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EPI DOPTERA INDICA. 


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LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


BY 


fe OORE, 1.SC., 


FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN, 
AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE 
MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY 
OF BENGAL. 


VOL. III. 


RHOPALOCERA. 


FAMILY NYMPHALIDA. 


SUB-FAMILY NYMPHALIN@ (continued), Groups Poramina, EUTHALIINA, LIMENITINA. 


LONDON: 

LOVELL REEVE & CO., LIMITED, 
PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 
6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
1896—1899. 


DESCRIPTION 


Prats 191. 
Fig. 1; 1 a, 6, ©, d, 
bica, g 2 
Puate 192. 
Fig. 1, 1a. Mimathyma Chevana, ¢ 
2, 2 a, 6. Chitoria sordida, ¢ ? 


Puate 193. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Dilipa Morgiana, ¢ 9 
2, 2a. Dravira Ulupi, ¢ . 
Prats 194. 
Fig. 1, la. Narsenga Parvata, ¢ 
2, 2a, 6, c. Rohana Parisatis, ¢ 9 
3. Rohana Camiba (larva and pupa) . 
Prate 195. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Eulaceura Osteria, ¢ 2 
2,2 a,b. Herona Marathus, ¢ ? 
Puate 196. 
Fig. 1, la. Herona angustata, ? 
2, 2a, b. Herona Andamana, ¢ 2 
PratEe 197. 
Fig. 1, la. Sephisa Dichroa (larva and 
pupa) . : : : P 
1 b,c, d, e. Sephisa Dichroa, ¢ ? 
Prats 198. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Sephisa Chandra, ¢ 9 
Puate 199. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Sephisa Chandra, ? 
(polymorphic fornts) 
Prate 200. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Hestina Nama, f ? . 
Puate 201. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 0. Parhestina persimilis, ¢ ?. 
2, 2a, 6. Parhestina Zella, J 2 
Puate 202. 
Fig. 1, la. Parhestina Mena, ¢ : 
2, 2a. Parhestina Nicévillei, g. 


e. Potamis Am- 


PAGE 


37 


OF Pia tes. 


Piate 203. 
Fig. 1,1 @, b, c,d, e. Euripus Halither- 
ses, ¢ 2 - ° 
PuaTE 204, 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢c, d. Euripus Halitherses, 
2 (polymorphic forms) . 
Prate 205. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢c, d. Euripus consimi- 
lis, ¢ 2 
Prate 206. 


Fig. 1,1 a, }, c. Parthenos virens, 3 ?, 


(larva and pupa) . 
PuatE 207. 
Fig. 1, la. Parthenos Gambrisins, 3 ? 
2. Parthenos Roepstorffii, ¢ 
Puate 208. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Parthenos cyaneus (/arva 
and pupa), 6? . 
09. 
, la, b, ¢, d, e, f, g. Symphedra 
Nais (larva and pupa), G2. 
Prate 210. 
Fig. 1, 1 a. 6. Bassarona Teuta, 5 ? 
2,2 a,b. Bassarona Teutoides, ¢ 2 . 
Puate 211. 
Fig. 1, la. Bassarona Ira, ¢ 
2, 2 a, b, c. Bassarona Gupta, ¢ 2 


PLATE 


2 
Fig. 1 


re & 


PLATE 2 
Fig. 1, la. Bassarona Goodrichi, 3 ? 
2, 2a. Bassarona monilis, ¢ 
3, 3a. Bassarona recta, ¢ ? 

213. 
1, la. Rangasa Dunya, 3 2 
2, 2a. Adolias Dirtea, ¢ ? 


Puate 214, 
Fig. 1, la, 6, c. Adolias Khasiana, § ? . 


PLATE 
Fig. 


PAGER 


40 


42 


44 


51 


52 


54 


54: 


56 


vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


PAGE 

Puate 215. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Adolias eyanipardus, $2. 71 

Puate 216. 
Fig. 1,1 a, b,c. Adolias albopunctata, J 72 

Puate 217. 
Fig. 1, la. Dichorragia Nesimachus, ¢ ¢ 75 
2,2.a,b. Stibochiona Nicea,a G2? . 77 

Prats 218. 
Fig. 1, 1a,b. Neurosigma Doubledayi,g 2 79 


2, 2a. Neurosigma fraterna, ¢ . - 90 
Puate 219. 

Fig. 1, la. Abrota Ganga, ¢ 2 5 Sl 

2, 2a. Abrota Jumna, ¢ ? < . 83 


Puate 220. 
Fig. 1, 1 a,b, c,d. Saparona Cibaritis, ¢ 2 85 
ge ATE 221. 
g.1,la,6,c. Haramba Jahnu, 2? . 87 
2 


“5, a,b. Haramba Appiades, @ 2? . 88 
Poate 222. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c, d, e. Haramba Adi- 
ma, g@? . ¢ . : 2 oO 


PuateE 223, 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haramba Sedeva, 2? . 91 
2, 2a. Sonepisa Kanda, G2? . 5 Ai) 
Puate 224. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d. Cynitia Cocytus, 2 94 
Prate 225, 
Vig. 1, la, b,c, d, e. Cynitialepidea, $2 96 
Puate 226. 
Fig. 1, la. Cynitia cognata, ? . 98 
2, 2 a, b,c. Cynitia Andersoni, ‘3 2, ~ O8 
Prater 227. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Kirontisa Telchinia, ¢ 9. 100 
2, 2a. Tasinga Anosia, ¢ 2 5 . 101 
PuatE 228, 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Dophila Evelina, @ 9 . 104 
Prats 229. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Dophla laudabilis, g 9, 


(larva and pupa) . 5 Q . 1o4 
PLATE 230, 
Fig. 1, la, 6, c. Dophla Derma, ¢ 9 . 106 
Puate 231, 
Fig. 1, 1.a, b, c,d. Nora Kesava, 6 2 . 107 


Prats 232. 
Fig. la, b,¢,d. Nora Rangoonensis, ¢ 9 109 


PLATE 


Fig. 


PLATE 
Fie. 


PLATr 


Fig. 


PLATE 
Fig. 


233. 

1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e. Euthalia Luben- 
tina, ¢ 2, (larva and pupa) . 

234. 

1, 1 a,b, ¢, d. Euthalia Garuda, g 2, 
(larva and pupa)—(Wet-season 
brood) . 

235. 

1, 1 a, b, c. Huthalia Garuda, ¢ 2 
(Dry-season brood) : 

2, 2 a, b. Euthalia Acontius, ¢ 9 

236. 

1, la, J, c,d. Euthalia Vasanta, ¢ ? 
(larva and pupa) . 


Pare, 237. 

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢,d, e. Euthalia Jama, g 9 
PLatE 238. 

Fig. Fi 1, a, 6, c. Kuthalia Phemius, ¢ 2 


PLATE 


Fig. 


PLATE 
Fig. 


PLATE 
Fig. 


PLatEe 
Fig. 


PLATE 


Fig. 


PLATE 


Fig. 


PLATE 
Fig. 
Pate 
Fig. 
PLATE 


Fig. 


PLAtTE 
Fig. 


PLATE 


Fig. 


2, 2a. Euthalia Eriphyle, ¢ 
239. 
1, 1 a, b, c. Euthalia apicalis, ¢ 9 
2, 2a. Euthalia Binghami, ¢ 
240. 
1, la. Euthalia Zichri, g. ‘ 
2,2 a, b, «. Limbusa Nara, g 2 
241. 
1, 1 a, 6, c. Mahaldia Sahadeva, ¢ 9 
242, 
1, 1 a, b. Mahaldia Sahadeva, ¢ 2 . 
2, 2a. Mahaldia Narayana, 9? . 
243. 
1, la. Mahaldia Iva, 2 

2, 2a, Zalapia Taooana, ¢ 
244. 
1,la, b,c. Zalapia Patala, ¢ 9? 
245. 
1, 1 a, bc, d. Chucapa Francie, ¢ 2 
246, 
1, 1 a, b. Labranga Durga, ¢ 9 
247. 
1,1 a,b. Labranga Duda, ¢ 9 
248, 
1, 1 a, b. Parasarpa Zayla, g 2 
249. 
1, 1 a, b, ec. Auzakia Danava, g 2 


PAGE 


115 


DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. vii 


PAGE PAGE 
Puate 250. Prate 261.—(Continued.) 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Sumalia Dudu, ¢ 2? . . 150 Fig. 1 a, 6. Condochates opalina, ¢ 9 
2,2 a, 6. Sumalia Daraxa, ¢ 2 . 152 (Dry-season brood) cs . 188 
Pyare 251. 1 c, d. Condochates opalina, ¢ 9 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Sumalia Zulema, $2 (Wet-season brood) : . . 189 
(Dry-season brood) : c 153 Prare 262. 
le. Sumalia Zulema, ¢ (Wet-season Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Tacola Larymna, 3 2 . 192 
brood) . . : . 153 2, 2 a, b. Pantoporia Nivifera) § 2? . 194 
2, 2a. Bhagadatta eaten, 3 . 155 


PLateE 263. 


PuatE 252. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Pantoporia Kresna, $2 195 
Fig, 1, la. Lebadea Ismene, ¢ 3 (Dry- 2, 2a. Pantoporia Asita, ¢? . + wld 
season brood) : 157 
2, 2a. Lebadea Martha, 3 2 (Wet Puate 264. 
season brood) : 158 Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Pantoporia Inara, g 9 
2 b,c. Lebadea Martha, 3 Q (on = (Dry-season brood) . . . 196 
season brood) : . 159 1 c, d, e. Pantoporia Inara, g ? 
Puare 253. (Wet-season brood) . - = 97 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ec, d. Moduza Procris, f ?, Puate 265. 
(larva and pupa) . : : 161 Fig. 1, la. Pantoporia rufula, J ? . AE 
Papon DaUL. 2, 2a, b, c. Pantoporia Cama, g ? 
Fig. 1, la. Moduza Anarta, 2? . . 164 Gt) ; omens 
2, 2a, b. Moduza Calidasa, J 3, ie Prate 266. 
and pupa) . - . 165 Fig. 1, 1a, b, ¢, d, e. Pantoporia Cama, 
Puate 255, & 2 (Dry-season brood) : . 200 
Fig. 1, 1 a, &. Najas Trivena, ¢ 9? . . 168 Prats 267. 
2, 2a, b. Najas Ligyes, 2 . - 169 Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Pantoporia Selenophora, 
Puate 256. 3 2 (Wet-season brood) . 202 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Najas Hydaspes, 3 9 . 170 1d, e. Pantoporia Selenophora, ¢ 9 
2, 2a, b. Parathyma Adamsoni, 2 175 (Dry-season brood) : : - 203 
Puate 257. Prats 268. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Tacorea Asura, 3 9 (Dry- Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Pantoporia Zeroca, J 
season brood) : 177 ( Wet-season brood) : 205 
lc, d, e, Tacorea Asura, 3 2 (Wet. 1d, e. Pantoporia Zeroca, g ? (rp 
season brood) . : : co PEL season brood) - - : - 206 
PuatTe 258. Prats 269. 
Fig. 1, 1a. Tacorea Idita, f . : - 178 Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f, g. Kironga Ranga, 
2,2 a,b. Tatisia Kanwa,f?. . 179 3 2 (Wet-season brood) . . 210 
Prats 259, Beare: 
Fig. zn ; a,b. Tharusia Jina, f 2 . - 181 Fig. 1, 1a. b. Kironga Ranga, ¢ ?, (larva 
2, 2a, b. Chendrana Pravara, @ 9 . 182 and pupa)—(Dry-season brood) . 211 
Puate 260. : 2, 2a. Kironga Abiasa, f ? . sails 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c,d. Athyma Perius, ¢ ? Prare 971. 
Raeuee mak ane) 5 i 1Eé Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Andrapana Columella, ¢ ? 
Puate 261. (Wet-season brood) ~ . 219 
Fig. 1. Condochates opalina (Jarra and 1c, d, e. Andrapana Golematin: 3 9 


pupa) . ° : - ‘ . 188 ( Dry-season brood) - : 5 EIS 


viii DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 
PAGE PAGE 
Puate 272. Puate 280. 
Fig. 1, la. Andrapana Jumbah, (larva Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢. Neptis Yerburyi, ¢ 2 
and pupa) . 221 (Dry-season brood) : 236 
WS {05 5, 1h ianidrapertd Sabah, 3 9 1 d, e, f, g. Neptis Tenens, 3 9 
(Wet-season brood) 5 221 (Wet-season brood) . . 236 
1 e,f. Andrapana Jumbah, ? Ory : Phare 281. 
2080 tate) : ; : aot Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Neptis Hampsoni, ¢ 9 
Prate 273. (Dry-season brood) : : Bail 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Andrapana Khasiana, ¢ 2? 224 1c, d. Neptis Hampsoni, 3 (Wet- 
2,2a,6. Andrapana Magadha, g 2? 223 season brood) . : 237 
Prats 274. 2, 2a. Neptis Kallaura, 9 & (Wet 
Fig. 1, la, b,c. Neptis Astola, g 2 (Dry- season brood) : 237 
season Brand) : : 228 2b. Neptis Kallaura, 9 (ek -season 
1 d,e, f,9. Neptis Astola, g 9 (Ww ae brood) . : P : - . 238 
szason brood) : : : - 228 
Puate 282. 
PLATE 275. : Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Neptis Clinia, ¢ ? Me 
Fig. 1, 1 a,b,c. Neptis Adara, g 2? (Dry- season brood) ; 238 
season brood) 2 - 229 1 de f g. Neptis Giniae 3 9 
1 d,e, f,g. Neptis Adara, g (WWet- (Wet-season brood) ; - . 239 
season broud) : 0 C . 229 
Prats 276. PrateE 283. 
Fig. 1. Neptis Varmona, (larva and pupa) 230 Fig. 1, 1 a, }, ¢ Neptis Susruta, f ? 
1 a, b, c, d. Neptis Varmona, g ? (Dry-season brood) : 240 
(Dry-season brood) ; : . 230 1 d, ¢ f, g. Neptis Sustui, 3 g 
1 ¢, f, g, b. Neptis Varmona, ¢ 9 ( Wet-season brood) 3 . 240 
(Wet-season brood) : - . 231 Prats 284, 
Puate 277. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Soma, ¢ 9 oa 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Andamana, ¢ 9 season brood) : 241 
(Dry-season brood) : - . 232 1d, e, f. Neptis Soma, a 2 (Wet-s season 
1 d, e, f, g. Neptis Andamana, ¢ 9 brood) . 5 2 5 . 2a 
(Wet-season brood) . : . 233 
Puate 278. ea 283. : 3 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Nieobariea, 3 9 Hig. 1, 14, 0, ¢./Nepaaghdipalad 3 
(Dry-season brood) : : 233 (Drussensmp reo’) : 2° 
1 d, e, f, g. Neptis Aeinata: 3 9 
1 d, e, f, g. Neptis Nicobarica, ¢ 9 (Watseesuniérana) 249 
(Wet-season brood) . . - 234 3 ; j 
Prate 279. PuaTE 286. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ce, Neptis Mahendra, g 9 Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Nata, g¢ 2 (Dry- 
(Dry-season brood) ; 234 season brool) : 243 
1 d, e, f, g. Neptis Nehentien 3 9 1 d,e,f, 9. Neptis Nata, E g (Wet 
(Wet-season brood) . e285 season brocd) ; 244 
ERRATA. 


Page 1. Bottom line. For 1895 read 1896. 
» 141. Sixth line from bottom. For Nepitide read Neptide. 
i46. Genus No. 10. For Panfaporia read Pantoporia. 
1a%. Second line in sesond column, For Iilegera read Illigera. 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Sub-family NYMPHALINA (continued). 


Group II. POTAMINA. 


Potamides, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1806). 

Apaturides (part), Boisduval, Index Méth. p. 24 (1840). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 44 (1862). 

Nymphalide (part), Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844). 

Nymphalites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Ins. ii. p. 332 (1845). 

Nymphalidi (part), Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 10(1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. 
p. 21 (1857). 

Nymphalina (part), Herr. Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83 
(1882). 

Apaturide, Guenee, Faunz Eure et Loire, Lep. p. 24 (1867). Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 153 (1884). 

Apatyre (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit, Mus. p. 49 (1869). Staudinger and Schitts, Exot. 
Schmett. p. 130 (1887). 

Diademe (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 95 (1869). Staudinger and Schiitts, lc. p. 164 
(1888). 

Euripine, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. 

Apaturidi, Scudder, Butt. E.U.S. i. p. 228 (1888). 

Apaturine (part), Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butterflies, p. 159 (1895). 

Potamina, Moore, Lep, Indica ii. p. 224 (1895). 


CHARACTERS OF THE Group PoTAMINA. 


Iwaco.—Robust. orewings more or less elongate and triangular ; apex obtuse, 
exterior margin sometimes slightly angulated below the apex; first and second sub- 
costal branches emitted before end of the cell, or, the second branch only is emitted 
beyond the end ; the cell is open in all except in Dilipa. Hindwings short, either 
triangular and somewhat prolonged at the anal angle in the male, or subquadrate ; 
exterior margin slightly scalloped or obtusely produced at end of the upper median 
veinlet ; cell open in all except in Dilipa. Eyes naked or hairy. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped, with two processes on the head, and two on the 
anal segment. < 

Curysatis.—Somewhat boat-shaped, dorsum arched; head with two short 
projecting points. 

vou. m1. March 25th, 1895. B 


2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hee.—‘ Large. Few. Hardly as high as wide; ribs low, serrate, rather 
numerous, not produced at apex’’ (Doherty). 

“This is a somewhat anomalous or aberrant tribe of the Nymphalinz, showing, 
at least in its early stages, many marked affinities to the Satyrine. The egg, for 
instance, differs from those of all other Nymphaline with vertical ribs, in that these 
ribs are not more elevated in the upper than in the lower half; the caterpillar at 
birth is clothed like the Hupleeinze with comparatively short hairs, but all the papillz 
upon the surface are of similar character and size; the mature caterpillar strikingly 
resembles the Satyrine in the clothing and general form of the body, and even 
generally, though not universally, in the bifurcation of the terminal segment, so 
characteristic of the Satyrine. The chrysalis, again, is unlike that of the Nymphalidi 
[Limenitina], to which the imago is certainly more nearly allied, in that it possesses 
no conspicuous discontinuous prominences such as tubercles, and on the other hand 
sometimes has a medio-dorsal carina like the Libythinz, sometimes a transverse 
abdominal carina like the Hupleinze or some Melitwidi”’ (Scudder, Butt. H.U.S. 
1, 228). 

Hastrs or tH Iwaco.— In the imago the forewings are generally somewhat 
faleate, indicating a strong and vigorous flight; many of the species are particularly 
fond of elevated positions, and as arule are accustomed to fly higher than most 
butterflies.” Constant, writing of the European species of Apatura (Catal. Lep. 

‘Saone et Loire, 31), says—‘‘ They seldom leave the grand routes, and the avenues of 
lofty forests. Far from seeking flowers like other diurnals, they are particularly 
fond of the juices which exude from wounded trees, excrement of every kind, and 
even putrefying carcases of animals. One must hunt them in the morning, for it is 
only then that they lower themselves sufficiently in their flight to be taken by the 
net.” ‘They never meet,” says Haworth, “without a battle, flying upwards all 
the while and combating with each other as much as possible; after which they will 
frequently return to the identical sprigs from which they ascended.’ The flight of 
Potamis Ilia is described by Meyer Dir, as resembling that of a bird of prey; it 
rises to the top of the highest trees, sweeps majestically in the air with occasional 
movements of the wings, allows itself to descend gradually, flaps its wings again as 
if spying out danger, and then flies fitfully backward and forward until it alights 
on the very spot of moist earth which it had left a few minutes before, and where it 
will finally become a sure prey to its dangerous persecutor, the entomologist ” 
(Scudder, Butt. H.U.S. p. 228). “The typical species, P. Iris, the Purple Emperor 
butterfly of Hurope, is amongst the most beautiful of butterflies, the males being 
furnished on the upperside with a resplendent purple or blue gloss, but which feature 
is not present in the females. Of this group P. Ambica is a worthy representative. 
The females of all the species are rare, the males are more commonly met with in 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group POTAMINA.,) 3 


India, chiefly owing to their habit of frequenting moist places” (de Nicéville, lec. ii. 
49). 

Potymorrnism AND Mimtcry.—In the genus Euripus (i.e. E. Halitherses), and in 
Sephisa (i.e. S. Chandra) the females are polymorphic, as well as being mimics of 
certain species of Limnaine and Hupleine butterflies. The males of this same species 
of Huripus, and both the sexes of Hestina (H. nama) and of Parhestina (P. persimilis) 
also mimic certain species of Limnaine butterflies. Both sexes of Mimathyma (M. 
Chevana) are, on the upperside of the wings, a remarkable mimic of certain white- 
spotted-and-banded species of Athyma. In Rohana (R. Parisatis) the males of which 
are deep black above, the females are yellowish-ferruginous and generally resemble 
the species of the genus Ergolis—which they doubtless mimic. Herona is stated by 
Mr. de Nicéville (Journ. Bombay N.H.S. 1894, 6) to probably mimic certain species 
of Felderia, a genus of the Huthaliine group of Nymphaline. 


Key To tHe InpIAN GENERA OF THE POTAMINA. 


A. First and second subcostal branches of forewing emitted before end of the cell. 
a. Cell of forewing and hindwing open. : 


a. Eyesnaked  . ; : ‘ : c . Poramis. Mimatuyma. Rowana. 
Cuirorta. Hestina. Herona. 
b. Eyes hairy : Narsenca. EvLacura. 


B. First subcostal branch only of forewing dmitéed Aeieie end of cell. 
a. Cell of forewing and hindwing open. 


a. Eyes naked : 2 ; ¢ 5 . . Dravira. Sepaisa. EHvrirus. 
b. Eyes hairy ° ‘ : : . PARHESTINA. 

b. Cell of forewing and haste Tee 
a. Eyes hairy c 5 > ° : ; . Drmira. 


Genus POTAMIS. 


Potamis, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i. (1806). Scudder, Proc. Amer. A. and Se. Boston, 1875, p. 256. 

Aputura (part), Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807). 

Apatura, Leach, Edinb. Encyclop. p. 718 (1815). Ochbsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 19 (1816). 
Samouelle, Ent. U. Comp. p. 239 (1819). Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 338 (1831). Duponchel, Pap. 
Fr, Suppl. p. 402 (1832). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 302 (1850). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. 
p- 259 (1871). Crotch, Cistula Ent. i. p. 66 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. 
p. 48 (1886). Staudinger and Schitts, Lep. Exot. p. 165 (1888). Leech, Lep. China, etc., p. 153 
(1892). 

Apaturia, Sodoffsk. Bull. Mose. x. p. 81 (1837). 

Apatura (sect, 1), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 86 (1861). 

Doxocopa (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 49 (1816). 

ola (part), Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular, rather short and broad; costa very 
slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly scalloped, posterior margin 
BQ 


4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


nearly straight ; costal vein extending to two-thirds the costal margin; first sub- 
costal veinlet emitted at about one-fourth before the end of the cell, second close 
before the end of the cell, third at fully one-third beyond the end, fourth and fifth at 
two-thirds ; discocellulars short, upper bent close to the subcostal, radials from the 
angle and lower end; cell open; middle median veinlet beyond the opposite 
discocellulars; submedian straight. Hindwing triangularly-ovate, produced 
posteriorly; exterior margin convex anteriorly, scalloped; abdominal margin 
broadly grooved; costal vein strongly arched from base of the subcostal; precostal 
vein excurved ; second subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth from below base of the 
first, radial from close to lower subcostal; cell open. Body robust ; thorax woolly ; 
head hairy and tufted in front; palpi obliquely porrected, approximate at the tip, 
hairy above, densely scaled beneath, second joint projected half its length beyond the 
eyes, third joint about one-fifth of the second, pointed at the apex; antenne with a 
rather long stout club ; eyes naked. 

CATERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped, surface minutely shagreened; armed with two 
lengthened erect divergent processes on the head and two short recumbent processes 
on the anal segment. 

CurysaLis.—Somewhat boat-shaped, compressed laterally ; dorsum arched and 
carinated ; head with two short divergent points. 

Eec.—‘ Large. Few. Hardly as high as wide; ribs low, serrate, rather 
numerous, not produced at the apex.” 

Typz.—P. Iris. 


POTAMIS AMBICA (Plate 191, fig. 1, la, b,c, d,e, 9 2). 


Apatura Ambica, Kollar * in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv., pt. 2, p. 481, pl. 8, fig. 3,4, g¢ (1844). Moore, 
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 201 (1857); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 765. 

Apatura Namouna, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 178,g. de Nicéviile, Butt. of India, etc., ii. 
p. 50, pl. xx., fig. 91, g (1886). Staudinger. Lep. Exot. pl. 55, ¢ (1885). 

Apatura Zanoa, Hewitson, Exot, Butt. iv. Ap. pl. 1, fig. 7, 8, 4 (1869)—(variety). 

Apatura Bhavana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 307. Waterhouse’s Aid, ii., pl. 127, f. 2 (1882)— 
(variety). 


Imaco. Male. Upperside rich brownish-black, resplendently glossed in certain 
lights with cobalt blue, except on the apex and the extreme outer margins of both 
wings. Forewing crossed by a discal white macular band composed of three 
(sometimes four) more or less regularly superposed upper discal decreasing spots, 
the upper one minute when present, and of three lower discal larger and more 


* Part 2 of vol. iv. of Hiigel’s Kaschmir is dated March, 1844, on its title page, and also on page 402— 
not “ 1848,” as erroneously quoted when referred to. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group POTAMINA.) 5 


quadrate spots, which are more or less bordered by blue-glossed scales ; before the 
apex are three white spots, the two upper disposed obliquely outward, and the lower, 
which is either minute, or sometimes obsolete, being disposed inward; the outer 
border generally has a more or less defined submarginal decreasing series of small 
whitish lunate spots; an indistinct black streak within the cell and another at its 
end. Hindwing crossed by a discal white band extending from the costa to the 
submedian vein, the edges of the band being bordered with blue-glossed scales ; 
beyond is a submarginal row of more or less defined very small decreasing white 
spots, the anal angle being tipt with fulvous-red ; a fulvous-red spot also on the 
costa before the apex. Underside pearly bluish-white. Forewing with the discal and 
submarginal spots pinkish-white, the discal series being inwardly-edged by a black 
sinuous line, the portion between the upper and middle median veinlets forming a broad 
black lunule, followed by a prominent outer discal fulvous-red transverse band bearing 
a large round black spot between the middle and lower median interspace, the outer 
edge of this band being sinuously black; extreme outer margin beyond the apical 
pearly patch also with a fulvous-red band, ending posteriorly in a series of pinkish- 
white lunules ; subapical white spots slightly apparent; two black superposed dots 
within the cell and a slender sinuous streak at its end. Hindwing with the discal 
band pinkish-white, and inwardly-edged by a very slender black line; crossed by a 
prominent fulvous-red narrow outer discal band, the outer edge of the band being 
more or less sinuous and black, and bearing a small black spot between the 
middle and lower median interspace and another angular-spot above the anal 
angle; the extreme outer margin has also a narrow fulvous-red band, thus en- 
compassing the broad submarginal pearly-white area. Body and palpi above 
brownish-black, beneath white; legs white; antenne black, tipt with red; eyes 
reddish. 

Female. Upperside dusky-brown. Forewing with the discal, subapical, and 
submarginal markings as in male, but all of a pale dull yellowish-white colour. 
Hindwing with a similar yellowish-white discal band and a submarginal row of spots, 
the latter being larger, more lunular, and also disposed further from the margin than 
in the male. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,*, to 3, ¢ 2,8, to 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Chin Hills; Shan Hills; Siam. 

Variety 1.—Apatura Bhavana (Plate 191, fig. 1, c). Male. Differs from 
typical specimens, on the upperside, in having only two small subapical white spots 
on the forewing, the exterior border of both wings having a submarginal unspotted 
fulvous-brown lunular fascia; and the brilliant blue gloss is sharply defined to the 
discal area on both wings. 

Expanse, 3 inches. 


6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Variety 2.—‘ Upperside with the purple gloss much duller and less distinctly 
defined, the white discal band more widely diffused both outwardly and inwardly by 
white powdering, especially on the hindwing. Forewing with an additional white spot 
above the upper discoidal nervule in prolongation of the discal band, and all the white 
spots are larger. Hindwing with the submarginal series of white dots expanded into 
a series of diffused and almost confluent white lunules. Underside with the discal rufous 
band wider, its outer edge sharply defined with black and less sinuous ; in the forewing 
the additional white spot also appears; the black spots in the cell are much larger 
(confluent in one specimen), the black patch at the inner angle is larger and more 
diffused, and the whitish lunules on the rufous border are reduced to two. In the 
hindwing the black spot of the rufous band on the lower median interspace is entirely 
wanting. Expanse, 3°15 to 3°50 inches. Three males in Major Marshall’s collection ; 
two taken at Kutabul, in Kashmir, by Mrs. R. Bazett, at an elevation of 8200 feet, 
and one from Pangi, on the east border of Kashmir, taken by Mr. R. Ellis” (de 
Nicéville, l.c. p. 51). 

Varisty 3.—Apatura Zanoa (Plate 191, fig. d, e). Upperside brownish-black. 
Forewing showing only a very restricted lower discal portion, on a blue ground, of 
the medial band, and the three subapical spots. Hindwing showing only the white 
hairs, on a blue ground, of the lower part of the medial band, a small white costal 
spot before the apex, and the anal fulvous-red spot. Underside. Forewing with a 
broad outer marginal fulvous-red band marked posteriorly between the medians with 
two series of pinkish-white lunules, and inwardly bordered by black spots ; cell 
streaks normal. Hindwing with only a broad marginal fulvous-red band, the inner 
edge of the band being sinuous; a slightly-defined subanal black-speckled spot, 
and an interrupted, slightly defined, slender fulvous-red, short submarginal line. 
Darjiling. 

DistripuTion.— The males are found sparingly throughout the outer ranges of 
the Himalayas westward as far as Murree; they are not usually difficult to capture, as 
they come down to the wet sand on the borders of the hill streams to drink. There 
is a single female in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Masuri; also males from 
Buxa, Bhotan, and the Naga Hills. Major Marshall has taken it below Naini Tal in 
Kumaon, and Dr. E. R. Johnson at Shillong in the Khasia Hills in July. A variety 
[No. 2] occurs in the interior of the N.W. Himalayas, of which three males are in 
Major Marshall’s collection, two having been taken at Kutabul, in Kashmir, in June, 
by Mrs. R. Bazett at an elevation of 8200 feet, and one from Pangi, on the east 
border of Kashmir, taken by Mr. R. Ellis” (de Nicéville, lc. 51). Major H. B. 
Hellard took “a single specimen at Tain, in Kashmir, at the beginning of October” 
(MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125) records its capture at 
“«« Loharkhet and Kapkot, on the Upper Sarju Valley, at 4000 to 5000 feet in N.W. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group POTAMINA.) i 


Kumaon, but scarce.” We possess males from Kashmir, taken by Capt. Bayne 
Reed, from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and from Sikkim, by Mr. 
G.C. Dudgeon ; also from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, 
C.K.” ‘Males are common in Sikkim at low elevations up to about 4000 feet, but 
the females are quite rare. This is a very bold insect, and will return to its settlmg 
place after three or four attempts to catch it have been made; it has a strong, 
rather jerking flight, and is very restless’ (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 339). Mr. de 
Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134) says, ‘‘The males are not rare in Sikkim at 
low elevations throughout the summer, but the females are very scarce. Lieut. D. 
Thompson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 293) records its capture in the Chin- 
Lushai country during the expedition. from the Chittagong side, in the cold weather 
of 1889-90. Mr. F. E. Dempster (l.c. 1890, 293) also took it at Lamtok in April, and 
Lieut. E. Y. Watson (J. Bomb. N. H. 8. 1891, 36) captured six males on May 30th at 
Choungkwa, during the same Chin Expedition from the Burmese side. 

Cuinese ALLIED Sprcius oF Poramis, rtc.—Potamis Bieti (Apatura Iris, var. Bieti, 
Oberthur, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1855, p. 186; Htudes Ent. xi. p. 18, pl. 3, fig. 15 (1886). 
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 170, pl. 15, f. 4, $ (1892). Habitat. W. & C. China.— 
Potamis substituta (Apatura substituta, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 159 (1873). Pryer, 
Rhop. Niphon, p. 22, pl. 5, fig. 9, ¢ (1886). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 16 (1892). 
Habitat. N. China; Corea; Japan.—Potamis Serarum (Apatura Ilia, var. Serarum, 
Oberthur, Etud. Ent. xv. p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 8, ¢ (1891). Leech, Butt. China, etc., 
p- 163, pl. xv., fig. 8, d (1892). Habitat. Yunan; C. China.—Potamis Phedra 
(Apatura Phedra, Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 163, pl. xv., fig. 7, 3 (1892). 
Habitat. W. & OC. China.—Potamis laverna (Apatura laverna, Leech, Butt. China, 
etc., p. 164, pl. xv., fig. 6, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.—Potamis subcerulea 
(Apatura subcerulea, Leech, Entom. 1891, Supp. p. 9; Butt. China, etc., p. 156, 
pl. xv., fig. 1, ¢ (1892). Grose Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 2, Apat. pl. 1, fig: 3, 
5, % (1892). Habitat. Omeishan, China.—Potamis Pallas (Apatura Pallas, Leech, 
Entom. 1890, p. 190; Butt. China, etc., p. 157, pl. xv., fig. 5, ¢ (1892). Habitat. 
China. 

Genus Limtna. Male. Wings short and broad. Forewing triangular; costa 
arched from the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin almost erect, uneven, posterior 
margin recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, 
second subcostal at an equal distance beyond the cell; discocellulars very outwardly 
oblique, short, radials from equal distances near subcostal; cell broad, short, open. 
Hindwing broadly obconical, abruptly convex at base of costa, exterior margin 
slightly convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded; subcostal branches and radial 
emitted close together; cell open. Antennal club short and thick; eyes naked. 
Type, L. subalba.—Limina subalba (Apatura subalba, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 


8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


1885, p. 211. Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 158, pl. xv., fig. 3, ¢ (1892). Habitat. 
W. China. 


Genus MIMATHYMA. 


Iuaco.—Male. Forewing more elongated and subtriangular than in typical 
Potamis (Iris), costal margin more convex, apex more obtuse; the costal vein much 
more convex from the base, the cell area broader and shorter. Hindwing 
comparatively longer, and not produced posteriorly ; the apex and exterior margin 
being conspicuously convex; upper end of the cell area shorter. Antennz more 
slender, and with a longer and narrower club; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 

Type. M. Chevana. 

The species of this genus are admirable mimics, on the upperside of both the 
wings, of the common white-spotted and banded Athymas. 


MIMATHYMA CHEVANA (Plate 192, fig. 1, la, 3). 


Athyma Chevana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 768, pl. 41, fig. 1, g. 
Apatura Chevana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 52 (1886). Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pl. 55, ¢ 
(1885). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent brownish-black, with pale yellowish-white 
markings, glossed with reflected purple in freshly captured specimens. Forewing 
with a pale yellowish-white elongated streak extending from the base along the lower 
half of the cell, and there joiming the lower of the two obliquely disposed upper 
discal spots; beyond is an outer discal, transverse, excurved series of spots, of 
which the two upper are oval, the next two much smaller and conical, and the three 
lower largest, followed by a submarginal recurved row of small spots, and then by a 
lower marginal row of much smaller lunate spots. Hindwing with a broad pale 
yellowish-white transverse subbasal band, a submarginal recurved row of broad 
dento-lunate spots, followed by a very obscurely-defined marginal slender lunular 
line ; abdominal margin greyish. Underside. Forewing with the markings as on the 
upperside, dull white; the discal interspaces and extreme outer margin brownish- 
ochreous, the lower discal interspaces also slightly clouded with black, there being 
also two small blackish superposed-dots in middle of the cell, and a short streak at 
its end; the base of the costa and a triangular subapical patch being glossy nacreous 
bluish-white. Hindwing glossy nacreous bluish-white, the area of the two transverse 
bands, disposed as on upperside, whiter; also crossed by an outer discal slightly 
incurved narrow sinuous-edged bright ochreous band, which is joined at both ends to 
a similar marginal band of the same colour, thus encompassing the nacreous submar- 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group POTAMINA.) 9 


ginal area, the latter band being traversed by a slender white lunular line; between 
the middle and lower medians is a small black spot on the inner ochreous band. 
Body above blackish, banded with white; front spotted with white; palpi above 
black; palpi beneath, thorax and abdomen beneath, and legs, white ; antenne black ; 
eyes reddish. 

Female.. Upperside as in the male, except that the markings are somewhat 
broader, and the wings entirely unglossed with blue. Underside also similar to the 
male. 

Expanse, o 2,% to 3%, 2 3yo inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Assam; Naga Hills; Upper Burma. 

Distrisution.— “* This is a rare species in Sikkim ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 
possesses specimens from the Naga Hills and Sibsagar in Upper Assam ” (de Nicé- 
ville, l.c. 52). Mr. Elwes says “this very beautiful species is seldom found in 
Sikkim at low elevations between April and October. The only female I have ever 
seen is in Otto Moller’s collection” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 340). We possess three 
males from the late Arthur Grote’s cabinet. A female was in Mr. H. Druce’s 
collection. Mr. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134) also records it from 
Upper Burma. 

Mimicry.—This insect is a wonderful mimic, on the upperside of the wings, of 
the white spotted and banded group of Athyma—the species of the latter genus, which 
it apparently mimics, have often been seen by Mr. de Nicéville, in Sikkim, at rest 
with their wings widely expanded; it is therefore probable that M. Chevana 
assumes the same attitude. 

Cuainese ALLIED Sprcies, Etc.—Mimathyma Leechii (Apatura Chevana, Leech, 
Butt. China, etc., p. 155, pl. 16, fig. 6, ¢ nec Moore).—Male. Upperside differs from 
M, Chevana in being of a blacker colour; both wings with the discal area suffused with 
deep brilliant blue in certain lights; all the markings of a pure white colour and of 
smaller size, the discoidal streak on forewing and both discal bands on the hindwing 
being also much narrower. Underside similar to M. Chevana, but the markings 
more sharply defined. On the forewing the lower discal dark interspaces are en- 
tirely deep black, and the chestnut-red portions broader. On the hindwing both 
the discal and marginal chestnut-red bands are broader, the nacreous submarginal 
area consequently being narrower. Female. Upperside as in the male, all the 
markings pure white. HExpanse,d 3, 2? 3} inches. Habitat. Moupin, W. China; 
Omeishan, C. China. 

Genus Bremerta.—Male. Wings broad. Forewing comparatively short, sub- 
triangular ; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly scalloped, posterior 
angle rounded; cell short and very broad, open; first and second subcostals 
emitted before end of the cell. Hindwing broadly obconical; anterior margin much 

VOL. III. C 


10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


arched at the base, thence straight to the apex; exterior margin very convex, 
scalloped, anal angle obtusely pointed; precostal vein bent outward at the middle ; 
subcostals and radial well separated. Palpi ascending, hairy above, scaled below, 
apex somewhat slender; antennz stout, with a lengthened spatulate club; eyes 
naked. ype.—B. Schrenckii.—Bremeria Schrenckw (Adolias Schrenckii, Menétries, 
Bull. Acad. Petr. (1859) p. 215. Schrenck’s Reisen Amur Lande uu. Lep. p. 31, 
pl. 3, fig. 2, ¢ (1859). Apatura Schrenckii, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Siberia, p. 19 (1864). 
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 154. Habitat. Amur Land. Corea. 

Genus Atuymonrs.—Male. Forewing elongate, subtriangular; costa very 
slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, uneven; posterior margin 
straight; first subcostal emitted at fully one-fourth before end of the cell, second 
at a short distance beyond the end of the cell; discocellulars short, upper 
outwardly oblique, middle concave, lower absent; cell open. Hindwing short, 
broadly ovate; exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped; precostal short, 
excurved ; radial emitted from lower subcostal at some distance from its base. 
Palpi laxly clothed, apex short, broad, tip pointed; antennz with a somewhat broad 
spatulate club; eyes naked. Allied to Mimathyma. Type.—A. Nycteis.—Athymodes 
Nycteis (Athyma Nycteis, Menétries, Bull. Acad. Petr. 1859, p. 215; Schrenck’s 
Reisen Amur Lande, ii. p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 11, ¢.(1859). Habitat. Amur Land.— 
Athymodes Cassiope (Athyma Cassiope, Menétries, l.c. p. 214 (1859) ; Schrenck’s 
Reisen, ii. p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1859). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 155 (1892). 
Habitat. Amur Land. 


Genus CHITORIA. 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing trianguiar; costa very slightly arched, apex some- 
what falcate and obtuse, exterior margin concave in the middle, edge almost even ; 
first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars 
bent inward close to subcostal, lower end acute, radials from angle and lower end ; 
cell short, broad, open ; median veinlets wide apart, lower median nearly opposite 
discocellulars. Hindwing short, triangular, produced posteriorly, exterior margin 
oblique, slightly uneven; cell open; precostal vein long, much curved. Body 
robust; palpi rather stout ; antennz slender and with a short broad spatular club ; 
eyes naked. 

Typr.—C. sordida. 


CHITORIA SORDIDA (Plate 192, fig. 2, 2a, b, f 9). 


Apatura sordida, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 765, pl. 41, fig. 2, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
etc., ii. p. 52 (1886). 
Apatura Pheacia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ap. pl. 1, fig. 1, 2,.? (1869). 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group POTAMINA.) 11 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish fuliginous-brown. Forewing blackish at 
the apex ; crossed by an outwardly-oblique discal white macular band composed of 
three spots beyond the cell and two lower spots disposed obliquely between the 
median veinlets, beyond is a small white discal spot above the upper median, and 
two small spots obliquely before the apex; above the posterior angle is a slightly- 
defined pale fuliginous-white short submarginal lunular fascia. Hindwing with a 
slightly-defined pale fuliginous-white blackish bordered submarginal lunular line; 
abdominal margin fringed with greyish-whitish hairs. 

Underside pale brownish olivescent-grey, darker brown apically. Forewing 
with the discal and subapical white spots as on upperside, the lower discal spot 
having a small yellow-ringed black ocellus and two adjoining inner discal whitish 
lunules ; a submarginal slightly-defined whitish lunular fascia. Hindwing with a 
transverse discal slightly-defined brown line inwardly bordering a whitish lunular 
fascia and contiguous outer dots, below which is a prominent ocellus between the 
lower median veinlets, this ocellus has a blue-speckled black pupil and yellow ring, 
and then a brown outer ring; a slightly-defined pale fuliginous-white submarginal 
and a marginal lunular line. Body above olivescent-brown; palpiand body beneath, 
forelegs, and femora greyish-white ; fore tibia with a black streak ; middle and hind 
tibiee fuliginous-white ; antennee ochreous with black tip ; eyes reddish. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler than inthe male; with a broad uninterrupted 
white band on the forewing, otherwise ag in the male. Underside pale brownish 
olivescent-grey, the broad oblique band of forewing as on the upperside, otherwise 
as in the male. 

Expanse, g 2;, 2 2;% to 3 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim. 

Distrisution.—This is a very rare butterfly. We possess the type specimen. 
The late W. S. Atkinson obtained a male in Sikkim. There is a male and female in 
the Hewitsonian collection, and a female in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s cabinet, obtained 
in Sikkim by Mr. Paul Mowis. “A male in Mr. Otto Moller’s collection, was taken 
in Sikkim, in October, at a low elevation; one female is in Mr. A. V. Knyvett’s 
collection, and a pair in Col. A. M. Lang’s collection, all from Sikkim” (Butt. 
Ind. ii. 53). “This is one of the butterflies which appears to be found only in 
Sikkim. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has three males and three females from Native Sikkim, 
taken in October and November ” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 134). 


Genus DILIPA. 


Dilipa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 201 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., 
ii. p. 47 (1886). Staudinger and Schitts, Lep. Exot. p. 167 (1888). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa regularly arched, apex narrow 
© 2 


12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


and obtusely pointed, exterior margin almost even, oblique, with a slight tendency 
to angulation below the apex; posterior angle pointed; first subcostal veinlet 
emitted at one-eighth before end of the cell, second at a nearly equal distance 
beyond the cell, third at nearly one-half, and fourth and fifth at four-fifths; cell 
closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet. Hindwing triangular, posteriorly 
produced; apex convex; exterior margin slightly scalloped; precostal vein acutely 
bent at its middle and with a short inner spur at the angle; cell closed by a slender 
lower discocellular veinlet. Palpi rather stout, apex thick; antennz stout; eyes 
hairy. Sexes dissimilar. 

Typs.—D. Morgiana. 

Differs from typical Potamis (Iris) in both wings having the exterior margin 
more even, the cell in both fore and hindwings being closed by a slender lower dis- 
cocellular veinlet. The forewing is narrower at the apex, the posterior angle more 
pointed, and the second subcostal emitted beyond the cell. The palpi are stouter, 
and the eyes are hairy. 


DILIPA MORGIANA (Plate 193, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 
Apatura Morgiana, Westwood, Genera of D, Lep. ii. p. 305, ¢ (1851). 
Dilipa Morgiana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 201, pl. 6a, fig. 5, ¢ 9 (1857). de 


Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 48, pl. 20, fig. 86, g (1886). Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pl. 55, 
6 (1885). 


Iuaco.—Male. Upperside golden-black, the basal area thickly studded with 
lustrous golden scales ; cilia alternately edged with white. Forewing crossed by an 
outwardly-oblique discal golden-yellow macular band and a shorter broken band 
beyond, both being edged with brighter and lustrous golden scales; the outer border 
below the apex also studded with dark golden-yellow scales; before the apex are 
three superposed pure white spots, the two lower being minute. Hindwing crossed 
by a very broad discal lustrous golden-yellow band, and a submarginal golden-yellow 
narrow lunular line, which latter is dilated anteriorly and posteriorly ; the abdominal 
margin greyish-brown. Underside. Forewing paler, the black duller, the base 
yellowish-white, the apex pale olivescent-brown ; subapical. spots, a patch at the 
apex, and another patch at the posterior angle being lilacine-white. Hindwing pale 
olivescent-brown, olivescent and yellowish anteriorly across the disc, the base and 
abdominal border being washed with lilacime-white; two slightly-defined yellow 
dots, or a lunule, within the cell and a lunule at its end; a less distinct submarginal 
row of yellow dots. Body and palpi above golden-brown; palpi beneath and body 
beneath white ; forelegs and femora white; middle and hind tibiz pale olivescent- 
yellow ; antennz black, club red; eyes hairy, reddish. 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group POTAMINA.) 13 


Female. Upperside duller black, the base and outer area being tinged with 
olivescent-grey ; markings similarly disposed, but the two discal bands on the forewing 
are dull lilacine-white, and the discal band on the hindwing narrower and also bright 
lilacine-white. Underside. Forewing as in the male. Hindwing with the discal 
fascia more defined and whiter than in male. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4, to 3, 2 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—W. and H. Himalayas; Naga Hills ; Shan Hills. 

Disrrisution.—This beautiful butterfly has a very wide range, but appears to 
be a rare species wherever it occurs. We possess males from Kashmir, taken by 
the late Capt. Bayne Reed, females from Kasauli, and males from Nepal, taken by the 
late General G. Ramsay, and others from the Khasia Hills, taken by Colonel Godwin 
Austen, who also took it in Shillong and Manipur. Capt. A. M. Lang, in his MS. 
notes on the Lepidoptera of the Simla and Kunawur districts, records the capture 
oi this species at ‘‘ Kundloo and Munglad in July.” ‘“ The Rev. J. Hocking took 
it in the Kangra Valley at 6000 feet,in August. Major Marshall found a single 
female in his house at Summer Hill, Simla, in August. Mr. de Nicéville took 
several males flying round the temples on the bare top of Tara Devi, opposite Simla, 
and one in the bed of the Simla river was taken by Mr. C. A. R. Crommelin ; there 
are males in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Masuri, taken by Col. Buckley, 
four or five were sent from Nepal by Dr. Scully, and there are specimens from the 
Naga Hills’? (Butt. Ind. 1. 48). “Mr. A. V. Knyvett’s collectors have obtained 
this species in Bhotan. I have not heard of its being captured in Sikkim, though 
it certainly occurs there. It has a very wide range from the West to the Hast end 
of the Himalayas, and through the Naga Hills and Shan Hills to the Black river in 
Upper Tonkin” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 134). Dr. N. Manders 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), in his notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan States, 
Burma, records two males taken at “ Fort Stedman in July.” 

Cutnesp Attigp Sprcres or Diripa.—Dilipa fenestra (Vanessa fenestra, Leech, 
Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 26; Butt. of China, etc., p. 165, pl. 14, fig. 2, 2 (1892). 
Syn. Apatura Chrysus, Oberthur, Etud. Ent. xv. p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 6, ¢ (1891). 
Habitat. Omeishan, W. China. 

Axttep Cutnesr Gunus.—Genus Srincana. Allied to Dihpa. Male. Forewing 
more prolonged, broader and more convex at the apex, the exterior margin deeply 
concave in the middle; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of 
the cell; the cell open. Hindwing more produced posteriorly ; the cell open; 
middle and upper median much shorter. Palpi much smaller: antennal club shorter 
and spatular; eyes naked. Type.—S. fulva.—Sincana fulva (Apatura fulva, Leech, 
Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 30; Butt. China, etc., p. 158, pl. 15, fig. 2, ¢ (1892). 
Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Ap. pl. fig. 5,6, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China. 


14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


—Sincana fasciola (Apatura fasciola, Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 33; Butt. China, etc., 
p. 159, pl. 16, fig. 2, ¢ (1892). Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Ap. pl. fig. 1, 
2, ? (1892). Habitat. C. and W. China. 


Genus DRAYIRA. 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, apex produced and 
obtusely convex, exterior margin oblique and concave in the middle ; first subcostal 
branch only emitted before end of the cell, second branch at some distance 
beyond the end; cell open. Hindwing triangular, produced posteriorly, exterior 
margin slightly convex, uneven; cell open. 


Typz.—D. Ulupi. 


DRAVIRA ULUPI. (Plate 193, fig. 2, 2a, 3). 
Potamis (Apatura) Ulupi, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, 1889, p. 125, pl. x. fig. 2, g. 


Imaco.—‘ Male. Upperside. Forewing black, quite unglossed, markings light 
ochreous-fulvous, the base, costa, hindmargin, and a few submarginal touches 
diffused rufous-brown; two small light ochreous spots above the radials, the upper 
largest; an obliquely-transverse fulvous macular band from the subcostal vein to 
the lower angle, the first three spots being elongate-quadrate, separated only by the 
veins, the last with a pale space beyond it, the fourth well separated from the 
first three, outwardly incised, the fifth subquadrate, diffused, close to the outer 
margin, with a large black spot partly enclosed by its inner borders, the sixth 
slender, lying along the margin of the interno-median space; another transverse 
band from the upper edge of the cell to the submedian vein sloping obliquely out- 
wards, and divided into three parts by the median vein and its lower branch, occupy- 
ing the middle half of the cell (with a diffused streak at the lower angle, almost 
separated from it by an oblique black crescent), the basal half of the lower median 
and half of the interno-median space. Hindwing ochreous-fulvous, the abdominal 
margin as far as the lower, and in the middle of the disc the upper median branch, 
covered with diffused black scales, the apical part also sordid, the veins dark, the 
marginal line and a broader submarginal line thickened at the crossing of the veins, 
within which is a line of five partly-united dark spots diminishing anally to mere 
streaks ; a large and distinct black spot discally in the lower median space. Under- 
side. Forewing paler tawny, the black spaces above replaced by dusky fulvous ones, 
except a large black spot in the lower median space, and a diffused blackish one 
below it, near the lower angle of the wing ; the two subapical spots, and a touch on 
the costa beyond the cell, lilac-white. Hindwing light fulvous, the base slightly 


NYMPHALINZ,. (Group POTAMINA, 15 


glossed, pale; a large ocellus pupilled with purple in the lower median space; a 
lustrous lilac-white band across the wing discally, bordered inwardly by a darker 
ferruginous band broadest near the costa; a submarginal ferruginous line, within 
which are a few obscure lilac-white touches, between which and the lilac band lie 
four good-sized lilac-white spots and some ferruginous touches ” (Doherty, l.c.). 

Expanse, ¢ 2;% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Upper Assam. 

Distrrpution.—Mr, W. Doherty records “one male taken by Lieut. EH. Hartert 
on the Dikrang near Sadiya, another by me at Kobong between Sadiya and 
Margherita.* One or two others were seen. In its rather weak flight it somewhat 
resembles Eulaceura osteria” (J. A. S. Beng. 1889, p. 125). 

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 193, figs. 2, 2a are reproduced from 
Mr. Doherty’s figures above referred to. 


Genus NARSENGA. 


Wings small, short. Male. Forewing comparatively narrower, somewhat 
longer, and more regularly subtriangular than in Rohana, the exterior margin more 
acutely angular below the apex; first and second subcostals emitted before end of 
the cell; cell open. Hindwing broader, less prolonged posteriorly, exterior margin 
more convex; cell open; antennez shorter ; eyes hairy. 

Sexes similarly coloured and marked. 

Typr.—N. Parvata. 


NARSENGA PARVATA (Plate 194, fig. 1, la, ¢). 


Apatura Parvata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy.i. p. 202, pl. 6, a, fig. 6, g (1857). de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 53 (1886). 

Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark ferruginous olivescent-brown, darkest at the 
base, and bright about the cell and exterior margin. Forewing with a paler ferru- 
ginous ringed auriform blackish mark at end of the cell, preceded within the cell by 
two obliquely superposed small round spots ; a similar spot also below the cell; 
beyond is a transverse inner-discal angulated series of pale yellowish-ferruginous 
lunules, followed by a subapical superposed series of five pure white dots on a 
blackish ground, and a small slightly-defined ferruginous-ringed ocellate spot 
situated in the interspace between the middle and lower median veinlet, beyond 
which is a pale-bordered blackish submarginal lunular fascia and then a narrower 
marginal line. Hindwing with a slightly-defined pale-edged lunular mark within 


* One of these specimens was sent by Mr. Doherty, from Margherita, to Mr. Elwes. 


16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the cell; a transverse discal pale ferruginous-yellow straight band decreasing in 
width from the costa to the submedian vein, followed by an outer-discal dusky 
clouded fascia and a subanal ferruginous-ringed ocellate spot, beyond which is a 
pale ferruginous-bordered blackish submargimal lunular fascia and a narrow 
marginal line. Underside pale ferruginous, brightest on the forewing; with 
markings similarly disposed as on the upperside. Forewing with the cell marks 
formed of black rings; the transverse discal lunules being white and their inner 
edge defined by black; subapical llacine-white dots and lower ocelloid black spot, 
below which latter is a contiguous black patch ; the submarginal fascia and marginal 
line being inter-bordered by lilacine-white. Hindwing with a blackish dot and 
lunular mark at end of the cell; the discal fascia lilacine-white, the submarginal 
lunular fascia and marginal line also inter-bordered by lilacine-white, and the 
subanal ocellus centred with white. Body above olivescent-brown; palpi above 
black; palpi beneath, body and femora beneath whitish ; legs above pale ferruginous ; 
antenne black, club tipt with red ; eyes red, hairy. 

Female. “ Duller coloured than the male, the discal series of pale ferruginous 
spots on the forewing and discal line on the hindwing absent, but replaced by an 
irregular ferruginous diffused band, which is inwardly sharply defined. Forewing 
with three subapical white dots only ; the anal ocellus on the hindwing smaller and 
blind. Underside marked much as above, but paler, the discal band outwardly 
marked with lilac, and a small patch of that colour below the apex of the forewing, 
the white dots larger * (de Nicéville, 1.c.). 

Expanse, 1,8, to 2 inches. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia Hills. 

DistrisutiIon.— This is also a rare species; the Indian Museum, Caleutta, 
has specimens from Sikkim, and Buxa, Bhotan” (de Nicéville, ].c. 53). Mr. Elwes 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 340) says it is “‘ very rare in Sikkim, and where I do not know 
its habitat or season.” Mr. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 135) states that 
it “has been obtained by Mr. T. A. Hauxwell at about 4000 feet elevation, in 
October, below the Station of Darjiling, but is very rare in Sikkim, far commoner 
at Daling at 5000 feet, and in Bhotan.” Colonel C. Swinhoe possesses several 
males, taken in the Khasia Hills. 


Genus ROHANA. 


Rohana, Moore, Lep, of Ceylon, i. p. 27 (1880). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 81 (1887). 


Apatura (part), de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 48 (1886). Staudinger and Schitts, Lep. Exot. 
p- 165 (1888). 


Imaco,—Wings small. Male. Forewing short and broad, subtriangular ; 


NYMPHALIN 4. (Group POTAMINA.) 7 


exterior margin slightly uneven and angular below the apex; first subcostal veinlet 
emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell, the second being emitted either at the 
end or at a little distance beyond the end. Sometimes, but very rarely, the second 
is emitted immediately before the end of the cell,* third at two-fifths from the cell, 
fourth and fifth at four-fifths ; discocellulars short, angled close to subcostal, radials 
from upper angle and lower end; cell short, broad, open; lower median emitted 
from opposite discocellulars, the two upper medians at equal distance beyond ; sub- 
median straight. Hindwing very short, triangular, prolonged posteriorly, exterior 
margin slightly uneven; costal vem much arched; precostal vein short and abruptly 
bent outward ; subcostals and radial contiguous at their base ‘but well divergent ; 
cell open. Body stout; palpi porrect, tip pointed, squamose beneath; antennze 
slender; eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar. 

CATERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped, long, slender, smooth; head small and surmounted 
by two long spined-processes projecting in front; anal segment with two shorter 
naked pointed processes. 

CurysaLis.—Compressed ; with a high pointed dorsal prominence on basal 
segment of abdomen, from which a sharp ridge extends to the tail, a lesser pointed 
prominence on middle of thorax ; head with two short points in front. 

Type.—R. Parisatis. 

Mimicry.—The males on the upperside of both wings of R. Parisatis and Camiba 
are uniformly deep purplish-black, but the females are yellowish-ferruginous, and 
generally resemble species of the genus Ergolis, of the Group Eurytelina. 


ROHANA PARISATIS (Plate 194, fig. 2, 2a, b, c, 3 2). 


Apatura Parisatis, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 305 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, 
i. p. 202 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 54, pl. xx., fig 92, g 9 (1886). 
Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pl. 55, @ 2 (1885). 

Rohana Parisatis, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 27 (1880). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings uniformly purplish-black. Cilia 
alternated with white. Forewing with a minute white costal dot before the apex. 
Hindwing without markings, Underside dark purplish ferruginous-brown, the 
basal area brighter ferruginous-red, the discal area longitudinally clouded with black 
and with a slightly-defined ocellate spot on the lower median interspace; two small 
black rings in each cell, and an auriform mark at end of each cell. Both wings 


* In thirty males of R. Parisatis under examination, sixteen had the second subcostal emitted beyond 
end of the cell, twelve at the end, and two only beforethe end. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 123) 
says that ‘this genus is allied to Precis,” and arranges it near that genus and Junonia. It has, however, 
no affinity with either of those genera, nor with the group in which they occur. 


VOL, Ill. D 


18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


crossed by a slightly-defined discal sinuous black line outwardly edged by ill-defined 
lilacine-white Innules, these lunules being less apparent on the hindwing; a sub- 
marginal slightly-defined catenulated row of lilacine-whitish rings outwardly edged 
by a blackish line ending towards the apex of forewing in two more prominent 
lilacine-white small apical patches, before which latter are two minute white sub- 
apical dots. Hindwing with a small subanal black ocellus centred with white and 
ringed with chestnut-red. Body above purplish-black; body and palpi beneath, 
and legs ferruginous-brown ; antennz black above, red beneath. 

Female. J orewing angulated below the apex. Hindwing broader and shorter, 
more convex externally. Upperside obscure yellowish-ferruginous. Both wings 
with two dusky brown spots in the cell, an auriform mark at its end, a transverse 
inner discal angular fascia, a less defined outer discal clouded fascia traversed by 
a row of small blackish spots, the three upper of which on the forewing are white- 
centred, and the lowest on the hindwing the largest and ocellate; beyond is an 
inner submarginal dusky macular fascia and an outer line. Underside brighter 
yellowish-ferruginous, marked as in the male. 

Expanse, d 1, to 2, ? 1,% to 2 inches. 

Hasitat.—Kumaon; Sikkim; Assam; Silhet; Khasia and Naga Hills; 
Burma; Tenasserim; Shan States; Tonkin; Hong Kong. 

Distripution.— According to Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1886, p. 123), it 
was observed by him at Jhillaghat, on the Hastern border of Kumaon. ‘“ Males are 
frequently seen in Sikkim at elevations of 5000 feet, andbelow, the female being very 
scarce. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Silhet, Sibsagar, Assam, 
the Naga Hills, and Upper Tenasserim” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 54). Mr. 
Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 340) says it “occurs in Sikkim up to 6000 feet, from 
April to November.” Colonel C. Swinhoe has received several specimens of both 
sexes from the Khasia Hills. Lieutenant D. Thomson (J. Bomb. N. H. 8. 1890, 295) 
records its capture in the Chin-Lushai country during the expedition from the 
Chittagong side in the cold weather of 1889-90. Lieutenant EH. Y. Watson (J. Bomb. 
N. H. 8. 1891, 36) also records ‘‘a single male taken at Tiling in December, during 
the same Chin Expedition, from the Burmese side.” Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List 
Burm. Butt. 13) “captured a number of this species in Tenasserim, on the road 
between Kaukarit and Myawaddee, on April 27th, but were not seen elsewhere.” 
“Two males are recorded from Ponsekai, and a pair from Tavoy” (J. A. S. Beng. 
1887, 424). Dr. N. Manders in his Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan States, 
Burma (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), says itis “* not uncommon at 1000 feet, but I have 
never seen it above 3000 feet.” Mr. de Nicéville, in his recent list of the species of 
this genus (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1895, p. 262) records it as ‘“‘also occurring in the 
Malay Peninsula and Upper Tonkin.” Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., took specimens in 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group POTAMINA.) 19 


Hong Kong, which I have examined, and remarks (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 452) 
“that it is not uncommon in the ‘Happy Valley,’ in March, April, and May, the 
male alighting to sun himself, with expanded wings, on the outer leaves of low 
trees, the female being more partial to shady places.” 


ROHANA CAMIBA (Plate 194, fig. 3, larva and pupa). 


Rohana Camiba, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 27, pl. 14, fig. 1, la, b, e, g 9; larva and pupa (1880). 
Apatura Camiba, de Nicéville, Butt. of Ind. ete., ii. p. 54 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly purplish-black; cilia alternated with 
white. Forewing with three minute white superposed subapical dots. Underside 
similarly marked as in R. Parisatis. Forewing with four superposed subapical white 
dots. 

Female. Upperside similar to R. Parisatis, but with the markings somewhat 
more sharply defined. Forewing with a series of five superposed subapical white 
dots. Hindwing with the outer discal clouded dusky fascia narrower, and more 
sinuous. Underside similarly marked to &. Parisatis. Forewing with five super- 
posed subapical white dots. 

Expanse, d ? 1,% to 2 inches. 

CATERPILLAR.—Smooth; head small and surmounted by two black spined- 
processes projecting in front; anal segment with two shorter green naked pointed 
processes ; colour pale yellowish-green with a dark green dorsal and two lateral 
bands ; front of head black streaked. Feeds on Celtis lycodoxylon. (Described from 
Sir W. Gregory’s Ceylon drawing.) 

Curysatis.—Green ; compressed ; with a pointed angle on middle of thorax and 
on basal segment of abdomen ; the head attenuated and with two short points in front. 

HapitaT.—Ceylon; §. India. 

The late Mr. S. N. Ward also reared the larva of this insect in Canara, and in 
his drawing (see Plate 194, fig. 3) it is represented as having a_ subdorsal 
longitudinal series of small bluish patches and a lower lateral greenish band, the 
head in front being bluish-white, and the processes blue-black tipt with brown. 
Messrs. J. Davidson and H. H. Aitken, in the Notes on larve reared in Karwar, 
North Canara (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 271), say, ‘‘ We got this in 
September, October, and November, on a species of Celtis. It has much the aspect 
of the caterpillars of the Satyrinez, and appears to have similar habits, resting by 
day on the underside of a leaf, and feeding by night. The larva is long, slender, 
thickest in the middle; head small, armed with two long, straight, much branched 
spines, pointed forward; a pair of smooth caudal spines. Colour pale yellow on 
the back, with a medial row of green spots; green on the sides with a narrow 

Dp 2 


20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


yellow line; head and horns black. Pupa compressed, with a high, pointed, dorsal 
prominence at the junction of thorax and abdomen, from which a sharp ridge runs 
to the tail; suspended by the tail, but curving round to an almost horizontal 
position ; pale green.” 

DistripuTion.—1n Ceylon this butterfly is “ common on forest ground in the hills 
about 5000 feet near Newera Eliya. Frequently seen basking in the road” 
(Hutchison, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 27). The late Mr. 8. N. Ward reared this insect in 
Canara, from whose collection we possess specimens of both sexes, as well as his 
drawing of the larva. Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it on the “ Nilgiris, from 3000 
to 6000 feet, where the male is not common, the female very rare” (J. A. 8. Bengal, 
1888, 352). ‘The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from Ootacamund 
taken by Mr. Hampson, and from Pimerd, North Travancore, taken by Mr. W. 
Doherty at 2000 feet” (Butt. Ind. ii. 55). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 
1891, 8) also records it from Pimerd at 2400 feet. 

Of this species our illustration on plate 194, fig. 3, represents the larva and pupa 

reproduced from the’ late Mr. 8. N. Ward’s drawing from larve reared in Canara, 
S. India. 
Inpo-Matayan sprctes or Rowana.—Rohana Sumatrana (Apatura Sumatrana, 
Staudinger. Snellen, Mid. Sumatra Lep. p. 19, pl. 3, fig 1, 2, ¢ (1892). Habitat. 
Sumatra.—Rohana Artaxes (Apatura (Rohana) Artaxes, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay 
N. H. Soc. 1895, p. 261, pl. N. fig. 3,4, ¢ 2.) Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.—Rohana 
Nakula (Apatura Nakula, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. HE. I. Compy. i. p. 208, ¢ (1857). 
de Nicéville, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1895, p. 262, pl. N. fig. 5,6, 5 %. Habitat. 
Java.—Rohana Rana (Apatura Rana, Staudinger, Lep. Palawan, p. 80. Habitat, 
Palawan.—Rohana Rhea (Apatura Rhea, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 120; 
Reise Novara, Lep. ii. pl. 58, fig. 8, (1867). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 82, 
pl. 15, fig. 2, 3 (1887). Habitat. Philippines. 


Genus EULACEURA. 


Hulaceura, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726. 

Hulacura, Butler, Trans, Linn, Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 99 (1882), 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 55 (1886). Staudinger and Schitts, Lep. Exot. p. 167 
(1888). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular, costa slightly arched; apex prolonged, 
rounded and faleate ; exterior margin oblique and very concave in the middle, almost 
even; posterior margin short; first and second subcostals emitted close together 
before the end of the cell; discocellulars short, angled close to subcostal, radials 
from angle and the lower end; cell open; median veinlets very wide apart. Hind- 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group POTAMINA.) 91 


wing short, triangularly ovate; apex and anal angle rounded, exterior margin 
slightly uneven; subcostals and radial emitted close together; cell open. Body 
moderately robust ; antennz long, slender, with a lengthened slender club; eyes 
hairy ; anal claspers of male elongated, terminating at about half the length in a 
narrow perpendicularly-curved superiorly-horny hook. Abdomen of. female with 
two raised protuberances on underside of the penultimate anal segment. 

Typz.—E. Osteria. 


EULACEURA OSTERIA (Plate 195, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 


Apatura Osteria, Westwood, Genera of D. Lep. p. 305 (1850). 

Eulaceura Osteria, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726. 

Eulacura Osteria, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 100, 
pl. xii. fig. 5, 6, ¢ 2 (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 55 (1886). Staudinger, 
Lep. Exot. pl. 55, g (1885), 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy purplish-brown, Fvurewing with a trans- 
verse lower discal inwardly-oblique band, this band being composed of a series of 
five purplish-white spots, the uppermost smallest (but sometimes absent) being 
situated above the upper median yeinlet; an obscure submarginal ocelloid spot 
between the middle and lower median veinlet slightly visible. Hindwing crossed by 
a continuous but broader purplish-white discal band, the abdominal margin being 
greyish white; a submarginal row of obscure paler brown lunules, a black ocelloid 
subanal spot between the lower medians, and an obscure marginal paler brown line. 
Underside glossy pale purplish-white. Both wings crossed by a slightly-defined 
slender pale brown irregular discal line, which also inwardly borders the slightly 
apparent discal white band. Forewing also with a slightly-defined small pale brown 
spot within the cell, a slender bar at its end, a submarginal zigzag fascia, and a 
marginal line ; a small outer pale ochreous ocelloid spot with black centre and outer 
brown ring situated between the lower medians. Hindwing also with a pale brown 
upper submarginal zigzag fascia, an entire marginal line, and a subanal pale ochreous 
ocelloid spot with black centre and brown outer ring situated between the lower 
medians. Body and palpi above brown; palpi and body beneath, and legs white ; 
antenne blackish ; eyes reddish, hairy. 

Female. Upperside pale umber-brown. Forewing with two blackish streaks 
crossing the cell; a sharply-defined transverse discal angulated series of outwardly 
diffused broad whitish lunules, which merge into a less defined outer discal series, 
and is followed by a submarginal series of slender whitish lunules; a small black 
ocellated submarginal spot between the lower medians. Hindwing crossed by a 
similar but less defined inner and outer discal whitish lunular fascia, followed by a 
submarginal series of more sharply-defined lunules, the upper ones of which 


22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


are outwardly-angled; an ocellated black submarginal spot between the medians. 
Underside similar to the male, except that the transverse discal white fascia is 
narrower. : 

Expanse, ¢ ? 2,% inches. 

HasitaTt.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

Distrisution.—Mr. L. de Nicéville, in a letter dated December 17th, 1894, 
writes me that he has received specimens of this insect from Tenasserim. 

Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, p. 101) records it from the Malay 
Peninsula; Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, Java, and Borneo. 


Genus HERONA. 


Herona, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 41 (1848). Westwood, zd. ii. p. 293 (1850). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 60 (1886). Staudinger and Schatts, Lep. Exot. p. 134 (1887). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, triangular, costa recularly arched, apex 
obtuse, exterior margin oblique, almost even, convexly-angular below the apex, 
posterior margin nearly straight; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth and 
second at a short distance before end of the cell, third at nearly one-third beyond, 
and fourth and fifth at one-third from the apex; discocellulars short, radials from 
angle close to subcostal and lower end; cell open; lower and middle median widely 
apart, upper much curved. Hindwing short, triangularly-ovate, base of costa much 
arched, exterior margin obliquely-convex, broadly scalloped; precostal vein bent 
outward near tip; subcostals and radial widely divergent; cell open. Body 
moderately robust; palpi obliquely porrected, approximate at end, tips pointed ; 
antenne long, slender, club long and slender ; eyes naked. 

Tyrz.—H. Marathus. 


HERONA MARATHUS (Plate 195, fig. 2, 2a,b, 3 9). 


Herona Marathus, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 41, fig. 3, ¢ (1848); Westwood, zd. p. 294 (1850). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 61 (1886). Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pl. 48, 9 (1885). 
Adamson, List Burmese Butt. p. 13 (1889). 


Iuaco—Male. Upperside fulvescent-black ; with fulvous markings. Forewing 
with the costal border basally fulvous; an outwardly oblique fulvous bar across end 
of the cell, an elongate spot between the middle and lower median veinlets, and a 
narrower longer streak from the base below the median, beyond whick is an out- 
wardly oblique upper discal macular band, followed by a submarginal irregular band, 
of which latter the anterior end before the apex is broad and bears a triangular 


NYMPHALINA, (Group POTAMINA.) 23 


white spot, the middle portion being slender, its lower portion broad, and joined to 
a short streak at the posterior angle. Hindwing crossed by a broad fulvous upper 
discal band extending from below the base to near the apex, and a lower discal band, 
both being partly united before the apex, the latter band bearing a small black- 
speckled spot between the middle and lower medians, followed by a slender lower 
submarginal line which extends from the anal angle only to the upper median veinlet, 
where it curves upward and joins the lower discal band, and beyond by a slender 
marginal line extending to the apex; the abdominal margin pale duller fulvous. 
Underside dusky olivescent brownish-fulvous, paler externally ; with similar disposed 
markings of the upperside, but much less defined, especially on the hindwing, and 
all suffused with chalybeate lilacine-white. Forewing also with a white streak within 
upper base of the cell, a rounded upper subapical spot and a more prominent lower 
subapical streak, a small blackish outer patch between the lower medians, and 
another patch beneath it. Hindwing crossed by a slender dark fulvous inner discal 
sinuous line, before which is a small dark fulvous spot within the cell; a small 
white spot inwardly edged with black scales between the middle and lower medians. 
Body and palpi above fulvescent-brown, white beneath ; legs above fulvous, white 
beneath ; antenne black, club tipt with fulvous. 

Female. Upperside dark fulvescent-brown; markings as on upperside, but 
somewhat narrower, and of a much paler fulvous-yellow. Underside also fulvescent- 
brown, all the markings as in the male, but paler and more conspicuously defined. 

Expanse, d 2,8 to 3,4, 2 3 to 3, inches. 

Havirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan, Assam; Khasia Hills, Upper Burma. 

Distrisution.—We possess specimens from Nepal taken by the late General G. 
Ramsay ; from Sikkim and Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon; and from Assam. 
‘It is not an uncommon species in Sikkim, where I have taken it in October at low 
elevations, between 3000 and 4000 feet. It has the habit, when disturbed, of settling 
head downwards with closed wings on the trunk of a tree, in which position it is 
particularly difficult to catch with a butterfly net. Like many other butterflies of 
this Sub-family, it is very fond of over-ripe fruit” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 
1894, 135). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 341) says it is “not common in 
Sikkim at 8000 to 4000 feet during and after the rains. A specimen from the East 
side of the Tista, taken in March, is much smaller and paler in colour.” Major 
C. H. EH. Adamson (List Butt. of Burma, 13) records it (and we have identified 
specimens as being this species) as “‘ not uncommon near Bhamo, Upper Burma, 
where it settles with closed wings on the trunks of trees in shady places, in Sep- 
tember and October.” Dr. N. Manders, in his Notes on the Lepidoptera of the 
Shan States (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521) records ‘‘ one specimen taken at Fort Stedman 
in August.” 


24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


HERONA ANGUSTATA (Plate 196, fig. 1, la, 9 ). 
Herona angustata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 829,29. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., il. 
p- 62 (1886). Adamson, List, Burmese Butt. p. 13 (1889). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to H. Marathus, but with the fulvous 
macular bands much narrower. 

Female. Upperside deeper black than H. Marathus, the macular bands narrower, 
and all of a pale ochreous colour, except the two subapical spots on the forewing, 
which are white. Underside of a paler olivescent-brown, the bands also all paler. 

Expanse, 2,% to 3 inches. 

Hasirat.—Lower Burma, Tenasserim. 

Distripution.—The type specimens were taken at Moolai at 3000 to 6000 feet in 
Upper Tenasserim. Major C. H. H. Adamson (List. Butt. Burm. 13) records this 
species from Lower Burma (we have identified a specimen taken by him in 
Moulmein in October). Its habits being similar to H. Marathus. Mr. L. de 
Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 62) records five specimens in Major Marshall’s collection, 
a female taken in October in Arakan by Captain Adamson, a male from Gawlai in 
Upper Tenasserim in September, and both sexes taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in 
the Upper Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim. We possess a female taken by 
Captain Bingham on January llth, 1882. A pair from Tavoy is recorded by 
Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 421). 


HERONA ANDAMANA (Plate 196, fig. 2, 2a,b, g@ 2). 
Herona Andamana, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soe, 1877, p. 585. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 62, 
pl. 18, fig. 76, 9 (1886). 
Herona Seneca, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 188 (1886). 

Imaco,—Male. Upperside similar to H. Marathus, the ground colour blacker, 
but with all the markings paler. Forewing with the markings narrower, the 
outwardly oblique upper discal streaks elongated and pointed at their end. Hind- 
wing with both bands narrower and macular, the submarginal lower line somewhat 
broader. Underside with the ground colour somewhat darker than in H. Marathus, 
markings as on upperside, but more distinctly suffused with chalybeate liacine- 
white. 

Female. Upperside blacker than in H. Marathus ; markings as in the male, 
but all of a white colour. Forewing with the lower basal streak obscurely defined. 
Hindwing with the upper and lower discal bands also less defined than in the male, 
the lower submarginal line replaced by obscurely defined broad lunules, the black 
dot between the middle and lower medians being distinct. Underside with the 
ground colour darker than in the male, and all the markings much more prominent 
and whiter. 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group POTAMINA.) 25 


Expanse, d 3,;%, ¢ 3; inches. 

Hasitat.—8. Andaman Isles. 

The type specimens of this species were obtained by the late Mr, A. de 
Roepstorff, at Port Blair, South Andamans, and from whom we received several 
examples. It is a well-marked species. 

Inpo-Matayan Sprcres or Herona.—Herona Sumatrana, Moore, Trans. Ent. 
Soc. 1881, p. 308. Bock’s Head Hunters, etc. (1881). de Nicéville, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 7, ¢. Habitat. Sumatra.—Herona Djarang, 
Fruhstorfer, Hnt. Nach. 1893, p. 319; Stettin Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 126, pl. v. fig. 9,2. 
Habitat. Nias Island.—Herona Pringondani, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach. 1893, p. 314; 
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 120, pl. 4, fig. 5, ¢. de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soe. 
Bengal, 1894, p. 4, pl. 3, fig. 4, 5, d %. Habitat. Java—Herona Schonbergi, 
Staudinger, Isis, 1890, p. 337, pl. 3, fig. 3; Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1891, p. 84. Habitat. 
8. Borneo. 


Genus SEPHISA. 


Castalia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 199 (1857). Staudinger and Schiitts, Lep. 
Exot. p. 166 (1888)—preoceupied. 

Apatura (Sect. v. Castalia), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 37 (1861). 

Sephisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 240. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 45 (1886). 
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 150 (1892). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular, costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior 
margin convex below the apex, concave in the middle, emarginate and sharply 
angular at end of the lower median veinlet; posterior margin straight; first 
subcostal branch emitted at about one-fourth before end of the cell, second at a 
short distance beyond the end; discocellulars short, radials from angle close to 
subcostal and lower end; cellopen. Hindwing short, triangularly ovate ; costa much 
arched, exterior margin convex, scalloped; precostal vein strongly excurved ; cell 
open. Body stout; palpi porrected, compactly scaled beneath ; antenne rather 
stout, with a well-formed stout club ; eyes naked. 

Typs.—sS. dichroa. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; skin wrinkled and shagreened; with two small 
dorsal flat semi-lobed raised granulate flaps on the eighth segment, and two also on 
the eleventh segment; head larger than second segment, furnished with two 
antlered horns ; anal segment with two acutely-pointed processes. 

Carysatis—Somewhat boat-shaped; dorsum highly arched and keeled; 
shagreened, thorax gradually sloped from the head with a narrow keeled ridge from 
the collar to the waist, which is slightly notched before reaching the highest point ; 
head with two projected points. 

VOL. III. E 


26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


SEPHISA DICHROA (Plate 197, fig. 1, la, b, c, d,e, ¢ 9; larva and pupa). 


Limenitis dichroa, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 429, pl. 8, fig. 1, 2 (1844). 

Castalia dichroa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. Company, i. p. 199 (1857). 

Sephisa dichroa, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1882, p. 240, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 47, 
pl. 20, fig. 93, g (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-black; cilia alternated with white between 
the veins. orewing crossed by two outwardly-oblique ochreous-yellow macular 
bands, three very small subapical superposed ochreous spots, followed by a 
submarginal series of paler small spots. Hindwing with the discal area broadly 
ochreous-yellow, traversed by black veins; followed by a submarginal row of broad 
conical ochreous-yellow spots, and a slightly-defined bluish-grey slender marginal 
line; a bluish-grey speckled subanal dot situated between the middle and lower 
median veinlets ; in some a small upper discocellular black spot is present. Underside 
with markings similar to those on the upperside, the black portions paler and 
greenish tinged. Forewing with the base of the costa, a spot at the base of cell and 
another below the cell, a broken streak at end of the cell, the three subapical spots, 
submarginal macular band and marginal line dull bluish pearly-white. Hindwing 
with the basal and discal interspaces, submarginal band and marginal line, and the 
subanal spot also dull bluish pearly-white; the upper discal interspace and the 
submarginal band generally tinged with ochreous-yellow; a short black streak near 
base of the cell and a dot above base of the middle median veinlet, these two latter 
and also the discal black lunular band more or less narrow, macular, or obsolescent. 
Body and palpi above black; palpi beneath, forelegs and femora beneath white ; 
legs above bluish ; antenne black; eyes reddish, naked. 

Female. Upperside similar to the male; the forewing differing only in the 
upper portion of the outer discal band being paler or whitish, the three subapical 
spots pure white, and the submarginal series of spots also whitish. Underside as in 
the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,49 to 2%, % 2;% to 3 inches. 

CatERPILLaR.— Extenuate in form; skin wrinkled. Colour blue-green, with 
more vivid green suffusions about the centre of the segments ; pale, almost hoary, on 
the sides, and deep coloured on the back. Skin shagreened with minute pale 
yellowish dots, and covered with very short bristly hairs on the back, and fine short 
silky hairs on the sides and below, Head very much larger than the second 
segment, with antlered horns; crown deeply notched between the horns, flat in 
front, and cheeks rather flat-sided, In prolongation of the horns in front is a pale 
mauve-coloured stripe on each cheek ; mouth black, and a minute black spot just 
behind the eyes; colour of the head otherwise pale green, that of the cheeks, though 
pale, being a rather more yivid colour than that of the body; top of head broad and 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group POTAMINA.) 27 


somewhat flat, the base of the horns ending in a lobe; colour of the horns above, 
and top of the head pale ochreous straw colour, the inner portions of the lobes 
tinged faintly with greenish; below, the tines of the antlers are deep shiny steely- 
black; at the back of the head at base of horns, is a ring of small sharp spines, 
which pass down the sides of the cheeks and partake of the colouring of the region 
passed through.. In prolongation of the horns is a narrow, pale yellow, longitudinal 
streak, broadest at its commencement on the second segment, becoming obsolete on 
the seventh segment, reappearing, as it were, on the eleventh segment in continuation 
of one of the oblique lateral streaks, and again fading away on the last segment. A 
series of similarly coloured fine oblique wavy-streaks on the sides, originating just 
below the region of spiracles, and all but two terminate on the back; these streaks 
are very faint on the second, third, and fourth segment, in fact scarcely discernible 
with the naked eye, but are well defined on the other segments, of which, those 
originating on the sixth and ninth segment terminate, in the centre of the back, 
in two pair of flat semilobed-shaped raised flaps, the points of the flaps inclining 
outwards from each other and directed backwards, with the tips turned in; these 
appendages are granulate, white, tipped with yellow, with a slight suffusion of pink 
in the centre; a deep crimson-lake spot marks the division between each pair, the 
foremost pair are wider apart than the hinder ones; down the anal flaps is a 
depression which to the naked eye gives the appearance of the vent ending in 
pointed tails; margin of anal flaps pale yellow; true legs very pale green. All the 
rest of the under surface pale whitish,” 

CurysaLis.—“ Emerald-green, and covered with a white powdery-bloom, most 
especially about the thorax and base of abdomen. The darkest shading of colour 
preyails on the abdomen, from the tail to about two-thirds of the way up. In general 
appearance the chrysalis is somewhat boat-shaped, or perhaps a better simile would be 
a cocked hat, the sides are somewhat compressed, and the back highly arched and 
keeled. The shell is shagreened and mottled-whitish. Two projections of medium 
length which curve outwards, with a flat space between on the crown, protrude 
beyond the head, in the shape of horse’s ears; these are notched at the base, and are 
deeply ribbed, and in colour are a shade brighter than the ground colour, with a 
well-marked dirty-white, roughly-wrinkled ridge passing backwards, converging 
en route, and gradually fading away on the thorax. Just beyond the collar, this 
ridge is markedly intersected by the antenne. The thorax gradually slopes up from 
the head, with a narrow keeled ridge from the collar to the waist, which is slightly 
notched before reaching its highest point a little beyond the middle, From the 
waist the abdomen is highly curved with the sharp-keeled ridge continued and 
notched at the junction of each segmental division. Colouring of keel, slightly 
ochreous on the thorax, deep brown for a couple of segments beyond the waist, from 

E 2 


28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


thence shading to dirty white. The outline at the division of the thoracical with the 
abdominal region is marked by a fine straight white line, thrown off, as it were, on 
either side of the keel, at the waist obliquely forward. Abdomen marked with a 
narrow white interrupted line below the spiracles, and a series of oblique short 
dirty-whitish lateral streaks above, those on the powdery region being the largest, 
powdery in appearance, and apparently on a slightly raised surface. The spiracles 
are but faintly seen. The anal segment ends in a broad spear-shaped tail, furnished 
with claspers ; edging of tail similar to keel ; tips of claspers furnished with a fringe 
of short dark red-brown bristly hairs. Outline of wings distinctly defined by a 
narrow ochreous-white ridge, slightly irregular in width, being narrowest about 
midway from costa to apex, with an interruption at base, where there is a small 
spinous projection; nervules finely marked. Antenne reach to apex of wings, 
slightly raised and evenly notched, pale ochreous in colour. A smooth semicircular 
bit over the eyes; lower portion of eyes very warty. Between the horns—a 
projection from the head—in front are a series of warty spots, pale whitish in colour 
and arranged exactly in the shape ofa coronet, with a well-marked drop-shaped, raised, 
pale ochreous spot on each side in front of the eyes’’ (Major H. C. Harford, MS. Notes). 

Hasitat.— Western Himalayas. 

Distrisution.—* This butterfly appears to be confined to the Western 
Himalayas. I have taken it commonly at Simla flying round and settling on the 
oak throughout the summer, also at Kujiah, near Dalhousie, in June. The Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from the Kulu Valley, collected by Mr. A. 
Graham Young, and from Masuri. Major Marshall has specimens taken at Chumba 
in May, and at Murree in June” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 47). The late W. 8. 
Atkinson possessed specimens from Almora and Gurhwal. Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. 
Mo. Mag. 1864-5, 181) records that ‘‘it is partial to ripe fruit, and has seen it in 
open woods in the interior of the Himalaya, pitching on the sprays of tall shrubs, 
making rapid flights and returning to the same spot.” We possess males from 
Kashmir, taken by-the late Capt. Bayne Reed in 1872, a female taken by Capt. Beckett 
beyond Ramgurh and Almora at 5500 feet elevation, in November, and a female 
from Murree, taken in August. Mr. A. Grote possessed it from Masuri and Naini 
Tal. Capt. A. M. Lang, in his MS. Notes also records its capture at Kotghur in 
July and October. Major H. B. Hellard took it at ‘ Simla at the end of June, and 
at Barungulla in Kashmir at end of September” (MS. Notes). Major J. W. Yerbury 
(P.Z.S. 1886, 360) says it is ‘‘ not common at Murree; some half-dozen specimens 
taken on August 9th and 11th on the trunk of the same tree—a species of willow. 
Two or three also seen on the wing; the flight appears to be particularly rapid.” 
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1886, 124) took it at “ Loharkhet, N.W. Kumaon, 
and at Askot, East Kumaon. Much darker than Kulu or Simla specimens, the 


NYMPHALINZA (Group POTAMINA.) 29 


black discal band on the hindwing below being especially wide, so as wholly to 
enclose the whitish spot between the lower medians; the veins also were heavily 
marked with black. At Murree, in the extreme north-west of India, I found this 
species with the band on the hindwings below wholly obsolete, and the underside 
with a whitish silky gloss.” 

Foop Prant anp Hasits or Larva.—Major H. C. Harford, in his MS. Note on 
the rearing of the larve of this butterfly, at Kausali in 1889 (and from whose 
drawing our figures are taken), says “it feeds on the Bahn-Ilex-Oak (Quercus incana), 
and rests on the upper surface of the leaf, laying along the centre rib, on a silken web, 
which it spins for itself like a cradle; head facing towards the stem, and drawn down 
so that the horns are in prolongation of the body. The larvae were obtained May 
16th, 1889, changed to chrysalis May 26th, and the imago emerging June 9th, 1889.” 


SEPHISA CHANDRA (Plate 198, fig. 1, la, b,c, g 9; Plate 199, fig. 1, la, b,c, 2). 
Castalia Chandra, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. Company, i. p. 200, pl. 6, a, fig. 4, g (1857). 
Waterhouse’s Aid, i. pl. 8, 9 (1880). 
Sephisa Chandra, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc, Bengal, 1882, p. 60; Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 46 
(1886). Staudinger, Lep, Exot. pl. 55, ¢ (1885). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside blue-black; cilia alternated with white. Forewing 
crossed by an inner discal excurved rich ochreous-yellow macular band composed of 
four portions disconnected by the black veins, and an outer discal oblique straight 
white macular band composed of five spots, the three upper of which are the 
narrowest, the fourth cordate or ovate, the fifth smaller and ovate; beyond are 
three subapical superposed small white spots, the lowest being minute, followed by 
a submarginal decreasing series of more or less obscurely-defined spots and a less 
distinct marginal slender macular line, both of which are either bluish-white or dull 
ochreous ; sometimes a small slender ochreous streak is present within the basal 
interspace of the upper and middle median veinlets. Hindwing with the medial 
discal area broadly from base of the cell rich ochreous-yellow, traversed by the black 
veins, and marked by a small more or less apparent black spot above base of the 
middle median veinlet, beyond which is a submarginal row of broad rich ochreous- 
yellow obconical spots, followed by a marginal slender lunular bluish-white or dull 
ochreous line ; sometimes a small subanal bluish-white speckled spot is present 
between the middle and lower median interspace. Underside somewhat paler, the 
black colour more or less greenish tinged, with markings similar to the upperside, 
but somewhat broader and more prominent. Forewing also with the base of the 
costa, a spot within base of the cell, and another below the cell bluish-white. 
Hindwing also with three basal costal and two subcostal spots also bluish-white ; the 
discocellular black spot large, the upper discal interspaces sometimes tinged with 


30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


white. Body above black; collar and front white spotted ; palpi above black, white 
beneath ; thorax and abdomen beneath black, spotted with white ; lees black ; fore legs 
white beneath ; middle and hind femora white beneath ; antenne black ; eyes reddish. 

Female Potymorpuic. Forewing with the apex broader than in the male, 
and the outer margin less irregular. Hindwing broader and less sinuous, 

First Form (Plate 198, fig. 1, b, c). Upperside paler than in male, being of an 
olivescent fuliginous-black, palest apically ; markings of the forewing similar to male, 
except that the two discal macular bands are reduced in size, the subapical spots slightly 
larger, the submarginal series broader, but less defined; the two middle portions of 
the inner discal macular band are partly whitish speckled externally, and the lower 
portion olivescent-blue speckled; the lower median basal interspace, the base of the 
cell, and the discocellular area also blue-speckled. Hindwing with broader discal, 
submarginal and marginal markings than in male, the discal area being paler 
ochreous-yellow, the submarginal spots partly whitish, and the marginal line white, 
the latter with blue-speckled edges. Underside as inthe male, HExpanse, 3,% inches, 

Szconp Form (Plate 199, fig. 1). Upperside similar to the first form, but 

differs on the forewing in the two lower portions of the inner macular band being 

entirely white, the upper portion within the cell only being ochreous-yellow, and 
the basal interspaces more brightly blue-speckled. On the hindwing the discal, 
submarginal, and lunular interspaces are all white. Underside with similar white 
interspaces. Hxpanse, 3 to 3,9 inches, 

Tuirp Form (Plate 199, fig. 1, a). Upperside blacker than in the first and 
second form. Forewing with the inner and outer discal macular band composed of 
smaller and less defined white spots, the lower portions being blue-and-black-speckled. 
Hindwing with the discal interspaces restricted to narrow streaks, and these, with 
the submarginal spots and marginal line are blue-and-black-speckled. Underside 
similar to the upperside, except that the discal and submarginal interspaces are 
tinged with ochreous. Hxpanse, 3 to 3% inches, 

Fourta Form (Plate 199, fig. 1, b,c). Upperside of a dark rich purple-black 
colour. Forewing slightly olivescent at the apex; the discal macular bands partly 
obsolescent, the inner series being composed of a slender ochreous-yellow constricted 
streak within the cell, the two next portions represented by a cluster of blue scales ; 
of the outer series, the three upper spots are very small and white, the two lower 
represented by a cluster of blue scales. Hindwing with the discal interspaces 
slightly blue scaled, the submarginal conical spots and marginal lunules being 
prominent and entirely blue scaled, Underside. Forewing with the basal, 
discocellular, and lower discal spots, all blue scaled, the ochreous-yellow cell spot 
constricted. Hindwing similar to the third form, except that the upper discal spot 
and a discocellular spot are both more prominently ochreous-yellow. Hxpanse, 3, 


NYMPHALINA, (Group POTAMINA,) 31 


inches. This form has a somewhat general resemblance to the species of the genus 
Amesia, a day-flying moth, of the family Zygenide, and of which it is probably a 
mimic. Hxpanse, d 2,6 to 3,4, % 3 to 8,5 inches. 

Hasirat.— Nepal; Sikkim; Upper Assam; Khasias; Burma; Upper Siam. 

Disrxteution.—Numerous specimens of both sexes of this species were taken 
by the late General G. Ramsay whilst Government Resident in Nepal. Of these 
we possess several males and polymorphic females. “The Indian Museum, 
Calcutta, has specimens from Nepal, Sibsagar in Assam taken by Mr. S, E. Peal, 
and one female from Shillong, taken by Dr. Johnson, is in Major Marshall’s 
collection” (Butt. Ind. ii. 47), ‘The males are not very common in Sikkim, and 
are found at low elevations in the summer. The females are very variable, and 
appear to be in process of mimicking some species of Danaine”’ (de Nicéville, 
Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 339) 
it is “not uncommon in Sikkim before and after the rains, but local; the female, 
however, is much rarer.”’ In Colonel C. Swinhoe’s collection is a female (of the 
form No, 4) from Cherra Punji, Mr, W. Doherty obtained it in the Naga Hills 
(P.Z.S. 1891, 273). Dr, N. Manders, in his Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan 
States, Burma (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), records its occurrence “ rarely at elevations 
of 3000 feet, males only being taken.’ It was also obtained in the Upper Mekong 
Valley Shan States, Siam, by Mr. Richard Roberts, C,H, 

Curnuse ALLIED Species or Srpuisa.—Sephisa princeps (Apatura princeps, Fixsen, 
Rom, Mem, Lep. iii. p. 289, pl. 18, fig. 7 (1887). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 151, 
pl. 14, figs. 5, 6, d ¢ (1892). Syn, Apatura Cauta, Leech, P.Z.S, 1887, p, 417, pl. 35, 
fig.2, Sephisaalbomacula, Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 190, Habitat. China, Corea, 


Genus HESTINA. 
Hestina, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 281 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 160 
(1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p, 55 (1886). Staudinger and Schitts, Lep. Exot. 
p. 133 (1887). 
Hestina (sect. 2), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 25 (1861). 

Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongate-triangular ; costa very slightly arched, apex 
broad and obtusely rounded, exterior margin concave in the middle, uneven, posterior 
margin long and straight ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end 
of the cell; discocellulars short; the cell open. Hindwing short, triangularly- 
ovate; exterior margin convex, scalloped; precostal vein straight and with a 
lengthened bifurcate tip; subcostal branches and radial emitted close together: 
cell open. Body robust; palpi laxly clothed with fine hairs, apical joint rather long, 
pointed ; antennz slender, with a well formed club; eyes naked. Sexes similar. 

Type.—H. Nama, 


32 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Note on the Genus Hestina.—Westwood (Gen. D. Lep. 281) in his short diagnosis 
of this genus evidently took Nama as his typical species, for he says ‘second 
subcostal nervule of forewing arising close to the origin of the upper discocellular 
nervule.”” This characteristic of the genus occurs only in Nama, and this species, 
moreover, 1s the one that is figured on the plate, and must therefore be taken as the 
type. In all the other species cited by Westwood under Hestina, the second 
subcostal is emitted beyond the upper end of the cell. 

Mimicry.—The species of Hestina are admirable mimics of the Limnaine genus 
Caduga, v.e. C. Tytia (see Plate 15, Vol. I.), etc. 


HESTINA NAMA (Plate 200, fig. 1, la, b, d @). 
Diadema Nama, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 232 ; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. of 
D. Lep. pl. 39, fig. 2 (1850). 
Hestina Nama, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 281 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. L Company, 
i. p. 162 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 56, pl. 12, fig. 99, 9 (1886). Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 446, pl. 48, fig. 9, g (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 142 (1892). 
Ivaco.—Male. Forewing purpurescent blue-black, with bluish-white markings, 
consisting of a longitudinal streak extending along lower base of the cell, followed 
by (and sometimes partly coalescent with) a short angulate bar across the middle of 
the cell, and then by a triangular discocellular spot; above the two former are 
also two very small spots, and above the latter a small short narrow streak; across 
the inner discal area is a series of elongated outwardly-bifid streaks, the one between 
the median and submedian being cleft to near its base; beyond these is a recurved 
proximate series of lunate spots, followed by a submarginal and a marginal row of 
lunules, of which the anteriorly disposed are the shortest, small, and are more or 
less ovate; the inner margin from the base to near the outer angle is thickly 
speckled with grey scales. Hindwing deep bright or dusky chestnut-red, the outer 
marginal area being the darkest; the veins black ; a bluish-white streak extending 
from the base to the dise between the veins from the costa to the abdominal margin, 
the median streaks shortest and bifid at their end, beyond which is a recurved 
submarginal row of small rounded spots and then a marginal row of more or less 
obscurely-defined lunate points. Cilia of both wings alternately edged with white. 
Underside. Horewing with the basal and posterior area bluish-black, the apex dull 
chestnut-red, with all the markings as on upperside, but more clearly defined. 
Hindwing bright chestnut-red, deepest along exterior border; marked as on the 
upperside ; the discal streaks being more or less irrorated with red scales, the upper 
discal spots larger and the marginal lunate points well defined. Body black, grey 
streaked above and white spotted beneath; collar and front white spotted; palpi 
black, each joint with a white spot below; forelegs white above, black beneath ; 
middle and hind legs black above and white beneath ; antennz black; eyes reddish. 


NYMPHALINA. (Group POTAMINA.) / Bg 


Female. Upperside and underside as in the male; markings the same. 
Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 3;&, % 4,% to 4;% inches. 

Hasirat.—W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma; 
Shan Hills. 

Distrisution.—H. Nama has a wide range, extending from Kashmir on the 
West through the Himalayas Hastward to Burma and Siam. We possess specimens 
from Kashmir taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed, Naini Tal from Mr. W. 5S. 
Atkinson’s collection, from Sikkim, taken in March, and also from the Runjeet 
Valley, Sikkim, taken in October, and others from Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. 
According to Mr. L. de Nicéville ‘it is common in the Hastern Himalayas, and 
occurs in the Khasia and Naga Hills, and the mountain ranges of Upper Burma. 
The female is much less often seen in collections than the male, though at low 
elevations in Sikkim in the late autumn it is very common, flying or soaring about 
im open spaces on the borders of forests, and exactly mimicking Caduga T'ytia, both 
in appearance and habits. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses the species 
from Nepal, Silhet, Khasia Hills, Sibsagar, Naga Hills, and also specimens obtained 
by the Yunan Expedition’’ (Butt. Ind. 1. 57). In the Sikkim Gazetteer (1894, 
135), Mr. de Nicéville also says that “it occurs in Sikkim as high as 6000 feet, but 
is more common from 2000 to 4000 feet.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
340) records it as “very common in Sikkim up to 6000 feet, but most abundant 
at 8000 to 4000 feet, from March to December, the females being found abundant 
as well as the males.” In Burma, Major C. H. E. Adamson (List Butt. Burm. 13) 
records it from the “ Arakan Hills and Bhamo. Scarce.” Lieut. D. Thompson 
(J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1890, 296) took it in the Chin-Lushai country during the 
Expedition from the Chittagong side in the winter of 1889-90.” Mr. F. E. 
Dempster (J. Bomb. N. H. 8. 1890) obtained it at “ Choungkwa, Toungtek, and 
Laivar, in March, and at Lamtok in April,” during the same Expedition from the 
Burmese side of the Hills. 

Dr. N. Manders, in his Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan States, Burma 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), says it ‘is very common all the year round. In the 
cold weather being found commonly on the tops of the limestone outcrops, which are 
so common in the Shan States, and rise to a height of 500 to 600 feet above 
the surrounding plain.” 

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant, Rhop. Malay. 446), and in 
Sumatra. It is also recorded from Upper Siam and Western China. 

Mrimicry.—Both sexes of H. Nama are admirable mimics of the Limnaine 
butterfly Caduga Tytia,* both in appearance, and, according to the observations made 


* For Caduga Tytia see Lep. Ind. i. plate 15. 
VOL. III. F 


34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


by Mr. L. de Nicéville, also in its habits, ‘‘ flying or soaring about in open spaces on 
the borders of forests.” 

Inpo-Matayan ALLiep Species or Hestina.—Hestina mimetica, Butler, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 426. Snellen, Tijd. voor Hntom. 1894, p. 67, pl. 3, fig. 1, d. 
Habitat. Java.—Hestina Caroline, Snellen, Tijd. voor Entom, 1890, p. 218. 
Habitat. Sumatra. 


Genus PARHESTINA. 


Hestina (sect. 1), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 25 (1861). 
Hestina (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 55 (1886). 
Diagora, Snellen, Tijd. voor Entom. 1894, p. 67.* 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, triangular ; costa more arched than in typical 
Hestina (Nama), apex narrower; exterior margin less concave, almost even; first 
subcostal branch emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, second at one-sixth 
beyond the end; discocellulars somewhat longer. Hindwing broadly ovate, apex 
and exterior margin very convex, exterior margin slightly uneven and somewhat 
angulate in the middle; precostal vein short, straight, truncate at the tip; radial 
emitted at some distance from base of the second subcostal. Palpi shorter, more 
compactly clothed, apical joint short and thick; antenne shorter, club shorter ; 
eyes hairy. Sexes similar. 

Larva.—Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., describes that of P. nigrivena, of Hong Kong, 
as being “slug-like, smooth, green, with two branched horns on the head.” 

Typx.—P. persimilis. 

Muwcry.—All the species are more or less mimetic, and the typical species of 
this genus are probably mimics of certain Limnaine butterflies of the genus Tirumala, 
others also having a general resemblance to the Pierine genus Metaporia. 

Hasirs.—According to Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. i. 56) “they are not 
very strong on the wing or rapid in flight, and they frequent glades in forests and 
orchards at moderate elevations.” 


PARHESTINA PERSIMILIS (Plate 201, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 


Hestina persimilis, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 281 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, 

i. p. 161 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 58 (1886). 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside blue-black, with pale olivescent-white markings. 
Forewing with a short claviform olivescent-white streak within base of the cell, a 
shorter angulate bar across the middle and two very short pointed spots at the end 


* Tnadmissible ; being the name of a synonym of one of the species included in the genus. Moreover 
the name Diagoras has been previously used. 


NYMPHALINZE, (Group POTAMINA.) 35 


of the cell, beyond which is a discal curved series of spots, the fourth (in the upper 
median interspace) being the smallest, and the next the largest, followed by a 
recurved submarginal row of more rounded spots, and then a marginal row of small 
dentate spots ; below base of the median vein is an elongated more or less bitid 
claviform streak. Hindwing with pale olivescent-white basal and discal interspaces, 
followed by an outer discal series of spots, of which the two upper are large and 
elongated, and the two lower very small, beyond which is a submarginal row of 
lunate spots, and then a marginal row of dots. In some specimens all the markings 
are pale bluish-white, in others the outer rows of spots only are whitish. Underside 
paler, the posterior and basal area of forewing and the outer border of hindwing 
posteriorly being blue-black, the apical area of the forewing and basal area of hind- 
wing more or less pale olivescent brown; the markings, as on the upperside, olivescent 
yellowish-white or bluish-white on the forewing. Body, palpi, and legs black; 
thorax and abdomen above fringed with grey hairs at the sides, spotted with white 
beneath; collar and front white spotted; palpi with a basal white spot beneath ; 
forelegs white spotted; middle and hind femora white beneath; antenne black; 
eyes reddish, hairy. 

Female. Upperside duller black; markings similar to the male, but larger, 
more elongated, and all pale olivescent-white ; the bifid streak below the median of 
the forewing coalesced with the lower submarginal spots. Underside as in the male, 
but paler. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2;%, ? 2,5 to 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—Hastern Himalayas. 

DistrizuTion.—We possess two males and one female from Nepal, taken by the 
late General G. Ramsay. “It also occurs in Sikkim. It probably occurs at low 
elevations, but little is known about it. The males are rare, the females still more 
so. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon reports that it is not uncommon at the foot of the Hills in 
Daling” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 135). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. 
Soc. 1888, 341) says it is “quite rare in Sikkim, and apparently only found at low 
elevations, though in Simla,* it occurs at from 4000 to 7000 feet.” 

Mimicry.—This species is probably a mimic of the common Limnaine butterfly 
Tirumala Limniace. 


PARHESTINA ZELLA (Plate 201, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 9). 


Hestina Zella, Butler, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 9, fig. g. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 240. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 58 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside differs from P. persimilis in the ground 


* P. Zella is probably the species here intended. 
F 2 


86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


colour being of a pale fuliginous-black; all the markings less defined and paler, the 
basal and discal markings being comparatively larger, and these latter nearly con- 
fluent in the male, whilst in the female they are even more confluent, and occupy 
nearly the whole of the interspaces between the veins. Underside. Both sexes very 
much paler than the uppersides, the markings even less defined and olivescent 
yellowish-white, and, in the female, the entire underside is olivescent yellowish- 
white, the veins only being blackish, and the markings very obscurely apparent. 

Expanse, g 2;%, 9 3 inches. 

Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. 

Distrisution.—This is probably the Western Himalayan form of the preceding 
species. We possess a male and three females from the Deyra Dhoon, and a female 
from the Umballa District taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed. Under the name of 
the preceding species Mr. de Nicéville states that he “has taken several specimens 
in Simla and the neighbourhood, chiefly on over-ripe fruit,” and that ‘ at Masuri 
the larva feeds on Celtis australis”? (Sikkim Gazetteer 1894, 135). Col. A. M. Lang 
(Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864-5, 183) records it from the ‘‘ Himalaya at 4000 to 7000 feet, 
three specimens being taken, one in a narrow glen, well wooded with undergrowth, 
the other two in an orchard of plum and apricot, on the ripe fruit of which these 
insects were settling, both on the trees and on the fallen fruit below.” 


PARHESTINA MENA (Plate 202, figs. 1, la, ¢). 


Hestina Mena, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 48, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. 
p- 59 (1886). 
Diadema Mena, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1865, p. 398, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside black. Forewing with pale yellowish base of the 
costal border, a broad streak within the cell, three elongated streaks beyond the 
cell, a transverse inner discal series of elongated streaks, followed by an outer discal 
series of rounded spots, a submarginal series of similar but slightly smaller spots, 
and then by a marginal row of still smaller spots; the two discal and submarginal 
series almost confluent, and the streak between the lower median and submedian 
divided to near its base. Hindwing with only the veins and a submarginal series of 
lunules black, the entire interspaces between the veins being pale yellowish. Under- 
side similar to the upperside, except that the veins only and a submarginal series of 
obscure lunules are black, the interspaces between the veins being very pale 
olivescent-yellow; the discal area of the hindwing being of a slightly brighter 
yellowish tint. Body above blackish, white beneath; thorax white banded ; collar 
and head with white spots; palpi black, but white on the outside of base of second 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group POTAMINA.) 37 


joint; legs black ; fore tibia and tarsus with anterior white band; middle and hind 
femora white beneath, tarsus with white bands. Eyes naked. 

Expanse, 3 3,% inches. 

Hasitat.— Unknown. 

Note.—The type specimen of the male is the only one known to us, and of 
which our illustration is a representation. The exact locality of this species is yet 
to be determined. 


PARHESTINA NICEVILLEI (Plate 202, figs. 2, 2a, 3). 
Hestina Zella, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1893, p. 65, pl. 1, fig. 2, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Outer margins of the wings slightly scalloped. Upperside. 
Both wings blacker than in P. Mena, the markings somewhat of a deeper pale yellow, 
and brighter yellow on the abdominal margin. Forewing with the cell area and the 
discal streaks more thickly black-speckled, the discal streak between the medians 
narrower and entire, those of the upper series differently shaped at their outer end, 
the outer-discal series of spots different, the lower median spot of this series being 
very small, the upper three disposed in an incurved series, there being also a fourth 
upper very small spot, which is not present in P. Mena; the submarginal row of 
spots are placed somewhat nearer the margin, and are small, narrow, except the 
npper which is dentate; the marginal are not present. Hindwing with the veins 
and the outer border broadly black ; the latter bearing a submarginal series of eight 
yellow spots, of which the upper one is small and oval, the next large and conical, 
the rest decreasing in size; beyond these is a marginal medial row of small spots. 
Underside with all the veins and outer border more broadly black, the markings 
deeper pale yellow on the forewing and brighter yellow on the hindwing. forewing 
with similarly disposed and shaped, but prominent markings, as on upperside, except 
that the three upper discal and submarginal series are dentate, those of the lower 
series being similar, followed by a marginal row of small dentate spots. Hindwing 
with a prominent series of yellow submarginal spots extending from base of the 
costal vein to the anal angle, the two between the upper subcostal and the radial 
broadly dentate, the others oval; beyond is a marginal row of small spots, of which 
the upper three are narrow and the lower round; a discal series of elongated yellow 
streaks from the upper subcostal to the submedian, of which the two upper and the 
lowest is incised at the outer end, the other two (between the median veinlets) being 
short and oval. 

Expanse, d 3,% inches. 

Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas. 

DisrrisuTioy.—A single specimen of the male of this species was taken by 


38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Mr. L. de Nicéville, on May 22nd, 1879, on the forest-clad road between Chumba 
and Kujiah. 

Mimicry.—Mr. de Nicéville remarks (l.c.) that “ when capturing this insect it 
at once struck me that it was an excellent mimic, both in the slow and sailing mode 
of its flight, and in general appearance, of Metaporia Caphusa, which is an ex- 
ceedingly common Pierine butterfly in the spring in many parts of the outer N.W. 
Himalayas, and which latter is, doubtless, a protected species. It is more probable 
that this species mimics the Pierine butterfly rather than a Danaid [Limnaine], 
especially as on the underside both species are washed with yellow on the hindwing, 
which the Danaids are not.” 

Our illustration of this species is a reproduction of Mr. de Nicéville’s figure in 
the Asiatic Society’s Journal, as above cited. 

Cuinese AND Inpo-Matayan Svectes or Parnestina.—Parhestina assimilis (Papilio 
assimilis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 479 (1758). Clerck, Icones pl. 16, fig. 1, 2 (1764). 
Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 17, figs. 8, 4 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. u. pl. 154, 
fig. a. (1779). Hestina assimilis, Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pl. 47, ¢ (1885). Leech, 
Butt. China, etc., p. 143. Habitat. H. Tibet, China, Hong Kong, Corea.—Parhes- 
tina Formosana, n. sp. Matr.—Smaller than the same sex of T. assimilis. Fore- 
wing shorter, more triangular in form ; costa more regularly arched, exterior margin 
more oblique and concave in the middle. Hindwing also shorter, and the 
exterior margin more angular at end of the upper and lower median veinlets. 
Upperside blacker, the markings similar but widely separated and well defined. 
Forewing with a basal and widely separated anterior spot within the cell, the basal 
streaks between lower median and the submedian divided transversely into two 
portions—basal and discal. Hindwing with the discal white markings narrower, the 
three upper discal streaks broken, the row of submarginal white spots continuing to 
the anal angle, with an intervening lower series of small crimson spots, having black 
and white speckled centres, disposed between them and the lower discal streaks ; 
marginal row of white spots small. Underside olivescent-black, markings as on 
upperside, sharply defined ; forewing with two superposed crimson speckled spots 
below the submedian disposed between the two submarginal and outer discal spots. 
Expanse, 8 inches. Habitat. Formosa (Coll. Moore).—Parhestina nigrivena 
(Hestina nigrivena, Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 31; Butt. China, etc., p. 144, pl. 20, 
fig. 4, ¢ (1893). Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 1891, Hest. pl. figs. 1, 2. 
Habitat. C. China.—Parhestina Oberthuri (Hestina Oberthuri, Leech, Entom. 1890, 
p- 82; Butt. China, ete., p. 147, pl. 20, fig. 7, ¢ (1893). Grose Smith and Kirby, 
Rhop. Exot. Hest. pl. figs. 5, 6 (1891). Habitat. W. China.—Parhestina viridis 
(Hestina viridis, Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 32; Butt. China, etc., p. 143, pl. 20, fig. 3, 
3 (1893). Habiiat. C. China.—Parhestina subviridis (Hestina subviridis, Leech, 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group POTAMINA.) 89 


Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 27; Butt. of China, etc., p. 145, pl. 20, fig. 8, ¢ (1893). 
Habitat. W. China.—Parhestina intermedia (Hestina intermedia, Leech, Butt. of 
China, etc., p. 145, Habitat. Moupin, W. China.—Parhestina Yankowskii (Hestina 
Yankowskii, Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 2, Hest. pl. 1, figs. 8, 4 (1891). 
Habitat. W. China.—Parhestina Japonica (Apatura Japonica, Felder, Wien. Entom. 
Monats. 1862, p. 27; Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 23, pl. 5, fig. 8. Diagora Japonica, 
Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1894, p. 67. Syn. Diadema Diagoras, Hewitson, Exot. 
Butt. D. pl. 1, fig. 1 (1863). Habitat. Japan.—Parhestina australis (Hestina 
australis, Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 146, pl. 20, fig. 5, ¢ (1893). Habitat. 
Japan.—Parhestina Chinensis (Hestina Chinensis, Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 146, 
pl. 20, fig. 6, ¢ (1893). Habitat. Moupin, W. China. 

Genus Sasaxia.*—Male. Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in 
Hestina and Parhestina. Forewing with the apex more pointed, exterior margin 
less oblique ; cell area much broader, the upper portion shorter; upper discocellular 
emitted opposite the middle and lower medians, the discocellulars being longer and 
the lower bent obliquely inward; first subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths 
before end of the cell, the second branch close before end of the cell. Hindwing 
broadly ovate, exterior margin convex, scalloped, but not angulated in the middle; 
precostal vein moderately long and incurved ; cell area broad. Body very robust; 
palpi much longer, more slender, and laxly hairy along the sides; apical joint long, 
slender, cylindrical; antennz long, stout, club elongated ; eyes naked. Typr.—s. 
Charonda.—Sasakia Charonda (Diadema Charonda, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. D. pl. 1, 
figs. 2, 38, d ¢ (1863). Huripus Charonda, Leech, Butt. China, Japan, &., p. 149. 
Habitat. Japan.—Sasakia Coreana (Euripus Coreanus, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1837, p. 418, pl. 36, figs. 1, la, d 2. Habitat. Corea, 


Genus EURIPUS. 


Euripus, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 41 (1848), Westwood, id. p, 293 (1850). Menétries, Imp. 
Acad. Sci. Petr. (1855), p.34. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 198 (1857). Felder, Neues 
Lep. p. 26 (1861). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p, 133 (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. 
p. 15 (1886). Semper, Reisen, Phil. Lep. p. 82 (1887). Staudinger and Schitts, Lep. Exot. 
p. 134 (1887). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 147 (1893). 


Tuaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, 
exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle, uneven, and angulate at end of 
the lower median veinlet ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of 
the cell, second at about one-fourth beyond the cell; discocellulars short, radials from 


* Named after our friendly correspondent, Professor C. Sasaki, of the Imperial University, Tokio, 
Japan, 


40 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


angle close to subcostal and the lower end; cell open; middle and lower median 
veinlet very wide apart. Hindwing subquadrate ; costa much arched at the base, 
apex convex, exterior margin scalloped and broadly angular in the middle and 
at anal angle; precostal vein thickened and bent outward at the middle; cell 
open. Body stout; palpi porrect, short, apical joint thick and obtusely pointed ; 
antenne with an elongated club; eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar. Female 
polymorphic. 

Typs.—H. Halitherses. 

PoLymorPHisM AND Mimrcry.—Whereyer the species of this genus are found the 
females are very variable. In some species the females are distinctly polymorphic, 
and are mimics of species of Hupleine butterflies, occurring with them, so closely, as 
to be easily mistaken for them on the wing, the resemblance being not only in shape 
and markings, but also in the manner of flights and in the habit of resting in 
exposed positions. 

The males have quite a different appearance, their flight is rapid instead of 
soaring, and they rest with closed instead of open wings. (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 
u. 16.) 


EURIPUS HALITHERSES (Plate 203, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, e, 6 9; 204, fig. 1, a, b,c, 2). 


Euripus Halitherses, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 41, fig. 2, ¢ (1848). Westwood, 
Gen. D. Lep. p. 293 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 199(1857). de Niceville, 
Butt. of India, ete., ii p. 18, pl. 20, fig. 90, ¢ 2 (1886); zd. Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1887), 
p- 51. Staudinger, Lep. Hxot. pl. 48, ¢ 2 (1885). 

Diadema Nyctelius, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. (1845), p. 182, 9; id. Gen. D. Lep. p. 281, pl. 37, 
Mey MeO) 

Hestina Isa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 161 (1857), 2. 

Euripus Haliartus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1860, p. 234, 9. 

Euri}-us Cinnamomeus, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 272, pl. 4, fig. 4, 2. 

Euripus Alcuthoéoides, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 20 (1886), 9. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside blue-black, with pale yellowish-white markings. 
Forewing with two pale yellowish-white short slender streaks within base of the cell, 
a lobate spot at end of the cell, a transverse excurved discal series of spots, of which 
the three upper are small and narrow, the fourth smaller and triangular, the next 
situated between the middle and lower median veinlet being much larger and longi- 
tudinally oval, beyond which is a submarginal series of six ill-formed <-shaped 
marks ending below in a short streak on the posterior margin before the angle, 
followed by a marginal posterior row of very bluish-white dots; between the median 
and submedian vein is a lengthened claviform streak, extending from the base, 
and is sometimes continuous with a short streak splitting the lower <-shaped sub- 
marginal mark, there also being sometimes present a slightly-defined slender line 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group POTAMINA.) 41 


above and below the clavate end of the streak. Hindwing with the costal border 
paler and of a purplish tint; the discal interspaces from the subcostal vein to the 
abdominal margin pale yellowish-white, the traversing veins being broadly black, 
followed by a submarginal and then a marginal row of small bluish-white pointed 
dots disposed in pairs between the veins, the anterior of the former series being con- 
fluent and obscurely dilated. Underside olivescent fuliginous-brown, the posterior 
border of forewing and posterior area of the outer border of hindwing being suffused 
with blue-black. Both wings with whitish markings, as on upperside. Body black, 
thorax and abdomen with white bands; collar and front, and palpi beneath white 
spotted; legs black; forelegs with white bands; middle and hind femora white 
beneath ; antennz black ; eyes red, naked. 

Female.—Polymorphic and mimetic. 

First Form.—tIsa, Moore (Plate 203, fig. 1, b.c). Upperside purplish blue- 
black, brightest apically. Forewing with a bluish-white broad short oblique upper 
discal band from the costa to the middle median intersected by the veinlets; a very 
obscure bluish-white oblique streak at end of the cell, and a more or less complete 
marginal row of small white spots, which latter are slender and somewhat elongated 
at apical end. Hindwing with the medial discal area from the subcostal vein to the 
abdominal margin bluish-white, intersected by the veinlets; followed by a sub- 
marginal and then a marginal row of blue-white spots. Underside uniformly 
fuliginous-black, marked as above. Mimics the male of the Hupleine butterflies 
Danisepa Rhadamanthus and D. Ramsayi. 

Expanse, 23 to 33 inches. 

Srconp Form (Plate 208, fig. d, e.) Upperside purplish fuliginous-black, more 
or less darker and blue tinted apically on the forewing. forewing with a bluish- 
white broad oblique upper discal band, intersected by the veins, as in the first form, 
but the band is somewhat broader and less sharply defined, below which is a more or 
less obscure elongated white-speckled streak with cleft outer end, and below this is a 
similar cleft-spot between the median and submedian, followed below by a streak along 
the posterior angle; a more or less obscure white-speckled oblique streak at end of 
the cell ; and a marginal row of small distinct bluish-white pointed spots, of which 
two are disposed together between the veins, and the upper slender and elongate. 
Hindwing with the basal and discal area bluish-white, this colour also extending, and 
more or less coalescing with the submarginal row of large rounded spots, beyond 
which is a marginal row of prominent smaller triangular spots in pairs, which latter 
are usually conjoined between the veins. Underside more uniformly fuliginous- 
black ; marked as on upperside. Mimics the female of Danisepa Rhadamanthus. 

Expanse, 3 to 34 inches. 

Turd Form.—Alcathoéoides, de Nicéville. Upperside. Forewing hair-brown, 

von. mt. July 10th, 1896. G 


49 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


the outer margin towards anal angle very slightly paler, and showing just the faintest 
trace of the discal band from the costa, which is present in Isa ; the marginal dots and 
streaks present, but hardly visible. Hindwing hair-brown ; a discal series of whitish 
spots between the veins, the four upper ones round and equal-sized, the fifth in the 
second median interspace larger and diffused inwardly, the one in the space below 
elongated into a streak, the one in the submedian interspace still longer and bifur- 
cated outwardly ; some obscure streaks on the abdominal margin above the anal 
angle. The usual whitish spots in pairs in the margin. Underside. Both wings 
paler, the inner margin of the forewing pale purple, the marginal streaks and spots 
more distinct than above. Hindwing with a discal series of even round whitish spots, 
somewhat blurred at the anal angle, marginal spots as above. Apparently mimics 
the Hupleine butterfly Penoa Alcathoé. 

Fourrs Form (Plate 204, figs. 1, la). Upperside brown, the basal area blackish. 
Forewing with very faint traces of a whitish-speckled elongated streak between the 
basal interspace of the middle and lower veinlets, beyond which are three lower sub- 
marginal whitish-speckled lunate spots situated between the upper median and 
submedian, below which is a similar elongated streak before the posterior angle, and 
beyond a complete marginal series of small distinct white spots. Hindwing with a 
lower discal series of white-speckled spots which partially coalesce with a submarginal 
row of more distinct spots, beyond which is a marginal row of prominent small white 
spots. Underside with an ill-defined discal series of whitish spots merging into more 
distinct white rounded submarginal spots, beyond which is a marginal row of pro- 
minent white spots. Underside uniformly brown, with all the spots as on upperside 
more distinctly defined. 

Expanse, 3; inches. 

Firtax Form.—WNyctelius, Doubleday (Plate 204, fig. 1, b). Upperside purplish 
brownish-black. Forewing with the apical area broadly suffused with blue; a 
marginal series of small narrow oval purpurescent-whitish spots, disposed in pairs 
between the veins, and a less defined series of similar-coloured posteriorly-disposed 
submarginal rounded spots. Hindwing with the discal and outer interspaces broadly 
between the veins pale purpurescent-whitish, crossed by a submarginal shade and 
broken by a marginal series of dentate marks of the dark ground colour. Underside 
paler than above, with all the markings more clearly defined. A mimic of the 
Eupleine butterfly (?) Penoa Alcathoé or (?) Trepsichrois Linnxt, 

Expanse, 34 inches. 

Srxta Form.—Cinnamomeus, W. M. (Plate 204, fig. 1,c¢,d). ‘*‘Upperside. Fore- 
wing purplish black-brown, darkest at the base and along the edges; glossed with 
steel-blue on the disc; a conspicuous suboval or subtriangular patch of changeable 
lilac-blue divided by the dark veins, commencing broadly just in front of the ultimate 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group POTAMINA.) 43 


subcostal fork, and rapidly narrowing to the inner angle, and with an indistinct sub- 
marginal series of small roundish white spots placed upon the inner edge of the 
narrow black-brown outer border, and extending from the inner angle up to the 
third median nervule. Hindwing black-brown of a richer tint, broadly and inter- 
digitatingly bordered externally with clear cinnamon-brown, which is traversed by 
the dark brown veins, and bears, midway between the black base and the wavy 
purplish-black narrow outer border, a series of four impressed white specks all 
encircled internally with black-brown, one in each interspace from the first median 
to the second subcostal nervule, and, at its junction with the wavy black outer 
border, a similar but more complete series of white specks, two to each interspace 
(except the second, in which there are four, the middle one of the three being 
divided) from the internal nervure to the first subcostal nervule, and all roundish, 
except the first two, which present the form of linear marks parallel to the outer 
margin. Underside. Both wings cinnamon-brown, narrowly bordered externally 
with purplish black-brown, with the veins rich dark brown, and the submarginal 
spots more numerous and distinct than above. Forewing slightly darker for the 
basal two-thirds, with a short streak of pale lilac between the first and second 
median nervules near the base of the cell, and an ill-defined roundish clump of scales 
of the same colour beyond it, an externally forked streak of dark violet-blue occupy- 
ing the basal two-thirds of the interno-median area, and followed by an indistinct 
clump of violet-grey scales, a grey streak in the apical half of the inner margin, and 
a submarginal series of violet-white spots situated upon the inner edge of the black 
outer border, and extending from the inner margin to the apex, with all the spots 
round, except the first six (which have the form of linear streaks) and the last, which 
is elongate, and arranged two in each interspace except the eighth from the apex, in 
which there are three, and the last, in which there is only one. Hindwing uniformly 
coloured, with a discal series of seven violet-white spots and dots, arranged in two 
series, an anterior curved one of three, and a posterior straight one of four, the 
three foremost of which latter, with the last of the anterior series, coincide with the 
four impressed spots of the upperside ; and with a submarginal series of spots of the 
same colour, situation, and extent as in the forewing, but differing somewhat in shape, 
the last three being linear streaks parallel to the outer margin, and the rest more or 
less elongate, and those of each pair divergent externally as if they were the remain- 
ing outer ends or horns of lost lunules ” (W. Mason, l.c.). Mimics the Eupleine 
butterfly Penoa Alcathoé. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2,4, 2 3 to 34 inches, 

Hasirat.—H. Himalayas ; Assam; Silhet; Cachar; Manipur; Burma. 

Distrisution.—‘‘ This species, with both female forms, [sa and Cinnamomeus, 
occur in Sikkim; there are males in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Silhet, 

@ 2 


44, LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Cachar, Naga Hills and Sibsagar ; Mr. J. L. Sherwill has taken the female form Isa 
at Jorehat, Assam, in June; Shillong, also type of Cinnamomeus taken in November 
by Mr. J. P. Cock; and Upper Burma, taken by the Yunan Expedition. Mr. EH. T. 
Atkinson records it from the outer ranges of the Himalayas of the N.W. Pro- 
vinces ”’ (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 11. 20). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1888, 336) ‘‘the female forms Isa and Nyctelius, are both found in the Sikkim 
valleys up to about 3000 feet, with the male, from April until the end of the year, 
but are not abundant at any season.” In the Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 132, Mr. de 
Nicéville says: ‘‘ In Sikkim the males are common, the females rarer. It occurs in 
the low valleys from March to November.” 

We possess males from Sikkim, from Burma taken in the Thoungyeen forests, 
Tenasserim, by Capt. Bingham, and from the Karen Hills taken by Signor Leonardo 
Fea, who also took it at Cheba in November. Of females we possess the form 1 
(Isa) from Sikkim, form 2 also from Sikkim, and form 6 from Sikkim and Rajpore. 
Specimens of the female (form 2) from Shillong are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection, 
Cherra Punji and Sikkim in Col. C. Swinhoe’s collection. Of the female (form 3, 
Alcathoéoides), the typical specimen was taken in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper 
Tenasserim, in April, by Capt. C. T. Bingham. Of the form 4, a specimen from 
Cherra Punji is in Col. Swinhoe’s collection. Of form 5 (Nyctelius) the type, from 
Silhet, is in the British Museum collection. Specimens of this form, from Darjiling, 
were in Mr. W. 8S. Atkinson’s collection. Col. C. H. E. Adamson (List Butt. 
Burm. p. 11) records it from ‘‘ Arakan, Tenasserim and Bhamo, the males being very 
common on the lower ranges of hills from August to December. One female only 
seen and captured in Arakan, resembling EH. Rhadamanthus.” Burmese males, 
taken by Col. Adamson, on the underside of the hindwings, have the broad pale area 
of a dull pale testaceous colour, not yellow as in Sikkim specimens. A female, of the 
form Isa, isrecorded from Tavoy (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 422). Lieut. D. Thomson 
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 295), records its capture in the Chin-Lushai country 
during the Expedition, from the Chittagong side, in the winter of 1889-90. 


EURIPUS CONSIMILIS (Plate 205, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, ¢ 2). 


Hestina consimilis, Westwood, Gen. of D, Lep. p. 281 (1850), 9. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. C. 
i, p. 161 (1857). 

Euripus consimilis, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, 1881, p. 85, pl. 4, fig. 3, 2. Butler, 
Ann, Nat. Hist, 1882, p. 405. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 17 (1886). 

Euripus Hallirothius, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 293 (1850), g. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. C. 
i. p. 199 (1857). 

Euripus meridionalis, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 86, pl. 4, fig. 2, 9 (variety). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside blue-black, with pale yellowish-white markings, as in 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group POTAMINA.) 45 


E. Halitherses, except that, in the forewing, the oblique spot at end of the cell is 
angulated, and of equal width across the cell, but is sometimes slightly broken in its 
middle; the transverse discal, submarginal, and marginal markings formed of slender 
short streaks disposed in pairs between the veins, the lower discal spot smaller, the 
lengthened streak between the median and submedian is bluish-white, entire in its 
length, and of nearly equal width throughout. On the hindwing the basal and discal 
yellowish-white interspaces are much broader and entirely, or partially, include the 
upper submarginal elongated marks, the lower submarginal spots being large and 
bright carmine. Underside. Ground colour blue-black, with markings as on 
upperside, those on the forewing being bluish-white, and those on the hindwing 
yellowish-white (but in a Burmese specimen in the collection of Colonel C. H. E. 
Adamson, the markings on the underside of the hindwing are dull pale testaceous), 
the hindwing also having the basal interspaces bright carmine. 

Female. Upperside. Ground colour paler blue-black than in the male, with 
similarly disposed markings of a pale yellowish-white colour, or, in some specimens, 
of a pale pink-flushed bluish-white. Forewing with all the markings larger and 
broader, the two basal streaks conjoined, the upper discal and submarginal duplex 
streaks between the veins also conjoined, the streak below the median and that also 
below the submedian occupying the entire interspace and being blue-tinted at their 
base. Hindwing also with broader pale yellowish-white or bluish-white interspaces 
than in the male, the submarginal spots larger, broader, and all white. Underside 
as on the upperside, except that the basal interspaces of the hindwing are bright 
carmine, 

Varintizs.—Female. Some specimens have still broader markings on both 
wings, these markings being either pale-yellowish or bluish-white ; on the hindwings, 
in some, also the markings are almost all obsolete, the black veins, a separated or 
connected cluster of speckles on the middle of the three medians and a marginal 
macular band being the only markings, 

Expanse, d 2,4 to 2;%, ? 3 to 3,4 inches. 

Hasitat.— Himalayas ; Assam ; 8, India; Burma; Siam. 

DisrrizuTion.—Of this species we possess males from Deyra Dhoon and Nepal, 
and females (with pale yellowish-white markings) from Deyra Dhoon and N. W. 
Himalayas ; other females (with bluish-white markings) from Nepal, taken by the 
late General G. Ramsay, and also from Nowgong, Assam, taken by Mrs, Span. 
** The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses a pair of females taken by Col, Buckley 
at Masuri, two males from Buxa, Bhotan, one male from Sikkim, a female from 
Sikkim being in Mr, Otto Moller’s collection; one female from the Thoungyeen 
forests, Upper Tenasserim, taken by Capt, Bingham, and a female from Trevan- 
drum, Travancore. In Mr. W, Doherty’s collection there are a pair taken in 


46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


December on a Peak 5000 feet near Potingi, Jaipur State, Hastern Ghats; a female 
without locality in Col. A. M. Lang’s collection, and another from Cannanore, South 
India, in Col. J. H. McLeod’s collection, and Mr. H. T. Atkinson records it as rare 
from the Outer Himalayas of the North-West Provinces”? (Butt. Ind. ii. p.. 18). 
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 124) records ‘‘two females from Jhulaghat, 
East Kumaon.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 335) says “this species 
rarely occurs in the Sikkim Hills, but in the Terai, and as far out in The Plains as 
Jalpaiguri, it has been taken by Mr. A. V. Knyvett and Mr. Otto Méller, in July, 
August, and September.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 132) says 
this is one of the rarest of the butterflies of Sikkim. The male is always rarer 
than the female.” Major C. H. H. Adamson (List Butt. Burm. p. 11) records “ the 
capture of four males and one female in the Bhamo District ; males taken in October 
and November, on the Sinkan River, and female in May.’ Mons. G. A. Poujade 
(Nouy. Arch. du Mus. 8rd ser. iil. p. 263, pl. ii. fig. 3) records and figures a female 
taken near Bankok, Siam. 

Mimicry.—The males probably mimic the Limnaine butterfly Tirwmala Limniace, 
and it is suggested by Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 18) that the females 
probably mimic species of the protected Pierine genus Thyca. 

Inpo-ManaYAN AND CHINESE SPECIES oF Huripus, et0.—Huripus Pfeiffere, Felder, 
Wien. Ent. Monat. 1860, p. 235, pl. 3, fig. 1, ¢. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 135, fig. 
2. Syn. H. Hupleoides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. i. p. 415 (1866). Butler, 
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Distant, Rhop. Mal. p. 184, pl. 13, fig. 6, 7, 
S$ % (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra.—Huripus Borneensis, 
Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 54, ¢ ?. Mimics the Bornean Eupleine 
butterfly Danisepa Lowei. Habitat. Borneo.—Huripus Clytia, Felder, Reise 
Novara, Lep. iil. p. 415, pl. 55, fig. 7, ¢ (1866). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 83, 
pl. 15, fig. 8, 9, d ¢ (1887). Habitat. HE. Mindanao.—Huripus Ankeus, Semper, 
lc. p. 83, pl. 15, fig. 6, 7, d (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—Huripus Lucasioides, 
Semper, lc. p. 84, pl. 15, fig. 4, 5, ? (1887). Habitat. Mindanao.—ZHuripus 
Nysia, Semper, l.c. p. 84, pl. 15, fig. 11, 12,18, d 2 (1887). Habitat. S. Min- 
danao.—LHuripus funebris, Leech, Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 27; Butt. of China, etc., 
p. 150, pl. 16, fig. 1, ¢ (1898). Habitat. W. China. 

Genus AtpantA. Male. Forewing elongated, narrow; costa slightly arched at 
the base, apex rounded ; exterior margin oblique, slightly uneven; posterior margin 
much recurved from the base ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end 
of the cell, second branch at one-fifth beyond the cell, third at two-fifths ; discocel- 
lulars short, curved outward ; cell broad, open. Hindwing short, anterior margin 
convex, apex and exterior margin very convex, slightly uneven; precostal vein short 
and straight; subcostals and radial emitted from near costal vein ;. cell narrow, open. 


NYMPHALINZA (Group EUTHALIINA,) 47 


Body very hairy ; palpi slender, clothed with very long slender hairs ; antennz with 
a well-formed lengthened club; eyes naked,—Typz. A. Raddeii—Aldania Raddei 
(Diadema Raddei, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. 1861, p. 467. Neptis Raddei, Bremer, 
Lep. Ost-Siberia, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 9 (1864). Habitat, H, Siberia, Amurland. 


Group III. EUTHALIINA. 
Nymphalina (part), Herr. Scheffer, Prod, Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83 
(1882). 
Adoliades, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit, Mus. p. 86 (1869). 
Nymphalide (part), Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 110. 
Nymphalide (Euthalia group), Staudinger and Schitts, Exot. Schmett. p. 163 (1887). 
Euthaliina, Moore, Lep. Indica, ii. p. 225 (1895). 


CHARACTERS OF THE Group HUTHALIINA. 


Imaco.—Robust. Forewings broad, triangular; apex either obtusely pointed or 
rounded, or somewhat falcate ; exterior margin either slightly, but obtusely, scalloped, 
or nearly even. The costal vein either free in both sexes, or anastomosed to the 
first subcostal branch in both sexes, very rarely free in the male and anastomosed 
in the female, Cell in male either closed or open in both fore and hindwings, or 
rarely closed in the forewing and open in the hindwing. Hindwings short, broad, 
triangular or obovate, or sometimes subquadrate. Hyes naked; very rarely hairy, 

CatrrPittar.—Head slightly cleft and spiny or minutely hairy. Body armed 
with either an erect subdorsal and a lateral row of branched-spines, or with only a 
lateral row of very long horizontally-projecting branched-spines. 

CurysaLis.— Elongate and boat-shaped, with arched dorsum and bifid head, or, 
short and stout, with conically triangulate medio-dorsal keeled prominence, and 
bifid head. 

Eoac.—Unknown. 

Hasits or tHE Imaco,—‘* The Euthalias have a bold flight, and settle with wings 
both closed and open, the former more especially when alarmed. They are 
particularly partial to the juices of over-ripe fruit”’ (de Nicéville, J. A, S. Beng. 
1893, 45). The commonest and most widely spread species of the group, Huth. 
Garuda, frequents mangoe trees, and usually settles with wings widely spread open, 
and, I think, is less common in the jungle than it is about human dwellings, It 
loves to bask on old grey walls, and may be found making itself happy in the dirtiest 
part of the Native Town. I am quite sure it prefers the liquids which it sips from 
the roadside gutter to the nectar of any flower” (Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. §, 
1886, 134). ‘The species of Parthenos have a very beautiful and characteristic 


48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


flight, unlike any other butterfly known to me. It is very strong on the wing, and 
flies over high bushes and trees, and alights on the upperside of the leaves with 
open wide-spread wings. When flying it keeps the wings very level and parallel 
with the ground, the tips or apices of the forewings slightly depressed, it flaps the 
wings but seldom, and is much given to soaring” (de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 
1895, 414). 

Mimicry, AND PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE, IN Imaco.—Mr. W. Doherty notes 
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1889, 122) Kirontisa Telchinia as being a “mimic.” In general 
coloration and pattern of markings there is a similarity to species of Cynitia, 
which is an allied and apparently a “ protected” genus of the present group. 
According to the observations of Mr. L. de Nicéville, “the Tasinga anosia, which 
is generally found in river beds, where it is fond of resting with outspread wings 
on the face of large boulders, and from which [owing to its greenish-grey 
and mottled appearance] it is then scarcely distinguishable” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 
1894, 144). 

In addition to the genus Cynitia, as above noted, the species of the genus Nora 
are also, apparently, “‘ protected”; the males, in both these genera, possessing a 
conspicuous patch of glandular scales at the base of the upperside of the hindwing. 

Haprts, AND PRoTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE, Or Larva.— The larve of the genera 
Euthalia and Symphedra are amongst the most remarkable in butterflies. Project- 
ing from the body all round are long widely-branched spines somewhat resembling 
fern fronds. These spines spring in a single row from the sides, and when at rest 
on the surface of a leaf lie flat upon the leaf. The larvae are usually green, and 
though so conspicuous-looking when separated from their natural surroundings, are 
exceedingly well-hid and difficult to see when at rest in their usual position in the 
middle of a leaf. JI have often found the larve of Huth. Garuda at rest on the 
middle of a mangoe leaf, in which position it is very difficult to see, its body with 
the pale dorsal line answering to the midrib of the leaf, while the lateral branched 
spines pass for the other veins of the leaf on which it is resting, forming a 
remarkable instance of protective coloration, structure, and habit combined” 
(de Nicéville, Butt. India, 11. pp. 3, 192). 


Key ro tae Inpran (AnD Inpo-Marayan) GENERA OF EUTHALIINA. 


A. Oostal vein of forewing free, in male and female. 
a. Cell of forewing and of hindwing closed. 
a. Hyes naked ; ¢ ; : 4 . Parruenos. Bassarona.! Raneasa.? 
Nevurosiema. Dorszia’ Lisesusa.* 
Mawatpia.® 
b. Eyes hairy 5 ; : . Streocuiona, DicHORRAGIA. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 49 


b. Cell of forewing closed, of hindwing open. 
a. Eyes naked ; : ; : - . ABROTA. 
c. Cell of forewing and of hindwing open. 
a. Eyes naked ° : : C : . Sympazepra.® Kirontisa.? Sonepisa.? 
Eorgauia.!? CxHucapa.? 
B. Costal vein of forewing free in male, anastomosed to first subcostal branch in female. 
a. Cell of forewing and of hindwing open. 
a. Eyes naked ° ; A 5 P . Nora. Tasrnaa.!! 
©. Costal vein and first subcostal branch of forewing anastomosed, in male and female. 
a. Cell of forewing and of hindwing closed. 


a. yes naked : , ; : : . Zavarta.!3 Lapranga,!* 
b. Cell of forewing closed, of hindwing open. 
a. Eyes naked “ : . é : . Lexias.) Apottas.16 Marrutisa.!7 


Senapipa.!8 Camaraca!? Cynrtra.?? 
e. Cell of forewing and of hindwing open. 
a. Eyes nated : 5 : ; 3 . Tawnarcra.2! Passrrona.” Saparona.23 
HarambBat Buoasta.?? 


1 Type Teuta. 6 Type Nats. 11 Type Anosia. 16 Type Dirtea. 21 Type Pulasara. 

2  ,, Dunya. 7 4, Telehinia. 12 ,, Francie. 17 —«y, += Camescens. 22 4, Amisa. 

3 ,, Hvelina. 8 ,, Kesava. 13) 5, Patala. 18 ,, Satrapes. 23° ,, Cirbaritis. 

4 ,, Nara. 9 ,, Kanda. 144 ,, Durga. 19 4, Damalis. 24 4, Appiades. 

5 4, Sahadeva. 10 ,, Lwbentina. 15 4, ropus. 20 ,, Phlegethon. 25 4, Calliphorus. 


Genus PARTHENOS. 


Parthenos, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 38 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 46 (1881). 
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 143 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 147 (1886). 
Semper, Reisen, Phil. Lep. p. 97. 

Minetra, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 126 (1832). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 265 (1850). 


Tvaco.—Male. Wings large, broad. Forewing triangular; costa very slightly 
curved, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped, posterior 
margin short, angle convex ; costal vein extending to two-thirds of the costal 
margin, free from the subcostal in both sexes; first and second subcostal branches 
somewhat undulated, the first subcostal emitted before one-half length of the cell, 
second at one-sixth before the end, third at half length beyond the cell and curved 
upward, running close along second for some distance and ending at the apex, 
fourth and fifth on a short footstalk starting from near base of the third ; cell long, 
narrow ; upper discocellular extremely short, bent immediately below the subcostal, 
middle discocellular inwardly oblique and straight, lower discocellular concave and 
directed inward, radials from the upper and lower angles; upper median veinlet 
bent convexly upward beyond the cell and then extending parallel and at equal 
distance with lower branches, middle branch emitted before end of the cell, lower 
branch at a considerable distance before its end; submedian recurved near its base. 

VOL. IIT. H 


50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hindwing short, very broad, somewhat quadrate ; exterior margin scalloped, produced 
outward below the middle; costal vein much arched from the base and extending to 
the apex; precostal vein distinct, extending parallel with and joined to the costal— 
thus forming a closed precostal cell—and there throwing off a short bifid spur, 
towards the costa, immediately before its junction with the costal vein; cell very 
short; first and second subcostal branches emitted at about equal distances from 
upper base of cell; upper and lower discocellulars outwardly-oblique, each slightly 
concave, lower discocellular slender, radial from their middle; two upper median 
branches emitted from end of the cell, upper bent convexly near its base, lower 
from one-third before end of the cell; submedian curved near the base; internal 
vein straight, short. Body stout, abdomen short; palpi ascending, pilose beneath 
and above at tip of second joint ; second joint very long, extending to a level with 
vertex, third joint very short, pointed; legs slender, long; antenne long, gradually 
thickened towards the tip. Eyes naked. Sexes alike. 

CatTeRPILLar.—Cylindrical. Head and anal segment minutely spined, other 
segments with minute sublateral spines; third to twelfth segment each armed with 
erect subdorsal rather long branched-spines. 

CurysaLis.—Boat-shaped ; dorsum and thorax arched and somewhat sharply 
keeled; wing cases also keeled in front; head ending in two obtuse points. 
Suspended perpendicularly. 

Type.—P. Sylvia. 

Hasitrs or Imaco.—* All the species of this genus have a very beautiful and 
characteristic flight, unlike any other butterfly known to me. It is very strong on 
the wing, and flies over high bushes and trees, and alights on the upperside of the 
leaves with open wide-spread wings. When flying it keeps the wings very level 
and parallel with the ground, the tips or apices of the forewings slightly depressed, 
it flaps the wings but seldom, and is much given to soaring. The Sumatran form 
(P. liacinus), Dr. Martin says, ‘ occurs all the year round at low elevations ; it is 
rare, but is not easy to capture. Itis found not only in high forest, but also in 
small strips of forest and jungle always accompanying the smaller streams. It is 
very fond of, and is only found, near water. It was noticed settling in considerable 
numbers on the flowers of a snow-white lily, covering the banks of the Bedageri 
River, and a fine series of specimens were captured on the flowers of some male 
Papaya trees planted at the Batoe Mandi Estate, on the high bank of the Wampoe 
River’” (L. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 414). Mr. W. B. Pryer 
records the following observations on the N. Bornean species—‘“ Parthenos sails by 
a flowering bush, on down-pointed nearly stationary wings, or keeps flying from and 
to the flowers in small circles, and indulges in frequent flights with its own species” 
(Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, 42). 


NYMPHALIN4, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 51 


PARTHENOS VIRENS (Plate 206, figs. 1, la; larva and pupa, lb, ce, g 2). 


Parthenos virens, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 47. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 149 
(1886). Davidson, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 274, pl. B, figs. 3, 3a, larva and pupa. 

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside with the ground colour uniformly 
enescent-green. Forewing with the two outer cell-marks nearly opaque and greenish- 
white, the transverse discal semidiaphanous white macular band interrupted, broadly 
separated by black veins, the portions smaller and shorter than in P. Gambrisius, the 
two median spots rounded, the submedian very small and round; the marginal 
black bands broad. Hindwing with the black basal bands narrower, the inner discal 
spots prominent, the outer discal duplex-marks shorter and broader, the submarginal 
spots broadly conical, and the marginal band broad, these three latter series thus 
showing narrower interspaces. Underside somewhat darker than in P. Gambrisius. 
Forewing with the markings more broadly black-bordered, the marginal bands 
broader, macular, and black. Hindwing with the markings blacker and more 
broadly defined. 

Expanse, d 4 to 4%, ? 43% inches. 

Carrrpittar.—Oylindrical. Head and anal segment minutely spined, other 
segments with minute sublateral spines; third to twelfth segment each armed with 
erect subdorsal rather long branched-spines. Colour olive-green, with a sublateral 
pale yellow band; head and spines purplish; feet brownish. (Taken from the 
original drawing made in Kanara by the late 8. N. Ward, and from the published 
figure by Mr. J. Davidson.) Mr. Ward, in MS. Notes, fully describes the larva, 
probably taken just previous to pupation, as the colours given differ from his original 
drawing, which also includes the pupa and imago, as follows :—‘‘ August 6th. Larva. 
Head dull yellow-brown; back ditto, but more brown ; sides brownish-purple, upper 
part yellow, middle all through lighter, purple below; back and sides covered with 
minute white spots. <A ridge of four-branched spines purple at top with others 
below are inserted just along top of the back, those on 3rd, 4th, 10th and 11th 
segments being longer than the others, those on the 8rd longest of all. A single 
spine (forked) on the 3rd and 4th segments, and single on rest of the other segments 
just above the yellow mark, and a line of plain white spines at the bottom of it, four 
on each joint, of which the 4th is far the longest, and a shorter row just above the 
feet of which the two middle are longest. The anal segment thickly set with single 
spines ; head ditto, some black, some white. Feet light brown, except anal, which 
are black and shining. Changed to pupa August 9th. Imago emerged August 
12th.” 

CurysaLis.—Boat-shaped ; dorsum and thorax arched and somewhat sharply 
keeled ; wing cases also keeled in front; head ending in two obtuse points. Colour 
uniformly brown. Suspended perpendicularly. 

H 2 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 


52 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat.—South India. 

Disrrisution.— This is not by any means a rare butterfly in forest country in 
the North Kanara District, especially towards the end of the rainy season” 
(J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896). Mr. 8. .N. Ward records it as “ toler- 
ably common above the Ghats, at Mangalore, Sircy, and Calicut, where I have found 
the larva not unfrequently about August or a little later” (MS. Notes). Also 
*“common on the lower slopes of the Travancore Hills up to 1000 to 2000 feet ” 
(H. S. Ferguson, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, p. 9). It is common on the Western 
slopes of the Nilgiris, and occurs throughout the District as a rare straggler” 
(G. Hampson, J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). ‘* There are numerous specimens in the 
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Calicut, and Trevandrum. It also occurs in the 
Wynaad and North Kanara” (Butt. India, 1. 149). 

Haszits or Imaco.—‘‘Its grand spread of wing and bold flight always arrests 
attention. The manner of its flight is the same as that of Limenitis, Athyma, and 
some other genera,—a jerky stroke at short intervals between which the wings are 
held stiffly outstretched and pointing a little downwards, but those genera lack the 
power of Parthenos. Sometimes a solitary one is met with travelling across open 
plains, but we do not know that it migrates’? (Davidson, l.c.). 

Foop-prant.—Mr. Davidson says (J. Bomb. N. H. 8. 1890, 274), “* We got only 
a few larve in September and October, and had difficulty in rearing them owing to 
the scarcity, in the vicinity of Karwar, of its food-plant, a creeper, with large thick 
elliptic leaves, belonging, we believe, to the Cucurbitacez.” 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 206, fig. 1 is a reproduction of Mr. 
Davidson’s drawings of the larva and pupa in the Bombay Nat. Hist. Society’s 
Journal; fig. la is a copy of the late Mr. Ward’s Calicut drawing of the larva and 
pupa, and fig. 1b, c, that of the male upperside and female underside. 


PARTHENOS GAMBRISIUS (Plate 207, figs. 1, la, 5 2). 


Papilio Gambrisius, Fabricius, Mant. Ins, p. 12 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 85 (1798), 9. 

Minetra Gambrisius, Doubleday, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 86 (1844). Butler, Catal. Fabr. 
Lep. B. M. p. 10h (1869). 

Parthenos Gambrisius, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 148 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete., i1. p. 147 (1886). 

Parthenos apicalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829. 


Iwaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olive-green; cilia alternately black 
and white. Forewing with two short black streaks from the base, the upper one 
extending along both sides of the median vein to its first branch and giving off 
within the cell a curved fine line to the subcostal veinlet, followed across the cell by 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 53 


two outwardly-oblique lines, which are joined posteriorly, then by a semihyaline 
bluish-white band, a black triangular space, and then another triangular semihyaline 
triangulate mark, the latter outwardly defined by a fine black line following the 
discocellular veinlets ; beyond the cell is an outwardly-triangular semihyaline bluish- 
white spot situated between the base of the lower radial and upper median veinlet ; 
the disc is crossed by an inwardly-oblique semihyaline bluish-white band, composed 
of irregular shaped continuous spots disposed between the veinlets, and all defined 
by the black slender veins and outer edges, those spots above the lower radial being 
elongated, the three lower shorter and broader, the lowest small and constricted ; in 
some specimens, of both sexes, the narrow upper white portion extends, opaquely, 
along the costal border to the apex (as in the Fabrician type female specimen of 
Gambrisius), and there is a more or less incipient white small spot in front of the 
lower subcostal one. Beyond this bluish-white macular band is a submarginal and a 
marginal black band, both bands being somewhat macular, the former with an inner 
additional slender sinuous portion at its lower end; the lower discal interspace 
between the median and posterior margin being slightly suffused with pale lilac. 
Hindwing crossed by a short black basal, a narrow inner subbasal, followed by a 
broader outer subbasal band, then by a discal band of small dentate spots increasing 
in size posteriorly, an outer discal series of slender double-pronged marks, the inter- 
vening veins being black-bordered; a submarginal row of acutely-pointed dentate 
spots and a marginal lunulated band; from the middle of the costa, between the 
outer subbasal and discal band, are two short white lunular spots; the upper discal 
interspaces slightly suffused with pale blue. Underside much paler olive-green. 
Forewing with all the markings similar, but less prominent. Hindwing crossed by a 
slender black irregular wavy discal line, and a subbasal short line between the costal 
and subcostal vein, followed by an inner discal series of very ill-defined black- 
speckled lunules, then an outer discal series of pale bordered black-speckled duplex- 
marks, the upper one of which latter is the largest and most prominent, afterwards 
is a submarginal series of lunules and marginal spots, the latter bemg disposed. at 
end of the veins. Body above dark olive-green ; thorax and abdomen crossed by 
black bands ; body beneath, palpi and legs olivescent-white; apex of palpi above 
olivescent-brown ; antennz blackish-brown ; eyes red-brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,8, to 4;%, 2 4;% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Eastern Bengal; Assam; Silhet ; Cachar; Burma; Tenasserim. 

Distripution.—The late Captain Mortimer J. Slater (MS. Notes, p. 244) 
remarks, “I met with this insect (P. Gambrisius) at Dacca, in the deepest jungle. 
Its flight is rapid and dodgy, and in consequence is very difficult to capture on the 
wing.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 147) records it from Hastern Bengal, 
Shillong, Assam, Silhet, Cachar, and Upper Tenasserim. Mr. Wood-Mason obtained 


54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


numerous specimens at ‘‘ Silcuri in Cachar in the summer months.” Major C. H. E. 
Adamson (List of Burmese Butt. 16, 1889) says, “It is common throughout Burma, 
appearing at all seasons of the year, and is a very rapid flyer from tree to tree.” 
It has been taken in Chittagong in October. Dr. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 
523) records it as “ common in the Shan States, Burma, at the end of the rains, and 
occurs from 3000 to 8000 feet elevation.” Signor Leonardo Fea took it in Rangoon, 
in December, and in the Karen Hills in November. Mr. O. Limborg took it “ above 
Ahsown ; Taoo, at 3000 to 5000 feet in Upper Tenasserim ” (P. Z. S. 1878, 829). 
Capt. EH. Y. Watson also found it not uncommon at Rangoon and Beeling. Capt. 
Bingham obtained it at Minthantoung in December, and also in the Donat Range 
and Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim. Dr. J. Anderson obtained it at 
‘‘Minthantoung in December, and on Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago, in 
January” (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35). 


PARTHENOS ROEPSTORFFII (Plate 207, fig.2, 3). 


Male and female. Differs from typical Burmese P. Gambrisius, on the upper- 
side of both sexes, in the ground-colour of both wings being of a more uniformly 
yellowish olive-green colour, without any trace of the lilacine or greyish blue; the 
transverse bluish-white spots on the forewing are comparatively smaller, and the 
submarginal black fascia more macular. 

Expanse, 3 3, to 4, 2 4,%, inches. 

Hasrrat.—S. Andamans ; Nicobars. 

Numerous specimens were taken at Port Blair, S. Andamans, by the late Mr. F. 
de Roepstorff, from whom we personally received several specimens of both sexes. 
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 260) records it, as P. lilacinus, from the 
Great Nicobars. Scarce. 


PARTHENOS CYANEUS (Plate 208, figs. 1, 1a; larva and pupa, 1b, c, ¢ @). 


Parthenos cyaneus, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 46; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 46, pl. 24, 
figs. 1, la (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 149, pl. 21, fig. 95, ¢ (1886). 

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside with the ground-colour uniformly 
greyish-blue, the black markings prominent and distinct. Forewing with the bluish- 
white markings very prominent, the transverse discal series interrupted and broadly 
separated by black veins, the posterior spot small; marginal band broad, confluent 
anteriorly. Hindwing with the two black subbasal bands and inner-discal band 
macular, the discal duplex linear-marks narrow, the submarginal series narrowly 
lunular, and the marginal band narrow. Underside pale greyish-green, markings 
similar to P. virens but somewhat less prominent. 


NYMPHALINA, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 55 


Expanse, ¢ 4, ¢ -4,°, inches. 

CateRPILLAR.—Cylindrical; pale yellowish purplish-brown, darker beneath, 
with dark brown longitudinal dorsal lines, and transverse white-dotted segmental 
lines ; head and legs dark brown; head and anal segment spined ; other segments 
slightly hairy ; third to twelfth segments armed with erect rather long subdorsal 
dark purplish branched-spines, which are longest on the 3rd, 4th, 11th and 12th 
segments. “ Feeds on Modecca” (Thwaites). 

Curysatis.—Boat-shaped ; pale purplish-brown ; head pointed and cleft. 

Hasrrat.— Ceylon. 

Distrisvtion and Hasits.—‘ Occurs everywhere. Plains and up to 6000 feet 
elevation, in forest land, I believe all the year round. A slow flyer, rather shy ; 
sits on large leaves with wings expanded”’ (Hutchison). Common at Galle and 
Kandy (Capt. Wade). Very swift of flight and difficult to capture (Mack- 
wood). 

Inpo-Matavan Sprcies.—Parthenos Sylla (Papilio Sylla, Donovan, Ins. of China, 
pl. 38 (1798). Syn. Minetra Gambrisius, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. 
pl. 51, f. 2 (nec Fabricius). Parth. lilacinus, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, 
p- 544, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 148, pl. xi. fig. 7, . de Nicéville, Journ. As. 
Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 414. Male and female. Upperside. Ground-colour darker 
than in typical P. Gambrisius, all the black markings more intensely defined and 
_ broader. Forewing with the semidiaphanous bluish-white discal macular band 
more widely broken and composed of smaller portions, both the subapical, discoidal, 
and median, and each broadly divided by black-bordered veins ; the lower discal 
interarea of the forewing and between the basal, subbasal, and discal band 
of the hindwing prominently suffused with deep lilacine-blue. Expanse, d 4, 
2 4% inches. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra—Parthenos Sylvia (Papilio. 
Sylvia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 43, figs. F, G@ (1776). Habitat. Java.—Parthenos 
Javaensis, Staudinger, Lep. List, 1896, p. 31. Habitat. Java—Parthenos Nella, 
Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 429. Syn. ? P. Borneensis, Staudinger, Lep. 
List (1896), p. 31. Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.—Parthenos Salentia, Hopffer, 
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 35. Snellen, Tijd. Ent. 1878, p. 13, Semper, Reise Phil. 
Lep. p. 97, pl. 19, fig. 1-4, 6 ?. Habitat. Philippines.—Parthenos Philippensis, 
Staudinger, Lep. List (1896), p. 31. Habitat. Philippines.—Parthenos Aruana. 
Differs from typical P. Sylvia on the upperside in the ground-colour of the forewing 
being dark olive-green, except a well-defined area below the median vein, which is, 
as well as the hindwing, of a cuprescent brown colour; the transverse series of 
discal bluish-white spots are also much smaller and wider separated, the posterior 
spot being very small. On the hindwing the submarginal black band is formed by 
a continuous series of broad lunules. On the underside the ground-colour is 


56 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


uniformly pale olive-green, the basal area of the hindwing being also of that colour. 
Expanse, 4 inches. Habitat. Aru (Wallace). Coll. Moore. 


Genus SYMPHEDRA. 
Symphedra, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 39 (1816); Zutriige, List, p. 7, f. 1, 2 (1818). 
Doubleday, List Lep. B. M. i. p. 105 (1844). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 34 (1881). 
Symphedra (part),* Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 294 (1850). Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 612. 
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 112 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 135 (1886). 
Adolias (sect. 10), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861). 

Imaco. Wings short, broad. Forewing triangular; costa regularly arched, 
apex obtuse, exterior margin. very slightly scalloped; cell short, open, upper end 
extending to one-third. the length of wings, broad ; first subcostal branch free in 
both sexes; first and second subcostals emitted before end of the cell, first at one- 
third before the end, the third at one-fifth and fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond ; 
upper discocellulars very short, convexly angular, lower entirely absent, the cell 
being perfectly open, the radials from the angles of upper discocellulars: lower 
median branch emitted opposite the discocellulars, the two upper medians at some 
distance beyond ; submedian straight. Hindwing rather short, broadly triangularly- 
oval, apex and exterior margin very convex, slightly scalloped, abdominal margin 
short ; costal vein very concave at the base and with a short curved precostal spur ; 
cell short, open; lower subcostal emitted at one-seventh from the base of upper ; 
the discocellular from near base of lower subcostal; lower median emitted from 
beyond opposite to discocellular. Body small; palpi porrect, small, compactly pilose, 
apex short, pointed; legs squamose; forelegs slender; antennz long, with a rather 
stout club. Hyes naked. Sexes alike. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slightly tapering towards both ends; the sides armed with a 
row of ten horizontally projected very long fleshy spines numerously covered with 
fine hairs of a non-irritating character. 

CurysaLis.—Short, broad; dorsum keeled; broadly triangular across the 
middle; head bifid. 

Ece.—Unknown. 

Typz.—s. Nais. 


SYMPHZADRA NAIS (Plate 209, figs. 1, 1a; larva and pupa, 1, b, ¢, d, e, f, g, ¢ @). 
Papilio Nats, Forster, Nov Spec. Ins. Cent. i. p. 73 (1771). 


Symphedra Nais, Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 746 (1877). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 35 (1881). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 186 (1886). 


* The Malayan butterfly described as Argynnis Emalea, Guérin, Deless. Voy. l'Inde, ii. 72 (1843), 
and referred to the genus Symphedra by Kirby (Catal. p. 259), by Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 114), and by 
de Nicéyille ( Butt. India, ii. p. 187), is unquestionably a species of Cirrochroa. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA) 57 


Papilio Thyelia, Fabricius, Ent, Syst. iii. 1, p. 142 (1793), Jones, Icones, v. pl. 83, fig. 2. Donovan, 
Ins. India, pl. 31, fig. 3 (1800). 

Argynnis Thyelia, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 257 (1819). 

Sympheedra Alcandra, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 40 (1816); Zutriige, Exot. Schmett.i. p. 7, 
figs. 1, 2 (1818). 

Symphedra Thyelia, Doubleday, List Lep. B. M. i. p. 105 (1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 295, 
pl. 42, fig. 6 (1850). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 87. Forsayeth, Trans, Ent. Soc. 
Lond. 1884, p. 384, pl. 14, fig. 3, 3a, larva and pupa. 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside fulvous-red ; cilia black, alternated with 
white. Forewing with a large oblique broad black discocellular spot, a contiguous 
discal spot, an oblique subapical streak, a transverse narrow submarginal and a 
lunular band, the two latter joined by black streaks on the veins. Hindwing with a 
large black medial costal spot, a submarginal curved row of small round spots, and 
broad marginal band, the black slightly ascending the veins ; sometimes a black dot 
is present within the cell area. Underside, brownish-ochreous. Forewing with the 
discal area pale ochreous-red, two discoidal black ringlet-marks bordered between by 
white, a large black contiguous discal spot, an oblique short subapical yellowish- 
white macular band bordered inwardly with dark brown, followed by lower sub- 
marginal black lunules. Hindwing with a yellowish-white medial transverse discal 
band, which varies in width and is sometimes more or less broken, or consists of a 
costal and lower spots, or a costal spot only, and is sometimes entirely absent ; two 
small discoidal red-centred black rings, and a submarginal row of small black points. 
Body fulvous-red; palpi above brown, red beneath; legs fulvous-grey ; antennz 
black, tipt with red. 

Expanse, 3d 2,5,, 2 2,% inches. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slightly tapering towards both ends ; colour light green, with a 
dorsal row of purple spots, the sides armed with a row of ten very long horizontally 
projected fleshy spines numerously covered with fine green hairs of a non-irritating 
character. 

CurysaLis.—Short, broad; dorsum keeled; broadly triangular across the 
middle ; head bifid ; colour green, with dark and gold spots and lines. 

Hasitat.—Lower Himalayas ; Plains of India, except North-West ; Ceylon. 

Distripution.—‘‘ This is a butterfly found commonly in the Plains of India, 
except the north-west, but very rarely in the Hills. It occurs very sparingly in 
Sikkim, but Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has taken it on the outer spurs of Daling facing 
the Western Duars” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 142). We possess a 
specimen labelled Kausali, N.W. Himalaya. Rev. J. Hocking ‘found it in the 
Kangra District, generally ; banks of the Beas, about 2000 feet elevation’ (P.Z.S. 
1882, 239). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it ‘‘at Haldwani in the Terai, 1000 feet, 
Kumaon” (J. A. §. Beng. 1886, 124). It occurs in Oudh, and plentifully in the 

VOL. III. I 


58 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Rajmahal Hills ” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii.187). It has been taken at Barrac kpore 
by Mr. J. Rothney and at Balasore, near Calcutta, by Mr. A. Grote, and also in 
Calcutta; in Sahibgung by W. B. Farr, and in Maungbhoom, Lower Bengal, by the 
late Capt. R. C. Bevan. ‘‘It occurs in Orissa, and thence throughout the South of 
the Peninsula to Ceylon, and up the West Coast as far as Bombay, but not 
apparently in the Punjab. It apparently thrives best in open and moderately dry 
country’ (de Nicéville, le. 187). Mr. W. C. Taylor records it as “common at 
Khorda, in Orissa” (List, p.6). The late Sir Walter Elliot obtained it in the Madras 
District, and found the larva feeding on Diospyros, in October, 1850. Capt. EH. Y. 
Watson found it ‘common in Mysore at Kolar in October and January ”’ (J. Bomb. 
N. H. 8. 1890, 5). Mr. G. F. Hampson took it in “‘ the Nilgiris, in bamboo jungle, 
from 1000 to 8000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. Lindsay took it 
in Koonoor. Messrs. Davidson, Bell, and Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. §. 1895, p. ?) 
say, “this is almost unknown on the West Coast, but common enough above the 
Ghauts. The larva feeds on Diosopyros melanoxylon—the‘ Ebony ’ tree (Hbenacez).” 
The late Mr. 8. N. Ward obtained it in Kanara. Mr. EH. H. Aitken (J. Bombay 
N. H. S. 1886, 184) also says, ‘I have not met with it in Bombay, but it is not 
uncommon at Uran, only five miles from Bombay, and may be found, I dare say, 
throughout the low jungles of the Tanna District. I think its chief season is the 
close of the Monsoon, but I have found it in May. There is some difference in the 
depth of colour in specimens from the same region.” Colonel C. Swinhoe ‘ found 
it common in Mhow, Central India, from October to July” (P. Z. 8. 1886, 425) ; 
and in “Belgaum and Poona in April” (id. 1885, 180); also found in Wangui, 
Thanah District, in December (Swinhoe). It is also found in Ceylon. 

Lire History.-—Dr. R. W. Forsayeth (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 384, 
pl. 14, figs. 3, 3a) figures, and describes the larva and pupa as follows :—‘ Mhow, 
November 5th, 1879. Larva brought in by a native, who stated that it fed on the 
‘Tendu’ tree, a large tree somewhat resembling the Ash. General colour a hght 
grass-green; a row of purple spots along centre of back; margins of body armed 
with long, horizontal, fleshy processes covered with fine green hairs of a non- 
irritating character. Movements regular. November 12th. Changed to chrysalis 
last night. Chrysalis angular, green, with dark and gold spots and lines. Sus- 
pended head downwards, no thoracic band. Subsequently, in November, I obtained 
several more larvae and pups, and on December Ist, note that another larva has 
become a pupa during the night. January 6th, 1880. Imago of last noted pupa 
came out this afternoon. The pupa was not kept in the sun or exposed to its 
influence.” 

The late Sir Walter Elliot, in his MS. Notes on Madras Lepidoptera, made in 
1850, writes of this species: ‘‘Pupa, October 2nd. Imago emerged on the 17th, 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 59 


Larva found on Diospyros montanus. The dorsal row of ocellate spots, ten in 
number, were formed of a narrow outer circle of indigo-blue, within which was a 
lilac or plum-coloured shade passing into a deeper sienna-red in the centre ; the first 
and last spots were very small and the colours not distinct.” 

Hasitrs or Imaco.—Mr. EH. H. Aitken says, “in habits this is a Junonia, or 
perhaps, I should rather say, a Pyrameis. It flies low and alights generally on the 
ground, where it basks with wings expanded” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 134). 
Mr. J. Betham observes, “this sprightly little butterfly looks something like a 
Fritillary in colour. It has a quick and jerky flight, something like that of the 
Junoniz. Its habits are very much the same as J. Orithyia and O. Lemonias, and 
it is very fond of sugar and Mhowa refuse” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 284). 

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 209, fig. 1 is from the late Sir W. 
Elliot’s drawing of the larva; fig. 1b, a copy of Dr. Forsayeth’s drawing of the 
pupa (l.c.) ; fig. L, b,c, upperside of male and female, and fig. 1 d, e, f, g, undersides 
of males. 

MatayaN ALLigD Grnus.—Genus Lextas, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Ins. p. 125 
(1832). Male. Forewing triangular; costa arched towards the end, apex rounded, 
exterior margin almost even and slightly concave in the middle; first subcostal 
veinlet emitted at one-half before end of the cell and anastomosed to the costal for 
a short distance before end of the latter; second subcostal emitted at one-fifth before 
end of the cell, third emitted at one-sixth beyond the cell and anastomosed to the 
second for a short distance before the end of the latter; cell closed; middle dis- 
coceliular concave, lower nearly straight; middle median emitted at some distance 
before lower end of the cell. Hindwing broadly ovate, exterior margin almost even, 
convex posteriorly ; cell open. Hyes naked. Tyre, L. Alropus.—Lewias Avropus 
(Pap. Hropus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 475. Cramer, ii. pl. i. figs. F. G.), 
Doubleday and Hewits. D. Lep. pl. 43, fig. 6, ¢ (1850). Staudinger, Iris, 1895, 
pl. 8, figs. 12, 18, larva and pupa. Habitat. Batchian; Ceram.—Lewxias Panopus 
(Lexias Panopus,_ Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1861, p. 302; Adolias Panopus, Feld. 
Reise Noy. Lep. iii. pl. 58, figs. 2, 3 (1867). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 95, 
pl. 17, fig. 1, ? (1888). Habitat. Philippines—Lewvias fetes (Adolias Aletes, 
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Adol. pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. Habitat. Celebes.—Levias 
Phasiana (Symphedra Phasiana, Butler, Ann: Nat. Hist. 1884, p, 60. Habitat. 
Macassar. 


Genus BASSARONA. 
Adolias (sect. 8, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861). 
Symphedra (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 185 (1886), 
Euthalia (Dophia) (part), de Nicéville, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17. 
Imaco.—Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, apex obtusely pointed, 
12 


60 LEPIDOPTERA INDIVA. 


exterior margin somewhat erect, concave in the middle, and slightly scalloped ; 
costal vein free in both sexes ; first subcostal branch emitted at three-sixths before 
end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the end, third at about one-eighth beyond 
the cell, fourth at about one-third before the apex; cell closed; discocellulars 
inwardly oblique, upper very short, second bent inward, straight, lower slender, 
deeply concave ; middle median veinlet emitted before lower end of the cell. Hind- 
wing triangular ; costa longer, less arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin 
very oblique, scalloped, anal angle somewhat produced ; precostal spur long, curved ; 
cell short, broad, closed by a slender vein; middle median veinlet emitted before 
lower end of the cell. Body robust; antenne with a lengthened well-formed club. 
Eyes naked. Sexes somewhat similar. 
Typr.—B. Teuta. 


BASSARONA TEUTA (Plate 210, pl. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 


Adolias Teuta, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 291, pl. 44, fig. 2, g (1850). Moore, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1857, p. 81. 

Symphedra Teuta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. p. 187 (1886). 

Euthalia (Dophla) Teuta, de Nicéville, Journ. A. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17. 


Twaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent blackish-brown. Cilia brown. Both 
wings with a transverse sharply-defined discal pale olivescent-yellow macular band, 
the spots on the forewing being broadly interrupted by the black veins and decreasing 
in size anteriorly, and with a small subapical spot beyond; the band on the hindwing 
is continuous, the crossing veins being also yellow; a minute yellow dot preceded 
by a black spot close to the subcostal within the cell of forewing ; an indistinetly- 
defined submarginal black lunular fascia externally-bordered by very apparent 
slightly pale points. Underside very pale purpurescent-brown, the basal area and 
the external border, in patches, being suffused with dusky-brown; the transverse 
macular band and subapical spot as above, pale olivescent-yellow ; a submarginal 
row of small short black points ; a black ringlet-spot in middle of the cell, and a 
lunular mark at its end, both being centred with crimson, in the forewing; and in 
the cell of the hindwing is a black dot and a short mark at its end ; base of costal 
margins of both wings tinged with crimson. 

Fumate.—Upperside paler, the transverse macular band and apical spot broader 
and olivescent-white, and with two slender additional streaks on the costa; the 
submarginal dentate black fascia broader and more defined ; the cell spot and dis- 
cocellular streak in the forewing black. Underside brighter pale purpurescent-brown 
than in the male; markings as in male; the transverse band olivescent-white. Body 
and palpi above blackish-brown, beneath pale purpurescent-brown ; antenne dark 
brown above, reddish beneath. 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 61 


Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3,%, ? 3; to 3,% inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam ; Silhet ; Khasia Hills; Arakan, 

Disrrizution.—Numerous specimens in Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Silhet. 
It was taken by Dr. A. Watt on the ‘‘ Barak River in the ascent to Manipur from 
Cachar in December” (Ann. N. H. 1885, 305). “Shillong ; common” (Swinhoe, 
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284). Mr. de Nicéville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1894, 17) records it 
from the Arakan Hills. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 17, 1889) says, ‘‘ I have 
only caught two specimens of this insect in Arakan in the cold season.” 


BASSARONA TEUTOIDES (Plate 210, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ ¢). 
Sympheedra Teutoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 586. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 188 
(1886). 
Euthalia (Dophla) Teutoides, de Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17. 


Imaco.—Male. Similar to B. Teuta. Upperside differing in the macular band 
on the forewing being slightly more erect, owing to the three anterior spots being 
shorter; the band on the hindwing is also slightly straighter and more evenly 
bordered on its inner edge and more sinuously on its outer edge. Underside 
similar to Tewta, but the ground-colour paler and of an olivescent tint; the red- 
centred cell marks on forewing less defined. Female. Upperside somewhat paler 
than in Teuta ; the transverse white band less interrupted and broader anteriorly, 
on the forewing, the band on the hindwing is also more evenly edged within and 
regularly sinuous without; the submarginal black fascia is narrower and more 
sinuous. Underside much paler than in Teuta, and suffused with lilac externally, 
the red-centred cell marks on forewing less defined. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4, ? 3,% to 3, inches. 

Hasirar.—South Andamans. 

Distrisution.—‘‘ This seems to be a fairly common species in the 8S. Andaman 
Isles” (de Nicéville, l.c.). 


BASSARONA IRA (Plate 211, figs. 1, la, ¢). 


Ivaco.—Male. Nearest to B. Teuta. Smaller. Upperside with the transverse 
discal yellow macular band composed of small narrower spots, of similar shape, but 
with the lower four of the spots on the forewing having an even inner edge, and the 
entire series on the hindwing also having an even inner edge. Underside of a 
uniform pale purpurescent-ochreous, the band on both wings narrower than in 
B. Teuta, and with even inner edge. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% inches. 


62 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hapitat.—Moulmein, Burma. 

The type specimen, from Moulmein, taken in August, is in our own collection. 
A male, from the Salween Valley, taken in July, by Capt. C. T. Bingham, is in the 
British Museum collection. 


BASSARONA GUPTA (Plate 211, figs. 2, 2a, b, ce, ¢ 2). 


Symphedra Gupta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete, ii. p. 189, 9 (1886); Journ. As, Soc, Bengal, 
1894, p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 5, 9. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown. Both wings with a faintly-defined 
darker black submarginal sinuous fascia. Forewing crossed by a discal series of 
irregular-shaped pale olivescent-yellow spots, and a very small subapical spot; the 
spots disposed as in B, Teutoides, but smaller in size, those between the medians being 
more rounded, the one below the median narrower. Hindwing with a similar discal 
olivescent-yellow macular band, narrower than in Teutoides, which is more uneven on 
its inner edge, and less sinuous on its outer edge. Underside pale purpurescent- 
brownish-grey. Forewing with the discal area suffused pale brown. Both wings 
with submarginal series of black short streaks, transverse discal series of pale 
olivescent-yellow spots, which are much smaller (being about half the size of those 
of the upperside), and all sharply-defined with brown on their outer edge, and also 
showing the outer portion of those of the upperside by a pale semi-diaphanous 
sinus. Cell marks as in Teutoides. 

Female. ‘‘ Differs from the same sex of Tewta in its smaller size. Upperside 
paler. Forewing with the discal macular white band reduced to five decreasing 
triangular spots, of which the largest is beneath the subcostal nervure. The two 
subapical spots obsolete, and the submarginal diffused black spots very small. 
Hindwing with no trace whatever of the broad white band present in Teuta, the 
submarginal black dentated band reduced to a fine dentated line with the diffused 
obsolescent whitish spots above and below it in each interspace. Underside. 
Forewing with the same differences as above. Hindwing with a small white spot 
on the middle of the costa below the costal nervure, followed by five discal small 
indistinct blackish spots, one in each interspace, with a white linear mark in con- 
tinuation from the middle of the submedian interspace of the inner margin, and the 
dentate lines of the upperside obsolescent, being represented by an obscure diffused 
dentate mark on the middle of each interspace.” 

Expanse, ¢ 2;%, ? 3, inches. 

Hasirat.—Upper Tenasserim. 

The above description of the male of this species is taken from a specimen 
labelled type, kindly sent to us for this purpose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 63 


Distrreution.—The male type above referred to, taken in the Atara Valley, 
Tenasserim, is in Mr. L. de Nicéville’s collection. ‘‘A single female (the type), in 
Major Marshall’s collection, was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham at Tanaoo Choung, 
Thoungyeen, in September ” (de Nicéville, l.c. p. 189). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 211, fig. 2, 2a is from Mr. de Nicé- 
ville’s type specimen, and fig. 2 b, c, is copied from his figure of the female. 


BASSARONA GOODRICHI (Plate 212, figs. 1, la, 3 9). 


Euthalia Goodrichi, Distant, Entomologist, 1886, p. 11, ¢. 
Euthalia (Dophla) Goodrichi, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17. 
Euthalia Bellata, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 436, pl. 37, fig. 4, ¢; pl. 43, fig. 12, 9 (1886). 


Tmuaco.—Male. Upperside. Differs from B. Gupta on the forewing, in having the 
four lower pale yellow spots of the discal macular band placed in a more linear 
series, these spots also having a nearly even inner edge. On the hindwing the discal 
macular band is quite even along its inner edge and regularly sinuous on its outer 
edge. Underside also differs from Gupta, in the ground-colour being of a pale 
olivescent-grey, instead of a purplish brownish-grey; the discal macular band, on 
both wings, is composed of broader spots and their inner edge is also even, as on the 
upperside. 

Female. ‘‘ Upperside much paler than the male. Forewing with the transverse 
pale spots slightly blue-tinged, the lowest spot broken and duplex, the dark sub- 
marginal fascia, as in male, broken into a series of spots and placed in a more or 
less bluish-grey area. Hindwing with the pale spots very small and not extending 
beneath the upper median veinlet ; a small dark spot at end of the cell, and a waved 
submarginal dark fascia placed on a somewhat paler area. Underside much paler 
than above. forewing with the spots in the cell larger and brighter; greyish-white 
spots as above, followed by a series of dark purplish spots much smaller than those 
above. Hindwing with a small spot in the cell, as above, and a discocellular spot at 
end of the cell; the series of pale spots as above, but continued to the abdominal 
margin a little above the anal angle, the last spot being longest, the waved fascia 
above being replaced by a series of small dark spots as on anterior wings.” 

Expanse, ¢ 2,8, ? 3,2, inches. 

Hasitat.—South. Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula. 

Disrrizution.—A single male, from Malawoom, Southern Tenasserim, taken 
by the late A. O. Hume, is in Mr. F. Godman’s collection. Mr. Distant records 
the type (l.c.) from Perak, Malay Peninsula. 

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 212 are copied from Mr. Distant’s 
published figures. 


64 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


BASSARONA MONILIS (Plate 212, figs. 2, 2a, 3). 


Imaco.—Male. Nearest allied to &. recta. Upperside. Forewing with the 
transverse pale olivescent-yellow macular band having the three anterior spots 
disposed in a slightly incurved series, the spots generally more transversely rounded ; 
the subapical spot minute. Hindwing with the outer border showing faint traces 
of an inner and an outer row of pale spaces of the ground-colour bordering the 
darker submarginal fascia; the pale transverse macular band broadening pos- 
teriorly, its inner edge almost even ; a crimson spot at the anal angle. Underside 
dull olivescent brownish-grey ; transverse pale band as above; basal and 
submarginal markings as in B. Gupta. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Siam. 

Described from three male specimens in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley. 

Nearest allied to B. recta, the upperside differing in the macular band being 
much paler yellow, the band on the forewing being slightly recurved in its course 
across the wing, and its component spots being also more uniformly rounded. On 
the underside the ground-colour is totally different, being of an olivescent-grey, 
whereas in B. recta, it is bright purpurescent-brown. 

A specimen, from Perak, taken in January, 1890, by Mr. W. Doherty, now in 
Mr. F. Godman’s collection, is of the same species, and also, probably the specimens 
from Perak, in the collection of Mr. G. Semper, referred to (under recta) by 
de Nicéville in J. A. 8. Beng. 1894, p. 17. 


BASSARONA RECTA (Plate 212, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ 9). 

Sympheedra recta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 188 (1886). 

Euthalia (Dophla) recta, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17. 

Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent blackish-brown, the outer border 
slightly paler, and with a submarginal obscure diffused black macular fascia. 
Forewing with a perfectly straight, evenly-margined transverse discal olivescent- 
yellow macular band, interrupted by the black veins, and composed of seven spots 
increasing in size posteriorly, the upper three being small and rounded; a small 
yellow subapical spot. Hindwing with a pale olivescent-yellow discal band slightly 
widening from the costa and ending in a point above the anal angle, its edges even ; 
a small crimson spot at the anal angle. Underside bright purpurescent cinnamon- 
brown; the discal pale olivescent-yellow band and subapical spot, as above, defined 
with black, the submarginal fascia represented by a black linear point in each inter- 
space surrounded by a diffused patch. Forewing with a black ring-spot in the 


NYMPHALINA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 65 


middle of the cell and a lunate mark at its end, both centred with crimson; a 
crimson streak also at base of the costa. Hindwing with a small black cell-spot 
and a small upper discocellular lunate mark, and a crimson spot at the anal angle. 

Female. Upperside. Both wings with the transverse discal olivescent-white 
band and subapical spot as in male, but paler and broader, and with two small 
slender streaks on the costa; the submarginal diffused macular black fascia broader 
and more prominent; the crimson spot at anal angle larger and sometimes duplex. 
Underside pale purpurescent-brown ; the basal and outer markings as in the male ; 
the transverse olivescent-white band, and spot, as on upperside. Body and palpi 
above purpurescent-brown, beneath and legs paler; antennz black above, reddish- 
beneath. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 3, 2 3,5 to 3,;% inches. 

Hasirat.—Khasia Hills; (? Upper Tenasserim). 

Distrisution.—‘ A large series of both sexes from Shillong, Khasias, received 
from Rey. W. A. Hamilton” (Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284). ‘* Specimens of 
both sexes from Silhet are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta” (Butt. Ind. ii. 188). 
A female, taken by Captain C. T. Bingham, in March, in the ‘“‘ Thoungyeen Forests 
in Upper Tenasserim, in Major Marshall’s collection,”’ is also referred to under this 
species by Mr. de Nicéville (].c. 188), but which probably belongs to B. Ira. 

Inpo-Matayan ALtiep Spsctus.—Bassarona Hurus (Huth. (Dophla) EHurus, de 
Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 15, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4, d 9 ; id. 1895, p. 420. 
Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.—Bassarona externa (Huth. (Dophla) externa, de Nicéville, 
Le. p. 13, pl. 2, figs. 1,2, d ?. Habitat. Nias.—Bassarona Hion (Kuth. (Dophla) 
Hion, de Nicéville, /.c. p. 11, pl. 3, figs. 6,8, ¢ %. Habitat. Java.—Bassarona 
Bellata (Adolias Bellata, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 344, pl. 32, fig. 38, do. Syn. 
Adolias Cznzspolis, Hewitson, Ent. M. Mag. 1875, 183; Exot. Butt. v. Ad. pl. 4, 
fig. 14 (1875). de Nicéville, J. A. 8. Beng. 1894, p. 18. Habitat. Borneo,— 
Bassarona Eson (Huth. (Dophla) Eson, de Nicéville, /.c. p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 3, 5, d ?. 
Habitat. Palawan, Philippines.—Bassarona Piratica (Symph. Piratica, Semper, Reise 
Phil. Lep. p. 93, pl. 17, fig. 3, ¢ (1888), Habitat. Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao.— 
Bassarona Labotas (Limenitis Labotas, Hewitson, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 245, pl. 15, 
fig. 2, $. Halitat. Menado. 


Genus RANGASA. 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa regularly arched, apex pointed, 
exterior margin slightly waved and slightly angulate below the apex, concave in the 
middle ; first subcostal branch free in both sexes; first subcostal emitted at one- 

VOL. II. = 


68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


as specified by Westwood (Gen. D. Lep. p. 289) ; and, as both Dirteaand Nesimachus 
are generically distinct from them, as well as from each other, and, moreover, as 
Nesimachus was made the type of Butler’s genus Dichorragia in 1868, the second 
species, Dirtea, becomes the type of Adolias. 


ADOLIAS DIRTEA (Plate 213, figs. 2, 2a, $ 9). 


Papilio Dirtea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1, p. 59, 9 (1793). Jones, Icones, iv. pl. 65, fig. 1. 

Adolias Dirtea, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 12, pl. 10, figs. 1,2, g 9 (1846). Moore, Tr. Ent. Soe. 
1859, p. 84. 

Lexias Dirtea, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1860, p. 400. 

Sympheedra Dirtea, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 294 (1850). Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 613; id. Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 112, pl. 12, 
figs. 7, 8, @ 2 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., 11. p. 189 (1886). 

Adolias Boisduvalii, Gray, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 8, fig. 2, ¢ (1836). 

Symphedra Canescens, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 54, g ¢ (mec Butler). 

Symphedra Sandakana, Fruhstorf, Ent. Nach. 1896, p. 39. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside velvety brownish-black. Cilia alternated with white. 
Forewing with a broad marginal olivescent-greenish band decreasing in width towards 
the apex, its inner edge being sinuous; two very small white obliquely-superposed 
subapical spots, one (or sometimes two) similar-disposed pale ochreous spots midway 
between them and two other less-defined spots outside end of the cell ; two (sometimes 
three) brighter ochreous spots within the cell; sometimes also there are faint traces 
of a series of smaller inner-discal ochreous spots and three or four very small 
greenish-ochreous discal spots parallel with the outer band. Hindwing with a broad 
pale ultramarine-blue outer-discal fascia, which is suffused with olivescent-greenish 
posteriorly, and bears a submarginal series of black somewhat-cordate spots, the 
outer edge of the blue band being acutely sinuous, and the marginal border posteriorly 
suffused with olivescent-green. Underside reddish-ochreous ;° posterior area of the 
forewing suffused with bluish-black. Forewing with a cluster of pale ochreous- 
yellow irregular-shaped spots within the cell, two connected spots beyond the cell, 
and an obliquely-curved inner-discal series of four small spots, followed by an 
outer-discal lower series of four and two subapical larger whitish spots, and then by 
a lower submarginal series of pale bluish lunate spots. Hindwing with three pale 
yellow rounded spots in the cell, one below the base of the lower subcostal, and a 
curved discal series of six (sometimes seven) pale yellow spots, followed by a more 
or less slightly-defined series of submarginal blackish points. Body above blackish- 
brown, beneath ochreous ; palpi beneath and legs ochreous ; antennz black tipt with 
ochreous. 

Female. Upperside dark ochreous-brown; cilia pale ochreous-yellow. Fore- 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 69 


wing with two pairs of pale ochreous-yellow obliquely-superposed spots within the 
cell (the lowest of the basal pair being sometimes absent), two similar spots beyond 
end of the cell, an inner-discal series of four spots, the two upper being disposed 
obliquely outward on each side of the upper radial, and the two lower between the 
base of the medians, beyond which is an outer-discal parallel row of seven somewhat 
larger slightly-quadrate spots, followed by a submarginal row of anteriorly-decreasing 
spots, the lowest being somewhat lunate, and the upper rounded; from the lowest 
of the outer-discal series beneath the median veinlet extends a short streak followed 
by two superposed small spots and then by two spots. Hindwing with a linear 
series of four pale ochreous-yellow subbasal spots extending from below base of the 
median to the lower subcostal, followed by an inner-discal series of seven somewhat 
larger and slightly-quadrate spots, of which the five lower spots extend parallel with 
the subbasal series, and the two upper to middle of the costa, beyond which is an 
outer-discal series of partly pale olivescent-ochreous-yellow lunules, and a sub- 
marginal lunular line with brighter ochreous points; in both the latter series the 
anterior portions are separated and macular, and the lower portions intersected by 
olivescent veins ; abdominal margin pale brown. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous. 
Forewing with the posterior half suffused with pale bluish-black ; marked generally 
as on upperside, but the spots somewhat larger and brownish-grey, those within the 
cell coalesced, and the cluster below the median obsolescent. Hindwing somewhat 
pale brownish-grey basally ; with very pale ochreous-yellow markings as on upper- 
side, the outer series being ill-defined. Body above dark ochreous-brown ; thorax 
and base of abdomen with pale ochreous-yellow spots, and tip of abdomen with 
slender bands ; palpi pale ochreous ; body beneath, and legs pale olivescent-ochreous, 
middle and hind femora beneath white ; antennz tipt with ochreous. 

Expanse, d 3,4, to 33%, % 33% to 4; inches. 

Hasrrat.—Upper Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

DistrisuTion AND Hasits.— This insect is very common in many parts of Burma. 
It feeds on all sorts of decaying fruit which has fallen from the trees. Is most plentiful 
in October” (Major C. H. E. Adamson, List, p.17). Capt. HE. Y. Watson took it at 
Tiling Yaw in February and March, at Poungadoun, Thyetmyo, in October and 
November, and in the Karen Hills in November. Signor L. Fea obtained it in Bhamo 
in September. “Capt. C. T. Bingham took both sexes in Upper Tenasserim in the 
Thoungyeen Valley and Mepley Valley in January, in the Donat range in December, 
and in the Thoungyeen Forests in March and September” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 
190). Dr. J. Anderson took it in ““Mergui in December and March” (J. Linn. Soc. 
Zool. 1886, 38). Dr. N. Manders records it as “extending throughout the Shan States, 
Burma, at elevations of 800 to 3000 feet; being found commonly in the Legya and 
Maingkain Districts ; also at Thebaw ; I also took it at Sawlon on the banks of the 


68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


as specified by Westwood (Gen. D. Lep. p. 289) ; and, as both Dirtea and Nesimachus 
are generically distinct from them, as well as from each other, and, moreover, as 
Nesimachus was made the type of Butler’s genus Dichorragia in 1868, the second 
species, Dirtea, becomes the type of Adolias. 


ADOLIAS DIRTEA (Plate 213, figs. 2, 2a, g 9). 

Papilio Dirtea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1, p. 59, 9 (1793). Jones, Icones, iv. pl. 65, fig. 1. 

Adolias Dirtea, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 12, pl. 10, figs. 1,2, g 2 (1846). Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1859, p. 84. 

Lexias Dirtea, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1860, p. 400. 

Symphedra Dirtea, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 294 (1850). Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 613; zd. Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 112, pl. 12, 
figs. 7, 8, g 2 (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 189 (1886). 

Adolias Boisduvalit, Gray, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 8, fig. 2, g (1836). 

Symphedra Canescens, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 54, ¢ ¢$ (mec Butler). 

Symphedra Sandakana, Fruhstorf, Ent. Nach. 1896, p. 39. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside velvety brownish-black. Cilia alternated with white. 
Forewing with a broad marginal olivescent-greenish band decreasing in width towards 
the apex, its inner edge being sinuous; two very small white obliquely-superposed 
subapical spots, one (or sometimes two) similar-disposed pale ochreous spots midway 
between them and two other less-defined spots outside end of the cell ; two (sometimes 
three) brighter ochreous spots within the cell ; sometimes also there are faint traces 
of a series of smaller inner-discal ochreous spots and three or four very small 
greenish-ochreous discal spots parallel with the outer band. Hindwing with a broad 
pale ultramarine-blue outer-discal fascia, which is suffused with olivescent-greenish 
posteriorly, and bears a submarginal series of black somewhat-cordate spots, the 
outer edge of the blue band being acutely sinuous, and the marginal border posteriorly 
suffused with olivescent-green. Underside reddish-ochreous ; posterior area of the 
forewing suffused with bluish-black. Forewing with a cluster of pale ochreous- 
yellow irregular-shaped spots within the cell, two connected spots beyond the cell, 
and an obliquely-curved inner-discal series of four small spots, followed by an 
outer-discal lower series of four and two subapical larger whitish spots, and then by 
a lower submarginal series of pale bluish lunate spots. Hindwing with three pale 
yellow rounded spots in the cell, one below the base of the lower subcostal, and a 
curved discal series of six (sometimes seven) pale yellow spots, followed by a more 
or less slightly-defined series of submarginal blackish points. Body above blackish- 
brown, beneath ochreous ; palpi beneath and legs ochreous ; antennz black tipt with 


ochreous. 
Female. Upperside dark ochreous-brown; cilia pale ochreous-yellow. Fore- 


ee 


— 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA,) 69 


wing with two pairs of pale ochreous-yellow obliquely-superposed spots within the 
cell (the lowest of the basal pair being sometimes absent), two similar spots beyond 
end of the cell, an inner-discal series of four spots, the two upper being disposed 
obliquely outward on each side of the upper radial, and the two lower between the 
base of the medians, beyond which is an outer-discal parallel row of seven somewhat 
larger slightly-quadrate spots, followed by a submarginal row of anteriorly-decreasing 
spots, the lowest being somewhat lunate, and the upper rounded; from the lowest 
of the outer-discal series beneath the median veinlet extends a short streak followed 
by two superposed small spots and then by two spots. Hindwing with a linear 
series of four pale ochreous-yellow subbasal spots extending from below base of the 
median to the lower subcostal, followed by an inner-discal series of seven somewhat 
larger and slightly-quadrate spots, of which the five lower spots extend parallel with 
the subbasal series, and the two upper to middle of the costa, beyond which is an 
outer-discal series of partly pale olivescent-ochreous-yellow lunules, and a sub- 
marginal lunular line with brighter ochreous points; in both the latter series the 
anterior portions are separated and macular, and the lower portions intersected by 
olivescent veins ; abdominal margin pale brown. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous. 
Forewing with the posterior half suffused with pale bluish-black ; marked generally 
as on upperside, but the spots somewhat larger and brownish-grey, those within the 
cell coalesced, and the cluster below the median obsolescent. Hindwing somewhat 
pale brownish-grey basally ; with very pale ochreous-yellow markings as on upper- 
side, the outer series being ill-defined. Body above dark ochreous-brown; thorax 
and base of abdomen with pale ochreous-yellow spots, and tip of abdomen with 
slender bands ; palpi pale ochreous ; body beneath, and legs pale olivescent-ochreous, 
middle and hind femora beneath white ; antennz tipt with ochreous. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,4, to 3;%, 2 3,5, to 4,%, inches. 

Hasirat.—Upper Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

DistRIBUTION AND Hasits.— This insect is very common in many parts of Burma. 
It feeds on all sorts of decaying fruit which has fallen from the trees. Is most plentiful 
in October” (Major C. H. E. Adamson, List, p.17). Capt. H. Y. Watson took it at 
Tiling Yaw in February and March, at Poungadoun, Thyetmyo, in October and 
November, and in the Karen Hills in November. Signor L. Fea obtained it in Bhamo 
in September. ‘Capt. C. T. Bingham took both sexes in Upper Tenasserim in the 
Thoungyeen Valley and Mepley Valley in January, in the Donat range in December, 
and in the Thoungyeen Forests in March and September” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 
190). Dr. J. Anderson took it in ‘‘Mergui in December and March” (J. Linn. Soc. 
Zool. 1886, 38). Dr. N. Manders records it as “extending throughout the Shan States, 
Burma, at elevations of 800 to 8000 feet; being found commonly in the Legya and 
Maingkain Districts ; also at Thebaw ; I also took it at Sawlon on the banks of the 


70 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Pun River, in January” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524). ‘Three males and two females 
recorded from Tavoy and Ponsekai, by Mr. Wood-Mason” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 425). 

It also occurs at “Perak, Malacca, and Province Wellesley in the Malay 
Peninsula, and Penang, where I found that old fallen fruit was an attraction to 
this species, and sliced pineapple placed at the proper season in a road which these 
butterflies frequented was generally sure to be visited by a good supply of both 
sexes”’ (Distant, Rbop. Malay. 114). Mr. A. R. Wallace also took it in Malacca, 
and the late Dr. Theodore Cantor took it in Penang. Colonel C. Swinhoe (Tr. Ent. 
Soc. 1893, 284) records it from Nias, Sumatra, and Borneo. Mr. H. O. Forbes 
obtained it in Sumatra. Dr. L. Martin says it “ was a very common species in 
Deli, N.H. Sumatra, before the extension of the tobacco cultivation destroyed nearly 
the whole of the forests. It occurred round nearly every house, and both sexes 
were easily captured on the kitchen-midden, especially on discarded fragments of 
fruit thrown out by the Chinese cook. It is still very common behind the house of 
the manager of the Tandjong Djatti Estate, where there is still left a small forest of 
teak (‘ djatti’ in Malay) trees. It occurs from November to March, never in high 
virgin forest, not at a greater elevation than Bekantschan. The female is called 
the ‘ golden-spot butterfly ’ by Europeans in the Straits Settlements. It settles with 
wide open spread wings, at least when feeding. Dr. Dohrn has bred it at 
Soekaranda. Males from the mountains are on the underside of both wings far 
darker than specimens from the plains, and a little bluish in hue” (de Nicéville, 
J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 421). It is also recorded from Java. It has been taken at 
Banjermasin, Borneo; and Mr. W. B. Pryer (Ann. N. H. 1887, 52) records it as 
“abundant in Sandakan, N. Borneo; frequenting forest paths, where the tree-tops 
have closed overhead, or other somewhat open places in the forest. Masticated 
sugar-cane left in such places attracts it by dozens.” Mr. D. Cator possesses 
specimens from Sandakan taken in January, February, June, and July. We have 
specimens from Sarawak. It is also recorded from Mindora, Philippines, in 
Semper’s Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 94. 


ADOLIAS KHASIANA (Plate 214, figs. 1, la, b,c, d $). 


Symphedra Khasiana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1893, p. 284. 
Symphedra Dirtea (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 189. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent blue-black ; cilia alternated with 
white. forewing with a submarginal slender lunular blue-speckled band decreasing 
from the base and vanishing before the apex, the blue speckles also extending very 
slightly along the edges of the submedian and median veins to their tips; a very 
small bluish-white speckled spot before the apex; occasionally the lower cell 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA,) 71 


ochreous spots are slightly apparent. Hindwing with a broad violaceous-blue outer- 
discal fascia, bluest posteriorly, bearing a submarginal row of black conical spots, 
the outer marginal black band of the wing being complete and entire. Underside 
more or less dusky, deep reddish-ochreous and black-speckled. Forewing with the 
posterior half almost black, basal and discal spots paler ochreous, the outer discal 
and lower marginal spots sometimes slightly pale blue, the subapical spot and its 
superposed dot bluish-white. Hindwing with the cell and discal spots paler 
ochreous ; submarginal points black. Body beneath, palpi and legs deep reddish- 
ochreous ; antennz entirely black to the tip. 

Female. Upperside paler purpurescent-black. Both wings with the cell, basal, 
and discal spots bluish-white (in some slightly ochreous white), the marginal lunate 
spots on the forewing and the submarginal and marginal markings bordering the 
black spots are speckled with pale greyish-blue. Underside brownish-ochreous. 
Forewing blackish posteriorly, the spots white. Hindwing with the spots pale 
ochreous. 

Expanse, 3 3,4, to 33%, ? 3,5, to 4;% inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills. 

Distrisution.— A male taken in Sikkim in September, by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, 
is in the British Museum collection. We also possess a male, taken by Mr. 
Dudgeon in Bhotan. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 142) states that 
“it has been recorded from Nepal, and is common in Bhotan, but is very rare in 
Sikkim.” Moller’s Sikkim Collection possessed both sexes. ‘‘ Itis very common in 
Upper Assam, according to Mr. S. E. Peal” ( Butt. Ind. 1.190). Col. C. Swinhoe 
gives “Shillong and Cherra Punji.' Very constant in its characteristics, in both 
sexes, in all the specimens of a long series received” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284). 
Mr. P. Crowley possesses it from the Naga Hills.. Several specimens of both sexes 
were obtained by Mr. J. Wood-Mason in Cachar, in July and August, in the forests 
around Silcuri, and others on Nemotha Peak in October” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 
360). 


ADOLIAS CYANIPARDUS (Plate 215, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 

Symphedra cyanipardus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 613. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. 

p. 190, pl. 21, fig. 96, g Q (1886). 

Adolias Dirteu, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 44, fig. 1, 9. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside velvety purpurescent-black; cilia alternated with 
white. Forewing with small olive-green ordinary disposed cell and upper discal 
spots, bluish-white subapical spots—the upper one minute, and a submarginal 
anteriorly-decreasing row of olivescent- (or biuish)- green lunate spots with inter- 


72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


vening less-defined green-speckles to the vein points. Hindwing with a very broad 
outer-discal sinuous-edged band, which is violescent-blue anteriorly merging into 
egreenish-blue posteriorly, crossed by black veins, and bearing a submarginal row of 
small black spots, which are either conical or somewhat quadrate, the outer black 
margin being intersected with blue points between the veins; abdominal margin 
very dark brown, the anal angle greyish. Underside very dark greenish or sap-brown. 
Forewing with the basal and posterior area bluish-black; with two pairs of large 
prominent bluish-white cell-spots, discocellular spots, two inner lower discal spots, 
outer-discal and apical spots, and lower submarginal spots. Hindwing with small 
ereenish-white cell-spots and a curved discal series of seven spots; submarginal 
blackish points very indistinct. 

Female. Upperside olivescent-black. Both wings with prominent olivescent- 
white spots disposed as in A. Khasiana, with the submarginal black spots more 
broadly greenish-blue bordered. Underside dark sap-green. Forewing with the 
posterior area greenish-black ; all the spots large and all olivescent-white. Hindwing 
with the cell and inner-discal spots olivescent-white. Body of male above entirely 
black, of female, white spotted and with white anal bands; antennz entirely black. 

Expanse, ¢ 4%, to 47%, 2 5 to 5,% inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam ; Khasias; Silhet ; Cachar. 

Disrrisution.— Mr. 8. E. Peal has obtained it at Sibsagar in Upper Assam, 
and Mr. J. L. Sherwill at Jorehat, also in Assam. There are specimens in the 
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Silhet and the Khasia Hills ” (de Nicéville, J.c. 
191). Colonel C. Swinhoe records it as “common in the Khasias” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1898, 284). Mr. J. Wood-Mason took ‘‘two males in Cachar, in forests around 
Sileuri, in August” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 360). Major Godwin-Austen obtained it 
at Jatinga, North Cachar. The specimen in the British Museum, labelled ‘‘ Borneo,” 
is undoubtedly an incorrect locality. 


ADOLIAS ALBOPUNCTATA (Plate 216, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 9). 
Symphedra albopunctata, Crowley, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1895, p. 487, g ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent-black. Forewing with two very small 
pale ochreous upper cell-spots, a less distinct ochreous discocellular spot, and a 
similar discal spot between the upper and middle medians; above the latter is a 
prominent small bluish-white triangular spot, situated below the subcostal, and 
beyond are two larger bluish-white loboyate subapical spots. Hindwing with an 
outer-discal curved row of not very prominent small blue-scaled spots, and a slightly- 
apparent submarginal row of smaller blue spots; a very small slightly-apparent 
inner-discal blue spot is also present between the upper and middle medians, and a 


NYMPHALINA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 73 


similar-disposed pale ochreous spot between the middle and lower medians. Under- 
side dark sap-brown. Forewing with the basal area bluish-black ; with four bluish- 
white small cell-spots; a somewhat larger discocellular spot, two oblique inner- 
discal spots, four outer-discal spots, and less-defined lower submarginal spots. 
Hindwing with a bluish-white discocellular spot and an inner-discal row of small 
bluish-white spots. 

Female. Upperside bluish-black. Both wings with normally-disposed bluish- 
white spots, as in A. Oyanipardus, except that the basal and discal spots are com- 
paratively larger, the two subapical and the subcostal (or the upper one of the 
inner-discal series) being also respectively larger. Underside dark sap-green, with 
bluish-white spots as in A. Cyanipardus, except that the subapical and subcostal 
on the forewing are respectively larger, and those on the hindwing somewhat smaller. 

Expanse, ¢ 4,4, ? 4,8 to 4,% inches. 

Hasttar.—Siam. 

Note.—The above description is taken from type specimens in Mr. P. Crowley’s 
collection. 

Inpo-Matayan Specrus.—dAdolias pardalis (Symph. pardalis, Moore, P. Z. 8. 
1878, p. 698, 3 ¢). Habitat. Hainan—Adolias Palawana. Male. Upperside. 
Differs from Bornean examples of A. Dirtea, on the forewing, in the marginal 
band being only half the width and sparsely scaled on its extreme outer edge. 
On the hindwing the blue band also is less than the width of the same species, 
and does not extend above the subcostal, bearing only five black spots; the 
outer border of this wing is entirely black. Expanse, 3 inches. Habitat. 
Palawan. In Coll. F. Godman.—Adolias Dirtxoides (Symph. Dirteoides, Staudinger, 
Lep. List (1896) p. 32). Habitat.— ? 

Ixpo-Matayan Attrep Grunera.—Genus Marrnisa. Male. Yorewing compara, 
tively shorter than in Adolias (Dirtea), the costa more arched and the apex more 
obtuse ; first subcostal branch anastomosed to the costal; cell narrower, closed. 
Hindwing shorter, broader, exterior margin very convex posteriorly, and strongly 
scalloped ; cell open. Antennze somewhat shorter in both sexes, and with a shorter 
stouter club. Eyes naked. Sexes similar. Type, M. canescens.—Marthisa 
canescens (Symphedra canescens, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 612, pl. 45, fig. 5, ?). 
Habitat. Sandakan, N. Borneo.—Marthisa Perdix (Symphedra Perdix, Butler, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 59, 2. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 26, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1884). 
Van de Poll, Tijd. vy. Ent. 1895, p. 8, ¢. Habitat. Nias Island—Marthisa Elna 
(Symph. Elna, Van de Poll, Tijd. voor Ent. 1895, p. 7, ¢ ?). Habitat. Nias.— 
Marthisa pardalina (Symphedia pardalina, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 154, 
pl. 44, ¢ (pardalis), 1885. Sym. pardalis, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 435, pl. 40, 
fig. 7, ? (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; N.E. Sumatra. 

VOL. III. L 


74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus Ssnapipa.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongated-triangular, costa well 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, waved ; first subcostal anastomosed 
to the costal; cell closed. Hindwing short, broad, somewhat quadrate, exterior 
margin broadly scalloped; cell open. Sexes similar. Type, S. Satrapes.—Sena- 
dipa Satrapes (Lexias Satrapes, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 302. Symph. 
Satrapes, Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 95, pl. xvii. figs. 4, 5, ¢. Syn. Adolias 
imperator, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii., Adol. pl., fig. 10, ¢. Symph. trapesa, Semper, 
l.c. p. 96, pl. xvii., figs. 2, 3, (1886). Habitat. Philippines. 

Genus Camaraca.—Male. Forewing short, subtriangular; costa arched, apex 
obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped, posterior margin straight ; first subcostal 
branch anastomosed to the costal for some distance before its end; first subcostal 
emitted at fully two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-fifth, third at one- 
third beyond the cell; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper very short, second 
concave, lower undulated; cell closed; middle median emitted at some distance 
before lower end of the cell. Hindwing short; exterior margin obliquely convex, 
scalloped ; precostal spur excurved; second subcostal branch and radial at equal 
distances from the costal vein; cell open. Body moderately stout; palpi 
somewhat slender, ascending to vertex; roughly squamous beneath; second joint 
hairy above; apex short, stout, pointed; antennz with an elongated club. Eyes 
naked. Type, C. Damalis.—Camaraga Damalis (Cynthia Damalis, Erichson, Nova 
Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. 1834, p. 404, pl. 50, fig. 4. Symphedra Damalis, Semper, 
Reisen Phil. Lep. pl. 16, figs. 1,2, ¢ 2. Habitat, Luzon, Philippines. 


Genus DICHORRAGIA. 


Dichorragia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 614. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 141 (1886). 
Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 85 (1887). 
A dolias (sect. vi.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, 
exterior margin slightly waved, uneven, posterior margin straight; cell one-third 
the length of wing, broad, closed; first subcostal branch free in both sexes, emitted 
at one-fourth before end of the cell, second close to the end; upper discocellular 
very short, bent close to subcostal, middle discocellular deeply concave, lower 
slender; radials from the upper angles ; middle median emitted immediately before 
lower end of the cell, lower median at fully one-half before the end. Hindwing 
short ; apex and exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped ; precostal spur straight ; 
cell rather broad, closed by a slender recurved lower discocellular veinlet ; the two 
upper median veinlets emitted together from lower end of the cell ; submedian area 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 75 


densely hairy on both the upper and underside of the wing. Body robust ; palpi 
porrect, compactly clothed ; antennz with a gradually thickened club ; eyes slightly 
hairy in front. Sexes alike. 

Tyre.—D. Nesimachus. 


DICHORRAGIA NESIMACHUOS (Plate 217, figs. 1, la, g 9). 


Adolias Nesimachus, Boisduval, Crochard’s Edit. Cuv. Rég. Anim. Ins. ii. pl. 139, bis, fig. 1 (1836). 
Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1859, p. 83. 

Dichorragia Nesimachus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 614. Druce, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 346. de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 141, pl. 19, fig. 82, g (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, etc., 
i. p. 132 (1892). 

Argynnis Hippomenes, Herr. Scheffer, Exot. Schmett. pp. 54, 77, figs. 11, i2 (1850). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark sap-green, with alternate bluish-black and 
white markings between the veins. Cilia alternately black and white. Forewing 
with two short upper and two lower bluish-white streaks within the cell, two less- 
defined at its end; an inner and an outer discal series of small round spots, the 
inner series anteriorly dilating into longitudinal streaks, and the outer series into 
longitudinally-disposed submarginal more or less complete duplex sinuous very 
slender marks, followed by a marginal row of small lunate spots; all the above 
markings with black intervening spaces. Hindwing with bluish-white cell-spots, a 
discal series of spots, the upper being largest, followed by a prominent outer-discal 
row of round black spots, asubmarginal series of very slender white partially-duplex 
sinuous marks and marginal lunular line. Underside. Jorewing purplish-black, 
with markings as above, but more prominently defined and wider, the cell and lower 
basal forming blue streaks. Hindwing dark purpurescent sap-brown with black 
intervening spaces ; markings as on the upperside. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler; marked as in the male. Underside as in 
the male, but of a brighter tinge throughout. Body, palpi, and legs blackish-brown, 
palpi at side and forelegs above streaked with white ; antennz black; eyes red. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 3,4, ¢ 3, inches. 

Hasitat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Khasias; Burma; 
Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

Disirisution.—* This species has a wide range, from Kulu, Kumaon, Nepal, 
Sikkim, Bhotan, Assam, and Burma. In Sikkim, it occurs somewhat rarely through- 
out the year at low elevations” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 140), ‘‘ One female 
was taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Kali Valley, near Jhulaghat, Nepal” (J. A. 8. 
Beng. 1886, 123). Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 350) says ‘‘ it is not uncommon 
in Sikkim at low elevations between April and November.” Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has 

L 2 


76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


taken it in Bhotan. “It occurs at Sibsagar in Upper Assam” (de Nicéville, Butt. 
Ind. 142), Colonel C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 
282). Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it in “ Bhamo and Upper Tenasserim. 
Rare. One specimen taken in Bhamo in August; it returned three times to the 
spot where it was first disturbed before it was captured ” (List, p. 16). 

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra—where, as observed by 
Dr. L. Martin (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1895, 414), “it is fond of settling on forest roads 
with wings only half open, and has a very rapid flight, as its robust nature shows.” 
Found also in Java, Borneo, Mindanao, Philippines (Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. 
p- 85), and according to Mr. Leech (P. Z. 8. 1887, 417), is “ fairly common in Central 
Japan.” 

Inpo-Matayan Auiigp Specius.—Dichorragia Nesseus (Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. 1893, p.217.. Leech, Butt. of China, etc., ii. p. 653). Habitat. N.W.China.— 
Dichorragia Ninus (Adolias Ninus, Felder, W. Ent. Mon. 1859, p. 185; Reise 
Novara, Lep. ili. pl. 58, figs. 4, 5. Habitat. Amboina.—Dichorragia distincta, 
Rober, Ent. Nachr, 1894, p. 365. Habitat. Ceram. 


Genus STIBOCHIONA. 


Stibochiona, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 614. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 120 (1886). 
Adolias (sect. vii.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861). 


Imaco.—Wings short, rather broad. Forewing triangular ; costa very shghtly 
arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped, posterior margin almost 
straight ; cell extending to more than one-third of the wing, closed; first subcostal 
branch free in both sexes, emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second from 
end of the cell; upper discocellular very short, bent close to subcostal, middle 
inwardiy-oblique and deeply concave, lower slightly concave, radials from the upper 
angles ; middle median veinlet emitted immediately before lower end of the cell, 
lower median at half length of the cell; submedian almost straight. Hindwing 
obconical ; exterior margin slightly convex and slightly scalloped; precostal spur 
straight, simple; cell short, broad across the middle, closed; discocellulars out- 
wardly recurved; middle and upper medians emitted from lower end of the cell, 
lower median at one-third before the end; submedian area densely clothed with 
hair on both upper and underside of the wing. Body moderately robust ; abdomen 
short ; palpi porrect, compactly clothed, second joint extending before the front, 
third joint somewhat lengthened; antenne# with a moderately thickened club. 
Eyes hairy. Sexes similar. 

Tyrz.—sS, Coresia. 


NYMPHALINA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 7 


STIBOCHIONA NICEA (Plate 217, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 9). 


Adolias Nicea, Gray, Lep, Ins. of Nepal, p. 13, pl. 12, fig. 1 (1833-46), Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. 
Mus. pt. i. p. 105 (1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1851). Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. 
(1859), p. 83. 

Stiboehiona Nicea, Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 614. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. 
p- 120, pl. 19, fig. 81, ¢ (1886). Leech, Butt of China, etc., i, p. 133 (1892), 

Adolias Dolope, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iii. p. 184 (1859). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside velvety purpurescent-black. Cilia of forewing 
alternated with white, of the hindwing entirely white. Forewing with a marginal, a 
shorter excurved upper submarginal and a still shorter upper discal row of small 
white spots, the marginal row the largest and somewhat lunate; between the two 
outer rows is a parallel series of blue points, forming a sinuous band ; three slightly- 
defined blue transverse marks within the cell. Hindwing with a marginal row of 
black spots ringed with blue inwardly and white outwardly, followed by a con- 
tiguous inner submarginal more or less defined slender blue sinuous line, both the 
latter being brightest and most defined in Eastern Himalayan and Burmese 
specimens. Underside. Ground-colour slightly paler brown-black. Forewing 
marked as above, but with all the spots bluish-white, more distinct, the discal row 
being entire and blue. Hindwing with a marginal row of more or less narrow bluish- 
white lunules, sometimes a submarginal row of bluish-white dots, and a discal series 
of blue dots, and two, or three, blue dots at end of the cell. 

Female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings as in the male, but all some- 
what larger, more defined, the submarginal sinuous line and inner half of the ring 
bordering the marginal black spots on the hindwing of a greenish-blue. Underside 
as in the male, but with all the markings slightly larger. Body, palpi, and legs 
black; collar, sides of palpi and forelegs white; antennz black, tipt with red. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5, to 2,4, % 2,4, to 3 inches. 

Hasirar.—Western and Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; 
Silhet. 

Disrrisution.—* Occurs throughout the Himalayas, from Kulu to Assam” (de 
Nicéville, Butt. India, 121). We possess a male from Kashmir, taken by the late 
Capt. R. Bayne Reed, also specimens from Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, taken in 
May by Capt. A. M. Lang, from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and 
from Sikkim, taken in March by Mr. G.C. Dudgeon. The Rev. J. Hocking obtained 
it in the Kangra Valley, and states that it ‘‘ flies like Papilio Pammon, following 
the line of hedge, and passing in and out between the bushes ” (P. Z. 8. 1882, 239). 
Mr. W. Doherty records it from “‘ Sarju, Gori, and Kali Valleys, 2000 to 5000 feet 
elevation, in Kumaon” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 123). ‘‘Mr. Graham Young has 
taken it in the Kulu Valley, and I met with it in August below Kotgarh, fifty miles 


78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


north of Simla. Mr. Templeton has taken it in Masuri. It is common in Sikkim, 
and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Silhet, Cherra Punji, Naga 
Hills, Sibsagar in Upper Assam, and examples brought by the Daffla Expedition.” 
(de Nicéville, Butt. India, 11.121). In Sikkim it “occurs throughout the warm 
weather, at low elevations’? (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 139). Colonel C. 
Swinhoe records it from the Khasia Hills (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 281). Major C. H. E. 
Adamson obtained it in the ‘‘ Arakan Hills in November and December” (List, 
p. 15). Mr. W. Doherty took four males and one female in the “ Karen Hills, 
Burma, at about 4000 feet elevation” (P. Z.8. 1891, 273). Signor Leonardo Fea also 
obtained it in the Karen Hills in October. 

Specimens from Western China, identical with this species, are in Mr. J. H. 
Leech’s collection. 

Hasits or Imaco.—Mr. de Nicévile observes that “‘it is a very pretty insect 
on the wing, having a quick flight, but settles often on trees and bushes, always 
with wings widely distended, and frequently on the underside of a leaf, and is easy 
to capture” (Butt. India, ii. 121). The Rey. J. Hocking states that it “ flies like 
Papilio Pammon, following the line of hedge, and passing in and out between the 
bushes” (P. Z. 8. 1882, 239). 

Inpo-Manayan ALLIED Sprctes.—Stibochiona Coresia (Hypolimnas Coresia, 
Hiibner, Samml. Hxot. Schmett. ii. pl. 46, figs. 3, 4 (1806). Syn. Aconthea 
apaturina, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. v. p. 68, pl. 4, figs. 1, la (1830). Habitat. Java.— 
Stibochiona Kannegieteri, Fruhst. Ent. Nachr. 1894, p. 305. de Nicéville, J. A. Soe. 
Bengal, 1895, p. 415. Habitat. Sumatra.—=Stibochiona Rothschildii, Fruhst. Hat. 
Nachr. 1894, p. 306. Habitat. Nias.—Stiboehiona Schonbergi, Honrath, Berl. Ent. 
Zeit. 1889, p. 165, pl. 2, fig. 4. Habitat. Borneo.—Stibochiona Persephone, 
Staudinger, Iris, 1892, p. 451. Habitat, Borneo. 


Genus NEUROSIGMA. 


Neurosigma, Butler, Proe, Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 615. de Nicéville, Butt of India, ete., ii. p. 150 
(1886). 

Acontia, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 76 (1848)—preoceupied. 

Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongate, subtriangular ; costa well arched, 
apex convex, exterior margin oblique, even, posterior margin recurved from the 
base; cell fully half length of the wing, closed; first subcostal branch free in 
both sexes, emitted at one-third before end of tlie cell, second at a little distance 
before the end; upper discocelluiar very short, angled close to subcostal, middle 
concave, lower recurved, radials from the upper angles; middle median veinlet 
emitted at a short distance before lower end of the cell; submedian recurved. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 79 


Hindwing broadly ovate, apex and exterior margin convex, very slightly scalloped ; 
precostal spur long, excurved, emitted opposite base of subcostal ; cell broad across 
the middle, closed ; discocellulars long, outwardly recurved, radial from above the 
middle; the middle median emitted before lower end of the cell. Body moderately 
slender; palpi porrect, compactly scaled beneath, slightly hairy above; antennz 
long and slender, club slender; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 


Typzt.—N, Doubledayi. 


NEUROSIGMA DOUBLEDAYI (Plate 218, figs. 1, la, b, f 9). 


Acontia Doubledayi, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 76, pl. 87, fig. 4, ? (1848). 

Neurosigma Doubledayi, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 277, pl. 27, fig. 7, o. 

Adolias Siva, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1850). 

Neurosigma Siva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 615. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. 
p- 151, pl. 19, fig. 80, ¢ (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing reddish-ochreous at the base, with basal 
spots and margins of black; the outer portion of the wing also broadly black, and 
crossed by an inner and an outer discal series of olivescent-white broad irregularly- 
lunate marks, and a submarginal row of oval spots. Hindwing with the veins and 
basal streaks broadly black, the outer margin also broadly black; basal interspaces, 
an inner and an outer discal series of irregular-shaped spots, and a submarginal 
row of smaller rounded spots olivescent-white; the white interspace between the 
discocellular black streak and the two black discal spots sometimes tinged with pale 
ochreous. Underside paler; the colour and markings as above, except that the 
basal black markings are smaller, and the white broader, and tinged with blue. 
Body and palpi above black; thorax and base of abdomen spotted with reddish- 
ochreous ; sides of abdomen with paler ochreous ; body and palpi beneath, and legs 
pale ochreous ; middle and hind femur and tibia blackish above. 

Female. Upperside as in the male; the markings being broader, and the 
discocellular interspace on the hindwing of the same reddish-ochreous tint as on 
base of the forewing. Underside as on the upperside. 

Expanse, 3 8,4 to 3;%, % 33% to 4% inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma. 

Distrisutton.—Of this species we have examined and verified specimens of both 
sexes taken in Sikkim in April and May by Mr. Otto Miller, now in Mr. Walter 
Rothschild’s collection; females from the Khasia Hills, in the same collection, and 
also in our own, the latter taken by Major Godwin-Austen. Mr. P. Crowley 
possesses a female from Shillong, and a male from the Naga Hills: Dro vd; 
Anderson obtained it during the Western Yunan Expedition of 1868-75. Mr, L. 


80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 11. 151 (1886) says “it appears to be a rare species. Mr. 
Moller obtained it in Sikkim in the spring, Mr. Wood-Mason took three males in 
September on Nemotha, Cachar, and Mr. J. L. Sherwill has taken it at Jorehat in 
Assam, in April. It also occurs at Cherra Punji, the Naga Hills, and in Silhet.” 
In the “ Sikkim Gazetteer,” 1894, 140, Mr. de Nicéville also remarks that itis ‘‘ rare 
in Sikkim and Bhotan at low elevations, and is apparently double-brooded [probably 
here referring to the other species], occurring in April and May, and again in 
October.” Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as “rare in Sikkim, where I have never seen 
it. Mr. Moller, who has the female in his collection, gives the elevation as from 
2000 to 3000 feet, in April and May and October. I have seen it in the end of 
September near Cherra Punji in the Khasias” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 351). Colonel 
C. Swinhoe (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 282) records it from the Khasias. Mr. H. J. 
Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 277) records, and figures, the male, taken by Mr. W. Doherty 
in the “ Karen Hills, Burma, at 4000 to 5000 feet elevation, where it seemed common, 
but only males were taken.”’ Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it at Meteleo, in the 
Karen Hills, in September. 


NEUROSIGMA FRATERNA (Plate 218, figs. 2, 2a, ). 


Adolias Siva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 85. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 52, g (nec 
Westwood). 


Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from N. Doubledayi in all the interspaces 
between the black markings being reddish-ochreous, except the upper of the outer- 
discal and submarginal spots, which are ochreous-white; the outer-discal series of 
lunate marks are comparatively narrower, and the submarginal spots larger. 
Hindwing with the cell and discal interspaces reddish-ochreous, and the outer-discal 
curved row and submarginal row of white spots smaller. Underside with both wings 
as on upperside. 

Female. Unknown. 

Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3,4 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Bhotan ; Khasia Hills ; Chittagong Hills. 

Disrrisutron.—There are males of this species taken in Sikkim in April and 
May, and in Bhotan in August, by Mr. Otto Moller, in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s 
collection. We possess males from the Khasia Hills, taken by Major Godwin- 
Austen. Mr. Elwes records (P.Z.S. 1891, 277) specimens (with the rufous 
colour spreading over the greater part of the forewing and inner half of the 
hindwing), which were taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Chittagong Hills—where 
dozens of specimens were taken by him. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 81 


Genus ABROTA. 


Abrota, Moore, Catal. Lep, Mus. E. I, Company, i. p. 176 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
ii, p. 182 (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa much arched, apex slightly 
rounded, exterior margin almost straight and slightly uneven; posterior margin 
slightly recurved ; first subcostal branch free in both sexes, emitted at fully one- 
third before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the end; upper discocellular 
very short, middle acutely bent in its middle, lower long and obliquely concave, 
radials from angle close to subcostal and end of middle discocellular; cell closed ; 
middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell. Hindwing 
triangular; anterior margin well arched from the base, exterior margin oblique, 
convex, and evenly scalloped; precostal spur long, excurved; cell open. Body 
robust ; palpi obliquely porrect, apical joint short ; antenna with an elongated slender 
club. Hyes naked. Sexes dissimilar. 

Typz.—A. Ganga. 

Hasirs.—‘ In the habit of resting with wide outspread wings on leaves in dense 
forest, these butterflies closely resemble many species of Huthalia” (de Nicéville, 
fe 183). 


ABROTA GANGA (Plate 219, figs. 1, la, g 9). 


Abrota Ganga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 178, pl. 6, a, fig. 1, g only (1857). 

Adolias confinis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1859, p. 183, pl. 4, fig. 3, 2. 

(?) Papilio Mirus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 48. 

Adolias Mirus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 61 (1869). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii, p. 183, 
pl. 24, fig. 110 (2 only). 

Abrota Jumna, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 764 (2 only). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich ochreous. Cilia blackish, alternated with white, 
Forewing with black costal edge, the veins, a small middle spot and contiguous 
clustered speckles on upperside of cell, a recurved discocellular streak, a transverse 
diffused angulated lunulate discal band extending obliquely outward from the costal 
vein to the upper median and then bent inward to below the submedian vein, 
followed by a submarginal narrow lunular band and then by a marginal band ; the 
discal and submarginal bands being confluent at their angles on the upper and 
middle median veinlet, the interspaces between the middle median and posterior margin 
being more or less marked with a central black-speckled lunular spot, and the 
broader costal interspaces by an outwardly-oblique broad black-speckled patch; the 
interspace between the discal band and the median vein also black-speckled, and the 

VOL. LI. M 


82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


base of the median veins broadly black-bordered. Hindwing with a transverse black 
subbasal, discal, submarginal, and marginal band, the discal band being somewhat 
macular, and the submarginal lunular. Underside yellowish-ochreous. Both wings 
with obscurely-defined ochreous-brown similarly-disposed transverse bands as on 
upperside, the inner one being the most distinct and broadest, the two middle 
lunularly-dentate, and the marginal obsolescent. Forewing also with two superposed 
ochreous-brown spots within the cell, a recurved discocellular streak, a series of 
pale yellowish dentate lunules traversing the inner band of which that above the 
upper median and the two between the middle median and submedian are lilacine- 
white; a series of lilacine-white spots also extending from the apex and centreing 
the upper submarginal dentated-lunules. Hindwing also with an ochreous- 
brown ringlet and a lower white-centred lunule within the cell, and a smaller 
ringlet. above it; the inner band also traversed by a series of pale yellow 
decreasing spots. Body and palpi above brownish-ochreous; paler beneath ; legs 
yellowish-ochreous ; antennz black above, ochreous beneath. 

Female. Upperside dark olivescent brownish-black. Forewing with a pale 
olivescent-ochreous broad streak extending along lower part of the celi to the middle 
of the wing and interrupted by the black discocellular streak ; beyond is an outwardly- 
oblique upper discal macular band and three lower discal inwardly-oblique spots, 
followed by a submarginal narrow lunular band, which latter decreases anteriorly 
and terminates apically in two small whitish dentate spots. Hindwing with an 
olivescent-ochreous transverse subbasal and a submarginal band. Underside paler 
yellow, but with darker reddish-ochreous markings disposed as in the male. 
Forewing with the discal dentate-lunules, the lower costal larger lunule, and the 
apical series of spots lilacine-white, but more prominent, the basal area also suffused 
with lilacine-blue. Hindwing with the middle dentate-lunules centred with lilacine- 
blue, the basal area also suffused with the same tint. Body and palpi above 
olivescent-black ; abdomen above crossed by a pale band; body and legs beneath 
pale yellowish ; palpi beneath and legs above pale ochreous, 

Expanse, d 2,% to 8, ? 3,% to 3; inches, 

Hasrrat.—Sikkim. 

DistRinution.—‘‘ This is not a common species in Sikkim; it seems peculiar to 
the lower elevations, where it is found at from 2000 to 3000 feet elevation from May 
to August, Moller and de Nicéville consider Ganga and Jumna distinct species. 
Moller found both at the same season” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 356). “ Dr. 
J. G. Pilcher once had brought to him in Sikkim a pair of this species which 
had been taken in copuld. The female was olive-green on the upperside. Both 
sexes are much rarer than A, Jumna” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 
1-42). 


NYMPHALIN AZ. $ (Group EUTHALIINA.) 83 


ABROTA JUMNA (Plate 219, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 9). 
Abrota Jumna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 764 (¢ only). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. 
p. 148, pl. 24, fig. 110 (g only). 

Abrota Ganga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, i. p. 178, pl. 6, a, fig. 1 (Q only). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside paler ochreous than in A. Ganga, with similar 
markings, except that on the forewing the pale interspaces are more defined and 
unsullied, and on the hindwing having the discal and submarginal black band 
contiguous, the submarginal also being disposed further from the marginal, and the 
discal is somewhat narrower and disposed further from the subbasal. Underside 
also paler than in A. Ganga; markings similar, except that on the hindwing the 
two median lunular bands are more contiguous and are more distinctly dentate. 

Female. Upperside ochreous brownish-black; markings similar to female 
A. Ganga, but of a yellowish-ochreous colour and comparatively broader. Underside 
similar, except that on the forewing the two large costal pale lunules are both 
yellow, and on the hindwing the two medial bands are more contiguous and also 
more distinctly dentate. 

Expanse, 3d 3,4, ? 3,5 to 3,% inches. 

Hasrrar.—Sikkim ; Bhotan. 

Disrrisution.— Both this species and the preceding occur together in Sikkim 
at low elevations from May to August, but are by no means common, and appear to 
be confined to Sikkim” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 142). Mr. G. C. 
Dudgeon has taken it in Bhotan. 


Hasits.—“ In the habit of resting with wide outspread wings on leaves in dense 
forest, they closely resemble many species of Euthalia” (de Nicéville, Butt. India, 
ii. p. 183). 

Inpo-Matayan ALLIED GenERAW—Genus Tanarcta.—Tanaecia, Butler, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 610. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 128 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, etc., ii. p. 222 (1886); Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1893, p. 48. Male. 
Forewing subtriangular; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, pointed, exterior 
margin slightly oblique, posterior margin straight; first subcostal branch anasto- 
mosed to the costal (in both sexes), second subcostal touching the first, and the third 
also touching the second before reaching the margin; first subcostal emitted at 
about one-third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end, third at 
one-third beyond the cell; discocellulars very short, inwardly oblique, angled close 
to subcostal. Cell rather narrow, open. Hindwing broadly ovate; exterior margin 
conyex, anal angle broadly rounded ; submedian thickly clothed with fine longish 
hairs along its edge; precostal spur bifid at half its length; base of second 
subcostal and radial at nearly half the distance of the former from the costal; cell 

mM 2 


84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


open. Thorax woolly; palpi laxly clothed, second joint ascending nearly to vertex, 
third joint long, fully half length of second, slender and bristle-like; antennz 
slender; eyes naked. Sexes similar. Type, T. Pulasara.—Tanaecia Pulasara 
(Adolias Pulasara, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 71, pl. 6, fig. 3, d. Butler, 
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 611. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 130, pl. 19, fig. 6, d; pl. 14, 
fig. 18, 2; pl. 18, fig. 9, ?. Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—Tanaecia consanguinea, 
Distant, Entom. 1866, p. 11; Rhop. Malay. p. 440, pl. 43, fig. 4, ¢ (1836). Habitat. 
Malay Peninsula.—Tanaecia supercilia, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 610, pl. 45, fig. 7, o. 
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 130, pl. 15, fig. 8, ¢. Habitat. Penang.—Tanaecia 
Robertsvi, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 235, ¢ (1874). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 132 (1883). 
flabitat. Malay Peninsula.—Tanaecia Vikruma (Adolias Vikrama, Felder, Reise 
Novara, Lep. iii. p. 483, ¢ (1867). Habitat. Sumatra.—Tanaecia violuria, Butler, 
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 612, pl. 45, fig. 8, 2. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 130, pl. 15, fig. 9, 
2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—Tanaecia Martigena (Huth. Martigena, 
Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 7, 2). Habitat. Sumatra.—Tanaecia 
Pelea (Pap. Pelea, Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 53 (1787). Butler, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 611. 
Syn. Adolias Palguna, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 70, pl. 6, fig. 1, d. Habitat. 
Java.—Tanaecia Varuna (Adolias Varuna, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, pl. 10, fig. 6, °. 
Habitat, Java—Tanaecia Indras (Adolias Indras, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 194, 
pl. 11, fig. 2, $. Habitat. Borneo.—Tanaecia Palawana (Euth. Palawana, Staudinger, 
Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 78. Habitat. Palawan.—Tanaecia Sakit (Huth. Saku, 
de Nicéville, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1894, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 3, ?. Habitat. N.E. 
Sumatra.— Tanaecia Lutala, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 71, pl. 6, fig. 3, ¢. 
Habitat, Borneo,—Tanaecia Aruna (Adolias Aruna, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1860, 
v. 400, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 182, pl. 15, fig. 7, ¢ (1883). Habitat. Malay 
Peninsula.—Tanaecia pardalis (Adolias pardalis, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 197, pl. 11, 
fic. 5, d. Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—Tanaecia Vordermant, Snellen, Tijd. Ent. 
1890, p. 298, pl. 12, fig. 1. Habitat. Billiiton—Tanaeciu Valmikis (Adolias 
Valmikis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ui. p. 434 (1867). Habitat. Borneo.—Tanaecia 
Orphne, Butler, Ann. Nat, Hist. 1870, p. 362. Habitat. Borneo.—Tanaecia 
Apsarasa (Adolias Apsarasa, Voll. Tid. Ent. 1862, p. 198, pl. 11, fig. 3. Habitat. 
Borneo. 

Genus Passtrona.—Male. Wings shorter and broader than in Tanaecia. 
Forewing triangular, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin even; first subcostal 
branch slightly anastomosed to the costal near its end, emitted at one-third before 
end of the cell, second at one-sixth and slightly touching the first near its end ; cell 
open. Hindwing short, broad; exterior margin oblique and convex posteriorly ; 
cell open. Third joint of palpi long and slender, bristle-like; antennz long, 
with a lengthened slender club; eyes naked. Type, P. Amisa.—Passirona Amisa 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group evrwatirys.) 85 


(Euthalia Amisa, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p- 315; Rhop. Exot. Tan. 
pl. 1, figs. 4, 5, $ (1889). Habitat. Kinabalu, N. Borneo. 


Genus SAPARONA. 


Forewing rather long, subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex very obtuse, 
exterior margin even, posterior margin long; first subcostal branch anasto- 
mosed to the costal in both sexes, first subcostal emitted at two-fifths before 
end of the cell, second at one-fifth, third at one-sixth beyond the end; cell broad, 
short, open. Hindwing ovate; apex rounded, exterior margin obliquely convex, 
slightly waved; precostal spur bifid; costal vein much arched; base of second 
subcostal and radial at equal distance from the costal vein; cell open. Thorax 
robust; palpi rather compactly clothed, apical joint one-fourth length of the second, 
pointed. Eyes naked. Sexes similar. 

Typs.—S. Cibaritis. 


SAPARONA CIBARITIS (Plate 220, fiys. 1, la, b, c,d, f 9). 


Adolias Cibaritis, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 358 ; Exot. Butt. v. Ad. pl. 4, fig. 13, 2, 
figs. 12, 15, 9 (1875). 

Tanecia Cibaritis, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 746 (1877). de Nicéville, Butt of India, ete., ii. p. 223, 
pl. xix. fig. 77, gd (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown; cilia blackish alternated with 
brownish-grey. Both wings with prominent black-lined cell and basal marks ; 
crossed by a broad pale purpurescent-white discal sinuous band, extending from the 
costal vein of the forewing to above anal angle of the hindwing, the band deeply 
sinuated with a black inner edge, which latter is also angulated above the upper 
median on the forewing, the outer edge of the band being more or less slenderly 
defined and followed by a submarginal series of black hastate spots, these spots also 
having, generally, more or less defined pale brownish-white inner-edged points, and 
these points, in some specimens, are purplish-white ; those on the forewing extending 
in some and are merged in the discal band, in others these points are blue-scaled on 
the hindwing, and in these latter specimens the outer border of the hindwing is also 
thickly speckled with bluish scales between the veins; abdominal margin pale 
greyish-brown. Underside pale pulverulescent olive-green ; discal area of forewing 
tinged with ochreous; basal black-lined marks prominent; the discal transverse 
sinuous white band, as on the upperside, more prominently and broader edged with 
black lunules, the submarginal black hastate spots also more prominent, their pale 
inner-edged points being only slightly present on the forewing. Body and palpi, 
and legs, above brown, pale greyish-ochreous beneath; antennze brown above, 


reddish beneath. 


86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the outer border of the hindwing 
is never blue-scaled. Underside darker olive-green, otherwise as in the male. 

Expanse, 3 2,% to 3;%, ? 3 to 3; inches. 

Hasitar.—s. Andamans ; Nicobars. 

Distripution.—The late Mr. F. de Roepstorff found this to be a common species 
in the South Andamans. In 1884 Mrs. de Roepstorff sent me several specimens, 
stated to be from Nankouri, in the Nicobars. 

Inpo-Matayan Specizs.—Saparona Hlone (Kuthalia Elone, de Nicéville, Journ. 
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1898, p. 47, pl. L, fig. 3, d; J. A. 8S. Beng. 1895, p. 424, 2. 
Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.—Saparona Trigerta (Adolias Trigerta, Moore, Catal. Lep. 
Mus. H. I. Company i. p. 191 (1857). Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 72, pl. 5, fig. 2. 
Habitat. Java. 

Inno Manayan Attigep Gernus.—Genus Bucasta.—(Tanaecia, Semper, Reisen 
Phil. Lep. p. 90 (nec Butler)—Male. Wings rather large. Forewing subtriangular ; 
costa well arched, apex slightly rounded, subfalcate ; exterior margin oblique and 
shghtly uneven ; first subcostal anastomosed to the costal; first and second sub- 
costals emitted before end of the cell, third at about one-fourth beyond the end ; cell 
open. Hindwing broadly conical ; apex rounded, exterior margin convexly oblique, 
waved; anal angle rounded ; cell open; precostal vein bifid. Apical joint of palpi 
extremely long and slender, longer than in typical Tanecia; eyes naked. Sexes 
similar. Type, B. Calliphorus.—Bucasia Calliphorus (Adolias Calliphorus, Felder, 
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 302). Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Ad. pl. 3, fig. 9, 3 
(1863). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 91, pl. 16, fig. 9, ¢ (1886). Syn. Adolias 
Locbania, Boisd. Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1861, p. 39. Habitat. Luzon, Mindoro.— 
Bucasia leucctenia (Tanecia leucotenia, Semper, Verh. Nat. Hamb. 1878, p. 13, 
$¢%; Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 92, pl. 16, figs. 10, 11, d ? (1886). Staudinger, Exot. 
Schmett. p. 153, pl. 54, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Mindanao.—Bucasia lwpina (Adolias 
lupina, Druce, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 158, . Habitat. Philippines. 


Genus HARAMBA. 
Adolzas (sect. iil.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 34 (1861). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa well arched towards the end, 
apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle, posterior margin 
nearly straight, angle obtuse ; first subcostal branch anastomosed to the costal for 
some distance before its end in both sexes; cell open; first subcostal emitted at two- 
fifths, and second at one-fifth before the end of the cell. Hindwing broad, 
triangularly-ovate, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex, anal 
angle narrowly rounded; precostal spur bifid; cell open. Body rather stout; palpi 


NYMPHALINA:. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 87 


not reaching to vertex, compactly clothed, third joint short, pointed ; eyes naked. 
Sexes dissimilar. 

Typz.—H. Appiades. 

Novu.—The two species—Appiades and Adima—are, though closely allied, quite 
distinct from Sedeva and Julii; the two former, apart from their characteristic 
differences, being confined to a different habitat, 


HARAMBA JAHNU (Plate 221, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ @). 
Adolias Jahnu, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I, Company, i. p, 192 (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond, 1859, 
p. 74, pl. 7, fig. 1,9; P. Z. S. 1878, p. 831. 
Euthalia Jahnu, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 211 (1886); J. As. Soe. Bengal, 1887, p. 360, 
pl. 16, fig. 5, 2. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 286. 
Adolias Sananda, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 76, pl. 7, fig. 3,g. Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 609. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside vinaceous-brown; cilia brown. Both wings with 
slender black-lined basal marks, their area broad, the interspace between the middle 
and discocellular mark in the forewing being narrow; a transverse discal and a 
submarginal slender black sinuous band, the inner band angulated at the upper 
median ; a slightly-defined dusky blackish lunate shade between the upper discal 
interspaces and longitudinal streaks in the interspace between the discocellular mark 
and upper end of the discalline. Underside yellowish-ochreous, the dise of forewing 
being slightly deeper; basal black-lined marks slender, the discal and submarginal 
lines formed by disconnected portions, those of the forewing lunulate, the discal of 
the hindwing denticulate, and the submarginal maculate. Body, palpi, and antennz 
above vinaceous-brown, beneath and legs yellowish-ochreous, 

Female. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown, the area of the basal black-lined 
marks broad; the discal and submarginal slender sinuous bands dusky brown, the 
discal broadest and slightly diffused ; the upper discal interspaces on the forewing 
slightly paler and with a dusky-brown lunate shade. In some females, the ground- 
colour is paler and of a more greyish-brown colour, the transverse dusky-brown 
sinuous bands showing more prominently, their interspaces being also paler, and on 
the forewing, anteriorly more or less sullied whitish with the central shade darker. 
Underside brownish-ochreous, the basal black-lined marks slender, and the discal 
and submarginal sinuous bands as on upperside. Forewing also with the anterior 
interspaces slightly whitish-speckled, and the submarginal band there inwardly 
lunated with white ; a white patch also at the apex. Hindwing also with the basal 
and posterior two-thirds washed with bluish-grey, the submarginal sinuous band also 
anteriorly bordered with bluish-grey lunules. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;§ to 2,8, 2 3 to 3, inches, - 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Assam; Silhet; Chittagong; Burma; Tenasserim. 


88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Distrisution.— ‘‘ This species does not appear to be very rare. Mr. de Nicéville 
has taken both sexes in Sikkim in October. It also occursin Assam, Silhet, Cachar, 
Chittagong, and Mr. Limborg obtained it at Hatseiga and Taoo, 3000 to 5000 feet, 
in Upper Tenasserim. In Major Marshall’s collection are males taken in March and 
in the autumn in the Thoungyeen forests, and females in the Donat Range in April, 
in the Thoungyeen forests in March and April, and at Mepley im January, by 
Capt. C. T. Bingham” (Butt. India, 1. 212). ‘ Rarein Sikkim at low elevations ; 
probably found throughout the warm months” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 
1894, 148). ‘Common in the Khasia Hills and Cherra Punji” (Col. Swinhoe, 
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284). Mr. J. Wood-Mason records specimens from “ Cachar, 
taken at Irangmara in August, and at Durgakuna in April” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 
361). ‘ One male and three females from the Naga and Karen Hills, of which those 
from the latter are rather smaller and paler than those from Sikkim and Khasias ” 
(H. J. Elwes, P. Z. 8S. 1891, 281). A male from the Chin-Lushai Hills is in the 
collection of Mr. P. Crowley. Capt. E. Y. Watson records seven males and two 
females “from Tilin, taken from December to March during the Chin-Lushai 
expedition of 1889-90” (J. A. S. Beng. 1891, 40). Major C. H. H. Adamson took 
it at “ Tathon near the Chindwin in September; Upper Tenasserim and Bhamo. 
Occasionally met with, but not common” (List, p. 18). A male from the Hills near 
Papun taken in November, and a female from foot of Donat Range taken in 
September, 1891, by Capt. Bingham, are in the British Museum collection. Signor 
Leonardo Fea took specimens in Bhamo in November. Itis recorded from “ Tavoy ” 
(J, A. S. Soc. Beng. 1887, 426). A single female was taken by Dr. J. Anderson on 
‘ Kisseraing Island, Mergui, in January ” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). 


HARAMBA APPIADES (Plate 221, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 9). 
Adolias Appiades, Menétries, Catal. Mus. Petr. Lep. ii. p. 120, pl. 9, fig. 4, g (1857). Moore, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 77 ~P. ZS. 1865, p. 77. Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 609. 
Euthalia Appiades, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 207 (1886); J. Bombay N. H. S. 189], 
p- 350. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown; abdominal margin 
pale ochreous-brown ; cilia brown. Forewing crossed by a discal obscurely-defined 
narrow diffused blackish lunulated fascia, and a similar submarginal denticulated 
fascia, these fascize being widest apart and most obscure towards the costa; black- 
lined cell-marks wide apart, a short line also below base of the cell, a large broad 
ringlet mark and then a small ring. Hindwing crossed by a discal and submarginal 
slender sinuous fascia, followed by a contiguous marginal smalt-blue band 
broadening from below the apex to the anal angle; two black-lined cell-marks, a 
basal small oval ring below the costal vein, two narrow oval marks between sub- 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA,) 89 


costal and radial, and two lunate marks between the medians. Underside reddish- 
ochreous, suffused with powdery senescent greyish-green at apex of forewing, and on 
the hindwing except more or less apically ; basal marks disposed as on upperside, 
very distinct, and with an additional small mark below the cell of hindwing ; 
transverse discal and submarginal narrow black sinuous bands prominent, the discal 
being sinuous, the submarginal on the hindwing being macular, and the latter edged 
on both sides by pale bluish-grey scales; and the upper portion of the submarginal 
band on the forewing is preceded by a small slightly-perceptible whitish dentate spot. 
Body and palpi above dark brown, below and legs pale ochreous; antenne black 
above, reddish beneath. 

Female. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, as in the male; basal 
markings the same but less distinct ; transverse discal and submarginal bands some- 
what less prominent, the submarginal being more distinctly denticulate, and on the 
forewing the two interspaces between the subcostal and lower radial both show a 
sullied-whitish point on the submarginal and a lunule on the discal band. Under- 
side reddish-ochreous; basal marks slender. forewing with a small bluish-grey 
patch at the apex; the transverse discal and submarginal bands, as on upperside, 
blackish-brown, prominent; the discal band edged inwardly on the two upper 
interspaces by a white lunule, and the lower interspaces edged by a much less- 
defined lunule; the submarginal band also similarly inwardly-edged by a white 
point. Hindwing with the basal and posterior area suffused with bluish-grey, the 
discal band lunular, the submarginal band dentate and more or less obsolescent 
posteriorly. 

Expanse, 3 3 to 3,4, 2? 38 to 3,5 inches. 

Hasitat.—Kumaon ; Sikkim; Bhotan. 

Note.—Both H. Appiades and Adima are comparatively larger and more robust 
insects, in both sexes, than the allied Cachar species Sedeva, and the Burmese Julii, 
the two latter being easily distinguishable, in both sexes, from the former, by the 
nearer approximation of the discal transverse-sinuous blackish band with the 
submarginal band. 

Distrisution.—Typical Appiades appears to be confined to the Middle and 
Eastern Himalayas. According to Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 207) it 
“occurs in Nepal, Sikkim and Bhotan,” and that “it is the commonest species 
of Euthalia occurring in Sikkim, and is found throughout the year at lower 
elevations ” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as ‘common 
in Sikkim up to 3000 feet elevation from March to December” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1888, 361). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124) records Appiades from 
the “Lower Gori, Jhulaghat on the Kali, Kumaon, from 2000 to 8000 feet 
elevation. Scarce.” 

VOL, III. N 


90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


HARAMBA ADIMA (Plate 222, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, dye, d 2). 


Adolias Adima, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. Company, i. p. 194 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
IGE), jos 1B ci 

Euthalia Adima, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 210 (1886); J. A. S. Beng. 1888, p. 278. 
Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 286. 

Euthalia Appiades (local race Adima), de Nicéville, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, p, 352. 

Euthalia Khasiana, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, p, 354, g. 


Tuaco.—Male. Upperside darker olivescent-brown than in Sikkim and Bhotan 
specimens of Appiades; basal black-lined markings and transverse fasciz similar. 
Hindwing either without any trace of a marginal blue band, or with a few sparsely- 
scattered blue scales at the anal angle, or in some specimens a more or less 
increasing cluster of scales, forming either small double patches or a single patch 
between the veins. Underside darker and of a more purpurescent-ochreous tint 
than in Sikkim and Bhotan Appiades, the posterior half of hindwing also of a 
deeper eenescent greyish-green. 

Female. Upperside similar to Appiades, the two upper interspaces between 
the bands with less-defined sullied-whitish points at their ends. Underside similar 
to Appiades, except that on the forewing the two upper interspaces between the 
bands are less pointed at their ends. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3;%, 2 3, to 3,4 inches: 

Hasitat.— Upper Assam; Khasia Hills. 

Variety (Plate 222, fig, 1, c)—Male. Upperside with the basal markings 
thicker, the transverse discal lunular band obsolescent on both wings, the sub- 
marginal band on the hindwing broadly diffused and comparatively nearer the 
obscure discal; no traces whatever of marginal blue scales. Underside with the 
basal marks thicker, those in the cell of forewing interspaced with black scales ; 
discal band on forewing entirely absent, the submarginal band on both wings being 
nearer the disc and composed of broader black spots. 

Expanse, 2,8 inches. Shillong. In collection Colonel C. Swinhoe, 

Distrisution.—Mr. L. de Nicéville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1891, 352) says “* Adima, 
according to his opinion, is nothing but a local race of Appiades, confined to the 
Khasia Hills and Upper Assam.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1889, 127) 
records its capture at ‘Margherita in Upper Assam, on the border of the Naga 
Country.” Mr. de Nicéville (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 278) records a considerable 
series received from Mr. W. A. Hamilton, all taken below Shillong in Assam, where, 
according to Mr. Hamilton, ‘‘Appiades does not occur at the spot where he finds 
Adima. It is a little strange that it should be replaced at the foot of the Shillong 
Hills by so variable a local race.” Colonel Swinhoe has also received numerous 
specimens from Mr. Hamilton, taken at Shillong and Cherra Punji. Mr. P. Crowley 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group EUTHALIINA,) 91 


has specimens of male Adima from Lushai, and other specimens are recorded (as 
Appiades) by Lieut. D. Thompson (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, p. 2), “‘ taken in the 
Chin-Lushai country during the Expedition from the Chittagong side, in the cold 
weather of 1889-90,” 


HARAMBA SEDEVA (Plate 223, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9). 


Adolias Sedeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 68, pl. 4, fig. 3, 2. 
Euthalia Sedeva, Swinhoe, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. xi. 

Adolias Balarama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 766, pl. 41, fig. 3, g. 
Euthalia Balarama, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 208 (1886). 
Euthatia Appiades, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, J. A, Soc. Bengal, 1887, 360. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside paler olivescent ochreous-brown than in Appiades ; 
basal marks similar, but differs in the transverse discal fascia on both wings being 
more distinctly lunulate and less diffused. On the forewing both the discal and 
submarginal fascia is distinctly defined at their anterior end, and are, moreover, 
placed nearer together in their entire course, the discal fascia also being more 
acutely angular at the lower radial; the two upper interspaces between the bands 
are either slightly paler brown than the ground-colour, and with a small more or 
less paler brownish-white outer point—or the two entire spaces are pale sullied 
brownish-white ; the blue marginal band on the hindwing is comparatively broader 
than in Appiades. Underside. Forewing paler, the ochreous ground-colour being 
more restricted to middle of the wing, the apex and borders suffused with paler 
greyish-green, the transverse fasciz near together as on upperside, the 3rd, 4th, 
and 5th portion of the discal fascia heing composed of half-circles—like a capital 
letter C or G, or the 3rd, and sometimes also the 4th, are quite circular; the two 
upper interspaces have a white outer point, or are sometimes wholly whitish. 
Hindwing entirely suffused with pale powdery greyish-green, 

Female. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown as in male, paler than in 
the same sex of Appiades; basal marks less distinct than in male. Yorewing with 
the transverse bands also near together, the two upper interspaces entirely sullied~ 
white, the four lower either discally-bordered with a whitish lunule or a broad 
sullied-white rounded spot. Underside similar to Appiades, except that, in the 
forewing, the transverse bands are nearer together as on upperside, the two upper 
interspaces entirely and the lower discally-bordered lunules pure white, 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2;%, ¢ 3 to 3,% inches, 

Hasirat.—Assam ; Silhet; Cachar, 

Nory.—Both sexes of H. Sedeva are distinguishable from the Sikkim Appiades, 
in being comparatively smaller, and uniformly paler on the upperside, the nearer 
approximation of the two transverse fascize on the forewing, and in the two upper 

N 2 


92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


interspaces in the male being either whitish-pointed externally or entirely sullied 
brownish-white, and in the female these two upper interspaces are entirely white 
and the lower discally-bordered with white lunules ; in the male, the blue band on 
the hindwing is also comparatively broader. 

With reference to Colonel Swinhoe’s Note in Proc. Ent. Society, 1890) jones 
on the identification of this species, I must point out an important error (or 
lapsus calani) regarding the locality, there given, for Sedeva—an error which has 
also led Mr. de Nicéville (see Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1891, 350) into 
fault, as regards the true habitat of Sedeva. Col. Swinhoe’s “duplicates from 
Buzar,” received by him from the Calcutta Museum, and referred to, as being 
partly set up for his own cabinet and ‘‘the others given to Mr. Moore,” are now before 
me, under examination. These so termed ‘“‘ Buxar” specimens, above cited, and of 
which there are about thirty before me—in about equal number of males and 
females—are really from the Cachar District—not from Buxar, and have the place 
and date of capture, by Mr. Wood-Mason in 1881, on their paper envelopes, as we here 
quote them below. All are true Sedeva. 

Distrisution.—Of this species we possess both sexes, labelled Silhet, Assam, 
and several specimens of both male and female, taken, as above noted, by Mr. Wood- 
Mason “at low elevations in Cachar, this being one of the commonest butterflies, 
and was met with between May and August in the forests around Silcuri [Silcuri, 
May; Durgakuna, May; Durmkhal, June; Irangmara, January, July, August], 
both sexes being equally prevalent” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 360). 


HARAMBA JULII. 


Nymula Julii, Bougainville, Voy. Thetis, ii. p. 345, pl. 44, figs. 4, 4a, 2 (1837). 

Adolias Xiphiones, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 609, pl. 45, fig. 6, ¢. 

Euthalia Xiphiones, de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 209 (1886). Distant, Rhop. Malay. 
p- 439, pl. 36, figs. 9,10, g 9. 

Adolias Parvata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 831, pl. 52, fig. 3, 2. 

Euthalia (local race Xiphiones), de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, p. 352. 


Imaco.—Male. Most like Cachar Sedeva. Upperside somewhat darker brown ; 
basal marks and transverse bands similar; the discal and submarginal band on the 
forewing approximated, the upper portion being of the same tint as the ground- 
colour, and without any indication of whitish points. Hindwing with the blue band 
broad. Underside similar to Sedeva, but with all the markings generally less defined. 

Female. Upperside similar to Sedeva; the discal bands on the forewing 
similarly approximated, but with the two upper interspaces both shorter and either 
densely clouded with dark brown across the middle, leaving inner sullied-whitish 
lunules and small outer points, or the two spaces are more uniformly sullied-white ; 


NYMPHALINZ (Group EUTHALIINA.) 93 


the four lower interspaces either uniform with the ground-colour, or are slightly 
inwardly bordered with sullied-whitish lunules. Underside similar to Sedeva; bands 
on forewing with whiter interspaces, as on upperside. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,%, ¢ 2,8 to 3 inches, 

Hasirat.—Burma ; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula. 

Norz.—We have assigned Bougainville’s name (as above cited) to this species. 
His figure is doubtless taken from a Malayan specimen. His figure agrees exactly 
with some Burmese and Malay examples under examination. The other species (of 
various genera) which he figures on the same plate, are also representatives of 
known Malayan butterflies. 

Distrisution.—* This is a common species throughout Burma” (de Nicéville, 
J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 352). ‘In Major Marshall’s collection are three males 
of this species, taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests, Upper 
Tenasserim, in December. There are also three females from Mepley, one from 
Donat, taken in January, two from Upper Thoungyeen forests, taken in April, two 
taken in March, and one from Sekkan, Thoungyeen, taken in February ” (id. Butt. 
India, 209). In the British Museum collection are specimens from Tilin Yaw, taken 
in May by Capt. EH. Y. Watson during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90; also 
both sexes taken in Kollido, Papun, N.E. Tenasserim, November and December, 
Yunzaleen Valley in December, the Donat Range in February and September, and 
in Mergui in August, by Capt. C. T. Bingham. A female from the Karen Hills is 
in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Major C. H. E, Adamson records it from ‘“ Bhamo 
and Upper Tenasserim. Not uncommon near Moulmein in July” (List, p. 18). 
Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524) found it “somewhat local in the Shan 
States, Burma, but abundant where it occurs. I took it at Nankon, 4000 feet, on 
the edge of the thick belt of hills and forest extending between the Phwayla Plateau 
and the Upper Burma plains; also in the neighbourhood of Mone, and commonly 
in Eastern Karenni. It flies nearly all the year round.” The specimen described 
as ‘“* Parvata”’ was taken by Mr. O. Limborg at ‘“‘ Meetan, 3000 feet, Upper Tenas- 
serim, in April” (P. Z. 8. 1878, 831). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it in “ Mergui 
in March, and on Sullivan Island in January” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 38). 
Mr. Distant records it from Perak, Malay Peninsula (Rhop. Malay. 439). 


Genus CYNITIA. 


Aconthea (part), Horsfield, Zool. Journ. v. p. 65 (1829-30). 
Adolias (sect. iv.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 34 (1861). 

Felderia, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 88 (1888)—preoceupied. 
Cynitia, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1895, p. 9. 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa fully arched, apex truncate and 


94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


slightly falcate, exterior margin oblique, slightly concave below the angle, posterior 
margin convex ; first subcostal branch slightly anastomosed to the costal near its end 
in both sexes; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at 
one-fifth, third at fully one-third beyond; discocellulars short; cell open. Hind- 
wing obconical; anterior margin much arched from the base, apex obtuse, exterior 
margin oblique, convex posteriorly ; precostal spur excurved; cell open; furnished 
with a dense oval glandular patch of shining blackish raised scales, occupying the 
basal interspace of the subcostals and radial, and anteriorly bounded by the costal 
vein; these scales, as seen under the microscope, being flat, somewhat long, with 
slight convex even tip, mostly being rather wide, several somewhat narrower, and a 
few slender, but all of them somewhat widest anteriorly. Body moderate; palpi 
porrect, apical joint short, pointed; antennal club well formed ; eyes naked. Sexes 
more or less dissimilar. 

CATERPILLAR. ¢ 

Cae teats. bor the usual Euthalia form. 

Typz.—C. Phlegethon. 

Norr.—In this genus, of which the representatives are mostly Indo-Malayan, 
there are three well-marked groups of species, In the first group, the sexes are 
dissimilar, the males having a blue marginal band, and the females a discal series of 
fusiform markings on both wings (Phlegethon, Ambalika, Gundava, Gopia, Monina, 
Cocytina, Blumei, Diardii), or with sinuous markings on both wings (Puseda, 
Ludekingit): In the second group, the sexes are also dissimilar, the males haying a 
grey marginal band, and the females somewhat oval discal markings (Cocytus (Satro- 
paces), Vacillaria, Asoka). In the third group, the sexes are somewhat similar, 
the marginal band being present in both the male and female, either of a grey 
or blue colour (lepida, Japis, Bottgeri, Flora (Macnairi), Andersont, Stoliczkana, 
Maclay). 


CYNITIA OOCYTUS (Plate 224, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, d 2). 


Papilio Cocytus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 29, g (1787); Ent. Syst, iii, p. 55. Jones, Icones, pl. 64, 
fig, 2. 

Adolias Cocytus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1868, p. 71, g ; 2d. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 607, pl. 45, 
figs. 3 and 10, § ¢ ; Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1869). 

Adolias Satropaces, Hewitson, Entom. M. Mag. 1876, p. 150, g 2 ; Lep. Coll. Atkinson, p. 1, pl. 1, 
figs. 6, 7, 8, @ @ (1879); Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 830. 

Euthalia Satropaces, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. 206 (1886). 


Iuaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark purpurescent umber-brown ; cilia white. 
Both wings with an outer marginal pale dull bluish-grey or purpurescent-grey band, 


NYMPHALINA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 95 


which extends from below the apex of forewing and widening to the abdominal 
margin of the hindwing to half-way up above anal angle. Forewing also with 
clearly-defined basal black-lined marks, their interspaces being pale greyish- 
brown, beyond which is an outwardly-oblique upper discal pale greyish- 
brown patch. Hindwing also with basal black-lined indistinct marks. Underside 
yellowish-ochreous. Both wings with slightly-defined slender blackish-brown basal 
marks. Forewing with a slender blackish lunular submarginal line. Hindwing with 
a very obscurely-defined pale brownish discal and submarginal slender sinuous fascia. 
Body and palpi above dark brown, beneath and legs pale yellowish-ochreous ; 
antennz dark brown above, ochreous beneath. 

Female. Upperside pale purpurescent greyish-brown; cilia grey. Forewing 
with basal black-lined marks, slender and obscure; crossed by an oblique sub- 
marginal dark brown diffused narrow band, and an inner-discal angulated series of 
five sullied-white brown-edged spots, of which the two upper are largest and ovate 
and disposed obliquely-outward, the three lower much smaller, the third being 
minute, these latter are disposed obliquely-inward ; a small similar white spot also 
present before the apex, the apical area being slightly speckled with bluish-grey 
scales; a dusky-brown shade before the upper discal spots. Hindwing with 
indistinct basal marks; crossed by a discal dark brown diffused band, and a less- 
defined more or less complete submarginal slender lunular band, which latter is 
sometimes slightly bordered with bluish-grey scales. Underside duller yellowish- 
ochreous than in male. Basal marks slender, ill-defined. Forewing with the discal 
brown-edged sullied-white spots and subapical spot, the apex also densely white- 
speckled ; submarginal blackish fascia less oblique than on the upper side. Hindwing 
with the discal and submarginal blackish sinuous slender fascia, 

Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2,%, ¢ 2,8 to 3,4, inches, 

Hasitar.—Burma; Tenasserim; W. Siam. 

Notz.—The male type of the Fabrician P. Cocytus, in the Banksian Cabinet in 
the British Museum, has a grey marginal band—not blue, as erroneously stated by 
Mr. Butler (Ann. N. H. 1868, p. 71)—which we have, personally, both verified, in 
comparison with specimens of the same sex of Hewitson’s Satropaces. The 
Fabrician type specimens of male and female Cocytus are undoubtedly the same as 
those of Satropaces. 

Distrizution.—The Fabrician type, both of male and female, is labelled “‘ Siam.” 
The types of Satropaces were, according to Mr. W. 8. Atkinson’s MS. Notes, taken 
in “ Tenasserim near the frontier of Siam.” Mr. Otto Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 830) 
took it at ‘“‘ Meetan, 3000 feet elevation, Upper Tenasserim, in April.’ Capt. C. T. 
Bingham obtained it in the Thoungyeen forests in December, and in the Donat 
Range in January ; subsequently, Capt. Bingham also took it in the ‘ Hills north of 


96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Papun, in December, 1891, and in the Thoungyeen forests in February, 1892.” 
Major C. H. E. Adamson took “two males and one female in Tenasserim in 1878; 
none seen since ’’ (List, p. 18, 1889). Signor Leonardo Fea sent me for examination, 
specimens taken in Bhamo and Cheba, in November. Four males are recorded from 
Tavoy (P. Z. 8. 1887, 436). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it at ‘‘ Minthantoung in 
December, and in Mergui in December and March” (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 
1886, 38). 


CYNITIA- LEPIDEA (Plate 225, figs. 1, la, b,¢e,d,e, f 2). 


Adolias lepidea, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1868, p. 71. Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 830. 

Euthalia lepidea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 203, pl. 19, fig. 78, § (1886). Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 439, pl. 36, figs. 4,5, ¢ 92 (1886). 

Adolias Cocytus, Moore, Tr. Ent, Soc. 1859, p. 76. 


Tuaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent sepia-brown; cilia white. ore- 
wing crossed by a very obscurely-defined slightly paler brown discal fascia widening 
from the costa, its inner edge being sinuously defined and angulated outward at the 
upper median. Both wings with black-lined basal marks, and a prominent pale 
ashy-grey outer marginal band, which extends narrowly from the apex of forewing 
and widening across the hindwing to above the anal angle. Underside pale brownish- 
ochreous, palest on the hindwing ; the outer borders washed with liacine-grey. 
Both wings with slender black-lined basal marks, and crossed by a dusky brown 
slender sinuous discal band, and a submarginal lunular band, both of which are 
palest, less defined, and somewhat diffused, on the hindwing. 

Female. Upperside paler than in male, and of an umber-brown colour ; basal 
marks, discal pale fascia, and marginal band, as in the male, except that the latter 
is brownish-grey, and in the Indian and Burmese specimens is slightly brownish- 
tinged along the outer margin, and the pale discal fascia more apparent. Underside as 
in the male, except that the ochreous colour is brighter, especially between the bands 
on the forewing, and the tranverse bands on both wings are more diffused. Body, 
palpi, and antenne above dark brown, beneath and legs pale ochreous. 

Expanse, 3 2,8 to 2,%, 2 23% to 3; inches. 

Carerpittar.—‘ Of the usual Euthalia form; colour green, with a dorsal row 
of light red occelli with blue centres; spines tipt with yellow” (Davidson, Journ. 
Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 276). 

Curysatis.—* More narrowed at the head than in H. Garuda; green; all the 
points golden-yellow tipt with black, and a few large spots of gold between”’ 
(Davidson, l.c.). 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 97 


Ece.—Unknown. ; 

Hasirat.—North-Eastern and South India; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay 
Peninsula. 

Distrisution.—‘ Occurs commonly in North-Eastern India and Burma, 
appearing again in Orissa, and Southward to Travancore” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 
ii. 203). We possess a female taken by Capt. A. M. Lang below Naini Tal, East, 
at 2500 feet elevation; also a male from Nepal, taken by the late General G. 
Ramsay. Mr. L. de Nicéville says, ‘I have taken this species in Sikkim, in the 
hot valleys below Badamtam in October; it is fairly common in the Terai and in 
Bhotan, and probably flies all through the summer ” (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 144). Speci- 
mens from Sikkim, taken in July, and from Bhotan in April, July, and August, by 
Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection. It occurs in Jorehat in 
June. Col. C. Swinhoe records it as common in the Khasias (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1898, 285). 
Mr. Wood-Mason found it “ very numerous in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, 
between April and August” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 360). Mr. W. C. Taylor “ found 
it common in the Mals at Khorda, in Orissa” (List, p. 6, 1888). ‘‘ A few specimens 
taken at Kathlekan, Mysore, in November and December, and at the Gersoppa Falls 
in January” (Capt. EH. Y. Watson, J. Bombay N. H.S. 1890,5). Mr. H.8. Ferguson 
** found it common in Travancore, in the low country and in the Hills up to 3000 feet. 
Kowdias 2000 feet in April. It has a habit of flying into the verandah in the low 
country and settling on the white walls or ceiling cloth ” (J. Bombay N. H. 8.1891, 9). 
In the Nilgiris, Mr. G. F. Hampson says it is “rare, found from 2000 to 
6000 feet” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1888, 354). The late 8. N. Ward took it at ‘* Mangalore, 
Calicut, and Sircy” (MS. Notes). Mr. J. Davidson found ‘‘ this species very common 
throughout the North Kanara District, frequenting the undergrowth of shady 
forests and seldom coming into the light” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, p. —?). ‘*In 
the C. Provinces I have only met with this species in Kalahandi, where it seems 
fairly common” (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 284). Major C. H. E. 
Adamson ‘‘ found it throughout Burma. Very common, especially near Akyab, in 
the dry hot months, when it is abundant in the dry jungles” (List, p. 18, 1889). 
Also taken in Chittagong in October and November. Signor Leonardo Fea took it 
at Bhamo, in September, and also in the Karen Hills in September. Dr. N. Manders 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524) says it is “not uncommon in Hastern Karenni.” Capt. 
E. Y. Watson took it in “ Rangoon, and Beeling, Upper Tenasserim. Common— 
in March, and at Kyaikto in January and February ” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 
5). Mr. Otto Limborg “ obtained it at Meetan, Upper Tenasserim, 3000 feet in April”’ 
(P. Z. 8. 1878, 830). It has been taken at Tavoy (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1887, 426). It 
also occurs in the Malay Peninsula. 

Hasits or Imaco.—According to Mr. J. Betham “ it has a very rapid flight, and 

VOL. LI. 0) 


98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


is very wary, though it can be caught by baiting with Mhowa refuse” (J. Bombay 
N. H. 8. 1890, 284). Mr. J. Davidson says “‘its flight is not strong, and it rests 
much on leaves, with wings open” (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. —). 

Foop-piant oF Larva.— We found this larva very abundantly all the latter 
half of the Monsoon on Melastoma malabathricum, a shrub with large and handsome 
flowers, sometimes called Rhododendron. It also feeds on Careya arborea’? (David- 
son and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 276). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 225, fig. 1, la, le, is from a South 
Indian male and female; and fig. 1, b, d, e, from a Burmese male and female. 


CYNITIA COGNATA (Plate 226, figs. 1, la, 2). 


Femate.—Upperside purpurescent umber-brown, as in same sex of C. lepidea. 
Forewing differs from that species in the outer margin bordering the dusky sub- 
marginal fascia being of the same but slightly paler brown colour as the other part 
of the wing; and in the discal dusky fascia possessing two upper and two lower 
short sullied-whitish spots. Hindwing with the outer margin broadly pale brown, 
palest along the discal dusky fascia. Underside similar to that of C. lepida, except 
that on the forewing, the discal series of sullied-white spots are present, as on the 
upperside. 

Expanse, 9 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—Siam, 

Described from a single specimen in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley. 


CYNITIA ANDERSONI (Plate 226, figs. 2, 2a, b,c, f 2). 


Euthalia Andersoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 18; zd. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 
p- 38, pl. 3, figs. 3,4, @ @. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 203 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark umber-brown. Cilia white. Both wings with 
basal black-lined marks, and an outer marginal pale cobalt-blue band, which extends 
from the apex of forewing and widens across the hindwing to above anal angle; a 
transverse discal very obscurely-defined slightly paler sinuous fascia widening from 
the costa of forewing. Underside pale brownish-ochreous, the outer borders broadly 
suffused with pale purplish lilacine-grey; cell marks on forewing distinct, less 
defined on hindwing; across the disc of both wings are two slender dusky brown 
lunular fasciz, these being much less defined, and somewhat diffused, on the 
hindwing. 

Female. Upperside paler than in the male; discal fascia more apparent, the 
marginal blue-grey band somewhat paler. Underside as in the male. 


NYMPHALINA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 99 


Expanse, ¢ 2, to 2;%, 2 2;% to 8 inches. 

Haszirat.—Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago. 

Distrisution.—Dr. J. Anderson obtained several specimens of both sexes in 
‘*Mergui, in December, January, and March; also at Minthantoung, Zediwon, and 
Pataw Island in December.” Major C. H. E. Adamson took a single specimen on 
the Tavoy Coast in September (List, p. 18). Col. C. T. Bingham also took it in 
Tavoy, in September, and in the Tavoy Valley in March, 1893. 

Inpo-MatayvaAn Sprcres or Cynitta.—Cynitia Phlegethon (Felderia Phlegethon, 
Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 90, pl. 17, figs. 6-9, ¢ ¢ (1888). Habitat. Philip- 
pines.—Cynitia Monina (Pap. Monina, Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 51 (1787). Adolias Monina, 
Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 608, pl. 45, fig. 4, ¢ ; Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M.p. 89. Euth. 
Coeytina, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 125, pl. 18, fig. 7, ?. Habitat. Malay Peninsula. 
—Cynitia Cocytina (Aconthea Cocytina, Horsf. Zool. Journ. (1830), p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 3, 
8a, d (Pap. Cocyta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 127, ¢). Adolias Godartii, Gray, Lep. 
Ins. Nepal, p. 14, pl. 12, fig. 2, ¢ (1833-46). Habitat. Sumatra.—Cynitia Ambalika 
(Adolias Ambalika, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 74, pl. 5, fig. 8, $. Butler, Ann. 
N. H. 1868, p. 98, 3. Habitat. Borneo.—Cynitia Gopia (Adolias Gopia, Moore, 
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 73, pl. 5, fig. 4, 2. Habitat—?—Cynitia Blumei (Adolias 
Blumei, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 204, pl. 12, figs. 3,4, ¢. Habitat. Java.—Cynitia 
Diardi (Adolias Diardi, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 188, pl. 10, fig. 2, ¢. Butler, Ann. 
N. H. 1868, p. 98, ¢. Habitat. Borneo.—Cynitia Asoka (Adolias Asoka, Felder, 
Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 433, pl. 58, fig. 1, 2 (1867). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 127, 
pl. 15, fig. 5, 3; id. pl. 14, fig. 3, 2. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.— 
Cynitia Vacillaria (Adolias Vacillaria, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 606, pl. 45, fig. 1, ¢. 
Habitat. Borneo.—Cynitia Gandava (Adolias Gandava, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, 
p- 199, pl. 11, fig..4, 2%. Habitat—?—Cynitia Puseda (Adolias Puseda, Moore, 
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 191 (1857) ; Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 71, pl. 6, fig. 5, ¢ ; 
Lep. of Ceylon, p. 529. Huth. Puseda, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 125, pl. 18, 
fig. 8, 2; id. pl. 15, fig, 38, %. Habitat. Penang; Malay Peninsula.—Cynitia 
Ludekingii (Adolias Ludekingii, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 189, pl. 10, fig. 3, ¢. 
Habitat. Sumatra.—Cynitia Flora (Tanecia Flora, Butler, P. Z. 5. 1873, p. 235; 
Aid, pl. 21, ?. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 129, pl. 18, fig. 6, ¢. Syn. Huth. 
Macnairi, Distant, l.c. p. 123, pl. 14, figs. 6,10, ¢ 9 (1883). Habitat. Malay 
Peninsula.—Cynitia Stoliczkana (Huth. Stoliczkana, Distant, l.c, p. 124, pl. 14, fig. 11, 
? (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—Cynitia Maclayi (Huth. Maclayi, Distant, 
lic. p. 124, pl. 14, fig. 12, 2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula,—Cynitia Salangana 
(Huth. Salangana, Fruhstorf, Ent. Nach. 1896, p. 39. Habitat. Salanga Island.— 
Cynitia Semperi (Felderia Semperi, Stgr. Iris, 1889, p. 77. Habitat. Palawan.— 
Cynitia Japis (Nymph, Japis, Godart, Encyc. Méth. ix. p, 382 (1819). Lucas, Lep. 

0 2 


100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Exot. pl. 69, fig. 1, ? (1835). Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 73. Fruhst. Berl. Ent. 
Zeit. 1894, p. 245, pl. 18, fig. 7, %. Habitat. Java—tCynitia Bottgeri (Felderia 
Bottgeri, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 244, pl. 18, figs. 5,6, d %. Habitat. 
West Java.—Cynitia Tanagra (Felderia Tanagra, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 76. 
Habitat. Palawan. 


Genus KIRONTISA. 


Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa well 
arched, apex slightly produced and obtuse, exterior margin slightly concave in 
the middle, even, posterior margin almost straight; costal vein free in both 
sexes; first subcostal branch emitted at one-half before end of cell, second at one- 
fifth; cell open. Hindwing broadly conical; anterior margin well arched, exterior 
margin convex, even, anal angle pointed ; second subcostal branch and radial emitted 
at equal distance from the costal; cell open; precostal excurved. Body very 
robust ; palpi not reaching to vertex, apex short, stout, conical. Eyes naked. 
Antennal club short, slender. Sexes dissimilar. 

Tyer.—K. Telchinia. 


KIRONTISA TELCHINIA (Plate 227, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ ?). 


Adolias Telchinia, Menétries, Catal. Mus. Petr. Lep. ii. p. 120, pl. 9, fig. 5, g (1857). Moore, Tr. 
Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 77. Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 608. 

Euthalia Telchinia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 206 (1886). 

Adolias Aphidas, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. 4d. pl. 2, figs. 8, 9 (1862), 9°. 


Imaco.— Male. Upperside dark purpurescent umber-brown. Cilia white. Both 
wings with a marginal blue band having a more or less znescent lustre, which 
commences narrowly on the lower half of the forewing and widens on the hindwing 
to the anal angle. Forewing also with obscurely-defined black-lined cell and basal 
marks, their interspaces being paler brown; a triangular pale brown costal space 
also before the apex. Hindwing also with obscurely-defined black-lined cell marks 
with paler brown interspaces. Underside paler umber-brown ; basal black-lined 
marks not prominent ; both wings crossed by a discal and a submarginal sinuous 
diffused blackish fascia. Body, palpi, and antenne above dark brown, beneath 
pale brown. 

Female. Upperside pale umber-brown; cell and basal marks obscurely defined ; 
crossed by a continuous oblique discal darker brown fascia, which commences at 
the apex of forewing and widens posteriorly to the middle of the abdominal margin ; 
hindwing also with a narrow dark brown submarginal lunular fascia. Forewing 


NYMPHALINZ (Group EUTHALIINA.) 101 


also crossed by a prominent discal curved upper series of five small semidiaphanous 
brownish-white more or less dentate spots, which are inwardly-bordered by a 
slightly-defined dark brown lunular fascia. Underside dull, or more or less brighter, 
yellowish-ochreous; basal marks slender. Forewing crossed by a well-defined 
submarginal blackish lunular fascia; the transverse discal series of white spots 
prominent, and each spot defined by a diffused black-speckled edge; apex with 
a white-speckled patch. Hindwing crossed by a narrow, more or less slightly 
defined, discal and submarginal sinuous diffused line. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 3, 2 3; to 3,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Nepal ; Sikkim; Khasias ; Cachar. 

Mimicry.—Mr. W. Doherty (J. A.S. Beng. 1889, 122) notes this species as 
being “a mimic.” In general coloration, and pattern of markings, there is a 
similarity to certain species of Cynitia—which is a protected genus of the present 
group. 

Disrainution.—“ In Sikkim, this species occurs in the low valleys, from 2000 to 
3000 feet elevation, from April to October, but rather rarely” (de Nicéville, Sikkim 
Gaz. 1894, 143). We possess specimens of both sexes, taken in Nepal, by the 
late General G. Ramsay. Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained ‘‘one male on Nemotha 
Peak, Cachar, at end of September” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 360). Colonel C. Swinhoe 
records it as “common in the Khasias” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 285). 


Genus TASINGA. 


Mate.—Wings very short. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex prolonged 
and faleate; exterior margin concave below the apex, slightly uneven; posterior 
margin recurved ; costal vein free in the male, anastomosed to the first subcostal in 
the female ; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-half before end of the cell, second 
at one-fifth, and third immediately beyond the end; discocellulars bent inward, 
straight; cell open. Hindwing triangular ; anterior margin almost straight, apex 
pointed, exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex, and slightly uneven, anal 
angle prolonged; precostal vein bent outward ; second subcostal branch emitted at 
a short distance from the costal, radial at nearly twice the distance ; cell open. Body 
very robust ; apex of palpi stout, conical. Eyes naked. 

Typs.—T. Anosia. 


TASINGA ANOSIA (Plate 297, figs. 2, 2a, d ?). 


Adolias Anosia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. Compy. i. p. 187 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
1859, p. 65, pl. 5, fig. 1, g Q. 


102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Euthalia Anosia, Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep, p. 254 (1871). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 117, pl. 14, 
fig. 5, 2 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 222 (1886). 

Male. Upperside dark ashy-green, with the anterior margin of hindwing 
broadly pale pinkish-brown. Cilia of forewing black, of hindwing white. Fore- 
wing with a broad transverse discal densely grey irrorated-fascia, its inner edge 
being angulated, its outer edge sinuous, and both edges lunularly slightly black- 
speckled ; black-lined markings within and below the cell edged with grey scales, and 
a few grey irrorations scattered between these markings. Hindwing with a transverse 
discal black-speckled sinuous fascia, and a submarginal series of black-speckled 
lunules, the lower portions of both and intervening discal area being thickly 
irrorated with grey scales ; black-lined cell marks and a small black spot above and 
below the cell edged with grey scales; a prominent small patch of pure white scales 
extending (in both sexes) from base of precostal to base of subcostal. Underside 
olivescent-grey, palest on the forewing; outer borders of both wings, broadly, 
with numerous rather indistinct blackish short transverse slender strigez; discal 
and submarginal black-speckled sinuous markings, as on upperside, ill-defined ; 
basal black-lined markings very distinct. Body and palpi above dark ashy-green, 
below and legs greyish-white ; antennee dark brown above, reddish below. 

Female. Upperside paler than in the male, the exterior borders brownish ; 
irrorated markings the same. Forewing with an inner-discal curved row of 
prominent white dentate decreasing spots with black edges, extending from middle 
of the costa to below the middle median veinlet. Hindwing with the discal 
sinuous black fascia and submarginal lunate spots more defined. Underside paler 
than in the male; markings similar, the forewing also haying the discal spots of the 
upperside. 

Expanse, d 2,6, ? 3 to 3,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Assam ; Cachar; Burma; Tenasserim. 

The above description of male and female is taken from N. Indian examples. 

DistRIBUTION wirHIN Inp1aANn Anza.‘ Extremely rare in Sikkim. It has been 
obtained at Singla in April and October. It is generally found in river-beds, where 
it is fond of resting with outspread wings on the face of large boulders, from which 
it is then scarcely distinguishable” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 144). 
“Dr. L. Martin caught a specimen in April, 1895, at the lower end of the Sibi 
Kola, near Darjiling ” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 426). “ Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained 
a female at Irangmara, in Cachar, in July; another seen with outspreading wings 
resting on the wall of a room in the bungalow at Lalla Mookh, in June, presenting 
the appearance of a leaf overgrown by a fungus; one male also taken on Nemotha 
Peak in September” (J. A. 8S, Beng, 1887, p. 362). ‘Mr. J. L. Shirwell took a 
female in the Jorehat district in June, and Mr. 8S. E. Peal has sent it from 


NYMPHALIN. (Group EUTHALIINA,) 103 


Sibsagar, Assam” (Butt. Ind. ii. 222), Major C. H. E. Adamson records “ two 
specimens, one from Bhamo and one from Lower Burma” (List, p. 18, 1889). It 
is recorded from Tenasserim, and Dr. J. Anderson obtained a pair in ‘ Mergui in 
December and March” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 37). Capt. Bingham took it 
in Moulmein in October. Capt. EH. Y. Watson took a female at Belung, Upper 
Tenasserim. A male and female from Tavoy is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection, 

Distrisution ouTsipE Inpran Arga.—Mr. W. L. Distant records it as “ scarce in 
the Malay Peninsula, one specimen only of a female, from Province Wellesley, 
being in his collection. Dr. L. Martin caught a specimen at Ayar Panas, eighteen 
miles inland from the town of Malacca, and possesses a single specimen from 
Kampong Singapura, N.E. Sumatra, captured in April, 1891” (J. A. 8. Beng. 
1895, p. 426). Mr. H. Druce (P. Z.S. 1873, p. 345) records it from Borneo, and 
Mr. W. P. Pryer (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 53) says, “I obtained this in 
Sandakan, N. Borneo, in one place only, at the back of Elopura, flying in open 
sunshine in some regrown scrubb.” Mons. G. A. Poujade (Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. 
ser. 3, lil. p. 263) records it from Laos. 


Genus DOPHLA, 


Dophla, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 33 (1880). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 86 (1887). 
Adolias (sect. v., part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861). 
Luthalia (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 191 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa much arched, apex truncately- 
falcate, exterior margin even, angular below the apex, and very concave in the 
middle, posterior margin rather long, straight; first subcostal branch free, in both 
sexes, emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second near its end, third at one- 
fourth beyond the end, and extending to the apex, fourth and fifth at three-fourths ; 
upper discocellular very short, bent inward close to subcostal, middle and lower 
inwardly-oblique and concave, closing the cell; upper radial from angle close to 
subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of discocellulars; upper median 
veinlet emitted from end of the cell, middle median from immediately before end of 
the cell; submedian slightly recurved. Hindwing bluntly oval; costa arched in 
male (straight in female), apex and exterior margin very convex, almost even; cell 
closed by a slender discocellular veinlet. Body robust. Eyes naked. Sexes 
similar. 

CaterriLLar.—Chilopodiform ; body slightly tapering at both ends; armed on 
each side with ten long horizontally-projected fleshy branched-spines, these spines 
being whorled from the base with numerous short fine spines, those at the 
extremity being stouter, and apparently rigid. 


104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Curysatis.—Short, thick ; dorsum medially triangular, front tapering, head- 
piece ending in two short obtuse points. 
Type.—D. Evelina. 


DOPHLA EVELINA (Plate 228, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ @). 


Papilio Evelina, Stoll, Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. p. 132, pl. 28, figs. 2, 2B, g (1790). 

Nymphalis Evelina, Godart, Eneyel. Méth. ix. 401 (1819). 

Adolias Evelina, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1850). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 600. 
Dophia Evelina, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 34, pl. 17, figs. 1, la, g (1881). 

Euthalia Evelina, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 195 (1886), g only. 

Papilio Cicero, Herbst, Nat. Schmett. vi. p. 130, pl. 146, figs. 3, 4 ¢ (1793). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark enescent sap-green. Cilia dark brown. Both 
wings with a transverse curved discal obscurely-defined dusky blue-black lunular 
fascia, which is broadest and angulated at the upper median on the forewing, 
followed by a much less distinct narrow submarginal and marginal fascia. 
Forewing also with two discoidal black-lined marks, the upper part of the inner one 
being centred with vermilion. Hindwing also with a smaller discocellular black- 
lined mark, and an obscure small inner black spot. Underside olivescent-grey ; 
both wings crossed by a discal, a submarginal and a marginal partly-confluent 
pale sap-green lunular fascia. Forewing also with discoidal black marks as above, 
and a small ring below the cell. Hindwing with two discoidal marks and two rings 
above them, both of which latter and the imner discoidal are centred with 
vermilion. Body and palpi above dark sap-green ; beneath, and legs olivescent-grey ; 
antennz brown above, reddish beneath. 

Female. Upperside paler, marked as in the male, the fascize broader, the edge 
of the discal fascia on forewing more defined and sinuous. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,9, ¢ 4 to 4;% inches. 

Hasitat.—Ceylon. 

DIsTRIBUTION. 


“Occurs in the Eastern and Western Provinces of Ceylon, in 
Jow country forests, in June. Flight rapid, along forest paths, settling in thick 
parts of trees, and sometimes on the ground. Shy” (Capt. Hutchinson). “ Rather 
common in the Kottawa forest, but difficult to capture” (Capt. Wade). ‘‘ Fairly 
common in the lower middle sections of Ceylon, and generally found near Mango 
trees” (F. M. Mackwood, MS. Notes). Col. J. W. Yerbury obtained several specimens 
of both sexes in the district of Trincomalee, in October. 


DOPHLA LAUDABILIS (Plate 229, fig. 1 ; larva and pupa, la, b, 3 2). 
Euthalia laudabilis, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 355. 


Iwaco.—Male. Upperside bright dark eznescent blue-green; with a broad ill- 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 105 


defined bluish-grey curved discal fascia across both wings, which is broadest and 
most clearly-defined on the costal border of the forewing, and gradually attenuates 
obsolescently hindward across both wings to the abdominal margin, its inner edge 
being sinuous and the outer edge diffused; beyond is a narrow marginal obscure 
lunular blackish band. forewing also with two discoidal black-lined marks, the 
upper part of the inner centred with vermilion. Hindwing also with one black-lined 
mark. Underside bluish-grey, with greyish olive-brown transverse normal sinuous 
fasciz. Forewing also with discoidal marks as above. Hindwing also with two 
discoidal marks and two rings above them, the upper end of the inner discoidal 
mark and both rings being centred with vermilion, 

Female. Upperside slightly paler in tint than the male; crossed by a bright 
and distinct curved discal broad bluish-grey fascia; discoidal marks as in the male, 
Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,4 to 3\%, % 4;% to 4,8 inches, 

Catgrrintar.—Chilopodiform. Body slightly tapering at both ends; armed on 
each side with ten horizontally-projected long fleshy branched-spines, the long 
spines being whorled from the base with numerous short delicately fine spines, those 
at the tip being stouter, and apparently rigid. Colour of body pale green, with a 
dorsal vinaceous patch on each segment, these patches varying in size, that on 
the 4th, 7th and 10th segments being usually the largest, and that on the 5th 
and 6th small or obsolete ; the branched-spines also pale green with the tips 
blackish. 

Curysatis.— Short, broad ; dorsum medially triangular, tapering in front, head- 
piece ending in two short obtuse points, Colour green, with silvery thoracic spots 
and line along dorsal triangle. 

Hasirar.—South India. 

Distrisution.—“ This is, generally speaking, the least common species of 
Euthalia in the North Kanara District, but some years it has been in great force 
at Karwar during the rains, and the number of larve brought in by native boys is 
surprising. It is a forest butterfly, Specimens caught or bred in the Monsoon are 
occasionally smaller and richer in colour than those found in the dry season”’ 
(J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, p,—?). “It occurs in Karwar, Bombay, the 
Wynaad, North Kanara in January, and at Trevandrum”’ (de Nicéville, Butt, India, 
i. 195), The late Mr. 8. N. Ward obtained it and reared the larve in Calicut. 
Colonel C. Swmhoe possesses specimens taken in N. Kanara in May, June and July. 
Mr. G. F. Hampson found it “rare in the Nilgiris and difficult to catch, occurring 
from 1000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354), Mr. H. 8S. 
Ferguson says it is “rather rare in Travancore. Taken in June and July near 
Trevandrum and up to 1800 feet in the Hills” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 9). 

VOL, Ill. P 


106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Capt. EH. Y. Watson took “‘a single male at Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January” 
(J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 5). 

Foop-piant, ann Hasirs or Larva.—Mr, J. Davidson (l.c.) states that it ‘ feeds 
on Diospyros Candolleana.” It rests along the midrib of the leaf with laterally 
outspreading spines. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 229, fig. 1 is the larva and pupa, 
copied from Mr. 8. N. Ward’s original drawing; and figs. la, b, the male and female, 


DOPHLA DERMA (Plate 230, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 
Adolias Derma, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iy. 2, p. 436 (1844). 
Luthalia Derma, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 116, pl. 19, fig. 4, ¢ (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ii. p. 194 (1886). 
Dophla Derma, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 86 (1887). 
Adolias Eva, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 432 (1867), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 195. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent fuliginous-brown. Both wings 
crossed by an obscurely-defined curved discal darker-brown sinuous fascia, which is 
broadest anteriorly on the forewing and slightly angulated on the upper median, 
beyond which is a less-defined diffused submarginal and a lunular marginal fascia. 
Forewing also with two discoidal black-lined marks, the upper part of the inner 
mark being centred with vermilion, Hindwing also with a discocellular black-lined 
mark, Underside grey ; crossed by a broadly diffused pale greyish-brown discal and 
a submarginal sinuous fascia, and a narrow lunular marginal fascia, the latter being 
most defined on the hindwing. Forewing also with two discoidal marks as above, 
and a small ring below the cell. Hindwing also with two discoidal black-lined 
marks and two rings above them, both of which latter and the inner cell mark are 
centred with vermilion. 

Female. Upperside as in the male. Underside also as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3;% to 3,5, 2 4;% to 4,4 inches. 

Hasirat.—Masuri (Kollar); Assam; Khasias; Silhet; Burma; Tenasserim; 
Malay Peninsula, etc. 

Distripution.—‘ This has a wide range. Kollar described it, probably incor- 
rectly, from Masuri, but it appears to be somewhat common in Silhet ”’ (de Nicéyville, 
Butt. Ind. 11. 194). Mr. P. Crowley has it from Assam. Colonel C. Swinhoe 
records it from the Khasias. The late Mr. W. S. Atkinson also possessed specimens 
from the Khasias. Major C. H. EH. Adamson records it as spread sparsely through- 
out Burma. Mr, Crowley has a female from Tounghoo. Mr. H. Druce possessed 
it from Mallawoom, Lower Tenasserim, taken by the late A. O. Hume. 

Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 116) records it from Perak, Malay Peninsula. 
We possess a female from Malacca taken by Mr. A. R. Wallace. Mr. P. Crowley 
has a male from Sumatra, It is also recorded from N.H. Sumatra by Dr. L. 


NYMPHALINZA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 107 


Martin (de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 420). It also occurs in Borneo and the 
Philippines. 

Inpo-Matayan Species or Dopata.—Dophla Sikandi (Adolias Sikandi, Moore, Tr. 
Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 75, pl. 6, fig. 4, 2. Syn, Adolias Soma, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. 
ili. p. 482, ¢ (1867). Huthalia Soma, de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 194. 
Habitat. Java.—Dophla pyxidata (Euth. pyxidata, Weymer, Ent. Nachr. 1883, 
195; Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 267, pl. 2, fig. 2, ¢. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 25, pl. 4, 
fig. 20, ¢ (1884). Habitat. Nias.—Dophla Dermoides (Euth. Dermoides, Rothschild). 
Habitat.—?—Dophla fumosa (Huth. fumosa, Staudinger, Sale List, Lep. 1896, 
p- 82. Habitat.—?—Dophla Annamita (Adolias Annamita, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1879, 
p- 187, ¢ 2). Habitat. Cochin China. 


Genus NORA. 
Euthalia (subgen. Nora), de Nicéville, Journ, Bombay N. H. Soc. 1893, p. 44. 


Matz. Wings short, exterior margins slightly scalloped. Forewing very short ; 
costa regularly arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin almost erect, very 
slightly concave in the middle, posterior margin straight ; first subcostal branch 
free in the male, anastomosed to the subcostal in the female, emitted at about one- 
half, and second at about one-fifth before end of the cell, third immediately beyond 
the cell, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond; discocellulars short, upper angled 
close to subcostal, radials from the angles; cell open. Hindwing triangular; anal 
angle pointed ; precostal spur bent acutely outward at its middle; furnished with a 
shining patch of black glandular scales* occupying the basal interspace of the 
subcostals and radial, and bounded anteriorly by the costal vein ;—these scales, as 
seen under the microscope, are of a slightly lengthened battledore shape, twice as 
long as broad, and with even tips; cell open; submedian very densely covered with 
fine hairs. Body very robust; head large; palpi compactly clothed, apex stout, and 
bluntly pointed ; antennz with a lengthened club; eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar. 

Typz.—N. Kesava. 


NORA KESAVA (Plate 231, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, g 2). 


Adolias Kesava, Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 67, pl. 3, fig. 5 (¢ only); P.Z.S. 1865, 
p- 766. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 605. 

Euthalia Kesava, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 212 (1886). 

Euthalia discispilota, Moore, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 831, 9. 


Mats. Upperside very dark purpurescent-brown, almost black; cilia alternated 


* This patch is not so dense as in Cynitia, the scales are shorter, and are not raised above the 
surrounding area, as is the case in Cynitia. Mr. de Nicéville’s wovd-cut figure (L.c. p. 44) of this pateh 
shows it as extending only from the base of the second subcostal, whereas it is actually bounded by the 
costal vein, 


p 2 


108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with white, Both wings with a broad transverse outer-discal powdery bluish-grey 
fascia, which is traversed by a submarginal slender black denticulated line, this 
line being more or less obscurely defined on the forewing, the fascia itself widening 
on the hindwing, and extending to the outer margin towards the anal angle; the 
ordinary basal marks black and obscure; on the forewing, in some specimens, a 
small very obsolescent pale discal spot is apparent between the upper and middle 
median veinlets. Underside yellowish-ochreous, the outer margins slightly suffused 
with brown; basal marks slightly defined; crossed by two discal black diffused 
sinuous fascie, which are more or less defined, the inner fascia generally being less 
distinct, and on the forewmg sometimes showing a small pale whitish semi- 
diaphanous spot (slightly visible in some few specimens also on the upperside) 
between the upper and middle median ; the outer line most defined on the forewing, 
the portions increasing in width posteriorly. Body, palpi, and antenne above dark 
brown, beneath and the legs pale yellowish-ochreous; antenne tipt with reddish 
beneath. 

Female. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown; basal marks blackish-lined, 
cbscure. Both wings crossed by a discal brownish-grey powdery sinuous fascia, the 
inner edge of which on the forewing bears a sullied-whitish lunate spot between the 
upper medians and more or less apparent pale lunate spots above it to the subcostal ; 
outwardly the powdery fascia, on both wings, is traversed by a more or less defined 
blackish-speckled narrow sinuous band. Underside yellowish-ochreous; basal marks 
black-lined. Both wings crossed by a discal and a submarginal more or less 
distinctly-defined blackish or dusky-brown narrow sinuous diffused line, the discal 
being most diffused, the outer sometimes dentate. Forewing also with a black 
ringlet-spot below the cell, and a series of pale whitish discal spots, as on the 
upperside. Hindwing with the abdominal border washed with pale bluish-grey. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,6 to 2;%, 2 2;% to 8,4 inches. 

Hasitar.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Silhet; Cachar; Lushai Hills; Upper 
Tenasserim. : 

We have restricted this species to the form described and figured as above. 
The typical male (Plate 281, fig. 1, la), and that which we here describe as the 
female (fig. 1, b, c), are from Sikkim specimens. The insect which was described 
and figured as the female of Kesava, in 1859 (l.c. fig. 3), is, according to our present 
determination, strictly referrable to the next species (Rangoonensis), and is identical 
with the type described by Colonel Swinhoe. 

Distrisution.— This is one of the commonest species in Sikkim, at low 
elevations, from 2000 to 3000 feet, and flies from April to December ” (de Nicéville, 
Sikkim Gaz. 1894, p. 144). ‘It occurs eastward as far as Upper Assam, also in 
Silhet and Cachar” (id, Butt. Ind. i. 213). We possess several specimens. of both 


NYMPHALIN ZA (Group EUTHALIINA.) 109 


sexes from Sikkim and Bhotan. Mr. Wood-Mason records (J.A.S, Beng. 1887, 
361) two males and two females taken “ in forests around Sileuri, in Cachar, between 
18th July and 10th August.” 

Specimens from the Lushai Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. The type 
specimen of discispiluta, placed as above, and a female representative of this species, 
was taken by Mr. Otto Limborg at Moolai, Upper Tenasserim, at 3000 to 6000 feet 
elevation. 


NORA RANGOONENSIS (Plate 232, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, g 9). 


Euthalia Rangoonensis, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, 355. 
Adolias Kesava ( 2 only), Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc, 1859, p. 67, pl. 3, fig, 5, 2, 


Matz.—Upperside uniformly paler than in typical Kesava. oreiwing with the 
discal powdery greyish fascia broader and paler, covering very nearly the whole of 
the outer half of the forewing, leaving a thinner and less-defined marginal brown 
band ; a more or less distinctly-defined semidiaphanous whitish discal spot is present 
between the upper and middle median veinlets, and above this is generally a 
continuation of more or less apparent smaller lunate whitish spots. Hindwing with 
the powdery greyish fascia also broader, extending more towards the base, and thus 
showing a discal pale lunular, instead of the darkly-defined, edge of the basal area ; 
submarginal blackish line sinuous. Underside similar to typical Kesava, except that 
on the forewing, the series of pale whitish discal spots are apparent; and in the 
hindwing, the fascie are less defined and more lunular, the discal fascia sometimes 
having traces of being edged with pale lunules. 

Female. Upperside uniformly paler brown than typical female of Kesava. 
Forewing with a transverse well-defined sinuous-bordered band, its interspaces being 
more or less whitish-brown, or whitish, and medially clouded with darker brown. 
Hindwing also with a similar well-defined transverse sinuous band. Underside much 
paler yellowish-ochreous than in typical Kesava, the outer border of the forewing, 
and the hindwing, more or less entirely washed with pale bluish-grey ; basal marks 
sharply defined ; transverse sinuous fasciz, as on upperside, whitish throughout on 
both wings. 

Expanse, d 2,4, to 2;5, ? 2;% to 3,4 inches. 

Hasitat.— Burma. 

Distrteution.—Colonel Swinhoe’s types were taken by Mr. Noble in Rangoon. 
We have verified specimens taken by Capt. E. Y. Watson in Rangoon in June and 
July, and at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, in April; from Bhamo taken by Colonel 
C. H. E. Adamson, and by Signor Leonardo Fea in November and May. Dr. N. 


110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Manders obtained it at Swalon, in the Shan States, in January. A specimen from 
Cambodia, taken by M. Mouhot, is in Mr. Grose-Smith’s collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 232, our figures are from Col. 
Swinhoe’s typical male and female specimens. 

Inpo-Matayan Sprcies.— Nora Ramada (Adolias Ramada, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 
(1859), p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 5, ¢). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 122, pl. 19, fig. 5, 3. 
Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—Nora Salia (Adolias Salia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. 
HE. 1. C.i. p. 189 (1857); Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 4, d %. Habitat. 
Java.—Nora Hrana, de Nicéville, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1893, p. 46, pl. L. figs. 1, 2, 
3°. Habitat. Sumatra.—Nora Somadeva (Adolias Somadeva, Felder, Reise 
Novara Lep. iii. p. 432, ? (1867). Syn. Adolias Laverna, Butler, Cistula Ent. i. 
p. 29; Lep. Exot. p. 174, pl. 60, fig. 5, d (1874). Habitat. Borneo.—Nora 
bipunctata (Adolias bipunctata, Vollenhoven, Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 191, pl. 10, 
fig. 4, ¢). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 488, pl. 43, fig. 3, d (1886). Habitat. Malay 
Peninsula; Borneo.—Nora decvrata (Adolias decoratus, Butler, P.Z.S. 1868, 
p- 605, pl. 45, figs. 2,9, ¢ ?). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 122, pl. 14, fig. 9, o. 
Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Nora Phintia (Huthalia Phintia, Weymer, 
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 6,¢. Habitat. Sumatra.—Nora cordata 
(Euth. cordata, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 2,2). Habitat. 
Nias.—Nora clathrata (Adolias clathrata, Voll. Tijd. Ent. p. 205, pl. 12, fig. 5, o 
(1862). Habitat. Borneo.—Nora cerulescens (Huth. cerulescens, Grose-Smith, 
Ann. N. H. 1889, p. 315. Habitat. Borneo. 


Genus SONEPISA. 


Matz. Wings very short. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very slightly arched, 
apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly oblique, slightly concave in the middle, 
uneven, posterior angle rounded; first subcostal branch free, emitted at nearly half 
before end of the cell, second at one-fifth before the end, third at a very short 
distance beyond the end; cell short, open. Hindwing obconical; costa arched at 
the base and then nearly straight to end, apex obtuse, exterior margin obliquely 
convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded; cell open. Body moderately robust ; palpi 
densely clothed above to the tip, apex short, pointed. Hyes naked. 

Tyrpz.—S. Kanda. 


SONEPISA KANDA (Plate 223, figs. 2, 2a, 3). 


Adolias Kanda, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 5, @. 
Euthalia Elicius, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Hist. Nat. Soc. 1890, p. 205, pl. D, fig. 8, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich bronzy olivescent-brown. Forewing with a 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA,) 1lL 


narrow black line within base of the cell, a double wavy line across the middle of 
the cell, and extending below it at the base of the lower median veinlet, a similar 
double line across end of the cell; followed by a transverse discal diffused black 
waved lunular line, and beyond by a less-distinct submarginal similar line. Hind- 
wing with a black double line at end of the cell, followed by a black diffused discal 
line, and a similar submarginal line; the abdominal margin paler greyish-brown. 
Underside. Both wings pale dull ochreous, somewhat brighter externally. Forewing 
with the markings in the cell as on upperside, the discal and submarginal line 
being less distinct. Hindwing with similar but less-distinct markings as on the 
upperside, and also with a slender black sinuous inner-discal line, extending from 
the costal to the median vein. Body bronzy-brown above, beneath, palpi, and legs 
pale ochreous, 

Female. Unknown. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,3, inches. 

Hasitat.—Burma ; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Borneo. 

DistrisuTion.—A single male, taken at Myitta, Burma, in February, is in the 
Phayre Museum, Rangoon, and a male, from the Donat Range, Tenasserim, taken 
by Capt. C. T. Bingham, is in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection. We have compared the 
type of Hlicius, kindly lent by Mr. de Nicéville, with that of Kanda, in the Hewit- 
sonian Collection, which latter was taken by Mr. A. R. Wallace in Borneo. A male, 
identical with both the above, from Perak, Malay Peninsula, is in Mr, Walter 
Rothschild’s collection, 


Genus EUTHALIA. 


Euthalia, Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 31 (1880). 

Euthalia (part), Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 114 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 191 
(1886). 

Aconthea, Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 5 et 8 (1829) ; id. Zool. Journ. v. p. 65 (1830). 

Adolias (part), Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. pl. 3, f. xi. (1836). Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. 
Lep. p. 289 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 185 (1857); Trans. Ent. 
Soc. 1859, p.62. Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Entom. 1862, p. 181, Butler, P. Z. 8, 1868, p. 599. 

Itanus, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 41, fig. 4 (1848). 

Adolias (sect. i., Itanus, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 34 (1861). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex somewhat pointed, 
exterior margin uneven, slightly concave in the middle, posterior margin straight ; 
first subcostal branch free from the costal vein in both sexes, emitted at two-fifths 
before end of the cell, second near end of the cell, third at one-fifth beyond, and 
extending to apex, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond, and terminating below 
the apex; discocellulars short, upper bent close to the subcostal, middle discocellular 


112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


very oblique, short, radials from the angles; cell open, narrow; median veinlets 
wide apart, the two upper emitted opposite the discocellular; submedian vein 
straight. Hindwing triangular; costa arched, exterior margin scalloped, obliquely 
convex, anal angle obtusely pointed; costal vein curved, extending to apex ; 
precostal spur short, simple, excurved; first subcostal branch and the radial 
equidistant from the costal ; cell open ; medians, submedian, and internal vein wide 
apart. Body short, robust; palpi porrect, obtusely poimted at apex, pilose above, 
flattened and squamose beneath; legs squamose; antenne long; eyes naked. 
Sexes dissimilar. 

CatErrittar.—Chilopodiform. Head large, face broad, narrowest at the top, 
flattened in front. Head, and body above and beneath, and legs very sparsely 
covered with extremely fine short hairs. Body armed on each side with ten long 
horizontally-projected slender fleshy branched-spines, these spines being situated 
on the 3rd to 12th segments, and each spine being whorled with numerous short 
extremely slender spines, the longest laterally interlacing one another, which latter 
decrease in length to the tip, where they are slightly stouter, and apparently rigid. 
(Described from a preserved specimen).* 

Curysatis.—Short, thick and broad across the middle; with conically- 
triangulate mediodorsal pointed prominence; abdominal end short, tubercular at 
apex; thorax tapering, head-piece ending in two short obtuse points, Suspended 
by the tail from a leaf. 

Type.—H, Lubentina. 


EUTHALIA LUBENTINA (Plate 233, figs. 1, 1a; larva and pupa, 1b, ¢, d,e, ¢ 2). 


Papilio Lubentina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 155, figs. C, D, 2 (1777). Fabricius, Spee. Ins. ii. p. 91 
(1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 49 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 121 (1793). Donovan, Ins. China, 
pl. 36, fig. 3, ¢ (1799). 

Euthalia Lubentina, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 81, 
pl. 16, figs. 1, la, b, 9, larva and pupa (1880). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 128, pl. 14, fig. 4, 
3 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 220 (1886). 

Nymphatis Lubentina, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 400 (1819). 

Adolias Lubentina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I, Company, i. p. 188, pl. 12, figs. 13, 13a, larva and 
pupa (1857). Butler, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 88. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark greenish-brown, palest and zenescent externally ; 


* In Horsfield’s figure of the larva of the Javanese E. Aconthea (l.e. pl. 8, fig. 6), eleven segments 
only are apparent, including the head, which latter is represented as of an elongated oval shape, and the 


front pair of long spines are represented as if projecting from the second segment. ‘These errors are 
repeated in the subsequent reproductions of this figure. 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 113 


cilia black alternated with white. Forewing with black-lined cell-marks, the two 
outer with scarlet interspaces, and the inner mark sometimes outwardly edged by a 
short white streak ; a black mark below the cell; three transversely-disposed small 
semidiaphanous white spots beyond the cell, followed by a discal recurved series of 
six, or seven, similar spots, the two lowest being more or less obscurely defined ; 
beyond is a submarginal indistinct black lunular fascia. Hindwing with the costal 
border paler; a black-lined cell mark, a discal row of black-bordered scarlet spots, 
and a submarginal row of black spots, of which latter row the three anterior spots 
and the anal spot are externally bordered with scarlet; sometimes the three anterior 
spots, in both sexes, are connected with the three discal upper spots by a continuous 
intervening scarlet streak. Underside. Forewing greenish purplish-brown, washed 
with ochreous-brown apically; markings as on upperside, but more prominent. 
Hindwing greenish ochreous-brown ; the scarlet spots very prominent and some- 
times with scarcely any black border; the costal and abdominal border of the wing 
is lined with scarlet, and there are two black cell-marks and two marks above the 
cell, each being centred with scarlet. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male. Forewing with an oblique 
discal macular greenish-white band, composed of irregular-shaped spots, of which 
the three upper are small, the next larger and elongated, the fifth much larger and 
obliquely broader, the two lower being respectively small; the interspace between 
the discoidal marks also white, and thus form an inner portion of the band; beyond 
is a series of three, sometimes a fourth, lower smaller white spots before the apex. 
Hindwing marked as in the male. Underside paler than in the male. Forewing 
greyish at the base, apex ochreous-brown, posterior angle greenish-grey; with 
macular white band and subapical spots, and scarlet marks, as above. Hindwing 
with discal and submarginal scarlet-centred spots and basal markings, and scarlet 
borders as in the male, but less prominently defined. Body and palpi above dark 
greenish-brown, beneath and Jegs greyish-brown ; collar, side of palpi, and front of 
fore tibiz and tarsi streaked with scarlet. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2,4, 2 3 to 3;% inches. 

CatrrPiILtar.—Chilopodiform; elongated; armed with ten pairs of long 
horizontally-projected very delicately-branched spines. Colour grass-green, with a 
dorsal row of large purple-brown angulated spots, each with or without a small pure 
white diamond-spot in its middle, these dorsal spots being placed on the anterior 
half of the 4th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th segments; the lateral spines 
green, tipt with purple-brown. 

CurysALis.—* Similar to H. Garuda; green, but with two lateral brown marks, 
each with a dirty-white centre, and two brown points equally with whitish centres 
between these and the terminating projection ” (A. Grote). 

VOL. III. Q 


114 _ LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Eec.— Unknown. 

Hasirat.—India ; Ceylon; Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

Disrrisurion.— This species has a very wide range. It occurs at Fyzabad in 
Oudh, in Calcutta and Sikkim, and Eastwards as far as Upper Assam, also in 
Burma, Orissa, Bombay, and thence Southward to Ceylon” (de Nicéville, Butt. 
Ind. ii. 221). Mr. W. Doherty records it from the “Kali Valley at Baghrihat, 
2500 feet, Kumaon; scarce” (J. A. §. Beng. 1886, 124). Major Godwin-Austen 
took it “ Hast of Hurdwar, N.W. Provinces.” The late General G. Ramsay obtained 
itin Nepal. ‘A single female taken in Sikkim at 2000 feet elevation in October” 
(de Nicéville, J. A. 8. Beng. 1882, 59). ‘Rare in Sikkim (the female commoner 
than the male) at low elevations from April to October” (id. Sikkim Gazetteer, 
1894, 144). The late W. 8. Atkinson obtained it in ‘“ Sikkim, the Khasias and 
Plains of Bengal”? (MS. Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 286). Mr. Wood-Mason obtained “one male at Silcuri, Cachar ” 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 362). Mr. L. de Nicéville found it “ rare in the neighbourhood 
of Calcutta” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 45). The late Capt. R. C. Bevan took it in 
Maungbhoom. Mr. A. Grote found the larva near Calcutta, in October, feeding on 
Loranthus. Mr. W. C. Taylor records it as “very rare at Khurda, in Orissa; only 
two taken”’ (List (1888) p. 6). ‘This is not very rare on the Hills near Bombay, 
but seems to keep to the tops of trees, basking in the sun. I have found it at 
Matheran in December” (E. H. Aitken, J. Bomb. N. H. 8S. 1886, 184). Mr. G. F. 
Hampson says it is “rare in the Nilgiris from 3000 to 4000 feet elevation”? (J. A.S. 
Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. 8. N. Ward found it “rare at Mangalore in April” (MS. 
Notes). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson records it as “not uncommon in the low country of 
Travancore; not found in the Hills” (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1891, 9). In Ceylon “ it 
is a scarce butterfly, the male particularly so; it is fond of pitching on pathways. 
Range about 3000 feet from low country ” (F. M. Mackwood, MS. Notes). Capt. 
Hutchison found it “ occurring in the same districts as H. Hvelina, haying similar 
habits, the flight being quicker and stronger” (Lep. of Ceylon,i. p. 31). Signor 
Leonardo Fea obtained it at Bhamo, Burma, in November. Capt. H. Y. Watson 
took it in ** Rangoon; not common” (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1888, 6). Dr. N. Manders 
took “one specimen at Fort Stedman, Shan States, Burma, in July” (Tr. Ent. Soe. 
1890, 524). Major C. H. HE. Adamson ‘‘ caught females of this insect about ripe 
guava fruit in Rangoon, and in Arakan, in January; the males I have only caught 
near Bhamo. Unlike other species of Huthalia, the female seems to be the most 
abundant” (List, p. 18). 

Mr. H. Druce records it from ‘‘ Nahconchaisee, Siam” (P. Z. 8. 1874,106). Mr. 
W. L. Distant obtained it in the Malay Peninsula (Rhop. Malay. p.128). Dr. L. 
Martin took it in N.B. Sumatra (J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 426). 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 115 


Hasits or ImMaco.—‘ The males are fond of basking in the sun on high trees 
or hill tops along with Charawes Athamas and Cynthia. With the exception of 
E. Garuda occasionally, the other Euthalias never do this. The females frequent the 
forests at the foot or on the slopes of the hills and do not show themselves much ” 
(J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1896, p.—?). “It is fond of carrion, and a 
friend informed me that he once took a specimen on a piece of meat in the Crawfurd 
Market, in Bombay City’’ (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. 8.1890, 284). Major 
Adamson “caught females of this insect about guava fruit in Rangoon” (List, 
p- 18). 

Foop-PLant, AND Hasits, or Larva.—Mr. A. Grote found the larva near Calcutta 
in October, feeding on Loranthus. Messrs., Davidson and Aitken record finding 
“the larve in Bombay District in August, September, and October, on two common 
species of the so-called mistletoe (Loranthus). It probably continued till the end of 
the year. After moulting it eats its cast skin, spines and all. It is worthy of 
notice that the leaves of Loranthus are often disfigured with spots or patches of 
purple-brown similar to the coloured tips of the larval spines. Out of a large 
number of larve reared, only a few female butterflies were obtained” (J. Bombay 
N, H. 8. 1890, 262, 276). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 233, figs. 1, la represent the larva 
and pupa from Mr. A. Grote’s original drawing, and figs. 1b, c, d, e, the male and 
female. 


EUTHALIA GARUDA. 
Wet-Szason Broop (Plate 234, figs, 1, larva and pupa; la, b, c,d, d 2). 


Adolias Garuda, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 186, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, larva and pupa ; 
id. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 64, pl. 3, fig. 2, ¢ 2. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1868, p. 603. 

Euthalia Garuda, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 32, pl. 16, figs. 2, 2a, g 2 (1881). Distant, Rhop. 
Malay. p. 117, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2, ¢ 2 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 216 
(1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside umber-brown, of a more or less dark tint, glossed 
with dark olive or purpurescent-brown ; cilia alternately edged with white; basal 
marks black-lined. Forewing with a transverse discal broad diffused sinuous-edged 
blackish fascia and a narrow diffused submarginal lunular fascia; the inner fascia 
bordered anteriorly on its outer edge with a series of, generally five, decreasing 
small white dentate spots—sometimes the two, or occasionally the three lower, are 
obsolescent or even absent; these spots vary in size on individual specimens, the 
series in some being uniformly larger, in others uniformly small; beyond are two 
subapical obliquely-superposed very small white spots. Hindwing with a discal trans- 
yerse blackish curved fascia, its outer edge being sinuously defined, its inner diffused, 

Q 2 


116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


followed by a submarginal series of black inverted points. Underside pale greyish 
ochreous-brown, palest and most greyish basally; the basal black-lined marks 
distinct; outer borders suffused with lilacine-grey. Forewing with a more or less 
prominently-defined blackish submarginal broad lunular fascia, and a discal series of 
white dentate spots and subapical spots. Hindwing with an obscurely-defined 
narrow submarginal dusky-brown fascia, and a row of black points. Body and 
palpi above dark brown; beneath, palpi and legs pale greyish-ochreous ; antenne 
blackish, tipt with red. 

Female. Upperside paler brown, of a more or less olivaceous or purpurescent- 
brown tint; transverse fascie darker brown. Forewing with the discal area between 
the fasciz more or less irrorated with olivescent-grey scales ; a series of five larger- 
sized discal white spots, and two subapical spots, the discal series in individual 
specimens varying uniformly in size, and in some the two lowest, or the lowest only, 
is small, sometimes even (in Burmese specimens) the lowest is larger than the 
penultimate, and occasionally (Darjilig specimens) the two upper are smaller ; 
the third and fifth absent and the fourth also small, also, in some few (Bombay and 
Malabar specimens) there is a very small longitudinal whitish spot beneath the lower 
median veinlet ; the subapical white spots small. Underside of the same ground- 
colour as in the male, South Indian specimens being generally greyer than those of 
Upper Indian and Burmese; markings the same. Forewing with the discal white 
spots and subapical spots as on the upperside. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,6 to 2;, 2 3 to 3, inches. 


Dry-Season Broop (Plate 235, figs. 1, la, b, ce, J 2). 
Euthalia Merilia, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 286. 


Male. Upperside paler than in wet-season brood, and of a more uniformly pale 
olive-brown tint; basal marks black; the discal and submarginal fasciz being 
dusky-brown and well-defined; two very indistinct slender whitish lunate spots 
showing on the upper edge of the discal fascia on the forewing, but obsolete in some 
specimens. Underside of a uniform pale brownish-ochreous, the outer margins of 
both wings washed with lilacine-grey ; transverse fasciz either obsolescent, or their 
course being indicated by a slightly darker brownish-ochreous tint. 

Female. Upperside paler olivescent-brown than in male, the transverse fasciz 
obscurely defined; basal marks less distinct. Morewing with the upper discal and 
subapical spots brownish-white, the upper spots only, above the median, being 
present in some specimens, in others the lower spots are obsolescent or minute, 
Underside of the same uniformly pale brownish-ochreous, with the transverse fasciz 
obsolescent or obscurely define 1 as in the male; basal marks slender. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5, 2 2;% to 3 inches. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 117 


Carerritiar.—Chilopodiform. Head large, face broad, flattened in front. 
Head and body above and beneath including the legs very sparsely covered with 
extremely fine short hairs. Body armed on each side with ten horizontally-projected 
slender fleshy branched-spines, these spines being situated on the 8rd to the 12th 
segment, and each spine is numerously covered with both rather long and very 
short extremely delicate spines decreasing in length to the tip, where they are 
slightly stouter, and apparently rigid, the longest of these delicate spines being 
laterally-disposed and interlace with the spines of the next segment. (Described 
from a preserved Bombay specimen received from the late Dr. Leith.) Colour. 
Head and body, and spines, pale green; with a light yellow dorsal line touched with 
blue; the spines fringed with yellow. 

Curysatis.—Short, thick, broad across the middle; with a conically-triangular 
medio-dorsal keeled prominence; anal end short and tubercular at apex; thorax 
tapering, head-piece ending in two short obtuse points; suspended by the tail from 
underside of a leaf. 

Hasrrat.—India; Ceylon; Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

DistripuTion.—‘ This is the commonest and most widely spread species of the 
group occurring in India. It is met with throughout the outer ranges of the 
Himalayas and in the plains, except in the desert tracts. It also occurs in Ceylon, 
Burma, and the Malay Peninsula” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 217). In the 
Western Himalayas, the Rev. J. Hocking obtained it in the “ Kangra District in 
October ; the larva feeding on mangoe” (P. Z. 8. 1882, 239). Mr. W. Doherty 
found it in the “Kali Valley, Kumaon, 2000 to 8000 feet elevation. Scarce” 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124). “In Sikkim it is a common species in the low valleys 
and Terai, where it is to be found all the year round. It is a variable species, the 
dry-season forms being much lighter coloured than the wet-season forms, and, the 
white spots on the forewing in both sexes differing greatly in different specimens 
in number and size” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143). The late Mr. 
W.S. Atkinson’s collection contained specimens from the Himalayas, Khasias, and 
Plains of Bengal. We possess males and females of both the wet and dry season 
broods from the N.W. Himalaya, Deyra Dhoon, Darjiling, and Calcutta. Colonel C. 
Swinhoe records it from the ‘‘ Khasia Hills, and Cherra Punji” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 
286). Mr. Wood-Mason records “sixty-two males and twenty females, taken in the 
forests around Silcuri, Cachar, between end of May and beginning of August” 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 361). It is “very common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, 
and I have frequently bred the larva from mangoe; the butterflies frequenting these 
trees” (de Nicéyille, l.c. 217). Mr. W. C. Taylor found it “common at Khurda 
in Orissa” (List, p. 6). Colonel Swinhoe records it as “common everywhere in 
Bombay and the Dekkan, from October to May” (P. Z. 8. 1885, 130). Also taken 


118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


in Thana District, Bombay, in November. “Island of Bombay, October; larva 
feeds on the mangoe tree” (Dr. Leith’s Notes). ‘‘ Taken at Kirkee, Bombay, Sep- 
tember” (Major J. W. Yerbury, MS. Notes). Specimens. were taken by the late 
Dr. Bayne Reed in the Wynaad. Mr. S.N. Ward obtained it at Mangalore, Calicut, 
Kanara, and reared the larva on mangoe. Mr. G. F. Hampson found it “rare in the 
Nilgiris from 1000 to 3000 feet” (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). The late Sir Walter 
Elhot bred the < larva on mangoe at Palamanar, Madras, in September, which changed 
to pupa on the 30th, the perfect insect emerging October 10th” (MS. Notes). Major 
H. Y. Watson took “a few specimens at Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in December ’”’ 
(J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 9). Mr. H. 8S. Ferguson found it ‘‘ very common in the 
Plains and Hills of Travancore, a form of the male occurring in which the discal 
spots are obsolete’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 9). 

In Ceylon, Mr. F. M. Mackwood (MS. Notes) says “ Garuda very scarce; caught 
by me at about 3000 feet elevation.” A female labelled ‘Ceylon’ is in Mr. Grose- 
Smith’s collection. We possess specimens taken by Colonel J. W. Yerbury at 
“ Peripancherakullam on the Kandy Road, Ceylon, in October.” 

In Burma, Major Adamson says it is very common throughout the country (List, 
p. 18). Signor Leonardo Fea took it at Bhamo in September and in Rangoon in 
December. Major Watson obtained it at “Rangoon, and Beeling, Tenasserim, 
commonly” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1888, 6). Capt. C. T. Bingham took a specimen 
of the ‘dry-season’ brood in February in the Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenas- 
serim. Dr. N. Manders observed it as “an abundant species in the Shan States, 
Burma, especially at the edge of belts of forests. It is common also in Karenni”’ 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524). Dr. J. Anderson took it in ‘“‘ Mergui in December” 
(J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). Mr. H. Druce records it from ‘‘ Nahconchaisee, 
Siam” (P. Z. §. 1874, 106). 

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Distant records it from “ Pro- 
vince Wellesley, and Malacca” (Rhop. Malay. 118). Dr. L. Martin obtained it in 
N.E. Sumatra, and says “this species appears only near human habitations. It is 
most plentiful in January and February” (de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 424). 
A specimen labelled ‘ Java’ is in the British Museum Collection, this latter locality, 
however, being doubtless incorrect. 

Hasirs or Iaco,— These butterflies frequent mangoe trees, and usually settle 
with wings widely spread open, sometimes on the underside of a leaf” (de Nicéyville, 
Butt. India, 11. 217). ‘‘I think this butterfly is less common in the jungle than it 
is about human dwellings. It loves to bask on old grey walls, and may be found 
making itself happy in the dirtiest part of the native town. Iam quite sure it 
prefers the liquids which it sips from the roadside gutter to the nectar of any 
flower” (E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1886, 134). “It is a very pugnacious 
creature, but readily comes to Mhowa refuse. I have caught many and watched 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIUNA.) 119 


more on the margins of tanks close to the water, where they descend towards the 
middle of the day to suck up the moisture” (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1894, 
p- 284). “It is common in Karwar, as in other parts of the Bombay Presidency, 
frequenting gardens and basking on walls; it is a thirsty insect, easily attracted by 
fermented toddy ”’ (J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1896, p.—?). Dr. L. Martin 
says ‘‘ this species, in N.E. Sumatra, appears only near human habitations, as the 
food-plant of the larve is the leaves of the mangoe tree, which is always planted 
near villages and round houses. It is, therefore, not found in higher elevations. 
The males may be seen plentifully in January and February, pursuing each other 
from the shade of one tree to another” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1895, p. 424). 

Foop-rPLants or Larva.—In the late General Hardwicke’s drawings, now in the 
Zoological Department, British Museum, the larva, pupa, and imago are figured (Nos. 
81, 85, 86), the larva noted as being found “ feeding on Trophis aspera at Dum Dum, 
and on a species of Bryonia.’’ In the late Mr. A. Grote’s drawings the larva is 
ficured, found by him in the Calcutta District, feeding on the mangoe (Mangifera 
indica). Mr. L. de Nicéville says, ‘ I have frequently bred the larva in Calcutta from 
mangoe trees” (Butt. Ind. ii. 217). Mr. J. Hocking, in the Kangra District, also 
found the larva on mangoe (P. Z. S. 1882, 229). In Bombay, according to the 
observations of Messrs. Davidson and Aitken, made in Bombay, ‘‘ it commonly feeds 
on the mangoe and the Cashew Nut tree (Anacardiwm occidentale), but we have 
found it on the Mulberry, and the Rose, and on Loranthus along with H. Lubentina. 
In rearing the larva of Garuda no such disparity of the sexes of the perfect insect 
was observed, as occurs in EH. Lubentina. The pupa hangs by the tail on the under- 
side of a leaf, often the very one on which it spent its larval life, for it is too cautious 
an insect to eat the leaf it lives on. One curious fact which escaped our notice 
till this season, is that the spines of Huthalia are epidermal, and are shed at each 
moult, the larvae emerging with only a row of small, blunt processes, which in a very 
short time expand into spines”? (J. Bombay N. H.S. 1890, pp. 262, 275, 350). 
The late Sir Walter Elliot also ‘“‘found the larva at Palamanar, Madras, on the 
mangoe in September ” (MS. Notes). 

Broops or Larva#.—* The first brood of larves was found in Bombay about the 
end of June, and the butterfly swarmed in July. About a month after larvae became 
very plentiful again, and so continued until we went into camp in the beginning of 
September, and had to give up keeping them; they certainly lasted till December ” 
(Davidson and Aitken, l.c., 1886, 184). The late Dr. Leith ‘‘found the larva on 
mango in Bombay at end of November” (MS. Notes). 

Hasirs, AND Protective RESEMBLANCE, OF Larva.—‘I have often found the larva 
of Garuda at rest on the middle of a mangoe leaf, in which position it is very difficult 
to see, though its form is so remarkable ; its body with the pale dorsal line answers 
to the midrib of the leaf, while the lateral branched-spines pass for the other veins 


120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


of the leaf on which it is resting, forming a remarkable instance of protective 
coloration, structure and character combined” (de Nicéville, Butt. India, 1. 192). 
“The caterpillar, which eats little, and grows slowly, spends most of its time at 
rest motionless, on the upperside of a leaf of precisely the same tint as itself. A 
dorsal line, or row of spots, however it may look on paper, succeeds in keeping up 
the continuity of the midrib of the leaf in a way which cheats the sharpest eye, 
while the long interlaced spines, extending on each side, fall in with the neuration ” 
(Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 275). 


EUTHALIA VASANTA (Plate 236, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, ¢ 2, larva and pupa). 


Adolias Vasanta, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soe. Lond. 1859, p. 77, pl. 7, fig. 2, 2. Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, 
. 602. 
meee Vasanta, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 83, pl. 17, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ ?, larva and pupa (1881). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 217 (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, discal area of forewing 
and posterior half of hindwing glossy olivescent-brown; basal marks black-lined ; 
cilia dark brown. Forewing with a transverse inner-discal broad obscure blackish 
sinuous-edged fascia, and a narrow submarginal lunular fascia. In some specimens 
are faint traces of small incipient whitish lunate marks on the outer upper edge of 
the discal fascia, and also of similar subapical dots. Hindwing with a narrower 
discal obscure blackish fascia and a submarginal series of small dentate spots. 
Underside pale dull greyish-brown, dusky externally; the outer border slightly 
washed with lilacine-grey ; basal black-lined markings slender; the transverse fasciz 
narrower and much less defined, the discal obscure. Forewing also with very 
slightly-defined small whitish lunate marks to the upper edge of the obscure narrow 
sinuous discal fascia, and small white subapical dots. Body and palpi above dark 
brown, beneath and legs pale brownish-white ; antennz black, tipt with red. 

Female. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-brown; basal marks black-lined ; 
transverse fascize obscurely darker brown. forewing with an outwardly-oblique 
transverse discal white narrow macular band, commencing from middle of the costa 
and extending to lower median veinlet near its end, the spots somewhat cordate, the 
lower posteriorly elongated or sometimes nearly or quite broken across its middle ; 
beyond are two obscurely-defined very small white subapical spots. Underside as 
in the male, except that the transverse discal oblique white macular band, and the 
slightly-defined subapical small white spots, are present. 

Expanse, 2; to 2,;%, ? 3 to 3,% inches. 

CarTerPILLar.—Chilopodiform. Dark green; armed with ten pair of lateral, 
long, paler green, horizontally-projecting branched-spines ; a pale yellowish dorsal 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EVUTHALIINA.) 121 


line and a lateral row of yellowish dots, the segments crossed by a purp'ish line. 
Feeds on mangoe (Mangifera indica). 

Curysatts.—Short, keeled along the back, broadly triangular across the middle ; 
green, with a yellow transverse dorsal and a lateral band, and a blackish-bordered 
thoracic lateral spot; a lateral row of abdominal segmental blackish dots. 

Distrizution.—‘* Common at Colombo about Mangoe and Cashew trees. Flight 
rapid. Settles on the leaves and on the ground” (Hutchison). “ Plentiful at 
Galle and Kandy” (Wade). Major J. W. Yerbury obtained many specimens near 
Kandy in October. 


EUTHALIA ACONTIUS (Plate 235, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 9). 
Adolias Acontius, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 357; Exot. Butt. v. Ad. pl. 4, fig. 11, 
@ (1875). Wood-Mason, and de Nicéville, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1881, p. 247, @. 


Tanaecia Acontius, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586. 
Euthalia Acontius, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 215 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Cilia brown ;_ basal 
black-lined marks thick and prominent. Forewing with a transverse discal broad 
diffused black sinuous band and a submarginal broad lunular band; the discal band 
externally edged at its anterior end by a series of two, sometimes three, very slender 
indistinct white lunules, and by a lower larger white lunate spot between the upper 
medians ; two white small short subelongate superposed subapical spots at the inner 
anterior end of the outer band. Hindwing with a broad transverse discal black 
submarginal band, its outer edge’ sharply sinuous and its inner edge diffused ; 
beyond is a submarginal row of prominent black dentate spots. Underside greyish 
ochreous-brown ; basal marks prominent. Forewing palest at the base; discal white 
lunules and subapical spots distinct; submarginal black lunular band prominent; 
outer border washed with purplish-grey. Hindwing with indistinctly-defined discal 
brownish fascia and prominent black submarginal dentate spots; basal area broadly 
washed with olivescent-grey. Body, palpi, and legs above brown, beneath grey ; 
antennz brown above, reddish below. 

Female. Upperside pale purpurescent-brown ; basal marks prominent; discal 
and macular submarginal bands darker brown, inwardly diffused, except the sub- 
marginal dentate spots on the hindwing, which latter are most distinct. Forewing 
also crossed by an outwardly-oblique medial discal broad white macular band, which 
widens from middle of the costa to the lower median veinlet, below which is a 
smaller shorter spot; three small white spots also before the apex, the lowest 
brown-speckled and merging at the lower radial with the third and fourth discal 
spots; the lower discal spots externally and the posterior angle diffusedly speckled 

voL. uI. September 3rd, 1896. R 


122 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with purplish-grey scales. Hindwing also with a broad purpurescent-white trans- 
verse band occupying the interspace between the discal and submarginal brown 
band; apex diffusedly speckled with purpurescent-grey scales. Underside some- 
what brighter tinted than in the male; basal black-lined marks prominent ; discal 
sinuous and submarginal macular band distinctly defined ; outer borders washed 
with purpurescent-grey. Forewing with the discal white macular band and subapical 
spots as above. Hindwing with the discal white intervening band tinged with pale 
olivescent. 

Expanse, 3d 23%, ? 3 to 3, inches. 

Hasitat.—South Andamans. 

This is a very rare species; one male and two females are in the Hewitsonian 
Collection, taken by the late Mr. Roepstorff, the male being placed as an example 
of EH. Garuda. Other males and females are in the collections of Mr. Walter 
Rothschild and Mr. Grose-Smith. 


EUTHALIA JAMA (Plate 237, figs. 1, la, b,c, d,e, ¢ 2). 


Adolias Jama, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 481 (1866). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 604; 
id. Trans, Linn. Soc. Zool. i. p. 539 (1877). 

Euthalia Jama, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 219 (1886); zd. J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1887, p. 361, 
pl. 16, fig. 3,4, 3 9. 

Imaco. Male. Upperside dark purpurescent umber-brown ; cilia black; basal 
marks black-lined. Forewing with an inwardly-oblique transverse rather broad 
black inner-discal and a submarginal diffused fascia; an obscurely-defined upper 
discal series of very slender longitudinal white streaks decreasing from the costa 
(where the upper portions are broken and show their ends only) to the middle 
median, and there ending in two very small obliquely-opposed spots. Hindwing 
with a transverse rather broad black discal fascia and a narrow submarginal sinuous 
fascia. Underside pale brown, varying from paler umber to ochreous-brown ; basal 
black-lined marks prominent. Forewing with a narrower and less-defined blackish 
submarginal fascia, and more prominently-defined upper discal white streaks than 
on the upperside; the inner fascia obsolescent. Hindwing with narrower and much 
less obscurely-defined discal blackish fascia and submarginal dentate fascia. Body 
and palpi above dark brown; palpi and legs beneath pale brownish-white ; antennz 
black, tipt with red. 

Female. Upperside paler ; of an olivescent fuliginous-brown. Both wings with 
black-lined basal marks, and obscurely-defined :dusky-brown fasciz as in the male. 
Forewing with upper discal longitudinal whitish streaks more prominent, each 
portion heing broader and thicker, and sometimes the posterior portions are also 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 123 


more elongated, thus giving the lower part a broader maculate appearance. Under- 
side pale greyish-brown, darkest externally; basal marks very prominent; the 
transverse submarginal fascie# dark brown, inner fasciw very obscurely-defined. 
Forewing with the upper discal white streaks prominent and broad. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 2,%, 2 3; to 3,4 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam; Naga and Khasia Hills; Cachar; Lushai 
Hills ; Burma. 

Distrisution.— This is a rare species. It occurs in Sikkim and Bhotan. Mr. 
S. E. Peal has taken it at Sibsagar in Upper Assam. It also occurs in the Naga 
Hills ” (de Nicéville, Butt. India, ii. 220). “ Very rare in Sikkim, probably found 
at low elevations throughout the summer” (id. Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 144). 
Specimens from Sikkim, taken in July by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. Walter 
Rothschild’s collection. Colonel Swinhoe records it from the Khasia Hills (Tr. 
Ent. Soc. 1893, 286). Mr. Wood-Mason obtained a single female on ‘‘ Nemotha Peak, 
Cachar, in September” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 361). A specimen from the Lushai 
Hills is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection, and Colonel C. H. E. Adamson took it in 
Burma. It probably also occurs in Tenasserim. Specimens from the Malay 
Peninsula * are in our own Collection, and also in that of the British Museum, also 
from Borneo. It has been taken in “N.H. Sumatra by Dr. Hagen and Dr. J. 
Martin” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1895, 425). 


EUTHALIA PHEMIUS (Plate 238, figs.1, la, b,c, ¢ ¢). 


Itanus Phemius, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 41, fig. 4, g (1848). 

Adolias Phemius, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1850). Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 65, 
pl. 3, fig. 3, J (mec 9). 

Adolias (Itanus) Phemius, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 34 (1861). 

Euthalia Phemius, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 218 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, 
pl. 54 (¢ only). 

Adolias Sancara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 195 (1857) ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, 
Pps pls Oats vi, Oh 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent umber-brown. Cilia white; basal 
marks black-lined. Forewing with a transverse broad obscure blackish diffused 
inner-discal and a submarginal fascia ; a more or less prominent upper discal series 
of very slender longitudinal white streaks, the upper being elongated, the lower 
short, and the upper partly coalescent outwardly with a subapical curved row of 
small lobate white spots. Hindwing with a transverse broad obscure blackish 


* The species described and figured as E. Jama in Distant’s Rhop. Malayana, p. 119, pl. 14, fig. 8, 
pl. 15, f. 4, ¢ 9, is certainly not this species. It is doubtless H. Alpheda. 
2 


124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


diffused fascia, and a broad cobalt-blue posterior band, which latter widens from 
middle of exterior margin to above anal angle, the outer border of this band being 
white and the extreme marginal edge lined with black. Underside paler brown ; 
basal black-lined marks prominent. Forewing with the upper discal white streaks 
and subapical spots more distinct than on upperside, and accompanied beneath, 
between the middle median and submedian veinlet, by less-defined whitish spots; a 
submarginal black lunular fascia and the outer marginal border washed with pale 
purpurescent-blue. Hindwing with a less-defined blackish discal and submarginal 
fascia, the outer marginal border being washed with purpurescent-blue and the edge 
white ; abdominal margin washed with grey. Body and palpi above dark brown ; 
palpi and legs beneath brownish-white ; legsabove brown ; antennz black, tipt with 
red. 

Female. Upperside of the same dark brown colour as in the male; the trans- 
verse blackish fasciz less defined, the basal black-lined marks distinct. Forewing 
also with a prominent outwardly-oblique discal white macular band extending from 
middle of the costa to the lower median above the posterior angle, the upper portions 
of the band composed of rather elongated broad quadrate spots and the lower 
outwardly indented, the lowest extending in a prolonged posterior portion to near 
the outer margin; beyond the band are two, sometimes three, very small white 
obliquely-superposed subapical spots. Underside with the ground-colour, basal 
marks, and transverse blackish fasciz as in the male; the outer borders being 
washed with purplish-grey. Forewing also with the oblique discal white band and 
subapical spots as on the upperside. Hindwing also with an obscurely-defined sub- 
marginal blackish-speckled dentated fascia. 

Expanse, ¢ 2; to 2;8, 2 3 to 3; inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim; Bhotan; Assam; Silhet; Cachar; Khasia and Naga Hills; 
Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula ; Hong Kong. 

Distrisution.—* A common species in Sikkim, up to 3000 to 4000 feet elevation, 
from April to December” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 359). Specimens taken in 
Sikkim, in March, May and November by Mr. Otto Miller, are in Mr. Walter 
Rothschild’s collection. ‘‘ Not uncommon in Sikkim at low elevations from April 
to December” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 144). “It occurs eastward as far 
as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, but seems to be nowhere common”? (de Nicéville, Butt. 
Ind. i. 219). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon obtained it in Bhotan. Colonel C. Swinhoe 
records it as ‘‘common in the Khasia Hills.” Mr. Wood-Mason took ‘‘ one female 
in Irangmara, Cachar” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 361). Major C. H. E. Adamson 
obtained “ one specimen only in the Arakan Hills, in December” (List. p. 18). A 
male from the Malay Peninsula is in the collection of Mr. Walter Rothschild. 

Mons. G. A. Poujade records it from “Laos, Siam’? (Nouy. Arch. du Maus. 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group EUTHALIINA,) 125 


3rd ser. iii. p. 263). Mr. J.J. Walker found it ‘‘ moderately common in Hong Kong ; 
worn specimens occurring in December and January, and a fresh brood appears 
early in April. The male, as its compact and powerful build would indicate, is a 
tremendously rapid flyer, but its boldness renders it a very easy prey to the 
collector when it settles on a leaf within reach, with its wings fully expanded. The 
female (Sancara) is much less common than the male, and frequents shady places, 
while the male is fond of open sunny paths in the Happy Valley. Having taken a 
male and a female in ‘cop,’ I have no doubt of the specific identity of Sancara with 
Phemius. I once bred a male specimen from a large and very stout green chrysalis 
richly spotted with gold, which I found attached to a twig under some Litchi 
trees (Nephelium litchi) much frequented by the perfect insects” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 
457). 


EUTHALIA APICALIS (Plate 239, figs. 1, la, b,e, d 2). 


Adolias apicalis, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Entom. 1862, p. 186, pl. 10, fig. 1, ¢. 

Euthalia parta, Distant, Rhop. Malay. pl. 37, fig. 7, ¢ (nee Moore). 

Huthalia Alpheda, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 280 (nee Godt.). 

Euthalia Binghamii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 1895, p. 265, pl. N. fig. 8 (¢ only). 


Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark rich purplish-brown; basal marks obscure. 
Forewing with a transverse discal broad obscure blackish diffused sinuous fascia, 
and a narrow denticulated submarginal fascia; the two fascize widest apart anteri- 
orly, but apparently, obscurely, partly coalescent at their angles on the medians and 
submedian veinlets, and between the anterior ends is a short subcostal similar 
blackish patch. Hindwing with a similar discal obscure broad blackish fascia, and 
a submarginal row of more or less dentated points. Underside paler ochreous- 
brown ; the two transverse blackish fasciz on both wings narrower, more or less 
obscurely-defined, the intervening short subcostal patch on the forewing also 
obscurely-defined, and the apex of the wing tipt with a lilacine-grey dash; basal 
marks distinct. Body and palpi above, dark brown, beneath and legs light brownish- 
ochreous ; antenne above dark brown, reddish beneath. 

Female. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown. Both wings with trans- 
verse obscure darker inwardly-diffused brown narrower fasciz, the submarginal 
fascia on the hindwing formed of small points; basal marks dark brown-lined and 
obscure. Forewing also with an outwardly-oblique upper discal series of five more 
or less rounded sullied-white spots, the third and fifth being the smallest, bordering 
the inner-discal fascia, between which latter and the submarginal denticulate fascia 
the darker brown subcostal patch is visible. Underside paler ochreous-brown; the 
transverse darker brown fascia more or less obscurely-defined, the submarginal 


126 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


macular; basal marks slender, Forewing with the upper discal series of five spots 
clear unsullied white; the apex of forewing, and nearly the entire surface of the 
hindwing being washed with pale greenish-grey, the apex and the outer border 
partially, and the discal fascia on the latter showing the ground-colour. 

Expanse, 3 2; to 2,5, ¢ 2,8 to 3 inches. 

Hasrrat.— Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; 8.H. Borneo. 

Notr.—By the kindness of Mr. C. Ritsema, the Curator of the Entomological 
Cabinet in the Leyden Museum, we are enabled to identify this species as the true 
apicalis of Vollenhoven, from a coloured drawing of the upper and underside of the 
type specimen. We have assigned, as the female of H. apicalis, the butterfly which 
Mr. de Nicévyille (/.c.) erroneously—but with doubt—described as being that sex of 
the H. Binghami. We have also examined and verified specimens of both sexes of 
EH. apicalis, as here described, taken in EH. Pegu, by Mr. W. Doherty. As acorrobo- 
ration, we may state, that the males of the two closely allied Philippine species, 
namely #. Lusiada and EH. Mindorana, described by Dr. Staudinger, with which we 
have compared H. apicalis, have similarly marked males and females. 

Distripution.—Both sexes of this species, taken in the Karen Hills, E. Pegu, 
in March and April by Mr. W. Doherty, are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. The 
female (described as H. Binghami, by Mr. de Nicéville) was taken by Lieut.-Col. 
Bingham in the Dallnat Range, Tenasserim. Mr. H. Druce has a female taken in 
the Thoungyeen forests, and a male, also from Thoungyeen, is in the British 
Museum. Both sexes, from Perak, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo, are in Mr. 
Walter Rothschild’s collection. Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. pl. 37, fig. 7) also 
records it from Malacca as Huth. Parta, which latter, however, is quite a distinct 
species. Vollenhoven records the male type of apicalis from Borneo. 


EUTHALIA ZICHRI (Plate 240, figs. 1, la, ¢). 


Adolias Zichri, Butler, Cistula Entom. i. p. 6, ¢ (1869) . 
Euthalia Zichri, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 438, pl. 43, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Forewing with the outer 
border palest ; basal black-lined marks indistinct ; with a broad transverse discal 
and a submarginal very obscurely-defined blackish fascia, the latter being partly 
confluent with the former from below the upper median veinlet. Hindwing from 
the base to the dise blackish, the discal edge being sinuous, the outer margin 
broadly bordered with a greenish-blue band,* which extends more or less broadly 

* In some Bornean specimens this band is of more violescent-blue tint, and in a Malacca example the 
blue colour also exten Is slightly up the posterior end of the outer margin of the forewing. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 127 


from near the apex to anal angle, the band being traversed by a submarginal series 
of small blackish hastate spots; the abdominal margin pale ochreous-brown. 
Underside uniformly pale ochreous-brown, the outer borders narrowly washed with 
purplish-grey ; basal black-lined marks very prominent. Forewing with a trans- 
verse discal slightly-defined narrow blackish fascia, ending at the lower median and 
dilating anteriorly; followed by a more defined submarginal macular lunate fascia, 
the spots increasing in size posteriorly. Hindwing with a less-defined similar discal 
fascia and a submarginal row of small blackish-speckled points. Body and palpi 
above dark brown, beneath and legs pale ochreous-brown; antenne above brown, 
below red. 

Female. Unknown. 

Expanse, ¢ 2§ inches. 

Hasitat.—Lower Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Borneo. 

Disrrisution.—A male, from Malawoon, Lower Tenasserim, taken by Mr. A. 
O. Hume, is in Mr. F. Godman’s collection. ‘A single male, agreeing well with 
Mr. Distant’s figure, from the foot of the Karen Hills, Hast Pegu,” is recorded by 
Mr. Elwes (P. Z. 5. 1891, 280). 

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, and at Sarawak, Borneo. Mr. de Nicéville 
records it from N.H. Sumatra (J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 426). 


EUTHALIA ERIPHYLE (Plate 238, figs. 2, 2a, @). 


Euthalia Eriphyle, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 353, pl. F. fig. 7, ¢. 
Euthalia Delmana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 287, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male.. Upperside very dark olive-brown ; cilia brownish-grey. ore 
wing with basal black-lined marks, the interspace between the middle cell-mark and 
the discocellular-mark is blackish ; with a broad. blackish transverse discal irregular 
fascia, and a narrower submarginal diffused fascia, both being confluent at their angles 
on the medians and submedian, thus leaving an upper and lower interspace of the paler 
ground-colour. Hindwing with basal black-lined marks ; the basal area dusky-brown ; 
the discal area with a blackish sinuous-edged fascia, followed by a submarginal rather 
broad diffused lunulate fascia. Underside uniformly pale brown; basal marks black- 
lined; transverse discal and a submarginal obscurely-defined narrow dusky fascia, 
the discal being lunular, the submarginal denticulated, the latter on the hindwing 
being reduced to small points. Forewing also with a patch of bluish-white scales 
at the apex, and the hindwing slightly tinged with grey along abdominal margin. 
Body and palpi above dark brown; beneath and legs pale brownish-grey; antennez 
brown above, the tip reddish below. 


128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Unknown. 

Expanse, 3 2, to 2,6 inches. 

Hasitat.—Cherra Punji; Khasia Hills; Tenasserim. 

Norrt.—The above description is taken from Colonel Swinhoe’s type, which 
is identical with Mr. de Nicéville’s figure, which latter, he states (Sikkim Gazetteer, 
1894, 144), “is very pale, and evidently belonged to the dry-season form, while 
Delmana probably represents the rainy-season form.” 

DistrisutTiIon.—Colonel Swinhoe’s type was taken at Cherra Punji. We possess 
a male taken in the Khasias by Colonel Godwin Austen. Mr. de Nicéville’s type 
was taken in the ‘‘Attaran Valley, Mepley, and the Daunat Range in Middle 
Tenasserim ” (/.c. 353). It is also recorded by Mr. de Nicéville from N.E. Sumatra 
(J. A. 8. Bengal, 1895, 425). 


EUTHALIA BINGHAMII (Plate 239, figs. 2, 2a, 3). 


Euthalia Binghamit, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 264, pl. N. fig. 7 
(& only). 


Imaco.—‘ Male. Upperside. Both wings deep shining fuscous. Forewing 
with the following bronzy-fuscous markings :—two rounded spots in the discoidal 
cell, one being in the middle, one at the end; a subapical triangular patch, 
its base resting on the costa, its apex on the lower discoidal nervule; a 
broad marginal band, broadest on the inner margin, fining away to nothing 
before reaching the apex, the band at the anal angle bearing a small patch 
of greenish scales. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin broadly bronzy- 
fuscous, its inner edge on the disc regularly scalloped, bearing a series of five small 
oval black spots, one in each interspace from the first subcostal to the first median 
nervule; the outer margin broadly greenish-blue, broadest at the anal angle, fining 
away to nothing at the second subcostal nervule; the abdominal margin pale. 
Underside. Both wings light ochreous-brown, outwardly somewhat darker; the 
usual linear black markings in and about the discoidal cell. Forewing with an 
inner-discal black band from near the costal nervure to the first median nervule, 
anteriorly wide and somewhat diffused, posteriorly narrower ; also an outer-discal 
somewhat macular black band, increasing in width towards the anal angle, ending 
in the submedian interspace in a large round spot, anteriorly continued to the 
extreme apex of the wing by a prominent pale greenish-blue elongated spot. Hind- 
wing with the outer margin from the second subcostal nervule to the submedian 
nervure broadly pale metallic greenish-blue, which colour extends on to the disc 
anterior to the inner-discal fascia and into the discoidal cell; the inner-discal fascia 


NYMPHALINZZ, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 129 


somewhat diffused ; the outer-discal fascia of the forewing reduced to a series of 
seven black dots between the veins in the hindwing. Body black above, pale brown 
beneath; antennz black above, the club and shaft beneath ferruginous.” 

Expanse, ¢ 2; inches. 

Hasitat.—Tenasserim. 

Disrrisurion.—Described by Mr. de Nicéville from a single male taken by 
Lieut.-Colonel Bingham in the Dallnat Range, Tenasserim. 

Tnpo-Marayan AnD Cainese Evuraanias.—Huthalia Adonia (Pap. Adonia, Cramer, 
Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 255, figs. C, D, ? (1779). Huibn. Verz. p. 41 (1816). Distant, 
Rhop. Malay. p. 120, pl. 19, figs. 10,11, ¢ ¢% (1883). Aconthea lubentina, Horsf. 
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 5, figs. 5, 5a, ¢ (1829). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; 
Sumatra; Java.—Huthalia irrubescens, Grose-Smith, Ann. N. H. 1893, p. 216; 
Rhop. Exot. p. 13, Huth. pl. 4, figs. 7, 8 (1894). Leech, Butt. of China, ete., p. 654. 
Habitat. W.China.—LHuthalia Djata, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p.53. Habitat. 
N. Borneo.—Huthalia Whiteheadi, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 313; 
Rhop. Exot. Huth. pl. 1, figs. 1-8, ¢ %. Habitat. N. Borneo,—LHuthalia culmi- 
nicola, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. 1894, p. 300. Habitat. Java.—KHuthalia Adeona, 
Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 13, Huth. pl. 4, figs. 5, 6, ? (1894). Habitat. 
Borneo.—Huthalia Ludonia, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 72. Grose-Smith 
and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 11, Huth. pl. 4, figs. 1-4, d ¢ (1894). Habitat. 
Palawan.—Huthalia Aconthea (Pap. Aconthea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 134, figs.C, D, 
(1779). Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. 1. pl. 3, fig. 2 (1836). Syn. Nymph. Disconthea, 
Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 384 (1823). Aconthea primaria, Horsf. Catal. Lep. Mus. 
HE. I.C. pl. 8, fig. 6 (1829). Habitat. Java; Borneo.—Euthalia numerica, Fruhstorfer, 
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 267, pl. 1, figs. 1,2, ¢ 2. Habitat. Nias.—Huthalia 
Alpheda (Nymph. Alpheda, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 384 (1823). Moore, Tr. Ent. 
Soc. 1859, p. 66, pl. 3, fig. 4, ¢ %. Syn. Adolias Octogesima, Vollenhoven, Tijd. Ent. 
1862, p. 193, pl. 10, fig. 1, o (? pl. 11, fig. 1, ¢). Huth. Jama, Distant, Rhop. 
Malay. p. 119, pl. 14, fig. 8, d; pl. 15, fig. 4, 2. Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; 
Java.—LHuthalia Phelada, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 88, pl. 16, figs. 7,8, d %. 
Habitat. Philippines.—Huthalia Palawana, Staudinger, Lep. Pal. p. 74. Habitat. 
Palawan.—LHuthalia Parta (Adolias Parta, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. EH. I. C. i. 
p- 185, d ? (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 1, ¢ %. Habitat. 
Borneo.—Huthalia Sandakana. Comparatively smaller than Indian and Burmese 
H. Garuda. Male.—Upperside similar, except that the transverse discal five white 
spots are of more dentate shape and uniform style. Hemale.—Upperside olivescent- 
brown, the discal transverse spots less defined, sullied-white and dentate in shape, 
those below the upper median disposed obliquely inward—in Garuda, they are always 


outwardly-oblique. Expanse, 5 2;4, 2 2,% to 2;%. Habitat. Sandakan; N. 
VOL. Ill. S 


130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Borneo (Coll. Cator ; Moore).—Huthalia Merta (Adolias Merta, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1859, p. 72, pl. 6, fig. 4, 2). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 437, pl. 43, figs. 1, 2, d ? 
(1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Huthalia Agnis (Adolias Agnis, 
Vollenhoven, Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 202, pl. 12, fig. 2, 2. Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 
1894, p. 245, pl. 18, fig. 8, d. Habitat. Java—Huthalia Lusiada, Felder, Wien. 
Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 119. Habitat. Luzon.—Huthalia Mindorana, Staudinger, 
Lep. List. (1896), p. 32. Habitat. Mindora.—Huthalia Mahadeva (Adolias 
Mahadeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 68, pl. 4, fig. 1, od. Habitat—p? 
—Huthalia Nicévillet (Tanaecia Nicévillei, Distant, Ann. N. H. 1884, p. 199; Rhop. 
Malay. p. 4t0, pl. 40, fig. 9, d. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. 


Genus LIMBUSA. 


Matz.—Wings small, short. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched, apex pointed, 
exterior margin almost even, posterior margin straight ; first subcostal branch free 
from the subcostal in both sexes; first and second subcostals emitted before end 
of the cell; the cell closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet ; middle median 
veinlet emitted at a short distance before lower end of the cell. Hindwing very 
short, triangular ; exterior margin oblique, convex, slightly uneven ; precostal vein 
slightly curved ; cell closed by a slender discocellular veinlet. Body stout; eyes 
naked. Sexes dissimilar. 

Typr.—L. Nara. 

LIMBUSA NARA (Plate 240, figs. 2, 2a, b, c, dQ). 
Adolias Nara, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 78, pl. 8, fig. 1, 9. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1868, p. 602. 
Euthalia Nara, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 197 (1886); Proc, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1892, 
p. 145. 

Adolias Anyte, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iti. Ad. pl. 2, fig. 5 (1862), g. Butler, P. Z.S. 1868, p. 603. 

Euthalia Anyte, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 198, 3. 

Matn.—Upperside dark bronzy olive-green. Cilia black, alternated with white. 
Both wings crossed by a broadly diffused blackish discal fascia and a narrower 
submarginal and a marginal lunulated fascia. Forewing also with inwardly-diffused 
black-lined cell marks, and a ringlet below the cell; externally bordering the discal 
fascia is an upper oblique series of four small yellowish-olivescent blackish-edged 
incipiently-defined rounded spots, extending and increasing in size from the subcostal 
to the middle median veinlet, below which the posterior interarea between the two 
fasciz is also slightly paler than the ground colour; two very small incipiently- 
defined spots also before the apex. Hindwing also with the discal fascia externally 
bordered at its costal end by a broad pale yellow patch extending to the lower 
subcostal, and from below which in some specimens extend two or three slender 
yellowish lunules, which latter traverse the length of the blackish fascia; a similar 


NYMPHALIN4, (Group EUTHALIINA,) 131 


but shorter yellowish costal patch also precedes the latter, the extreme costal border 
also being pale olivescent-yellow ; basal black-lined marks slender. Underside olivescent- 
yellow ; basal marks slender but very prominent; transverse fasciz as above, those 
on the forewing being most prominent; the upper discal row of rounded spots 
and posterior intervening space being more defined and paler yellow; on the 
hindwing the discal fascia is composed of narrow pale yellow lunular spots with 
diffused blackish borders, the costal patches being absent. Body and palpi above 
dark olive-green, body below and legs pale olivescent-yellow; antenne dark 
brown above and tipt with red, beneath reddish. 

Female. Upperside darker and of a more golden-bronzy sap-green, the apical 
area of both wings being blue tinged; the transverse fasciz blacker; basal marks 
black-lined. Forewing also with a prominent white oblique discal macular band 
extending from the middle of the costa to near the lower median veinlet, the four 
upper spots being elongate, the next broadly somewhat cordate, and the last obliquely 
elongated, narrow, and slightly recurved ; the two small subapical spots are distinct 
and white. Hindwing also with a sullied-white upper discal cosial spot, and one, 
or sometimes two, very small wider contiguous spots. Underside. Forewing 
greyish olive-green, the hindwing being of a more greenish-grey cvlour; basal 
marks slender. Forewing also with the black fascize posteriorly diffused and violes- 
cent-tinted, the white macular hand and subapical spots black-edged. Hindwing 
with a discal continuous macular white band composed of six slightly blackish- 
edged spots, the four upper being quadro-lunate, the two lower ovate. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 3, 2 3,4, to 3, inches. 

Hasirat.—Nepal; Sikkim ; Naga Hills. 

Disrrisution.—We possess males of this species from Nepal, taken by the late 
General G. Ramsay. “It is very rare in Sikkim, and is probably found only in the 
heavy forests. It is less rare east of the Tista River, where it occurs in July and 
September at 6000 feet elevation” (L. de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143). 
Also recorded from “Sikkim ; Buxa, Bhotan, in July and August; Khasias, 4000 feet, 
in September; and Naga Hills” (de Nicéville, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1892, 145). 
In Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection are females taken by Mr. Otto Méller in Sikkim, in 
August, 1888, and in Mr. F. Godman’s collection are males taken in the Naga Hills, 
8000 to 9000 feet, in July and August, by Mr. W. Doherty. 

CainesE Autizp Spectus.—Limbusa Omeia (Huthalia Omeia, Leech, Ent. 1891, 
p. 29, d. Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Euth. pl. 3, fig. 3 ¢ (1891). Syn. Huth. 
consobrina, Leech, Ent. 1891,-Suppl. p. 29. G.-Smith and Kirby, zd. Huth. pl. 3, 
fiz. 5,6, ¢. Habitat. W. China.—Limbusa Strephon (Euthalia Strephon, Grose- 
Smith, Ann. N. H. 1893, p. 216. Leech, Butt. China, p. 653. Habitat. N.W-. China. 
Limbusa Sinica. Male. Upperside. Colour similar to male L. Nara. Forewing 

s 2 


132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


differs in the intervening area between the cell-marks being olivescent-yellow, the 
upper discal oblique series of four spots and the two subapical spots also yellow, 
and with a pale yellowish discal patch between the middle and lower medians. 
Hindwing with the basal dark area narrower and uniformly coloured ; crossed by a 
well-defined discal olivescent-yellow band, which is broad anteriorly and decreases 
macularly to the lower median veinlet. Underside of a more ochreous-olivescent 
tint ; discal and subapical spots on forewing, and discal band on hindwing, as on 
upperside. Expanse, g 3 inches. Habitat. Ta Tong Kiao, China (Coll. P. Crowley 
and Col. C. Swinhoe). 


Genus MAHALDIA. 


Imaco.—Male. Wings large, short, broad. Forewing very broad, subtrian- 
gular; costa much arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped; first 
subcostal branch free in both sexes; first and second subcostals emitted before end 
of cell; discocellulars curved, middle discocellular concave; cell closed; middle 
median veinlet emitted from immediately before lower end of the cell. Hindwing very 
broad, somewhat quadrate ; apex truncate, exterior margin scalloped and produced at 
end of the upper median veinlet ; cell closed. yes naked. Sexes dissimilar. 

Typs.—M. Sahadeva. 


MAHALDIA SAHADEVA (Plate 241, figs. 1, la, b, c; 242, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ Q). 


Adolias Sahadeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 80, pl. 8, fig. 3, g. 
Euthalia Sahadeva, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete, ii. p. 199 (1886); Proc. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, 
1892, p. 145, gd 9. 


Maze. Upperside dark olive or sap-green, with a somewhat bronzy gloss ; cilia 
alternated with white; basal black-lined marks distinct and broad; crossed by a 
blackish diffused discal and submarginal and a narrower marginal sinuous fascia, the 
anterior interspace between the two former being defined by pale yellowish lunules 
on the forewing and broader lunules on the hindwing. forewing also with an 
oblique transverse pale dull olivescent-yellow macular band composed of five spots 
and a slight costal streak, extending from the costa to the lower median veinlet, the 
lowest spot being somewhat obliquely-elongated and less defined posteriorly, below 
which is a much less defined pale lunate patch, which latter is sometimes 
accompanied by either a single very small or a duplex obsolescent slender pale spot; 
before the apex are two small white costal obliquely-superposed spots, the 
upper one minute ; the interspaces between the basal and middle cell marks and 
between the latter and the discocellular mark being much paler olivescent-green. 
Hindwing also with a transverse medial discal pale olivescent-yellow macular band 
composed of six decreasing irregularly-rounded spots. Underside greenish-ochreous ; 
cell marks distinct; crossed by a broad discal and a submarginal diffused sinnous 


NYMPHALINA, (Group EUTHALIINA.) 133 


‘dusky olive-green fascia and a narrower less-defined marginal fascia; the transverse 
macular band, as on upperside, less prominent but of a pale olivescent-yellow, the 
subapical spots being white ; the discal and submarginal fascia on the forewing more 
or less blackish speckled posteriorly, and in some specimens the submarginal fascia 
on the hindwing is marked by a small blackish point between the veins. Body and 
palpi above dark olive-green, below and legs pale olivescent-yellow ; antenne black, 
tipt with ochreous-red. 

Female. Upperside somewhat darker than the male, with similar transverse 
blackish diffused fasciz. Forewing with the oblique discal band composed of 
prominent olivescent-white spots, and the costal streak ochreous-white; subapical 
white spots prominent, sometimes with a minute intervening spot. Hindwing with 
two upper discal olivescent-white spots of cither an irregular reversely-lunate or 
oval shape, and with generally a third or lower minute spot, their outer adjacent 
interspaces between the discal and submarginal fasciz being sullied olivescent-white 
or bluish-white speckled, forming broad lunate patches. Underside deeper greenish- 
ochreous than in male; transverse fascize much less apparent, especially on the 
hindwing ; basal marks more slender. Forewing with oblique discal macular band 
and subapical spots bluish-white. Hindwing with a discal series of either five or six 
bluish-white irregular-shaped transversely narrowed spots. 

Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3,%, 2 33% to 4,4 inches. 

Hasitat.—Nepal; Sikkim; Bhotan; Khasia and Naga Hills. . 

Remarks.—In some specimens from the Khasia Hills (Plate 242, fig. 1, la, b) 
the upperside of both sexes is very dark sap-green, the macular band in the male 
being olivescent-white, and in the female bluish-white. In the female also, the upper 
discal bluish-white spots are small or obsolescent. On the underside, the ground- 
colour in both sexes is also darker and more greenish, and the macular band bluish- 
white. 

Distrisurti0on.—We possess specimens of both sexes taken in Nepal by the late 
General G. Ramsay, and a male from Buxa, Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, 
as well as others without definite locality from the collection of the late A. Grote and 
Major J. L. Sherwill. Mr. de Nicéville states (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143) that 
“it is very rare in Sikkim, where it is found in August and September, but seems 
to be more common to the Hast, in Bhotan and the Khasia Hills.” Specimens from 
Shillong and the Naga Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection ; Col. C. Swinhoe 
has received it from Shillong and the Khasia Hills. 


MAHALDIA NARAYANA (Plate 242, figs, 2, 2a, ?). 
Euthalia Narayana, Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 6, Huth. pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, 2 (1891). 


Fematr.—Smaller than M. Sahadeva, Upperside paler sap-green than in 


134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Khasia females. Forewing with the transverse olivescent-white macular band com- 
posed of about one-third smaller sized spots; the lower subapical spot being 
comparatively larger, Hindwiny with two prominent well-defined olivescent- 
white upper discal lunate spots. Underside dark olivescent-grey. Forewing with 
olivescent-white macular band, and subapical spots, as above. Hindwing with the 
transverse series of five bluish-white decreasing spots transversely narrow. 

Expanse, ? 2,% inches. 

Havirat.— Burma. 

Disrripution.—The type specimen was taken at the Ruby Mines, Upper Burma. 
It is in the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, and is the only one we know. 


MAHALDIA IVA (Plate 243, figs. 1, la, 2). 


Adolias Iva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 195 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, 
p. 78, pl. 8, fig. 2, g. 


Euthalia Iva, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 197 (1886); Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1894, 
p. 10. 

Matz.—Upperside very dark sap-green; cilia alternated with white; basal 
black-lined marks distinct. Both wings with a transverse very obscurely-defined 
discal and submarginal blackish diffused Junular fascia, the discal being the least 
apparent. Horewing also crossed by an oblique medial broad macular olivescent- 
white band, composed of elongated narrow spots, the lowest being constricted in 
its middle and prolonged to near end of lower median veinlet, below which is a 
white-speckled patch at the angle ; two very small slender white spots also present 
beneath the lower median veinlet placed upon the discal fascia, and two oblique oval 
spots before the apex. Hindwing with an upper discal curved series of four small 
olivescent-white rounded spots. Underside deep greyish-green, more olivescent- 
green externally ; basal black-lined markings prominent ; submarginal lunular fascia 
black-speckled, distinct. Forewing with the oblique medial macular olivescent- 
white band and two lower small spots and the subapical spots narrowly black 
bordered. Hindwing with an upper discal curved series of either five or six small 
olivescent-white spots bordered by black speckles. Body and palpi above dark 
sap-green, beneath and legs pale olivescent-yellow; antenne dark brown tipt with 
red. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that on the forewing the two small 
slender white spots below the lower median veinlet are sometimes absent. Under- 
side as in the male. 

HExpanse, ¢ 4,%,, 2 4,5, inches. 

Hasirav.—Sikkim ; Manipur. 

Disrripurion.— Of this very rare species no specimen has of late years been 
obtained in Sikkim, except a single example in Mr. G. C. Dudgeon’s collection 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA. 135 


from Daling at 6000 feet elevation, taken in August. I have lately obtained a pair, 
by purchase, from Manipur” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 142). A 
specimen of the female is in the Hewitsonian collection, and another in that of 
Mr. H. Grose-Smith. 

Curneszé Antiep Specres.—Mahaldia Pyrrha (Huthalia Sahadeva, Leech, Butt. of 
China, Japan, etc., p. 186, pl. 21, fig. 2, ¢. Huth. Pyrrha, Leech, id. p. 137, pl. 21, fig. 4 
(1892), ?. Habitat. Moupin; W. and C. China.—Mahaldia Confucius (Adolias 
Confucius, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 291, 2 (1850). Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, 
p. 79. Huthalia Confucius, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. Huth. pl. 3, figs. 1, 2 (1891). 
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 135, pl. 21, fig. 6. Habitat. China.—Mahaldia Kardama 
(Adolias Kardama, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 80, pl. 9, fig. 83, d ¢). Huthalia 
Kardama, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. Huth. pl. 2, figs. 1-3 (1891). Leech, Butt. of 
China, etc., p. 186 (1892). Syn. Euth. Armandiana, Poujade, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 
1886, p. 216. Habitat. W. China. 


Genus ZALAPIA. 
Adolias (sect. ix.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861), 


Wings large, broad. Forewing rather elongate, subtriangular; costa slightly 
arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin almost even ; first subcostal branch 
anastomosed to the costal near its end in both sexes; first subcostal emitted at two- 
fifths before end of the cell, second close to the end, third at one-third beyond 
the cell; the discocellulars concave, the two upper short, lower slender, but distinct 
and tubular, closing the cell ; middle median veinlet emitted from immediately before 
lower end of the cell. Hindwing broad, somewhat quadrate; exterior margin 
very convex, apex rounded, exterior margin somewhat produced at the upper 
median, slightly uneven ; cell closed by a very slender lower discocellular ; the two 
upper median veinlets emitted from lower end of the cell; precostal spur simple, 
curved outward. Body robust; palpi very compactly clothed ; antenne with a 
long slender club. Hyes naked. Sexes alike. 

Typz.—Z. Patala. 


ZALAPIA PATALA (Plate 244, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 


Adolias Patala, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 485 (1844). 
Euthalia Patala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 239. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 196 
(1886). 
Adolias Doubledayi, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 13, pl. 13 (1846). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. 
D. Lep. p. 291. 
Adolias Epiona (Gray), Moore, Tr. Ent, Soc. 1859, p. 79. Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 602. 
Mare.—Upperside dark olive-green ; cilia alternated with white ; basal black- 
lined marks slender, not prominent. Forewing with a transverse discal and a sub- 
marginal very obscurely-defined blackish-green diffused narrow lunulated fascia, 


136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


and crossed by a prominent medial oblique pale olivaceous-yellow macular band, 
which extends from the costa to lower median veinlet opposite the posterior angle, 
the lowest spot being narrowest and of an irregular prolonged lunate form; a 
minute pale yellow spot sometimes also present beneath the lower median vein close 
to the discal fascia; two small pale yellow costal spots before the apex. Hindwing 
with a similar blackish-green transverse discal and submarginal diffused lunulated 
fascia, the former with two irregular-shaped pale olivescent-yellow subcostal spots, 
the lower one generally externally excavated or posteriorly narrow and constricted, 
sometimes a third very small lower spot is also present ; abdominal margin olives- 
cent-grey. Underside much paler, olivescent-yellowish-green; basal marks very 
slender ; transverse discal and submarginal darker fasciz as in upperside. Fore- 
wing also with the oblique medial macular olivescent-white band and subapical 
spots; sometimes also with two very small whitish spots beneath the lower median. 
Hindwing also with two, or three, additional very small lower discal olivescent- 
white spots. Body and palpi above dark olive-brown, beneath and legs very pale 
olivescent-yellow ; antenne blackish above, reddish beneath. 

Female. Upperside somewhat of a darker tint than the male, the pale 
olivescent-yellow spots more prominent. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,5 to 4, ? 4 to 4,4 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Himalayas ; Chumba to Nepal. 

Disrripution AND Hasirs.— Frequents oak forests at altitudes of 6000 to 8000 
feet in the Western Himalayas; taken at Panideo, Nuchar, and Kotghur during the 
rainy season, July and August. It flies very swiftly over the tops of the trees with 
a skimming flight like a swallow. Two or three may be seen chasing one another 
in and out of the shade among the branches of the trees. They pitch abruptly, 
often with expanded wings, basking in the sunlight until some passing insect, 
another Adolias or a Neptis floating near, tempts the quarrelsome species to dash off, 
buffet the passer-by, and after a rapid skim, pitch once more, suddenly, near its 
former resting-place, and bask again. It soon gets battered, and as they fly and 
pitch about the high tree-tops it is difficult to capture’? (Capt. A. M. Lang, Ent. 
Mo. Mag. 1864, p. 181). ‘‘ Local in the N.W. Himalaya. Very swift in flight. 
Frequents woods” (Capt. Bayne Reed’s Notes). ‘‘ Flies about oaks from June to 
September” (Rev. J. Hocking, P. Z. S. 1882, 239). Specimens from Simla, 
Dharmsala, Almora, and Naini Tal were in the late Mr. W.S. Atkinson’s collec- 
tion (MS. List). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1886, 124) records it from 
** Naini Tal, Ranibagh, etc., 2000 to 7000 feet elevation. Found chiefly during the 
rains.’ We possess specimens taken by the late General G. Ramsay in Nepal. 
Mr. de Nicéville records haying ‘taken it commonly in Simla at about 5000 feet. 
It is very partial to over-ripe peaches, plums, etc. Major C. H. T. Marshall has 


NYMPHALINA. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 137 


taken it in Chumba. In Kumaon it is abundant near Naini Tal in the middle of 
the rains, and Dr. Scully has sent numerous specimens from Nepal’’ (Butt. Ind. ii. 
196). 


ZALAPIA TAOOANA (Plate 243, fig. 2, 2a, 3). 


Adolias Taooana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 831, 
Euthalia Taooana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 197 (1886). Elwes, P, Z, §. 1891, p. 278. 


Mate.—Upperside. Darker olive-green than in P. Patala; basal black-lined 
marks very prominent. Discal transverse blackish fascia not apparent, the sub- 
marginal blackish lunular fascia narrower and less diffused but more defined. ore- 
wing with the oblique discal macular band broader and of a clear yellow colour, 
composed of more elongated portions, the penultimate being quite oval, the lowest 
short and more conical, the two small narrow spots beneath the lower median are 
either prominent, or one, or both, are sometimes absent, and all have black-speckled 
borders ; before the apex are two small oval yellow spots. Hindwing with either 
two, or three, upper discal yellow spots, the lowest or third, when present, being 
small; following these are two lower small black-speckled ring-spots; abdominal 
margin pale olivescent-grey. Underside dark olivescent-grey, paler externally; 
markings as above, very prominent. Hindwing with the discal pale yellow spots 
extending to the lower median veinlet. 

Female. Unknown. 

Expanse, ¢ 4 to 4,% inches. 

Hasirar.—Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula. 

Distrisution.—The type specimen, a male, was taken by Mr. Olto Limborg 
at ‘‘ Taoo, 3000 to 5000 feet, Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. S. 1878, 831). It is also 
recorded from Tayoy (J. A.S. Bengal 1887, 426). A male, from HE. Pegu, isin the 
collection of Mr. P. Crowley and of Mr. F. Godman, taken by Mr. W. Doherty in 
March and April 1890. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 278) records it from the 
‘Karen Hills taken by Mr. Doherty at 4000 to 5000 feet—where it seemed 
abundant, but only males were received.” A male specimen labelled “ Perak”? is in 
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. 

CuinesE Sprcies.—Zalapia Pratti (Huthalia Pratti, Leech, Entom. 1891, 
Suppl. p. 4; Butt. of China, etc. p. 188, pl. 21, fig. 5 (1892). 

Haszitat.—W. China. 


Genus CHUCAPA. 
Chucapa, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 49 (1896-7). 
Matz.-—Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex 


obtuse, exterior margin uneven ; first subcostal branch free from the costal in both 
vou. 11. March 19th, 1898. T 


138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


sexes; first and second subcostals emitted before end of the cell, third at about one- 
eighth beyond the cell; upper discocellulars bent inward, straight; cell open. Hind- 
wing very short, triangular ; exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex, scalloped, 
anal angle somewhat produced; precostal spur bent outward at the middle; cell 
open. 

Bopy stout. Palpi rather short, apical joint short, stout, obtusely pointed. Eyes 
naked. Sexes alike. 

Typr.—C. Francie. 


CHUCAPA FRANCIZ (Plate 245, fic. 1, la, b, ¢,d, d 9). 


Adolias Francie, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 12, pl. 14 (1846). Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, 
p. 81. 

Euthalia Francie, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 202 (1886). 

Adolias Raja, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. (1859), p. 397, pl. 9, fig. 2, 2. 


Matz anp Fremaue.—Upperside deep yellowish-bronzy sap-green, or, in some 
specimens, of a darker bluish-green tint, the outer borders being blackish-green ; cilia 
alternated with white. Horewing with black-lined cell marks; a prominent trans- 
verse medial discal pale yellow macular band, of which the three upper spots are 
disposed obliquely outward beyond the cell, and the others slightly deflexed inward 
from the upper median, beyond are two obliquely superposed subapical spots—the 
upper one broadly lunate, the lower rounded, and below which is an incipient row of 
very slender-shghtly defined pale lunules; beyond these is a submarginal row of 
small pale yellow lunulate spots. Hindwing with a transverse medial-discal pale 
yellow decreasing band, which is externally bordered with paler green than the basal 
ground colour, followed by an outer discal series of incipient dusky broad diffused 
lunules and then by a submarginal row of blackish similar lunate spots, which latter 
are bordered externally by a decreasing series of pale greenish-yellow lunular spots. 
Underside glossy, silvery, bluish-grey or greenish-grey ; basal black-lined marks on 
both wings slender and distinct ; the transverse discal band, subapical spots, inner and 
outer submarginal pale lunular bands, as on upperside, being white, but all wider, 
externally, than those above, the additional wider portion being washed with pale 
purple. Forewing also with two or three intervening submarginal slender black points, 
and a large diffused posterior patch below the median veinlet. Hindwing also with an 
intervening submarginal row of small black points. Body and palpi above dark 
bronzy sap-green, beneath and legs greyish-white ; antennez black, tipt with red 
beneath. 

Expanse, 3 3 to 3, ? 4,3, to 4; inches. 

Hanirat.—Nepal; Sikkim; Bhotan; Assam; Upper Burma. 

Remakks.—Nepalese specimens, Plate 245, fig. 1, la, are of a paler green tint, 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 139 


and the transverse yellow macular band also somewhat broader than in specimens 
from Sikkim and Bhotan. Specimens from the Khasia Hills are the darkest of all, 
and vary in the width of the yellow macular band. 

Distrisution.— This is not a common species; it occurs from Nepal to Upper 
Assam, and Burma”’ (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 202). We possess specimens of both 
sexes taken in Nepal by the late General G. Ramsay. It has been taken in Sikkim 
and Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, and Dr. J. Anderson took it in Upper Burma 
during the Yunan Expedition. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 359) says it is 
‘a rare species in recent years in Sikkim. I have taken it near Cherra Punji, in the 
Khasias, in September, and find that the Khasia specimens can be distinguished from 
Sikkim ones by their narrower bands.” Mr. de Nicéville ( Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 
143) says it is “ common in Sikkim and Bhotan at 5000 feet elevation. It is found 
also in Nepal, the Naga, Khasia, Chin Lushai, and Karen Hills. It probably flies 
about midsummer in the heavy forest zone in Sikkim.” Col. C. Swinhoe (Tr. Ent. 
Soc. 1893, 285) says it is “common in the Khasias.”’ Mr. W. Doherty obtained it 
at Bernardmyo, Upper Burma, from 5000 to 7000 feet in March, 1890, and in 
E. Pegu, 4000 to 5000 feet in March and April. 

Cuinuse ALLIED Specius.—Chucapa Hebe (Kuthalia Hebe, Leech, Entom. 1891, 
Suppl. p. 4; Butt. of China, etc., p. 139, pl. 21, fig. 7). Habitat—W. China. 


Genus LABRANGA. 
Labranga, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 49 (1896-7). 

Matze.—Wings large, broad, short. Forewing subtriangular, apex obtusely 
rounded, exterior margin scalloped; first subcostal branch anastomosed to the costal 
in both sexes ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell; 
discocellulars deeply concave; cell closed; the two upper median veinlets emitted 
from lower end of the cell. Hindwing very broad; exterior margin very convex, 
deeply scalloped; cell closed; the two upper median veinlets emitted from end of 
cell. Body robust. Eyes naked. Sexes alike. 

Type.—L. Durga. 


LABRANGA DURGA (Plate 246, fig. 1, la, b, f 2). 
Adolias Durga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Compy. i. p. 196 (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1859, 
p. 80, pl. 9, fig. 2. Butler, P.Z.S. 1868, p. 602. 
Euthalia Durga, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., 11. p. 199 (1886). 

Mats anp Femate.—Upperside very dark bronzy olive-green ; with an obscurely 
defined broadly-diffused black lunulated submarginal fascia and a narrow marginal 
fascia; basal black-lined marks slender ; cilia alternately black and white. Fore- 
wing crossed by a broad white medial discal band extending from the costa to 

sa 


140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


posterior margin, the band composed of irregular-shaped spots, outwardly diffused 
by a black line—of which the posterior spots are also externally bordered by smalt- 
blue scales ; before the apex are two very small oval superposed white spots. Hind- 
wing crossed by a similar broad white band ending decreasingly in a narrow bar at 
the lower median veinlet, the entire band being prominently and diffusedly bordered 
externally to the anal angle by smalt-blue, followed by an intermarginal row of 
slender smalt-blue lunules; base of abdominal margin bluish-grey. Underside, 
Basal area greenish-grey, outer area pale olive-green; basal black-lined marks very 
prominent, transverse white band and subapical, spots as above, narrowly edged with 
dark olive-green; submarginal lunular fascia on forewing narrow, blackish, and 
bordered posteriorly by a cluster of pale blue scales; submarginal fascia on hind- 
wing ill-defined and diffused. Body and palpi above dark bronzy olive-green, below 
and legs pale olivescent-grey ; antennze above brown, below reddish. 

Expanse, 3 4 to 4;%, ? 4;% inches. 

Hapirat.—Sikkim; Bhotan. 

Variety.—We possess a male from Sikkim, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, which, 
on the upperside of the forewing, has the interspace between the middle and end cell- 
marks pale bluish-white speckled, thus forming a distinct pale transverse bar, and on 
the hindwing there is a pale bluish-white speckled fascia extending before the white 
discal band broadly from the costa and vanishing posteriorly to the lower median 
veinlet in clusters of bluish-green scales. 

Disrripution.—‘‘ This species used to be fairly common in Sikkim, but owing to 
_ the great destruction of the forests for the cultivation of tea, it has become in recent 
years very scarce. Mr. Otto Moller obtained it from June to August at from 38000 
to 5000 feet elevation. Itis still fairly common in Bhotan” (de Nicéville, Sikkim 
Gazetteer, 1894, 148). 


LABRANGA DUDA (Plate 247, fig. 1, la, b, 3 2). 


Euthalia Duda, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 152, pl. 53 (1886). de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, 
p. 455. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 358. 


Matr.—Upperside very dark bronzy sap-green ; basal black-lined marks indis- 
tinct. Forewing crossed by an obscure broad diffused black inner discal, a submar- 
ginal, and a narrow marginal fascia; a slightly oblique medial discal narrow white 
macular band extending from the costa to posterior margin, the portion from the 
lower median being sometimes of a smaller size, less defined and sullied with greenish- 
white speckles; two small white spots also before the apex. Hindwing crossed by an 
inwardly -oblique, regularly decreasing nearly even-edged discal white band, which is 
externally bordered by smalt-blue ending posteriorly in olive-green scales, beyond 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 141 


which is a broad black outer marginal fascia traversed by a slightly-defined narrow 
olive-green lunular line. Underside pale olivescent-green; basal marks distinct; 
transverse white band and subapical spots, as on upperside; discal and submarginal 
blackish fascia on the forewing slender and obscure anteriorly but broad and black 
posteriorly ; submarginal fascia on the hindwing obsolescent, 

Female.—Upper and underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3, to 33%, % -b inches. 

Hasrrat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam. 

Distrisution.—Described by Dr. Staudinger from two males labelled ‘ Darjil- 
ing,” from the late Mr, W. 8. Atkinson’s Collection, Mr. A. V. Knyvett’s native 
collectors also obtained it near Buxa, in Bhotan. Colonel C. Swinhoe possesses 
specimens of both sexes from Cherra Punji, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. 
** Probably the rarest species of the group occurring in Sikkim. I possess a single 
pair only, the female from Bhotan, the male from the Khasia Hills. Mr. Elwes also 
possesses two males, and Mr. Dudgeon one male, all from Sikkim” (de Nicéville, 
Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 143), Mr. Walter Rothschild possesses specimens 
from Mr. Otto Moller’s Collection, taken in Sikkim in July and August, and in 
Bhotan in August, 

Cuinesz Sprcies.—Labranga Tibetana (Kuthalia Thibetana, Poujade, Ann. Ent, 
Fr. 1885, p. 215), Syn. Huthalia Staudingeri, Leech, Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 4, 
Butt. of China, ete., p. 138, pl. 21, fig. 8 (1893). Habitat——Moupin ; W. China. 
Labranga Khama, Alpheraky, Iris, 1895, p. 181. Habitat.—W. China, 


Group IV, LIMENITINA. 


Najades, Hiibner, Tent. Lep. p. 1 (1806). 

Nymphalides (part), Boisduval, Ind. Méth. ii. p. 16 (1840). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 41 (1862). 

Nymphalide (part), Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844). Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Ins. 
ii. p. 382 (1845). Lang, Rhop. Hur. p. 159 (1884). Doherty, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 110. 

Nymphalidi (part), Stephens Catal. Brit. Lep. B.M. p. 10 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. p. 21 
(1857). Scudder, Butt. U.S. i. p. 249 (1889), 

Nymphalina (part), Herr. Schiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p, 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83 
(1882). 

Nymphalidz, Guénee, Faune E, et L. Lep. p. 23 (1867). 

Nepitide, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 67 (1871). 

Limenitides, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B.M. p. 57 (1869). 

Limenitina, Moore, Lep. Indica, ii. p. 225 (1895). 


CHARACTERS OF THE Group LIMENITINA. 


Imaco.—Moderately robust, generally. JF orewings either short and more or 
less triangular, or elongate and narrow; apex obtuse or rounded; exterior margin 


142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


in some more or less slightly scalloped. Hindwings short, generally broad and 
triangularly-ovate, in some obovate ; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped. 

Caterpittar.—Head cleft, or serrate, on vertex; body either unequally humped 
dorsally, or more or less cylindrical; armed with two subdorsal more or less 
incomplete series of mostly short, irregular-shaped fleshy branched-spines. 

CurysALis.—Somewhat elongate, or short; with projecting wing-cases, broad 
rounded elevated anterio-dorsal prominence, arched thorax, and projected bifid head- 
piece. 

Hac.—“ Very large; few; soft; not so high as wide, strongly reticulate, with 
elevated translucent lines crossing the surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal 
spaces, and bearing long, acute, often bifid spines at their intersection.” (Doherty.) 

SrasonaL Dimoreuism.—This is known to occur in the species of our Limenitid 
genera Auzakia and Lebadea, also in the Athymid genera Tacorza, Condochates, 
Pantoporia, and Kironga, and in the Neptid genera Andrapana, Neptis, Bimbisara, 
Stabrobates, Rahinda, and Lasippa. In the typical species of the two latter genera, 
in addition to the ordinary seasonal differences, the male of the dry-season form has 
the usual wnglossed patch of scales on the upperside of the hindwing restricted to the 
basal interspaces of the subcostals, being thus conspicuously isolated within the 
middle area of the broad glossy costal border, whereas, in the male of the wet-season 
form this unglossed patch pervades the interspace below the subcostal. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF MALES IN CERTAIN GENERA.—In the various species of our 
Athymid genera we have found Androconia, or scent-scales in a very limited number, 
only, to be present in the males of Tatisia Kanwa, Tharusia Jina, Chendrana Pravira, 
Athyma Perius, Condochates opalina, in all the species of Pantoporia (Nefte, Cama, 
etc.), Sabania speciosa, Kironga Ranga and K. Abiasa; Dr. Haase (Iris, 1883, 305) 
records them as being present also in Balanga Kasa. These scent-scales are found 
interspersed between the ordinary scales chiefly upon the basal area between the 
median and submedian vein on the upperside of the forewing; they are extremely 
minute, elongated, broadest and rounded anteriorly and finely ciliated in front, the 
base on each side angled hindward into a fine projecting pointed-hook longer than the 
basal shaft. These peculiar scent-scales were, however, not found to be present in 
the allied Athymids Parathyma Sulpitia, Tacorea Asura, and Tacola Larymna, 
neither were they found in the species of our Limenitid genera, which were carefully 
examined for this purpose. 

In the males of our various genera of Neptids, the underside of the forewing has 
a more or less broad glossy posterior border, which in some, i.e. Phedyma, Rahinda, 
Lasippa, etc., encompasses an elongated patch of dark-coloured (? scent) scales ; and 
on the upperside of the hindwing an ordinary more or less broad brilliantly- 
glossed costal border, and in Phedyma (Heliodora, Cram.), also a conspicuous less- 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA,) 143 


glossed area or patch—extending below the costal vein to the radial veinlet, from 
the upper base of the cell to below the apex of the wing. A similar broad but less 
unglossed patch is present in Andrapana (Columella, Cram.), or entirely unglossed in 
Ard. Jumba. In Kalkasia (Alwina), and several other genera—Neptis (Aceris ; Varma, 
etc.), Bimbisara (Sankara), Stabrobates (Radha; Viraja) this unglossed patch on the 
hindwing is confined to the medial area below the costal vein. Stab. Viraja, in the 
dry-season form, has also a conspicuous tuft of laxly-exserted lengthened clavate 
black (? scent) scales on the underside of the abdomen, disposed laterally along its 
middle segments. This tuft was not observable in males of wet-season Viraja which we 
have examined. In Paraneptis (Lucilla) the unglossed patch on the hindwing is 
restricted to the basal interspaces between the costal vein and lower subcostal. In 
Bimbisara Anjana the glossy grey of the costal border extends medially to below the 
first subcostal veinlet, and encloses an oval pale ochreous-yellow unglossed patch of 
scales between base of costal vein and first subcostal. In Acca (Venilia, Linn.), in 
addition to the short unglossed area on the hindwing, there is an elongated 
fusiform patch of raised (? scent) scales extending along the anteriorly-dilated 
edge of the middle of the costal vein. In Rahinda (Hordonia) and Lasippa (Helio- 
dore, Fab.) the glossy grey costal border extends to below the second subcostal in 
the dry-season form, and isolates a conspicuous unglossed elongated (? scent) patch 
of brown scales between the bases of subcostals; this patch, in the wet-season form, 
pervading the interspace below the second subcostal veinlet. In Rahinda aurelia, 
the broad costal area extending to below base of subcostals is very conspicuously 
glossy satiny-white throughout its entire area. In Bisappa (Neriphus, Hewits.) an 
isolated dull brown patch of scales, between the bases of the subcostals, is 
conspicuously apparent on the medially disposed glossed area. 

Sexvat Dimorpatsm, and Mimicry of species WITHIN THE Grovr.—In most of the 
genera of this group the sexes of the various species are similar in both colouring 
and markings, but, in the Athymid genus Puntoporia, the sexes of all its species are 
dissimilar, the males having white markings, the females being mostly differently 
marked, and the markings of a different colour, and in this respect closely resembling 
certain species of other genera within the group, as follows :— 

In Pantoporia Cama and P. Inara, the females have ochreous-red markings— 
mimicking probably the red-banded Neptid, Stabrobates Viraja and its allies, whereas, 
in the closely allied Pant. Selenophora, the female is also entirely dissimilar from its 
male, but has white markings on the upperside, disposed exactly as in both sexes of the 
allied Athymid genus Condochates—being an excellent mimic of C. opalina, even to 
the white band on the abdomen, this band not being present in the male of 
P. Selenophora. In the allied Pantoporia Zeroca (the male of which on the upper- 
side is extremely like the male of Pant. Selenophora), the female, on both the upper 


144 LEPIDOPTERA. INDICA. 


and underside, closely resembles certain species of the Neptid genus Bimbisara, namely 
B. Nashona, Quilta, ete. In Pantoporia Kresna, the female (subrata) has the 
coloration and markings similar to Bimbisara Anjana and B. Omeroda, being 
probably a mimic of those species. The female of the Andamanese Pantoporia 
rufulais also an excellent mimic of Bimbisara Nar. Mr. de Nicéville says, “* Athyma 
Perius is doubtless a good mimic of the common species of Neptis (? leucothoe), 
together with which it is always found, and from which it is not easily differentiated 
on the wing, but, if pursued, it at once assumes its stronger and bolder proper 
Athyma-like flight.” 

The Japanese Parathyma Pryeri is probably a mimic of Paraneptis Pryeri, and the 
European Limenitis Drusilla a mimic of Paraneptis Lucilla. The Philippine 
Athymid, Balanga Kasa, in both sexes, mimics the Neptid Palanda Iiligera, and the 
Athymid Balanga Epimethes the Neptid Pandasana Ebusa. 

MimickeD BY SpEcrus IN orgER Grovurs.—The Athymid Condochates opalina, in 
addition to being mimicked by the female of the allied Athymid Pantoporia 
Selenophora, is also excellently mimicked by the Apaturine butterfly, Mimathyma 
Chevana. 

The red-banded female of the Javan Athymid Pantoporia Nefte, is mimicked by 
the red-banded sexes of the Nymphaline butterfly, Symbrenthia Hippocla, and the 
white-banded male of Nefte, also, is, apparently, mimicked by the white-banded 
(dimorphic) female of the same Javan species of Symbrenthia. The Neptid, 
Rahinda Hordonia, is also apparently mimicked by the common Nymphaline 
Symbrenthia Hypselis, both of which have similar shaped red bands on their 
upperside. 

Mimics oF SPECIES IN OTHER Grovps.—In two Chinese Limenitids, namely 
Hypolimnesthes albomaculata and Pseudohypolimnas punctata, the males, of both 
species, are excellent mimics—in colour and markings—of the common Nymphaline 
butterfly, Hypolimnas Misippus (a protected genus), the female of albomaculata, also 
being, both on the upper and underside, somewhat similar to the wnderside of the 
male of the same species of Hypolimnas. In the Malayan Neptid, Hamadryodes 
lactaria, we have an excellent mimic of the Huploeine genus Hamadryas, and in the 
Neptid, Andasenodes mimetica, a mimic of the Huplceine butterflies, Andasena Orope, 
and of an unnamed species of Doricha, the allied Andasenodes Hblis also being a 
mimic of, probably, a species of Calliplea. The N. American Limenitid, Basilarcha 
Archippus, may also be cited here—both sexes of which mimic the common Eupleeine 
butterfly, Anosia (? plewippus), 

Hasits or Imaco.—Mr. L. de Nicéville states that the butterflies of the genus 
Lebadea ‘‘ have a weak flight, always settling with outspread wings, usually on a 
leaf,” and of those placed by him under the genus Limenitis, that “they are very 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 145 


beautiful insects on the wing, being almost always found in forests or amongst trees, 
having a particularly graceful sailing flight, and settles on leaves with fully expanded 
wings.” Of the species placed by him under the genus Athyma, he observes, “all 
the species known to me in nature are strong on the wing, but frequently settle, 
often on the ground with wide-spread open wings, or on leaves of trees and bushes. 
They are forest-loving insects, occurring only where there is a rich vegetation; and 
of those placed by him under Neptis, he says, “The species are easily captured ; 
they have a floating, sailing flight, frequently settling on bushes, with spread open 
wings” (Butt. Ind. i. pp. 76—166). Mr. J. Betham observes, under Neptis 
(Hordonia, &c.), ‘‘ The flight of the butterflies of this genus is peculiar; they seem 
to float and sail along, so that when on a level with the eye they disappear and 
re-appear ; when settled on leaves, as is their habit, they rest with extended wings ” 
(J. Bombay, N. H. 8. 1890, 280). Mr. W. Doherty says, “‘I have noticed enough 
facts to be confident that timidity is a source of protection. In the Eastern Ghats, 
8. India, where Neptis Nandina [?] is rare, I could always tell it from N. Varmona a 
hundred yards off, because it flew away; but then Varmona is, like Hordonia, a 
protected species” (P. Z.S. 1891, 256). Mr. de Nicéville observes, that “ of the 
Nymphaline, the species of the genus Neptis are earliest on the wing, and do not 
appear at all to mind the leaves being wetted with rain or dew. After a shower 
they will appear immediately, and even fly when there is no sun. Wherever there 
are a few trees or bushes along the roads, in gardens, and in fact practically 
everywhere, they may be found, weakly sailing about and frequently settling ; 
apparently highly protected, as they show no fear whatever” (Journ. As. Soc. 
Bengal, 1895, 411). 

Hasits or Larva.—The larva of the European L. Sibylla is stated to be solitary 
in habit, feeding principally on Caprifoliacee or allied plants, constructing for itself a 
hibernaculum or nest from a rolled-up leaf, to which, generally, when about half 
grown, it retires for the winter. The larva of Moduza Procris “feeds on Mussoenda 
frondosa, and when young remains on one leaf, eating it regularly back from the 
point, but leaving the midrib, and as it eats it fringes the eaten margin with its 
excrement, held together by silk, among which it is absolutely undistinguishable. 
After the last moult it abandons these habits, and lives openly on the upper- 
side of the leaf, having changed its form for one in which it is able, 
apparently, to despise concealment”? (Davidson, J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1890, 
274). The larva of Rahinda Hordonia “feeds on Acacia and Albizia, and has 
the curious habit of feeding by preference, not on green leaves, but on those 
which it has caused to wither. It bites through one or two pinnex, which 
immediately droop and dry up, but are kept from falling by a few threads of 
silk with which the larva has taken the precaution to attach them to the central 

vol. 11. April 28rd, 1898. U 


146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


leaf-stalk. Henceforth it lives among them and feeds entirely on them” (Davidson, 
le. 1896, 250). 


Key to tHe AsiaTIO GENERA OF LIMENITINA. 


A. First and Second subcostal veinlets of forewing emitted before end of cell. 
a. Cell closed in forewing and hindwing. 
a.a. Hyesnaked . : 5 ; ; . Avzaxia.! Boacapatta.2 LEpaDEa.® 
b. Cell closed in forewing only. 
a.a. Hyesnaked . c . : : . Mopuza* Nasas.2 Lrwenrris.® 
Panpita.’ Paratuyma.® 
Tarista.2 Pantaporta.!0 
PsEvpoHYPoLimnNnas.!! Sapanta.? 
Batanea2t 
b. b. Hyes hairy ‘ . . ; ; . Parasarpa.® Sumarra.l+ 
HypouimnestHes. Tarartrra,.lé 
Stnmuta.? Tapoea.}s 
Conpocuates.!9 Krronea.2? 
ZAMBOANGA.?* 
ce. Cell open in forewing and hindwing. 
a.a. Hyesnaked . : : : ; . Lamasta.2 Tacorma,*4 
CuEenprana.?” AtTHyma.76 
Tacona.” Zapana.28 PARANEPTIS.?? 
Karxasta.2? Hamapryopss.*! 
Puapyma.22 ANDRAPANA.®? 
Nepris.54 Bruprsara.3° 
Panpassana.36 Brsappa.3? 
Patanpa.®®> STABROBATES.°9 
Lasrppa.Y Bacatora.*! 
Rasatia.42? ANDASENODES.® 
b. b. Hyes hairy é E t : : . THarastia.*# 
B. First subcostal veinlet only of forewing emitted before end of cell. 
a. Cell closed in forewing and hindwing. 


a.a. Hyesnaked . : : : : . CHarinea.® 
b. Cell closed in forewing only. 
a.a. Hyes naked ‘ ; : : . Parsura“6 Lrrmvea.7 


ce. Cell open in forewing and hindwing. 
a.a. Hyesnaked . : : : t . AccatS Tacarsta.29 Marosra.5? 
Ranrinpa.*! ArHarta.*? 


1 Type Danayva, Moore. 8 Type Sulpitia, Cram. 16 Type Lysanias, Hewits. 23 Type Lyncides, Hewits. 
2 » Austenia, Moore. 9 ., Kanwa, Moore. 17. ,, + Ciocolatina, Pow). 24 +4, Asura, Moore. 

3 ,, Ismene, Dbidy. lo 4, Nefte, Cram. eee (Camilla, Linn. 25. ,, Pravara, Moore. 

4 », Procris, Cram. 11 ,, punctata, Leech. t =Sibylla, Linn. 2 «6 ,_-~Perius, Linn, 

5 » Populi, Linn. 12. ,, speciosa, Stg7. 19 ,, Opalina, Kollar. 27.~,, Larymna, Dbldy. 
F ¢ Drusilla, Bergst. 13 4, Zayla, Doldy. 20 4, Ranga, Moore. 28 ,, Urvasi, Feld. 
”U=Camilla, Fabr. 14 4, Daraxa, Dbldy. 21. +4, Kasa, Moore. 29 ,, Lucilla, W. 7. 


7 », Sinope, Moore. 15 ,, albomacnlata, Leech. 22 ,, Gutama, Moore. 30. ~,, Alwina, Brem. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA,) 147 


31 Type Lactaria, Butler. 37 Type Neriphus, Hewits. 43 Type mimetica, G. Smith. 48 Type Venulia, Linn, 
32 ,, Heliodora, Cram. 38 ,,_ Illegera, Esch. 44 ~»4, ‘Jina, Moore, 49 ,, Dama, Moore. 
33 ,, Columella, Cram. 39 4, Radha, Moore. 45 ,, Elwesi, Oberth. 50 4, Antara, Moore. 
84 ,, Aceris, Lep. 40 ,, Heliodore, Fabr. 46 ,, Sinensium, Oberth. 51 ,, Hordonia, Stoll. 
35 ,, Amba, Moore. 41 4, Pata, Moore, 474, Cottini, Oberth. 52 ,, Consimilis, Bd. 
36 = ,,_:«fuliginosa, Moore. 42 ,, gracilis, Kirsch. 


Genus PARASARPA. 


Limenitis (seet. V., part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861). 
Limenitis (part), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 274 (1850). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 156 
(1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Wings large, very broad. Forewing triangular, costa slightly 
arched at the base, apex rounded; exterior margin slightly scalloped ; cell broad, 
less than half length of the wing in length, closed ; first subcostal branch emitted at 
two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the end; upper discocellular 
close to the subcostal, second concave and slightly angled inward in the middle, 
lower slender and slightly concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet emitted imme- 
diately before end of the cell. Hindwing triangular, costa short, apex obtuse, exterior 
margin very slightly convex and acutely scalloped, anal angle broadly rounded ; cell 
open; precostal vein long, incurved. Body stout, hairy ; palpi very laxly but thickly 
hairy, third joint elongated and pointed; antennal club elongated, slender; eyes 
hairy. Sexes alike. 

Typr.—P. Zayla. 


PARASARPA ZAYLA (Plate 248, fig. 1, la, b, d 2). 


Limenitis Zayla, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D, Lep. ii. p. 276, pl. 35, fig. 4 (1850). de Nicéville, 
Butt of India, ete., ii. p. 159 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown. Cilia 
alternated with white. Forewing with four black sinuous lines crossing the cell, 
two similar lines, and a line and a figure of eight mark below the cell, the interspace 
of middle cell lines, of the discocellular lines and the lower mark being brownish- 
ochreous ; a broad transverse discal pale ochreous band divided by the brown veins, 
its inner edge uneven but sharply defined, its outer edge lunulated and somewhat 
diffused, and the lower portion of the band inwardly whitish; three slender pale 
ochreous elongated streaks in continuation of the band, the ground colour beyond, 
brown, gradually deepening to black and bordering a submarginal series of ochreous- 
red deep continuous lunules, their points joined to an ochreous red outer line—their 
interspaces being black; the extreme outer margin black and traversed by a slender 
brownish-grey wavy line. Hindwing with some obscure black lines across the cell ; 

u 2 


148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


a broad transverse discal white band attenuating to a point at the submedian veinlet ; 
the discal ground colour beyond, brown, broadly deepening to black, and traversed 
by a submarginal prominent series of deep ochreous-red lunules, beyond which is a 
pale brownish-grey lunular fascia followed by a slender grey wavy line. Underside 
very much paler; glossed with greenish-grey at base of hindwings ; markings similar 
to above, but all the bands more obscure and blurred. Body and palpi above 
olivescent-brown; body beneath greenish-grey; palpi and legs beneath brownish- 
white, legs above pale brown; antennz black, tipt with ochreous beneath. 

Expanse 3,9 to 3,8 inches. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Assam; Silhet; Khasias. 

Distripution.—‘‘ This very lovely insect is found not uncommonly in Sikkim, 
in dense forest at 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, in June, July and August. It is a 
strong flyer and settles on the ground like L. Daraxa” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
352). Mr. de Nicéville records it as ‘‘ occurring somewhat plentifully on Birch 
Hill, Darjiling (Butt. Ind. 159). Mr. W. Doherty found it “‘ not a rare species 
in the Naga Hills (P. Z. S. 1891, 276). ‘Common in the Khasias” (Col. 
Swinhoe’s Notes). 


Genus AUZAKIA. 
Limenitis (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 156 (1886). 


Imaco.—Wings large. Forewing triangular, costa arched towards the end, apex 
produced and obtusely pointed; exterior margin oblique, slightly concave in the 
middle, and nearly even, posterior angle rounded; posterior margin rather short 
and almost straight; cell large, extending to two-fifths of the wing ; first subcostal 
branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at a short distance before 
the end; upper discocellular close to subcostal, middle short and straight, lower 
slightly concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet emitted immediately before lower 
end of cell, upper median much arched. Hindwing rather short, prolonged 
posteriorly ; apex very convex, exterior margin extremely convex and very slightly 
scalloped, anal angle produced and obtusely pointed, abdominal margin long; 
precostal vein long, abruptly incurved ; cell short, broad, closed by a slender 
outwardly recurved lower discocellular veinlet; two upper median veinlets emitted 
from lower end of cell. Body large, thorax robust; palpi porrect, stout, compactly 
hairy beneath, laxly hairy above, apical joint short, conical, pointed; antenne long, 
slender, club thickening to the tip; eyes naked. Sexes somewhat dissimilar. 

Typr.—A. Danava. 


NYMPHALINA., (Group LIMENITINA.) 149 


AUZAKIA DANAVA (Plate 249, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ ¢). 


Limenitis Danava, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, East India Company, i. p. 180, pl. 6a, fig. 2, ¢ 9 (1857). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 157 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside olive-black from the base to obliquely across half of 
the forewing, the outer area being more or less pale olive-brown. Cilia brown. 
Forewing with pale interspaced black bars within the cell; a similar discocellular 
bar, and one below the cell; discal transverse edge of the dark basal area sharply 
defined and sinuous, its outer edge more or less pale and lunular; a small white dentate 
spot on the costa before the apex; outer area crossed by a broad discal olive-black 
lunular fascia, a contiguous less-defined lunular slender fascia, followed by a slender 
submarginal lunular fascia, and then by a marginal fascia. Hindwing with obscurely 
defined basal black cell-bars; the transverse discal edge of the dark basal area 
straight, followed by two broad discal decreasing brown fascie, a wavy submarginal 
and a marginal fascia, the anal area being suffused with glossy olive-green. Under- 
side pale olivescent ochreous-brown ; the markings as above but ill-defined. Fore- 
wing with the basal marks slender, their interspaces being violet-grey ; the transverse 
outer fascize edged more or less with violet-grey, the submarginal fascia ending in a 
patch at the apex. Hindwing with three distinct basal marks interspaced with 
violet-grey ; the transverse outer fascize broadly edged with suffused violet-grey. 

Female. Upperside paler olive-brown; markings similar to the male; the 
interspaces of basal marks also paler; the sinuous outer border of the basal area 
and submarginal fascia broadly olivescent white. Underside much paler olivescent- 
brown; markings similar to the male, but less defined, and more diffused. Body 
above dark olive-brown; palpi above brown, beneath and legs brownish-white ; 
body beneath olivescent-white; antennz brown, tipt with red beneath. All the 
above markings are paler and less intensified in the dry-season brood of both sexes. 

Expanse, 3d 3 to 3;4, ? 3, to 3,5, inches. 

Hasitrat.—W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Khasia Hills; Upper 
Burma. 

DistrizutTion.—Mr. de Nicéville records it “as having a wide range in the 
Himalayas, occurring from Masuri to Sibsagar in Upper Assam” (Butt. Ind. ii. 158). 
The late Capt. R. Bayne Reed obtained it in Kashmir (MS. Notes), and the late 
Major-General G. Ramsay took numerous specimens in Nepal. Mr. H. J. Hlwes 
records it as “‘ rare in Sikkim at elevations up to 7000 feet, from April to October, 
the female being seldom found”’ (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 352). Mr. de Nicéville also 
says, “the male is rather rare in Sikkim, but is found from April to October from 
1500 to 7000 feet. The female being excessively scarce’’ (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 140). 
Mr. W. Doherty found it “rather rare in the Naga Hills” (P. Z. 8. 1891, 277). 


150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens from the Khasia Hills. Dr. N. 
Manders records “ a single specimen obtained at Fort Stedman, Shan States, Upper 
Burma, taken near water in thick jungle in August” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 523). 

Cuiness Atiiep Srrcius.—Auzakia Leechii (Ll. Danava, Leech, Butt. of China, 
etc., p. 188, pl. 14, fig. 1, ¢).—Male. Upperside uniformly darker than typical 
Danava. Forewing with the discal edge of the dark basal half more acutely sinuous, 
the two discal dark fasciz confluent and comparatively broader, whereas in Danava 
the inner fascia is broad and the outer fascia linearly lunulate ; the obsolescent fascia 
intervening between the latter and the marginal fascia is glossy greyish-blue ; that 
in Danava is dark brown; the two pale cell-bars and the upper end of the discal 
sinuous line is also glossy greyish-blue. Hindwing with the two discal dark fasciz 
partly confluent, and the submarginal fascia glossy greyish-blue. Underside darker 
uniformly than in Danava, the discal edge of the basal area and the discal fascize 
more sinuous, especially on the forewing. Hasirar. Moupin; C. China.—Auzakia 
albomarginata (Limenitis albomarginata, Weymer, Stett. Hnt. Zeit. 1887, p. 5, 
pl. 2, fie. 2, 3). Martin, Neue Tagschmett. Sumatra, part 2, p. 7, ¢ (1895). 
Syn. Limenitis Hageni, Staudinger, Iris, 1892, p. 452; id. 1894, p. 342. Habitat. 
Sumatra. 


Genus SUMALIA. 
Limenitis (sect. V., part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861). 
Limenitis (part), Westwood. de Nicéville. 

TIuaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, apex 
produced and rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly concave in the middle, and 
uneven ; cell extending to nearly half the wing; first subcostal branch emitted fully 
two-fifths before end of cell, second at one-sixth; middle discocellular acutely bent 
in the middle, lower slender, recurved and concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet 
emitted at a short distance before lower end of cell. Hindwing triangular, prolonged 
posteriorly ; apex obtuse; exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex, scalloped, 
anal angle prolonged and rounded, abdominal margin long; cell open; precostal 
vein incurved. Body moderately stout, densely hairy; palpi densely but very laxly 
hairy above and beneath, apical joint stout and conical; antennal club elongated. 
Hyes hairy. Sexes similar. 

Typs.—S. Daraxa. 


SUMALIA DUDU (Plate 250, fig. 1, la, b, g 2). 
Limenitis Dudu, Westwood, Gen. D, Lep. ii. p. 276 (1850). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. 
p- 159, pl. 24, fig. 112, g (1886). 
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside rich dark olivescent ochreous-brown, 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 151 


darkest in wet-season brood, Cilia alternated with white. Both wings with a 
transverse discal white band, which anteriorly on the forewing is slightly sinuous 
edged and macular, and then posteriorly widening with even edge to above the anal 
angle. Forewing also with a black dot at base of the cell, two black sinuous bars 
across middle of the cell; a figure of eight mark below the cell, and a discocellular 
wedge-shaped mark, each interspaced with deep red; the inner discal border of the 
white band anteriorly broadly black bordered ; an oblique series of three very small 
white linearly-dentate spots extending from the upper median veinlet to the sub- 
costal before the apex, above which is a slender red costal streak ; outer discal area 
traversed by a broad black duplex lunular band, followed by a narrower marginal 
wavy line. Hindwing also with the outer discal area traversed by a broad black 
sinuous band, a submarginal row of large black broad lunules, followed by a slender 
wavy marginal line, their lower interspaces and the anal angle being deep red. 

Underside rich glossy pale purplish-grey; base of hindwing from the costal 
vein deep grey; the discal white band as above, which is edged inwardly by a very 
slender blackish line and outwardly by a diffused red line. Forewing also with the 
interspaces of the cell, of the discocellular bars, and of the mark below the cell deep 
red; apex broadly suffused with red; the outer marginal reddish lunular fasciz in- 
distinctly defined. Hindwing also with three basal prominent white spots, each edged 
by a slender black line ; the outer marginal reddish lunular fascia indistinctly defined ; 
anal angle with a broad diffused red patch. Body and palpi above olivescent 
ochreous-brown; palpi, body, and legs beneath greyish-white; legs above pale 
brownish-ochreous ; antenne black above, red beneath. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 3,4, ? 3,5 inches. 

Hasrtat.—Nepal; Sikkim; Silhet; Shillong; Naga and Khasia Hills; Upper 
Burma. 

Distrisution.—We possess specimens taken in Nepal by the late General G. 
Ramsay. Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as being ‘‘ found in Sikkim from 5000 to 
8000 feet elevation in June, July and August, in dense forests. It flies round tops 
of trees on the highest points of ridges” (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 141). Mr. H. J. Elwes 
says it is “a rare species in Sikkim, having much the same habits as L. Zayla, but 
occurs at lower elevations. A female was taken at Jellapahar in July” (Tr. Ent. 
Soc. 1888, p. 353). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the Naga Hills (P. Z. 8. 1891, 
276). Colonel C. Swinhoe notes it as being common in the Khasias. It is recorded 
from Silhet and Shillong (Butt. Ind. ii. 159). Capt. E. Y. Watson took “a single 
male in the Chin Hills, Burma, at 5000 feet elevation, in May” (J. Bombay N.H.S. 
1897, 655). Dr. N. Manders records a single specimen taken in the Shan States, 
Upper Burma, near Koni, on the summit of the hill at 5000 feet elevation at end of 
October” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 528). 


152. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


SUMALIA DARAXA (Plate 250, fig. 2, 2a, b, 3 2). 
Limenitis Daraxa, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276, pl. 34, fig. 4 (1850). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 158 (1886). 

Iwaco.—Male and Female. Upperside rich purpurescent blackish-brown. Cilia 
slenderly alternated with white; basal marks black. Forewing with a transverse 
discal pale green macular band, the upper portions being widely separated and 
rounded, the lower quadrate and continuous; an outer discal black deeply lunular 
line and a wavy marginal line enclosing a submarginal row of black dentate spots. 
Hindwing with a transverse discal pale green continuous band, an outer discal 
broader black deep lunular fascia, and a narrow wavy marginal line enclosing a row 
of black dentate spots; a rounded deep red patch at anal angle. Underside reddish- 
ferruginous ; markings as above; interspaces of the basal marks violet-grey, the 
transverse discal band pale greenish-white, the outer discal and marginal markings 
bordered with violet-grey, abdominal margin bluish-grey. Body above olivescent- 
black; palpi above black; body and palpi below and legs bluish-grey; antennz 
black above, reddish beneath. 

Expanse, d 2,% to 2;%, 2 2,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Kumaon ; Sikkim; Bhotan; Silhet; Cachar; Assam; Naga and 
Khasia Hills; Burma; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

Distrisution.— This is not a rare species, and has a wide range. Mr. Atkinson 
records it from the Himalayas of the North-West Provinces, and it appears to occur 
at a suitable elevation all along the Hills as far east as Sibsagar in Upper Assam 
and the Naga Hills; and Captain C. T. Bingham took it in April in the Upper 
Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim ” (de Nicéville, l.c. 158). In Sikkim “it 
occurs from 1000 to 8000 feet elevation throughout the warm months” (de Nicé- 
ville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 140). Mr. H. J. Elwes obtained it in Sikkim east of the 
Tista River, where, along the ridge from Dumsong to Khumpong, it is common in 
open places in the forest in August at 6000 feet elevation. Mr. Otto Moller notes 
it as found in Sikkim from 1000 to 8000 feet, between April and November.” (Tr. 
Ent, Soe. 1888, 352.) Colonel C. Swinhoe notes it as ‘“‘common in the Khasias.” 
Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained “a male near Silcuri in Cachar in June and another 
on Nemotha Peak in September’”’ (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1886, 359.) Captain HE. Y. 
Watson took “‘a single male in the Chin Hills, Burma, during the rainy season” 
(J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1897, 655). Mr. W. Doherty records this species “ as not 
uncommon on Larut Hill, Perak, at about 5000 feet elevation” (J. A. Soc. Bengal, 
1891, 176). 

Hasits.—Mr. H. J. Elwes states that ‘‘it settles on the ground with open 
wings, and is a bold quick-flying insect, returning several times to the same spot if 
missed with the net” (Tr. Hnt. Soc. 1888, 352.) 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 153 


SUMALIA ZULEMA (Plate 251, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 


Limenitis Zulema, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276, pl. 34, fig. 1 (1850). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 159 (1886). 

Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside; ground-colour rich ferruginous-red, 
the basal area more or less tinged with dark olivescent ferruginous-brown ; cilia 
alternated with white. Both wings crossed by a bluish-white black-bordered discal 
band, which is nearly straight in its course and divided by black veinlets, the band 
very broad in the dry-season brood and narrower in the wet-season brood ; upper 
portion of the band on the forewing somewhat macular and formed of well-separated 
spots, that of the hindwing straight, even-edged and ending at the submedian vein 
above anal angle; beyond is an outer discal transverse row of broad black spots, 
which are lunate on the forewing and quadrate on the hindwing, followed by a sub- 
marginal row of narrower black spots, which are more or less dentate in shape, and 
then by a marginal slender black line and an extreme outer-marginal black line, the 
two latter being obscurely inwardly-edged by a violet-grey line. Forewing also with 
two subapical very small superposed white dentate spots ; the basal area crossed by 
black cell-streaks, discocellular streaks, and ringlet marks below the cell, the middle 
cell-streaks, discocellular streaks and mark below the cell being more or less centred 
with red. Hindwing also with less defined black cell-streaks. Underside ; ground- 
colour much paler, the basal area of forewing more or less olive-grey, and of the 
hindwing brighter olive-grey ; the outer area purpurescent-red ; the bluish-white 
discal band, black basal marks and outer black markings, as above, the edges of the 
marginal lines violescent-grey. Body and palpi above olivescent ferruginous-brown, 
beneath and legs greyish-white; middle and hind tibie and tarsi above pale 
brownish-ochreous ; antenna black, tipt with red beneath. 

Expanse, 3 2,5, to 3, 2 3 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Khasias; Burma; Upper Tenasserim. 

Distrisution.—* This is a rare species, which is occasionally received from 
Sikkim. Mr. A. V. Knyvett has obtained it near Buxa in Bhotan, and there is a 
single specimen from Cherrapunji, Assam, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta” (de 
Nicéville, /.c. 159). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as “a very rare insect in Sikkim, 
neither Mr. Moller nor I have ever procured it” (Tr. Ent. Soc, 1888, 352). “ Very 
rare in Sikkim, less rarely found at Daling in May and June from 1500 to 5000 feet 
elevation; also at Sivoke in April. It also occurs in Assam and Upper Burma” 
(de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 141). Colonel C. H. E. Adamson records a 
single specimen taken in Upper Tenasserim in March, 1881” (List, p. 22). “Common 
at Cherrapunji” (Colonel Swinhoe, Notes). 

Of our illustrations of this species on plate 251, figs. 1, 1a, b, represent the male 
and female dry-season form, and le the male of wet-season form. 

VOL, Il. x 


154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Inpo-Matayan Sprcius.—Swmalia Agneya (Limenitis Agneya, Doherty, Journ. 
As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 176. de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, p. 416. Habitat. 
Larut Hill, 2000 feet, Perak. N.E. Sumatra.—Sumalia Bockit (Limenitis Bocki, 
Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1881, p. 808. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1895, p. 416. Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.—Suwmalia Staudingeri (Limenitis Staudingeri, 
Ribbe, Iris, 1889, p. 235, pl. 5, fig. 1. Habitat. Ceram. 

MaLaYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED GENERA 

Genus Tarattia—Male. Forewing rather elongated and narrow, triangular ; 
costa very slightly arched at the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique and 
scalloped; upper discocellular short, middle discocellular concave, lower recurved ; 
cell closed, middle median emitted immediately before lower end of the cell. 
Hindwing conically triangular ; exterior margin very convex, anal angle rounded. 
Antennal club elongated and stout; eyes hairy. Typz.—T. Lysanias.—Tarattia 
Lysanias (Limenitis Lysanias, Hewitson, Exot. Butt.1. Lim. pl. 2, figs. 10, 11 (1859). 
Habitat. Celebes. 

Genus HypottunestuEs.—Male. Forewing short, triangular; costa very slightly 
arched towards the end, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, slightly uneven ; 
posterior angle rounded ; cell very broad, closed; first subcostal branch emitted at 
one-third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end; middle disco- 
cellular deeply concave, lower outwardly recurved, slender; middle median veinlet 
emitted at a short distance before lower end of cell. Hindwing short, triangular, 
produced posteriorly ; exterior margin convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded, 

g; 

emitted from lower subcostal at nearly half the distance of the base of the latter 
from the costal. Body moderately stout, finely hairy ; palpi slender, densely hairy 
above and below, apex pointed; antenne slender; eyes hairy. Sexes dissimilar. 

Type.—H. albomaculata.—Hypolimnesthes albomaculata (Limenitis albomaculata, 
Leech, Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 27; id. Butt. of China, etc., p. 178, pl. 16, fig. 3, g. 
Oberthur, Etud. Entom. 1892, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. 15, g, id. 1898, p. 15, pl. 6, fig. 82,9. 
Var. L. nigricans, Oberthur, id. 1896, pl. 10, fig. 175, g.—This is an excellent 
mimic of the common Nymphalid butterfly, Hypolimnas misippus. Habitat. Moupin, 
E. Thibet; W. China. 


abdominal margin long; cell area very broad, open ; precostal vein incurved ; radial 


Genus BHAGADATTA. 
Limenitis (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 156 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa slightly 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, well scalloped, posterior 
margin long, straight; cell very broad, extending to two-fifths of the wing, closed ; 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 155 


first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at 
one-sixth before the end; discocellulars slightly outwardly-oblique, middle disco- 
cellular slightly bent near lower end, lower discocellular slightly concave posteriorly ; 
middle median emitted immediately before lower end of cell. Hindwing broad ; 
exterior margin broadly convex hindward and deeply scalloped, anal angle rounded ; 
cell broad, closed ; precostal vein somewhat bent in the middle, emitted opposite the 
subcostal ; two upper medians emittted from end of cell. Body moderately stout ; 
palpi densely squamous beneath, second joint hairy above, apex conical and 
pointed ; antennz with a lengthened slender club; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 
Typz.—B. Austenia. 


BHAGADATTA AUSTENIA (Plate 251, fig. 2, 2a, 3). 


Lebadea Austenia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 560, pl. 32, fig. 1 g. 
Limenitis Austenia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 157 (1886). 


Tmaco.—Male and female dark olivescent umber-brown, with purplish reflections 
Both wings crossed by a discal pale brown fascia, which, on the forewing, outwardly 
curves in a series of deep lunules from the costa and extends thence on the 
hindwing more broadly and diffused to above the anal angle; beyond is an outer 
discal transverse series of prominent pale bordered, dark-brown, dentate lunular 
marks, those from the costa of the forewing being most defined and dentate in form, 
and with slender white borders, and thence decreasing in width posteriorly ; those 
on the hindwing uniformly narrow; the area exterior to these pale brown with a 
submarginal and marginal dark lunular line. Cell of forewing crossed by six and 
that of the hindwing by four black streaks. Underside paler, greyish-brown, the 
base pale lilacine-grey ; markings as above, but more defined ; the discal and outer 
lunules pale lilacine-grey bordered. Body and palpi above brown, beneath and legs 
greyish-white, antenne black. 

Expanse, 3 to 3,% inches, 

Hasirat.—Upper Assam; Khasias ; Cachar. 

Distripotion.—We possess the male type specimen, taken by Col. Godwin- 
Austen in the Khasia Hills. ‘The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses two 
specimens, also taken by Col. Godwin-Austen at Sarathu in the Khasia Hills, and 
another pair taken by Mr. Wood-Mason on Memotha Peak, Cachar, in September ”’ 
(de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 11.157). Mr. W. Doherty obtained four males and one 
female at Margharita, S.H. of Sadya, Upper Assam, in May, 1889, where, according 
to his observations, it is a low country insect” (P. Z. 8. 1891, 278). 

Matayan allied Genus.—Panpiva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India 
Company, i. p. 181 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 146 (1883).—Ma.z. Wings 

x 2 


156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


rather broad and short. Forewing, subtriangular ; costa arched from the base, 
apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique and scalloped; cell broad and 
short, closed; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of cell, 
second at one-ninth before the end; upper discocellular short, outwardly 
oblique; middle discocellular bent outward at one-third from its upper end, lower 
discocellular extremely slender ; two upper median veinlets from lower end of cell. 
Hindwing broadly conically-ovate; exterior margin convex, scalloped, anal angle 
rounded; precostal vein stout, incurved, long; costal vein extending to apex; 
radial and base of lower subcostal at equal distance from the costal vein ; cell open. 
Body moderately robust; palpi rather short, directed upward and outward to about 
middle of eyes, flattened at the sides and beneath, compactly clothed with short 
hairy scales, those at the edges beneath lax and longest, apex conically-pointed ; 
antennal club lengthened, slender; eyes naked. Sexes alike. Type. P. Sinope.— 
Pandita Sinope, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 181, pl. 6a., fig. 3 (1857). 
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 146, pl. 12, fig. 13 °. P. Sinoria, Felder, Reise Nov. 
Lep. p. 425. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore; Sumatra; Billiton; 
Borneo; Banca; Java.—Pandita imitans, Butler, Entom. M. Mag. 18838, p.54. Kheil, 
Rhop. Nias, p. 23 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island. 


Genus LEBADEA. 


Lebadea, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 28 (1861). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 144 (1883). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 151 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa almost straight, apex broadly 
produced and abruptly rounded, exterior margin very concave in the middle and 
slightly uneven, posterior angle obtusely pointed, posterior margin short and 
recurved; cell long, narrow, closed, upper end extending to more than half the 
wing; first subcostal branch emitted at fully one-third before end of the cell, second 
at fully one-sixth before the end; discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper very short, 
middle bent inward, lower inwardly concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet 
emitted at a short distance before lower end of the cell; submedian vein recurved. 
Hindwing short, conically-triangular ; apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, convex 
posteriorly, anal angle rounded ; cell short, broad, closed ; precostal vein incurved, 
emitted at some distance above the origin of the subcostal; two upper median 
yeinlets emitted together at some distance beyond lower end of the cell. Body 
somewhat slender; palpi slender, very compactly squamous beneath, hairy above, 
tip conical; antenne slender, long, with an elongated slender club; eyes naked, 

Typz.—L. Ismene. 


NYMPHALINA. (Group LIMENITINA.) 157 


LEBADEA ISMENE (Plate 252, fig. 1, la, ¢ 9). 


Limenitis Ismene, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276, pl. 34, fig. 2, ¢ (1850). 
Lebadea Ismene, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 28 (1861). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 152, 
pl. 19, fig. 79, g (1886). 


Wet and Dry-season brood. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich fulvous; cilia alternately edged with white. 
Both wings crossed by an inwardly-oblique discal white broad band. Forewing 
with the band somewhat macular and blackish bordered, being composed of 
posteriorly-increasing broad irregular quadrate-shaped spots, its inner edge 
throughout being irregular and its outer edge sinuous; followed by a contiguous 
transverse row of slender white lunules, which extend upward to the costa before 
the apex, each of the latter being outwardly defined by a black lunule; beyond is a 
submarginal less-defined whitish-edged black sinuous line, the points of which are 
directed inward between the veins; the inner submarginal interspace being very 
slightly powdered with greyish-white scales, and the apex with a broad greyish-white 
patch ; three slender subbasal zigzag black lines across the cell, which are continued 
below to the submedian vein, and another pair enclosing the discocellular veinlets, 
the enclosed interspaces being brighter fulvous, the interspace between the outer 
cell-bar and the discocellular being grey speckled. Hindwing with the band 
blackish-bordered and ending in a point above anal angle, its inner edge even, its 
outer edge slightly sinuous ; followed by a contiguous row of more or less defined 
whitish lunules, which latter are rather broadly outwardly-edged by an inner discal 
row of black dentate spots, beyond which is an outer discal row of more or less 
slightly-defined hlackish dentate spots, the two latter rows being still less defined 
in the dry-season brood; these are followed by a submarginal white-edged 
black sinuous line; two slender black subbasal zigzag lines extending from 
the costal vein across the cell to the submedian vein. Underside much paler, 
palest and dullest in dry-season brood; the base of the wings and the abdominal 
margin of the hindwing greyish ;—all the markings, as above, but less distinct, 
and lilacine-white. 

Female. Upperside darker fulvous, markings as in the male, but more 
prominent. Forewing with the discal broad white band more macular, the 
contiguous white lunules having the black dentate spots placed outwardly against 
them more prominently, the apical white patch much smaller, the submarginal 
sinuous line more distinct. Hindwing with broader black inner-discal dentate spots 
and with an outer discal similar row of less defined blackish dentate patches. 
Underside as in the male; the markings more distinct. Body and palpi above 
fulvous; beneath and forelegs, middle and hind femora greyish-white; middle and 


158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


hind tibiz and tarsi pale ochreous ; antennz black, the club with a white bar above, 
reddish beneath. 

Expanse, 3 2,4, to 2;%, 2 2:8 to 3; inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan. 

Distrisution.—This species, so far as our own observations have extended, 
appears to be confined to the Hastern Himalayas. We have verified examples from 
Sikkim and Bhotan only. Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as “‘ occurring somewhat 
commonly at low elevations, in forest, in Sikkim ” (Butt. Ind. ii. 152). We possess 
specimens from Sikkim, and also from Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon in 
April. Mr. H. J. Elwes records it also as “not uncommon in Sikkim at low 
elevations, between April and December” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 352). We have 
examined specimens in Mr. O. Méller’s collection, taken in Sikkim in March and 
November. 

Nore.—Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 152) also refers the specimens to 
Ismene, which were taken by Mr. Wood-Mason in Cachar, recording it also as 
“ occurring in Assam, Sillet, and Naga Hills, Chittagong and Akyab.” These 
specimens probably all belong to the next species (Martha). Some Khasia and 
Upper Burma specimens certainly have the discal transverse band somewhat 
variably wider than in Lower Burma and Tenasserim examples of Martha, but all 
those from the above-mentioned localities will doubtless be found to agree with the 
latter in the points noted in the description. 

Hasits or Imaco.—‘It has a weak flight, always settles with outspread 
wings, usually on a leaf” (de Nicéville, l.c. 152). 

Of our illustrations of this species on plate 252, fig. 1, 1a represents a male and 
female from Sikkim. 


LEBADEA MARTHA. 


Papilio Martha, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 56, 9 (1787). 

Limenitis Martha, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 59. pl. 1, fig. 4, 2 (1869). 

Limenitis attenuata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829. 

Lebadea attenuata, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 85. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii, 
p: 152 (1886). 


Wet-season brood (Plate 252, fig. 2, 2a § 2). 


Twaco.—Male and female. Upperside of a darker ground-colour that in /smene, 
the discal transverse macular white band on both wings narrower, being throughout 
about half the width in the male and less than half in the female ; on the forewing 
the apical portion is disposed more inwardly-oblique, the streaks being longer and 
narrower, and transversely shorter, and the spot between the middle and lower 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA) 159 


median in both sexes has its inner edge always incurved, the two lower portions 
being also much narrower and dentated outward on both sides, whereas in true 
Ismene the inner edge of the median discal portion is always more or less excurved ; 
the portion between the lower median and submedian, in the female, is dentated 
outward exteriorly and inward on its opposite side; the outer transverse markings 
more prominently defined on both wings. Underside with the discal white band 
as on the upperside. 
Expanse, g 2; to 2,5, % 2,4, to 3 inches. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 252, fig. 2, b,c, ¢ 2). 


Male and Female. Upperside also of a deeper ground-colour than in Ismene, 
the discal transverse white band similar to that in the wet-season brood, its 
contiguous outer sinuous line slender ; the basal marks and the submarginal sinuous 
line less apparent ; the outer border of forewing very densely powdered with grey 
scales, and on the hindwing the inner discal blackish dentated marks are slender 
and obscure, the outer discal row being obsolescent. Underside much paler than in 
wet-season brood, and of a somewhat greyish-brown tint; transverse markings as 
on upperside. 

Expanse, g§ 2;% to 2,4, 2 2,8 inches. 

Hasitat.—Khasias ; Burma; Tenasserim; Siam. 

Disrrinution.—The Fabrician type of Martha—a small female of the wet-season 
brood—is recorded from Siam; a male of the wet-season brood in the British Museum 
Collection was recently taken by Mr. H. N. Ridley on Lankawi Island, Coast of Siam, in 
January. The type specimens of attenuata were taken by Mr. Otto Limborg at Hatseiga 
and on the road from Naththoung to Paboga, in Upper Tenasserim, during the cold 
season. Specimens of both sexes of the wet-season brood from the Khasias, which we 
have identified as this species, are in Col. C. Swinhoe’s collection. Capt. E. Y. Watson 
found it “‘common at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim”’’ (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 5). 
There are specimens in the British Museum, taken by Capt. Watson at Tiling Yaw 
in January, April and October, during the Chin Lushai Expedition, and in the 
Karen Hills in December. Mr. Moti Ram took it at ‘‘ Ponsekai in Upper Tenasserim ” 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 424). Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained the male of wet-season form 
at Moulmein in October, and at Houndraw in November; also in the Donat Range 
and Upper Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim in October. A female from 
Tavoy Valley, taken in April, anda male wet-season form from Karen Hills, is in 
Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Lieut.-Col. C. H. HE. Adamson (List, 1897, p. 22) records 
specimens agreeing with attenuata from Rangoon and Moulmein. We possess a 
female of the dry-season form from Mahataung, taken in February, and also a male 


160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


and female dry-season form from Aloungdan, taken in January, by Colonel Adamson. 
Dr. J. Anderson found both sexes common in the Mergm Archipelago recorded as 
follows :—‘‘ Mergui, December and March; Zediwon, December; Pataw Island, 
December and January ; King Island, February” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35). A 
female, identical with the Fabrician type, taken by Dr. Anderson on King Island, 
Mergui, in March, is also in the British Museum Collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on plate 252, fig. 2, 2a represents a Burmese 
male and female of the wet-season form, and 2b, c male and female of the dry-season 
form. 

Maayan Spxorrs.—Lebadea Sumatrensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 142 
(1886). L. Martha, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 145, pl. 17, fig. 10, 11, d ? (1883); 
de Nicéville, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 415. L. Alankara ef Martha, Butler, 
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Upperside more ochreous-brown than in Paduka. 
Male. Forewing with the discal transverse white band composed of shorter longi- 
tudinal upper portions and somewhat broader posterior portions, the outer marginal 
line less sinuous. Hindwing with the discal white band less attenuated posteriorly ; 
the inner discal series of black spots more dentate in shape and more distinctly and 
sharply sinuous inner edged, the marginal black line with a much less sinuous white 
inner edge. Female with the discal band slender, the outer markings as in male. 
Expanse, d 2;%, % 2,5 inches. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Lebadea 
Paduka (Lim. Paduka, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. EH. I. Company, i. p.179, ¢ 2 (1857). 
Upperside brown. Male. Forewing with the discal transverse macular white band 
composed of narrow portions, the portion between the middle and lower medians 
only being broadly lunate, the two outer marginal sinuous lines very prominent ; 
the apical white patch distinct. Hindwing with the discal white band broad anteriorly 
and much attenuated posteriorly ; outer sinuous markings less prominent. Female. 
Upperside with the discal band on forewing narrower than in male, slender on the 
hindwing. Expanse ¢ 2; to 2,6, ? 3 inches. Habitat. Borneo; Palawan.— 
Lebadea Alankara (Aconthea Alankara, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 5, fig. 6, 
(1829). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 49, fig. d. Male (as figured by Horsfield). 
Female. Upper and underside with the discal white band of the same broad width 
and the marginal markings, as inthe male. HExpanse, ¢ 2;4,, 2 2 ;4, inches. Habitat. 
Java (Horsfield and Fruhstorff).— Lebadea Wallace’. Male. Upperside dark brownish- 
fulvous, the interspaces of the basal marks brighter fulvous; discal band on both 
wings violaceous-white and very narrow, narrower than in male Paduka ; the outer 
sinuous lines also more slender, not prominent, those on the hindwing and their discal 
interspace being more or less densely pinkish violet-grey. Underside pale ochreous ; 
markings as above. Hxpanse, d 2,’9 to ;9 inches. Habitat. Java (Coll. Moore) ; 
Sumatra (Coll. Grose-Smith (ea Coll. Wallace). 


NYMPHALINA, (Group LIMENITINA.) 161 


Genus MODUZA. 


Limenitis (part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861). Distant, Rhop, Malay. p. 147 (1883). Semper, 
Reise Philip, Lep. p. 140 (1889). Westwood. de Nicéville. 

Procris, Herr, Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. i. p. 23 (1864)—(pre-occupied). 

Moduza, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 47 (1881). 


Imaco.—Male. Wings moderately broad. Forewing triangular ; costa regularly 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and deeply scalloped; cell long, 
lower end extending to fully half the wing, closed ; first subcostal branch emitted 
at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second at one-fifth before the end; upper 
and middle discocellulars disposed very obliquely outwards, middle and lower dis- 
cocellular nearly of the same length, upper discocellular very short, middle, long, 
concave at base, lower slender erect and slightly convex; middle median veinlet 
emitted at a considerable distance before lower end of the cell and opposite to its 
upper end; submedian vein straight. Hindwing short and broad; costa arched 
from the base; exterior margin obliquely convex and deeply scalloped ; precostal 
vein stout, incurved, emitted opposite the subcostal; cell area broad, open ; radial 
and base of subcostal branch at equal distances from the costal vein; lower median 
veinlet emitted from opposite base of the radial; two upper medians at some 
distance beyond. Body stout, densely clothed with short hairy scales; palpi porrect, 
compactly clothed beneath and at the sides, second joint densely hairy above, third 
joint short, stout, pointed; antennz with a lengthened very slender club; eyes 
naked. Sexes alike. 

CaTeRPILtar.—Cylindrical. Head large, closely set with short stout spines. 
Segments with a double row of strong spines, or sharp tubercles, clustered at the 
ends of short stems; on the third segment are two pairs more laterally situated, but 
much longer; on the fourth segment one pair still longer. 

CurysaLis.—Suspended vertically ; abdominal end slender, with small dorsal 
tubercles ; thorax stout; wing cases dilated laterally ; head-piece produced into 
two foliaceous hammer-shaped processes. 

Typr.—M. Procris. 


MODUZA PROCRIS (Plate 253, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b,e, d, 3 ?). 


Papilio Procris, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 106, fig. E. F. 2(1777). Fabricius, Ent. Syst. IIL. i. 
p- 188 (1798). 

Nymphalis Procris, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 404 (1819). 

Limenitis Procris, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen, D. Lep. p. 176 (1850). Butler, Catal, Fabr. Lep, 
B. M. p. 59 (1869). de Nicéville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 163 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 
pl. 50. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 274. 

Limenitis diluta, Overthur, Etud. Ent. 1896, pl. 10, fig. 176 (Aberration). 


VOL. lll, ¥ 


162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside, ground colour rich ferruginous-red, the 
basal area slightly tinged with olivescent yellowish-ferruginous. Cilia alternately 
black and white. Forewing with three black slender bars crossing the cell, and 
three similar bars below the cell between the basal interspaces of the middle and 
lower medians ; beyond the cell is a large outwardly-oblique pure bluish-white more 
or less triangulate spot followed by a transverse discal macular band, broadest in 
the dry-season brood, composed of a series of large broad pure bluish-white spots 
proceeding from the costa to the posterior margin, of which the upper five are 
subapical and disposed obliquely outward, the third and fourth being ovate, the 
upper two very slender and divided by the second subcostal branch, the fifth much 
the smallest; the next four are disposed somewhat obliquely inward and are much 
larger, the sixth (or upper) triangularly ovate, the seventh longest and bluntly ovate 
or somewhat quadrate, the eighth quadrate with its outer edge indented, and the 
lowest narrow; all these white spots are bordered with black, which colour broadly 
extends from the cell along the costa and thence decreases hindward ; beyond is an 
outer marginal broad lunularly inner-edged, or occasionally dentate, black waved 
band, which is traversed by two contiguous slender grey sinuous marginal lines. 
Hindwing with three black slender bars crossing the cell, and a small spot between 
the basal interspaces of the veins above the cell; a transverse medial discal broad 
pure bluish-white macular black-bordered band terminating at the submedian, its 
inner edge somewhat regularand its outer edge scalloped; followed by an outer 
discal row of black ill-shaped cordate spots, which are more or less obsolescent 
posteriorly, or occasionally entirely absent, a similar submarginal row of smaller 
dentate spots, and then a contiguous narrow waved black marginal band traversed 
by two slender grey sinuous lines. Underside. Basal area bluish or olive-grey, the 
outer discal area and the apical veins of forewing bright red; discocellular spot on 
forewing and transverse discal macular band, as above, bluish-white or greyish-white 
and black bordered; basal bars black, with the interspace between the middle cell 
bars and of those below the cell on the forewing bright red; marginal markings as 
above, except that the marginal sinuous lines are violet-grey, and the inner line 
broadly encompassing the submarginal black spots on the hindwing. Body above red ; 
palpi above black, beneath greenish-white; body beneath and legs bluish-grey ; 
antenne black, tip reddish beneath; eyes bronzy-brown. 

Expanse, 62, to 3, ? 2, to 3, inches. 

Youne Caterrintar.— Slender, cylindrical, evenly clothed with short spinous 
tubercles, and of a uniform dark brown colour.” 

Anunr Carerrintar.— After last moult. Colour dark brown. Head large, 
closely set with short, stout simple spines; on the back is a double row of strong 
spines or sharp tubercles, clustered at the ends of short stems; on the third 


NYMUPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 163 


segment there are two pairs more laterally situated, but three times as long; and 
on the fourth segment is one pair longer still.” 

Curysatis.—Suspended vertically. Abdominal part slender, with small dorsal 
tubercles; thorax stout; wing cases much dilated laterally; head produced into 
two foliaceous hammer-shaped processes, which meet at their ends, leaving a circular 
hole in the middle. Colour dark brown. Easily passes for a small withered and 
twisted leaf.” (Davidson and Aitken, J.c. 274). 

Hasrtat.—India; Burma; Tenasserim. 

Distaisution.— Occurs plentifully in India in the region of heavy rainfall. I 
have specimens from Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Burma, Calcutta, Orissa, and 
South India” (de Nicéville, Butt. India, ii. 164). ‘‘Mr. W. Doherty records its 
capture in the Kali Valley, Hastern Kumaon at from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation’’ 
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 125). ‘‘Only found in the Terai and lowest valleys of 
Sikkim, where it is not so common as in the Plains. Flies from March till 
December” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 353). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon obtained it in 
Bhotan. “It is common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. Fond of settling 
high up in the trees with wings widely spread open. Larva feeds on Nauwclea 
Cadamba”’ (de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 44). Dr. G. Watt captured it in 
Manipur (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, 304). “ Mr. J. Wood-Mason took nine males and 
one female at and around Silcuri, Cachar, between May and August, and a female on 
Nemotha Peak in September” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 359). Colonel C. Swinhoe 
states that it is “common in the Khasias” (MS. Note). Messrs. Davidson and 
Aitken says, “it is pretty common in the Kanara district of Bombay Presidency 
during the rains, and even in the dry season in open forest”’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 
1896, 253). Capt. E. Y. Watson records it “ from Kathlekan, Mysore, one specimen 
only being taken” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, p. 5). Mr. G. F. Hampson found it 
‘rare on the Nilgiris, at 8000 to 4000 feet” (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. 
H. 8. Ferguson found it ** common in Travancore at the foot of the Hills” (J. Bombay 
N. H. S. 1891, 9). In Burma, Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained it “during the Chin- 
Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 at Tiling, in February and April” (J. Bombay 
N. H. S. 1891, 39); also at “Rangoon and Poungadaw, Upper Burma, in 
September and October” (id. 1888, p. 5). Col. C. H. EH. Adamson records it as 
“very common all over Burma from May to September” (List. p. 22). Signor 
Leonardo Fea took it in Bhamo in November. Dr. N. Manders captured it “in 
Eastern Karennee, Upper Burma, in January, and found it common everywhere in 
the Shan States” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 523). ‘“ A few specimens were taken by 
Moti Ram in Tavoy” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 424). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it 
at “‘ Minthantoung, Mergui Archipelago, in December” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 
1836, 36). 

Barr 


164 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirs or Imaco.—According to Mr. L. de Nicéville’s observations, made in 
the neighbourhood of Calcutta, it is “fond of settling high up in the trees with wings 
widely spread open” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1885, 44). In the Sikkim Terai he also 
observed it as “a high soaring insect, settling often on the outer leaves of the 
boughs of trees. If disturbed it always returns to the same spot whence it is driven 
off” (J. A. S. Beng. 1881, 51). Messrs. J. Davidson and HE. H. Aitken says, “it 
flies like Parthenos virens, and like it, rests with wings open on the upper side of a 
leaf” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, 253). Mr. J. A. Betham observes that it “has an 
elegant sailing flight, and fond of forests, settling on the leaves of trees with widely 
expanded wings” (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 283). 

Foop-Prant aND Hasrrs or Larva.—In the Calcutta district, Mr. de Nicéville 
says it ‘feeds on Nauclea Cadamba” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 44). Mrs. HE. M. Span 
‘found the larva at Nowgong, Assam, feeding upon the Almond tree. Larva found 
Sept. 28th, changed to pupa Oct. Ist, the imago emerging Oct. 10th. The larvee 
were noticed to move with little jerks’? (MS. Note). Messrs. Davidson and Aitken 
in their very valuable notes on the butterflies of the Kanara district of Bombay, 
state “‘ we found the larva of LZ. Procris from July to October, feeding on Mussoenda 
frondosa, a plant with white leaves at the ends of the flowering branches, which 
make it a conspicuous ornament in the jungles. We subsequently found it oftener 
on Wendlandia exserta, another plant of the same order. Of all the larve we reared 
this is in every respect one of the most remarkable. When young it remains on 
one leaf of the Mussoenda, eating it regularly back from the point, but leaving the 
mid-rib, and as it eats it fringes the eaten margin with its excrement, held together 
by silk, among which it is absolutely undistinguishable. After the last moult it 
abandons these strange habits and lives openly on the upper side of the leaf, having 
changed its form for one in which it is able, apparently, to despise concealment. 
The pupa easily passes for a small withered and twisted leaf” (J. Bombay N. H. 
Soc. 1890, 274). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 253, fig. 1 represents the larva and 
pupa from Mr. 8. N. Ward’s original drawings made in Kanara, 8. India; fig. la, 
that of the dry-season male, and figs. 1 b, c, d, male and female of the wet-season 
form. 


MODUZA ANARTA (Plate 254, fig. 1, la, 3 2). 


Limenitis Anarta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 585, 
Limenttis Procris var. Anarta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 164 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside uniformly darker than the Indian Procris, 
the red colour darker and duller in hue, the black bordering of the discal white 
macular band more diffused, the marginal black band on forewing more uniformly 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 165 


continuous, and its two submarginal grey lines less sinuous ; the outer discal black 
spots on the hindwing are larger and quadrate, the submarginal black dentate spots 
also larger, and the two submarginal grey lines less sinuous. The white macular: 
band is also comparatively narrower, and the discocellular white spot at end of the 
cell very small, or quite obsolete. 

Expanse, 62,8, ? 8 inches. 

Hasitat.—South Andamans. 


MODUZA CALIDASA (Plate 254, fig. 2 larva and pupa, 2a, b, d 2). 


Limenitis Calidasa, Moore, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 48. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 164 
(1886), Butler, Ann. N. H. 1866, p. 285. 
Moduza Calidasa, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 48, pl. 25, fig. 1, la, 3, larva and pupa (1881). 

Ivaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent brownish-black, basal 
area suffused with paler olive-brown. Interspaces between the outer cell-bars on 
both wings and of the outer bars below the cell of forewing and also the outer discal 
interspaces dull red. A transverse discal bluish-white macular band, the subapical 
portions on the forewing being the smallest and disposed somewhat less outwardly- 
oblique than in Procris, the white discocellular spot being absent. Forewing also 
with marginal lunular black border traversed by two slender pale brownish-grey 
sinuous lines. Hindwing also with the black irregular outer edge of the white discal 
band narrowly bordered with bluish-grey ; the outer discal and submarginal row of 
more or less defined black spots large; marginal slender sinuous lines brownish-grey. 
Underside. Basal area bluish or olive-grey ; outer area pale violet-grey ; markings 
as above; discal macular band black edged. Forewing with the outer basal streaks, 
subcostal veinlets and outer discal interspaces red; marginal sinuous lines distinct. 
Hindwing with the outer discal interspaces suffused red, the submarginal row of 
black spots small; marginal sinuous lines distinct. Body above olivescent black ; 
palpi above and legs brown, beneath white edged with brown; body beneath 
greyish-white; antenne black, tipt with red beneath. 

Expanse, 3 2;% to 2;%, % 2:6 to 3 inches. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Pale greenish-yellow, or reddish; head spined; the segments 
armed with short spiny tubercles, and a longer dorsal divergent pair on third and 
fourth segment. Feeds on Cinchona, Mussoenda, etc. 

Curysalis.—Reddish purple-brown; wing cases dilated; head-piece bifid, 
twisted and bent outward at the tips. 

Hasitat.—Ceylon. 

Distrteution.—‘ Occurs in the Western, Central, and Southern Provinces of 
Ceylon; plains and hills up to 4000 feet elevation, in forest land, from May to 
September, and probably also at other times. It has a floating not very rapid 


166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


flight. It is shy, and settles with wings spread on leaves”? (Capt. Hutchison). 
Mr. F. M. Mackwood found it ‘‘ fairly numerous from February to April from 2000 
feet and upwards. Found also at other times’? (MS Notes). Capt. Wade took 
specimens at Kandy. 

Inpo-Matayan Sprciss.—Moduza Agnata (Limenitis Procris, Distant, Rhop. 
Malay. p. 148, pl. 17, f. 1 ¢ (1883). Limenitis procris subsp. agnata, Fruhstorfer, 
Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 311).—Male and female. Upperside darker than Indian 
examples of Procris, and even uniformly darker than the Andaman species, Anarta ; 
the transverse white macular band is more completely united in its course on the 
forewing; the black discal bordering is more intense and is more or less confluent 
with the outer border; the two greyish marginal lines are not sinuous. On the 
hindwing, the white band is broader in width posteriorly ; the outer discal black 
broad spots more or less forming a united macular band, as do also the submarginal 
row of spots; the two marginal greyish lines indistinct and not sinuous. Expanse, 
o 2,5, 2 2,5 inches. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Sarawak; Borneo. 
—Moduza Neutra (limenitis Procris subsp. Neutra, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach. 1897, 
p. 60; Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, 4, p. 311. Buiblis Procris, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. EH. I. 
Company, pl. 8, f. 4. 4a, ete. (1829); larva and pupa; id. 1857, pl. 5, f. 12)—Male 
and female. Upperside. Ground colour more intensely red and brighter than 
Sumatra, Malacca, and Bornean examples; with much smaller subapical white 
spots, the two below the subcostal only, being present generally in the male; the 
discocellular white spot beyond the cell is somewhat smaller. Hxpanse, ¢ 2,4, 
¢ 2,8 inches. Larva feeds on a species of Nauclea. Habitat. Java; Lombok; 
Sumba; Sumbawa.—Moduza Pausanius (Limenitis Pausanius, Staudinger, Deuts. 
Hnt. Zeit. 1889, p. 58. Habitat. Palawan.—Moduza Mata (Limenitis Mata, Moore, 
Ann. Nat, Hist. 1858, p. 48. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 141, pl. 25, fig. 1,2 ¢ 2 
(1889). Habitat. Manilla; Luzon; Mindanao.—Moduza imitata, Butler, Entom. 
Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 54. Syn. Limenitis Aimonia, Weymer, Ent. Nach. 1883, 
p. 193. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 12. Habitat. Nias Island.—Moduza 
Thespias (Limenitis Thespias, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 141, pl. 25, fig. 3,4 3? 
(1889). Habitat. Mindanao.—Moduza Urdaneta (Limenitis Urdaneta, Felder, 
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p.110. Semper, R. Phil. Lep. p. 141, pl. 25, fig. 5, 6 
3 % (1889). Habitat. Luzon.—Moduza Lycone (Lim. Lycone, Hewitson, L.c., pl. 1, 
fie. 4, 5 (1859). Habitat. Celebes.—Moduza Pintuyana (Limenitis Pintuyana, 
Semper, Verh. Ver. Hamb. 1878, p. 109; R. Phil. Lep. p. 142, pl. 25, fig. 7, 8 ? 
(1889). Habitat. Panaon, Philippines.—Moduza Lymire (Lim. Lymire, Hewitson, 
Exot. Butt. Lim. pl. 1, fig. 3, 6 (1859). Habitat. Celebes—Moduza Libnites 
(Lim. Libnites, Hewitson, lc. pl. 2, fig. 7-9 (1859). Staudinger Exot. Schmett. 
pl. 50. Habitat. Celebes. 


NYMPHALIN (Group LIMENITINA.) 167 


Matayan ALLieD Genus.—Lamasia. Male. Forewing with the apex more 
produced than in typical Moduza, exterior margin more oblique, posterior margin 
shorter; cell short, open; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell, 
second at one-sixth; upper discocellular emitted immediately from subcostal, middle 
discocellular rather short, extending obliquely inward and acutely angled at its end ; 
lower discocellular absent; middle median emitted about halfway beyond the 
opposite discocellular. Hindwing shorter than in Moduza, broader and more 
convex posteriorly. Type. L. Lyncides.—Lamasia Lyncides (Lim. Lyncides, 
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Zim. pl. 1, fig. 1, 2 (1859). Habitat. Celebes. 


Genus NAJAS. 


Najas, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1806). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 1875, p. 224. 

Limenitis (part), Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Llliger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807). Ochsenheimer, Schmett. 
Eur. iv. p. 17 (1816). Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 274 
(1850). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 155 (1886). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 176 
(1892). 

Limenitis (Sect. I. part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 29 (1861). 

Limonittis, Dalman, Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. p. 55 (1816). 

Limonetes (part), Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). 

Nymphalis, Boisduval, Index Meth. Lep. p. 14 (1829) ; dd. Edit. 1840, p. 16. Kirby Eur. Butt. 
p. 438 (1863). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, subtriangular; costa somewhat straight 
from the base, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly concave in the middle, waved ; 
posterior margin long and nearly straight; first subcostal branch emitted at fully 
one-fourth before end of the cell, second at one-tenth before the end, third at 
two-fifths beyond the end; cell extending to half length of the wing, closed; upper 
discocellular short, middle discocellular concave, lower discocellular waved and 
slender; middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before lower end of the 
cell, middle and lower medians wide apart; submedian vein nearly straight. 
Hindwing rather short, broadly triangularly-ovate ; apex and exterior margin oblique 
and very convex, scalloped; abdominal margin long; cell area broad, open; 
precostal vein stout, incurved ; second subcostal branch and the radial both emitted 
from the first subcostal at nearly equal distances from the costal vein. Body 
moderately stout; thorax woolly; palpi ascending to above vertex, slender, 
flattened at the sides, densely hairy above and beneath, apical joint short, conical, 
and imbedded in hairs; antennze rather short, thickish, club long, annuli even; 
eyes naked. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Head with several nodular tubercles in front, two stout short 
spinous processes on vertex, and a row of short stout spines down the sides; 
second segment with two subdorsally disposed very small and short spinous 


168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


tubercles; third segment with two large elongated fleshy clavate processes; both 
covered with irregularly disposed clustered short stout spines; fourth, sixth, 
eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth segment with two subdorsal short nodular processes, 
the apex of each set with short stout spines; fifth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and 
tenth with incipiently developed very slightly similar nodular processes. 

CurysaLis.—Rather stout. Head obtusely pointed in front, vertex convex, 
thorax raised and convex, medio-dorsum with a raised convex hump, wing cases 
and segments beneath somewhat arched. 

Typr.—N. Populi. 


NAJAS TRIVENA (Plate 255, fig. 1, la, b, d 2). 


Limenitis Trivena, Moore, Entom. Monthly Mag. Nov. 1864, p. 133. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
etc., ii. p. 161 (1886). 


Inaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-brown; cilia alternately black 
and white ; both wings with a transverse discal broad white band, beyond which is 
a submarginal ill-defined row of pale brownish-ochreous lunules, bordered inwardly 
by broad black dentate spots, and outwardly by a narrower black lunular line. 
Forewing also with three or four subapical small decreasing white spots; the cell 
crossed by an outwardly-oblique broad white streak, on each side of which is a 
black-bordered indistinct pale ochreous-brown streak, and below the cell is a similar 
coloured ringlet mark. Underside pale yellowish-ochreous, with the broad white 
band, apical spots and cell streak, as above. Forewing also with the interspace of 
inner cell streak and of the discocellular streak, and before the subapical spot 
brighter ochreous ; mark below the cell externally edged with white; discal band 
slightly bordered with diffused black. 

Female. Upperside as in the male; markings more prominent, the basal 
area greyish, lower basal mark whitish bordered externally. Underside as in the 
male. Body above dark brown; palpi whitish, edged and tipt with black; legs 
whitish ; antennee black, tipt with ochreous. 

Hxpanse, do 2,4, ? 2;% inches. 

Haszitat.—N.W. Himalayas. 

Disraisution.—Mr. de Nicéville states that “it occurs in the outer ranges of the 
Himalayas and farthest to the South. I took a single female on the top of Jakko, 
Simla, and there are numerous specimens of both sexes also from Simla in Col. 
Lang’s collection. Major Marshall has observed it on the wing in the spring on the 
road down to Sipi from Mashobra, near Simla; I found it common at Kujiah, near 
Dalhousie, in June, in Chumba, and at Mogul Maidan, Kashmir, in the same month ; 
it occurs also in Murree, and Mr, A. Graham Young has obtained numerous examples 


NYMPHALINA, (Group LIMENITINA.) 169 


in Kulu in May and June” (Butt. India, ii. 161). Specimens taken on the road to 
Skardo in July are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection, also others from Dana, taken 
by Mr. McArthur in June. Colonel A. M. Lang (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1864, p. 133) 
says, “I have seen but three specimens of this species in the Himalayas, at 7000 to 
8000 feet elevation, in forests of oak (Quercus incana and semicarpifolia). It has a 
quick, but sometimes slower, flight, floating in and out of the sunlight.” 
Nors.—Mr. de Nicéville states that ‘‘in Colonel Lang’s collection are two 
specimens from Lower Kunawur, exactly intermediate between typical Trivena and 
Ligyes. Some undoubted examples of Trivena have a double series of ochreous 
spots on the margin of the upperside of both wings, placed, one at the apex, the 
other at the base of a series of black conical spots between the nervules, showing in 
this respect an approach to Ligyes, though the white discal band is twice as broad 
as in typical specimens of that species. Other examples of Trivena lack the inner 
series of ochreous spots, and in others again the outer series is white, and the inner 
also absent. The markings of the underside vary considerably, but the extent and 
coloration of those on the upperside are the most important ” (Butt. Ind. ii. 161). 


NAJAS LIGYES (Plate 255, fig. 2, 2a,b, d @). 


Limenitis Ligyes, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. I ond. Nov. 1864, p. 246, pl. 15, fig. 3, 4, 9. 
Limenitis Trivena, var. Ligyes, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 161, pl. 24, fig. 113, g (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside dark olivescent-brown. Both wings 
crossed by a discal interrupted macular white band composed of moderate-sized 
spots, followed by three subapical small white decreasing spots, a marginal row of 
indistinctly-defined slender pale brownish-white lunules inwardly bordered with 
black dentate spots, and an outer marginal black lunular line. Forewing also with 
the cell-marks black, and a white recurved narrow bar before end of the cell. 
Hindwing with the submarginal lunules more sharply defined. Underside dull 
yellowish-ochreous ; the white discal band and cell bar as above. Forewing also 
with slender black cell and basal marks; the outer edges of discal band diffusedly black 
bordered ; lower submarginal lunules black. Hindwing with the discal band slightly 
bordered with black speckles. Body above brown; palpi above black, beneath white 
edged with black; fore-legs white ; middle and hind-legs pale brownish above and 
white beneath ; body beneath yellowish-ochreous ; antennz black, tipt with ochreous. 

Expanse, d 24, 9 2,8 inches. 

Hasitat.—N.W. Himalayas. 

Distrizution.—This “is not found in the outer ranges of the Himalayas, occurring 
always in the middle or inner ranges further North. Colonel A. M. Lang took 
numerous specimens in Upper Kunawur, at Pangi, in June I obtained a single 
male at Mogul Maidan, Kashmir, in June, and Mrs. R. Bazett took numerous 

VOL. ILI. Z 


170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


specimens at Gulmurg, 9400 feet, in July. The size of the spots in the discal band 
in these specimens agrees with the figure of Ligyes, but the rufous spots are very 
feebly developed. I also obtained three males in June at Gagangair, Kashmir, and 
Major Marshall possesses three males from Baba Marishi, 8400 feet, also in Kashmir, 
and one from Pangi, all taken in June. They differ from typical Ligyes in having 
the discal spots as small as in Hydaspes ; the development of the rufous spots is 
inconstant, some of these specimens being quite typical Ligyes in this respect, but 
in none of them are they as fully developed as in Hydaspes. Lastly, Major Marshall 
possesses quite typical specimens of Ligyes taken at Kutabul, 8200 feet, and 
Bayadmalla, 6500 feet, both in Kashmir, and one from Pangi, all these specimens 
being taken in June” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 1. 162). 

Colonel Lang writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 35), ‘This species is represented 
by only one specimen in Dr. Jerdon’s series, from Kashmir, which resembles the 
dark ‘ Kunawur,’ rather than the light ‘ Simla’ variety ; but it differs from all that 
I have yet seen, in having an exterior transverse series, nearly obsolete in the fore- 
wing, but very distinct in the hindwing, of ochreous-red spots, one being placed at 
the apex of each of the black borders of the submarginal lunules. The underside is 
also suffused with ochreous red.”’ 

Specimens taken at Rampore in May, and in the Goorais Valley in June, are 
in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection. 


NAJAS HYDASPES (Plate 256, fig. 1, la, b, d @). 


Limenitis Hydaspes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 270, pl. 43, fig. 2, g. 
Limenitis Trivena, var. Hydaspes, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 162 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark rufous-brown, olivescent-brown in 
some lights; cilia white alternated with black at tip of the veins. Both wings 
crossed by a discal interrupted narrow white macular band, composed of small oval 
spots, of smaller size than those in Ligyes, followed by two outer rows of more or 
less prominent ochreous-red lunate spots, the two upper spots of the inner row 
being larger and ochreous-white, with an intervening parallel submarginal row of 
black dentate spots and an outer marginal black lunular line. Forewing also with a 
more or less prominent white cell bar and ill-defined black inner cell streaks, disco- 
cellular streak and lower basal mark slightly interspaced with dull ochreous red. 
Underside bright yellowish-ochreous ; macular band and basal marks as above; the 
discal area of forewing and borders of the white macular band and marginal lunular 
fascia reddish-ochreous ; lower portions of the macular band on the forewing edged 
with black ; two or three superposed black submarginal lunules above the posterior 
angle. Body above dark rufous-brown; palpi white, edged and tipt with black; 
legs ochreous-white ; antenne black, tipt with ochreous. 


NYMPHALINZE. (Group LIMENITINA.) 171 


Expanse, ¢ 2,5, 2 2,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Kashmir. 

DisrrisuTion.—The late Captain R. Bayne Reed states that it is “common about 
Kashmir ” (MS. Notes). ‘ In Major Marshall’s collection is a singie female taken in 
Astor, Northern Kashmir, in September, and I possess two examples taken by 
Col. Lockhart’s Mission, one probably near Gilgit, the other in the Astor Valley, 
which are the only typical specimens I have seen” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 162). 
Specimens taken in the Goorais Valley in June and September, and in the Scind 
Valley in June, are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection. 

Notse.—The above-described species of Najas, namely Trivena, Ligyes, and 
Hydaspes are placed under one name by Mr. de Nicéville, including also the 
Turkestan species, Lepechini. (Butt. Ind. 1. 160) remarking that ‘“‘it is extremely 
variable, and the local races have been described under four different names, each 
race being typically very distinct, but numerous intermediate forms connect each 
local race with the next, and I have found it impossible to draw a line of separation 
anywhere. This species, as a whole, is confined to the Western Himalayas and the 
mountain ranges to the North and West as faras Turkestan. The extreme Southern 
form is typical Trivena, with the white discal band very broad, and with a single 
row of diffused small whitish spots on the outer border. Northwards, as the 
elevation increases, the white band graduallly narrows, till in the forests near the 
snow-line typical Ligyes is found, with the discal band less than one-third the width 
of that in Trivena, and distinctly macular throughout, the black veins separating 
the spots being also distinctly bordered throughout with black. Further North, 
where the vegetation is sparse, the white band remains narrow, but the white border 
spots are replaced by much larger yellow spots, and an inner series of equally 
large yellow spots is developed, separated from the outer series by the series of 
black lunules, and the ground-colour is paler throughout; this is the form named 
Hydaspes. Further North still, the form which occurs in Turkestan, named 
Lepechini, closely resembles Hydaspes ; and is very close to our Astor and Gilgit 
specimens of the latter, but differs in the spots of the discal band being as large as 
in typical Ligyes, the outer border of both wings on the underside is rich ochreous 
marked only with a diffused darker band in the middle, more prominent in the fore- 
wing; on the upperside, also, the black spots between the two ferruginous marginal 
series of spots are not shown in the figure.” 

Colonel A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 35) states that ‘‘ the food-plant of the 
larva is Lonicera tartarica, which has a wide range in the N.W. Himalayas.”’ 

N. Asian Spectes.—Najas Populi (Pap. Populi, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 476 
(1758). Najas Populi, Hibn. Tent. p. 1 (1806). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. 
1875, p. 224. Var. P. Tremulew, Esper, Schmett. I. 2, pl. 114, fig. 3, 4. Pryer, 

Z 2 


172 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Rhop. Niphon, p. 23, pl. 5, fig. 7 (1886). Leech, Butt. China, p. 188. Habitat. 
C. H. N. Europe; W. China; Japan.—WNajas Usswriensis (Limenitis Ussuriensis, 
Staudinger, Rom. Mem. Lep. ii. p. 143 (1887). Habitat. Amurland.—Najas Sidyi 
(Limenitis Sidyi, Lederer, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1853, p. 357, pl. 1, fig. 3. 
Habitat. Siberia.—Nayjas latifasciata (Lim. latifasciata, Ménetr. Schrenck’s Reisen 
Amur. ii. p. 29 (1859). Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 181, pl. 17, fig. 4, o. 
Habitat. Amur Land; W. China.—WNajas Cleophas (Lim. Cleophas, Oberthur, Etud. 
Ent. 1898, p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 88. Leech, Butt. China, ii. p. 455. Habitat. Moupin, 
W. China.—Najas Prattii (Lim. Prattii, Leech, Ent. 1890, p. 34; Butt. of China, 
p- 187, pl. 16, fig. 7 (1892). Habitat. C. China.—Najas Lepechini (Lim. Lepechini, 
Erschoff, Lep. Turkistan, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 10 (1874). Habitat. Turkistan. 

CHINESE ALLIED GENERA. Genus Putsora.—Male. Forewing rather narrow, 
triangular ; costa almost straight, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, convex 
below the apex, slightly uneven, posterior margin short; cell area broad, closed ; 
first subcostal branch emitted at fully one-fourth before end of the cell, second at 
some distance beyond end of the cell; upper discocellular short, middle deeply 
concave, lower waved; middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before lower 
end of cell, upper median much arched. Hindwing ovate; exterior margin very 
convex, slightly scalloped, anal angle convex, abdominal margin short; cell open. 
Body moderately stout; palpi clothed with fine long hairs; antennal club thick; 
eyes naked. Tyrz.—Putsuia sinensiwum (Limenitis sinensium, Oberthur, Etud. 
Ent. 1876, p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 8. Leech, Butt. of China, ete., p. 179 (1892). Habitat. 
W. and N. China. 

Genus Sinrmia.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa 
slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, scalloped ; disco- 
cellulars inwardly oblique; upper discocellular extremely short, middle concave, 
lower deeply concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance 
before lower end of cell. Hindwing conically-ovate; anterior margin straight from 
near the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly convex, scalloped, anal angle 
rounded ; cell open ; second subcostal branch and the radial emitted from the first 
subcostal at twice the distance of the base of the latter from the costal. Body 
slender; palpi slender; densely hairy; eyes hairy; antennz with an elongated 
club. Typs.—=S. Ctocolatina (Limenitis Ciocolatina, Poujade, Bull. Ent. Soe. 
France, 1886, p. 207. Syn. L. livida, Leech, Entom. Suppl. 1891, p. 27; id. 
Butt. of China, ete., p. 186, pl. 17, fig. 4, ¢. Habitat. Moupin, W. China. 

Genus Onatinca.—Male. Forewing rather short, triangular; costa almost 
straight, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, even ; first subcostal branch 
emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, second at one-fourth beyond the cell ; 
upper and middle discocellular outwardly-oblique, middle discocellular long and 


NYMPHALINA, (Group LIMENITINA.) 173 


concave, lower slender and convex ; middle median veinlet at a considerable distance 
before lower end of the cell. Hindwing short, broad, triangulate ; apex and exterior 
margin very convex and oblique ; cell closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet ; 
precostal vein abruptly incurved toward the tip. Body robust; palpi stout, 
flattened, densely clothed with short hairs, apical joint very short and obtuse ; 
antenne very long, club stout; eyes naked. Typs.—Chalinga Hlwest (Limenitis 
Elwesi, Oberthur, Bull. Ent. Soc. France, 1883, p. 128; id. Htud. Ent. 1884, p. 15, 
pl. 2, fig. 4, ¢. Habitat. EH. Tibet; Yunan. 

Genus Litinca.—Male. Forewing triangular, exterior margin scalloped; first 
subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell, second at nearly 
one-fourth beyond the end of cell; middle discocellular outwardly-oblique, 
concave, lower discocellular recurved; middle median emitted at some distance 
before lower end of the cell. Hindwing small, triangularly-ovate; anterior margin 
slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly convex, scalloped, 
anal angle rounded ; cell area rather narrow and long, open; radial emitted from 
lower subcostal at an equal distance from its base as the latter is from the costal. 
Body moderate ; palpi densely but laxly hairy to tip, apex slender ; antennal club 
elongated ; eyes naked. Typs. Litinga Cottint (Limenitis Cottini, Oberthur, Htud. 
Entom. 1884, p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 5, 6; Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 180, d ¢. 
Habitat. E. Tibet; W. China.—Litinga mimica (Limenitis mimica, Poujade, Bull. 
Soc. Entom. France, 1886, p. 200. Habitat. Moupin, W. China. 

Genus Limenitis. Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807). Limenitis (part), 
Ochsenheimer. Hubner. Boisduval.—Male. Wings short. Jorewing subtriangular; 
costa slightly arched at the base, and thence nearly straight to end, apex obtuse ; 
exterior margin almost erect, uneven; posterior margin straight; first subcostal 
emitted fully one-third, and second at one-ninth before end of cell; middle disco- 
cellular concave, lower undulated, slender; middle median emitted immediately 
before lower end of cell. Hindwing broad, obtusely ovate ; costa broadly lobate at 
base, thence straight to end, exterior margin convex and slightly scalloped, anal 
angle rounded ; precostal vein long, incurved ; cell area broad and short, open, 
Body somewhat slender, hairy; palpi somewhat stout, laxly hairy, apex robust, 
conical; antennz with a well-formed lengthened club; eyes naked. Carerrituar. 
Somewhat cylindrical. Head slightly cleft and spinous at vertex. Third, fourth, 
sixth, eleventh, and twelfth segment with two subdorsally disposed elongated fleshy 
tuberculate spiny processes; other segments with minute similarly disposed spines. 
CurysaLis. With broad, much elevated anterio-dorsal prominence and arched 
thorax ; head-piece obtusely bifid. Type. lL. Drusilla (Camilla, Fabr.).—Limenitis 
Drusilla (Pap. Drusilla, Bergstrasser, Nomen. iii. pl. 67, figs. 5,6 (1779). Lim. 
Drusilla, Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. i. p. 146 (1895). Pap. Camilla, Wien. 


174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Verz. p. 172. Hibn. Hur. Sch. i. figs. 106-7. Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. i. p. 246 
(1793). Pap. Lucilla, Esper, Schmett. I. i. pl. 38, fig. 2 (1778). Berge, Schmett. 
pl. 41, fig. 5 (1842). Habitat. Europe. 

Genus Lapoca.—Limenitis, Leech, Edin. Ency. p. 718 (1815). Samouelle, Ent. 
Comp. p. 240 (1819). Stephens, Illust. Brit. Ent. i., p. 51 (1828). Horsf. Catal. 
Lep. E. I. C. pl. 7, fig. 7 (1829). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 141 (1895). Tutt, Brit. 
Butt. pp. 87, 361 (1896). Limenitis (part), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Hur. iv. p. 17 
(1816). Hiibner, Verz. p. 44 (1816). Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 14 (1829); ad. Hd. 
1840, p. 16. Limenitis (sect. 2, part). Feld. Neues Lep. p. 29 (1861). Inaco. 
—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched from the base, apex broad and 
rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped; cell less than half length 
ot wing, closed; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third and second branch 
at a short distance before end of the cell; middle discocellular acutely angled 
in the middle, lower discocellular recurved, slender; middle median veinlet emitted 
very close to lower end of cell. Hindwing broadly ovate; exterior margin regularly 
convex and scalloped; abdominal margin rounded; cell open; precostal vein 
incurved. Body moderately stout, finely hairy; palpi slender, finely hairy, apical 
joint fusiform, hairy ; antennz moderately thick, with a lengthened stout blunt-tipt 
club; eyes hairy. Caterprttar.—Cylindrical. Head cleft at vertex, face and cheeks 
spined ; two subdorsal elongated pointed branched-spines on third, fourth, sixth, 
eleventh, and twelfth segment; two smaller similar spines on fifth, seventh, eighth, 
ninth and tenth segment. Curysatis— With narrow elevated anterio-dorsal 
prominence and arched thorax; head-piece projected and acutely bifid. Type. 
Camilla (Linn.).—Ladoga Camilla (Pap. Camilla, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 304 (1764) ; id. 
Syst. Nat. (1767), p. 781. Esper, Sch. I. i. pl. 14, fig. 3. Aurivillius, Kongl. S. V. 
Akad. Handl. (1882), p. 101. Limenitis Camilla, Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. i. 
p- 142, pl. 23, fig. 3 (1895). Syn. P. Prorsa, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 803 (1764) (nec 
Linn. 1758). P. Sibilla, Linn. 8. N. (1767), p. 781. Habitat. Hurope.—Ladoga 
angustata (Lim. angustata, Staudinger, Rom. Mém. ii. p. 144). Habitat. Amurland. 
—Ladoga Japonica (Lim. Japonica, Ménetr. Catal. Mus. Petr. Lep. ii. p. 103 (1857). 
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 185. Habitat. Japan. 


Genus PARATHYMA. 
Athyma (sect. 2, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 32 (1861). 
Limenitis et Athyma (part), auctorum. 

Imaco.—Male. forewing triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, 
exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped; first subcostal branch emitted at 
two-fifths before end of the cell, second at about one-fifth before the end; middle 
discocellular bent at the middle, lower discocellular very oblique, slender ; cell closed ; 


NYMPHALIN4. (Group LIMENITINA.) 175 


middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before lower end of cell. Hindwing 
triangularly ovate; exterior margin very convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded ; 
precostal vein stout, incurved ; radial and second subcostal emitted at equal distances 
from the costal vein. Body somewhat slender; palpi rather short, slender, com- 
pactly clothed ; antennal club slender, lengthened ; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 

Type.—P. Sulpitia (Cram.). 

Norz.—One species ouly of this genus occurs within our region. Some of the 
Species are apparently mimetic; the Japanese Purathyma Pryeri being probably a 
mimic of Paraneptis Pryeri. 


PARATHYMA ADAMSONI (Plate 256, fig. 2, 2a, b, g ?). 
Athyma Sulpitia, Adamson, Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 23 (1895), nee Cramer. 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside fuliginous-black; markings white; cilia 
alternated with white. Forewing with a white elongated streak extending along 
lower area of the cell, and partially divided on its upperside by a dentate incision 
towards its end; a transverse discal widely-interrupted excurved white macular band 
composed of eight spots, the four upper being outwardly oblique slender elongated 
streaks, the costal one shortest and indistinct, the fifth a very small round spot 
between the upper and middle median veinlets, the sixth much larger and ovate, the 
seventh broader and outwardly indented, the lowest being narrow and linear ; beyond 
are four small decreasing subapical white spots, followed by a submarginal row of 
ill-defined very slender whitish lunules, the upper ones being almost obsolete, and all 
inwardly-bordered by dentate lunules and outwardly by a lunular line blacker than 
the ground-colour. Hindwing with a transverse inner-discal macular white band, 
extending from middle of the costa to submedian veinlet opposite base of the 
abdomen; beyond which is a submarginal row of small narrow white quadro-lunate 
marks, their inner edge each being defined by a dentate black spot; the outer discal 
and marginal interspaces traversed by broad dentate lunules, blacker than the 
ground-colour. Underside ochreous-red; with white markings as above, but more 
prominently defined. Forewing also with the middle of the disc to the posterior 
margin suffused with purplish-black ; two lower outer marginal rows of white lunules, 
which latter are suffused with pale pink ; the cell streak is indented by a black ringlet 
mark. Hindwing also with five small subbasal black spots on a grey ground-colour ; 
the inner edge of the white discal band and also of the submarginal white dentate 
lunules distinctly black spotted ; the medial discal area traversed by a row of rounded 
spots (blackish in the male, dusky red in the female), and the outer margin by a 
pinkish white lunular line. Body and palpi above black ; beneath, and legs beneath 
white; legs above, pale brown; antenne black, tipt with red. 


176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Expanse, ¢ 234, % 2,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Burma. 

Allied to, but distinguishable from the §. China species P. Sulpitia, and also 
from the allied P. Ningpoana. Described from specimens taken by Colonel C. H. E. 
Adamson, who states (l.c. p. 23) that it was “caught frequently near Bhamo during. 
October and November.” 

Carnesze Specres.—Parathyma Sulpitia (Pap. Sulpitia, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. 
pl. 214, fig. H. F. ? (1779). Herbst, Pap. pl. 240, fig. 8, 4 (1798). Athyma 
sulpitia, Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 456. Syn. Nymph. Strophia, 
Godart, Encye. Méth. ix. p. 431 (1823). Habitat. S.H. China; Hong Kong.— 
Parathyma Ningpoana_(Athyma Ningpoana, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. 1862, 
p. 27; Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 174, pl. 17, fig. 5 (?). Habitat. Ningpo, N.E. 
China.—Parathyma Pryeri (Athyma Pryeri, Moore, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 47; 
Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 184, pl. 17, fig. 8, ¢. Habitat. Chekiang, N.H. 
China.—Parathyma Homeyeri (Limenitis Homeyeri, Tancré, Entom. Nachr. 1881, 
p-120. Habitat. Amur Land.—Parathyma venata (Athyma venata, Leech, Butt. 
China, etc., p. 188, pl. 17, fig. 6 (1892). Habitat. W. China.—Parathyma disjuncta 
(Athyma disjuncta, Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 33; id. Butt. China, ete., p. 175, pl. 17, 
fig. 3, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W.and C, China.—Parathyma recurva (Athyma recurva, 
Leech, l.c. p. 176, pl. 17, fig. 9, d (1892). Habitat. Moupin, W. China.—Para- 
thyma Amphyssa (Limenitis Amphyssa, Ménetr. Sckrenck’s Reise Amur Lande, p. 30, 
pl. 38, fig. 1 (1859); Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 182. Habitat. Amur Land.— 
Parathyma Helmanni (Lim. Helmanni, Lederer, Verh. Z. B. Ver. ii. p. 356, pl. 1, 
fig. 4 (1853). Habitat. Amur Land.—Parathyma Doerriesi (Lim. Doerriesi, Stau- 
dinger, Rom. Mem. vi. p. 173, pl. 14, fig. 1. Habitat. W.China.—Parathyma duplicata 
(Lim. duplicata, Staudinger, Rom. Mem. 1892, p. 172). Habitat. Amur Land. 


Genus TACORZEA. 


Athyma (sect. 1, part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 166 (1866). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa regularly arched, apex obtusely 
pointed, exterior margin oblique, concave in the middle, scalloped; first subcostal 
branch emitted at fully two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before 
the end; discocellulars outwardly oblique, upper very short, second discocellular 
obliquely concave; cell open. Hindwing short, triangularly ovate; exterior margin 
convex, scalloped, anal angle obtusely pointed; cell open. Body robust; palpi com- 
pactly clothed, apex pointed ; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 

Typx.—T. Asura. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 177 


TACORZA ASURA, 
Dry-season brood (Plate 257, fig. 1, la, b, d ?). 


Athyma Asura, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 171, pl. 5a, fig. 1, ¢ (1857); id. Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 17. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 168 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; cilia alternated 
with white; markings creamy-white. Forewing with a narrow white claviform 
cell streak and a triangular spot beyond its end ; a transverse discal excurved series 
of white spots, the three anterior elongated and narrow, the uppermost more or less 
obsolescent, the fourth smallest, the fifth larger and rounded, sixth larger still and 
oval, the seventh broad, quadrate and indented at the sides, the eighth narrow; a 
subapical series of three small lunate spots, followed by a submarginal row of narrow 
excurved lunules with diffused black inner edges, and then a marginal slightly- 
defined black pale-bordered lunular line ; a slightly-defined black ringlet-mark below 
the cell. Hindwing with a broad transverse discal white band and an outer narrower 
macular band, the latter composed of almost round spots in the male, and of some- 
what scutiform spots in the female, each having a black central spot; beyond is a 
marginal slightly-defined pale-bordered black lunular line. Underside bright 
ochreous-red, white markings as above, but more prominent. forewing also with 
the posterior border pale fuliginous, a black ringlet-mark with dull red centre and 
pale border below the cell; a submarginal row of black-centred lilacine-white spots, 
and a marginal partially-duplex row of narrow white lunules. Hindwing also with 
a narrow subbasal white band extending from base of costal vein to the apex; the 
black spotted band lilacine-white, followed by an inner marginal row of somewhat 
scutate lunules, and an outer marginal row of narrow lunules; abdominal margin 
bluish-grey. Body above black; thorax glossed with metallic golden-green; a 
bluish-white band across base of abdomen ; palpi above black, below whitish edged 
with black ; body beneath and legs bluish-grey ; antenne black, tip beneath reddish. 

Expanse, d 2; to 2,5, ¢ 3 to 3,% inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 257, tig. 1, c¢, d,e, 3 @). 


Male and female. Somewhat larger than the diy-season brood. Upperside 
ground colour blacker ; markings similar, but of a darker creamy-white. Forewing 
with the cell-streak slender, the spot beyond smaller, its intervening space being 
defined by a slightly apparent black-edged transverse recurved pale ochreous-red 
streak, a similar discocellular streak of a dusky red colour also present beyond the 
spot, both being most apparent in the female; the upper discal series of spots 
narrower and the lower smaller ; the submarginal lunules more slender. Hindwing 
with the inner band and the outer black-spotted band both narrower than in dry- 

vot. 11. May 18th, 1898. Aa 


178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


season brood. Underside much darker ochreous-red than in the dry-season brood, 
markings narrower, as on upperside. 

Hxpanse, ¢ 3, 2 34% inches. 

Hasitat.—Western Himalayas ; Nepal; Assam; Khasia Hills ; Cachar ; Burma; 
Tenasserim. 

Distrisuttion.—This is a somewhat rare species. ‘“ Mr. A. Graham Young has 
taken it in Kulu. I found it sparmegly in October in a wooded stream below 
‘Kotgarh; Capt. A. M. Lang has taken it in Masuri in June and August” (de 
Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 168). We possess specimens of the dry-season form from 
the Western Himalayas, and also both sexes from Nepal, taken by the late Major- 
General G. Ramsay. The Rev. J. H. Hocking records it as ‘very rare in Kulu” 
(P. Z. S. 1882, 241). ‘Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained the wet-season form at 
Trangmara, Cachar, during July ; it occurs also at Sibsagar in Upper Assam (8. E. 
Peal), and in the Khasia Hills” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 168). Both sexes of 
the dry-season form from Assam are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Colonel 
Swinhoe has received the wet-season form commonly from the Khasias, Shillong 
aud Cherra Punji. Colonel C. H. EH. Adamson obtained it in the ‘‘ Arakan Hills in 
March, and at Bhamo in Upper Burma” (List, p. 22). Col. C. T. Bingham took it 
in the Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in May. Mr. Moti Ram obtained 
“two females in Tavoy”’ (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 423). 


TACORAA IDITA (Plate 258, fig. 1, la, 2). 


Athyma Idita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1858, p. 16, pl. 51, fig. 8, g. Distant, Rhop. Malay. 
p- 160, pl. 16, fig. 9, 10, § ¢ (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 168 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings bluish- 
white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a narrow white claviform streak 
‘from base of cell and a large triangulate spot beyond its end; a transverse discal 
excurved series of seven spots, the two upper elongate, the two next short and 
small, the next larger and round, the two lower quadrate ; three small subapical 
lunular spots; a submarginal row of slender excurved lunules, the lowest being 
most distinct, and a very indistinct marginal pale lunular line. Hindwing crossed 
by an inner discal white band and a narrower submarginal row of seven spots, of 
which latter the upper two or three are centred with a black dot; a very indistinct 
pale marginal lunular line. Underside purplish-red, with pinkish-white markings, 
as above. Forewing also with slender black cell streaks, a black ringlet-mark below 
the cell, and black spots inwardly bordering the submarginal lunules. Hindwing 
also with a curved subbasal white band, and two marginal rows of slender white 
lunules ; abdominal margin bluish-grey. Body above black, base of abdomen with a 


NYMPHALINZ (Group LIMENITINA,) 179 


broad bluish-white band ; palpi above black, beneath white with black streaks; body 
beneath and legs bluish-grey. 

Expanse, 3 2%, ¢ 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—Mergui Archipelago ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo. 

Disrrisotion.—Dr. J. Anderson obtained two males at “ Minthantoung, Mergui, 
in December ’”’ (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). Mr. W. L. Distant records it from 
Province Wellesley, Malacca, Malay Peninsula. We possess specimens from 
Malacca, and also from Sarawak, Borneo. Mr. L. de Nicéville states that ‘in N.E. 
Sumatra it is very rare; being a conspicuous insect when at rest with folded wings, 
in consequence of the beautiful coloration and markings of the underside” (J. A. S. 
Bengal, 1895, 417). 

Cutnese Atuigp Spxores.—TZacoreva Hlwest (Athyma Elwesi, Leech, Butt. of 
China, ete., p. 170, pl. 17, fig. 7, d (1892). Habitat. W. and C. China. 


Genus TATISIA. 
Athyma (sect. 1, part), de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 166 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, 
exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped, posterior margin rather short ; first 
subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-fifth 
before the end; middle discocellular concave, lower slender, recurved; two upper 
medians emitted at some distance beyond lower end of the cell ; minute Androconia 
or scent-scales (as described on page 142) present, chiefly found upon the basal area 
of the upperside between the median and submedian vein. Hindwing short, conical ; 
exterior margin oblique, convex anteriorly, scalloped, anal angle obtuse. Body 
moderately robust; palpi rather laxly scaled below, hairy above, apex pointed; 
antennz with a slender elongated club; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 

Type.—T. Kanwa. 


TATISIA KANWA (Plate 258, fig. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 2). 


Athyma Kanwa, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 17. pl. 51, fig. 2. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., 
li, p. 169 (1886). 


Inaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent brownish-black, with blacker 
intervening patches between the veins; markings bluish-white ; cilia alternated with 
white. Forewing with a bluish-white narrow slightly clavate entire streak along lower 
area of the cell, followed by a large elongated-triangular spot beyond the discocellular 
veinlets ; a transverse discal excurved series of six spots, the three upper obliquely 
subapical, the third sometimes small or obsolete, the others inwardly oblique, the 

Aa 2 


180 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


fourth being larger and rounded, the fifth transversely narrower and laterally indented, 
the sixth smaller and narrow; followed by a submarginal row of ill-defined slender 
excurved lunules, and then by a pale brownish marginal line. Hindwing crossed by 
an inner discal bluish-white band and a narrower outer discal macular band, followed 
by a submarginal pale brownish lunular line. Underside dark fuliginous-brown, 
with blackish intervening patches between the veins; markings bluish-white, as 
above; abdominal margin bluish-grey. Body and palpi above black; thorax and 
abdomen with a bluish-white band; body and palpi beneath, and forelegs greyish- 
white; middle and hindlegs pale brownish-grey. 

Expanse, ¢ ? 2,% to 2;% inches. 

Hasitat.—Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma; ete. 

DistrisuTion.—A female from Assam and one from the Khasias isin Mr. W. 
Rothschild’s collection. Col. C. Swinhoe records it as “rare at Shillong, Khasias ” 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Col. C. H. HE. Adamson obtained two males and one 
female in Upper Burma in the cold weather, one being bred from a chrysalis found 
in November” (List, p. 23). He also possesses a female taken in Chindwin in 
September. Mr. W. Doherty took several males in the Karen Hills, Hast Pegu, at 
4000 to 5000 feet elevation” (P. Z. 8. 1891, 277). Col. C. T. Bingham obtained both 
sexes in the Meethalauh Valley in December, and in the Yunzaleen Valley in 
November. Mr. Moti Ram took specimen in Tavoy (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 423). It 
also occurs in the Malay Peninsula. A male from Sumatra is in Mr. P. Crowley’s 
collection. Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as “ very rare in N.E. Sumatra” (J. A.S. 
Beng. 1895, 418). A female from Nias Islandis in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. 
Messrs W. B. Pryer and D. Cator have taken both sexes in Sandakan, N. Borneo, in 
February and July. Mr. E. Bartlett has obtained it at Sarawak. 


Genus THARASIA. 


Athyma (sect. 1, part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 166 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior 
margin slightly scalloped, posterior margin long; first subcostal branch 
emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at about one-eighth 
before the end; upper discocellular short, starting from the subcostal at 
fully two-fifths from the base; second discocellular inwardly-oblique, and slightly 
angled; cell open; minute Androconia or scent-scales (as described on page 142) are 
present chiefly upon the basal area of the upperside between the median and 
submedian vein. Hindwing triangular; costa much arched, apex obtuse, exterior 
margin very oblique, slightly convex and scalloped; anal angle obtusely pointed; 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 181 


cell area broad. Body robust; palpi obtuse at the apex, compactly clothed below; 
antennz with an elongated slender club; eyes hairy. Sexes alike. 
Typs.—T. Jina. 


THARASIA JINA (Plate 259, fig. 1, la, b, 3 2). 


Athyma Jina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 172, pl. 5, a., fig. 8, ¢ (1857); id. Proc. 
Zool, Soc. 1858, p. 18. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 169 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside fuliginous-black, darkest between the 
veins ; markings creamy-white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a broad 
ereamy-white entire clavate streak along lower area of the cell; a transverse discal 
excurved series of seven spots, the three upper being elongate and narrow, the 
fourth small and narrow, the fifth large and narrowly oval, sixth broad and indented 
on both its sides, the lowest narrow ; beyond is a row of three small subapical spots, 
followed by a submarginal row of ill-defined slender lunules, and then by a still 
less-defined marginal line. Hindwing crossed by an inner-discal broad band, and 
an outer macular band composed of rather broad lunate spots, followed by an 
indistinct pale brown marginal lunular line. Underside bright ferruginous ; 
markings as above. Forewing also with the posterior margin blackish; marginal 
lunular line distinct. Hindwing also with a broad basal white band, and distinct 
marginal lunular line. Body and palpi above black, abdomen with a bluish-white 
band ; palpi beneath white, streaked with black; body and legs beneath bluish-grey ; 
legs above sullied white. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;%, % 3,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Nepal; Sikkim. 

Distrisurion.—We possess specimens from the late General G. Ramsay’s 
collection taken during his residency at Katmandu, Nepal. Mr. H. J. Elwes records 
it as ‘not a common species in Sikkim, and, as far as I know, confined to the zone 
of heavy forest between 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, where I have taken it in July” 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 353). Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as also “occurring in 
Sikkim in April”’ (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 141). 

Cuinese Spectrs.—Tharasia Jinvides (Athyma Jina, Leech, Butt. of China, etce., 
p- 172). Comparatively smaller than Sikkim Jina. Upperside also of a blacker 
eround-colour ; all the markings are clear-white, not sullied asin Jina ; the claviform 
cell-streak and the transverse markings are comparatively narrower, except the 
inner band on the hindwing, which is somewhat broader. Expanse, 2,4, to 2,5 
inches. Habitat.——C. and W. China. 

Tharasia Fortuna (Athyma Fortuna, Leech, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 107, pl. 8, 
fig. 1, la, d 2; id. Butt. of China, etc., p. 173, pl. 17, fig. 2 d. Habitat—C. China. 


182 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Tharasia diffusa (Athyma diffusa, Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 174, pl. 17, 
fic. 1, 3 (1892). Habitat.—C. China. 


Genus CHENDRANA. 
Athyma (sect. 1, part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., 11. p. 166 (1886). 


Imaco. 
obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, slightly uneven, posterior margin rather 
short ; cell area rather broad, open; first subcostal branch emitted at fully one- 
third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end; second dis- 
cocellular outwardly oblique, concave. Hindwing conically-ovate; apex rounded, 
exterior margin very convex, anal angle rounded, abdominal margin short; cell 
area broad, open. Body moderately robust; palpi slender, laxly clothed below, apical 
joint somewhat slender, pointed ; antennz slender ; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 

Typs.—C. Pravara. 


Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa well arched from the base; apex 


CHENDRANA PRAVARA (Plate 259, fig. 2, 2a, b, 3 9). 


Athyma Pravara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 173. pl. 5, a, fig 4, f (1857) ; 7d. P. ZS. 
1858, p. 19. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 160, pl. 16, fig. 11, 9 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete., ii. p. 170 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings bluish- 
white. Cilia slenderly alternated with white. Forewing with an elongated entire 
clavate white streak along lower half of the cell; a transverse discal excurved series 
of, usually, seven spots, the two upper somewhat elongate and quadrate, the third 
small, fourth either minute or sometimes obsolete, fifth much larger and broadly 
ovate, the sixth smaller and slightly indented on its sides, the lowest narrow; beyond 
is a submarginal row of slender excurved lunules, and a very indistinct pale brown 
marginal line. Hindwing crossed by an inner-discal white band and a narrower 
outer recurved lunular band, followed by a submarginal pale brown lunular line. 
Underside pale purpurescent fuliginous-brown, with darker patches between the veins; 
markings as above, bluish-white. Hindwing also with an ill-defined narrow basal 
whitish band, and broader submarginal pale lunular line; abdominal margin bluish- 
grey. Body and palpi above black; thorax and abdomen with a bluish-white band ; 
palpi and legs beneath greyish-white ; legs above pale brownish-grey; body beneath 
bluish-grey ; antennz black, tip reddish. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2;%, % 2; inches. 

Hasirat.— Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Cachar; Burma ; Tenasserim; 
Malay Peninsula, etc. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 183 


Distripution.— This species appears to be not uncommon towards the North- 
Kastern frontier of India, occurring in Assam, Naga Hills, and Cachar” (de Nicéville, 
l.c. 170). Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained “ two males at Irangmara, Cachar, in July” 
(J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 359). Colonel C. Swinhoe notes it as “ rare at Cherra Punji, 
Khasias” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Captain E. Y. Watson obtained ‘“‘a single 
specimen at Tiling in March, during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90” (J. 
Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 40). Colonel C. H. E. Adamson records “ one specimen 
from Bhamo, taken in June, and one from Tenasserim, taken in February ” (List, p. 
23), he also possesses a female taken at Kathapa in January. Mr. W. Doherty took 
specimens at ‘‘ Margharita, and in the Karen Hills at 4000 to 5000 feet” (P. Z.S. 
1891, 277). Mr. Moti Ram obtained “a single male at Ponsekai, Tenasserim ” 
(J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 423). It also occurs in Sumatra, Java, Banca, and Borneo. 

PHILIPPINE ALLIED Svectus.—Chendrana Alcamene (Athyma Alcamene, Felder, 
Wien. Ent. Monats, 1863, p. 118. Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 139. pl. 27, 
fic. 8, 9, 2 (1889). Habitat—Mindanao; Phil. Isles. 


Genus ATHYMA. 
Athyma, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 272 (1850). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 11. Distant, 
Rhop. Malay. p. 156 (1883). de Niceville, Butt. India, ii. p, 165 (1886). 
Athyma (sect. 1, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861). 
Biblis (part), Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807). 
Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). 

Imaco.—Male. Wings short, rather broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa 
regularly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, scalloped, posterior 
margin recurved ; costal vein extending to a little beyond middle of the margin; 
first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before 
the end, third at about half beyond the cell and extending to the apex; upper 
discocellular almost obliterated, second discocellular short and outwardly concave ; 
cell area wide, open; minute Androconia or scent-scales, but very few in number, 
are present, chiefly upon the basal area between the median and submedian vein, 
these scales are elongated, narrower at the base than those in P. Nefte, with rounded 
ciliated apex, and basal hook on each side longer than the shaft. Hindwing short, 
broad, triangularly-ovate; costal margin convex, apex and exterior margin convex 
and strongly scalloped, anal angle rounded ; precostal vein incurved; radial emitted 
from second subcostal, at an equal distance from base of the first subcostal as the 
latter is from base of the costal; cell area short, broad, open. Body robust ; palpi 
slender, not quite reaching the vertex, compactly squamous at the sides, hairy at 
the base beneath and on second joint above, apex short, pointed; antennz with a 
long slender club; eyes naked. Sexes alike. 


184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


CaTERPILLAR.—Cylindrical, segments of equal thickness ; head larger than second 
segment, face, sides, and vertex spined; body armed with a subdorsal row of long 
branched-spines and two lateral rows of much shorter branched-spines, those of the 
5th, 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th of the subdorsal row shorter than the others. 

CurysaLis.—Somewkat elongate; wing cases prominent; with an elevated 
forward-projecting conical anterio-dorsal prominence and a conical thoracic 
prominence ; head-piece projected in front and acutely bifid. 

Typz.—A. Perius (Leucothoé). 


ATHYMA PERIUS (Plate 260, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, c,d, § 2). 


Papilio Perius, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 471 (1758); id. Mus. Ulrice, p. 261 (1764). Edit. xii, 1, 
pt. 2, p. 766 (1767). 

Athyma Perius, Aurivillius, Kongl. 8. V. Akad. Handl. xix. pp. 68, 69 (1882). Distant, Rhop. Malay. 
p- 157, pl. 16, fig. 2, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 166, pl. 20, fig. 89, 9 (1886). 

Papilio Leucothoé, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p.478 (1758). Clereck, Icones Ins. iii. (inedit.), pl. 5, fig. 4, 
dextere. Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 508 (1775). 

Acca Leucothoé, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). 

Nymphalis Leucothoé, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 430 (1823). 

Biblis Leucothoé, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, pl. 8, fig. 8, 3a, larva and pupa (1829). 

Limenitis Leucothoé, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. pl. 4, fig. 5 (1836). 
p. 65, pl. 35, fig. 3 (1842). 

Athyma Leucothoé, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 273 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. 


p. 170, pl. 5, fig. 11, 11a, darva and pupa (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 61 
(1869). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 51. 


Papilio Hylas, 9, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 486 (1758). 

Papilio Erosine, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 203, fig. E. F.(1779). Herbst, Pap. pl. 240, fig. 5,6 (1798). 
Najas Erosine, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 63 (1806-16). 

Papilio Leucothea, Fabr. Spec. Ins, ii. p. 96 (1781). 

Papilio Polyxena, Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 37, fig. 4 (1799). 


Westwood, Donovan’s Ins. China, 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; markings white ; 
cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a white basal streak and two spots 
within the cell; a subtriangular larger spot at end of the cell; a transverse discal 
excurved series of seven spots, the two upper elongated and narrow, the others 
increasingly oblong, the third and fourth smallest; followed by a submarginal 
undulated row of six very small more or less lunate spots, the upper five being 
disposed obliquely outward, and the lower inward, the upper spot sometimes, and 
the lower always, duplex; beyond is a marginal row of very indistinctly-defined 
Slender sullied-whitish lunules. Hindwing crossed by a broad white inner-discal 
band and a narrower submarginal macular band, the latter being inwardly bordered 
by a row of small distinct black spots ; a marginal row of very slender sullied-white 
lunules. All these markings are larger and broadest in the dry-season brood. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 185 


Underside bright yellowish-ochreous; markings as above, but all purer white, more 
or less margined with black; marginal lunules distinctly violescent-white and 
externally black-edged. forewing also with the posterior border interspaced with 
diffused pale purpurescent-black patches, and a black ringlet-mark below the cell. 
Hindwing also with a subbasal white band edged with black along the precostal 
vein, this band also extending hindward along the abdominal margin; the discal 
band more or less margined on each side with black, the submarginal band entire, 
with the black spots disposed within its inner edge. Body and palpi above black ; 
thorax with two white bands and abdomen with white segmental bands; collar and 
vertex ochreous; palpi beneath and legs greyish-white; antennz black, its basal 
joint white beneath. 

Expanse, 2,% to 3 inches. 

CATERPILLAR.—Cylindrical; segments of equal thickness; head larger than 
second segment, face, sides and vertex spined; segments armed with a subdorsal 
row of long branched-spines and two lateral rows of much shorter branched-spines, 
those on the 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, and 13th segment of the subdorsal row shorter 
than the others. Head black, with red spines; body pale green, beneath and legs 
reddish, spines red. 

CurysALis.—Somewhat elongate; brown, richly gilt wing cases prominent; 
with an elevated forward-projecting conical anterio-dorsal prominence and a conical 
thoracic prominence ; head-piece projected in front and acutely bifid. 

Hasrrat.—India; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Siam, &c. 

DISTRIBUTION WITHIN OUR AREA.—‘‘ This is one of the commonest as well as the 
most widely distributed species of the genus. It occurs throughout the outer 
ranges of the Himalayas and in Eastern, South-Western and Southern India to 
Travancore—but not in Ceylon—throughout Burma and the Malay Peninsula” (de 
Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 167). From the Western Himalayas Col. A. M. Lang 
records its capture at ‘‘ Kasawli, April to October” (MS. Notes). Capt. H. B. 
Hellard took it in “Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir, June to October” (MS. Notes). 
Mr. W. Doherty records it from ‘‘Kumaon generally, from 1000 to 6000 feet 
elevation ; unlike the other species of Athyma it prefers open meadows to forests” 
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 125). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes it is much rarer in 
Sikkim than in the N.W. Himalayas and Khasia Hills. Mr. Moller notes it as being 
found up to 3000 feet all the year round, but I have never observed it myself” 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 353). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has taken it in Bhotan. Mr. L. 
de Nicéville obtained “two specimens taken in the Calcutta District in the cold 
weather’’ (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 45). Mr. J. Wood-Mason took “twenty-four male 
and eleven female specimens at Silcuri in Cachar between April and September” 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 359). 

VOL. III. Bb 


186 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


In Southern India, Col. C. Swinhoe took it in ‘* Belgaum and at Khandalla, in 
December, in hilly places” (P. Z. S. 1885, 180). Mr. HE. H. Aitken says “this is 
common at Khandalla, Lanowlie and Matherhan, but I did not find it last March 
at Mahableshwar, which is 2000 feet higher. It does not occur on the Plains. I 
found its larva at Matheran in March feeding on Gilochidion lanceolatum, one of the 
commonest trees on the Hill. It lays its eggs by preference on the young shoots 
that come up from the roots” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 184). “It is not at all 
a common species in Kanara, but very abundant everywhere on the Hills further 
North” (J. Davidson and EH. H. Aitken, zd. 1890, 275). ‘‘It appears during the 
latter part of the rainy season and probably for some time after, if it does not last 
till May. Itis more like a Neptis in its ways than Mahesa and Selenophora. The 
larva feeds commonly on G. lanceolatum and velutinum” (ad. 1.c. 1896, 253). Dr. 
J. Shortt obtained it on the Shevaroy Hills (Notes). Mr. G. F. Hampson took it 
on the Nilgiris, at 3000 to 7000 feet elevation (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. 
H. 8. Ferguson records it as “rather rare in Travancore at 2000 to 4000 feet” 
(Jj. A. S. Beng. 1891, 9). 

In Burma, Capt. EH. Y. Watson obtained it during the Chin-Lushai Expedition 
of 1889-90 at “Pauk and Tiling, from December to April. Not common” (J. 
Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 40). Col. C. T. Bingham took it at Chittagong in October, 
and at Yetho in August. Col. C. H. H. Adamson records it as “very common in 
Burma, from May to September” (List, Burm. Butt. p. 22). Signor L. Fea took 
it at Meteleo in August and in Bhamo in November. Dr. N. Manders records it 
as ‘common everywhere in the Shan States, Upper Burma” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 
523). Mr. Moti Ram obtained it in “‘ Tavoy and Ponsekai, Tenasserim”’ (J. A. 8S. 
Beng. 1887, 423). Dr. J. Anderson found it “common in the Mergui Archipelago 
in December and January”’ (J. Linn. Soc. Z. 1886, 37). 

DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE ouR ArgEA.—It also occurs in N.H. Sumatra, where it is 
“‘common everywhere from near the sea and extending to the Central Plateau. It 
was very plentiful before the advent of tobacco cultivation, but is now somewhat 
rare in those districts. As soon as these are left behind it appears everywhere on 
roads and the margins of small forest” (de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 417). 
Dr. Horsfield obtained it and reared the larva in Java. The late Consul Robert 
Swinhoe obtained it in Hainan and Formosa. It also occurs at Chentaboom in 
Siam, and in S. China, and Mr. J. J. Walker records it as “very plentiful in 
Hongkong in December, but already getting very worn, and it remained on the 
wing three or four weeks. It reappeared in the following March, but was not 
nearly so common as before. It frequents sunny road-sides, and has a strong and 
graceful fight” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 456). 

Hasits or Imaco.—Capt. Mortimer J. Slater, in his MS. Notes, p. 152, observes, 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 187 


‘This insect and its allies hover and flit in the air, especially in little open places, 
as where two paths meet, and over pools of water, &e.; common at Dacca.” 
Mr. W. Doherty says, “Unlike the other species of Athyma observed in Kumaon, 
it prefers open meadows to forests” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125); and again, as 
observed in Sumba, “ This species occurs in open meadows, unlike all its allies” 
(id. 1891, 175). The late Consul R. Swinhoe observed it at Takow, Formosa, 
“Common on bushes and grassy places, fluttering and sailing through the air. 
It sucks the sap of wounded trees. The males fight for the females” (P. Z. 8. 
1866, 359). 

Foop-Piants or Larva.—Messrs. Davidson and Aitken found the larva at 
Matheran, in Bombay, feeding on Glochidion lanceolatum and velutinum. The female 
laying its eggs by preference on the young shoots that come up from the roots” 
(J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 134). In Java, according to Dr. Horsfield, ‘ the larva 
is found in April feeding on a species of Phyllanthus, bearing the native name 
of Dempul-lolot.” 

Mimtcry.—Mr. L. de Nicéville observes that “it is doubtless a good mimic of 
our commonest species of Neptis (NV. Leucothoé), together with which it is always 
found, and from which it is not easily differentiated on the wing, but, if pursued, 
it at once assumes its stronger and bolder proper Athyma-like flight” (Butt. of 
N.E. Sumatra, J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 417). 


Genus CONDOCHATES. 
Athyma (part), Westwood. de Nicéville. 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa very slightly arched, apex 
rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave and slightly scalloped, posterior 
margin long; first subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the celi, 
second at one-fifth before the end; middle discocellular concave posteriorly, lower 
discocellular slender, slightly oblique; middle median emitted at a short distance 
before lower end of the cell; minute Androconia or scent-scales, similar to those in 
Pantoporia, are present, but very few in number, and found chiefly upon the area 
between the median and submedian vein of the upperside. Hindwing triangular, 
exterior margin oblique, slightly convex, scalloped, anal angle obtuse; cell area 
very broad, open. Body moderately robust; palpi slender, laxly clothed, apex 
pointed ; antennz with a well-formed club; eyes hairy; sexes alike. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Hlongated. Head small, nodular in front, two frontal short 
nodular spines, and two lateral rows of longer stouter spines. Body with a 
subdorsal row of slender branched-spines from the 3rd to last segment, those on 
the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 11th, and 12th being the longest ; on the 3rd segment is a similar 

Bb 2 


188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


but shorter lateral branched-spine, and also a Jess sized lateral spine on the 4th, 
6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th segments, below these is a sublateral series 
consisting of delicate shorter single spines, with a branched-spine on centre of each 
segment. (Described from specimen preserved by Rev. J. H. Hocking, in Coll. 
British Museum.) 

CurysaLis.—Abdomen attenuating to the end, with a short dorsal projected 
keel on each segment, a large broad keeled anterio-dorsal dilated prominence and 
a thoracic conical prominence; wing cases dilated and pointed anteriorly, rounded 
posteriorly ; head-piece bifid, the tips lengthened, pointed, laterally divergent, and 
twisted ; ventral surface arched. 

Typz.—C. Opalina. 


CONDOCHATES OPALINA. 
Dry-season brood (Plate 261, fig. 1, la, b, larva and pupa, ¢ 9). 


Limenitis Opalina, Kollar, Hugél’s, Kashmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 427 (1844). 

Athyma Opalina, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 274 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Com- 
pany, i. p. 171, pl. 5a, fig. 2, (1857); id. P. Z. S. 1858, p. ii. ; P. Z.S. 1882, p. 241, pl. 11, 
fig. 3, larva. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 173 (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-black; markings creamy-white ; 
cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a white streak and two spots within the 
cell, a lengthened triangular spot beyond the cell, which is accompanied, generally, 
by a very slightly apparent small sullied spot at its upper angle ; a transverse discal 
excurved series of spots, the upper three being subapical, disposed obliquely- 
outward, and elongated, the first indistinct and divided by the subcostals, the 
lower five disposed obliquely-inward, and increasing in width, the fourth being 
smallest and triangular, the two next more or less broadly ovate, with 
their base directed outward, and the two lower quadrate; beyond is a 
submarginal more or less indistinctly-defined lunular pale brown line which is 
most apparent and whitish at its upper and lower end; followed by a marginal 
indistinct slender pale brown even line. Hindwing crossed by a broad white even- 
edged straight inner discal band, and an outer discal narrower somewhat macular 
band formed of broad lunate spots, followed by a marginal pale brown even line. 
Underside dark ferruginous; markings as above. forewing with the area below cell 
sullied with pale purpurescent-blackish patches between the veins, and the middle of 
the outer borders powdered with violet-grey scales; marginal lines distinct and 
mostly violet-grey. Hindwing also with a subbasal short narrow greyish-white band 
extending from the precostal vein; the outer discal area powdered with violet-grey ; 
marginal line distinct and violet-grey ; abdominal margin bluish-grey. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, the ground colour somewhat paler, and all 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 189 


the white markings broader. Underside also with the ground colour paler, otherwise 
as in the male. 

Body and palp iabove black; thorax iridescent golden-green in front; collar 
white spotted ; abdomen with a basal bluish-white band ; palpi beneath white, edged 
with black; forelegs and middle and hind femora below greyish-white, middle and 
hind tarsi pale brownish-ochreous ; antennz black, tip reddish. 

Expanse, 2,9 to 2,5, ¢ 2,% to 3 inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 261, fig. c,d, J 2). 
Athyma orientalis, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 354, pl. 9, fig. 4, $; P. Z. S. 1891, p. 277. 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside darker black than in dry-season brood, 
all the markings comparatively narrower, and of a sullied white tint. Underside of 
the same ground-colour, with the markings narrower, as above. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,8, ? 3 inches. 

CavErPILtar.—Hlongated. Head small, yellowish-red; front blackish, studded 
with several whitish nodules in front, two frontal short nodular spines and two 
lateral rows of longer stouter black-tipt spines. Body green, with a subdorsal row 
of slender black-tipt branched-spines on the third to last segment, those on the 
third, fourth, sixth, eleventh, and twelfth segments being the longest ; on the third 
segment is a similar but shorter lateral black-tipt branched-spine, and also a less 
sized spine on the fourth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh 
segments ; below these is a sublateral series consisting of delicate short single spines 
with a branched-spine on centre of each segment; front legs blackish. (Described 
from specimen preserved by Rev. J. H. Hocking, in Coll. Brit. Mus.). 

CurysaLis.—Abdomen attenuating to the end, with a short dorsal projected keel 
on each segment; a large broad keeled anterio-dorsal dilated prominence, and a 
thoracic conical prominence; wing cases dilated and pointed anteriorly, rounded 
posteriorly ; head-piece bifid, the tips lengthened, pointed, laterally divergent, 
auriform and twisted; ventral surface arched. Colour pale yellowish-testaceous, 
processes partly dark brown; two parallel macular brown stripes on the abdomen 
below, and a lateral row of brown spots. 

Hasitat.— Western and Hastern Himalayas ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma. 

Distrisution.—‘‘ A very common species in the Western Himalayas at about 
6000 feet elevation” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 173. “I have taken perfect 
specimens from March to November, so that it must be poly-brooded. It has a very 
swift flight, but often settles. It is met with everywhere from the bottoms of the 
Valleys to the tops of the Hills” (id. Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880). Capt. 
H. B. Hellard took it at Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir, June to October (MS. Notes). 
Major J. W. Yerbury at Thundiani in August and September, at 8700 feet 


190 - LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


elevation” (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 142). Specimens: from the Chumba Valley, 
September, Narkunda, April, and Kaujiar, April, are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s 
collection. Capt. A. M. Lang obtained it “‘at Kasauli in April and May, 
floating from tree to tree. Also at Simla from May to November. Larva 
found at Masuri, on April 21st, 1868, at 6500 feet elevation, feeding on 
Berberis. Colour deep apple-green, shagreened with paler minute points; a pale 
yellowish line above the feet; head small, hemispherical, yellowish-red, studded 
with short pale black-tipt spines; 2nd segment small, 8rd and 4th large, broad and 
angular, the rest gradually diminishing to the end ; on each segment (except the 
second) a transverse row of red spines, the lowest between the feet very small and 
white tipt; the next lateral spines rather larger, forked with black points; the sub- 
-dorsal long and branched with numerous black-tipt spinelets, those on the 3rd, 4th, 
6th, 10th, and 11th much the longest; four or five red black-tipt spines at the anal 
extremity ; spiracles inconspicuous except on the second segment where they are 
large and black; prolegs pale yellowish. Moulted on the 25th, form entirely as 
before, but colour deep yellow, with a broad lateral stripe of mottled blue-green. 
Turned into a pendent pupa on the 28th. The imago emerged on May 
15th” (MS. Notes). The larva has also been found by Rev. J. H. Hocking, in 
Kangra, “ feeding on Kusmul, in August” (P. Z. 8. 1882, 241). Mrs. 8. Robson 
records the life history of this species, as observed at Masuri (J. Bombay, N. H. 8. 
1894, 338). Mr. W. Doherty took it in the Upper Himalayan region, from Naini Tal, 
6000 feet, and Askot, 4500 feet, up to Dwali, nearly 10,000 feet elevation (J. A. S. 
Beng. 1886, 125). We possess males of the dry and wet-season forms from General 
Ramsay’s Nepal collection, and also from Sikkim, both sexes of the dry-season form 
from Simla, Masuri, and from Thundiani—taken in May by Major J. W. Yerbury. 
“Tn Sikkim it is found in the forests at 2000 to 7000 feet elevation from April to 
October, but is not common, and is difficult to take as it settles on high trees, and 
only descends to the ground at long intervals” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
354). According to Mr. L. de Nicéville ‘ this species is at least double brooded, and 
is found in Sikkim from April to October. It is also seasonably dimorphic; the 
form which occurs in the dry-season (spring) is quite typical opalina, while that found 
in the wet-season is much darker, richer-coloured, and narrower banded” (Sikkim 
Gaz. 1894, 141). Colonel C. Swinhoe records one specimen of the dry-season form 
from Cherra Punji, and a series of the wet-season form from Shillong, in the Khasia 
Hills (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Mr. W. Doherty took males of the wet-season 
form in the Naga Hills, and others nearer to the typical opalina in the Karen Hills, 
Burma” (P. Z. 8. 1891, 277). Capt. E. Y. Watson tooka single specimen in the 
. Chin Hills, Burma, at 5000 feet elevation, in May (J. Bombay, N. H. 8. 1897, 655). 
Lirz History.‘ May 18th, 1894.—I saw at Masuri, in the Western Himalayas, 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group LIMENITINA.) 191 


a female of Athyma opalina, lay on the leaves of Berberis aristata, Hook. It fluttered 
over the leaves, and curled the apex of its abdomen under a leaf, depositing an egg 
on the underside. The egg is round, but is a little flattened at its base where it 
rests on the leaf. When first laid it is brown, and is covered with silvery dots 
which glisten in the sun. May 18th.—The ovum turned to a greenish-yellow with 
a brown crescent to be seen through its centre. May 20th.—This dark mark filled 
the anterior moiety of the egg, the posterior moiety being of a light dirty yellow. 
May 21st.—Larva emerged, but no trace of the egg-shell was to be seen, so probably 
its first meal was made off the shell. Larva a quarter of an inch long, of adull green 
colour, with a very large brown head. June 5th.—Larva now about five-eighths of 
an inch in length, colour brown, with a bright green dorsal patch, and covered with 
small tufts. June 6th.—Larva changed its skin during the night, and is now much 
more bristly. June 9th.—Larva again changed its skin. The spines are now more 
prominent. June 13th.—Larva changed in the night from a dark brown to a 
beautiful green colour, very closely resembling the colour of its food-plant. There 
is a spiracular somewhat lunulated narrow yellow band. This band is whitish on 
the last three segments ; the underside is brown, merging into pale green on the 
last three segments. The legs and claspers are also brown, but of a darker shade. 
Head round, colour raw-sienna ; two A-shaped dark bars on the face are covered with 
minute white spines. Two black spines on the top of the head; the rest of the head 
covered with raw-sienna-coloured spines. The 3rd and 4th segments are each armed 
with a whorl of four branched raw-sienna-coloured spines. The 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 
and 10th segments with smaller spines; the 12th segment with two branched-spines; 
the 13th segment with four simple anal spines, and two small branched-spines just 
above them. The subdorsal series is very much the largest, particularly so on the 
fifth segment. All the branches are of a darker brown colour tipped with white. 
The larva is entirely covered with minute white spots. June 20th.—There is now a 
dorsal band, moss-green in colour, spotted with darker green; a broad lateral blue 
band lined transversely with darker blue bars crossing the band obliquely ; a some- 
what irregular narrow spiracular band extending from the 6th to the 13th segments, 
colour orange and pale ochreous alternately, the orange colour corresponding with 
the middle of each segment; posterior to this is an interrupted brownish line. Legs 
black; claspers and abdomen pale whitish-green. Length 1}in. June 21st.— 
Larva suspended itself by the anal claspers. Oolour throughout yellowish-white. 
During the day from the head to about the middle the larva became much 
yellower, and the posterior half became almost quite white. June 22nd.—Pupa 
of a dingy white. June 23rd.—Pupa of a brilliant metallic hue, and looks like 
burnished gold with burnished silver wing-cases. July 6th.—Imago emerged.” 


Mrs. 8. Robson (J. Bombay, N. H. 8. 1894, p. 338.) 


192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


CHINESE ALLIED Spuctus.—Condochates constricta (Athyma constricta, Alpheraky, 
Rom. Mém. 1889, p. 110, pl. 5. Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 172). 
Hasrrat.—W. China. 


Genus TACOLA. 


Athyma (sect. 1, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 32 (1861). 


Imaco.—Male. forewing subtriangular; costa well arched, apex obtuse, 
exterior margin slightly oblique and scalloped, posterior margin long; cell area very 
broad, open ; first subcostal emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second 
at one-seventh before the end; second discocellular angled. Hindwing short, 
triangular; costa much arched in the middle, apex somewhat pointed, exterior 
margin very oblique, convex and scalloped ; cell area very broad. Body very robust ; 
palpi stout, compactly clothed below, hairy above, apical joint short, stout, and 
obtusely pointed ; antennz very long, with a stoutish elongated club; eyes naked; 
sexes alike. 

Tyrz.—T. Larymna. 


TACOLA LARYMNA (Plate 262, fig. 1, la, b, 3 2). 


Limenitis Larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep.ii. pl. 35, fig. 1 (1850). 

Athyma Larymna, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 274 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. Com- 
pany, i. p. 172 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 159, pl. 16, fig. 1, g (1883). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 167 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black, with darker inter- 
spaces between the veins; markings bluish-white fading to creamy-white; cilia 
alternated with white. Forewing with an elongated claviform white cell-streak, 
which is divided into three portions by a round spot across its middle; a large 
elongated triangular discocellular spot beyond the cell; a transverse discal excurved 
series of spots—composed of two large elongated spots preceded by a very small 
slender subcostal streak, a larger oval discal spot between the middle and lower 
medians, and two irregularly quadrate lower spots; beyond which is a submarginal 
row of slender lunules, the one above the upper median being much larger and 
forming a rounded spot; followed by a less-defined pale brownish-white marginal 
lunular line. Hindwing crossed by a rather narrow white inner-discal band and an 
outer-discal macular band, followed by a marginal pale brownish-white lunular line. 
Underside ochreous-brown, the outer area suffused with pale lilacine-grey; the 
interspaces between the veins clouded with darker brown; markings as above, but 
pale lilacine-white. Forewing also with a portion of the cell-streak broader but less 


NYMPHALIN ZG, (Group LIMENITINA.) 193 


defined ; a small white patch above the discocellular triangular spot. Hindwing also 
with a narrow white subbasal band, two very slightly-defined medial-discal lilacine- 
white sinuous lines, and the marginal line very distinct. Body and palpi above black, 
a bluish-white band on thorax and abdomen; palpi beneath whitish and streaked 
with black; body and legs beneath greyish-white ; middle and hind femora above 
brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,4, 2 38,4, inches. 

Hasirat.—Upper Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo. 

Disrrisution.—A male, taken by Colonel C. T. Bingham in the Yé Valley, 
Upper Tenasserim, in February, 1893, is in the British Museum Collection. Signor 
Leonardo Fea obtained it at Meteleo, Upper Tenasserim, in August. Capt. 
Pinwill took it at Malacca. Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as “decidedly rare in 
N.E. Sumatra, and always found only singly, on feces and moist spots on forest 
roads” (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1895, 417). It also occurs at Sarawak, Borneo, 

Matayan Spxcres.—Tacola Magindana (Athyma Magindana, Semper, Reisen 
Phil. Lep. p. 140, pl. 27, fig. 10, 5; id. pl. 28, fig. 1, 2, ¢? (1889). Habitat. 
Philippine Islands —Tucola Hulimene (Nymph. Eulimene, Godart, Encyc. Méth. ix. 
p- 429 (1823). Syn. Athyma Jocaste, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1859, p. 182 ; id. 
Reise Novara, Lep. pl. 56, fig, 1-3, ¢?. Athyma Badoura, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
1866, p. 100. Habitat. Amboina; Celebes. 


Genus PANTOPORIA. 


Pantoporia, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 56 (1881). 

Athyma (sect, 2, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 32 (1861). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 171 
(1886). 

Athyma (part), Westwood. 

Imaco.—Male. Jorewing subtriangular; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior 
margin oblique, slightly concave in the middle, and slightly scalloped ; first sub- 
costal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-seventh 
before the end; upper discocellular short, middle discocellular outwardly-oblique, 
concave anteriorly, lower discocellular concave, slender, but distinct ; middle median 
emitted considerably before lower end of the cell. Androconia, or scent-scales, in a 
very limited number, are present, chiefly upon the basal area of the upperside, between 
the median and submedian vein ; these scales are very minute, elongated, broadest 
and rounded anteriorly, and finely ciliated in front, the base being angled hindward on 
each side into a fine pointed hook longer than the basal shaft. MHindwing short, 
triangular ; costa slightly convex, apex obtuse, exterior margin very oblique, convex, 
scalloped, anal angle obtusely pointed ; precostal vein long, incurved; cell area 


VoL. II. ce 


194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


short, open ; subcostal branch and radial at equal distances from the costa. Body 
moderately stout; palpi rather stout, apex sharply poimted, compactly clothed ; 
antennal club elongated; eyes naked; sexes dissimilar. 

CATERPILLAR.—(Inara). ‘‘ Cylindrical, with six rows of fine branched-spines, 
the dorsal row longer than the lateral, and those on the 3rdand 4th segments longer 
than the rest ; the 2nd segment unarmed; base of the legs set with short simple 
spines ; head covered with short simple spines and tubercles.” 

Curysatis.— Like that of Athyma Mahesa, but of the processes on the back the 
posterior one is much longer and more inclined forward ” (Davidson and Aitken). 

Mimicry IN THE Femates.—The females of the species of this genus are, 
apparently, all mimetic. The female of P. Kresna has the coloration and pale dull 
olivescent-ochreous markings of a Neptis, and is probably a mimic of NV. Anjana and 
its allies Harita and Omeroda. The females of P. Inara and P. Cama have ochreous- 
red markings, and both probably mimic the red-banded Neptis Viraja and its allies. 
The female of P. Selenophora, with its creamy-white markings, is an excellent mimic 
of the allied Condochates Opalina, even to the white band on the abdomen, which 
latter is not present inthe male of Selenophora. The female of P. rufula, also, is 
probably a mimic of Neptis Nar and of Neptis Mananda. The female of P. Zeroca, 
both on the upper and underside resembles Neptis Quiita and its ally N. Nashona, of 
which it is probably a mimic. 

Typrz.—P. Nefte. 


PANTOPORIA NIVIFERA (Plate 262, fig. 2, 2a,b, d 9). 


Athyma nivifera, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 540, pl. 69, fig. 4,¢. Moore, Journ. Linn. 
Soe. Zool. 1886, p. 37. 

Athyma Nefte, var. nivifera, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 163, pl. 16, fig. 6,7, ¢ & (1883). 

Athyma Nefte, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 51, ¢ 2. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent-black, with intervening blacker patches 
between the veins; cilia slightly alternated with white; markings bluish-white. 
Forewing with a narrow basal obscurely-divided bluish-white cell-streak joimed to 
a large rounded spot at end of the cell and then to a narrow triangular disco- 
cellular spot beyond the cell, the basal and terminal portion being speckled with 
blue scales; three conjoined subapical outwardly-oblique ovate spots, below which 
are three discal inwardly-oblique spots, the upper situated between the middle and 
lower medians, being large, laterally elongated and oval, the two lower much 
narrower, the middle one being indented at its sides; beyond is a submarginal row 
of obscurely-defined very narrow brownish-white lunules, and then a less defined 
slender pale brown marginal line. Hindwing crossed by an inner-discal bluish-white 


NYMPHALINA. (Group LIMENITINA.) 195 


band, and a submarginal narrow lunulate macular band followed by a slender 
marginal pale brown line; the discal band inwardly-edged with blue scales. Under- 
side pale purpurescent-brown, with diffused blackish intervening patches between 
the veins; cell streak and the transverse markings, as on upperside, violaceous- 
white. Hindwing also with a violaceous-white narrow subbasal band; abdominal 
margin bluish-grey. Body and palpi above black; thorax and abdomen with a 
bluish-white band ; body and palpi beneath, and legs beneath greyish-white ; antennz 
black, tip beneath reddish. 

Female. Upperside dark brown, with blackish intervening bordering patches 
between the veins ; markings, disposed as in the male, reddish-ochreous, palest in the 
dry-season specimens. Underside brownish-ochreous, with diffused blackish inter- 
vening patches ; the markings as on upperside, but paler ochreous, in some sullied 
ochreous-white. Hindwing also with a narrow subbasal band. Thorax and 
abdomen above with an ochreous band. 

Expanse, 3d 2;4, ? 2% to 2,8 inches. 

Hasirat.—Mergui, Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

DistRipution.—Males were taken by Dr. J. Anderson on Kisserang Island, and 
in Mergui, in December (J. Linn. Soc. Z. 1886, 37). Mr. Moti Ram also took a 
“male in Tavyoy”’ (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1887, 423). The type was taken in Malacca. 
Mr. Distant records it from Province Wellesley and Malacca (l.c. p. 163). It also 
occurs on Nias Island, Sumatra, and Borneo. 


PANTOPORIA KRESNA (Plate 263, fiz. 1, la, b,c, ¢ ?). 


Athyma Kresna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 12, pl. 50, fig. 4, ¢. Distant, Rhop. Malay. pp. 161, 
445, pl. 16, fig. 3, g (1883). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 37. de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete., ii. p. 173 (1886). 

Athyma Subrata, Moore, P. Z. 8, 1858, p. 18, pl. 51, fig. 1, 9. Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 344, 
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 164, pl. 16, fig. 4, 2. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 181, 9. 


Imvaco—Male. Upperside purpurescent brownish-black, with blacker 
intervening borderings to the markings; cilia slightly alternated with white; 
markings very prominent and bluish-white. Forewing with a bluish-white claviform 
cell-streak divided into three portions, the division of the two basal portions being 
more or less incomplete and slightly defined; a very large broadly-triangular disco- 
cellular spot beyond; three subapical oblique oval spots, a large rounded discal 
spot and two lower narrow spots, the upper one slightly indented at the sides; 
beyond is a submarginal row of distinctly-defined lunules, followed by a slightly- 
defined pale brown marginal line. Hindwing crossed by a narrow inner-discal band 
and a submarginal row of narrower lunate spots, followed by a pale brown 

qoe2 


196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


marginal line. Underside ochreous-brown, with blackish diffused patches intervening 
between the veins; markings bluish-white as above. Forewing also with a short 
narrow subbasal white band, and bluish-grey abdominal margin. 

Female. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown; markings pale dull 
olivescent-ochreous, these are similar in shape and are disposed as in the female of 
P. Nefte and nivifera, but are all narrower and much less defined. Underside paler, 
and duller ochreous-brown than the upperside, with diffused blackish intervening 
patches between the veins; markings as on upperside, but duller and very pale 
violaceous-white. Hindwing also with a pale violaceous-white subbasal band. 
Body and palpi above brownish-black; thorax and abdomen with a bluish-white 
band in the male, and a pale olivescent-ochreous band in the female; body, palpi, 
and legs beneath greyish-white ; antenne black, tip reddish. 

Hxpanse, d 2,4 to2%,, 2 26, to 2,8 imches. 

HasiraTr,— Assam ; Hastern Bengal ; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, ete. 

Distripution.—A male, labelled, Assam, is in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection. 
A female, verified as Subrata, was taken in Hastern Bengal by Mr. A. HE. Russell 
(P. Z. 8S. 1865, 763). Captain EH. Y. Watson obtained a “ single male at Poungadaw, 
Upper Burma” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 5). Dr. J. Anderson took “two 
males at Minthantoung in December, and three females (Subrata) in Mergui, in 
December and March” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). Mr. W. L. Distant records 
it from Malacca and Province Wellesley, Malay Peninsula (lc. p. 161). It also 
occurs in Sumatra, and Borneo. We have verified specimens of both sexes from 
Sandakan, N. Borneo, in Mr. D. Cator’s collection, taken in January, February, 
April, May, and July. We have it also from Malacca, Singapore, and Sarawak. 

Mimicry.—The female of this species has the coloration and markings of a 
Neptis, and is probably a mimic of NV. Anjana, Harita, or Omeroda. 


PANTOPORIA INARA. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 264, fig. 1, la, b, g 9). 
Limenitie Inara, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D, Lep, ii. pl. 34, fig. 3, g (1850). 


Athyma Inara, Westwood, Gen. D, Lep. ii. p. 274 (1850), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p, 179 
(1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent brownish-black, with blacker inter- 
vening bordering to the markings ; cilia slightly alternated with white. Both wings 
crossed by a broad discal bluish-white band edged with darker blue scales. Forewing 
also with a narrow bluish-white speckled obscure ochreous streak in the cell, a more 
prominent whiter spot at its end, and a white-speckled obscure triangular spot 
beyond the cell; the discal band composed of three large white subapical oblique 


NYMPHALINA, (Group LIMENITINA.) 197 


conjoined spots and a subcostal very slender speckled streak above, four lower 
discal inwardly-disposed conjoined spots, the upper being very small and triangularly 
ovate, the others very broad and quadrate, the third indented at the sides ; a sub- 
marginal row of irregular reddish-ochreous lunules, which are much the widest 
anteriorly and palest posteriorly, followed by a marginal pale greyish-brown line, 
Hindwing crossed by a broad white discal band, which is narrowest anteriorly, a 
submarginal reddish-ochreous broad lunular band decreasing anteriorly, followed by 
a marginal pale greyish-brown line. Underside pale dull reddish-ochreous, with 
very obscure darker-clouded intervening discal patches between the markings ; the 
discal broad band and cell spots as above, violaceous-white. Forewing also with a 
slight whitish-bordered blackish spot below the cell, and the two outer marginal 
series of lunules violaceous-white posteriorly. Hindwing also with a basal short 
curved violaceous-white streak above the costal vein; the submarginal broad lunular 
band violaceous-white posteriorly ; the outer marginal line also violaceous-white ; 
abdominal margin-blnish-grey. 

Female. Upperside paler brownish-black, with reddish-ochreous cell-streak, 
discal band and submarginal lunular band ; the cell-streak prominent, lengthened, 
the parts fused together but thrice indented on the upper edge ; the discal band 
touching the submarginal lunules above the upper and lower medians ; marginal 
line pale greyish-brown. Underside pale dull reddish-ochreous with slightly darker 
intervening discal patches; cell-streak and basal spot on forewing, and transverse 
bands on both wings, as in male, but all broader, more obscurely defined, and mostly 
suffused outwardly with ochreous. Body and palpi above brownish-black ; a bluish- 
white band on thorax and abdomen in male, and ochreous-white in female; body and 
palpi beneath and legs greyish-white ; antenne black above, reddish beneath. 

Expanse, d 2,4, 2 2;% inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 264, fig. 1,¢,d,e, g ?). 


Athyma Inarina, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 304. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 179 
(1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ, Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 254. 
Athyma Inara, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1858, pl. 1, fig. 6, g. 


Tuaco.—Male and female somewhat larger than the dry-season form. Male. 
Upperside with similar but brighter-coloured markings. Forewing differs only in 
the narrow basal cell-streak being more reddish-ochreous, its end spot prominently 
white, and the discocellular spot beyond more or less distinct ; the transverse discal 
white band on both wings is narrower, and on the hindwing the submarginal 
ochreous-red lunular band is also narrower. Underside brighter reddish-ochreous 
than in dry-season form, markings the same but more prominent, the transverse 
discal bands narrower, as on the upperside, with distinct black intervening patches 


198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


on the forewing, and a distinct row of small black patches between the discal and 
submarginal band on the hindwing; the extreme outer border of both wings being 
also blackish. 

Female. Upperside similar to the dry-season form, the ground-colour and 
markings brighter, the discal bands variable in width but comparatively narrower, 
the discoidal streak more distinctly divided. Underside of a deeper and brighter 
reddish-ochreous, the markings more defined, with intervening blackish diffused 
patches as in male. 

Expanse, 3 2,4, to 2,8, ? 2,5 to 3,2, inches. 

CaTERPILLAR.—‘ Cylindrical ; with six rows of fine branched-spines, the dorsal 
being longer than the lateral, and those on the third and fourth segments longer 
than the rest, the second segment unarmed; the bases of the legs set with short 
simple spines; colour pure green, with a large brown patch on the ninth segment ; 
spines brown, and head dark brown ; head covered with short simple brown spines 
and white tubercles’? (Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1896, 254), 

Curysatis.—‘‘ Like that of Athyma Mahesa, but of the processes on the back the 
posterior one is much longer and more inclined forward ”’ (id. 254). 

Hasitat.—Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam; Cachar; Silhet; Khasias; Orissa ; 
South India. 

DistrisuTion.—“‘ This is a very common species, occurring in Sikkim at low 
elevations, and in the Terai, and Hastward as far as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, but 
it is rare in South India. There is a single male from the Wynaad in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, taken by Mr. R. Morgan. Mr. W.C. Taylor has taken it in 
Orissa’ (de Nicéville, lc. 180). We have specimens from Nepal, taken by the 
late General G. Ramsay. Mr. H. J. Elwes says it is “ common at low elevations in 
Sikkim from March to December” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 356). Colonel C. Swinhoe 
records it as “fairly common in the Khasias” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1898, 283). Mr. J. 
Wood-Mason obtained ‘‘six males and four females in the forests near Silcuri, 
Cachar, in June and August” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 360). In South India, Messrs. 
Davidson and Aitken observes that ‘‘ males are common on the Hill tops from 
August onwards. We get few females. We obtained the larva feeding on 
Gloenidion velutinum and zeylanicum” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, 254). Colonel 
Swinhoe has specimens from ‘‘ Karwar, N. Kanara, taken in August, October, and 
November” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained “two males 
and one female on the Nilgiris at 3000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8.. Beng. 1888, 354). 
Captain H. Y. Watson records “one male taken at Kathlekan, Mysore, in 
November” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1890, 5). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson found it “ very rare in 
Travancore, one specimen only being taken in July, near Trevandrum” (J. A. 8. 
Beng. 1891, 9). 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA«.) 199 


PANTOPORIA ASITA (Plate 263, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ 2). 
Athyma Asita, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc, 1858, p. 18, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 180 
(1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside with similar markings to P. Inara. Differs on the 
forewing in the portions of the discoidal streak being all bluish-white, the discal 
band comparatively narrower, and the lower submarginal lunules from the upper 
median being also white. Hindwing also with the inner band and the submarginal 
lunular band both white. Underside similar to Inara, except that the submarginal 
lunular band on hindwing is entirely white. 

Female. Upperside similar to Inara, but with all the markings paler ochreous, 
the submarginal lower lunules on the forewing being also ochreous and _ broader. 
Underside also similar, but duller coloured, the submarginal lunular band on both 
wings being whitish throughout. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;4, ? 2,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Burma; Shan States; Tenasserim, etc. 

Nove.—The above descriptions are taken from the type male, now in Mr. H. 
Grose-Smith’s collection, and from a female in our own possession. 

Distrinution.— We have verified a male and female in Colonel C. H. E. 
Adamson’s collection, taken in “ Burma, where it is a common insect on hilly 
ground throughout the rains. Specimens from the South have, as arule, less orange 
than those from further North” (List of Burm. Butt. p. 23). A female, taken by 
Colonel C. T. Bingham in the Yunzalee Valley, in April, is in the British Museum 
Collection. A female from the Shan States is in our own collection. Mr. Otto 
Limborg obtained both sexes at Ponsekai, in Tavoy (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 423), A 
male and female, from Hong Kong, is in Mr, P. Crowley’s collection. We have 
verified specimens of both sexes of this species, taken in Hong Kong by Mr. J. J. 
Walker, who refers to them as “ Nefte”’ (Tr, Ent. Soc. 1895, 456), as being ‘ not 
uncommon from December to May, a fresh brood appearing at the end of March.” 


PANTOPORIA RUFULA (Plate 265, fig. 1, 1a, 3 °). 


Athyma rufula, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 181, 2 (1886); id. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 
1888, p. 277, d &. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, with intervening discal 
black patches between the veins. J orewing with a prominent bluish-white oval spot 
at end of the cell, and an indistinctly defined broken basal narrow white streak ; a 
transverse discal interrupted bluish-white macular band composed of three small 
oval oblique subapical spots, the middle one being the largest, and three lower 
inwardly oblique larger spots, the upper one broadly oval, the next quadrate and 
laterally-indented, the lowest narrow; sometimes there is also a very small upper 


200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


white spot present between the middle and upper medians; followed beyond by a 
submarginal and marginal indistinct pale ochreous-brown lunular line, the former 
anteriorly ending in a brighter ochreous-red larger lunule. Hindwing crossed by a 
moderately broad bluish-white discal band, the bases of the subcostal veinlets being 
also white-lined, and a broad white patch on base of the costal margin; a 
submarginal row of indistinct pale ochreous-brown lunules, and a marginal narrow 
line. Underside dull brownish-ochreous, with more or less black intervening patches 
between the veins; the discal bluish-white band as on upperside. Forewing also 
with a bluish-white discoidal streak formed of four portions, the submarginal and 
marginal lunules being mostly whitish. Hindwing also with a bluish-white curved 
subbasal streak; a medial discal recurved row of distinct small black spots, a 
submarginal white macular band, and a marginal whitish lunular line inwardly 
bordered by blackish patches ; abdominal margin bluish-grey. 

Female. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, with intervening black diffused 
patches between the veins; markings similar to male but less distinct. Forewing 
with the discoidal broken-streak obscure and sullied with ochreous, the transverse 
discal series of spots broader than in male and also outwardly sullied with bright 
ochreous, the marginal lunular lines pale ochreous-brown, the upper lunule of the 
submarginal being brighter ochreous. Hindwing with the white discal band slightly 
sullied with ochreous along its outer edge ; submarginal lunular band and marginal 
line pale ochreous-brown. Underside dull brownish-ochreous ; markings similar to 
the male; the discal series of white spots onsthe forewing being outwardly sullied 
with ochreous. Body and palpi above dark brown, beneath and legs greyish-white ; 
antenne black above, reddish beneath; a bluish-white band on thorax and abdomen 
above in both sexes. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;%, 2 2,% to 3 inches. 

Hasrrar.—South Andamans. 

Distripution.—The late Mr. F. de Roépstorff obtained several females of this 
species, but no males. Mr. R. Wimberley recently obtained the male described by 
Mr. de Nicéville. Specimens of both sexes are in Mr, P. Crowley’s collection. It 
is nearest allied to Athyma Gora, from the Island of Nias. 

Mimtcry.—The female of this species is an excellent mimic of Neptis Nar. 


PANTOPORIA CAMA, 


We!-season Lrood (Plate 265, fig. 2, 2a, b,c, ¢ 2). 
Dry-seacon brood (Plate 266, fig. 1, la, b,c, d,e, d 2). 
Athyma Cama, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. Company, i. p. 174, pl. 5, a, fig. 5, g 2 (1857); Pree. 


Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 14. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 178 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. 
Schmett. pl. 51, g. 


NYMPHALIN AL, (Group LIMENICINA.) 201 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich purpurescent brownish-black ; cilia very 
slightly alternated with white. Forewing with a narrow indistinctly-defined sullied 
reddish-ochreous discoidal streak; an interrupted discal transverse prominent 
bluish-white band, widest in dry-season examples, composed of two, or more generally 
three, subapical outwardly-oblique ovate spots, the lowest, when present, being the 
smallest, and three lower inwardly-oblique larger spots from the middle median, the 
upper rounded, the next quadrate and laterally indented, the lowest narrow, these 
three being laterally inwardly-edged with blue scales; very rarely there is a minute 
conjoined spot also present between the uppsr medians ; beyond is a submarginal 
pale brown lunular line ending at its costal end in a bright reddish-ochreous spot, 
followed by a marginal pale brown line, these two lines being palest in diy-season 
forms. Hindwing crossed by a prominent bluish-white inner-discal band inwardly 
edged with blue scales, followed by a submarginal pale brown lunular fascia, and a 
marginal line. Underside yeliowish-ochreous, palest in the diy-season form, darker 
in the wet-season form; discal transverse white band as onupperside. Forewing also 
with prominent unbroken but irregular-edged discoidai streak and the marginal 
lunular lines pale violet-blue; the discal interspaces anteriorly clouded with 
brownish-ochreous and posteriorly with brownish-black, darkest in wet-season form ; 
a basal black spot below the cell. Hindwing also with a prominent subbasal 
curved subcostal streak, submarginal lunular band and marginal line pale 
violet-blue ; a medial discal row of dark ochreous-brown lunate patches ; abdominal 
margin bluish-grey. 

Female. Upperside dark olivescent jbrownish-black ; markings yellowish- 
ochreous, darkest and brightest in wet-season form. Forewing with a prominent 
yellowish-ochreous sharply-defined discoidal streak which is entire to beyond the 
cell, its lower edge being straight and its upper edge irregular but not distinctly 
indented ; a discal interrupted band composed of larger and broader subapical and 
lower spots, the marginal pale brown lunular lines distinct. Hindwing with 
yellowish-ochreous inner-discal broad band and submarginal band of nearly equal 
width, but widest in the dry-season form; the pale brown marginal line distinct. 
Underside pale yellowish-ochreous in dry-season form, darker ochreous in wet-season 
form ; markings as in the male, but less prominent, the discal white macular band 
on forewing sullied externally with pale ochreous. Body and palpi above black ; 
abdomen with a broad bluish-white band; body and palpi beneath and legs pale 
bluish-grey ; antennz black, tip reddish beneath. 

Expanse, d 2,5, to 3, 2 2,5, to 3,4, inches. 

Hasrrat.— Western and Hastern Himalayas; Assam; Upper Burma. 

Distrisution.—Capt. A. M. Lang records a male of this species taken in his 
own garden at Masuri, on May 14th, 1868, observing (MS. Notes, p. 201), “ tiis is 

VOL. III. pd 


202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the first which I have taken or seen alive, though I have specimens from Sikkim. 
I at once distinguished it in flight and colour from Opalina, which is abundant in 
my garden.” Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at Almora, and in Eastern Kumaon 
generally, being common from 2000 to 5000 feet elevation (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 
125). Mr. de Nicéville states that it is ‘a common species, occurring from Kumaon 
to Upper Assam; specimens were obtained in Upper Burma by the Yunan 
Expedition” (Butt. Ind. 178). In Sikkim, “it is found at the same elevations and 
seasons as Zeroca ; the female is rare” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 355). We 
possess specimens of both the dry and wet-season forms from Nepal, and others 
from Sikkim and Bhotan. Col. C. Swinhoe notes it as being very common in the 
Khasias. Dr. G. Watt obtained ‘‘a single male in Manipur” (Ann. N. H. 1885, 
304). A female from the Ruby Mines District, Upper Burma, is in Mr. H. Grose- 
Smith’s collection. Dr. N. Manders records it as “rather an uncommon species in 
the Shan States at from 3000 to 4000 feet elevation” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524). 


PANTOPORIA SELENOPHORA. 


Limenitis Selenophora, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kuschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 426, pl. 7, fig. 1,2, ¢ (18 44).—Dry-seascn 
brood. 

Athyma Selenophora, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. 
Company, i. p. 175 (1857); P. Z.S.1858,p.14. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 176 (1886). 

Athyma Bahula, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 12, pl. 50, f. 2, 2 .—Wet-season brood. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 267, fig. 1, la, b,c, g 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich purpurescent brownish-black, with blacker 
bordering to the markings; cilia slightly alternated with white. Forewing with 
very obscure traces of an ochreous-red interrupted discoidal streak; a distinct 
subapical oblique series of three small decreasing bluish-white ovate spots, the 
lowest being more lunate and more or less obsolescent; below which is a discal 
transverse bluish-white band composed of four conjoined-spots of variable width in 
their course, and edged with blue scales, extending from the upper median to the 
posterior margin, the upper spot being the smallest and triangularly ovate, the second 
larger, broader, and somewhat quadrate, the third and fourth transversely narrower, 
the third being laterally indented,—this band is of varying width in individual 
examples; followed by a submarginal obscure row of pale brown narrow lunules, 
and a marginal narrower line. Hindwing crossed by a discal bluish-white band 
edged with blue scales, followed by an obscure submarginal row of pale brown 
lunate spots, and a marginal narrow line. Underside brownish-ochreous, the 
extreme costal base of both wings being yellowish-ochreous, brighter and darker 
reddish-ochreous on the outer borders and the intervening patches between the 
veins, those within the discal area being somewhat diffusedly-blackish ; the white 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIWENITINA.) 203 


subapical spots and discal band on both wings as on the upperside, the former with 
some slender streaks on the costa. Forewing also with a prominent violaceous 
white discoidal streak divided into three portions by two blackish bars crossing the 
cell near its middle, the discocellular spot beyond inwardly defined by another 
blackish bar; below base of the cell are two prominent black spots bordered by 
violaceous-white ; the submarginal and marginal lunular lines also violaceous-white. 
Hindwing also with a short broad violaceous-white subbasal band between the 
precostal and costal veins ; a pair of short reddish-black slender bars across the cell 
and two similar bars in continuation above the cell; an outer discal series of diffused 
rich dark ochreous-brown broad spots, followed by a submarginal row of violaceous- 
white lunular spots and then a marginal line ; abdominal margin bluish-grey. 

Female, Upperside olivescent fuliginous-black, with blacker intervening discal 
interspaces between the veins ; markings creamy-white, very similar in shape and 
position to those in female of Condochates Opalina, but narrower. Forewing with a 
creamy-white discoidal streak divided into four narrow portions, three being within 
the cell, the fourth beyond the discocellular veinlet| and this latter portion is 
elongated and disposed mostly between the radials—whereas in Opalina, it is 
disposed wholly between the lower radial and upper median; a transverse discal 
series of spots somewhat narrow, the three between the upper median and 
submedian oval and having their base directed inward (in Opalina these are directed 
outward); submarginal lunules distinct; marginal pale lunular line narrow. 
Hindwing with a moderately broad inner-discal creamy-white band, and a 
submarginal macular band composed of broad lunate spots ; marginal pale lunular 
line distinct. Underside. Both wings with the reddish-ochreous ground colour and 
intervening darker patches as in the male, but all somewhat brighter. Forewing 
with the discoidal streak, black bars, and basal marks on both wings as in male; 
the transverse white discal and submarginal band, and marginal lunular line on both 
wings, as on upperside, but all more prominent. Hindwing also with a subbasal 
white band as in male. Body and palpi above brownish-black; abdomen of male 
entirely black above; thorax and abdomen of female with a bluish-white band ; 
body and palpi beneath, and legs, pale greyish-white ; antenne black, tipt with 
reddish-ochreous. 

Expanse, d 2,% to 2;%, ? 3,% to 3; inches. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 267, fig. d,e, ¢ 2). 


Tuaco.—Male. Smaller than wet-season brood. Upperside with the ground- 
colour somewhat paler, the white subapical spots on forewing comparatively larger, 
and the discal band variable in width but generally somewhat broader, both the 
submarginal and marginal lunular bands more distinct, and pale brownish-grey; the 

pd 2 


204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


discoidal streak of forewing obscure ochreous-red, the portion at end of cell being 
sometimes whitish. Underside duller and paler brownish-ochreous than in 
wet-season examples, all the markings being less prominent. 

Female. Upperside with the ground colour and markings as in the wet-season 
brood ; the discal bands being slightly broader. Underside paler ochreous-red and 
less prominently defined markings than in wet-season examples, the discal bands 
broader, as on upperside. 4 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2,6, ? 2,8 to 3 inches. 

Carrrertiar.— Very like that of Inara, but the dorsal patch is much smaller, 
and there are some white spots on thesides. Feeds on Adina cordifolia (Rubiacee) ” 
(Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, p. 254). 

Curysatis.—‘‘ Distinguished from that of Inara by slight differences in the 
shape of the grotesque processes on the head and thorax” (id.). 

Hasirar.—Western and LEHastern Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Silhet; 
Manipur; Upper Burma; 8. India. 

Disrripurion.—Kollar records the type specimen from Masuri. Mr. W. 
Doherty obtained it in the “ Kali and Gori Valleys, EH. Kumaon, at 2000 to 3000 
feet elevation” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125). We possess specimens of the sexes of 
both wet and dry-season forms from Nepal, taken by the late Gen. G. Ramsey; 
others also from Sikkim, and Buxa in Bhotan. “It is common in Sikkim and 
Eastwards to Upper Assam, and specimens were taken by Dr. J. Anderson, during 
the Yunan Expedition. It also occurs in Manipur, Cachar, and Silhet” (L. de 
Nicéville, /.c. 177). Mr. H.J. Elwes says it is “a common species in Sikkim from 
1000 to 3000 or 4000 feet, from March to December. Males common, female rare” 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 355). Col. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens from 
the Khasia Hills. Mr. J. W. Mason records “three males taken in forests near 
Sileuri, Cachar, in July” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 359). A male from Lushai is in 
Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained “numerous males and 
females at Tilin from October to March, during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 
1889-90” (J. Bombay N. H.S. 1891, 40). Col. C. H. EH. Adamson records it as 
occurring ‘fon the low ranges of hills throughout Burma”? (List, p. 23). Both 
Mr. W. Doherty and Signor L. Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, Hast Pegu. 
Specimens of both forms from the Shan States are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. 
Mr. Moti Ram took it in Tavoy (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 423). Dr. N. Manders 
records it as abundant in the Shan States, Upper Burma (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 523). 

In South India it has been taken in the Wynaad. Mr. J. Davidson took it in 
the “ North Kanara District from August onwards, but it is comparatively scarce ; 
the males basking on the tops of the Hills, but the females haunt the forest-clad 
sides and are seldom seen. The larva was found feeding on Adina cordifolia” 


NYMPHALINA. (Group LIMENITLNA.) 905 


(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, 254). Mr. G. F. Hampson found it “‘ very rare on the 
Nilgiris at 3000 to 5000 feet elevation”? (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Capt. E. Y. 
Watson took a male at the Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 
1890, 5). Mr. H. Ferguson found it “not uncommon on the Travancore Hills”’ 
(id. 1891, 9). 

Mr. J. J. Walker obtained it in “Hong Kong, in April and May” (Tr. Ent. 
Soc. 1895, 457). 


PANTOPORIA ZEROCA. 


Athyma Zeroca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1872, p. 564, G. de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Eengal, 
1883, p. 94; id. 1886, p. 359, pl. 16, fig. 6, ¢ ; id. Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 177 (1886). 


Wet. season brood (Plate 268, fig. 1, la, b,e, g 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewings comparatively shorter and more rounded at the apex 
than in the closely allied P. selenophora. Male. Upperside rich purpurescent 
brownish-black, with blacker intervening bordering patches between the veins. 
Forewing with a very obscure ochreous-brown entire, but distorted, cell-streak and a 
discocellular spot beyond ; three subapical oblique small sullied bluish-white spots, 
the two upper being more or less lunate, the third very small or obsolescent ; a lower 
transverse discal bluish-white band (slightly varying in width in individual specimens) 
edged with blue scales, composed of four portions of nearly equal width ; followed by 
a submarginal pale brown lunular line and a marginal narrow line. Hindwing crossed 
by a bluish-white inner-discal band edged with blue scales, followed by a sub- 
marginal pale brown lunular line and a marginal narrow line. Underside deep 
reddish-ochreous, the extreme base of costal borders of both wings being yellowish- 
ochreous; subapical lunular spots, and discal band on both wings bluish-white, as on 
the upperside. Forewing also with a prominent irregular-edged entire cell-streak 
and sagittate spot beyond, and also the marginal lunular lines violaceons-white ; the 
apical and discal interspaces between the veins with black diffused patches ; a black 
mark below base of the cell bordered with violaceous-white. Hindwing also with a 
short curved subbasal streak, submarginal lunular line and narrow marginal line 
violaceous-white ; two very obscure dusky bars within the cell and two similar bars 
above the cell; an outer discal row of distinct reddish-black diffused spots ; abdominal 
margin bluish-grey. 

Female. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-brown, with blackish intervening 
discal interspaces between the veins; markings sullied brownish-white with slightly 
diffused edges, very similar in both colour and pattern to those of Neptis carticoides 
and its allies. Forewing with a sullied brownish-white irregular-edged but entire 
narrow cell-streak and an elongated triangular discocellular streak beyond ; a trans- 
verse discal series of three subapical outwardly-oblique narrow spots, the third 


206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


being lunate, the others disposed obliquely inward and are narrow, followed by a 
submarginal row of diffused lunules, and a marginal slender lunular line. Hindwing 
with a moderately narrow inner-discal sullied brownish-white band and a lunulated 
submarginal band, followed by a marginal slender line. Underside ochreous-red, 
with darker dusky reddish-black intervening patches as in the male; the markings 
as on the upperside but all violaceous-white ; the hindwing also having a subbasal 
violaceous-white streak; abdominal margin bluish-grey. Body and palpi above 
brownish-black ; abdomen of female above with a narrow bluish-white band; body 
and palpi beneath, and legs, greyish-white; middle and hind legs above brownish- 
white ; antennz black, tip beneath reddish. 
Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2,5, 2 2,8 to 2,8, inches. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 268, fig. 1, d,e, g 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Smaller than the wet-season form. Upperside with the discal 
white band comparatively broader and its edges more even, the subapical spots on 
forewing more prominent and larger, the marginal pale lines similar. Underside 
with the ground-colour duller ochreous-red, markings the same but less prominent. 

Female. Upperside, ground-colour slightly paler, and the markings somewhat 
broader than in wet-season female. Underside paler and duller red, the markings 
fess prominent than in the wet-season form. 

Hxpanse, 3 2,% to 2,4, ? 2,5, inches. 

Hasrrar.—Kumaon ; Sikkim; Bhotan; Assam; Khasias; Manipur; Upper 
Burma; Tenasserim. 

Distrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty records specimens taken in the “Gori and Kali 
Valleys, Hast Kumaon, 2000 to 3000 feet elevation—the specimens varying consider- 
ably in markings” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125). “ Males of Zeroca are not uncommon 
at low elevations in Sikkim, but the female is much less often met with. It occurs 
Eastward in the Assam Valley as far as Sibsagar, and was obtained by Dr. Anderson 
during the Yunan Expedition”? (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 177). Mr. H. J. Elwes 
says it is “ found in Sikkim at the same elevations and seasons as Selenophora, but 
not so common. The female is rare” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 355). Mr. de Nicéviile 
records it as “‘ occurring in Sikkim from the level of the Terai up to 4000 feet, from 
March to December” (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 141). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has taken it at 
Buxa in Bhotan. It occurs in Assam, Manipur, and the Khasia Hills. Signor L. 
Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, and at Meleleo in August. Mr. Moti Ram took 
males in Tavoy (J. A. 8. Beng. 1§87, 423). 

Minicry.—The female resembles, both on the upper and underside, Neptis Quilta 
and its ally N. Nashona, of which it is probably a mimic. 

Ixno-Matayan Sprcies.—Pantoporia Nefte (Pap. Nefte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA ) 207 


pl. 256, fig. EH F, ¢ (1782). Pantoporia Nefte, Hiibn. Verz, p. 44 (1816). Lim. 
Nefte, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. pl. 8 (4 B), fig. 6 (1836). Athyma Nefte, Moore, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 13, pl. 50, fig. 5, d 2. Syn. Lim. Jadera, Boisd. in D’Orbigny’s, 
Dict. H. N. Atlas, pl. 4, fig. 3, ¢ (1849). Habitat. Java—Pantoporia Reta (Athyma 
Reta, Moore, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 12, pl. 50, fig. 3, d. Syn. Athyma Gandara, Felder, 
Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 429, (1867). Female (type), similar to same sex of Kresna, 
but differs on upperside and underside in the discal band on both wings being 
broader, the submarginal macular band more defined, and in having the small pale 
discal spot between the upper and middle medians, this latter spot being absent in 
both sexes of Kresna. Habitat. Sumatra.—Pantoporia Jadavu (Athyma Jadava, 
Felder, Reise Novara Lep. ii. p. 429, % (1867). Male, upperside and underside very 
similar to Selenophora, in Coll. H. Grose-Smith ; female (type) in Coll. W. Rothschild. 
Habitat. Java.—Pantoporia Amharina (Syn. Athyma Amhara, Butler, Tr. Linn. 
Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 540. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 162, pl. 16, fig. 5, d. de Nicé- 
ville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, p. 419. Lim. Selenophora, vai. Snellen, Nat. Hist. Mid. 
Sumatra, Lep. p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 4,5, ¢ (1892). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. 
—Pantoporia Amhara (Athyma Amhara, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 344, pl. 32, fig. 2,3. 
Female, upper and underside with markings similar to Selenophora. Habitat. 
Borneo.—Pantoporia Assa (Athyma Assa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 
1893, p. 42, pl. K, fig. 8, ¢. Female with ochreous-red bands. Coll. Grose-Smith. 
Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.x—Pantoporia Glora (Atbyma Glora, Kheil, Rhop. Nias Isl. 
p- 25, pl. 3, fig. 18 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—Pantoporia Zoroastes (Athyma 
Zoroastes, Butler, P. Z. §. 1877, p. 811, 3 %. Habitat. Formosa.— Pantoporia 
Godmanit (Athyma Godmani, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 63. Habitat. 
Palawau.—Pantoporia Mena (Athyma Meena, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, 
p- 116, ?). Habitat. Burias, Philippines.—Pantoporia Semperi (Athyma Mena, 
Semper, Reis. Philip. Lep. p. 139, pl. 27, fig. 4, 5, 6, ¢ 2 (1889). Habitat. 
Mindanao.—Pantoporia Ambra (Athyma Ambra, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1892, 
p- 452, 3). Habitat. N. Borneo.—Pantoporia Venata (Athyma Venata, Staudinger, 
D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 68). Habitat, Palawan.—Pantoporia Karitu (Athyma 
Karita, Doherty, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p.175, ¢. Habitat. Sumba Island.— 
Pantoporia Hollandii (Athyma Hollandii, Doherty, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1891, p. 177). 
Habitat. Sumbawa Island. 

Typo-Matayan Antiep Genera.—Genus Zaana.—Male. Forewing comparatively 
narrower and more triangular than in Pantoporia; costa less arched, exterior 
margin more oblique, uneven, posterior margin shorter; first subcostal branch 
emitted at two-fifths before end of cell, second at one-sixth before the end; middle 
discocellular short, obliquely concave, lower absent; cell open. Hindwing short, 
conically-triangular, less produced posteriorly than in Pantoporia, exterior margin 


208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


more obliquely convex, scalloped; abdominal margin shorter. Body moderately 
stout; palpi less robust; eyes naked. yrs. Z. Urvasi.—Zabana Urvasi (Athyma 
Urvasi, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1860, p. 400; id. Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 429, 
pl. 56, fig. 4, d (1866). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 164, pl. 16, fig. 12, d (1883). 
Habitat. Malay Peninsula. 

Genus Pseuvponypotimnas.—Male. Forewing short, triangular; costa slightly 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly concave in the middle, 
uneven, posterior angle obtuse, posterior margin very slightly recurved ; first subcostal 
branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the 
end ; upper discocellular extremely short, middle discocellular deeply concave, lower 
discocellular almost erect, slender ; middle median emitted at a short distance before 
lower end of the cell. Hindwing short, broadly ovate; exterior margin very 
convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded ; precostal vein extremely long, curved; 
radial wide apart from base of subcostals. Body moderately slender; palpi 
rather short, stout, laxly hairy; antennal club long and slender; eyes naked. 
Typs. P. punctata.—Pseudohypolimnas punctata (Athyma punctata, Leech. Entom. 
1890, p. 33; id. Butt. of China, etc., p. 176, pl. 16, fig. 5, d. A Mimic of the 
Nymphalid butterfly, Hypolimnas Misippus. Habitat. C. China. 

Genus Sapanrai—Male, Wings comparatively broader and shorter than in 
typical Pantoporia. Forewing broader and more rounded at the apex; first subcostal 
branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the 
end; upper discocellular extremely short, middle outwardly-oblique, lower slender. 
Hindwing broader and more convex posteriorly, exterior margin less oblique and 
less scalloped; eyes naked; sexes alike. Type. 8. speciosa.—Sabania speciosa 
(Athyma speciosa, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 70, pl. 1; fig. 1, 2). Habitat: 
Palawan. 

Genus Batanca.—Athyma (part), Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 35 (1889).— 
Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior 
margin oblique, concave in the middle, scalloped; first subcostal branch emitted at 
two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-seventh before the end ; middle 
discocellular concave, long, outwardly-oblique ; lower discocellular slender, recurved ; 
two upper medians emitted immediately before lower end of the cell. Hindwing short, 
triangular; exterior margin obliquely convex, scalloped ; cellopen. Body moderate ; 
palpi rather slender, porrect, compactly clothed below, apex pointed; antenne 
slender; eyes naked; sexes alike. Carerpinuar.—Heady spiny. Segments armed 
with two dorsal rows of branched-spines, and a lateral row of similar spines. 
Curysatis._Abdomen narrow; thorax broad, with a medio-dorsal and anterior 
prominence, quadrate laterally, wing-cases dilated anteriorly and posteriorly ; 
head-piece truncate, cleft in front and laterally divergent. (Described from Semper’s 


NYMPHALINZ (Group LIMENITINA.) 209 


fieure.) Typn. B. Kasa.—Balanga Kasa (Athyma Kasa, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, 
p. 19, pl. 51, fig. 6, 2. Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 135, pl. 26, fig. 1,2, d %, 
pl. A, fig. 10, larva and pupa (1889). Syn. L. Epithoe, Boisd. MS. Habitat. 
Luzon.—Balanga Parakasa (Athyma Parakasa, Semper, lc. p. 186, pl. 26, 
fig. 5, 6, d 2 (1889). Habitat. Camotes, Phil. Isles—Balanga Separata (Athyma 
Separata, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 69). Habitat. Palawan.—Balanga Gordia 
(Athyma Gordia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 118. Semper, /.c. p. 137, 
pl. 26, fig. 7,8, d; id. pl. 27, fig. 1, ¢. Habitat. Mindanao.—Balanga Paragordia 
(Athyma Paragordia, Semper, l.c. p. 137 (1889). Habitat. Bohol, Phil. Isles.— 
Balanga Epimethis (Athyma Epimethis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 117. 
Semper, /.c. p. 136, pl. 26, fig. 3, 4, ¢ (1889). Habitat. Mindoro.—Balanga Tarpa 
(Athyma Tarpa, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 66). Habitat. Palawan. 

Genus ZamBoanca.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex 
rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly scalloped ; first subcostal branch emitted 
at fully one-half before end of cell, second at one-sixth before the end; middle discocel- 
lular outwardly obliqueand concave, lower discocellular slender, convex; middle median 
emitted at a short distance before lower end of cell. Hindwing short, triangular ; 
exterior margin obliquely convex, scalloped. Body moderate ; palpislender ; antennz 
slender ; eyes hairy ; sexes alike, Tyrs. Z. Gutama.—Zamboanga Gutama (Athyma 
Gutama, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 20, pl. 51, fig. 7, $. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. 
p. 188, pl. 26, fig. 9, 10, d 2 (1889). Habitat. Manilla.—Zamboanga Cosmia 
(Athyma Cosmia, Semper, Verh. N. U. K. 1878, p. 110; Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 138, 
pl. 26, fig. 11, 12, 3 ? (1889), Habitat. Mindanao.—Zamboanga Brunyni 
(Limenitis Brunijni, Oberthiir, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 231, pl. 8, fig. 3, ¢. 
Habitat. Sanghir Island. 


Genus KIRONGA. 
Athyma (sect. 2, part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 170 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched towards the end, 
apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, concave in the middle, scalloped, posterior 
margin somewhat recurved ; cell fully one-half length of the wing, closed; first 
subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-sixth 
before the end; middle discocellular concave, lower slender, recurved; middle 
median emitted at a very short distance before lower end of the cell; minute 
Androconia or scent-scales, similar to those in Pantoporia, are found sparingly in 
the same position. Hindwing short, triangular, costa broadly-lobed at base, thence 
straight to the end, exterior margin oblique, convex in the middle, scalloped, anal 
angle somewhat prolonged ; precostal vein stout, incurved; cell area broad, open. 

von. 11. July 30th, 1898. Ee 


210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Body stout ; thorax robust ; palpi stout, compactly clothed, second joint hairy above, 
third jot pointed; antenne rather slender, with a lengthened club; eyes hairy ; 
sexes similar. 

Tyrr.—K. Ranga. 

CATERPILLAR.—(See p. 211.) 

CurysaLis.—(See p, 211.) 


KIRONGA RANGA. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 269, fig. 1, la, b,c, d,e,f,g, ¢ 2). 
Athyma Mahesa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. EK. Ind. Company, i. p. 176, pl. 5, a, fig. 7, ¢ (1857) ; id. Proe. 
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 15. Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 304. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., 
ii. p. 171 (1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, p. 254, pl. 2, fig. 4, 4a, 
larva and pupa. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent fuliginous-black ; freshly caught 
specimens with the basal two-thirds glossed with green and blue in certain lights. 
Forewing with two more or less indistinctly-defined sullied-white spots in the cell and 
having still less-defined intervening pale patches; a similar discocellular patch at 
end of the cell; below base of the cell are two indistinct greenish-speckled spots; a 
transverse discal interrupted series of seven purpurescent-white spots, the upper 
three being subapical, outwardly oblique, and narrow, the third very small, the next 
two are situated on the middle of the disc between the medians and disposed 
obliquely-outward, the upper one being small, the fifth much larger and irregularly 
oval, the sixth and seventh narrow and disposed obliquely-inward ; beyond is a 
submarginal and a marginal row of more or less defined pale brown or sullied-white 
lunules. Hindwing crossed by a vein-divided inner discal purpurescent-white band, 
followed by a submarginal row of conical spots, which are either more or less 
defined, pale brown or of a sullied-white, and then by a similar coloured marginal 
lunular line. Underside ferruginous-brown or dusky olivescent-brown with blackish 
intervening patches between the markings. Both wings with white markings, as 
above, but more distinctly defined and olivescent-white. Horewing with the cell and 
basal marks also distinctly defined and white. Hindwing also with prominent 
olivescent-white basal marks. 

Female. Upperside withthe ground-colour paler than in male and of anolivescent- 
brown tint; markings the same but somewhat larger and duller white. Underside 
as in male. Thorax and palpi above dark iridescent greenish-brown; head and 
collar white-spotted ; abdomen above black with white lateral spots; body and 
palpi beneath and legs greyish-white ; antennz black. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,6 to 3, 2 3 to 3,4 inches. 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group LIMENITINA.) 211 


Dry-season brood (Plate 270, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, ¢ 2). 
Athyma Ranga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I, Company, i. p. 175, pl. 5a, fig. 6, g (1857); P.Z.S. 
1858, p. 15. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p, 172 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to the wet-season form. Differs only in both 
wings having the white discal band broader, the submarginal and marginal lunules 
distinct and sullied white; the submarginal row of conical spots on the hindwing 
being also broader. Underside dusky ferruginous-brown or olivescent-brown ; 
markings as in wet-season form, but all broader, as on the upperside. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2;, 2 23% inches. 

CaterPintar.—Head spined. Segments with a subdorsal row of branched- 
spines, of which the anterior are longest, and a lateral row of shorter similar branched- 
spines. Head and segmental spines brownish ochreous; segments green, with a 
pale ochreous-white band round the ninth segment. (Described from Davidson’s 


ficure, l.c.) 

CurysaLis.—‘‘ Suspended perpendicularly. Abdominal segments slender, thorax 
larger and expanded laterally ; two long sharp horns issuing from sides of the head 
in front, which are at first parallel and then diverge and point laterally ; a prominent 
medio-dorsal and a thoracic process curved towards each other; and many smaller 
points, or tubercles. Colour mostly brilliant silver, the segments and parts being 
outlined with brown” (Davidson, /.c. 1890, 350). 

Hasitat.—Nepal; Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Daffla Hills; Khasias; Burma; 
Tenasserim ; South India. 

DistrisuTion.—K. Mahesa “is a common species in Sikkim at low elevations, 
and occurs Hastwards as far as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, and again in South India. 
There is a single specimen of the dry-season form (Ranga) in the Indian Museum, 
Calcutta, from the Daffla Hills. All the specimens of Ranga, of which the date of 
capture is known, have been taken in the winter months, November, December and 
March” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 172). Mr. H. J. Elwes states that “‘ Mr. Méller 
found both forms at various seasons in Sikkim from March to December, in the warm 
valleys up to about 3000 feet elevation, Mahesa as the commoner form” (Tr. Ent. 
Soc. 1888, 353). We possess examples of the wet-season form from Nepal, taken by 
the late General G. Ramsay. Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens 
of the dry-season form (Ranga) from the Khasia Hills. Capt. E. Y. Watson 
obtained a single specimen at “ Tilin in March, during the Chin-Lushai Expedition 
of 1889-90” (J. Bombay, N. H.8. 1891, 40). Colonel C. H. E. Adamson took “ two 
specimens of Mahesa in December at Hpapoon on the Yunzalee River, and a single 
Ranga near Mogoung in February” (List of Burmese Butt. 23). Colonel C. T. 
Bingham captured a male of the dy-season form in the Yunzaleen Valley in November, 

Be 2 


212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


and males in the Hills North of Papun also in November. A male, from Siam, is in 
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. Moti Ram took ‘two males and one female in 
Tavoy, Tenasserim” (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1887, 423). Mr. W. Doherty took “‘a single 
male of Mahesa in the Karen Hills in March” (P. Z.8. 1891, 277). In South Indian 
specimens, the wet-season form, in both sexes, have the submarginal and marginal 
lunules of the upperside, in both wings, broader and of a dark grey colour; and on 
the underside all the markings are broader and dark greenish-grey ; the diy-season 
female also has all the markings on the upper side broader than in that of the 
N.E. Indian specimens, and on the underside all the markings are also broader, the 
discal and submarginal band on the hindwing being coalesced posteriorly. 
Mr. G. F. Hampson records it as ‘rare on the Nilgiris, from 3000 to 4000 feet” 
(J. A. 8. Bengal, 1888, 354). Messrs. J. Davidson and EH. H. Aitken, in their 
Notes on the butterflies of the North Kanara District, Bombay, say “ this is perhaps 
the commonest of the Athymas with us. lLarve are found from August, feeding 
on Olea dioica and Lonicera malabarica, and the butterfly becomes common in 
September, and continues through the.dry-season”’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, 254). 
‘*A female was noticed on the 19th September laying eggs on Olea dioica. Only one 
ege was secured, but by the most affectionate care this was successfully reared. In 
form the larva was exactly similar to that of L. Procris ; in colour it was green, with a 
whitish band round the ninth segment” (zd. 1890, 350). “ Very rare in Travancore, 
only one taken at 2000 feet elevation”? (H. 8. Ferguson, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 
p.¥). “ Three males taken at Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January” (Capt. EH. Y. 
Watson, id. 1890, p. 5). 

Hasits and Foop-Piayt of Larva.—Feeds on Olea dioica and Lonicera 
malabarica, Habits very like those of Limenitis Procris, but not quite the samme. It 
selected one of the side-nerves of a leaf and ate away the soft part on each side till 
the bare nerve stood out; then having barricaded the approach to this with frag- 
ments of leaf which it had contrived to cut off in feeding, mixed with excrement and 
silk, it rested motionless. on the very point of the rib, unapproachable by ants or 
spiders. After the last moult it gave up these habits, and rested on the upperside 
of a leaf, where it was conspicuous enough. We infer that the worst enemies of 
this species are not birds, or parasites, but small spiders and predacious insects” 
(J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 350). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 269, fig. 1, la, d, e, f, g, are Sikkim 
males and females, and fig. 1, b, ec, a 8. Indian female of the wet-season form, and on 
Plate 270, fig. 1, the larva and pupa, reproduced from Mr. Davidson’s drawing 
(l.c.), and fig. 1, a, a Khasia male, and fig. 1, b, a Sikkim female of the dry-season 


form. 


NYMPHALINA, (Group LIMENITINA.) 213 


KIRONGA ABIASA (Plate 270, fig. 2, 2a, 3 2). 


Athyma Abiasa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 16, pl. 50, fig. 7, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., 
ii. p 174 (1886). 

Athyma Clerica, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1877, p. 540, pl. 69, fig. 5, 9. Moore, Journ. Linn, 
Soe. Z. 1886, p. 37. 

Athyma Abiasa, var. Clerica, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 161, pl. 16, fig 8, ? (1883). 

Athyma Adunora, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 7, ¢ (1884). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-black; markings bluish-white; cilia 
slenderly alternated with white. Forewing with an ill-defined slender short bluish- 
white streak from lower base of the celi, followed by a less-defined blue-speckled 
transverse broken bar and then by a large obtusely-triangular prominent white spot 
before end of the cell, beyond which is a transverse discocellular blue-speckled bar ; 
below the cell are some very obscure blue-speckled pale patches; a transverse discal 
interrupted series of white spots, the upper three obliquely subapical ovate spots, 
with a slight slender costal streak above the upper, the lower being smallest; two 
discal oval spots disposed obliquely outward, the upper one small, the next very 
large; below these are two small inwardly-oblique spots on middle of the posterior 
margin; beyond is a submarginal row of slender bluish-white lunules and an 
obscure pale brown marginal line. Hindwing crossed by a moderately broad bluish- 
white inner discal band, and an outer discal recurved row of broadly-lunate spots, 
followed by an obscure pale brown marginal line. Underside dusky olivescent- 
brown with blackish intervening patches between the veins; markings as above, 
deeper bluish-white ; the cell-streaks, basal marks, marginal lines, and a subbasal 
band on hindwing also bluish-white ; abdominal margin dark bluish-grey. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, but with the markings somewhat narrower. 
Underside duller brown; markings as in the male. Body and palpi above olive- 
black, abdomen with a bluish-white band; body and ae beneath and legs olives- 
cent-white. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, ? 2,5, inches. 

Hasirat.—Mergui; Malay Peninsula; Nias; Sumatra ; Java; Sarawak. 

Disrrisution.—Dr. J. Anderson took “‘a single male in the Mergui Archipelago 
during the cold weather” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). Capt. 8. Pinwill obtained 
a female (described as a male, under the name of Clerica, by Mr. Butler) in Malacca. 
A male from Perak is in Col. Swinhoe’s collection. Herr N. M. Kheil has described 
a male (Adunora) from Nias Island. A male from Sumatra is in the collection of Mr. 
H. Grose-Smith. The type male was taken in Java by Dr. Horsfield. Specimens of 
both sexes from Sarawak, Borneo, are in our own and the British Museum 
Collection. 


214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Cuinese AND Matayan Srecies.—Kironga Serica (Athyma Serica, Leech, Butt. of 
China, etc., p. 168, pl. 17, fig. 10, ¢ (1892). Habitat. Moupin, W. China.—Kironga 
Aryata (Athyma Aryata, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 116. Semper, Reisen 
Philip. Lep. p. 138, pl. 27, fig. 2, 8, ¢ (1889). Syn. A. Aranda, Boisd. MS. (Coll. 
Mus. Oxford). Habitat. Luzon. 

EK. European, Cuineszk AND Inpo-Manayan Grnera.—Genus PARrANEPTIS.— 
Limenitis (part), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Hur. iv. p. 17 (1816); Boisduval, Ind. 
Méth. 1829, p. 14. Acca (part), Hiibner. Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Neptis 
(part), Auctorum. Neptis (sect. 4), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861). 

Imaco—Male. Wings short. Forewing subtriangular; costa very slightly 
arched at the base, apex obtuse; exterior margin almost erect, very slightly convex 
and slightly scalloped ; posterior margin long, recurved ; first subcostal branch short, 
emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second at end of the cell and also short, 
third at two-fifths beyond the cell and terminating at the apex; upper discocellular 
short, second also short, bent inward and with a short projecting point at its lower 
end extending inward beyond the emission of the lower radial; cell area short, 
open; middle median veinlet straight, lower median recurved. Hindwing trans- 
versely narrow, outwardly rather elongated, ovate; anterior margin long, convexly- 
oblique to the apex; exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex and slightly but 
acutely scalloped, anal angle rounded; base of costal border above with a glossy satiny- 
grey, and a small unglossed brownish-grey patch of scales between bases of costal 
vein and lower subcostal; precostal vein bent outward at half its length; costal 
vein terminating at some distance before the apex; subcostal branch and radial at 
equal distances from the costal vein, radial concave at the base; cell open; lower 
and middle medians widely apart, the lower being emitted opposite the base of radial. 
Body slender ; palpi very densely hairy ; antennz slender ; eyes naked. CATERPILLAR. 
—Head cleft at vertex ; third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments with two subdorsal 
thick spur-shaped spines. Type. P. Lucilla.n—Paraneptis Lucilla (Pap. Lucilla, 
Denis et Schieff. Wien. Verz. p. 173 (1776). Neptis Lucilla, Godt. Tabl. Meth. 
p. 46 (1823). Pap. Camilla, Esper. Schmett. i. 2, pl. 59, fig. 1. Berge, Schmett. 
pl. 47, fig. 5. Neptis innominata, Lewis, Zool. 1872, p. 3074. Habitat. E. Europe. 
—Paraneptis Ludmilla, Herr. Schiiff. Sch. Eur. i. 546 (1851-56), Habitat. Siberia; 
Japan.—Paraneptis Pryeri (Neptis Pryeri, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 403. 
Syn. L. Arboretorum, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1876, pl. 8, fig. 3. Habitat. C. and N. 
China; Japan. , 

Genus Karxasta.—Male. Forewing elongated, triangular ; costa comparatively 
straight, apex convex, exterior margin very oblique and scalloped, posterior margin 
short, recurved ; cell area long, open; first subcostal branch emitted at about one- 
third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end; upper discocellular 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group LIMENITINA.) 215 


outwardly-oblique, second outwardly concave, both extremely short.  Hindwing 
short, obtusely ovate ; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle convex, scalloped; 
costal border above glossy livid-grey, and with a broad unglossed brownish-grey patch 
of scales extending medially from the costal vein to below the second subcostal; pre- 
costal vein bifid, emitted above the junction of the subcostal; second subcostal 
emitted near base of first; radial at twice the distance beyond base of second 
subcostal; costal vein extending to the apex. Body slender; palpi densely clothed 
with fine long hairs; antenne short, slender; eyes naked. Treg. K. Alwina.— 
Kalkasia Alwina (Limenitis Alwina, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China, p. 7 
(1853). Ménétries, Catal. Mus. Petrop. pl. 9, fig. 1 (1857). Leech, Butt. China, 
etc., p. 201. Syn. L. Keempferi, de L’Orza, Lep. Japon. p. 40 (1869). Habitat. 
Nikko, Japan.—Kalkasia excellens (Neptis excellens, Butler, Cistula Entom. ii. 
p. 282 (1878). Habitat. Yokohama, Japan.—Kalkasia Dejeanti (Neptis Dejeanii, 
Oberthiir, Etud. Entom, 1894, p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 61. Habitat. W. China.—Kalkasia 
Philyra (Neptis Philyra, Ménétries, Bull. Acad. Petr. 1859, p. 214; Schrenck’s Reise 
Amurland, ii. p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 8 (1859). Habitat. Amur Land.—Kalkasia Philyroides 
(Neptis Philyroides, Staudinger, Rom. Mém. iii. p. 146 (1887); Fixsen, id. p. 294, 
pl. 14, fig. 1, la, ¢. Habitat. Amur Land.—Kalkasia Speyeri (Neptis Speyeri, 
Staudinger, Rom. Mém. iii. p. 145, pl. 7, fig. 3 (1887) 9. Habitat. Amur Land. 
Genus Hamapryopes (Neptis, sect. 2, pt., Felder, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861).— 
Male. Forewing elongate; costa very much arched, apex and exterior margin very 
convex, exterior margin slightly oblique and even, posterior angle very obtuse, 
posterior margin deeply recurved ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before 
end of the cell; the cell area broad, open; submedian vein much recurved. Hind- 
wing ovate, rather narrow; anterior margin slightly convex, apex and exterior 
margin very convex, exterior margin waved; precostal vein with a lengthened 
slender bifid tip ; costal vein terminating before the apex; radial nearer to base of 
second subcostal than the latter is to the costal. Body slender; head, thorax, and 
abdomen almost naked; palpi porrect, slender, laxly clothed with short very fine 
hairs; antenne with a short truncated club; eyes naked. Nore.—The species of 
this genus are mimics of the Eupleine butterflies of the genus Hamadryas of 
Boisduval. Tyrer. H. Lactaria.—Hamadryodes ampliata (Neptis ampliata, Butler, 
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 42. Habitat. New Britam.—Hamadryodes 
Praslini (Limenitis Praslini, Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe Lep. p. 131 (1832). de Nicéville, 
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 534, fig. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 50. 
Habitat. New Ireland.—Hamadryodes Lactaria (Neptis Lactaria, Butler, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. 1866, p. 98. de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1897, p. 535, fig. 
Habitat. Aru.—Hamadryodes Papua (Neptis Papua, Oberthiir, Ann. Mus. Ciy. 
Genova, 1878, p. 118. Habitat. Dorei, N. Guinea.—Hamadryodes Dorcas (Neptis 


216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Dorcas, Grose-Smith, Novitates Zool. i. p. 854 (1894); Rhop. Exot. 1895, p. 4. 
Nept. pl. 1, fig. 7, 8. de Nicéville, l.c. p. 539. Habitat. Humboldt Bay, New 
Guinea.—Hamadryodes Nausicaa (Neptis Nausicaa, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. 
Bengal, 1897, p. 587, fig. Habitat. New Guinea.—Hamadryodes Nemeus (Neptis 
Nemeus, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 588. fig. Habitat. New Britain. 

Genus Acca.—Hibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Scudder, Proc. Amer. 
Acad. Arts and Sci. 1875, p. 10.—Neptis (part), Auctorum.—WNeptis (sect. 5), 
Felder, Neues Lep. p. 81 (1861). Jwacgo.—Male. Forewing elongate, triangular ; 
costa arched at the base, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, convex below the 
apex and almost even, posterior margin deeply concave in the middle; first sub- 
costal emitted at about one-fifth before end of the cell, second at some distance 
beyond the end, both short; upper discocellular rather long, outwardly oblique, 
second discocellular shorter than the upper; cell area rather broad, open; two 
upper medians emitted at a little beyond the opposite discocellulars ; lower median 
opposite nearly half the upper end of the cell; submedian vein deeply recurved. 
Hindwing triangularly ovate; anterior margin arched, exterior margin obliquely 
convex, slightly uneven; costal border basally glossy grey, with an unglossed brownish- 
grey patch extending medially from the costal vein to below base of subcostals, and 


with an elongated fusiform glandular patch of raised scales extending along the 
anteriorly dilated middle of the costal vein; precostal vein bifid at half its length, 
inner point short ; subcostal branch and radial at equal distance from the costal vein ; 
costal vein short, laterally dilated in the middle, ending at some distance before the 
apex. Body slender; head, thorax, and base of abdomen hairy ; palpi very slender, 
finely hairy to the tip ; antenne slender, with an elongated slender pointed club ; 
eyes naked. Type. A. Venilia.—Acca Venilia (Pap. Venilia, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 
edit. p. 478 (1758). Clerck, Icones, pl. 32, fig. 4 (1764). Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. i. 
p. 1384, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 219, fig. B.C. Acca Venilia, Hiibn. Verz. p. 44 
(1816), Scudder, l.c. p. 100 (1875). Hubitat. Ceram; (?) Java.—Acca Hvanescens 
(Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 147, pl. 51 (1886). Habitat. Batchian.—Acca 
mortifacies (Neptis mortifacies, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 5. Habitat. Cape 
York, Australia.—Acca cyanifera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 481. Habitat, 
New Guinea.—Acca anceps (Neptis anceps, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool.i. p. 353 (1894): 
Rhop. Exot. 1895, p. 3, Nept. pl. 1, fig. 5,6. Habitat. New Guinea.—dcca satina 
(Neptis satina, Grose-Smith, Noy. Zool. i. p. 352 (1894). de Nicéville, J. As. Soe. 
Bengal, 1897, p. 539. Habitat. New Guinea.—Acca Brebissoni (Lim. Brebissoni, 
Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 1382 (1832). Neptis Brebissoni, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 540, 
fic. Habitat. New Guinea; Waigiou. 

Genus PuapymA.—Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861). Semper, Reis. Philip. Lep. 
p. 148 (1889). Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. p. 44.—Male. Forewing elongated, sub- 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 217 


triangular ; costa very slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly con- 
cave in the middle and very slightly scalloped, posterior margin recurved ; first and 
second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell; both discocellulars very 
short; cell open; posterior border of the underside from below the median vein 
glossy pale brownish-grey, and enclosing a broad elongated glossy dark bluish-grey 
patch of scales between the median and submedian, this patch being densely clothed, 
in transverse slightly ridged waves, with long very slender more or less curved 
sabre-shaped opaque scales, the outer curved edge of these scales being slightly but 
perceptibly notched. Hindwing broad, circular, anterior and exterior margin regularly 
rounded, the latter broadly scalloped, anal angle rounded ; precostal vein bent inward 
near the end; costal vein terminating at the apex; costal and subcostals regularly 
arched, the subcostals emitted close to costal; costal border glossy brownish-grey, the 
area below the costal vein to the radial being brilliantly glossed with violet-grey scales. 
Body moderate ; palpi stout, densely clothed with fine hairs to the tip ; antenne rather 
long, slender, club elongated; eyes naked. ‘Typz. P. Amphion (Heliodora, Cram.).— 
Phedyma Amphion (Papilio Amphion, Linn. §. N. x. ed. p. 486 (1758); Seba, 
Thesaurus iv. pl. 16, fig. 3, 4; Neptis Amphion, Aurivillius, Kongl. Vet. Akad. 
Handl. 1882, p. 108. Syn. Pap. Heliodora, Cram., Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 212, fig. H. F. 
Herbst. Nat. Sch. ix. pl. 241, fig. 1. Pap. pellucida, Goeze, Ent. Beyt. 1779, p. 120. 
Pheedyma Heliodora, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861). Habitat. Amboyna.— 
Phedyma Shepherdi (Nep. Shepherdi, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 8, pl. 50, fig. 1. 
Habitat. New South Wales, Australia—Phedyma Astrea (Athyma Astrea, Butler, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1866, p. 99. Habitat. Aru—Phedyma latifasciata (Neptis lati- 
‘fasciata, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 4). Seba, Thesaurus iv. pl. 16, fig. 8, 9. 
Habitat. Cape York, Australia.—Phedyma melaleuca (Lim. melaleuca, Boisd. Voy. 
Astrol. Lep. p. 181 (1832). Habitat. Moluccas.—Phedyma Cerne (Athyma Cerne, 
Butler, Ann. N. H. 1866, p. 99. Habitat. Moluccas.—Phedyma Pisias (Neptis 
Pisias, Godman and Salvin, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 98. Habitat. Soloman Islands. 
—Phedyma fissigonata (Neptis fissigonata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 43. 
Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 1895, Nept. p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 8, 4. Habitat. 
Soloman Islands.—Phedyma Heliopolis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 427 (1867). 
Habitat. Gilolo ; Timor.—Phedyma Ganina (Neptis Ganina, Grose-Smith, Novitates 
Zool. i. p. 353, pl. xi. fig. 4 (1894). Habitat. New Guinea.—Phedyma Nectens 
(Neptis (Phadyma) Nectens, de Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 548, pl. i, 
fig. 3, ¢. Habitat. Ké Islands. 


VOL. III. Ff 


218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus ANDRAPANA. 


Neptis (part), Auctorum. 
Neptis (sect. 1, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861). 
Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). 


Intaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, subtriangular; costa very slightly arched, 
apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, scalloped, posterior margin recurved; first 
subcostal branch emitted about one-fourth before end of the cell, second near the 
end; discocellulars very short; cell open; posterior border of the underside pale 
glossy grey, enclosing a broad elongated greyish-brown patch of scales above the 
submedian vein, these scales being similar to those in Phedyma Heliodora. Hind- 
wing broad, conically-ovate ; anterior margin very convex to the end, apex rounded, 
exterior margin obliquely convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded; with a slender 
glossy greyish-white basal costal band, and a broad slightly glossed violet-grey 
patch extending from above the costal vein to below the subcostals ; precostal vein 
short, bent inward near its end; costal vein long, much curved, and extending to 
the apex; subcostal branch emitted from below first branch almost at the emission 
of the latter from the costal; cell area short, broad, open. Body rather stout; palpi 
rather short, and stouter than in typical Neptis, pilose; antenne slender; eyes 
naked. 

CaTERPILLAR.—(Jumba) Somewhat fusiform, anterior and anal segments 
narrowed, the middle segments thickened laterally; armed with two dorsal 
long anteriorly-divergent fleshy spiny processes on the fourth segment, and 
two shorter posteriorly-divergent similar processes on the twelfth segment, two 
very short dorsal spiny tubercles on the third and sixth segment. Head cleft and 
pointed at the vertex. 

CurysaLis.—Suspended vertically. Abdomen slender, thorax much stouter 
and broader, with sharp angular dorsal ridge; wing cases expanded Jaterally ; head- 
piece with two sharp points. 

Typr.—A. Columella. 


ANDRAPANA COLUMELLA. 


Papilio Columella, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 296, fig. A, B, 2 (1782). 

Neptis Columella, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 272 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. 
E. L Company, i. p. 166 (1857); id. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 7, pl. 49, fig. 5, g 9. Butler, Tr. Linn. 
Soe. Zool. i. p. 542 (1877). 

Acca Columena, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). 

Neptis Ophiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 561, ¢. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 153, pl. 17, 
fig, 12 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 105 (1886). 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 219 


Neptis Martabana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 310, go (wet-season). 
Neptis Nilgirica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal (1888), p. 353. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 271, fig. 1, la, b, 3 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-black; markings bluish-white. 
Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a narrow discoidal bluish-white streak, 
increasing in width to a broad truncate end, near which it is anteriorly more or less 
indented ; beyond is a widely separated large broad triangular discocellular spot, 
a transverse curved series of six spots disposed in pairs, the two upper oval and 
placed obliquely before the apex, the next pair on middle of the disc between the 
median veinlets, its upper one somewhat elongated and oval, the lower larger and 
generally of a broader triangularly-oval shape, and disposed obliquely downward 
and outward; the third pair disposed obliquely inward, its upper one being 
extremely small and slender, and even sometimes entirely absent, the lower one 
elongated and extending inward to a point along middle of the posterior margin ; 
beyond is a very obscure pale brownish slender sinuous inner submarginal line, then 
a submarginal broken row of very small decreasing lunate white spots, followed by 
a marginal obscure slender pale brownish lunular line. Hindwing crossed by a 
broad inner discal bluish-white band ending anteriorly in a very small spot above 
the lower subcostal veinlet, this upper spot being sometimes absent, and a less 
prominent submarginal narrower macular band, between which is a very obscure 
medial discal slender pale brownish lunular line, and beyond a marginal similar line ; 
the costal border to below the subcostals glossed with silvery pinkish-grey. 
Underside dark brownish-ferruginous, in some almost purplish-chestnut-brown ; 
markings as above, but all more prominent, somewhat broader, and all, including 
the marginal lines, tinted purplish-white. Forewing also with the posterior border 
from the lower median veinlet glossed with silvery purplish-grey. Hindwing 
also with a narrow purplish-white basal costal band and a broad subbasal radiating 
fascia. 

Female. Upperside. Ground-colour duller black, markings the same as in 
male, except that the cell-streak is somewhat narrower and less indented, the spot 
beyond more elongatedly-triangular. Underside as in the male. 

Body and palpi above fuliginous-black ; thorax and palpi beneath, forelegs, 
middle and hind femora greyish-white ; middle and hind tibiz and tarsi, and abdomen 
beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; antennz black above, tip reddish. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2;%, ¢ 3 inches. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 271, fig. le, d,e, ¢ 2). 


Male and female. Generally smaller than the wet-season brood. Upperside 
with markings the same, but those on the forewing comparatively larger and nearer 
Ff 2 


220 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


together. Underside. Ground-colour paler and of a uniformly brighter red; mark- 
ings the same but somewhat broader and less prominent. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2,5, ¢ 2,8 to 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—Southern and LEastern Indian; Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; 
8. China; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. 

Distrisurion.—We possess specimens of both seasonal forms from Sikkim, the 
Khasia Hills; Maungbhoom, Bengal; the Nilgiris, a dry-season male from Kallaur, 
Travancore, 1000 feet, taken in February (the 8. Indian representatives—named 
nilgirica, having the white discal spots on forewing somewhat larger than in 
N. Eastern and Burmese examples, the upper spot of the lowest pair being also 
proportionately large, and on the hindwing the white discal band is also broader) ; 
a wet-season male from Burma, and a dry-season male taken in February, by 
Col. C. H. EH. Adamson. Mr. L. de Nicéville records specimens in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, from Sikkim; Calcutta; Cachar; North Khasia Hills; Orissa; 
Rhutnagherry, Bangalore and Ootacamund, S. India; Mepley valley and Thoung- 
yeen forests, Upper Tennasserim (Butt. Ind. 11.105). “In Sikkim, it is common 
at low elevations from March to December ” (id. Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, 138). Mr. 
E. H. Aitken records “a few specimens taken at Mahableshwar, Bombay, in March” 
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1886, 1333). Capt. H. Y. Watson took “a male at Kadur, 
Mysore, in November” (id. 1890, 4). A female from Ranche, and a male from 
Bhotan are in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection, and a dry-season male from Siam in 
Mr. P. Crowley’s. Col. Adamson has the wet-season form from Kindat, Burma, 
taken in July, and the dry-season from Yemna Choung in February and November ; 
Col. Adamson also obtained the dry-season form commonly in Upper Burma in the 
hilly country, especially in February and March, and the wet-season form at Bhamo 
and on the Upper Salween River’ (MS. Note). Capt. Watson records it from Tilin in 
October and November, and at Tilin from December to May, taken during the 
Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 39). He also 
records ‘two specimens taken at Kelawa on the Chindwin River, Burma, in March ” 
(id. 1897, 654). Dr. N. Manders found it ‘not uncommon in the Shan States, 
H. Burma” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 522). Cramer’s type, Columella, is recorded, by 
him, from China. Both sexes, which I have verified, were taken in Hong Kong by 
Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., where it occurs sparingly in March, April, and May” 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 454). Mr. de Nicéville records it as “‘ very rare in Sumatra” 
(J. A. 8. Beng. 1895, 410). 


ANDRAPANA JUMBAH. 


Neptis Jumbah, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 167, pl. 4,a, fig. 5, 9 (1857). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 106 (1886). 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 221 


Neptis Jumba, Moore, Proc; Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 7; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 55, pl. 28, fig. 2, 2a, g 2b, 
larva and pupa (1881). 
Wet-season brood (Plate 272, fig. 1, la, larva and pupa; 1,b, c,d, 3 ?). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black, with blacker intervening spaces 
between the veins; markings either white, bluish-white, or sullied white. Forewing 
with a slender longitudinal cell-streak, which is slightly indented near its upper end ; 
a contiguous broad triangular spot beyond it, a discal transverse curved series 
of small oval spots, of which the upper two are disposed obliquely subapical, and 
sometimes with an additional very slender costal streak above, the next two discal, 
the lower one being larger, and disposed obliquely outward, the lower pair smaller ; 
an inner submarginal obscure pale sinuous line, a middle row of very small more 
or less defined whitish lunules, and an outer marginal obscure slender pale line. 
Hindwing crossed by an inner discal broader macular band, a submarginal row of 
more or less obscure very narrow pale lunules, and a marginal slender line; 
an obscure medial discal, line also present; the costal border being broadly glossy 
silvery-grey. Underside dark ferruginous or brownish-ferruginous; markings as 
above, somewhat broader, and prominent, the cell-streak and discal band white, 
the three outer marginal lines lilacine-white. Forewing also with a dusky or black 
linear streak between the upper veins, the posterior border being glossy silvery- 
grey. --Hindwing also with a short narrow basal costal lilacine-white fascia, 
containing a small ferruginous spot within the cell; between the white discal band 
and the submarginal lunules is a lower row of dusky-ferruginous or blackish spots. 

Female. Upperside as in the male; markings the same, but somewhat 
larger, the marginal lines on forewing more distinct, and the submarginal row of 
narrow lunules more or less obscure white. Underside as in the male; markings 
very prominent, and slightly broader. 

Body and palpi above fuliginous-black ; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs, 
middle and hind femora greyish; abdomen beneath and middle and hind tibiz and 
tarsi pale ochreous; antennz black, tip ochreous. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,;% to 2%, % 2,% to 3 inches. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 272, fig. 1,e,f, d 2). 


Male and female. Upperside as in wet-season brood; the white markings 
somewhat broader, the marginal lines in female more defined and whiter. Underside 
paler ferruginous than in wet-season brood, markings broader, and less prominent. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;%, 2 2,8 inches. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Somewhat fusiform ; anterior and anal segments narrowed, the 
middle segments being thickened laterally; armed with two dorsal long anteriorly- 
divergent fleshy spiny-processes on the fourth segment, and two shorter posteriorly- 


222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


divergent similar processes on the twelfth segment, also two very short dorsal 
spiny-tubercles on the third and sixth segment. Head cleft and pointed at the 
vertex. Colour brownish-purple, anal segments dark purple-brown, spotted with 
green, and bordering an oblique line extending laterally from anal spine to base of 
spine on fourth segment; two short oblique subdorsal anteriorly-oblique lateral 
streaks along middle segments. (Described from Dr. Thwaites drawing in Lep. of 
Ceylon, which was probably taken from a larva just previous to pupation.) In Mr. 
EH. H. Aitken’s Bombay drawing (our figure 1) the colour of the larva is paler, 
the dorsal area greenish with darker green oblique lateral stripes. 

Curysatis.—* Suspended vertically ; abdomen slender, thorax much stouter 
and broader, with sharp angular dorsal ridges; wing cases expanded laterally ; 
head-piece with two sharp points. Colour varying from dark brown to dull white, 
suffused and tipt at points with gold”? (Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. 
Hist. Soc. 1890, 278). 

Hasitat.—Hastern and Southern India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim; S. 
Andamans. 

Distrisution.—‘‘ It is very common in Calcutta; the Indian Museum possesses 
specimens from Cachar, Rangoon, Upper Tenasserim, Mergui, Orissa, Trevandrum» 
Ceylon, and South Andamans” (Butt. Ind. ti. 107). We possess specimens of 
both sexes from Malabar; Travancore, taken in April; Ceylon (Trincomali and 
Kanthalla) ; Rangoon ; Mergui; 8. Andamans. Mr. Wood-Mason records two males 
taken at “Sileuri, Cachar, in June and July” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 357). Mr. 
G. F. Hampson found it “not uncommon in the Nilgiris, from 3000 to 5000 feet 
elevation” (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 353). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson records it as “‘ fairly 
common in the low country of Travancore, and up to 3000 feet in the Hills” 
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 8). In Ceylon, Capt. Hutchison says, itis ‘‘ found in the 
Western and Central Provinces ; both in the plains and up to 4000 feet elevation, in 
forest land, at all times, but chiefly during the S.W. Monsoon. Mr. F. Mackwood 
records it occurring everywhere in Ceylon; February and March in fair numbers. 
Joins the up-country flights” (Lep. Ceylon i. 55). Col. J. W. Yerbury obtained 
it on the Kandy road in October, and at Kanthalla in October, also at Trincomali 
in October and November. 

In Burma, Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as “common on the Arakan 
coast in the cold season ” (List 1897, 21). Dr. J. Anderson took it in the Mergui 
Archipelago, at ‘ Minthantoung, December, and Elphinstone Island in March” 
(J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36). 

Foop-Piants or Larva.—According to the observations of Messrs. J. Davidson 
and E. H. Aitken, the larva “‘ is a most promiscuous feeder. We found it in the 
Kanara District, Bombay, on Helicteris isora, Grewia microcos, Ziayphus rugosa, 


NYMPHALINZZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 223 


and several other plants, from August to October” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 
273). 

Hasirs or Imaco.—Mr. L. de Nicéville states that ‘‘it has a much bolder 
and stronger flight than the other species of Neptis occurring in Calcutta” 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 45). Capt. Hutchison says “‘its flight is slow and heavy, 
and settles with wings open. LHasy to capture”’ (Lep. Ceylon i. 55). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 272, fig. 1 represents the larva and 
pupa reared in Kanara by Mr. Davidson (l.c.), fig. la, that of the larva reared in 
Ceylon by Mr. Gregory, figs. 1, b, c, d, the male and female of wet-season form, 
and figs. e, f, the female of dry-season form. 


ANDRAPANA MAGADHA (Plate 273, fig. 2, 2a,b, 3 9). 


Neptis Magadha, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 427, ¢ (1867). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
etc., p. 100 (1886). 

Neptis Charon, Butler, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (Dec. 1867), p. 400, pl. 9, fig. 1, 9. Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 155, fig. 48, 92. 

Neptis cineracea, Grose-Smith, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 151, @. 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings bluish- 
white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a somewhat narrow bluish-white 
cell-streak and a broad short triangular spot beyond the cell ; three outwardly-oblique 
subapical spots, the upper one being slender and short, the two lower large and 
oval; two medial discal similar spots, the upper one small, the other large and 
broad ; below are two narrow ersmaller spots; beyond is a submarginal row of eight 
small narrow lunular spots, preceded by an inner submarginal, and followed by an 
outer marginal slender obscure pale lunular line. Hindwing with a bluish-white 
transverse inner discal band strongly divided by black veins, and an outer discal 
macular band composed of seven somewhat quadrate spots, between these bands is a 
medial discal slender obscure pale fascia, and beyond is a submarginal slender 
obscure pale lunular line. Underside paler; purpurescent-brown ; the markings, 
as above, prominent, and opalescent bluish-white, the inner submarginal line on 
forewing and medial discal line on hindwing being obscurely violescent-white ; 
hindwing also with a short basal costal bluish-white band. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,;%, ¢ 2,% inches. 

Hasitat.—Burma ; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. 

Notge.—This species is closely allied to A. Duryodana ; it differs from it in 
having longer wings, and may be distinguished from it, on the forewing, by the 


224 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


shorter and broader discocellular spot, and on the hindwing by the broader basal 
white band, and also in the absence of a subbasal violescent-white fascia, which 
latter is always present on both sexes of Duryodana. We have compared the type 
specimen of Felder’s Magadha with that of cineracea, both of which are males, the 
type of Charon being a female. 

Distripution.—The type specimen of cineracea, a male, in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s 
collection, is recorded from Burma. A male, also from Burma, is in the Hewitson 
collection, British Museum. A female, taken in Burma, is in Col. C. H. H. 
Adamson’s collection. Specimens are also in the British Museum, from Tilin Yaw, 
taken in December, February, March, and April, by Captain E. Y. Watson during 
the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, and from Thoungyeen Valley, Upper 
Tenasserim, taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham. We possess a male from the Upper 
Mekong, Shan States, Burma, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.H. The type specimen 
ot Charon is recorded from Singapore. A specimen from Singapore, and one from 
Sumatra are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Mr. W. Rothschild possesses Felder’s 
type specimen of Magadha, which we have verified, and also one from Perak, Malay 
Peninsula. A female from Ardjiano is in Colonel Swinhoe’s collection. 


ANDRAPANA KHASIANA (Plate 273, fig. 1, la, b, d 9). 


Neptis Khasiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 562, pl. 32, fig 7, g@. de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete., ii. p. 100 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings very small, slender, 
bluish-white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a very slender cell-streak, 
and a small triangular spot beyond; a discal transverse curved series of six small 
spots, two being obliquely subapical and oval in shape, two discal, the upper 
of which is the smallest, the second somewhat triangular, the two lower small and 
inwardly oblique; beyond is a very obscure inner submarginal pale sinuous line, a 
submarginal row of minute white oblique lunules, and then an obscure pale 
marginal lunular line. Hindwing crossed by a very narrow inner-discal macular 
band, and an outer-discal row of small somewhat dentate spots; a very obscure 
pale medial discal line, and a submarginal lunular line. Underside dark purpurescent- 
brown, with black intervening spaces between the veins; markings as above, all 
very prominent, broader, and of a deeper bluish-white. Hindwing also with a 
bluish-white basal costal band. 

Female. Upperside with all the markings narrower and smaller than in the 
male. Underside as in male, markings narrower, as above. Body and palpi above 


NYMPHALINZ (Group LIMENITINA.) 225 


black; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs, middle and hind femora grey ; abdomen 
beneath, middle and hind tibiz and tarsi dusky-grey. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;4 to 2;%, ? 23% inches. 

Hasitat.—Bhotan; Khasia Hills; Burma. 

Distrisution.—The type specimen was obtained by Major Godwin-Austen in 
the Khasia Hills. Colonel C. Swinhoe has received several examples of both sexes 
from the Khasias and Cherra Punji. ‘‘ Two specimens are in the Indian Museum, 
Calcutta, from Buxa, Bhotan” (de N. l.c. 100). Col. C. H. HE. Adamson obtained it 
in “ Upper and Lower Burma, both in the rainy season and in the cold weather” 
(List, 1897, 20). Capt. E. Y. Watson took it at ‘‘ Tilin; not common; during the 
Chin-Lushai Expedition’’ (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 39). Capt. Watson also 
records “a single specimen taken at the foot of the Chin Hills, Burma, in March” 
(J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1897, 654). 

Matayan Species.—Andrapana Bataviana, n. sp. Male. Nearest to Columella. 
Upperside. Forewing with the white spot beyond the cell larger, broader, and more 
conical in shape, the two subapical and the two discal spots more elongated, the 
latter pair placed nearer the discocellular spot ; and the submarginal lunular spots 
obscure. Hindwing with the white discal band broader, and the submarginal macular 
band narrower, lunular, and somewhat obscure. Underside paler chestnut-red, the 
markings as above. Female. Upperside with the markings similar to male; the 
upper discal spot on the forewing touching the discocellular spot. Underside 
similar to male ; the upper discal spot as on the upperside. Hxpanse 3 2;%, ? 2;% to 
24. Habitat. Batavia, Java.—Andrapana Duryodana (Neptis Duryodana, Moore, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 10, pl. 49, fig. 8, 3). Syn. Neptis Bahalla, Pryer and Cator, 
Brit. North Borneo Herald, Oct. 1894, p. 260. Habitat. Borneo; Sumatra.— 
Andrapana Ophianella (Neptis Ophianella, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 65). Habitat. 
Palawan.—Andrapana Angara (Neptis Angara, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. 143, pl. 
88, fig. 8, 9, 10, ¢ ¢). Habitat. Mindanao.—Andrapana Soror (Neptis Soror, 
Semper, l.c. p. 148, pl. 28, fig. 6,7, ¢ 2 (1889). Habitat. Camotes; Mindoro.— 
Andrapana Eremita (Phedyma Eremita, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ui. p. 678 
(1867). Semper, lc. p. 142, pl. 28, fig. 3, 4, 5, ¢ % (1889). Habitat. Luzon ; 
Manilla—Andrapana Sarabaita (Phedyma Sarabaita, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. i. 
p. 428 (1867). Habitat. ? Celebes.—Andrapana Ida (Neptis Ida, Moore, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1858, p. 10, pl. 49, fig. 7). Syn. N. Celebensis, Hopffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 
36. Habitat. Macassar.—dAndrapana Daria (Neptis Daria, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. 
iii. p. 428, pl. 56, fig. 5,6 (1867). Habitat. Celebes.—Andrapana albescens (Neptis 
albescens, Rothschild, Iris, Dresden, v. p. 488, pl. 7, fig. 3, ¢). Habitat. Celebes. 
—Andrapana variabilis (Neptis variabilis, Rothschild, J.c. p. 438, pl. 7, fig. 1, 2, 
3 ?). Habitat. Celebes. 

VOL, III. Gg 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


bo 
to 
for) 


Genus NEPTIS. 

Neptis,* Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807). Horsfield, Dese. Catal. Lep. E.I. C. 
Expl. pl.5, 7 (1829). Crotch, Cist. Ent. i. p. 66 (1872). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 54 (1881). 

Neptis, (part), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii p. 270 (1850). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 149 (1883). 
de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii, p. 75 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 145 (1886). 
Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. p. 152 (1887). Semper, Reis. Philip. Lep. p. 144 (1889). 
Leech, Butt. of China, etc., p. 190 (1892). 

Limenitis (part), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. p. 17 (1816). Boisd. Ind. Méth. 1829, p. 14. 

Neptis (sect. 1, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861). 

Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). 

Philonoma (part), Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). 


Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing subtriangular; costa much arched 
from the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin short, slightly obliquely-convex and 
scalloped, posterior margin long and recurved from the base ; costal vein extending 
to about the middle of the margin; first and second subcostal branches very short, 
first subcostal emitted at about one-fifth before end of the cell, second at a short 
distance before its end, third at nearly half length beyond the cell and ending at the 
apex, fourth and fifth at about two-thirds beyond the end; upper discocellular very 
short and outwardly oblique; middle discocellular inwardly-oblique, concave ; 
cell open, area broad; two upper median veinlets emitted at a considerable 
distance beyond the discocellulars; lower median branch from opposite 
discocellulars, recurved; submedian much recurved. Hindwing short, broadly 


* Historical Note on the genus Neptis—The genus Nepris of Fabricius is founded upon two species, 
namely, Melicerta and Aceris. The first an African species, the other a European. Billberg (Enum. Ins. 
p. 78 (1820) changed the name to Philonoma. Horsfield, in 1829, uses Neptis for Aceris. Crotch, in 1872, 
cites Aceris as type of Neptis, but this is disputed by Scudder (Proc. Amer. Acad. A. & Sei. 1875, 226) on 
the ground that Aceris belonged to Nymphalis since 1823—presuming that Aceris is eongeneric with 
Lucilla, which, however, is not the case. Billberg’s name Philonoma may be used for Melicerta (Agatha 
Cram.), which species we diagnose below, as being generically distinct from Aceris. 

Genus Pamonoma, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). Neptis (part), Fabr. Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 
(1807). Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Meptis (sect. 3), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 
(1861). Neptis, Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. et Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 226. Trimen, S. African Butt. 
p. 268 (1887). 

Imago.—Male. Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in typical Weptis (Aceris). Forewing 
subtriangular ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-third before end of the cell, second at one-sixth 
before the end, the first extending close to the costal; discocellulars outwardy oblique, short; cell open. 
Hindwing conically-ovate ; anterior margin much arched at the base and oblique towards the end, apex 
obtuse ; exterior margin obliquely-convex, scalloped; anal angle rounded; costal vein ending at one-fourth 
before the apex; precostal vein short, straight ; subcostals and radial at equal distances from the costal. 
Body slender ; palpi very slender, compactly clothed, aud with but a very few fine long hairs present beneath ; 
eyes naked. Typr.—P. Agatha, Cram. (Melicerta Fabr.). 


NYMPHALINZ (Group LIMENITINA.) 927 


ovate; anterior margin very convex in the middle; exterior margin convex 
and scalloped ; anal angle rounded ; with a glossy violescent-white costal band, and 
an unglossed pale brown patch medially disposed from costal vein to below base of 
subcostals ; precostal vein short, straight, emitted opposite to the subcostal, its tip 
slightly fureate; costal vein short, ending at fully one-third before the apex; sub- 
costal branch emitted near to the costal, the radial at a nearly equal distance beyond ; 
cell open, area very short and broad ; lower median from opposite base of radial ; 
two upper medians emitted at an equal distance from lower and base of the cell; 
submedian straight; internal vein recurved. Body slender; palpi ascending, slender, 
laxly clothed with very fine long hairs to the tip, third joint of nearly equal length 
of the second, third very slender and pointed; legs slender; antenne with a 
gradually formed, rather short club ; eyes naked. Sexes alike. Typz. N. Aceris. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Head larger than anterior segments, vertex with two short- 
pointed spines, cheeks obtusely spined ; third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments 
armed with a subdorsal pair of stout fleshy spiny-processes, those on the fourth 
segment longest. 

Curysatis.—Rather short ; head-piece bluntly cleft in front, vertex pointed ; 
thorax dorsally prominent and angular; dorsum angular at base; abdominal 
segments slightly angled dorsally; wing cases somewhat dilated laterally. (De- 
scribed from §. N. Ward’s original drawing of N. Varmona). 

Cuaracteristics or Various Species oF Nepris.—In the species named Astola, 
Adara, and Andamana, the lower discal series of four spots on the forewing are 
placed in an inwardly-oblique regular row, as in Varmona, in which latter species 
this regularity is very decided, and which is also apparent in the Chinese Hurynome, 
as well as in the quite distinct species named intermedia. This characteristic is 
also observable in the European Aceris. Whereas, in Nicobarica, in Ombalata, and 
in the Javan species Matuta (= Leucothoé, Cramer (nec Linn.), the position of these 
four spots is different, being disposed more like those in the Genus Andrapana, 
the upper two being somewhat widely separated from the lower, the first of the 
upper pair being longer, and it is placed comparatively more inward, the second 
of the upper pair positioned obliquely downwards and outward, thus giving a visibly 
wider separation of the two pairs. This peculiarity of the sequence of these spots, 
will serve as a sure character in separating Leucothoé (Cram.) from Varmona and 
its allies. 


NEPTIS ASTOLA. 


Neptis Astola, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 560 (dry-season). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., 
ii. p. 99 (1886). 
Neptis Emodes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 561, pl. 32, fig. 2 (wet-season). 
ag 2 


to 
in) 
a 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 274, fig. 1, la, b,c, g ¢). 

Inaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings olivescent- 
white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a broad cell-streak, which is 
slightly indented or partially broken by black scales near its end; discocellular spot 
large and lobately-triangular ; a transverse discal curved series of short broad more 
or less ovate spots, and a submarginal row of seven extremely small spots, the upper 
five more or less rounded, the lower two lunular; an inner submarginal and an 
outer marginal very obscurely-defined pale line. Hindwing crossed by an inner discal 
broad band, and a submarginal rather broad band composed of quadrate spots; a 
medial discal and a marginal very obscure slender pale line. Underside rich dark 
ferruginous-red ; markings as above, all being white and very slightly blackish-edged. 
Hindwing also with a short narrow white basal costal streak and a subbasal fascia. 
Body and palpi above fuliginous-black, beneath and legs greyish ; antenne blackish 
above, beneath and tip reddish. 

Expanse, ¢ 1,4 to 2, ? 2 to 2;% inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 274, fig. 1,d,e,f,g, d 92). 


Male and female. Wings slightly shorter and broader than in dry-season brood. 
Upperside. Forewing with the markings somewhat smaller and narrower, and less 
sharply defined, the discoidal spot more or less narrowly prolonged in the female. 
Hindwing with the submarginal macular band somewhat narrower and slightly 
sullied. Underside darker red than in dry-season ; markings more prominent. 

Expanse, d 2, ? 2,% to 2;% inches. 

Hasitat.—W. and E. Himalayas; Khasia Hills; Upper Burma. 

Distrisution.—We possess the type specimens of the dy-season form from 
Simla and Masuri; a male from Thundiani, taken in May, and a female from Kali 
Pani, in August, by Major J. W. Yerbury, also both sexes of dry and wet-season 
form from Kashmir, Masuri, and Simla, taken by Major H. B. Hellard from June to 
October. Also others from Nepal, Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Cherra Punji; and both 
sexes of the dry form from Upper Burma, the latter agreeing with typical Asfola. 
In the British Museum are specimens from Thundiani (Yerbury), Almora, Nepal 
(Hardwicke), Landour, Dalhousie, and Kulu, and of the wet form from Tilin Yaw, 
November (Watson), Sikkim, July (Dudgeon). Specimens of both sexes, from 
Sikkim, taken by Otto Moller, in February and March, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s 
collection. Colonel Swinhoe has several specimens from the Khasias and Cherra 
Punji. Capt. A. M. Lang took it “in gardens at Umballa in winter” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 
1864, 132). Major J. W. Yerbury took it in ‘“ Thundiani in September, and at 
Hurripur and Chittar in October” (Ann. N. H. 1888, 143), Mr. W. Doherty records 
it as “common all over Kumaon from 2000 to 7000 feet elevation” (J. A. S. Bengal, 


NYMPHALIN AS, (Group LIMENITINA.) 229 


1886, 125). N.W. Himalayan specimens in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection are from 
Chumba Valley, September; Kuti, 8500 feet, July; Narkunda, July; Kotser, July; 
and Dana, June. 

Hasits or Imaco.—Capt. A. M. Lang writes that it is ‘common in woods and 
gardens in the Western Himalayas. It has a beautiful flight, floating in and out of 
the sunlight in the chequered shade of trees, occasionally basking on the sun-bathed 
foliage, or resting, in groups of half a dozen or more, on the moist fern-covered 
rocks in the midst of the stream in some Himalayan glen” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 
132). In his MS. Notes, Capt. Lang also writes, “at Kasauli I observed it floating 
mostly up and down the dry watercourses, from one bramble or raspberry bush to 
another, in April and May.” Mr. de Nicéville writes, “to be met with everywhere, 
in the W. Himalayas, where there are trees, and at all seasons of the year. It has 
a very beautiful, floating flight, and it is a particularly pretty sight to observe two 
of these insects courting,—they fly round and round each other, making endless 
circles in the air, and with so little apparent exertion, hardly moving their wings at 
all, they always seem to be spread wide open” (Indian Agriculturalist, July, 1880). 


NEPTIS ADARA. 


Neptis Adara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 830 (dry-season). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., 
ii. p. 97 (1886). 

Weptis Meetana, Moore, id. p. 830 (weé-season). 

Neptis Mamaja, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1879, p. 541, pl. 69, fig. 3, g. Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 156, pl. 16, fig. 14 9 (1888). 


Dry-season brood (Plate 275, fig. 1, la, b,c, g 9). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Forewing elongate, as in Varmona. Upperside; 
markings olivescent-white, similar to Varmona, except that on the forewing the dis- 
coidal spot is, comparatively, somewhat shorter, broader, and less pointed ; the discal 
spots smaller and narrower, and the submarginal white spots less prominent. On 
the hindwing the outer discal macular band is narrower, the medial discal and marginal 
pale line obscure. Underside; ground-colour brighter ferruginous than in Varmona ; 
markings differ, pre aaa as on upperside, and are =e black-edged. 

Expanse, 3 1,% to 2;4, % 2,% to 2,4 inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 275, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, d 2). 


Male and female. Wings comparatively broader than in dry-season brood. 
Upperside ; markings more or less comparatively smaller, narrower, and less sharply 
defined, and in some extreme examples of this brood the white markings are still 


230 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. 


smaller, narrower, and are more or less sullied. Underside dark ferruginous; 
markings as on upperside, very prominently black-edged. 

Hxpanse, d 2 to 2 ;%, ? 2;% to 2,;% inches. 

Hasitat.—Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. 

DisTRIBUTION.—We possess specimens of the dry-season form from Toungoo, Moul- 
main, Meetan, Moolai, and Nithoung Upper Tenasserim, taken by Mr. Wood-Mason 
and Otto Limborg; from Sagaing, Mandalay, taken in February by Major C. H. H. 
Adamson; Karen Hills, taken by Signor Fea, and from Mergui, taken by Dr. J. 
Anderson. Of the wet-season form from Rangoon, taken in June by Capt. C. T. 
Bingham; Moolai; Chittagong, taken in August and September by Major Adamson ; 
Bhamo, November, and Mandalay, from Signor Fea. In the British Museum are 
dry-season specimens from Tilin Yaw, taken in January, February, April, and May, 
by Capt. E. Y. Watson. Dr. Anderson obtained it in ‘‘ Mergui in December, and 
on King Island in February” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36). 


NEPTIS VARMONA. 


Neptis Varmona, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 561 (wet-season); Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 54, pl. 28, 
fig. 1, la (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 95 (1886). 

Neptis Kamarupa, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 570 (dry-season). 

Neptis Swinhoei, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 9, gd (wet-season). 

Neptis Eurymene, Butler, l.c. p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 5, g (dry-season). 

Neptis disrupta, Moore, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 39; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 55, pl. 28, fig. 4, 4a, 9 
(aberration). 


Dry-season brood (Plate 276, fig. 1, Jarva and pupa ; 1, a, b;e,d, dg @). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Forewings elongated and subtriangular. Upperside 
olivescent-black ; markings white, prominent and sharply defined; cilia alternated 
with white. Forewing. Upperside with the cell-streak broad, more or less slightly 
indented near upper end or slightly partially divided by blackish scales ; triangular spot 
beyond large, broad, and more or less prolonged to an acute point; discal curved 
series of spots large; submarginal row of white lunular spots prominent; an inner 
submarginal sinuous lunular line and an outer marginal lunular pale line. Hindwing 
with a broad inner-discal band, and an outer-discal broad macular band composed of 
quadrate spots; a medial-discal more or less obscurely-defined whitish lunular line, 
and a submarginal slender more defined white lunular line. Underside yellowish- 
ferruginous ; white markings, as above, prominent, very slightly blackish-edged. 
Forewing also with an inner submarginal slender white lunular line, and an outer 
marginal lunular line. Hindwing also with a white short basal band and a short 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 231 


subbasal fascia, and two marginal lunular lines. Body and palpi above blackish ; 
thorax iridescent; body and palpi beneath, and legs white; antennz above black, 
tip and beneath reddish. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 276, fig. 1, e, f,g,h, ¢ 2). 


Male and female. Forewings elongated, as in dry-season. Upperside with the 
cell-streak narrower and the spot beyond more or less smaller; the discal spots also 
more or less narrower; the bands on hindwing narrower in the female, and the 
marginal line less defined. Underside darker ferruginous than in dry-season, the 
white markings more prominent and blacker edged ; veins of forewing discally black 
lined. 

Expanse (Dry), ¢ 1,% to 2;%,, ? 2 to 2,;% inches. 

(Wet) do 2, 2 1,8 to 2,5, inches. 

CaTerRPiLtar.—Head larger than anterior segment, vertex with two short 
pointed spines, cheeks obtusely spined; third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments 
armed with a subdorsal pair of stout fleshy spiny-processes, those on the fourth 
segment longest. Colour pale green; face, tip of processes, and segments slightly 
washed with pale pinkish ; a slight pinkish oblique lateral fascia from anal process ; 
a small dark lateral spot on sixth segment. 

Curysatis.—Rather short ; head-piece bluntly cleft in front, vertex pointed ; 
thorax dorsally prominent and angular; dorsum angular at base; abdominal 
segments slightly angled dorsally ; wing cases somewhat dilated laterally. Colour 
pale brownish-ochreous, with lateral thoracic golden spots. (Described from §. N. 
Ward’s drawing.) 

Hasitat.—H. Kumaon; Sikkim ; Continental India; Ceylon. 

Distrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty records Varmona from the “ Kali Valley, 
Eastern Kumaon, and Haldwani in the Terai, from 1000 to 3000 feet elevation ” 
(J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 125). “In Sikkim,” Mr. L. de Nicéville says, “it is a 
very common species, and occurs everywhere at from 7000 feet elevation to the level 
of the plains throughout the warm months” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 138). We 
possess a series of specimens of the dry and wet-season forms of this common species, 
as follows :—Mount Aboo, 3930 feet, West Central India ; Wangui, Thanah District, 
November and December ; Mhow, February ; Malda, April; Ahmednuggur, Poona, 
January ; Mahableshwar, May; and Bombay, November, all taken by Colonel C. 
Swinhoe. Coonoor, Kanara (8S. N. Ward); Nilgiris (G. F. Hampson) ; Shevaroy 
Hills (Dr. J. Shortt); Quilon, Travancore, May; Mynall, Travancore, 1500 feet ; 
Ceylon (Mackwood, Yerbury). Also of the dry-season form from Calcutta (Farr) ; 
Khasias (Swinhoe) ; Shillong, Assam, taken in May ; wet-season form from Nowgong, 
Assam (Mrs. Span); Bhotan (Dudgeon); and dry-season form from Sikkim and 


232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Bhotan. Two males of dry-season form from Tuckoor, Darjiling, 4500 feet, are in 
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. de Nicéville records it from ‘ Bombay; 
Kandeish District; Malda; Bangalore; Calicut; Trevandrum; Orissa ; Calcutta ; 
Silhet; Cachar; Assam; and Sikkim” (Butt. of India, ii. 95). Mr. G. F. Hampson 
records it from the “‘ Nilgiris, Hurymene as the dry-season form of Varmona, and 
Swinhoei as a variety” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1888, 353). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson found it 
“common in the Travancore Hills and Plains all the year round” (J. Bombay 
N. H. Soc. 1891. 8). Capt. E. Y. Watson records “‘ numerous specimens of Varmona 
from Kathlekan, Mysore, taken in November, December, and January, and of 
Swinhoei a few specimens in December, and at Gorsoppa Falls in January” 
(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 4). Capt. Watson also records the wet form (Varmona) 
“from Madras, taken in April and August” (J. A. S. Beng. 1890, 266). In Ceylon, 
Capt. Hutchison found it “ widely distributed, occurring in the Hills and Plains, 
both in forest and cultivated land all the year” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 54). The specimen 
of the aberration, named disrupta, was taken at Ambegamoa, in the Central Province 
of Ceylon, by Mr. F. M. Mackwood. 

Hasits or Imaco.— This is by far the commonest and most widely spread of the 
genus. It may be found in any month of the year and anywhere (in the N. Kanara 
District of Bombay), frequenting gardens and cultivated land” (J. Davidson and 
H. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 251). “It is common in Bombay and 
Poona after the Monsoon, and still more so on the Hills as late as March. It 
frequents gardens and hedges, and has a characteristic flight, steady and straight, 
with jerky strokes of its wings, between which they remain stiffly expanded” (H. H. 
Aitken, id. 1886, 133). In Ceylon, Capt. Hutchison found it ‘“ widely distributed. 
Flight slow, floating, alights on bushes with wings generally, if not always, open ” 
(Lep. Ceylon, i. 54). 

Foop-Piant or Larva.—According to the observations of Messrs. Davidson 
and Aitken, made in the N. Kanara District of Bombay, ‘‘ the larva feeds on various 
Peas” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 251). 

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 276, fig. 1 represents the larva 
and pupa from Mr. 8. N. Ward’s original drawing made in Kanara; figs. 1, la, b, 
c, d, the male and female type specimen of Kamarupa (dry-season), and figs. le, f, 
g, h, the male and female types of Varmona (wet-season). 


NEPTIS ANDAMANA. 


Neptis Andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 586. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 94 
(1886). 
Dry-season brood (Plate 277, fig. 1, la, b,c, 5 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside black ; markings white, prominent. Forewing with 


NYMPHALINZE, (Group LIMENITINA.) 233 


a broad white cell-streak and rather elongated dentate spot beyond, a discal 
curved series of widely separated spots, a submarginal row of slightly-defined 
slender white lunules, an inner submarginal obscure sinuous pale line, and a less 
apparent outer marginal line. Hindwing with a moderately broad white discal 
band, which is more or less attenuated anteriorly, and a submarginal row of very 
narrow whitish lunules, the medial discal and outer marginal pale line very 
obscure. Underside ferruginous; markings as above, including a basal and 
subbasal streak, all prominently white and slightly black-edged. 

Female. Upperside as in male. Underside somewhat darker ferruginous than 
in male; markings more distinctly black-edged. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, ? 2,3, inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 277, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, dQ). 


Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings less prominent and 
sullied-white than in dry season. Forewing with the cell-streak and contiguous 
spot narrower, the discal series of spots smaller, the submarginal lunular line very 
slender. Hindwing with the discal band more or less narrower and attenuated an- 
teriorly, the submarginal row of lunules very slender. Underside dusky ferruginous ; 
markings with blacker edges. 

Expanse, ¢ 1,8, to 2,4, ? 2; inches. 

Hasitat, South Andamans. 

Disrripution.—Confined to the Andaman Isles, where it is, apparently, a common 
species. Numerous specimens are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; we possess a 
' series, taken by the late F. de Roépstorff. 


NEPTIS NICOBARICA. 


Neptis Nieobarica, Moore, Proce, Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 586. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 94 
(1886). 


Dry-season brood (Plate 278, fig. 1, 1a, b, e, 3 2). 


Twaco.—Male and female. Upperside black ; markings broad, white, and sharply 
defined. Differs from N. Varmona, on the forewing, in the discal series of spots being 
less curved, and separated into three distinct portions; the subapical pair less 
outwardly-oblique, the discal pair of more equal length and widely separated from 
the lower pair, the upper spot of the discal pair being also placed comparatively more 
inward, and the lower spot of the same pair positioned obliquely downward and 
outward, both the latter having their outer-edge obliquely concave; the 

VOL. LIT. Hh 


234 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


submarginal row of small white spots is complete and very prominent. On the 
hindwing, the inner discal band is broader, but the outer discal macular band is 
generally narrower, and with wider vein intersections ; marginal whitish slender line 
lunular. Underside brighter ferruginous than in N. Varmona ; white markings as 
above, prominent, and black-edged, the ordinary medial discal lunular line on 
hindwing being very slender and obscure, in some obsolescent; the marginal 
lunular lines very prominent and rather broad. 
Expanse, d 2,4, to 2;%,, 9 2,% to 2,4, inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 278, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, ¢ 2). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside with all the markings narrower, smaller, 
shorter, and less prominent than in the dry-season brood. Jorewing with the 
discocellular triangular spot comparatively narrower, the discal series of spots half, 
or, in some, less than half the size. Hindwing with the inner discal band half the 
width, the submarginal row of spots also narrower and more lunular. Underside 
duller ferruginous ; the white markings smaller and narrower, as above. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, 2 2; inches. 

Haszirat.—Nicobar Islands. 

Distrisution.— We possess numerous specimens of both sexes of the diy-season 
form, taken on the Islands of Nankouri, Kamorta, and Katchall, and of the wet- 
season brood from Pulokondull, which we received from Mrs. F. de Roépstorff. 
Specimens of the dry-season form, from the island of Trinkat, are also in Mr. W, 
Rothschild’s collection. Mr. de Nicéville records it also from the islands of Takoin, 
Kar Nicobar, and Great Nicobar. 


NEPTIS MAHENDRA. 
Neptis Mahendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 560, pl. 32, fig. 3, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
ii. p. 104 (1886). 
Neptis Ambigua et Himalayica, Felder MS. (Coll. Rothschild). 


Diry-season brood (Plate 279, fig. 1, la, b, e, 9). 


Ivaco.—Male and female. Upperside black; markings white, prominent. 
Forewing with the cell-streak broad at its end and very slightly indented with black 
scales near upper end, triangular spot beyond very broad and obtuse, widely 
separated ; discal series of spots large and broad, separated into three distinct 
portions, the subapical widening on the costa, the two median spots of nearly equal 
size and superposed outwardly, as in N. Leucothoé, Cram., submarginal row of small 
white spots medially interrupted, the upper series rounded, the lower lunular; inner 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIVENITINVA.) 235 


submarginal and marginal line very obscure. Hindwing with a very broad inner 
discal band, which widens anteriorly to the costa; an outer discal broad quadrate 
macular band ; a medial discal obscure pale line which is whitish posteriorly, and a 
marginal obscure slender pale lunular line. Underside brownish-ferruginous ; 
markings as above, and, including a basal and subbasal streak on hindwing, all 
prominently pure white. Body and palpi above black, beneath and legs greyish- 
white ; antennz black above, tip reddish beneath. 
Expanse do, ? 2 to 2; inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 279, fig. 1, d,e, f, g, d 2). 


Male and female. Upperside. Ground-colour blacker ; markings all smaller 
and narrower, especially in the male ; marginal lines less defined. Underside darker 
brownish-ferruginous, the posterior area of forewing blackish ; markings as above, 
but less purely white, and blackish-edged. 

Expanse, d 2,2, to 2;%, 2 2;% to 2,5 inches. 

Hapsitat.—N.W. Himalayas. 

DistrisuTion.—This distinct species “ occurs only in the N.W. Himalayas. Mr. 
de Nicéville took it at Kujiah near Dalhousie, and at Ulwas, Chumba, in May. Mr. 
A. Graham Young obtained it in the Kulu Valley in April and May ; it occurs also 
in Simla, Kasauli and Masuri. Major Marshall has specimens from Kashmir, 8200 
feet, taken in June, Chumba in May and June, Pangi, 8000 feet,in July, and Chini 
in June” (de Nicéville, l.c. 105)... We possess specimens from Simla, taken in May 
by Capt. A. M. Lang. Major J. W. Yerbury found it “common at Murree in 
August and September; seen as far as Thundiani” (P. Z. 8S. 1886, 360). Capt. H. B. 
Hellard took it at ‘“ Pangi in Busahir, in July and August, and in Kashmir in August 
and September” (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty found it “common in Kumaon, 
extending from the Sarju and Kali Valleys at 2000 up to over 9000 feet near Dwali, 
N.W. Kumaon, and at Budhi, in N.E. Kumaon” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 125). 
Mr. J. H. Leech possesses specimens from Kuki, July ; Dana; Kujiah, 6000, June; 
Narkunda, April; Murree, May ; and from Rala, August. 


NEPTIS YERBURYI. 


Neptis Yerburyi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 360; id. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 143, ¢. 
Neptis Nandina (part*), Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 168; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 9. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 104. 


* The type specimen of Nandina, figured in Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 4a, fig. 7, was taken in Java by 
-the late Dr. Horsfield, and is distinct from this species. 


Hh 2 


236 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 280, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings yellowish- 
white. Forewing with a broad entire cell-streak ; discocellular spot entirely separated 
but contiguous, large, broad, elongate and acute at tip; discal series of spots large and 
elongated, the lower four disposed in a regular oblique linear series, as in N. Varmona ; 
submarginal row of small lunular spots very prominent ; inner submarginal and 
marginal slender pale line obscure. Hindwing with a broad inner-discal band, which 
is widest anteriorly, and even-edged in the male but less regular in the female; an 
outer-discal broad quadrate macular band, a medial-discal and a marginal slender 
pale lunular line. Underside brownish-ferruginous; markings as above, very 
prominent, the cell-streak, discoidal spot, and discal bands paler yellowish- 
white; the marginal lines, basal streaks, and medial discal line in the hindwing 
being lilacine white, and all without any trace of black edging; the subapical 
spots widened out to the costal border. Body and palpi above black, thorax 
iridescent ; body and palpi beneath and legs greyish-white; antenne above black, 
reddish beneath. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,2, to 2;%, 2 2% to 2;% inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 280, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, d 9). 


Male and female. Upperside with the markings somewhat smaller and narrower 
than in dry-season brood, and of a sullied olivescent yellowish-white. Underside 
purpurescent brownish-ferruginous ; markings white, asin dry-season, but somewhat 
smaller and narrow as above, and tinged with brighter hlacine. 

Hxpanse, ¢ 2,2, to 2,5, % 23% to 2;% inches. 

Hasitat.—N.W. and HE. Himalayas; Khasia Hills; Upper Burma. 

DistRiBuTION.— We possess examples of this species from Campbellpore, taken by 
Major Yerbury ; Naini Tal; Murree; dry and wet-season forms from Nepal, taken by 
General G. Ramsay ; Sikkim, taken in March by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon ; Khasia Hills, 
and a male from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, Burma, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, 
C.E.; Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “ Kashmir, in September” (MS. Note). 
Major J. W. Yerbury obtained it at “ Dhum Tower, near Abbottabad, in October” 
(Ann. N. H. 1888, 143). Mr. W. Doherty records it from ‘ Loharkhet, N.W. 
Kumaon, at 5000 feet elevation” (J. A. §S. Beng. 1836, 125). <A female, 
labelled Afghanistan, is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. de Nicéville 
records it as “not uncommon in Sikkim, up to 4000 feet, from April to December. 
The larva, as observed in Masuri, feeding on Celtis australis” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 
1894, 138). 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.,) 237 


NEPTIS HAMPSONI. 


Neptis Kallaura et Nandina, Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 353, nec Moore. 
Neptis Nandina, Beetham, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 1890, p. 281. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 281, fig. 1, la, b, g 2). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside black ; markings white, similar to those 
in wet-season Yerburyi, except that on the forewing, the cell-streak is narrower, the 
discocellular spot both narrower and shorter, and the discal series of spots also 
narrower, the subapical decreasing to the costa; submarginal lunules small. On the 
hindwing the discal and outer band are both comparatively narrower. Underside 
darker brownish-ferruginous ; the markings, as on upperside, narrower, the subapical 
spots on forewing decreasing to the costa. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,2, % 2;4, to 2,8 inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 281, fig. 1c, d, 3). 


Male. Upperside with all the markings narrower than in the dry-season ; the 
submarginal lunules on forewing obscure. Underside with darker ground-colour ; 
markings similar, but narrower. 

Expanse, ¢ 2, inches. 

Hasitat.—South India. 

Distrisution.—There is a specimen of both sexes of the dry-season brood in the 
British Museum from Sir G. F. Hampson’s collection, labelled as having been taken 
on the “ Northern Slopes of the Nilgiris in January and October.” Also a female 
from Ootacamund, taken in August. We also possess a male and female taken on 
the Nilgiris. Colonel C. Swinhoe has a male of both the dry and wet-season brood, 
from the same Nilgiri collection. This is also probably the species referred to as 
N. Kallaura, by Messrs. Davidson and Aitken (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, 
282), who ‘‘ bred a specimen from a pupa found, in February, in the Supa Taluka, 
N. Kanara District, hanging to a leaf of Dalbergia confertifolia, the larva having been 
feeding on the creeper.’ Capt. HE. Y. Watson records a single female (as Nandina), 
taken at Kathlekan, Mysore, in November (J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1890, 4). 


NEPTIS KALLAURA. 


Neptis Kallaura, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, 309 (wet-season). de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. 
p- 103 (1886). 
Wet-season brood (Plate 281, fig. 2, 2a, 2). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings very pale 
yellow ; cilia slightly alternated with grey. Forewing with a slender somewhat 


238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


clavate cell-streak and narrow elongated pointed lobate spot beyond ; discal series of 
spots small and more or less rounded, the submarginal row of small lunate spots 
more or less apparent and incomplete ; an inner submarginal sinuous pale line and a 
marginal line obscure. Hindwing with a somewhat narrow inner discal band which 
is narrowest at both ends; a narrower outer-discal quadrate macular band; the 
medial discal and marginal pale line very obscure. Underside brownish-ferruginous ; 
markings as above, with dusky edgings; the cell-streak and discal band on both 
wings pale yellow, the other markings on both wings and the basal streaks on hind- 
wing being pale lilacine-grey; the discal band on hindwing narrowest at each end, 
and the medial-discal slender line bent upward to the costa. Body and palpi above 
black; thorax and palpi beneath and legs greyish-white; abdomen beneath 
ferruginous ; antenne black above, reddish beneath. 
Hxpanse ¢ 2,4, % 2,% to 2,5 inches. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 281, fig. 2b, 2). 


Female. Upperside; markings yellowish-white. Forewing with the cell-streak 
broader than in wet-season brood ; discal spots more elongated, the middle pair more 
truncate exteriorly. Hindwing with broader inner-discal band; the outer band 
similar. Underside; ground-colour the same; markings broader as above, otherwise 
as in wet-season. 

Expanse, 2,;%) inches. 

Hasitat.—Travancore ; Mysore; 8. India. 

DisrrrpuTion.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. Bourdillon on the Kallaur 
road, at 1200 feet elevation, Travancore, in April, and also at Mynall, 2700 feet 
elevation. A female, inthe Indian Museum, Calcutta, is recorded from Trevandrum 
(Butt. Ind. 103). A female of the dry-season brood, taken by Capt. H. Y. Watson 
at Kathlekan, Kadur, Mysore, in November, is in the British Museum. Mr. H. 8. 
Ferguson records it as rare in Travancore. Taken on the Hills near Mynall Estate 
and also on the high range (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 8). 

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 281, fig. 2, 2a, represents the female of 
wet-season, and fig. 2, b, the female of dry-season brood. 


NEPTIS CLINIA. 


Neptis Clinia, Moore, Proc. Zoo), Soc. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fig. 5, g (dry-season). 
Neptis Mananda, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 586, pl. 58, fig. 4, 9 (wet-season). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 101 (1886). 


Dry-season brood (Plate 282, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker inter- 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 239 


vening spaces between the veins; markings yellowish-white, cilia very slightly 
alternated with white. Forewing with a moderately broad yellowish-white cell-streak 
and a very contiguous elongated pointed streak beyond ; a discal transverse curved 
series of clearer yellowish-white large spots ; a submarginal row of slightly-defined 
whitish slender lunules, an inner submarginal obscure pale slender sinuous line, and 
an outer marginal lunular line. Hindwing crossed by a broad clear yellowish-white 
discal band, a submarginal very narrow sullied-white linear band; a less distinct 
slender pale medial discal line and an outer marginal line. Underside deep chestnut- 
red; markings as above, prominent; the slightly-confluent discoidal streak, and 
discal band on both wings yellowish-white ; the marginal lines, the medial-discal 
line, and the two basal streaks on the hindwing being purpurescent-white. Body 
and palpi above fuliginous-black, beneath and legs pale greyish-white ; antennz black, 
tipt with red. 
Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, 2 2;% inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 282, fig. 1, d,e,f,g, d 2). 


Male and female. Upperside. Forewing with the sullied-white cell and 
contiguous streak comparatively narrower, narrowest in the female, the latter more 
elongated ; the discal spots more or less much smaller. Hindwing with the discal 
band somewhat narrower, the sullied brownish-white submarginal band more linear 
in the male. Underside with the ground-colour darker chestnut-red than in 
dry-season brood; markings as above. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, ? 2;% to 2,8 inches. 

Hasrrat.—South Andamans. 

Distrisution.—Confined to the Andaman Isles. Numerous specimens were 
taken at Port Blair by the late Mr. F. de Roépstorff. We possess a series of both 
sexes of the wet-season form, and two males (types of Clinia) which we have assigned 
as being the dry-season form—the originally cited locality of which is erroneous,— 
and a female of the latter form from the Andamans. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 282, figs. 1, la, b, c, are male and 
female of the dry-season form—the male being the type specimen of Clinia; and 
figs. 1, d, e, f, g, the male and female type specimens of Mananda, the wet-season 
form. 


NEPTIS SUSRUTA. 


Neptis Susruta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fig. 4, @ (wet-season). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 103 (1886). 


240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Neptis Cacharica, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3, 9 (dry-season). 
Neptis leuconata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 541, pl. 69, fig. 1, 2 (dry-season). Distant, 
Rhop. Malay. p. 154, pl. 17, fig. 14 (1883). 


Dry-season brood (Plate 283, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker intervening 
spaces between the veins; markings yellowish-white. Forewing with a broad cell- 
streak and elongated contiguous spot, discal curved series of spots rather large and 
oval; submarginal lunules slender and slightly defined, inner submarginal sinuous 
line and outer marginal pale line very obscure. Hindwing with a broad inner-discal 
band, and a narrower outer-discal linearly-lunular band; medial-discal and marginal 
pale line very obscure. Underside brownish-ferruginous; markings as above, 
prominently white; cell-streak and elongated spots slightly conjoined; inner and 
outer marginal line on forewing, basal streaks and medial discal sinuous line, and 
outer marginal lines on hindwing lilacine-white. 

Expanse ¢ 1,% to 2,4, ? 274 to 2,3, inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 283, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, d 3). 


Male and female. Upperside ; ground-colour duller olivescent-black; with 
somewhat more or less narrower and smaller markings, which are more or less sullied 
fuliginous-white, the outer discal band on hindwing distinctly more fuliginous and 
linear. Underside darker brownish-ferruginous; markings brighter and washed 
with purpurescent-white. 

Expanse, ¢ 275 to 2,3, 2 2,% to 2,4, inches. 

Hasitat.—Kumaon; Sikkim; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma; 
Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

Distrizution.—It is recorded by Mr. W. Doherty from “ Kali Valley, 2-3000 feet 
elevation, Kumaon” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 125). In our own collection are several 
males of the dry-season form from Sikkim, taken in March by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, 
both sexes from Cherra Punji, Khasias, males from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, 
Burma, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., and a female from Elphinstone Island, 
Mergui, taken in March by Dr. J. Anderson. Also both sexes of the wet-season form 
from Sikkim, taken in July, both sexes from the Khasias, a male from Bayah Chong, 
Burma, taken in February by Colonel C. H. HE. Adamson, and a female from Chitta- 
gong Hills, taken in August. Colonel Swinhoe has numerous specimens from Cherra 
Punji and the Khasias. Both sexes of the dry-season form from Tuckvor, Darjiling, 
taken in May, males of both forms from the Naga Hills, and a male of the wet form 
from Muong Gnow, Shan States, taken in July, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. 
Colonel Adamson records it as “common in the hilly parts of Burma” (List 1897, 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 241 


20). The type specimens of Susruta, Cacharica, and of leuconata from Malacca, 
specimens from Tilin Yaw, taken in March by Capt. E. Y. Watson, and a female from 
Pegu, are in the British Museum. Mr. de Nicéville records “ specimens in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, from Sikkim, Assam, and Upper Tenasserim ” (/.c. 108). Also, 
that it is “‘a common species in Sikkim, occurring throughout the warm months, up 
to 5000 feet elevation’ (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 138). Males of wet-season form 
from Perak, Sumatra, and Borneo, are in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 283, figs. 1, la, b, c, are from typical 
Cacharica—the dry-season form, and figs. 1d, e, f, g, from typical Susruta—the 
wet-season form. 


NEPTIS SOMA. 


Neptis Soma, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 9, pl. 49, fig. 6, 9 (wet-season). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete., ii. p. 102 (1886). 


Dry-season brood (Plate 284, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker intervening 
spaces between the veins; markings dull olivescent-white. Forewing with the cell- 
streak broadly truncate at its end, the discocellular triangular spot well separated 
and rather short in the male, longer in the female; a curved discal series of ovate 
spots, and a submarginal row of very small lunular spots; an inner submarginal 
pale sinuous line, and a less apparent outer marginal line. Hindwing with an inner 
discal moderately broad band, and a narrow outer discal lunular band; a medial 
discal and a submarginal slender obscure pale line. Underside deep purplish 
ferruginous, darkest in the male; markings as above, very prominent; cell-streak 
well separated from discocellular spot ; inner submarginal line on the forewing, basal 
and subbasal streak, a medial-discal and outer marginal lines on hindwing lilacine 
white. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 284, fig. ld, e, f, ¢ 2). 


Male and female. Upperside with the cell-streak and triangular spot narrower, 
the discal spots smaller, the bands on hindwing also much narrower, and fuliginous- 
white. Underside richer purplish-ferruginous; markings as above, otherwise as in 
dry-season. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;, ? 2,5 to 2,8, inches. 

Hasitat.—Kumaon; Sikkim ; Assam; Silhet ; Khasia Hills. 

Distrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty records it from the ‘‘Sarju,‘ Gori, and Kali 
Valleys from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation, in Kumaon” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125). 
We possess both sexes of the dry-season form from the Khasia Hills, and males of 

VOL. Ill. Ti 


242 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the wet-season form from Sikkim, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, Silhet, Cherra 
Punji, Khasias, and a female from Nowgong, Assam. Specimens from Silhet, 
including the type female, are in the British Museum. 


NEPTIS ADIPALA. 


Neptis Adipala, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fig. 8,  (dry-season) ; id. P. Z. S, 1878, 
p. 882. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 102 (1886). 

Neptis gononata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 541, pl. 69, fig. 2, 3 (wet-season). Distant, 
Rhop. Malay. p. 154, pl. 18, fig. 2, ¢ (1883). 


Dry-season brood (Plate 285, fig. 1, la, b,c, S 2). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker inter- 
vening spaces between the veins; markings clear olivescent-white, very prominent 
and sharply defined; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a narrow cell- 
streak and rather elongated narrow contiguous spot; discal curved series of spots 
moderately small, the upper series oval, the lower broadly ovate or rounded and 
somewhat obliquely truncate in the male, and more outwardly truncate in the female ; 
a submarginal row of small lunular spots, a slightly-defined inner submarginal slender 
pale sinuous line and an outer marginal lunular line. Hindwing with a moderately 
broad inner-discal band, and an outer-discal narrower band formed of quadrate 
spots; a slightly-defined medial-discal and a submarginal pale line. Underside rich 
purplish-ferruginous ; markings as above, all very prominent; the cell-streak and 
spot generally more or less partially confluent; the inner submarginal and outer 
marginal line on forewing, the medial-discal line, submarginal line, a more or less 
defined outer marginal line, and a basal and subbasal streak on hindwing being 
hlacine-white. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2;, % 23% inches. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 285, fig. 1d, e, f, g, g 9). 


Male and female. Upperside blacker than in dry-season; the markings 
smaller, narrower, and somewhat less sharply defined. Underside richer purplish- 
ferruginous, markings as above, otherwise as in dry-season. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2;%, ¢ 2;% to 2,5 inches. 

Hapirat.—Sikkim; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim ; 
Malay Peninsula. 

Distrisution.—We possess males of the dry-season form from Sikkim, both 
sexes from the Khasias, a male of the wet-season form from Tounghoo, Burma, and 


NYMPHALIN4, (Group LIMENITINA.) 243 


also both sexes from the Khasias. Colonel Swinhoe has a series of both the dry and 
wet-season form from Cherra Punji and the Khasias. A female of the wet form 
from Kathapa, Burma, is in Col. Adamson’s collection. Mr. de Nicéville records it 
from “Sikkim, Sibsagar, Upper Assam, Naga and Khasia Hills, and Upper 
Tenasserim’’ (lc. p. 102). Specimens of the dry-season form, from Tilin Yaw, 
taken in April, and of the wet form, taken in December, January, and March, and 
Karen Hills in December, by Capt. H. Y. Watson, the dry form from Upper Tenas- 
serim, taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason, the wet form from Atavan Valley, Burma, taken 
in February by Capt. C. T. Bingham, and also the type of gononata from Malacca, 
are in the British Museum. Dr. J. Anderson took it on Thaing Island, Mergui, in 
January. Males of the dry-season form from Gunong Ijang, Perak, are in Mr. W. 
Rothschild’s collection, and a male of the wet form from Perak in Col. Swinhoe’s 
collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 285, figs. 1, la, is from the type 
male Adipala, and figs. 1b, c, the female, both being the dry-season form; figs. 1d, 
e, f, g, are typical gononata, the wet-season form, from Burma, 


NEPTIS NATA. 


Neptis Nata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 168, pl. 4a, fig. 6, ¢ (1857); Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 10. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 154, pl. 18, fig. 1, g (1883). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 100 (1886). 

Neptis Duryodana, var. Distant, l.c. p. 155, pl. 16, fig. 15, 9. 

Neptis fulva, Pryer et Cator, British North Borneo Herald, Oct. 1894, p. 260. 


Dry-season brood (Plate 286, fig. 1, la, b,c, 3 2). 


Imaco.—Male andfemale. Upperside deep purpurescent-black ; markings bluish- 
white, very prominent, and with sharply-defined edges ; cilia alternated with white. 
Forewing with the cell-streak broadly truncate at end, the broad discocellular spot 
beyond elongated to an acute point ; discal curved series of spots of moderate size, 
the subapical rather elongated and oval, the lower four disposed linearly-oblique, 
the upper one small, oval, and placed very near the submarginal lunules, the two 
lowest smallest and narrow, the second being broad; a submarginal row of small 
white lunular spots, which are narrowest in the female, an inner submarginal 
slender sinuous obscure pale line, and a marginal obscure lunular line. Hindwing 
with a somewhat narrow inner-discal band, which ends at the upper subcostal vein, 
and a narrower outer-discal macular band; a medial-discal obscure pale slender 
lunular line, and a marginal even line; base of costa in male broadly glossy silvery- 

112 


244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


grey, and with a duller grey medially disposed patch of scales from the costal vein 
to below base of the radial. Underside dusky olivescent purplish-brown ; markings 
as above, prominent, all bluish-white, except the inner and outer marginal line on 
forewing, and the medial discal and marginal line on the hindwing, as well as its 
two basal streaks, which are lilacine-grey. Body and palpi above black, thorax iri- 
descent; abdomen above with a basal slight bluish-grey band; palpi and thorax 
beneath, forelegs, middle and hind femora bluish-grey ; abdomen beneath, middle 
and hind tibiz and tarsi pale ochreous-brown. 


Wet-season brood (Plate 286, fig. 1, d,c,f,g, J ¢). 


Upperside with all the markings somewhat narrower; underside with the 
ground-colour reddish-brown ; markings as above, except that on the hindwing the 
medial-discal white band extends anteriorly above the upper subcostal vein. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;%, 2% 2,;% inches. 

Hasirat.—Lower. Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Borneo. 

Norr.—This species has somewhat the appearance of Andropana Duryodana, on 
both the upper and underside, even to the termination at the subcostal of the medial 
discal white band on the hindwing, but is readily distinguishable by the regular 
inward sequence of the four lower discal white spots on the forewing, whereas, in 
A, Duryodana the upper two of these spots are widely separated and disposed 
obliquely outward. 

DistrisuTIonN.—Specimens were taken by Dr. J. Anderson in ‘‘ Mergui, and at 
Minthantoung, Lower Tenasserim, in December ” (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36). 
We possess a Burmese male, It occurs in the Malay Peninsula; Capt. Pinwill took 
it in Malacca. We have it from Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo and Sarawak. 
Colonel C. Swinhoe has it from Perak, and Nias Island. Mr. D. Cator possesses a 
series taken at Sandakan, N. Borneo, from January to August. 

Inpo-ManayaN aND OTHER Species or Neptis.—Neptis Aceris (Pap. Aceris, 
Lepechin, Tagenb. der Russ. Reise, p. 203, pl. 17, fig. 5, 6 (1771-74). Esper, Eur. 
Schmett. i. 2, pl. 81, fig. 3, 4 (1783). Fabr. Ent. Syst. in. i. p. 245 (1798). 
Neptis Aceris, Fabricius, Llliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1806). Syn. Pap. Sappho, Pallas, 
Reise, i. p. 471, No. 62 (1771). Pap. Plautilla, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. pl. 21, 
fig. 99, 100 (1799). Habitat. EH. Europe; ? Amurland.—WNeptis intermedia, Pryer, 
Cistula Entom, ii. p. 231, pl. 4, fig. 1 (1877). Habitat. N. China; Japan.—WNeptis 
Eurynome (?Pap. Hylas, d-nec ?), Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 486, No. 173 (1758). Syn. 
Pap. Leucothoé, Clerck, Icones, iii. (ined.) pl. 5, fig. 4, stnistre. Nym. Phal. Aceris 
(ex Indie), Esper, Hur. Schmett. i. pl. 82, fig. 1, 2 (1783). Pap. Leucothoé, 
Donovan, Ins, China, pl. 37, fig. 3, ¢ (1799). Limenitis Eurynome,. Westwood, 


NYMPHALINA, (Group LIMENITINA.) 245 


2nd. Edit. Donov. Ins. China, p. 66, pl. 35, fig. 4 (1842). Neptis Eurynome, Moore, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 570. A female, identical with this species, labelled 
** Leucothoé, 780,” is in Linnzwus’s Cabinet, possessed by the Linnean Society of 
London. Clerck’s figure (l.c.), which we have examined, is also identical. Habitat. 
Hongkong; Chusan; S. China; W. and C. China; Formosa.—Neptis Sangaica, 
Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 47. Habitat. Shanghai, N. China.—Neptis 
Hainana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 697. Habitat. Hainan Island.—Neptis 
Mindorana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 110. Semper, Reis. Phil. p. 146, 
pl. 29, fig. 5, 9. Habitat. Mindora.—Neptis Ilocana, Felder, Wien, Ent. Monats. 
1863, p. 111. Semper, lc. p. 147, pl. 29, fig. 1-4. Habitat. Luzon.—Neptis 
matuta (Pap. Leucothoé, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 36, pl. 18, fig. 2, 3 (1776)—Dry- 
season). Pap. Leucothoé, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 15, pl. 296, fig. EH. F. (1792) ; 
Herbst, Nat. Sch. ix. p. 91, pl. 289, fig. 5, 6—Wet-season). Acca matuta, Hiibner, 
Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Neptis Leucothoé, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 
1872, p. 561—Wet-season). Neptis Surakarta, Moore, id. p. 561—Dry-season). 
Neptis Aceris, Horsf. Catal. Lep. E.1I.C. pl. 7, fig. 9, larva and pupa (1829). 
Habitat. Java; Sarawak ; Borneo.—Neptis Ombalata, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 24, pl. 8, 
fig, 15, 16 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—Neptis Hngano, Doherty, Journ. As. 
Soc. Bengal, 1891, p.27. Hubitat. Engano Island.—Neptis Papaja, Moore, P. Z. 8. 
1874, p. 570. Habitat. Sumatra—Neptis Nandina, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. 
Company, i. p. 168, pl. 4a, fig. 7, ¢ (1857). Habitat. Java—Neptis Nisexa, de 
Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 9, ¢. Habitat. Java.—Neptis 
Clinioides, de Nicéville, id. 1894, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 8, d. Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.— 
Neptis Florensis, Snellin, Tijd. v. Entom. 1891, p. 238. Habitat. Flores.—Neptis 
Sumba, Doherty, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 174. Habitat. Sumba Island.— 
Neptis Meridiet, Doherty, id. 1891, p. 26. Habitat. Engano Island.—Neptis 
Kechil, Pryer and Cator, Brit. North Borneo Herald, Oct. 1894, p. 260. Allied 
to N. Nata. Habitat. N. Borneo.—WNeptis Tibetana. Male. Dry-seasen brood. 
Upperside most like typical dry-season male of Soma; markings white. oi ewing 
with the cell-streak and its well-separated discocellular spot slightly broader, the 
discal curved series of spots larger and broader, the subapical pair with outwardly- 
oblique edges. Hindwing with the inner-discal band slightly broader, the outer 
band narrow. Underside rich brownish-ferruginous. Forewing with the cell-streak 
and spot conjoined, being only partially separated by a slightly-defined speckled 
discocellular bar of the ground-colour; the discal curved series of spots as above ; 
the middle marginal lunular line narrow. Hindwing with the inner-discal band, 
as above, of equal width across, in Soma it widens anteriorly; the outer discal 
band narrower; other markings similar. Expanse, ¢ 2,4 inches. Wet-season 
brood. Male. Upperside most like typical wet-season Susruta. Forewing witi 


246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the cell-streak and discocellular spot sullied-white and narrow; the upper and 
lower discal spots, as in dry-season, larger. Hindwing with the inner discal 
band broader, the outer discal band narrow, but distinctly white. Underside dusky 
brownish-ferruginous ; markings as above, broader. Expanse, d 1,9 to 2;’9 inches. 
(Described from several W. China examples in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection). 
Habitat. astern Tibet, W, China.—WNeptis Sonula, Staudinger. Habitat. Pala- 
wan.—Neptis Boholica (N. gononata, Semper, Reis, Phil. Lep. p. 145, pl. 29, 
fic, 8, 9, 6 ? (1889). Habitat. Bohol—Neptis pseudosoma (N. soma, Semper, 
id. p. 146, pl. 29, fig. 10, 11, ¢ %), Habitat. Mindanao.—Nentis Pampanga, 
Semper, id. p. 146, pl. 29, fig. 6, 7, ¢ ¢ (1889). Habitat, Luzon,—Neptis 
Cymela, Semper, id. p. 145, pl. 29, fig. 12, 18, ¢ 9 (1889). Habitat. Luzon.— 
Neptis Cyra, Semper, id. p. 148, pl. 29, fie. 14, 2. Habitat. Luzon. 


INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Asrota, Moore, 49, 81. 
Ganga, Moore, 81. 
Jumna, Moore, 83. 

Acca, Hiibn. 146, 216. 


anceps, Grose-Smith, 216. 


Brebissoni, Boisd, 216. 
Columena, Hubn. 218. 
cyanifera, Butler, 216. 
Evanescens, Stgr. 216. 
Leucothoe, Hiibn. 184. 
mortifacies, Butler, 216. 


Satina, Grose-Smith, 216. 


Venilia, Linn. 147, 216. 

Aconthea, Horsf. 93, 111. 
Alankara, Horsf. 160. 
apaturina, Horsf. 78. 
Cocytina, Horsf. 99. 
Lubentina, Horsf, 129. 
primaria, Horsf. 129. 

Acontia, Westw. 78. 
Doubleday, Westw. 79. 

Adoliades, Butler, 47. 

Avo tas, Boisd. 49, 67. 
Acontius, Hewits. 121, 
Adima, Moore, 90. 
Fetes, Hewits. 59. 
Agnis, Voll. 130. 


albopunctata, Crowley, 72. 


Ambalika, Moore, 99. 
Annamita, Moore, 107. 
Anosia, Moore, 101. 
Anyte, Hewits. 130, 
Aphidas, Hewits. 100. 
Apicalis, Voll. 125. 
Appiades, Menétr. 88. 
Apsarasa, Voll, 84, 
Aruna, Feld. 84. 
Asoka, Feld. 99. 
Balarama, Moore, 91. 
Bellata, Druce, 65, 


YOR... Tir. 


Apotias bipunctata, Voll. 110, 


Blumei, Voll. 99. 
Boisduvalit, Gray, 68. 
Cenespolis, Hewits. 65. 
Caliphorus, Feld. 86. 
Cibaritis, Hewits. 85. 
Clathrata, Voll. 110. 
Cocytus, Butler, 94. 
confinis, Felder, 81. 
Confucius, Westw. 135. 
cyanipardus, Butler, 71. 
decoratus, Butler, 110. 
Derma, Kollar, 106. 
Diardi, Voll. 99. 
Dirteoides, Stgr. 73, 
Dirtea, Fabr. 68. 
Dolope, Felder, 77. 
Doubledayi, Gray, 135. 
Dunya, Dbleday. 66. 
Durga, Moore, 139. 
Epiona, Gray, 135, 
Eva, Felder, 106. 
Evelina, Westw. 104. 
Francie, Gray, 138. 
Gandava, Voll. 99. 
Garuda, Moore, 115. 
Godartii, Gray, 99. 
Gopia, Moore, 99. 
Indras, Voll. 84. 

Iva, Moore, 134. 
Iahnu, Moore, 87. 
Jama, Feld. 122. 
Kanda, Moore, 110. 
Kardama, Moore, 135. 
Kesava, Moore, 107. 
Khasiana, Swinhoe, 70. 
Laverna, Butler, 110. 
Lepidea, Butler, 96. 
Locbania, Boisd. 86. 
Lubentina, Moore, 112, 


Apouias Ludekingii, Voll. 99. 


lupina, Druce, 86. 
Mahadeva, Moore, 130. 
Merta, Moore, 130. 
Mirus, Butler, 81. 
Monina, Butler, 99, 
Nara, Moore, 130, 
Nesimachus, Boisd. 75. 
Nicea, Gray, 77. 
Ninus, Feld. 76. 
octogesima, Voll, 129. 
Palawana, Moore, 73, 
Palguna, Moore, 84. 
pardalis, Moore, 73. 
pardalis, Voll. 84. 
Parta, Moore, 129. 
Parvata, Moore, 92. 
Patala, Kollar, 135. 
Phemius, Dbleday. 123. 
Pulasara, Moore, 84. 
Puseda, Moore, 99. 
Raja, Feld, 138. 
Ramada, Moore, 110. 
Salia, Moore, 110. 
Sananda, Moore, 87. 
Sancara, Moore, 123. 
Satropaces, Hewits. 94, 
Schrenckii, Menétr. 10. 
Sedeva, Moore, 91. 
Stkandt, Moore, 107. 
Siva, Westw. 79. 
Soma, Felder, 107. 
Somadeva, Feld. 110. 
Taooana, Moore, 137. 
Telchinia, Menétr. 100. 
Teuta, Dbleday. 60. 
Trigerta, Moore, 86. 
Vacillaria, Butler, 99. 
Valmikis, Feld. 84, 
Varuna, Voll. 84. 


248 


Apoutss Vasanta, Moore, 120. 
Vikrama, Feld. 84. 
Xiphiones, Butler, 92. 
Zichri, Butler, 126. 

Avvania, Moore, 46. 

Raddei, Bremer, 47. 
Gola, Billberg, 3. 
Anprapana, Moore, 146, 218. 

albescens, Rothschild, 225. 

Angara, Semper, 225. 

Bataviana, Moore, 225. 

Columella, Cram. 147, 218. 

Daria, Feld. 225. 

Duryodana, Moore, 225. 

Eremita, Feld. 225. 

Ida, Moore, 225. 

Jumbah, Moore, 220. 

Khasiana, Moore, 224. 

Magadha, Felder, 223. 

Ophianella, Stgr. 225. 

Sarabaita, Feld. 225. 

Soror, Semper, 225. 

variabilis, Rothschild, 225. 
AnprasEnopes, Moore, 146. 


Mimetica, Grose-Smith, 147. 


Apatura, Fabr. 3. 
Ambica, Kollar, 4. 
Artazes, de Nicéville, 20. 
Bhawana, Moore, 4, 5. 
Bieti, Oberth. 7. 
Camiba, Moore, 19. 
Cauta, Leech, 31. 
Chevana, Moovre, 8. 
Chrysus, Oberth. 13. 
Fasciola, Leech, 14. 
fulva, Leech, 13, 
Tris, 2. 
Japonica, Feld. 39. 
Laverna, Leech, 7. 
Morgiana, Westw. 12. 
Nakula, Moore, 20. 
Namouna, Dbleday. 4. 
Ostaria, Westw. 12. 
Pallas, Leech, 7. 
Parisatis, Westw. 17. 
Parvata, Moore, 15. 
Pheeacia, Hewits, 10. 
Phedra, Leech, 7. 
Princeps, Fixsen, 31. 
Rana, Stgr. 20. 


INDEX. 


Apatura Rhea, Felder, 20. 


Schrenckii, Brem. 10. 
Serarum, Oberth. 7. 
sordida, Moore, 10. 
subcerulea, Leech, 7. 
substituta, Butler, 7. 
sumatrana, Stgr. 20. 
Ulupt, Doherty, 14. 
Zanoa, Hewits. 4, 6. 
Apature, Butler, 1. 
Apaturia, Sodoff. 3. 
Apaturide, Gien, 1. 
Apaturides, Boisd. 1. 
Apaturidi, Scudder, 1. 
Apaturine, Kirby, 1. 


Argynnis Hippomenes, Herr. Sch. 75. 
Argynnis Thyelia, Godt. 57. 


ArHartA, Moore, 146. 


Consimilis, Bozsd. 147. 
Aruyma, Westw. 146, 183. 


Abiasa, Moore, 213. 
Adunora, Kheil, 213. 
Alcamene, Feld. 183. 
Ambra, Stgr. 207. 
Amhara, Druce, 207. 
Aranda, Boisd. 214. 
Aryata, Feld. 214. 
Asita, Moore, 199. 


Assa, de Nicéville, 207. 


Astrea, Butler, 217. 
Asura, Moore, 177. 
Badoura, Butler, 193. 
Bahula, Moore, 202. 
Cama, Moore, 200. 
Cassiope, Menétr. 10. 
Cerne, Butler, 217. 
Clerica, Butler, 2138. 
constricta, Alph. 192. 
diffusa, Leech, 182. 
disjuncta, Leech, 176. 
Elwesi, Leech, 179. 
Epimethis, Feld. 209. 
Fortuna, Leech, 181. 
Gandara, Feld. 207. 
Glorva, Kheil, 207. 
Godmani, Stgr. 207. 
Gordia, Feld. 209. 


Hollandii, Doherty, 207. 


Idita, Moore, 178. 
Inara, Westw. 196. 


Atuyma Inarina, Butler, 197. 


Jadava, Feld. 207. 
Jina, Moore, 181. 
Jocaste, Feld. 193. 
Kanwa, Moore, 179. 
Karita, Doherty, 207. 
Kasa, Moore, 209. 
Kresna, Moore, 195. 
Larymna, Westw. 192. 
Leucothoe, West. 184. 
Mena, Feld. 207. 
Magindana, Semper, 193. 
Mahesa, Moore, 210. 
Nefte, Cram. 207. 
Ningpoana, Feld. 176. 
nivifera, Butler, 194. 
Nycteis, Menétr. 10. 
Opalina, Westw. 188. 
orientalis, Hlwes, 189. 
Paragordia, Semper, 209. 
Parakasa, Semper, 209. 
Perius, Zinn. 146, 184. 
Pravara, Moore, 182. 
Pryeri, Moore, 176. 
punctata, Leech, 208. 
Ranga, Moore, 210. 
recurva, Leech, 176, 
Reta, Moore, 207. 
rufula, de Nicéville, 199. 
separata, Stgr. 209. 
serica, Leech, 214. 
speciosa, Stgr. 208. 
Subrata, Moore, 195. 
Sulpitia, Cram. 176. 
Tarpa, Stgr. 209. 
Urvasi, Felder, 208. 
Venata, Leech, 176. 
Venata, Stgr. 207. 
Zeroca, Moore, 205. 
Zoroastes, Butler, 207. 


Atuymopes, Moore, 10. 


Cassiope, Menétr. 10. 
Nycteis, Menéér. 10. 


Avuzaxta, Moore, 146, 148. 


albomarginata, Weym. 150. 
Danava, Moore, 146, 149. 
Leechii, Moore, 150. 


Bacatora, Moore, 146. 


Pata, Moore, 147. 


BatanGa, Moore, 146, 208. 


Batanea Epimethis, Feld. 209. 


Gordia, Feld. 209, 
Kasa, Moore, 146, 209. 
Paragordia, Semper, 209. 
Parakasa, Semper, 209. 
Separata, Stgr. 209. 
Tarpa, Stgr. 209. 
Bassarona, Moore, 48, 59. 
Bellata, Druce, 65. 
Eion, de Nicéville, 65. 
Eson, de Nicéville, 65. 
Eurus, de Nicéville, 65. 
externa, de Nicéville, 65. 
Goodrichi, Distant, 63. 
Gupta, de Nicéville, 62. 
Tra, Moore, 61. 
Labotas, Hewits. 65. 
Monilis, Moore, 64. 
Piratica, Semper, 65. 
Recta, de Nicéville, 64. 
Teuta, Dbleday. 60. 
Teutoides, Moore, 61. 


Buacaparta, Moore, 146, 154. 
Austenia, Moore, 146, 155. 


Biblis Procris, Horsf. 166. 
Bimpisara, Moore, 146. 
Amba, Moore, 147. 
Brsappa, Moore, 146. 
Neriphus, Hewits. 147. 
Bremenrta, Moore, 9. 
Schrenckii, Menétr. 10. 
Bucasta, Moore, 49, 86, 
Calliphorus, Feld. 86. 
leucotenia, Semper, 86. 
lupina, Druce, 86. 
CastaxiA, Moore, 25, 
Chandra, Moore, 29. 
Dichroa, Kollar, 26, 
Camaraca, Moore, 49, 74. 
Damalis, Hrichs. 74. 
Cuatinea, Moore, 146, 172. 
Elwesi, Oberth. 147, 173. 


Cuenprana, Moore, 146, 182, 


Aleamene, Feld, 188. 


Pravara, Moore, 146, 182. 


CarrortaA, Moore, 3, 10. 
Sordida, Moore, 10. 

Cuucara, Moore, 49, 137, 
Francie, Gray, 138. 
Hebe, Leech, 139, 


VOL, Il. 


INDEX. 


Conpocuates, Moore, 146, 187. 


constricta, Alph. 192. 
Opalina, Kollar, 146, 188. 
Cynitra, Snellen, 42, 93. 
Ambalika, Moore, 99. 
Andersoni, Moore, 98. 
Asoka, Feld. 99. 
Blume, Voll. 99. 
Bottgeri, Fruhst. 100. 
Cocytina, Horsf. 99. 
Cocytus, Fabr. 94. 
Cognata, Moore, 98. 
Diardi, Voll. 99. 
Flora, Butler, 99. 
Gandava, Voll. 99. 
Gopia, Moore, 99. 
Japis, Godt. 99. 
Lepidea, Butler, 95. 
Ludekingit, Voll. 99. 
Maclayi, Distant, 99. 
Monina, Fabr. 99. 
Phlegethon, Semper, 99. 
Puseda, Moore, 99. 
Salangana, Fruhst. 99. 
Semperi, Stgr. 99. 
Stoliczkana, Distant, 99. 
Tanagra, Stgr. 100. 
Vaeillaria, Butler, 99. 
Cynthia Damalis, Evichs. 74. 
Diadema Charonda, Hewits. 39. 
Diagoras, Hewits. 39. 
Nyctelius, Dbleday, 40. 
Raddei, Bremer, 47. 
Diademe, Butler, 1. 
Diagora, Snellen, 34. 
Japonica, Snellen, 39. 
DicuorraGia, Butler, 48, 74. 
distincta, Rober, 76, 
Nesseus, Grose-Smith, 76, 
Nesimachus, Boisd. 75, 
Ninus, Felder, 76, 
Ditira, Moore, 8, 11. 
fenestra, Leech, 18. 
Morgiana, Westw, 12. 
Dorputa, Moore, 48, 108. 
Annamita, Moore, 107. 
Derma, Kollar, 106. 


Dermoides, Rothschild, 107. 


Hion, de Nicéville, 65. 
Eson, de Nicéville, 65, 


249 


Dopata Eurus, de Nicéville, 65. 
Evelina, Stoll, 104. 
externa, de Nicéville, 65. 
Goodrichi, de Nicéville, 63. 
Fumosa, Stgr, 107. 
Laudabilis, Swinhoe, 104. 
Pyzxidata, Weymer, 107. 
Recta, de Nicéville, 64. 
Sikandi, Moore, 107. 
Teuta, de Nicéville, 60. 
Teutoides, de Nicéville, 61. 

Doxocopa, Hibn. 8. 

Dravira, Moore, 3, 14. 

Ulupi, Doherty, 14, 

Eviaceura, Butler, 20. 
Osteria, Westw. 21. 

Evracora, Butler, 3, 20. 

Evrirus, Dbleday. 3, 39. 
Alcathoéoides, de N. 40, 41. 
Ankeus, Semper, 46. 
Borneensis, Distant, 46. 
charonda, Leech, 39. 
cinnamomeus, Mason, 40, 42. 
Clytia, Felder, 46. 
consimilis, Westw. 44. 
Coreanus, Leech, 39. 
Eupleoides, Felder, 46. 
JSunebris, Leech, 46. 
Haliartus, Felder, 40. 
Halirothius, Westw. 44. 
Halitherses, Dbleday. 40. 
Isa, Moore, 41. 
Lucasioides, Semper, 46. 
meridionalis, W. Mason, 44. 
Nyctelius, Dbleday, 42. 
Wysia, Semper, 46. 
Pfeiffere, Felder, 46, 

Huripine, Doherty, 1. 

Euraayia, Hiibn. 49, 111. 
Aconthea, Cram. 129. 
Acontius, Hewits. 121. 
Adeona, Grose-Smith, 129. 
Adima, de Nicéville, 90. 
Adonia, Cram. 129. 

Agnis, Voll. 130. 

Alpheda, Godt, 129. 

Amisa, Grose-Smith, 85, 

Andersoni, Moore, 98. 

Anosia, Kirby, 102. 

Anyte, de Nicéville, 130. 
K k 


Eurnarta apicalis, Voll. 125. 


appiades, de Nicéville, 88. 
Armandiana, Poujade, 135. 
Balarama, de Nicéville, 91. 
Bellata, Distant, 63. 
Binghamii, de Nicéville, 128. 


cerulescens, Grose-Smith, 110. 


Cocytina, Distant, 99. 
Confucius, Grose-Smith, 135. 
consobrina, Leech, 131. 
cordata, Weymer, 110. 
culminicola, Fruhst. 129, 
Delmana, Swinhoe, 127. 
Derma, Distant, 106. 
Dermoides, Rothschild, 107, 
discispilota, Moore, 107, 
Djata, Distant, 129. 
Duda, Stgr. 140. 

Dunya, Dbleday. 66. 
Durga, Moore, 139. 
Elicius, de Nicéville, 110, 
Elone, de Nicéville, 86. 
Kriphyle, de Necéville, 127. 
Evelina, de Nicéville, 104. 
Francia, de Nicéville, 138. 
fumosa, Stgr. 107. 

Garuda, Moore, 115. 
Goodrichi, Distant, 63. 
Hebe, Leech, 139. 
irrubescens, Grose-Smith, 129. 
Iva, de Nicéville, 134. 
Jahnu, de Nicéville, 87, 
Jama, Felder, 122. 
Kardama, Grose-Smith, 135. 
Kesava, de Nicéville, 107. 
Khana, Alpheraky, 141. 
Khasiana, Swinhoe, 90. 
laudabilis, Swinhoe, 104, 
lepidea, de Nicéville, 96. 
Lubentina, Cram. 112. 
Indonia, Stgr. 129. 
Lusiada, Feld. 150. 
Maclayi, Distant, 99. 
Macnairi, Distant, 99. 
Mahadeva, Moore, 130. 
Martigena, Weymer, 84. 
Merilia, Swinhoe, 116, 
Merta, Moore, 130. 
Mindorana, Stgr. 180. 
Nara, de Nicéville, 130, 


INDEX. 


EvutHarta Narayana, Grose-Smith, 


1338. 
Nicévillei, Distant, 130. 
numerica, Fruhst. 129. 
Omeia, Leech, 131. 
Palawana, Stgr. 84, 129, 
Parta, Moore, 129. 
Phelada, Semper, 129. 
Phemius, Dbleday. 123, 
Phintia, Weymer, 110, 
Pratti, Leech, 137. 
Puseda, Distant, 99. 
Pyrrha, Leech, 135. 
Pyzxidata, Weymer, 107. 
Rangoonensis, Swinhoe, 109. 
Sahadeva, Moore, 132. 
Saidja, Vandepoll, 67. 
Sakti, de Nicéville, 84. 
Salangana, Fruhst. 99. 
Sandakana, Moore, 129. 
Satropaces, de Nicéville, 94. 
Sedeva, Swinhoe, 91, 
Soma, Moore, 107. 
Stoliezkana, Distant, 99. 
Strephon, Grose-Smith, 131. 
Taooana, de Nicéville, 137. 
Telchinia, de Nicéville, 100. 
Teuta, de Nicéville, 60. 
Teutoides, de Nicéville, 61. 
Thibetana, Poujade, 141. 
Vasanta, Moore, 120. 
Whiteheadi, Grose-Smith, 129. 
Xiphiones, de Nicéville, 92. 
Zichri, Butler, 126. 


Evraatiuna, Moore, 47. 
Felderia, Semper, 93. 


Bottgeri, Fruhst. 100. 
Phlegethon, Semper, 99. 
Semperi, Stgr. 99. 
Tanagra, Stgr. 100. 


Hamapryopes, Moore, 146, 215. 


ampliata, Butler, 215. 
Dorcas, Grose-Smith, 215. 
Lactaria, Butler, 147, 215, 
Nausicaa, de Nicéville, 216. 
Nemeus, de Nicéville, 216, 
Papua, Oberth. 215. 
Praslini, Boisd. 215. 


Haramsa, Moore, 49, 86. 


Adima, Moore, 90. 


Harampa Appiades, Menétr, 88. 
Jahnu, Moore, 87. 
Julii, Bougainville, 92. 
Sedeva, Moore, 91. 
Herona, Dbleday. 3, 22. 
Andamana, Moore, 24. 
angustata, Moore, 24. 
Djarang, Fruhst. 25. 
Marathus, Dbleday. 22. 
Pringondani, Fruhst. 25. 
Schonbergi, Stgr. 25. 
Seneca, Stgr. 24. 
Sumatrana, Moore, 25. 
Hestina, Westw. 3, 31. 
assimilis, Linn. 38. 
australis, Leech, 39. 
Caroline, Snellen, 34, 
Chinensis, Leech, 39. 
consimilis, Westw. 44. 
intermedia, Leech, 389. 
Isa, Moore, 40. 
Mena, Moore, 36. 
Mimetica, Butler, 34. 
Nama, Dileday. 32. 
nigrivena, Leech, 38. 
Oberthuri, Leech, 38. 
persimilis, Westw. 34. 
subviridis, Leech, 38. 
viridis, Leech, 38. 
Yankowskii, Grose-Smith, 39. 
Zella, Butler, 35, 
Hypolimnas Coresia, Hiibn. 78. 
HyporimnestHes, Moore, 146, 154. 
albomaculata, Leech, 146, 154. 
Itanus, Dbleday. 111. 
Phemius, Dbleday. 123. 
Katrkasta, Moore, 146, 214. 
Alwina, Brem. 146, 215, 
Dejeanii, Oberth. 215, 
excellens, Butler, 215, 
Philyra, Menétr, 215. 
Philyroides, Stgr. 215, 
Speyert, Stgr. 215. 
Kironea, Moore, 146, 209, 
Abiasa, Moore, 213. 
Aryata, Feld, 214, 
Ranga, Moore, 146, 210. 
Serica, Leech, 214. 
Krrontisa, Moore, 49, 100. 
Telchinia, Menétr. 49, 100. 


LasraneGa, Moore, 49, 139. 
Duda, Staudinger, 140. 
Durga, Moore, 139. 
Khama, Alpheraky, 141. 
Tibetana, Poujade, 141. 

Lapoea, Moore, 146, 174. 
angustata, Stgr. 174. 
Camilla, Linn. 146, 174, 
Japonica, Menétr. 174. 
Sibylla, Linn. 146, 174. 

Lamasi4, Moore, 146, 167. 
Lyncides, Hewits. 146, 167. 

Lasrpra, Moore, 146. 
Heliodore, Fabr. 147. 

LepapEA, Felder, 146, 156. 
Alankara, Horsf. 160. 
attenuata, Moore, 158. 
austenia, Moore, 155. 
Ismene, Dbleday. 146, 157. 
Martha, Fabr. 158. 
Paduka, Moore, 160. 
Sumatrensis, Stgr. 160. 
Wallacei, Moore, 160. 

Lexis, Boisd. 49, 59. 
Aietes, Hewits. 59. 
fEropus, Linn. 59. 
Dirtea, Felder, 68. 
Panopus, Feld. 59. 
Phasiana, Butler, 59. 
Satrapes, Feld. 74. 

Liuzvsa, Moore, 48, 130. 
Nara, Moore, 130. 
Omeia, Leech, 131. 
Sinica, Moore, 131. 
Strephon, Grose-Smith, 131. 

Limenitides, Butler, 141. 

Limenitina, Moore, 141. 

Livenitis, Fabr, 146, 173. 
Aimonia, Weymer, 166. 
Agnata, Fruhst. 166. 
Agneya, Doherty, 154. 
albomaculata, Leech, 154. 


albomarginata, Weymer, 150. 


Alwina, Bremer, 215. 
Amphyssa, Menétr. 176. 
Anarta, Moore, 164. 
angustata, Stgr. 174. 
arboretorum, Oberth, 214, 
aitenuata, Moore, 158. 
Austenia, Moore, 155, 


INDEX. 


Livenitis Bochii, Moore, 154. 
Brebissoni, Boisd. 216. 
Brunijni, Oberth. 209. 
Calidasa, Moore, 165. 
Camilla, Fabr. 146, 173. 
Ciocalatina, Poujade, 172. 
Cleophas, Oberth. 172. 
Cottini, Oberth. 173. 
Danava, Moore, 149. 
Daraxa, Dbleday. 152. 
Dichroa, Kollar, 26. 
diluta, Oberth. 161. 
Doerriesi, Stgr. 176. 


Drusilla, Bergst. 146, 173. 


Dudu, Westw. 150. 
duplicata, Stgr. 176. 
Elwesi, Oberth. 173. 
Epithoe, Boisd. 209. 
Hageni, Stgr. 150. 
Helmanni, Led. 176. 
Homeyeri, Tancré, 176. 
Inara, Dbleday. 196. 
Ismene, Dbleday. 157. 
Jadera, Boisd. 207. 
Japonica, Menétr. 174. 


Kempferi, de L’Orsa, 215. 


Labotas, Hewits. 65. 
Larymna, Dbleday. 192. 
latifasciata, Menétr. 172. 
Lepechini, Evsch. 172. 
Libnites, Hewits. 166. 
livida, Leech, 172. 
Lycone, Hewits. 166. 
Lymire, Hewits. 166. 
Lyncides, Hewits. 167. 
Lysanias, Hewits. 154. 
Martha, Butler, 158. 
Mata, Moore, 166. 
melaleuca, Boisd. 217. 
mimica, Poujade, 173. 
Nefte, Boisd. 207. 
Neutra, Frubst. 166. 
nigricans, Oberth. 154. 
Opalina, Kollar, 188. 
Paduka, Moore, 160. 
Pausanias, Stgr. 166. 
Pintuyana, Semper, 166. 
Praslini, Boisd. 215. 
Prattii, Leech, 172. 
Procris, Dbleday, 161. 


Kk 2 


251 


Limenttis Selenophora, Kollar, 202. 
Sidyi, Led. 172. 
Sinensium, Oberth. 172. 
Staudingeri, Ribbe, 154. 
Thespias, Semper, 166, 
Trivena, Moore, 168. 
Urdaneta, Feld. 166. 
Ussuriensis, Stgr. 172, 
Zayla, Dbleday. 147. 
Zulema, Dbleday. 153. 

Limonitis, Dalman, 167. 

Lirinea, Mcore, 146, 173. 
Cottini, Oberth. 147, 173. 
mimica, Poujade, 173. 

Manatpra, Moore, 48, 132. 
Confucius, Westw. 135. 
Iva, Moore, 134. 
Kardama, Moore, 135. 
Narayana, Grose-Smith, 133. 
Pyrrha, Leech, 185. 
Sahadeva, Moore, 132. 

Marosta, Moore, 146. 
Antara, Moore, 147. 

Marraisa, Moore, 49, 73. 
canescens, Butler, 73. 
Elna, Vandepoll, 73. 
pardalina, Stgr. 73. 
Perdix, Butler, 73. 

Mimatayma, Moore, 3, 8. 
Chevana, Moore, 8. 
Leechi, Moore, 9. 

Minetra, Boisd. 49. 
gambrisius, Dbleday. 52, 55. 

Mopvuza, Moore, 146, 161. 
Agnata, Fruhst. 166. 
Anarta, Moore, 164. 
Calidasa, Moore, 165. 
imitata, Butler, 166. 
Libnites, Hewits. 166. 
Lycone, Hewits. 166. 
Iymire, Hewits. 166. 
Mata, Moore, 166, 
Neutra, Fruhst. 166. 
Pausanius, Stgr. 166. 
Procris, Cram. 146, 161. 
Pintuyana, Semper, 166. 
Thespias, Semper, 166. 
Urdaneta, Feld. 166. 

Najades, Hiibn. 141. 

Nagas, Hiibn. 146, 167. 


252 INDEX. 


Neptis Pisias, Godman, 217. 
Pryeri, Butler, 214, 
pseudosoma, Moore, 246. 
Raddet, Bremer, 47. 
Sangaica, Moore, 245. 
Satina, Grose-Smith, 216. 
Shepherdi, Moore, 217. 
Speyeri, Stgr. 215. 
Soma, Moore, 241. 
Sonula, Stgr. 246. 
Soror, Semper, 225. 
Sumba, Doherty, 245. 
Surakarta, Moore, 245. 
Susruta, Moore, 239. 


Neptis Florensis, Snellen, 245. 
JSulva, Pryer, 243. 
Ganina, Grose-Smith, 217. 
gononata, Butler, 242. 
Hainana, Moore, 245. 
Hampsoni, Moore, 237. 
Heliodora, Cram. 217. 
Himalayaca, Feld. 234. 
Ida, Moore, 225. 
Ilocana, Feld. 245. 
innominata, Lewis, 214. 
intermedia, Pryer, 244, 
Jumbah, Moore, 220. 
Kallaura, Moore, 237. 


Nasas Ussuriensis, Stgr. 172. 
Cleophas, Oberth. 172. 
Hydaspes, Moore, 170. 
latifasctata, Menétr. 172. 
Lepechint, Erseh. 172. 
Ligyes, Hewits. 169. 
Populi, Linn. 146, 171. 
Prattti, Leech, 172. 
Sidyi, Led. 172. 
Trivena, Moore, 168. 

Narsenca, Moore, 3, 15. 
Parvata, Moore, 15. 

Neptide, Newman, 141. 

Neptts, Fabr. 146, 226. 


Aceris, Lep. 147, 227, 244. 
Adara, Moore, 229. 
Adipala, Moore, 242. : 
albescens, Rothsehild, 225. 
ambigua, Feld. 234. 
Amphion, Aurivillius, 217. 
Ampliata, Butler, 215. 
anceps, Grose-Smith, 216. 
Andamana, Moore, 232. 
Angara, Semper, 226. 
Astola, Moore, 227. 
Bahalla, Pryer, 225. 
Boholica, Semper, 246. 
Brebissoni, Boisd. 216. 
Cacharica, Butler, 240. 
Celebensis, Hoptfer, 225. 
Charon, Butler, 228. 


cineracea, Grose-Smith, 223. 


Clinia, Moore, 238. 


Clinioides, de Nicéville, 245. 


Columella, Dbleday. 218. 
cyanifera, Butler, 216. 
Cymela, Semper, 246. 
Cyra, Semper, 246. 
Daria, Feld. 225. 
Dejeanii, Oberth. 215. 
disrupta, Moore, 230. 
Dorcas, Grose-Smith, 215. 
Duryodana, Moore, 225. 
Emodes, Moore, 227. 
Engano, Doherty, 245. 
Eurymene, Butler, 230. 
Eurynome, Linn, 244. 
Evanescens, Stgr. 216. 
excellens, Butler, 215, 
Jissigonata, Butler, 217. 


Kamarupa, Moore, 230. 
Kechil, Pryer, 245. 
Khasiana, Moore, 224. 
Lactaria, Butler, 215. 
latifasciata, Butler, 217. 
leuconata, Butler, 240. 
Leucothoe, Clerck, 244. 
Lucilla, Godt. 214. 
Magadha, Felder, 223. 
Mahendra, Moore, 234. 
Mamaja, Butler, 229. 
Mananda, Moore, 238. 
Martabana, Moore, 219. 
Matuta, Hiibn. 245. 
Meetana, Moore, 229. 
melaleuca, Boisd. 217. 
Meridiei, Doherty, 245. 
Mindorana, Feld. 245. 
mortifacies, Butler, 216. 
Nandina, Moore, 235. 
Nandina, Moore, 245. 
Nata, Moore, 243. 
Nausicaa, de Nicéville, 216. 
Nectens, de Nicéville, 217. 
Nemeus, de Nicéville, 216. 
Nicobarica, Moore, 233. 
Niigirica, Moore, 219. 
Nisea, de Nicéville, 245. 
Ombalata, Kheil, 245. 
Ophiana, Moore, 218. 
Ophianella, Stgr. 225. 
Pampanga, Semper, 246. 
Papaja, Moore, 245. 
Papua, Oberth, 215. 
Philyra, Menétr. 215. 
Philyroides, Stgr. 215. 


Swinhoei, Butler, 230. 
Tibetana, Moore, 245. 
variabilis, Rothschild, 225. 
venilia, Linn. 216. 
Varmona, Jloore, 230. 
Yerburyi, Butler, 235. 
Nevrosiema, Butler, 48, 78. 
Doubledayi, Westw. 79. 
fraterna, Moore, 80. 
Siva, Butler, 79. 
Nora, de Nicéville, 49, 107. 
bipunctata, Voll. 110. 


cerulescens, Grose-Smith, 110, 


clathrata, Voll. 110. 
cordata, Weymer, 110. 
decorata, Butler, 110. 
Erana, de Nicéville, 110. 
Kesava, Moore, 107. 
Phintia, Weymer, 110. 
Ramada, Moore, 110. 


Rangoonensis, Swinhoe, 109. 


Salia, Moore, 110. 
Somadeva, Feld. 110. 
Nymphatis, Boisd. 167. 
Alpheda, Godt. 129. 
Disconthea, Godt. 129. 
Eulimene, Godt. 193. 
Evelina, Godt. 104. 
Japis, Godt. 99. 
Procris, Godt. 161. 
Strophia, Godt. 176. 
Nymula Juli, Bougainville, 92. 
Patanpa, Moore, 146. 
Illigera, Esch. 147. 
PanpassaNna, Moore, 146. 
fuliginosa, Moore, 147. 


Panpita, Moore 146, 155. 
imitans, Butler, 156. 


Sinope, Moore, 146, 156. 


Sinoria, Felder, 156. 


Pantoponta, Hiibn. 146, 193. 


Ambra, Stgr. 207. 
Amhara, Druce, 207. 
Amharina, Moore, 207. 
Asita, Moore, 199. 

Assa, de Nicéville, 207. 
Cama, Moore, 200. 
Glora, Kheil, 207. 
Godmani, Stgr. 207. 
Hollandii, Doherty, 207. 
Inara, Dbleday. 196. 
Jadava, Feld. 207. 
Karita, Doherty, 207. 
Kresna, Moore, 195. 
Mena, Feld. 207. 

Nefte, Cram. 146, 206. 
Nivifera, Butler, 194. 
Reta, Moore, 207. 
rufula, de Nicéville, 199. 


Selenophora, Kollar, 202. 


Semperi, Moore, 207. 
venata, Stgr. 207. 
Zeroca, Moore, 205. 
Zoroastes, Butler, 207. 
Papilio Aconthea, Cram. 129. 
Adonia, Cram. 129. 
4iropus, Linn. 59. 
Amphion, Linn. 217. 
assimilis, Linn. 38. 
Camilla, Linn. 174. 
Camilla, Esp. 214. 
Cicero, Herbst. 104. 
Cocyta, Fabr. 99. 
Cocytus, Fabr. 94. 
Columella, Cram. 218. 
Dirtea, Fabr. 68. 
Drusilla, Bergst. 173. 
Erosine, Cram. 184, 
Evelina, Stoll, 104. 
Gambrisius, Fabr. 52. 
Heliodora, Cram. 217. 
Hylas, Linn. 184. 
Leucothoe, Linn, 184. 
Lubentina, Cram, 112. 
Lucilla, W. V. 214. 
Lucilla, Esp. 174. 


INDEX. 


Papilio Martha, Fabr. 158. 
Mirus, Fabr. 81. 
Monina, Fabr. 99. 

Nais, Forster, 56. 
Nefte, Cram. 206. 
pellucida, Goeze, 217. 
Perius, Linn, 184. 
Polyxena, Donovan, 184. 
Populi, Linn. 171. 
Procris, Cram. 161. 
Prorsa, Linn. 174. 
Sylla, Donov. 55. 
Sylvia, Cram. 55. 
Sulpitia, Cram. 176. 
Thyelia, Fabr. 57. 
Tremule, Esp. 171. 
Venilia, Linn. 216. 

Paraneptis, Moore, 146, 274. 
Lucilla, W. V. 146, 214. 
Ludmilla, H. Sch. 214. 
Pryeri, Butler, 214. 

Parasarpa, Moore, 146, 147. 


Zayla, Dbleday. 146, 147. 
Paratuyma, Moore, 146, 174. 


Adamsoni, Moore, 175. 
Amphyssa, Menétr. 176. 
disjuncta, Leech, 176. 
Doerriesi, Stgr. 176. 
duplicata, Stgr. 176. 
Helmanni, Led. 176. 
Homeyeri, Taneré, 176. 
Ningpoana, Feld. 176. 
Pryeri, Moore, 176. 
recurva, Leech, 176. 
Sulpitia, Cram. 146, 176. 
venata, Leech, 176. 
ParuHeEstIna, Moore, 3, 34. 
assimilis, Linn. 38. 
australis, Leech, 39. 
Chinensis, Leech, 39. 
Formosana, Moore, 38. 
intermedia, Leech, 39. 
Japonica, Feld. 39. 
Mena, Moore, 36. 
Nicévillei, Moore, 37. 
nigrivena, Leech, 38. 
Oberthurt, Leech, 38. 
Persimilis, Westw. 34. 
subviridis, Leech, 38. 
viridis, Leech, 388. 


253 


Parnestina Yankowskii, Grose- 
Smith, 39. 

Zella, Butler, 35. 

PartTHENOS, Hiibn. 48, 49. 
aptcalis, Moore, 52. 
Aruana, Moore, 55. 
Borneensis, Stgr. 55. 
cyaneus, Moore, 54. 
Gambrisius, Fabr. 52. 
Javaensis, Stgr. 55. 
Lilacinus, Butler, 55. 
Neila, Swinhoe, 55. 
Philippensts, Stgr. 55. 
Roepstorffii, Moore, 54. 
Salentia, Hopffer, 55. 
Sylla, Donov. 55. 
Sylvia, Cram. 55. 
Virens, Moore, 51. 

Passtrona, Moore, 49, 84. 
Amisa, Grose-Smith, 84. 

Patsuta, Moore, 146, 172. 
sinensium, Oberth. 147, 172. 

Puzpyma, Felder, 146, 216. 
Amphion, Linn. 217. 
Astrea, Butler, 217. 
Cerne, Butler, 217. 
Eremita, Feld. 225. 
Jissigonata, Butler, 217. 
Ganina, Grose-Swith, 217. 
Heliodora, Cram. 147, 217. 
Heliopolis, Feld. 217. 
latifasciata, Butler, 217. 
melaleuca, Boisd. 217. 
Nectens, de Nicéville, 217. 
Pisias, Godman, 217. 
Sarabaita, Feld. 225. 
Shepherdi, Moore, 217. 

Philonoma, Billberg, 226. 
Agatha, Cram. 226. 
Melicerta, Fabr. 226. 

Potamides, Hibn. 1. 

Potamina, Moore, 1. 

Potamis, Hiibner, 3. 
Ambiea, Kollar, 4. 
Bieti, Oberth. 7. 
Laverna, Leech, 7. 
Pallas, Leech, 7. 
Phedra, Leech, 7. 
Serarum, Oberth. 7. 
subcerulea, Leech, 7. 


254 


Poramis substituta, Butler, 7. 
Proeris, Herr. Sch, 161. 


PsEupoHYPOLIMNAS, Moore, 146, 


208. 
punctata, Leech, 146, 208, 
Rauinpa, Moore, 146. 
Hordonia, Stoll, 147, 
Rane@asa, Moore, 48, 65. 
Dunya, Ddleday. 66. 
Saidja, Vandepoll, 67, 
Rasatta, Moore, 146. 
gracilis, Kirsch, 147, 
Rowana, Moore, 3, 16. 
Artaxes, de Nicéville, 20. 
Camiba, Moore, 19. 
Nakula, Moore, 20. 
Parisatis, Moore, 17. 
Rana, Stgr. 20. 
Rhea, Felder, 20. 
Sumatrana, Stgr. 20. 
Sasanta, Moore, 146, 208. 
speciosa, Stgr. 146, 208. 
Saparona, Moore, 49, 85. 
Cibaritis, Hewits. 85. 
Elone, de Nicéville, 86, 
Trigerta, Moore, 86. 
Sasax1a, Moore, 39. 
Charonda, Hewits. 39. 
Coreana, Leech, 39. 
Senapipa, Moore, 49, 74. 
Satrapes, Felder, 74. 
Sepuisa, Moore, 3, 25. 
Chandra, Moore, 29. 
Dichroa, Kollar, 26. 
Princeps, Fixsen, 31. 
Sincana, Moore, 13. 
fasciola, Leech, 14. 
fulva, Leech, 13. 
Sinima, Moore, 146, 172. 
Ciocolatina, Poujade, 146, 172. 
Sonepisa, Moore, 49, 110. 
Kanda, Moore, 110. 
Srasropates, Moore, 146. 
Radha, Moore, 147. 
Strpocuiona, Butler, 48, 76. 
Coresia, Hiibn. 78. 


INDEX. 


Srizocuiona Kannegieteri, Fruhst. 


78. 
Nicea, Gray, 77. 
Persephone, Stgr. 78. 
Rothschildi, Fruhst. 78. 
Schonbergi, Honrath, 78. 
Sumauta, Moore, 146, 150. 
Agneya, Doherty, 154. 
Bochit, Moore, 154. 
Daraxa, Dbleday. 146, 152. 
Dudu, Westw. 150. 
Staudingeri, Ribbe, 154. 
Zulema, Dobleday. 153. 
SympHzDRA, Hibn. 49, 56. 
Alcandra, Hibn. 57. 
albopunetata, Crowley, 72. 
canescens, Butler, 73. 
canescens, Stgr. 68. 
cyanipardus, Butler, 71. 
Damalis, Semper, 74. 
Dirtea, Dbleday. 68. 
Dirteoides, Stgr. 73. 
Elna, Vandepoll, 73. 
Gupta, de Nicéville, 62. 
Nais, Forster, 56. 
pardalina, Stgr. 73. 
pardalis, Distant, 73. 
Perdix, Butler, 73. 
Phasiana, Butler, 59. 
Piratica, Semper, 65. 
Recta, de Nicéville, 64. 
Sandakana, Fruhst. 68. 
Satrapes, Semper, 74. 
trapesa, Semper, 74. 
Teuta, de Nicéville, 60. 
Teutoides, Moore, 61. 
Thyelia, Dbleday. 57. 
Tacoxa, Moore, 146, 192. 
Eulimene, Godt. 193. 


Larymna, Dbleday. 146, 192. 


Magindana, Semper, 193. 
Tacor#a, Moore, 146, 176. 
Asura, Moore, 146, 177. 
Elwesi, Leech, 179. 
Idita, Moore, 178. . 
Tacgatsia, Moore, 146. 


END OF VOL. III. 


Tacatsia Dama, Moore, 147. 
TanaeEciA, Butler, 49, 83. 


Apsarasa, Voll. 84. 
Aruna, Feld. 84. 
Cibaritis, Kirby, 85. 
Consanguinea, Distant, 84, 
Flora, Butler, 99. 
Indras, Voll. 84. 
leucotcenia, Semper, 86, 
LIutala, Moore, 84. 
Martigena, Weymer, 84. 
Nicévillet, Distant, 130. 
Orphne, Butler, 84. 
Palawana, Stgr. 84. 
pardalis, Voll. 84. 
Pelea, Fabr. 84. 
Pulasara, Moore, 84. 
Robertsii, Butler, 84. 
Sakii, de Nicéville, 84. 
supercilia, Butler, 84. 
Valmikis, Feld. 84. 
Varuna, Voll. 84. 
Vikrama, Feld. 84. 
violaria, Butler, 84. 
Vordermani, Snellen, 84. 
Tarattia, Moore, 146, 154. 
Lysanias, Hewits. 146, 154. 
Tastnca, Moore, 49, 101. 
Anosia, Moore, 101. 
Tatista, Moore, 146, 179. 
Kanwa, Moore, 146, 179. 
Tuarasi4, Moore, 146, 180. 
diffusa, Leech, 182. 
Fortuna, Leech, 181. 
Jina, Moore, 147, 181. 
Jinoides, Moore, 181. 
ZABANA, Moore, 146, 207. 
Urvasi, Felder, 146, 208. 
Zauapta, Moore, 49, 135. 
Patala, Kollar, 135. 
Pratti, Leech, 137. 
Taooana, Moore, 137. 
ZamBoanGa, Moore, 146, 209. 
Gutama, Moore, 146, 209. 
Cosmia, Semper, 209. 
Brunijni, Oberth. 209. 


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