States i. p. 222 (1889).
Leech, Butt. China, etc. i. p. 116 (1892).
Nymphalides, Vanessides, Apaturides, Argynnides, Kirby, Catal. Eur. Butt. p. 21 (1862).
Nymphalina (part), Eurytelina, Herr. Schiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 16, 17 (1864).
Nymphalide, Apaturide, Staudinger, Catal. Lep, Eur. p. 15 (1871). Lang, Rhop, Eur. i. pp. 153,
159 (1884).
Nymphalina, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83 (1882).
rf 2
bo
Lo
o
LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Nymphalidae, Apaturide, Eurytelide, Charaxide, Doherty, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109.
Nymphalidae, Staudinger, Exotic Schmett. p. 86 (1885) ; Staudinger and Schiitts, id. p. 108 (1887).
Najades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Borkhausen, Nat. Eur. Schmett. pp. 37-48 (1785).
Consules (part), Nobiles, Herbst.
Lemoniades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Najades, Potamides, Hibner, Tentamen p. 1 (1806) ; 7d. Samml.
Exot. Schmett. i. pp. 1, 2 (1806-19). Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 26-46 (1816).
Spinose, Carunculate, Guénee, Lep. Eure et Loir, pp. 17, 23 (1867).
Spinigeri, Limaciformes, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 19 (1871).
Najades, Scudder, Syst. Rev, Amer. Butt. p. 8 (1872).
CHARACTERS OF THE NYMPHALIN®”.
Imaco.—Wings of either small, medium, or large size. Forewing generally more
or less triangular, usually produced at the apex, seldom pointed at the tip; exterior
margin more or less emarginate, sometimes angulated ; costal vein (except in the
group Eurytelina), not dilated at the base } first and second subcostal branches
generally emitted before the end of the cell ; in some genera, however, the first sub-
costal branch only is emitted before the end of the cell, in which latter case the
second subcostal is four-branched. Hindwing generally broadly oval or triangularly
oval, the exterior margin sometimes more or less deeply scalloped or tailed; in some
the anal angle is prolonged ; abdominal margin always affording a deep groove for
the reception of the abdomen. Discoidal cell either closed in both wings, or in some
genera closed in the forewing only, in which latter cases the cell of the hindwing is
open, and in several genera, the cell in both wings is entirely open.
Body usually robust. Head variable in size. Hyes large, generally naked ; in
some hairy. Palpi rather large, generally porrected, extending considerably in front
of the head, usually protruded widely apart, well clothed with scales and hairs.
Abdomen short. Antenne generally rather long, the club either broad or elongated.
Forelegs greatly atrophied in the male, less so in the female; the fore tibia and
tarsus of the male clothed with fine hairs; the fore tarsus of the male consisting of
a single elongate joint and unarmed ; the fore tarsus of the female composed of five
joints, which are generally rather dilated at their extremity, each joint being
furnished beneath with a pair of short, fine spines.*
Abdominal appendages (Prehensores of male), ‘‘ with the upper organ [tegumen,
B.. White ; wncus, Gosse], of variable size, never provided with lateral appendages ;
* In Calinaga—a genus hitherto placed in the Nymphaline—the female (of both the Indian and
Chinese species) has the fore tarsus perfect, the terminal joint being furnished with a pair of rather long,
stout, curved, forward-projecting claws, paronychia and pulvilli. This genus we have therefore assigned to
a subsequent sub-family, the Cantnacinz. Another genus—Pseudergolis—hitherto placed in the Nym-
phalinz, the females of which also possess perfect tarsi, has consequently been assigned to another sub-
family.
NYMPHALING, 221
clasps large and broad and tumid, seldom tapering much apically, furnished with an
upper apical or basal process, emitted from the edge of the outer surface, and often
with an upward directed, free or attached finger on the inner side of the clasp”
(Scudder, Butt. E. U. S. I. 223).
Eac.—“ Either subglobular and then reticulate and filamentous; or barrel-
shaped, distinctly higher than broad, and then vertically ribbed, the ribs usually
higher near the summit than on the sides, and sometimes confined to the upper
half” (Scudder, 1.c.).
CatTERPILLAR.—Hither limaciform or nearly cylindrical, rarely not distinctly
moniliform, equal or tapering behind, sometimes in front, or if swollen unusually in
any part, such prominence is restricted to a single segment, and is not massed in
two or more adjoining segments ; either smooth and minutely shagreened, or armed
above with longitudinal rows of mostly branched-spines, or conspicuous spinous-
tubercles, the anal segment occasionally bifid or with a posterior median tuberosity.
Head more or less slightly cleft above, hairy, or set with either two or more very
short simple spines, or too elongated spiniform-tubercles, on the vertex ; or with four
—two vertical and two lateral—moderately long spinous-processes.
CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail. Hither smooth, thick, almost oval or boat-
shaped with obtuse or bifid head, or generally more or less elongate, with either a
conical, angulated, or dilated medio-dorsal and thoracic prominence, and abdominal
segmental small conical points.
Szconpary Sexvat Cuaracters.—In the butterflies of this sub-family there are
but few genera in which Androconia, or scent-producing scales, have been found, and
these mostly occurring in certain genera of the groups Euthaliina, Limenitina,
Argynnina, and Hurytelina.
Ssasonat Dimorpnism.—The perfect insects in this sub-family mostly have
settled characters in their markings, and are but little subject to variation, but in
the group Cuaraxina, it will probably ultimately be found that certain species, as
here described, of the genus Haridra and of Hulepis, are but seasonal forms only.
In certain genera of the group NympHatina, i.e. Grapta, Araschnia, Junonia, and
Hypolimnas [Apatura], seasonal dimorphism occurs to a more or less extent, and
probably also in some species of the group Limenitina, i.e. Athyma and Neptis,
and also in the group Arcynnina. In the genus Symbrenthia, the species [.S. Hippo-
clus P], as occurring in Java, is stated by Mr. W. Doherty to be dimorphic in the
female.
Potymorpuism and Mmicry.—In some species of Hypolimnas [Apatura], notably
H. Misippus, of the genus Huripus, i.e. H. Halitherses, and of Sephisa, i.e. S. Chandra,
the females are polymorphic, as well as being mimics of certain species of Limnaine
and of Hupleeine butterflies. The males of the same species of Huripus and both sexes
222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
of Hestina, also mimic certain species of Limnaine butterflies. Apatura [Potamis]
Chevana, which is alike in both sexes, is on the upperside a remarkable mimic of a
white-banded species of Athyma, namely of A. Opalina. The species of Symbrenthia,
in the shape and red colour of the markings on the upperside, closely resemble, in
both sexes, the red-banded females of certain species of Athyma. In the genus
Symbrenthia, the species (S. Hippoclus ?), as occurring in Jaya, is stated by Mr.
Doherty to be also dimorphic in the female—one form having red bands, the other
white—but it is also very remarkable that these white-banded females of Symbrenthia
are mimics of the white-banded males of the common Athyma Nefte, and the red-
banded forms of the red-banded female of the same species of Athyma. In the group
Arcynyina, the female.of the widely-distributed Eastern species Argynnis Niphe
is a fair mimic of the equally widely-distributed and common Limnaine butterfly,
Limnas chrysippus ; and the female of the rare N.W. Himalayan Argynnis Clara is
also a good mimic of the female Parnassius Charino.
CHARACTERISTIOS OF CATERPILLAR AND CurysALis.—The external appearance of
both the caterpillar and of the chrysalis of the Nymphaline exhibits a variety of
forms. The caterpillar is either slug-shaped, smooth and shagreened, with processes
on the head and anal segment, or cylindrical, with rows of either short or long
branched-spines, and occasionally similar spines on the head, or, with some of the
anterior segments tumid and surmounted with short or elongated spiny processes.
The chrysalis is always fully suspended by the tail, and is either thick, oval, or boat-
shaped, or with a dorsal and thoracic prominence, tumid or angular wing-cases, and
bifid or hammer-shaped head piece, and some with abdominal conical or slender
points, or with dilated processes.
Hasrrs or Imaco.—The butterflies of this sub-family ‘“ are pre-eminently bold
sunshine-loving insects, never skulking in the shade amongst trees and bushes, as do
the butterflies of the Amathusiine and Satyrine. Their flight is usually strong,
and as a rule they are seen most abundantly at mid-day. Generally they rest
with the wings widely spread open, and delight in displaying their beauty. In the
genus Charawes the power of rapid flight is very great. In the genus Neptis, and the
‘ White-Admiral’ group of Limenitis, the flight is easy, graceful, and sailing, while in
Vanessa, Argynnis, Apatura [Potamis], &c., though the flight is rapid and irregular,
they are often easily caught, owing to their habit of returning again and again to
the same resting place on a particular leaf. The flight of Cyrestis is weak, and very
often, when pursued, suddenly alights on the underside of a leaf; so also does
Stibochiona Nicea. Many of the species are very foul feeders, the depraved tastes
of the ‘Purple Emperor’ [Potamis Iris] are well known. Species of Charawes have
also been taken on carrion, and CO. Fabius is very fond of the juice of the Toddy
Palm, and Luthalia of rotten fruit, &c.” (de Nicéyille Butt. Ind. ii. 3). Dr.
NYMPHALIN 4. 223
Thwaites, writing of the butterflies of this sub-family as observed in Ceylon, says,
“The strength and firm texture of the wings enable them to keep up an unceasing
activity during the bright hours of the day. They seem to delight in displaying
their exquisite beauty to the sun. Their flight, though so powerful, is not observed
to sustain these charming insects in one uniform direction, like the Euploeas, but
serves rather to enable them, when rambling in their frolic, to make wide sweeps
within no very extensive area. Some species, such as the Junonias, prefer to display
their bright expanded wings upon the sunny ground, whilst others, as Neptis, fly
gaily about the low flowering shrubs. Many kinds, like Diadema [ Hypolimnas], &c.,
when at play, return again and again at certain intervals of time to the same, or to
nearly contiguous spots, and thus give the collector renewed opportunities of
capture” (Lep. Ceylon, 1, 26).
** All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there is nothing
more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region. They fly so straight
that you can take them on the wing nine times out of ten; they persistently return
to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting twigs, where you can easily get
them by a stroke of the net from below. But this is not the case in the Malayan
regions; I do not know how many hours I spent in the interior of Sumba, trying to
eatch a huge undescribed Charawes of the pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group
never seem common down there as in India” (Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256).
DisrrisuTion.—The Nymphaline are found throughout the world. One species,
Vanessa cardui, may well be called cosmopolitan, ‘‘ whose range,” writes Mr.
Scudder (l.c. 469), “‘ with the exception of the Arctic regions and South America,
extends over the entire extent of every continent, Australia and New Zealand
producing a race peculiar to themselves, while the other large islands south of Asia
possess the normal type, which is also found upon the small islands lying off the
western borders of the Old World, the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, and St. Helena,
occurring also in Bermuda, Cuba, and has been taken at various points in the
Hawaiian Archipelago.” The greatest development of the sub-family is “in tropical
and sub-tropical regions” (de Niceville l.c. 3). Some Himalayan species occur at
very high altitudes; Vanessa indica was observed by the late Major J. L. Sherwill in
the Hastern Himalayas, “as being common at great elevations, and also on the
snow and on the glaciers at 13,000 to 16,000 feet elevation.” Vanessa Ladakensis was
taken by Dr. Stoliczka at 15,000 feet in the Western Himalayas. Captain Lang took
Grapta C-album on the Hungrung Pass, at about 15,000 feet altitude, and Limenitis
Ligyes at 10,000 feet. Dr. Stoliczka observed an Argynnis on the top of the Lanak
Pass, at an elevation of 18,672 feet. Dr. Duthie obtained Argynnis clara at 12,000
to 14,000 feet in the North-Western Himalayas, and Major H. B. Hellard took
specimens of the same Argynnis on the north side of the Rupin Pass from about
224 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
12,000 feet to near top of the pass. Captain Lang obtained specimens of Melitea
Sindura at 16,000 feet elevation in North-Western Himalayas.
Groups oF THE NYMPHALINE® AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
The Nymphaline is the most extensive sub-family of butterflies, and embraces a
great variety of forms, not only in the caterpillar and chrysalis state, but also in that
of the imago. The assemblage of these various forms, as here embraced in this sub-
family, has, by most modern Lepidopterists who have studied their structure, been
divided into three or four, or more, limited natural groups,* and which, by some
authors, are mainly based upon the differences of form in their larval and pupal
stages.
In the arrangement of the Nymphalinz, in this work, we have assigned the
various genera of the Indian fauna to named groups, into which they naturally
range themselves, in accordance with their special characteristics, and which are
here briefly indicated as follows :—
Group I. Cuwaraxina.
Imago.—Very robust, thorax very stout. Forewings triangular, short, broad ;
apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point. Hindwings short;
exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed tail at end of upper
and lower median veinlets.
Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped (limaciform), with four lengthened processes on
the head, and two skort processes on the anal segment.
Chrysalis—Short, thick, almost oval; smooth; dorsum much arched, head
more or less obtusely pointed.
Eqg.—* Large; few; globular; hard; not so high as broad; with obscure
ribs and cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting
points at their intersection ’’ (Doherty).
Group II. Poramina [Apaturide, auctorum]).
Imago.—Robust. Forewings more or less elongate and triangular ; apex obtuse;
exterior margin sometimes slightly angulated below the apex. Hindwings short,
either triangular and somewhat prolonged at anal angle in male, or subquadrate ;
exterior margin slightly scalloped, or obtusely produced at end of the upper median
veinlet.
* But have been ignored by Mr. Distant (Rhop, Malayana), Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, ete.),
Mr. Elwes (P.Z.S., 1888, etc.), and Mr. Leech (Butt of China, etc.), although the life history of many
species of the various groups were then known, consequently their arrangement of the genera in this
sub-family is erroneous and entirely unnatural.
NYMPHALINA. 225
Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped, with two processes on the head, and two on the anal
segment.
Chrysalis.—Somewhat boat-shaped; dorsum arched ; head with two short pro-
jecting points.
Egg.—*‘ Large; few; hardly as high as wide; ribs low, serrate, rather numerous,
not produced at apex ” (Doherty).
Group III. EHorsaiuna.
Imago.—Robust. Forewings broad, triangular; apex either obtusely pointed or
rounded, or somewhat falcate; exterior margin either slightly, but obtusely,
scalloped, or nearly even. Hindwings short, broad, triangular or obovate, or some-
times subquadrate,
Caterpillar—Head slightly cleft and spiny or minutely hairy. Body armed
with a subdorsal and lateral row of erect branched-spines, or with very long lateral
horizontally-projecting branched-spines.
Chrysalis.—Hlongate and boat-shaped, with arched dorsum and bifid head; or,
short and stout, with triangulate medio-dorsal prominence, and bifid head.
EHog.—?
Group IV. Limenrrra.
Imago.—Moderately robust, generally. Forewings either short and more or less
triangular, or elongate and narrow; apex obtuse or rounded; exterior margin in
some more or less slightly scalloped. Hindwings short, generally broad and
triangularly-ovate, in some obovate ; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped,
and in some the anal angle is prolonged, or lobate, the apex slightly excised, and
with a short acute point or narrow tail at end of upper median veinlet.
Caterpillar —Head cleft, or serrate, on vertex. Body either unequally humped
dorsally, or more or less cylindrical; armed with two subdorsal series of mostly
short irregular-shaped fleshy branched-spines.
Chrysalis—Somewhat elongate, or short; with projecting wing-cases, broad
rounded elevated anterio-dorsal prominence, arched thorax, and projected bifid (or
rarely single) head piece.
Egg.— Very large; few; soft; not so high as wide, strongly reticulate with
elevated translucent lines crossing the surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal
and hexagonal spaces, and bearing long, acute, often bifid spines at their in-
tersection ’’ (Doherty).
Group V. NympHa.ina.
Imago.—Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtusely angled or rounded, in
some produced to a more or less distinct point ; exterior margin either more or less
VOL. II, Gg
226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
slightly scalloped and with a more or less prominent outward angle below the apex
and a lesser angle at the lower median veinlet, or the entire margin slightly but
obtusely scalloped, or more or less even. Hindwings short, obovate, or somewhat
quadrate; the exterior margin either more or less slightly scalloped, or nearly even,
or, in some the apex is slightly excised and with a short broad caudate angle at the
upper median veinlet ; or, in some the wing is triangular, with the exterior margin
nearly or quite even, and the anal angle prolonged into a lobate tail.
Caterpillar—Head mostly very slightly cleft, in some surmounted with two
minute tuberculous-spines or very short stellate-spines, or armed with two long erect:
branched-spines. Body armed with mostly nine (sometimes eleven) longitudinal
series of branched-spines.
Chrysalis—With dorsal and lateral abdominal segmental conical points; thorax
obtusely or angularly conical ; head piece more or less bifid.
Eqg.—* Not so high as wide; ribs few, sharp and prominent, usually projecting
at apex, and often serrate” (Doherty).
Nore. on tHe Group NympHarina.—We refer the origin of this name to Linnzus,
who, in 1758, Syst. Nat. p. 472, uses the plural form [Nymphales] at the head of
the group, but in the singular form [Nymphalis] at the top of the pages ; dividing
the group into two sections, the species in the first section (Nym. Gemmati) being
To, Almana, Asterie, Aunone, Aonis, Lemonius, Orithyia, Cardui, Lampetia, Iris,
and some Satyrids. In the second section (Nym. Phalerati) Populi, Antiopa,
Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, C. Aureum, Dirce, Amathea, Venilia, Alimene,
Leucothce, Phtusa, Bolina, and others. In the 12th Edit. Syst. Nat. p. 769
(1767) Linnezeus repeats the above. In 1777, Esper, Die Schmett. p. 87 [Nym-
phalis], under section I. gives Io, Cardui, Iris, and some Satyrids. II. Populi,
Antiopa, Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, Atalanta, Sibilla, Camilla, Rumina,
Levana, Lucina, Maturna, Cinxia, Dia, Paphia, Aglaia, Adippe, Lathonia, Euphro-
syne, Niobe. In 1781, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linné, pp. 162, 172 [Nymphales] at head
of group, and Nymphalis for sections, describes and figures lo, and Urtice, only,
as typical. Any further restriction of the name in its generic use must therefore
be confined to these two species. In 1784, Esper, Natur. des Linn. Syst. p. 209
[Nymphales], gives sect. I. Io, Galathea; sect. Il. Urtice, Atalanta, Lathonia.
In 1793, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 61 [Nymphales] places at the head of
the list, Jasius and Pyrrhus ; two species not occurring in Linneus’s group Nymphales,
and which, by some modern authors, have been erroneously taken as the typical
species of the genus Nymphalis. In 1798, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. p. 589
[Nymphales], gives Antiopa, Io, Cardui, Atalanta. This action of Cuvier’s thus
fixes Jo as the type of Nymphalis.
re)
re)
a
NYMPHALINZ.
Group VI. Araynnina.
Imago.—Forewings elongately-triangular, or triangular; apex obtuse or rounded;
exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, or even. Hindwings short, broad,
obovate, in some subquadrate ; exterior margin more or less slightly, or prominently
scalloped ; in some with a more or less prominent broad caudate angle at end of the
upper median veinlet.
Caterpillar—Head hairy, either armed with two vertical branched-spines, or,
not armed. Body armed with from six to nine longitudinal rows of branched-spines.
Chrysalis.—More or less constricted at the waist ; thorax arched ; wing-cases
ample and protuberant; either with dorsal conical tubercles, which in some are
slender, in others the anterior and the posterior dorsal pair are abnormally long,
enlarged, and expanded at the base ; head obtusely or acutely bifid.
Figg.—** Sugar-loaf shaped”? (Scudder). ‘‘As high as wide or higher; ribs
rather numerous, heavy, blunt, anastomosing, projecting at apex, with numerous
distinct cross lines” (Doherty).
Group VII. Meniraina.
Imago.—Small. Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtuse; exterior
margin almost even. Hindwings short, obovate; exterior margin barely slightly
scalloped.
Caterpillar.—Head small, unarmed. Body attenuated a little anteriorly, armed
with four longitudinal series of short, coarse branched-spines.
Chrysalis‘ Rather stout. Head obtuse; thorax rounded; abdominal
segments with dorsal and lateral small blunt tubercles ’’ (Scudder).
Egqg.—‘* Somewhat acorn-shaped, higher than broad, well rounded at base and
at sides, and broadly docked at the summit; with very slight longitudinal ribs
occupying only the upper half, the surface below being smooth, or indented with
polygonal or rounded depressions ’”’ (Scudder). ;
Group VIII. EHuryreina.
Imago.—Of moderate size. Forewings mostly short and broad, elongately-
triangular, or triangular; costal vein dilated at the base ; apex abruptly pointed
or obtuse; exterior margin either erect, slightly scalloped, and angled outward
below the apex and less so at the upper median veinlet, or the margin oblique
and nearly even. Hindwings short, broadly obovate; exterior margin more or
less scalloped.
Caterpillar.—Slender. Head armed with two long branched-spines. Body
armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of short branched-spines.
g¢g2
228 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Chrysalis—Slender. Wing-cases somewhat dilated and angular; anterior
dorsum and thorax angular; head with two small points.
Egg.—* Radiate, small, hard, nearly as high as wide, with radiating lines of
erectile bristles ’’ (Doherty). ;
Group I. CHARAXINA.
Apaturides (part), Boisduval, Ind. Mé¢th. ii. p. 24 (1840). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 44 (1862).
Tymphalide (part), Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844).
Nymphalina (part), Herrich-Schiiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p, 83,
(1882).
Apature (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1869).
Apaturide (part), Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 153 (1884).
Charazidew, Doherty, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109.
CHARACTERS OF THE Group CHARAXINA.
Imaco.—Very robust. Thorax very stout. Jorewings triangular, short, broad ;
apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point; first and second
subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, except in Helcyra, in which the
second branch is emitted beyond the cell; the cell closed in all except Heleyra.
Hindwings short, exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed
tail at end of the upper and lower median veinlets ; cell imperfectly closed by a very
fine slender thread, except in Eulepis and Helcyra, in which it is entirely open.
Forelegs of male short, slender, clothed with appressed short hairy scales ;
fore tarsus almost smooth, femur and tibia finely hairy beneath. Fore tarsus of
female smooth, thickened beneath apically, each joint with two short spines beneath.
Antenne thick, with a lengthened club, except in Heleyra, in which it is slender
and with a short spatular club. Eyes naked.
CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped, with four lengthened fleshy processes on the head,
and two short processes on the anal segment.
Curysatis.—Short, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum much arched; head
more or less obtusely pointed.
Ecc.—* Large, globular, hard; not so high as broad; with obscure ribs and
cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting points at
their intersections ’? (Doherty).
Hasits or tHE Imaco.—Mr. HE. H. Aitken remarks, ‘‘ Last December Mr. J.
Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matheran in trying to capture two
specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, of C. Imna, for when we got
them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found that it is
by no means uncommon on the Ghits from December to March, at least; but
it does not put itself in the way of being converted into cabinet specimens.
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA,) 229
It comes out about ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves,
perches bolt upright in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest
point you can reach with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is
fenced on all sides with a creeper, whose sharp-curved thorns lay hold of everything
that passes them, and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing
away any other butterfly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. If you
pelt it with stones, it darts off, takes a short circuit, and returns to the same leaf.
You may pelt it for an hour with the same result” (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, p.
132). <“* All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there
is nothing more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region.
They fly so straight that you can take them on the wing nine times out of
ten; they persistently return to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting
twigs, where you can easily get them by a stroke of the net from below. But
this is not the case in the Malayan regions; I do not know how many hours I
spent in the interior of Sumba trying to catch a huge undescribed Charazes of the
pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group never seem common down there as in India”
(Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256).
DimorenisM.—In the group Charaxina, it will probably ultimately be found,
that certain species of the genus Haridra, and of Hulepis, as here described, are but
dimorphic or seasonal forms. In Haridra, it probably occurs both in the section of
which the males have no white band on the forewing, and also in the section in
which the white band is present in both male and female. But, as there is little
available data respecting the times of appearance on the wing of the various species,
and further, where such is known, the names of the species, as cited by certain authors,
are erroneously determined (as we have personally proved by actual comparison of
specimens) ; consequently we cannot utilize them with certainty.
Key to THe GENERA OF THE CHARAXINA,
A. First and second subcostal branches of forewing emitted before end of the cell.
a. Cell of hindwing imperfectly closed : : ‘ . : . Haripra. CHaRaxes.
b. Cell of hindwing entirely open - ; ‘ . Huuepis. Murwarepa.
B. First subcostal branch only of the forewing oated heii aa of the cell ;
cell of hindwing open ‘ ; . 5 : ; : 5 . Hetoy a.
Genus HARIDRA.
Haridra, Moore, Lepidoptera of Ceylon, i. p. 30 (1&80).
Charazes (part), Felder ; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville.
Imaco.—Male. Wings similar in form to Charaxes. Forewing somewhat
broader, with the costa more arched. Hindwing somewhat more convex externally.
230 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
costal margin shorter ; cell imperfectly closed by a very slender thread; precostal
curved towards the end; with a short tail from the upper median veinlet only.
Body extremely robust ; antenng more slender ; palpi porrect, projected in front of
the head; forelegs of the male longer than in typical Charaxes, femur slender,
sparsely clothed with long fine hairs beneath, tibia thickened and hairy at the base,
tarsus compact; forelegs of the female longer than in typical Charaxes, scaly,
tarsus stouter. Sexes dimorphic. Type H. Psaphon.
CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; with four vertical elongated spinous fleshy
processes on the head, and two short naked depressed pointed processes on anal
segment.
Curysatis.—Thick, oval, abbreviated, dorsum well arched ; head obtuse.
Egg.—Unknown.
HARIDRA PSAPHON (Plate 168, fig. 1, la, b,c, d ?).
Charazxes Psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Ent. p. 43, pl. 21, fig. 1,2, ¢ (1848). Butler,
Proc. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 636. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii, p. 284 (1886).
Nymphalis Psaphon, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 309 (1850).
Haridra Psaphon, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 2, g (1880).
Haridra Serendiba, Moore, id. p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 3, 2 (1880).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous-red. Forewing with the exterior half
purpurescent-black, forming a broad marginal band, its inner edge being erect and
sinuous ; a discocellular duplex black mark, and some very indistinct slender blackish
discoidal streaks. Hindwing with a very broad apical and marginal band, which
sinuously attenuates hindward, and terminates in two small white-marked anal spots;
a short sinuous black streak from the costa contiguous to the band. Underside
fulvous-brown, washed with purplish-grey. Both wings crossed by three basal, and
two discal zigzag black lines with pale borders. Forewing also with a submarginal
fascia composed of more or less defined small blackish dentate inner spots and outer
diffused pearly-white dentate lunules. Hindwing also with a submarginal darker
blackish-grey lunular fascia, and outer series of small black-tipt pearly-white dentate
spots.
Female. Upperside deep fulvous-yellow. Forewing with a transverse medial
discal purplish-white band, which shows, by semi-transparency, the discal sinuous
line of the underside, and is edged inwardly by a broken black line which is more or
less inwardly diffused anteriorly ; outer border of the wing broadly black, with its
inner edge sinuous, and bearing a slight fulvous lunular posterior inner streak.
Hindwing with a short medial discal purplish-white band edged inwardly by a slender
black sinuous line ; submarginal black band broad, as in the male, but broken and
macular posteriorly, and with a distinct white lunule on each portion between all the
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 231
veins, the anal spot being also blue-speckled. Underside. Olivescent fulvous-
brown, darkest basally and externally, and washed with purplish-grey ; transverse
markings throughout, as in the male; the subbasal interspace being slightly, and the
medial discal interspace distinctly fulvous-white or pale fulvous-yellow. Body
entirely dark fulvous-red ; palpi blackish above, white beneath; pectus fulvous-
white; legs above dark fulvous-red, whitish beneath; fore-tarsi fulvous-white ;
antenne black; eyes dark red.
Expanse, d 34, ¢ 4 to 43 inches.
Hasitat.—Ceylon.
Distrisution.—Major Hutchison obtained males near Trincomali in August,
fluttering over the ground on the edge of forest jungle. Capt. Wade took males and
a female at Kandy, and a female in the forest at Kottawa. A female was taken by
Mr. Skinner in March, 1875, at Arisvawalle. Major Yerbury took a female at sugar
in October, at Kanthalla.
HARIDRA IMNA (Plate 169, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9, et larva and pupa).
Charaxes Imna, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 2, g ; de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, etc. ii. p. 285 (1886). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 355. Davidson and
Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1889, p. 278, pl. A, fig. 4, 4a, Zarva.
Charaxes Hindia (female only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5, 2 (1872).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a somewhat paler fulvous-red than in the closely
allied Psaphon. Forewing with the black marginal band slightly narrower, the dis-
cocellular streak slightly defined. Hindwing with the black band comparatively
narrower apically, and posteriorly broken up into two or three spots, in addition to
the white-centred anal spots; the slender costal streak also further from the apical
portion of the band. Underside paler fulvous-brown than in Psaphon; markings
similar, but of a more generally uniform tint throughout ; the sinuous transverse
lines and fasciz being much less defined.
Female. Upperside similar to that of Psaphon, the fulvous colour somewhat
paler. Forewing with the white band comparatively narrower, and its inner black
edgings less sharply defined. Hindwing also similar, but the black macular band
somewhat narrower. Underside similar, but paler, and the transverse sinuous
markings less defined.
Expanse, d 33, ° 4 to 4} inches.
CaTERPILLAR.—‘ Slug-shaped, elongated ; head very broad, surmounted by two
pairs of incurved rugose fleshy processes, the outer pair longest ; anal segment flat,
square, ending in two points; last pair of legs almost aborted; colour rich dark
green, with a large dorsal semicircle of pinkish-white on the seventh segment, and a
232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
yellow lateral line ; horns and sides of face rusty-brown”’ (Davidson and Aitken,
J. Bomb. N.H.S. 1890, p. 278).
Cuarysatis.x—Thick, cylindrically oval; dorsum much arched; head obtuse;
colour green.
Hasirat.—Lower Bengal; Orissa ; Bombay ; 8. India.
DistriputioN.— We have examined the type specimen of the male, now in the
possession of Mr. H. Grose Smith. Specimens of the female in my own collection
(described erroneously as the female of C. Hindia by Mr, Butler) were taken by the
late Mr. Arthur Grote at Parasnath Hill, Behar, in Lower Bengal; a female from
Ranchi, Chota Nagpore, is in Mr. Grose Smith’s collection; a female is recorded
(Butt. Ind. ii. 291) from Nagpur, taken in March by Mr. EH. A. Minchin, and a
female was taken by Mr. L. de Nicéville in a garden at Alipur, near Calcutta, in the
cold weather (J.A.S. Beng. 1885, 45). Males are also recorded from Khorda in
Orissa by Mr. W. C. Taylor. Colonel Swinhoe has males from Khandalla taken in
October, and a female was taken at Lanaoli in February by Mr. A. B. Watson. Mr.
Lindsay took it in Coonoor, and Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained both sexes on the
Nilgiris, where it was rare, at from 3000 to 4000 feet. The late Dr. Shortt took
both sexes on the Shevaroy Hills. Lieut. E. Y. Watson obtained two males in
November at Kathlekan in Mysore. Mr. H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay, N.H.S. 1891,
10) says it is “ not uncommon in the low country of Travancore, and at the foot of
the hills.’ According to Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 285), “The Indian
Museum, Calcutta, has specimens of male from the Wynaad taken by Mr. R. Morgan;
Mr. W. Doherty took males in Travancore and Beypur; Mr. G. W. Vidal obtained
males at Khandalla in April, and Mr, E. H. Aitken took it on Matherhan in
January.”
Hasits or Imaco.—Mr. J. Betham (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 286) states
that “it has the most powerful flight of any butterfly I know (while Athamas is
the fastest), and looks like a bird while on the wing. It is a very foul feeder,
and greedily fond of Mhowa, so much so, that it can be approached and taken
by the fingers while engaged in its meal. One year I took several of these and
C. Fabius and a few C. Athamas, at a Sirris tree (Acacia speciosa) which had a
bough injuredin some way, and from which a juice was exuded. The wings
of several of the Charaxes that I took had bits chipped out of them by the
beaks of birds.” Mr. E. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, 132) says: “ Last
December Mr. J. Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matherhan in trying
to capture two specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, for when
we got them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found
that it is by no means uncommon on the Ghats from December to March at
least, but it does not put itself in the way of being captured. It comes out about
NYMPHALIN-. (Group CHARAXINA.) 233
ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves, perches itself bolt upright
in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest point you can reach
with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is fenced on all sides
with a creeper whose sharp curved thorns lay hold of everything that passes them,
and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing away any other butter-
fly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. Ifyou pelt it with stones, it
darts off, takes a short circuit and returns to the same leaf. You may pelt it for an
hour with the same result.”
Hasits anp Foop Prant or Larva.—Messrs. J. Davidson and H. H. Aitken
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 278) gives the following :—
“We reared three specimens of the larve of this butterfly on Aglaia Roxburgh-
tana, a very common tree in Kanara, belonging to the Order Meliacezw. Among butter-
flies the length of the larval life seems to be generally proportioned to the robustness
of the insect in its perfect state, and, as might be expected, C. Imnais a Methuselah
among butterflies. One found on the 6th October, then evidently a few days old,
became a pupa on the 25th of November. ‘he butterfly emerged on the 9th of
December. Like most smooth caterpillars, this species eats its skin when cast, but
not the head-case. When touched it appears to use its horns defensively, as does
also C. Athamas.”
The larva figured in Mr. Arthur Grote’s drawing was taken “feeding on
Amoora Rohituka.”
Of our illustrations of this species on plate 169, fig. 1 is copied from Messrs.
Davidson and Aitken’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la is from Mr. Grote’s
drawing; fig. 1b is from a Khandalla male, and fig. 1c is from the type specimen
described by Mr. Butler, erroneously, as the female of C. Hindia.
HARIDRA MARMAX (Plate 170, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).
Charaxes Marmazx, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 43, pl. 21, ¢ 92 (1848).
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. (1865), p. 636. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), p. 831. De Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 281 (1886).
Charazes Lunawara (male only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. g (1872).*
Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous; the costal area of hindwing palest.
Forewing with faint traces of three transverse slender sinuous dusky-fulvous lines
within the cell, two similar discal lines below the cell, beyond which is a discal line
and a less defined inner submarginal line, followed by a more distinct but diffused
submarginal line, which latter is somewhat blackish, and widens out at the costal
end, and is there apically joined to a marginal sinuous black band, the fulvous inter-
* The type female, described erroneously as that sex of Lunawara, is from the Philippines, and is
identical with C. Amycus, Felder.
vou. 1. April 10th, 1895. Hh
234 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
spaces forming between the veins a series of seven lunules; the outer edge of the
band haying the tips of the veins indicated by fulvous points, and the lower end of
the band terminating in a narrower lunular end at the submedian vein; at the end
of the cell is a slender, dusky lunule, with a continuous outer upper black streak,
beyond which is a subcostal short narrow black broken curved mark. Hindwing
with two medial costal short slender black sinuous lines below the costal vein, the
outer line being continued below the subcostal; beyond is a submarginal decreasing
row of black spots centred by a white dentate point, the upper spots being ovate, the
lower dentate. Underside ochreous-yellow. Both wings crossed by four or five
slender black sinuous lines on the basal half, the interspace between the two outer
lines being dull fulvous; a discal less-defined fulyous line with diffused border,
followed, on the forewing, by a submarginal series of slightly-defined pearly-white
lunules, the upper two being broadest and dentate, and their outline diffused with
fulvous; and on the hindwing the discal line is followed by.a slight dusky grey-
speckled dark fulvous sinuous fascia, and then by a submarginal series of pearly-
white dentate marks, of which the posterior marks are tipt with blue scales and a
black point.
Female. Upperside with the discal area, and middle of costa on hindwing
paler fulvous than in the male. Forewing with the outer discal sinuous line dis-
tinctly defined and blackish, the cell mark and the subcostal streak beyond broader
black, the submarginal sinuous line blackish and slender to its costal end, but with
the marginal black border as in the male. Hindwing with the costal sinuous marks
and the submarginal row of spots as in the male, the latter only being somewhat
larger and more distinctly white centred. Underside exactly as in the male. Body
bright fulvous; palpi above brown, white beneath; pectus white; legs above pale
ochreous, whitish beneath; fore tarst white; antenne blackish, club tipt with
ochreous ; eyes dark purple-brown.
Expanse, d 32, ? 43 inches.
Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim.
Disrrisution.—In Sikkim, according to Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 1. 282),
this species is the commonest of the group. ‘It occurs from April to October at
low elevations, the female being much rarer than the male” (Sikkim Gazetteer,
1894, 148). Specimens taken in Sikkim in July and November by Mr. Otto
Moller are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection, It has been taken at Buxa in Bhotan
by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. It also occurs in Assam and Sylhet. We have it from the
Naga Hills, and specimens from the Garo Hills are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.
Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at Bhamo, Burma, and Mr. W. Doherty
obtained it in East Pegu. Both sexes from Taipang, Malay Peninsula, are in
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.
NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAYINA.) 235
HARIDRA KAHRUBA (Plate 171, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, as in H. Marmaz, with similarly
disposed markings. Forewing differing in the comparatively broader black
marginal band, and in the much more sharply-defined submarginal sinuous line,
which latter line is also narrower at its costal end, thus giving the intervening
broad lunular marks a more prominent shape throughout their extent. Hindwing
with the medial costal sinuous streak distinct, and the submarginal black
spots somewhat larger and more irregularly-oval in shape, the central dot
ochreous-white. Underside with the ground-colour pale Indian yellow, the
transverse sinuous lines more sinuously disposed than in Marmaz, but very sharply
defined, their bordering shades, and the submarginal dentate fascia, and also
the interspace between the two medial discal sinuous lines, being dark ochreous-
brown.
Female. Upperside uniformly paler than in male. Forewing with the markings
less defined. Hindwing with the submarginal row of black spots also less defined,
but each with a central dentate mark. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 32 to 4, ? 43 to 44 inches.
Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Sylhet; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Burma.
DistRisuTion.—Presuming this to be the species referred to by Mr. de Nicéville
as Lunawara, “itis much rarer than Marmar in Sikkim, but occurs at the same
seasons and elevations”’ (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148). Specimens from Sikkim
taken in July, August, and November, by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W.
Rothschild’s collection. We have it from Sylhet, Cachar, and Colonel Swinhoe
has it from the Khasia Hills. We have also identified specimens from the
Arakan Hills, taken in November by Major C. H. HE. Adamson, in the Thoungyeen
forests, Upper Tenasserim, and in September, by Captain Bingham; and also
specimens from Hast Pegu.
HARIDRA DESA (Plate 172, figs. 1, la, b,c, 3 9).J
Charaxes Desa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1878, p. 832, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc.
ii. p. 283 (1886).
TImaco.—Male. Nearest allied to H. Aristogiton. Forewing differs in the inner
edge of the black marginal band being bent inward from the costa to the upper
radial, whereas, in Aristogiton, the edge is more even, and comparatively nearer the
subcostal streak ; and the submarginal lunules are comparatively broader. Hindwing
with similar black macular band. Underside similar.
Female. Upperside paler than in male; similarly marked as the same sex of
Marmaz. Forewing with the discocellular duplex streak and the subcostal streak
Hh 2
236 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
somewhat narrower, the inner discal sinuous line less defined, the marginal macular
band broader, the submarginal sinuous line sharply defined, and dilated at its costal
end, with the intervening lunular spaces more prominent. Hindwing similar to
Marmaz. Underside paler purpurescent brownish-ochreous than in male ; markings
the same.
Expanse, d 4, ? 43 inches.
Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim.
DisrrisuTion.—The type specimen, a male, was taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason
at Moolai, 83-6000 feet, Upper Tenasserim. A specimen from Toungoo is in Mr.
P. Crowley’s collection. Major C. H. E., Adamson obtained two males in the
Thoungyeen Valley in February, and indicated it under Aristogiton in his List, p. 20.
HARIDRA ARISTOGITON (Plate 173, figs. 1, la, ¢).
Charaxes Aristogiton, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867), g. Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1870,
121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 282 (1886).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer
border, which is traversed by a series of six narrow fulvous lunules, the three upper
being small; a slender blackish duplex streak from upper end of cell, a very in-
distinctly defined inner discal sinuous line, and a black subcostal streak disposed
apically before the outer band. Hindwing with a medial costal short sinuous black
slender line, and a submarginal black macular band, the apical portion being large,
the lower portions formed of decreasing broadly-dentate spots, each with a white
central speck. Underside purpurescent brownish-ferruginous, with a darker
brownish submarginal fascia bordering the lilacine-grey washed dentate marks;
transverse sinuous lines black.
Female unknown.
Expanse, d 3} to 4 inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga Hills; Sylhet.
DistrrsuTion.—Males, taken in Sikkim in April by Mr. Otto Mller, are in Mr.
W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148) says
“it occurs in Sikkim with the two preceding species (Marmaz and Kharuba).” A
specimen from Buxa, Bhotan, is in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. Others from the
Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild.
Our illustration of this species, on Plate 173, is from a male, identical in every
respect with Felder’s type.
HARIDRA ADAMSONI (Plate 173, figs. 2, 2a, 2).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a very indistinctly
defined upper discocellular streak, a less broad marginal black band than in Coraz
NYMPHALINZ. (Group o#4RAXINA.) 237
or Harpaw, leaving a much wider interspace between it and the end of the cell,
the band with a regular but indistinct inner sinuous line which forms an inward
row of lunules to the interspaces between the upper median and lower radial, above
which point are two upper fulvous spots diverging abruptly outward; the extrene
outer margin of the wing edged with fulvous at end of the veins. Hindwing with a
submarginal row of smaller black spots, of which the two apical are divided, and
with slight whitish-speckled centres, the lower spots being minute, dentate points.
Underside pale duller fulvous than upperside, with transverse sinuous blackish lines,
the medial discal lines approximated ; a submarginal slightly-defined lilacine dentate
fascia on forewing, and a row of minute black-tipt marks on the hindwing.
Expanse, 3 8, inches.
Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim.
A single male of this species was taken by Major C. H. EH. Adamson in the
Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in February.
HARIDRA HARPAX (Plate 174, figs. 1, la, b, c, ¢ 2).
Charazxes Harpax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1870, p. 121. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 109, pl. 13,
fig. 1, ¢ (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii, p. 288 (1886).
Charaxes Agna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832, 3.
Charaxes Borneensis (female only) Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 16, 9.
Charaxes Baya, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 36, fig. 1, g (nec Moore).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing differs from typical
Coraz in the outer black band being comparatively broader anteriorly, the upper
portion thus being nearer the discoidal streak, and its inner edge is also less sinuous.
Hindwing with well-separated and smaller submarginal white-centred spots. Under-
side precisely the same as in Coraz, the submarginal spots on the hindwing appearing
farther from the margin simply because they are smaller. (Described from Felder’s
type in coll. Honble. W. Rothschild.)
Female. Upperside dullfulvous. Forewing with the outer border broadly black,
traversed by a series of four or five pale fulvous lunules ; crossed by a broad oblique
discal diffused pale fulvescent-white band, the discal sinuous lines of the underside
being also apparent. Hindwing with the middle of the costa broadly pale fulvescent-
white; submarginal row of black spots of moderate size, the two apical conjoined,
the others separate, each with a distinct white lunule. Underside pale olivescent-
ochreous ; the normal transverse sinuous lines brown and slender, the inner discal and
subbasal interspaces pale purpurescent-brown, the outer discal interspaces somewhat
pale, glossy olivescent yellowish-white, the outer border with lilacine-grey dentate
238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
markings, those on the hindwing with blue-speckled black-tips. (Described from Mr.
Butler’s type specimens erroneously described by him as the female of Borneensis.)
Expanse, ¢ 3,5 to 3,9, ¢ 4 inches.
Hasirat.—Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, &c.
Distrisution.—A Burmese male identical with the type is in Major C. H. E.
Adamson’s collection. A male from Thoungyeen is also in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s
collection. The specimens named Agna were taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason at
Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet elevation, Upper Tenasserim. We also have a male from
Megaree, Pegu. A female (erroneously referred by me to Borneensis) was taken
by Dr. J. Anderson on Elphinstone Island, Mergui, in March (J. Linn. Soc. Zool.
1886, 38).
It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant l.c. pp. 109, 433). We possess
both sexes from Sumatra, the type female (Borneensis, Butler) from Borneo, and
both sexes also from Borneo, are in Mr. P. Crowley’s, Colonel Swinhoe’s, and
Mr. Godman’s collection.
Of our illustration of this species on Plate 174, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type
of the male, and fig. 1, b, c, from a female example from Borneo.
HARIDRA CORAX (Plate 175, figs, 1, la, b, ¢, et larva and pupa).
Charazxes Ooras, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870,
p. 121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 287 (1886).
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, of a uniform tint throughout. ore-
wing with the outer border broadly purpurescent-black, commencing anteriorly at
nearly half the costa and well decreasing posteriorly to a little beyond the angle, its
inner edge being sinuous anteriorly and undulated posteriorly, and with a slender
slightly-defined fulvous lunular streak descending from before the angle; a slightly
blackish duplex streak at upper end of the cell. Hindwing with a submarginal black
macular band, the apical portion being broad and marked with two white dots and a
small inner irrorated fulvous spot, the descending lower black spots small, and
dentate, the two anal marked with bluish-white scales ; a short medial costal sinuous
black slender line. Underside rufescent with somewhat darker rufescent-brown
borders to the transverse sinuous lines, and outer margin, the basal area and the
submarginal dentate fascia more or less glossed with pale purplish-white ; the sub-
marginal spots on the hindwing somewhat anchor-shaped, with black-tip, blue centre
and white base. Body above bright fulvous ; palpi blackish above, ochreous-white
beneath ; pectus, fore tarsi, middle and hind tibiw and tarsi ochreous-white, fore
tibize and femur, and middle and hind femora rufescent-brown ; antennz black, club
rufous tipt.
Described from Dr. Felder’s type in coll. Mr, W. Rothschild.
NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA,) 239
In some specimens the band on both wings is less heavily defined, and the band
on the hindwing is composed of the upper two conjoined-spots and lower more or
less smaller separated spots. In these specimens the underside of the wings is also
of a much less paler rufescent colour, and the sinuous transverse lines and other
markings less defined—these characters indicating that the latter specimens probably
belong to aseasonal brood. Female unknown.
Expanse, 3 3, to 3,“ inches.
CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; widest in the middle, tapering rapidly towards the
end and more gradually towards the head, the anal segment terminating in two short
pointed processes ; head encircled by a mottled pink and white line and surmounted
with four pink rugose curved processes, each being tipt with blue. General colour
rich green, but somewhat mottled above, yellowish beneath, with the lateral edge
defined by a pink speckled line; a large white-ringed dorsal spot with pink centre
on middle of the back, and three small similar subdorsal spots on each side.
Curysatis.—Pale green, unmarked ; head ending up in a blunt point.
Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam, Khasia Hills; Burmah.
DistriBuTion.—Specimens taken in Sikkim in September, 1886, by Mr. Otto
Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Colonel C. Swinhoe also has
specimens from Sikkim taken by Mr. Paul Mowis. A specimen taken in Bhotan,
July, 1887, by Mr. O. Moller, is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Col. Swinhoe
and Mr. P. Crowley have specimens from the Khasia Hills. Two males in the
British Museum are from Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, taken in
September, and from Tounyah, Donat Range, October. We have it from Toungoo,
Upper Tenasserim, and from the Karen Hills. Specimens taken by Mr. Doherty
in East Pegu, in March and April, are in Mr. Godman’s collection. A male
from King’s Island, Mergui, taken in February, is in the British Museum.
Of our illustration of this species on Plate 175, fig. 1 is from the drawing of the
larva and pupa and imago, made by the late Mrs. Hamilton from specimens reared at
Amherst, Moulmain, in November, 1852. This larva being erroneously figured in
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. xii. fig. 14, as that of H. Baya. Fig. 1, a, b, is from
Felder’s type specimen of the male.
HARIDRA HIERAX (Plate 176, figs. 1, la, b, S 2).
Charaxes Hierax (male only), Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent-
Soc. 1870, p. 120. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 290 (1886).
Charaxes Watti, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 2, g.
Charaxes Hipponazx (female only), Felder, l.c. p. 443.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich fulvous. Forewing with the marginal broad
band rusty-black, the inner edge of the band oblique but not curved, sinuous, its
240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
upper edge extending in slender points along the subcostal veins to the black disco-
cellular duplex streak, below which is an indistinctly-defined blackish slender sinuous
line; the interspace between the latter line and the black outer band being of the
same fulvous colour as the basal area; posterior border of the blackish band with
slightly-defined fulvescent lunules. Hindwing with a broad black submarginal
decreasing continuous macular band, and a short upper discal black sinuous line
slightly-diffused outwardly with pale fulvous. Underside fulvous-red, the normal
transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the interspace between the discal lines
darkest ; outer border with lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above rich
fulvous; palpi above greyish-black, white beneath ; pectus and fore tarsi whitish ;
body beneath and legs pale ochreous ; antenne black. Described from Felder’s type
of male.
Female. Upperside paler than in male. J orewing with a broad white discal
band, the discocellular blackish duplex streak and lower sinuous line ill-defined ;
the outer series of fulyous whitish spots distinct. Hindwing with short upper discal
whitish band, and broad submarginal macular band with prominent white central
lunules. Described from specimen presumed to be the type female of Felder’s
Hipponaz, now in possession of Mr. W. Rothschild.
Expanse, ¢ 3,9, ° 4 inches.
Hasitat.—Assam.
Disrripution. —Felder’s type is from Assam. The type specimen of Watti was
taken at Bishnath in Assam.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 176, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type
specimen of the male. Fig. 1b is from the female specimen presumably assigned by
Felder to H. Hipponax.
HARIDRA HEMANA (Plate 177, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).
Charaxes Hemana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, ete. ii. p. 283 (1886). Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1886), p. 124.
Charaxes Bernardus, Kollar, Hiigels Kasehmi, iv. 2, p. 484, pl. xi. figs. 1, 2, ¢ (1844) (nec Fabricsus).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous. Forewing with the outer border
rusty-black; the inner edge of the border excurved and with two sub-
costal slightly defined black-edged slightly pale fulvous spots before its upper
end, the lower end of the border traversed inwardly to or above the upper
median by three or four slender pale fulvous lunules; a slightly-defined slender
blackish discocellular duplex streak, and a transverse discal interrupted sinuous line,
the discal interspace between the sinuous line and the black band being slightly
paler fulyous or exactly of the same tint as the basal area. Hindwing with a broad
NYMPHALINZA, (Group CHARAXINA.,) 941
black submarginal decreasing macular band, which sometimes has central white dots ;
a short upper discal slender black sinuous line slightly diffused outwardly with paler
fulvous. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, crossed by the normal slender blackish
sinuous lines, the interspace of the discal lines being darker ochreous, and the
marginal border with the normal lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above
pale fulvous; palpi above dusky-brown, beneath white; body beneath and legs pale
greyish-ochreous; fore tarsi whitish ; antennz black.
Female. Upperside yellowish-fulvous ; much paler than in male. Forewing
with the outer border broadly black, the extreme marginal edge being fulvous tinged ;
discocellular duplex streak and inner discal transverse lunules black and sharply
defined, the lunules between the median basal interspaces decreasing in width from
the upper, which is broad; the series of six submarginal lunular spots on the
black border are broad, well-defined, and pale fulvous-yellow ; the medial discal
area is pale yellowish-white, the upper portion being whitest, and with a distinct black
costal streak extending from the costal vein to the lower radial. Hindwing with a
submarginal series of broad black rounded spots, the two upper largest and united,
the six next decreasing in size, the fourth, fifth, and sixth with a slightly defined
central white speck, the two anal with a distinct white lunule speckled with grey
scales ; a slender obsolescently decreasing black sinuous discal line extending from the
costal vein to the lower median, the medial costal area slightly paler yellow. Under-
side similar to that of the male.
Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3,4, ? 3,% to 4 inches.
Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas ; Nepal.
This species—compared with the type of Hieraw—is a comparatively shorter
insect, the forewing being less produced apically, and differs in having the inner
edge of the black outer marginal band excurved (whereas in Hierar this band is
broader and its inner edge is obliquely erect); the transverse discal sinuous line of
Hemana is also further from the outer band, being three-tenths of an inch in width
between the upper and middle medians (whereas in Hieraz it is not two-tenths); the
whole underside is also of a much paler colour.
Disrrisution.—Kollar’s specimens are recorded from Masuri. Specimens of
both sexes, from Masuri, are in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection. A female
from the Uglar Valley, north of Landour, is in the British Museum. Mr. W.
Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 124) records it from ‘‘ Kapot, on the Sarju, also
from the Gori and Kali Valleys, Kumaon.” The type male is recorded from Nepal,
and specimens of it, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, during his residency at
the Court of Nepal, are in my own collection.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 177, fig. 1, la, is from a Nepal male,
identical with the type, and fig. 1b is from a Masuri female.
VOL. II. i
bo
rs
to
LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
HARIDRA HIPPONAX (Plate 178, figs. 1, la, 9 9).
Charaxes Hipponaz, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc.
1870, p. 120. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 290 (1886).
Charaxes Hierax (female only), Felder, lc. p. 442.
Charazes Khimalara (female only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 97, 2.
Isaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous. Forewing with the outer border broadly
black ; a transverse discal white band extending to near or to the lower median
veinlet, this band being comparatively narrower and more irregular in its course
than in H. Jalinder, its upper end generally composed of the two outer or lower
spots above the radial, the crossing veins also being black; the black discocellular
duplex streak more diffused and the inner-bordering sinuous line of the white band
more thickly defined; the submarginal row of fulvous spots obsolescent or obsolete.
Hindwing with a short upper discal thickly-defined black sinuous line, which is
outwardly diffused with white and crossed by black veins; the submarginal black
macular band broad and continuous to the anal spots, each portion generally with
a white central speck. Underside pale rufescent olive-brown, the bordering inter-
spaces between the discal sinuous lines, and less so of the subbasal lines, pale
yeliowish-ochreous ; the outer borders with the normal lilacine-grey washed markings.
Female. Upperside most like female of H. Hierax, the basal area of forewing
and the hindwing darker, being dusky brownish-fulvous. Forewing with the discal
bluish-white band somewhat narrower, the outer series of whitish spots smaller.
Hindwing with short upper discal white band, and broad black submarginal macular
band with white lunate central marks. (Described from Felder’s type of female
Hierax, in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild.)
Expanse, d 34, ? 4 inches.
Hasirat.—Assam ; Sylhet; Khasia Hills; Naga Hills.
Variety (Plate 178, fig. 1, b, c)—In the Naga Hill specimens, which are
somewhat smaller, being only 3} inches in expanse, the discal band on the forewing
is comparatively narrower, and is either white, as in typical specimens, or it is of a
more or less pale fulyous-white, and, in some, is nearly of the same depth of tint as
the basal area, which latter is also somewhat darker in tint.
Distrisution.—Felder’s type is from Assam. Specimens from Shillong are in
Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Mr. W. B. Farr took it in Sylhet. Specimens from
the Khasia Hills, taken in October by Rev. W. A. Hamilton, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s
collection. Several specimens of the male of the variety from Naga Hills are in
Mr. P. Crowley’s collection.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 178, fig. 1 is from a male specimen
identical with Felder’s type. Fig. 1a is from the type female erroneously assigned
by Felder to H. Hierax. . Figs. 1, b, c, are from the Naga Hills variety.
NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA.) 243
HARIDRA JALINDER (Plate 179, figs. 1, la, b,c, 9).
Charares Jalinder, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 4, ¢ 9 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, etc. ii, p. 291 (1886).
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright rich dark fulvous. Forewing with a broad
black outer border, a transverse discal white band ending at or before the submedian
vein, normally broken anteriorly below the subcostal, and inwardly bordered by a
black discocellular duplex streak at end of cell, and, generally, by a lower discal
sinuous line; the outer black border traversed by a row of more or less defined
small fulvous lunate spots. Hindwing with a very short upper discal white or
whitish band, not extending beyond the lower subcostal, and which is inwardly
edged by a black sinuous line; submarginal macular black decreasing band with or
without white lunate dots. Underside purpurescent brownish-red, washed with
lilacine-grey, the transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the discal interspaces
pale yellowish.
Female. Upperside darker fulvous than in male. Forewing with the discal
white band broader, its inner sinuous edge broader black and its subcostal streak
more or less slender or obsolescent ; the outer row of spots more or less large and
fulvous-white. Hindwing with a short upper discal white band, and a broad
submarginal black macular band with slender white lunular marks. Underside
much paler than in male, with prominent yellowish discal and darker subbasal
interspaces.
Expanse, ¢ 3} to 33, 2 4 to 42 inches.
Hasitat.—H. Himalayas ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma.
Distrizution.—We have typical Jalinder from Sikkim, and Buxa in Bhotan,
taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens from Sikkim, taken in July, September
and November, by the late Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.
Both sexes from the Khasia Hills are in Colonel Swinhoe’s and Mr. W. Rothschild’s
collection. Males obtained by Lieut. H. Y. Watson in the Chin Hills, 1000 to 2000
feet, in May, are in the British Museum ; Major C. H. E. Adamson took it commonly
at Bhamo; specimens from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, were taken by Mr. R.
Roberts, C.E., and are in the collection of Mr. H. C. Dent, Mr. W. Rothschild and
my own.
Of our illustrations of H. Jalinder on Plate 179, fig. 1, la, b, c, are from the
male and female type specimens described by Mr. Butler. On Plate 180, fig. 1, 1a,
we figure a male of the (? seasonal) form of this species named Hindia.
ph yh
244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
SEASONAL FORM ? (Plate 180, figs. 1, 19, 2).
Charaxes Hindia (male only), Butler,* Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5 (1872), 2.
Male. Upperside paler bright fulvous than in typical Jalinder; the discal
white band on forewing unbroken from the subcostal to submedian. Underside
pale purpurescent-ferruginous, washed with lilacine-grey; sinuous lines ill-defined ;
discal interspaces dull pale yellow. Darjiling (Major Roberts); Darjiling (coll.
W. Rothschild); Shillong (coll. P. Crowley).
In some specimens (Plate 180, fig. 1, b, c), labelled ** Sikkim,” in Mr. Crowley’s
collection, the discal band is less defined and of a diffused fulvous white, with bright
falvous submarginal lunular spots.
HARIDRA PLEISTOANAX (Plate 181, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).
Charaxes Pleistoanax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 121; Lep, Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 3, g (1872). de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, etc. ii. p. 292 (1886).
Charaxes Khimalara (male only), Butler, Lep, Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 1 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, ete. ii. p. 292.
Tmaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area dark olivaceous brownish-
ochreous, the outer border of hindwing brighter ochreous. Forewing with the apex
and outer border broadly black and traversed by an inner incurved series of more or
less obsolescent or well-defined pale ochreous or ochreous-white spots; a rather
broad bluish-white transverse discal band continued to the posterior margin, the
upper end of which is broken into spots between the lower subcostal and lower
radial ; the discocellulars marked by a more or less defined duplex black streak,
and the inner. border of the white discal band generally defined by a more or less
black-speckled sinuous line to near the submedian vein. Hindwing with a bluish-
white prominent upper discal band obsolescently decreasing to the middle median
veinlet, inwardly edged anteriorly by a black sinuous line, and traversed by black
veins, which latter sometimes dilatingly merge into the black submarginal band;
the black band broad anteriorly and decreasing to anal angle, composed of conjoined
spots, which generally have a central white lunate dot. Underside olivescent
purplish-brown ; crossed by pale-edged normal sinuous black lines, outer discal pale
olivescent-yellow dentate markings and submarginal glossy lilacine-grey dentate
markings, the latter on the hindwing bordering a row of black-tipt whitish anchor-
shaped spots; the subbasal and discal transverse interspaces pale yellow.
* The female described and figured by Mr, Butler (Lc¢.) as erroneously assigned to that sex of Hindia,
belongs to the species named Imna,
NYMPHALINA, (Group CHARAXINA.) 245
Female. Upperside similar to male. Forewing with the white transverse band
broader, anteriorly broken by a broad subcostal black streak, and with a broad
black-speckled inner discal border extending to near the submedian vein ; the outer
series of white spots large and lunular. Hindwing with the white upper discal band
broader and extending to near the middle median veinlet; the submarginal black
macular band broader and with slender white lunular marks. Underside as in the
male, but somewhat more olivescent in tint. Body dark brownish-ochreous ; palpi
above black; palpi beneath and pectus white; legs brownish-ochreous ; fore tarsi
white ; antenne black ; eyes red.
Expanse, ¢ 3,8, ° 4,%, to 4,5, inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Naga Hills.
DistrisuTion.—** Common in Sikkim throughout the summer months at low
elevations” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 149). Specimens taken by the late
Mr. Otto Moller in Sikkim in June and July are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.
It was also taken at Buxa in Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, Specimens from the
Naga Hills are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 181, fig. 1 is from Mr. Butler’s
type male of Khimalara, and figs. la, b, c, are from male and female identical with
Felder’s types.
HARIDRA KHASIANA (Plate 182, figs. 1, la, $2).
Charazes Khasianus, Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 6, ¢ 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, etc. ii. p. 293 (1886).
Charaxes Pleistoanaz (female only), Felder, Reise Novara iii. p. 443.
Imaco.—Male. Similar to H. Pleistoanax. Upperside differs in the olivaceous-
ochreous basal area and hindwing being paler. Forewing with the bluish-white
discal band broader and extending diffusedly within the basal area beyond the
sinuous black line, which latter is generally broadly defined ; submarginal series of
spots small or lunulate. Hindwing with the white discal band also broader and
extending diffusedly inwards more or less beyond the black sinuous line; sub-
marginal black macular decreasing band with white lunate marks. Underside
similar to H. Pleistoanax, but generally more ochreous.
Female. Upperside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the basal areas muc
paler, the abdominal margin of hindwing and its outer border also much paler.
Forewing with the discal bluish-white band much broader, and also extending
diffusedly inward more or less beyond the blackish-speckled virgula; the outer
marginal series of spots white, large, and conspicuous. Hindwing with the white
246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
discal band also broader and extending posteriorly to near the submedian vein and
more or less diffusedly inward beyond the discal black virgula; submarginal black
macular band broader. Underside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the discal
interspaces much broader.
Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 3;%, ? 4 to 43 inches.
Hasitat.— Khasia Hills; Burma. ;
DistrisutioN.—We possess specimens from the Khasia Hills. Specimens of
both sexes from the Khasias are in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe, and also in
that of Mr. W. Rothschild, taken by the Rev. W. A. Hamilton in October. A male
from Toungoo is in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. We have it also from the Shan
States, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E.
HARIDRA NICHOLII (Plate 182, fig. 2, 3).
Charaxes Nicholii, Grose Smith, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 150, g ; id. Rhop. Exotica, ch. pl. 2,
figs. 1, 2 (1887), 3.
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the apical two-thirds obliquely blue-
black, the base ferruginous-brown; crossed by a discal recurved series of five (or
six) lilacine-white letter V-shaped marks, the upper being slender, the two lower
conjoined, followed by a submarginal row of larger-sized broad white lunate marks;
the extreme margin also showing a small white dot between the lower veins, and a
broader white space at the posterior angle. Hindwing with the basal half ferruginous-
brown, discally edged with a sinuous black line, the broad outer border being
olivescent-white, and traversed by a submarginal row of six small decreasing
blackish rings, and two very small blue-black anal points. Underside lilacine-grey,
crossed by the normally disposed black slender sinuous lines, and sub-marginal
dentated fascia, the interspace between the discal sinuous lines darkest. Body and
palpi above ferruginous-brown ; body beneath and legs dull lilacine-grey ; antennz
black; eyes dark brown.
Expanse, ¢ 3,°9 inches.
Hasitat.—East Pegu.
Disrrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty took this species in the Karen Hills, Hast
Pegu, in March and April, 1890. It is quite distinct from H. Durnfodii, Distant.
Cumnesr AND Inpo-Matayan Speorms or Haripra.—Haridra Bernardus (Pap.
Bernardus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 71, 9 (1793); Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 35,
9 (1798); Jones, Icones, iv. pl. 65, fig. 2, 9). Charaxes Bernardus, Butler, Catal.
Fabr. Lep. B.M., p. 50 (1869). Mazz. Upperside very dark fulvous. Forewing
with the black outer border extending anteriorly to the cell; crossed by a medial
discal prominent bluish-white band with distinctly-defined sinuous edges ending at
NYMPHALINZ. (Group OHARAXINA,) 247
the lower median veinlet, this band composed of the three median portions, a
smaller spot outside end of the cell, and sometimes two superposed smaller outer
spots below the subcostal ; two, or some times three, pale fulvous lunules bordering
the marginal band. Hindwing with a submarginal black continuous macular band
centred with white points; upper discal black sinuous line distinct, its outer area
pale fulvous. Fematz. Upperside deep fulvous. Forewing with black marginal
band traversed by pale fulvescent-white lunules ; crossed by a broad fulvescent-white
discal band; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line.
Hindwing with a submarginal black decreasing macular band centred with white
points ; an upper discal black sinuous line, its outer area diffused fulvescent-white.
Expanse,. ¢ 3,4, % 4 inches. Habitat—Hongkong. Described from a male
and female taken in Hongkong by Bishop Smith, from the late J. J. Weir’s collection,
and now in the possession of Mr. Stanley Edwards. Both sexes were also taken in
Hongkong in May, 1892, by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N. This species is distinct from
H. Polyxena, and is allied to the Indian H. Jalinder and Hipponax.
Haridra Polyzena (Pap. Polyxena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 54, figs. A, B, 2
(1779). Doxocopa Epilais, Hiibner, Verz. p.50 (1816). Marz. Upperside fulvous.
Forewing with a broad black outer border, its inner edge commencing from middle
of the costa at a short distance beyond end of cell, whence it descends very obliquely
to the upper median, and from thence posteriorly to the submedian, and enclosing
three broad fulvous lunules ; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal
sinuous line, slightly defined. Hindwing with a moderately broad black submarginal
decreasing macular band with white centred points; an upper discal black sinuous
line, slender, its outer costal area paler fulvous. Fematz. Upperside pale fulvous.
Forewing with a broad fulvescent-whitish discal band; outer black border traversed
by fulvescent-whitish lunules ; a blackish costal streak, discocellular duplex streak
and inner discal sinuous line, each diffused. Hindwing with a prominent black sub-
marginal decreasing macular band with distinct white central lunules ; upper discal
blackish line slender, its outer costal area fulvescent-whitish. Expanse, 3 3,4,
? 3, to4 inches. Habiiat—S. China. Described from specimens in our own
collection. This species belongs to the Corax section of the genus.
Haridra Borneensis (Char. Borrieensis, Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 2,
male only (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 37, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). Habitat.
Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—H. Bupalus (Char. Bupalus, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent.
Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Distanti (Char. Distanti, Honrath, Berl.
Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 277. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 484, pl. 36, fig. 2, ¢ (1886).
Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—H. Harpagon (Char. Harpagon, Staudinger, Deuts.
Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 85). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Scylaz (Char. Scylax, Felder, Reise
Noy. Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Habitat. Java—H. Harmodius (Char. Harmodius,
248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867). Habitat. Java.—H, Baya (Nymph Baya,
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 207 (1857). Habitat. Java.—H. Bajula (Char.
Bajula, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p.86). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Georgius
(Char. Georgius, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 262). Habitat. Mindoro.—
H. Plateni (Char. Plateni, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat.
Palawan.—H. Amycus (Char. Amycus, Felder, Wien. Ent, Monats. 1861, p. 303).
Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 8, 5, ¢ ¢.—Syn. Char, Lunawara
(? only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 2, %. Habitat. Philippines.—
H. Antonius (Char, Antonius, Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 6, 7, 8,
3% (1860). Habitat. Philippines —H. Durnfordii (Char. Durnfordii, Distant,
Rhop. Malay. p. 432, pl. 40, fig. 8, d (1886). Allied to but distinct from H. Nicolii.
Habitat. Malay Peninsulaa—H. Hveretti (Char. Everetti, Rothschild, Deuts. Ent.
Zeit. 1893, p. 438). Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Staudingeri (Char. Staudingeri,
Rothschild, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1893, p. 439). Habitat. N, Borneo.
Genus CHARAXES.
Charazxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV. p. 18 (1816). Felder, Neues Lep. p. 39 (1861). Butler,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 623. Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 650 (1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon,
i. p. 28 (1880). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 101 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete, ii.
p. 269 (1886).
Nymphalis, Uatreille, Sonn. Buff. xiv. p. 82 (1805). Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 306
(1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C, i. p. 204 (1857). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 267 (1871),
nec Linneus.
Paphia (part), Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. VI. p. 282 (1807), preoccupied.
Eribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. p. 46 (1816).
Jasia, Swainson, Zool. Ilust, ii. p. 90 (1832).
Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex narrow, obtuse;
exterior margin oblique, uneven, concave in the middle; posterior margin straight,
thickly fringed at the base; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end
of the cell, the first at about one-third before the end, third branch immediately
beyond the cell and extending to the extreme apex, fourth and fifth branches at one-
third beyond ; upper discocellular very short, lower slender and concave, closing the
cell, radials from upper angles; median veinlets wide apart, upper curved; sub-
median vein curved at the base. Hindwing triangular, short ; costa very convex at
the base, apex rounded, exterior margin nearly straight, sinuous, with a slender tail
at end of upper and lower median veinlets ; abdominal margin long; the cell and
along the submedian vein thickly clothed with long hairs; costal vein much curved,
extending to the extreme apex and with a short abruptly bent precostal spur; sub-
costals and radial equidistant from the costal yein ; cell imperfectly closed by a very
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 249
slender discocellular thread, which joins the median just before the middle branch ;
submedian and internal vein wide apart, internal vein short. Body short; thorax
elongated, broad, very robust, woolly at the base; head large, woolly, not tufted ;
eyes prominent, naked; palpi large, obliquely porrected, broad and flat in front, the
tip elevated much above the vertex, and extending forward, apart at the base, but
approximating at the tip, thickly scaled, second joint above clothed with short erect
hairs, apical jomt almost smooth, conical ; forelegs of male minute, scaly, and slightly
hairy ; forelegs of female scaly, femur very slightly hairy on the inner side, tarsus
dilated towards the tip, which is rounded off in front, each joint with two short
blunt spines beneath; middle and hind legs rather short, robust, finely scaled,
tibize flat beneath, each side armed with a row of short fine spines, tarsi armed
with four series of short spines, the terminal lateral spine on each side being the
longest, claws moderate, inner lobe short, outer lobe acute, curved; antenne rather
short, stout, straight, the club elongated, thick and truncate at the tip, with a slight
treble carina on its inner edge. Type, C. Jasius.
CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; head with four vertical short spiny processes ;
anal segment with two short depressed points.
Curysatis.—Abbreviated, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum arched; head
very obtuse.
Eec.—Large, globular; apex flattened, broad.
CHARAXES FABIUS (Plate 183, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, 3, 2; larva and pupa).
Papilio Fabius, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 12 (1781). Mant. Ins. ii. p. 7 (1787). Ent. Syst. iii., i.,
p. 64 (1798).
Nymphalis Fabius, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 309
(1851).
Charaxes Fabius, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1869). Kirby, Catal. Butt. p. 268 (1871).
Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 15, fig. 1 (1880). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 280
(1886).
Paphia Fabia, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, pl. 12, fig. 3, larva (1846).
Papilio Solon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii., i, p. 69 (1793). Jones, Icones, pl. 63, fig. 2, 9.
Papilio Euphanes, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 59, fig. 1, g (1785-90).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish olive-brown, palest basally. Forewing with
a transverse discal recurved series of eight yellow spots increasing in size from
near the costa, the upper spots mostly rounded, the lower spots being broad and
irregularly-quadrate with uneven exterior ; also a yellow subcostal spot between the
lower subcostal veinlets and upper radial, and a smaller spot outside end of the
cell above the upper median veinlet ; a marginal lower row of minute yellow spots
which are more or less obsolescent anteriorly. Hindwing with a transverse discal
VOL. II. Kk
250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
yellow irregular band, decreasing posteriorly ; a submarginal row of small, yellow
lunules, and a marginal row of small geminate spots, those at the anal angle being
greenish-grey. Underside lilac-grey, of a more or less pale or darker tint, but
dullest at the base, and purplish-tinted externally. Both wings with white trans-
verse discal markings as on upperside, but each inwardly-edged by a black line; the
basal area crossed by irregular black slender lines. Forewing also with three basal
black spots in the cell, a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with posteriorly-
increasing black borders, and a marginal lower row of indistinct purplish-white
lunules. Hindwing also with a discal more or less defined irregular row of black-
edged purplish-white lunules, and a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with
blackish outer borders, followed by a marginal row of small, more or less ochreous-
yellow or greenish-ochreous lunules surmounted by an indented black line and white
speckles above, and broken lunate white spots below ; the extreme margin and tails
being blackish-edged.
Female. Upperside as in the male, with the markings somewhat larger.
Underside as in the male,
Body above dark olive-brown ; collar, front, and palpi above black, spotted with
white ; palpi, body beneath, and legs whitish ; fore tibia brown above; antenne
black ; eyes reddish.
Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3;%, % 3,‘ to 3,% inches.
CatERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; bluish-green; head armed with four reddish-tipt
spinous fleshy vertical processes ; anal segment with two short depressed points; a
small dorsal semicircle of white on seventh segment; lateral line dotted with pale
yellow. Feeds on Tamarindus indica.
Curysatis.—Cylindrically-ovate, smooth ; dorsum arched ; head obtusely pointed.
Hasirat.—Himalayas ; Oudh; EH. and 8. India; Ceylon; Burma.
In specimens from the N.W. Himalayas, the undersides are the palest coloured,
and also have the markings less prominently defined. In Eastern Indian and Burmese
specimens the underside is darker, and the South Indian and Ceylonese examples are
darkest of all, being of a purpurescent-brownish tint, with all the markings intensi-
fied. The S. Indian specimens are identical with the Fabrician type.
DistrizuTion AND Hasits.—This butterfly has a wide range. In the Western
Himalayas it “has been taken in Chumba in March by Lieut.-Col. C. H. T.
Marshall, and in Mundi in July and September by Mr. A. Graham Young” (Butt.
Ind. ii. 280). The Rey. J. H. Hocking took it in “ Dharmsala in July, at sugar”
(P. Z.S. 1882, 288). Mr. W. Doherty found it in “ Rambagh, at the foot of the hills,
Kumaon” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124). In Oudh “it occurs in Lucknow” (Lang.
Ann. N. H. 1864, 181), and “at Fyzabad” (Butt. Ind. ii, 280). In the Eastern
Himalayas “ stragglers have been taken in Sikkim at low elevations from May to
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA,) 251
July” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 147). The larva is figured in General
Hardwicke’s Drawings (Libr. Brit. Mus.), found in August feeding on leaves of
Gardenia. It occurs in Assam. Mr. J. W. Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 363),
records its capture at “ Silchar, Cachar, in September.” According to Mr. de Nicé-
ville (Butt. Ind. ii. 280), ‘* it is common in Calcutta, and have taken nearly all my
specimens in the cold weather, frequently having been taken drinking the juice of
the date palms when cut for the extraction of toddy. It occurs also during the
rains.” Mr. J. Rothney also obtained it in the Barrackpore Gardens, near Calcutta.
Capt. Mortimer Slater in his MS. Notes, p. 41, states: ‘* At Dinapur, I generally
found it near or on pomegranate trees; flies rapidly. Uncommon.” The late
General Hearsey (Westw. Orient. Ent.), says, “‘ he usually captured this species upon
wounded apple trees, the butterflies frequenting the wounds to suck up the fluids
which were discharged therefrom.” Mr. W. C. Taylor obtained it in Orissa, and it
has been taken in Belgaum (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Colonel C. Swinhoe took it in
*Mhow, June and October (P. Z. S. 1886, 425); in Poona, February, April, and
November ; and at Belgaum in November” (P. Z. 8. 1885, 130). In Madras, Lieut.
EK. Y. Watson took it in April (J. A. S. Beng. 1890, 266). Messrs. J. Davidson and
E. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 278) record “the capture of larve in Karwar
in July and August, and have also reared it in Khandeish and the Dekkan, always on
the tamarind tree,’ The butterfly occurs in Bombay sparingly, specimens being
captured in Khandeish and the Tanna District (Aitken, id. 1886, 133). Mr. J.
Betham (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 286) says, ‘‘ It is a bold creature, with a strong
flight, but sometimes falls a prey to curiosity. One settled on my boot once, and at
another time one wanted to see what my tonga was, and flitted round it as I went
along, until it was caught.” The late S. N. Ward obtained it in Kanara. Mr. G. F.
Hampson found it rare on the Nilgiris at 3000 to 4000 feet (J. A. S. Beng. 1888,
355). “It occurs throughout South India to Travancore” (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Mr.
H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay N.H. 8. 1891, 10) says, “It is fairly common in the low
country of Travancore, but is not found in the hills.” In Ceylon, it has been taken
at Dambool and Kandy, but not very commonly (Capt. Wade). Mr. F. M. Mack-
wood also caught it in the low country to the north of Matale, and always on human
excrement (MS. Notes). Major Yerbury took it at Trincomali in October. Godart
cites Nicobars, but this has not since been verified, and therefore is doubtful. In
Burma, Dr. N. Manders obtained a single specimen in December, at 5000 feet eleva-
tion, at the bottom of the Hopaung Valley, 8.H. of Fort Stedman in the Shan States
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526). Lieut. HE. Y. Watson obtained it during the Chin-Lushai
Expedition ‘“‘ on the road from Pauk to Tilin in October, and also at Tilin in March ”
(J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 42). Major C. H. E. Adamson took it in Arakan, but
not common, from March to May (List, p. 20). Specimens from the Karen Hills
EEQ
252 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It has also been taken in the Lower Thoungyeen
forests in May, and in the Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim (Butt. Ind. ii-
280).
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 183, fig. 1 is from Mr. Ward’s draw-
ing, fig. la is copied from Messrs. Davidson and Aitken’s figures published in the
Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, fig. 1b is from a Kangra male, and le from a
Ceylon female.
Inpo-Manayan Sprcius og Caaraxes.—C. Lampedo, Hiibner, Samml. Exot.
Schmett. ii. pl. 52, figs. 3,4, ? (1820-26). Syn. Char. Zephyrus, Butler, Cistula Ent.
i. p. 5 (1869) 3 ; 2d. Lep. Exotica, i. pl. 10, fig.1, g (1870). Habitat. Mindanao.—
C. Echo, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 401, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6, g. Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 103, fig. 38, ¢ (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Labuan,
Borneo.
Genus EULEPIS.
Eulepis, Dalman, in Billberg’s Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29 (1880).
Bribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816).
Charaxes (part), Felder ; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville.
Tuaco.—Male. Outline of wings as in Charaxes. Forewing with the veins
also similar. Hindwing with the second subcostal veinlet and the radial emitted
nearer to the base of the first branch; cell completely open ; precostal veinlet
gently curved; upper and middle median veinlets emitted further from base of the
lower. Thorax and head more woolly ; antennz less thick; palpi stouter; forelegs
of male short, clothed with fine long hairs ; forelegs of female shorter than in typical
Charaxes, scaly, tarsus slightly dilated at the tip, joints with short lateral spines.
Sexes alike. Type, EH. Athamas.
CaTerPiLLarR.—Slug-shaped ; with four vertical elongated fleshy spinous pro-
cesses on the head, and two short naked depressed conical processes on anal
segment.
Curysatis.—Thick, oval, smooth, abbreviated ; dorsum arched; head obtuse.
Ece.—Unknown.
EULEPIS ATHAMAS (Plate 184, figs. 1, la, b,c, d, o ? ; larva and pupa).
Papilio Athamas, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot, i.
pl. 89, figs. C, D (1776).
Nymphalis Athamas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823).
Paphia Athamas, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. pl. 8, fig. 7, a—g; larva and pupa,
(1829).
Charaxes Athamas, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 205, pl. 6, figs. 3, 3a (1857). Butler, Proc,
NYMPHALINZ. (Group OHARAXINA.) 253
Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 106, pl. 13, fig. 8, g (1883). de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 275 (1886).
Eribea Athamis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 47 (1816).
Papilio Pyrrhus, Donovan, Ins, Ind. pl. 29, fig. 3 (1800), nee Linn.
Charaxes Bharata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 438 (1867) @.
Charazes Samatha, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 831.
Eulepis Samatha, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a, b, g ; larva and pupa (1880).
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent-black, the basal border somewhat
greyish-black. Forewing with a transverse medial-discal more or less moderately broad
olivescent-yellow band, commencing at the upper median veinlet, above which is an out-
wardly-disposed rather large obliquely-quadrate yellow spot, and a much smaller
subapical spot. Hindwing with a similar broad olivescent-yellow band extending
from the costa, and decreasing to a point at the lower median veinlet above the anal
angle ; a submarginal series of very small narrowly-ovate white spots, followed by a
marginal row of more or less indistinct ochreous-red lunules, with intervening blue
streaks along the two tails. Underside. Both wings purpurescent olive-brown, of
more or less pale or darker tint, the discal olivescent-yellow band as above, but paler
and glossy, the whole inner margin of the band bordered by a rich dark olivescent-
red narrow band, which is defined on both the sides of its middle portion by a black
line inwardly-edged by pearly-white scales. Forewing also with only the lower subapical
spot well defined, the other either obsolescent or absent; within the base of the
cell are two superposed small white-centred black dots; a row of posteriorly in-
creasing lunate marks outwardly bordering the discal band. Hindwing also with
the outer edge of the discal band bordered by a row of sharply-defined carmine-red
sinuous marks, each mark being transversed by a pearly-white lunate line, and the
upper and lower marks outwardly-edged by a black sinus; beyond is a submarginal
row of small black lunate spots with diffused pearly-white borders, followed by a
marginal row of dull ochreous-red lunules.
Female. Upperside similar to the male. Forewing with the discal pale yellow
band broader, the lower subapical spot larger. Hindwing also with broader discal
band, the submarginal white spots larger and very prominent, the marginal ochreous
lunules also distinct.
Body above purpurescent greyish-brown ; collar and front black, with ochreous-
white spots; palpi black above, ochreous-white beneath; pectus ochreous-white ;
fore femur and tibia purplish-brown, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora
blackish, tibiz and tarsi ochreous-white, antennz black ; eyes reddish-brown.
Expanse, ¢ 2,4, to 3;%, 9 3;%, to 3, inches.
CatrrPILtaR.—Hlongated, slug-shaped, dark-green; head large, wide and sur-
mounted by four divergent curved fleshy spinous processes ; anal segment with two
short naked terminal points; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white lateral
254 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
stripe, most prominent on the seventh, ninth, and eleventh segments, and beneath
these a lower series of small white spots.
Curysatis.—Thick, cylindrically oval; green, streaked with white; dorsum
and thorax convex ; head broad, truncated, obtusely pointed in front.
Hasirat.—Hills N.E. and 8. India; Ceylon; S. Andamans; Burma; Malay
Peninsula, ete, ,
DistRIBUTION WITHIN OUR AREA.—This insect has a wide range. We possess it
from Sikkim; specimens are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection from Sikkim,
taken by the late Otto Moller in July and October. Mr. G. C, Dudgeon obtained it
at Buxain Bhotan. Mr, L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147) says “ this is
the commonest species of Charaxes in Sikkim, and found from April to December,
from 6000 feet to the level of the Terai.” It is also found in Assam, Silhet,
Cachar. Mr. Wood-Mason (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 363) obtained males in the
forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, in June and August. Specimens from the Khasia
Hills are in Colonel Swinhoe’s and Mr, P. Crowley’s collections. Mr. J. L. Sherwill
took it in the Naga Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are also in Mr. Crow-
ley’s collection. Lieut. E. Y. Watson took it during the recent Chin-Lushai Expedi-
tion, in the Chin Hills at from 1000 to 2000 feet elevation in May, and at Tilin Yaw
in November and February (Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 41). It also occurs at
Toungoo, in Upper Tenasserim; Mr. Wood-Mason took it at Moolai, 3000 to 6000
feet, in Tenasserim, According to Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526), “It
occurs commonly all the year round throughout the Shan Hills and Karenni.”
Specimens from the Karen Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection, From Southern
India, we possess it from the Nilgiris, taken by Mr. G. F. Hampson, “ commonly at
3000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888, 355), and from Kanara, taken
by the late S. N. Ward; Mr. E. H. Aitken says it “is common enough on the
[Western] Ghats, chiefly, I think, from December to March” (J. Bombay N. H. 8.
1886, 133). The late Dr. Leith obtained it on Matheran, and Col. Swinhoe also
took it on Matheran in December (P. Z. 8S. 1885, 130) ; also from Kathlekan, in
Mysore, taken by Lieut, E, Y. Watson, in November. In Ceylon it is “taken at
Colombo and Kandy; common” (Wade), and according to Mr. F. M. Mackwood’s
“ Notes,” it is plentiful about Kandy and similar elevations in the island,
DIstTRIBUTION OUTSIDE ouR ArEA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 106) records it
from the Malay Peninsula, It has been taken at Chentaboon, in Siam (P. Z. §.
1874, 106). Mr. Snellen (Lep. Mid. Sumatra, 16) records it from Sumatra.
From Borneo we possess a male taken at Sarawak, a female taken at Hong
Kong, and another female was in the late Mr. J. J. Weir’s collection, both of which
were taken by the late Bishop of Hong Kong. Mr. J, J. Walker, R.N., writes me
that he has also observed it in Hong Kong.
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 255
It also occurs in the Philippines; a specimen from Mindoro being in Mr. P.
Crowley’s collection.
Hasits or Imaco.—* The fastest butterfly I have come across. It is, in common
with C. Fabius and 0. Imna,a very foul feeder” (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. 8S.
1890, 286). Mr. E. H. Aitken (J. Bomb. N. H. 8S. 1886, 133) says, “it is very
similar in its habits to C. Imna, and almost as difficult to capture. They have a
penchant for certain places.” Capt. Wade, in his Ceylon * Notes,” remarks, ‘“‘ Males
most frequently found perched high up on Acacia trees; flight, quick and strong ;
common,” and Mr. F. M. Mackwood states that they are “ not easily caught, as they
rest generally on trees out of reach,”
Hasits or Larva.— Mr. Moore’s description (Lep. Ceylon, i. 29) is good, but
we have found different specimens to vary very much in the distinctness and
colour of the lateral stripes ; they are always present, but sometimes very faint
indeed. Another more important point, which seems hitherto to have escaped
notice, is that’ the last pair of legs are almost obsolete, and are not used in walking.
We found this larva, from June to October, on the ‘ Goolmohr’ (Poinciana
regia), the ‘ Khairee’ (Cesalpinia mimosioides), and several other trees. The
larva, like those of most wary and strong-winged butterflies, is very shy and
cautious in its habits, feeding by night, and remaining motionless all day; but it is
much preyed on from the time it leaves the egg, and only a small proportion seem
to reach maturity. The pupa is almost oval, smooth, and without irregularities ;
in colour, green, with faint white lines, more or less distinct”? (J. Davidson and
E. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 277). In Ceylon, according to the
late Dr. Thwaites, the larva feeds upon Cesalpinia. Mr. HE. A. Minchin (Butt.
India, ii. 277) says the “larva feeds in South India on Adenanthera pavonica.”
FE. Athamas (Variety)—Plate 184, fig. le. Male.—Upperside deep rich indigo-
blue black. * Forewing with a small single subapical spot only ; the olivescent-white
band on both wings narrower than in typical specimens of Athamas-—being from
two-tenths to three-tenths of an inch only in width ; the outer edge of the band on
the hindwing is bordered by purplish-blue speckles lunularly disposed between the
median veinlets; the marginal series of white spots are also much smaller. Under-
side darker, and the markings also richer and darker in colour, and more prominently
defined. Hxpanse, 2,% inches. Habitat, Khasia Hills.
This variety (or seasonal form) appears to be scarce in collections. I have
only seen a few specimens, all males, two being from the Khasia Hills, in Mr.
Walter Rothschild’s collection, others, also from the Khasias, iu Colonel Swinhoe’s
collection, and one I possess, from Colonel Taylor’s cabinet, doubtfully taken at
Buxa. Mr. de Nicéville probably refers to this form, under C. Avja (Butt. Ind. ii.
278), from Cachar, four males haying been taken by Mr. Wood-Mason, in June and
256 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
August, at Silcuri, also two males from Shillong, taken by Dr. Johnson, a male from
Jorehat, taken by Mr. J. L. Sherwill, and a male from Sibsagar, taken by Mr. 8. E.
Peal.
Of our illustrations of H. Athamas, on Plate 184, fig. 1 is from Mr. S. N. Ward’s
drawing of larva reared in Kanara ; fig. lais from the Ceylon larva; fig. 1b, ¢, is
from a Sikkim male, and fig. ld, a female from Shillong, Assam. Fig. le is the
variety from the Khasia Hills.
EULEPIS HAMASTA (Plate 185, figs. 1, la, g 2).
Eulepis Hamasta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 238.
Charaxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 275 (1886).
Ivaco.—Male. Both wings with broad olivescent-yellow discal band, broader
than in £. Athamas, the black outer border, consequently, being narrower. Forewing
with a quadrate larger lower subapical spot, and a small apical spot. Hindwing
with prominent submarginal white lunate spots and ochreous marginal lunules.
Underside paler; with the band inwardly-bordering the broad discal band paler
olivescent-ochreous, and the outer marginal lunular marks narrower.
Female. Upperside with broad discal band. Forewing with large quadrate
subapical spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing with very pro-
minent yellowish-white submarginal spots, the four upper small and ovate, the
lower large and broadly lunate ; the marginal ochreous lunules indistinct, the lowest
edged with bluish-grey. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3, ? 3,%, to 3,4 inches.
Hasitat.— Western and Eastern Himalayas; C. India.
Distripution.—The type specimens were taken by the Rev. J. H. Hocking at
‘“‘Dharmsala, 6200 feet,in March and June” (P. Z. S. 1882, 238). The late Captain
R. Bayne Reed records ‘‘ Athamas” in his list of butterflies taken in Kashmir in
1872. Colonel A. M. Lang also obtained it in the Tonse Valley, Gurhwal, at 6000
feet, and Mr. W. Doherty captured it in the “ Sarju, Kali, and Gori Valleys, 2000
to 4000 feet, in Kumaon, in September” (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 124). Males,
taken in Sikkim, March, 1887 and 1888, by Mr. O. Moller, are in the collection of
Mr. Walter Rothschild, and I possess specimens which were also taken in Sikkim
by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens, labelled Buxa, are in Mr. H. Druce’s collection,
and a male and female from Deesa, Central India, are in Colonel Swinhoe’s
collection.
Haxits.—This is ‘fan insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 257
up and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens, 3000 to 5000 feet. It
pitches on rocks in mid-streams, and flashes off again if approached. It is not
common, and is very difficult to capture; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven
individuals sitting with closed wings motionless on a foul spot (by the damp sandy
margin of a stream), so close together that I might have put my hat on all of them.
Except on that occasion, I have never seen more than one at a time” (Lang,
P. Z. S. 1865, 498). Mr. Hocking says, “it is the wildest butterfly that I know.
It takes very long flights at a time and returns to the same point. It is very shy”
(P. Z. S. 1882, 238). Mr. L. de Nicéville remarks, ‘I took one specimen in
October, 1878, at Kotgurh, imbibing moisture on a damp spot near the Komarsen
stream. Of all the butterflies I am acquainted with this insect is the swiftest on
the wing. I have taken a few small and apparently hybernated specimens on hill
tops near Simla in April, and have seen the ordinary sized ones in various places
near Simla in the autumn. My Darjeeling specimens are decidedly darker than
those taken at this end of the Himalayas. Expanse from 2-2 inches to 2°9 inches”
(Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880).
Of our illustrations of EH. Hamasta on Plate 185, fig. 1 is from a Sikkim male
identical with the type, and fig. la is from the type specimen of the female.
EULEPIS AGRARIUS (Plate 185, figs. 2, 2a, gd 2).
Charazes Agrarius, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 425, pl. 40, fig. 3, ¢.
Charazxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 275 (1886).
Twaco.—Male and female. Both wings with the yellow discal band uniformly
narrower, the outer edge of the band more irregular, undulated, the portions
between the medians being each somewhat incurved. Forewing with a large
quadrate lower submarginal spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing
with yellowish-white rounded submarginal spots, the upper minute, the lower three
large and dento-lunate; marginal ochreous lunules not present in the male, very
indistinct in female, the lower bluish-grey streaks only present in male. Underside
similar to H. Hamasta, but paler.
Expanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2;%, ? 2,8 inches.
Habitat.—Hills of Central India ; Eastern Ghats ; ? Chin Hills.
DistripuTion.—T he type specimens were taken by Colonel Swinhoe at Mhow in
October, at Assighur in October, and at Poona in September. A female from
Ganjam, taken by Mr. Minchin, is in Mr. Druce’s collection. Similar specimens
(presumably of this species) are in the British Museum collection, and others in
my own possession, taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson during the Chin-Lushai
Expedition, are labelled “‘ Tilin Yaw, February and March, Chin Hills, May,” except
that the yellow band is narrower, and the marginal white spots on hindwing are
vou. 1. May 8th, 1895. L 1
258 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
of uniform size, there being also a spot present between the costal and subcostal;
the underside of these latter specimens have the discal band and lower subapical
spot clouded with ochreous-yellow.
Of our illustrations of ZH. Agrarius, on Plate 185, figs. 2 and 2a are from the
type specimens of the male and female in Colonel Swinhoe’s Collection.
EULEPIS ARJA (Plate 186, figs. 1, la, g, 2).
Charaxes Arja, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ili. p. 438 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870,
p- 119. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 278 (1886).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent bluish-black. Both wings with the
discal band olivescent-white. Forewing more obtuse at the apex, with the band
broader at its anterior end and of more equal width than in H. Athamas ; the lower
subapical spot more ovate, the other minute or absent. Hindwing with the discal
band also broader and less sharply defined than in E. Athamas, its outer edge
posteriorly blue speckled, and the submarginal white spots somewhat larger, lunular,
and very prominent. Underside similarly marked to H. Athamas.
Female. Upperside with the discal band olivescent-white, more uniformly
broader than in HZ. Athamas, the lower subapical spot larger, the upper very small.
Hindwing with the discal band also broader, and the submarginal white lunulate
spots very prominent. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, ¢ 2,5, to 3;%,% 3,79 to 3; inches.
Hanitat.—Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma.
Distrisution.—Confined to the north-eastern portion of India and Burma.
Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. II. 278) records it from ‘‘ Sikkim (where it is less
common than ZH. Athamas), Sylhet, Jorehat, Sibsagar, Chittagong, and Upper
Tenasserim.” We have verified specimens with Felder’s type, from the following
localities, namely, Sikkim, taken in March and October by Mr. Otto Moller, now in
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection; Buxa, Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon;
Khasia Hills, in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s and my own collection; Shillong, Assam,
Lushai Hills, and Karen Hills, in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Tilin Yaw, Burma,
taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson in November and December (J. Bombay, N. H. S.
1891, 42) ; Toungoo, Rangoon, in May, and Malawoon, Tenasserim, taken by Signor
Leonardo Fea in August, in our own collection. Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc.
1890, 526) says it is “ quite as common as FH, Athamas in the Shan States, and is
found in the same localities.”’
E. Arja (Variety) Plate 186, fig. 1, b, c.
Male and female. Upperside differs from typical Avja in the forewing being
comparatively more triangular ; both wings, for their size, have a somewhat broader
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 259
olivescent-white discal band, and narrower outer black border. Forewing with an
elongated quadrate lower subapical spot and two small apical spots. Hindwing
with a prominent series of white lunular spots. Underside with the marginal
ground colour paler than in typical Avja; the subbasal and marginal markings less
defined. Described from a male and female, from Toungoo, in our own collection.
Expanse, ¢ 2,5, ? 2,8, inches.
Hasirat.—Burma.
Of our illustrations of H. Arja on Plate 186, Fig. 1 is from a Khasia Hill male
identical with Felder’s type specimen, fig. lathatof a female. Figs. 1, b, c, represent
the Burmese variety, male and female, in our own collection.
EULEPIS JALYSUS (Plate 187, figs. 1, la, ¢).
Charaxes Jalysus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 438, pl. 59, fig. 5, (1866). Butler, Trans. Ent.
Soe. 1877, p. 539. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 4,9 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, etc., p. 278 (1886). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 284.
Charaxes Moori, apud Adamson, Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 20 (1889).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing witha purpurescent-
blackish band extending from base of the costa, including the apex above and
beyond the middle of the median veinlet, from which it descends narrowly to the
posterior angle; base of the wing and the cell area speckled with darker olivescent
scales ; before the apex is a rather large pale spot of the ground colour. Hindwing
with a submarginal row of broad purplish-black, continuous, lunular spots, each of
which bears a slender white lunule, the whole series being inwardly bordered with
olivescent-grey, and outwardly by a marginal row of ochreous lunules, the extreme
marginal edge and cilia being black. Underside with the costal border, the base
and outer border of both wings, pale purplish-brown, palest on the hindwing; a
dark purplish-red narrow band inwardly bordering the broad pale olivescent discal
area, from the pale subapical spot on forewing to above the anal angle, this band
being edged by a broken black line on its basal portion of each wing and above the
anal angle; along the exterior border of the discal area, on both wings, is a
submarginal series of black-edged lunules, those on the forewing being narrow on
a pearly-white ground, and those on the hindwing broader, deep red, traversed by a
slender pearly-white sinuous line, and bordered inwardly by red and outwardly by
diffused pearly-white and a row of small black dots ; the margin being bordered by
ochreous lunules.
Female. Upperside similar to the male, except that the olivescent-yellow discal
area is somewhat broader, and the marginal band on the hindwing is entire through-
out, not composed of conjoined spots, and on the underside the submarginal deep
red lunules are less angular. Thorax greyish-brown; abdomen olivescent; palpi
112
260 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
above brown ; collar and vertex with white spots; palpi below and pectus white ;
forelegs blackish, fore tarsi white; middle and hind femora blackish, tibize whitish ;
antenne black.
Expanse, ¢ 3 to 33, ? 33 inches.
Hasirat.—Burma ; Malay Peninsula.
DisrriBoTion.—Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 20) records (under OC. Moor),
‘one specimen taken at Poonkan, Tenasserim, in August.” This specimen we have
verified as being true Jalysus. Two specimens are recorded as having been taken
by Mr. W. Doherty in the Karen Hills (P. Z.S. 1891, 284). Mr. Distant (Rhop.
Malay. 109) says “‘ this species appears to be moderately rare in Province Wellesley,
one specimen only being captured by myself. It is, however, not uncommon in
Malacca.”
EULEPIS MOORI (Plate 187, figs. 2, 2a, J, 9).
Charaxes Moori, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 3, g (1883).
Imaco.—Nearest allied to H. Kaba. Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from
E. Kaba in the pale olivescent-yellow discal area being narrower, the basal area and
the outer black border, consequently, being broader ; the entire cell and basal area
is also much darker. Hindwing with the marginal black spots disposed in a con-
joined series, the three large anterior portions forming one continuous piece. Under-
side similar to H. Kaba; the olivescent discal area being narrower.
Female. Similar to the same sex of H. Hebe. Upperside. Forewing with the
pale olivescent discal area broader than in either Malacca or Sumatran female Hebe,
being more like that in Jalysus, the curve from the base being more regular, and the
lower portion of the black outer border more undulated. Hindwing with the
marginal spots smaller throughout the series than in Hebe. Underside similar to
Hebe, but having the pale olivescent discal area of both wings very much broader,
this area being quite as broad as in Jalysus.
Expanse, ¢ 2%, ? 3} inches.
Hasrtat.—Naga Hills ; Burma; Malay Peninsula.
Disrripution.—A specimen of the male, from the Naga Hills, taken by Mr. J.
L. Sherwill, is in the collection of Mr. Philip Crowley ; and one also in that of Mr.
W. Rothschild ; a male from Moulmein is in the British Museum; a female, also
from Burma, is in the Hewitsonian collection. Mr. Distant’s type specimen was
taken in the Malay Peninsula.
Of our illustrations of H. Moori, on Plate 187, fig. 2, 2a is from a Naga Hill male
in Mr. Crowley’s collection, and fig. 2b is from a Burmese female in the Hewitsonian
collection.
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 261
EULEPIS SCHREIBERI (Plate 188, figs. 1, la, f 9).
Nymphalis Schreiberi, Godart, Encyclop. Meth. ix., Suppl. p. 825 (1828).
Paphia Schreiberi, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. pl. vi., figs. 3, 3a, 2 (1829)
Charaxes Schreiberi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 633. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 104, pl. xiii.
fig. 2, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 274,|
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings bluish-black, the basal third palest
and most tinged with blue. Forewing crossed by an erect medial bluish-white band,
which commences anteriorly in the interspace between the lower radial and upper
median veinlet, and sinuously widens out externally to the posterior margin ; between
the upper and lower radials is a moderate-sized somewhat quadrate white spot,
situated exteriorly beyond the medial band, and a smaller similar spot near the apex
between the upper radial and lower subcostal ; both of these spots being sometimes
obsolescent, or the subapical spot absent; the medial band is more or less thickly
bordered posteriorly along both sides with smalt-blue scales. Hindwing with a
similar medial white band decreasing evenly from the costa to the lower median
veinlet, its posterior borders being also externally bordered with smalt-blue scales,
the outer portion broader and sinuously ; a submarginal row of small white lunules,
and a marginal series of indistinct ochreous lunules with intervening blue-speckled
shorter streaks, except on the two tails, where the blue streaks are longer ; abdominal
border broadly dusky greyish-brown. Underside dull nacreous pinkish-white, the
outer borders suffused with olive-brown ; the medial white band and apical spots
bluish-tinted on the forewing, but the band pure white on the hindwing. Forewing
with the medial band inwardly-bordered by a transverse dark olive-brown band with
sharply-defined black borders inwardly-edged with smalt-blue, this latter band
extending from the costal vein to beneath the lower median veinlet; bordering the
black-edged outside of the medial band is a curved series of slender brown-edged
lunulate marks, the lowest mark more or less merged in a large blue-black patch ;
between the upper end of the medial white band and the outer lunules is a carmine
patch, and above this patch is a slender black streak; two small black superposed
spots near base of the cell. Hindwing with the medial band similarly inwardly
bordered by a black-edged olive-brown band, the inner line of which ends above the
anal angle, and outwardly bordered by a series of deep carmine lunules; the
extreme outer margin of the wing bearing blue-edged ochreous-red lunules and blue
intervening streaks.
Female. Upperside resembling the male, but with the medial white band
broader, and on the forewing there are two superposed quadrate white spots (the
upper one sometimes small) beyond the medial band, as well as the smaller sub-
apical spot. On the hindwing the submarginal slender white lunules are larger
and longer, and the marginal ochreous-red lunules very prominent. Underside
262 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
marked as in the male. Body bluish-black above, ochreous beneath; collar and
vertex white spotted; palpi black above; palpi beneath and pectus white; fore
femora and tibiz black, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora black, with the
tibize and tarsi dull ochreous-white, the tarsi with black bands. Antenne black;
eyes reddish-brown.
Expanse, d 23 to 34, ? 3} to 4 inches.
Hasrrat.—Assam ; Naga Hills; Arakan, Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc.
Distrisution.—This is a very rare butterfly. Colonel Swinhoe has a male from
Cherra Punji. A male and female from Shillong, Assam, and a male from the
Naga Hills is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Mr. L. de Nicéville records it from
Jorehat, in Assam; Major C. H. E. Adamson took two females in Arakan in
November. Mr. W. Doherty obtained a tattered male in Toungoo (P. Z. 8. 1891,
283). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant Rhop. Malay. p. 104), Batavia
(Snellen), Java (Horsfield), Billiton (Godman and Salvin), Labuan (British Museum),
and Borneo (Distant).
Of our illustrations of H. Schreiberi on Plate 188, fig. 1 is from the Naga Hill
male, and fig. la from a Shillong female.
EULEPIS WARDII (Plate 188, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ ; et larva and pupa).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to E. Schreiberi. Forewing differing in the
medial white band extending up to the lower subcostal veinlet, the upper end having
two additional portions, placed in a linear series with the others, the band itself
being also comparatively narrower and of a more uniform width, and the subapical
spots being absent. Hindwing similar to Schreiberi. Underside differs in the
medial white band of the forewing being of uniform width and having the two
additional portions at the upper end, the carmine patch absent, and the lunular
marks disposed in a less curved series, otherwise similarly marked as in Schreiberi,
Expanse, ¢ 32 to 3% inches.
Aporr Carmrrittar.—Slug-shaped; dark green and pale dotted above, pale
beneath, and with a yellowish saddle-like dorsal band on anterior part of seventh
segment; head with four incurved, red, tuberculated processes ; anal segment with
two, short, conical pointed processes.
Curysatis.—Short, thick, cylindrically-ovate; green; smooth; dorsum much
arched; head truncated, pointed in front.
Hasrtat.—S. India.
Disrrisution.—The late Mr. 8. N. Ward reared a male from larva found at
Calicut, in August, 1853. Dr. Jerdon obtained a specimen at Anjirucady, near
Tellicherry. Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. India, 275) records a single male taken in the
Wynaad by Mr. Rhodes Morgan; and that Mr. Harold Ferguson obtained a broken
NYMPHALINA. (Group CHARAXINA.) 263
specimen in Trayancore—probably a female—having the discal band twice as broad
as in the Wynaad example, and with the two upper spots joined to it and very
large. ‘‘ Mr. Imray also has taken it on the plateau of Pirmerd, at an elevation of
3700 feet, in Travancore” (Journ. Bombay N. H.8. 1891, 10). Colonel C. Swinhoe
has two males taken at Karwar, in Bombay, in September and October, by Mr. E. H.
Aitken.
Of our illustrations of H. Wardii on Plate 188, fig. 2, 2a is from a Karwar male
im Colonel Swinhoe’s collection. Fig. 2b is from the drawing of the larva and pupa
made by Mr. Ward at Calicut.
Inpo-Matayan Sprcrus or Euturis.—Z. Attalus (Charaxes Attalus, Felder, Reise
Nov. Lep. ii. p. 488 (1867). Syn. C. Fruhstorferi et C. Phrixus, Rober, Ent.
Nachr., 1895, pp. 63, 64. Habitat. Java.—H. Hebe (Char. Hebe, Butler, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634, pl. 37, fig. 3). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 107, pl. 15, fig. 2,
3 (1883). Syn. C. Albanus, Rober, lc. p. 66. Habitat. Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra.—H. Ganymedes, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 173 (1888). Habitat.
Borneo.—H. Smerdis (Char. Smerdis, Felder MS.) Syn. Jasia Athama, Swainson,
Zool. Ilust. 2nd ser., pl. 90 (1833). C. Fallax et Javanus, Rober, l.c. pp. 66, 298.
Habitat. Sumatra, Java.—EH. Kaba (Char. Kaba, Khiel, Rhop. Nias, p. 27, pl. 3,
fig. 19 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—H. Heracles (C. Heracles, Rober, lc. p. 292).
Habitat. Borneo.—£. Niasica (Char. Niasica, Butler, Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 56).
Allied to H. Schreiberi. Habitat. Nias Island—H#. Kadenii (Char. Kadenii,
Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. IV. p. 232, pl. 3, fig. 2 (1860). Habitat. Java.
Genus MURWAREDA.
Charaxes (part) anctorum.
Wings comparatively broader than in Hulepis. Forewing more regularly
triangular, costa less arched, apex more pointed, exterior margin more even; third
subcostal branch emitted nearer end of the cell, fourth and fifth emitted nearer to
base of third, and consequently much nearer to end of the cell; the cell shorter
and wider. Hindwing more convex externally ; cell broader; middle median veinlet
emitted near to base of lower branch; tails more elongated. Antennal club longer;
palpi stouter and more laxly clothed above; fore femur and tibia of male longer ,
fore tarsus of female much stouter.
Typx.—M. Dolon.
MURWARDA DOLON (Plate 189, figs. 1, la, 3).
Charazes Dolon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 55, pl. 27, figs. 2,3 (1848). Butler, Proe.
Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 272, pl. 22, fig. 100, (1886),
Haridra Dolon, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 306.
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with
264 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
the costa, a streak at end of the cell, and the apical border broadly decreasing to the
posterior angle, purpurescent-black ; the outer border traversed by a submarginal
row of pale olivescent-yellow decreasing spots. Hindwing with a submarginal
narrow band composed of bluish-white lunular spots, each surrounded by black and
inwardly-traversed by a slender bluish-white line; the extreme marginal edge,
including the two slender tails and the ends of the veins, black, diffused inwardly
with bluish-grey. Body dark purpurescent-brown; palpi brown above, white
beneath ; vertex and collar white-spotted ; forelegs brown, fore tarsus white ; middle
and hind femora brown above, white beneath, tibiz and tarsi white; antenne black ;
eyes reddish. Underside. Both wings pearly-white; the costa of forewing to near
the tip, a narrow recurved subbasal band, an excurved submarginal band, and an
extreme marginal band olivescent brownish-ochreous, brightest on the hindwing ;
the subbasal band anteriorly-edged with a slender black broken line, the sub-
marginal band outwardly edged on the forewing by a broken black lunular line, and
on the hindwing traversed by a row of narrow black-edged lunules, followed by an
outer row of small black spots.
Expanse, 3} to 3 inches.
Hasirar.—Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam.
Distrisution.—In Butt. Ind. ii. 273 Mr. de Nicéville records “two specimens
taken in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham Young.” The late General G. Ramsay took it in
Nepal. According to Mr. de Nicéville this species is “‘ apparently single-brooded,
and in Sikkim occurs at low elevations only in April and May. I have only seen
one female of this species, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon in Bhotan on 2nd May,
1892” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs in Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, and
Upper Tenasserim. Mr. Tucker, of the Rangoon Police, took it at Tavoy in
December, and Capt. Bingham in Thoungyeen Vailey in February. It is also found
in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo,
MURWAREDA EUDAMIPPUS (Plate 189, fics. 2, 2a ¢).
Charaxes Eudamippus, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p. 218, pl. 8. Butler, Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 273 (1886).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Both wings pale olivescent-yellow.
Forewing with the costa including more or less the upper-half of the cell, and a broad
bar at its end, the apex widely and the outer margin broadly, deep purpurescent-
black ; also a short continuous black streak below the base of the upper median
veinlet enclosing a quadrate pale yellow spot beyond the cell; following which are
two superposed pale yellow subquadrate spots, a transverse submarginal series of
spots, the three upper of which are obconical and the four lower decreasingly
NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 265
lunular, the last being bluish-tinted and extending to the posterior angle, and then
a marginal series of dentate smaller-sized spots. Hindwing with a submarginal
series of seven decreasing white spots, of which the upper are more or less angularly-
conical, and the lower lunular; each of these spots is surrounded by a blue-black
border, and each with a pale grey inner-bordering lunule, which is again inwardly-
edged more or less by a black line; the extreme outer margin of the wing,
including the long, narrrow tail at the end of the lower and upper median veinlet, is
inwardly-suffused with blue. Underside. Both wings pearly-white. Forewing
with two superposed black spots within the cell ; a short transverse subbasal narrow
olivescent-ochreous black-edged band; a transverse submarginal straight narrow
olivescent-ochreous band, which is outwardly-edged with a short black incurved
line between the veins, the lowest being lunular; followed by a plain marginal
olivescent-ochreous band. Hindwing with a transverse narrow slightly-incurved
subbasal bright olivescent-ochreous band, which is anteriorly-edged on both sides by an
interrupted black line; beyond is a submarginal row of black-edged narrow bluish-
grey lunules, inwardly-bordered by a narrow olivescent-ochreous band, and outwardly
by a row of black dots, followed by a marginal olivescent-ochreous band, which latter,
with the tails, is outwardly edged with bluish-grey; a short black streak on the
abdominal margin above the lower submarginal lunule. Thorax and abdomen
olivescent-yellow, the middle of the thorax tinged with grey ; collar, head, palpi, and
sides of thorax beneath brown; vertex and sides white spotted ; palpi beneath
white; pectus, hind part of thorax beneath and abdomen beneath white; fore
femora and tibiz brown, tarsi white; middle and hind femora brown above, tibize
and tarsi white ; middle and hind tarsi with brown bands; eyes reddish; antennz
black.
Expanse, d 3% to 4, 2 44 to 42 inches.
Hapirat.—H. Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim.
Distripution.—The female of this butterfly is extremely rare. I have seen
but two specimens, one being in the Hewitson collection, and the other in Mr. W.
Rothschild’s, the latter from Sikkim, taken in July by the late Otto Méller. Males are
common in all collections. Mr. W. Doherty (J. As. Soc. Beng., 1886, 124) records
observing it at Jhulaghat, on the Kali,in Kumaon. We possess specimens from Nepal,
Sikkim, Bhotan, and Assam. Mr. de Nicéville records it from Sibsagar, in Upper
Assam. ‘‘ A much commoner species in Sikkim in the spring than H. Dolon. Found at
low elevations only. It occurs from April to August, according to Mr. O. Méller”’
(de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs inthe Naga Hills, Upper
Burma. It was taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., on the Upper Makong, Shan States.
It occurs also in Upper Tenasserim and Tayoy. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List Burm.
Butt., p. 20) ‘ took it in Tenasserim and Bhamo in April and August, about decaying
VOL. IT. Mm
266 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
refuse on the banks of streams.” Lieut: E. Y. Watson obtained two specimens at
Tilin in February (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 41).
MURWAREDA DELPHIS (Plate 190, Figs. 1, la ¢).
Charaxes Delphis, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p. 217, pl. 7. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1865, p. 635. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 105, pl. 15, fig. 1., d (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, etc., ii. p. 272 (1886).
Charaxes Concha, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. iv. p. 162, pl. 10, figs, 1-3 (1861).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with
the base of the costa slightly infuscated ; an indistinct slender black streak on upper
end of the discocellulars ; the whole apical border broadly purpurescent-black ; the
inner edge of the black border irregularly sinuous, commencing on the costa beyond
the cell, curving outward and rapidly decreasing to a narrow lunule above end of the
submedian vein; below the apex is an oblique more-or-less lunate white spot.
Hindwing with a submarginal row of narrow greenish lunules, the three upper of
which are disconnected, and with thickly black-spotted edges, the lower lunules
being paler, connected, their ends extending to the point of the veins are but slightly
black speckled, and show a slender white inner streak. Body pale olivescent-yellow ;
thorax above tinged with grey ; collar, head and palpi above dark brown; vertex
and sides of collar white spotted ; palpi beneath white; legs above blackish; white
beneath; fore tarsi white; antennze black; eyes reddish. Underside olivescent
pearly white. Forewing with two (occasionally only one) small, superposed, and a
larger broken upper black spot within the cell ; a lunate black-edged bluish-centred
lunule and a slender contiguous streak in front at end of the cell, below which is a
larger bluish-centred black-edged round spot between the middle and lower medians,
beyond which are two short slender excurved subapical black streaks below the
subcostal, followed by a submarginal row of slender bluish-grey speckled lunules,
and a parallel row of small rich ochreous dentate spots. Hindwing with a large
blue-centred black-edged round spot on middle of the costa, a similar small spot
below it, but which latter is sometimes absent ; a slender black-edged lunate mark
at end of the cell, and lower slender black streaks extending to above the analangle ;
followed by a submarginal row of bluish-grey lunules, a parallel row of dark rich
ochreous spots, and an outer reversed-lunulate pale ochreous fascia, beyond which
another row of bluish-grey narrow lunules, and then a marginal row of broader pale
ochreous lunate spots.
Expanse, 3} to 4 inches.
Hasirat.—Assam ; Cachar; Sylhet; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc.
Distriputiox.—Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 426) records a
single male in August from Tavoy. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 20) took it
at ‘‘ Tavoy and Hpapoon in October and November ; but was rare.” Mr. A. R. H.
NYMPHALINZ. (Group OHARAXINA.) 267
Tucker also recently took it in Tavoy. ‘‘ Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained a male on
the Donat range in January, and another in the Thoungyeen forests towards the
end of the year, and there are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from
Sylhet and Moulmain” (Butt. Ind. II., 272).
It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Labuan, Borneo.
Cuinese Species or Murwarepa.—M. Nepenthes (Char. Nepenthes, Grose Smith,
Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 58; id. Rhop. Exot. Char. pl. 2, figs. 3,4. Habitat. Siam.
—NM. Rothschildi (Char. Rothschildi, Leech, Lep. China, etc., p. 128, pl. 14, fig. 3, g
(1891). Syn. Char. Ganymedes, Leech, Entom. Suppl. p. 80 (1891). Habitat.
W. China.—M. Narceus (Nymph. Narceeus, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. I., Nymph. pl. 1,
fig.1,4(1854). Habitat. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.). Japan.—
M. Mandarinus (Char. Mandarinus Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. III. p. 437 (1867).
Habitat. Shanghai. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.).—M. Tibetanus
(Char. Tibetanus, Oberthur, Etud. Entom. XV., p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1891). Habitat.
KE. Tibet.—M. Menedemus (Char. Menedemus, Oberthur, Etud., Entom. XV., p. 13,
pl. 2, fig. 9 (1891). Habitat. W. China.—WM. Posidonius (Char. Posidonius, Leech,
Entom. Suppl., p. 30 (1891); id. Lep. China, etc., p. 127, pl. 14, fig. 4 3. Syn.
Char. Clitiphon, Oberthur, Etud. Entom. XY., p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 11. Habitat. W.
China.
Genus HELCYRA.
Helcyra, Felder, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xl. p. 450 (1860). Neues Lep. pp. 37, 44 (1861). de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 45 (1886).
Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched,
apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, almost even, posterior angle rounded ;
subcostal vein five branched, first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before
upper end of the cell, second at a short distance beyond the end, third
at fully half beyond the end, fourth and fifth at fully half between the
third and the apex; upper discocellular very short, slightly bent close to
subcostal ; the two radials from the angle; cell open; median veinlets wide
apart; submedian vein straight. Hindwing triangularly-ovate; base of anterior
margin much arched; apex rather pointed, exterior margin convex posteriorly,
sinuous ; precostal vein curved outward; subcostals and radial emitted together
‘from upper end of the cell; the cell open. ‘Body robust, thorax hairy ; palpi
obliquely porrect, compactly scaled, second joint hairy above, apex pointed ; fore legs
of the male hairy ; middle and hind legs scaley; fore legs of the female smooth, fore-
tarsus slightly thickened beneath at the apex, the apical joints each with a
terminal short spine on each side ; eyes naked; antennz rather long, slender, with
a short thick ovate club, which is finely tricarinated on its inner side.
Type.—H, Chionippe.
Mm 2
268 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
HELCYRA HEMINA (Plate 190, figs. 2, 2a 2).
Helcyra Hemina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1864, p. 245, pl. 15, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, ii. p. 45, pl. xix. fig. 85, g (1886).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent pearly-white. Forewing
with a broad purpurescent-black decreasing apical band, the inner edge of which is
very irregular and its lower end fromthe middle median narrow, marked by a slight
white lunular streak above the posterior angle; obliquely across the band before the
apex are two white spots; two obliquely-superposed black spots at end of the cell,
the upper spot small; and between the lower median veinlet and submedian vein is
another black spot near the angle. Hindwing with a submarginal series of eight smaller
black spots, placed in eschelon, three being inwardly disposed anteriorly, two in the
middle, and the subanal, followed by a narrow black marginal lunular line and a
slender anteciliar line. Underside glossy pearly-white. Both wings with the
markings of the upperside indistinctly visible and bluish-tinted. Forewing also with
a very slightly-defined slender black sinuous line extending from middle of the lower
radial to the middle median veinlet. Hindwing also with a very slender black sinuous
discal line placed before the transverse spots of the upperside, these spots being bluish-
tinted, and the third subanal spot being bright yellow with blue and black scaled tip.
Body white; front of thorax and head grey; palpi above dark brown; antenne
black above, ochreous beneath; legs white; eyes red.
Expanse, 2} to 3 inches.
Hasrrar.—Sikkim ; Khasia and Naga Hills ; Upper Burma.
DistripuTion.—This beautiful species is rare. Mr. Otto Moller took males in
Sikkim in April, May, and September, and a single female at Singla, near Darjiling,
1300 feet, in October, 1884. A male from the Naga Hills is in the British Museum,
Calcutta (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 45). “A very rare butterfly, which occurs
singly in Sikkim during the summer. It is less rare in the Daling division of
Darjiling, where it occurs at 4000 feet. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon once took a specimen
himself at 3000 feet in Darjiling, and found that it flies very swiftly, which may help
to account for its scarcity in collections ” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134).
Specimens from the Khasia Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. ‘“ Mr. W.
Doherty obtained a male in the Naga Hills, and four at the Ruby Mine district,
north of Mandalay, Burma, in June” (P. Z. 8., 1891, 273).
CHINESE AND Matayan Hetoyras.
Helcyra superba, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 189; Lep. China, ete. p. 152, pl. xx. fig. 2 (1891).
Habitat. W. China.
Helcyra sp.? (Qf. Snellen, Tijd. vy. Entom. 1894, p. 78). Habitat. Java (Coll. Mus. Leyden).
Heleyra chionippe, Felder, Sitzb, Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1860, p. 450 ; Neues, Lep. p. 46, pl. 1 (1861),
Habitat. Amboina,
INDEX OF
Adolias Euthymius, Dbleday. 198.
imona, Hewits. 173, 212.
Amathusia, Hewits. 212.
Lena, Atkinson, 215,
Pealii, W. Mason, 214.
Agapertss, Billberg, 15.
Cleanthe, 16.
Galathea, 16.
Halimede, Menétr. 16.
meridionalis, Feld. 16.
montana, Leech, 16.
Ageronide, Dbleday. 219.
AarustA, Moore, 144, 169.
Andersonii, Moore, 169.
Esaca, Westw. 169.
Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169.
Amaruustia, Fabr. 173, 178.
Amythaon, Dbleday. 176.
Aureliana, Honrath, 178.
Aurelius, Cram. 178.
dilucida, Honrath, 178.
insularis, Doherty, 178.
ochraceofusca, Honrath, 182.
Ottomana, Butler, 178.
Perakana, Honrath, 179.
Phidippus, Linn. 179.
Pollicaris, Butler, 182.
Porthaon, Feld. 178.
Portheus, Felder, 176.
Pylaon, Feld. 178.
Schonbergit, Honrath, 182.
virgata, Butler, 182.
Westwoodi, Butler, 176.
AmatTuusiunz, Moore, 170.
Amatuouxinis, Stgr. 172, 176.
Amythaon, Déleday. 176.
dilucida, Honrath, 178.
insularis, Doherty, 178.
Ottomana, Butler, 178.
Philippina, Moore, 178.
GENERA AND
VOL. EE
Amatuuxip1a Porthaon, Feld, 178.
Pylaon, Felder, 178.
Amaxidia, Stgr. 178.
Aureliana, Honrath, 178.
Aurelius, Cram, 178.
AMEOERA, Butler, 12.
Baldiva, 12, 18.
Cashmirensis, Moore, 12.
Climene, Fabr. 12.
Eversmanni, F. v, W. 13.
mceroides, Felder, 9.
Merula, Felder, 8.
Megera, 12.
Menava, Moore, 9.
Schakra, Kollar, 7.
Apaturide, Stgr. 219.
Apaturides, Boisd. 219.
Arge, Hiibner, 15.
Argynnide, Dup. 219.
Argynnides, Kirby, 219.
Argynnidi, Steph. 219.
ArGynninA, Moore, 227.
Avtocera, Butler, 26.
Brahminoides, Moore, 29.
Brahminus, Blanch. 27, 33.
Chumbica, Moore, 30.
Loha, Doherty, 30.
Padma, Kollar, 32.
Saraswati, Kollar, 35.
Scylla, Butler, 28.
Swaha, Kollar, 33.
Weranga, Lang, 27.
Biblides, Boisd. 219,
Biblis undularis, Godart, 145.
leucocyma, Godart, 155.
Brassoline, 172.
Bruasa, Moore, 144, 164.
Abrisa, Distant, 165.
Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165,
Chelensis, de Wicéville, 164.
SPECIES.
Bruasa Konga, Grose Smith, 165.
Mehida, Hewits. 165.
Penanga, Westw. 165.
Sumatrana, Wallace, 165.
Caligo, 172.
Amphimedon, 172.
Calinaga, Moore, 220.
Catinaainz, Moore, 220,
CaLLeREsBiA, Butler, 96.
albipunctata, Leech, 103.
Annada, Moore, 97.
Cashapa, Moore, 100.
Daksha, Moore, 102.
Delavoyi, Oberth. 103.
hybrida, Butler, 98.
intermedia, Moore, 100.
modesta, Moore, 102.
Nada, Moore, 98.
Nirmala, Moore, 100.
ophthalmica, Stgr. 96.
Orixa, Moore, 96.
Polyphemus, Oberth. 103.
pratorum, Oberth. 103.
ruricola, Leech, 103.
rurigena, Leech, 103.
saxicola, Oberth. 103.
Scanda, Kollar, 101.
Sylvicola, Oberth. 103.
Yphthimoides, Moore, 84.
Cuaraxts, Ochs. 229, 248.
Agna, Moore, 237.
Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257.
albanus, Rober, 263.
Amycus, Felder, 248.
Antonius, Semper, 248.
Aristogiton, Felder, 236.
Arja, Felder, 258.
Athamas, Drury, 252.
Attalus, Felder, 263.
Bajula, Stgr. 248.
270
Cuaraxes Baya, Moore, 248.
Bernardus, Fabr. 246.
Bernardus, Kollar, 240.
Bharata, Felder, 253.
Borneensis, Butler, 237, 247.
Bupalus, Stgr. 247.
Clitiphon, Oberth. 267.
Concha, Vollenh. 265.
Corax, Felder, 238.
Delphis, Dbleday. 265.
Desa, Moore, 235.
Distanti, Honrath, 247.
Dolon, Westw. 263.
Durnfordii, Distant, 248.
Echo, Butler, 252.
Endamippus, Dbdleday. 264.
Everetti, Rothschild, 248.
Fabius, abr. 249,
Fallax, Rober, 263.
Fruhstorferi, Rober, 263.
Ganymedes, Leech, 267.
Ganymedes, Stgr. 263.
Georgius, Stgr. 248.
Hamasta, Moore, 256.
Harmodius, Felder, 247.
Harpagon, Stgr. 247.
Harpaz, Felder, 237.
Hebe, Butler, 263.
Hemana, Butler, 240.
Heracles, Rober, 263.
Hieraz, Felder, 239, 242.
Hindia, Butler, 231, 244.
Hipponaz, Felder, 239, 248.
Imna, Butler, 231.
Jalinder, Butler, 243.
Jalysus, Felder, 259.
Javanus, Rober, 263.
Kaba, Khiel, 263.
Kadenii, Felder, 263.
Khasianus, Butler, 245.
Khimalara, Butler, 242, 244.
Lampedo, Hiibn. 252.
Lunawara, Butler, 233, 248.
Mandarinus, Feld. 267.
Marmaz, Westw. 233.
Menedemus, Oberth, 267.
Moori, Distant, 260.
Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267.
Niasica, Butler, 263.
Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246,
INDEX.
Cuaraxes Phrizus, Rober, 263.
Plateni, Stgr. 248.
Pleistoanaz, Felder, 244, 245.
Polyxena, Cram. 247.
Posidonius, Leech, 267.
Psaphon, Westw. 230.
Rothschildii, Leech, 267.
Samatha, Moore, 253.
Schreiberi, Godt. 261.
Scylax, Felder, 247.
Smerdis, Felder, 263.
Staudingeri, Rothschild, 248.
Tibetanus, Oberth. 267.
Watti, Butler, 239.
Zephyrus, Butler, 252.
Charazide, Doherty, 220, 228.
CuaARAXINA, Moore, 224, 228.
Cuazara, Moore, 21.
Briseis, 21.
Heidenreichi, 22.
Shandura, Marshall, 21.
Chionobas pumilus, Felder, 37.
Cuonata, Moore, 14.
episcopalis, Oberth. 15.
Masoni, Elwes, 15.
preusta, Leech, 15.
Cuortosius, Guénee, 51.
Ccenonympha, Jveld. 54,
Goolmurga, Lang, 56.
Maiza, Lang, 55.
Neoza, Lang, 54.
pavonica, Alph. 57.
pulehra, Feld. 52.
Sinica, Alph. 57.
Cierome, Westw. 178, 206.
Brope, Leech, 209.
Amathusia, Hewits. 212.
Arcesilaus, Fubr. 207.
Assama, Westw. 208.
Besa, Hewits. 209.
Eumeus, Drury, 209.
gracilis, Butler, 209.
Kirata, de Nicéville, 209.
Kleis, Semper, 209.
Leucis, Felder, 209.
lurida, Felder, 209.
Phaon, Erichs. 209.
Plateni, Stgr. 209.
Sappho, Semper, 209.
Stomphaz, Westw. 209.
Caenonympha, Hiibn. 51.
pavonica, Alph. 57.
Creseta, Moore, 11.
Deidamia, Eversm. 11,
erebina, Butler, 11.
Menétriesii, Brem. 11.
Cyllo, Boisd. 117.
Aswa, Moore, 128.
Duryodana, Feld. 135,
tristis, Felder, 128.
Cytioceyzs, Butler, 137.
Janetx, de Nicéville, 139.
Suradeva, Moore, 138.
Datuacua, Moore, 58, 94.
Hyagriva, Moore, 58, 95.
Debis Masoni, Elwes, 15.
Discopuora, Boisd. 173, 187.
Andamanensis, Stgr. 188.
Bambuse, Felder, 198.
Celebensis, Holland, 197.
Celinde, Distant, 188.
Celinde, Stoll, 196.
Cheops, Felder, 197.
Continentalis, Stgr. 188.
Dis, de Nicéville, 197.
indica, Stgr. 192.
lepida, Moore, 190.
Menetho, Semper, 198,
Necho, Felder, 197.
Ogina, Godart, 197.
Philippina, Moore, 198.
Semperi, Moore, 198.
simplex, Stgr. 198.
Sondaica, Boisd. 198.
spiloptera, de Nicéville, 195.
Timora, Dbleday. 197.
Tullia, Cram. 197.
Tullia, Moore, 192.
Zal, Semper, 198.
Zal, Westw. 191.
Doxocopa Epalias, Hibner, 247.
Drusilla, Swains. 212.
Horsfieldii, Swains, 212.
Dryades, Hiibner, 220.
Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154.
Patna, Butler, 162.
Pealii, de Nicéville, 157.
Singala, de Nicéville, 156.
Vasudeva, Butler, 166,
Elymniade, Doherty, 141.
Elymniades, Butler, 141.
Exymntas, Hiibner, 144.
Abrisa, Distant, 165.
Albofasciata, Stgr. 156.
Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165.
Borneensis, Wallace, 168,
Casiphone, Hiibn. 163.
Caudata, Butler, 150,
Ceryx, Boisd. 163.
Chelensis, de Nicéville, 164,
Congruens, Semper, 155.
Cottonis, Hewits. 151.
Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154.
Dara, Distant, 156.
discrepans, Distant, 155.
dolorosa, Butler, 152.
Dusara, Horsf. 155.
Enganica, Doherty, 156.
Esaca, Westw. 169.
Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169.
fraterna, Butler, 149.
Godferyi, Distant, 168.
Hainana, Moore, 155.
Harterti, Honrath, 163.
Hecata, Butler, 155.
Jynx, Hiibn. 105,
Konga, Grose Smith, 165.
Kumara, Moore, 163.
Kunstleri, Honrath, 161.
Lais, Cram. 163.
leucocyma, Boisd. 159.
leucocyma, Godart, 155, 159.
lutescens, Butler, 155.
malelas, Hewits. 159.
Mehida, Hewits. 165.
mimus, W. Mason, 152.
nigrescens, Butler, 155.
obnubila, de Wicéville, 153.
Panthera, Fabr. 155,
Patna, Westw. 162.
Pealii, W. Mason, 157.
Penanga, Westw. 165.
Protogenia, Cram. 155.
Saueri, Distant, 161.
Singala, Moore, 156.
Sumatrana, Wallace, 165.
Thycana, Wallace, 166.
Timandra, Wallace, 158.
tinetoria, Moore, 148.
undularis, Drury, 145.
INDEX.
Exymnias Vasudeva, Moore, 166.
Elymniina, H. Scheetfer, 141.
Exrymnun, Kirby, 141.
Entsre, Dbleday. 173, 198,
Cyecnus, Westw. 201.
Euthymius, Dbleday. 198.
lepida, Moore, 190.
lunatus, Leech, 262.
sylhetensis, Stgr. 200.
tessellata, Moore, 200,
Epinephila, Stephens, 44.
E/pinephele, Hiibner, 44.
Cheena, Moore, 50.
cenonympha, Feld. 54.
Davendra, Moore, 45.
Goolmurga, Lang, 56.
interposita, Hirsch, 49.
Maiza, Lang, 55.
Narica, Butler, 48.
Neoza, Lang, 53.
pulchella, Feld. 54.
pulchra, Feld, 52.
Roxane, Feld. 45.
Sinica, Alph. 57.
Erebia Cyclopius, Eversm. 106.
Herse, Leech, 106.
Jordana, Stgr. 106.
Kalinda, Moore, 104.
Mani, de Nicéville, 106.
Maracandica, Ersch. 106.
Megalomma, Butler, 106.
Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106.
saxicola, Oberth. 103.
shallada, Lang, 105.
Eribea, Hibn. 248.
Erites, Westw. 113.
argentina, Butler, 113.
angularis, Moore, 115.
Beelinga, Moore, 114.
elegans, Butler, 117.
Salcipennis, W. Mason, 116.
Madura, Horsf. 117.
ochreana, Stgr. 117.
Evuuepis, Dalman, 229, 252.
Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257.
Arja, Felder, 258.
Athamas, Drury, 252.
Attalus, Felder, 263.
Ganymedes, Stgr. 263.
Hamasta, Moore, 256.
Evuzris Hebe, Butler, 263,
Heracles, Rober, 263.
Jalysus, Felder, 259,
Kaba, Khiel, 263.
Kadenii, Felder, 263.
Moori, Distant, 260.
Niasica, Butler, 263.
Samatha, Moore, 253.
Schreiberi, Godart, 261,
Smerdis, Felder, 263.
Wardii, Moore, 262.
Euments, Hiibner, 17.
Baldiva, Moore, 18.
diffusa, Butler, 18.
Lehana, Moore, 19.
Semele, 17.
Thelephassa, Hiibn. 20.
Eurytelide, Dbleday. 2i9.
EurytTetina, Moore, 227.
Evuruatiina, Moore, 225.
Faunis, Hibner, 206.
Caneus, Hiibn, 207.
Hamadryades, Hiibn, 220.
Haripra, Moore, 229.
Adamsoni, Moore, 236.
Amycus, Felder, 248.
Antonius, Semper, 248.
Aristogiton, Felder, 236.
Bajula, Stgr. 248.
Baya, Moore, 248.
Bernardus, Fabr. 246.
Borneensis, Butler, 247.
Bupalus, Stgr. 247.
Corax, Felder, 238.
Desa, Moore, 235.
Distanti, Honrath, 247.
Durnfordii, Distant, 248,
Everetti, Rothschild, 248.
Georgius, Stgr. 248.
Harmodius, Felder, 247.
Harpagon, Stgr, 247.
Harpax, Felder, 237.
Hemana, Butler, 240.
Hierax, Felder, 239.
Hipponax, Felder, 242,
Imna, Butler, 231.
Jalinder, Butler, 243.
Kahruba, Moore, 235.
Khasiana, Butler, 245.
Marmax, Westw. 233.
272
Hanrrpra Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246.
Plateni, Stgr. 248.
Pleistoanax, Felder, 244.
Polyxena, Cram. 247.
Psaphon, Westw. 230.
Scylax, Felder, 247.
Serendiba, Moore, 230.
Staudingert, Rothschild, 248.
Hetcyra, Felder, 229, 267.
Chionippe, Felder, 268.
Hemina, Hewits. 268.
superba, Leech, 268.
Hemapara, Moore, 106,
Narasingha, Moore, 107.
Hipio, Hiibner, 117,
Hipparchia, 17.
Anthe, Boisd, 23.
Baldiva, de Nicéville, 18.
Cadesia, Moore, 39.
diffusa, Butler, 18.
Digna, Marshall, 42.
Hiibneri, Butler, 39.
Lehana, Moore, 19.
Parisatis, Kollar, 24.
Persephone, Hiibn. 23.
Pimpla, Felder, 42.
Shandura, Marshall, 21.
Thelephassa, Klug. 20.
Jasia, Swainson, 248.
Athama, Swains. 263.
Kanetsta, Moore, 42,
Digna, Marshall, 42.
pimpla, Felder, 43.
Karawnasa, Moore, 38.
Hiibneri, Feld. 39.
Leechii, Moore, 41.
modesta, Moore, 41.
Krrinia, Moore, 14.
Epimenides, Menétr. 14.
Epimenondas, Stgr. 14.
Kowasa, Moore, 57, 82.
Chenui, Guérin. 57, 85.
Yphthimoides, Moore, 84.
Kriyaana, Moore, 185.
Klugius, Zink. Som. 185.
Lucipor, Westw. 185.
Noureddin, Westw. 185.
Lastommata, Westwood, 5.
Baldiva, Moore, 18.
Epimenides, Menétr. 14.
INDEX.
LastommaTa Meeroides, Felder, 9.
Merula, Felder, 8.
Mesa, Leech, 11.
Megera, 12.
Menava, Moore, 9.
Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11.
Satricus, Dbleday. 3,
Schakra, Kollar, 7.
Lemoniades, Hiibn. 220.
Lethe Masoni, de Nicéville, 15.
Livenitina, Moore, 225.
Louana, Moore, 58, 92.
Tnica, Hewits. 93.
Lorinea, Moore, 11.
Metanitis Ismene, Cram. 118.
Kalinga, Moore, 137.
Leda, Fabr. 118.
leucocyma, Boisd. 159.
Malelas, Hewits. 159.
Mycena, Cram. 120.
Patna, Westw. 162.
Phedima, Cram. 1387.
Suradeva, Moore, 138.
Suyudana, Moore, 137.
Tambra, Moore, 125.
undularis, Westw. 145.
Vamana, Moore, 135.
Varaha, Moore, 131.
catena, Leech, 11.
dumetorum, Oberth. 11.
Sulvescens, Alph. 11.
nemorum, Oberth. 11.
Mera Phidippe, Hiibn. 179.
Manroua, Schrank, 44.
brevistigma, Moore, 47.
Cheena, Moore, 50.
Davendra, Moore, 45.
interposita, Lrsch. 49.
Jurtina, 45.
Kashmirica, Moore, 51.
latistigma, Moore, 46.
Narica, Hiibn. 48.
Melanargia, Meigen, 15.
Mexanitis, Fabr. 117.
Abdulla, Distant, 137.
aculeata, Hampson, 133.
Ambasara, Moore, 137.
Ampa, Swinhoe, 131.
Arcensia, Cram. 120.
Aswa, Moore, 128.
Atrax, Semper, 137.
Bela, Moore, 128.
Bethami, de Nicéville, 127.
Boisduvalia, Semper, 137.
Cajetana, Semper, 137.
Cottonis, Hewits. 151.
determinata, Butler, 119.
Duryodana, de Nieéville, 129.
Dusara, Horsf. 155.
Egialina, Feld. 168.
Erichsonia, Semper, 137.
Esaca, Westw. 169.
Gnophodes, Butler, 137.
Gokala, Moore, 133.
Zitenius, Herbst. 135.
Meranocyma, Westw. 210,
Jaunula, 210.
faunuloides, de Nicéville, 210.
Metitzina, Moore, 227.
Metynias, Moore, 144, 156.
Casiphone, Hibn. 163.
Ceryz, Boisd. 163.
Harterti, Honrath, 163.
Kumara, Moore, 163.
Lais, Cram. 163.
Malelas, Hewits. 159,
Patna, Westw. 162.
patnoide:, Moore, 163.
Pealii, W. Mason, 157.
Saueri, Distant, 161.
Singala, Moore, 156.
Timandra, Wallace, 158.
Mmrapetras, Moore, 144, 165.
Borneensis, Wallace, 168.
Burmensis, Moore, 168.
Deva, Moore, 167.
Egialina, Felder, 168.
Godferyi, Distant, 168.
Vasudeva, Moore, 166.
Mitocerus, Billberg, 178.
Morphine, 170, 171.
Morpho Camadeva, Westw. 203.
Leonteus, Zinken-Som. 207.
Klugius, Zinken-Som. 185.
Odana, Godart, 185.
Ogina, Godart, 197.
Phidippus, Godart, 179.
Mourwarepa, Moore, 229, 263.
Delphis, Dbleday. 266,
Dolon, Westw. 263.
MorwarepaEudamippus, Dbdy.264.
Mandarinus, Fldr, 267.
Menedemus, Oberth. 267.
Narceus, Hewits. 267.
Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267.
Posidonius, Leech, 267.
Rothschildii, Leech, 267.
Tibetanus, Oberth. 267.
Napiria, Moore, 57, 85.
Bolanica, Marshall, 57, 85.
Najades, Hibner, 220.
Nanpoeea, Moore, 173, 182.
Diores, Dbleday. 182.
Nymphalide, Dup. 219.
Nymphatides, Boisd. 219.
Nymphalidi, Steph. 219.
Nympwauina, Moore, 224.
H. Sch. 219.
NympuHatina, Bates, 219.
Nympuatis, Linn. 226.
To, Linn. 226.
Nymphalis, Latr, 248.
Athamas, Godart, 252.
Baya, Moore, 248.
Fabius, Godart, 249.
Narceus, Hewits. 267.
Psaphon, Westw. 230,
Nymphalites, Blanch. 219.
Nya, Billberg, 24.
Hermione, 24.
Parisatis, Kollar, 24,
CEners, Hiibn. 36.
Jutta, 36.
Norma, 36.
Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38.
Opsiphanes, 172.
Cassiw, 172.
Xanthus, 172.
Oreas, Hiibn. 26.
Proserpina, 26.
Ortnoma, Doubleday, 1.
Damaris, Dbleday. 1.
Panpiwa, Moore, 58, 86.
corticaria, Butler, 92.
Lycus, de Nicéville, 88.
Mahratta, Moore, 90.
Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92.
multistriata, Butler, 92.
Nareda, Kollar, 86.
Newara, Moore, 87.
Vor. II.
INDEX.
Panpima Norma, Westw. 92.
Pandocus, Moore, 92.
Sempera, Felder, 92.
Stellera, Esch. 92.
Watsoni, Jfoore, 89.
Paphia, Fabr. 248.
Athamas, Horsf. 252.
Fabia, Gray, 249.
Papilio Anthe, Ochs. 23.
Arcesilaus, Fabr. 207.
Aristides, Fabr. 196.
Athamas, Drury, 252.
Aurelius, Cram. 178.
Baldus, Fabr. 58.
Bernardus, Fabr. 246.
Celinde, Stoll, 196.
Climene, Fabr. 12.
Eumeus, Drury, 209.
Euphanes, Esper. 249.
Gripus, Fabr. 209.
Leda, Drury, 118.
Menetho, Fabr. 196.
Narica, Hibn. 48.
Persephone, Hiibn. 23.
Phidippus, Johanssen, 179.
Philomela, Johans. 74.
Polyxena, Cram, 247.
Protogenia, Cram. 155.
Pyrrhus, Donov. 253.
Solon, Fabr. 249.
Tullia, Cram. 197.
undularis, Drury, 145.
Paranasa, Moore, 103.
Cyclopius, Eversm. 106.
Herse, Leech, 106.
Jordana, Stgr. 106.
Kalinda, Moore, 104.
Mani, de Nicéville, 106.
Maracandica, Ersch. 106.
Megulomma, Butler, 106.
Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106.
Shallada, Zang, 105.
PARANTIRRH@A, W. Mason, 139.
Marshalli, W. Mason, 140.
Pararge Catena, Leech, 11.
Deidamia, Eversm. 11.
dumetorum, Oberth. 11.
Epimenondas, Stgr. 14.
episcopalis, Oberth, 15.
erebina, Butler, 11.
273
Pararge fulvescens, Alph. 11.
Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11.
nemorum, Oberth, 11.
preusta, Leech, 15.
Pareneis, Moore, 36.
Buddha, Gr.-Gr. 38.
palearcticus, Stgr. 38,
pumilus, Felder, 37.
Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38.
Peridromide, Dbleday. 219.
Peridromides, Boisd. 219.
Putuareta, Moore, 23.
Hanifa, 23,
Persephone, Hiibn. 23.
Potamides, Hubner, 220.
Potamina, Moore, 224.
Pseudamathusia, Hourath, 182.
virgata, Butler, 182.
Pseudergolis, 220.
Racapia, Westw. 110.
annulata, Grose Smith, 113.
Crisia, Hiibn. 113.
Crisilda, Hewits. 110.
Crito, de Nicéville, 111.
Critolaus, de Nicéville, 112.
Crohonica, Semper, 113.
latifasciata, Leech, 113.
Luzonia, Feld. 113.
Melindena, Felder, 113.
Makuta, Horsf. 113.
Ruapuicera, Butler, 2.
dumicola, Oberth. 5,
Moorei, Butler, 4.
Satricus, Doubleday, 3.
Satyring, 1.
Satyrus, Latreille, 5.
Anthea, Boisd. 23.
Anthelea, Boisd. 20.
Avatara, Moore, 32.
Baldus, Godt. 58.
Brahminus, Blanch. 27.
Chenui, Guérin. 83.
dumicola, Oberthiir, 5.
(Histortcat Nore), 6.
Hiibneri, Felder, 39.
Loha, Elwes, 30, 36.
Menétriesii, Brem. 11,
Nareda, Kollar, 86.
Narica, Boisd. 48.
Padma, Kollar, 32.
Nn
Satyrus Parisatis, Kollar, 24.
Pimpla, Felder, 43.
Saraswati, Kollar, 35.
Schakra, Kollar, 7.
Swaha, Kollar, 33.
Thelephassa, H. 8, 20.
Tibetanus, Oberth. 5.
SticuoputHarma, Felder, 173, 202.
Camadeva, Westw. 203.
Cambodia, Hewits. 206.
Jusca, Leech, 206.
Howqua, Westw. 206.
Louisa, W. Mason, 204.
Neumogeni, Leech, 206.
Nourmahal, Westw. 205,
Nurinissa, de Nicéville, 206.
Sparta, de Nicéville, 217.
Sufusa, Leech, 206.
Tansima Masoni, Elwes, 15.
TatinGa, Moore, 5.
Tibetanus, Oberth. 5.
Tenaris, Hiibner, 212.
Birchii, Distant, 212.
Horsfieldii, Swains. 212.
occulta, Grose Smith, 212.
Plateni, Stgr. 212.
THAUMANTIS, Hiibner, 184.
Aliris, Westw. 187.
Camadeva, Westw. 203.
Cambodia, Hewits. 206.
Diores, Dbleday. 182.
Jaunula, Westw. 211.
Howqua, Westw. 206.
Louisa, W. Mason, 204.
Lucipor, Westw. 185.
Noureddin, Westw. 185.
Nourmahal, Westw. 205.
Odana, Godart, 185,
pseudaliris, Butler, 186,
Tuaurta, Moore, 173, 185.
Aliris, Westw. 187.
pseudaliris, Butler, 186.
Tuymiea, Moore, 57, 58.
Argus, Butler, 75.
Austeni, Moore, 69,
Avanta, Moore, 70.
Baldus, /abr. 58.
INDEX.
Tuymipa Dohertyi, Moore, 65.
evanescens, Butler, 75.
Jfasciata, Hewits. 75.
Horsfieldii, Moore, 74.
indecora, Moore, 63.
Lisandra, Cram. 75.
Marshallii, Butler, 59.
Methora, Hewits. 64.
Nikeza, Moore, 68.
Philomela, Johanssen, 74.
Sakra, Moore, 69.
Savara, Grose Smith, 66.
Singala, Felder, 72.
striata, Hampson, 73.
Tabella, de Nicéville, 73.
Zodia, Butler, 75.
Vanesside@, Dup. 219.
Vanessides, Kirby, 219.
Vanessidi, Steph. 219.
XantTHoTzNnr1A, Westw. 173, 216.
Busiris, Westw. 216.
obscura, Butler, 216.
Yphthima, Dbleday. 75.
Baldus, Dbleday. 59.
Yrruima, Hiibner, 75, 75.
Alemola, Swinhoe, 90.
Alkibie, Swinhoe, 93. .
apicalis, Moore, 76.
Ariaspa, Moore, 93.
Asterope, de Nicéville, 90.
Avanta, Moore, 71.
Baldus, Butler, 59.
Bolanica, Marshall, 85.
Catharina, Butler, 78.
Ceylonica, Hewits. 81.
Chenui, Butler, 83.
complexiva, Swinhoe, 93.
corticaria, Butler, 92.
Dedalea, Swinhoe, 93.
Horsfieldii, Moore, 74.
Howra, Moore, 78.
Hiibneri, Kirby, 77.
Hyagriva, Moore, 95.
indecora, Moore, 63.
Inica, Hewits. 93.
Jocularia, Swinhoe, 78.
Kasmira, Moore, 76.
Yrtuima Lycus, de Nicéville, 88.
Mahratta, Moore, 90.
Marshallii, Butler, 59.
Methora, Distant, 59.
¢ Elwes, 65.
oF Hewits. 64.
Motschulskyi, de Nicé. 88.
Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92.
Multistriata, Butler, 92.
Narasingha, Moore, 107.
Nareda, Kollar, 86.
Newara, Moore, 87.
Newboldii, Distant, 59.
Nikawa, Moore, 68.
Norma, Westw. 92.
ordinata, Butler, 70.
Pandocus, Moore, 92.
Philomela, de Nicéville, 59.
Philomela, Hiibn. 77.
Philomela, Johanssen, 74.
Kara, Butler, 93.
Robinsoni, Distant, 84.
Salkra, Moore, 69,
Savara, Grose Smith, 66.
Sempera, Felder, 92.
Singala, Feld. 72.
Stellera, Esch. 92.
_ striata, Hampson, 73.
Tabella, de Nicéville, 73.
Thora, Moore, 72.
Yphthimoides, Moore, 84.
Ziboetes, W. Mason, 108,
Zipztis, Hewitson, 108.
Saitis, Hewits. 108.
Scylax, Hewits. 109.
Zipoetes, de Nicéville, 108.
Zevuxip1a, Hiibner, 172, 173.
Amethystus, Butler, 175.
Boisduvalii, Westw. 175,
Doubledayi, Westw. 175.
Horsfieldii, Felder, 176.
Lusxerit, Hiibner, 175.
Masoni, Moore, 174.
Semperi, Felder, 176.
Sibulana, Honrath, 176.
Victriz, Stgr. 176.
Wallacei, Felder, 175.
PU.95.
F.C Moore,del et ith. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, Imp
L. Reeve & C° Landon.
PU. 96.
E.C.Moore, del. et kth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, imp.
L.Reeve & COLondon.
Plate 97.
F.C. Moore del. et lith, Vincent Brooks Day & Son,Imp
L. Reeve & CS London
Plate 98.
Vancent Brooks Day & SanImp
F.C Moore, del et lith
LReeve & C9 London.
Pl. 99.
Vincent Brocks Day & Son Imp
F. C. Moore, del et lth
L.Reeve 2C®° London
PL, 100.
1, OPENER? \
Vincent Brooks. Day & Son, Imp.
F.C. Moore del ethth
L. Reeve &C9 London.
PU707.
E.G, Moore, del. et lith. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, Imp.
L.Reeve & C9 London.
a.
PUTI02
F.C. Moore, del et lith. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, Imp
(3)
L.Reeve &
(2)
> London.
PU 1038.
F.C. Moore, deletlith Vincent Brooks, Day &Son Imp
LReeve &C° London
Pl 104.
F.CMoore del, et lith. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
LReeve & C2 London
PU.708.
E.C.Moore,del. et hth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, imp
L Reeve & C9 London.
PU.7085.
re T&
F.C.Moore,del. et jith. Vancent Brooks Day & Son, imp
L Reeve & C9 London.
v. 706.
P
a
7e
ia
neent Brooks Day & So:
0
PU 107.
F.C.Moore del et hth. Vincent Brooks,Day &San up
LReeve &C° London.
: PU 108.
FE C.Moore del, et ith Vincent Brooks Day & Son hnp
I Reeve & C2 London
PUIO9.
E.C.Moore del et lith. Vincent Brooks, Day &Sonimp.
L Reeve & C2 London
_ PLN0.
P.C.Moore del et lth Vincent Brooks Day& Son Imp
L. Reeve & C2 London.
«
PL 177.
F.C. Moore del etlith. VancentBroolas Day & Son bap
L-Reeve & C2 London.
PL 112
Vincent Brooks Day &Son ip:
F.C.Moore del, etlith
L Reeve & C° London
PUT.
F.C Moore del, ethth Vincent Brooks Day & Son imp
L Reeve &C° London
PL 14.
F.C Moore del et hth Vincent Brooks Day & Son imp
L-Reeve & C2 London.
Pl 115.
F.C. Moore del, et lith.
L. Reeve & C° London
PL 16.
F.C Moore del, et ith Vincent Brocks Day & Son inp
LReeve &C°London
ee!
:
+
‘
,
PUAIZ,
Vincert Brooks Day & Son imp
F.C Moore del, et, lith.
LReeve & C2 London
PU 116.
ECMoore del, et Ith. Vincertt Brooks, Day &Son Imp
LReeve &C°Landon.
PU 119.
F.C. Moore del, et Ith. Vincertt Brooks,Day &San imp
L Reeve & C2 London.
PU. 120:
Vincent Brooks,Day &Son inp
F.C. Moore del, et hth.
ve & C® London.
LRee
PU 721.
3é
Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
F.C. Moore del,et lith
LReeve & C2 London
Pl lez.
J Vincertt Brooks Day &Son imp
F.C Moore del, et ith n
L. Reeve & C° London
PL 125.
F.C Moore del, et Ith Vincent Brooks Day & Son imp
L Reeve & C° London.
PUTA.
Vincent Brooks, Day &Son imp
F.C _Moore del et lith.
L Reeve & C° London.
PU 125.
B.C Moore del,et hth
Pt i26.
i
PU 127.
F.C.Moore del, et lith Vineent Brooks,Day & Son Imp.
L Reeve & C? London
———.- ~~, ere |]
PL728.
EC Moore. del, et hith
Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
LReeve & C°London
a
;
PUI29.
F.C Moore del, et lith. Vincent Brooks,Day &Son inp
L Reeve & C9 London.
PU 130.
FE
C.Moore del, et hth Viicent Brooks, Day & Son np.
LL Reeve & C2London.
VincentBrocks Day & San lap
F.CMoore dal, et hth
LReeve & C2 London
Pl 132.
F.C Moore del, set lth Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
LReeve &C° London
PA
PL 185.
F.C Moore del et ith Vincent Brooks Day & Son bmp
L Reeve & C2 London.
PU 134.
F.C.Moore del et ith
L Reeve & C°fondon
PU, 138.
F.C Moore del et lith Vincent Brooks Day & Satmp
L Reeve & C8 Landoit
PL.136
F.C.Moore del, st hth.
Vincent Brooks Day &Saniap
LReeva & ©° Loudon
PU 137.
F.C.Moore del ethth VincertBrooks-Day &Son imp
L Reeve &C®2 Landon.
<—— .- ~~
: ———
=
= .
PU 138.
F.C Moore del, et ith Vincent Brooks, Day&Sanimp
L.Reeve &C° Landon.
.
PU 189.
F.C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brocks Day & Son Imp
L Reeve & C° London
Pl 140.
Vincent Broaks,Day & Soninw
F.C Moore del, et ht)
L Reeve C2 London
Pl 147.
FC Moore deletlith. Vincent Brooks,Day & Son inp
L Reeve & C° London
9
Ca
PU 14.
Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp
F C Moore del, et hth
L Reeve & C° London
Pl 148.
Vincent Brooks Day & Son imp
FC. Moore del, et lith.
L Reeve & C° London
Pl 144.
F.C. Moore del, et lith Vincent Brooks,Day & SonImp
LReeve & C2London
PU 145.
F.C Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
L Reeve &C9 London
‘
’
Pl 146
F.C Moore del,et ith Vincent Brooks,Day &SonImp
LReeve & C2 London
PL sag
Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
F.C. Moore delet hth
L.Reeve & C2London
PL 148.
F C.Moore del et lith
LReeve & C°® London
PL 14-9.
Vi t Brooks Day & Son im
F. C Moore’ delet lith incent BrooksDay p
L.Reeve & C2 London
4
PL 150.
F.C-Moore del, et lith Vincent Brocks,Day & Son Imp
L Reeve & C92 London.
PU 181.
Vince rooks Day & Son
F.C Moore del,et Lith Vincent Brooks Day & Sonimp
L Reeve & C° London.
PL 182.
ye
F © Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp
L Reeve &C° London
PL 1583.
FC Moore del, et lith Vincent Brooks,Day & Son inp
L Reeve & C° London
F.C. Moore del, et hth
L Reeve &C® London
Pl
Vincent Brookes Day & Son Imp
/
sy
PLId5
F.C Moore delet lith Vincent Brooks Day & Son inp
LReeve & C° London
PLISC.
F.C Moore delet lith Vincent Brooks,Day &Son Imp
L Reeve & C® London
PLT as
F C Moore del,et lith Vincent Brooks, Day &SonImp
L Reeve & C2 London
Pl 158.
EC.Moore delet lith Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp
L Reeve &C° London.
Pl 159
F.C. Moore del, et Jith Vincent Brooks Day & SonImp
L. Reeve &C® London.
Pt 160.
F.C.Moore del, et lith Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
L-Reeve & C° London
PU 167.
F.C Moore del, et ith
Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp
L Reeve & C°London
rt
Pl 162.
F.C. Moore delet hth Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp.
L.Reeve C° London
Pl 163,
F.C-Moore del,et hth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp
L Reeve & C° London
Pl 164.
F.C.Moore del, etlith. : Vincent Brooks, Day & Son imp.
LReeve & C°Lohdon.
PU 165.
F.C-Moore del et lith Vincent Brocks,Day & Son Imp
L Reeve & C2 London
PU 166.
F.C.Moore delet lth. Vincent Brooks,Day &Son Imp
L.Reeve & C° London
PL 167
Vincent Brooks, Day & SonImp
FEC.Moore del, et hth
LReeve & C° London.
PL 168.
F.C Moore del etlith Vincent Brooks,Day 6. Son Imp
L Reeve & C° London
a
-
—_
7
i
.
: :
;
a
:
®
‘al
PU 169.
F.C.Moore del, et kth. Vincent Brooks,Day & Son imp
L Reeve & C2 London
Pt 170.
F.C Moore del,et hth Vincent Brooks Day & Sonimp
L Reeve & C° Landon
PUL 771.
F.C.Moore dal, et hth “Vincent Brooks Day & Son imp
LReeve & C2 London
PU 772.
F.C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks Day & Son bp
LReeve &C® London
PL 178.
F.C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.
L. Reeve & C° London
PU 174
1"
& SonImp
Vincent BrooksD ay
F.C Moore del et hth.
L. Reeve & C° London
PUITS
F.C. Moore del, et lith Vincent Brooks, Day & SonIinp
L.Reeve & C? London
a)
Pl 176
F.C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks,Day & SonImp
LReeve & C® London
Pb $77.
'.C. Moore delet hth B Soni
F VincentBrooks,Day & SanImp
LReeve & C° London
PU 178.
PU 179.
F.C.Moore del et lth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp.
LRseve & O° London.
i
ay
a '
‘ ,
| . .
| i
if ; | ;
i |
> ‘ .
+, F |
L?
;
. %
‘
j .
; : :
®, ;
2 -
co *
734
. .
7.
_
PUL 180.
F.C.Moore delet lth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp.
LReeve & CO? London.
2
PL 768].
PU 182.
delet hth
L Reeve & C2 London
, la Be ee ean, eee ees Bee
PL 183.
PL 184.
FO.Moore del, etlith
L Reeve & C? Londan
PL 185.
F.C.Moore del, et hu
LReeve & C2 London
PL 186
PL 187.
PLISS.
PL 789.
F.C. Moore delet lith
L-Reeve & C° London
PL 190.
F.C Moore del,st hth
LResve & C° London.
S*
f RE Rene tim
is Ne
en rent terete a+
*
.
‘
'
ab :
yy
astute
sist
Stes ut
jae
aceb Mints eR
EMAL
ate
3
q