ae Ue Hs HRA ORE AIT Hal hliahi dla HAART UG its det Ae e * i yy va) A a ‘ bi? ie Waa teas I para Oe Hees one Nin Aa Mee K te es Hon et a earner eee A eal a) a gn a ang gn) lon VV SE NE NEN = Ne | ee an om = e a PRAPRAR AANA An acca eanennannaanen ‘an\amn\ an\anlnigmnl am Ann REEPPE RA naan | AP \\\ Ama A aAAAR RA AR AAAASA jaa on lave) 5 | a be. - , a ) g fora Vian an NS NNSA NARA AAA AAAAAEFE : JRA A A 22 = | A RARE mann gn gan a gs an gn ean AAA Aa aaAAAAAAAA aa AnAaaaanenena i | mimla\ay | AAA aan ol a lan! lanl PRRARAAAARRAAARAAR RRR ARR eaeeneeeneees lle FRAARARAAAA ARRARAAARAAASA mn nen al al anlela | nan) | , | Ny a a NONI = | A | maa PRR aaaa een | AAR ARAN ANA | AR ana RAAAAERAAARAAAAARR RRA AAR } 1 | = rey NNN nan\o, | ~~ % | | laVenltonlent X rer Raa EAAEEEAEAARP EE AAARAARAARARARAARA Py lennon enlanien ani am PY onl onln al l a lala YY. an | | pa SRR lI (PS NN VYAFYY¥Y¥ 4 VV NENA ANN ay NIAAA VN amen ae , aaaanne an A aaam een AN ANNA AAA aaaaia @, El EI aa aAAAaA Ane SAAAaaraaamaaaaaA ARAAARAAA Bann aaAaaana oa nV) “Aaa AAAABAaAAA AAARRARAARAAARARARRaaeaaner AAA alates PAPAF aaa Panam ap APPR A A ciaaaer AA at | et : en AY alae) ~~ NA alalaae aA m = PPR eRamelalesalala\aaa! gala aaalaaaa\.)\\ 4 Valen ton SAAARAAAAAAAAAAa D d b AAARAn WAR aa RR ana Nae EPP alae AAA ne ais PETA fn V2 Ent LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, BY He MOOK E, DiScs ho FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. RHOPALOCERA. FAMILY NYMPHALIDA. SUB-FAMILIES SATYRIN A (continued), ELYMNIINA, AMATHUSIINA, NYMPHALIN@ (Group cHARAXINA). ne a ee, ion Or nStity t.¢ %, \ ra Ra, 4 ; JI Ee é Ras Ge ee: LONDON: ona, nwo i REE Vii sc © ©); PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1893—1896, ‘ns Gp DiS CRE MON OlEIATEES. PAGE PAGE ive 95. Puate 103. fic. 1, la. Orinoma Damaris, ¢ ? . ‘ 1 Fig. 1, la. Maniola Davendra, 2 °. 409 2, 2a. Rhaphicera Satricus, ¢ . 2 3 2, 2a. Maniola latistigma, ¢ 2 . 46 3, 3a. Rhaphicera Moorei, ¢ 9 : 4 3, 3a. Maniola brevistigma, g 9 . 47 a 4, 4a. Maniola tenuistigma, ¢ . 7 43 aig. 1, la. Lasiommata Schakra, g ? ii Prate 104. 2,2.a, b. Lasiommata Merula, ¢ ? . 8 Fig. 1, la. Maniola Cheena, 2 . 5 a0) 3. Lasiommata Meroides, 9 9 2, 2a. Maniola Kashmiriea, ¢ 2 SD) 4, 4a. Lasiommata Menava, ¢ 9 9 3, 8a. Chortobius pulchra, ¢ ¢ . 52 4, 4a. Chortobius Neoza, 3 ¢ . DS Prats 97. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Amecera Cashmirensis, ¢ 9 12 Puate 105. 2,2 a,b. Chonala Masoni, ¢ 9 15 Fig. 1, la. Chortobius pulchella, 2 9 od: 2. Chortobius Caenonympha, 2 DA: PLATE 98. : , 3, 3a. Chortobius Maiza, 6? . 5 Fig. 1, la. Eumenis Baldiva, J? . - 418 4, 4a. Chortobius Goolmurga, 9 . 56 2, 2a. Eumenis Lehana, ¢Q . 2g 3, 8a. Chazara Shandura, ¢ 2 ail Prate 106. 4, 4a, Nytha Parisatis, ¢ 2 . eee! Fig. 1. Thymipa Baldus (larva and pupa) 60 la, b, c, d, e, f. Thymipa Baldus PLATE 99. L (Wet-season brood) 7 58 Fig. 1, la. Aulocera Brahminus, ¢ ? 5 EY 1 g,h, i. Thymipa Baldus (orien 2, 2a. Aulocera Brahminoides, Q . 29 broud) . f p . e . 59 3, 3a. Aulocera Chumbica, ¢ 2 . 30 4, 4a. Aulocera Loha, ¢ ? 4 3 of) Pruate 107. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa indecora, ¢ (Wet- Prate 100. season brood) : ; 5 OS Fig. 1, la, Aulocera Padma, ¢? . y o2 10. Thymipa indecora, g (Dry- 9, 2a. Aulocera Swaha, 2? . 5 season brood) 3 63 3, 3a. Aulocera Saraswati, ¢ ? 5 aM | 2,2a,b. Thymipa ATeENOTA 32 (Wet season brood : 64 ee eS ; F 2, c. Thymipa Ge B (Dee Season Fig. 1, la. Parceneis pumilus, g ? . mor brood) . ‘ ; 64 2, 2a. Parceeneis Sikkimensis, ¢ 8 3, 3a. Karanasa Hubneri, ¢ 2 5 ony Prate 108. 4, 4a. Karanasa Leechii, g ? . 2 41 Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Dohertyi, ¢ (Wet- season brood) : : . 65 Prats 102. 2, 2a. Thymipa Savana, 3 (Wet- Fig. 1, la. Karanasa modesta, d ? . eel season brood) . 66 2, 2a. Kanetisa Digna, 6? . . 42 2 b, c,d. Thymipa Savara, 3 2 one 3, 3a. Kanetisa Pimpla, 9 . 43 season brood) : , : 5 Oe lv DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PAGE Prater 109. Fig. 1, la, Thymipa Nikea, ¢ : . 68 2, 2 a, b. Thymipa Sakra, ¢ 9 OU, 3, 3a. Thymipa Austeni, ¢ ? . _ 4. Thymipa Avanta, , (Wet-season brood) . ; 70 4a. Thymipa ent 3 (Dry-season brood) . ; : : rial Puate 110. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Singala, ¢ 2? (Wet- season brood) . 3 : « «2 1b. Thymipa Singala, ¢ (Dry-season brood) . 3 . 6 2, 2a. Thymipa Tabella, 3 : 73 3, 3a,b. Thymipa striata, J ? (Wet season brood) : 73 3, c. Thymipa striata, ¢ (Dr season brood) . ; ‘ eA: 4. Thymipa Philomela, 3 : ee Prats 111. Fig. 1. Ypthima Hubneri (larva and pupa) . C : : , AS 1 a, b, c. Ypthima Hubneri, ¢ 9 (Wet-season brood) : : 77 1 d, e. f,g, h. Ypthima Hubneri, ¢ 2 (Dry-season brood) : : RS Puate 112. : Fig. 1, la. Ypthima Kasmira, ¢ @ . ee 2, 2a. Ypthima Ceylonica, ¢ 2 ( Wet- season brood) ‘ : : OL 3, 3a. Kolasa Chenui, ¢ 2 (Wet- season brood) : . 83 4, 4a. Kolasa vetien ores 3 2: 6184 5, 5a. Nadiria Bolanica, ¢ 2 . > 8D Puate 113. Fig. 1, la. Pandima Nareda, ¢ j . 86 2, 2a, Pandima Newara, $9 . 7 ou 3. Pandima Lycus, gf . ; CS 4. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ (Wet-season brood) . . : : : OS 4 a, b, c. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ 9 (Dry-season brood) ; 5 og Puate 114, Hig. 1, la. Pandima Mahratta, f 9 (Wet- season brood) : ; 90 1 0, c, Pandima Mahratta, ¢ (oer season brood) 5 : B oO 2, 2a. Lohana Iniea, ¢ 2 ( Wet-season brood) . 2 b, c, d, e. Lohana inten g 9 (oun season brood) Puate 115. Fig. 1, la. Dallacha Hyagriva, ¢ 9 2, Ya. Callerebia Orixa, 3 9 3, 3 a, b. Callerebia Annada, ¢ ? Prate 116. Fig. 1, la. Callerebia hybrida, ¢ ? . 2, 2 a, b, c, d, e. Callerebia Nirmala, AOS a a Prate 117. Fig. 1, La, b. Callerebia Scanda, ¢ 9 2, 2a. Callarebia Daksha, 3 3, 3a, 6. Paralasa Kalinda, ¢ ? Prate 118. Fic. 1,1 a, 6. Paralasa Shallada, ¢ ? 2,2 a,b. Paralasa Mani, d? . 3, 3a. Hemadara Narasingha, ¢ Prats 119, Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Zipaetis Saitis, ¢ ? 2,2 a, b. Zipaetis Sceylax, g 9 Prater 120. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Ragadia Crisilda, ¢ 9 2,2 a,b. Ragadia Crito, g ? Prats 121. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Erites argentina, ¢ ? 2,2 a, 6. Erites angularis, ¢ 9 3, 3a. Erites faleipennis, g. Prats 122. Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Ismene (larva and eae Ik (45 @, Gh @ Melanin Teens 3 9 (Wet-season brood) A ; ; PuatE 123. Fig. 1, 1 a,b, ¢, d, e. Melanitis Ismene, 3 2 (Dry-season brood) Prats 124. Fig. 1. Melanitis Tambra (larva and pupa) 1 a, b, c. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ ? (Wet-season brood) ‘ 1 d, e, f. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ 9 (Dry-season brood) 7 PAGE 93 93 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 115 116 120 118 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prats 125. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Melanitis Bethami, 3 ? (Wet-season brood) 1 c, d, e. Melanitis Bethami (Dry-season brood) » d# Prats 126. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melanitis Bela, ¢ 9 (Wet- season brood) 1 c,d,e. Melanitis Bela, ‘3 g one season brood) i : C PLATE 127. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c,d, e. Melanitis Varaha, 3 2 (Wet-season brood) C Prats 128. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f. Melanitis Varaha, 3 2, (Dry-season brood) Prats 129. Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Gokala, ¢ (Wet- season brood) 3 1 b,c, d, e. Melanitis Goble, 3 5 (Dry-season brood) Puate 130. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ ? (Wet-season brood) ; . 1d. Melanitis Zitenius, grade) . : - (inter- Puate 131. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ce. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ ? (Dry-season brood) 2, 2a. Melanitis Kalinga, season brood) : 3 (Dry- Prater 132. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Cyllogenes Suradeva, 3 ? 2, 2a. Cyllogenes Janete, J . : 3, da. Parantirrhcea Marshalli, g. Puate 133. Fig. 1. Elymnias undularis (larva) . la, b,c. Elymnias undularis, g 2? . 2,2, a, b. Elymnias tinctoria, ¢ ? Prate 134, Fig. 1. Elymnias fraterna (larva and pupa) 1 a, b, c, d, e. Elymnias fraterna, G4 "c . PAGE 1351 133 134 135 137 135 137 158 139 140 147 145 148 149 149 Prate 135. Fig. 1, la. Elymnias caudata (larva and pupa) . : 1 b,c, d. Elymnias mandate 3 8 oq Puate 136. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Elymnias Cottonis, ¢ 2 2,2 a,b. Elymnias Mimus, ¢ 9 Puate 137. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. “Elymnias obnubila, ¢ 9 2, 2a. Elymnias Deedalion, 9? . Prats 138. Fig. 1, : a, b, Melynias Singala, ¢ 9 2, 2 a, b. Melynias Peali, G2. Puate 139. Fig. 1, 1 a,b, c. Melynias Timandra, ¢ ? Prate 140. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melynias Malelas, ¢ 9 2, 2a. Melynias Saueri, ¢ 2 PuatE 141. Fig. 1, la. Melynias Patna, ¢ 2, 2a. Melynias Patnoides, g . ; 3, 3a. Bruasa Chelensis, ¢ Puate 142. Fig.1, 1 a, b, c. Mimadelias Vasudeva, Cae 2, 2a. Mimadelias Dera 3 OMy Puate 143. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Mimadelias Burmensis, 3 ¢ 2, 2a. Agrusia Neder Bz Puare 144. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Zeuxidia Masoni, ¢ ? Prate 145, Fig. 1, la, Amathuxidia Amythaon, g ? Puate 146. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ec. Amathusia aoe 3 2 larva and pupa Puate 147. Fig. 1. Amathusia ea 3 (Pegu Variety) 2. Amathusia eicionees 2 (Anda- man Variety) ‘ ; PAGE 150 150 159 161 162 163 164 166 167 168 169 174 176 179 181 181 vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PAGE Puate 148. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Nandogea Diores, 62 . 182 Puate 149. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Thauria pseudaliris, ¢ 2 . 186 Prate 150. Fig. 1. Discophora Continentalis (larva and pupa) . : : ; = 89 1, a, 6, c. Discophora Continentalis, CHL as ; : , , . 188 Prats 151. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Discophora lepida, ¢ 2. 190 Prats 152. Fig. 1, 1 a, b,e. Discophora Zal, 2 . 191 Puate 153. Fig. 1. Discophora Indica (larva and pupa) 194 1 a, b, c, d. Discophora Indica, g 2. 192 Puate 154. Fic. 1, la. Diseophora spiloptera, ¢ 9 . 193 Puate 155. Fig. 1, la, b, c. Enispe Huthymius, ¢ 2. 198 Prate 156. Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Enispe tessellata, ¢ 9 . 200 Puate 157. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Enispe Cyenus, ¢ 2 > 201 Puate 158. Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Camadeva, ure ‘ ‘ ‘ : 203) Purate 159. Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Louisa, f 9 . 204 Prats 160. Fig. 1,1 a, 6. Stichophthalma Nourmahal, Cue: ; d ‘ a e205 PuatTE 161. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Stichophthalma Nurinissa, Omen ur ) ae aeeeO0G Prats 162. Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Arcesilaus, ¢ 9. 207 Puate 163. Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Assama, 6? . 208 Puate 164. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c, d, e. AAmona Amathusia, mn Prats 165. Fig. 1, la. Aimona Pealii, g . 2, 2a. Aimona Lena, ¢ Prate 166. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Xanthotenia Busiris, 3 F Puate 167. Fig. 1, la. Melanocyma faunuloides, ? 2. Stichophthalma Sparta, ¢ PuateE 168. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Psaphon, ¢ ? Prate 169, Fig. 1, la, 6, c. Haridra Imna, $ ? larva and pupa Puate 170. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, e. Haridra Marmax, ¢ 9 Prats 171. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Kahruba, ¢ 2 . 2. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Desa, ¢ 9 Puate 173. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Avistogiton, ¢ . 2, 2a. Haridra Adamsoni, ¢ Puate 174. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ec. Haridra Harpax, ¢ 9 Prate 175. Fig. 1, 1 a. 6. Haridra Corax, g¢ larva and pupa Prater 176. Fig. 1, 1 a. 6. Haridra Mierax, ¢ 2 PuatE 177. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Haridra Hemana, ¢ ? Puate 178. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hipponax, ¢ 9. : 1b, c. Haridra Hipponax (Variety) . PAGE Lo _ bo 214 215 240 DESCRIPTION Prats 179. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Jalinder, § 9 Puate 180. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hindia, ¢ 9 1b, c. Haridra Hindia, ¢ (Var “iety) 24.4 Prats 181. PAGE 243 Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Pleistoanax, 3 ¢ Pate 182. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Khasiana, 5 9? . 2. Haridra Nicholii, 3 Puate 183. Fig. 1, la. Charaxes Fabius (larve and pupe). « 1 b, c, d. Charaxes Habis 3 9 Puate 184. Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Athamas (/arve and pupe). . 1 b, c,d. Eulepis Achninas: 3 9 le. Eulepis Athamas, ¢ (Variety) « 2d0 OF PLATES. Puate 185. Fig. 1, la, Eulepis Hamasta, ¢ ? 2, 2a. Eulepis Agrarius, 5 ? PLATE Fig. Pate Fig. PLATE Fig. PLATE Fig. ° PLATE Fig 186. Lelia: 5 5 1 b,c. Eulepis Arja, ¢ 2 (Variety). 187. ieee) Eulepis Arja, d 2 Eulepis Jalysus, ¢ 2,2 a,b. Eulepis Moori, ¢ 9 188. ie, Wer, ‘ 2,2 a, 6. Eulepis Wardii, ¢ 9 larva Eulepis Schreiberi, ¢ 9 and pupa 189. , la. Murwareda Dolon, ¢ 1 2, 2a 190. ealicns 2,20: . Murwareda Eudamippus, ¢ Murwareda Delphis, ¢ . Heleyra Hemina, ¢ vil ERRATA. Page 132. Melanitis Varaha (Dry-season brood). For Plate 127, figs.1 e-i, read 128 figs. 1 a to f. » 206. Allied Chinese species of Stichophthalma. For Stichoph. fusca, read siujfusa. ANS2 Ve Part xu.) Price 10s. plain, 15s. coloured. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. iH. aMoOR EH; #EsZ.5,. FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAU SOCIETY OF STETTIN, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, LONDON: L. 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By Samurt JENNINGS, F.L.S., F R.H.S., late Vice-President of the Agri- Horticultural Society of India. Royal 4to, Com- plete in One Vol., cloth, gilt edges, 63s. A Second Century of Orchidaceous Plants, selected from the Subjects published in Curtis's * Botanical Magazine” since the issue of the “ First Century.” Edited by Jamus Bareman, Hsq., F.R.S. Complete in One Vol., Royal 4to, 100 Coloured Plates, £5 5s. L. REEVE & CO., 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. EH PEpOPTHRA ENDICA. — Sub family SATYRINZ (continued). Genus ORINOMA. Orinoma, Doubleday in Gray’s Lep. Insects of Nepal, p. 14 (1846); Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 368 (1851) ; Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50; Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 173 (1883). Ivaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat narrow and elongate, triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin yery slightly concave in the middle, posterior angle rounded ; cell more than half length of the wing; two subcostals emitted before end of the cell; upper discocellular short, inwardly oblique, lower deeply concave, upper radial from close to the subcostal, lower radial from angle near upper end; median veinlets at equal distances apart. Hindwing short, bluntly oval ; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle rounded; exterior margin very slightly scalloped ; cell half the length of wing; first subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular outwardly oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle ; middle median emitted immediately before end of cell. Body somewhat slender; thorax clothed with fine silky hairs; palpi compressed, obliquely porrected, clothed with fine short hairs in front, apical joint stout, pointed; legs rather long, femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennze very slender, with an extremely slender lengthened club; eyes hairy. ORINOMA DAMARIS (Plate 95, fig1, la, g ?). Orinoma Damaris, Doubleday, in Gray’s Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 2, 2a (1846). Westwood, in Doubleday and prieaes Gen. D. Lep. p. 369, pl. 63, fig. 3 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. BE. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 4, 4a. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 174, pl. 13, fig. 32, (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 223, pl. 79, o (1887). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky violescent-black when fresh, fading to dusky violescent-brown; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a prominent ochreous-red patch occupying the basal half of the cell, the patch having two small obliquely-disposed black spots across its centre; a prominent pale olivescent yellowish-white streak extending along lower outer half and a less defined similar coloured speckled-streak along the upper half of the cell; four series of similar coloured streaks disposed transversely between the veins, the streaks being narrowest vot. 1. August dth, 1892. B 2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. anteriorly, longest interiorly, and the two outer series macular; the set between the median and submedian broadest and most connected. Hindwing with a broad divided-streak within the cell, and three outer series of similar-coloured streaks between the veins, the fourth or outer series being more or less obsolete. Under- side. Both wings marked as on upperside, except that all the markings are more prominent and somewhat broader ; both wings with the outer row more transversely linear ; also with an outer-marginal slender interrupted line ; and the forewing also having some slender streaks along the costa. Thorax above clothed with glossy virescent-erey hairs, its front with orange-red hairs; abdomen above brown; body beneath yellowish-white ; legs and palpi blackish; sides of palpi and collar white ; antenne black, annulated with white. Expanse, 2} to 3} inches. Hasitat.—N.W. and H. Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Burma. Distripution aND Hasrrs.—* This is a somewhat local insect, nowhere very common. In the Kangra District, Mr. Hocking (P.Z.S8. 1882, 235) records that it has been taken at Jatingri, but is very local and rare. In Kumaon, Mr. E. T. Atkinson obtained it in wooded lowlands, and Major C. F. L. Marshall has taken it in the neighbourhood of Nanai Tal. It occurs in Nepal and Sikkim, and also in the Khasia Hills in the autumn. In Cachar, Mr. Wood-Mason took it on Nemotha in October, and in Silhet. Capt. C. T. Bingham found it in Upper Tenasserim in the lower Thoungyeen forests from March to May. It apparently only occurs in the mountainous parts of North-Hast India, and at low elevations” (Butt. of India, 1. 174). Mr. L. de Nicéville (J.A.S. Beng. July, 1885) records the capture of a ‘“*female in Sikkim, in October, at 3200 feet elevation.” Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), ‘I never saw this insect myself in Sikkim, but Mr. Moller obtained it at 2000 to 4000 feet; and Mr. Gammie found it abundant in British Bhotan at 6000 feet, in June. At Cherra Punji, in Khasia, I found it com- mon at 4000 feet, on the edge of the forest, and beat it from bushes by the path. Its flight is not strong, or quick, but dodging. The female seems rare, but Mr. de Nicéville caught it at 3000 feet in Sikkim, in October.”’ Dr. N. Manders (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) obtained a single male in the neighbourhood of Bernardmyo, in the Shan States, Burma.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills in May and October. Genus ,RHAPHICERA. Rhaphicera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164; Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 196; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 175 (1883). Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex bluntly pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique and even, posterior margin straight; costal, median, and SATYRINZE. 3 submedian slightly swollen at base; cell long, broad; discocellulars outwardly oblique, both radials from extremely close to the subcostal; upper median veinlet arched ; discal area clothed with pale ochreous, rather long and broad scales, inter- spersed with a very few narrow black androconia of similar length, which have either an extremely slender, almost linear, lengthened base with a short filiform end and penicillate tip, or with a lengthened bulbous base and similar penicillate tip. Hindwing rather long, pyriform, exterior margin very convex, very slightly scalloped, and with a tendency to an angle at end of upper median vein; cell broad; middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell. Palpi very hairy in front, apical jot also hairy; middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz with an elongated slender club ; eyes hairy. Type, R. Satricus. RHAPHICERA SATRICUS (Plate 95, figs. 2, 2a, 2). Lasiommata Satricus, Doubleday ; Westwood and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 387, pl. 64, fig. 4 (1851), 9. Rhaphicera Satricus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, pl. 4, fig. 8,9, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 175 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 228, pl. 81 (1887). Inaco.—Male. Upperside reddish-ochreous, with all the veins black; cilia reddish-ochreous. Forewing with two outwardly-oblique black bars crossing the cell, the inner bar narrowest, a broader outwardly angulated band crossing obliquely from middle of the costa to the lower median veinlet, this band being narrowest posteriorly and angled on the veins; a short subapical oblique macular-band and a rounded spot between the lower medians, followed by an irregular angulated mar- ginal band; the median and submedian vein broadly black lined. Hindwing crossed by a black discal band, which is narrow anteriorly, acutely angled above the upper median, and from thence is broad to near lower median; beyond are four round large black submarginal spots, two upper and two lower, followed by three slender black marginal lines. Underside ochreous-yellow ; veins more slenderly lined with black. Forewing with markings as on upperside, except that there is a well-formed subapical ocellus with a bluish-white pupil, and the lower black spot has a bluish- white pupil ; the marginal band being represented by slender lines. Hindwing with a pale golden-yellow fascia extending through the cell to near the outer border ; crossed by a very slender black subbasal line and an angular discal line, both indis- tinctly defined in crossing the pale fascia; beyond is a series of six ocelli, the sixth being duplex, the upper third being sometimes absent, each with a black centre and large biuish-white speckled pupil, a yellow ring and a black outer ring; beyond are three slender black marginal lines. BQ 4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside somewhat paler; markings the same, but slightly broader and less prominent. Underside as in the male. Body above reddish-ochreous ; thorax above and beneath, head, palpi in front, forelegs and middle and hind femora beneath, clothed with glossy virescent and golden hairs ; middle and hind legs above brown ; palpi edged in front with black ; side of palpi and collar pure white; abdo- men beneath pale ochreous-yellow. Expanse, 22 to 23 inches. Hasirat.—E. Himalayas; Sikkim; Bhotan: Naga Hills. DistrisutioN.—This species is found in Sikkim, and Mr. E. T. Atkinson records it as occurring in the wooded hills beyond Almorah in Kumaon. This is probably the extreme western range of the species ; further to the west it is replaced by the allied . Moorei (Butt. Ind. 1.176). Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), “I found this species not uncommon on Sinchul and Tonglo, in Sikkim, from 6000 to about 8000 feet, in the end of July and August, and more abundant at 7000 feet near Rikisum in British Bhotan. It flies quickly, with a darting flight, about the forest paths, settling on ordure and wet places, and returning when disturbed. It also settles to rest on damp shady rocks, and flies in wet and cloudy as well as in fine weather. I never saw the female.” Mr. Elwes also records its capture by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hill. (P.Z.S. 1891, 266.) RHAPHICERA MOOREI (Plate 95, figs. 8, 3a, d 9). Rhaphicera Mooret, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, p. 4, fig. 4,9; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 176, pl. xv. fig. 38, ¢ (1883). Twaco.—Male and female. Upperside yellowish-ochreous, the basal area some- what olivescent-ochreous. Forewing with similarly disposed markings as in Lt. Satricus, but of a brown tint, broader, less sharply defined, and the veins also broadly bordered, thus giving it the appearance of a darker insect, with smaller and more restricted ochreous markings than those of 2. Satricus. Hindwing also simi- larly marked, but less sharply defined; the submarginal spots smaller, there being either two upper and two lower, or sometimes a continuous series of six are present, when the third and the lowest are less distinctly defined, all having a minute whitish pupil, and the lower ones with a slight pale outer ring; the marginal lines are almost confluent and thus form a broad dusky brown border. Underside paler yellowish- ochreous. forewing with the veins black lined, and similar markings to those in f. Satricus, but more defined. Hindwing also similar, but the markings more defined ; there is also a slender inner-line within the cell, the discal angulated line is more irregular, the ocelli prominent, and the marginal lines more sinuous. Expanse, $24 to 22,223 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. and EH. Himalayas. SATYRINZ. 5 Distripution.—“‘ This species is generally considered a rare insect, but in 1882 it was found in great profusion by Mr. W. Doherty in the Bhagi and Narkunda forests, and again at Theog, in the neighbourhood of Simla, in August, flying freely during heavy rain, and alighting on the leaves of bushes and trees. It was con- spicuous when settled, and appears to have nothing protective in its coloration.” Col. A. M. Lang notes, “‘ Observed only late in the autumn, in a forest glade in the Himalayas, near a stream with rich vegetation about its banks.” His collection contained five specimens from the neighbourhood of Simla, taken at 9000 feet eleva- tion, and two from Lower Kunawar, at 7000 feet elevation. It is evidently a very local insect.” (Butt. India, 176.) Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records specimens from Ketruar, in the Valley of the Rupin River; taken in September. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it from ‘* Dhankuri, Khati, Dwali, and Chaudans, at from 7000 to 11,000 feet in Kumaon.” ‘“ In Sikkim, this species seems rare, as Mr. Moller had never seen it until I got three specimens on Singalelah at 9000 to 11,000 feet, in July. It occurs higher up than its congener (Satricus), but seems to have much the same flight and habits. My Shikaris brought a few from the interior in 1888 and 1884. The female is rare.” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322.) Inpo-Curyesz Species of RHAPHICERA, AND ALLIED Genus.—f. dumicola (Satyrus dumicola, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1876, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 7. Habitat, Moupin, E. Tibet.—Genus noy. Tartinca.—Allied to Rhaphicera. Forewing with the costa less arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle; discocel- lulars outwardly recurved, upper radial close to subcostal, lower radial near the middle; upper median straight ; discal area clothed with long pale tridentate-tipt scales, a few shorter battledore-scales with dentate tips, and with many interspersing longer black androconia, which have a lengthened broad-bulbous base and elongated hair-like penicillated-tip. These androconia are about twice the length of those in Rhaphicera. Hindwing bluntly-ovate ; exterior margin very oblique and slightly scalloped ; discocellular undulated and angled in the middle, radial from the angle. Type.—Tatinga tibetanus (Satyrus tibetanus, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1876, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 4). Habitat.—Moupin, EH. Tibet. Genus LASIOMMATA. Satyrus, Latreille, Consid. Gen. p. 440 (1810). Lasiommata, Westwood, in Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butt. p. 65 (1840). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 184 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p- 885 (1851). Scudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston (1875), p. 202. Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 162; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1868). Kirby, Manual Eur. Butt. p. 50 (1862). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 178 (1883). 6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Satyrvs (part), Godart, Tabl. Méth. Lep. pp. 8, 18 (1823). Boisduval, Ind. Mcth. Eur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), zd. Edit. 1840, p. 80. Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, even ; with an inwardly oblique transverse discal narrow glandular fascia clothed with large rather broad basally-tapering raised scales, which have rounded very blunt-toothed tips, and are interspersed with numerous longer blackish androconia with elongated slender-bulbous base and lengthened filiform, penicillate tip; cell rather long, narrow ; costal vein swollen at the base, median less swollen. Hindwing bluntly ovate ; exterior margin very convex, slightly sinuous; cell long, broad ; two upper medians from end of cell. Palpi clothed with very long hairs in front to the tip, apical joint small; antennal club spatular. Aputt Carerrittar.—Head rather large, globose; body villose, slightly tapering at each end, with two short lateral caudal points; green, with darker dorsal line, and paler subdorsal and spiracular lies. Feeds on grasses. CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail. Thorax convex ; with two short points at the head; abdomen slightly arched on the back ; green, or very dark brown. Type.—L. Megeera. Historicat Note on tHE Genus Satyrus.—In 1746, Linneus (Faun, Sueciea, i. p. 238) gives to his Papilio, No. 785, the name of Satyrus as being the common one then applied to it. In 1758 (Syst. Nat. i. p. 473, No. 96) he altered the name of this butterfly to Papila Mera, quoting the earlier name (Satyrus) in a synonymie form. In the edition of the ‘‘ Fauna Suee. (1761), p. 275, No. 1049, and in the “ Syst. Nat.” of 1767, p.771, No. 141,he also uses the name Mra, referring, in both these works, to the name Satyrus, as its synonym, Retzius, in 1783 (Gen. et. Spec. Ins. p. 32, No. 16), gives Satyrus as the name of a species, and quotes mera as its synonym. Latreille, in 1805 (Gen. Cr. et. Ins. xiv. p. 103), of Nymphalis, among other species, gives that of Satyrus (as a synonym of Megzera), and as one of the species of that division. under his division “ Satyrz,” From the above statement, it will be seen that Satyrus is the name of a species synonymous with the Linnzan mera; the name Satyrus, therefore, cannot be used either in a subgeneric or generic sense, as has been subsequently done by the following authors, viz.: Panzer (Faun. Ins. Germ. Heft. 23—34 (1796), where he describes and figures Papilio Satyrus Galathea, P. S. Hypsipyle and P. S. Fauna, and again in Heft 76 (1801), the P. S. Semele and P. 8S. Cinzia. Cederheilm, in 1798 (Faun. Ingr. Prod. p. 208), describes Pap. Satyrus Hyperanthus, P. S. Pamphilus, P. S. Mera, and other species, and in 1810 Latreille (Consid. Gén. p. 440) established his genus “ Saryrus,” giving as types, Teucer, Phidippus, Sophore, Piera, Galathea, and Mera, but also intending it to embrace within it all the species of the group. Subsequently the name “Satyrus” has been adopted in a generic form, in this Subfamily, by Godart Eneycl. Méth. 460 (1819) ; by Swainson, Zool. Ilust. 1, iii. pl. 159 (1822); by Boisduval, Index Méth. Hur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), and in Edit. (1840), p. 830; by Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen, D. Lep. p. 388 (1851) ; Butler, Entom. iii, p. 279 (1867), zd. Catal. Satyride, Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1868), dd. dnt. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 194 ; Crotch, Cistula, Entom. i. p. 91 (187 )5 Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 73 (1871) ; Staudinger, Catal. eps Eur. p. 27 (1871), and others. Moreover, the name “Satyrus ” was previously used for a genus of Mammals, by Tulpius, in 1739 (Observ. Medice, p. 270), and is also occupied, through “ Satyra,” in Diptera, by Meigen, in 1803. SATYRINA, i LASIOMMATA SCHAKRA (Plate 96, fiz. 1, la,g 2). Satyrus Schakra, Kollar, in Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 446, pl. 15, fig. 3, 4, 3 (1844). Lasiommata Schakra, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 387 (1851). Amecera Schakra, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 179, pl. xv, figs, 45, 46, ¢ 9 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown, somewhat tinged with olive; cilia alternated with ochreous-white. Morewing crossed by an inwardly-oblique inner discal narrow sinuous dusky glandular fascia ; followed by a large subapical black ocellus with white pupil and an irregular outer ochreous ring, below which are three decreasing somewhat darker ochreous spots, all being inwardly bordered by an indis- tinct recurved discal darker brown line and an outer or submarginal parallel line. Hindwing with a faint trace of a slender transverse discal dusky angulated line, beyond which is a series of three prominent median ocelli, and one, sometimes two, incipient very small upper ocelli, the three former with a black centre, white pupil and a broad ochreous ring, the two upper spots, when present, being ochreous with sometimes a minute black central dot; marginal lines pale brownish-ochreous. Underside grey basally, greyish-white externally. Forewing crossed by, two slender ‘recurved ochreous bars within the cell, the inner one continuing across the wing, a similar bar along the discocellulars, anda more sharply-defined outwardly-recurved wavy discal ochreous-brown line, and a submarginal and a marginal line; subapical ocellus as above, but with a smaller black centre, larger white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, and then a slender brown ring ; above this, immediately before the apex, is a minute similar ocellus ; below the ocellus the lower discal area is suffused with bright ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal slender ochreous-brown irregular wavy line, followed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth being duplex, each with a small black centre and white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, a slender brown ring, another ochreous ring, and then another brown ring; the upper, second and third ocelli being the smallest ; beyond are two slender ochreous-brown marginal lines. Female. Upperside paler, and more olivaceous-brown. Forewing with the ocellus, its ochreous ring, and the posterior spots somewhat broader and paler, their Jateral bordering line more defined, and the interspace between the ocellus and its upper discal border being more or less whitish. Hindwing with the ochreous ring of the ocelli broader and less defined. Underside coloured and marked as in male. Body above brown; thorax clothed with glossy virescent hairs, thorax beneath clothed with greyish hairs; abdomen beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; legs brownish above, greyish beneath ; collar and sides of palpi greyish-ochreous ; antennz brown, with darker ochreous-tipt club. Expanse, 2 to 2} inches. 8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Carerrittar.— Apple-green, with pale yellow lateral lines. Feeds on various grasses.” (A. G. Young.) Hasitar.—N.W. and EH. Himalayas. Disrrisutionx.—“ This is one of the commonest butterflies of the Western Himalayas, extending eastwards as far as Sikkim. Mr. A. Graham Young states that in Kulu it is very common, appearing in July and again in September and October, the larva being apple-green with pale yellow lateral lines, and feeds on grasses.” (Butt. Ind. i.179.) According to Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499), it is “a very common Himalayan species; to be seen at all seasons flitting about the rocky roadside in Lower Kunawar and the Simla Hills, and pitching on rocks and banks; more abundant on the outer ranges, on bare grassy slopes.’ In his MS. Notes, 1865, Col. Lang also says, ‘‘ Schakra appears within ten miles of the plains at Kussowli, frequenting all cliff and rocky ground. It continues for 200 miles, very scarce in the last fifty of this distance, and I have taken one specimen here, at Pangi; March to October.” Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records it from ‘“‘ Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir ; June and October.” Major J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 358) records specimens from ‘‘ Murree, August and September; between Abbottabad and Kala Pani, September. Very common in August and September. Found all along the hills as far as Thundiani, and as low as Tret and Bugnoter; probably not above 5000 feet elevation.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January 1st, 1880), says, “ This insect is to be met with at all seasons and everywhere in the N.-W. Himalayas, flitting along rocky roads and paths, and continually settling on stones, etc. I have taken it in Kashmir and far up into Ladak.’ Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it as being found in ‘* Kumaon generally, up to 9000 feet ; seen as low as Dharchula, 3500 feet.” LASIOMMATA MZERULA (Plate 96, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 9). Lasiommata Merula, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 496, 3 (1867). Amecera Merula, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 180 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown; cilia alternated with ochreous- white. Forewing not possessing a glandular fascia; the subapical ocellus with its ochreous ring larger than in L. Schakra, and only two narrow ochreous spots present below it, these spots being also situated somewhat further from the outer margin. Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, and sometimes one or two upper incipient spots. Underside similar to L. Schakra. Forewing with the two cell bars closer together, these bars and the discocellular, and also the wavy bar beyond the cell, are brown, the latter being more outwardly-oblique; the slender brown outer SATYRINAD. 9 ring of the large subapical ocellus #%-joined to the minute apical ocellus, and the bright ochreous colour of the lower discal area extends somewhat into the cell- Hindwing with the transverse subbasal and the discal irregular line dark brown, and more zigzag in their course; ocelli with paler ochreous rings. Female. Upperside similar to LZ. Schakra. Forewing with the ocellus larger, its outer ring paler, and its contiguous inner border whiter, the lower ochreous spots narrower and less defined. Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing the outer ring of the ocellus and its contiguous inner border is whiter, and on the hindwing the ocelli have pale ochreous-white rings. Expanse, 3 °, 23 inches. Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalaya (Kunawur, Pang’). Distrisurion.—Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records this species from “ Pangi in Busahir, in August.” LASIOMMATA MEROIDES (Plate 96, fig. 3, ). Lasiommata Meroides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii., p. 496, pl. 69, fig. 1, 2 (1867). Amecera Mueroides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 181 (1883). TIuaco.—Male. ‘‘ Upperside as in L. menava, but paler; the streaks more obsolete. Forewing with the ocellus distinctly surrounded with fulvous, and with two large spots irrorated with fulvous below it. Hindwing with two ocelli coloured as in L. menava, but more broadly ringed and a little nearer the margin; a fulvous spot annexed to the upper ocellus. Underside asin L. menava, but the hindwing with the streaks of the basal half fuscous, scarcely margined with fulvous ; that beyond the cell a little more directed outwards towards the costa.” Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus placed on a broad triangular ochreous patch paler than in L. menava, distinctly defined throughout, the travers- ing veins being also ochreous and scarcely perceptible; the subapical ocellus is smaller and further from the discal edge of the patch. Hindwing with two prominent ocelli, the lowest small. Underside as in the male. Expanse, d ? 2 to 22 inches. Haxzirat.—Dras and Indus Valley ; Ladak. Distrisvtion.—The type specimens were taken by the late Dr. F. Stohezka, in the ‘* Dras Valley, Ladak, and at Chulichang, at 12,000 feet.” Major H. B. Hellard, in his M8. Notes, records it from the “ lower part of Dras River Valley, and from Indus Valley between Skardo and Dras River; taken in July.” LASIOMMATA MENAVA (Plate 96, figs. 4, 4a, d 2). Lasiommata Menava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 3, ¢. Amecera Menava, Butler, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 180 (1883), VOL. II. Cc 10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Tyraco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, with an senescent gloss ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a transverse inwardly-oblique discal straight dusky glandular fascia, which extends from the upper median to the posterior margin; two very indistinct slender dusky bars crossing the cell, a similar discocellular bar, and an upper outer-discal outwardly-recurved line, the latter with a slightly paler external bordering edge; beyond is a suffused sub- marginal line ; a moderately large prominent subapical black ocellus and a minute apical ocellus, each with a white pupil and narrow ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with two, sometimes three, similar outer ocelli, the lowest, and when present the upper, being the smallest. Underside pale brownish-grey. forewing with the lower discal area suffused with bright ochreous ; markings as on upperside, with the cell bars, discal and submarginal line prominent, dark brown, and externally bordered with pale grey, the inner cell-bar extending across the wing; ocelli prominent. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal irregular recurved ochreous-brown line ; a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth duplex, each with two pale ochreous rings and two brown rings; marginal lines pale grey bordered. Female paler. Forewing with a broad inverted-pyriform bright ochreous ex- terior patch, on which the two ocelli are very prominent, the patch traversed by the brown veinlets and the large ocellus inwardly bordered by an incurved brown streak. Hindwing with the ocelli as in male, but more prominent. Underside as in the male. Thorax above clothed with virescent-brown hairs ; body beneath brownish-grey ; legs above brown; palpi clothed with brownish-grey hairs; collar and side of palpi greyish-white ; antennz dark brown, annulated with white. Expanse.—d ? 1& to 22 inches. Hasirar.—N.-W. Himalayas ; (? Beluchistan). Distrisution.—* According to Col. A. M. Lang’s MS. notes, this species is very local, and seems to have its headquarters at Pangi, in Middle Kunawur, and to disappear within fifteen miles on either side. On the Werang Pass, nearly 14,000 feet high, and about twelve miles from here, Tibetwards, I have taken this insect in June and July.” Col. Lang also obtained it at Chini, 9000 feet, in September. Major Hellard took it at Pangi in July and August. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 181) observes that ‘‘it is found in the Pangi and Chini districts in June and July, but it appears to be local, and nowhere very common. I took a male at Nurla, Ladak, on July 5th, and two females at Chanagund and Charjil, Ladak, in June and July; these were all the specimens I saw, the ex- tremely scanty vegetation of this dry and barren region not being favourable to an abundant insect fauna.” A female specimen, doubtfully referable to this species, and differing from SATY RIN 2. 11 the same sex of the Persian species (L. Nasshreddini) has the ochreous patch on the forewing paler and with the inner discal border of the patch suffused with ochreous, was taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson at Quetta on May 10th, 1885. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, 81) also refers to “a female specimen taken by Col. A. M. Lang, in the Kawas Valley, Beluchistan, at 8000 feet elevation, in September.” AtiED PERSIAN AND Caines Sprctaus or Lastommata.—L. Nasshreddini (Pararge Nasshreddini, Staudinger; Christoph, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xu. p. 240, pl. 5, figs. 13, 14, ¢ $% (1876); Romanoff, Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. Nearest allied to but distinct from L. menava. Habitat. Shahrud, N. Persia.—L. masa, Leech (Lep. China and Japan). Habitat. W. China. The following are Chinese allied genera:—Genus nov. Lopinca. Male. Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa nearly straight, apex obtuse; ex- terior margin oblique and slightly convex; cell long, narrow; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial from end of cell in a direct line with the sub- costal, lower radial from above middle of the discocellulars ; no androconial patch. Hindwing bluntly ovate, exterior margin convex, somewhat sinuous; cell, broad ; discocellulars undulated, radial from the middle; two upper medians from end of the cell, upper median much arched. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip ; antennz short, stout, with a well-formed thick elongated club. Type.—L. dumetorum (Pararge dumetorum, Oberthir, Etudes Ent. 1886, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 20). Habitat. W. China.—L. nemorum (Pararge nemorum, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1890, p. 42, pl. 9, fig. 103). Habitat. Yunan.—lJL. catena (Pararge catena, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 30). Habitat. C. China.—L. fulvescens (Pararge fulvescens, Alpheraky, Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. v. 1889, p. 118). Habitat. China. Gen. nov. Cresera. Male. Forewing longer and narrower than in typical Lasiommata (L. megzra) ; costa more arched, exterior margin more oblique, the posterior margin comparatively shorter and with an indistinctly defined inner discal short glandular fascia, which is clothed with short, very broad, battledore- scales, some elongate narrow foliate scales with rounded tip, and a few long fine tapering hairs ; cell more than half length of wing, broad. Hindwing short, exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped; cell longer. Palpi slender, clothed with shorter hairs in front; antennz longer, more slender, and with a longer gradually-thickened club. Typs.—Ovrebeta Deidamia (Pararge Deidamia, Eversm. Bull. Mose, 1851, p. 617. H. Scheffer, Schmett, Kur. i. figs. 609, 610). Habitat. Amurland.—C. Menetriesii (Satyr. Menetriesii, Bremer and Grey; Motsch. Etud. 1852, p. 59. Menetries, Catal. Acad. Mus. Petr. i. pl. 6, fig. 4 (1855). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 81, pl. 9, fig. 5. Habitat. N. China; Japan. C. erebina (Pararge erebina Butler, Ann. N.H., 1888, p. 277). Habitat. S. Corea. @ 2 12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus AMECERA., Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 162. Pararge, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883), nec Hiibner. Twaco.—Male. Wings broad; woolly at their base. Forewing subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped and convex; costal vein much swollen at the base; the median and submedian much less so; cell broad ; discocellulars angled close to subcostal and before the middle, radials from the angles. No androconial patch present. Hindwing short; exterior margin convex, scalloped; cell short, broad; first subcostal emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular outwardly-oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle; two upper medians emitted from lower end of the cell, upper median much curved. Thorax hairy; palpi long, slender, hairy in front, apical joint somewhat cylindrical; legs rather long, slender, middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz slender and with a well-formed, elongated, slightly grooved club; eyes hairy. AMECERA CASHMIRENSIS (Plate 97, figs. 1, la, b, 3). Pararge Cashmirensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 265, pl. 43, fig. 3, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-yellow, suffused with ochreous-brown at the base of the forewing, and darker on the hindwing; cilia yellowish-white alternated with dark brown. Yorewing with a black dentate discocellular bar, and an ochreous-black exterior marginal band, the inner edge of which commences on the costa about one-third before the apex, and curves exteriorly half round a black white-pupilled subapical spot, and thence attenuates to the posterior angle; no androconia present. Hindwing with a broad dusky ochreous-brown exterior marginal band with waved inner edge, before which are three or four discal black spots, each with a minute white pupil, the middle spot being the largest, and the anterior the smallest. Underside. Forewing paler ochreous, markings as on upper- Historica, Nore on rae Genus Amucera.—This genus was founded in 1867 by Mr. Butler, with megera as the indicated type. As this species (megwra) became the type of Westwood’s genus Lastom- mata, in 1840, it cannot therefore be taken for the type of Amecera. All the other species mentioned by Mr. Butler, under Ameeera, are strictly congeneric with megera, except Hversmannt and Baldiva, the latter species (Baldiva) being congeneric with Semele—the type of Hiibner’s genus HuMENIS—consequently Eversmanni is the only species remaining in Amecera, and must therefore be retained to represent the genus. The Pap. Climene, Fabricius, of S. E. Europe, being congenerie with Hversmannt, will also come into Amecera, as here defined. SATYRINZ. 13 side, but greyish-brown; also three slender brown transverse streaks within the cell, and an irregular streak beyond it: two prominent subapical black ocelli with white pupil, the upper one very small, beneath them is a white dot, indicating an Incipient ocellus, all three being encompassed by a slender brownish line. Hindwing with greyish-brown basal area and exterior border, the discal area being whitish- grey, the division defined by a dark brown irregular zigzag discal line, there being also a similar brown subbasal line, and a wavy submarginal line, the pale area traversed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the lowest being duplex, each with a black centre and white pupil, an ochreous ring, and then a brown ring, the upper, second, and third ocellus being the smallest, the others of nearly equal size. Female. Upperside, Forewing differs only in the two subapical spots being more prominent, the discocellular bar and the marginal border are broader. Hind- wing asin male. Underside as in male. Hxpanse, ¢ 2 to 22, ? 22 to 22 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas (Kashmir). Distrisution.—A. Cashmirensis is “a rare and very local butterfly. It was captured by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed at Goolmurg, an elevated plateau above 6000 feet, in Kashmir. Specimens have since been taken by Mr. R. Ellis in Pangi, in July and August, at considerable elevations. It was also captured by Mr. Atkinson in Kashmir, but no other record of its capture can be traced.” (Butt. Ind. i. 178.) The late Major H. B. Hellard obtained specimens at Ooramboo and Goolmurg. ALLIED species oF AmeceRA.—The allied A. Hversmanni,* F. v. W. Moscow Bull. 1847, pl. ii. fig. 5, 6, of Central Asia. Specimens which we have examined differ from A. Cashmirensis, on the upperside, in the exterior marginal band being much darker and more pronounced, this band on the hindwing being also con- spicuously narrow, and very sharply defined on its inner edge, the discal black spots being five in number, sharply defined, and placed in a more regularly linear sequence, the entire discal and basal area of this wing being also as bright ochreous in colour as the forewing. On the underside A. Hversmanni differs in the forewing being brighter ochreous, the cell streaks and outer markings darker and sharply defined, the cell streaks less sinuous and wider apart, the outer streak being much nearer the discocellular veinlet. In the hindwing the basal area and outer brown portions are darker, the subbasal and discal irregular line prominent, the outer edge of the latter strongly defined, and prominently white bordered ; the ocelli are more regular in size, though smaller, the three upper ocelli being of uniform size, and all are placed in more regularly linear sequence. * Also described and figured by Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 15. See also Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. It is placed, erroneously, in Staudinger’s Catal. Eur. Lep. (1871), p. 30, as a variety of Pararge Roxelana. This latter named insect is not even congeneric. 14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, The following is an allied genus: Gen. nov. Kirtnta. Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing somewhat triangulate ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin very slightly oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein much swollen at the base, median and submedian slightly swollen ; cell very broad, and extending to more than half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close to subcostal and deeply incurved before the middle, radials from the angles ; median veinlets very wide apart ;.the basal half of the wing, including the cell, hairy, and clothed with brownish short, broadly oval, more or less dentate-tipt scales, and conspicuously interspersed with numerous jet-black androconia, which have broad oval bulbous base, and very long fine tapering hair-like tip. Hindwing broadly ovate, exterior margin scalloped; cell broad across its middle; first subcostal emitted fully one-third before end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angled in the middle, radial from the angle; two upper median branches from extreme end of cell, the upper median being much arched ; submedian and median widely separated. Palpi long, slender, clothed with long fine hairs in front, apical jot long. Antenne short, slender, with a lengthened, very slender club. yes hairy. Type.—K. Epimenides (Lasiommata Epimenides, Menétr. Schrenk’s Reise Amurland, Lep. p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 8,9, ¢ 2 (1859). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 31, pl. 9, f.9. Syn. Neope Fentoni, Butler, Ann. N. H., 1877, p.91. Habitat. Amur- land; Japan.—K. Hpimenondas (Pararge Epimenondas, Staudinger, Romanoft’s Mem. Lep. ii, p. 150, pl. 17, fig. 12). Habitat. Amurland. Genus CHONALA. Imaco.—Wings short, broad. Forewing triangularly-ovate, with the costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin convex, posterior angle rounded; cell more than half length of wing, broad; discocellulars outwardly-recurved, upper radial from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle ; medians wide apart. No perceptible discal glandular fascia, but a few long black androconia with stout bulbous base and hair-like penicillate-tip, are present among the ordinary scales. Hindwing bluntly ovate; exterior margin convex, and with a shght tendency to an angle at end of upper median veinlet; anal angle round ; abdominal margin long; cell broad, long ; first subcostal emitted at some distance before upper end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angular in the middle, radial from the angle; middle median emitted from extremely close to end of the cell. Body slender ; palpi clothed in front to the tip with long fine hairs; antennz with a well-formed lengthened club. Type.—C. Masoni. SATYRIN 4. 15 CHONALA MASONI (Plate 97, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 9). Debis (Tansima) Masont, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. 2. Lethe Masoni, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 159 (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soe. Lond. 1888, p. 515. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent-brown. Forewing with a broad white transverse discal outwardly-oblique band, which is most sharply defined and somewhat sinuous on its inner edge; the outer border of the wing being darker brown, and with a subapical small white spot between the subcostal and upper radial, sometimes also with a smaller slender spot above it, and an indistinct blackish larger spot below it; cilia broad, alternated with white. Hindwing with a shght white streak bordering the anterior angle; cilia white anteriorly, brownish posteriorly. Underside slightly paler. Forewing with the white band more prominent and some- what broader; subapical white spot more distinct, above which is an intersected paler spot, and below it a prominent black ocellus, with white pupil and ochreous ring ; a short cinereous-white wavy outer line ascending from the upper spot, beyond which are two whitish-ochreous marginal lines. Hindwing thickly irrorated with cinereous scales; crossed by a subbasal and a discal undulated wavy brown line, beyond which is a curved series of six prominent ocelli, each with a black centre and white pupil (the lowest bipupilled), a broad dull ochreous ring, and then a black ring ; followed by two cinereous-white marginal lines, the inner one being slightly dilated at its apical end. Body beneath, and legs cinerescent-brown ; palpi edged and clothed with black hairs; collar and side of palpi white; antenne black, annulated with white. Expanse, 22 to 2% inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim., This insect, so far as is yet known, “has only been found in the interior of Sikkim to the eastward by my native collectors, probably in Bhotan or the Chumbi Valley’ (Hlwes, |. c. p. 315). CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES oF CHonaLa.—C. episcopalis (Pararge episcopalis, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1886, 22, pl. 4, f. 24). Habitat. W. China.—C. preusta (Pararge preusta Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 188). Habitat. W. China. Genus AGAPETES. Arge,* Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 60 (1816). Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p. 25 (1840). Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 383 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus. p. 153 (1868). Agapetes, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). Seudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 104, Melanargia, Meigen, Eur. Schmett, i. p. 97 (1829). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 71 (1871). * Founded on the name of one of the species, therefore not admissible. 16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Melanagria, Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 9 (1861). H. Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 13, 58 (1865). Satyrus (part) Latreille. Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched at base, apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly oblique, slightly convex and slightly scalloped; costal vein swollen at base; cell broad, extending to half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close to subcostal, concave below the angle, upper radial from the upper angle, lower radial emitted before the middle; median veinlets long and wide apart. Hindwing short, rather broad; exterior margin convex, sinuous ; cell broad, short ; discocellulars very oblique; middle median veinlet starting considerably before end of the cell. Palpi clothed in front with long porrect hairs. Antennz thick, with a gradually-formed stout club. Eyes naked. Aputr Caterrittar.—* Cylindrical, stout, tapering towards each end; head proportionally small, almost globular; anal segment with two short lateral points ; minutely villose ; colour buff, with the longitudinal lines more or less brown, or very pale yellowish-green ; the dorsal line dark green, a subdorsal line paler green with yellowish borders ; subspiracular line paler ; spiracles small, round, black; head pale pinkish-brown; anal points pink; front legs brownish, ventral and prolegs green. Feeds on grasses.” ‘ Changes to a pupa among moss without suspending itself in any way, or making a cocoon.” Curysauis. “Stout, plump, widest where the wing-cases end; headpiece sloping from the shoulders, but ends squarely; thorax rounded; abdomen curved to the tail; abdomen ending in a square piece, on which is placed a short blunt spike, set at the end with two little groups of short straight spines; colour pale ochreous-white ; wing and antenn cases freckled with pale brown ; the segmental rings marked with yellow; a brownish stripe down the middle; spiracles large, brown ; anal spike chestnut-brown.” Hea. ‘ Large and plump, stumpy, ovate in outline, the shell looking like dull bone-white china, and is covered all over with very shallow rhomboidal network, with very tiny knobs at the knots, and with a central patch of finer meshes on the top.” (Buckler’s Larve Brit. Butt. i. p. 161.) Typz.—A. Galathea. No species of this genus has yet been recorded from within our northern limits. Specimens of a species closely allied to A. Cleanthe, from Tekes, Kashgar, are in the British Museum Collection. A. montana, Leech, occurs in H. Tibet and Western China ; A. Leda (Leech, Entom. 1891, p. 57) is also described from W. China. Also A. Halimede, Menetries (Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 101, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6). Habitat. Amurland; Corea. A. meridionalis, Felder (Staudinger in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1887, p. 147, pl. 16, fig. 9,10). Habitat. W. China. SATY RIN, 17 Genus EUMENIS. Eumenis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 58 (1816); Samml, Exot. Schmett. 11, pl. 85 (1820-26). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 7 (1850). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, peli Hipparchia (part) Auctorum (nee Fabricius), Tuaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, subtriangular, rather narrow ; costa slightly arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin long, straight; base of wing hairy; costal and median vein swollen at the base; cell long, extending to three-fifths the length, rather narrow ; disco- cellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower radial from the middle; median veinlets very wide apart; crossed by a medial discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower edge of the cell to beyond its end, and is clothed with laxly-raised, outwardly-curved elongated claviform almost transparent scales, between which are interspersed numerous dark coloured short androconia, which are extremely slender, attenuating to their end, and have a dilated tip, the androconia being scarcely perceptible, unless forcibly dislodged from their positions. Hindwing bluntly-ovate, exterior margin scalloped ; base hairy; cell long, extending more than half the wing; discocellular very long, oblique, recurved ; middle median starting at some distance before end of the cell. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip; antennz slender, with a very short, broad, slightly pointed, flattened spatular club. Hyes naked. Aputt CarerPrntAr.—* One and a half inch in length, tapering much to the anal forked extremity, and a little towards the head, which is globular; ground colour of the back delicately mottled drab, with longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle segments, viz. a dorsal stripe of olive brown, very dark at the beginning of each segment, with a thin edging of brownish-white; subdorsal region with three longitudinal stripes, the first composed of a double narrow line of yellowish-brown, the second wider, and of the mottled ground colour, edged with paler above and with white beneath, the third, of similar width, is of a dark grey-brown, edged above with black; spiracular stripe broader, and of nearly equal width, pale ochreous- brown, edged with brownish-white above and below; spiracles black; ventral surface and legs drab colour. Head brown, delicately marked with darker brown stripes. Feeds on grasses.” Curysatis.—* Obtuse, rounded, tumid, and smooth; abdominal rings scarcely visible, and wholly of a deep red mahogany colour. Formed in a hollow space below the surface, close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them, with the particles of sand and earth very slightly cohering together.” (Buckler.) Type.—H. Semele. vou. 1. August 10th, 1892. Dax 18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. EUMENIS DIFFUSA. Hipparchia diffusa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 147, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of "India, ete., i. p. 186 (1883). Twaco.—Male. Upperside similar to H. Semele, with the glandular patch on the forewing less prominent, the ochreous patches enclosing the ocelli obscured and more diffused, and also those between the intervening veins. On the hindwing the discal ochreous-band is very much broader, extending to the costa, and is uniformly ochreous from its sinuous outer edge to its medial angulated edge—this band thus being more like that in the female of Semele, and the subanal ocellus is not ringed with paler yellow. On the underside of the forewing the pale outer discal band is broader than in #. Semele. Hindwing similar, but more densely mottled. Expanse, 3 2% inches. Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalaya. We have examined the type specimen of this species, now in the British Museum collection, and find that it is a male, not a female Mr. Butler in his original description. The only specimen we have had under examination is that of the type above referred to. Mr. A. Graham-Young (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1885, p. 130) records its capture as follows :— Hipparchia diffusa was, when I first took itin the Ravi Basin (I found it not uncommon in 1866 and 1867), at once recognized by me as merely a variety of H. Semele, and I had the less difficulty in coming to this conclusion, for whereas the specimens of H. Semele (which is very common in Persia) I took near Tabriz and other parts of Azerbijan, agreed exactly with English specimens, those taken in the Shemron, due north of Tehran, had a slight tendency to vary, and specimens from Sharood-i-Bostan and the mountains near Meshed showed a further, but still very slight variation. I have no doubt the ‘ missing links’ will turn up in Afghanistan, and that this form from the Ravi Basin, as far as we know, the eastern limit of H. Semele, will prove inseparable from the European type.” as erroneously indicated by EUMENIS BALDIVA (Plate 98, fig. 1, la, ¢ @). Lasiommata Baldiva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 4 @. Amecera Baldiva, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868). Hipparchia Baldiva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dusky cinerescent-brown; with a more or less dusky-black inner discal oblique broad glandular patch, which is clothed with laxly-disposed raised outwardly-curved elongated clavate scales, interspersed with long bulbous androconia, having a fine hair-like end, and a divergent feathery-tip, these androconia varying in length, and some being extremely fine and hair-hke SAT YRINZ. 19 throughout ; across the outer disc is a bright ochreous band of nearly equal width, the outer edge of which is defined by a dusky lunular line, the inner edge being sinuous; within the band is a small upper and a lower black spot, and sometimes two intervening white dots. Hindwing paler cinereous-brown; with a similar-coloured medial-diseal curved band, within which is a very small black spot between the lower median veinlets. Cilia cinerescent-white, very slightly alternated with brown on the forewing. Underside whitish-cinereous. Forewing with the inner-discal area and middle of the band, as above, paler ochreous, the upper black spot with a white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring, the lower spot minute; costal border and exterior margin crossed by greyish-black strigze. Hindwing thickly covered with greyish-black, or ochreous-grey, strige; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal zigzag blacker line, a well-defined discal line with pale outer border, and by a submarginal sinuous line ; between the two latter is a small white-pupilled black spot above the lower median veinlet. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the discal band broader, its inner edge angulated at the upper median and below the lower median, the black spots larger than in male, the upper one with a minute white pupil, and between them is one, sometimes two, small white spots surrounded by brown speckles. Hindwing as in the male. Underside similar to the male. Forewing with the two white dots between the discal spots. Hindwing with the transverse zigzag lines less defined. Body cinerescent-brown; abdomen paler; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white. Antenne cinereous-brown, the broad spatular club black beneath. Expanse, ¢ 13, ¢ 22 inches. Hasitat.—_Spiti, Upper Kunawur ; W. Tibet. Distrisvtion.—Obtained by Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499) “on the bare, brown, stony mountain slopes of Spiti, Upper Kunawur, Tibet, where this species seems to delight in the hot weather of June and July ;’”’ and in his “ MS. Notes”’ says, “taken between Shipkee and Broopcha, 10,000 feet, Tibet, in July.”’ It was also collected by Mr. J. H. Leech at Skardo, 7-8000 feet elevation, in July, 1887. EUMENIS LEHANA (Plate 98, fig. 2, 2a, 3 9). Hipparchia Lehana, Moore, Annals, Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 227; ad. Yarkund Mission, Lep. p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 4, ¢ (1879). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188, pl. xvi. fig. 48, 9 (1883). Imaco.—Allied to H. Baldiva. Upperside paler in colour, the discal trans- verse ochreous-band broader on both wings, and on the forewing the posterior inner edge of the band, in both sexes, is inwardly oblique. In both sexes the small ocellus on the band above the analangle is absent on the upper and underside. The underside is also much paler, and the transverse sinuous lines wider apart. D2 20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Expanse ¢ 2 to 23, 9 22 to 2% inches. Hasirat.—Leh, Kharbu ; Ladak. Distrinution.—T he type specimens were obtained by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka, at Leh, in September, and at Kharbu, 13,000 feet, in Ladak. Mr. L. de Nicéville “* took one male and two females at Chanagund, Ladak, in June” (Butt. Ind. i. 188). Capt. H. B. Hellard obtained specimens in the ** Indus Valley, between Skardo and Dras River, in July.” Mr. J. H. Leech caught it on the road to Skoro La and Braldo in July, at 12,000 feet, and Mr. MacArthur obtained it at Kardong at 14,000 feet, in August, 1889. Our illustrations of this species on Plate 98, fig. 2, represents the male type, reproduced from the plate in ‘‘ Yarkund Mission ” above referred to, and fig. 2a that of a female from the Indus Valley, in our own collection. EUMENIS THELEPHASSA. Eumenis Thelephassa, Hubner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett, II. pl. 85, figs. 14, g 9 (1820-26). Hipparchia Thelephassa, Klug, Sym. Phys. Ins. pl. 29, figs. 1-4 (1832), Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 187 (1883). Satyrus Thelephassa, H. Scheffer, Eur, Schmett. I. figs. 178-9, et figs. 305-6 (1844-6). Satyrus Anthelea, Boisd. Icones Hist. Lep. pl. 41, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 9; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 65, fig. 3 (1851), ?. Iwaco.—Male. Upperside cinerescent-brown, cilia broadly alternated with cinereous-white. Forewing with a broad transverse outer-discal bright ochreous or fulvous band, the outer edge of which is almost even and is parallel with the exterior margin, the inner edge being angulated outward at the upper median vein ; within the band is an upper and a lower black spot with minute white pupil, and between them are two small white spots. An oblique discal dusky-grey black-speckled glandulur patch extends narrowly below the cell, and also broadly within the anterior half of the cell, where it is traversed by a prominent longitudinal oblique-streak of black scales ; this black cell-streak is clothed with densely-packed raised narrow oval scales, and the lower area beneath it, within the cell, with raised elongated pale grey claviform scales, which overlap broader-tipt oval dark scales interspersed with a few black very slender attenuated feather-tipt androconia ; below the cell the scales are elongated and pale grey, with a few underlying shorter oval dark scales, and many long slender attenuating feather-tipt androconia. Hindwing with a broad medial discal bright ochreous lunular-edged band, enclosing two very small white-pupilled spots between the radials. Underside. Forewing pale cimereous-brown, the discal area and lower part of the cell bright ochreous, the edges of the discal band defined by a dusky line, the two black spots and intermediate white dots, as in upperside, the upper spot being pale ringed; costal border crossed by dusky-black strigee, and exterior border traversed by a similar-coloured lunular line. Hindwing SATYRIN A. 21 pale cinereous-brown, transversely mottled with darker brown; crossed by an indistinetly-defined subbasal and a more prominent brown irregular angulated discal line, the latter broadly outwardly-bordered by cinereous-white, and beyond which is a very small subanal black spot with white pupil, and a submarginal lunular dusky line. Female. Upperside similar to the male (except in the absence of the sexual patch). Forewing with the inner edge of the discal band more acutely angular, and the outer edge lunular. Underside paler than in male, with similar markings, but less defined. Body cinereous-brown; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antennz brown, with broad blackish spatular club. Expanse ¢ 22, % 2 inches. Hasitat.—S8. Russia; Syria; Persia; Beluchistan; 8. Afghanistan. Disrrisurion.—Within our limits this species has been taken by Major Howland Roberts in the neighbourhood of Kandahar, who notes that it is “ very common at the beginning and middle of May in the nullahs and on the rocky slopes at the foot of the hills, resting under the shade of rocks and stones during the heat of the day, and flying about in the early morning and evening, when it is easily captured. In June scarcely a specimen was to be found.”’ (P.Z.S. 1880, 405.) Colonel C. Swinhoe also obtained it in S. Afghanistan, at ‘‘Chaman in May, at Quetta in May and September, and at Gwalin May. Fairly common.” It was also obtained by Colonel A. M. Lang at “ Quetta at 5500 feet elevation, in the Hanna Valley 6500 feet, and the Kawas Valley, 8000 feet elevation, where it was not uncommon among boulders in the gorges of the high valleys.” (Butt. Ind. 187.) Genus CHAZARA. Both sexes more robust than typical Eumenis (H#. Semele), and the general pattern of the markings en the upperside different. Matz.—Forewing more triangular, the glandular patch shorter, confined immediately below the cell, the patch clothed with laxly-raised outwardly-curved elongated broad-tipt dark claviform scales, interspersed with numerous longer very slender tapering dark androconia with feathery tips, the patch also being densely covered with overlapping hairs ; cell broader and shorter. Hindwing broader, more convex externally. Palpi much stouter, apical joint thicker and shorter. Antenne with a shorter, broader, spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. OC. Briseis. CHAZARA SHANDURA (Plate 98, figs. 3, 3a, g ¢). Hipparchia Shandura, Marshall, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 3, 9 ; Marsha and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 191 (1888). Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black. Cilia alternated with - white. 22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Forewing with a darker black broad oblique inner-discal glandular fascia; costal border with a few short black strigze; a broad yellowish-white streak occupying two-thirds of the cell from the base, and a transverse outer-discal series of longi- tudinal short streaks, the outer one, below the radial, being the longest, and divided in its middle by a black spot, the streak between the middle and lower median veinlets nearly obliterated by a large black spot with a slight white pupil. Hind- wing with a broad medial posteriorly-decreasing angular yellowish-white band. Underside. Forewing with the costal and exterior margin greyish-white, mottled with short transverse black strigze ; the cell and discal area washed with very pale yellow; a broad black bar crossing before end of the cell, and an irregular angulated discal band outwardly-bordering the cell from the subcostal vein to the posterior margin, beyond which is an upper and lower discal black spot with a white pupil, followed by a slender black lunular submarginal line. Hindwing greyish-white, mottled with blackish strige, which are more thickly disposed partly across the middle and across the disc, and there forming two ill-defined curved bands, the latter slightly showing a small pale central spot between the veins. Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar yellowish-white markings, which are somewhat longer, and more confluent, that above the lower median veinlet much longer, and a small black spot being present below the latter. Hindwing as in the male, with the medial angular-band less defined. Underside similar to the male. Body fuliginous-black above, ochreous-white beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath ochreous-white. Hixpanse ¢ 23, 9 24 inches. Hasirat.—Northern Kashmir. Allied to C. Heidenreichi, from the Altai mountains. Somewhat smaller; wings shorter; similarly marked above. On the forewing above, the male has a longer inner pale upper spot, the upper and lower discal black white-centred patch smaller, the lower pale spot more oval in shape. Hindwing with a broader pale irregular angulated discal patch, but with no white-centred black spot between lower and middle medians. On the underside of the forewing the two black white-centred discal spots are smaller, and the submarginal wavy black line is further from the margin. On the hindwing, the transverse mottling is much darker but more irregular, the discal portion having no well-defined black outer demarcating edge, this portion also being further from the outer margin of the wing, and has no ocellus on it between the lower and middle medians. Disrrisurton.—T he female type specimen was “ taken by Major J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir. Both sexes were also taken on the Skoro La, Baltistan, 13,000 feet, in July, 1887, by Mr. J. H. Leech. A male and SATYRIN Zi. 23 female, from Kashgar, are in the British Museum collection, and also in that of Mr. H. Grose-Smith. The illustrations of this species on our Plate 98, fig. 3, represent a male from Skoro La, kindly lent by Mr. L. de Nicéville, and fig. 3a the female, reproduced from Major Marshall’s figure above referred to. Genus PHILARETA. Mate.—Forewing much broader, shorter, and less triangular, than in typical Chazara (0. Briseis) ; costa much arched before the end, exterior margin almost erect; cell much shorter; glandular patch not present. Hindwing large, very broad, exterior margin scalloped, cell much shorter. Palpi clothed with shorter hairs in front, apex more pointed. Antenna with a stouter, longer, flat, more truncate-tipt spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. P. Hanifa. PHILARETA PERSEPHONE. Papilio Persephone, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. I. pl. 115, figs. 589-90, et pl. 140, figs. 710-11 (1805). Hipparchia Persephone, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit, Mus. p. 55 (1868). Papilio Anthe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. I. p. 169 (1807). Satyrus Anthe, Boisduval, Icones, pl. 40, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 2. Hipparchia Anthe, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt of India, ete. i. p. 192 (1883). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky-brown, cinereous-brown basally. Ciha alternated with white. Morewing with an outer-discal interrupted band composed of whitish spots,the upper portion being elongated and divided in its middle by a square black spot, and its inner end angled upward to the costa, the next portion, between the upper medians, shorter and curved on its upper edge, the next longer and divided in its middle by a round black spot, the two lower portions shorter. Hindwing crossed by a medial-discal curved sinuous whitish band, the inner edge sharply defined. Underside cinereous. Jorewing with the costal and outer border mottled with blackish and brown strigez, the middle of the wing and macular band pale ochreous, the latter almost white and laterally defined by narrow black edging ; the two black spots distinct; posterior border dusky. Hindwing densely mottled with black and brown strigz; a more or less distinct angulated transverse sub- basal and a discal line, and a lunular submarginal line, the two latter with pale cinereous outer border. Body beneath, palpi, and legs brownish-cinereous ; antennal club blackish. Expanse, ¢ 22 to 23, 2 22 to 2 inches. Hasrrat.—S. Russia; Persia; 8. Afghanistan. Distrieu110n.— Within our limits, this species has been taken in the neigh- 24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. bourhood of Kandahar by Colonel C. Swinhoe, who obtained a single “ female at Chaman on the 14th May, 1880” (Ann. N. H. 1882, 206). This specimen has been under our examination for verification. Genus NYTHA. Nytha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 77 (1820). Scudder, Amer. Acad, A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 231. Hipparchia, Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868), nec Fabricius. Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, posterior margin short; costal and median vein swollen at the base; crossed by a broad medial-discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower part of the cell to its end only, and is densely clothed with raised very long slender serrate-tipt scales, and numerous interspersed long very slender attenuated androconia with truncate base and tasselled-tip ; cell very long, rather broad. Hindwing very broad, exterior margin convex, sharply scalloped; abdominal margin very long; cell long; discocellular much recurved, very oblique. Palpi densely clothed to tip. Antenne long, slender, with short broad spatular club. Eyes naked. Type.—N. Hermione. NYTHA PARISATIS (Plate 98, figs. 4, 4a, 3 2). Satyrus Purisatis, Kollar, Ins. Fauna 8. Persia, p. 11 (1849) ; id. Denkschr. Akad. Wien. Math. Nat. Cl. 1, p. 52 (1850). Staudinger, in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 483. Hipparchia Parisatis, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 184, pl. xvi. fig. 47 9 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky-brown, with an olivescent gloss in some lights. Cilia greyish-white, slightly alternated with dark brown at end of the veins, more strongly on the hindwing. Forewing with the costal edge from near the base more or less thickly studded with greyish-white scales, forming a narrow bor- dering fascia, which is dilated before the apex, and the exterior margin posteriorly also studded with greyish-white scales forming a narrow band intersected by the brown veins; a broad dusky-black oblique inner-discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with densely-packed very long narrow foliate serrate-tipt scales, very numerously interspersed with long androconia with bulbous base, hair-like end and feather-tip ; an indistinctly-defined subapical and a lower outer-discal black spot, the upper one white-pupilled, and between them are generally visible two minute narrow white spots, which are situated above and below the upper median veinlet ; beyond is a narrow dusky-black lunular submarginal line edging the grey-white outer border. Hindwing with a broader greyish-white marginal sinuous-edged band SATYRIN:. 25 intersected by the brown veins, the extreme outer marginal edge being also brown speckled at the vein tips; a single subanal black spot with white pupil between the lower median veinlets. | Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, palest on the basal area, thickly mottled, except on the lower part of forewing, with dark brown slender transverse strige. Forewing crossed by an angulated dark brown discal line outwardly edged with white, and a slender nearly even submarginal line, the latter also slightly pale edged; the subapical and lower black spot both larger, their intermediate narrow white spots also larger, and very prominent, the subapical and lower spot each with an ochreous and then a narrow brown outer ring, the upper spot also white pupilled. Hindwing crossed by a prominent dark brown angulated discal line outwardly bordered with white, and less-defined brown sub- marginal lunular line, between them is an upper and a lower prominent black ocellus, each with a white pupil, ochreous ring, and then aslender brown outer ring; some- times there is a minute ocellule present above the upper one. Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male. Forewing with the ereyish- white costal and marginal border, discal black spots, and the two intervening white spots more prominent, and the discal transverse angular line of the underside slightly traceable. Hindwing with the marginal greyish-white band broader and more or less enclosing the subanal spot. Underside as in the male. Body above brown, cinereous beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white. Expanse, 2}, to 3; inches. Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalayas; Afghanistan; Beluchistan ; S. Persia. Distrisutton.—The first record of the capture of this insect within our area is - that by Col. A. M. Lang (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 500), who “obtained it on steep pre- cipices over bare hill-sides above the Sutlej; the aspect of the insect on the wing is quite Nymphalidian, a soaring flight, swift if frightened, and pitching im all sorts of inaccessible spots. Subsequently found very common in Upper Kunawur, always on steep cliffs, pitching on rocks;” and, in his MS. Notes, also says, “ This is a Kunawur insect ; only to be seen on cliffs on bona-fide cliff ground, sailing about with rather a Nymphalidian flight, and perching on rocks with closed wings. Rather numerous in such localities as it frequents. Kotghur, taken in May; in Kumaon, from July to September.” The Rey. J. H. Hocking (P. Z. 8. 1882, 236) obtained it in the “ Kangra Valley, during the rains, June to September. Always settles under- neath overhanging rocks.” Major H. B. Hellard (MS. Notes) records it from *¢ Pangi and Urni in Busahir, July and August ; Kashmir in September, and Skardo in July.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 184) obtained it near Simla, and at Kot- ghur in the autumn, in Chumba in May, at Budruwah and Junglewah on the frontiers of Kashmir in June, and late in July near Bajaura, Kulu. Mrs. Deane obtained specimens in Chini in June, and in Gilgit by Major J. Biddulph in August.” VOL. Il. E 26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8. 1886, 357): “Common between Bugnoter and Abbottabad, 4000-5000 feet, September; between Abbottabad and Kali Pam in September ; also on the lower slopes of Thundiani; seen near Tret, in October.” Common also on the hills round Abbottabad in August, and common at Kairabad in May and June. Seen also at Attock.” (Ann. N. H.1888, 134.) Major Howland Roberts (P. Z. S. 1880, 405) obtained it in the neighbourhood of Candahar in 1880 ; it “frequents nullahs and shady places, and may be caught by dozens at a time. Abundant but local at the end of May, and in June in shady, moist places among the low, rocky, barren hills.”’ Colonel C. Swinhoe (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 388) records its capture at Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan, in July and August, 1879 ; and at Chaman and Balgoi in May, 1880. The type specimen described by Kollar is recorded from 8. Persia. Genus AULOCERA. Oreas * Hubner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1816). Oken, Lehrb, 1. p. 740 (1815). Aulocera, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868). Seudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Se, Boston, 1875, p.124. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 195 (1883). Iuaco.—Male. Forewing broad, triangular, base hairy ; costal vein swollen at the base; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; with an indistinctly-defined dusky-black inner discal glandular patch, which is clothed with moderately long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely- dentate tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconiat with lengthened bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; cell long, more than half length of wing; discocellulars recurved, upper angled close to subcostal, upper radial from the angle, lower radial from above the middle. Hindwing broad, base hairy ; exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped, anal angle rounded; cell half the length, rather broad ; discocellulars recurved. Palpi clothed with fine long hairs in front to the apex. Antennx rather slender, with a lengthened slender club. CaterPittar.— A. Swaha. Colour probably black, but so very thickly clothed with short bright yellow hairs, that it is almost impossible to see what its ground colour is; head and legs black. Found upon the wild blue Iris.” * Preoceupied in 1804 for a genus of Mammals. + In A. Swaha, Loha, and Chumbica the androconia are absent, though the patch is present. In the European species, Proserpina, the androconia are very slender, with an attenuated lengthened truncate base. SATYRIN 4. 27 Curysatis.—* Attached to the centre of the leaf by the tail, with a bright yellow thread across, head upwards.’ (Captain A. Graham-Young.) Type.—A. Brahminus. AULOCERA BRAHMINUS (Plate 99, figs. 1, la, f 9). Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jaequemont’s Voy. dans !’Inde, IV. Ins. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1844) 3 only (nee figs. 5, 6). Aulocera Brahminus, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 198, pl. XVI. fig. 49, g (1883). Aulocera Werang, Lang, Entom. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 247 ¢ ¢. Aulocera Weranga, Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. (1869) p. 35. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 266. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown, bronzy in some lights. Cilia broadly alternated with white. orewing with an indistinctly apparent dusky-black inner-discal glandular fascia which is clothed with moderately-long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconia with lengthened bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; across the disc is a series of well-separated small white spots, with a divergent spot and slender streaks to the costa beyond the cell, and with an intervening black spot between the radials. Hindwing crossed by a slightly-recurved medial narrow sinuous-edged white band cut by the dark veins, the contour of the outer edge of the band being somewhat angulated at the upper median veinlet, and the entire band decreasing in width to the analangle. Underside paler, but brighter coloured, and of a more or less olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing with the costal and apical border thickly mottled with darker strigze edged with ochreous; discal band broader, duller in tone, and olivescent-white, more diffused externally, the lower portion and the divergent portion each continuous, the subapical black spot with white pupil and conspicuous. Hindwing densely mottled with brighter olivescent-ochreous edged blackish transverse strigee, some of which at the end of the veinlets are edged with cinereous white, the disc most clouded, and with a more or less apparent series of three or four whitish spots; medial transverse band olivescent ochreous-white, broader than on upperside and more angulate externally. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of spots somewhat longitudinally narrower and elongated ; the band on the hindwing more regular in its course, but of the same width asin male. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 3 2% to 28, ? 28 to 27 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. Distrisution.—The ‘‘ Himalayas” is given as the locality of this species by Blanchard (Jacq. Voy. 22). Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 247) gives * Werang Pass, Upper Kunawur,”’ as the habitat of his species (Weranga), also E 2 28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. remarking that “it appears, however, to be very rare, as I have seen but three speci- mens ; these were all taken by me at an altitude of 12,000 feet, about 1000 feet below the bleak and bare summit of the Werang Pass, amidst the rocky, grassy ground just clear of the forests of pine and cedars. Dr. Jerdon obtained a single specimen at Goolmurg, 9000 feet above the Valley of Cashmere.” he authors of “ Butterflies of India, &c.” (p. 199) state that ‘ A. Brahminus is found, so far as we have any certain knowledge, only in the N.-W. Himalayas at from 7000 to 13,000 feet eleva- tion. Mr, Graham Young took numerous specimens in 1880, in June, on the Ser-ka- joth in North Mandi, two miles south of the Kulu frontier, and forty miles south of the snowy range at barely 8000 feet elevation ; these were typical Brahminus. Mr. de Nicéville found it very plentifully on the banks of the Chandra Bhaga river, in July, near Koksir on the borders of Lahul at 7000 feet elevation, and again at Kailing in Lahul at about 9000 feet in the same month; all these specimens being of the Weranga form with the ochreous predominating on the underside, and one, a female, from Kailang, has the nervures powdered with white scales and the whitish black- encircled spots of Scylla. In Lahul, specimens were taken by the Rev. A. Heyde, at Patseo, 11,000 feet, in July, which differ from the usual form in the great predomi- nance of the grey irrorations. In Pangi, on the Sach Pass, Mr. R. Ellis took at an elevation of 13,000 feet, in August and September, some examples in which the pre- vailing ochreous is beautifully contrasted with the grey markings, and dark brown strie ; the veins in these are powdered with white, as in Scylla; and finally a large series were taken by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg, in Kashmir, in July at from 9000 to 10,000 feet elevation, showing every gradation between typical Brahminus and typical Weranga.’ Mr. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January Ist, 1880) states that “it always settles on the ground with its wings closed, and then shuts the upper wings into the lower ones, so that only the lower wings and the extreme tips of the upper are visible.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “ Pangi, in Busahir, in July and August, and in Cashmere in August and September” (MS. notes). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens in the Deosi plains in August, 1887. AULOCERA SCYLLA. Aulocera Scylla, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 122, ¢. Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118. Male. ‘ Upperside blackish-fuscous, with a whitish discal fascia, macular on the forewing, slender and obsolete near the anal angle on the hindwing, bifureate at the apex of forewing, and including an oval black spot. Cilia whitish, variegated with black. Underside paler, covered with blackish striz ; the subapical spot of fore- wing ocellated ; hindwing very slightly yellowish, an outer discal series of whitish spots tinged outwardly with black, the discal fascia distinct at the analangle. Most SATYRINZ, 29 nearly allied to A. Brahminus, but differs in its much smaller size, less sinuated margins, more slender central band, and on the underside in having a row of white spots placed in an arc outside the central band. I have seen three specimens of this species, which all appear to agree in size, pattern, and coloration.” Mr. Butler adds (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 248) that “ the veins on the underside of the hindwing are powdered with whitish scales.” Expanse, ¢ ¢ 2+ inches. Hasitat (of type).—Between Nepal and Tibet Tartary. Both sexes smaller in size than typical Brahminus. Upperside. Forewing with the macular band composed of smaller and longitudinally narrower spots, the band on hindwing also composed of transversely narrower portions. Underside of both wings also with the bands narrower. Hindwing with the veins white-speckled throughout, and with a series of distinct small white spots, each with a dark brown outer border. Expanse, 2} inches. Distripu1ion.— The type specimen of A. Scylla, described by Mr. Butler, and now in the British Museum collection, bears a label with the inscribed locality of ‘‘ near Tibet,” which was evidently misread by that author for ‘‘ Silhet,” and was erroneously so printed in the original description. I was fortunate enough to discover this error of the locality on the label when examining the type specimen, and upon referring to the “ Museum Register ”’ it was found that this specimen was taken “ by Major Charlton between Nepal and Tibet Tartary.” There are also two female specimens in the British Museum, captured by Dr. Duthie “near Kutta, 13-14,000 feet, N.-E. Kumaon, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118) records A. Scylla ‘‘ from the Pindari Glacier, and North Byeri above Furkya, North- West Kumaon, 12-14,000 feet; at Garbyan, 12,000 feet; Lepu Lek, 16,000 feet, North-East Kumaon,” remarking also that the prehensores are distinct from those of Brahminus. The latter has the uncus, seen from above, longer and its branches more slender. Seen from the side, Scylla has the uncus and its branches parallel and nearly in the same horizontal plane, and the top of the uncus is knobbed, while in Brahminus it is smooth, and the branches diverge downwards from it. The clasp has its upper limb toothed horizontally, in Scylla vertically. The present species is small, ochreous-grey below, with a discal line of white spots on the hindwing below, the band there crooked ; on the forewing below, the ocellus is pupilled with white and the band is wide and united. I have caught it flying with Brahminus, from which I consider it distinct, in the meadows near Furkya.” AULOCERA BRAHMINOIDES (Plate 99, figs. 2, 2a, 2). Satyrus Brahminus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 324 (nee Blanchard). Comparatively smaller than A. Brahminus. Forewing with the macular band 30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. composed of shorter spots, those between the medians regularly oval in shape, the subapical black spot entirely absent. Hindwing with a broader medial band, which is of uniform width throughout its length to the anal angle. Underside much darker than in Brahminus, with blacker strigez, and which are all edged with cinereous-white (not with olivescent-ochreous) ; the band on both wings as on the upperside, and the subapical white-pupilled black spot (always present in Brahminus) entirely absent. Expanse, 22 inches. Hasitat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet. Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- Tibet, in July and August, 1883. AULOCERA CHUMBICA (Plate 99, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ ?). Satyrus Padma, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 406 (nec Kollar). Smaller than A. Loha. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of discal spots half the size of those in Sikkim examples of Loha, the glandular patch broadly dusky-black, which is clothed with moderately long and broad dentate-tipt pale scales and longer foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales only, no androconia present in the specimens under examination. Hindwing with the transverse band also half the width of that in Sikkimese Loha. Underside of a similar dusky-brown colour and mottled markings; both wings with the bands narrower, as on upperside. Female. Both wings with the transverse bands narrower than in Loha on both the upper and underside. Expanse, $ 2}, 2° inches. Hasirat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet. Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley on the Tibetan frontier of Sikkim, at 1000 to 15,000 feet elevation, in August and September. AULOCERA LOHA (Plate 99, figs. 4, 4a, S ?). Aulocera Loha, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 118. Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 323, pl. 9, figs. 6, ¢. Imaco.—Smaller than A. Padma. Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia narrowly alternated with white. Forewing with an indistinctly defined discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with a few short broad serrate-tipt scales, and numerous long broad acutely-serrated tipt scales; no androconia present ; crossed by a discal series of very widely-separated pale ochreous-white spots, there being also two inwardly-divergent spots to the costa beyond the cell, all these spots SATYRIN Z. 31 being conspicuously smaller than in A. Padma, more medially placed across the wing than in Padma, and transversely shorter, and those between the medians pyriform. Hindwing crossed by a narrower medial pale ochreous-white band. Underside brighter coloured, darker, and of a more olive-brown tint than in A. Padma. Fore- wing with the costa, interior of cell, and apical border slightly mottled with darker brown pale-bordered strige, those at the apex bordered with lilac; transverse discal spots medially-disposed as on upperside, and with an intermediate ill-defined white- pupilled black spot between the radials. Hindwing densely mottled with dark brown strige2 more or less edged with hlac; transverse band narrow, as on upperside. Female. Upperside with similar transverse pale ochreous-white markings, medially-disposed as in male, but somewhat less prominently defined. Underside also with similar markings, those on the forewing somewhat larger, but less promi- nently defined ; the bands narrower than in Padma. Expanse, d 22, ? 3 inches. Hapitat.—N.-W. Kumaon; Sikkim. The above description is taken from male and female typical specimens obtained by Mr. Doherty at Dankuri, N.-W. Kumaon, kindly lent for this purpose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. Mr. Doherty’s original description (1. c. p. 118) is as follows: ‘* A. Loha. N.sp. Smaller than Padma; cell of male smooth, sex mark not very plain; male distin- guished by the divergent white spots from the median band to the costa; the female by the band of the hindwing below being narrow, well defined and ochreous. The insect is darker than Padma, the apex of both wings glossed with lilac below, and the base of the hindwing greenish. It may perhaps be only a seasonal form of Padma.” Distripution.— Mr. W. Doherty (1. ¢. 118) says: “I found Loha common on Bireg mountain, N.-W. Kumaon, from 9000 to 12,000 feet, in August and September.” We possess a male and female identical with the typical specimen above de- scribed, from the late General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection, Mr. H. J. Elwes obtained it in Sikkim, remarking (1. ¢. 323), “I took it only on the Singalelah Range which bound Sikkim on the West between Tonglo and Phallut, at elevations of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, in July, but it was most abundant on the grassy ridge beyond Sundukpho above the pine-forest, where it flies strongly above the trees, resting on their trunks, and settling on flower-heads in the open parts and on the edge of the forest.” In examples of these Sikkim specimens, under our examination, the glandular patch is clothed with somewhat differently-shaped scales from those present in the typical male above described, one form being longer and more oval with scarcely definable serrate-tip, the other lengthened serrate-tipt form being somewhat shorter, and with tapering base, the androconia being also absent. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. eo i) Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 92, fig. 4: represents the male, from Dhankuri, in Kumaon, and fig. 4a, the female, from a Nepal example. AULOCERA PADMA (Plate 100, fig. 1, 1a, 2). Satyrus Padma, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 445, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2 (1844), 2. Aulocera Padma, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 122; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 196 (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118. Satyrus Avatara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 229 (1857), ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a broad distinct dusky-black inner-discal glandular patch, which is clothed with long pale foliate serrate-tipt scales, and long blackish andvo- conia with short broad bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip—no short scales present; crossed by a discal linear-series of broad yellowish-white spots (those ordinarily proceeding inward to the costa being obsolescent or entirely absent). Hindwing crossed by a medial yellowish-white band. Underside nearly as dark coloured as the upperside. Forewing the palest, the costal and apical border broadly mottled with black strigze slightly edged with cinereous; the transverse discal white spots broader, diffused externally, with the usual divergent costal portion entire, the subapical black spot with white pupil, and distinct. Hindwing thickly mottled with cinereous-edged black strigze, which are more clouded externally; the transverse medial white band sharply defined on its inner edge, but diffused externally ; sub- marginal black lunular line diffused, and with a more or less indistinct subanal black spot with white pupil. Female. Upperside. Jorewing crossed by similar but slightly larger spots and with a broken set extending inward to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with the transverse band as in the male. Underside of the same dark colour as in the male. Forewing with the transverse white spots larger and more disconnected. Hindwing with the mottled outer border more thickly flecked with cinereous, and the submarginal line less apparent; the transverse white band broader and more diffused externally than in male. Body and legs dark brown; collar and side of palpi cinereous-white; antenne dark brown, slightly reddish at the tip beneath. Expanse, ¢ 33 to 33, % 3% to 42 inches. Hasrrat.—N.-W. Himalayas. DistripuTion AND Hasirs.—Of this species, Col. A. M. Lang remarks (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), ‘I have always found Padma and Avatara in company, and they have appeared to me as sexes of the same species. They frequent quite different ground to Swaha and Saraswati, and appear at a different season, flying in May and June on the borders of oak and rhododendron forests at the summits of ranges PU.95. FE C Moore, del et lith. Vincent Brooks Day & Son, imp L. Reeve & C° London. PU. 96. Vincent Brooks Day & Son,imp E C.Moore,del et kth L.Reeve & COLondon. Plate 97. 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A second brood appears in July in the same localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer congeners Swahe and Saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district mto Kunawur.” On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that Padma and Avartara are two distinct species. He writes of A. Padma that “it is fairly common in Kula, and is double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and above the upper forests, at an elevation of 10,000 feet or so; the second brood appears at a much lower elevation, from 3000 to 4000 feet. It is very punctual in its appear- ance, as, in the fifteen years that I have observed this insect, it has never appeared earlier than the 1st or later than the 3rd of October. It is an extremely powerful insect on the wing, and very difficult to take; it flies down one hill, straight across the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from the ground, and very rarely settling.” While of A. Avatara he writes, ‘‘ Confounded with the above by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists; it is smaller in size than A. Padma, and much weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily captured; a succession of broods appear throughout May, June, and July.” (Butt. Ind. i. 197, 1883.) Mr. A. G. Young subsequently writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1885, 129), “I first took A. Padma near Rajaori, in the Kashmir territory, in July, 1864, at but little over 3000 feet, and have in June, 1883, taken the same sex at Barkli, in the Mundi State, ina Deodar forest on the banks of the Beas, at barely 3000 feet. For some reason that I cannot explain, the females never appear to descend as low as the males do, and it is a very curious circumstance, that as far as my experience goes, the June and July broods seem to consist almost entirely of males. It was not until 1880 that I succeeded in obtaining a female in June, whereas in October the females are in a great majority, some faded, as though they had come out at the higher levels in the summer, and been driven down by the cold, whilst the greater number, to judge from their fresh condition, had but just emerged from the pupa. I never took but one worn and battered male along with this autumnal brood, which seems a true Amazonian one, all females, and appears in October between 3500 and 4500 feet.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118), ‘‘There are two allied Species passing under the name of Padma. Of the true Padma I have both sexes from Narkunda, near Simla, and from the Galis north of Mari, but in Kumaon I obtained only females, taken in October and November in the Kali Valley, ranging from 7000 feet at Juti,in Chandans, to 2500 feet at Garjiaghat, and even lower. This species is the larger of the two; the other species, dA. Loha, is smaller.” AULOCERA SWAHA (Plate 100, figs. 2, 2a, g 2). Satyrus Swaha, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, LV. 2, p. 444, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2 (1844). Aulocera Swaha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 197 (1883). Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacq. Voy. pl. ii. figs. 5, 6 (nec. fig. 4). vou. 1. August 13th, 1892. F ot LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent bronzy-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with an inner-discal short broad dusky-black glandular fascia extending within the cell, which is clothed with moderately-short broad slightly serrate-tipt scales, and long foliate acutely serrated-tipt scales, but no androconia ; crossed by a medial-discal series of creamy-white or ochreous-yellow spots, which are somewhat short and small, a spot being always present (and sometimes an incipient narrow streak) diverging to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with a similar-coloured medial-discal band. Underside paler olivescent bronzy-brown. Forewing with the costal and apical border indistinctly mottled with pale-edged blackish strigze, the discal band creamy-white or ochreous-yellow, broad, its lower portion continuous, the divergent costal portion entire and continued to the edge; subapical black spot with white pupil more or less prominent. Hindwing more or less densely mottled with black strige, the strige being more or less edged witia cinereous ; the base tinged with green ; the submarginal lunular line irregular and diffused. Female. Upperside with the transverse band as in male, but somewhat broader. Underside as in the male. Collar and side of palpi, ochreous-white ; legs brown. Expanse, 23 to 3 inches. CarTerPILLak.—“‘ Colour probably black, but it is so very thickly clothed with short bright-yellow hairs that it is almost impossible to see what its ground-colour really is ; head and legs black. Feeds on wild blue Iris.” Curysanis.—* Attached to the centre of a leaf by the tail, and a bright-yellow thread across the pupa, head upwards, like a Lyceenid. Colour shining olive-brown ; head, spines, and tail black ; a white patch crossed by an irregular black band upon each side of the thorax; a circular yellow spot on each shoulder ; on each side of the dorsal segments is an irregular white mark. The colours, very vivid in the living pupa, fade rapidly upon the death of the insect. The imago emerges in a fortnight.” (A. Graham Young.) Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. Disrripu1ioN.—This species is the commonest of the group, and according to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246) “abounds in the Simla and Kunawur districts of the N.-W. Himalayas during the rainy season, from July to October, chiefly on grassy slopes and in fields near woods, also in open woods; from the outer spurs overlooking the Indian plains for 200 miles into the interior of the moun- tain ranges towards the treeless regions of Spiti and Tibet.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “Simla, Masuri, Pangi in Busahir, and in Kashmir, from June to October.” (MS. notes.) Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. S. 1886, 357) records it as “common at Murree, August and September; Atabul, 9000 feet; Thundiani, Sep- tember.” In Kulu, Mr. A. Graham Young writes, “ Not uncommon in its peculiar ~ SATYRIN 4. 35 haunts, grassy hills at 7000 to 8000 feet elevation, from June to September.” (Butt. Ind. 197), and subsequently (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1886, 103) he records “‘ the discovery, after many years’ hunting, of the larva of A. Swaha,” having ‘‘ found it on the wild blue Iris during the first week in August, at about 8000 feet elevation, in the Upper Parbutti Valley, in Kulu.” In Kumaon, Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118) “found it on all the hills of the Pindari district, 7000 to 10,000 feet, also on the outer ranges, Jagheswar, Takula, and the Dhoag, 5500 to 9000 feet, and in Chaudans in Hast Kumaon, 5000 to 7000 feet. A common species.” AULOCERA SARASWATI (Plate 100, figs. 3, 3a, 3 2). Satyrus Saraswati, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, IV. 2, p. 445, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4 (1844), 9 , Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 82 (1887). Aulocera Saraswati, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 121; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868) ; Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 200 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia broadly alter- nated with white. Forewing crossed by a medial-discal broad yellowish-white com- pact macular band, composed of almost quadrate spots, with a black spot dividing the two longitudinally disposed between the radials; a more or less prominent narrow discal black angular glandular patch, which is clothed with very long foliate acutely serrate-tipt pale scales, some short broad serrate-tipt scales, and interspersed with blackish androconia with broad bulbous base, hair-like end, and _tasselled tip. Hindwing crossed by a broad yellowish-white uninterrupted discal band, which slightly decreases in width above anal angle. Underside pale olivescent- ochreous ; crossed by a pale ochreous-white band, which is whitest on the forewing, as on upperside, the inner edge of the band being defined by a dark brown line, the outer edge being diffused, the subapical black spot prominent and white-pupilled ; the basal area and the broad outer border delicately mottled with transverse black strigee, and the outer border traversed by a blackish diffused fascia, which latter, on the hindwing, is more or less sinuous, and where the marginal strigz beyond are more or less whitish-edged. Female. Upperside of both wings with the white macular band, as in the male, but shghtly broader, the subapical intervening black spot on the forewing generally having a minute white pupil. Underside as in the male, the blackish submarginal fascia being much less defined. Body above dark olivescent-brown; abdomen beneath pale olivescent-ochreous; collar, side of palpi, and femora beneath ochreous- white; tibiz and tarsi ochreous. Expanse, ¢ 24 to 28, ? 28 to 3 inches. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. Distrisurion.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), “ A. F 2 36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Saraswati is not quite so widely spread as A. Swaha, appears later, and disappears earlier ; in August it swarms, in localities affected by it, amongst the luxurious grass pastures on the less wooded slopes of the hills in the Simla and Kunawur district.” “Tn Simla it is not uncommon on the grassy slopes in the neighbourhood in the autumn months. In Pangi Mr. R. Ellis and Dr. Henderson took numerous speci- mens of both sexes in July and August.” Major H. B. Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records its capture at “ Pangi, Busahir, in July and August, and in Kashmir during August and September.’ Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8. 1886, 357) obtained it at Dewal in August, also commonly at Murree in August, and also taken in September.” In Kulu, according to Mr. A. Graham Young, it appears in July, and remains on the wing until the middle of October; it is common from 4000 feet and upwards, and greatly affects the thistle flowers, upon which numbers may be captured in their peculiar haunts.” (Butt. Ind. i. 200.) Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119) obtained it at “ Pyura, above Loharkhet, the Dhoaj, Takula, 5000 to 7000 feet, in Kumaon.”’ Specimens in our own collection are from the late Colonel Impey’s and General Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. AULOCERA sp, ——? Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 266. Hasitat.—Manipur frontier, Naga Hills. Mr. H. J. Elwes (I. c. p. 266) records “‘two female specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty at Mao, on the Manipur frontier of the Naga Hills, at 8000 feet elevation, in August.” AttieD CuINese Species or AvLocera.—A. Sybillina (Satyrus Sybillina, Oberthiir, Ktudes Ent. 1890, p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 106). Habitat. W.China.—A. Merlina (Satyrus Merlina, Oberthiir, id. p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 105). Habitat. Yunan.—4A. imagica (Satyrus magica, Oberthiir, id. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, fig. 21). Habitat, H. Tibet. Genus PARCENEIS. . Forewing similar in shape to typical Gineis (G2. Norna); venation similar, except that the cell is very much shorter, and there is no androconial patch in the male. Hindwing with the cell also considerably shorter, and the discocellulars less | outwardly oblique. Palpi somewhat shorter and more delicate, the apical joint being shorter and less conspicuous. Antennal club shorter and comparatively thicker. Type.—P. pumilus. Typical Gineis (Norna, Jutta, etc.) has the forewing, in the male, furnished with a conspicuous oblique androconial patch, and the cell area in both the fore and hindwing being much longer. The antenne in (neis has a longer gradually- SATYRINZ. 37 thickening club; the palpi are somewhat longer. The pattern of the markings on the wings in the species of @neis is also somewhat different, the forewing generally haying two or three small submarginal ocellated spots on a pale ferruginous band, the hindwing also mostly having similar submarginal ocelli, whereas in Parceneis the pattern of the markings resemble those pertaining to the species of Aulocera. PARGNEIS PUMILUS (Plate 101, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2). Chionobas pumilus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 490, pl. 69, figs. 6, 7 (1867) g. Eneis pumilus, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 238, pl. 15, fig. 37, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale ochreous-brown, darker externally ; the veins externally lined with darker brown. Cilia ochreous-white alternated with dark brown at the vein points. Worewing crossed by a medial-discal ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow macular band, with an inward-divergent portion pro- ceeding to the costa from between the radials, and where there is a slightly-defined pale intervening-spot, this band being very similar in form to that in Aulocera. Hindwing crossed by a similar ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow continuous band, which is angulated above the radial and at the upper median veinlet. Under- side. Forewing pale brownish-ochreous, the transverse band, as above, with dusky- brown edges; costal and apical border cinerescent, sparsely flecked with short trans- verse dusky-brown strige. Hindwing pale ochreous-cinereous, the veins cinereous- white, the transverse angulated-band pale ochreous and well-defined by dusky-black edges, the basal area and outer border thickly mottled with blackish strigee with pale ochreous edges. Female. Upperside slightly paler, with the transverse band also less distinct, the apical border of the forewing and the outer border of the hindwing indistinctly mottled with darker strige. Undersideasin the male. Body above darker ochreous- brown; thorax beneath clothed with dusky-brown hairs; palpi in front, and legs dusky-brown ; palpi above pale ochreous. Antenne blackish above, annulated with ochreous-white, pale ochreous beneath with bright ochreous tip. Expanse, d 14, ? 13 inch. Hasitat.—Ladak. Disrripution.—The type specimens were collected by the late Dr. F'. Stoliczka at ‘“Trantse Sumdo on the Lanak Pass at about 15,000 feet elevation, and at Pangchog.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 119) records “ a single female found on the moist ground at the edge of the snow-line on the northern side of the Lepu Pass, Chinese-Tibet, at 17,000 feet (N.-E. Kumaon). Specimens of both sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection, captured at Gya, m August, at 14,000 feet, by Mr. MacArthur. The illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 101, fig. 1, represents the 33 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. upperside of a male, and fig. 1a, the underside of a female, both figures being taken from Gya specimens kindly lent by Mr. J. H. Leech. PARENEIS SIKKIMENSIS (Plate 101, fiz. 2, 2a, 3). @neis Sikkimensis, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 21. Chionobas pumilus, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 404, pl. 35, fig. 3 (nec Felder). @neis pumilus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 327. Twaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark ochreous-brown. Cilia white alter- nated with dark brown. Forewing crossed by a well-defined medial-discal series of small ochreous spots, with an inward divergent portion extending to the costa from between the radials, where there is also a small intervening blackish spot with a minute white pupil. Hindwing crossed by a well-defined curved discal ochreous narrow broken band, the two portions beyond the cell being somewhat elongate and pointed externally, the other portions being more lunular. Underside paler ochreous-brown. Forewing with the costa and apex cinereous speckled ; across the cell are some blackish strigz ; the transverse discal series of prominent pale ochreous spots, as on upperside, black edged. Hindwing with the basal area and outer border densely mottled with black strige and speckles, edged with cinereous; crossed by a pro- minent pale ochreous curved discal irregular band, the inner edge of which is well defined by a black angulated line, and the outer edge by a lunular line, inwardly bordered with blackish speckles; all the veins cinereous-white speckled. Body above dark brown, thorax and front of palpi clothed with black-tipt cinerescent hairs ; sides of palpi and legs beneath cinerescent ; legs above ochreous-brown. Antenne above blackish, annulated with white, entire length below reddish ochreous. Hixpanse, ¢ 14 to 1%, ¢ 1 inch. Hasrrat.—Chumbi, Sikkim-Tibet. This species differs from P. pwmilus on the upperside in its uniformly darker colour, the macular band on the forewing being very distinctly defined and composed of smaller spots; the band on the hindwing is also narrower. On the underside it is also very much darker in colour, and the band on both wings much more pro- minently defined. Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- Tibet, in 1881 and 1882. Auuiep Species or Par@wnets.—P. Buddha (Gneis Buddha, Gr.-Gr. Hor. Soe. Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 458). Habitat. C. Asia.—P. palearcticus (Hneis palearcticus Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 20). Habitat. C. Asia. Genus KARANASA. Satyrus (part) Auctorum. Hipparchia (part) Auctorum. Imaco.—Male. Wings somewhat elongated and narrow. Forewing subtri- SATYRIN AE. 39 angular; costa very slightly arched, apex obtusely-pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique, convex, posterior angle very convex ; costal vein swollen at the base, median very slightly swollen ; cell extending beyond half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly recurved, concave before the middle, upper radial from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets widely separated ; crossed by an ill-defined broad inwardly-oblique discal glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and some longer narrower sharply dentate-tipt scales, interspersed with several longer slender andvoconia, which have lengthened-bulbous base and short hair-like tasselled-tip. Hindwing ovate ; exterior margin very convex, slightly denticulated; cell extending to half the length; discocellular very oblique ; middle median emitted at some distance before end of cell. Body rather stout ; thorax and head very hairy; palpi clothed with lengthened fine hairs to the tip ; antenne with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. Eyes naked. Type.—K. Hubner. KARANASA HUBNERI (Plate 101, figs. 3, 3a, 3). Satyrus Hibneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. III. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 8, 9 (1867), ?. Hipparchia Hiibneri, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 189 (1883). Hipparchia Cadesia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 565, pl. 66, fig. 7,¢. Marshall and de Nicé- ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 190 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep fulvous, exterior marginal line blackish, the end of the median veinlets on both wings ochreous-speckled. Cilia ochreous- white, alternated with dusky-brown. Forewing with the base, costal border, and exterior margin cinereous ochreous-brown ; an incipient upper portion of a dusky brown pale-bordered excurved discal line beyond the cell, which also curves along the subcostal veinlet, extends along the radials, and then sinuously edges the dark outer border of the wing; between the radials is a prominent subapical black spot with white pupil, and on the lower part of the dise is a short broad dusky- black glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and. some long, broad, dentate-tipt pale scales, and blackish androconia with lengthened-bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip. Hindwing with the base and abdominal border cinerescent purplish-brown ; crossed by an ill-defined inner-discal excurved angulated diffused dusky line, and a darker outer-discal obtusely-sinuous blackish line, and thus en- closing a curved medial-discal fulvous band. Underside. Forewing paler fulvous, yellowish below the costal border; the base, the costal and outer border brownish- cinereous, finely flecked with brown scales, the ends of the outer veins being white speckled; some short blackish strige crossing the base and the cell, the upper discal curved line (the lower portion being also very finely indicated) and sinuous sub- 40 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. marginal line, and the subapical black spot, as on the upperside. Hindwing ochreous- cinereous, numerously covered with short blackish strigze and intervening speckles, which are thickest disposed at the base; veins prominently white lined ; crossed by an indistinctly-defined angulated subbasal and a more distinct medial-discal excurved angulated black line, the latter having a whitish outer border, and beyond is a sub- marginal distinct black sinuous line. / Female. Upperside slightly paler fulvous. Forewing with the base pale cinereous purplish-brown, the outer border somewhat darker; crossed by an inner discal diffused blackish line, which is acutely angled outward on the upper median veinlet, the line also extends along the subcostal and then sinuously and prominently edges the dark outer border, thus enclosing a discal fulvous band, within which is an upper and a lower black spot. Hindwing with the entire basal area and outer border cinereous purplish-brown, enclosing a prominent fulvous medial-discal band, which is edged with an inner and outer black sinuous line. Underside. Forewing somewhat paler; markings as in the male, except that the discal line is more distinct, and the submarginal line more sinuous, there being also two black spots of the same size as those above. Hindwing also somewhat paler, with the transverse black lines more acutely defined, the subbasal line more distinctly angled within the cell, and both the discal and outer sinuous line being pale-bordered externally. Body cine- reous-brown ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antenne cine- reous-brown, tipt with ochreous, with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. Expanse, ¢ 13 to 18, ? 2 inches. Hasitar.—Lahul ; Spiti; Deosi Plains, Stakpila Pass, N. Kashmir. Distaipution.—Dr. Felder (Reise Noy. 494) gives ‘‘Lahul and Spiti” as the localities of the type specimens. Under this species, a specimen of the female is recorded in * Second Yarkund Mission,” Lep. p. 1., as having been taken by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka at Leh in September. Major H. B. Hellard records it in his “MS. Notes” as having been taken on the ** south side of Stakpila Pass in the upper part of the Boorzil Valley, North Kashmir, in July, 1873,” but whether these specimens of Major Hellard’s and those above noted from Leh refer to Htberni, as here defined, we are unable to certify. Mr. J. H. Leech obtained many specimens of both sexes in the Deosi plains N.-H. of Kashmir, at 13,000 feet, in August, 1887; others were taken by Mr. McArthur in the Chonging Valley, 15-17,000 feet elevation in July. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 190), under this species, records ‘‘ two females taken by Major J. Biddulph at Gilgit in August.” Neither of these two specimens, which are now before me for examination, agree with true Hiiberni. One of them, certainly, is not this species — it is a larger insect, with very much paler discal band on both wings, and is two and a quarter inches in expanse. SATYRIN AE. 4] KARANASA LEECHII (Plate 101, figs. 4, 4a, 9 2). Male. Similar to K. Hubner’, somewhat larger. Upperside of a paler fulvous, the ends of the median veinlets ochreous-speckled, the outer borders uniformly dark- coloured. Forewing with the basal area, including the cell, cinerescent ochreous- brown ; with a well-defined blackish broad imner-discal glandular patch extending throughout its length to the inner edge of the fulvous band, the patch clothed with broad serrate-tipt pale scales and numerous long bulbous androconia with tasselled- tip, these latter beg narrower than in K. Hubneri ; the sinuous submarginal edge of the fulyous band more acutely defined ; within the band is a subapical blind black spot, a very small spot also being present between the lower median veinlets, and below the upper spot are sometimes two or three minute black speckles. Hindwing with a somewhat broader fulvous band, the outer edge of the band more acutely sinuous ; the ends of the median veinlets not ochreous. Underside. Forewing paler than upperside, but somewhat clouded in the middle, the basal and cell strige obso- lete, the subapical black blind-spot prominent, the lower median small spot some- times absent. Hindwing paler than in K. Hubneri, the strige less, and more speckled throughout with whitish-cinereous edgings to the markings; with similar disposed subbasal, median, and submarginal sinuous lines, but the two latter are more acutely pointed, and the subbasal line is excurved within the cell (not angled as in Hubneri); veins white lined. Female. Upperside paler fulvous than in K. Hubnevi, the costa and outer borders, and the basal areas also paler. Forewing with the edges of the discal band less defined; the subapical and lower black spot as in male. Hindwing with the fulyous band comparatively broader, its outer sinuous-edge being slightly nearer the exterior margin of the wing. Underside. Both wings as in male. Expanse, ¢1§ to 14,?1{ to 23 inches. Hasrtat.—Skoro La, Baitistan ; Chonging Valley, N. Ladak. DistriguTion.—Obtained by Mr. J. H. Leech on the “Skoro La, Baltistan, at 15,000 feet elevation, in July, 1887,” and by Mr. H. McArthur, in the “ Chonging Valley, 15—17,000, July and August, 1889,” this valley being situated between the Upper Shayok river and the Dépsang plains in North Ladak. KARANASA MODESTA (Plate 102, figs, 1, la, 3 2). Male. Smaller than K. Leechii. Upperside with the entire basal areas and outer borders darker brown, and of a vinescent tint, the discal band narrower on both wings, prominently defined, and of a paler ochreous. orewing with a large conjoined black subapical spot situated above and below the lower radial veinlet, and a smaller black spot between the lower median veinlets; glandular patch indis- VOL. IL. G 49 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. tinct. Underside. Forewing similar to Leechii, the conjoined black subapical spot with its upper portion minutely white pupilled; the lower median spot as above. Hindwing with similar markings to Leechii, the discal and submarginal sinuous-line being nearer together ; the veins white lined. Female. Upperside slightly paler than in male, the discal band on both wings also paler and somewhat broader ; a single black subapical spot only present on the forewing. Underside. Forewing much valer than in male; a single subapical spot only, as on upper side. Hindwing as in the male. Expanse, $13,?18 inch. Hasrtat.—Deosi Plains; Kokser, Lahul. Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. J. H. Leech in the Deosi Plains, 13,000 feet elevation, in August, 1887; other specimens were also obtained by Mr. McArthur at Kokser, on the Chandra River in Lahul, in July, 1888, and on the Bara Lacha Pass in August. Genus KANETISA. Satyrus (part) auctorum, Hipparchia (part) auctorum. Male. Wings much broader and comparatively shorter than in Karanasa. Forewing broad, short, triangular ; costa well-arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique and hardly convex, posterior margin short; with a very broad transverse discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with shghtly-raised dark-coloured claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with attenuated end and feather-tip ; cell somewhat shorter ; median veinlets much wider apart. Hindwing short, broadly ovate, exterior margin very convex, scalloped; cell longer and narrower; discocellular more oblique. Palpi more compactly clothed in front; antennal club shorter. Hyes naked. Typez.—K. Digna. KANETISA DIGNA (Plate 102, figs. 2, 2a, J 9). Hipparchia Digna, Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1882, p. 67,9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 189 (18838) ?. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent-brown. Cilia cinereous-white alter- nated with dusky-brown. Forewing crossed by a broad decreasing discal deep fulvous sinuous-edged macular band, cut with the brown veins, and enclosing a large black blind subapical spot ; between the band and the cell is a broad inner-discal blackish glandular patch, which is clothed with slightly-raised claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with SATYRIN Zi. 45 attenuated end and feather-tip. Hindwing crossed by a discal curved narrow fulvous macular band, the spots being elongated, narrow, and with somewhat blackish edges. Underside. Forewing with the basal cell and discal area fulvous, paling to ochreous below the costa; costal border, the outer border, and base of posterior border brownish-cinereous mottled with blackish strige; inner line of the discal band indistinct except at its costal end, its outer line sinuous ; subapical black spot with white pupil. Mindwing pale brownish-cinereous, thickly mottled with blackish strigze ; crossed by a wavy subbasal and a somewhat angulated blackish discal line, the interspace between them forming a darker band, with its inner and outer edge broadly bordered with whitish-cinereous ; submarginal sinuous black line distinct. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the discal fulvous band entire, somewhat broader and slightly paler, its sinuous inner and outer edge darkly defined, subapical black spots large. Hindwing with the discal fulvous band also entire, broader and with less sinuous outer edge. Underside as in male, except that both wings are paler; markings the same. Expanse, d ? 22 inches. Hapirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. This species is nearest allied to the European congener K. Hrythia, Hiibner. Drsrripution.—The type specimen was “taken by Major J. Biddulph, on the Shandur Plateau, in Northern Kashmir” (Butt. Ind. 189.) A male, labelled ‘* Gilgit,” is in the collection of Mr. L. de Nicéville. Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 102, fig. 2 represents the Gilgit male, and fig. 2a the type female, both of which have been kindly lent for this pur- pose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. KANETISA PIMPLA (Plate 102, figs. 3, 8a, d ?). Satyrus Pimpla, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 10, 11 (1867),?. Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868). Hipparchia Pimpla, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 185 (1883) ¢ 2. Tmaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy olivescent-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a black subapical spot, sometimes minutely pupilled with white and with an obsolescent pale iris; with a broad short inner-discal ill-defined dusky- black glandular patch, which is clothed with claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, some underlying shorter fusiform scales, interspersed by several long slender an- droconia with attenuated end and feather-tip. Underside. Forewing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, the lower part of the cell and middle of the dise ferruginous, leaving the costa, outer border and posterior margin broadly brown; the costal border and upper part of cell mottled with darker strigz; crossing the dise is a G 2 44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. slightly-defined blackish angular line, and beyond a lunular submarginal line; and between them is a large prominent subapical black spot with minute white pupil and pale outer ring. Hindwing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, mottled with fine darker brown strigz ; crossed by a subbasal and a discal curved angulated black line, and a submarginal sinuous line, the two latter outwardly-bordered with whitish speckles. Female. Upperside somewhat paler glossy olivescent-brown. orewing with a larger subapical black ocellus, with a distinct white pupil and pale ill-defined ochreous outer ring, below which are also two ill-defined pale ochreous spots between the medians. Underside with the broad borders of the forewing, and the entire hindwing pale brownish-cinereous, finely mottled with delicate brown strige. Forewing with the disc pale bright fulvous; crossed by faint traces of an inner diseal fulvous-brown angular line and a brown lunular submarginal line, the white pupilled ocellus with very pale outer ring. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal blackish angulated line, and sinuous submarginal line, the two latter with pale outer border. Body beneath pale brownish-cinereous ; legs above brown. Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 22 inches. Hasirat.—Western Himalayas; Afghanistan; Beluchistan. Distrisution.—The type specimen, a female, is recorded by Dr. Felder (Reise Noy. 494), as having been taken at “ Chalichang in Ladak.”” and other Tropical Climates. By Samurt JENNINGS, — F.L.S., F R.HLS., late Vice-President of the Agri- Horticultural Society of India. Royal 4to, Com- plete in One Vol., cloth, gilt edges, 63s. 4 A Second Century of Orchidaceous Plants, selected from the Subjects published in Curti ae Botanical Magazine” since the issue of the “ First Century.” Edited by James Bateman, Esq., F.R.S. Complete in One Vol., Royal 4to, 100 Coloured. Plates, £5 5s. 3 L. REEVE & CO., 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. SATYRINZ. 65 the forewing larger and paler ringed, the ocelli on the hindwing all very small, though distinctly formed. Female. Upperside similar to wet-season brood; the ocelli being smaller. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 2 to 22 inches. Hasitrar.Sikkim ; Bhotan; Khasia Hills. Distrisution.—Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, 326) records “ obtain- ing three specimens (of the wet-season brood) at Pashok in Sikkim, and at Mamloo in the Khasia Hills, in August and September, and Sikkim and Bhotan specimens of the cold-weather brood in February and March.” Mr. Otto Moller also obtained specimens of both broods in Sikkim, and in Bhotan, the wet-season brood in August. “Mr. A. V. Knyvett obtained both the ocellated and non-ocellated forms in Buxa, Bhotan, the former occurring in March and April, and the latter in August.” (de Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 233.) THYMIPA DOHERTYI. Wer-srason Broop (Plate 108, figs. 1, la, 3). Ypthima Methora, Elwes, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 267, pl. 27, fig. 1, g (nec Hewitson). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown, with a narrow dusky- brown submarginal fascia, and also a less distinct discal fascia on the hindwing. Forewing with a distinctly-defined broad discal dusky glandular patch, which also extends to within the lower part of the cell, the patch clothed with short dentate- tipt battledore-scales, some longer anteriorly-broad acutely serrate-tipt scales, interspersed with numerous long blackish androconia with broadly-elongated clavate base, hair-like end and tassel-tip, and others of the same length but with extremely slender base and tassel-tip; ocellus large, pale ringed, bipupilled with silvery-blue. Hindwing with two prominent rather large apical ocelli, two large median, and a small anal geminated pair. Underside pale ochreous-white, the borders more ochreous in tint, numerously covered with slender olive-brown strige, these strigze being more thickly disposed across the area of the ocelli; discal and submarginal fascia scarcely defined ; no indication of a subbasal fascia on either wing. Forewing with a large prominent ocellus having a rather small black centre, broad ochreous ring and a slender brown outer ring. Hindwing with six very prominent ocelli, placed in echelon, the upper two large and of equal size, the two median somewhat larger and equal in size, the two anal geminate and also large, all with somewhat small black centre, broad ochreous ring and slender brown outer ring. Female. Upperside as in the male; both wings with the discal area bordering the ocelli mottled with pale strigee. Underside as in the male. Forewing with the vou. 11. November 10th, 1892. K 66 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ocellus the same. Hindwing with the ocelli somewhat smaller. Body above brown ; body beneath, palpi, and legs beneath pale ochreous-white; legs above ochreous ; palpi clothed with slightly blackish-tipt hairs. Expanse, 2; to 23 inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DistrrBuTION.—The male of the wet-season brood above described was obtained by Signor Leonardo Fea at Moolayet, Upper Tenasserim, in March, during his recent Burmese excursion. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 267, pl. 27, f. 1) records and figures a male (under the name of Y. methora), from specimens collected by Mr. W. Doherty in Eastern Pegu, at 2000 feet elevation and upwards. A female of this species is in the Hewitsonian Cabinet at the British Museum, and is there also erroneously placed with Y. methora ; this specimen is labelled *Yunan,’” and was formerly in the late Mr. W. 8. Atkinson’s cabinet, having been collected by Dr. J. Anderson during the Expedition to Western Yunan in 1868. Specimens of the male, also from the Yunan Expedition, are erroneously recorded (Butt. of India, i. 215) under Y. methora, as being in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. THYMIPA SAVARA. Wert-Szason Broop (Plate 108, figs. 2, 2a, g). Yphthima Savara, Grose-Smith, Annals of Nat, Hist. 1887, p. 267. Adamson, Catal. of Burmese Lep. p. 8 (1889). Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 35. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent-brown; cilia of forewing brownish- cinereous, of hindwing pale cinereous. Forewing with a very broad medial discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short broad dentate-tipt pale battledore-scales, some long anteriorly-broad acutely serrate-tipt scales, and numerous long darker androconia with elongated clavate base, hair-like end and tassel-tip ; apical ocellus large, bipupilled with silvery-blue, the upper pupil being minute, the ring pale ochreous, broad, and bordered by an outer indistinct brown ring; sub- marginal brown fascia diffused. Hindwing crossed by a slightly-defined discal re- eurved narrow brown fascia, which joins an outer marginal wavy fascia, the inner ocelli-area being slightly cinereous speckled inwardly and with paler strige out- wardly, encompassing a minute (sometimes two) upper ocellus, two large prominent median ocelli and two minute anal ocelli, the four latter with a single silvery-white pupil. Underside whitish-cinereous, numerously covered with slender olivescent- brown strige; both wings crossed by a subbasal, a medial, and a submarginal brown fascia, which are less prominent on the hindwing, the discal fascia on the forewing being dilated posteriorly, and the two discal fasciz on the hindwing being straight in SATYRINZ. 67 their course across the wing. Forewing with a large prominent apical ocellus, bipupilled with silvery-blue, broadly ringed with pale ochreous and by a narrow outer brown ring. Hindwing with two prominent moderately-sized apical ocelli, two large median ocelli and two smaller geminated anal ocelli, disposed in echelon, each with a silvery-blue pupil. Body beneath pale cinereous-ochreous ; palpi and legs above brownish, beneath pale cinereous-ochreous. Expanse, 2 inches. Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 108, figs. 2b, ec, d, d 2). Male. Upperside cinereous olivescent-brown, the discal and marginal brown fascia more defined, the area enclosing the ocelli paler and more cinereous-white speckled ; glandular patch as in wet-season brood. Underside somewhat paler, and of a more ochraceous-cinereous tint; the brown strigz less distinct, the transverse brown fasciz more defined but somewhat narrower. Forewing with a similar large ocellus. Hindwing with all the six ocelli minute and silver pupilled. Female. Upperside browner than in the male; the basal area somewhat strigose. Both wings crossed by a recurved discal and a marginal dusky-brown fascia, their inner ocelli area traversed by cinereous-white strige. Forewing with the ocellus larger. Hindwing with two very small upper ocelli, two large median ocelli, and generally two minute anal ocelli, the four latter silvery pupilled. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 2 to 22 inches. Hasirat.— Burma. DistxisuTion.—The type specimen was obtained by Major C. H. E. Adamson near ‘‘ Myawaddee on the Thougyeen River, Upper Tenasserim, in February, 1881 ”’ (Adamson’s List, p. 8). Major Adamson also obtained wet-season examples at Ky- ap-Saken, at 2000 feet elevation, in March, and sexes of the dry-season brood at Kathapa in February, and also at Yemmathoung, in February, 1892. Captain E. Y. Watson obtained several specimens of the dry-season brood during the expedition from the Burmese side to the Chin-Lushai Hills of 1889-90, at Tilm Yaw, in March and April, 1890, and also both sexes at Toungoo in March, 1891. Specimens of the wet-season brood were also obtained by Mr. W. Doherty, in Hast Pegu, at 2000 feet elevation, in March and April, 1890, and are now in the collection of Mr. H. J. Elwes. The three last described species, viz.: Methora, Savara, and Dohertyi, though nearly allied, are undoubtedly quite distinct. In addition to their difference in coloration both on the upper and under side, their androconia, as seen under the microscope, are each different, one from the other. In Methora also, the subbasal K 2 68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, and discal brownish fascia, on the underside of both sexes, are both angulated in their course across the wings; whereas in Savara, they are straight, and in Dohertyi, the discal fascia is scarcely traceable, the subbasal fascia being quite obsolete. Srorion 2. Ocelli on underside of hindwing placed in linear series. THYMIPA NIKAA (Plate 109, figs. 1, la, ¢). Ypthima Nikea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 567. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 232 (1883). Waterhouse, Aid to the Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 8,9. Ypthima Sakra, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1866, p. 359; Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 136; nec Moore. Tmaco.—Male. Smaller than 7’. Sakra. Upperside. Both wings with smaller and less prominent ocelli—these being about half the size; with two median ocelli on the hindwing, sometimes one only (the lower) being present ; marginal band less defined and narrow; glandular patch very indistinctly defined, clothed with more or less short broad scales with serrate-tips, interspersed with a very few long black androconia, which have an elongated broad base, hair-like end and _ tassel-tip. Underside duller, pale cinerescent-ochreous; more densely covered with brown strige, especially on the forewing. Both wings with a well-defined slender pale ochreous extreme marginal line, and the forewing with traces of a broad discal and a marginal brown fascia; ocelli smaller, the apical geminated pair on the hindwing has, generally, separated black centres and intervening portion of the yellow ring, sometimes the upper median ocellus is also absent. Female. Upperside paler brown; extreme marginal slender pale line on the hindwing distinct ; discal area studded with pale strigz. Underside also paler than in male, more cinerescent in tint, the apical geminated-ocellus on the hindwing somewhat larger. Hxpanse, 3 $1,8, to 2 inches. Hasitat.—N. W. Himalayas. Distrisution.—Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. N. H. 1888, 136) records it as “common on the lower slopes of Thundiani above Kala Pani ; and a few were taken at Murree and at Dewal, in August and September.” Major H. B. Hellard took it at ‘Simla, Masuri, and in Kashmir, from June to October” (MS. Notes). Col. A. M. Lang, in his MS. Notes records it from the “Simla Hills and Lower Kunawar, in June and July.” Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119) obtained it in ‘“‘ Kumaon generally, at 8000 to 11,000 feet, being common in the higher regions. being SATYRINZ. 69 THYMIPA SAKRA (Plate 109, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 2). Yphthima Sakra, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Compy. i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1864, p. 290, pl. 18, fig. 18. Ypthima Sakra, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 149 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 232 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep olivescent-brown ; both wings with a broad darker marginal band, which is slightly bordered inwardly by a few pale ochreous strigee, and the hindwing with avery slender pale cinerescent-ochreous extreme outer marginal line. Cilia brownish-cinereous. Forewing with a prominent subapical ocellus bipupilled with silvery-blue, and with a slender ochreous outer ring, and, in some few specimens, a very minute ocellus is present between the middle and lower medians, being more prominent on the underside ; glandular patch indistinctly defined, clothed with rather short broad dentate-tipt scales and with a few intervening black androconia, which have a short broad dilated-bulbous base, hair-like end and tassel- tip. Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, the lower one the largest, and, generally, there is also a small anal ocellus, and sometimes a minute apical ocellus, which latter is also occasionally as large as the upper median ocellus. Underside olivescent-ochreous, densely covered throughout with wniformly-disposed dark olivescent-brown strige. Forewing with the ocellus, as above, very prominent and ringed with bright ochreous and bipupilled with silvery-blue. Hindwing with a very prominent large subapical geminated pair, bipupilled, both being encompassed in one outer bright ochreous ring; two median ocelli, and a large geminated anal bi-pupilled ocellus. Female. With somewhat broader wings than in the male. Upperside as in the male, except that the outer discal area of both wings is broadly more con- spicuously studded with cinerescent-ochreous strigz. Underside as in the male. Body }beneath, palpi and legs beneath pale cinerescent-ochreous; legs above brown ; hairs of palpi whitish tipt; antenne dusky brown, annulated with white, tip reddish. Hxpanse, ¢ 2 to 24, 2 22 inches. Hasitat.—H. Himalayas. Disrrisurion.—Typical Sakra is confined to the Eastern Himalayas. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 326) records it as “the commonest species of the genus in Sikkim, at from 4000 to 8000 feet elevation, and occurs as low as 2000 feet, from March to November. It is one of the commonest roadside insects in Sikkim among grass and bushes.” THYMIPA AUSTENI (Plate 109, figs. 3, 3a,¢ 2). Ypthima Sakra, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. pl. 17, fig. 67, ¢. Iyvaco.—Male. Upperside similar to typical Sakra. Underside densely covered 70 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. with dark olivescent-brown strigz; both wings with a submarginal and a discal brown fascia; ocelli similar, except that on the hindwing the lower series are larger and of uniform size. Female. Upperside paler than in the same sex of Sakra, the outer discal area bordering the ocelli more or less paler and but very slightly studded with a few ochreous scales. Forewing with the ocellus larger. Hindwing with a large subapical ocellus, and two median ocelli of the same size; sometimes a smaller ocellus is present above the subapical one and another also below it. Underside paler than in male, the strige duller, the basal area and the broad marginal border densely clouded, the intermediate outer-discal area being whitish cinereous and slightly traversed by the strige, thus forming a more or less-defined submarginal pale fascia. Ocellus of forewing very large, rounded ; sometimes a small lower ocellule is present between the medians ; ocelli on hindwing somewhat smaller than in male, the three lower of uniform size. Expanse, g¢ 2, 9 2} inches. Hasirat.—Khasia Hills; Naga Hills; Looshai Hills, Upper Burma. DistriBvuTion.—S pecimens were taken in the Khasia Hills by Lt.-Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen. Examples from the Khasia Hills are also in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z.S. 1891, 268) records specimens, taken by Mr. W. Doherty, in the Naga Hills, and at Bernardmyo, Burma. In Mr. P. Crowley’s collection are examples from the Looshai Hills. THYMIPA AVANTA. Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 109, fig. 4, ? ). Ypthima ordinata, Butler, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 3; zd. 1886, p. 358. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 219 (1883). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 136. Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Forewing with an indistinctly defined broad dusky discal glandular patch, which is clothed with short round-tipt battledore-scales, some longer clavate rounded-tipt scales, and numerous long slender dark tapering filiform androconia with tassel-tips; a subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with two, and sometimes a lower third subanal small ocelli. Underside pale ochreous-grey, very densely covered with dark-brown strige. Both wings crossed by a more or less-defined angulated subbasal and medial, and a submarginal brown fascia. Forewing with a large prominent subapical ocellus. Hindwing with two upper and four lower well-formed large ovate ocelli, the two anal being geminated, each with a large black centre and a large oval silvery pupil. Female. Upperside with the ocelli more prominent. Underside strigose, as in SATYRINZ. fil the male, the ocelli somewhat larger and more prominent, the transverse fasciz less apparent. Expanse, d 1,5,, ? 1,8 inches. Dry-Season Broop (Plate 109, fig. 4a, ¢). Ypthima Avanta, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p.567. Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 218, pl. xvii. fig. 66, ¢ (1883). Waterhouse, Aid to Ident. of Ins. pl. 179, fig.6, ¢. Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 135. Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Forewing with an indistinctly defined broad dusky discal glandular patch, and a very small indistinct bipupilled subapical ocellus. Hindwing with two very small single-pupilled subanal ocelli situated between the medians. Underside pale ochreous-grey, very densely covered with slender dark-brown strigz, and both wings crossed by a narrow subbasal, a medial and a submarginal brown fascia, the subbasal and medial fascia on the hindwing being wavy. Forewing with a prominent large bright oval subapical ocellus bipupiled with silvery-bluish-white. Hindwing with two small upper oval ocelli disposed between the upper subcostal and radial, and four lower linearly- disposed similar ocelli, the two lowest being geminated, each with a large oval silvery bluish-white pupil. Female. Upperside. Forewing with a larger well-formed pale ringed bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with two smaller subanal ocelli. Underside densely covered with dark-brown strige, as in the male, the transverse fasciz less defined. Fore- wing with large prominent ocellus, as on upperside. Hindwing with two small upper and four lower ocelli disposed as in the male. Hxpanse, 6 1,4, to 1,6, 2 1,% inch. Hasirat.—N. W. Himalayas; Eastern India; Western Burma. Distrisotion.—‘‘ In the Western Himalayas, the dry-season form is found from April to August, beimg common in Kulu, and extending to Kashmir on the West.” (Butt. India, i. 218). Major H. B. Hellard obtained the dry-season form in the “Lower Bagh River Valley, Kashmir, at the end of June” (MS. Notes). Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8, 1886, 359) took the wet-season form between Abbottabad and Kala Pani im September, at Murree and Tret in October, and the dry-season form at Kala Pani in April and May; being common about Kala Pani and on the road between Abbottabad and Bugnoter in September.’ In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection are specimens of the wet-season brood from Col. A. M. Lang, taken in Kumaon at Bagheswar, 3800 feet, in September, at Katarwal, 4500 feet in October. Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120) records it from ‘“ Kumaon—being found in river valleys generally from 2500 to 5000 feet elevation.” Mr. Butler (P. Z. 8. 1880, 148) gives “ Bengal”’ as the locality of the type specimen of ordinata. 72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. In Colonel Swinhoe’s collection is a male of the dry-season form, taken at Paras Pani, Mirzapur, N. W. Provinces, and which was erroneously referred by him in P. Z. 8. 1883, 145, under Y. Inica, as being the same as that species. In Capt. E. Y. Watson’s collection are specimens taken at Berhampur, Ganjam District, in Orissa. Capt. Watson collected specimens [which we have examined] during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, and took the wet-season form at Pauk-Yaw, on the Burmese side, in November, and of the dry-season form also, at Tilin-Yaw, in March and April” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35). Capt. Watson also obtained the wet-season form at Toungoo, in November, and at Sittang, in Tenasserim, in January. THYMIPA SINGALA. Wet-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2). Ypthima Singala, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gessell. 1868, p. 283. Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ (1880).° Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 230 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Both wings generally without any ocelli visible, but sometimes an indistinct black subapical spot is present on the forewing, and either one, or two, small subanal ocelli on the hindwing. Underside pale ochreous-grey, very thickly covered with uniformly-disposed brown strige ; both wings showing slight traces of an incurved discal, and a submarginal narrow brown fascia. Forewing with a very prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with two small apical, two median, and two smaller anal round linearly- disposed ocelli, each with a minute silvery-white pupil, the two anal ocelli being smallest and geminated, and the upper apical generally also smaller. Female. Upperside. Forewing with a well-formed subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with the two small median ocelli also present. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 1,4 to 1,5, inch. Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 110. fig. Lb, 3). Ypthima Thora, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ (1880). Imaco.—Upperside. Forewing with the subapical ocellus present or absent. Hindwing with one only, or sometimes two, small median ocelli. Underside thickly covered with uniformly-disposed brown strigz, and with indistinct traces of an incurved discal and marginal fascia. orewing with a prominent bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with two apical, two median, and two anal minute round ocelli. Eixpanse, 1,4, to 1,4 inch. ; Hasirat.—Ceylon. Distrisution.—The type specimen described by Dr. Felder was obtained at SATYRINZ. 73 Badulla at an elevation of 3000 feet. Capt. Hutchison states (Lep. Ceylon, 24) that it is “rare, a few specimens only being taken in long grass on borders of coffee- plantations at Buselowe at 3000 feet elevation.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood, in his ‘Notes,’ records it “from 2000 feet upwards, in patenas and small undergrowth adjoining. Most plentiful at Ambegamoa.” THYMIPA TABELLA. Wer-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). Ypthima Tabella, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 234 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniform brown, with a slightly-defined submarginal linear shade. Forewing with a small rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus, and hindwing with two small median round ocelli; no glandular patch nor androconia, the discal area being clothed with ordinary scales only. Underside pale ochreous- grey, thickly covered with uniformly-disposed dark-brown strige. Forewing with a prominent subapical ocellus. Hindwing with six ocelli, placed in echelon,—viz. : a geminated apical pair, the upper one being minute and sometimes absent, two median ocelli, and an anal geminated pair of smaller ocelli. Expanse 1,%, to 1, inch. Dry-Srason Broop. Male. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside uniformly covered with strige. Forewing with a prominent apical ocellus. Hindwing with two minute subapical ocelli, the upper one being sometimes obsolete, two minute median ocelli, and two still more minute anal ocelli. Expanse 1,%, inch. Hasirat.—South India. Distrizutton.—The type specimen described by Capt. Marshall is recorded from the Wynaad. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 350) says it is “Common at the North-West corner of the Nilgiris on the Wynaad boundary.” Mr. Hampson obtained the wet-season brood on the Nilgiris in September and October. Capt. E. Y. Watson took specimens of the dry-season brood on the Nilgiris, at Devala, in January. Capt. EH. Y. Watson also obtained examples of what appear to be the dry-season brood of this species, at Sittang and Toungoo, in Burma, in December and January. THYMIPA STRIATA. Wet-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 3, 3a, b, ¢ 2). Ypthima striata, Hampson, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 349. Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark-brown; cilia pale cinereous. Forewing with a VOL. II. L 74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. distinct large subapical black ocellus, bipupilled, and ringed with ochreous-yellow ; with a faintly defined darker-brown submarginal and a discal fascia; glandular patch not apparent, its area clothed with short, and a few longer, broad scales with dentate tips, interspersed with a very few dark filiform androconia. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli. Underside cinereous-white, with numerous distinctly defined very slender brown strige. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger and brighter than on upperside; crossed by a well-defined darker brown slightly recurved submarginal and a discal fascia. Hindwing crossed by a similar brown recurved medial and a discal fascia and a broken submarginal fascia, the latter partly encompassing the ocelli; a geminated apical pair of prominent ocelli, and three linearly-disposed lower ocelli, the anal smallest and duplex. Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger. Hindwing also with the ocellus somewhat larger, and with the two upper and the minute anal ocelli of the underside slightly visible. Underside as in the male. Expanse ¢ 1,% to 1,5, ¢ 1,% inch. Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 110, fig. 3e, ¢). Male. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a very small ill-defined black ocellus. Hindwing with a small subanal ocellus. Underside cinereous-white, the strigx less-defined ; both wings with the fascie less distinct. Ocellus on forewing smaller than in wet-season brood. Ocelli on hindwing minute, but distinctly formed, the two apical and the two anal being well separated from each other. Female. Upperside. Forewing differs from the male in having a large and distinct ocellus, as in the wet-season brood. Underside: both wings with the fascize more prominent, but not as much as in the wet season-brood ; ocelli as in the male. Expanse 6 1,4, ? 1,5, inch. Hasitat.—Nilgiris. Distripution.—* The wet-season brovd occurs at 2000 to 4000 feet, and commonly at about 3000 feet, on the southern slopes of the Nilgiris, in August, and the dry-season brood in December and January.” (Hampson, l.c. p. 349.) Capt. E. Y. Watson also obtained it at Coonoor in the Nilgiris during August. Typo-Matayan Sprctes or Toymipa.—’. Horsfieldii (Y. Horsfieldii) Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 18; Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 3. Habitat. Java.—T. Philomela (Pap. Philomela, Johansson, Amen. Acad. 1764, p. 404). We have illustrated this species on our Plate 110, fig. 4, d. Both sexes smaller than 7’. Baldus. Forewing shorter and less triangular, the exterior margin more erect. Male. Upperside brown, the discal patch less prominent; ocelli similar, but smaller and more narrowly ringed. Underside with uniformly disposed strige, the transverse fascie either obsolete or but very faintly defined ; ocelli on SATY RIN 45, 75 forewing.smaller and more narrowly ringed; ocelli on hindwing similarly disposed in three pairs, but also smaller. Female. Upperside paler than in male, outer discal _area slightly flecked with pale-ochreous strige. Underside as in male. Hxpanse d Yo, * 1,4. Habitat. Java (Batavia). Sumatra.—In Coll. British Museum and F. Moore.—T’. Lisandra (Pap. Lisandra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. IV. pl. 298, fig. G. H.) Habitat: China.—T. Zodia (Y. Zodia, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 402. Hlwes P.Z.S. 1881, p. 904). Habitat. N. China (Snowy Valley, hills of Ningpo).—T. Argus (Y. Argus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1866, p. 56). Habitat. Japan.—T. evanescens (Y. evanescens, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 184). Habitat. Japan. —T. fasciata (Y. fasciata, Hewits. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 287). Habitat. Borneo. Genus YPTHIMA. Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 196; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868); Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 36 (1869). Kirby Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 94(1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 212 (1883). Yphthima, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 138 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewit- son’s D. Lep. p, 394 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 235 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 283, Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. and Sc. Boston, 1875, p. 289. Imaco.—Wings moderately small. Forewing elongated, triangular, costal margin arched, apex rounded, exterior margin even, slightly convex, posterior margin almost straight ; costal vein strongly swollen at the base, median vein moderately swollen, sub-median scarcely swollen; cell extending to half the wing ; subcostal vein with its first branch arising just before anterior end of the cell, the second, third, and fourth branches at equal distances apart, the second being emitted at about one- third beyond end of the cell; upper discocellular very short, middle discocellular inwardly curved, lower discocellular longer and outwardly oblique; median vein with its lower and middle branch wide apart; submedian vein nearly straight ; no glandular patch visible, in the type species (Hibneri), but the lower discal area is clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many elongated broad acutely jagged-tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia of similar length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing broadly triangularly-ovate ; costal margin arched from near the base, apex rounded, exterior margin convex, abdominal margin slightly convex; costal vein extending to near the apex; subcostal vein starting from opposite the short pre- costal veinlet, its branch arising at about one-third from its base; upper discocellular short, curved, starting at a short distance from base of second subcostal, lower dis- cocellular longer, outwardly-oblique and slightly curved ; cell extending to beyond half the wing ; median vein three-branched ; submedian straight ; inner vein shghtly L 2 76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. recurved. Body slender; head and thorax small, clothed in front with hairs. Hyes prominent, naked. Palpi long, slender, obliquely-porrect, compressed, clothed in front with long straight divergent bristly hairs; second joint reaching to vertex, third joint fully two-thirds the length of second, slender, naked. Antenne very slender, ringed with white, terminating in a very slender gradually-formed club. Carprprttar.—‘* When full grown is about an inch or a little less in length; entirely green; head round; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment, which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails; the head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely-set tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs.” Curysatis.—* Either green or brown; head rounded, the edge of the wing- cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax tuunpes ” (de Nicéville). Tyrz.—Y. Hibneri. YPTHIMA KASMIRA (Plate 112, fig. 1, la,d 9). Ypthima Kasmira, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 5,9. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark brown, Forewing with a moderate- sized subapical bipupilled ocellus ; lower discal area clothed with short broad dentate- tipt scales, some longer scales with dentate tips, and a very few intervening longer black androconia with broad bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli situated between the medians in the male, and a third minute anal ocellus in the female. Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, very densely covered with entirely uniformly-disposed broad brown strige. Forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with a prominent apical ocellus, and three lower linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest being bipupilled. Expanse 3 13, ¢ 1 inch. Hasrrat.—Kashmir. DisTRIBUTION.—Specimens of both sexes of this species in our own collection were taken by Major H. B. Hellard in Kashmir, in September. YPTHIMA APICALIS. Ypthima apicalis, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brown. Forewing palest obliquely across the lower discal area; with a small rounded bipupilled subapical ocellus, above which is a distinct whitish apical streak. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli, the upper SATYRINA:, 17 one minute, the anal and the apical ocellus of the underside being slightly visible. Underside pale brownish-ochreous, with ill-defined darker brown uniformly disposed strige. Forewing with the subapical ocellus and white upper streak, as above. Hindwing with a small apical and three lower ocelli, the anal one bipupilled ; an in- distinct pale whitish fascia traceable across the disc above the lower ocelli. Expanse, 1} inch. Hasitat.—Deyra Dhoon. The male above described is all that is known tous. It is probably only a curiously-marked variety of Y. Hiibnert. YPTHIMA HUBNERI. Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 111, fig. 1, larva and pupa, 1, a, b,e, 3 9). Ypthima Philomela, Hiibner, Zutrage Exot. Schmett, p. 17, figs. 83, 84 (1816-18); Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868)—(nee Linnzus).* Yphthima Philomela, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 284, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Ypthima Hiibneri, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 57, pl. 7, fig. 5, 9 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 226, pl. 17, fig. 65, § (1883); de Nicéyville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 231, pl. 12, fig. 1, a, b, larva and pupa. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slightly pale-bordered dusky sub- marginal line, Cilia pale brownish-cinereous. orewing with a rather large rounded ocellus bipupilled with silvery-blue; no glandular patch visible, but the lower discal area is clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many elongated broad acutely-jagged tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia of similar length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel- tip. Hindwing with three small subanal ocelli, the lowest generally minute and sometimes obsolete, sometimes the upper one is also minute or obsolete, and in some specimens the apical ocellus of the underside is visible. Underside various shades of cinerescent ochreous-white, numerously, but not densely, covered with fine olivescent- brown strige. Forewing with a large prominent ocellus, bipupilled with silvery- blue, encircled by a broad pale ochreous ring and then by a narrow brown ring, the latter ring being dilated below the ocellus, and extending to or near the posterior margins ; a more or less defined submarginal lunular brown slender fascia, and a medial discal transverse fascia. Hindwing with a moderately large apical ocellus and three subanal linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest generally bipupilled; a more or less defined submarginal sinuous brown fascia, and, generally, a more or less ill-defined transverse discal angulated fascia. * The Pap. Philomela Johansson, is quite distinct from this. It is a Javan species belonging to the genus Thymipa. See our Plate 110, fig. 4, 78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger and more prominent, the darker brown submarginal and discal fascia with indistinctly visible intervening pale brownish-white strigee. Hindwing with the ocelli as in the male, sometimes the apical ocellus of the underside being also slightly apparent ; outer border also shghtly traversed with pale strigee. Underside as in the male but some- what darker in tint. Worewing with the ocellus somewhat larger. Hindwing also with the ocelli larger, the three lower sometimes having the yellow rings coalescent, and sometimes a variety occurs in which a small lower ocellus is attached beneath the apical one—when the outer yellow ring coalesces and is then continuous through- out the entire series ; another variety sometimes show three continuous decreasing upper ocelli, each with a separate yellow ring. Expanse, 1,5, to 1,5, inch. Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 111, figs. 1, d, e, f, gh, ¢ 2). Ypthima Howra, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to the Identification of Insects, pl. 179, fig. 4, ¢. Ypthima Catharina, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 183. Ypthima jocularia, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 396. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Forewing with the lower discal area clothed with similar scales and androconia. Hindwing with the ocelli minute or obsolescent, the submarginal area more or less speckled with pale cinerescent scales. Underside with somewhat paler shades of cinerescent ochreous-white ; both wings generally with paler and less-defined striga, especially on the hindwing. Forewing with the ocellus, as in the wet-season brood, the sub- marginal and discal fascia less defined. Hindwing with the apical and three lower ocelli either very minute, but distinctly formed, or reduced to black dots, and some- times entirely obsolete ; the transverse discal angular fascia and submarginal sinuous line shghtly apparent, or sometimes obsolete. Expanse, 1,3, to 1,8 inches. AvuLt CaTErPiLtar.—‘ The larva when full grown is about an inch, or a little less in length ; the head round ; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment, which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails. The head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely- set tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs. Colour entirely green, with a dorsal line somewhat darker green, which becomes white at the fourth segment, and extends right through the crown of the head; there is also a paler green lateral line below the spiracles.” Curysatis.— The pupa is either green or brown; with the head rounded, the SATYRIN Zi. 79 edge of the wing-cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax humped, and marked, like the abdominal segments, with some dark brown waved lines and spots” (de Nicéville). Haprrat.—India, Burma. Rearing oF Wer anD Dry-Szason Broop From THE Hoc.—Mr. L. de Nicéville (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, 231) gives the first recorded instance of rearing both the wet and dry-season brood of this species from the egg, as follows : —‘* On September 5th, 1885, Captain C. A. R. Sage, of the 18th Bengal Infantry, sent me in a tin box with a gauze cover seven live females which had that day been caught. WhenI received them they had laid over 70 eggs of a beautiful light green colour on the gauze cover, and two on the side of the box. On September 9th, larvee commenced to emerge, and I placed the gauze on which the eggs were laid amongst some grass growing in a pot, covering the whole with a large wooden box with glass sides. The larve rapidly fed up, and turned to pupx, the imagines emerging between October 19th and 25th, as true Y. Hibneri like their mothers. The pupz were sometimes green, sometimes brown. On my return on November 8th from my autumn holiday in the Sikkim Hills, Captain Sage gave me six about half-grown larve, which he had hatched on October 20th from eggs laid by Y. Hiibneri on the 15th. Being few in number, these larvae were fed up by me in a stoppered glass jar, fresh grass being supplied about every other day. ‘The first of them changed to a pupa on November 20th, and the imago emerged on December 7th; on November 22nd, another larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging December 9th ; on November 25th, two more larve changed to pupe, the imagines emerging December 12th; on December 8rd, another larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging December 19th; on December 12th, the last larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging on January Ist. All the pupz were green, and all the imagines were true Y. Howra. The colour of the pupa does not, I believe, affect the imago in the least ; it is purely protective, the green ones in nature being pro- bably attached to the green blades of grass, while the brown ones occur on the dark-coloured stems near the roots. Captain Sage first took Y. Howra on November 18th, at a time when a few Y. Hiibneri were still on the wing, this being the earliest date on which he captured the cold and dry-season non-ocellated form of this species.” Distrisution.—From North-Western India, specimens are recorded (Butt. Ind. i. 228) from Chumba. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in ‘* Kumaon, at Bag- heswar, Rambagh, and at Kapkot, at from 1000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. A.S. Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. G. F. Hampson has the wet-season form from Naini Tal, 1000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in October. In the North-Hast, Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 326) says it “cccurs in the Sikkim Terai during the 80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. rainy season, but, as far as we know, not in the Hills.” It was also “ taken by Mr. Otto Miiller in the Sikkim Terai, from July to September” (Butt. Ind. i. 227). From Western India we possess the wet-season form from Bombay, and Colonel C. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1885, 127) obtained the wet-season form at ‘“ Mahableshwar in May,” and the dry-season form “ (joculari) in April and May” (P. Z. S. 1889, 396). Mr. C. R. Morris obtained it in the Upper Godavery District in September, and Mr. G. Vidal took numerous specimens in March on the Coessi and Onomed Ghats in the South Konkan” (Butt. Ind. 228). In the South it has been taken by Captain KH. Y. Watson, in Mysore, at Kathlekan, Kadur District, in November, and the dry- season form in November and December. Mr. G. F. Hampson has it also from Mysore, taken at 3000 feet in September. From the Nilgiri Hills, Mr. Hampson (J. A. S. Bengal, 1888, 350) records it as being common on the Northern Slopes, at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation,’ the wet-season form being registered in his MS. Notes, as taken in May, and the dry-season form [agreeing with Howra-jocularia | in January. Mr. A. W. Morris obtained the dry-season form (jocularia) on the Shevaroy Hills. ‘‘ Mr. H. Fergusson took it at Trevandrum and in the Ashamboo Hills ” (Butt. Ind. 228). We possess the wet-season form from Mynall, 2600 feet, ‘in Travancore. From the Hastward, Captain EH. Y. Watson has the dry-season form from Surada, Gangam District, Orissa, taken in January. ‘‘In the neigh- bourhood of Calcutta it is common throughout the year’’ (Butt. Ind. 227). Mr. L. de Nicéville reared the wet-season form in Calcutta, from the egg, in October, and the dry-season form in November, December and January, as above recorded. It occurs “in Assam, as far north as Sibsagur” (Butt. Ind. 227), and Mr. J. Wood- Mason records ‘numerous specimens from Cachar” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 351). From Burma we possess the wet-season form from Chittagong, taken in August and September. It has been taken in “ Akyab in July” (Butt. Ind. 227). Captain E. Y. Watson obtained many specimens during the Chin Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 85), which we have examined, the wet-season form having been taken at Pauk Yaw in September, and also on the road from Pauk to Tilin in November, and the dry-season form at Tilin Yaw in January and April, Pauk to Tilin in November, and at Tilin in November and April. Captain Watson also took the wet-season form at Rangoon in May, July, August, September, November and December, the wet-season form at Poungadaw, Thyetmyo in October and November, at Beeling, in Tenasserim, in March, and the dry-season form also at Beeling in March and April, at Kyaikto in February, at Sittang, Tenasserim, in January, and at Toungu in March. Commander Carpenter, R.N., obtained the dry- season form, named Y. Catharina, by Mr. Butler, “at Katha on the Irrawaddy, in January, and at Myadoung in January.” (Ann. N. H. 1886, 183.) Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season form at Bhamo, in November. It is also recorded SATYRINZE. 81 (Butt. Ind. 227) from “ Pegu, in May and June, and taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson at Gyne,” in January. Dr. J. Anderson found it “‘ very common in the Mergui Archipelago, from December to March.” (J. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, 32.) DisrrreutTion OvursipE Inp1an Arva.—Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, p. 5) describes and figures a female of the wet-season form from Malacca, Malay Penin- sula. We also possess it from Malacca. Mr. Distant also records it from Sumatra and Java, on the authority of Herr Snellen. The latter locality is doubtless an error, for this species, as we possess several specimens received from Herr Snellen, labelled, ‘ philomela,” of Hubner, and all of them have six ocelli, disposed in three pairs, on the underside of the hindwing, and are undoubted philomela of Linnexus, which latter species is quite distinct, and belongs to another division of the Ypthime group. Of the illustrations of Y. Hubneri on our Plate No. 111, jig. 1 represents the larva and pupa reared in Calcutta by Mr. L. de Nicéville; jigs. la, b, Calcutta males of the wet-season brood, and fig. 1c, a Nilgiri female of the same brood ; jigs. 1d, e, represent the male and female of the dry-season brood, these being the type specimens of ‘‘ Howra,” fig. f is from one of the dry-season males reared by Mr. de Nicéville in Calcutta; jig. g is a male, and fig. h the female 5 Mahabeshwar type specimens of jocularia, kindly lent by Colonel Swinhoe, YPTHIMA CEYLONICA. “Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 112, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ ?). Yphthima Ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 288, pl. 18, figs. 14, 15, ¢@. Ypthima Ceylonica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i, p. 25, pl. 12, figs. 5, 5a, 9 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p, 228 (1883). Ivaco.—Male. Upperside brown; cilia of forewing cinerescent-brown, of hind- wing white. Forewing with a prominent large apical bipupilled ocellus, and a few very slightly-defined submarginal pale cinerescent strigee. Hindwing with the lower half pure white, the extreme outer edge-line and a contiguous submarginal sinuous line being dark brown ; bordering the latter are two small black median ocelli, and, generally, a smaller anal ocellus, each with a slightly-defined minute white pupil, ochreous ring, and then a brown ring ; sometimes a small apical black spot is also present. Underside cinerescent-white, purest white on the hindwing; sparsely covered with delicate transverse brown strigee, which are much less numerous, more slender, and more widely separated on the discal area of the hindwing. Forewing with the ocellus larger than above, broadly pale ochreous ringed, and outwardly by a brown ring, the latter ring broadly extending below the ocellus, and descending as a brown streak to the posterior margin ; a slightly-defined discal and submarginal vot. 11. November 17th, 1892. M 82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. brown fascia. Hindwing with a prominent black apical ocellus, two median and a bipupilled anal ocellus, each distinctly formed with an ochreous ring and slender outer brown ring. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocelli are somewhat larger, and those on the hindwing slightly blurred by contiguous brown strige, some few strigze also being visible across the white area. Underside more densely packed with brown strigze than in the male, on both wings, the ocelli being the same, but very prominent. Body beneath white; palpi brown above, edged with white, the frontal hairs brown and white; legs brown above, white beneath; antenne dark brown, annulated with white, tip reddish. Dry-Szason Broop. Male. Upperside slightly paler brown. Hindwing with the marginal and sinuous submarginal brown line less defined; two ill-defined median minute ocelli. Underside also slightly paler. Hindwing with the apical and lower ocelli all very minute. Female. Upperside paler. Ocelli on the hindwing with the marginal and sinuous submarginal brown line very slenderly defined. Underside paler, some- what ochreous-white, the strigz paler, and the ocelli on hindwing very minute. Expanse, $ 1,7, to1,3,, ? 1,3, to 1,5 inches. Hasirat.—Ceylon; 8. India; Orissa. Drisrrisution.—In Ceylon, according to Captain F. J. Hutchison, it is ‘“ very common at Galle and Colombo, among grass and weeds by the road side. Flight short, constantly settling down on leaves, or in the grass” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 25). Mr. F, M. Mackwood notes that it is ‘‘ very abundant from the level of the coast to the highest ranges, and at all times of the year.” Major J. W. Yerbury recently obtained the wet-season brood at Trincomaliin July and September. ‘“‘ Till recently it was believed to be confined to the Island of Ceylon, but it has now been taken in Travancore by Mr. H. Fergusson, and was found extremely common in Orissa by Mr. W. C. Taylor. Mr. Kirby records it from Madras” (Butt. Ind. i. 228). Mr. F. C. Hampson (J. A. S. Beng., 1888, 350) obtained it in the ‘ Nilgiris at 2000 to 4000 feet elevation on the Southern Slopes, where it takes the place of Y. Hubneri of the Northern Slopes; very common; March; August.” Lieut. E. Y. Watson has obtained it at Berhampore in Gangam, having taken the wet-season brood in September, 1887, and the dry-season brood in February of the same year. Genus KOLASA. Imaco.—Forewing comparatively longer, less triangular, and the exterior margin less oblique than in typical Ypthima (Hiibneri). Hindwing longer, narrower, exterior SATYRIN ZA. 83 margin very oblique, abdominal margin longer, and excavated before the anal angle. Venation similar, except that in the forewing the cell is longer posteriorly, and the discocellulars considerably more bent inward; cell of hindwing also longer posteriorly. No androconia on the forewing. Apical joint of palpi much shorter, stouter, and with long projecting hairs in front, whereas in Hiibneri this joint is long, slender, cylindrical, and naked. Antenne stouter, with a conspicuous lengthened grooved rather broad club, the club in Hiibneri being slender, and not grooved. Type.—K. Chenui. KOLASA CHENUI. Wet-Season Broop (Plate 112, figs. 3, 3a, gd 2). Satyrus Chenu, Guérin-Méneville, in Delessert’s Souv. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 77, pl. 21, fig. 2 (1843). Ephthima Chenu, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 396 (1851). Hewitson, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 285. Ypthima Chenui, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 228 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinereous ochreous-brown; cilia cinereous. Forewing with a moderately large prominent rounded obliquely-disposed subapical black ocellus, bipupilled with silvery-blue, and encircled by an ochreous-yellow outer ring; a very indistinct dusky-brown discal and a submarginal fascia. Hindwing with two small prominent subanal ocelli, pupilled with silvery-blue and encircled by an ochreous-yellow ring. Underside whitish, very numerously covered with thick dark ochreous-brown strigs, which are most numerous and somewhat confluent on the forewing. Forewing with a subapical ocellus as on upperside, but more promi- nent, and contiguously bordered by a more or less well-defined discal and a sub- marginal transverse ochreous-brown fascia. Hindwing with a single prominent asical oval ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and four linearly-disposed lower decreasing ovate ocelli, the two anal being minute and sometimes geminated ; crossed by a more or less well-defined broad subbasal, a discal, and an anteriorly- broader submarginal ochreous-brown fascia, the latter encompassing the lower ocelli and sometimes coalescent in the middle with the discal fascia. Female. Upperside paler, the outer discal area slightly mottled with pale cinereous-ochreous strigze ; ocelli on both wings as in the male. Underside as in the male. Dry-Srason Broop.—Male. Upperside as in wet-season brood. Underside less whitish, the brown strigze more confluent, the transverse bands broader, the ocelli on hindwing reduced to smaller oval size. Female. Upperside with less perceptible pale strige. Underside as in male. Expanse, 1,% to 1,4 inch. 84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasitat.—Nilgiri Hills, 8. India. Disrripution.—According to Mr. G. F. Hampson (MS. Notes”) this is “common on rocky hill sides. It has four broods in the year. Taken at Dun- sandle, Nilgiris, 6700 feet elevation from February to May, and at the Sholur Ghat, 6500 feet, in March. Is not found below 5000 feet, and chiefly frequents places on the top of the plateau where sheet-rocks crop out on grass hill sides. It is also found on the Anaymalai Hills, 4300 feet, south of the Palghat Gap in February, flying with K. Yphthimoides.’ Captain HE. Y. Watson obtained specimens at Coonoor and Ootacamund in August. KOLASA YPHTHIMOIDES (Plate 112, figs. 4, 4a, g 92). Callerebia Yphthimoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc..Lond. 1881, p. 307. Ypthima Yphthimoides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 230 (1883). Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 4. Ypthima Robinsoni, Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 406. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 229. Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent-brown ; cilia cinerescent- brown. Forewing with an obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with silvery- blue and encircled by a very slender dark ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with two small median ocelli pupilled with silvery-blue. Underside numerously covered with pale brownish-grey strigze, which are duller and uniformly-disposed on the fore- wing, but on the hindwing the strigw are paler grey and more prominently-disposed in transverse broad fasciz, similar to those in K.Chenui. Forewing with an ocellus, as above, and slight traces of a submarginal and a discal darker fascia. Hindwing with one, sometimes two, small apical ocelli, two median, and two minute anal ocelli, the two latter being sometimes geminated, each with a single silvery-blue pupil and slender dark ochreous ring. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the outer borders are mottled with pale brownish-grey strigz ; sometimes there 1s a geminated pair of minute anal ocelli on the hindwing. Underside paler than in the male, the pale strigwe and the fasciz being more defined. Body beneath, palpi and legs brown in the male, but brownish-grey in the female ; antennz with reddish tip. Expanse, d 1§ to 18, ? 1% to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Travancore Hills, 8. India. Disrripotion.—‘ Obtained by Mr. Bourdillon at Colathoorpolay Patnas, 4000 feet elevation, Travancore, in April.” Mr. Fergusson writing from Trevandrum says, ‘itis to be found on the hills here only on grass land near the tops of the hills. My specimens were taken in two localities—one a small patch of grass about an acre in extent at an elevation of 3500 feet, and the other on a grass hill about 3000 SATYRINAE, 85 feet; here they were fairly abundant” (Butt. India, i. 230). Mr. W. L. Distant (Ann. N. H, 1882, 406) records specimens obtained by Mr. F. E. Robinson, in the Pulni Hills. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens taken in the Anaymalai Hills, at 4500 feet elevation in February. Genus NADIRIA. Imaco.—Wings broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing with the costa more arched, subcostal and median vein much swollen; cell broader. No ANpRo- conta. Hindwing with the costa more arched ; cell broader ; three linearly-disposed apical ocelli, and two anal ocelli on the underside. Antenne with a shorter and somewhat stouter club. Type.—N. Bolanica. NADIRIA BOLANICA (Plate 112, figs. 5, 5a, ¢ 2). Ypthima Bolanica, Marshall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1882, p. 759, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 231 (1883). Iwaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Cilia brown with a distinet whitish-cinereous inner line. Forewing with the subcostal and median vein very tumid at the base; a prominent large subapical black ocellus with two silvery- blue pupils, a yellowish ring and an outer brown ring, the surrounding border mottled with lilacine-grey and then edged by the darker brown curved continuous submarginal and discal fascia. Hindwing with a slightly-apparent darker brown submarginal line, a single small prominent black subanal ocellus between the two lower medians, pupilled with silvery-blue and yellow ringed, sometimes the two minute silvery-blue dots of the geminated anal ocellus of the underside are also visible. Underside whitish-cinereous, thickly covered with purpurescent ochreous-brown sirigee, which are broadest on the basal area. Forewing with the subapical ocellus as ou upperside, but more prominent, and the broad brown curyed-submarginal and the oblique-discal fascia broadly confluent above the posterior angle ; two short ill- defined brown bands also across end of the cell. Hindwing crossed by a rather broad brown excurved discal band, which is slightly angulated posteriorly, and an ill- defined submarginal wavy fascia; three upper linearly-disposed slightly decreasing ocelli, disposed between the upper subcostal and upper median veinlet, and a some- what larger subanal ocellus and a smaller geminated anal pair, all being prominently oval-pupilled with silvery-blue and with a dark narrow yellow ring. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocellus on both wings is larger. Underside also as in the male, the ocelli larger, more prominent, and with brighter yellow ring. Eixpanse, d 1,5, to 1,4, 2? 1,4 to 1%, inch. 86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasitat.—Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan ; N.-W., India. Distrisution.—The type specimen, which we have examined, was taken by Colonel C. Swinhoe at Mach, Bolan Pass, Befuchistan, in September, 1879. We possess specimens taken by Major J. W. Yerbury at Attack Bridge in November, 1885, and April, 1886, at Kairabad in March and April, 1886, at Campbellpur in April, and on the Akhori Hills in September. Major Yerbury records it (Ann. N. H. 1888, 136) as being “common on the Hills round Campbellpur, Attack, and Kairabad in March and April.” Genus PANDIMA. Imaco.—Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing less subtriangular, costa much arched, exterior margin less oblique and more convex; cell broad; discocellulars very concave. No Anproconra. Hindwing beneath with one apical ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and two anal ocelli. Palpi stouter ; antennz with a slenderly-formed club. Type.—P. Nareda. PANDIMA NAREDA (Plate 113, figs. 1, 1a 3). Satyrus Nareda, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 451 (1844). Yphthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 6, d (mec fig. 7). Ypthima Nareda, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 221, pl. xvii. fig. 63, (1883). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 359. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown ; both wings with the outer border slightly paler and crossed by an indistinct darker diffused submarginal and a slender marginal line; cilia brownish-cinereous. Jorewing with an oval sub- apical black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white, and with a slender pale ochreous outer ring ; the area bordering the ocellus somewhat paler than the ground colour, thus forming an ill-defined halo. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus with a single bluish-white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring; occasionally a minute anal ocellus is also present. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, or cinereous, very numerously covered with delicate dark-brown strige. Forewing with a diffused rufescent-brown submarginal fascia, which widens inward posteriorly and slightly ascends towards end of the cell ; a prominent black subapical ocellus with silvery-blue pupils, bright ochreous ring and then a brown ring. Hindwing with an ill-defined diffused rufescent-brown submarginal fascia, a large prominent round apical black ocellus, the pupil of which is disposed between the upper and lower subcostals; two some- what smaller anal ocelli, the upper with a single silvery-blue pupil, the lower generally bipupilled. Female. Upperside slightly paler ; the submarginal fascia more diffused; ocelli the same. Underside as in the male. SAT YRINZ. 87 Expanse, 1,4, to 1,8 inch. Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. Distrrpution.—This is a common species in the Western Himalayas, being replaced in the Hast by the next species. Major H. B. Hellard took it at ‘‘ Simla, Masuri, and in Kashmir from June to October” (MS. Notes). Colonel A. M. Lang obtained it at “ Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, in May and June, and at Jaranda, Kunawur, in June”’ (MS. Notes). The late Mr. W. 8. Atkinson obtained it in the Tavi Valley, Kashmir, and at Naini Tal. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens taken at Naini Tal 5000 to 6000 feet, in May, by Colonel Lang, and from Kulu Valley, 5000 feet, taken by Mr. A. Graham Young. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 119) says it is found ‘‘ common in Kumaon generally, up to 9000 feet.” Major J. W.. Yerbury (Ann. N. H. 1888, 137) records it as ‘‘ fairly common between Abbottabad and Kala Pani; common also at Murree in August, also taken at Dewal in August.” ‘Throughout the Western Himalayas it occurs at from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation in suitable localities and is not uncommon. In Kashmir it has been taken in June at 8200 feet elevation ; in Pangi and Kulu in May and July, and in the neighbourhood of Simla in July; it also occurs at Masuri and probably in Kumaon”’ (Butt. of Ind. 221). PANDIMA NEWARA (Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, 8 ¢). Ypthima Newara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 567, g ; Waterhouse, Aid Identif. Ins. pl. 179, fig. 7, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 222 (1883). ¥phthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, pl. 17, fig. 7, 2 (mec fig. 6). Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown ; the submarginal diffused pale- bordered fascia and slender marginal line darker brown. Yorewing with a sub- apical black oval ocellus (which is disposed less outwardly-oblique than in Nareda) bipupilled with blue. Hindwing with a round subanal blue-pupilled ocellus and a minute anal oval pupilled ocellus; sometimes the latter is obsolete and also occasionally geminated. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous ; numerously covered with delicate brown strige. Forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled ccellus (disposed less out- wardly-oblique than in Nareda) ; the submarginal brown fascia narrow, not dilated posteriorly, but with slight traces of a similar inner lower-discal shade. Hindwing with a slightly-defined submarginal fascia, the apical black ocellus prominently large and silvery-blue pupilled (sometimes being bipupilled), the two lower ocelli also pro- minent, the lowest bipupilled, the pupils in each being large and oval in shape. Female. Upperside paler; the outer half of both wings indistinctly traversed with pale ochreous-cinereous strigz ; ocelli as in male. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 1,8 to 2, 2? 1,5, inch. &8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Hastern Himalayas. P. Newara is distinguishable from P. Nareda on the upperside by the less out- wardly-oblique position of the ocellus on both the upper and underside of the fore- wing. On the underside also, the ocelli are larger, especially the apical ocellus on the hindwing, and in the female being numerously covered with pale strigze on the upperside. Our illustrations on Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, represent the Nepal type male and female. Distrisution.—Occurs in the Eastern Himalayas. We possess specimens from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and from Sikkim. ‘ Mr. Otto Miiller took it in Sikkim, in October, at about 3000 feet elevation. We have specimens from Nepal” (Butt. Ind. i. 222). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 325) says it “occurs in Sikkim from the Terai up to about 5000 feet, from May to September.” PANDIMA LYCUS (Plate 113, fig. 3, 3). Ypthima Lycus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 165, pl. A, fig. 2, g. Ypthima Motschulzkii, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 214 (nec Bremer). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous. Fore- wing with a small black bipupilled subapical ocellus with a slender pale ochreous outer ring; discal area, including lower part of the cell, dusky, but clothed with ordinary broad rather large dentate-tipt scales and some longer narrower anteriorly widening scales with sharp dentate-tips. Hindwing with a small well-formed round ocellus situated between the lower medians. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous, thickly covered with dark-brown strige which are uniformly-disposed throughout. Forewing with the ocellus as above, but more prominent, and with broader outer yellow ring. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus and two smaller anal ocelli, the lowest bipupilled. Female. Upperside paler throughout than in the male; ocelli on both wings the same, those on the underside being larger. Expanse 1,5, to 1,8 inch. Hasitar.—Khasia Hills. This is a smaller insect than Y. Newara. The underside is more uniformly covered with brown strige ; discal shade not present. Disrrisution.—* Occurs near Shillong in the Khasia Hills, where it was taken by Dr. E. R. Johnson in March, April, May and July, who writes “ that it flies faster than Y. Newara, frequents more open spaces, and is rather uncommon”’ (Butt. Ind. i. 215). We possess specimens taken by Dr. G. Watt, in November, on his journey to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 302), and also specimens from Balah 4000 feet PU 108. FE C.Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks, Day &Son limp L Reeve & C2 London - PUIO9. Vincent Brooks, Day &Son imp EC Moore de} et hth L Reeve & C2 London PU110. Vincert Brooks Day & Son imp iF F.C. Moore del et hth —_——‘=F= anv vg _ 2 PLAT. F.C. Moore del et lith. Vincent Broalis Day & Son bup L Reeve & C2 London a a a 5 - 7 ‘1 P t o © Ay n — 1 4 - : l F t ‘ : ’ = rt PU 112 Vincent Brooks Day &Son rp F.C.Moore del,etlith I. Reeve & C° London PUN. F.@ Moore del, ethth Vincertt Brooks, Day & Son Imp L Reeve &C° London PL ii. F.C Moore delet ith Vincent Brooks Day &Son imp. L. 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Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown ; both wings with a darker brown submarginal fascia anda single slender marginalline. Forewing with a moder- ately large subapical ocellus bipupilled with silvery-white, and a slightly -defined out- wardly-oblique discal brown fascia. Hindwing witha single subanal moderately-large ocellus, and a slightly-defined angulated discal brown fascia. Underside dull whitish- cinereous, numerously covered with thick dark-brown strigw. Forewing with a large subapical ocellus broadly ringed with pale ochreous; an ill-defined discal and a submarginal brown fascia. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus, a large subanal and a conjoined large anal ocellus, each with a broad pale-ochreous ring and silvery- blue pupil, the anal ocellus being bipupilled. Female. Upperside paler ; submarginal brown fascia and single slender marginal line, as in the male. Both wings with the ocellus larger, and the discal area mottled with pale cinereous strige ; the hindwing showing also an incipient small anal ocellus. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 9 1,4 to 1, inch. Dry-Sreason Broop (Plate 113, figs. 4, a, b,c, d 2). Imaco.—Male: Upperside cinerescent-brown. Forewing with a large rounded bipupilled ocellus, a well-defined outwardly-oblique discal and .a submarginal darker brown fascia, both joining above the posterior angle. Hindwing with a moderately large subanal ocellus, an angulated discal brown fascia and a_ well-defined submarginal fascia, the inner area between the fasciz on both wings being paler. Underside pale olivescent-cinereous, numerously covered with olive-brown speckled- strigz at the base and outer border and with paler speckles only on the ocelli areas. Forewing with the ocellus large and prominent, the outwardly-oblique discal and the submarginal brown fascia distinct and joined together above the posterior angle. Hindwing also with two distinctly-defined medial brown fascia, both being angulated, the outer one especially; submarginal fascia also prominent; the apical ocellus, situated between the subcostals, and the two anal ocelli, very minute. Female. Upperside paler; the discal area between the fasciz mottied with pale cinereous strige. Hindwing with a minute geminated anal ocellus below the sub- anal. Underside as in the male, Expanse, ¢ 1,4, * 1,4 inch. VOL. I. 90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Burma. This species is nearest allied to the Malayan P. corticara. The male of the wet- season brood of P. Watsoni differs from the same sex of P. corticaria, on the upperside of both wings, in haying only one marginal slender brown line, whereas the latter species, in both sexes, possess ¢wo very distinctly-defined marginal lines, in addition to the submarginal fascia ; the ocellus on both wings of P. Watsoni also have a broader and paler ochreous ring. On the underside of P. Watsoni, the strigze are more uniformly-disposed, the hindwing not showing the transverse pale fasciz as are present in P. corticaria; the ocelli in P. Watsoni have a much broader pale ochreous ring, and the ocelli on the hindwing are also larger. Distripution.—Specimens of the wet-season brood were taken by Signor Leonardo Fea at Palon, in Pegu, during August, and others at Bhamo in November. In Major C. H. E. Adamson’s Collection are examples from Kindat in Chindwin, taken in November, 1891, and others from Pyoumyoung in the Shan States, taken in July. Dr. N. Manders records (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519), under Y. Newara, “five specimens of both sexes taken in the wet and dry seasons, in the Shan States, one of which was taken in April on the Yatsouk Expedition.” Capt. EH. Y. Watson took examples of the dry-season brood at Toungoo in January and March, 1891. Dr. J. Anderson took specimens in Burma during the Yunan Expedition. PANDIMA MAHRATTA. Wer-Season Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2). Ypthima Mahratta, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 16. Waterhouse, Aid Indentif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 1, ¢. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 137. Ypthima Asterope, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i, p. 224 (nec. Klug). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a subapical bipupilled ocellus, a slightly darker brown submarginal and a curved discal fascia, with paler intervening area bordering the ocellus. Hindwing with a very small sub- anal ocellus pupilled with blue. Underside cinereous, very numerously covered with short delicate pale-brown strigz, which are uniformly disposed, but in most speci- mens show traces of an ill-defined irregular discal brown fascia. Forewing with a brownish submarginal fascia which curves below the ocellus and joins the discal fascia. Hindwing with a very small distinct and well-formed apical ocellus dis- posed between the subcostals, and two similar subanal ocelli of the same size, the lowest being bipupilled. Hxpanse ig) Lio, eal nel: Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, b, c, d). Ypthima Alemola, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 127. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 137. Male and female. Upperside of both sexes similar to the wet-season brood. SATYRINZ.. 91 Underside. Forewing also similar. Hindwing finely irrorated with brown scales— imperfectly forming strige, which are more densely disposed on the basal half, paler and less numerous on the outer half; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal, a medial narrow sinuous angular fascia, and a less-defined submarginal fascia ; a very minute apical and two anal black dots, the former disposed between the subcostals and generally blind, the two latter sometimes pupilled and ringed. The following is the original description of Y. Alemola. ‘‘Male and female. Upperside very similar to Y. Asterope, an African species. Underside much paler, and of a different hue, greyish-white, very plentifully covered with pale reddish-brown striz, more dense in the fore than in the hindwing. Forewings with a brown fascia from the costa round the ocellus back to the costa, diffuse and deep below the ocellus. Hind- wing with three sinuous fascie across the wing, the first before the middle, the second beyond the middle, the third submarginal; one or other of these fasciz is very often obsolete ; the striz is denser towards the base of the wing, leaving the outer half whitish; two anal and one apical blind dots, in the place of the well-formed ocelli with yellow wings of Y. Asterope, one or other of these dots is often wanting, in some specimens all are wanting.” Expanse, 1,%, to 1, inch. Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalayas ; Western and Central India; Orissa. This species is allied to the N.-E. African (Aden) species P. Asterope of Klug, specimens of which from Lahej, in Aden, collected by Major J. W. Yerbury, are in our collection. Distrripution.—In the N.-W. Himalayas, the wet-season form of this species has been taken by Colonel A. M. Lang in the ‘* Simla Hills in June and July” (MS. Notes), and at Naini Tal. Col. C. H. T. Marshall took it in ‘‘Chumba, in March”’ (Butt. Ind. 225), and Col. Swinhoe possesses specimens from Col. Marshall taken at Chumba in April. Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 157) collected the wet-season form at Attock and Abbottabad in April, at Campbellpur and Hassan Abdal in June and July, at Kairabad in July, and at Abbottabad and Kala Pani in July and August. The dry-season form (Alemola) was also obtained at Attock in March and April, at Kairabad in April, at Campbellpur in April, at Akhori Hill in April, at Hassan Abdal in May, Kala Pani in May, and at Rawul Pindi and on the Murree Road in March and April. Both forms being common on the Hills round Campbellpur, and on the lower slopes of the Hills near Abbottabad.” Mr. W. Doherty doubtless refers to this species (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119), under Y. Asterope, as having been collected by him in Kumaon at ‘‘ Bagheswar, Takula, Lower Sarfu and Lower Gori, at 2000 to 6000 feet elevation.” In Western India, it has been taken at ‘ Hyderabad in Sind” (Butt. Ind. 225). Specimens from Mount Aboo are in Major Adamson’s collection. The late Mr. G. H. Wilkinson took it at N 2 92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, Akote. Colonel CG. Swinhoe obtained both forms at Ahmednuggur, and records (P. Z. 8. 1885, 127) the wet-season form (Mahratta) as taken in “ Bombay in October and November, and the diy-season form (Alemola) at Poona from October to June.” At Mhow the wet-season form was taken in “June, July and November, also at Neemuck, September to November,” and the dry-season form in February, and “from April to July” (P. Z. S. 1886, 423). The late Dr. F. Day collected speci- mens in the Dekkan. It has also been taken in “‘ Khandesh and Nagpur, and by Mr. J. A. Betham at Amri and Ghindwara, Central Provinces, in October” (Butt. Ind. 225). Capt. E. Y. Watson has specimens of the wet-season form, taken at Ahmednuggur in August, and also of the dry-season form (Almeola) taken in April. Capt. Watson also took the wet-season form in Ganjam, Orissa, in June. This species (Mahratta) is erroneously entered by Mr. G. F. Hampson (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 350), as having been taken by him in the Nilgiris. The specimens in his collection (which we have examined), and are entered in his MS. Journal as this species, are labelled as having been taken in ‘‘ Poona by Col. Swinhoe.” Inpo-Matayan sprctns oF Panprma.—P. Pandocus (Y. Pandocus, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. Compy., i. p. 235. Hewitson, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 290, pl. 18, fig. 12). Habitat. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.—P. corticaria (Y. corticaria, Butler, Trans. | Linn. Soe. Zool. 1879, p. 537); Distant Rhop. Malay, p. 55, pl. 7, fig. 8. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Singapore.—P. Motschulskyi (Sat. Motsch. Bremer ; Menétries, Catal. Mus. Acad. Petr. Lep.i. pl. 6, fig. 5, 1885). Habitat. N. China.—P. multistriata (Y. multistriata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 50). Habitat. N. Formosa.— P. sempera (Y. sempera, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 125). Semper, Reis. Archipel. Phil. Lep. i. 49, pl. 10, figs. 1,2. Habitat. Mindanaro.—P. Stellera (Hipp. stellera, Esch. Kotzeb. Reise i., p. 216, pl. 10, fig. 24, 1881). Semper, l.c., p. 48. Habitat. Philippines.—P. norma (Y. norma, Westwood, in Doubleday, and Hewits, Gen. D. Lep. 395, pl. 67, fig 1, 1851). Habitat. China (? Java). Genus LOHANA. Imaco.—Wings much shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing with the cell very broad: discocellulars much more oblique; no visible glandular patch, but the lower discal area is clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt scales, some longer dentate-tipt scales, and a few long filiform dark androconia with tassel-tips. Hindwing with one subapical ocellus, disposed between the lower subcostal and the radial veinlet. Palpi slender, apical joint long; antennal club very slender. Tyrt.—tL. Inica. SATYRIN A. 93 LOHANA INICA. Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, 2a, 3 2). Ypthima Ariaspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 224 (1883). Ypthima Rara, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 1, 2. Ypthima Dedalea, Swinhoe, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1886, p. 423, ¢. Iuaco.—Male and female. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. orewing with a rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus; no visible glandular patch, but the lower discal area clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt scales, some longer dentate-tipt scales, and many long filiform dark androconia with tassel-tips. Hind- wing with a small subanal ocellus. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous, uniformly covered with numerous narrow brown prominent strigz ; no submarginal shade. J orewing with ocellus, as above, prominent, bipupilled, and with pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with an apical ocellus (disposed between the lower subcostal and radial) and two small subanal ocelli, the lowest bipupilled. Expanse, 1,49 to 1; inch. Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, b,c, d,e, d 2). Yphthima Inica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 5, 2. Ypthima Inica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc, i, p. 225 (1883). Ypthima Alkibie, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond, 1886, p. 422. Ypthima complexiva, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1886, p. 423, pl. 40, fig, 2, 2 (variety). Male and Female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside pale ochreous-grey, very numerously covered with brown strige, more or less uniformly disposed on both wings, and with an indistinctly defined incomplete submarginal sinuous fascia, which is more distinct on parts of the hindwing, or the hindwing is crossed by four more or less defined somewhat clouded brown sinuous fasice, the intervening strigose spaces being pale ochreous-grey. Forewing with a prominent ocellus, as in wet-season brood, sometimes there is a minute blind ocellule present (as in the variety complexiva) between the lower median veinlets. Hindwing with three minute, more or less perfectly-formed ocelli, or, black dots, sometimes the black dots are obsolescent, as in the typically described Inica. Expense, 1,4 to 1,’o inch. Hasirat.— Western and Central India, Upper Bengal. Distrisution.—The type specimens of the wet-season brood (Ariaspa) were obtained by the late General G. Hearsey in the Punjab District, and the late Mr. 94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. E. T. Atkinson collected it in Western Central India. Colonel C. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1883, 145) also collected the wet-season form in “* Mhow, Central India, in September and October 1881,” also recording it (P. Z. 8. 1886, 423) as being “ very plentiful in Mhow from May to November ; and at Neemuck in November.” In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection are several of the wet-season brood, which were taken by Mr. W. H. Irvine at Bholakat, Malda District, Upper Bengal. The dry-season brood (Inica Hewitson), of which the type specimen was taken in Malwa, Central India, is in the British Museum collection. Colonel Swinhoe records it (P. Z. S. 1883, 145) from Mhow, December and February, and in P. Z. 8. 1886, 422-3) his alkibie, also from ** Mhow, being very plentiful from November to March, and at Depalpur in January and February ;” the variety, complexiva, having been also taken at ‘‘Depalpur in November.” The type specimens of both the wet and dry-season form of this species, referred to above, have all been examined and verified by the author. Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 114, figs. 2, 2a represent the male and female wet-season brood (ariaspa), figs. 2b, c, d, e, the dry-season brood ; jig. 2b being a male similar to the figure of ‘ complexiva,’ and figs. 2c, d, e, being typical ‘ Inica’ and ‘ Alkibie.’ Genus DALLACHA. Imaco.—Wings short. Forewing very broad ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin almost erect and slightly convex; cell broad, very long, extending to more than half the wing; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third and fourth at equal distances beyond; upper disco- cellular angled close to the subcostal, concave below, lower discocellular convex ; subcostal much swollen at the base, median not swollen. No androconia. Hindwing short, very broad; cell extending to beyond half the wing; discocellulars long, very oblique ; with two apical and two anal ocelli on the underside. Palpi stout, densely clothed ; antennz with a very lengthened slender club. Typr.—D. Hyagriva. According to Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119) “the venation of the forewing shows this species to be a true Callerebia, both the first and second subcostals being emitted before end of the cell. The structure of the pre- hensores shows the same thing. All the Satyridx known to me, except Ypthima and Melanitis, have the uncus branched, and in Hyagriva this part is branched precisely as in other Callerebia. The prehensores are scarcely to be distinguished from those of C. Annada.” SATYRINZE. 95 DALLACHA HYAGRIVA (Plate 115, figs. 1, la, 3 ?). Yphthima Hyagriva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Compy., i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1885, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 11. ; ‘pthima Hyagriva, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 226, pl. 17, fig 64, 9 (1883). Tuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent brown; cilia cinereous-brown with a paler inner line ; both wings with a dusky-brown submarginal fascia. Forewing with a prominent large broadly-oval or rounded subapical black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and ringed with ochreous, sometimes a single white pupil only is present, and in some a minute ocellule is also present between the lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a large round subanal ocellus with a single pupil and ochreous ring. Underside deep olivescent brownish-ochreous ; cilia brownish- ochreous with a brown line. JMovrewing with the costal edge and outer border slightly flecked with brown strigz ; a distinct broad dusky-brown submarginal fascia and a slender black marginal line; ocellus, as in upperside, bipupilled, and below it is one, or two, white spots between the medians, the lower one being sometimes a fully developed minute ocellus. Hindwing numerously covered with dusky-brown waved strigz ; a submarginal dusky-brown fascia; a large geminated pair of apical ocelli, each with a bluish-white pupil and both encompassed by an ochreous ring; a similar geminated pair of anal ocelli, and between the upper and lower medians two intervening white dots are generally present. Female. Upper and underside as in the male; sometimes a minute anal ocellus being present on upperside of the hindwing. Body beneath, palpi, and legs olives- cent brownish-ochreous ; antennz brown above and ochreous beneath in male, reddish in the female. Expanse, ¢ 1;% to 1,4, 9 1, to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. Distrizution.—In the late Mr. W. 8. Atkinson’s collection we verified speci- mens labelled “ Tavi Valley, Kashmir,” and “ Chumba,” and in a M8. Note, he says, *«T have a specimen from Kumaon, and I took two or three near Thana Mandi just before crossing the Ruttan Pir. It seemed common there. I also took a specimen on the outer hills of Chumba.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “‘ Masuri at the end of September, or beginning of October ” (MS. Notes). In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection are specimens taken by “Colonel A. M. Lang in Gin Chini, Kumaon, at 5000 feet in September, and at Naini Tal, 6500 feet, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 119) says, “I found Hyagriva not uncommon at various points in Kumaon, from 3000 to 7000 feet elevation, during the rains.” ‘* Mr. A. Graham Young took it in the Kulu Valley in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 226), We have a specimen from General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. 96 . LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus CALLEREBIA. Callerebia, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217 ; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868); Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 243 (1883). Ivaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing broad, subtriangular; costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly convex, posterior angle rounded ; cell broad, extending to more than half the wing; costal vein much swollen at the base, median vein slightly swollen; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, the first at some distance before, and the second close to the end; upper discocellular short and inwardly-oblique, angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long, excurved ; upper radial from angle close to the subcostal, lower radial from the middle below the end of upper discocellular ; median branches at nearly equal distances apart; submedian slightly recurved from the base. Hind- wing very broad, obtusely-conical; anterior margin convex, apex round, exterior margin convex, anal angle somewhat produced and slightly lobular, abdominal margin recurved and convex towards the base; cell long, broad across the middle ; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular very oblique, slightly concave anteriorly, radial from above the middle; the middle median emitted at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi densely hairy to the tip, above, and beneath; antenna with a lengthened slender tip. Typz.—C. Scanda. Hasrts.—The species of Callerebia “ are autumnal insects of weak flopping flight, with an irregular pitching action ; frequenting bare grassy slopes [hybrida], or else hedges, copses, and fields near woods [Nirmala and Scanda].” (Col. A. M. Lang, MS. Notes). In the Western Himalayas they affect lower elevations than the species of Paralasa, and are common in the outer ranges at 6000 feet elevation. CALLEREBIA ORIXA (Plate 115, fig. 2, 2a, 3 ?). Callerebia Ortxa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 555, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 245 (1883). Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 301. Callerebia ophthalmica, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p, 227, pl. 81 (1887). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown, vinescent in some lights; exterior borders shghtly paler; both wings traversed by a slender dusky- brown submarginal line ; cilia with a cinerescent-white inner line. Forewing with a large prominent subapical rounded black ocellus, which is bipupilled with bluish- white and has a broad bright reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small round subanal ocellus with a single pupil. Underside paler, but of a brighter and redder-brown on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical border slightly mottled with cinerescent strige ; the ocellus as above, the submarginal dusky fascia joining SATYRINZ. , 97 a similar discal fascia below the ocellus, both fascia being disposed, anteriorly, close to the ocellus. Hindwing with numerous greyish-white transversely-disposed strigz, which are most numerous and are somewhat confluent from the abdominal margin and less frequent before and below the apex, where their partial absence form an upper-discal and upper-marginal fascia of the ground colour; two very small anal ill-formed ocelli. Female. Upperside paler. Morewing with the ocellus larger, its ochreous ring paler, broader and dilated outwardly. Hindwing with the anal ocellus also somewhat larger. Underside as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is larger and has a broader and paler but less-defined ochreous ring. Expanse, ¢ 2;%, to 2;4, ? 2,5 inches. Hasrrat.—Khasia and Naga Hills; Manipur. Both sexes of C. Oriva are distinguishable from OC. Annada by the larger size of the ocellus on the forewing, on both the upper and underside ; and on the underside of the forewing having the submarginal and discal conjoined-line disposed close to the edge of the ocellus. DistriBution.— This species is isolated in its geographical range from the rest of the genus. We have specimens taken by Mr. A. O. Hume in the eastern hills of Manipur, in May, and others taken by Mr. H. R. Johnson at Shillong in May and June, and at Terria Ghat below Shillong in the autumn ” (Butt. Ind. i. 245). Mr. W.S. Atkinson took it in Cherra Punji. Dr. G. Watt obtained specimens “near Assam’ during his journey to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 301). Has also been obtained in the Khasia Hills by Mr. H. J. Elwes, and in the Naga Hills by Mr. W. Doherty. CALLEREBIA ANNADA (Plate 115, figs. 3, 3a, b, 3 2). Erebia Annada, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, 1. p. 226 (1857). Callerebia Annada, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 245 (1883). Callerebia Scanda (var. b.), Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 8. Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent umber-brown, vinescent-brown in some lights, the exterior borders paler; cilia with a whitish-cinereous inner line; both wings with a slender dusky-brown submarginal lie. Forewing with a moderate- sized obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and with a narrow reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small round subanal ocellus, with a single pupil. Underside much paler. Jorewing cinerescent-brown, suffused with pale chestnut-brown ; apical border mottled with cinereous strigz ; subapical ocellus more prominent, somewhat larger than on upperside, and ringed with pale ochreous ; the dusky-brown submarginal line joined to the discal line at the lower median vein, the lower area between the lines being bright chestnut-brown, and the lines disposed at some distance from the ocellus. Hindwing chestnut-brown ; very numerously vou. u. February 28th, 1893. 0 98 , LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. covered with more or less-confluent cinereous-white transverse strige ; crossed by an ill-defined discal brown sinuous fascia, this fascia being dilated anteriorly before the apex, and by a less defined upper marginal brown fascia ; two small anal blind ocelli. Female. Upperside somewhat paler, the ocellus on both wings larger, the one on the forewing being round. Underside as in the male, but paler, the ocellus on forewing large and round, the ocelli on the hindwing also larger. Expanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2,5, 2 2,5 inches. Hasirat.—Himalayas (Kashmir to Bhotan). Distripution.—We have examined, and verified specimens, now in the British Museum Collection, taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, at Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, in June, 1868, and others taken at Naini Tal, 4000 to 7000 feet, taken in May, September and October, in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. We possess specimens from Masuri and Kashmir, taken by the late Major H. B. Hellard in August and September, and others from Major-General G. Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. Major J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 358) records specimens (which are now in the British Museum Collection, and have been verified as true C. Annada) “ between Abbottabad and Kala Pani, taken on 25th September, 1885, being not uncommon about Kala Pani; its [habits here appeared different from those of Callerebia in general, as it was flying over stones and low bushes, not affecting the shade; near Tret on October 8th, however, C. Annada affected the shade much like C. Nirmala.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119) records it from ‘“‘ Kumaon generally, from 5000 to 7000 feet elevation ; first specimen taken on September 22nd.” In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection, are examples taken by Mr. MacArthur, at Kujiar, 6000 feet, in April, at Narkunda in April, and at Kala in August. ‘‘ Mr. Hocking took it in the Kangra District ; Major C. H. T. Marshall obtained it in the Chumba State in May, and Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Simla. The type is recorded from Bhotan. The India Museum, Calcutta, has it from Nepal, and it is probably to be found in all the intermediate regions, occurring in the rainy season” (Butt. India, i. 246). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 327) says, “I have no specimens taken in recent years in Sikkim, but two which were contained in Mr. Wilson’s Sikkim Collection are somewhat larger than those from Kulu and Nepal. Mr. Knyvett’s collectors took it in 1887, in the interior of West Bhotan, near the Sikkim frontier.”’ CALLEREBIA HYBRIDA (Plate 116, figs. 1, la, 2). Callerebia hybrida, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 147. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 246, pl. xv. fig. 44, J'(1883). Callerebia Nada, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 306. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent umber-brown, slightly paler at the apex; with arather broad dusky-black submarginal line; cilia cinerescent-brown SATYRINZ. 99 with a slightly paler inner line. Forewing with a subapical obtusely-oval black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark reddish-ochreous. Hindwing with a small subanal round ocellus with single pupil. Underside paler. Forewing with the discal area suffused with chestnut-brown ; ocellus prominent, ringed with pale ochreous; apical border and upper area of ocellus thickly covered with cinerescent strige ; submarginal and conjoined discal dusky-brown line prominent. Hindwing uniformly covered with dull cinerescent mostly-confluent strigze; crossed by a discal undulated sinuous slender brown line, and a less-defined submarginal line ; two perfectly formed prominent subanal ocelli of nearly equal size, each with a single pupil and pale ochreous ring, above which are four inner submarginal cinereous-white ocelloid-dots, which latter are sometimes replaced by well-developed minute ocelli. Female. Upperside somewhat paler; ocellus on forewing larger. Underside as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is also larger. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,%, 2;% to 2° inches. Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. Distinguishable from C. Annada by the shorter and more convex apex of the forewing, and on the underside of the hindwing by the more uniformly disposed and duller strigz, the sinuous discal line being slender and uniform in width throughout its course across the wing, and by the prominent well-formed subanal ocelli. Our illustrations of this species on Plate 116, figs. 1, la, represent the male and female specimens of C. Nada. Disrripution.—This species ‘‘is very common in the Western Himalayas, throughout the outer ranges, at moderate elevations from May to September” (Butt. of India, 247). Colonel A. M. Lang found it ‘‘ very abundant in Middle and Upper Kunawur, in June and July, frequenting hot, dry hill-sides ’’ (MS. Notes). We possess specimens from Col. Lang, and both sexes obtained by Major H. B. Hellard at Simla and Masuri, in June and October ; from Kulu by Mr. J. H. Hocking, and from the Jumna Valley, 5000 to 6000 feet, in September, by Major J. W. Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in ‘* Kumaon generally, at from 6000 to 9000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1886, 119). Specimens from Naini Tal, 6500 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in May, 1887, and from the Kulu Valley, 5000 feet, taken by Mr. de Nicéville, are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. In Mr, J. H. Leech’s Collection are examples taken at Sultanpur in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham Young ; others also from Sultanpur taken in September, by Mr. McArthur, from Ramband 2000 feet, taken in May, 1889, from Narkunda, taken in April, and from Chamba Valley, taken in September by Mr. McArthur. 02 100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. CALLEREBIA NIRMALA (Plate 116, figs. 2, 2a, b, c, d,e,$ 9). Erebia Nirmala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1865, p. 501. Callerebia Nirmala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 247 (1883). Callerebia Scanda (var. ¢.), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 9. Callerebia intermedia, et C. Cashapa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 236 (Varieties). Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent vinous-brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous, with a paler inner line. Forewing with an obtusely-oval black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark ochreous ; sometimes a minute ocellule is also present between the middle and lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a round subanal single-pupilled ocellus. Underside paler. Forewing with the costal and apical border speckled with brownish-cinereous scales, the discal area broadly suffused with bright chestnut-brown; ocellus as above, but more prominent and paler ochreous ringed, the submarginal and discal upper dusky line slightly defined. Htndwing uniformly-covered with brownish-cinereous confluent strige ; and crossed by a slightly-defined discal sinuous brown line and a less apparent submarginal line, beyond which is a series of four upper white dots, a prominent well-formed subanal ocellus, and an anal white dot. Female. Upperside as in male, but somewhat paler. Underside also paler. Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. Hindwing with the submarginal and discal line less defined; a subanal and an anal ocellus below the upper white dots. Expanse, o 2, 2 2,% inches. Variety intermedia (Plate 116, figs. 2, b, c,d 2). Male and female. Upperside similar. Hindwing sometimes with a small ocellus above the upper median. Under- side. Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. Hindwing uniformly speckled with brownish-grey scales; the discal and submarginal brown line being obsolete ; with a subanal, or both a subanal and an anal ocellus, and with either one or two upper ocelli, situated above and below the radial, one or other of which are sometimes obsolete. Expanse, d 2; to 2,4, ? 2; inches. Variety Cashapa (Plate 116, figs. 2, d,e, ¢?). Upperside similar. Hindwing with one, or two, upper ocelli. Underside of similar tints to intermedia. Hindwing with a more or less well-formed discal brown sinuous line, and generally three upper and two lower ocelli, or sometimes a complete series of six well-formed ocelli, the upper ones decreasing in size, and the anal one also small; sometimes the upper one, the lower third, and the anal one are either absent or represented by a white dot. Probably this is the wet-season brood. Expanse, ¢d 2 to 2%, $2; inches. Hasitat.— Western Himalayas. SATYRINA:. 10L DistriBuTion.—Typical OC. Nirmala “is very abundant in Kunawur in June and July. It hasa wide range, flies for many months, and is very common. It frequents the same ground as C. Nada, but extends also through the habitat of C. Scanda almost to the Plains. It appears among woods and glens and damp regions, as well as the dry slopes above, in middle and upper Kunawur” (Lang’s MS. Notes). “It is very common at moderate elevations throughout the Western Himalayas, from May till September. It affects the undergrowth in glades and forests, and may be seen on the wing even on damp and cloudy days” (Butt. Ind. 248). Capt. Beckett took it in Gurhwal. Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “ Simla, and Pangi, Busahir, in July and August” (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty records it from “ Loharkhet, Western Kumaon, at from 7000 to 8000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 119). We possess the type specimens of CO. Nirmala, and also the form intermedia, from Simla, and of Cashapa, from Masuri, 7000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang, in June, from Kangra, taken by Mr. Hocking, and from Simla, taken by Major Hellard in June, and from Masuri in October. Specimens are in Mr, G. F. Hampson’s Collection, taken by Col. Lang, at Naini Tal, 3500 to 7700 feet elevation in May and June, 1887. CALLEREBIA SCANDA (Plate 117, figs. 1, la, b,¢ 9). Erebia Scanda, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 452, pl. 17, figs. 3, 4, ¢ (1844). Callerebia Scanda, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist, 1867, p. 217; Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. B. M. p. 96 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 244 (1883). Twaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinerescent olive-brown, darkest basally and with a vinescent tint in some lights; cilia cinerescent-brown, with a cinereous-white inner line which is most distinct on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical area perceptibly paler and traversed by a narrow submarginal dusky fascia; subapical ocellus obtusely-oval, black, bipupilled with bluish-white, and ringed with dull ochreous. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus pupilled with bluish-white. Underside paler. Forewing with the ocellus more prominent, the apical area very slightly speckled with cinereous scales, traversed by an indistinct dusky-brown submarginal and an oblique discal fascia, which are convexly-joined at the lower median. Hindwing irrorated with cinerescent-white scales, which are very densely disposed towards the inner area and there form more or less-defined strigz; a prominent round subanal and a smaller anal ocellus both white pupilled, the latter being sometimes bipupilled; above these is a submarginal series of four white ocelloid dots. Body beneath and legs above brown; legs cinerescent beneath ; palpi cinerescent at the side, with a lateral black streak and black-tipt frontal hairs ; antenne brown. Female. Upperside as in the male, but somewhat paler. Underside as in the 102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. male, except that on the hindwing the cinerescent-white speckles are less prominent. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2;%,? 2;% inches. Hasitrat.—Western Himalayas. DistriputTion.—Obtained by Colonel A. M. Lang at ‘‘ Narkunda, at 6000 to 7000 feet altitude, in Lower Kunawur, appearing only when the rainy season has set in thoroughly, flying only in July and August, where, in dripping forests about moist banks draped in dense ferns, this species flies weakly even during rain, and when flying looks parti-coloured—black and white. It is local, extending perhaps through seventy miles, and flies only in the autumn in damp regions where and when the rainfall is heavy, whereas C. Nirmala extends through at least 200 miles from the Plains into the mountains, through damp and wooded regions, and dry rocks, hot mountain sides, and through many months of the year” (Lang’s MS. Notes). Specimens taken by Colonel Lang in 1887, at Naini Tal 6500 to 7000 feet elevation in August, are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. This species is “common throughout the outer ranges of the Western Himalayas, as far east as Masuri, and is probably found in Kumaon; our collection contains specimens from Pangi, taken by Mr. R. Ellis, and from Simla and Masuri’’ (Butt. Ind. i. 245), A specimen from Kulu, taken by Mr. Hocking, is in the British Museum, and our own collection contains various specimens, among them males from Narkunda taken by Col. Lang, and others from the Jumna Valley, 5000 feet, taken in September by Major J. W. Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it “‘ above Loharkhet, Khati, and at Dhankuri, in N.W. Kumaon, at 7000 to 11,000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119). CALLEREBIA DAKSHA (Plate 117, figs. 2, 2a, $). Callerebia Daksha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 266, pl. 43, fig. 1, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883). Callerebia modesta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinous-brown, of a uniform tint throughout; cilia cinereous-brown. forewing with an obtusely-oval black subapical ocellus, bipupilled with pure white and with a very indistinctly defined brownish-ochreous narrow outer ring ; sometimes a minute ocellule is present between the middle and lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a round similar subanal ocellus with white pupil, and sometimes there is present either one, two, or three upper discal minute white ocelloid dots. Underside slightly paler vinous-brown, of a uniform tint throughout. Forewing with the subapical ocellus more prominent, beneath which is a minute white dot between the upper medians. Hindwing with a prominent round subanal ocellus and a smaller anal ocellus, above which is a discal series of five pure SATYRINZ. 103 white dots, the lower of which—and sometimes the two or three lower—appear as small ocelli, and in some the anal ocellus is represented by a white dot. Body beneath blackish ; legs above and entire palpi blackish ; legs beneath brownish. Expanse, 1,6, to 2 inches. Hasrtat.— Kashmir. Disrrisution.—The type specimens of C. Daksha were taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed at Gulmurg, and Major H. B. Hellard took it in the Jheelum Valley, Kashmir, in July and August. “Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Gond, also in Kashmir ; and Mrs. Bazett obtained a large number at Katabal near Gulmurg, at 8000 to 9000 feet elevation, in June”’ (Butt. Ind. 248). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens in the Scind Valley, 7000 feet, in June, 1887. Major J. W. Yerbury obtained it at Thundiani in August, 1886. Awtiep TrpeTan and CurtnegsE species of Catturepia.—t. Sylvicola, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, f. 25. Habitat. Tibet.—C. pratorum, Oberthiir, id. 1886, p. 25, pl. 4, f. 26. Habitat. Tibet.—C. polyphemus, Oberthiir (Friv. Term. Fuz. Magyar Nem. Mus. x. p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 3. Allied to C. Orixa. Habitat. N. China.—C. albipunctata, Leech, Ent. 1890, p. 31; Lep. China, etc., p. 102, pl. 9, figs.5, 6. Habitat. W.China.—C. rurigena, Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc., p. 101, pl. 9,f. 3. Habitat. Moupin; W.China. C. Delavoyi, Oberthiir, 1891, pl. 18, f. 18. Habitat. W. China.—C. ruricola, Leech, id. p. 100, pl. 9, fig. 4. Habitat. W. China.—C. savicola (Erebia saxicola, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1876, p. 32, pl. 4). Habitat. Mongolia. Genus PARALASA. Imaco.—Male. From Callerebia, this genus differs in the comparatively longer, narrower and more triangular forewing, longer and much narrower hindwing, and in the grooved spatulate-club of the antenna. Venation similar. From typical Krebia (EH. Ligea) the forewing differs in being comparatively longer and narrower, the costa being more convex, the apex rounded, and the exterior margin more oblique. The hindwing shorter, much narrower posteriorly and more produced anally, the anterior margin being very short and the apex oblique, exterior margin posteriorly convex, the abdominal margin very long and excavated above the angle. Body slender, antennz more slender, and with a shorter and broader grooved-club. Type.—P. Kalinda. In the general pattern of the markings the species of this genus are distin- guishable from Callerebia, on the upperside of the forewing, by the ocellus having a single white pupil—whereas in all the species of Callerebia there are two white pupils ; and on the hindwing in the absence of the subanal ocellus. From Erebia 104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. it is also easily distinguishable by the absence of the series of submarginal ocelli, on a ferruginous band, which are generally present on both wings in most of the species of the latter genus. PARALASA KALINDA (Plate 117, figs. 3, 3a, b, ¢ 2). Erebia Kalinda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig. 5, 9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p, 241 (1888). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1889, pp. 331, 341. Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown; cilia alternately edged with white and brown. Lorewing with a subapical round black ocellus, pupilled with white and narrowly ringed with ochreous, below which is an outer-discal chestnut-red patch. Hindwing with a lower outer-discal smaller chestnut-red patch, which is nearly or sometimes quite obsolete in some specimens. Underside cinerescent-brown. Fore- wing with the entire discal area, including the cell, chestnut-red, the subapical ocellus more prominent and paler ringed, and the brown apical border speckled with cinerescent scales. Hindwing sparsely speckled with distinctly-defined cinereous scales, these scales being more densely disposed across the disc and there form an ill-defined transverse fascia, beyond which is an outer discal recurved series of white dots. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger, and the discal red patch much broader. Hindwing as in the male. Underside duller brown, in some darker cinerescent-brown. forewing as in the male. Hindwing more densely speckled with cinereous scales, the discal white dots less prominent. Thorax beneath greyish-black; abdomen beneath and legs beneath greyish; legs above brown ; palpi white at the side, frontal hairs black; antennz blackish above, pale ringed beneath, club reddish and black tipt. Expanse, 3 1,8, to 2, ? 1,%, to 2,4 inches. Hasirat.— Western Himalayas. Disrrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, who remarks that “this is a subalpine Kunawur insect, and is local. I saw very few, and at only two places, on the Hill-sides below the Werang and Runang Passes, at perhaps from 11,000 to 12,000 feet elevation, in July. It has a weak low flight amongst grass and flowers” (MS. Notes). ‘Mr. A. Graham Young took it in the Kulu Valley in May. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained numerous males and one female at Ulwas in May, and Mr. R. Ellis and Dr. Hutchinson took numerous specimens of both sexes in Pangi, in June and July, at altitudes of 9000 feet and upwards” (Butt. Ind. 241). Dr. G. Watt obtained it in the Pine forests of the Ravi Basin, up to 12,000 feet. Specimens are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection, taken by Mr. H. McArthur in the Kutie Pass, 7000 feet, N. of Dalhousie, in September, 1889, and from Kokser, in Lahul in July, 1888, and from the Kutkie Pass, 85,000 feet, in SATY RIN 4. 105 July, taken by Capt. Thompson, and also from Dugi, 12,000 feet, August and September, from Baralacha, August, and from Spiti, August and September, taken by Mr. McArthur. Major H. B. Hellard took it on the “ South side of Runang Pass, at about 12,000 feet, in August” (MS. Notes). PARALASA SHALLADA (Plate 118, figs. 1, 1a, b, d 2). Erebia Shallada, Lang, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 241, pl. xv. fig. 42, ¢ (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1889, pp. 331, 341, TImaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark velvety olivescent-brown ; cilia brown alternately edged with white between the veins, Forewing with a subapical black ocellus having one prominent white pupil and an indistinctly-defined brownish- ochreous outer ring; below which is a small dark red outer-discal patch, situated between the middle and lower median vein. Hindwing with a similar red patch extending from above the upper to the lower median vein. Underside. Forewing dark red, with the borders dark cinerescent-brown, and the apex speckled with cinerescent scales; ocellus larger than on upperside, bipupilled with white and ringed with pale ochreous. Hindwing dark-brown, sparsely irrorated with cinerescent speckles and short hairy scales, which are somewhat more numerously disposed across the disc and there form a very ill-defined curved fascia; beyond which is an outer- discal curved series of white dots. Female. Upperside somewhat paler brown, the dark red patches brighter coloured and more diffused, the subapical ocellus larger, more distinct and bipupilled, the lower pupil being minute, outer ring pale ochreous ; sometimes there is a minute ocellule between the upper and middle medians. Underside as in the male, but paler brown and more densely speckled, the subapical ocellus more prominent, larger, and brighter coloured. Expanse, 2 to 2,%, inches. Hasirar.— Western Himalayas. Distripution.—This species was first obtained by Col. A. M. Lang, who remarks that ‘‘it appears to be very local, as during three or four years collecting in Kunawur I only twice met with it, taking only five specimens, once at 6000 feet altitude, and again at 8000 feet, on grass ground and rocky slopes near Wangtoo, above the Sutlej,m June” (MS. Notes). Since then Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken a large number at Ulwas, in company with P. Kalinda, in May; he also found it during May exceedingly plentiful along all the roads in the Station of Dalhousie, and through the thick forest as far as Kujiar. Major C. H. T. Marshall also found it commonly at Kujiar, near Dalhousie, and at other places in the Chumba State, in May ; and Mr. A. Graham Young took it in Kulu in May and July ” (Butt. India, VOL. I, P 106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. i. 141). In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection are specimens taken by Mr. H. McArthur at Dana, in June, 1888, and from Sultanpur, in Kulu, taken by Mr. A. G. Young in 1889. PARALASA MANI (Plate 118, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 2). Erebia Mani, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 242, pl. xv. fig. 43, ¢ (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, pp. 331, 341, Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Dusky-brown; cilia alternated with cinerescent- white. Forewing with a large somewhat-quadrate bright-ochreous discal-patch, which encompasses a round black subapical ocellus having a white pupil and paler ochreous outer ring. Hindwing immaculate. Underside paler; cinerescent-brown. Forewing with the costal and exterior border darker brown irrorated with cinerescent scales, the quadrate ochreous discal patch paler, the ocellus as above, the basal area being chestnut-brown. Hindwing numerously but indistinctly irrorated with cinerescent-white speckles and hairy-scales, and crossed by a curved discal series of eight prominent white dots. Female. Upperside as in male, but slightly paler brown, the discal ochreous patch on forewing somewhat larger and also paler; cilia more prominently alternated with cinerescent-white. Underside as in male. Expanse, d 2, ? 2, inches. Hasirat.—Ladak. Distrisution.—* Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained six males and two females on the Chung Pass on July 10th, and one female at Lingti, on July 16th, all at high elevations” (Butt. Ind. i. 242). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens at Skardo, 13,000 feet, in July, 1887. Curnese and other Asiatic species of Paratasa.—P. Megalomma (Erebia megalomma, Butler, Cistula Ent. 1. p. 236 (1874). Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 86, pl. 9, fig. 2. Habitat. Shanghai, N. China.—P. Cyclopius (Hrebia Cyclopius, Eversmann, Bull. Mose. 1844, p. 590, pl. 14, fig. 4. H. Scheeff. Schmett, Eur. i. fies. 606-8). Habitat. Siberia; Amurland; Ural.—P. Maracandica (Erebia mara- candica, Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 13 (1874). Habitat. Central Asia.—P. Jordana (Hrebia Jordana, Staudinger, Berlin Ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 171). Habitat. Khokand.—P. Roxane (Hrebia Roxane, Grum.-Grsh. Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. iii. p. 401, 1888). Habitat. Pamir.—P. Herse (Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc., p- 99, pl. 9, fig. 7, 8). Habitat. W. China, Genus HEMADARA. Imaco—Male. Forewing elongated, subtriangular; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein SATYRINA. 107 much swollen at the base. Venation similar to typical Ypthima, except that the second subcostal branch arises at end of the cell, and that the cell is, comparatively, much longer and broader. With a broad discal glandular patch clothed with afew short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt scales, and numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing short, broad, triangular, the costa slightly arched near the base, exterior margin obtusely angular in the middle, anal angle somewhat produced and almost lobate, abdominal margin long, excavated near posterior angle. Body slender, short; palpi very long, obliquely porrect, second joint extending two-thirds beyond the front, third joint nearly half length of second, each clothed with long projecting hairs in front. Antenne very slender, short, with a moderately slender flattened club. Typz.—H. Narasingha. HEMADARA NARASINGHA (Plate 118, figs. 3, 3a, ¢). Yphthima Narasingha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 19. Ypthima Narasingha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. p. 225. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 268, pl. 27, fig. 2,?. Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown; cilia cinerescent-brown. Forewing with a broad inwardly-oblique discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt scales, and numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base and _ hair-like tassel-tip ; a large subapical black ocellus bipupilled with white and narrowly ringed with pale olivescent-ochreous, beyond which is a slender dusky submarginal line, which is joined on the lower median vein to a similar discal line. Hindwing with a dusky-brown marginal border, which is slightly speckled with a few cinerescent scales. Underside olivescent-grey. Forewing numerously speckled with brown scales, and crossed by an outer-discal and a submarginal dusky line; ocellus as above, but more prominent and brighter coloured. Hindwing numerously covered with uniformly-disposed short dark-brown transverse strigz ; an ill-defined outer discal series of white dots being more or less apparent, and the outer margin posteriorly grey speckled. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger, the submarginal and discal slender line apparent. Hindwing as in male. Underside as in male. Body and legs beneath, and sides of palpi olivescent-grey ; clothing of palpi blackish, tipt with grey ; antenne brown, tip reddish. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 23, ? 23 inches. Hasirat.— Burma. Pp 2 108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Disrrieuti0on.—The only authentic record of the habitat of this rare butterfly is that by Mr. W. Doherty, who captured it “ at Bernardmyo, 5400 feet elevation, north of Mandalay, where it was very scarce”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 268). Genus ZIPAEZTIS. Zipetis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100 (1863), Herr Scheffer, Prod. Lep. i. p. 63 (1864). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1868). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 103 (1871). Zipoetes, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883). Ziboetes, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1881, p. 86. TIuaco, Male. Forewing somewhat elongated, subtriangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; costal vein swollen at the base; cell broad, long, extending beyond half-length of the wing; first and second subcostal veinlets emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, upper short and concaye ; upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets equi-distant apart. Hindwing rather short, broad ; exterior margin convex, obtusely scalloped; cell long, rather broad ; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular long, outwardly recurved, radial from above its middle; the middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi long, rather stout, compressed, thickly clothed in front with long hairs, third joint stout; antennze with a slender gradually-thickened club ; eyes smooth. Type.—Z. Saitis. ZIPATIS SAITIS (Plate 119, figs. 1, la, b, dQ). Zipetis Saitis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100, Zip. pl. fig. 6, ¢ (1863). Marshall and de Nicé- ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 78, 9 (1883). Imago. Male. Upperside dark vinescent-brown, darkest basally ; both wings with an ill-defined pale-bordered dusky-black submarginal line; cilia alternated with brownish-cinereous. orewing crossed by an outwardly-oblique broad subapical purpurescent-white band. Hindwing crossed by a similar white posterior sub- marginal band, which is sinuous on its outer edge and is attenuated upwards towards the apex. Underside uniformly paler, the dusky marginal lines distinctly pale bordered. Forewing with the oblique white band as above. Hindwing with the posterior submarginal white band as above, before which is a discal series of five prominent black ocelli, two upper and three lower, with white pupils, the upper one and the two lowest being minute, the second upper one very large and bipupilled, the third about half its size, each ringed with ochreous, the two upper also being SATY RIN. 109 outwardly encompassed by a silvery line, and the three lower by a similar silvery line. Female. Upperside paler. Both wings with the white bands as in the male. Underside much paler; both wings marked as in the male. Body beneath, legs, and front of palpi brown; side of palpi whitish ; antennz reddish-brown, black-tipt. Hixpanse, ¢ 2,4, to 2,5, % 2;% to 2;% imches. Hasrrat.— Hills of South India. Distrisution.—‘* Not uncommon on the Western Slopes of the Nilgiris, at from 2000 to 8000 feet. A brood emerges at the end of September ” (Hampson, J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 350). “*Mr. Harold Fergusson took it m May and June, at Mynall in the Ashamboo Hills in Travancore, at an altitude of 2600 feet. It is also found in the Wynaad” (Butt. Ind. 249). We possess specimens taken by Mr. Bour- dillon in Travancore, at 2200 feet elevation in April, and at Mynall at 1800 feet, in August. ZIPETIS SCYLAX (Plate 119, figs. 2, 2a, b). Zipatis Scylax, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. ili. p. 100, Zip. pl. fig. 7 (1863). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p, 249, pl. 17, fig. 62, 9 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 83 (1887). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, paler externally and of a cinereous ochreous tint. Both wings with two well-defined blackish marginal lines, both of which are bordered by a pale cinereous-ochreous line ; cilia pale ochreous-cinereous. Underside uniformly slightly paler brown ; both wings with three prominent mar- ginal blackish pale-bordered lines. Forewing with an upper submarginal row of five small bluish-white pupilled ocelli, which are inwardly bordered by a slightly- defined sinuous silvery line. Hindwing with a submarginal series of five very prominent black bluish-white pupilled ocelh, two upper, and three lower, the upper one being minute, the second very large, oval, and bipupilled, the third very large and round, the two lowest small, all being encompassed within a broad silvery band. Female. Upperside and underside as in the male. Body beneath brown; legs beneath paler ; side of palpi pale ochreous; antenne reddish-brown. Hxpanse, 2,4 to 2;% inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Naga and Khasia Hills. Distrisution.—“ Rather a rare insect. Mr. Otto Méller has taken it at moderate elevations in Sikkim, and Mr. L. de Nicéville met with it in the Great Runjit Valley in October. It probably will be found to occur here and there in the lower ranges on the north-eastern frontier of Bengal and Assam” (Butt. Ind. 249). It is also recorded from the Naga Hills, and we possess specimens from the Khasia Hills. Mr. W. H. Irvine obtained it in Sikkim in April. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 328) records it as “‘ not a common species in Sikkim, and 110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. only found in low, hot valleys at 1000 to 8000 feet elevation, from May to November. I took it near the Tista Bridge in August, and noticed that its flight and appearance were similar to those of an Ypthima.” Genus RAGADIA. Ragadia, Westwood, Genera of D. Lep, ii. p. 376 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyr., B. M. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 234 (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 420 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique ; costal vein much swollen at the base; cell long, broad ; first subcostal emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars very concave ; upper radial from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of discocellular; median veinlets very wide apart. Hindwing rather short ; exterior margin very convex and slightly uneven; precostal very short ; costal vein much curved at the base ; subcostal almost straight, its lower branch emitted at half length of the wing ; cell extremely short and acute, the radial emitted from below subcostal at about one-third between its base and its branch; upper discocellular short, emitted from close to base of subcostal and extending sharply ward, the lower discocellular being very acutely bent outward and joining the median vein before the origin of its lower branch, the lower discocellular being developed along the underside into a narrow elongated glandular pouch, and on the upperside is fur- nished with a small tuft of fine long hairs which he along it. Body slender; palpi moderately long, clothed in front with rather short hairs, apex slender ; eyes nearly naked ; antenuze with a slender gradually formed club. Type.—R. Crisia. Hasirs.—Capt. Godfrey, who captured &. Crisia in the Malay Peninsula, de- seribes it as being ‘found in low undergrowth in the forest, where, especially in the early morning, it was several times met with. Its flight beine weak and feeble, but it cleverly eludes pursuit by threading its way through the tangled brushwood ” (Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 421). RAGADIA CRISILDA (Plate 120, figs. 1, la, b, 2). Ragadia Crisilda, Hewitson, Exotic, Butt. iii, Rag. pl. figs. 5,6, 2 (1862). Marshall and de Nicé- ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 235, pl. 15, fig. 36, 9 (1883). Imaco.—Male.—Upperside dull brownish-black ; cilia cmereous-brown, ore- wing crossed by an oblique discal white vein-intersected band, also by the two inner and the submarginal band of the underside showing through by semi-transparency. Hindwing crossed by an oblique discal and a curved submarginal white band, the basal bands and the marginal of the underside also visible. Underside brownish- SATYRIN A 111 black; both wings crossed by six white bands, the basal and submarginal on the forewing being slender and less defined, but the latter on the hindwing well formed. Forewing with a row of eight small black ocelli, each pupilled with silvery bluish- white and with a slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the outer-discal black band. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli upon the broad outer- diseal black band, with silvery bluish-white pupils and slender ochreous outer ring, the upper ocellus being small, the three next large and united, the fifth also large, the sixth and seventh being geminated. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the white bands are somewhat broader. Underside also as in the male, the white bands somewhat broader and the slender marginal band on the forewing well defined. Body beneath pale-ochreous ; legs brownish-ochreous ; side and front clothing of palpi ochreous white, the tip above brown ; antennz brown, with pale annulations, club with a reddish band. Expanse, ¢ 1,8, to 1,%, ? 1,% inch. Hasrtat.— Khasias ; Silhet; Cachar; Lushais ; Upper Tenasserim. Disrrisution.—“ This is apparently a rare insect. It was originally described from Silhet, and Colonel A. M. Lang’s Collection contains two males from that locality. Mr. Kirby notes it from the Khasia Hills—which, if correct, it probably occurs only at the foot of them, and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens, believed to have been taken in Cachar” (Butt. Ind. p. 235). The late Mr. W. 8S. Atkinson possessed specimens from the Khasia Hills and Cherra Punji. In Mr. P. Crowley’s Collection are specimens from Shillong and the Lushai Hills. Major C. H. EH. Adamson (Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 9) records taking specimens of this insect on one occasion only, in October, 1880, flying among long grass on the bank of the Aploon Choung, a small stream in the neighbourhood of Moulmein, in Upper Tenasserim. RAGADIA CRITO (Plate 120, figs. 2, 2a,b, ¢ 2). Ragadia Crito, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 199, pl. D, figs. 1, 2, g 92. Iuaco.—Male. Upperside dull cinerescent-black. Both wings crossed by four oblique obscure sullied cinerescent-whitish bands and a less apparent marginal band, these bands being those of the underside showing through by semi-transparency. Underside of a more brownish-black tint; both wings crossed by five oblique prominent white bands and a similar more slender band at the extreme base of the wing. Forewing with the outer-discal black band traversed by a row of eight small black ocelli, each having a silvery bluish-white pupil and slender ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli, with a silvery bluish- white pupil and slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the broad outer-discal 112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. . black band, the upper ocellus minute, the three next large and united together, the fifth large, and the two lower geminated. Female. Upperside. Both wings with all the pale bands broader and clearer white. Underside. Both wings as in the male, but all the markings more clearly defined. Body and legs beneath, and side of palpi pale ochreous-white ; antennz black, distinctly annulated with white, club with a reddish band. Expanse, ¢ 1,%, ? 2 inches. Haszitat.—Bhotan; Upper Assam. Distripution.—This species was first taken in Bhotan by Mr. Otto Moller, in September, 1888, and was also taken in October, by Mr. Fritz Moller’s native collectors. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 266) records it from ‘‘ Margherita in Upper Assam,” where several specimens were captured by Mr. W. Doherty. RAGADIA CRITOLAUS. Ragudia Critolaus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 322, ¢, pl. H. fig. 1, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings with the ground-colour about equally divided between black and white. Jorewing with the white area commencing on the inner margin about half its length from the base of the wing and almost reaching the anal angle, extending towards the apex of the wing, which it does not reach, in a triangular or wedge-shaped figure, bearing a series of five round black spots between the veins, of which the three posterior ones are well-formed and separated, the two anterior ones have their outer edges more or less merged into the outer black border of the wing; the base of the wing is occupied very obliquely by two streaks a little darker than the blackish ground-colour; there is also a narrow whitish streak below the costa; the outer margin is broadly black, with its inner edge festooned. Hindwing with the dusky basal area crossed by two straight dark lines; a broad discal black band touching the costa but not quite reaching to the abdominal margin, broadest in the middle, narrowing towards both ends ; the outer margin broadly black, bearing a slightly paler line. Underside of both wings precisely as in F. crito, from Bhotan, but all the black bands narrower, the white ground being consequently more extensive. Female differs from the male only in its slightly broader and more rounded wings. Expanse, 3 1-5 to 1-7; ¢% 1-6 inches. Hasirat.— Burma. “ Nearest to f. crito, from which it may be known at a glance by the greater extent of the white ground-colour on the upperside of both wings, which character will also separate it from FR. crisilda equally well.” Disrrisutioy.—* Major C. T. Bingham and Mr. L. de Nicéville captured this Pl 110. Sonlmnp a nt brooks incé BC Moore del, etlith e & C2 London R 1. Reeve PU m6. 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Demy 8yo, with Maps, Coloured Plates, and Photographie Views, 21s. St. Helena. A Physical, Historical, and . Topographical Description of the Island, including its Geology. Fauna, Flora, and Meteorology. By J. C. Menuss, A.LC.E., F.G.8:, F.L.S. In one large Vol., Super-royal 8vo, with 56 Plates and Maps, mostly coloured, 42s, L. REEVE & CO,, 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. —° _ Printed by Giruent & Rivineton, Lrp., St, John’s House, Clerkenwell, Lendon, E.C, BY . F. MOORE, ¥.Z.S., LOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY am LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL Bev Cre EY: OF STETTIN, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE at MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, A See vol. i. pl. 53, figs. 2, 2a. 6 See vol. i. pl. 47, figs. 3, 3a. 7 See vol. i. pl, 36, figs, 1, la. 144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Nymphalid butterflies of the genus Huthalia, of which lepidea, Andersonii, Diardii, Ambalika, ete., are representatives. Key to THE INDIAN GENERA OF HLYMNIINA. 1, Forewing rather short, subtriangular, Seorron A. Forewing of male possessing a glandular patch situated between the base of median and submedian vein. Hindwing with a very slight eaudate-angle to exterior margin, Section B. Forewing of male not possessing the glandular patch. Hindwing caudate . : D : : : . : , : : . EnyMntas. Forewing elongated, triangular. Hindwing somewhat more or less caudate : . MELyYNras. bo 3. Forewing elongated, subtriangular, exterior margins very slightly sinuous. Hindwing not caudate. : : F : : : ° , : . Bruasa. 4, Wings short; very broad, exterior margins uniformly scalloped. Horewing of male with a longitudinal fold on posterior margin covering a glandular patch and an erectile tuft of hairs. Hindwing convex. : . Mrmaperias, 5. Wings very short and broad, exterior margins extremely-slightly sinuous. : . AGRUSIA, Genus ELYMNIAS. Elymnias, Hiibner, verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816); 2d. Ziitrage, Samml. Exot. Schmett. figs. 37, 388 (1818). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 236 (1857); zd. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 25 (1880). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 38 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 519. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 264 (1883). Melanitis (part) Fabricius, Iligers’ Mag. 1807, p. 282. Melanitis, Horsfield (1829); Boisduval (1833); Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 403 (1851). Biblis (part) Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 325 (1819). Tmaco.—Male. Wings moderately broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very convex, apex acute, exterior margin very slightly oblique and sinuous, posterior margin slightly convex towards the base; costal vein much swollen at the base and terminating near middle of the costa ; subcostal arched near its base, the first and second branches emitted before end of the cell; the cell short and very broad ; discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper angled close to the subcostal, lower radial from slight angle above the middle ; the two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, the upper median much arched ; submedian bent close to the median at the base, thence slightly recurving to the posterior angle. On the upperside between the basal interspace of the lower median and the submedian is an incon- spicuous rounded black glandular patch, which, as seen under the microscope, is clothed with laxly-raised short black scales,* with many-toothed tips, and by longer * We possess three specimens, from different localities, in which these scales have been removed from the patch on both wings during the life of the insect, thus leaving the entire patch quite bare, ELYMNIINA. 145 narrower bidentate-tipt scales, but no androconia visible; on the underside of the wing is a glossy nacrescent patch below the base of the cell, which is clothed with broad ordinary scales, and a restricted portion below the sub- median is clothed with laxly-packed raised narrow oval scales. Hindwing short, obtusely triangularly-ovate; anterior margin extremely convex, apex pointed, exterior margin convex, sinuous, and with a broader caudate angle at end of upper median ; anal angle obtusely pointed ; costal vein short, looped at its base, forming a false prediscoidal cell, emitting a short spur towards the base of the costa; cell short, very broad ; upper subcostal emitted at one-half before end ot the cell, and terminating on middle of the costa, second subcostal terminating at the angle ; discocellulars erect, lower concave, radial from angle above the middle; the two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower median at more than one-third before the end; submedian vein straight ; internal vein recurved ; on the upperside is a glandular patch situated within the upper half of the cell, and is overlapped by a tuft of long erectile-hairs arising from along its lower edge, the patch being clothed with very densely-packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width throughout, and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short, slender, nearly fusiform blackish scales (androconia) with an acute point at each end. Body moderately robust ; palpi elongate, porrect, slender, very compactly clothed beneath with adpressed scales, and pilose above; front legs hairy, middle and hindlegs naked; antennz with a slender indistinctly formed club; eyes naked. Apuir Carerpittar.—Somewhat fusiform, minutely pubescent; head armed with two erect divergent setose processes; anal segment also armed with two longer, slender, hindwardly-projected setose processes. Feeds on Palmacee. Curysatis.—Suspended by the tail; head truncate, with two small pointed processes in front, and a similar thoracic process above. Tyrr.—K. undularis. Of the species enumerated by Hiibner (Verz. p. 87), under Hlymnias, viz., Protogenia, Jynx, undularis, and Lais, Jynx is figured as an Elymnias, by Hubner (Ziitrage, figs. 37, 38). This group, therefore, becomes the typical one, and not that represented by Lais. ELYMNIAS UNDULARIS (Plate 133, figs. 1, larva, la, b,c, ¢ ?). Papilio undularis, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 10, figs. 1,2, ¢ (1773). Fabricius, Spee Ins. App. p. 504 (1781); Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 127 (1793). Biblis undularis, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 326 (1819). Melanitis wndularis, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 404 (1851). Elymnias undularis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. VOL. II. U 146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Compy. i. p. 237 (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1871, p. 520. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 266, pl. xvii. fig. 59, ¢ 2(1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 237, pl. 86, ¢ 2. Tuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark, velvety ; purpurescent blackish- brown, in fresh specimens somewhat tinged with blue, and the edge of the outer margin with purple; in older specimens the ground-colour is generally more or less dark chestnut-brown; some blue irrorated-strige along the costal margin, and an excurved subapical series of small violet-blue irrorated spots disposed between the veinlets, the spots elongated near the apex, those below rounded ; between the basal interspace of the median and submedian vein is an inconspicuous rounded impressed black glandular patch, which is clothed with short broad many-pointed tipt black scales, and with some longer narrower tridentate-tipt scales. Hindwing somewhat paler, purpurescent blackish-brown, or chestnut-brown, the outer border being broadly suffused chestnut-red, fading to dull dark ferruginous, which is sometimes traversed by a submarginal series of very small more-or-less pale red or white spots ; the veins across the red band also sometimes being black lined; within the upper base of the cell is an elongated glandular patch, which is clothed with very densely-packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width throughout and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short fusiform slender blackish scales (androconia) with an acute point at each end, the patch being also overlapped from its posterior edge by a tuft of long blackish hairs. Ciha alternately edged with white. Underside deep chestnut-red, with numerous wavy transverse lilacine-cinereous strige of more-or-less intensity, these strige being sparsely-disposed on the basal two-thirds, and are generally densely-packed and confluent on the outer border, where their density forms a more-or-less defined paler nebulous border, the division generally being indicated by the angulated curved edge of the dark basal area. On the forewing is a prominent triangular costal patch before the apex, which is densely covered with lilacine cinereous strige, and on the middle of the discocellular veinlet is a minute whitish speckled-spot ; on the hindwing, also, there is a more or less prominent subcostal white spot above end of the cell, and occasionally a sub- marginal series of white points are more or less apparent. Body beneath, legs, and palpi paler brown ; legs beneath cinereous-brown ; antennz brown with a pale tip. Female. Upperside coloured and marked somewhat after the style of Salatura Genutia. Forewing with the costal border from the base, the outer half, and below the submedian vein blackish-brown, the medial area from the lower base of the cell being ochreous ; along the base of the costa are some violescent-white strige, and before the apex a broad violescent-white subapical band intersected by the dark veins, below which are three submarginal decreasing white rounded spots. Hind- wing with the costal border and outer margin broadly dark brown, the latter ELYMNINA. 147 traversed by a submarginal series of four large white round spots, the inner basal area being ochreous, intersected by the brown radial and median veinlets. Underside paler and more suffused chestnut-red than in the male, the basal area of an ochreous tint, with numerous paler ochreous or cinerescent-ochreous transverse strige, which are very broad and are palest on the lower basal area of the forewing; the costal border, apical patch and outer border of the forewing, and outer border of the hind- wing, more or less thickly covered with transverse lilacine-white, or ochreous-white, strige ; the subcostal white spot on hindwing more or less prominent, or sometimes absent. Expanse, d 2,% to 3,7, ? 3;% to 3; inches. Aputt CaTerritiar.—Hlongate, fusiform, setose ; green, with longitudinal dorsal and lateral yellow lines, and a subdorsal row of yellow elongated yellow spots which are centred with red and posteriorly edged with blue; head brownish, armed with two erect brownish setose processes; anal seement also with two red slender hindward-projecting processes. (Described from a drawing reproduced on our plate, made in Allipur, Lower Bengal, by the late Mr. Arthur Grote’s native artist.) Curysalis.—Similar to H. fraterna and EH. caudata. Hasirat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Eastern and Lower Bengal ; Central India. The female of H. wndularis is an excellent mimic of the common Limnaine butterfly, Salatura Genutia.* Distrisution.—“ This is the common Elymnias of Northern India. It is commen in the warm valleys of the outer Himalayas, as far west as Masuri. In Bengal, where the rainfall is heavy, it extends into the plains, and is found in Assam, Silhet, Hastern Bengal, and along the Hast Coast as far South as Raja- mundry on the Godaveri, and it also occurs in the Deccan. It affects bush jungle and shady undergrowth” (Butt. Ind. 267). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in Kumaon at “ Ranibagh at the foot of the outer hills, at 1000 feet elevation ”’ (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as being “found in Sikkim from the Terai up to 3000 feet more or less commonly at all seasons of the year” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330). Mr. J. Wood-Mason “obtained twenty-seven males and two females in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, between April and August, being most common in June and July. The males emit a strong odour resembling vanilla, but the females are scentless” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 352). The late Capt. Mortimer Slater found it ‘‘not uncommon at Dacea, flying in a weak, hovering manner, generally over the damp pits formerly used by the muslin manufacturers”? (MS. Notes). It is “very common at Calcutta, settling on the * See vol. i. Plate 10, figs. 1b, c. U 2 148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. trunks of the Corypha” (Capt. Chaumette, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1865, 38). Mr. J. Rothney records the ‘male common and the female rare at Barrackpur, near Calcutta, settling in dense foliage close to the trunk” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 34). Mr. L. de Nicéville also found it ‘‘a common species in Calcutta, the larva feeding on Palmacee” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1885, 43). The late Mr. A. Grote found the larva at Allipur in the.district of Calcutta, feeding on the Rattan and on Corypha. (MS. Notes.) In Orissa, it is recorded by Mr. Taylor (List, p. 3) as ‘‘not common at Khurda.” Of the illustrations on our Plate 183, fig. 1 is a reproduction of the original drawing of the larva found at Alhpur, by Mr. A. Grote, now in our possession ; and figs. la, b, ec, represent the male and female. ELYMNIAS TINCTORIA (Plate 133, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 2). Elymnias tinctoria, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 826, ¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 267 (1883). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, p. 32. Tvaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent bluish-black. Forewing with the excurved series of blue spots larger and broader throughout than in typical H. wndu- laris, in some the upper spots are conjoined, and the lower touch the outer margin. Hindwing with the outer border dusky, suffused purplish chestnut-red, the sub- marginal spots indistinctly whitish, or the two upper pale blue. Female. Upperside similar to #. undularis, except that on the forewing the bluish-black costal and outer border is comparatively broader, and consequently, the ochreous inner-area more restricted ; the lower white spots are smaller, and the three submarginal spots on the hindwing are also smaller. Undersides of both sexes similar. Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3, % 3 to 3;% inches. Hapirat.—Burma; Tenasserim. The female of EH. tinctoria is more like that sex of the Javan form (H. Pro- togenia) than to H. undularis, m the broad breadth of the dark borders, but the Javan females have even a broader border to the forewing, than in tinctoria, and consequently the ochreous area is still more restricted, and, it may be noted, that the tint of the ochreous colour on both wings of the Javan female is more intense and dusky, agreeing in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the Javan Eupleid, Salatura intensa, and of which the female of E. Protogenia is a mimic. Distripution.—‘* Very common throughout Burma, at all times” (Major Adam- son, List, p. 10). Specimens in Capt. H. Y. Watson’s collections were captured during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at “‘ Pauk Yaw, in October and November, and at Tilin from November to May” (Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 36). Mr. ELYMNIINZ. 149 F. E. Dempster obtained it at Lounghut during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, only on low ground up to 1000 feet (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 2). Capt. Watson also obtained specimens at Rangoon in August, Sittang, Tenasserim, in January, Beeling in April, Toungoo in March, Kyaikto, Tenasserim, in February, and in the Karen Hills, 500 to 1500 feet, in December. ‘It is very common in Hastern Karenee at 800 feet, in January’ (Dr. Manders, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519). Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘‘ Mee- tan, 3000 feet, in April, at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, and at Taoo, 3500 feet.” Capt. Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests. Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in Bhamo in September. Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from *“Tavoy in March.” Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, 32) obtained it in “* Mergui in December, and on King’s Island in January. ELYMNIAS FRATERNA (Plate 134, figs. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, c, d,e, ¢ 2). Elymnias fraterna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 3, g. Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 25, pl. 13, figs. la, b, ¢ 9 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 268 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown. Forewing with the exterior margin slightly tinged with purplish-ochreous ; crossed by a very obscurely-defined excurved subapical series of very small purplish-blue spots. Hindwing with a broad pale fulvous marginal band, and a submarginal series of paler spots. Underside dark chestnut-red; a triangular apical patch on forewing and the outer borders of both wings densely covered with confluent brownish-grey strige; the basal areas also with less numerous but more regularly disposed strigz ; a distinct bluish-white spot on anterior border of hindwing. Female. Upperside blackish purple-brown. Forewing with the basal and discal area rich ochreous ; a subapical oblique purplish-white vein-divided fascia and three lower submarginal spots, having the strigze on the underside visible by semi-trans- parency. Hindwing with the basal and discal area rich ochreous, the branches of the median vein and the abdominal area grey speckled, or the entire ochreous area is more or less covered with pale transverse strige ; a submarginal series of four large bluish-white round spots. Underside as in the male, but paler, the basal area slightly ochreous, and the strige on the borders more dense, prominent, and ochreous-white with ill-defined submarginal round spots ; costal bluish-white spot prominent. Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 2;%, ? 3 to 3,% inches. Apur Caterritnar.—Hlongated ; thickenéd in the middle, pubescent ; head small, yellow, surmounted by two erect pink pubescent processes, anal segment also with hindwardly-divergent processes; colour green, with longitudinal yellow lines, 150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the subdorsal ornamented with some chrome-yellow spots, and the fifth to eighth segments with a red and blue spot. Feeds on Palmacee. Curysatis.—Green, with longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or spots ; head and thorax truncate in front, with three short tubercles. Hasitat.—Ceylon. The male of H. fraterna is a much paler and differently coloured insect, on the upperside, from the same sex of H. wndularis; the female also having broader and darker borders on the upperside, and the hindwing of the latter sex has the ochreous area always more or less partially or entirely covered with pale striga. The female of this species is also a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Salatura Genutia. Disrrieution.—According to Capt. Wade ‘it occurs at Galle and also about Kandy.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood notes that it is a “low country species, and generally abundant.” Capt. Yerbury recently obtained it at Trincomali, in July and October. ELYMNIAS CAUDATA (Plate 135, figs. 1, la, larva and pupa, lb, c, d, 3 9). Elymnias caudata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 4, ¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 270 (1883). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p- 351. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 268, pl. A. figs. 2, 2a, larva and pupa. Tiraco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark velvety purple-brown, bluish-black in some lights; with an oblique subapical bluish-white band and three lower submarginal oval spots, the upper spot being disposed inwardly-oblique, and the lower spot outwardly-oblique, the strigze of the underside being visible by semi-transparency on the band; no glandular patch. Hindwing paler purple- brown, darkest at the base; glandular tuft within the cell cinereous-brown ; crossed by a more or less broad discal fulyous band, which is intersected by the brown veins and generally traversed by small paler or sometimes nearly white submarginal spots, and occasionally the dark strigz of the underside are visible on the band. Underside dark chestnut-brown, the basal area with several very obscurely-defined brownish-grey strige. Forewing with a prominent apical triangular patch, and an irregular submarginal fascia composed of confluent pinkish cinereous- white strige. Hindwing with a broad outer fascia or the entire border very densely covered with more or less confluent pinkish cinereous-white strige ; the ordinary submarginal spots being indicated by small dark brown or white centred points. Body beneath, palpi, and legs pale brown; legs beneath cinereous; antennz dark brown with a pale ochreous tip. Female. Upperside with paler purplish-brown outer borders, the inner area dull ochreous. Forewing with the subapical bluish-white band and lower spots as in the male. Hindwing with the costal and outer border, and the veins, broadly paler brown; the inner area, and streaks between the veins obscurely merging into the ELYMNIIN 4, 151 submarginal spots, being pale dull ochreous, the spots sometimes being almost white. Underside much paler than in the male, but marked the same. Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 3,4, 2 3,% to 3,5 inches. Aputt CaTrrPittar.—< Fusiform, slender, transversely rugose and clothed with short stout bristles just visible to the naked eye; head large, surmounted by two stout, straight processes, sloping backwards, which are slightly branched at their end ; a pair of long straight caudal processes, setose like the body; colour of the body bright green, with two dorsal and two lateral longitudinal yellow lines, more or less distinct, and a subdorsal row—one on each side—of large yellow spots tinged with pink and sometimes tipt with black; head dark brown, with a yellow cheek stripe and frontal line. Feeds on Palmacex (Cocoanut and Betel-nut Palms).” Curysatis.—‘‘ Suspended by the tail only, but in a rigidly horizontal position ; regular, with the exception of two small pointed processes from the head and an acute thoracic process above them; colour bright green, ornamented with four irregular rows of large yellow spots bordered with red” (Davidson and Aitken, l..c. 268). Hasirat.—South India. Distripotion.— This has only been found in the South of Peninsular India. Mr. H. 8. Fergusson took both sexes on the Ashamboo Hills, Travancore, where it is fairly common in April and May. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Calicut, the Wynaad, and the Kadur District in Mysore” (Butt. Ind. 271). We have several specimens, from Calicut and the Wynaad, Malabar, captured by the late Dr. Bayne Reed, and from the Nilgiris. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 351) records it as being “rare in the Bamboo jungles at the foot of the Northern and Western Slopes of the Nilgiris.’’ Messrs. Davidson and Aitken (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 268) obtained the larvee and several pup on the Cocoanut and Betel-nut palms, in October. The late Mr. 8. N. Ward obtained the type specimens at Calicut, and “found the larvae feeding on the Soopari, (Areca-nut Palm) in September, October and December, both above and below the Ghats ’’ (MS. Notes). Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 135, fig. 1 is a copy of Mr. 8. N. Ward’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la, a reproduction of Mr. Aitken’s figure in the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, and figs. 1b, ec, d, the male and female. ELYMNIAS COTTONIS (Plate 136, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Melanitis Cottonis, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 358. Elymnias Cottonis, Moore, Proc. Gool. Soc. 1877, p. 583. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 245. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 268 (1883). 152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Ivaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark velvety purple-brown, almost black in some lights; cilia alternately edged with cinereous-white. Forewing with the costa more or less obscurely flecked with bluish strigz, the outer margin with a suffused deep purple-red band, the inner edge of which is anteriorly incurved to the costa; the black glandular patch below the median vein visible. Hindwing with a similar purple-red marginal band ; the glandular tuft within the cell cinereous black. Underside dark chestnut-red, the basal area darkest and very sparsely covered with obscure brownish-grey strigz, the outer margins and the apical patch on forewing more numerously covered with broader more or less confluent plumbeous strige, and forming an ill-defined fascia on the former; on the hindwing is a prominent white costal spot, and sometimes a submarginal series of white or bluish-white points. Female. Upperside paler, with the outer marginal band also paler. Forewing with the inner area of the marginal band traversed by an excurved series of obscure ochreous spots. Hindwing with the band also traversed by two or three small pale ochreous submarginal spots. Underside paler than in the male, the strigz on basal area the same, those on the triangular costal patch and outer borders brighter and lilacine-grey. Hindwing with the costal white spot prominent, and the submarginal white points also distinct. Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 3, 9 3,%, inches. Hasirar.—South Andamans. This species in all probability is a mimic of the Euploeine butterfly, Menama simulatriz, a common butterfly in South Andamans. Disrrisution.—* This species is apparently common at Port Blair, S. Andamans, where it was taken by Mr. F. de Roepstorff in the months from April to August ”’ (Butt. of India, 269). ELYMNIAS MIMUS (Plate 136, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 9). Elymnias mimus, Wood-Mason and de Niecéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 280; id. 1882, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 3,4, ¢ 9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 271 (1883). Elymnias dolorosa, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1883, p. 53. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown. forewing with an obscurely paler olivescent cinereous-brown excurved marginal band; no glandular patch. Hindwing with a similar paler marginal border, and sometimes one or two obscure small dusky-black. submarginal spots are present; glandular’ tuft within base of cell blackish. Ciha alternately whitish. Underside pale chestnut- brown ; the basal area of both wings densely covered with broad transverse dark chestnut-brown strige, and the outer margins with more slender and _sparsely- disposed strige. Forewing with an obscure ordinary costal patch and the broad posterior margin dull cinerescent-brown. Hindwing with the submarginal area dull ELYMNIIN Zz. ’ 153 cinerescent-brown, traversed by six suboval black ocelli, the first upper and the fifth large, the others much smaller, and sometimes the third is obsolete, and the two last are geminated, the first and fifth with a violet- white speckled oval pupil, the others with a slender pupil, the fifth and the geminated anal pair also having a slightly- defined pale-ochreous outer ring; below the costal border is another but more prominent white pupilled black spot. Female. Upperside much lighter brown, with the marginal paler cinerescent- brown band broader. Forewing with some pale strigew along base of the costa. Hindwing with three lower submarginal dusky-black ocelli, as on underside, apparent. Underside paler, with the dark chestnut-brown strigz less confluent and permit- ting more of the ground colour to be seen; the subcostal white-pupilled ocellus on hindwing larger, and with a more diffused black border, the upper submarginal ocellus with a rudimentary white pupil. Expanse, ¢ 21%, % 2,% inches. Hasirat.—Nicobar Islands ; Nias Island. This species, “in all probability, mimics the Eupleine butterfly, Crastia Camorta, a species which abounds in all the islands of the Nicobars ” (Butt. Ind. 272). Distripution.—Specimens haye been received in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Mr. F. de Roépstorff, taken in Kar Nicobar, Pulo Koudul, Great Nicobar, Kamorta, Trinkutt, Teressa, and Katschall” (Butt. Ind. 272). The type of H. dolorosa is described by Mr. A. G. Butler from Nias Island, Sumatra. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 136, figs. 2, a, b, are from the type specimens named mimus by Mr. Wood-Mason, which have been kindly lent for this purpose. ELYMNIAS OBNUBILA (Plate 137, figs. 1, la, bg @). Elymnias olnubila, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 272 (1883). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 2, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety chestnut-brown, glossed with violet in certain lights; Forewing with a much paler chestnut-red excurved outer band; io glandular patch. Hindwing witha similar pale chestnut-red outer band, the glandular tuft brown. Underside numerously covered with dark chestnut-red strigew, and intervening lilacine grey strigze, which are most densely packed and broadest on the basal area, and are more slender on the outer half, the costal patch on forewing, and the submarginal areas being most densely covered with the lilacine grey strigx. Hindwing with a submarginal series of six small black spots with silvery-white pupils, and a larger-pupilled subcostal spot. Female larger; paler. Upperside with the pale marginal band much wider, VOL. Il. ax 154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. occupying on the hindwing the whole outer half; a submarginal series of four brown obsolescent dots. Underside also paler. Hindwing with the silvery subcostal spot larger, the rest of the ocelli smaller and imperfect, being reduced to blackish dots with white speckles on their inner edge. Kxpanse, ¢ 2;, ? 3 inches. Hasitar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago. Disrripurion.—* A female in Major Marshall’s collection was taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests, in Upper Tenasserim, in December” (Butt. Ind. 272). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 269), Mr. W. Doherty found it rare in the “* Karen Hills at about 2000 feet elevation, in April. Found also West of Bassein.”’ Of this rare species a single male, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutia, was taken by Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1888, 33) at Thaing, King Island, Mergui Archipeiago, in January. A male of this species, identical with the type, trom the Island of Salanga, is in the British Museum collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 137, fig. 1, la is from the type male kindly lént from the Indian Museum, Caleutta, and fig. 1b the female taken by Mr. Doherty, obligingly lent for this purpose by Mr. Elwes. ELYMNIAS DADALION (Pilate 137, figs. 2, 2a, ? ). Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 202, pl. D, fig. 4, 2. Tuaco.—‘‘ Female. Upperside. Both wings dull reddish-brown, almost fuscous ; crossed by a broad pinkish-white band, beyond which the ground-colour is somewhat obscurely striated with paler. Forewing with the costa striated with white; the broad white band slightly outwardly-curved, commencing on the costa at the middle and decreasing in width to the anal angle, its lower portion sullied, especially at the edges. Hindwing with the broad discal white band extending from the anterior margin to the abdominal margin above the angle, widest in the middle, and traversed outwardly by a series of five round black spots. Underside. Both wings with the basal half dull castaneous-brown, coarsely striated with whitish, the discal fascia white, the outer margins coarsely striated with dark castaneous brown; the hind- wing with the black spots as above, and a small bluish-centred costal spot between the base of the subcostal veins. Expanse, 2;% to 2,% inches. Hasrrat.— Burma. Distripution.——* The type specimen was taken at Myitta, Burma, in January, and is in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon (de Nicéville, /. c. p. 203). Major C. H. H. ELYMNIIN 4. 155 Adamson obtained a female at ‘Tavoy, in August,’ which was kindly lent for examination, and is referred to in his ‘ List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10,’’’ under the name of Hlym. Mimus. This is nearest allied to the Bornean lym. Dara, Distant (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50), the female of Dadalion differing, on the upperside, from the same sex of Dara, in the white band on the forewing being straighter and broader in its oblique-course from the costa to posterior angle ; the band on the hindwing is also broader. On the underside, Deedalion has both bands as on upperside, and both are entirely free from strige. Typo-Manayan allied species of Erymyias.—H. Protogenia (Cramer, Pap. Exot. u. pl. 189, figs. F, G, 2 5 id. i. pl. 25, figs. A, B, ¢ (1777). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. K. I. C. pl. 3, fig. 24; pl. 8, fig. 8 (1829). Syn. E. Jynx, Hiibn. Zutrage Exot. Schmett. figs. 37, 38, d (1818). Both sexes smaller than in the allied Indian species (undularis). In the male the curved series of blue spots on forewing above are generally smaller and longitudinally narrow, the underside more uniformly covered throughout with strigze. Female with much broader dark-brown borders to the forewing, the dark marginal band on the hindwing being obsolesvent posteriorly and with much smaller white spots. Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2;%, ? 2,% to 8 inches. This is nearer to the Burmese species (tinctoria) than to the Indian (wndularis), both in size and in the broader dark-brown borders of the upperside of the female. The Javan female has the ochreous colour on both wings more intense and dusky than in either tinctoria or undularis, coinciding, in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the Javan Huploeine Salatura intensa, of which the female of E. Protogenia is a mimic. Habitat. Java.—H. discrepans, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 60, pl. vi. figs. 2, 38, ¢ ? (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.—H. leucocyma (Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 326 (1819). Described by Godart as having “absolutely the appearance and shape of ‘undularis,’ the upperside blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue-violet spots on the border of forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of hind- wing. Underside deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish waves, more powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing.” Habitat. Java.—H. nigrescens. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 1. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 61, pl. 6, fic. 1, %?,pl. 9, fig. 1, ? (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Billiton; Borneo; Formosa.—H. Hecate. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 2. Habitat. Labuan, Borneo.—F. congruens, Semper, Reisen Philippen, Lep. i. p. 61, pl. xi. figs. 8, 9,10, d2 (1886). Habitat. Mindanao.—f. Hainana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878 p- 696. Habitat. Hainan; Formosa.—l. Panthera (Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 39 (1787) ; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 7. Syn. M. Dusara, Hors- field, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. pl. 5, fig. 7 (1829). Habitat. Java.—H. lutescens, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 404, pl. 9, fig. 10. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 62, x 156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. pl. 6, figs. 4, 5, ¢% (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Borneo.— HF. Dara, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50. Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Albofas- ciata, Staudinger, Iris, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 39. Habitat. Palewan.— H. Enganica, Doherty, J. A. S. Beng. 1891, p. 24. Habitat. Engano Island, Sumatra. Genus MELYNIAS. Elymnias (part), Hubner Verz. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 236 (1857). Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 519. Scudder Proc, Amer. Acad. A. Sci. Boston, 1875, 161. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 264 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongate, triangular; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and scalloped, posterior margin slightly convex ; costal vein swollen at the base ; first and second subcostal emitted before end of the cell; the cell broad ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, lower concave ; to upper medians originating from end of cell. Hindwing short, obtusely ovate, anterior margin regularly convex, exterior margin convex, scalloped and subeaudate at end of upper median; cell extending to nearly half the wing, rather narrow ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, much recurved, radial from above the middle; two upper medians from end of cell; glandular patch and tuft within the cell, as in Klymnias. Typs.—M. Laiss The species of this genus are mimics of the Eupleine genera Parantica, Caduga, Trepsichrois, and Hestia. MELYNIAS SINGALA (Plate 138, figs. 1, la, bd 9). Elymnias Singala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568; id. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 26, pl. 138, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 9 (1880). Dyctis Singala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 277 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivaceous purpurescent-brown ; cilia alternated with pale olivescent-cinereous. Forewing with a marginal macular band formed of pale olive-grey speckled quadrate spots; a few olivescent-ochreous strige along the costa; no glandular patch. Hindwing with a broad submarginal band composed of transversely-disposed more or less confluent olive-grey strigee ; glandular tuft within cell cinerescent-brown. Underside paler purplish-brown; covered with blackish strigze, which are most numerous on the basal half, and along the extreme outer margins; the submarginal area being broadly covered with densely packed pinkish-grey strige, forming a broad fascia which is more or less inwardly suffused ELYMNIIN A, 157 with olivescent-brown; on the hindwing is a submarginal series of small blackish points and a bluish-white apical spot situated between the subcostals. Female brighter coloured, the marginal bands more prominent. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 3 to 3,5, inches. Hasirar.—Ceylon. This species is probably a mimic of the Eupleeine butterfly Pademma Sinhala, Disrrreution.—* A scarce butterfly, except at the Peradeniya Gardens. The larva feeds on a species of palm-tree ’’ (Mackwood MS. Notes). MELYNIAS PEALII (Plate 138, figs. 2, 2a, b,d 2). Elymnias Pealit, Wood-Mason, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 62, pl. 2, figs. A, B, 3. Dyctis Peali, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 276 (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124, pl. x. fig. 3, 2. TIvaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent black, darkest basally, with the mark- ings deep lavender-blue; cilia alternated with greyish-white. Forewing with an oblique subapical band and a continuous submarginal series of rather faint and diffused blotches, and the extreme apex lavender-blue ; the costa also transversely striated with lavender-blue. Hindwing with a curved submarginal lavender-blue band, which is very prominent, and is composed of coarse strige extending from the apex to the lower median vein, and ends in a purple patch at the anal angle. Underside much as in #. widularis and its allies, but more richly coloured. Female. ‘Upperside. Both wings tinted with blue instead of violet. Forewing with the subcostal band very obscure, the cell dark, the dise pale. Hindwing with a conspicuous rufous-orange anal spot occupying the entire breadth of the submedian interspace, the violet submarginal band of the male replaced by a broad bluish fascia extending over the disc to before the apex. Underside with the entire fore- wing, except the cell and outer margin clouded with large violet-blue strigew, and so also is the apical and part of the discal area of the hindwing” (Doherty, J. c. p- 124). - Hxpanse, d 3,, ? 3) inches. Hapirat.—Assam. Disrrizution.—The male type specimen was “ captured by Mr. 8S. E. Peal at Aideo, Sibsagar district, Assam” (W. Mason, J. c. p. 62). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1889, 124), records it from “‘ Sadiya and Margherita, Upper Assam, between August and December.” According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 269), Mr. Doherty also took ‘‘ a single specimen at Margherita in May.” 158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, Of our ‘illustrations of this species on Plate 188, figs. 2, 2a, b, male and female, are reproduced from the figures above quoted. MELYNIAS TIMANDRA (Plate 139, figs. 1, la, b,c, f 9): Elymnias Timandra, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 275 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Forewing with some pro- minent bluish-grey strigz at base of the costa, and some quadrate spots towards the apex ; a violescent-blue or verditer-blue broad streak within the cell and a longitu- dinal streak disposed between the veins ; the two upper streaks below the subcostal being slender, the next also slender but broadly lobate at end of the cell, the three next broadest at their inner end and somewhat lobate at their outer end, the posterior margin also with a narrow streak. Hindwing with a similarly-disposed but much paler and less sharply defined streak between the veins, the outer streaks broadest at their discal end, the ends being indented, and are each opposed to an opposite submarginal lunular-spot, these streaks and spots being mottled with brown speckles ; glandular tuft cimereous-brown. Underside densely covered with dark purplish- brown transverse strigee, and intervening purpurescent-cinereous strigew, the dark strigze most dense and more confluent on the basal half and the onter margin, the pale strigze most dense and confluent on the discal area. T’horax and abdomen above speckled with verditer-blue scales; spots on the head above, collar, and sides of palpi whitish ; antennze brown above, ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside paler brown, the markings as in male; those on the fore- wing paler and of a violaceous-blue, paling to ochreous-cinereous posteriorly, and those on the hindwing also ochreous-cinereous. Underside less densely but more uniformly covered with slender dark-brown strigze and broader confluent pur- purescent-white strigex. Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,4, ? 3% inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Silhet; Arakan ; Tenasserim. This species is a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Parantica Aglea.* Distripurion.—Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 321) records a “ single specimen of the female, apparently agreeing with Timandra, taken in Sikkim by Mr. Otto Moller’s collector at Singla, in April, 1887.” The late W. 8. Atkinson obtained it in Silhet. ‘ The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Silhet. Capt. Bingham took a male in the Donat range in Tenasserim in April, and one female was taken at Kanhlete in September, by Major Adamson” (Butt. Ind. 275). Obtained by * See vol. i. pl. 13. ELYMNIINAE. 159 Major C. H. E. Adamson in “ Arakan and Tenasserim in September, February, April and May, but it is very rare in Burma” (List of Burmese Butt., p. 10). Mr. A. R. Wallace records it from “ Moulmein” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1869, 326). MELYNIAS MALELAS (Plate 140, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Melanitis Malelas, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. me/. pl. 1, figs. 6,7, ¢ (1863). Elymnias Malelas, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p, 327. Melanitis leucocyma, Boisdaval ; Doubleday, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p. 144 (1844), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 404 (1851) nee Godart.* Elymnias leucocyma, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 273, pl. xvii. fig. 60, ¢ 2 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety blackish purple-brown. Cilia alter- nately edged with white. Forewing darkest, the outer two-thirds brilliantly glossed with steel-blue in some lights; costal edge with several short pale-blue strigze ; an excurved submarginal series of violet-blue spots, of which there are five, the lower being rounded, the two upper oval and Jonger ; sometimes an incipient slender sub- costal upper spot is also shghtly indicated ; three similar blue smaller spots also on the disc, another just beyond end of the cell, and a more or less defined slender speckled streak extending to near each of the upper outer spots, the lowest and sometimes the middle spot being slender and extending towards the outer lower spots. Hindwing paler externally, with a purpurescent tinge ; with, or without, an obscure sub- marginal series of small violet-grey speckled lunules; the basal tuft of hairs cinereous-brown. Underside uniformly paler brown, undulated with short trans- verse cinereous-ochreous strige, which are most densely disposed externally and more or less obsolescent, or absent basally ; the costa of both wings being also more prominently edged with whiter strige, and the base of the hindwing with three superposed white spots. Head above, and thorax beneath spotted with white; collar beneath also white; clothing of palpi above and beneath tipt with white; legs white speckled; antennz brown. Female. Upperside paler. orewing as in the male, except that the glossy blue * Godart’s leucocyma (Enc. Méth. ix. p. 325) is described by him as having “ absolately the appear- ance and shape of ‘ wndularis,’ the upperside of the wings of a blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue- violet spots on border of the forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of the hindwing. Underside deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish-waves, more powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing. Habitat, Java.” I am indebted to Mr. P. C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, for directing my attention to Godart’s species (in a letter dated Feb. 2, 1890), wherein he says that ‘‘ Lewcocyma of Godart is not found in Java, where only the typical wndularis form with its very different female occurs. I have leucocyma from Sumatra, Banea, Billiton, and Flores, the female resembling the male.” 160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. area is confined to the outer half, the spots much paler and the lower whiter, or mostly white, with a pale ochreous-cinereous speckled-streak extending from the lower outer spot to the base, and a much less defined narrow similar streak from the lower diseal spot. Hindwing with all the interspaces marked with transverse ochreous- cinereous strigee, these strigse forming a more or less confluent longitudinal streak between the veins. Underside also paler than in the male; markings the same, except that the strigee are much paler and wider. Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3%, 9 3,8, to 4,2, inches. Hasirat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Silhet ; Burma. This insect is an excellent mimic of the Euploine butterfly, Trepsichrois Linnei, both the male and female resembling the corresponding sexes of the latter butterfly.* Disrrisution.—It is common in the submontane districts of Northern and Eastern India, extending through Burma as far South as Tavoy (Butt. Ind. 278). Mr, E, J. Atkinson records it “from Kali, Kumaon, on the western border of Nepal”’ (Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the “ Kali Valley, E. Kumaon, at Balwakot and Toli, 2500 to 3000 feet elevation, which, compared with Sikkim speci- mens, are more striated and speckled with white below, and have an irregular line of whitish spots round the outer disc of the hindwing above”’ (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120). We have specimens from the late General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. “Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken it around villages in Sikkim at about 2000 feet elevation, in October” (Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330) records it as ‘not rare in the low valleys of Sikkim, from the Terai up to 3000 feet, during almost every month in the year.” ‘The India Museum, Calcutta, possess specimens from Upper Assam, and from Silhet, and Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar in June and July ” (Butt. Ind. 273). The late Mr. W. S. Atkinson took it in Cherra Punji, and the late Mr. A. Grote obtained it in Silhet. Captain BE. Y. Watson’s collection contained it from the Khasia Hills. “Capt. C. H. 1. Adamson obtained it in Akyab, and found it commonly in plantain gardens j» Moulmein in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 273). Signor Leonardo Fe: obtained it at Bhamo in November. ‘Mr. T. C. Hill took it in Tavoy in March ; Capt. C. T. Bingham found it commonly in the Thoungyeen forests in the autumn and again in April”? (Butt. Ind. 273). Capt. E. Y. Watson took it at “ Pounga- dow, Upper Burma, in October, and at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, in January ” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 4). Mr. O. Limborg obtained it at ** Ahsown, in Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826). * See vol. i. pl. 35. PU181. VincentBrooks Day &Son imp F.CMoore dal, et hth LReeve & C2 London PU 132. FC re Vi ks E RC Moore del, et htt Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp L Reeve & C2 Londor PL 158. Vancent Brooks Day & Son bmp E.C Moore del et ith ances roo} D E L Reeve & C° London PU 134. F.C. Moore del ethith mucentRroolosd L Reeve & C° Landon PUL.130. PU./36 1 FC.Moor o rc o PU 137. F.C.Moore del ethth PU 158. - : meent Br ay & Sanimp F.C Moore del, et hth 3 * i ie PH aD AMATHUSIINZ. 177 androconia; and along the inner edge of the middle of the submedian vein is a lengthened fold and a narrow glandular pouch, with accompanying radiating tuft of erectile ochreous hairs. Underside pale purpurescent-cinereous. Forewing crossed by three chocolate-brown slender cell-streaks, an erect medial streak, and two discal more slender streaks, also by a less distinct submarginal line. Hindwing crossed by outwardly-oblique slender chocolate-brown cell-streaks, a long basal streak, which latter joins a medial streak by the subanal ocellus, beyond which is a discal streak which is ‘bent below the ocellus and ascends up the abdominal margin, also a submarginal similar streak; a large ocellus situated between the subcostals, and another ocellus between the lower medians, each with grey and brown-speckled centre, white pupil, and a slender black outer ring. Body beneath, legs beneath, collar, and palpi pale lilacine-cinereous ; palpi tipt with brown ; legs above brown. Female. Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a broad oblique medial yellow band, which is narrower than in the male, and does not extend across end of the cell, as occurs in the male; the inner edge of the band irregularly sinuous, there is also a faint brown wavy discal line across its middle, and a similar line near the outer margin; below the band is a small yellow lunate spot between the middle and lower medians. Hindwing with the spatulate-tail marked with two black-and-white lunate spots. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous, crossed by similar but paler brown streaks, as in the male, the ocelli being larger. Expanse ¢ 4; to 5, ? 5 to 5,‘ inches. Hasrrat (? Sikkim). Assam; Sylhet; Cachar; Naga Hills; East Pegu; Tenasserim. We have examined the type specimens in the collection of the British Museum, described by Mr. Doubleday as Amythaon, the specimens figured by Prof. Westwood, now in the Oxford University Museum (the male of which is badly engraved on the plate in his “ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,” and was subsequently named ** Westwoodii”’ by Mr. Butler) ; and, by the kindness of Mr. Walter Rothschild, we have also compared Dr. Felder’s types of the male and female Portheus, these comparisons proving that they all represent but one species. Distripution.—* The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, in Assam, from Sikkim, and from Cachar. The latter taken by Mr. Wood-Mason in August” (Butt. Ind. i. 293). According to Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 334) ‘it occurs very rarely, if at all, in Sikkim.’ The type specimens described by Mr. E. Doubleday are labelled “Sylhet.” We possess both sexes from Sylhet. Specimens from the Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley. Mr. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 270) records “ three males and one female, taken by Mr. Doherty at the foot of the Karen Hills.’’ Capt. C. T. Bingham “ took a few specimens of both sexes in the autumn and winter months in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper VOL. Il. Aa 178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, Tenasserim” (Butt. Ind. i, 293). Major C. H. E. Adamson (List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10) ‘‘ obtained two males, which flew into his tent about 6 p.m. on Christmas Day, 1879, when encamped in evergreen forest near the sources of the Thoungyeen River in Upper Tenasserim.”’ We also possess a male from Tavoy. Mr. A. R. H. Tucker recently took specimens in Tavoy, in heavy forest, flying both at sundown and in the early morning. Inpo-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES or AMATHUXIDIA.—A. dilucida (Amathusia dilucida, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 206, pl. 3, fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 3, b, ¢ (1884). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 423, pl. 38, fig. 7, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Penin- - sula.—A. insularis (Amathusia insularis, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1891, p- 25. Habitat. Engano, Nias Islands.—A. Porthaon (Amathusia Porthaon Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 779 (1867). Habitat. Java.— A. Ottomana, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1869, p.55. Habitat. Borneo.—A. Pylaon (A. Pylaon, Felder Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 461. Habitat. Java.— A. Philippina (Amathusia Portheus, Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 71, pl. 13, fig. 7, ¢). Habitat. Philippines. The following is an allied genus :— AmaxipiA, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887).—Type. A. Aurelius, (Pap. Aurelius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 168, figs. A, B (1779). Hewitson, Exot. Butt. Zeua, pl. figs. 1, 2 (1868). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 425, pl. 37, fig. 1, 3 (1886). Habitat. Sumatra; Malay Peninsula.—4A. aureliana (A. Aureliana, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 162). Habitat. Borneo. Genus AMATHUSIA. Amathusia, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 279 (1807). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p- 326 (1851). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 70 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 288 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. il. p. 185 (1889). Mera (part), Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 51 (1816). Mitocerus, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820). Iwaco.—Male. Wings large, very broad. forewing short, subtriangular ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin almust even, slightly oblique, posterior angle round ; posterior margin nearly straight ; cell broad ; first sub- costal branch emitted at about one-fifth before end of the cell and free from the costal vein, second with the branches emitted cluse together near the apex ; discocellulars erect from the middle, outwardly-oblique below the middle ; upper radial from slight angle close to the subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of discocellulars ; median veinlets wide apart, upper median slightly bent at one-third beyond end of the cell, but not spurred; submedian vein slightly recurved. Hindwing subtri- angular, short, and very broad, produced posteriorly into a broad spatulate tail at AMATHUSIINZ. 179 end of lower median and submedian; anterior margin arched; exterior margin slightly rounded and widely scalloped ; abdominal margin long, convex in the middle ; cell very long, narrow, completely open, but apparently partially closed by a transverse fold in the membrane of the wing, which extends from the upper median veinlet to near the lower subcostal (radial) at half the length of the latter ; submedian with a longitudinal groove extending along its inner edge, enclosing a glandular pouch and tuft of long erectile hairs about the middle, a similar fold also along tis outer edge, ending in a broad lateral fringe of fine hairs opposite the pouch. Thorax woolly ; abdomen with the terminal segments furnished with lateral wpward-curved tufts of hairs ; eyes naked; palpi erect, rising above the vertex, slender, compressed, clothed with fine hairs above to the tip; antennz long, slender, with a lengthened thin club and pointed tip. Aputt CarerPintar.*—Cylindrical, slightly covered with rather short fine hairs arranged in tufts placed in rows along the body from the fifth to last segment, the anterior segments with transversely-disposed long forward-projecting hairs, the head with similar hairs. Head large, armed with two laterally-disposed palmated pro- cesses ; anal segment also armed with two hindwardly-projected lengthened setose processes. Foop Prant or Caterrinuar.—According to Dr. Horsfeld, the larve, in Java, feed on the young leaves of the Cocoanut Palm, Cocos nucifera. Curysatis.—EHlongated, boat-shaped; thorax prolonged into an acuminated bifid head-piece. Typs.—A. Phidippus. AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS (Plate 146, figs. 1, la, b,c, dg, 9; larva and pupa). Papilio Phidippus, Johanssen, Amen. Acad. vi. p. 402 (1764). Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, i. ii. p. 752 (1767). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 69, figs. A, B, 2 (1775). Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. i. p. 71 (1793). Mera Phidippe, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 51 (1816.) Morpho Phidippus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 439 (1823), Amathusia Phidippus, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 279 (1807). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E.L. C. pl. 7, figs. 10, a, b, larva, pupa, etc. (1829), Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 327, pl. 54, fig 2, (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 209, pl. 6, figs. 4, 4a (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 45 (1869). Snellen, Tijd. Ent. 1876, p. 147. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 70, pl. 6, figs. 6, 7,3, 9 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 289 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett.i. p. 187, pl. 63, g (1887) ; dd. i. p. 185, pl. 31 (1889). Amathusia Perakana, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 348, pl. 6, fig. 2. * Mr. de Nicéville’s description of the larva of A. Phidippus (Butt. of India, p. 290) is quite erroneous, having been made from Horsjield’s figure of the larva of Discophora Celinde. Aa2 180 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown ; cilia pale brownish- ochreous. Forewing with a paler indistinctly-defined oblique subapical fascia and a submarginal lunular fascia. Hindwing with the extreme outer margin slightly paler, and with a paler submarginal indistinctly-defined fascia; the lobate tail bearing two laterally-disposed small sublunate black spots outwardly edged with white ; the long hairy fringe of the glandular pouch ochreous. Underside ochreous-brown ; both wings crossed by several pale nacrescent-greyish narrow fasciz, consisting of a basal, two subbasal, a narrower medial, two discal, and two slender submarginal and marginal fasciz ; an indistinct pale lunular nacrescent-grey fascia also extending between the outer discal and submarginal fascia, the interspaces between the basal and between the discal being darker ochreous-brown, and all conjointly ending above the anal angle of the hindwing. On the hindwing there is a large round apical ocellus and a similar posterior ocellus, both with yellow and black speckled centre, a small white pupil and slender black outer ring; the lobate tail with two similar or more rounded spots as on upperside. Body beneath, legs above and palpi ochreous-brown ; collar, legs beneath and sides of palpi streaked with grey. Female. Upperside. Both wings paler; crossed by the indistinctly visible paler basal and medial fasciz of the underside. Forewing with a pale ochreous- yellow slender lunular discal fascia, a well-defined short broad subapical oblique band, followed by a broadly-lunular submarginal fascia and a narrower lunular marginal fascia. Hindwing also with a pale ochreous-yellow discal fascia, a more prominent broad submarginal and a narrow marginal fascia. Underside paler than in male ; markings similar. Expanse, d 4;, ? 4;% inches. ApuLt CATERPILLAR.—Cylindrical, slightly covered with rather short fine hairs, arranged in tufts placed in rows along the body from the fifth to last segment, the anterior segments with transversely-disposed long forward-projecting hairs, the head with similar hairs. Head large, armed with two laterally-disposed palmated processes; anal segment also armed with two hindwardly-projected lengthened setose processes. Colour, light purpurescent-brown above, with a darker brown dorsal and lateral line; pale ochreous beneath, including the anterior segments and head; a transverse dorsal bar of black on fourth and third segments. Foop pLiant.—According to the late Dr. Horsfield, “‘ the larve, in Java, feed on the young leaves of the Cocoa Nut Palm (Cocos nucifera) from December to April.” Curysatis.—Elongated, boat-shaped; thorax prolonged into an acuminated bifid head-piece ; colour green. (Described from Horsfield’s figure.) Hasirat.—Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Andaman Isles. Distrisution.—Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10) 3 records it from ‘‘ Akyab, in November,” remarking that it frequents old barns and AMATHUSIINA. 18k other dimly-lighted places.” Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8S. 1878, 826) obtained it at ‘* Meetan, 3000 feet elevation, in Upper Tenasserim.” A Variety or THE MAte (see our Plate 147, fig. 1) in Mr. F, D. Godman’s collection, labelled ‘* East Pegu, March and April, 1890,” taken by Mr. W. Doherty, has the upperside much darker brown, the forewing having a conspicuous well- defined short broad pale ochreous oblique subapical fascia, followed by broad submarginal lunules, similar to those in the female, and the hindwing has both the submarginal and marginal fascia also paler. ‘The underside of this male has the fascie disposed similarly to those in Honrath’s figure of Perakana. Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 33) took ‘‘ both sexes at Thaing, King Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, in January. Mr. F. de Roepstorff obtained many examples at Port Blair, S. Andamans, these differmg from the normal specimens as follows :— ANDAMAN FORM. (See our Plate 147, fig. 2, 2.) Male. Upperside similar to Burmese examples. Underside paler than both Burmese and Malayan, the hindwing possessing a more or less complete series of ocelli, instead of the normal single apical and anal ocellus. Female. Upperside paler, with the pale fasciz of underside visible. Forewing with a more sharply- defined pale ochreous-yellow subapical oblique fascia, slender lower discal lunules, and broad submarginal spots. Hindwing with the exterior margin more convex and sharply scalloped, and more sharply-defined pale ochreous-yellow discal lunular line, submarginal and marginal fascia, the two former being more irregular in their course. Underside with the ground-colour conspicuously paler; the transverse fasciz similar. Hindwing with a more or less complete series of five ocelli, the lower second being of the same size as the upper, the third smaller, the fourth incipiently indicated by black scales. Expanse, ¢ 4,9, ¢ 4;%, inches. Specimens from the Andaman Islands, agreeing with the above, are.also in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and several of both sexes are in Mr. L. de Nicéville’s collection. Distripution ovrsipE our Argea.—Mr, Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 71) records it from the “ Malay Peninsula, Penang, Sumatra, and Billiton.’ Mr. Druce (P. Z. 8. 1874, 104) gives ‘“‘Chentaboon, Siam, and Borneo.” Dr. Horsfield obtained it frequently, and reared their larve, in Java. Hasits or Imaco.— Several writers have noted the crepuscular habits of A, Phidippus, and it is often found in Cocoanut Palm groves” (Butt. Ind. i. 290). Major Adamson (List, p. 10) found it in Akyab, “ frequenting old barns and other dimly-lighted places, in November.” ‘‘In the Malay Peninsula, this butterfly possesses the local name of ‘Cocoanut Moth,’” and, as Mr. Bigg writes: “it delights in shady places, and is especially found about Attap-sheds and on dead 182 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. cocoanut leaves” (Distant, Rhop. Malay. 71). “In Java,” according to Mr. Piepers (Tijd. xix. pp. 18, 24) “the sun has scarcely set before we see everywhere this and a few other species of like habits ;’’ but the same author remarks, “I never saw these species wandering about at night in the moonlight, or entering hghted rooms, like the true night-moths, although, like the latter, they sit still and repose all day, and, if disturbed, only fly a little way and settle again directly ’’ (Distant, l. ce. p. 71). Mr. Collingwood (Rambles of a Naturalist, 183) speaks of these butterflies in the Bornean Island, Labuan, as making “ their appearance near sunset, when, from their large size, they might be almost mistaken for small bats.” Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 146, figs. 1, la, b represent the male and female from Burma, and fig. le the larva and pupa, from Horsfield’s drawings. On Plate 147, fig. 1 represents the Pegu male variety, and fig. 2 the Andaman female. Inpo-MALAYAN ALLIED spEcIES or AmarHustA.—Amath. Pollicaris, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 485. Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 71. Habitat. Luzon, Philippines.—Amath. Schonbergii, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 347, pl. 6, fig. 1. Habitat. Malay Peninsula (? Borneo).—Amath. Ochraceofusca, Honrath, zd, p. 348. Habitat. Malay Peninsula. The following is an allied genus :—Psnupamatuusia, Honrath, Corr.-Blatt. Iris, 1886, p.91. P. virgata (Amathusia virgata Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 486). Syn. P. Ribbei, Honrath, ad. p. 91, pl. 3, fig. 1 (1886). Habitat. Celebes. Genus NANDOGEA, Imaco.—Male. Forewing with the apex and exterior margin more rounded than in Thaumantis (Odana); cell broader. Hindwing more rounded, the exterior margin more uneven, anal angle convex and not produced posteriorly; furnished with only a small slender tu/t of erectile hairs arising from below base of the sub- costal, but not accompanied with any perceptible glandular patch, either above or within the cell (as occurs in Odana). On the underside of the forewing there is a short nacreous basal area below the median vein, and an elongated dull silvery-patch below the base of the submedian vein. Typr.—N. Diores. NANDOGEA DIORES (Plate 148, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, 2). Thaumantis Diores, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 234. Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 337 (1851), id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 171. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 215 (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 304 (1883). AMATHUSIIN 22. 183 Thaumantis Ramdeo, Moore (Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 172) ; Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 215 (1857). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky purpurescent-brown, somewhat palest exter- nally; cilia cinerescent-brown. Forewing with a broad excurved discal brilliant metallic-blue band, which extends from the costal vein outside the cell to just beneath the lower median veinlet, the blue being of a bright violaceous ultramarine tint, with pale cobalt-blue scales disposed lunularly upon its outer half; a slightly-defined lilacine-speckled lunular streak descending from the costa before the apex. Hindwing with a large medial-discal rounded similar brilliant blue patch, with pale cobalt-blue centre. Underside paler; the outer border broadly palest and somewhat cinerescent- brown. Forewing crossed within the cell by two prominent darker purpurescent- brown waved fasciz, one upon the discocellulars, an outwardly-oblique inner-discal sinuous line, an erect outer-discal sinuous line, and a much less-defined zigzag sub- marginal line; the three latter lines outwardly-edged with lilacine-white scales, which are sharply defined on the erect outer-discal line, the interspace between the latter and the submarginal line being also sprinkled with lilacine scales. Hindwing crossed by a similar prominent darker brown angulated subbasal line, a wavy mner-discal line, a sinuous outer-discal line, and a less-defined zigzag submarginal line, the two latter lines and their interspace speckled with lilacine scales ; between the subcostals is a pro- minent small round yellow ocellus, with a black outwardly-disposed central dot and outer black ring, and between the lower medians is a larger well-formed rounded ocellus, with black centre speckled with a few lilacine scales, a slender yellow ring and a black outer ring; there is also a small black anal spot situated outside the end of the submarginal line. Body, legs, and palpi dark-brown ; antennz reddish. Female. Upperside asin the male. Underside alsoas in the male, but with the markings more prominently defined. In the form named Ramdeo, the upperside of both sexes differs only in having the brilliant blue patch extending over the whole of the middle of the wings, the patch also being even more intensely brilliant in its lustre. The underside also differs only in being somewhat paler, and in having the two ocelloid spots on the hindwing smaller and less prominently developed. Expanse, d 4, ? 4,5, to 4,8 inches. Haprrat.—Sikkim; Assam; Naga and Khasia Hills; Silket; Burma. Distrizution.—* It is not uncommon in Sikkim.” Mr. Wood-Mason took it on Nemotha, in Cachar, in September and October, noting that the “‘ scent fans of the male are vanilla-scented”’ (Butt. Ind. 305). ‘* Ramdeo is also found over the same ground as Diores ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Sibsagar, in Assam, and from the Daffla Hills” (id. p. 306). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333) ‘this species is not uncommon in shady ravines in Sikkim at from 2000 to 4000 184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. feet elevation. It flies slowly among dense herbage near the ground in the shade. The form described as /tamdeo is considered by Mr. Otto Moller only as a second brood of Diores, which he gets from April to June, whilst Ramdeo occurs later in the year, from about August to October.” Dr. G. Watt obtained specimens during his journey to Manipur (Butler, Ann, N. H. 1885, 302). Numerous specimens in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s collection were taken in the Khasia Hills by the Rev. W. Hamilton’s native collectors. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List Burmese Lep. 10) obtained it ‘not uncommon about Bhamo in the cold season. One specimen also taken in Arakan.”” Mr. Elwes (P. Z.S. 1891, 271) records its capture by Mr. W. Doherty, but not abundantly in the Karen Hills, East Pegu. Mons. G. A. Poujade (Nouvelles Arch. du Mus. Paris, 1592, p. 264) records it from Luang Prabang, Laos. Inpo-Matayan allied genera :— Genus THAauMANTIS.—Thaumantis, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 1. Index Syst. p. 2, pl. 61 (1822-26). Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. p. 455 (1840). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 335 (1851), id. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1856, p. 170. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 77 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 304 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz. Exot. Schmett. i. p. 185 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad, short. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin almost erect, even; posterior angle rounded ; cell very broad; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, anastomosed to the costal for some distance before its end and touching the base of the second subcostal just beyond its base; second subcostal emitted at two- thirds beyond the cell ; discocellulars long, outwardly-oblique and slightly concave in the middle; radials from slight angles near upper end of discocellulars ; middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, upper median obtusely arched beyond the cell. Hindwing with the apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, anal angle slightly produced; first subcostal branch emitted at from half length of the cell area, second at an equal distance ; upper median veinlet much bent beyond its base, the angle approximating closely to the radial (third subcostal) ; cell open; submedian vein straight ; internal vein long; on the upper side there is a nacreous-bordered narrow glandular patch of scales situated above the base of the sub- costal, the patch being overlapped by a lengthened tuft of long erectile hairs extending from below the base of the subcostal; and within the cell there is a large black glan- dular patch of raised scales, which occupy the upper middle of the cell, this latter patch is not nacreous-bordered. On the underside of the forewing, the basal area below the median vein is broadly nacreous and has a very small patch of dull silvery- scales below the submedian near its base. Body robust; thorax woolly ; head large, with a small pointed frontal tuft ; eyes prominent, large, naked; palpi nearly erect AMATHUSIIN 22. 185 slender, compactly clothed in front, laxly clothed above; apical joint short, pointed; antennx long, distinctly annulated, slender. Type.—T. Odana (Morpho Odana, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 445 (1823). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. pl. 6, figs. 5, 5a, 5 (1829). Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. pl. 12, fig. 1 (1836). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 427, pl. 36, fig. 3, d (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Sch. i. pl. 65; id. ii. p- 185, pl. 30. M. Klugius, Zinken-Som. Noy. Acta (1831), pl. 15, figs. 12, 18, ¢ only. Habitat.—Malay Peninsula; Sigapore; Sumatra; Nias; Java; Borneo. Genus Krryeana.—haco.—Male. Forewing obtusely truncated at the apex. Hindwing narrowed posteriorly and anal angle more prolonged than in Thaumantis ; furnished with two conspicuous superposed conjoined glandular patches, each with a nacreous border and tuft of hairs; the upper patch being situated above the base of the subcostal, and the lower patch within the cell ; the cell is much broader across the middle ; and the first subcostal branch emitted at fully two-thirds from the base of the cell. Type—K. Noureddin (Thawmantis Noureddin, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 337 (1851). Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 175, pl. 20, figs. 1,2, ¢ 2. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 78, pl. 6, fig. 3,3, pl. 9, fig. 7,) ? 1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo. —K. Klugius (Morpho Klugius, Zinken-Som. Nova Acta (1831), p. 165, pl. 15, fig. 11, g only. Habitat. Java.—K. Lucipor (T. Lucipor, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 337, Tr. Ent. Soe. 1856, p. 173, pl. 19, figs. 1,2, ¢ ?. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 77, pl. 9, figs. 8, 9,d % (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sarawak; Borneo. Genus THAURIA. Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad, robust. Horewing with the posterior margin convex towards the base; cell very broad, short; first subcostal branch slightly touching the costal near its end; lower and middle median veinlets nearer together and at equal distances from end of the cell. Hindwing ovate; anterior margin convex, exterior margin broadly scalloped ; first subcostal branch emitted at two-thirds from the base, the second at three-thirds ; the radial starting from below the second subcostal at a short distance from its base; the cell open; the upper median much arched from its base ; a large irregular-shaped glandular patch of black scales extending from near the costal vein to beyond the base of subcostal and upper area of the cell, this patch being overlapped by an out-spreading tuft of long hairs arising from base of the cell; the lower cell-area and the base of the wing to the submedian vein also being clothed with long hairs; a pale yellow glandular pouch between the submedian and the internal vein near the middle, the pouch enclosing a tuft of short brown radiating hairs. On the underside of the forewing is a lengthened dull silvery-patch of scales below the base of the submedian vein. Body very robust ; thorax very woolly; abdomen above clothed with long woolly tufts and laterally VOL. II. Bb 186 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with upward-curved subanal tufts of long hairs; abdomen beneath with a glandular patch of ochreous scales ; palpicompactly clothed in front, hairy above; antennz long, slender. Type.—T. Aliris. THAURIA PSEUDALIRIS (Plate 149, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Thaumantis pseudaliris, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1867, p. 115; id. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1876, p- 538, pl. 68, fig. 1, g; 7d. Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p.372. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 79, pl. 8, fig. 8, g (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 307 (1883). Thaumantis Aliris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 176 (male only). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark purplish-brown, the base ferreginous- brown; crossed by a very prominent oblique medial pale yellow band, which is inter- sected by the dark veins, the band extending from the costa beyond the cell to the lower median veinlet, and is continued below it by a small coalescent speckled spot of the same colour; a lilacine-white spot before the apex, and a less-defined speckled spot obliquely below it. Hindwing with the basal area dark ferruginous-brown, the discal area broadly to the middle of the outer margin being purplish-black ; the base of the costa pale ochreous-yellow; the apical border narrowly and the posterior border very broadly to above the anal angle deep orange-yellow ; a large black sub- costal glandular patch and overlapping out-spreading fine long hairs, these hairs also extending over the cell to near the abdominal margin above the anal angle, pale brown; a narrow pale yellow glandular pouch bordering the middle of the internal vein and enclosing a small tuft of short brown hairs. Underside. Forewing with the oblique discal band pale ochreous-yellow and extending entire from the costa to above the posterior angle; the basal area densely woolly and ochreous-grey ; the inner border of the oblique band and the apical area dark chestnut-red, the latter crossed by a darker line extending from before the apex and with a small white mner costal spot, the area between this line and the yellow band being marked with blackish strigee, and the posterior angle also marked with similar strigz ; the grey basal cell area crossed by a blackish recurved streak, a chestnut-red cordate spot, another above it on the costa and a smaller spot at base of the cell. Hindwing with the basal area from the costa to near the anal angle ochreous-grey, densely woolly and traversed by an irregular chestnut-red streak extending from the costa across the cell, and with an inner and an outer red spot also within the cell; the disc crossed by a broad, strongly-defined chestnut-red band which decreases in width from the costa to anal angle, the outer edge of the band being blackish and irregularly angulated inward between the upper subcostal and the middle of the cell, and incurved between the lower median veinlets, in both these angulated parts it is white-bordered externally; the outer area from the irregular-edged band dark orange-yellow, traversed by an upper AMATHUSIIN 43. 187 submarginal chestnut-red lunular fascia and a dusky-brown marginal line, the anal portion of the latter line being white and ending in a small narrow black anal spot; a large olivescent-ochreous ocellus between the subcostals and another ocellus between the lower medians, the upper one with a minute white-speckled centre and slender black outer ring and then a pale outer lunule, the lower ocellus having a white- speckled centre, an inner transverse white streak and broad black lunule, an outer slender black ring and then a slightly-defined pale lunule on its outer half. Body above brown; a streak on sides of thorax and front of head chestnut-red; body beneath and legs beneath ochreous-grey; abdomen beneath with a glandular patch of ochreous scales; legs above brown; fore tarsi reddish; palpi brownish above, whitish below; antenne red. Female. Upperside coloured and marked as in the male, except that on the forewing the oblique pale yellow band is much broader, and the lilacine-white sub- apical spot larger. Underside also as in the male, except that the base is paler grey, and on the forewing the yellow band is broader and paler. Expanse, ¢ 4,% to 4;%, ? 4;% to 5; inches. Hasitat.—Lower Burma, Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. Distrisution.—‘‘ Captain C. T. Bingham obtained specimens of this rare butter- fly in the Thoungyeen forests and in the Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim, in October and April. It was also taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg, who collected near the same ground, from December to April” (Butt. Ind.1.308). ‘ Mr. W. Doherty took several specimens in March and April, at the foot of the Karen Hills, EH. Pegu” (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 271). It also occurs at Malacca, in the Malay Peninsula, and in the Island of Salanga. AttieD Borngan Specres.—Thauria Aliris (Thaumantis Aliris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 176, pl. 17, 2). Habitat. Borneo. Genus DISCOPHORA. Discophora, Boisduval, Spée. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 12, fig. 3 (1836). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 329 (1851). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 35 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 74 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, of India, ete. i. p. 294 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 186 (1889). Mera (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 51 (1816). Imaco.—Male. Wings large, short. Forewing broad, triangular ; costa much arched, apex acute, exterior margin straight, slightly oblique, posterior angle obtusely rounded, posterior margin straight; cell extending to nearly half the wing; costal vein extending to one-fourth from the apex; first subcostal branch arising at one- fourth before end of the cell and anastomosed to the costal vein for some distance before its end; second subcostal anastomosed to the first at its end, four branched ; Bb 2 188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper discocellular short, extending outward in a nearly straight line with base of the subcostal, twice contiguously bent at its outer end, the lower discocellular long and deeply concave ; the radials from angles of upper discocellular ; median veinlets equidistant apart, the upper angled at end of the cell; submedian vein recurved from its base. Hindwing broad, triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex and exterior margin conyex, the exterior margin broadly, somewhat subangulate in the middle; abdominal margin long; anal angle obtuse ; cell narrow, entirely open; lower half of the cell and the longitudinal fold below the median from the base clothed with fine hairs; with a conspicuous large obconical velvety-black glandular patch on the upperside, situated across the base of the upper median vein- lets, the patch being clothed with densely-packed raised lengthened broad scales of equal width and with obtuse or slightly obtusely-dentate tip ; no androconia; also a small glandular pouch close to the base of the short internal vein, between it and the edge of abdominal margin, the pouch being covered with glossy smooth scales and enclosing an appressed tuft of short stout rigid hairs. Body robust, woolly ; abdomen beneath with a small glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales on each side of the keel near the base; head rather small, front woolly; palpi compressed, almost erect, extending above the vertex, compactly clothed beneath and hairy above, terminal joint short; antennz long, with a lengthened slender club; eyes large, prominent, naked ; forelegs of male small, very hairy. Avutt Carerrr.tar.—Long, cylindrical, anal segment furnished with two short divergent processes; head small; clothed with dorsal and lateral rows of fine short radiating hairs arising from tubercles. Foop Piant.—Feeds on the young leaves of the Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nucifera). CurysaLis.—Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece prolonged and acuminated into a bifid point. Typr.—D. Celinde. DISCOPHORA CONTINENTALIS (Plate 150, figs, 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2, larva and pupa). Discophora Celinde, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 75, pl. 5, figs. 10, 11,¢ 2 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 295, fig. ¢ 9 (1883).—nee Stoll. Discophora continentalis et andamanensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 190 (1887). Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent purplish-brown, with deep indigo- blue reflections in certain lights. Ciha ochreous. Forewing with a small pale ochreous longitudinally-oval spot beneath the lower subcostal, and a series of three more or less defined smaller lower decreasing lunate spots, followed by a submarginal series of four (sometimes five) smaller spots, which latter vary in size and are more or less lunate or pointed. Hindwing with a prominent obconical pale-bordered AMATHUSIIN 4. 189 velvety-black glandular patch situated across the base of the upper median veinlets, the patch clothed with densely-packed raised lengthened broad scales of equal width and with obtuse or slightly-obtusely-dentate tips ; mo androconia. Underside. Both wings with the ground-colour more or less brownish-ochreous, with numerous short transverse dark brown strigz, most numerous externally ; crossed by a dark brown narrow subbasal zigzag fascia, a broad medial discal fascia, a much less-defined outer discal fascia, and two submarginal slender lunulate fasciz ; some small blackish spots at base of the cells and one or two spots at the end; the outer borders between the submarginal fascie slightly irrorated with llacine-white scales. Hindwing with two round ocelli outside the medial discal fascia, the upper one being between the subcostals, the other, somewhat smaller, between the lower medians, each with a reddish centre, white pupil, narrow yellow and black ring and then a yellow lunule on its inner edge. Abdomen beneath with a small glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales, placed on each side of the keel near the base. Female. Upperside paler purpurescent-brown, darkest externally, without any blue reflections. Forewing crossed by a broad excurved discal ochreous band, which commences from middle of the costa and extends in an equal width to the middle median veinlet, below which it is narrowed to near the submedian, followed by a contiguous submarginal series of three large lunate patches, a fourth upper smaller patch being slightly indicated by ochreous speckles; beyond is a marginal row of slender lunules; a small inner discal ochreous spot between the lower median veinlets. In Burmese specimens the excurved discal band is very broad, and in Malacca speci- mens this band and the submarginal lunate spots are united. Hindwing with an ill- defined submarginal and marginal series of narrow ochreous lunules and a much less apparent upper discal spot. Underside paler than in male, the strige less pro- minent and more uniformly disposed, and the transverse fasciz less apparent ; ocelli on hindwing duller coloured. Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 4;° inches. Aputt Caterpintar.—Long, cylindrical, anal segment armed with two short divergent processes; clothed with dorsal and lateral rows of fine short radiating hairs arising from tubercles; colour pale purpurescent-brown, with a much paler dorsal and lateral bands extending the whole length ; the dorsal band edged on each segment with two short black longitudinal anterior streaks; head of moderate size, darker brown; legs with darker brown bands. Feeds on the young leaves of the Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nucifera). Curysatis.—Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece prolonged and acuminated into a bifid point; colour pale purpurescent-brown. (Described from Horsfield’s figure of Java D. Celinde.) Hasrrar.—N.-E. India; Burma; Andaman Isles; Malay Peninsula. 190 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. DistripuTion AND Hasits.—‘‘ In Sikkim, Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at low elevations, where he found the males commonly sucking up moisture from damp spots, with their wings folded; when disturbed they fly off into the jungle. The rich indigo-blue of the upperside of the male, when fresh, makes it a very handsome insect on the wing. In Sikkim it is not uncommon. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, Upper Assam” (Butt. Ind. 1. 295, 6). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 331), it is ‘‘ not rare in the lower valleys of Sikkim up to about 2000 feet, from March to November.” Col. C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens taken in the Khasia Hills by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at Bhamo in Upper Burma, where the males were very common on moist places on roads throughout the rainy season; the females never leave the thick undergrowth of the adjoining forest, where, however, they can easily be found” (List, p. 11). Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 827) obtained it at the “ Houngduran Source, in Upper Tenasserim.” Capt. C. T. Bingham “took it at Houndran in Upper Tenasserim” (Butt. Ind. i. 295). Specimens from the Karen Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Dr. J. Anderson (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 33) took it on Elphinstone Island, Mergui Archipelago, in February and March.” The late Mr. F. de Roepstorff obtained speci- mens at Port Blair, South Andamans, the males having the ochreous spots on the forewing all small, inconspicuous, and narrow, the submarginal row being indicated by slender longitudinal pale points—as in some Sikkim specimens; the female having the ochreous band on the forewing, as described by Mr. de Nicéville, including the upper submarginal lunate patch, the dark dividing line between them being obsolete. In specimens from the Malay Peninsula the male has the ochreous spots on the forewing conspicuous, and in the female the ochreous band is broader, including within it the entire submarginal patches. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 150, fig. 1, la, b represents the male and female, and fig. le the larva and pupa, reproduced from Horsfield’s figures of the Javanese D. Celinde. DISCOPHORA LEPIDA (Plate 151, figs. 1, la, b, c,d ?). Enispe lepida, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 213, ? (1857). Discophora lepida, Moore, Lep, Ceylon, i. p. 36, pl. 18, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2(1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 297 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-brown, the discal area darkest. ore- wing crossed by an oblique subapical series of three decreasing bluish-white spots, a fourth lower smaller spot also sometimes being present, followed by a submarginal series of small bluish dots. Hindwing with a distinct discal black glandular patch of raised scales. Underside dark brownish-ochreous, darkest externally; with numerous AMATHUSIIN 4. She transverse darker brown strige, cell spots, a subbasal sinuous line, discocellular spot, a broader discal fascia, and outer submarginal sinuous pale speckled-bordered fascia. Hindwing with a prominent upper and lower ocellus, each with reddish- ochreous centre, white pupil, black ring, and then an outer yellow ring. Body, palpi, and legs beneath brownish-ochreous ; abdomen beneath with a small glandular patch of raised lax scales, placed on each side of the keel near the base. Female. Upperside paler, fading to an ochreous-brown. Forewing with a broad oblique subapical transverse bluish-white coalescent macular band, cut by the brown veins and the lower portions very sinuous edged ; an inner discal row of three small bluish-white diamond-shaped spots, and an outer submarginal row of pale bluish- ochreous broadly-lunate spots. Hindwing with three rows of pale ochreous irregular lunate-dentate spots, and marginal lunular line. Underside pale ochreous or olivescent-ochreous, crossed by ill-defined markings and fasciz, as in the male, the two ocelli on hindwing less prominent and with pale ochreous centre. Expanse, d 3;o, ? 4 inches. Hasrrat.—S8. India. Ceylon. This species, in the character of the markings on the forewing of the male, connects the group represented by the Malayan species Dis, Necho, etc., with that of the Tullia group. Distrrsution.—The type specimen of the female was taken in Canara by Mr.S. N. Ward. A male and female from the same locality subsequently came into our own possession from the remains of Mr. Ward’s collections, and from which our descriptions and figures are now taken. We also possess a female from Travancore. Both sexes have also been “taken by Mr. H. 8. Fergusson in the Ashamboo Hills, Travancore” (Butt. of India, 297). Capt. E. Y. Watson also obtained a single female at Kathlekan, Kadur District, Mysore, in November, which is now in the British Museum Collection. In Ceylon, it was taken by the late Dr. Thwaites, and from whose original drawings the female in “ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” pl. 18, figs. la, b, were copied. Capt. F. J. Hutchinson also took it “in forest land near Galle in July, where it is very rare” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 36). Mr. F. M. Mackwood, in his MS. Notes, says “‘ one specimen only taken ; caught in Ambegamoa.” DISCOPHORA ZAL (Plate 152, figs. 1, la, b, c, ¢ 2). Discophora Zal, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 331 (1851); id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 188, pl. 21, figs. 5, 6,2. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 299 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a discal row of six (the first and third upper being minute) and two submarginal rows of five well-defined spots, the discal and outer submarginal row being parallel with 192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the outer margin, the middle row being slightly incurved; the discal and inner submarginal row are lilacine-white, the former somewhat diamond-shaped, the latter broadly triangulate, the outer row being pale ochreous and narrowly lunate; a dusky-brown spot upon the middle of the discocellulars, and a dot obliquely below it within the cell, these two spots being indistinctly ochreous-bordered. Hindwing crossed by a short upper discal and two complete submarginal rows of pale ochreous triangulate spots, followed by a broad lunular marginal border; the discal black glandular patch very prominent. Underside ochreous ; crossed by a broad inner- discal purple-brown somewhat sinuous-edged fascia, composed of speckled strige, a less-defined similar outer discal fascia, and a narrower submarginal fascia; there is also a narrow sinuous but less-defined subbasal fascia, and two basal cell-dots, and a discocellular speckled-dot. On the hindwing also there is a small ocellate spot between the subcostals and a less-defined ocellule between the lower medians. Body, palpi, and legs beneath pale ochreous. Abdomen beneath with a small glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales, placed on each side of the keel near the base. Female. Upperside somewhat paler ochreous-brown, darkest externally; the basal half being somewhat ochreous. Forewing crossed by three similar rows of larger spots, the discal row being lilacine-white and with a larger upper spot, the two upper also being bent inward to near the costa, the lower of the middle row ochreous-tinged, the outer row ochreous, and the two inner spots above and those below the radial confluent; the discocellular and cell spots distinct, their borders and the basal interspaces of the medians pale ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a complete discal and two submarginal rows of ochreous triangulate spots; the cell spot distinct. Underside paler than in the male, markings the same, the two small ocellules on the hindwing white-centred. Expanse, ¢ 3,;% to 3,5, ? 3; inches. Hasrrat.—Khasia Hills. Upper Burma. Distrisution.—We possess specimens of this species from the Khasia Hills, taken by Major Godwin-Austen. Specimens are also in the collection of Mr. Philip Crowley. Major C. H. E. Adamson has a male, taken at Singoo, 4000 feet elevation, in March, and a female taken at Kindat, Upper Burma, in April, 1892, both of which are typical D. Zal. DISCOPHORA INDICA (Plate 153, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, ¢ 9, larva and pupa). Discophora Tullia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 211, pl. 12, figs. 15, 15a, larva and pupa (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 74, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9, d 9 (1883); Ann, Nat. Hist. PL I4Y / Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp F.G.Moore delet hit L.Reeve & C2 London Pl 148. FE. €. Moore del et lith PULI4A9 on bap xf e del et Jith OOr CM PUL 150. F.C Moore del, et lith Vancent Brooks, Day &Son Imp L Reeve & C2 London PUT), Vincent Brooks Day & Son Lup F.C Moore del,et hth L Reeve & C° Londen Pl 152. F © Moore del, et hth Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp. LReeve & C° London —_ <<. ™— 7» 7" 9 * - -~ PL 150. 3, Moore del, et lith Vincent Brooks Day & Son Img teeve & C° London PU 154. 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Forewing crossed by a discal and two submarginal rows of bluish spots ; the discal row very small, the upper spot largest, either rounded or linear in shape, and in some they are more or less obsolete, or occasionally, all, except the upper spot are absent; the middle row larger, dentate, the upper being sometimes coalesced with its opposite discal; the outer row smaller and either rounded or lunate. Hindwing with a large discal velvety black glandular patch of raised scales; these scales being slightly longer and of more irregular width than those in D. Celinde; with or without faint traces of a submarginal row of pale ochreous lunules or points, and sometimes also of an inner discal series of points ; this wing also has the exterior margin either quite even, and angulate in its middle, or is somewhat scalloped and less distinctly angulate. Underside brownish- ochreous, with numerous short transverse, more or less intense dark brown strige, and which are generally less apparent basally ; crossed by a dark brown slender zigzag subbasal line, a broad discal fascia, an ill-defined slender sinuous submarginal line, and a lunular marginal fascia, the interspace between the latter being more or less washed with lilacine-white, which is most intense posteriorly. Forewing also with three dark brown dots across base of the cell, a ringlet-spot on the discocellulars and a dot below it. Hindwiig also with two basal cell dots and a discocellular dot ; and a large upper and lower ocellus, both with ochreous centre, white lunate- pupil, and a slender black outer ring; a third smaller lower ocellus sometimes being present between the upper medians ; and, in some specimens, generally in those which have the exterior margin of hindwing most angulate (probably the dry-season brood), the upper and lower ocellus are both smaller and less-defined. Body beneath, palpi, and legs ochreous; abdomen beneath with a small glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales placed on each side of the keel near the base ; antenne brown above, ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside somewhat paler, darkest upon the discal area. Vorewing with the three transverse rows of spots bluish-white, larger, the lower discal diamond-shape, the upper largest and disposed inward; the middle row broadly- dentate, the upper incurved and coalescent with the opposite discal; the outer row rounded or broadly lunate ; the discocellular spot of the underside sometimes slightly apparent. Hindwing with a complete discal row and two submarginal rows of pale ochreous decreasing spots, the discal spots being obtusely dentate, the middle row acutely dentate, and the outer row more or less lunate or rounded; followed by marginal lunules. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, numerously covered with VOL, II. ce 194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. olivescent-brown strigw, and crossed with less-defined fascie and markings, and ocelli, as in male. Expanse, 3 3 to 3,4, 2 3,4 to 4 inches. Aputr Caterrmtar.—Length 2} inches; cylindrical; with two short anal processes ; thickly covered with fine pale ochreous hairs; the third and fourth segment with a transverse dorsal dense row of longer purple-brown hairs, a sub- dorsal slight tuft of longer purple-brown hairs arising from anterior edge of the segments ; body dark purple-brown, speckled with grey; a broad dorsal paler yellower-edged band from fifth to anal seement, the anterior junction of the segments marked by a subdorsal prominent short black and yellow streak ; head large, dark purplish-brown, with grey marks. CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail ; boat-shaped; smooth ; ventral line nearly straight, dorsal line arched ; thorax also arched ; head-piece prolonged into an acute apex ; colour pale yellowish-ochreous, with a white bloom. Hasrrat.—N.-H. India; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. Foop prant and Hanirs of tarvA.—The late Mr. Arthur Grote found the larva on Bamboo, in the Calcutta district. Mr. W.S. Atkinson also found the larva in the Calcutta district, “on Bamboo, living between rolled up leaves, on April 23rd, 1856, the larva changing to pupa on the 26th” (MS. Notes). Dr. Manders (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, 519) found the larva in the Shan States, “on Bamboo, living during the day among three or four leaves spun together,” and describes the larva and pupa as follows: ‘‘ Full fed larva two inches long; colour black, mottled with grey ; a rather broad yellowish dorsal line; the junction of the segments marked by a thin irregular yellow line and red spot ; body covered with white hairs; head and anus black, the former marked with perpendicular yellow lines. Pupa white, sus- pended by the tail; the labial palpi prominently projected ; changing to dark brown a few hours before emergence. The perfect insect remains three weeks in pupa.” Distripution.—“* Commoner than D. Continentalis, and has been taken in more localities, but the geographical range is the same within Indian limits, except that D. indica is known to occur in the Plains of Bengal as far South as Calcutta. It is common in Sikkim, and in Tenasserim, from September to April. In the neighbour- hood of Calcutta, Mr. de Nicéville has taken it throughout the year. They rest under the shade of large trees among the dead leaves on the ground, taking short flights when disturbed, and arg easily captured. They not unfrequently enter houses. There are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and Silhet ”’ (Butt. Ind. i. 298). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Hnt. Soc. 1388, 331) records it as “common in Sikkim up to about 2000 feet, perhaps extending a little higher, and occurring throughout the year.’ Mr. W. 8. Atkinson obtained it at “ Darjeling, Cherra Punji, and Plains of Bengal” (MS. Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe AMATHUSIIN. 195 has specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 353) records it as “common in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, from May to August.” The late Mr. Arthur Grote found the larva feeding on Bamboo in the Calcutta district. Mr. W. 8. Atkin- son also obtained the larva in the Calcutta district, on Bamboo, living between rolled up leaves, on April 23rd, 1856. Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken the species ‘‘in dry ditches in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, during the cold weather” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 43). Mr. J. Rothney obtained it in “Barrackpore Park, near Calcutta” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882). Mr. Charlton Swinhoe also recently obtained it in the Calcutta district. In Burma, according to Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List, p. 11) it is recorded as being common throughout the country; both this species and D. Continentalis having been caught by me early in the morning before the sun was much above the horizon.” Captain EH. Y. Watson (J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, 36) obtained both sexes during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at Tilin Yaw, in March, April, and September.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it at Bhamo, and Dr. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) records it as being ‘‘common in the Shan States.” It has been taken in Rangoon, in July and August. Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘*T'aoo, 3000 to 5000 feet ; Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet; and above Ahsown.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from Tavoy. We possess a specimen recently received from Mr. A. R. H. Tucker, taken in Tavoy in December. Mr. Distant describes and figures both sexes from the Malay Peninsula, the male being entirely unspotted on the upperside of the forewing (Rhop. Malayana, p. 75, pl. 7). D. indica 1s probably only the wet-season form of D. Zal. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 153, fig. 1 represents the larva and pupa reproduced from Mr. A. Grote’s original drawings of Calcutta specimens, and figs. 1, a, b, c, d, the male and female. DISCOPHORA SPILOPTERA (Plate 154, figs. 1, la, g ?). Discophora spiloptera, de Nicéville, trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p, 331. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky ochreous-brown; cilia ochreous. Forewing crossed by an erect discal, and two erect submarginal rows of rich ochreous spots, the discal row being small and longitudinally slender, the ordinary spot between the upper median and radial being obsolescent, and the upper one ochreous-white ; the middle row composed of large wedge-shaped spots, the outer row of small posteriorly decreasing rounded spots; the extreme outer margin also lunularly bordered. Hind- wing crossed by a short upper discal row of two small rounded ochreous spots, an inner submarginal row of large triangular spots, and an outer row of lunate spots, the extreme outer margin also broadly lunularly bordered ; the discal black glandular ce 2 196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, patch very prominent. Underside ochreous, with the fascie and other markings similar to those in male D. Zal. Female. Upperside paler ochreous-brown, externally and between the markings dusky-brown. Forewing with the three transverse rows of ochreous spots larger than in male, the discal row being much larger, very prominent, and slightly paler, the dusky-brown cell dots and discocellular spot present. Hindwing with a complete discal row, and two submarginal rows of much larger paler ochreous spots, and outer lunular border. Underside paler than in male; crossed with fasciz as in D. Zal, the basal area also being speckled with transverse brown strige, the two small ocelloid spots on hindwing as in D. Zal. Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 4;% inches. Hasirar.—sikkim. The male of D. spiloptera is distinguishable from the same sex of D. Zal, by the difference in size, shape, and colour of the spots on the forewing; the female also differing from that sex of D. Zal, in these spots being larger, both the inner and middle series being erect, and wide apart at their upper end. The type specimens, from which our descriptions and figures are taken, are now in the possession of the Honble. Walter Rothschild, who has kindly lent them for this purpose, and were taken in Sikkim by Mr. Otto Moller’s native collectors, in the middle of March, 1887, at about 2000 feet elevation. Our illustrations of this species, on Plate 154, fig. 1, la are taken from the type specimens of the male and female, which have been kindly lent for this purpose by the Honble. Walter Rothschild. Inpo-Matayan attinp Discornoras.—Discophora Celinde (Pap. Celinde, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. pl. 87, figs. 1, la, ¢ (1790). Herr.-Sheffer, Hxot. Schmett. ii. figs. 5, 6, ¢ (1853). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, pl. 6, fig. 6, 2; pl. 7, fig. 11, a-h, larva, etc. (1829). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. i. p- 211, pl. 6, figs. 5, 5a, larva and pupa (1857). Staudinger, Hxott. Schmet. 1. p. 190, pl. 63, d. Synonyms—Pap. Menetho. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. mi. 1. p. 83, # (1793). Jones, Icones, v. pl. 61, 2. Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 1, (1800). Disc. Menetho. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 45 (1869). Pap. Aristides, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 86, ? (1793). Both sexes of this species (Celinde) were taken, and the larve bred, in Java, by the late Dr. Horsfield, the males agreeing with the figure by Stoll, and the females with the type specimen of Menetho, in the “ Linnean Cabinet,” in the possession of the Linnean Society of London, a label upon which latter specimen states that, Jones’ figure (from which Fabricius’ description was taken) was made from this identical specimen. The Javan female has the ochreous band on the forewing broad only at its upper end (from the costa to the upper median), below which are two inner-discal small spots and two outer lunules, followed by the submarginal row of five lunular patches and the marginal lunules, AMATITUSIIN 4. 197 and on the hindwing also, the submarginal and marginal series are both composed of larger and broader lunate spots. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Timora, Double- day and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 2,2 (1851). Habitat. Timor.—Discophora Necho, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. i. p. 462, d 2 (1867). The male type specimen of this species, which we have examined, through the kindness of the Honble. Walter Rothschild, has a broad oblique discal band, similar to that in D. Dis ; this band having faded to a whitish colour in the type, and described as whitish by Felder, but which, in freshly-caught specimens, would certainly be blue, as in VD. Dis ; the female having a broad pale ochreous confluent band on the forewing, of the Celinde pattern. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Dis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 325, pl. H. fig. 3,3. Habitat. Sumatra.—Discophora Cheops, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 463 (1867). Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.— Discophora Ogina (Morpho Ogina, Godart, Ene. Méth. p. 445 (1823). Hubner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett. (1820-26). Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippen, Lep. i. p. 74, nec fig.). Syn. D. Melinda, Feld. Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 122. Habitat. Manilla, Philippines.—Discophora Celebensis, Holland, Proc. Boston, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 59, pl. 5, figs. 5,6, 0%. Habitat. Celebes.—Discophora Tullia (Pap. Tullia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 81, figs. A, B,?(1775). D. Tullia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 189 (1887). Male. Upperside dusky purplish-brown ; forewing less acute at the apex and the posterior angle, and the extreme margin less even thanin Burmese or Indian D. indica ; the hindwing is convex, somewhat scalloped, and less angular at end of upper median veinlet. Forewing with two submarginal transverse rows of small blue spots, the inner row dentate, the outer row rounded. Hindwing with a very prominent jet-black discal glandular patch, and a slightly-defined submarginal series of ochreous points. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous-brown, with numerous short transverse darker brown strigee, which are most distinct externally ; the normal subbasal markings indistinct; crossed by a darker brown discal fascia, an ill-defined submarginal slender fascia and a sinuous marginal fascia, the area between the discal and submarginal fascia slightly washed and the anal angle of the hindwing distinctly speckled with hlacine-white ; ocelli of hindwing large, distinct and perfectly formed. Female. Upperside much paler brown. Forewing with three transverse rows of pale hlacine-blue spots, the discal lower three being small, the upper large, inwardly- disposed and coalescent with those of the middle row, the other spots large, the middle row being much incurved in their course. Hindwing with two upper discal small pale ochreous spots, and two submarginal rows of pale lilacine-blue spots. Under- side pale olivescent-ochreous, with olivescent-brown markings as in the male; ocelli large and perfect. Another female has the outer row of spots on upperside of the forewing pale ochreous, and all those of the hindwing also pale ochreous; the ocelli on the hindwing beneath being small and ill-defined. Expanse, d 3, ? 3, inches. 198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Habitat.—S. China. Specimens of both sexes of D. Tullia, taken in Hong Kong, are in Mr. J. Jenner Weir’s collection. We also possess both sexes from China. Capt. J. R. Walker, R.N., also obtained it in Hong Kong.—VDiscophora Sondaica, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 12, fig. 3 (1836), 3. ? Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 426, pl. 43, fig. 7, d. Habitat. Java; Sumatra; ? Malay Peninsula.— Discophora simplex, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 42. Habitat. Palawan.— Discophora Semperi (Disc. Zal. Semper, Reisen Archipel Philippen, Lep. p. 73, pl. 18, figs. 10, 11, 3; figs. 8, 9, 2 (nee Westwood). Habitat. Mindanao.—Discophora Philippina (Disc. Menetho, Semper, Reisen Archip. Philippen, Lep. p. 74, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2, d (1887), nec Fabricius. Habitat. Philippines.—Dise. Bambuse, Felder, veise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 462 (1867). Habitat. Gilolo. Genus ENISPE. Enispe, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40 (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292 (1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 299 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii p. 187 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Both wings similar in shape to typical Discophora. Forewing with the posterior margin somewhat convex ; first subcostal branch anastomosed with the costal for a short distance near its end ; second subcostal with only three branches ; upper discocellular angled close to the subcostal, the radials from the angles ; upper median veinlet curved from its base. Hindwing with the veins as in Disco- phora ; no discal glandular patch ; the entire cell and the longitudinal fold between the median and submedian being covered with long fine hairs; a small glandular pouch close to base of inner vein enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Thorax very robust and woolly ; base of abdomen above also woolly, and beneath with a very prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales near the base. Forelegs longer than in Discophora. Typr.—E. Euthymius. ENISPE EUTHYMIUS (Plate 155, fies. 1, la, b,c, g ?). Adolias Euthymius, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 179. Enispe Euthymius, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40, fig. 2, g (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292 (1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 300, fig, g (1883). Stau- dinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 190, pl. 63, 3; dd. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1887); Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 111 (1892). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright orange-red ; cilia reddish-black. Forewing with a reddish-black short curved streak on upper part of the discocellulars, a sinuous AMATHUSIIN 2. 199 streak beyond the celi, a discal series of four somewhat sagittate speckled spots, one each being upon the lower radial and median veinlets, followed by a submarginal narrow sinuous band and then by a broader marginal band, the latter being faintly traversed by reddish lunules, the three series being broadly confluent at their apical end. Hindwing with the base clothed with long fine dusky hairs, and marked with two blackish lower discal sagittate spots, a transverse inner discal slender line, two sub- marginal narrow lunulate bands and paler outer marginal lunules; a small pale yellowish glandular pouch situated close to the abdominal base of the inner vein, the pouch enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Underside pale ochreous, or ochreous- yellow, of more or less intensity. Both wings crossed by a brown subbasal sinuous line and a straighter discal line, their inner borders being clouded with brownish- ochreous, beyond which are three outer transverse indistinct lunulated brownish- ochreous fasciz. Forewing also with three brown basal dots within the cell. Hind- wing also with a single similar dot and a short discocellular streak, and a discal series of four small darker brown spots, the lowest of which is white-pupilled, and the two inner smallest. Body beneath pale ochreous ; base of abdomen beneath with avery prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales; palpi, and legs pale ochreous ; antenne reddish. Female. Upperside paler and of a more ochreous tint; markings on both wings the same, but somewhat narrower than in male, the inner line on the hindwing more distinct and extending straight across from the costa to the anal angle. Underside paler than in the male; markings the same; the basal spots and transverse discal bordered-line being more distinct. Expanse, ¢ 3,9, 2 4 inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim; Assam; Cachar; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma. Disrrisution.—‘‘ This is found in the mountains to the North-East of Bengal, extending southward as far as Tenasserim. It is not uncommon in Sikkim; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from the Naga Hills. It was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, in March and April’? (Butt. India, i. 301). ‘Mr. Otto Moller took it in the Runjit Valley, Sikkim. It has the habit of a Discophora, flying off into the jungle when disturbed, and resting on a leaf with closed wings” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. 8. Beng. 1883, 93). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, 332), it is ‘not uncommon in Sikkim, at low elevations, from April to October.” In the late W. 8. Atkinson’s collection were specimens from Darjeling and Cherra Punji, Of typical Huthymius numerous males and females from the Khasia Hills, taken by Rev. W. Hamilton’s collec- tors, are in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s coilection. It is recorded in Lieut. D. Thompson’s List of Chin-Lushai butterflies (Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1890, 295). Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, in November. Mr. W. Doherty took 200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. it in East Pegu, where it ‘‘seems to be very common in the Karen Hills, at from 1500 to 4000 feet” (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 270). The Pegu males are richly-coloured orange-red, and have the markings above more like those in tessellate than in typical Euthymius. According to Mr. de Nicéville (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1886, 353), ‘ H. Huthymius is, judging from the specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, an eminently variable species, whose variations are in no way related either to locality or to geographical range, so that the term ‘local race’ cannot be applied to the extreme dark form named E. tessellata.” ENISPE TESSELLATA (Plate 156, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ Q). Enispe tessellata, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521, ¢ 2. Enispe Euthymius, Wood-Mason and de Nieéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. 15, 18% Ik eo Enispe Sylhetensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 191 (1887). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from typical H. Huthymius, in the basal area being much darker coloured; the markings being similar, but con- spicuously more broader and more sharply defined, and on the forewing there is a prominent inner-discal erect band which coalesces with the upper streak beyond the cell. Hindwing with the basal area ochreous-brown, and the markings conspicuously much broader, the discal series extending across from the subcostal vein. Female. Both wings also with much darker basal area, and with markings similar to the male. Expanse, ¢ 31, ? 3} inches. Hasirat.—Nepal; Sikkim; Cachar. We have here retained LH. tessellata as differing from H. Huthymius. The male type of tessellata was obtained from the “ Darjeling”’ collection formed by the late Arthur Grote, and the female type from the “ Nepal’’ collection of the late General G. Ramsay, and from these type specimens our figures on Plate 156 are taken. Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. xv. fig. 1) describe and figure a male—identical with our type of tessellata—which is therein stated to be taken from a Cachar specimen captured by Mr. Wood-Mason on Nemotha Peak in September.* * This same Cachar specimen was previously referred to, under the name of E. Euthymius, by the authors of the ‘‘ Butterflies of India,” p. 801, as being only “‘ of a far deeper and richer orange-red ” than any other specimens we have ever seen;” but they do not there mention the differences in the markings between that specimen and the others under their examination. Specimens from Sylhet, from the AMATHUSIIN 2. 201 ENISPE CYCNUS (Plate 157, figs. 1, la, b,c, g $). Enispe Cycnus, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 330 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 212 (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 301 (1883). Twaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, darkest and with blue reflections on the outer half of the forewing; cilia ochreous. Forewing with a broad oblique lilacine-white band extending from middle of the costa to the upper median veinlet, below which are three decreasing broad lunate spots, followed by a sub- marginal series of four triangular similar-coloured spots, which increase in size from the upper one; a slightly-defined pale ochreous spot-streak below the submedian near the angle, and an inner discal series of small ochreous spots sometimes being visible. Hindwing with a more or less indistinct submarginal row of small pale ochreous spots and marginal lunules, and sometimes a discal row of slender lunules; from the cell to below the median, and the abdominal fold, clothed with long fine hairs. Underside ochreous-yellow, merging to olivescent ochreous-brown on the outer borders. Both wings crossed by a slender subbasal zigzag dark ochreous-brown line with a pale outer border, and a broader brown sinuous discal band, followed by a contiguous less-defined paler outer-discal lunular fascia, and two submarginal sinuous fascia. Forewing also with three brown basal cell-spots and some disco- cellular spots. Hindwing also with one basal cell-spot, a discocellular spot, and a very small white-pupilled ocellule between the subcostals, and a similar ocellule with large white pupil between the lower medians. Body and legs beneath, palpi, and collar ochreous-yellow ; legs above and tip of palpi ochreous-brown; abdomen beneath with a basal glandular patch of dark grey scales. Female. Both wings with the basal area ochreous-brown, the outer area of the forewing dark purpurescent- brown, of the hindwing dark brown. Forewing with the lilacine-white oblique band and the two series of spots as in the male, but larger, the lower discal spot and a narrow streak below the submedian being partly ochreous; there is also two inner- discal rows of smaller ochreous spots, and a spot is sometimes present beyond end of the cell, and a streak bordering the inner-edge of the discocellulars. Hindwing with an inner-discal short row of small ochreous spots, a discal row of larger decreasing spots, the lower being lunate, followed by a submarginal row of broad pointed-spots, and then by a marginal continuous lunular-band. Underside pale ochreous-yellow with a slightly olivescent tint; the transverse discal band and markings as in the male. Expanse, 3 3,5,, ? 3,5, inches. “ Atkinson ” collection, are in the ‘‘ Hewitson” Cabinet at the British Museum. From specimens in the late W. S. Atkinson’s collection, Dr. Staudinger has recently separated this species under the name of EL. Sylhetensis. VOL. Il. pd Lo o ko LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasrrat.—Sikkim (?); Bhotan; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. Distriution.—“ The type specimen is recorded from Sylhet; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and from Sikkim” (Butt. of India, 301). It has been taken at Shillong and the Khasia Hills. “It occurs not uncommonly at Buxa, in Bhotan, in July, but I know of no specimens having been recently taken in Sikkim” (Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333). Dr. N. Manders, in his List of the Lepidoptera of the Shan States (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 520) records “one male taken at Bernardmyo, a Hill Station at about 7000 feet elevation north of the Ruby Mines.” Mr. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 271) also records ‘‘ specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hills at low elevations, and others at Bernardmyo in Burma.” Auinp Cainuss Entspe.—E. lunatus, Leech, Entomologist, 1891, suppl. p. 26 ; Lep. China, etc. p. 111, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, d $¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China. Genus STICHOPHTHALMA. Stichophthalma, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. vi. p. 27 (1862). Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. of India, ete, i, p. 308 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 184 (1889). Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 113 (1892). Imaco.—Male. Wings large, very broad. Forewing subtriangular; with the costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior margin long and nearly straight; cell very broad; first subcostal branch emitted at one- fourth before end of the cell and entirely free from the costal; second subcostal three-branched; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled at lower end, lower discocellular deeply concave; radials from the upper angles; upper median veinlet arched from the end of the cell. Hindwing obovate; costal vein ending beyond the middle; first subcostal branch emitted at half distance before second and third; cell narrow, open; upper median veinlet arched from its base; internal vein much recurved ; a small ovate glandular patch * situated above the base of the subcostal veinlet, which is overlapped by an erectile tuft of fine hairs arising from below the base of the subcostal vein. Body robust; thorax woolly; eyes prominent, naked; palpi long, slender, extending more than half beyond the front ; antennee slender, evenly articulated. Typs.—sS. Howqua. * Mr. Wood-Mason (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 353) remarks that “ this gland, in S. Camadeva, secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour, distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the presence of, a much stronger odour (resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop) which is common to the two sexes.” AMATHUSIIN. 203 STICHOPHTHALMA CAMADEVA (Plate 158, figs. 1, la, d ?). Morpho (Thaumantis) Camadeva, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2 (1848). Thaumantis Camadeva, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 177 ; id. Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 377, pl. 55, fig. 2 (1851). Stichophthalma Camadeva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 309, fig. 9 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 204, pl. 65, ¢ (1887) ; dd. ii. p. 184, pl. 30 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the basal area rich ochreous-brown, the outer area purpurescent lilacine-grey, and traversed by a discal series of small round blackish spots, followed by a row of quadrate sagittate-spots, which latter have their outer angle dilated and extending along the vein to the margin, and then by a submarginal row of continuous lunules, the upper end of each series being broadly dilated at the apex. Hindwing with the basal area rich dark ochreous-brown, the outer area purpurescent-black, traversed by a submarginal row of large broad pur- _purescent lilacine-grey biconical spots, and a marginal narrow lunular band ; basal glandular tuft pale ochreous. Cilia pale ochreous. Underside rich brownish-ochreous ; crossed by a subbasal and a medial slender black sinuous line, the former generally being inwardly-bordered by pale olivescent-ochreous, and the latter outwardly-bor- dered by a whitish fascia, followed by a dark brown speckled-edged lunular fascia ; the disc crossed by a row of red ocelli, five on each wing, each being centred with a white lunule, and having a black outer ring ; beyond are two submarginal ill-defined brown lines, the outer line sometimes being more or less broad, and both ending at the anal angle in a black speckled streak, the outer streak much dilated. Body beneath, legs, and palpi brownish-ochreous ; antenne dark brown, Female. Upperside as in the male, with the marginal markings broader. Un- derside as in the male. Expanse, 5 to 6 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim; Assam; Khasia Hills; Cachar ; Manipur. Distripution.—‘‘Common in Sikkim, in June and July” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. S. Bengal, 1885, 2). Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333) records it as not uncommon, in Sikkim, in suitable localities, from May or June to October. I found it not un- common by the river at Choongtong, at 2500 feet, in July, but difficult to take in good condition, as it flies so close to the ground among thick vegetation that it is not easy to get a clear stroke of the net.” Major H. H. Godwin-Austen—who captured several specimens in the Jatinga Valley, N. Cachar Hills, during his Survey operations—noted that “‘ it affects the openings in forests ; having a lopping lazy sort of flight, flying about quite low down among the brushwood, during April, just after the rains set in.’ Mr. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 353), found it ‘ very common in the forests near Silcuri in Cachar, during May ; others also being taken pd 2 204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. in July. The gland covered by a patch of modified scales and by an erectile wisp of hairs on each hindwing of the male, secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the presence of, a much stronger odour, resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop, which is com- mon to both sexes.’ Dr. G. Watt (Ann. N. H. 1885, p. 303) obtained specimens during his journey to Manipur. STICHOPHTHALMA LOUISA (Plate 159, figs. 1, la, g 9). Thaumantis Lowisa, Wood-Mason, Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 163; zd. Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1878, p. 175, pl. 12. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 827. Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 40, ?. Stichophthalma Louisa, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 311 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area of both wings rich pale yellowish- ochreous, and the outer area lilacine-white. Both wings with a submarginal row of black hastate-spots, their outer angles coalescing with a marginal row of lunules, each series palest and increasing in size from the apex of the forewing, where the border is clouded with dusky speckles ; the transverse lines and ocelli of the under- side being visible by semi-transparency ; basal tuft on the hindwing ochreous. Underside very pale dull olivescent-ochreous ; both wings crossed by a subbasal and a medial slender blackish sinuous line, the former with a whitish inner border, the latter with a more distinctly-defined whitish outer-bordering fascia, followed by a broad pale olivescent-brownish lunular fascia ; a discal series of small pale ochreous- brown ill-defined ocelli, of which the upper and lower on the hindwing are prominent, much larger, reddish-ochreous, and with a slender black ring; beyond is a pale de- fined olivescent-brownish submarginal series of hastate-spots and marginal lunules, the latter forming an indistinctly-defined broader marginal fascia, the submarginal series traversed by a slender sinuous line, and the marginal ending in a dilated black anal spot speckled with grey. Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the marginal hastate marks and lunules are larger and entirely coalescent. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 5 to 5,9 inches. Hasirat.— Upper Tenasserim. DistrisuTion.—The type specimen was “ taken at T'aoo, 3000 to 6000 feet alti- tude, in Upper Tenasserim, by Mr. Ossian Limborg in the cold season. Capt. C. T. Bingham took specimens between March and May in the lower Thoungyeen forests’ (Butt. Ind. 1.311). Mr. W. Doherty ‘‘took many males, but only two or three females at the foot of the Karen Hills, in March and April” (EKlwes, P. Z. S. 1891, 271). Signor Leorardo Fea obtained specimens at Moolayet, in April. AMATHUSIIN 2. 205 STICHOPHTHALMA NOURMAHAL (Plate 160, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ ). Thaumantis Nourmahal, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 337 (1851); id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p- 178, pl. 18, figs. 1, la, 9. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Hast Ind. Company,i. p. 215 (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 312 (1888). Imaco.—Male. Upperside with both wings chestnut-red, cilia brownish cine- reous. forewing crossed by a broad excurved oblique subapical ochreous fascia, which extends from the costa to the outer margin below the apex aud to the pos- terior angle, the apex of the wing being darker brown, and the fascia traversed by a submarginal row of dark brown hastate points and a marginal row of lunules. Hindwing with the outer border narrowly margined with ochreous and traversed by a submarginal and a marginal row of similar brown marks. Underside paler. Both wings crossed by a subbasal and a medial discal slender black irregular line, the subbasal edged on its innerside and the discal on its outerside with olivescent silvery-grey scales; on the forewing the base of second subcostal, and the discocel- lulars to the middle black; the outer border with a submarginal and a marginal black zigzag line. Forewing also with an outer discal series of five round ocelh, of which the lower first and the fourth are the most defined, being red with a white pupil, black ring and then an outer pale ochreous ring; the others being ill- defined by ochreous scales. Hindwing also with similar but somewhat larger ocelli, the first, third, and fifth being more brightly developed and are of a deep red, the second and fourth being ill-defined by ochreous scales. Body, legs, and palpi beneath pale ochreous ; legs and palpi above reddish-brown ; antennz black. Female. Upperside similar to the male, but somewhat darker coloured, the oblique subapical fascia on the forewing slightly broader, and with a prominent white spot before the apex between the subcostals; the submarginal and marginal markings also somewhat broader. Underside darker than in the male, being of an olivescent brownish-ochreous colour and darkest across the disc ; the subbasal and discal black lines also broadly edged with silvery-grey ; the ocelli and submarginal lines similar. Expanse, d 3,% to 4, ? 4,74 to 4;% inches. Hasirat.—Native Sikkim. DistripuTion.—The type was described from a female in the collection of the late Mr. W. W. Saunders; specimens of both sexes were also in the Hast India Company’s Museum, and others in the Hewitsonian collection. According to “ Mr. A. V. Knyvett, specimens have recently been obtained by his collectors in Native Sikkim ” (de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc, 1890, p. 181). 206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. STICHOPHTHALMA NURINISSA (Plate 161, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 9). Stichophthalma Nurinissa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 131, pl. C. fig. 3 f. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings differ from those of S. Nowrmahal in the ground-colour being paler and of a much brighter tint of chestnut-red. On the fore- wing the ochreous outer fascia is narrower and the dark brown margin broader. On the hindwing the ochreous outer fascia is much broader, with submarginal blackish points and broad marginal lunules. Underside. Both wings of a lighter colour ; the transverse subbasal and discal black line less intensely edged with olivescent silvery-grey scales; the submarginal and marginal line more sinuous and nearer together; the ocelli are similar. Female. Upperside also much paler, the ochreous fascia, the submarginal points and marginal lunules, as in the male; the apical white spot is larger, and there is a minute spot above it and also one below it. Underside as in the male, but darker coloured, the markings all more intensely defined. Expanse, 3 3,°9 to 4, ? 4,4 to 5 inches. Hasrrat.—Bhotan. Disrrisution.—‘* Numerous specimens were taken near Buxa, in Bhotan, by the native collectors of the late Mr. Otto Méller, and Mr. A. V. Knyvett” (de Nicéville, 1. c.). ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES OF STIcHOPHTHALMA.—St. Cambodia (Thaumantis Cam- bodia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. im. Thawm. pl. fig. 2 (1862). Habitat. Cambodia. —St. Howqua (Th. Howqua, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1851, p. 174; id. 1856, p. 178, pl. 18, figs. 2, 2a. Habitat. N. China; Formosa.—St. fusca, Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 113, pl. 1, fig. 3, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.—St. Newmogeni, Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 5, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China. Genus CLEROME. Clerome, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 333 (1851) ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 182. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 80 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 312 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889). Leech, Lep. China, ete. p. 112 (1892). Faunis, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 55 (1816), preoccupied. Imaco.—Male. Wingsshort, very broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched at the base, apex rounded, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin lobularly dilated near the base; cell broad ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fourth before end of the cell, free from the costal, second subcostal four-branched ; dis- cocellulars very outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled near subcostal, lower AMATHUSINZ. 207 very long and much recurved, being concave at its upper end and convex at its lower end; radials from upper angles of discocellulars; upper median veinlet not arched. Hindwing broadly ovate, apex somewhat obtusely pointed, exterior margin very convex posteriorly, anal angle rounded; subcostal branches arising near base of the wing; cell very narrow; upper median veinlet arched from the base; a short very slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first subcostal branch, the pouch being surrounded by a patch of fine raised hair-like scales, which are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by a very slender tuft of long erectile hairs arising from below the base of the median vein. Body moderately robust ; thorax woolly; eyes naked, large; palpi compactly clothed, hairy above, slender, projected in front of the head; antenne long, slender. Type.—C. Arcesilaus. CLEROME ARCESILAUS (Plate 162, figs. 1, la, b, ce, d ?). Papilio Arcesilaus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 28 (1787). Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 2 (1800). Clerome Arcesilaus, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep., p. 334, pl. 54*, fig. 5, 9 (1851). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p- 44 (1869). Marshall and de Nic¢ville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 133 (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 428, pl. 40, fig, 5 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 202, pl. 65, ¢ (1887) ii. p. 188, pl. 31 (1889) Faunis Caneus, Hibner, Samm. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 82, 2 (1820-26). Morpho Leonteus, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Acad. N. C. 1831, p. 170, pl. 17, figs. 14, 15 (1831). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulvous, uniformly tinted throughout both wings. Cilia brownish cinereous. Hindwing with a short very slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first subcostal branch, the ponch itself surrounded by a patch of raised fine hair-like scales which are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by a very slender tuft of long erectile hairs arising from below the base of the median vein. Underside dark olivescent ochreous-brown. Both wings crossed by a wavy indis- tinctly-defined blackish curved narrow subbasal fascia, and a more defined sinuous narrow curved medial discal faseia ; an outer discal series of minute ochreous-white spots, six on the forewing and seven on the hindwing, followed by a slender blackish submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown; palpi brownish-ochreous ; antenne reddish. Female. Upperside paler and brighter coloured, but with the apex and outer borders darker tinted. Underside as in the male. Hixpanse, ¢ 2,5 to 2,8, 9° 2:8 to 3 inches. 208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Sikkim ?; Khasia and Naga Hills; Silhet; Looshai Hills; Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula. Distrisution.—Within our area Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 314) record “ specimens from Sikkim, from the collection of the late Mr. Mandelli.”’ According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 334) ‘it has never been seen recently by Mr. Moller or myself from Sikkim.” Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens taken in the Khasia Hills by the Rev. W. Hamilton’s native collectors. The late W. 8. Atkinson obtained it at Cherra Punji. It is also recorded from Silhet. Specimens are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection from the Lushai and Naga Hills. Major C, H. HE. Adamson (hist, p. 10) obtained it at ‘‘ Bhamo, Burma, and in Upper ‘Tenasserim, in woody places, during the cold weather.” Capt. C. Bingham obtained in the Donat Range i Upper Tenasserim in January, and others in the Thoung- yeen forests in March and December” (Butt. Ind. 314). Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 827) met with it above Ahsown in Upper Tenasserim in the cold weather.” Mr. Elwes (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from “Tavoy and Ponsekai.” The type specimen described by Fabricius is recorded from Siam, now in the Bankhan Cabinet at the British Museum, which we have examined, and is identical with our Indian examples. DIstTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 429) records it from the Malay Peninsula, where Capt. Godfery “‘ took it in a shady nook near a well. Its flight was very low; issuing from the surrounding jungle it would flit along the path, or rest upon it for a while, and then return to the thickest shades.” Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at Perak (P. Z.S. 1891, 273). It also occurs at Penang and Singapore; Nias (Kheil); Sumatra (Snellen); and Java (Horsfield). The Java specimens (of which many were obtained by the late Dr. Horsfield) differ on the underside in having both the dark transverse subbasal and medial fascia con- spicuously broader, the latter fascia being also less sinuous on its outer edge; the submarginal line is also comparatively broader. If this Java form proves distinct, it will take Hiibner’s name of Caneus. It is also recorded from Borneo. CLEROME ASSAMA (Plate 163, figs. 1, la, b, c,d ?). Clerome Assama, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 184. Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. India, etc. i. p. 314, fig. 9 (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulvous, uniformly tinted throughout both wings. Sometimes the median pale spots of the underside are slightly apparent. Underside much darker, and more or less ochreous-brown in tint. 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The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya ; being an Account, Botanical and Geographical, of the Rhododendrons recently discovered in the Mountains of Eastern Himalaya by Sir J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. By Sir W. J. Hooxer, F.R.S. Folio, 20 Coloured Plates, £4 14s. 6d. L. REEVE & CO., 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. M32 AMATHUSIIN 2. 209 one on the forewing the largest, and the upper one on the hindwing still larger, followed by a black submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown ; palpi pale ochreous below. Female. Upperside somewhat darker, especially at apex of the forewing, which is crossed by a very ill-defined oblique excurved paler ochreous band, the inner dge of the band obsolescently merging into the basal ground-colour, Underside marked as in the male; the transverse series of yellow spots being comparatively larger. Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 3,, ? 4 inches. Hasirat.—Assam ; Khasia and Lushai Hills. Disrrisution.— Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen obtained specimens in the Khasia Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It is recorded by Mons. Oberthiir (Htudes Ent. 1893, p. 13) as occurring also in Tonkin, but it is probable that this is erroneous, and that the specimens are refer- able to the Chinese species, C. Humeus. Inpo-Matayan species of CLerome.—O. Humeus (Pap. Eumeus, Drury, III. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 2, fig. 3 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 183, figs. C, D (1777). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1869). Pap. Gripus Fabr. Syst. Ent. App. p. 809 (1775). Pap. decem- punctatus, Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. i. p. 212 (1779). Habitat. China; Hong-kong ; Hainan; Borneo.—C. Afrope, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 81; Lep. China, etc. p- 112, pl. 1, fig. 4, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.—C. Stomphar, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4. Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.— C. Kirata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p. 344, pl. F. fig. 3. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—C. gracilis, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p- 401, pl. 8, fig. 7. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 1. Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.—C. Besa, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Cl. pl. 1, fig. 1 (1863). Habitat. Borneo.—C. Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 44. Habitat. Palawan.—C. Phaon (Pap. Phaon, Erichson; N. A. Acad. N.C. p. 401, pl. 50, figs. 1, Ja (1834). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 185. Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 68 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Leucis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 304; Reise Novara, Lep. pl. 62, figs. 5, 6 (1867). Semper, Reisen Philippen Lep. p. 69 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao, Philippines.—C. lurida, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 460 (1867). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 19, 20 (1887). Habitat. Mindoro, Philippines—C. Kleis, Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 70, pl..8, figs. 17, 18 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Sappho Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 15, 16 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao, Philippines. vot. 11. March 18th, 1895. Ee 210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus MELANOCY MA. Melanocyma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1858, p. 186. Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad; exterior margin oblique. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin lobate near the base; cell broad, upper end extending to nearly half the wing, lower end to three-fifths; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second at two- thirds beyond end of the cell, third, fourth, and fifth nearer the apex ; upper discocellular short, angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long, much recurved ; radials from angles near subcostal; median veinlets wide apart, equi- distant ; submedian recurved near the base. Hindwing obconical, anterior margin long, nearly straight, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and rounded posteriorly ; furnished with a recumbent androconial tuft of hairs at base of the subcostal, and a row of fine longish hairs extending between the submedian and internal vein, which terminate more thickly above the anal angle; subcostal branches and radial emitted together near the base of costal; cell open; medians wide apart ; middle median emitted at about half the wing. Body slender; palpi slender, porrect, finely hairy above ; antenne slender, and with an elongated club. Type.—M. Faunula. MELANOCYMA FAUNULOIDES (Plate 167, fig. 1, la, ?). Melanocyma faunuloides, de Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, 1895, p. , pl. N. fig 2, 9. Imaco.—* Female. Upperside, both wings very pale fuscous or French-grey, all the black markings of the underside showing through faintly by transparency. Forewing with the veins slightly infuscated. Hindwing with the outer two-thirds of the abdominal margin, and the anal region widely as far as the inter-nervular fold in the first median interspace ochreous-yellow, this colour being carried narrowly along the outer margin as far as the second median nervule. Underside, both wings slightly paler than above, especially the hindwing. Forewing with a large round black spot near the middle of the discoidal cell; a broad black line across the cell beyond its middle, joined to two similar lines running along the subcostal and median neryvures from the base of the wing, the latter broadening out towards the base of the submedian interspace ; the anterior half of the discocellular nervules black, fining away to nothing posteriorly ; two broad slightly irregular nearly parallel black lines commencing at the subcostal and ending at the submedian nervure, the inner line somewhat lunulated between the median nervules; a very fine obscure submarginal blackish line, with an extremely fine black line on the margin. Hindwing with the abdominal margin ochreous-yellow of a paler shade than on the upperside, this colour becoming AMATHUSIIN 4. 211 entirely lost towards the middle of the submedian interspace, extending narrowly along the outer margin as far as the first median inter-nervular fold; the wing is crossed by four broad parallel highly irregular black bands, all commencing close to the costa; the first band is straight and is quite close to the base of the wing, and ends on the submedian nervure ; the second band is also nearly straight and ends on the internal inter-nervular fold; the third band is highly irregular and lunulated, the concavity of each lunulated portion directed towards the outer margin, it ends in a somewhat faint detached spot on the internal inter-nervular fold, anteriorly it is joined to the second band by a thin black line running along the costa; the fourth band is also highly irregular and lunulated, the concavity of each lunulated portion directed towards the base of the wing; a somewhat broad submarginal fuscous line posteriorly becoming lost in the ochreous anal area; a very fine black line on the margin ending posteriorly on the first median inter-nervular fold. Cilia throughout very short and cinereous; antenne black; thorax in front ochreous, posteriorly, and abdomen pale fuscous.” Expanse, ¢ 4,°, inches. Hasitat.—North Chin Hills, Upper Burma. *« A reference to Hewitson’s, Westwood’s, and Distant’s figures (Rhop. Malay. pl. 8, f. 2), of Melanocyma faunula, Westwood, all taken from female specimens, will at once reveal the many important characters in which that species differs from the present one, which characters are also borne out by the numerous specimens of M. faunula I possess from several localities in the Malay Peninsula and from Chanta- boon in Siam. The ground-colour in M. faunula is almost white on the upperside of the hindwing instead of being concolorous with the forewing; the yellow colour is more extensive also, reaching to the second median nervule; in M. faunuloides it ends midway between the first and second median nervules; on the underside of the forewing the black discal bands are highly lunulated, and the points of the lunules almost meet in M. faunula, while in M, fawnuloides the bands are nearly straight and the inner one is only slightly lunulated; this character is even more strongly pronounced on the hindwing, as in M. faunula anterior to the third median nervule these bands entirely join, enclosing large oval spots of the ground-colour ; lastly the yellow colour is much duller, and does not extend half as far on to the disc in M. faunuloides.” « Described from two specimens kindly given to me by Lieut. E. Y. Watson, which were captured in June, 18935, at Number Three Stockade, in the North Chin Hills, at 3500 feet elevation above the sea”’ (de Nicéville, 1.c.). Twpo-Matayan Species or Mepanocyma, M. faunula (Thaum. faunula, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 1) (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, fig. 2,°%. Ee 2 212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Siam ; Cambodia. Genus Tenarts, Htibner (Syn. Drusilla, Swains.)—T. Birchii, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 241; Rhop. Malayana, p. 428, pl. 39, tig. 7 (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula. Singapore.—T. Horsjieldii (Drusilla Horsfieldii Swainson, Zool. Illust. i. pl. 11 (1820). Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 4 (1851). Thon, Ent. Archiv. p. 90, pl. 4, fig. 3. Habitat. Java.—T. occulta, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 316, Habitat. Borneo.—T. Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 48. Habitat. Palawan. Genus AXAMONA. Aimona, Hewitson, Exotie Butt. iv. dim. pl. figs. 3, 4 (1868). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p.. 175. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 302 (1888). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 187 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Forewing rather broad, subtriangular; costa arched, apex acutely pointed and produced; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex hind- ward ; posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to five-sevenths of the length of the costal margin; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell and anastomosed with the costal vein for some distance before its end; upper discocellular twice angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long and outwardly recurved, radials from the upper angles ; middle and lower median veinlets wide apart, upper median slightly curved beyond the cell. Hindwing short, broad, somewhat quadrangular; apex rounded, exterior margin obtusely angular in the middle; subcostal branches straight at their base; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fifth from the base; cell area rather broad; upper median veinlet nearly in a line with the base; submedian vein recurved, and with a row of fine hairs extending along its outer edge, ending in a curled glandular fascicle of longer and stouter hairs, which latter overlap a slight groove or fold of the wing before the anal angle. Head small; eyes naked; palpi slender, apex pointed ; antenne rather short and with a well-formed lengthened club. Tyrr.— Ad. Amathusia. ZEMONA AMATHUSIA (Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b,c, d, e, g 2). Clerome Amathusia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1867, p. 566, 2. Aimone Amathusia, Hewitson, Exotie Butt. iv. 4m. pl. figs. 3, 4, 2 (1868). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 176, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, @. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 2, 2a, g (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale ochreous-yellow or fulvous, the basal area tinged with brownish-ochreous ; cilia brown. Forewing with the apex and the AMATHUSIIN A. 218 exterior margin pale ochreous-brown; crossed by the slightly-apparent excurved subbasal and the oblique discal brownish line of the underside. Hindwing crossed by the slightly-apparent subbasal and discal brown line of the underside, followed by a more distinct outer discal sinuous brown line, and then by a slightly-defined less sinuous upper submarginal line. Underside uniformly paler ochreous-yellow, the veins brownish; crossed by an ochreous-brown subbasal line, which is incurved on the forewing and excurved on the hindwing, a narrow oblique discal fascia and a slender sinuous submarginal line; between the two latter is a series of small ocelli, which decrease in size upwards, those on the forewing varying from one to five, and those on the hindwing from five to six, the one situated between the lower medians the largest, and the upper ones, generally, more or less imperfect; these ocelli, where perfect, have a pure white centre, ringed with black, a bright ochreous ring, and then an outer black ring. Body, palpi, and legs beneath ochreous-yellow ; antenne brown. Female (type). Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a faintly-defined broad excurved band of ochreous-yellow, which commences from the costa, where it is broadest and brightest yellow, and ends indistinctly towards the posterior angle, where it merges into the ground-colour; also crossed by the very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside. Hindwing crossed by the very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside, followed by an ochreous-brown outer discal sinuous line, and then by a submarginal line, the apical area being also slightly paler ochreous. Underside dull pale cinerescent ochreous- brown; crossed by slightly broader lines, as in the male, and more sharply-defined submarginal ocelli. Another female (from the Khasia Hills) is smaller than the type above described, and on the upperside is duller coloured, with the subapical pale band less-defined, but the transverse oblique discal line broad and distinctly defined ; on the underside the basal area is uniformly darker, the ocelli being of the same size, and with an additional small ocellus at the anal angle. Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 8, ? 3 to 3, inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga, Khasia, and Garrow Hills. Distripution.—The type specimen (female) has a printed label “ Darjeling ” attached to it, and was obtained by the late Mr. W. 8S. Atkinson, as is indicated in his MS. Notes in our possession. A male, taken in Bhotan, August, 1888, by Mr. Otto Moller’s native collectors, is now in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection, as is also a male, labelled “Garo Hills, December, 1888,” taken by the Rev. W. Hamilton. Colonel C. Swinhoe has specimens of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, also taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. Specimens from the Khasias are also in the collection of Mr. Philip Crowley. Mr. 8. EH. Peal obtained a single male in the Naga Hills. 214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ represent a male and the female from the Khasia Hills, in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe ; figs. d and e are reproductions of the Hewitsonian figure of the type female. JEMONA PEALII (Plate 165, figs. 1, la, 3). Emona Pealii, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 177, pl. 6, figs.3, 3a, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 3, 3a, g (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124. Imaco.—Male. “Closely allied to A. amathusia. Upperside coloured and marked in the same manner, but with the ocelli as well as the strigz of the under- side showing through. Forewing with the apex angulated but not produced, the outer margin arched instead of being concave, sinuous, and the inner angle not so broadly rounded. Hindwing darker coloured, and also paling towards the outer margin, but with the submarginal series of arcuate marks smaller and less distinct. Underside coloured and marked in much the same manner, but with more perfectly formed and more numerous ocelli, the forewing having three—(the first between the submedian vein and the first median veinlet, the second the largest and best defined) —perfect ocelli and two or three rudimentary ones following them, and the hind- wing having one rudimentary (close to the submedian vein) and six (the first in the same interspace with the rudimentary one, and the second the largest of all) perfect ocelli; each ocellus dark brown encircled by a very fine line of the colour of the strige and pupilled with iridescent silvery-white; the thin submarginal brown line more deeply engrailed.’’ Female unknown. Expanse, ¢ 2,% inches. Hasitat.—Assam. Distrizsurion.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. 8. EH. Peal at Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. According to Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1889, 124), ““ Av. Pealii appears to be the wet-season form of 4. amathusia, differing only in the less acute and falcate forewing, the more distinct ocelli, and brighter colouring below. I took two specimens of Pealii near Sadiya in September; the outer margin of the forewing was convex throughout, but the apex was slightly more acute than in the type. On the 1st of December, I caught a single ragged specimen of Amathusia near Margherita, apparently quite typical.” Mr. Ernst Hartert, who accompanied Mr. Doherty in his Assam journey, also records (Proc. A. 8. Beng. 1890, 205) the capture of this species. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, figs. 1, la are reproductions of Mr. Wood-Mason’s figure in the Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1880. AMATHUSIIN A. 215 JEMONA LENA (Plate 165, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). Aimona Lena, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 1, ¢. Moore, Anderson’s Zool. Exped. W. Yunan, i. p. 924, pl. 81, fig. 1 (1878). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p- 177. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 302 (1888). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 208, pl. 65, g (1887) ; dd. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brownish-ochreous; cilia ochreous-brown. Forewing with the veins bordered with dusky-brown which broadens outwardly and pervades the entire margin, the disc being crossed by a slightly darker brown narrow sinuous band, thus breaking the pale interspaces between the veins and showing:a more prominently-defined outer series of pale pointed streaks, beyond which is a faintly-defined submarginal line. Hindwing paler anteriorly, the posterior area being broadly ochreous yellow; the dusky-brown subbasal and discal line of the underside visible by semi-transparency ; a series of four upper submarginal whitish quadrate-spots, the three upper with brown-speckled edges. Underside dull pale brownish-ochreous ; an ochreous-brown narrow band extending from apex of the forewing to above the anal angle of the hindwing ; the hindwing also having a short subbasal similar line; both wings also with a much less defined slender submarginal hne and a series of small pale ochreous-white ocelloid spots. Female unknown. Expanse, 3,°9 inches. Hasrrat.— Burma. Distxisution.—The type specimen—now in the Hewitson collection at the British Museum, and from which our description is taken, was obtained by Dr. J. Anderson, during the Yunan Expedition of 1868, and is labelled * Yunan” in Mr. Atkinson’s handwriting. ‘‘ There are two specimens of the male, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken by Dr. Anderson at the same time. In a specimen of the male received from the Upper Thoungyeen forests, Burma, by Major G. F. L. Marshall, taken in April, the three white spots on the anterior half of the hindwing are larger, forming a band divided by the veins” (Butt. of India, i. 303). This species was also taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg at ‘* Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet eleva- tion, in Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 827). ‘A single male was taken by Mr. W. Doherty, in the Karen Hills, at 2000 feet. It also occurs near Bernardmyo, in Upper Burma’”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 271). Dr. N. Manders also records the capture of a male at Bernardmyo (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 520). Our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, fig. 2, 2a, are repreductions of Mr. Atkinson’s figure of the male from the Proc. Zoological Society for 1871. 216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus XANTHOTAENIA. Xanthotenia, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 82 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 283 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa arched, apex obtusely convex; exterior margin short, almost erect, very slightly convex, even, posterior angle obtusely convex ; posterior margin long ; costal vein thick; first subcostal veinlet emitted before end of the cell, second at nearly one- third beyond the cell; the cell broad ; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper angled close to the subcostal and concave below; lower discocellular long and_ slightly outwardly-recurved ; upper radial from angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets at equal distances apart ; submedian vein re- curved from the base. Hindwing short, very broad, triangularly-ovate ; anterior margin broadly lobate at the base and nearly straight outwardly; apex obtuse ; exterior margin very conyexly-produced hindward from the middle; abdominal margin long; costal vein with a long inner spur near the base, terminating near the apex; first subcostal veinlet emitted at about one-third before end of the cell area, the radial (the base of which is homologous to an upper discocellular) starting from below the second subcostal at one-third from its base ; lower discocellular completely atrophied (as seen in the desquamated wing under the microscope), thus leaving the cell quite open; the cell area moderately broad; the two upper median veinlets emitted from the lower end of the cell area ; submedian vein with a raised fold along its outer edge and scantily fringed with fine long hairs, the fold terminating beyond the middle in a small longitudinal scabrous glandular patch of scales overlaid by a tuft of long erect hairs. Body rather long, abdomen slender, not tufted ; eyes naked; palpi much compressed, curved and extending to level of the vertex, thickly clothed with appressed hairy-scales beneath and with longer hairs above, the tip distinct, slender, acute at the tip; legs long; antennz long, distinctly articulated, with a lengthened gradually slender club and acute tip. Typrr.—X. Busiris. XANTHOTENIA BUSIRIS (Plate 166, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 9). Xanthotenia Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1878, p. 827. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 7 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 284, fig. J (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 145, pl. 50, g (1886); id. ii. p. 188, pl. 30 (1889). Xanthotenia obscura, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 54 (variety). TImaco.—Male. Upperside dusky chestnut-red. Cilia brown, edged with cine- reous. orewing with the outer half dusky chestnut-brown ; crossed by an outwardly- AMATHUSIIN. 217 oblique medial-discal pale ochreous-yellow sinuous-edged band, which extends from the costa to the lower median and terminates near the outer margin; a subapical yellow triangular dot before the apex. Hindwing unmarked; the abdominal margin with the longitudinal raised fold bordering the submedian, its scabrous glandular patch, and erect tuft of hairs paler red. Underside paler and of a brownish-ochreous tint of colour. Forewing with the oblique yellow band as above; a dark brown slender zigzag line crossing the cell, and two sinuous lines before the outer margins ; before the apex are two small superposed yellow dots, the upper one minute, followed below by an ocellated spot and then by two lower yellow dots. Hindwing crossed by two zigzag subbasal and two sinuous submarginal slender brown lines which terminate at the submedian vein; the discal area also being traversed by a series of eight ocellated spots, the two upper being conjoined, and the sixth large, the others more or less small, the former with a large brown-and-grey-speckled centre, minute black-speckled yellow pupil, and narrow yellow outer ring, the others more or less imperfectly developed. Body beneath, legs and palpi, pale brownish-ochreous ; antenne red. Female. Larger than the male. Upperside of the same colour; the oblique yellow band on the forewing somewhat broader, the white apical spot more distinct. Underside as in the male, except that all the markings are more distinctly defined. Expanse, 3 2,% to 2;%, $ 2;% to 3,% inches. Hasirat.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. DistriBuTion.— Within our limits, this species is found in Upper Tenasserim, where Mr. Ossian Limborg took it “near Moolai, at 3000 to 6000 feet altitude” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, 827), and ‘ Capt. C. T. Bingham also obtained it on the Donat Range and in the lower Thoungyeen forests in April” (Butt. Ind. 285). Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 10) records it from “*Tavoy and Tenasserim, frequenting thick evergreen forests, September.” Also “‘taken at Tavoy and at Ponsekai” (Elwes, J. A.S. Bengal, 1887, 419). DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—This species occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias Island (these being very dark coloured), Java (Coll. Distant), and Borneo, where, according to Mr. W. B. Pryer—(Ann. N. H. 1887, 51)—who obtained it in Sandakan, N. Borneo, ‘‘it frequents only the shade of the high forest.” The following additional species of the genus Stichophthalma has recently been discovered in Manipur, namely :— STICHOPHTHALMA SPARTA (Plate 167, figs. 2, 2a, 3). Stichophthalma Sparta, de Nicéville, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1894, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 4, ¢. Imaco.—* Male. Upperside. Both wings deep rich reddish fulyous or VOL. Il. mg 218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ferruginous. Forewing with the irregular discal black line of the underside showing through by transparency; the apical area widely pale fulvous, this pale area extends from the submarginal hastate black markings to just within the discal line, it is very wide on the costa, but dies away to nothing before reaching the first median nervule ; a series of five submarginal hastate black markings, one in each interspace from the upper discoidal nervule to the submedian nervure, increasing progressively in size from the anterior to the posterior marking ; a large black patch at the apex ; a submarginal fulvous line, beyond which is a narrower anteciliary black line, both reaching from the inner angle to the lower discoidal nervule; the area enclosed by the coalescing of the hastate markings forms a series of six rounded spots, regularly increasing in size, the anterior spot the smallest, the posterior one the largest ; these spots are of a slightly darker shade than the pale fulyous apical area, but not so dark as the dark rich reddish-fulvous of the rest of the wing. Hindwing with the abdominal and outer margins rather paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal series of seven black markings, of which the anterior one is a small lunule with its concave edge directed towards the base of the wing, the next five markings are hastate-shaped, increasing in size from the anterior one to the posterior one in the first median interspace, the seventh posterior marking somewhat quadrate in form, and occupying the whole width of the submedian inter- space ; a fine black anteciliary thread. “Underside. Both wings of areddish-fulvous of not quite so rich a shade as on the upperside. Forewing with a small irregular black marking towards the base of the cell; a highly irregular and zigzag black line crosses the middle of the cell and extends both to the costa and to the submedian nervure, the posterior portion of the line is broken and shifted outwardly below the median nervure; the upper, middle, and anterior half of the lower discocellular nervule defined by a black line; an irregular discal black line from the costa to the submedian nervure, just touching the lower end of the cell; beyond the line is a series of five somewhat cordate reddish ocelli, each ocellus centred with a whitish lunule, and bounded by a fine whitish, and then a fine black line, the four anterior ocelli equal-sized, the fifth posterior one in the first median interspace a little larger; beyond these ocelli is another irregular black line from the costa to the inner margin, this line is narrower and paler than the discal one ; the space between these two lines is anteriorly somewhat paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal nebulous straight blackish band; a very fine anteciliary black line. Hindwing with an irregular subbasal and a discal black line, the latter posteriorly curving round and almost meeting the posterior end of the former, both terminating above the anal angle on the submedian nervure; a series of five ocelli on the disc similar to those in the forewing, the posterior one the largest and rather mis-shapen, the anterior one the next largest, the three in the middle NYMPHALINA. 219 nearly equal sized ; the outer discal fulvous line and blackish submarginal band as in the forewing; a small oval deep black spot at the anal angle, with a black cloud above it reaching to the posterior ocellus; an anteciliary black thread. Dody throughout ferruginous. Antenne black. ** Hxpanse, 5 inches.” Hasitar.—Manipur. This beautiful species is “nearest to S. Howqua, var. suffusa, Leech (Butt. China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 3, 2), from Western China, differing in the forewing, on the upperside, in the pale apical area being very much smaller, not extending into the cell as it does in S, suffusa; on the hindwing the hastate markings in S. Sparta are well formed, in suffusa they have lost all shape, having coalesced into an almost solid black band. On the underside the ground-colour in S. suffusa is pale greenish, in S. Sparta it is ferruginous, but this may be only a sexual difference ; but in true S. Howqua, and its named variety, the outer discal line and the submarginal band on both wings are half the distance apart that they are in 8. Sparta; and they have six and sometimes seven ocelli on the forewing, while S. Sparta has only five” (de Nicéville, 1.c.). Sub-family NYMPHALINZ. Nymphalidi (part), Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p. 14 (1829). Nymphalides, Peridromides, Biblides (part), Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. p. 164-5 (1836). Nymphalides, Apaturides, Boisduval, Ind. Méth. pp. 16, 24 (1840). Nymphalide, Argynnide, Vanesside, Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. pp. 2, 8 (1844). Nymphalites, Argynnites, Peridromites, Biblites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. il. pp. 330, 332 (1845). Nymphalide, Peridromide, Doubleday, List of Lep. Brit. Mus. Part I. pp. 46, 64 (1844). Nymphalide, Ageronide, Eurytelida, Doubleday, Hewitson, and Westwood’s Gen. D. Lep. pp, 81, 143, 403 (1847-52). Nymphalidi, Vanessidi, Argynnidi, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. pp. 10, 13 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. pp. 33, 41 (1857). Nymphalides, Lederer, Class. Eur. Lep. p. 21 (1852). Wallengren, Lep. Scand. pp. 4, 59 (1853). Nymphalina, Herrich-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. p. 54 (1858); Syst. Verz. Eur. Schmett. p. 3 (1861). Plotz, Mitth. Nat. Ver. Vorp. 1886, p. 5. Nymphaline, Bates, Journ. Ent. 1861, p. 220; zd. 1864, p. 176. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep, B. M. p- 46 (1869). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 147 (1871). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 1. p.*26 (1880). De Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 1 (1886). Scudder, Butt, E. United States i. p. 222 (1889). Leech, Butt. China, ete. i. p. 116 (1892). Nymphalides, Vanessides, Apaturides, Argynnides, Kirby, Catal. Eur. Butt. p. 21 (1862). Nymphalina (part), Eurytelina, Herr. Schiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 16, 17 (1864). Nymphalide, Apaturide, Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 15 (1871). Lang, Rhop, Eur. i. pp. 153, 159 (1884). Nymphalina, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83 (1882). Ff 2 bo Lo o LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Nymphalide, Apaturide, Eurytelide, Charaxide, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. Nymphalide, Staudinger, Exotic Schmett. p. 86 (1885); Staudinger and Schiatts, 7d. p. 108 (1887). Najades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Borkhausen, Nat. Eur. Schmett. pp. 37-48 (1788). Consules (part), Nobzles, Herbst, Lemoniades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Najades, Potamides, Hiibner, Tentamen p. 1 (1806) ; 7d. Samml. Exot. Schmett. 1. pp. 1, 2 (1806-19). Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 26-46 (1816). Spinose, Carunculate, Guénee, Lep. Eure et Loir, pp. 17, 23 (1867). Spinigert, Limaciformes, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 19 (1871). Najades, Scudder, Syst. Rev, Amer. Butt. p. 8 (1872). CHARACTERS OF THE NYMPHALIN®. Imuaco.—Wings of either small, medium, or large size. Forewing generally more or less triangular, usually produced at the apex, seldom pointed at the tip; exterior margin more or less emarginate, sometimes angulated ; costal vein (except in the group Hurytelina), not dilated at the base ; first and second subcostal branches generally emitted before the end of the cell ; in some genera, however, the first sub- costal branch only is emitted before the end of the cell, in which latter case the second subcostal is four-branched. Hindwing generally broadly oval or triangularly oval, the exterior margin sometimes more or less deeply scalloped or tailed; in some the anal angle is prolonged; abdominal margin always affording a deep groove for the reception of the abdomen. Discoidal cell either closed in both wings, or in some genera closed in the forewing only, in which latter cases the cell of the hindwing is open, and in several genera, the cell in both wings is entirely open. Body usually robust. Head variable in size. yes large, generally naked; in some hairy. /alpi rather large, generally porrected, extending considerably in front of the head, usually protruded widely apart, well clothed with scales and hairs. Abdomen short. Antennx generally rather long, the club either broad or elongated. Forelegs greatly atrophied in the male, less so in the female; the fore tibia and tarsus of the male clothed with fine hairs ; the fore tarsus of the male consisting of a single elongate joint and unarmed ; the fore tarsus of the female composed of five joints, which are generally rather dilated at their extremity, each joint being furnished beneath with a pair of short, fine spines.* Abdominal appendages (Prehensores of male), ‘‘ with the upper organ [tegumen, B. White; wneus, Gosse], of variable size, never provided with lateral appendages ; * In Calinaga—a genus hitherto placed in the Nymphaline—the female (of both the Indian and Chinese species) has the fore tarsus perfect, the terminal joint being furnished with a pair of rather long, stout, curved, forward-projecting claws, paronychia and pulvilli. This genus we have therefore assigned to a subsequent sub-family, the Caninacina. Another genus—Pseudergolis—hitherto placed in the Nym- phaline, the females of which also possess perfect tarsi, has consequently been assigned to another sub- family. NYMPHALINZ, 221 clasps large and broad and tumid, seldom tapering much apically, furnished with an upper apical or basal process, emitted from the edge of the outer surface, and often with an upward directed, free or attached finger on the inner ae of the clasp ”’ (Scudder, Butt. EH. U.S. I. 223). Eec.— Either subglobular and then reticulate and filamentous; or barrel- shaped, distinctly higher than broad, and then vertically ribbed, the ribs usually higher near the summit than on the sides, and sometimes confined to the upper half ” (Scudder, l.c.). CaTerRPILLAR.—Hither limaciform or nearly cylindrical, rarely not distinctly moniliform, equal or tapering behind, sometimes in front, or if swollen unusually in any part, such prominence is restricted to a single segment, and is not massed in two or more adjoining segments ; either smooth and minutely shagreened, or armed above with longitudinal rows of mostly branched-spines, or conspicuous spinous- tubercles, the anal segment occasionally bifid or with a posterior median tuberosity. Head more or less slightly cleft above, hairy, or set with either two or more very short simple spines, or too elongated spiniform-tubercles, on the vertex ; or with four CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail. Hither smooth, thick, almost oval or boat- shaped with obtuse or bifid head, or generally more or less elongate, with either a conical, angulated, or dilated medio-dorsal and thoracic prominence, and abdominal segmental small conical points. Szconpary SexuaL Cuaracters.—In the butterflies of this sub-family there are but few genera in which Androconia, or scent-producing scales, have been found, and these mostly occurring in certain genera of the groups Euthaliina, Limenitina, Argynnina, and Hurytelina. SeasonaL Drimuorpnisu.—The perfect insects in this sub-family mostly have settled characters in their markings, and are but little subject to variation, but in the group Cuaraxina, it will probably ultimately be found that certain species, as here described, of the genus Haridra and of Hulepis, are but seasonal forms only. In certain genera of the group Nympuatina, Le. Grapta, Araschnia, Junonia, and Hypolimnas [Apatura], seasonal dimorphism occurs to a more or less extent, and probably also in some species of the group Liwenirina, i.e. Athyma and Neptis, and also in the group Arcynnina. In the genus Symbrenthia, the species [S. Hippo- clus ?], as occurring in Java, is stated by Mr. W. Doherty to be dimorphic in the female. PotymorpHism and Mimicry.—In some species of Hypolimnas [Apatura], notably H. Misippus, of the genus Huripus, 1.e. H. Halitherses, and of Sephisa, i.e. S. Chandra, the females are polymorphic, as well as being mimics of certain species of Limnaine and of Euploeine butterflies. The males of the same species of Huripus and both sexes 222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of Hestina, also mimic certain species of Limnaine butterflies. Apatura [Potamis] Chevana, which is alike in both sexes, is on the upperside a remarkable mimic of a , White-banded species of Athyma, namely of A. Opalina. The species of Symbrenthia, in the shape and red colour of the markings on the upperside, closely resemble, in both sexes, the red-banded females of certain species of Athyma. In the genus Symbrenthia, the species (S. Hippoclus?), as occurring in Jaya, is stated by Mr. Doherty to be also dimorphic in the female—one form having red bands, the other white—but it is also very remarkable that these white-banded females of Symbrenthia are mimics of the white-banded males of the common Athyma Nefte, and the red- banded forms of the red-banded female of the same species of Athyma. In the group Areynnina, the female of the widely-distributed Eastern species Argynnis Niphe is a fair mimic of the equally widely-distributed and common Limnaine butterfly, Limnas chrysippus ; and the female of the rare N.W. Himalayan Argynnis Clara is also a good mimic of the female Parnassius Charino. CHARACTERISTICS OF CATERPILLAR AND CurysaLis.—The external appearance of both the caterpillar and of the chrysalis of the Nymphalinew exhibits a variety of forms. The caterpillar is either slug-shaped, smooth and shagreened, with processes on the head and anal segment, or cylindrical, with rows of either short or long branched-spines, and occasionally similar spines on the head, or, with some of the anterior segments tumid and surmounted with short or elongated spiny processes. The chrysalis is always fully suspended by the tail, and is either thick, oval, or boat- shaped, or with a dorsal and thoracic prominence, tumid or angular wing-cases, and bifid or hammer-shaped head piece, and some with abdominal conical or slender points, or with dilated processes. Hasirs or ImMaco.—The butterflies of this sub-family ‘“ are pre-eminently bold sunshine-loving insects, never skulking in the shade amongst trees and bushes, as do the butterflies of the Amathusiine and Satyrine. Their flight is usually strong, and as a rule they are seen most abundantly at mid-day. Generally they rest with the wings widely spread open, and delight in displaying their beauty. In the genus Charazes the power of rapid flight 1s very great. In the genus Neptis, and the ‘White-Admiral’ group of Limenitis, the flight is easy, graceful, and sailing, while in Vanessa, Argynnis, Apatura | Potamis], &c., though the flight is rapid and irregular, they are often easily caught, owing to their habit of returning again and again to the same resting place on a particular leaf. The flight of Cyrestis is weak, and very often, when pursued, suddenly alights on the underside of a leaf; so also does Stibochiona Nicea. Many of the species are very foul feeders, the depraved tastes of the ‘ Purple Emperor’ [Potamis Iris] are well known. Species of Charazes have also been taken on carrion, and OC. Fabius is very fond of the juice of the Toddy Palm, and Huthalia of rotten fruit, &e.”’ (de Nicéville Butt. Ind. i. 3). Dr. NYMPHALINA. 223 Thwaites, writing of the butterflies of this sub-family as observed in Ceylon, says, “The strength and firm texture of the wings enable them to keep up an unceasing activity during the bright hours of the day. They seem to delight in displaying their exquisite beauty to the sun. Their flight, though so powerful, is not observed to sustain these charming insects in one uniform direction, like the Euplcas, but serves rather to enable them, when rambling in their frolic, to make wide sweeps within no very extensive area. Some species, such as the Junonias, prefer to display their bright expanded wings upon the sunny ground, whilst others, as Neptis, fly gaily about the low flowering shrubs. Many kinds, like Diadema [ Hypolimnas], &c., when at play, return again and again at certain intervals of time to the same, or to nearly contiguous spots, and thus give the collector renewed opportunities of capture”’ (Lep. Ceylon, 1, 26). ** All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there is nothing more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region. They fly so straight that you can take them on the wing nine times out of ten; they persistently return to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting twigs, where you can easily get them by a stroke of the net from below. But this is not the case in the Malayan regions; I do not know how many hours I spent in the interior of Sumba, trying to catch a huge undescribed Charazes of the pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group never seem common down there as in India” (Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256). Disrrisution.—The Nymphaline are found throughout the world. One species, Vanessa cardui, may well be called cosmopolitan, “ whose range,’ writes Mr. Scudder (l.c. 469), ‘‘ with the exception of the Arctic regions and South America, extends over the entire extent of every continent, Australia and New Zealand producing a race peculiar to themselves, while the other large islands south of Asia possess the normal type, which is also found upon the small islands lying off the western borders of the Old World, the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, and St. Helena, occurring also in Bermuda, Cuba, and has been taken at various points in the Hawaiian Archipelago.” The greatest development of the sub-family is “in tropical and sub-tropical regions” (de Niceville lc. 3). Some Himalayan species occur at very high altitudes; Vanessa indica was observed by the late Major J. L. Sherwill in the Hastern Himalayas, “as being common at great elevations, and also on the snow and on the glaciers at 15,000 to 16,000 feet elevation.” Vanessa Ladakensis was taken by Dr. Stoliczka at 15,000 feet in the Western Himalayas. Captain Lang took Grapta C-album on the Hungrung Pass, at about 15,000 feet altitude, and Limenitis Ligyes at 10,0C0 feet. Dr. Stoliczka observed an Argynnis on the top of the Lanak Pass, at an elevation of 18,672 feet. Dr. Duthie obtained Argynnis clara at 12,000 to 14,000 feet in the North-Western Himalayas, and Major H. B. Hellard took specimens of the same Argynnis on the north side of the Rupin Pass from about 224 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 12,000 feet to near top of the pass. Captain Lang obtained specimens of Melitea Sindura at 16,000 feet elevation in North-Western Himalayas. Groups OF THE NYMPHALINE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. The Nymphaline is the most extensive sub-family of butterflies, and embraces a great variety of forms, not only in the caterpillar and chrysalis state, but also in that of the imago. The assemblage of these various forms, as here embraced in this sub- family, has, by most modern Lepidopterists who have studied their structure, been divided into three or four, or more, limited natural groups,* and which, by some authors, are mainly based upon the differences of form in their larval and pupal stages. In the arrangement of the Nymphalinz, in this work, we have assigned the various genera of the Indian fauna to named groups, into which they naturally range themselves, in accordance with their special characteristics, and which are here briefly indicated as follows :— Group I. Cuaraxina. Imago.—Very robust, thorax very stout. Forewings triangular, short, broad ; apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point. Hindwings short; exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed tail at end of upper and lower median veinlets. Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped (limaciform), with four lengthened processes on the head, and two skort processes on the anal segment. Chrysalis.—Short, thick, almost oval; smooth; dorsum much arched, head more or less obtusely pointed. Eiqg.—* Large; few; globular; hard; not so high as broad; with obscure ribs and cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting points at their intersection ’”’ (Doherty). Group II. Poramrna [Apaturidee, auctorum]. Imago.—Robust. Forewings more or less elongate and triangular ; apex obtuse; exterior margin sometimes slightly angulated below the apex. Hindwings short, either triangular and somewhat prolonged at anal angle in male, or subquadrate ; exterior margin slightly scalloped, or obtusely produced at end of the upper median veinlet. * But have been ignored by Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malayana), Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, ete.), Mr. Elwes (P.Z.S., 1888, etc.), and Mr. Leech (Butt of China, etc.), although the life history of many species of the various groups were then known, consequently their arrangement of the genera in this sub-family is erroneous and entirely unnatural, NYMPHALINA. 225 Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped, with two processes on the head, and two on the anal segment, Chrysalis.—Somewhat boat-shaped; dorsum arched ; head with two short pro- jecting points. Hgg.—‘ Large; few; hardly as high as wide; ribs low, serrate, rather numerous, not produced at apex ”’ (Doherty). Group IIT. EHuraariuya. Imago.—Robust. Forewings broad, triangular; apex either obtusely pointed or rounded, or somewhat falcate; exterior margin either slightly, but obtusely, scalloped, or nearly even. Hindwings short, broad, triangular or obovate, or some- times subquadrate. Caterpillar.—Head slightly cleft and spiny or minutely hairy. Body armed with a subdorsal and lateral row of erect branched-spines, or with very long lateral horizontally-projecting branched-spines. Chrysalis.—Hlongate and boat-shaped, with arched dorsum and bifid head; or, short and stout, with triangulate medio-dorsal prominence, and bifid head. Egg.—? Group IV. Limenrrra. Imago.—Moderately robust, generally. Forewings either short and more or less triangular, or elongate and narrow; apex obtuse or. rounded; exterior margin in some more or less slightly scalloped. Hindwings short, generally broad and triangularly-ovate, in some obovate ; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, and in some the anal angle is prolonged, or lobate, the apex slightly excised, and with a short acute point or narrow tail at end of upper median veinlet. Caterpillar.—Head cleft, or serrate, on vertex. Body either unequally humped dorsally, or more or less cylindrical; armed with two subdorsal series of mostly short irregular-shaped fleshy branched-spines. Chrysalis—Somewhat elongate, or short ; with projecting wing-cases, broad rounded elevated anterio-dorsal prominence, arched thorax, and projected bifid (or rarely single) head piece. Egg.— Very large; few; soft; not so high as wide, strongly reticulate with elevated translucent lines crossing the surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal and hexagonal spaces, and bearing long; acute, often bifid spines at their in- tersection ’’ (Doherty). Group V. NympHatina. Imago.—Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtusely angled or rounded, in some produced to a more or less distinct point ; exterior margin either more or less VoL. II. ess 226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. shghtly scalloped and with a more or less prominent outward angle below the apex and a lesser angle at the lower median veinlet, or the entire margin slightly but obtusely scalloped, or more or less even. Hindwings short, obovate, or somewhat quadrate; the exterior margin either more or less slightly scalloped, or nearly even, or, in some the apex is slightly excised and with a short broad caudate angle at the upper median veinlet; or, in some the wing is triangular, with the exterior margin nearly or quite even, and the anal angle prolonged into a lobate tail. Caterpillar—Head mostly very slightly cleft, in some surmounted with two minute tuberculous-spines or very short stellate-spines, or armed with two long erect branched-spines. Body armed with mostly nine (sometimes eleven) longitudinal series of branched-spines. Chrysalis.—With dorsal and lateral abdominal segmental conical points; thorax obtusely or angularly conical ; head piece more or less bifid. figg.—* Not so high as wide; ribs few, sharp and prominent, usually projecting at apex, and often serrate” (Doherty). Nort on tHe Group Nympnarina.—We refer the origin of this name to Linneus, who, in 1758, Syst. Nat. p. 472, uses the plural form [Nymphales] at the head of the group, but in the singular form [Nymphalis] at the top of the pages; dividing the group into two sections, the species in the first section (Nym. Gemmati) being To, Almana, Asterie, Alnone, Aonis, Lemonius, Orithyia, Cardui, Lampetia, Iris, and some Satyrids. In the second section (Nym. Phalerati) Populi, Antiopa, Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, C. Aureum, Dirce, Amathea, Venilia, Alimene, Leucothcee, Phetusa, Bolina, and others. In the 12th Edit. Syst. Nat. p. 769 (1767) Linnzus repeats the above. In 1777, Esper, Die Schmett. p. 87 [Nym- phalis], under section I. gives Io, Cardui, Iris, and some Satyrids. II. Populi, Antiopa, Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, Atalanta, Sibilla, Camilla, Rumina, Levana, Lucina, Maturna, Cinxia, Dia, Paphia, Aglaia, Adippe, Lathonia, Euphro- syne, Niobe. In 1781, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linné, pp. 162, 172 [Nymphales] at head of group, and Nymphalis for sections, describes and figures lo, and Urtice, only, as typical. Any further restriction of the name in its generic use must therefore be confined to these two species. In 1784, Esper, Natur. des Linn. Syst. p. 209 [Nymphales], gives sect. I. Io, Galathea; sect. II. Urticw, Atalanta, Lathonia. In 17938, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II. i. p. 61 [Nymphales| places at the head of the list, Jasius and Pyrrhus; two species not occurring in Linneus’s group Nymphales, and which, by some modern authors, have been erroneously taken as the typical species of the genus Nymphalis. In 1798, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. p. 589 | Nymphales|, gives Antiopa, Io, Cardui, Atalanta. This action of Cuvier’s thus fixes lo as the type of Nymphalis. se} 8 a NYMPHALIN 2. Group VI. ARGyYNNINA. Imago.—F orewings elongately-triangular, or triangular; apex obtuse or rounded; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, or even. Hindwings short, broad, obovate, in some subquadrate ; exterior margin more or less slightly, or prominently scalloped ; in some with a more or less prominent broad caudate angle at end of the upper median veinlet. Caterpillar.—Head hairy, either armed with two vertical branched-spines, or, not armed. Body armed with from six to nine longitudinal rows of branched-spines. Chrysalis—More or less constricted at the waist ; thorax arched ; wing-cases ample and protuberant; either with dorsal conical tubercles, which in some are slender, in others the anterior and the posterior dorsal pair are abnormally long, enlarged, and expanded at the base ; head obtusely or acutely bifid. Hqg.— Sugar-loaf shaped”’ (Scudder). ‘‘As high as wide or higher; ribs rather numerous, heavy, blunt, anastomosing, projecting at apex, with numerous distinct cross lines” (Doherty). Group VII. Metiraina. Imago.—Small. Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtuse; exterior margin almost even. Hindwings short, obovate; exterior margin barely slightly scalloped. Caterpillar.—Head small, unarmed. Body attenuated a little anteriorly, armed with four longitudinal series of short, coarse branched-spines. Chrysalis— Rather stout. Head obtuse; thorax rounded; abdominal segments with dorsal and lateral small blunt tubercles ” (Scudder). Hgg.—‘* Somewhat acorn-shaped, higher than broad, well rounded at base and at sides, and broadly docked at the summit; with very slight longitudinal ribs occupying only the upper half, the surface below being smooth, or indented with polygonal or rounded depressions ”’ (Scudder). Group VIII. Huryvtetina. Imago.—Of moderate size. Forewings mostly short and broad, elongately- triangular, or triangular ; costal vein dilated at the base ; apex abruptly pointed cr obtuse; exterior margin either erect, slightly scalloped, and angled outward below the apex and less so at the upper median veinlet, or the margin oblique and nearly even. Hindwings short, broadly obovate; exterior margin more or less scalloped. Caterpillar.—Slender. Head armed with two long branched-spines. Body armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of short branched-spines. Gg 2 to bo oo LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Chrysalis.—Slender. Wing-cases somewhat dilated and angular; anterior dorsum and thorax angular; head with two small points. Hgg.—* Radiate, small, hard, nearly as high as wide, with radiating lines of erectile bristles’? (Doherty). Group I. CHARAXINA. Apaturides (part), Boisduval, Ind. Méth. ii. p. 24 (1840). Kirby, Hur. Butt. p. 44 (1862). Nymphalide (part), Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844). Nymphalina (part), Herrich-Schiaffer, Prod, Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83, (1882). Apature (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1869). Apaturide (part), Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 153 (1884). Charaxide, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. CHARACTERS OF THE Group CHARAXINA. Imaco.—Very robust. Thorax very stout. Forewings triangular, short, broad ; apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, except in Heleyra, in which the second branch is emitted beyond the cell; the cell closed in all except Helcyra. Hindwings short, exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed tail at end of the upper and lower median veinlets ; cell imperfectly closed by a very fine slender thread, except in Hulepis and Helcyra, in which it is entirely open. Forelegs of male short, slender, clothed with appressed short hairy scales ; fore tarsus almost smooth, femur and tibia finely hairy beneath. Fore tarsus of female smooth, thickened beneath apically, each joint with two short spines beneath. Antenne thick, with a lengthened club, except in Helcyra, in which it is slender and with a short spatular club. Hyes naked. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped, with four lengthened fleshy processes on the head, and two short processes on the anal segment. Curysatis.—Short, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum much arched; head more or less obtusely pointed. Eoc.— Large, globular, hard; not so high as broad; with obscure ribs and cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting points at their intersections ’’ (Doherty). Hasits of tHe Imaco.—Mr. KE. H. Aitken remarks, ‘‘ Last December Mr. J. Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matheran in trying to capture two specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, of C. Imna, for when we got them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found that it is by no means uncommon on the Ghits from December to March, at least; but it does not put itself in the way of beimg converted into cabinet specimens. NYMPHALIN A (Group CHARAXINA.) 929 It comes out about ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves, perches bolt upright in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest point you can reach with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is ~ fenced on all sides with a creeper, whose sharp-curved thorns lay hold of everything that passes them, and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing away any other butterfly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. If you pelt it with stones, it darts off, takes a short circuit, and returns to the same leaf. You may pelt it for an hour with the same result” (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, p. 132). “All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there is nothing more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region. They fly so straight that you can take them on the wing nine times out of ten; they persistently return to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting twigs, where you can easily get them by a stroke of the net from below. But this is not the case in the Malayan regions; I do not know how many hours I spent in the interior of Sumba trying to catch a huge undescribed Charaves of the pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group never seem common down there as in India” (Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256). Dimorenism.—In the group Charaxina, it will probably ultimately be found, that certain species of the genus Haridra, and of Hulepis, as here described, are but dimorphic or seasonal forms. In Haridra, it probably occurs both in the section of which the males have no white band on the forewing, and also in the section in which the white band is present in both male and female. But, as there is little available data respecting the times of appearance on the wing of the various species, and further, where such is known, the names of the species, as cited by certain authors, are erroneously determined (as we have personally proved by actual comparison of specimens) ; consequently we cannot utilize them with certainty. Key Tro Tor GENERA OF THE CHARAXINA. A. First and second subcostal branches of forewing emitted before end of the cell. a. Cell of hindwing imperfectly closed : ; ; : ; - Harrpra. CHaraxes. b. Cell of hindwing entirely open ; : : . Evuiepis. Murwarepa, B. First subcostal branch only of the forewing envied efor Sa of the cell ; cell of hindwing open ; ; ° : , : ; 2 . Hetoy a. Genus HARIDRA. Haridra, Moore, Lepidoptera of Ceylon, i. p. 30 (1880). Charazes (part), Felder; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville. Imaco.—Male. Wings similar in form to Charaxes. Forewing somewhat broader, with the costa more arched. Hindwing somewhat more conyex externally. 230 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. costal margin shorter ; cell imperfectly closed by a very slender thread; precostal curved towards the end; with a short tail from the upper median veinlet only. Body extremely robust ; antenne more slender ; palpi porrect, projected in front of the head; forelegs of the male longer than in typical Charaxes, femur slender, sparsely clothed with long fine hairs beneath, tibia thickened and hairy at the base, tarsus compact; forelegs of the female longer than in typical Charaxes, scaly, tarsus stouter. Sexes dimorphic. Type H. Psaphon. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped; with four vertical elongated spinous fleshy processes on the head, and two short naked depressed pointed processes on anal segment. Curysatis.—Thick, oval, abbreviated, dorsum well arched ; head obtuse. Hgg.—Unknown. HARIDRA PSAPHON (Plate 168, fig. 1, la, b,c, d ?). Charaxes Psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Ent. p. 48, pl. 21, fig. 1, 2, ¢ (1848). Butler, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 636. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p, 284 (1886). Nymphalis Psaphon, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 309 (1850). Haridra Psaphon, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 2, ¢ (1880). Haridra Serendiba, Moore, id. p. 80, pl. 15, fig. 3, 2 (1880). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous-red. Forewing with the exterior half purpurescent-black, forming a broad marginal band, its inner edge being erect and sinuous ; a discocellular duplex black mark, and some very indistinct slender blackish discoidal streaks. Hindwing with a very broad apical and marginal band, which sinuously attenuates hindward, and terminates in two small white-marked anal spots; a short sinuous black streak from the costa contiguous to the band. Underside fulvous-brown, washed with purplish-grey. Both wings crossed by three basal, and two discal zigzag black lines with pale borders. Forewing also with a submarginal fascia composed of more or less defined small blackish dentate inner spots and outer diffused pearly-white dentate lunules. Hindwing also with a submarginal darker blackish-grey lunular fascia, and outer series of small black-tipt pearly-white dentate spots. Female. Upperside deep fulvous-yellow. Forewing with a transverse medial discal purplish-white band, which shows, by semi-transparency, the discal sinuous line of the underside, and is edged inwardly by a broken black line which is more or less inwardly diffused anteriorly ; outer border of the wing broadly black, with its inner edge sinuous, and bearing a slight fulvous lunular posterior inner streak. Hindwing with a short medial discal purplish-white band edged inwardly by a slender black sinuous line ; submarginal black band broad, as in the male, but broken and macular posteriorly, and with a distinct white lunule on each portion between all the NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA.) Zo veins, the anal spot being also blue-speckled. Underside. Olivescent fulvous- brown, darkest basally and externally, and washed with purplish-grey ; transverse markings throughout, as in the male; the subbasal interspace being slightly, and the medial discal interspace distinctly fulvous-white or pale fulvous-yellow. Body entirely dark fulvous-red ; palpi blackish above, white beneath; pectus fulvous- white; legs above dark fulvous-red, whitish beneath; fore-tarsi fulvous-white ; antennz black; eyes dark red. Expanse, 3 31, ¢ 4 to 43 inches. Hasitat.—Ceylon. Distrisution.—Major Hutchison obtained males near Trincomali in August, fluttering over the ground on the edge of forest jungle. Capt. Wade took males and a female at Kandy, and a female in the forest at Kottawa. A female was taken by Mr. Skinner in March, 1875, at Arisvawalle. Major Yerbury took a female at sugar in October, at Kanthalla. HARIDRA IMNA (Plate 169, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9, et larva and pupa). Charaxes Imna, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 2, g ; de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 285 (1886). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 355. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1889, p. 278, pl. A, fig. 4, 4a, larva. Charaxes Hindia (female only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5, 9 (1872). Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a somewhat paler fulvous-red than in the closely allied Psaphon. Forewing with the black marginal band slightly narrower, the dis- cocellular streak slightly defined. Hindwing with the black band comparatively narrower apically, and posteriorly broken up into two or three spots, in addition to the white-centred anal spots; the slender costal streak also further from the apical portion of the band. Underside paler fulvous-brown than in Psaphon; markings similar, but of a more generally uniform tint throughout; the sinuous transverse lines and fascize being much less defined. Female. Upperside similar to that of Psaphon, the fulvous colour somewhat paler. Forewing with the white band comparatively narrower, and its inner black edgings less sharply defined. Hindwing also similar, but the black macular band somewhat narrower. Underside similar, but paler, and the transverse sinuous markings less defined. Expanse, 3d 33, ° 4 to 44 inches. CarerPitiaR.—“ Slug-shaped, elongated ; head very broad, surmounted by two pairs of incurved rugose fleshy processes, the outer pair longest ; anal segment flat, square, ending in two points; last pair of legs almost aborted ; colour rich dark ereen, with a large dorsal semicircle of pinkish-white on the seventh segment, and a 232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, yellow lateral line; horns and sides of face rusty-brown” (Davidson and Aitken, J. Bomb. N.H.S. 1890, p. 278). Curysatis.—Thick, cylindrically oval; dorsum much arched; head obtuse; colour green. Hasitat.—Lower Bengal; Orissa; Bombay ; S. India. Distrinution.—We have examined the type specimen of the male, now in the possession of Mr. H. Grose Smith. Specimens of the female in my own collection (described erroneously as the female of C. Hindia by Mr. Butler) were taken by the late Mr. Arthur Grote at Parasnath Hill, Behar, in Lower Bengal; a female from Ranchi, Chota Nagpore, is in Mr. Grose Smith’s collection; a female is recorded (Butt. Ind. 11. 291) from Nagpur, taken in March by Mr. HE. A. Minchin, and a female was taken by Mr. L. de Nicéville in a garden at Alipur, near Calcutta, in the cold weather (J.A.S. Beng. 1885, 45). Males are also recorded from Khorda in Orissa by Mr. W. C. Taylor. Colonel Swinhoe has males from Khandalla taken in October, and a female was taken at Lanaoli in February by Mr. A. B. Watson. Mr. Lindsay took it in Coonoor, and Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained both sexes on the Nilgiris, where it was rare, at from 3000 to 4000 feet. The late Dr. Shortt took both sexes on the Shevaroy Hills. Lieut. E. Y. Watson obtained two males in November at Kathlekan in Mysore. Mr. H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay, N.H.S. 1891, 10) says it is ‘* not uncommon in the low country of Travancore, and at the foot of the hills.’ According to Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 285), “The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens of male from the Wynaad taken by Mr. R. Morgan ; Mr. W. Doherty took males in Travancore and Beypur; Mr. G. W. Vidal obtained males at Khandalla in April, and Mr. E. H. Aitken took it on Matherhan in January.” Hasirs or Imaco.—Mr. J. Betham (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 286) states that “it has the most powerful flight of any butterfly I know (while Athamas is the fastest), and looks like a bird while on the wing. It is a very foul feeder, and greedily fond of Mhowa, so much so, that it can be approached and taken by the fingers while engaged in its meal. One year I took several of these and C. Fabius and a few C. Athamas, at a Sirris tree (Acacia speciosa) which had a bough injuredin some way, and from which a juice was exuded. The wings of several of the Charaxes that I took had bits chipped out of them by the beaks of birds.” Mr. EH. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, 182) says: “ Last December Mr. J. Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matherhan in trying to capture two specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, for when we got them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found that it is by no means uncommon on the Ghats from December to March at least, but it does not put itself in the way of being captured. It comes out about PL 163. F.CMoore delet ith Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp L Resve & C°.London PU 164. E.C Moore del, ethth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp LReeve & C? Landon. PUIGS. F.CMoore del et lith Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp JL. Reeve & C° London PU 166. ¥F.@Moore del et hth Vincent Brooks, Day &Son Imp L.Reeve & CG? London ” — — PU 167. 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(Group CHARAXINA.) 233 ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves, perches itself bolt upright in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest point you can reach with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is fenced on all sides with a creeper whose sharp curved thorns lay hold of everything that passes them, and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing away any other butter- fly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. If you pelt it with stones, it darts off, takes a short circuit and returns to the same leaf. You may pelt it for an hour with the same result.” Hasits anp Foop Prant or Larva.—Messrs. J. Davidson and H. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 278) gives the following :— *“We reared three specimens of the larve of this butterfly on Aglaia Roxburgh- iana, a very common tree in Kanara, belonging to the Order Meliaceze. Among butter- flies the length of the larval life seems to be generally proportioned to the robustness of the insect in its perfect state, and, as might be expected, 0. Imnais a Methuselah among butterflies. One found on the 6th October, then evidently a few days old, became a pupa on the 25th of November. The butterfly emerged on the 9th of December. Like most smooth caterpillars, this species eats its skin when cast, but not the head-case. When touched it appears to use its horns defensively, as does also C. Athamas.” The larva figured in Mr. Arthur Grote’s drawing was taken ‘‘ feeding on Amoora Rohituka.” Of our illustrations of this species on plate 169, fig. 1 is copied from Messrs. Davidson and Aitken’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la is from Mr. Grote’s drawing; fig. lb is from a Khandalla male, and fig. 1c is from the type specimen described by Mr. Butler, erroneously, as the female of C. Hindia. HARIDRA MARMAX (Plate 170, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Charaxes Marmax, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 43, pl. 21, ¢ 2 (1848). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. (1865), p. 636. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), p. 831. De Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 281 (1886). Charazes Lunawara (male only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. ¢ (1872).* Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous; the costal area of hindwing palest. Forewing with faint traces of three transverse slender sinuous dusky-fulvous lines within the cell, two similar discal lines below the cell, beyond which is a discal line and a less defined inner submarginal line, followed by a more distinct but diffused submarginal line, which latter is somewhat blackish, and widens out at the costal end, and is there apically joined to a marginal sinuous black band, the fulvous inter- * The type female, described erroneously as that sex of Lunawara, is from the Philippines, and is identieal with C. Amycus, Felder. vou. 1. April 10th, 1895. Hh 234 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. spaces forming between the veins a series of seven lunules; the outer edge of the band having the tips of the veins indicated by fulvous points, and the lower end of the band terminating in a narrower lunular end at the submedian vein; at the end of the cell is a slender, dusky lunule, with a continuous outer upper black streak, beyond which is a subcostal short narrow black broken curved mark. Hindwing with two medial costal short slender black sinuous lines below the costal vein, the outer line being continued below the subcostal; beyond is a submarginal decreasing row of black spots centred by a white dentate point, the upper spots being ovate, the lower dentate. Underside ochreous-yellow. Both wings crossed by four or five slender black sinuous lines on the basal half, the interspace between the two outer lines being dull fulvous; a discal less-defined fulvous line with diffused border, followed, on the forewing, by a submarginal series of slightly-defined pearly-white lunules, the upper two being broadest and dentate, and their outline diffused with fulvous; and on the hindwing the discal line is followed by a slight dusky grey- speckled dark fulvous sinuous fascia, and then by a submarginal series of pearly- white dentate marks, of which the posterior marks are tipt with blue scales and a black point. Female. Upperside with the discal area, and middle of costa on hindwing paler fulvous than in the male. Forewing with the outer discal sinuous line dis- tinctly defined and blackish, the cell mark and the subcostal streak beyond broader black, the submarginal sinuous line blackish and slender to its costal end, but with the marginal black border as in the male. Hindwing with the costal sinuous marks and the submarginal row of spots as in the male, the latter only being somewhat larger and more distinctly white centred. Underside exactly as in the male. Body bright fulyous ; palpi above brown, white beneath; pectus white; legs above pale ochreous, whitish beneath; fore tarsi white; antenne blackish, club tipt with ochreous ; eyes dark purple-brown. Expanse, ¢ 33, 2 44 inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim. Disrripution.—In Sikkim, according to Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii, 282), this species is the commonest of the group. ‘‘ It occurs from April to October at low elevations, the female being much rarer than the male” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148). Specimens taken in Sikkim in July and November by Mr. Otto Moller are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection, It has been taken at Buxa in Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. It also occurs in Assam and Sylhet. We have it from the Naga Hills, and specimens from the Garo Hills arein Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at Bhamo, Burma, and Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in Hast Pegu. Both sexes from Taipang, Malay Peninsula, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 235 HARIDRA KAHRUBA (Plate 171, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, as in H. Marmaz, with similarly disposed markings. Forewing differing in the comparatively broader black marginal band, and in the much more sharply-defined submarginal sinuous line, which latter line is also narrower at its costal end, thus giving the intervening broad lunular marks a more prominent shape throughout their extent. Mindwing with the medial costal sinuous streak distinct, and the submarginal black spots somewhat larger and more irregularly-oval in shape, the central dot ochreous-white. Underside with the ground-colour pale Indian yellow, the transverse sinuous lines more sinuously disposed than in Marmazx, but very sharply defined, their bordering shades, and the submarginal dentate fascia, and also the interspace between the two medial discal sinuous lines, being dark ochreous- brown. Female. Upperside uniformly paler than in male. orewing with the markings less defined. Hindwing with the submarginal row of black spots also less defined, but each with a central dentate mark. Underside as in the male. Expanse, d 3% to 4, ¢ 44 to 4} inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Sylhet; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Burma. DistripuTion.—Presuming this to be the species referred to by Mr. de Nicéville as Lunawara, “itis much rarer than Marmar in Sikkim, but occurs at the same seasons and elevations” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148). Specimens from Sikkim taken in July, August, and November, by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. We have it from Sylhet, Cachar, and Colonel Swinhoe has it from the Khasia Hills. We have also identified specimens from the Arakan Hills, taken in November by Major C. H. HE. Adamson, in the Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, and in September, by Captain Bingham; and also specimens from East Pegu. HARIDRA DESA (Plate 172, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9).! Charaxes Desa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1878, p. 832, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 283 (1886). Tmaco.—Male. Nearest allied to H. Aristogiton. Forewing differs in the inner edge of the black marginal band being bent inward from the costa to the upper radial, whereas, in Avistogiton, the edge is more even, and comparatively nearer the subcostal streak ; and the submarginal lunules are comparatively broader. Hindwing with similar black macular band. Underside similar. Female. Upperside paler than in male; similarly marked as the same sex of Marmaz. Forewing with the discocellular duplex streak and the subcostal streak Hh 2 236 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. somewhat narrower, the inner discal sinuous line less defined, the marginal macular band broader, the submarginal sinuous line sharply defined, and dilated at its costal end, with the intervening lunular spaces more prominent. Hindwing similar to Marmaz. Underside paler purpurescent brownish-ochreous than in male ; markings the same. Expanse, d 4, ? 43 inches, Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim. Disrrigution.—The type specimen, a male, was taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason at Moolai, 83-6000 feet, Upper Tenasserim. A specimen from Toungoo is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Major C. H. EK, Adamson obtained two males in the Thoungyeen Valley in February, and indicated it under Aristogiton in his List, p. 20. HARIDRA ARISTOGITON (Plate 173, figs. 1, la, ¢). Charaxes Aristogiton, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867), ¢. Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1870, 121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. il, p. 282 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer border, which is traversed by a series of six narrow fulvous lunules, the three upper being small; a slender blackish duplex streak from upper end of cell, a very in- distinctly defined inner discal sinuous line, and a black subcostal streak disposed apically before the outer band. Hindwing with a medial costal short sinuous black slender line, and a submarginal black macular band, the apical portion being large, the lower portions formed of decreasing broadly-dentate spots, each with a white central speck. Underside purpurescent brownish-ferruginous, with a darker brownish submarginal fascia bordering the lilacine-grey washed dentate marks; transverse sinuous lines black. Female unknown. Expanse, d 3} to 4 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga Hills; Sylhet. Distripution.—Males, taken in Sikkim in April by Mr. Otto Méller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. L. de Niceville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148) says «it occurs in Sikkim with the two preceding species (Marmazx and Kharuba).” A specimen from Buxa, Bhotan, isin Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. Others from the Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild. Our illustration of this species, on Plate 173, is from a male, identical in every respect with Felder’s type. HARIDRA ADAMSONI (Plate 173, figs. 2, 2a, 2). Ivaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a very indistinctly defined upper discocellular streak, a less broad marginal black band than in Corax NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA,) 237 or Harpazx, leaving a much wider interspace between it and the end of the cell, the band with a regular but indistinct inner sinuous line which forms an inward row of lunules to the interspaces between the upper median and lower radial, above which point are two upper fulvous spots diverging abruptly outward; the extreme outer margin of the wing edged with fulvous at end of the veins. Hindwing with a submarginal row of smaller black spots, of which the two apical are divided, and with shght whitish-speckled centres, the lower spots being minute, dentate points. Underside pale duller fulvous than upperside, with transverse sinuous blackish lines, the medial discal lines approximated ; a submarginal slightly-defined lilacine dentate fascia on forewing, and a row of minute black-tipt marks on the hindwing. Expanse, 3 3, inches. Hasirat.—Upper Tenasserim. A single male of this species was taken by Major C. H. E. Adamson in the Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in February. HARIDRA HARPAX (Plate 174, figs. 1, la, b,c, f 9). Charazes Harpax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 121. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 109, pl. 13, fig. 1, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii, p. 288 (1886). Charaxes Agna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832, 3. Charaxes Borneensis (female only) Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 16, 9. Charaxes Baya, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 36, fig. 1, g (nec Moore). Tvaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing differs from typical Corax in the outer black band being comparatively broader anteriorly, the upper portion thus being nearer the discoidal streak, and its inner edge is also less sinuous. Hindwing with well-separated and smaller submarginal white-centred spots. Under- side precisely the same as in Coraz, the submarginal spots on the hindwing appearing farther from the margin simply because they are smaller. (Described from Felder’s type in coll. Honble. W. Rothschild.) Female. Upperside dullfulvous. forewing with the outer border broadly black, traversed by a series of four or five pale fulvous lunules ; crossed by a broad oblique discal diffused pale fulvescent-white band, the discal sinuous lines of the underside being also apparent. Hindwing with the middle of the costa broadly pale fulvescent- white; submarginal row of black spots of moderate size, the two apical conjoined, the others separate, each with a distinct white lunule. Underside pale olivescent- ochreous ; the normal transverse sinuous lines brown and slender, the inner discal and subbasal interspaces pale purpurescent-brown, the outer discal interspaces somewhat pale, glossy olivescent yellowish-white, the outer border with lilacine-grey dentate 238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. markings, those on the hindwing with blue-speckled black-tips. (Described from Mr. Butler’s type specimens erroneously described by him as the female of Borneensis.) Expanse, d 3,% to 383i, % 4 inches. Hasirat.—Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, &c. Distrisution.—A Burmese male identical with the type is in Major C. H. EH. Adamson’s collection. A male from Thoungyeen is also in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. The specimens named Agna were taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet elevation, Upper Tenasserim. We also have a male from Megaree, Pegu. A female (erroneously referred by me to Borneensis) was taken by Dr. J. Anderson on Elphinstone Island, Mergui, in March (J. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, 38). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant l.c. pp. 109, 433). We possess both sexes from Sumatra, the type female (Borneensis, Butler) from Borneo, and both sexes also from Borneo, are in Mr. P. Crowley’s, Colonel Swinhoe’s, and Mr. Godman’s collection. Of our illustration of this species on Plate 174, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type of the male, and fig. 1, b, c, from a female example from Borneo. HARIDRA CORAX (Plate 175, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, et larva and pupa). Charaxes Coras, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 287 (1886). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, of a uniform tint throughout. Fore- wing with the outer border broadly purpurescent-black, commencing anteriorly at nearly half the costa and well decreasing posteriorly to a little beyond the angle, its inner edge being sinuous anteriorly and undulated posteriorly, and with a slender slightly-defined fulvous lunular streak descending from before the angle; a slightly blackish duplex streak at upper end of the cell. Hindwing with a submarginal black macular band, the apical portion being broad and marked with two white dots and a small inner irrorated fulvous spot, the descending lower black spots small, and dentate, the two anal marked with bluish-white scales ; a short medial costal sinuous black slender line. Underside rufescent with somewhat darker rufescent-brown borders to the transverse sinuous lines, and outer margin, the basal area and the submarginal dentate fascia more or less glossed with pale purplish-white ; the sub- marginal spots on the hindwing somewhat anchor-shaped, with black-tip, blue centre and white base. Body above bright fulvous ; palpi blackish above, ochreous-white beneath ; pectus, fore tarsi, middle and hind tibiz and tarsi ochreous-white, fore tibize and femur, and middle and hind femora rufescent-brown ; antennz black, club rufous tipt. Described from Dr. Felder’s type in coll. Mr. W. Rothschild. NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 239 In some specimens the band on both wings is less heavily defined, and the band on the hindwing is composed of the upper two conjoined-spots and lower more or less smaller separated spots. In these specimens the underside of the wings is also of a much less paler rufescent colour, and the sinuous transverse lines and other markings less defined—these characters indicating that the latter specimens probably belong to a seasonal brood. Female unknown. Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3,9 inches. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; widest in the middle, tapering rapidly towards the end and more gradually towards the head, the anal segment terminating in two short pointed processes ; head encircled by a mottled pink and white line and surmounted with four pink rugose curved processes, each being tipt with blue. General colour rich green, but somewhat mottled above, yellowish beneath, with the lateral edge defined by a pink speckled line; a large white-ringed dorsal spot with pink centre on middle of the back, and three small similar subdorsal spots on each side. CurysaLis.—Pale green, unmarked ; head ending up in a blunt point. Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam, Khasia Hills; Burmah. DisTRIBUTION.—Specimens taken in Sikkim in September, 1886, by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Colonel C. Swinhoe also has specimens from Sikkim taken by Mr. Paul Mowis. A specimen taken in Bhotan, July, 1887, by Mr. O. Moller, is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Col. Swinhoe and Mr. P. Crowley have specimens from the Khasia Hills. Two males in the British Museum are from Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, taken in September, and from Tounyah, Donat Range, October. We have it from Toungoo, Upper Tenasserim, and from the Karen Hills. Specimens taken by Mr. Doherty in East Pegu, in March and April, are in Mr. Godman’s collection. A male from King’s Island, Mergui, taken in February, is in the British Museum. Of our illustration of this species on Plate 175, fig. 1 is from the drawing of the larva and pupa and imago, made by the late Mrs. Hamilton from specimens reared at Amherst, Moulmain, in November, 1852. This larva being erroneously figured in Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. xii. fig. 14, as that of H. Baya. Fig. 1, a, b, is from Felder’s type specimen of the male. HARIDRA HIERAX (Plate 176, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ ?). Charaxes Hierax (male only), Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 120. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 290 (1886). Charaxes Watti, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 2, g. Charaxes Hipponax (female only), Felder, l.c. p. 443. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich fulvous. Forewing with the marginal broad band rusty-black, the inner edge of the band oblique but not curved, sinuous, its 240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. upper edge extending in slender points along the subcostal veins to the black disco- cellular duplex streak, below which is an indistinetly-defined blackish slender sinuous line; the interspace between the latter line and the black outer band being of the same fulvous colour as the basal area; posterior border of the blackish band with slightly-defined fulvescent lunules. Hindwing with a broad black submarginal decreasing continuous macular band, and a short upper discal black sinuous line slightly-diffused outwardly with pale fulvous. Underside fulvous-red, the normal transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the interspace between the discal lines darkest ; outer border with lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above rich fulvous; palpi above greyish-black, white beneath ; pectus and fore tarsi whitish ; body beneath and legs pale ochreous ; antennz black. Described from Felder’s type of male. Female. Upperside paler than in male. J orewing with a broad white discal band, the discocellular blackish duplex streak and lower sinuous line ill-defined ; the outer series of fulvous whitish spots distinct. Hindwing with short upper discal whitish band, and broad submarginal macular band with prominent white central lunules. Described from specimen presumed to be the type female of Felder’s Hipponax, now in possession of Mr. W. Rothschild. Expanse, d 3,, ? 4 inches. Hasirat.—Assam. Distrisution. —Felder’s type is from Assam. The type specimen of Watti was taken at Bishnath in Assam. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 176, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type specimen of the male. Fig. 1b is from the female specimen presumably assigned by Felder to H. Hipponax. HARIDRA HEMANA (Plate 177, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). Charaxes Hemana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 283 (1886). Doherty, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1886), p. 124. Charaxes Bernardus, Kollar, Hiigels Kaschmi, iv. 2, p. 484, pl. xi. figs. 1, 2, ¢ (1844) (nec Fabricius), Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous. Forewing with the outer border rusty-black; the inner edge of the border excurved and with two sub- costal slightly defined black-edged slightly pale fulvous spots before its upper end, the lower end of the border traversed inwardly to or above the upper median by three or four slender pale fulvous lunules; a slightly-defined slender blackish discocellular duplex streak, and a transverse discal interrupted sinuous line, the discal interspace between the sinuous line and the black band being slightly paler fulvous or exactly of the same tint as the basal area, Hindwing with a broad NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 241 black submarginal decreasing macular band, which sometimes has central white dots ; a short upper discal slender black sinuous line slightly diffused outwardly with paler fulvous. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, crossed by the normal slender blackish sinuous lines, the interspace of the discal lines being darker ochreous, and the marginal border with the normal lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above pale fulvous; palpi above dusky-brown, beneath white; body beneath and legs pale greyish-ochreous; fore tarsi whitish ; antenne black. Female. Upperside yellowish-fulvous ; much paler than in male. Forewing with the outer border broadly black, the extreme marginal edge being fulvous tinged ; discocellular duplex streak and inner discal transverse lunules black and sharply defined, the lunules between the median basal interspaces decreasing in width from the upper, which is broad; the series of six submarginal lunular spots on the black border are broad, well-defined, and pale fulvous-yellow ; the medial discal area is pale yellowish-white, the upper portion being whitest, and with a distinct black costal streak extending from the costal vein to the lower radial. Hindwing with a submarginal series of broad black rounded spots, the two upper largest and united, the six next decreasing in size, the fourth, fifth, and sixth with a slightly defined central white speck, the two anal with a distinct white lunule speckled with grey scales ; a slender obsolescently decreasing black sinuous discal line extending from the costal vein to the lower median, the medial costal area slightly paler yellow. Under- side similar to that of the male. Expanse, d 3, to 3,4, ? 3,4 to 4 inches. Hasitat.—N.W. Himalayas ; Nepal. This species—compared with the type of Hierar—is a comparatively shorter insect, the forewing being less produced apically, and differs in having the inner edge of the black outer marginal band excurved (whereas in Hierar this band is broader and its inner edge is obliquely erect) ; the transverse discal sinuous line of Hemana is also further from the outer band, being three-tenths of an inch in width between the upper and middle medians (whereas in Hieraz it is not two-tenths); the whole underside is also of a much paler colour. DisrrisutioN.—Kollar’s specimens are recorded from Masuri. Specimens of both sexes, from Masuri, are in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection, A female from the Uglar Valley, north of Landour, is in the British Museum. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 124) records it from ‘‘ Kapot, on the Sarju, also from the Gori and Kali Valleys, Kumaon.” The type male is recorded from Nepal, and specimens of it, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, during his residency at the Court of Nepal, are in my own collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 177, fig. 1, la, is from a Nepal male, identical with the type, and fig, 1b is from a Masuri female. VOL. II. Ta bo ~ to LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. HARIDRA HIPPONAX (Plate 178, figs. 1, la, 3 9). Charaxes Hipponax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 120. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 290 (1886). Charaxes Hierax (female only), Felder, l.c. p. 442. Charaves Khimalara (female only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 97, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous. Forewing with the outer border broadly black ; a transverse discal white band extending to near or to the lower median veinlet, this band being comparatively narrower and more irregular in its course than in H. Jalinder, its upper end generally composed of the two outer or lower spots above the radial, the crossing veins also being black; the black discocellular duplex streak more diffused and the inner-bordering sinuous line of the white band more thickly defined ; the submarginal row of fulvous spots obsolescent or obsolete. Hindwing with a short upper discal thickly-defined black sinuous line, which is outwardly diffused with white and crossed by black veins; the submarginal black macular band broad and continuous to the anal spots, each portion generally with a white central speck. Underside pale rufescent olive-brown, the bordering inter- spaces between the discal sinuous lines, and less so of the subbasal lines, pale yeliowish-ochreous ; the outer borders with the normal lilacine-grey washed markings. Female. Upperside most like female of H. Hierar, the basal area of forewing and the hindwing darker, being dusky brownish-fulvous. Forewing with the discal bluish-white band somewhat narrower, the outer series of whitish spots smaller. Hindwing with short upper discal white band, and broad black submarginal macular band with white lunate central marks. (Described from Felder’s type of female Mierax, in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild.) Expanse, d 33, 2 4 inches. Hasirat.—Assam ; Sylhet; Khasia Hills; Naga Hills. Variety (Plate 178, fig. 1, b, c)—In the Naga Hill specimens, which are somewhat smaller, being only 3} inches in expanse, the discal band on the forewing is comparatively narrower, and is either white, as in typical specimens, or it is of a more or less pale fulvous-white, and, in some, is nearly of the same depth of tint as the basal area, which latter is also somewhat darker in tint. Disrrisution.—Felder’s type is from Assam. Specimens from Shillong are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Mr. W. B. Farr took it in Sylhet. Specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken in October by Rey. W. A. Hamilton, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Several specimens of the male of the variety from Naga Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 178, fig. 1 is from a male specimen identical with Felder’s type. Fig. 1a is from the type female erroneously assigned by Felder to H. Hierax.. Figs. 1, b, c, are from the Naga Hills variety. NYMPHALINZE. (Group CHARAXINA.) 243 HARIDRA JALINDER (Plate 179, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9). Charazes Jalinder, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 4, ¢ 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 291 (1886). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright rich dark fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer border, a transverse discal white band ending at or before the submedian vein, normally broken anteriorly below the subcostal, and inwardly bordered by a black discocellular duplex streak at end of cell, and, generally, by a lower diseal sinuous line; the outer black border traversed by a row of more or less defined small fulvous lunate spots. Hindwing with a very short upper discal white or whitish band, not extending beyond the lower subcostal, and which is inwardly edged by a black sinuous line; submarginal macular black decreasing band with or without white lunate dots. Underside purpurescent brownish-red, washed with lilacine-grey, the transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the discal interspaces pale yellowish. Female. Upperside darker fulvous than in male. Forewing with the discal white band broader, its inner sinuous edge broader black and its subcostal streak more or less slender or obsolescent ; the outer row of spots more or less large and fulvous-white. Hindwing with a short upper discal white band, and a broad submarginal black macular band with slender white lunular marks. Underside much paler than in male, with prominent yellowish discal and darker subbasal interspaces. Expanse, ¢ 3} to 33, 2 4 to 43 inches. Hasitat.—H. Himalayas; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. Disrrisution.—We have typical Jalinder from Sikkim, and Buxa in Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens from Sikkim, taken in July, September and November, by the late Mr. Otto Méller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection, Both sexes from the Khasia Hills are in Colone] Swinhoe’s and Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Males obtained by Lieut. EH. Y. Watson in the Chin Hills, 1000 to 2000 feet, in May, are in the British Museum ; Major C. H. KH. Adamson took it commonly at Bhamo; specimens from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, were taken by Mr. h. Roberts, C.E., and are in the collection of Mr. H. C. Dent, Mr. W. Rothschild and my own. Of our illustrations of H. Jalinder on Plate 179, fig. 1, la, b, c, are from the male and female type specimens described by Mr. Butler. On Plate 180, fig. 1, la, we figure a male of the (? seasonal) form of this species named Hindia. Tee 244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. SEASONAL FORM ? (Plate 180, figs. 1, 1», 3). Charaxes Hindia (male only), Butler,* Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5 (1872), g. Male. Upperside paler bright fulvous than in typical Jalinder; the discal white band on forewing unbroken from the subcostal to submedian. Underside pale purpurescent-ferruginous, washed with lilacine-grey ; sinuous lines ill-defined ; discal interspaces dull pale yellow. Darjiling (Major Roberts); Darjiling (coll. W. Rothschild); Shillong (coll. P. Crowley). In some specimens (Plate 180, fig. 1, b, c), labelled ‘* Sikkim,” in Mr. Crowley’s collection, the discal band is less defined and of a diffused fulvous white, with bright fulvous submarginal lunular spots. HARIDRA PLEISTOANAX (Plate 181, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Charazes Pleistoanax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iil. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 121; Lep. Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 3, g¢ 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 292 (1886). Charaxes Khimalara (male only), Butler, Lep, Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 1(1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 292. Twaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area dark olivaceous brownish- ochreous, the outer border of hindwing brighter ochreous. Forewing with the apex and outer border broadly black and traversed by an inner incurved series of more or less obsolescent or well-defined pale ochreous or ochreous-white spots; a rather broad bluish-white transverse discal band continued to the posterior margin, the upper end of which is broken into spots between the lower subcostal and lower radial ; the discocellulars marked by a more or less defined duplex black streak, and the inner border of the white discal band generally defined by a more or less black-speckled sinuous line to near the submedian vein. Hindwing with a bluish- white prominent upper discal band obsolescently decreasing to the middle median veinlet, inwardly edged anteriorly by a black sinuous line, and traversed by black veins, which latter sometimes dilatingly merge into the black submarginal band ; the black band broad anteriorly and decreasing to anal angle, composed of conjoined spots, which generally have a central white lunate dot. Underside olivescent purplish-brown ; crossed by pale-edged normal sinuous black lines, outer discal pale olivescent-yellow dentate markings and submarginal glossy lhlacine-grey dentate markings, the latter on the hindwing bordering a row of black-tipt whitish anchor- shaped spots; the subbasal and discal transverse interspaces pale yellow. * The female described and figured by Mr. Butler (l.c.) as erroneously assigned to that sex of Hindia, belongs to the species named Imna, NYMPHALINZ:, (Group CHARAXINA.) 245 Female. Upperside similar to male. Forewing with the white transverse band broader, anteriorly broken by a broad subcostal black streak, and with a broad black-speckled inner discal border extending to near the submedian vein ; the outer series of white spots large and lunular. Hindwing with the white upper discal band broader and extending to near the middle median yeinlet; the submarginal black macular band broader and with slender white lunular marks. Underside as in the male, but somewhat more olivescent in tint. Body dark brownish-ochreous ; palpi above black ; palpi beneath and pectus white; legs brownish-ochreous ; fore tarsi white ; antenne black ; eyes red. Expanse, ¢ 3,6, 2 4,2, to 4,5, inches. Hasirar.—Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Naga Hills. Distrisution.—‘* Common in Sikkim throughout the summer months at low elevations” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 149). Specimens taken by the late Mr. Otto Méller in Sikkim in June and July are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. It was also taken at Buxa in Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens from the Naga Hills are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 181, fig. 1 is cra Mr. Butler’s type male of Khimalara, and figs. la, b, c, are from male and female identical with Felder’s types. HARIDRA KHASIANA (Plate 182, figs. 1, la, 32). Charaxes Khasianus, Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 6, g 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 293 (1886). Charaxes Pleistoanax (female only), Felder, Reise Novara ili. p. 443, Imaco.—Male. Similar to H. Pleistoanax. Upperside differs in the olivaceous- ochreous basal area and hindwing being paler. Forewing with the bluish-white discal band broader and extending diffusedly within the basal area beyond the sinuous black line, which latter is generally broadly defined ; submarginal series of spots small or lunulate. Hindwing with the white discal band also broader and extending diffusedly inwards more or less beyond the black sinuous line; sub- marginal black macular decreasing band with white lunate marks. Underside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but generally more ochreous. Female. Upperside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the basal areas muc paler, the abdominal margin of hindwing and its outer border also much paler. Forewing with the discal bluish-white band much broader, and also extending diffusedly inward more or less beyond the blackish-speckled virgula; the outer marginal series of spots white, large, and conspicuous. Hindwing with the white 246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. discal band also broader and extending posteriorly to near the submedian vein and more or less diffusedly inward beyond the discal black virgula; submarginal black macular band broader. Underside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the discal interspaces much broader. Expanse, 3 3,8 to 3;%, % 4 to 44 inches. Hasitat.— Khasia Hills; Burma. Distrisution.—We possess specimens from the Khasia Hills. Specimens of both sexes from the Khasias are in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe, and also in that of Mr. W. Rothschild, taken by the Rev. W. A. Hamilton in October. A male from Toungoo is in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. We have it also from the Shan States, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.H. HARIDRA NICHOLII (Plate 182, fig. 2, 3). Charaxes Nicholii, Grose Smith, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 150, ¢ ; id. Rhop. Exotica, ch. pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 (1887), ¢. TIuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the apical two-thirds obliquely blue- black, the base ferruginous-brown; crossed by a discal recurved series of five (or six) lilacine-white letter V-shaped marks, the upper being slender, the two lower conjoined, followed by a submarginal row of larger-sized broad white lunate marks; the extreme margin also showing a small white dot between the lower veins, and a broader white space at the posterior angle. Hindwing with the basal half ferruginous- brown, discally edged with a sinuous black line, the broad outer border being olivescent-white, and traversed by a submarginal row of six small decreasing blackish rings, and two very small blue-black anal points. Underside lilacine-grey, crossed by the normally disposed black slender sinuous lines, and sub-marginal dentated fascia, the interspace between the discal sinuous lines darkest. Body and palpi above ferruginous-brown ; body beneath and legs dull lilacine-grey ; antennze black ; eyes dark brown. Expanse, d 3,% inches. Hasitat.—East Pegu. Disrrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty took this species in the Karen Hills, Hast Pegu, in March and April, 1890. It is quite distinct from H. Durnfodii, Distant. Cuinese AND Inpo-Matayan Sprcies oF Hariwwra.—Haridra Bernardus (Pap. Bernardus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 71, 9 (1793); Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 35, 9 (1798) ; Jones, Icones, iv. pl. 65, fig. 2, 9). Charaxes Bernardus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B.M., p. 50 (1869). Mar. Upperside very dark fulvous. Forewing with the black outer border extending anteriorly to the cell; crossed by a medial discal prominent bluish-white band with distinctly-defined sinuous edges ending at NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA.) 247 the lower median veinlet, this band composed of the three median portions, a smaller spot outside end of the cell, and sometimes two superposed smaller outer spots below the subcostal ; two, or some times three, pale fulvous lunules bordering the marginal band. Hindwing with a submarginal black continuous macular band centred with white points; upper discal black sinuous line distinct, its outer area pale fulvous. Frmanz. Upperside deep fulvous. Forewing with black marginal band traversed by pale fulvescent-white lunules ; crossed by a broad fulvescent-white discal band; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line. Hindwing with a submarginal black decreasing macular band centred with white points ; an upper discal black sinuous line, its outer area diffused fulvescent-white. Expanse, 3 3,;, % 4 imches. Habitat—Hongkong. Described from a male and female taken in Hongkong by Bishop Smith, from the late J. J. Weir’s collection, and now in the possession of Mr. Stanley Edwards. Both sexes were also taken in Hongkong in May, 1892, by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N. This species is distinct from H. Polyxena, and is allied to the Indian H. Jalinder and Hipponax. Haridra Polyxena (Pap. Polyxena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. pl. 54, figs. A, B, ? (1779). Doxocopa EHpilais, Htibner, Verz. p.50 (1816). Manz. Upperside fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer border, its inner edge commencing from middle of the costa at a short distance beyond end of cell, whence it descends very obliquely to the upper median, and from thence posteriorly to the submedian, and enclosing three broad fulvous lunules ; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line, slightly defined. Hindwing with a moderately broad black submarginal decreasing macular band with white centred points; an upper discal black sinuous line, slender, its outer costal area paler fulvous. Franz. Upperside pale fulvous. Forewing with a broad fulvescent-whitish discal band ; outer black border traversed by fulvescent-whitish lunules ; a blackish costal streak, discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line, each diffused. Hindwing with a prominent black sub- marginal decreasing macular band with distinct white central lunules ; upper discal blackish line slender, its outer costal area fulvescent-whitish. Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ¢ 3,8 to4 inches. Habiiat—S. China. Described from specimens in our own collection. This species belongs to the Corax section of the genus. Haridra Borneensis (Char. Borneensis, Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 2, male only (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 37, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—H. Bupalus (Char. Bupalus, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Distanti (Char. Distanti, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 277. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 4384, pl. 36, fig. 2, d (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsulax—H. Harpagon (Char. Harpagon, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 85). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Scylaw (Char. Scylax, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Habitat. Java—H. Haimodius (Char. Harmodius, 248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867). Habitat. Java.—H. Baya (Nymph Baya, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 207 (1857). Habitat. Java.—H. Bajula (Char. Bajula, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 86). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Georgius (Char. Georgius, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 262). Habitat. Mindoro.— H. Plateni (Char. Plateni, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat. Palawan.— H. Amycus (Char. Amycus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 303). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 3, 5, d ¢.—Syn. Char. Lunawara (2 only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 2, 2. Habitat. Philippines.— H, Antonius (Char. Antonius, Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 6, 7, 8, $2 (1860). Habitat. Philippines —H. Durnfordii (Char. Durnfordii, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 432, pl. 40, fig. 8, ¢ (1886). Allied to but distinet from H. Nicolii. Habitat. Malay Peninsula.x—H. Hveretti (Char. Everetti, Rothschild, Deuts, Ent. Zeit. 1893, p. 438). Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Staudingeri (Char. Staudingeri, Rothschild, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1893, p. 439). Habitat. N., Borneo. Genus CHARAXES. Charaxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV. p. 18 (1816). Felder, Neues Lep. p. 39 (1861). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 623. Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 650 (1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i, p. 28 (1880), Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 101 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 269 (1886). Nymphalis, Latreille, Sonn. Buff. xiv. p. 82 (1805). Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 306 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E.I.C. i. p. 204 (1857). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 267 (1871), nec Linneus. Paphia (part), Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. VI. p. 282 (1807), preoccupied. Eribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. p. 46 (1816). Jasia, Swainson, Zool. Illust. ii. p. 90 (1832). Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex narrow, obtuse; exterior margin oblique, uneven, concave in the middle; posterior margin straight, thickly fringed at the base; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, the first at about one-third before the end, third branch immediately beyond the cell and extending to the extreme apex, fourth and fifth branches at one- third beyond ; upper discocellular very short, lower slender and concave, closing the cell, radials from upper angles; median veinlets wide apart, upper curved; sub- median vein curved at the base. Hindwing triangular, short ; costa very convex at the base, apex rounded, exterior margin nearly straight, sinuous, with a slender tail at end of upper and lower median veinlets ; abdominal margin long; the cell and along the submedian vein thickly clothed with long hairs; costal vein much curved, extending to the extreme apex and with a short abruptly bent precostal spur; sub- costals and radial equidistant from the costal vein ; cell imperfectly closed by a very BEV: ‘C.Moore dal, et hth PU 172. F.C.Moore del et hth Vincent Brooks, Day & Son inp L Reeve & C®° London JL, Reeve & C® London PU 178. PU 174 Sontmop x Vincent Brooks,Dé del et hth F C Meore London L. Reeve & C2 PUTS F.C. Moore del, et ith Vincent Brooks, Day & SonImp L Reeve & C2 London 76 Pl 7. Imp A ee 7 40. PUI F.C.Moore delet ith. Reeve & 5° London PU 179. PU 180. F.C.Moore delet ith. Vincent Brocks Day & Son Imp LReeve & G? London. 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Body short; thorax elongated, broad, very robust, woolly at the base; head large, woolly, not tufted ; eyes prominent, naked; palpi large, obliquely porrected, broad and flat in front, the tip elevated much above the vertex, and extending forward, apart at the base, but approximating at the tip, thickly scaled, second joint above clothed with short erect hairs, apical joint almost smooth, conical ; forelegs of male minute, scaly, and slightly airy ; forelegs of female scaly, femur very slightly hairy on the inner side, tarsus dilated towards the tip, which is rounded off in front, each joint with two short blunt spines beneath; middle and hind legs rather short, robust, finely scaled, tibiz flat beneath, each side armed «with a row of short fine spines, tarsi armed with four series of short spines, the terminal lateral spine on each side being the longest, claws moderate, inner lobe short, outer lobe acute, curved; antenne rather short, stout, straight, the club elongated, thick and truncate at the tip, with a slight treble carina on its inner edge. Type, C. Jasius. CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; head with four vertical short spiny processes ; anal seement with two short depressed points. CurysaLis.—Abbreviated, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum arched; head very obtuse. . Ecc.—Large, globular; apex flattened, broad. CHARAXES FABIUS (Plate 183, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, g, 2; larva and pupa). Papilio Fabius, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 12 (1781). Mant. Ins. ii. p. 7 (1787). Ent. Syst, iii., i., p. 64 (1793). Nymphalis Fabius, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep., p. 309 (1851). Charazxes Fabius, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1869). Kirby, Catal. Butt. p, 268 (1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 15, fig. 1 (1880). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 280 (1886). Paphia Fabia, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, pl. 12, fig. 3, larva (1846). Papilio Solon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii., i, p. 69 (1798). Jones, Icones, pl. 63, fig. 2, . Papilio Euphanes, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 59, fig. 1, ¢ (1785-90). Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish olive-brown, palest basally. Forewing with a transverse discal recurved series of eight yellow spots increasing in size from near the costa, the upper spots mostly rounded, the lower spots being broad and irregularly-quadrate with uneven exterior ; also a yellow subcostal spot between the lower subcostal veinlets and upper radial, and a smaller spot outside end of the cell above the upper median veinlet ; a marginal lower row of minute yellow spots which are more or less obsolescent anteriorly. Hindwing with a transverse discal VOL. Il. K k 250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. yellow irregular band, decreasing posteriorly ; a submarginal row of small, yellow lunules, and a marginal row of small geminate spots, those at the anal angle being greenish-grey. Underside lilac-grey, of a more or less pale or darker tint, but dullest at the base, and purplish-tinted externally. Both wings with white trans- verse discal markings as on upperside, but each inwardly-edged by a black line; the basal area crossed by irregular black slender lines. Forewing also with three basal black spots in the cell, a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with posteriorly- increasing black borders, and a marginal lower row of indistinct purplish-white lunules. Hindwing also with a discal more or less defined irregular row of black- edged purplish-white lunules, and a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with blackish outer borders, followed by a marginal row of small, more or less ochreous- yellow or greenish-ochreous lunules surmounted by an indented black line and white speckles above, and broken lunate white spots below; the extreme margin and tails being blackish-edged. Female. Upperside as in the male, with the markings somewhat larger. Underside as in the male. Body above dark olive-brown ; collar, front, and palpi above black, spotted with white ; palpi, body beneath, and legs whitish ; fore tibiz brown above; antenne black ; eyes reddish. Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3,4, 2 3,% to 3,6, inches. CatErPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; bluish-green; head armed with four reddish-tipt spinous fleshy vertical processes ; anal segment with two short depressed points; a small dorsal semicircle of white on seventh segment; lateral line dotted with pale yellow. Feeds on Tamarindus indica. Curysatis.—Cylindrically-ovate, smooth ; dorsum arched; head obtusely pointed. Hasitar.—Himalayas ; Oudh; H. and S. India; Ceylon; Burma. In specimens from the N.W. Himalayas, the undersides are the palest coloured, and also have the markings less prominently defined. In Eastern Indian and Burmese specimens the underside is darker, and the South Indian and Ceylonese examples are darkest of all, being of a purpurescent-brownish tint, with all the markings intensi- fied. The S. Indian specimens are identical with the Fabrician type. Disrrisution aND Hapits.—This butterfly has a wide range. In the Western Himalayas it ‘“‘has been taken in Chumba in March by Lieut.-Col. C. H. T. Marshall, and in Mundi in July and September by Mr. A. Graham Young” (Butt. _ Ind. 1. 280). The Rev. J. H. Hocking took it in “ Dharmsala in July, at sugar” (P. Z. 8. 1882, 238). Mr. W. Doherty found it in “ Rambagh, at the foot of the hills, Kumaon” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 124). In Oudh “it occurs in Lucknow” (Lang. Ann. N. H. 1864, 181), and “‘ at Fyzabad”’ (Butt. Ind. 11. 280). In the Eastern Himalayas “ stragglers have been taken in Sikkim at low elevations from May to NYMPHALIN 22. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 951 July” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 147). The larva is figured in General Hardwicke’s Drawings (Libr. Brit. Mus.), found in August feeding on leaves of Gardenia. It occurs in Assam. Mr. J. W. Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 363), records its capture at ‘ Silchar, Cachar, in September.” According to Mr. de Nicé- ville (Butt. Ind. ii. 280), ‘* it is common in Caleutta, and have taken nearly all my specimens in the cold weather, frequently having been taken drinking the juice of the date palms when cut for the extraction of toddy. It occurs also during the rains.” Mr, J. Rothney also obtained it in the Barrackpore Gardens, near Calcutta, Capt. Mortimer Slater in his MS. Notes, p. 41, states: ‘* At Dinapur, I generally found it near or on pomegranate trees; flies rapidly. Uncommon.” The late General Hearsey (Westw. Orient. Ent.), says, ‘he usually captured this species upon wounded apple trees, the butterflies frequenting the wounds to suck up the fluids which were discharged therefrom.” Mr. W. C, Taylor obtained it in Orissa, and it has been taken in Belgaum (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Colonel C. Swinhoe took it in “ Mhow, June and October (P. Z. 8S. 1886, 425); in Poona, February, April, and November ; and at Belgaum in November” (P. Z. 8. 1885,130). In Madras, Lieut. E. Y. Watson took it in April (J. A. 8. Beng. 1890, 266). Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 278) record “ the capture of larve in Karwar in July and August, and have also reared it in Khandeish and the Dekkan, always on the tamarind tree.” The butterfly occurs in Bombay sparingly, specimens being captured in Khandeish and the Tanna District (Aitken, id. 1886, 133). Mr. J. Betham (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 286) says, ‘It isa bold creature, with a strong flight, but sometimes falls a prey to curiosity. One settled on my boot once, and at another time one wanted to see what my tonga was, and flitted round it as I went along, until it was caught.” The late S. N. Ward obtained it in Kanara. Mr. G. F. Hampson found it rare on the Nilgiris at 3000 to 4000 feet (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 355). ‘It occurs throughout South India to Travancore ” (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 10) says, ‘‘ It is fairly common in the low country of Travancore, but is not found in the hills.” In Ceylon, it has been taken at Dambool and Kandy, but not very commonly (Capt. Wade). Mr. F. M. Mack- wood also caught it in the low country to the north of Matale, and always on human excrement (MS. Notes). Major Yerbury took it at Trincomali in October. Godart cites Nicobars, but this has not since been verified, and therefore is doubtful. In Burma, Dr. N. Manders obtained a single specimen in December, at 5000 feet eleva- tion, at the bottom of the Hopaung Valley, S.E. of Fort Stedman in the Shan States (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526). Lieut. E. Y. Watson obtained it during the Chin-Lushai Expedition ‘‘ on the road from Pauk to Tilin in October, and also at Tilin in March ” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 42). Major C. H. E. Adamson took it in Arakan, but not common, from March to May (List, p. 20). Specimens from the Karen Hills Kk 2 252 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It has also been taken in the Lower Thoungyeen forests in May, and in the Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim (Butt. Ind. ii- 280). Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 183, fig. 1 is from Mr. Ward’s draw- ing, fig. la is copied from Messrs. Davidson and Aitken’s figures published in the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, fig. 1b is from a Kangra male, and le from a Ceylon female. Inpo-Manayan Specius or Cxaraxes.—C. Lampedo, Hibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 52, figs. 3,4, ? (1820-26). Syn. Char. Zephyrus, Butler, Cistula Ent. i, p. 5 (1869) 3 ; ad. Lep. Exotica, i. pl. 10, fig. 1, g (1870). Habitat. Mindanao.— OC. Echo, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 401, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6, g. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 103, fig. 38, ¢ (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Singapore; Labuan, Borneo. Genus EULEPIS. Evulepis, Dalman, in Billberg’s Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29 (1880). Eribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sehmett. p. 46 (1816). Charaxes (part), Felder ; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville. Imaco.—Male. Outline of wings as in Charaxes. Forewing with the veins also similar. Hindwing with the second subcostal veinlet and the radial emitted nearer to the base of the first branch; cell completely open ; precostal veinlet gently curved; upper and middle median veinlets emitted further from base of the lower. Thorax and head more woolly ; antenne less thick ; palpi stouter; forelegs of male short, clothed with fine long hairs ; forelegs of female shorter than in typical Charaxes, scaly, tarsus slightly dilated at the tip, joits with short lateral spines. Sexes alike. Type, E. Athamas. CarerriLiar.—Slug-shaped ; with four vertical elongated fleshy spinous pro- cesses on the head, and two short naked depressed conical processes on anal segment. Curysatis.—Thick, oval, smooth, abbreviated ; dorsum arched; head obtuse. Eac.—Unknown. EULEPIS ATHAMAS (Plate 184, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, d, 3 2 ; larva and pupa). Papilio Athamas, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 89, figs. C, D (1776). Nymphalis Athamas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823). Paphia Athamas, Horsfield, Catal. Lep, Mus. E. I. Compy. pl. 8, fig. 7, a—g; larva and pupa, (1829). Charaxes Athamas, Moore, Catal. Lep, Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 205, pl. 6, figs. 3, 3a (1857). Butler, Proc, NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 253 Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 106, pl. 13, fig. 8, ¢ (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 275 (1886). Eribea Athamis, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 47 (1816). Papilio Pyrrhus, Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 29, fig. 3 (1800), nee Linn. Charaxes Bharata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 488 (1867) 3. Charazxes Samatha, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 831. Eulepis Samatha, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a, b, g ; larva and pupa (1880). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent-black, the basal border somewhat greyish-black. Forewing with a transverse medial-discal more or less moderately broad olivescent-yellow band, commencing at the upper median veinlet, above which is an out- wardly-disposed rather large obliquely-quadrate yellow spot, and a much smaller subapical spot. Hindwing with a similar broad olivescent-yellow band extending from the costa, and decreasing to a point at the lower median veinlet above the anal angle ; a submarginal series of very small narrowly-ovate white spots, followed by a marginal row of more or less indistinct ochreous-red lunules, with intervening blue streaks along the two tails. Underside. Both wings purpurescent olive-brown, of more or less pale or darker tint, the discal olivescent-yellow band as above, but paler and glossy, the whole inner margin of the band bordered by a rich dark olivescent- red narrow band, which is defined on both the sides of its middle portion by a black line inwardly-edged by pearly-white scales. Horewing also with only the lower subapical spot well defined, the other either obsolescent or absent; within the base of the cell are two superposed small white-centred black dots; a row of posteriorly in- creasing lunate marks outwardly bordering the discal band. Hindwing also with the outer edge of the discal band bordered by a row of sharply-defined carmine-red sinuous marks, each mark being transversed by a pearly-white lunate line, and the upper and lower marks outwardly-edged by a black sinus; beyond is a submarginal row of small black lunate spots with diffused pearly-white borders, followed by a marginal row of dull ochreous-red lunules. Female. Upperside similar to the male. Forewing with the discal pale yellow band broader, the lower subapical spot larger. Hindwing also with broader discal band, the submarginal white spots larger and very prominent, the marginal ochreous lunules also distinct. Body above purpurescent greyish-brown ; collar and front black, with ochreous- white spots; palpi black above, ochreous-white beneath; pectus ochreous-white ; fore femur and tibia purplish-brown, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora blackish, tibize and tarsi ochreous-white, antennz black ; eyes reddish-brown. Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 3, 2 3,3, to 3,4 inches. CaterPILtaR.—Hlongated, slug-shaped, dark-green; head large, wide and sur- mounted by four divergent curved fleshy spinous processes ; anal segment with two short naked terminal points; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white lateral 254 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. stripe, most prominent on the seventh, ninth, and eleventh segments, and beneath these a lower series of small white spots. Carysatis.—Thick, cylindrically oval; green, streaked with white; dorsum and thorax convex ; head broad, truncated, obtusely pointed in front. Hasirat.—Hills N.E. and 8. India; Ceylon; 8. Andamans; Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc. DisrRIBUTION WITHIN OUR ArgA.—This insect has a wide range. We possess it from Sikkim; specimens are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection from Sikkim, taken by the late Otto Moller in July and October, Mr. G. C, Dudgeon obtained it at Buxain Bhotan. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147) says “ this is the commonest species of Charaxes in Sikkim, and found from April to December, from 6000 feet to the level of the Terai.” It is also found in Assam, Silhet, Cachar. Mr. Wood-Mason (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 363) obtained males in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, in June and August. Specimens from the Khasia Hills are in Colonel Swinhoe’s and Mr. P. Crowley’s collections. Mr. J. L. Sherwill took it in the Naga Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are also in Mr. Crow- ley’s collection. Lieut. EH. Y. Watson took it during the recent Chin-Lushai Expedi- tion, in the Chin Hills at from 1000 to 2000 feet elevation in May, and at Tilin Yaw in November and February (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 41). It also occurs at Toungoo, in Upper Tenasserim; Mr, Wood-Mason took it at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, in Tenasserim. According to Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526), “ It oecurs commonly all the year round throughout the Shan Hills and Karenni.” Specimens from the Karen Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. From Southern India, we possess it from the Nilgiris, taken by Mr. G. F. Hampson, “ commonly at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation’ (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888, 355), and from Kanara, taken by the late 8. N. Ward; Mr. E. H. Aitken says it “is common enough on the [Western] Ghats, chiefly, I think, from December to March” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 133). The late Dr. Leith obtaimed it on Matheran, and Col. Swinhoe also took it on Matheran in December (P. Z. 8. 1885, 180); also from Kathlekan, in Mysore, taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson, in November. In Ceylon it is “taken at Colombo and Kandy; common” (Wade), and according to Mr. F. M. Mackwood’s “ Notes,” it is plentiful about Kandy and similar elevations in the island, DIsTRIBUTION OUTSIDE ouR ArEA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 106) records it from the Malay Peninsula. It has been taken at Chentaboon, in Siam (P. Z. §S. 1874, 106). Mr. Snellen (Lep. Mid. Sumatra, 16) records it from Sumatra. From Borneo we possess a male taken at Sarawak, a female taken at Hong Kong, and another female was in the late Mr. J. J. Weir’s collection, both of which were taken by the late Bishop of Hong Kong. Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., writes me that he has also observed it in Hong Kong. to 55 NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) It also occurs in the Philippines; a specimen from Mindoro being in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Hasirs or Imaco.—* The fastest butterfly I have come across. It is, in common with CO. Fabius and C. Imna,a very foul feeder” (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1890, 286). Mr. EH. H. Aitken (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1886, 133) says, ‘it is very similar in its habits to C. Jmna, and almost as difficult to capture. They have a penchant for certain places.” Capt. Wade, in his Ceylon “ Notes,” remarks, ‘ Males most frequently found perched high up on Acacia trees; flight, quick and strong ; common,” and Mr. F. M. Mackwood states that they are “ not easily caught, as they rest generally on trees out of reach.” Hasirs or Larva.— Mr. Moore’s description (Lep. Ceylon, i. 29) is good, but we have found different specimens to vary very much in the distinctness and colour of the lateral stripes ; they are always present, but sometimes very faint indeed. Another more important point, which seems hitherto to have escaped notice, is that the last pair of legs are almost obsolete, and are not used in walking. We found this larva, from June to October, on the ‘ Goolmohr’ (Poinciana regia), the ‘ Khatree’ (Cxsalpinia mimosioides), and several other trees. The larva, like those of most wary and strong-winged butterflies, is very shy and cautious in its habits, feeding by night, and remaining motionless all day; but it is much preyed on from the time it leaves the egg, and only a small proportion seem to reach maturity. The pupa is almost oval, smooth, and without irregularities ; in colour, green, with faint white lines, more or less distinct” (J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 277). In Ceylon, according to the late Dr. Thwaites, the larva feeds upon Cesalpinia. Mr. H. A. Minchin (Butt. India, 1. 277) says the “ larva feeds in South India on Adenanthera pavonica.” E. Athamas (Vanizty)—Plate 184, fig. le. Male.—Upperside deep rich indigo- blue black. Forewing with a small single subapical spot only ; the olivescent-white band on both wings narrower than in typical specimens of Athamas-—being from two-tenths to three-tenths of an inch only in width; the outer edge of the band on the hindwing is bordered by purplish-blue speckles lunularly disposed between the median veinlets; the marginal series of white spots are also much smaller. Under- side darker, and the markings also richer and darker in colour, and more prominently defined. Expanse, 2,°, inches. Habitat, Khasia Hills. This variety (or seasonal form) appears to be scarce in collections. I have only seen a few specimens, all males, two being from the Khasia Hills, in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection, others, also from the Khasias, iu Colonel Swinhoe’s collection, and one I possess, from Colonel Taylor’s cabinet, doubtfully taken at Buxa. Mr. de Nicéville probably refers to this form, under C. Avja (Butt. Ind. ii. 278), from Cachar, four males haying been taken by Mr. Wood-Mason, in June and 256 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. August, at Sileuri, also two males from Shillong, taken by Dr. Johnson, a male from Jorehat, taken by Mr. J. L. Sherwill, and a male from Sibsagar, taken by Mr. 8. E. Peal. Of our illustrations of H. Athamas, on Plate 184, fig. 1 is from Mr. 8. N. Ward’s drawing of larva reared in Kanara ; fig. la is from the Ceylon larva; fig. 1b, ¢, is from a Sikkim male, and fig. 1d,a female from Shillong, Assam. Fig. le is the variety from the Khasia Hills. EULEPIS HAMASTA (Plate 185, figs. 1, la, ¢ oD): Eulepis Hamasta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1882, p. 238. Charaxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 275 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Both wings with broad olivescent-yellow discal band, broader than in L. Athamas, the black outer border, consequently, being narrower. Forewing with a quadrate larger lower subapical spot, and a small apical spot. Hindwing with prominent submarginal white lunate spots and ochreous marginal lunules. Underside paler; with the band inwardly-bordering the broad discal band paler olivescent-ochreous, and the outer marginal lunular marks narrower. Female. Upperside with broad discal band. Forewing with large quadrate subapical spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing with very pro- minent yellowish-white submarginal spots, the four upper small and ovate, the lower large and broadly lunate ; the marginal ochreous lunules indistinct, the lowest edged with bluish-grey. Underside as in the male. Hxpanse, d 2,5, to 3, 2 3,2, to 3,4, inches. Hasirar.— Western and Eastern Himalayas; CO. India. Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by the Rev. J. H. Hocking at **Dharmsala, 6200 feet,in March and June” (P. Z. S. 1882, 238). The late Captain R. Bayne Reed records ‘‘ Athamas” in his list of butterflies taken in Kashmir in 1872. Colonel A. M. Lang also obtained it in the Tonse Valley, Gurhwal, at 6000 feet, and Mr. W. Doherty captured it in the “ Sarju, Kali, and Gori Valleys, 2000 to 4000 feet, in Kumaon, in September”’ (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 124). Males, taken in Sikkim, March, 1887 and 1888, by Mr. O. Moller, are in the collection of Mr. Walter Rothschild, and I possess specimens which were also taken in Sikkim by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens, labelled Buxa, are in Mr. H. Druce’s collection, and a male and female from Deesa, Central India, are in Colonel Swinhoe’s collection. Hanrs.—This is ‘fan insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning NYMPHALINZAE, (Group CHARAXINA.) 257 up and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens, 3000 to 5000 feet. It pitches on rocks in mid-streams, and flashes off again if approached. It is not common, and is very difficult to capture; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven individuals sitting with closed wings motionless on a foul spot (by the damp sandy _Imargin of a stream), so close together that I might have put my hat on all of them. Except on that occasion, I have never seen more than one at a time” (Lang, P. Z. 8S. 1865, 498). Mr. Hocking says, “it is the wildest butterfly that I know. It takes very long flights at a time and returns to the same point. It is very shy” (P. Z. S. 1882, 238). Mr. L. de Nicéville remarks, “I took one specimen in October, 1878, at Kotgurh, imbibing moisture on a damp spot near the Komarsen stream. Of all the butterflies I am acquainted with this insect is the swiftest on the wing. J have taken a few small and apparently hybernated specimens on hill tops near Simla in April, and have seen the ordinary sized ones in various places near Simla in the autumn. My Darjeeling specimens are decidedly darker than those taken at this end of the Himalayas. Expanse from 2°2 inches to 2°9 inches”’ (Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880). Of our illustrations of HL. Hamasta on Plate 185, fig. 1 is from a Sikkim male identical with the type, and fig. la is from the type specimen of the female. EULEPIS AGRARIUS (Plate 185, figs. 2, 2a, f 2). Charazes Agrarius, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 425, pl. 40, fig. 3, ¢. Charaxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 275 (1886). Twaco.—Male and female. Both wings with the yellow discal band uniformly narrower, the outer edge of the band more irregular, undulated, the portions between the medians being each somewhat incurved. Forewing with a large quadrate lower submarginal spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing with yellowish-white rounded submarginal spots, the upper minute, the lower three large and dento-lunate; marginal ochreous lunules not present in the male, very indistinct in female, the lower bluish-grey streaks only present in male. — Underside similar to 1. Hamasta, but paler. Expanse, ¢ 2,5, to 2,5, ? 2,8 inches. Habitat.—Hills of Central India ; Eastern Ghats ; ? Chin Hills. DistrrsuTIoN.—T he type specimens were taken by Colonel Swinhoe at Mhow in October, at Assighur in October, and at Poona in September. A female from Ganjam, taken by Mr. Minchin, is in Mr. Druce’s collection. Similar specimens (presumably of this species) are in the British Museum collection, and others in my own possession, taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson during the Chin-Lushai Expedition, are labelled “ Tilin Yaw, February and March, Chin Hills, May,” except that the yellow band is narrower, and the marginal white spots on hindwing are von. 1. May 8th, 1895. L | 258 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of uniform size, there being also a spot present between the costal and subcostal ; the underside of these latter specimens have the discal band and lower subapical spot clouded with ochreous-yellow. Of our illustrations of H. Agrarius, on Plate 185, figs. 2 and 2a are from the type specimens of the male and female in Colonel Swinhoe’s Collection. EULEPIS ARJA (Plate 186, figs. 1, la, gd, ?). Charaxes Arja, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iil. p. 438 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 119. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 278 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent bluish-black. Both wings with the discal band olivescent-white. Forewing more obtuse at the apex, with the band broader at its anterior end and of more equal width than in H. Athamas ; the lower subapical spot more ovate, the other minute or absent. Hindwing with the discal band also broader and less sharply defined than in EL. Athamas, its outer edge posteriorly blue speckled, and the submarginal white spots somewhat larger, lunular, and very prominent. Underside similarly marked to H. Athamas. Female. Upperside with the discal band olivescent-white, more uniformly broader than in #. Athamas, the lower subapical spot larger, the upper very small. Hindwing with the discal band also broader, and the submarginal white lunulate spots very prominent. Underside as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3,4, % 3;% to 3;% inches. Hasitat.—Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma. Distrisution.—Confined to the north-eastern portion of India and Burma. Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. II. 278) records it from ‘ Sikkim (where it is less common than H. Athamas), Sylhet, Jorehat, Sibsagar, Chittagong, and Upper Tenasserim.” We have verified specimens with Felder’s type, from the following localities, namely, Sikkim, taken in March and October by Mr. Otto Moller, now in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection; Buxa, Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon; Khasia Hills, in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s and my own collection; Shillong, Assam, Lushai Hills, and Karen Hills, in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Tilin Yaw, Burma, taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson in November and December (J. Bombay, N. H. 8. 1891, 42) ; Toungoo, Rangoon, in May, and Malawoon, Tenasserim, taken by Signor Leonardo Fea in August, im our own collection. Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526) says it is “ quite as common as H, Athamas in the Shan States, and is found in the same localities.” EH. Arja (Variety) Plate 186, fig. 1, b, c. Male and female. Upperside differs from typical Arja in the forewing being comparatively more triangular ; both wings, for their size, have a somewhat broader NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 259 olivescent-white discal band, and narrower outer black border. Forewing with an elongated quadrate lower subapical spot and two small apical spots. Hindwing with a prominent series of white lunular spots. Underside with the marginal ground colour paler than in typical dja; the subbasal and marginal markings less defined. Described from a male and female, from Toungoo, in our own collection. Expanse, ¢ 2,8, 2 2,8 inches. Hastrat.—Burma. Of our illustrations of H. Aja on Plate 186, Fig. 1 is from a Khasia Hill male identical with Felder’s type specimen, fig. la that of a female. Figs. 1, b, c, represent the Burmese variety, male and female, in our own collection. EULEPIS JALYSUS (Plate 187, figs. 1, la, g). Charaxes Jalysus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 438, pl. 59, fig. 5, ¢ (1866). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1877, p. 539. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 4,9 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., p, 278 (1886). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1891, p. 284. Charaxes Moor?, apud Adamson, Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 20 (1889). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing witha purpurescent- blackish band extending from base of the costa, including the apex above and beyond the middle of the median yeinlet, from which it descends narrowly to the posterior angle ; base of the wing and the cell area speckled with darker olivescent scales; before the apex is a rather large pale spot of the ground colour. Hindwing with a submarginal row of broad purplish-black, continuous, lunular spots, each of which bears a slender white lunule, the whole series being inwardly bordered with olivescent-grey, and outwardly by a marginal row of ochreous lunules, the extreme marginal edge and cilia being black. Underside with the costal border, the base and outer border of both wings, pale purplish-brown, palest on the hindwing; a dark purplish-red narrow band inwardly bordering the broad pale olivescent discal area, from the pale subapical spot on forewing to above the anal angle, this band being edged by a broken black line on its basal portion of each wing and above the anal angle; along the exterior border of the discal area, on both wings, is a submarginal series of black-edged lunules, those on the forewing being narrow on a pearly-white ground, and those on the hindwing broader, deep red, traversed by a slender pearly-white sinuous line, and bordered inwardly by red and outwardly by diffused pearly-white and a row of small black dots ; the margin being bordered by ochreous lunules. Female. Upperside similar to the male, except that the olivescent-yellow discal area is somewhat broader, and the marginal band on the hindwing is entire through- out, not composed of conjoined spots, and on the underside the submarginal deep red lunules are less angular. Thorax greyish-brown; abdomen olivescent; palpi L 12 260 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. above brown ; collar and vertex with white spots; palpi below and pectus white ; forelegs blackish, fore tarsi white; middle and hind femora blackish, tibize whitish ; antenne black. Expanse, ¢ 3 to 32, 2 32 inches. Hasirat.—Burma ; Malay Peninsula. Distripution.—Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 20) records (under C. Moort), ‘one specimen taken at Poonkan, Tenasserim, in August.’’ This specimen we have verified as being true Jalysus. Two specimens are recorded as having been taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Karen Hills (P. Z.S. 1891, 284). Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 109) says ‘‘ this species appears to be moderately rare in Province Wellesley, one specimen only being captured by myself. It is, however, not uncommon in Malacca.” EULEPIS MOORI (Plate 187, figs. 2, 2a, g, 9). Charaxes Moori, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 3, ¢ (1883). Imaco.—Nearest allied to H. Kaba. Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from EH. Kaba in the pale olivescent-yellow discal area being narrower, the basal area and the outer black border, consequently, being broader ; the entire cell and basal area is also much darker. Hindwing with the marginal black spots disposed in a con- joined series, the three large anterior portions forming one continuous piece. Under- side similar to H. Kaba ; the olivescent discal area being narrower. Female. Similar to the same sex of H. Hebe. Upperside. Forewing with the pale olivescent discal area broader than in either Malacca or Sumatran female Hebe, being more like that in Jalysus, the curve from the base being more regular, and the lower portion of the black outer border more undulated. Hindwing with the marginal spots smaller throughout the series than in Hebe. Underside similar to Hebe, but having the pale olivescent discal area of both wings very much broader, this area being quite as broad as in Jalysus. Expanse, d 23, ? 31 inches. Hasitat.—Naga Hills ; Burma; Malay Peninsula. Disrrigution.—A specimen of the male, from the Naga Hills, taken by Mr. J. L. Sherwill, is in the collection of Mr. Philip Crowley ; and one also in that of Mr. W. Rothschild ; a male from Moulmein is in the British Museum; a female, also from Burma, is in the Hewitsonian collection. Mr. Distant’s type specimen was taken in the Malay Peninsula. Of our illustrations of H, Moori, on Plate 187, fig. 2, 2a is from a Naga Hill male in Mr. Crowley’s collection, and fig. 2b is from a Burmese female in the Hewitsonian collection. NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 261 EULEPIS SCHREIBERI (Plate 188, figs. 1, la, f 9 yy Nymphalis Schreiberi, Godart, Eneyclop. Meth. ix., Suppl. p. 825 (1823). Paphia Schreiberi, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. Compy. pl. vi. figs. 3, 3a, 2 (1829) Charaxes Schreibert, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 633. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 104, pl. xiii. fig. 2, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 274,' Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings bluish-black, the basal third palest and most tinged with blue. Forewing crossed by an erect medial bluish-white band, which commences anteriorly in the interspace between the lower radial and upper median veinlet, and sinuously widens out externally to the posterior margin ; between the upper and lower radials is a moderate-sized somewhat quadrate white spot, situated exteriorly beyond the medial band, and a smaller similar spot near the apex between the upper radial and lower subcostal ; both of these spots being sometimes obsolescent, or the subapical spot absent; the medial band is more or less thickly bordered posteriorly along both sides with smalt-blue scales. Hindwing with a similar medial white band decreasing evenly from the costa to the lower median veinlet, its posterior borders being also externally bordered with smalt-blue scales, the outer portion broader and sinuously ; a submarginal row of small white lunules, and a marginal series of indistinct ochreous lunules with intervening blue-speckled shorter streaks, except on the two tails, where the blue streaks are longer ; abdominal border broadly dusky greyish-brown. Underside dull nacreous pinkish-white, the outer borders suffused with olive-brown; the medial white band and apical spots bluish-tinted on the forewing, but the band pure white on the hindwing. Torewing with the medial band inwardly-bordered by a transverse dark olive-brown band with sharply-defined black borders inwardly-edged with smalt-blue, this latter band extending from the costal vein to beneath the lower median veinlet; bordering the black-edged outside of the medial band is a curved series of slender brown-edged lunulate marks, the lowest mark more or less merged in a large blue-black patch ; between the upper end of the medial white band and the outer lunules is a carmine patch, and above this patch is a slender black streak ; two small black superposed spots near base of the cell. Hindwing with the medial band similarly mwardly bordered by a black-edged olive-brown band, the inner line of which ends above the anal angle, and outwardly bordered by a series of deep carmine lunules; the extreme outer margin of the wing bearing blue-edged ochreous-red lunules and blue intervening streaks. Female. Upperside resembling the male, but with the medial white band broader, and on the forewing there are two superposed quadrate white spots (the upper one sometimes small) beyond the medial band, as well as the smaller sub- apical spot. On the hindwing the submarginal slender white lunules are larger and longer, and the marginal ochreous-red lunules very prominent. Underside 262 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. marked as in the male. Body bluish-black above, ochreous beneath; collar and vertex white spotted; palpi black above; palpi beneath and pectus white; fore femora and tibiwe black, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora black, with the tibise and tarsi dull ochreous-white, the tarsi with black bands. Antenne black ; eyes reddish-brown. Expanse, ¢ 2? to 31, ? 3} to 4 inches. Hasrrat.—Assam ; Naga Hills; Arakan, Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc. DisrripuTion.—This is a very rare butterfly. Colonel Swinhoe has a male from Cherra Punji. A male and female from Shillong, Assam, and a male from the Naga Hills is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Mr. L. de Nicéville records it from Jorehat, in Assam; Major C. H. E. Adamson took two females in Arakan in November. Mr. W. Doherty obtained a tattered male in Toungoo (P. Z. 8. 1891, 283). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant Rhop. Malay. p. 104), Batavia (Snellen), Java (Horsfield), Billiton (Godman and Salvin), Labuan (British Museum), and Borneo ( Distant). Of our illustrations of H. Schreiberi on Plate 188, fig. 1 is from the Naga Hill male, and fig. la from a Shillong female. EULEPIS WARDII (Plate 188, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ ; et larva and pupa). Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to E. Schreiberi. Forewing differing in the medial white band extending up to the lower subcostal veinlet, the upper end having two additional portions, placed in a linear series with the others, the band itself being also comparatively narrower and of a more uniform width, and the subapical spots being absent. Hindwing similar to Schreiberi. Underside differs in the medial white band of the forewing being of uniform width and having the two additional portions at the upper end, the carmine patch absent, and the lunular marks disposed in a less curved series, otherwise similarly marked as in Schreiberi. Expanse, ¢ 32 to 3% inches. Apourr CaTmrPiLLak.—Slug-shaped ; dark green and pale dotted above, pale beneath, and with a yellowish saddle-like dorsal band on anterior part of seventh segment; head with four incurved, red, tuberculated processes ; anal segment with two, short, conical pointed processes. CurysaLis.—Short, thick, cylindrically-ovate; green; smooth; dorsum much arched; head truncated, pointed in front. Hasirat.—s. India. Distrisution.—The late Mr. §. N. Ward reared a male from larva found at Calicut, in August, 1853. Dr. Jerdon obtained a specimen at Anjirucady, near Tellicherry. Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. India, 275) records a single male taken in the Wynaad by Mr, Rhodes Morgan; and that Mr. Harold Ferguson obtained a broken NYMPHALIN 4. (Group CHARAXINA.) 263 specimen in T'ravancore—probably a female—having the discal band twice as broad as in the Wynaad example, and with the two upper spots joined to it and very large. ‘ Mr. Imray also has taken it on the plateau of Pirmerd, at an elevation of 3700 feet, in Travancore” (Journ. Bombay N. H.S8. 1891, 10). Colonel C. Swinhoe has two males taken at Karwar, in Bombay, in September and October, by Mr. E. H. Aitken. Of our illustrations of H. Wardu on Plate 188, fig. 2, 2a is from a Karwar male im Colonel Swinhoe’s collection. Fig. 2b is from the drawing of the larva and pupa made by Mr. Ward at Calicut. Inpo-Matayan Specizs or Kuneris.—Z. Attalus (Charaxes Attalus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 438 (1867). Syn. C. Fruhstorferi et C. Phrixus, Rober, Ent. Nachr., 1895, pp. 63, 64. Habitat. Java.—H. Hebe (Char. Hebe, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634, pl. 37, fig. 3). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 107, pl. 15, fig. 2, 3 (1883). Syn. C. Albanus, Rober, lc. p. 66. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.—H. Ganymedes, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 173 (1888). Habitat. Borneo.—f. Smerdis (Char. Smerdis, Felder MS.) Syn. Jasia Athama, Swainson, Zool. Ilust. 2nd ser., pl. 90 (1833). C. Fallax et Javanus, Rober, l.c. pp. 66, 298. Habitat. Sumatra, Java.—H. Kaba (Char. Kaba, Khiel, Rhop. Nias, p. 27, pl. 3, fig. 19 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—H. Heracles (C. Heracles, Rober, Lc. p. 292). Habitat. Borneo.—H. Niasica (Char. Niasica, Butler, Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 56). Allied to E. Schreiberi. Habitat. Nias Island.i—H. Kadenii (Char. Kadenii, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. IV. p. 232, pl. 3, fig. 2 (1860). Habitat. Java. Genus MURWAREDA. Charaxes (part) anctorum. Wings comparatively broader than in Eulepis. orewing more regularly triangular, costa less arched, apex more pointed, exterior margin more even; third subcostal branch emitted nearer end of the cell, fourth and fifth emitted nearer to base of third, and consequently much nearer to end of the cell; the cell shorter and wider. Hindwing more convex externally ; cell broader; middle median veinlet emitted near to base of lower branch; tails more elongated. Antennal club longer; palpi stouter and more laxly clothed above; fore femur and tibia of male longer , fore tarsus of female much stouter. Typs.—M. Dolon, MURWARDA DOLON (Plate 189, figs. 1, la, @). Charazes Dolon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 55, pl. 27, figs. 2,3 (1848). Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 272, pl. 22, fig. 100, g (1886). Haridra Dolon, Butler, Annals of Nat, Hist. 1885, p. 306. Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Lorewing with 264 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the costa, a streak at end of the cell, and the apical border broadly decreasing to the posterior angle, purpurescent-black ; the outer border traversed by a submarginal row of pale olivescent-yellow decreasing spots. Hindwing with a submarginal narrow band composed of bluish-white lunular spots, each surrounded by black and inwardly-traversed by a slender bluish-white line; the extreme marginal edge, including the two slender tails and the ends of the veins, black, diffused inwardly with bluish-grey. Body dark purpurescent-brown; palpi brown above, white beneath ; vertex and collar white-spotted ; forelegs brown, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora brown above, white beneath, tibiz and tarsi white ; antenne black ; eyes reddish. Underside. Both wings pearly-white ; the costa of forewing to near the tip, a narrow recurved subbasal band, an excurved submarginal band, and an extreme marginal band olivescent brownish-ochreous, brightest on the hindwing ; the subbasal band anteriorly-edged with a slender black broken line, the sub- marginal band outwardly edged on the forewing by a broken black lunular line, and on the hindwing traversed by a row of narrow black-edged lunules, followed by an outer row of small black spots. Expanse, 34 to 3$ inches. Hasirat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam. Distrisution.—In Butt. Ind. 11.273 Mr. de Niceville records ‘‘ two specimens taken in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham Young.” The late General G. Ramsay took it in Nepal. According to Mr. de Nicéville this species is ‘‘ apparently single-brooded, and in Sikkim occurs at low elevations only in April and May. I have only seen one female of this species, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon in Bhotan on 2nd May, 1892” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs in Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, and Upper Tenasserim. Mr. Tucker, of the Rangoon Police, took it at Tavoy in December, and Capt. Bingham in Thoungyeen Vailey in February. It is also found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. MURWAREDA EUDAMIPPUS (Plate 189, figs. 2, 2a ¢). Charaxes Eudamippus, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1848, p. 218, pl. 8. Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete.,ii. p. 273 1886). Ivaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Both wings pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with the costa including more or less the upper-half of the cell, and a broad bar at its end, the apex widely and the outer margin broadly, deep purpurescent- black ; also a short continuous black streak below the base of the upper median veinlet enclosing a quadrate pale yellow spot beyond the cell; following which are two superposed pale yellow subquadrate spots, a transverse submarginal series of spots, the three upper of which are obconical and the four lower decreasingly NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 265 lunular, the last being bluish-tinted and extending to the posterior angle, and then a marginal series of dentate smaller-sized spots. Hindwing with a submarginal series of seven decreasing white spots, of which the upper are more or less angularly- conical, and the lower lunular; each of these spots is surrounded by a blue-black border, and each with a pale grey inner-bordering lunule, which is again inwardly- edged more or less by a black line; the extreme outer margin of the wing, including the long, narrrow tail at the end of the lower and upper median veinlet, is inwardly-suffused with blue. Underside. Both wings pearly-white. Forewing with two superposed black spots within the cell ; a short transverse subbasal narrow olivescent-ochreous black-edged band; a transverse submarginal straight narrow olivescent-ochreous band, which is outwardly-edged with a short black incurved line between the veins, the lowest being lunular; followed by a plain marginal olivescent-ochreous band. Hindwing with a transverse narrow slightly-incurved subbasal bright olivescent-ochreous band, which is anteriorly-edged on both sides by an interrupted black line; beyond is a submarginal row of black-edged narrow bluish- grey lunules, inwardly-bordered by a narrow olivescent-ochreous band, and outwardly by a row of black dots, followed by a marginal olivescent-ochreous band, which latter, with the tails, is outwardly edged with bluish-grey; a short black streak on the abdominal margin above the lower submarginal lunule. Thorax and abdomen olivescent-yellow, the middle of the thorax tinged with grey ; collar, head, palpi, and sides of thorax beneath brown; vertex and sides white spotted; palpi beneath white; pectus, hind part of thorax beneath and abdomen beneath white; fore femora and tibiz brown, tarsi white; middle and hind femora brown above, tibize and tarsi white ; middle and hind tarsi with brown bands; eyes reddish; antenne black. Expanse, ¢ 3} to 4, ? 44 to 43 inches. Hapitat.—H. Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim. DistripuTion.—The female of this butterfly is extremely rare. I have seen but two specimens, one being in the Hewitson collection, and the other in Mr. W. Rothschild’s, the latter from Sikkim, taken in July by the late Otto Moller. Males are common in all collections. Mr. W. Doherty (J. As. Soc. Beng., 1886, 124) records observing it at Jhulaghat, on the Kali, in Kumaon. We possess specimens from Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan, and Assam, Mr. de Nicéville records it from Sibsagar, in Upper Assam. ‘“ A much commoner species in Sikkim in the spring than #. Dolon. Found at low elevations only. It occurs from April to August, according to Mr. O. Moller” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs inthe Naga Hills, Upper Burma. It was taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., on the Upper Makong, Shan States. It occurs also in Upper Tenasserim and Tavoy. Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List Burm. Butt., p. 20) “took it in Tenasserim and Bhamo in Apriland August, about decaying VOL. IT. Mm 266 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. refuse on the banks of streams.” Lieut: EH. Y. Watson obtained two specimens at Tilin in February (J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1891, 41). MURWAREDA DELPHIS (Plate 190, Figs. 1, la ¢). Charazes Delphis, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p. 217, pl. 7. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 685. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 105, pl. 15, fig. 1., g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 272 (1886). Charaes Concha, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. iv. p. 162, pl. 10, figs. 1-3 (1861). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with the base of the costa slightly infuscated; an indistinct slender black streak on upper end of the discocellulars ; the whole apical border broadly purpurescent-black ; the inner edge of the black border irregularly simuous, commencing on the costa beyond the cell, curving outward and rapidly decreasing to a narrow lunule above end of the submedian vein; below the apex is an oblique more-or-less lunate white spot. Hindwing with a submarginal row of narrow greenish lunules, the three upper of which are disconnected, and with thickly black-spotted edges, the lower lunules being paler, connected, their ends extending to the point of the veins are but slightly black speckled, and show a slender white inner streak. Body pale olivescent-yellow ; thorax above tinged with grey ; collar, head and palpi above dark brown; vertex and sides of collar white spotted ; palpi beneath white; legs above blackish; white beneath ; fore tarsi white; antenne black; eyes reddish. Underside olivescent pearly white. Forewing with two (occasionally only one) small, superposed, and a larger broken upper black spot within the cell ; a lunate black-edged bluish-centred lunule and a slender contiguous streak in front at end of the cell, below which is a larger bluish-centred black-edged round spot between the middle and lower medians, beyond which are two short slender excurved subapical black streaks below the subcostal, followed by a submarginal row of slender bluish-grey speckled lunules, and a parallel row of small rich ochreous dentate spots. Hindwing with a large blue-centred black-edged round spot on middle of the costa, a similar small spot below it, but which latter is sometimes absent ; a slender black-edged lunate mark at end of the cell, and lower slender black streaks extending to above the anal angle ; followed by a submarginal row of bluish-grey lunules, a parallel row of dark rich ochreous spots, and an outer reversed-lunulate pale ochreous fascia, beyond which another row of bluish-grey narrow lunules, and then a marginal row of broader pale ochreous lunate spots. Expanse, 33 to 4 inches. Hasrrat.—Assam; Cachar ; Sylhet ; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc. Distripution.—Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 426) records a single male in August from Tavoy. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p: 20) took it at “ Tavoy and Hpapoon in October and November; but was rare.” Mr. A. R. H. NYMPHALINZ (Group CHARAXINA.) 267 Tucker also recently took it in Tavoy. ‘Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained a male on the Donat range in January, and another in the Thoungyeen forests towards the end of the year, and there are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sylhet and Moulmain” (Butt. Ind. II., 272). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Labuan, Borneo. Curnese Species or Murwarepa.—M. Nepenthes (Char. N epenthes, Grose Smith, Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 58; id. Rhop. Exot. Char. pl. 2, figs. 3,4. Habitat. Siam. —M. Rothschildi (Char. Rothschildi, Leech, Lep. China, etc., p. 128, pl. 14, fig. 3, ¢ (1891). Syn. Char. Ganymedes, Leech, Entom. Suppl. p. 30 (1891). Habitat. W. China.—M. Narceus (Nymph. Nareeus, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. I., Nymph. pl. 1, fig. 1,4 (1854). Habitat. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.). Japan.— M. Mandarinus (Char. Mandarimus Felder, Reise, Noy. Lep. III. p. 437 (1867). Habitat. Shanghai. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.).—M. Tibetanus (Char. Tibetanus, Oberthur, Etud. Entom. XV., p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1891). Habitat. K. Tibet.—M. Menedemus (Char. Menedemus, Oberthur, Htud, Entom. XV., p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 9 (1891). Habitat. W. China.—WM. Posidonius (Char. Posidonius, Leech, Entom. Suppl., p. 30 (1891); id. Lep. China, etc., p. 127, pl. 14, fig. 4 3. Syn. Char. Clitiphon, Oberthur, Htud. Entom. XV., p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 11. Habitat. W. China. Genus HELCYRA. Heleyra, Felder, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xl. p. 450 (1860). Neues Lep. pp. 37, 44 (1861). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etce., ii. p. 45 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Jorewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, almost even, posterior angle rounded ; subcostal vein five brayched, first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before upper end of the cell, second at a short distance beyond the end, third at fully half beyond the end, fourth and fifth at fully half between the third and the apex; upper discocellular very short, slightly bent close to subcostal; the two radials from the angle; cell open; median veinlets wide apart; submedian vein straight. Hindwing triangularly-ovate; base of anterior margin much arched; apex rather pointed, exterior margin convex posteriorly, sinuous ; precostal vein curved outward; subcostals and radial emitted together from upper end of the cell; the cell open. Body robust, thorax hairy; palpi obliquely porrect, compactly scaled, second joint hairy above, apex pointed ; fore legs of the male hairy ; middle and hind legs scaley ; fore legs of the female smooth, fore- tarsus slightly thickened beneath at the apex, the apical joints each with a terminal short spine on each side; eyes naked; antennz rather long, slender, with a short thick ovate club, which is finely tricarinated on its inner side. Type.—H. Chionippe. Mm 2 268 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. HELCYRA HEMINA (Plate 190, figs. 2, 2a ¢). Helcyra Hemina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1864, p. 245, pl. 15, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 45, pl. xix. fig. 85, ¢ (1886). Tmaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent pearly-white. Forewing with a broad purpurescent-black decreasing apical band, the inner edge of which is very irregular and its lower end fromthe middle median narrow, marked by a slight white lunular streak above the posterior angle; obliquely across the band before the apex are two white spots; two obliquely-superposed black spots at end of the cell, the upper spot smal] ; and between the lower median veinlet and submedian vein is another black spot near the angle. Hindwing with a submarginal series of eight smaller black spots, placed in eschelon, three being inwardly disposed anteriorly, two in the middle, and the subanal, followed by a narrow black marginal lunular line and a slender anteciliar line. Underside glossy pearly-white. Both wings with the markings of the upperside indistinctly visible and bluish-tinted. Forewing also with a very slightly-defined slender black sinuous line extending from middle of the lower radial to the middle median veinlet. Hindwing also with a very slender black sinuous discal line placed before the transverse spots of the upperside, these spots being bluish- tinted, and the third subanal spot being bright yellow with blue and black scaled tip. Body white; front of thorax and head grey; palpi above dark brown; antennex black above, ochreous beneath ; legs white; eyes red. Expanse, 24 to 3 inches. Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. DistrisuTion.—This beautiful species is rare. Mr. Otto Moller took males in Sikkim in April, May, and September, and a single female at Singla, near Darjiling, 1300 feet, in October, 1884. A male from the Naga Hills is in the British Museum, Calcutta (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 45). ‘A very rare butterfly, which occurs singly in Sikkim during the summer. It is less rare in the Daling division of Darjiling, where it occurs at 4000 feet. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon once took a specimen himself at 3000 feet in Darjiling, and found that it flies very swiftly, which may help to account for its scarcity in collections ” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134). Specimens from the Khasia Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. ‘Mr. W. Doherty obtained a male in the Naga Hills, and four at the Ruby Mine district, north of Mandalay, Burma, in June” (P. Z. 8., 1891, 273). CHINESE AND Marayan Hetoyras. Heleyra superba, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 189; Lep. China, etc. p. 152, pl. xx. fig. 2 (1891). Habitat. W. China. Helcyra sp.? (Qf. Snellen, Tijd. v. Entom. 1894, p. 78). Habitat. Java (Coll. Mus. Leyden), Heleyra chionippe, Felder, Sitzb, Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1860, p. 450; Neues, Lep. p. 46, pl. 1 (1861). Habitat. Amboina. INDEX OF Adolias Euthymius, Dbleday. 198. 4imona, Hewits. 173, 212. Amathusia, Hewits. 212. Lena, Atkinson, 215. Pealii, W. Mason, 214. Acapertes, Billberg, 15. Cleanthe, 16. Galathea, 16. Halimede, Menétr. 16. meridionalis, Feld. 16. montana, Leech, 16. Ageronide, Dbleday. 219. AgrustA, Moore, 144, 169. Andersonii, Moore, 169. Esaca, Westw. 169. Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169. AmatausiA, Fabr. 173, 178. Amythaon, Dbleday. 176. Aureliana, Honrath, 178. Aurelius, Cram. 178. dilucida, Honrath, 178. insularis, Doherty, 178. ochraceofusca, Honrath, 182. Ottomana, Butler, 178. Perakana, Honrath, 179. Phidippus, Linn. 179. Pollicaris, Butler, 182. Porthaon, Feld, 178. Portheus, Felder, 176. Pylaon, Feld. 178. Schonbergii, Honrath, 182. virgata, Butler, 182. Westwoodii, Butler, 176. AMATHUsUNZ, Moore, 170. AMATHUXIDIA, Stgr. 172, 176. Amythaon, Dbleday. 176. dilucida, Honrath, 178. insularis, Doherty, 178. Ottomana, Butler, 178. Philippina, Moore, 178. GHNERA AND SPECIES. VOL i: Amatuuxip1a Porthaon, Feld, 178. Pylaon, Felder, 178. Amaxidia, Stgr. 178. Aureliana, Honrath, 178. Aurelius, Cram. 178. AMEOERA, Butler, 12. Baldiva, 12, 18. Cashmirensis, Moore, 12. Climene, Fabr. 12. Eversmanni, /. v. W. 13. mceroides, Felder, 9. Merula, Felder, 8, Megera, 12. Menava, Moore, 9. Schakra, Kollar, 7. Apaturide, Stgr. 219. Apaturides, Boisd. 219, Arge, Hiibner, 15. Argynnide, Dup. 219. Argynnides, Kirby, 219. Argynnidi, Steph. 219. Areynnina, Moore, 227. AvLocera, Butler, 26. Brahminoides, Moore, 29. Brahminus, Blanch. 27, 33. Chumbica, Moore, 30. Loha, Doherty, 30. Padma, Kollar, 32. Saraswati, Kollar, 35. Scylla, Butler, 28. Swaha, Kollar, 33. Weranga, Lang, 27. Biblides, Boisd. 219. Biblis undularis, Godart, 145. leucocyma, Godart, 155. Brassoline, 172. Bruasa, Moore, 144, 164. Abrisa, Distant, 165. Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165, Chelensis, de Nicéville, 164. Bruasa Konga, Grose Smith, 165. Mehida, Hewits. 165. Penanga, Westw. 165. Sumatrana, Wallace, 165, Caligo, 172. Amphimedon, 172. Calinaga, Moore, 220. Catinacinaz, Moore, 220. CaLuereEBIA, Butler, 96. albipunctata, Leech, 103. Annada, Moore, 97. Cashapa, Moore, 100. Daksha, Moore, 102. Delavoyi, Oberth. 103. hybrida, Butler, 98. intermedia, Moore, 100. modesta, Moore, 102. Nada, Moore, 98. Nirmala, Moore, 100. ophthalmica, Stgr. 96. Orixa, Moore, 96. Polyphemus, Oberth. 103. pratorum, Oberth. 103. ruricola, Leech, 103. rurigena, Leech, 103. saxicola, Oderth. 103. Seanda, Kollar, 101. Sylvicola, Oberth. 103. Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. Cuaraxes, Ochs. 229, 248. Agna, Moore, 237. Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257. albanus, Rober, 2638. Amycus, Felder, 248. Antonius, Semper, 248. Aristogiton, Felder, 236. Arja, Felder, 258. Athamas, Drury, 252. Attalus, Felder, 263. Bajula, Stgr. 248. Cuaraxes Baya, Moore, 248. Bernardus, Fabr, 246. Bernardus, Kollar, 240. Bharata, Felder, 253. Borneensis, Butler, 237, 247. Bupalus, Stgr. 247. Clitiphon, Oberth. 267. Concha, Vollenh. 265. Corax, Felder, 238. Delphis, Dbleday. 265. Desa, Moore, 235. Distanti, Honrath, 247. Dolon, Westw. 263. Durnfordii, Distant, 248. Echo, Butler, 252. Eudamippus, Dbleday. 264. Kveretti, Rothschild, 248. Fabius, Fabr. 249, fallax, Rober, 263. Fruhstorferi, Rober, 263. Ganymedes, Leech, 267. Ganymedes, Stgr. 263, Georgius, Stgr. 248. Hamasta, Moore, 256. Harmodius, Felder, 247. Harpagon, Stgr. 247. Harpaz, Felder, 237. Hebe, Butler, 263. Hemana, Butler, 240. Heracles, Rober, 263. Hieraz, Felder, 239, 242. Hindia, Butler, 231, 244. Hipponaz, Felder, 239, 248. Imna, Butler, 231. Jalinder, Butler, 243. Jalysus, Felder, 259. Javanus, Rober, 263. Kaba, Khiel, 263. Kadenit, Felder, 263. Khasianus, Butler, 245. Khimalara, Butler, 242, 244. Lampedo, Hiibn. 252. Lunawara, Butler, 233, 248. Mandarinus, Feld. 267. Marmaz, Westw. 233. Menedemus, Oberth. 267. Moori, Distant, 260. Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267. Niasica, Butler, 263. Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246. INDEX. CuHaraxes Phrizus, Rober, 263. Plateni, Stgr. 248. Pleistoanaz, Felder, 244, 245. Polyxena, Cram. 247. Posidonius, Leech, 267. Psaphon, Westw. 230. Rothschildii, Leech, 267. Samatha, Moore, 253. Schreiberi, Godt. 261. Scylax, Felder, 247. Smerdis, Felder, 263. Staudinger?, Rothschild, 248. Tibetanus, Oberth. 267. Watti, Butler, 239. Zephyrus, Butler, 252. Charaxide, Doherty, 220, 228. Cuaraxina, Moore, 224, 228. Cuazara, Moore, 21. Briseis, 21. Heidenreichi, 22. Shandura, Marshall, 21. Chionobas pumilus, Felder, 37. Cuonata, Moore, 14. episcopalis, Oberth. 15. Masoni, Elwes, 15. preusta, Leech, 15. Cuortostus, Guénee, 51. Ceenonympha, feld. 54, Goolmurga, Lang, 56. Maiza, Lang, 55. Neoza, Lang, 54. pavonica, Alph. 57. pulehra, Feld. 52. Sinica, Alph. 57. CLrerome, Westw. 178, 206. Airope, Leech, 209. Amathusia, Hewits. 212. Arcesilaus, Fubr. 207. Assama, Westw. 208. Besa, Hewits. 209. Eumeus, Drury, 209. gracilis, Butler, 209. Kirata, de Nicéville, 209. Kleis, Semper, 209. Leucis, Felder, 209. lurida, Felder, 209. Phaon, Erichs. 209. Plateni, Stgr. 209. Sappho, Semper, 209. Stomphax, Westw. 209. Cenonympha, Hibn. 51. pavonica, Alph. 57, Cresera, Moore, 11. Deidamia, Eversm. 11, erebina, Butler, 11. Menétriesti, Brem. 11. Cyllo, Boisd. 117. Aswa, Moore, 128. Duryodana, Feld, 135. tristis, Felder, 128. Cyiiocenns, Butler, 137. Janete, de Nicéville, 139. Suradeva, Moore, 138. Datuacna, Moore, 58, 94, Hyagriva, Moore, 58, 95. Debis Masoni, Elwes, 15. DriscopHora, Boisd. 173, 187. Andamanensis, Stgr. 188. Bambuse, Felder, 198. Celebensis, Holland, 197. Celinde, Distant, 188. Celinde, Stoll, 196. Cheops, Felder, 197. Continentalis, Stgr. 188. Dis, de Nicéville, 197. indica, Stgr. 192. lepida, Moore, 190. Menetho, Semper, 198. Necho, Felder, 197. Ogina, Godart, 197. Philippina, Moore, 198. Semperi, Moore, 198. simplex, Stgr. 198. Sondaica, Boisd. 198. spiloptera, de Nicéville, 195. Timora, Dbleday. 197. Tullia, Cram. 197. Tullia, Moore, 192. Zal, Semper, 198. Zal, Westw. 191. Doxocopa Epalias, Hibner, 247. Drusilla, Swains. 212. Horsfieldii, Swains, 212. Dryades, Hiibner, 220. Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154. Patna, Butler, 162. Pealii, de Nicéville, 157. Singala, de Nicéville, 156. Vasudeva, Butler, 166. Elymniade, Doherty, 141. INDEX. 271 Erymntas Vasudeva, Moore, 166. Elymmina, H. Scheffer, 141. Erymnun&, Kirby, 141, Enisrr, Dbleday. 173, 198, Evuerris Hebe, Butler, 263, Heracles, Rober, 263. Jalysus, Felder, 259. Kaba, Khiel, 263. Elymniades, Butler, 141. Exymntas, Hiibner, 144. Abrisa, Distant, 165. Albofasciata, Stgr. 156. Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165. Borneensis, Wallace, 168. Casiphone, Hiibn. 163. Caudata, Butler, 150, Ceryx, Boisd. 163. Chelensis, de Nicéville, 164. Congruens, Semper, 155. Cottonis, Hewits. 151. Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154. Dara, Distant, 156. discrepans, Distant, 155. dolorosa, Butler, 152. Dusara, Horsf. 155. Enganica, Doherty, 156. Esaca, Westw. 169. Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169. fraterna, Butler, 149. Godfery?, Distant, 168. Hainana, Moore, 155. Harterti, Honrath, 163. Hecata, Butler, 155. Jynx, Hiibn. 155. Konga, Grose Smith, 165. Kumara, Moore, 163. Kunstler’, Honrath, 161. Lais, Cram. 163. leucocyma, Boisd. 159. leucocyma, Godart, 155, 159. lutescens, Butler, 155. malelas, Hewits. 159. Mehida, Hewits. 165. mimus, W. Mason, 152. nigrescens, Butler, 155. obnubila, de WMicéville, 153. Panthera, Fabr. 155. Patna, Westw. 162. Pealii, W. Mason, 157. Penanga, Westw. 165. Protogenia, Cram. 155. Saueri, Distant, 161. Singala, Moore, 156. Sumatrana, Wallace, 165. Thycana, Wallace, 166. Timandra, Wallace, 158, tinetoria, Moore, 148. undularis, Drury, 145. ’ Cyenus, Westw. 201. Euthymius, Dbleday. 198, lepida, Moore, 190. lunatus, Leech, 262. sylhetensis, Stgr. 200. tessellata, Moore, 200, ipinephila, Stephens, 44. E/pinephele, Hiibner, 44. Cheena, Moore, 50. cenonympha, Feld. 54. Davendra, Moore, 45. Goolmurga, Lang, 56. interposita, Ersch, 49. Maiza, Lang, 55. Narica, Butler, 48. Neoza, Lang, 53. pulchella, Feld. 54. pulchra, Feld. 52. Roxane, Feld. 45. Sinica, Alph. 57. Kadenii, Felder, 263. Moori, Distant, 260. Niasica, Butler, 263, Samatha, Moore, 253. Schreiberi, Godart, 261. Smerdis, Felder, 263. Wardii, Moore, 262. Euments, Hubner, 17. Baldiva, Moore, 18. diffusa, Butler, 18. Lehana, Moore, 19. Semele, 17, Thelephassa, Hiibn. 20. Eurytelide, Dbleday. 219. EvurytEtina, Moore, 227. Hurnaiwna, Moore, 225. Faunis, Hiibner, 206. Caneus, Hiibn, 207. Hamadryades, Hiibn, 220, Haripra, Moore, 229, Erebia Cyclopius, Eversm. 106. Herse, Leech, 106, Jordana, Stgr. 106. Kalinda, Moore, 104. Mani, de Nicéville, 106. Maracandica, Ersch. 106. Megalomma, Butler, 106, Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106. saxicola, Oberth. 103. shallada, Lang, 105. Eribea, Hiibn. 248. Erites, Westw. 113. argentina, Butler, 113. angularis, Moore, 115. Beelinga, Moore, 114. elegans, Butler, 117. Saleipennis, W. Mason, 116. Madura, Horsf. 117. ochreana, Stgr. 117. Eouepis, Dalman, 229, 252. Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257. Arja, Felder, 258. Athamas, Drury, 252. Attalus, Felder, 263. Ganymedes, Stgr. 263. Hamasta, Moore, 256. Adamsoni, Moore, 236. Amycus, Felder, 248. Antonius, Semper, 248. Aristogiton, Felder, 236. Bajula, Stgr, 248. Baya, Moore, 248. Bernardus, Fabr. 246. Borneensis, Butler, 247. Bupalus, Stgr. 247. Corax, Felder, 238. Desa, Moore, 235. Distanti, Honrath, 247. Durnfordii, Distant, 248. Everetti, Rothschild, 248. Georgius, Stgr. 248. Harmodius, Felder, 247. Harpagon, Stgr. 247. Harpax, Felder, 237. Hemana, Butler, 240. Hierax, Felder, 239. Hipponax, Felder, 242. Imna, Butler, 231. Jalinder, Butler, 243. Kahruba, Moore, 235. Khasiana, Butler, 245. Marmax, Westw. 233. 272 Harrpra Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246. Plateni, Stgr. 248. Pleistoanax, Felder, 244. Polyxena, Cram. 247. Psaphon, Westw. 230. Scylaz, Felder, 247. Serendiba, Moore, 230. Staudingert, Rothschild, 248. Hevcyra, Felder, 229, 267. Chionippe, Felder, 268. Hemina, Hewits. 268. superba, Leech, 268. Hemapara, Moore, 106. Narasingha, Moore, 107. Hipio, Hiibner, 117. Hipparchia, 17. Anthe, Boisd. 23. Baldiva, de Nicéville, 18. Cadesia, Moore, 39. diffusa, Butler, 18. Digna, Marshall, 42. Hiibneri, Butler, 39. Lehana, Moore, 19. Parisatis, Kollar, 24. Persephone, Hiibn. 23. Pimpla, Felder, 42. Shandura, Marshall, 21. Thelephassa, Klug. 20, Jasia, Swainson, 248. Athama, Swains. 263. Kanetsta, Moore, 42, Digna, Marshall, 42. pimpla, Felder, 43. Karanasa, Moore, 38. Hiibneri, Feld. 39. Leechii, Moore, 41. modesta, Moore, 41. Kririnta, Moore, 14. Epimenides, Menétr. 14. Epimenondas, Stgr. 14. Konasa, Moore, 57, 82. Chenui, Guérin. 57, 85. Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. Krineana, Moore, 185. Klugius, Zink. Som. 185. Lucipor, Westw. 185. Noureddin, Westw. 185. Lasiommata, Westwood, 5. Baldiva, Moore, 18. Epimenides, Menétr. 14. INDEX. LastommaTa Meeroides, Felder, 9. Merula, Felder, 8. Mesa, Leech, 11. Megera, 12. Menava, Moore, 9. Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11. Satricus, Dbleday. 3. Schakra, Kollar, 7. Lemoniades, Hiibn. 220. Lethe Masoni, de Nicéville, 15. Limenrtina, Moore, 225. Louana, Moore, 58, 92. Inica, Hewits. 93. Lopinea, Moore, 11. catena, Leech, 11. dumetorum, Olerth. 11. Sulvescens, Alph, 11. nemorum, Oberth. 11. Mera Phidippe, Hibn. 179. Manroua, Schrank, 44. brevistigma, Moore, 47. Cheena, Moore, 50. Davendra, Moore, 45. interposita, Ersch. 49. Jurtina, 45, Kashmirica, Moore, 51. latistigma, Moore, 46. Narica, Hiibn. 48. Melanargia, Meigen, 15. Metanitis, Fabr. 117. Abdulle, Distant, 137. aculeata, Hampson, 133. Ambasara, Moore, 137. Ampa, Swinhoe, 131. Arcensia, Cram. 120. Aswa, Moore, 128. Atrax, Semper, 137. Bela, Moore, 128. Bethami, de Nicéville, 127. Boisduvalia, Semper, 137. Cajetana, Semper, 137. Cottonis, Hewits. 151. determinata, Butler, 119. Duryodana, de Nicéville, 129. Dusara, Horsf. 155. Egialina, Feld. 168. Erichsonia, Semper, 137. Esaca, Westw. 169. Gnophodes, Butler, 137. Gokala, Moore, 133. Me tanitis Ismene, Cram. 118. Kalinga, Moore, 137. Leda, Fabr. 118. leucocyma, Boisd. 159. Malelas, Hewits. 159. Mycena, Cram. 120. Patna, Westw. 162. Phedima, Cram. 187. Suradeva, Moore, 138. Suyudana, Moore, 137. Tambra, Moore, 125. undularis, Westw. 145. Vamana, Moore, 135. Varaha, Moore, 131. Zitenius, Herbst. 135, Meranocyma, Westw. 210. Jaunula, 210. faunuloides, de Nicéville, 210. Me.irzina, Moore, 227. MetyniAs, Moore, 144, 156. Casiphone, Hibn. 163. Ceryx, Boisd. 163. Harterti, Honrath, 163. Kumara, Moore, 163. Lais, Cram. 163. Malelas, Hewits. 159. Patna, Westw. 162. patnoides, Moore, 163. Pealii, W. Mason, 157. Sauert, Distant, 161. Singala, Moore, 156. Timandra, Wallace, 158. Mmavetias, Moore, 144, 165. Borneensis, Wallace, 168. Burmensis, Moore, 168. Deva, Moore, 167. Egialina, Felder, 168. Godferyi, Distant, 168. Vasudeva, Moore, 166. Mitocerus, Billberg, 178. Morphine, 170, 171. Morpho Camadeva, Westw. 203. Leonteus, Zinken-Som. 207. Klugius, Zinken-Som, 185. Odana, Godart, 185. Ogina, Godart, 197. Phidippus, Godart, 179. Murwarepa, Moore, 229, 263. Delphis, Dbleday. 266. Dolon, Westw. 263. MorwarepaEudamippus, Dbdy.264. Mandarinus, Fldr. 267. Menedemus, Oberth. 267. Narceus, Hewits. 267. Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267. Posidonius, Leech, 267. Rothschildii, Leech, 267. Tibetanus, Oberth. 267. Napiria, Moore, 57, 85. Bolaniea, Marshall, 57, 85. Najades, Wiibner, 220. Nanpocea, Moore, 173, 182. Diores, Dbleday. 182. Nymphalidae, Dup. 219. Nymphalides, Boisd. 219. Nymphalidi, Steph. 219. Nympuaina, Moore, 224. H. Sch. 219. NyYMPHALIN®, Bates, 219. Nympuatis, Linn. 226. To, Linn. 226. Nymphalis, Latr. 248. Athamas, Godart, 252. Baya, Moore, 248. Fabius, Godart, 249. Narceus, Hewits. 267. Psaphon, Westw. 230. Nymphalites, Blanch, 219. Nyaa, Billberg, 24. Hermione, 24. Parisatis, Kollar, 24. CEnets, Hiibn. 36. Jutta, 36. Norma, 36. Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38. Opsiphanes, 172. Cassie, 172. Xanthus, 172. Oreas, Hiibn. 26. Proserpina, 26. Orinoma, Doubleday, 1. Damaris, Dbleday. 1. Panpima, Moore, 58, 86. corticaria, Butler, 92. Lycus, de Nicéville, 88. Mahratta, Moore, 90. Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92. multistriata, Butler, 92. Nareda, Kollar, 86. Newara, Moore, 87. Vou. UW. INDEX. Panpima Norma, Westw. 92. Pandocus, Moore, 92. Sempera, Felder, 92. Stellera, Esch. 92. Watsoni, Moore, 89. Paphia, Fabr. 248. Athamas, Horsf. 252. Fabia, Gray, 249. Papilio Anthe, Ochs. 23. Arcesilaus, Fabr. 207. Aristides, Fabr. 196. Athamas, Drury, 252. Aurelius, Cram. 178. Baldus, Fabr. 58. Bernardus, Fabr. 246. Celinde, Stoll, 196. Climene, Fabr. 12. Eumeus, Drury, 209. Euphanes, Esper. 249. Gripus, Fabr. 209. Leda, Drury, 118. Menetho, Fabr. 196, Narica, Hiibn. 48. Persephone, Hiibn. 23. Phidippus, Johanssen, 179. Philomela, Johans. 74. Polyxena, Cram. 247. Protogenia, Cram. 155. Pyrrhus, Donov. 258. Solon, Fabr. 249. Tullia, Cvam. 197. undularis, Drury, 145. Paranasa, Moore, 103. Cyclopius, Eversm. 106. Herse, Leech, 106. Jordana, Stgr. 106. Kalinda, Moore, 104. Mani, de Nicéville, 106. Maracandica, Ersch. 106, Megulomma, Butler, 106. Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106. Shallada, Zang, 105. ParantTirrua@a, W. Mason, 139. Marshalli, W. Mason, 140. Pararge Catena, Leech, 11. Deidamia, Eversm. 11. dumetorum, Oberth. 11. Epimenondas, Stgr. 14. episcopalis, Oberth, 15. erebina, Butler, 11. 273 Pararge fulvescens, Alph. 11. Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11. nemorum, Oberth. 11. preusta, Leech, 15. Para@neis, Moore, 36. Buddha, Gr.-Gr. 38. palearcticus, Stgr. 38. pumilus, Felder, 37. Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38. Peridromide, Dbleday. 219. Peridromides, Boisd. 219. Putuareta, Moore, 23. Hanifa, 23. Persephone, Hiibn. 23. Potamides, Hiibner, 220. Potamina, Moore, 224. Pseudamathusia, Hourath, 182, virgata, Butler, 182. Pseudergolis, 220. Racabia, Westgv. 110. annulata, Grose Smith, 113. Crista, Hiibn. 113. Crisilda, Hewits. 110. Crito, de Nicéville, 111. Critolaus, de Nicéville, 112. Crohonica, Semper, 113. latifasciata, Leech, 113. Luzonia, Feld. 113. Melindena, Felder, 113. Makuta, Horsf. 113. Ruapuicera, Butler, 2. dumicola, Oberth. 5, Moorei, Butler, 4. Satrieus, Doubleday, 3. SATYRINA, 1. Satyrus, Latreille, 5. Anthea, Boisd. 23. Anthelea, Boisd. 20. Avatara, Moore, 32. Baldus, Godt. 58. Brahminus, Blanch. 27. Chenu, Guérin. 83. dumicola, Oberthiir, 5. (Historican Nore), 6. Tiibneri, Felder, 39. Loha, Elwes, 30, 36. Menétriesit, Brem. 11. Nareda, Kollar, 86. Narica, Boisd, 48. Padma, Kollar, 32. Nn 274 Satyrus Parisatis, Kollar, 24. Pimpla, Felder, 43. Saraswati, Kollar, 35. Schakra, Kollar, 7. Swaha, Kollar, 33. Thelephassa, H. 8. 20. Tibetanus, Oberth. 5. StichoputHaima, Felder, 178, 202. Camadeva, Westw. 203. Cambodia, Hewits. 206. JSusca, Leech, 206. Howqua, Westw. 206. Louisa, W. Mason, 204. Neumogeni, Leech, 206. Nourmahal, Westw. 205. Nurinissa, de Nicéville, 206. Sparta, de Nicéville, 217. Sujfusa, Leech, 206. Tansima Masoni, Elwes, 15. Tattnea, Moore, 5. ° Tibetanus, Oberth. 5. Tenaris, Hiibner, 212. Birchii, Distant, 212. Horsfieldii, Swains. 212. occulta, Grose Smith, 212. Plateni, Stgr. 212. THAuMANTIs, Hiibner, 184, Aliris, Westw. 187. Camadeva, Westw. 203. Cambodia, Hewits. 206. Diores, Dbleday. 182. Jaunula, Westw. 211. Howqua, Westw. 206. Louisa, W. Mason, 204. Lucipor, Westw. 185. Noureddin, Westw. 185. Nourmahal, Westw. 205. Odana, Godart, 185, pseudaliris, Butler, 186. Tsauria, Moore, 173, 185. Aliris, Westw. 187. pseudaliris, Butler, 186. Tuymiea, Moore, 57, 58. Argus, Butler, 75. Austeni, Moore, 69. Avanta, Moore, 70. Baldus, Fabr. 58. INDEX. Tuymrpa Dohertyi, Moore, 65. evanescens, Butler, 75. Jasciata, Hewits. 75. Horsfieldii, Moore, 74. indecora, Moore, 63. Lisandra, Cram. 75. Marshallit, Butler, 59. Methora, Hewits. 64. Nikza, Moore, 68. Philomela, Johanssen, 74. Sakra, Moore, 69. Savara, Grose Smith, 66. Singala, Felder, 72. striata, Hampson, 73. Tabella, de Nicéville, 73. Zodia, Butler, 75. Vanesside, Dup. 219. Vanessides, Kirby, 219. Vanessidi, Steph, 219. XaNrHOTENIA, Westw. 173, 216. Busiris, Westw. 216. obscura, Butler, 216. Yphthima, Dbleday. 75. Baldus, Dbleday. 59. Yrruima, Hubner, 75, 75. Alemola, Swinhoe, 90. Alkibie, Swinhoe, 98. apicalis, Moore, 76. Ariaspa, Moore, 93. Asterope, de Nicéville, 90. Avanta, Moore, 71. Baldus, Butler, 59. Bolanica, Marshall, 85. Catharina, Butler, 78. Ceyionica, Hewits. 81. Chenui, Butler, 83. complexiva, Swinhoe, 93. corticaria, Butler, 92. Dedalea, Swinhoe, 93. Horsfieldit, Moore, 74. Howra, Moore, 78. Hubneri, Kirby, 77. Hyagriva, Moore, 95. mmdecora, Moore, 63. Inica, Hewits. 93, Jjocularia, Swinhoe, 78. Kasmira, Doore, 76. Yrruima Lycus, de Nicéville, 88. Mahratta, Moore, 90. Marshallii, Butler, 59. Methora, Distant, 59. SS Elwes, 65. 5 Hewits. 64. Motschulskyi, de Nieé, 88, Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92. Multistriata, Butler, 92. Narasingha, Moore, 107. Nareda, Kollar, 86, Newara, Moore, 87. Newboldii, Distant, 59. Nikcea, Moore, 68. Norma, Westw. 92. ordinata, Butler, 70. Pandocus, Moore, 92. Philomela, de Nicéville, 59. Philomela, Hibn. 77. Philomela, Johanssen, 74. Kara, Butler, 93. Robinsoni, Distant, 84. Salrra, Moore, 69. Savara, Grose Smith, 66. Sempera, Felder, 92, Singala, Feld. 72. 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