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1

LEPIDOPTEEA INDICA.

lEPIDOPTERA INDICA

BY

F. MOOEE, D.SC,

FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OP THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OP LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP STETTIN,

AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE

MEMBER OP THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY

OP BENGAL.

VOL. III.

RHOPALOCERA.

FAMILY NYMPHALID^.

SUB-FAMILY NyMPHALIN.55 (continued), Groaps Potamina, EnTHAiiiNA, Limenitina.

'fona ^'ofS^

LONDON :

LOYELL REEVE & CO., LIMITED,

PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS,

6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN".

1896—1899.

0?^

DESCEIPTION OF PLATES.

Pi-ate 191.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c, d, e. Potamis Am-

bica, (5' ? 4

Plate 192.

Fig. 1, lo. Mimathyma Chevana, (^ . 8

2, 2 a, h. Chitoria sordida, cJ ? .10

Plate 193.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Dilipn Morgiana, c? ? • 12
2, 2a. Dravira Uiupi, ^ . . .14

Plate 194.

Fig. 1, la. Narsenga Parvata, ^ . .15

2, 2 a, 6, c. Rohana Parisatis, ^J ? . 17

3. Rohana Camiba {larva and pupa) . 19

Plate 195.

Fig. 1, 1 a, J. Eulaceura Osteria, ^J ? . 21
2, 2 a, b. Herona Marathus, ^J ? . 22

Plate 196.

Fig. 1, la. Herona angnstata, ? . .24
2, 2 a, b. Herona Andamana, ^ ? . 24

Plate 197.

Fig. 1, la. Seplusa Dichroa (larva arid

pupa) 26

1 b, c, d, e. Sepliisa Dichroa, (J $ . 26

Plate 198.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Sephisa Chandra, cJ ? . 29

Plate 199.

Fig. 1, 1 fl, 6, c. Sephisa Chandra, ?

{polymorphic forms) ... 30
Plate 200.

Fig. 1,1a, 6. Hestina Nama, (J $ . . 32
Plate 201.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h. Parhestina persimilia, cJ ? . 34
2, 2 a, b. Parhestina Zella, (^ ? .35
Plate 202.

Fig. 1,1a. Parhestina Mena, c? . . 36
2, 2a. Parhestina Nicevillei, ^ . . 37

Plate 203.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, e, d, e. Euripus Halither-
ses, c? ?

Plate 204.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c, d. EiiripvLs Halitherses,
^ {polymorphic forms) .

Plate 205.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c, d. Euripus conaimi-

lis, c? ?

Plate 206.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Parthenos virens, (J ? ,
{larva and pupa) ....

Plate 207.

Fig. 1, la. Parthenos Gamlirisius, (J ?
2. Parthenos RoepstorfEi, ^

Plate 208.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Parthenos cyaneus {lariyi
and pupa), c? ? .

Plate 20<).

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c, d, e, /, g. Symphasdra
Nais {larva and pupa), cJ ? .

Plate 210.

Fig. 1, 1 a. b. Bassarona Teuta, (^ ?

2, 2 a, b. Bassarona Teutoides, (^ ? .

Plate 211.

Fig. 1, 1(7. Bassarona Ira, (^ .

2, 2 a, b, c. Bassarona Gupta, ^ ? .

Plate 212.

Fig. 1, la. Bassarona Goodricbi, ^ ?

2, 2a. Bassarona monilis, (J

3, 3a. Bassarona recta, <^ ? .

Plate 213.

Fig. 1, la. Rangasa Dunya, (J ? .
2, 2a. AdoJias Dirtea, (^ ?

Plate 214.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Adolias Khasiana, ^ $ .

40

42

44

51

52
54

54

50

60
61

61

62

G3

64
64

06
68

DESCEIPTION OF FLATES.

Plate 215.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h. AJolias cyanipardus, cJ ? . 71
Plate 21G.

Fig. 1, 1 «, b, c. AdoHas albopunctata, ^J $ 72

Pl.\te 217.

Fig. 1, \(i. Dichorragia Nesimachus, (J J 75
2, 2 a, h. Stibochiona Nicea, <? ? . 77

Plate 218.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h. Neurosigma Doubleda^'i, ^J ? 79
2, 2a. Neurosigma fraterna, J' ■

Plate 219.

Fig. 1, la. Abrota Ganga, ,$ ?
2, 2a. Abrota Jumna, ^ ?

PL.A.TE 220.

Fig. 1 , 1 a,h. c, d. Saparona Cibaritis, ^J $ 85
Plate 2:il.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h, c. Haramba Jahnu, (J ?
2, 2 a, h. Ilaiamba Appiade.s, (J $

Plate 222.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h, c, d, e. Haramba Adi
ma, (^ ? .
Plate 22,3.

Fig. 1, 1 «, 5, c. Haramba Sedeva, ^ ?
2, 2a. Sonopi.sa Kanda, ^J $ .

Plate 224.

Fig. 1, 1 fl, i, c, d. Cynitia Cocytus, ^ ? 94
Plate 225.

Fig. 1, 1 a, i, c, (f, e. Cynitia lepidea, J ? 96
Plate 226.

Fig. 1, la. Cynitia cognata, ? . . 98

2, 2 «, 6, c. Cynitia Andersoni, ^J ? . 98
Plate 227.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h,c. KirontisaTclchinia, (J ?. 100
2,2a. Tasinga Anosia, (J ? . .101

Plate 228.

Fig. \,\ a,h, c. Doplila Evelina, (J ? . 104

Plate 229.

Fig. 1, 1 II, h. Dophla laudabili.s, J' $,

{larva ami pujKi) .... 104

Plate 230.

Fig. 1, 1 «, h, c. Dophla Derma, (J $ . 106

Pl.\te 231.

Fig. 1,1a, b, c, d. Nora Kesava, J" ? . 107

Plate 232.

Fig. 1 a, h,c, d. Nora Kangoonensis, J' J 109

80

81
83

S7
88

90

91
110

Plate 233.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, r, (I, e. Euthalia Luben-

tina, fj $, {larva and pupa) . .112

Plate 234.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c, d. Euthalia Garuda, ^ ? ,
{larva and pupa) — {Wet-season
brood) . . . . , .115

Plate 235.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h, c. Euthalia Garuda, ^ ?

{Dry -season brood) . . .116

2, 2 a, b. Euthalia Acontius, ^ '} . 121

Plate 236.

Fig. I, 1 a, //, c,d. Euthalia Vasanta, (J ?

{larva and pmpa) . . . .120

Plate 237.

Fig. 1, 1 a,b, c, d, e. Euthalia Jama, ^ ^ 122

Plate 238.

Fig. 1, 1, a, b, c. Euthalia Phemius, ^ ? 123
2, 2a. Euthalia Eripliyle, (J . .127

Plate 239.

Fig. 1, 1 rt, b, c. Euthalia apicalis, jj ? . 125
2, 2a. Euthalia Binghami, ^ . .128

Plate 240.

Fig. 1, la. Euthalia Ziohri, c?. . . 126
2, 2 a, b, c. Limbusa Nara, ^J ? .130

Plate 241.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h, c. MahalJiaSahadeva, (J $ 132

Plate 242.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Mahaldia Sahadeva, ^J ? . 1.32
2, 2a. Mahaldia Narajana, ? . .133

Plate 243.

Fig. 1, la. Mahaldia Iva, J . . . 134
2, 2a. Zalapia Taooana, ^ . . 137

Plate 244.

Fig. 1,1a, b, c. Zalapia Patala, ^ $ . 135

Plate 245.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c, d. Chucapa Francia;, (^ ? 138

Plate 246.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Labranga Durga, ^J ? .139

Plate 247.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Labranga Duda, J ? .140

Plate 248.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Parasarpa Zayla, ^ ? . 147

Plate 249.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Auzakia Dauava, J" ? • 119

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate 250.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Sumalia DuJu, cJ ? . . 150
2, 2 «, b. Sumalia Daraxa, ^J ? .152

Plate 251.

Fig. 1, 1 a, h. Sumalia Zulema, $ ?

{Diy-season brood) . . .153
Ic. Sumalia Zulema, (J (Wet-Reason

brood) 153

2, 2a. BhagaJatta Austonia, (J . 155

Plate 252.

Fig. 1, la. Lebadea Ismene, (J ? {D>'!J-

season brood) . . . .157
2, 2a. Lebadea Martha, (J ? (Wet-
season brood) . . . .158
2 b, c. Lebadea Martha, J' ? (DrT/-

season brood) . . . .159

Plate 253.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c, d. IModuza Procris, ^J $ ,

(larva and jnqxi) .... 161

Plate 254.

Fig. 1, la. Moduza Anarta, J" ? . . 161
2, 2 a, b. Moduza Calidasa, jj ? , (larva

and inqjo) . . , . . 1(J5

Plate 255.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Najas Trivena, c? ? • .108

2, 2 a, b. Najas Ligyes, c? ? • .169

Plate 250.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Najas Hydaspes, ^ ? . IVO

2, 2 a, b. Parathjma Adamsoui, (J ? 175

Plate 257.

Fig. \,\ a, b. Tacoraea Asura, ^ ? (Dry-
season brood) . . . .177
1 c, d, e. Tacoraea Asura, J' ? (Wet-
season brood) , . . .177

Plate 258.

Fig. 1, l.i. Tacoraa Idita, ^ . . .178
2, 2 rt, 6. Tatisia Kanwa, cJ ? . . 179

Plate 259.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Tharasia Jina, c? ? ■ .181
2, 2 «, fc. Cheudrana Pravara, J ? . 182

Plate 260.

Fig. 1, 1 a, I, c, d. Athyma Perius, ^ ?

(larva and jiupa) .... 184

Plate 261.

Fig. 1. Condochates opalina (laria and

pupa) 188

page
Plate 261. — (Continued.}

Fig. 1 a, b. Condochates opalina, (^ 9

(Dry-eeason brood) . . . 188

1 c, d. Condochates opalina, ^ ?

(Wet-season brood) . . .189

Plate 262.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Tacola Larymna, (J ? .192
2, 2 a, b. Pantopoiia Nivifer^, c? ? . 194

Plate 203.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Pantopoiia Kresna, (J J 195
2,2a. Pantopoiia Asita, c? ? • .199

Plate 261.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Pantopoiia Inara, ^ J

(Dry-season brood) . . . 196

1 c, d, e. Pantoporia Inara, (J $

(Wet-season brood) . . .197

Plate 265.

Fig. 1, In. Pantoporia rufula, J ? . . 199
2, 2 a, b, c. Pantoporia Cama, ^J 5

(Wet-season brood) . . . 200

Plate 266.

Fig. 1, la, b, c, (7, e. Pantoporia Cama,

(^ ? (Dry-season brood) . . 200

Plate 267.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. c. Pantoporia Selenophora,

(J ? ( Wet-seatton brood) . . 202

1 d, e. Pantoporia SelenojiLora, ^ J

(Dry-season brood) . . . 20.'5

Plate 268.

Fig. 1, 1 «, b, c. Pantoporia Zeroca, ^ $

( Wet-season brood) . . . 205
1 d, e. Pantoporia Zeroca, (J ? (Dry-

sea,W7i brood) .... 206

Plate 269.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, e, d, e, f, g. Kironga Kanga,

(J? (Wet-season brood) . .210

Plate 270,

Fig. 1, 1 a h. KiroiiLja Raiiga, $ ?, {larva

aiul jmpa) — (Dry-season brood) . 211
2,2a. Kironga Abiasa, (J ? . . 213

Plate 271.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Andr.ipana Columella, ^ ?

( W'et-.'^eason braod) . . .219

1 c, d, e. Andrapana Columella, J $

(Dry-season brood) . . .219

jdesceiption of plates.

Plate iTi.
. Fig. 1, la. Andrapana Jumbah, {larva

and pupa) . . , . .221
1 b, ■c, d. AuJrapana Jumbah, ^ ?

{Wet-season brood) , . .221
1 e, /. Andrapana Jumbah, ? {Dry-
season brood) . . . .221

Plate 273.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Andrapana Khasiana, (J ? 224
2, 2 a, h. Andrapana Magadha, i^ ? 223
Plate 274.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Ncptis Astola, (J ? (Dri/-

season brood) .... 228
1 d, e, f, (/. Ncptis Astola, ^ ? ( Wet-
season broiid) ., . . , 228

Plate 275.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Adara, J" ? {Bri/-

season brood) . . . .229
1 d> e> f, (/■ Neptis Adara, (J $ ( Wet-
season brood) . . , .229

Plate 276.

Fig. 1. Neptis Varmona, {larra ami pupa) 230
1 a, b, e, d. Neptis Varmona, ^ $

{Dry -season broad) . . .230

1 e, /, <j, h. Neptis Varmona, ^ J

{Wet-season brood) . . .231

Plate 277.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Andamana, J" $

{Dri/-season brood) . . , 232
1 '^ <-'j ft 0- Neptis Andamana, J" ?

{Wet-season brood) . . . 233
Plate 278.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, e. Ncptis Nicobarica, ^ $

(Dnj-season brood) . , . 233
1 <h e, /, g. Neptis Nicobarica, ^ ?

{Wet-seasoii brood) , , .234
Plate 279,

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Mahendra, ^ ?

{Dry-season brood) . . . 234
1 'h e, f, (1. Neptis Mahendra, ^ ?
{Wet-season Irrood) . . . 23.5

Plate 280.

Fig. I, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Yerburyi, ^ ?

{Dry-season brood) . . . 236

1 '^ 6, /> 'J- Neptis Yerburyi, J $

{Wet-season brood) . , .236

Plate 281.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Neptis Hampsoni, ^ 5

{Dry-season brood) . . . 237

1 c, d. Neptis Hampsoni, ^J {Wet-
season brood) .... 237

2, 2a. Neptis Kallaura, ? {Wet-
season brood) .... 237

2 b. Neptis Kallaura, ? {Dry-season
brood) 238

Plate 282.

Fig. 1,10, b, a. Neptis Clinia, ^ ? {Dry-
season brood) .... 238
1 d, e, /, g. Neptis Clinia, (J ?

{IVet-season brood) . . . 239

Plate 283.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Susruta, J" ?

{Dry-season brood) . . . 240

1 d, e, f, g. Neptis Susruta, ^ J

{Wet-season brood) . . . 240

Plate 284.

Fig. I, I a, b, e. Neptis Soma, (J ? {Dry-
season brood) . . . .241

1 d, e, f. Neptis Soma, (J ? {Wet-season

brood) 241

Plate 285.

Fig. I, 1 a, b, c. Neptis Adipala, ^ ?

{Dry-season brood) . . . 242
1 d, e, f, g. Neptis Adipala, J' ?

{Wet-season brood) . . . 242

Plate 286.

Fig 1, 1 a, 6, c. Neptis Nata, S ? {Dry-
season brood) .... 243
1 d. e, /, ;/. Neptis Nata, (J ? ( Wet-
season brood) . . . .244

EKRATA.

Page 1. Bottom line. For 1895 read 1896.
„ 141. Sixth line from bottom. For Nepitidm read Neptidee.
i'16. Genus No. 10. For Panfaporia read Pantoporia.
\'i'l , Sscond line in se'-ond column. For Illegera read Illigera.

^^■.

(Part XXV.

Price 10s. plain, 15s. coloured.

^

.1^*- J

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA

BY

F. MOOEE D.SC,

FELLOW OP THE ZOOLOSICAL SOCIETY OP LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OP THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN, AND OF THE

ENTOMOLORICAI. SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE MEMBER OP THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL.

[^ JUL 14 1939 <r]

LONDON :
L. REEVE & CO.,

i'UBLISlIEHS TO THE HOME, COLONTAL AND INDIAN G0VERNMKNT8,

6, KLNKinTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1896.

I

WORKS PUBLISHED BY L. REEVE ... CO.,

6, HENEIETTA STREET, CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON.

f

The Natural History of Plants. By

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Part I. Paloeomorphe and Urostigma. Small folio,
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7^ • /^

LEPIDOPTEEA INDICA.

Sub-family NYMPHALIN-ffi (mitijiued) .
Group II. POTAMINA.

Potamides, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1806).

Apaturides (part), Boisduval, Index Me'th. p. 24 (1840). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 44 (1862).

Nymph alidm (part), Duponchel, Catal. Meth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844).

Nymphalites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Ins. ii. p. 332 (1845).

Nymphalidi (part), Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 10 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep.

p. 21 (1857).
Nymphalina (part), Herr. Schseffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83

(1882).
Apaturidce, Guenee, Fannse Eure et Loire, Lep. p. 24 (1867). Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 153 (1884).
Apatune (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1869). Standinger and Schiitts, Exot.

Schmett. p. 130(1887).
Diademce (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 95 (1869). Staudinger and Schatts, I.e. p. 164

(1888).
EuripincB, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109.
Apaturidi, Scudder, Butt. E.U.S. i. p. 228 (1888).
Apafurince (part), Kirby, Allen's Nat. Hist. Butterflies, p. 159 (1895).
Potamina, Moore, Lep. Indica ii. p. 224 (1895).

Chaeactees op the Geoup Potamina.

Imago. — Robust. Forewings more or less elongate and triangular ; apex obtuse,
exterior margin sometimes slightly angulated below the apex ; first and second sub-
costal branches emitted before end of the cell, or, the second branch only is emitted
beyond the end ; the cell is open in all except in Dilipa. Hindwings short, either
triangulai and somewhat prolonged at the anal angle in the male, or subquadrate ;
exterior margin slightly scalloped or obtusely produced at end of the upper median
veinlet ; cell open in all except in Dilipa. Eyes naked or hairy.

Caterpillar. — Slug-shaped, with two processes on the head, and two on the
anal segment.

Chrysalis. — Somewhat boat-shaped, dorsum arched; head with two short
projecting points.

VOL. III. March 25th, 1895. b

2 LEPIBOPTERA INBICA.

Egg. — " Large. Few. Hardly as high as wide ; ribs low, serrate, rather
numerous, not produced at apex " (Doherty).

" This is a somewhat anomalous or aberrant tribe of the Nymphalinse, showing,
at least in its early stages, many marked aflSnities to the Satyringe. The egg, for
instance, differs from those of all other Nymphalinge with vertical ribs, in that these
ribs are not more elevated in the upper than in the lower half; the caterpillar at
birth is clothed like the Buplseinae with comparatively short hairs, but all the papillae
upon the surface are of similar character and size ; the mature caterpillar strikingly
resembles the Satyrinte in the clothing and general form of the body, and even
generally, though not universally, in the bifurcation of the terminal segment, so
characteristic of the Satyringe. The chrysalis, again, is unlike that of the Nymphalidi
[Limenitina], to which the imago is certainly more nearly allied, in that it possesses
no conspicuous discontinuous prominences such as tubercles, and on the other hand
sometimes has a medio-dorsal carina like the Libytha^iuse, sometimes a transverse
abdominal carina like the Eupteinge or some Mehtieidi " (Scudder, Butt. E.U.S.
i. 228),

Habits or the Imago. — " In the imago the forewings are generally somewhat
falcate, indicating a strong and vigorous flight ; many of the species are particularly
fond of elevated positions, and as a rule are accustomed to fly higher than most
butterflies." Constant, writing of the European species of Apatura (Catal. Lep.
Saone et Loire, 31), says — " They seldom leave the grand routes, and the avenues of
lofty forests. Ear from seeking flowers like other diurnals, they are particularly
fond of the juices which exude from wounded trees, excrement of every kind, and
even putrefying carcases of animals. One must hunt them in the morning, for it is
only then that they lower themselves sufiiciently in their flight to be taken by the
net." " They never meet," says Haworth, " without a battle, flying upwards all
the while and combating with each other as much as possible ; after which they will
frequently return to the identical sprigs from which they ascended." The flight of
Potamis Ilia is described by Meyer Diir, as resembling that of a bird of prey ; it
rises to the top of the highest trees, sweeps majestically in the air with occasional
movements of the wings, allows itself to descend gradually, flaps its wings again as
if spying out danger, and then flies fitfully backward and forward until it alights
on the very spot of moist earth which it had left a few minutes before, and where it
will finally become a sure prey to its dangerous persecutor, the entomologist "
(Scudder, Butt. E.U.S. p. 228). "The typical species, P. Iris, the Purple Emperor
butterfly of Europe, is amongst the most beautiful of butterflies, the males being
furnished on the upperside with a resplendent purple or blue gloss, but which feature
is not present in the females. Of this group P. Ambica is a worthy representative.
The females of all the species are rare, the males are more commonly met with in

NYMFHALINuE. {GmapPOTAMINA.) 3

India, chiefly owing to their habit of frequenting moist places " (de Niceville, I.e. ii.
49).

Polymorphism and Mimicry. — In the genus Euripus {i.e. E. Halitherses), and in
Sephisa {i.e. S. Chandra) the females are polymorphic, as well as being mimics of
certain species of Limnaine and Bupl^eine butterflies. The males of this same species
of Euripus, and both the sexes of Hestina (H. nama) and of Parhestina {P . jjersimilis)
also mimic certain species of Limnaine butterflies. Both sexes of Mimathyma (M.
Ghevana) are, on the upperside of the wings, a remarkable mimic of certain white-
spotted-and-banded species of Athyma. In Rohana {B. Parisatis) the males of which
are deep black above, the females are yellowish-ferruginous and generally resemble
the species of the genus Ergolis — which they doubtless mimic. Herona is stated by
Mr. de Niceville (Journ. Bombay N.H.S. 1894, 6) to probably mimic certain species
of Felderia, a genus of the Euthaliine group of NymphalinjB.

Key to the Indian Genera of the Potamina.

A. First and second subcostal branches oi foi'eioing eraitted before end of the cell.

a. Cell of forewing and hind wing open.

a. Eyes naked Potamis. Mimathyma. Kohaka.

Chitorta. Sestina. Herona.

b. Eyes hai)-y Narsenga. Eulacura.

B. First subcostal branch only oi foreioing emitted 6e/ore end of cell.

a. Cell of forewing and hindicing open.

a. Eyes naked ....... Dravira. Sephisa. Euripus.

b. Eyes Jiairy Parhestina.

b. Cell of forewing and hindwing closed.

a. Eyes hairy ....... Dilipa.

Genus POTAMIS.

Potamis, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i. (1806). Scudder, Proc. Amer. A. and Sc. Boston, 1875, p. 256.

Apatura (part), Fabricius, lUiger's Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807).

Apatura, Leach, Edinb. Encyclop. p. 718 (1815). Ocbsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 19 (1816).

Samouelle, Ent. U. Comp. p. 239 (1819). Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 338 (1831). Duponchel, Pap.

Fr. Suppl. p. 402 (1832). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 302 (1850). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep.

p. 259 (1871). Crotch, Cistula Ent. i. p. 66 (1872). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.

p. 48 (1886). Staudinger and Schatts, Lep. Exot. p. 165 (1888). Leech, Lep. China, etc., p. 153

(1892).
Ai>aturia, Sodoffsk. BuU. Mosc. x. p. 81 (1837).
Apatura (sect. 1), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 36 (1861).
Doxocopa (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 49 (1816).
jEola (part), Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).

Imago. — Male. Forewinj triangular, rather short and broad ; costa very
slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin vorysliefhtly scalloped, posterior margin

4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

nearly straight ; costal vein extending to two-thirds the costal margin ; first sub-
costal veinlet emitted at about one-fourth before the end of the cell, second close
before the end of the cell, third at fully one-third beyond the end, fourth and fifth at
two-thirds ; discocellulars short, upper bent close to the subcostal, radials from the
angle and lower end; cell open; middle median veinlet beyond the opposite
discocellulars ; submedian straight. Hindwing triangularly-ovate, produced
posteriorly ; exterior margin convex anteriorly, scalloped ; abdominal margin
broadly grooved ; costal vein strongly arched from base of the subcostal ; precostal
vein excurved ; second subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth from below base of the
first, radial from close to lower subcostal ; cell open, Boihj robust ; thorax woolly ;
head hairy and tufted in front ; palpi obliquely porrected, approximate at the tip,
hairy above, densely scaled beneath, second joint projected half its length beyond the
eyes, third joint about one-fifth of the second, pointed at the apex ; antennae with a
rather long stout club ; eyes naked.

Caterpillar. — Slug-shaped, surface minutely shagreened ; armed with two
lengthened erect divergent processes on the head and two short recumbent processes
on the anal segment.

Chkysalis. — Somewhat boat-shaped, compressed laterally ; dorsum arched and
carinated ; head with two short divergent points.

Egg. — " Large. Few. Hardly as high as wide ; ribs low, serrate, rather
numerous, not produced at the apex."

Type. — P. Iris.

POTAMIS AMBICA (Plate 191, fig. 1, la, b, c, d, e, S ? )■

Apatura Ambica, KoUav * in Hiigel's Kaschmir, iv., pt. 2, p. 431, pi. 8, fig. 3, 4, S (18^4). Moore,
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 201 (1857); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 765.

Apatura Namouna, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 178, (J. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.
p. 50, pi. XX., fig. 91, S (1886). Staudinger. Lep. Exot. pi. 55, S (1885).

Apatura Zanoa, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ap. pi. 1, fig. 7, 8, S (1869)— {variety).

Apatura Blmvana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 307. "Waterhouse's Aid, ii., pi. 127, f. 2(1882)—
{variety).

Imago. Male. Upperside rich brownish-black, resplendently glossed in certain
lights with cobalt blue, except on the apex and the extreme outer margins of both
wings. Foreiving crossed by a discal white macular band composed of three
(sometimes four) more or less regularly superposed upper discal decreasing spots,
the upper one minute when present, and of three lower discal larger and more

* Part 2 of vol. iv. of Hugel's Kaschmir is dated March, 1844, on its title page, and also on page 402—
not '' 1848," as erroneously quoted vvheu referred to.

NYMPHALIN^. {Group POTAiriyA.) 5

quadrate spots, which are more or less bordered by blue-glossed scales ; before the
apex are three white spots, the two upper disposed obliquely outward, and the lower,
which is either minute, or sometimes obsolete, being disposed inward ; the outer
border generally has a more or less defined submarginal decreasing series of small
whitish lunate spots ; an indistinct black streak within the cell and another at its
end. Hindwing crossed by a discal white band extending from the costa to the
submedian vein, the edges of the band being bordered with blue-glossed scales ;
beyond is a submarginal row of more or less defined very small decreasing white
spots, the anal angle being tipt with fulvous-red ; a fulvous-red spot also on the
costa before the apex. Underside pearly bluish-white. Forewing with the discal and
submarginal spots pinkish-white, the discal series being inwardly-edged by a black
sinuous line, the portion between the upper and middle median veinlets forming a broad
black lunule, followed by a prominent outer discal fulvous-red transverse band bearing
a large round black spot between the middle and lower median interspace, the outer
edge of this band being sinuously black; extreme outer margin beyond the apical
pearly patch also with a fulvous-red band, ending posteriorly in a series of pinkish-
white lunules ; subapical white spots slightly apparent ; two black superposed dots
within the cell and a slender sinuous streak at its end. Hindwing with the discal
band pinkish-white, and inwardly-edged by a very slender black line; crossed by a
prominent fulvous-red narrow outer discal band, the outer edge of the band being
more or less sinuous and black, and bearing a small black spot between the
middle and lower median interspace and another angular-spot above the anal
angle ; the extreme outer margin has also a narrow fulvous-red band, thus en-
compassing the broad submarginal pearly-white area. Body and palpi above
brownish-black, beneath white ; legs white ; antennae black, tipt with red ; eyes
reddish.

Female. Upperside dusky-brown. Forewing with the discal, subapical, and
submarginal markings as in male, but all of a pale dull yellowish- white colour.
Hindiving with a similar yellowish- white discal band and a submarginal row of spots,
the latter being larger, more lanular, and also disposed further from the margin than
in the male. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, S 2^^^ to 3, ? 2^^ to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Himalayas ; Assam ; Naga Hills ; Chin Hills ; Shan Hills ; Siam.

Vabiety 1. — Apatura Bhavana (Plate 191, fig. 1, c). Male. Differs from
typical specimens, on the upperside, in having only two small subapical white spots
on the forewing, the exterior border of both wings having a submarginal unspotted
fulvous-brown lunular fascia; and the brilliant blue gloss is sharply defined to the
discal area on both wings.

Expanse, 3 inches.

6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Vaeiety 2. — " Upperside with the purple gloss much duller and less distinctly
defined, the white discal band more widely diffused both outwardly and inwardly by
white powdering, especially on the hindwing. Forewing with an additional white spot
above the upper discoidal nervule in prolongation of the discal band, and all the white
spots are larger. Hindwing with the submarginal series of white dots expanded into
a series of diffused and almost confluent white lunules. Underside with the discal rufous
band wider, its outer edge sharply defined with black and less sinuous ; in the forewing
the additional white spot also appears ; the black spots in the cell are much larger
(confluent in one specimen), the black patch at the inner angle is larger and more
diffused, and the whitish lunules on the rufous border are reduced to two. In the
hindwing the black spot of the rufous band on the lower median interspace is entirely
wanting. Expanse, 3'15 to 3*50 inches. Three males in Major Marshall's collection ;
two taken at Kutabul, in Kashmir, by Mrs. R. Bazett, at an elevation of 8200 feet,
and one from Pangi, on the east border of Kashmir, taken by Mr. R. Ellis " (de
Niceville, I.e. p. 51).

Vaeiety 3. — Apatura Zanoa (Plate 191, fig. d, e). Upperside brownish-black.
Forewing showing only a very restricted lower discal portion, on a blue ground, of
the medial band, and the three subapical spots. Hindwing showing only the white
hairs, on a blue ground, of the lower part of the medial band, a small white costal
spot before the apex, and the anal fulvous-red spot. Underside. Forewing with a
broad outer marginal f alvous-red band marked posteriorly between the medians with
two series of pinkish-white lunules, and inwardly bordered by black spots ; cell
streaks normal. Hindwing with only a broad marginal fulvous-red band, the inner
edge of the band being sinuous ; a slightly-defined subanal black-speckled spot,
and an interrupted, slightly defined, slender fulvous-red, short submarginal line.
Darjiling.

DiSTEiBUTiON. — " The males are found sparingly throughout the outer ranges of
the Himalayas westward as far as Murree; they are not usually difficult to capture, as
they come down to the wet sand on the borders of the hill streams to drink. There
is a single female in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Masuri ; also males from
Buxa, Bhotan, and the Naga Hills. Major Marshall has taken it below ]^aini Tal in
Kumaou, and Dr. E. R. Johnson at Shillong in the Khasia Hills in July. A variety
[No. 2] occurs in the interior of the N.W. Himalayas, of which three males are in
Major Marshall's collection, two having been taken at Kutabul, in Kashmir, in June,
by Mrs. R. Bazett at an elevation of 8200 feet, and one from Pangi, on the east
border of Kashmir, taken by Mr. R. Ellis" (de Niceville, Lc. 51). Major H. B.
Hellard took " a single specimen at Tain, in Kashmir, at the beginning of October "
(MS. Notes). Mr. W, Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125) records its capture at
" Loharkhet and Kapkot, on the Upper Sarju Valley, at 4000 to 5000 feet in N.W.

NTMPRALIN^. (Group POTAMIXA.) 7

Kumaon, but scarce." We possess males from Kashmir, taken by Capt. Bayne
Reed, from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and from Sikkim, by Mr.
G. C. Dudgeon ; also from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, taken by Mr. R. Roberts,
C.E." "Males are common in Sikkim at low elevations up to about 4000 feet, but
the females are quite rare. This is a very bold insect, and will return to its settling
place after three or four attempts to catch it have been made ; it has a strong,
rather jerking flight, and is very restless" (Elwes, Tr. But. Soc. 1888, 339). Mr. de
Niceville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134) says, " The males are not rare in Sikkim at
low elevations throughout the summer, but the females are very scarce. Lieut. D.
Thompson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 293) records its capture in the Chin-
Lushai country during the expedition from the Chittagong side, in the cold weather
of 1889-90. Mr. F. E. Dempster (I.e. 1890, 293) also took it at Lamtok in April, and
Lieut. E. Y. "Watson (J. Bomb. IST. H. S. 1891, 36) captured sis males on May 30th at
Choungkwa, during the same Chin Expedition from the Burmese side.

Chinese Allied Species op Potamis, etc. — Potamis Bieti (Apatura Iris, var. Bieti,
Oberthur, Bull. Soc. Eut. Fr. 185-5, p. 136 ; Etudes Ent. xi. p. 18, pi. 3, fig. 15 (1886).
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 170, ph 15, f. 4, ? (1892). Habitat. W. & C. China.—
Potamis suhstituta (Apatura substituta, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 159 (1873). Pryer,
Rhop. Niphon, p. 22, pi. 5, fig. 9, S (1886). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 16 (1892).
Habitat. N. China; Corea; Japan. — Potamis Serarum (Apatura Ilia, var. Serarum,
Oberthur, Etud. Ent. xv. p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 8, c? (1891). Leech, Butt. China, etc.,
p. 163, pi. XV., fig. 8, c? (1892). Habita.t. Yunan ; C. China. — Potamis Phasdra
(Apatura Phgedra, Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 163, pi. xv., fig. 7, c? (1892).
Habitat. W. & C. China. — Potamis laverna (Apatura laverna, Leech, Butt. China,
etc., p. 164, pi. xv., fig. 6, c? (1892). Habitat. AY. China. — Potamis subccerulea
(Apatura subcserulea. Leech, Entom. 1891, Supp. p. 9; Butt. China, etc., p. 156,
pi. XV., fig. 1, ? (1892). Grose Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Bxot. p. 2, Apat. pi. 1, fig. 3,
5, ? (1892). Habitat. Oraeishan, China. — Potamis Pallas (Apatura Pallas, Leech,
Entom. 1890, p. 190; Butt. China, etc., p. 157, pi. xv., fig. 5, c? (1892). Habitat.
China.

Genus Limina. Male. Wings short and broad. Forewing triangular ; costa
arched from the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin almost erect, uneven, posterior
margin recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell,
second subcostal at an equal distance beyond the cell ; discocellulars very outwardly
oblique, short, radials from equal distances near subcostal ; cell broad, short, open.
Hindiviug broadly obconical, abruptly convex at base of costa, exterior margin
slightly convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded; subcostal branches and radial
emitted close together; cell open. Antennal club short and thick; eyes naked.
Type, L. subalba. — Limina subalba (Apatura subalba, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

1885, p. 211. Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 158, pi. xv., fig. 3, c? (1892). Habitat.
W. China.

Genus MIMATHYMA.

Imago. — Male. Forewing more elongated and subtriangular than in typical
Potamis (Iris), costal margin more convex, apex more obtuse ; the costal vein much
more convex from the base, the cell area broader and shorter, Hindwing
comparatively longer, and not produced posteriorly ; the apex and exterior margin
being conspicuously convex ; upper end of the cell area shorter. Antenna3 more
slender, and with a longer and narrower club ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.

Type. M. Chevana.

The species of this genus are admirable mimics, on the upperside of both the
wings, of the common white-spotted and banded Athymas.

MIMATHYMA CHEVANA (Plate 192, fig. 1, la, S)-

Athyma Chevana, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1865, p. 763, pi. 41, fig. 1, ^,

Apatura Chevana, de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 52 (1886). Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pi. 55, i
(1885).

Imago. — Male. Upperside olivescent brownish -black, with pale yellowish- white
markings, glossed with reflected purple in freshly captured specimens. Foreunng
with a pale yellowish-white elongated streak extending from the base along the lower
half of the cell, and there joining the lower of the two obliquely disposed upper
discal spots ; beyond is an outer discal, transverse, excurved series of spots, of
which the two upper are oval, the next two much smaller and conical, and the three
lower largest, followed by a submarginal recurved row of small spots, and then by a
lower marginal row of much smaller lunate spots. Hindwing with a broad pale
yellowish-white transverse subbasal band, a submarginal recurved row of broad
dento-lunate spots, followed by a very obscurely-defined marginal slender lunular
line ; abdominal margin greyish. Underside. Foreivlng with the markings as on the
upperside, dull white ; the discal interspaces and extreme outer margin brownish-
ochreous, the lower discal interspaces also slightly clouded with black, there being
also two small blackish superposed-dots in middle of the cell, and a short streak at
its end ; the base of the costa and a triangular subapical patch being glossy nacreous
bluish-white. Hindwing glossy nacreous bluish-white, the area of the two transverse
bands, disposed as on upperside, whiter ; also crossed by an outer discal slightly
incurved narrow sinuous-edged bright ochreous band, which is joined at both ends to
a similar marginal band of the same colour, thus encompassing the nacreous submar-

NYMPHALINjE. (Group FOTAMINA.f 9

ginal area, the latter band being traversed by a slender white lunular line ; between
the middle and lower medians is a small black spot on the inner ochreous band.
Body above blackish, banded with white ; front spotted with white ; palpi above
black ; palpi beneath, thorax and abdomen beneath, and legs, white ; antennge black ;
eyes reddish.

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the markings are somewhat
broader, and the wings entirely unglossed with blue. Underside also similar to the
male.

Expanse, c? 2i-o to 3j^, 9 3^^ inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Assam ; Naga Hills ; Upper Burma.

Distribution. — " This is a rare species in Sikkim ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
possesses specimens from the Naga Hills and Sibsagar in Upper Assam " (de Nice-
ville, I.e. 62). Mr. Elwes says " this very beautiful species is seldom found in
Sikkim at low elevations between April and October. The only female I have ever
seen is in Otto Moller's collection " (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 340). We possess three
males from the late Arthur Grote's cabinet. A female was in Mr. H. Druce's
collection. Mr. de Niceville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134) also records it from
Upper Burma.

Mimicry. — This insect is a wonderful mimic, on the upperside of the wings, of
the white spotted and banded group of Athyma — the species of the latter genus, which
it apparently mimics, have often been seen by Mr. de Niceville, in Sikkim, at rest
with their wings widely expanded ; it is therefore probable that M. Chevana
assumes the same attitude.

Chinese Allied Species, etc. — Mimathyma Leechii (Apatura Chevana, Leech,
Butt. China, etc., p. 155, pi. 16, fig. 6, <? 7iec Moore). — Male. Upperside differs from
M. Chevana in being of a blacker colour ; both wings with the discal area suffused with
deep brilliant blue in certain lights ; all the markings of a pure white colour and of
smaller size, the discoidal streak on forewing and both discal bands on the hindwing
being also much narrower. Underside similar to M. Chevana, but the markings
more sharply defined. On the forewing the lower discal dark interspaces are en-
tirely deep black, and the chestnut-red portions broader. On the hindwing both
the discal and marginal chestnut-red bands are broader, the nacreous submarginal
area consequently being narrower. Female. Upperside as in the male, all the
markings pure white. Expanse, c? 3, ? 3^ inches. Habitat. Moupin, W. China ;
Omeishan, C. China.

Genus Bremeria. — Male. "Wings broad. Forewing comparatively short, sub-
triangular ; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly scalloped, posterior
angle rounded ; cell short and very broad, open ; first and second subcostals
emitted before end of the cell. Hindwing broadly obconical ; anterior margin much

VOL. III. C

10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

arched at tlie base, thence straight to the apex ; exterior margin very convex,
scalloped, anal angle obtnsely pointed ; precostal vein bent outward at the middle ;
subcostals and radial well separated. Palpi ascending, hairy above, scaled below,
apex somewhat slender ; antennce stout, with a lengthened spatulate club ; eyes
naked. Type. — B. Schrenckii. — Bremeria Schrencldi (Adolias Schrenckii, Menetries,
Bull. Acad. Petr. (1859) p. 215. Schrenck's Eeisen Amur Lande ii. Lep. p. 31,
pi. 3, fig. 2, ? (1859). Apatura Schrenckii, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Siberia, p. 19 (1864).
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 154. Habitat. Amur Land. Corea.

Genus Athymodes. — Male. Foretving elongate, subtriangular ; costa very
slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, uneven; posterior margin
straight ; first subcostal emitted at fully one-fourth before end of the cell, second
at a short distance beyond the end of the cell ; discocellulars short, upper
outwardly oblique, middle concave, lower absent ; cell open. Hindwing short,
broadly ovate ; exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped ; precostal short,
excurved ; radial emitted from lower subcostal at some distance from its base.
Palpi laxly clothed, apex short, broad, tip pointed ; antennae with a somewhat broad
spatulate club; eyes naked. Allied to Mimathyma. Tyiie. — A. Nycteis. — Athymodes
Nydeis (Athyma Nycteis, Menetries, Bull. Acad. Petr. 1859, p. 215 ; Schrenck's
Reisen Amur Lande, ii. p. 28, pi. 2, fig. 11, i (1859). Habitat. Amur Land. —
Athymodes Cassiope (Athyma Cassiope, Menetries, I.e. p. 214 (1859) ; Schrenck's
Reisen, ii. p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 10 (1859). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 155 (1892).
Habitat. Amur Land.

Genus CHITORIA.

Imago. — Male. Forewing triangular ; costa very slightly arched, apex some-
what falcate and obtuse, exterior margin concave in the middle, edge almost even ;
first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell ; discocellulars
bent inward close to subcostal, lower end acute, radials from angle and lower end ;
cell short, broad, open ; median veinlets wide apart, lower median nearly opposite
discocellulars. Hindiving short, triangular, produced posteriorly, exterior margin
oblique, slightly uneven ; cell open ; precostal vein long, much curved. Body
robust ; palpi rather stout ; antennae slender and with a short broad spatular club ;
eyes naked.

Type. — C. sordida.

CHITORIA SORDIDA (Plate 192, fig. 2, 2a, h, ^ 9)-
Apatura sordida, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 7G5, pi. 41, fig. 2, (J. de Niceville, Butt, of India,

etc., ii. p. 52 (1886).
Apatura Phaacia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ap. pi. 1, fig. 1, 2, ? (1869).

NYMPHALIN^. {Grovip potauina.) 11

Imago. — Male. Upperside purplish fuliginous-brown. Forewing blackish at
the apex ; crossed by an outwardly-oblique discal white macular band composed of
three spots beyond the cell and two lower spots disposed obliquely between the
median veinlets, beyond is a small white discal spot above the upper median, and
two small spots obliquely before the apex ; above the posterior angle is a slightly-
defined pale fuliginous-white short submarginal lunular fascia. Hindwing with a
slightly-defined pale fuliginous-white blackish bordered submarginal lunular line;
abdominal margin fringed with greyish-whitish hairs.

Underside pale brownish olivescent-grey, darker brown apically. Foretving
with the discal and subapical white spots as on upperside, the lower discal spot
having a small yellow-ringed black ocellus and two adjoining inner discal whitish
lunules ; a submarginal slightly-defined whitish lunular fascia. Hindiving with a
transverse discal slightly-defined brown line inwardly bordering a whitish lunular
fascia and contiguous outer dots, below which is a prominent ocellus between the
lower median veinlets, this ocellus has a blue-speckled black pupil and yellow ring,
and then a brown outer ring ; a slightly-defined pale fuliginous-white submarginal
and a marginal lunular line. Body above olivescent-brown ; palpi and body beneath,
forelegs, and femora greyish-white ; fore tibia with a black streak ; middle and hind
tibi« fuliginous-white ; antenna ochreous with black tip ; eyes reddish.

Female. Upperside slightly paler than in the male ; with a broad uninterrupted
white band on the forewing, otherwise as in the male. Underside pale brownish
olivescent-grey, the broad oblique band of forewing as on the upperside, otherwise
as in the male.

Expanse, ^j 2j^o, $ 2j^ to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim.

Distribution. — This is a very rare butterfly. "We possess the type specimen.
The late W. S. Atkinson obtained a male in Sikkim. There is a male and female in
the Hewitsonian collection, and a female in Colonel C. Swinhoe's cabinet, obtained
in Sikkim by Mr. Paul Mowis. " A male in Mr. Otto Moller's collection, was taken
in Sikkim, in October, at a low elevation ; one female is in Mr. A. V. Knyvett's
collection, and a pair in Col. A. M. Lang's collection, all from Sikkim " (Butt.
Ind. ii. 53). " This is one of the butterflies which appears to be found only in
Sikkim. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has three males and three females from Native Sikkim,
taken in October and November " (de Nic^ville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 134).

Genus DILIPA.
Dilipa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 201 (1857). de Niccville, Batt. of India, etc.,
ii. p. 47 (1886). Staudinger and Schatts, Lep. Exot. p. 167 (1888).

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa regularly arched, apes narrow

c 2

12 LEPIBOPTERA INDICA.

and obtusely pointed, exterior margin almost even, oblique, witli a slight tendency
to angulation below the apex ; posterior angle pointed ; first subcostal veinlet
emitted at one-eiglitb before end of the cell, second at a nearly equal distance
beyond the cell, third at nearly one-half, and fourth and fifth at four-fifths ; cell
closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet. Hindwing triangular, posteriorly
produced ; apex convex ; exterior margin slightly scalloped ; precostal vein acutely
bent at its middle and with a short inner spur at the angle ; cell closed by a slender
lower discocellular veinlet. Palpi rather stout, apex thick ; antennge stout ; eyes
hairy. Sexes dissimilar.

Type. — D. Morgiana.

Differs from typical Potamis (Iris) in both wings having the exterior margin
more even, the cell in both fore and hindwings being closed by a slender lower dis-
cocellular veinlet. The forewing is narrower at the apex, the posterior angle more
pointed, and the second subcostal emitted beyond the cell. The palpi are stouter,
and the eyes are hairy.

DILIPA MOHGIANA (Plate 193, fig. 1, la, b, c, S ? )•

Apatura Morgiana, Westwood, Genera of D. Lep. ii. p. 305, i^ (1851).

Dilipa Morgiana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 201, pi. 6a, fig. 5, J' ? (1857). de

Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 48, pi. 20, fig. 86, ^ (1886). Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pi. 55,

cJ (1885).

IsrAGO. — Male. Upperside golden-black, the basal area thickly studded with
lustrous golden scales ; cilia alternately edged with white. Forewing crossed by an
outwardly-oblique discal golden-yellow macular band and a shorter broken band
beyond, both being edged with brighter and lustrous golden scales ; the outer border
below the apex also studded Avith dark golden-yellow scales ; before the apex are
three superposed pure white spots, the two lower being minute. Hindwing crossed
by a very broad discal lustrous golden-yellow band, and a submarginal golden-yellow
narrow luuular line, which latter is dilated anteriorly and posteriorly ; the abdominal
margin greyish-brown. Underside. Forewing paler, the black duller, the base
yellowish- white, the apex pale olivescent-brown ; subapical spots, a patch at the
apex, and another patch at the posterior angle being lilacine-white. Hindwing pale
olivescent-brown, olivescent and yellowish anteriorly across the disc, the base and
abdominal border being washed with lilacine-white ; two slightly-defined yellow
dots, or a lunule, within the cell and a lunule at its end ; a less distinct submarginal
row of yellow dots. Bodij and palpi above golden-brown ; palpi beneath and body
beneath white ; forelegs and femora white ; middle and hind tibi^ pale olivescent-
yellow ; antennge black, club red ; eyes hairy, reddish.

NY3IPHALINJS, (Gvouv potamina.) 13

Female. Upperside duller black, the base and outer area being tinged with
olivescent-grey ; markings similarly disposed, but the two discal bands on the forewing
are dull lilacine- white, and the discal band on the liindwing narrower and also bright
lilacine-white. Underside. Forewing as in the male. Hindwing with the discal
fascia more defined and whiter than in male.

Expanse, <S 2];*o to 3, ? 3 inches.

Habitat. — W. and B. Himalayas; Naga Hills ; Shan Hills.

Distribution. — This beautiful butterfly has a very wide range, but appears to
be a rare species wherever it occurs. We possess males from Kashmir, taken by
the late Oapt. Bayne Reed, females from Kasauli, and males from Nepal, taken by the
late General G. Ramsay, and others from the Khasia Hills, taken by Colonel Godwin
Austen, who also took it in Shillong and Manipur. Capt. A. M. Lang, in his MS.
notes on the Lepidoptera of the Simla and Kunawur districts, records the capture
of this species at " Kundloo and Munglad in July." " The Rev. J. Hocking took
it in the Kangra Valley at 6000 feet, in August. Major Marshall found a single
female in his house at Summer Hill, Simla, in August. Mr. de Niceville took
several males flying round the temples on the bare top of Tara Devi, opposite Simla,
and one in the bed of the Simla river was taken by Mr. C. A. R. Crommelin ; there
are males in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Masuri, taken by Col. Buckley,
four or five were sent from Nepal by Dr. Scully, and there are specimens from the
Naga Hills " (Butt. Ind. ii. 48). " Mr. A. V. Knyvett's collectors have obtained
this species in Bhotan. I have not heard of its being captured in Sikkim, though
it certainly occurs there. It has a very wide range from the West to the Bast end
of the Himalayas, and through the Naga Hills and Shan Hills to the Black river in
Upper Tonkin " (de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 134). Dr. N. Manders
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), in his notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan States,
Burma, records two males taken at " Fort Stedman in July."

Chinese Allied Species of Dilipa. — Dllipa fenestra (Vanessa fenestra, Leech,
Entom. 1891, SuppL p. 26; Butt, of China, etc., p. 165, pi. 14, fig. 2, ? (1892).
Sijn. Apatura Chrysus, Oberthur, Etud. Ent. xv. p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 6, c? (1891).
Hahitat. Omeishan, W. China.

Allied Chinese Genqs. — Genus Sincana. Allied to Dilipa. Male. Foreiving
more prolonged, broader and more convex at the apex, the exterior margin deeply
concave in the middle ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of
the cell ; the cell open. Rlndwing more produced posteriorly ; the cell open ;
middle and upper median much shorter. Palpi much smaller ; antennal club shorter
and spatular ; eyes naked. Tijfe. — S. fulva. — Sincana fidva (Apatura fulva. Leech,
Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 30 ; Butt. China, etc., p. 158, pi. 15, fig. 2, c? (1892).
Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Ap. pi. fig. 5, 6, <S (1892). Habitat. W. China.

14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

— Sincana fasciola (Apatura fasciola, Leech, Bntom. 1890, p. 33; Butt. China, etc.,
p. 159, pi. 16, fig. 2, S (1892). Grose-Smith and Kirbj, Rhop. Esot. Ajx pi. fig. 1,
2, ? (1892). Habitat. C. and W. China.

Genus DRAYIRA.

Imago. — Male. Forewing triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex produced and
obtusely convex, exterior margin oblique and concave in the middle ; first subcostal
bi'anch only emitted before end of the cell, second branch at some distance
beyond the end ; cell open. Hindwing triangular, produced posteriorly, exterior
margin slightly convex, uneven ; cell open.
"Type.— D. Ulupi.

DRAVIRA TJLUPI. (Plato 193, fig. 2, 2a, ^).
Potamis {Apatura) Ulupi, Dolierty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 125, pi. x. fig. 2, ^.

Imago. — " Male. Upperside. Forewing black, quite unglossed, markings light
ochreous-fulvous, the base, costa, hindmargin, and a few submarginal touches
difi'used rufous-brown ; two small light ochreous spots above the radials, the upper
largest ; an obliquely-transverse fulvous macular band from the subcostal vein to
the lower angle, the first three spots being elongate-quadrate, separated only by the
veins, the last with a pale space beyond it, the fourth well separated from the
first three, outwardly incised, the fifth subquadrate, diffused, close to the outer
margin, with a large black spot partly enclosed by its inner borders, the sixth
slender, lying along the margin of the interno- median space ; another transverse
band from the upper edge of the cell to the submedian vein sloping obliquely out-
wards, and divided into three parts by the median vein and its lower branch, occupy-
ing the middle half of the cell (with a diffused streak at the lower angle, almost
separated from it by an oblique black crescent), the basal half of the lower median
and half of the interno-median space. Hindwing ochreous-fulvous, the abdominal
margin as far as the lower, and in the middle of the disc the upper median branch,
covered with diffused black scales, the apical part also sordid, the veins dark, the
marginal line and a broader submarginal line thickened at the crossing of the veins,
within which is a line of five partly-united dark spots diminishing anally to mere
streaks ; a large and distinct black spot discally in the lower median space. Under-
side. Forewing paler tawny, the black spaces above replaced by dusky fulvous ones,
except a large black spot in the lower median space, and a difi'used blackish one
below it, near the lower angle of the wing ; the two subapical spots, and a touch on
the costa beyond the cell, lilac-white. Hindwing light fulvous, the base slightly

NYMP HALING. (Qronp fotamina. 15

glossed, pale ; a large ocellus pupilled witli purple in the lower median space ; a
lustrous lilac-white band across the wing discally, bordered inwardly by a darker
ferruginous band broadest near the costa ; a submarginal ferruginous line, within
which are a few obscure lilac-white touches, between which and the lilac band lie
four good-sized lilac-white spots and some ferruginous touches " (Doherty, I.e.),

Expanse, S 2^q inches.

Habitat. — Upper Assam.

Distribution. — Mr. W. Doherty records " one male taken by Lieut. E. Hartert
on the Dikrang near Sadiya, another by me at Kobong between Sadiya and
Margherita.* One or two others were seen. In its rather weak flight it somewhat
resembles Eulaceura osteria " (J. A. S. Beng. 1889, p. 125).

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 193, figs. 2, 2a are reproduced from
Mr. Doherty's figures above referred to.

Genus NARSENGA.

"Wings small, short. Male. Forewing comparatively narrower, somewhat
longer, and more regularly subtriangular than in Bohana, the exterior margin more
acutely angular below the apex ; first and second subcostals emitted before end of
the cell ; cell open. Hindioing broader, less prolonged posteriorly, exterior margin
more convex ; cell open ; antennse shorter ; eyes hairy.

Sexes similarly coloured and marked.

TrpE. — N. Parvata.

NARSENGA PARVATA (Plate 194, fig. 1, la, i).

Apatura Parvata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 202, pi. G, a, fig. 6, ^ (1857). de
Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 53 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark ferruginous olivescent-brown, darkest at the
base, and bright about the cell and exterior margin. Forewing with a paler ferru-
ginous ringed auriform blackish mark at end of the cell, preceded within the cell by
two obliquely superposed small round spots ; a similar spot also below the cell ;
beyond is a transverse inner-discal angulated series of pale yellowish-ferruginous
lunules, followed by a subapical superposed series of five pure white dots on a
blackish ground, and a small slightly-defined ferruginous-ringed ocellate spot
situated in the interspace between the middle and lower median veiulet, beyond
which is a pale-bordered blackish submarginal lunular fascia and then a narrower
marginal line. Hindioing with a slightly-defined pale-edged lunular mark within

* One of these specimens was sent by Mr. Doherty, from Margherita, to Mr. Elwes.

16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

the cell ; a transverse discal pale ferruginous-yellow straight band decreasing in
width from the costa to the submedian vein, followed by an outer-discal dusky
clouded fascia and a subanal ferruginous-ringed ocellate spot, beyond which is a
pale ferruginous-bordered blackish submarginal lunular fascia and a narrow
marginal line. Underside pale ferruginous, brightest on the forewing ; with
markings similarly disposed as on the upperside. Foreiving with the cell marks
formed of black rings ; the transverse discal lunules being white and their inner
edge defined by black ; subapical lilacine-white dots and lower ocelloid black spot,
below which latter is a contiguous black patch ; the submarginal fascia and marginal
line being inter-bordered by lilacine-white. Eindiving with a blackish dot and
lunular mark at end of the cell ; the discal fascia lilacine-white, the submarginal
lunular fascia and marginal line also inter-bordered by lilacine-white, and the
subanal ocellus centred with white. Body above olivescent-brown ; palpi above
black ; palpi beneath, body and femora beneath whitish ; legs above pale ferruginous ;
antenna black, club tipt with red ; eyes red, hairy.

Female. " Duller coloured than the male, the discal series of pale ferruginous
spots on the forewing and discal line on the hindwing absent, but replaced by an
irregular ferruginous diffused band, which is inwardly sharply defined. Forewing
with three subapical white dots only ; the anal ocellus on the hindwing smaller and
blind. Underside marked much as above, but paler, the discal band outwardly
marked with lilac, and a small j^atch of that colour below the apex of the forewing,
the white dots larger " (de Niceville, I.e.).

Expanse, 1 ^-q to 2 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia Hills.

Distribution. — " This is also a rare species ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
has specimens from Sikkim, and Buxa, Bhotan" (de Niceville, I.e. 53). Mr. Elwes
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 340) says it is " very rare in Sikkim, and where I do not know
its habitat or season." Mr. de Niceville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 135) states that
it "has been obtained by Mr. T. A. Hauxwell at about 4000 feet elevation, in
October, below the Station of Darjiling, but is very rare in Sikkim, far commoner
at Daling at 5000 feet, and in Bhotan." Colonel C. Swinhoe possesses several
males, taken in the Khasia Hills.

Genus ROHANA.

liohana, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 27 (1880). Semper, Eeisen Phil. Lep. p. 81 (1887).
Apatura (part), de Niceville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 48 (1886). Staudinger and Schatts, Lep. Exot.
p. 165 (1888).

Imago. — "Wings small. Male. Foreiving short and broad, subtriangular ;

NYMPHALINJE. (Group POTAMINA.) 17

exterior margin slightly uneven and angular below the apex ; first subcostal veinlet
emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell, the second being emitted either at the
end or at a little distance beyond the end. Sometimes, but very rarely, the second
is emitted immediately before the end of the cell,* third at two-fifths from the cell,
fourth and fifth at four-fifths ; discocellulars short, angfed close to subcostal, radials
from upper angle and lower end ; cell short, broad, open ; lower median emitted
from opposite discocellulars, the two upper medians at equal distance beyond ; sub-
median straight. Eindwing very short, triangular, prolonged posteriorly, exterior
margin slightly uneven ; costal vein much arched ; precostal vein short and abruptly
bent outward ; subcostals and radial contiguous at their base but well divergent ;
cell open. Body stout ; palpi porrect, tip pointed, squamose beneath ; antennae
slender; eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar.

Caterpillar. — Slug-shaped, long, slender, smooth ; head small and surmounted
by two long spined-processes projecting in front ; anal segment with two shorter
naked pointed processes.

Chrysalis. — Compressed ; with a high pointed dorsal prominence on basal
segment of abdomen, from which a sharp ridge extends to the tail, a lesser pointed
prominence on middle of thorax ; head with two short points in front.

Type. — R. Parisatis,

Mimicry. — The males on the upperside of both wings of B. Parisatis and Gamiha
are uniformly deep purplish-black, but the females are yellowish-ferruginous, and
generally resemble species of the genus Ergolis, of the Group Eurytelina.

EOHANA PARISATIS (Plate 194, fig. 2, 2a, b, c, c? ? ).

Apatura Parisatis, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 305 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company,
i. p. 202 (1857). de NiceviUe, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 54, pi. xx., fig 92, ^ $ (1886).
Staudiuger, Lep. Exot. pi. 55, S ? (1885).

Rohana Parisatis, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 27 (1880).

Imago. — Male. Upperside. Both wings uniformly purplish-black. Cilia
alternated with white. Foretving with a minute white costal dot before the apex.
Hindtving without markings. Underside dark purplish ferruginous-brown, the
basal area brighter ferruginous-red, the discal area longitudinally clouded with black
and with a slightly-defined ocellate spot on the lower median interspace ; two small
black rings in each cell, and an auriform mark at end of each cell. Both wings

* In thirty males of iZ. Parisatis under examination, sixteen had the second tnlcostal emitted beyond
end of the cell, twelve at the end, and two only hefore the end. Mr. \V. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 123)
says that " this genus is allied to Precis" and arranges it near that genus and Juuonia. It has, however,
no affinity with either of those genera, nor with the group iu which they occur.

VOL. III. D

18 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

crossed by a slightly-defined discal sinuous black line outwardly edged by ill-defined
lilacine-wliite lunules, these lunules being less apparent on the hindwing ; a sub-
marginal slightly-defined catenulated row of lilacine- whitish rings outwardly edged
by a blackish line ending towards the apex of forewing in two more prominent
lilacine-white small apical patches, before which latter are two minute white sub-
apical dots. Hindwing with a small subanal black ocellus centred with white and
ringed with chestnut-red. Body above purplish-black ; body and palpi beneath,
and leo-s ferruerinous-brown ; antennae black above, red beneath.

Female. Forewing angulated below the apex. Hindwing broader and shorter,
more convex externally. Upperside obscure yellowish-ferruginous. Both wings
with two dusky brown spots in the cell, an auriform mark at its end, a transverse
inner discal angular fascia, a less defined outer discal clouded fascia traversed by
a row of small blackish spots, the three upper of which on the forewing are white-
centred, and the lowest on the hindwing the largest and ocellate ; beyond is an
inner submarginal dusky macular fascia and an outer line. Underside brighter
yellowish-ferruginous, marked as in the male.

Expanse, S Ij^q to 2, ? l^, to 2 inches.

Habitat. — Kumaon ; Sikkim ; Assam ; Silhet ; Khasia and Naga Hills ;
Burma ; Tenasserim ; Shan States ; Tonkin ; Hong Kong.

Distribution. — According to Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, p. 123), it
was observed by him at Jhillaghat, on the Eastern border of Kumaon. " Males are
frequently seen in Sikkim at elevations of 5000 feet, and below, the female being very
scarce. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Silhet, Sibsagar, Assam,
the Naga Hills, and Upper Tenasserim " (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 54). Mr.
Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 340) says it " occurs in Sikkim up to 6000 feet, from
April to November." Colonel C. Swinhoe has received several specimens of both
sexes from the Khasia Hills. Lieutenant D. Thomson (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1890, 295)
records its capture in the Chin-Lushai country during the expedition from the
Chittagong side in the cold weather of 1889-90. Lieutenant B. Y. Watson (J. Bomb.
N. H. S. 1891, 36) also records "a single male taken at Tiling in December, during
the same Chin Expedition, from the Burmese side." Major C. H. E. Adamson (List
Burm. Butt. 13) " captured a number of this species in Tenasserim, on the road
between Kaukarit and Myawaddee, on April 27th, but were not seen elsewhere."
" Two males are recorded from Ponsekai, and a pair from Tavoy " (J. A. S. Beng.
1887, 424). Dr. N. Manders in his Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan States,
Burma (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), says it is " not uncommon at 1000 feet, but I have
never seen it above 3000 feet." Mr. de Niceville, in his recent list of the species of
this genus (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1895, p. 262) records it as "also occurring in the
Malay Peninsula and Upper Tonkin." Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., took specimens in

NYMPHALINj^. (Group POTAMINA.) 19

Hong Kong, which I have examined, and remarks (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1895, p. 452)
" that it is not uncommon in the * Happy Valley,' in March, April, and May, the
male alighting to sun himself, with expanded wings, on the outer leaves of low
trees, the female being more partial to shady places."

ROHAN A CAMIBA (Plate 194, fig. 3, larva and pupa).

Rohana Camiba, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 27, pi. 14, fig. 1, la, b, c, (J ? ; larva and pupa (1880).
Apatura Camiba, de Niceville, Butt, of Ind. etc., ii. p. 54 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside uniformly purplish-black ; cilia alternated with
white. Forewing with three minute white superposed subapical dots. Underside
similarly marked as in B. Parisatis. Forewing with four superposed subapical white
dots.

Female. Upperside similar to B. Parisatis, but with the markings somewhat
more sharply defined. Foreioing with a series of five superposed subapical white
dots. Hindiving with the outer discal clouded dusky fascia narrower, and more
sinuous. Underside similarly marked to B. Parisatis. Forewing with five super-
posed subapical white dots.

Expanse, c? ? I^-q to 2 inches.

Caterpillar. — Smooth ; head small and surmounted by two black spined-
processes projecting in front ; anal segment with two shorter green naked pointed
processes ; colour pale yellowish-green with a dark green dorsal and two lateral
bands ; front of head black streaked. Feeds on Geltis lycodoxylon,. (Described from
Sir W. Gregory's Ceylon drawing.)

Chrysalis. — Green ; compressed ; with a pointed angle on middle of thorax and
on basal segment of abdomen ; the head attenuated and with two short points in front.

Habitat. — Ceylon ; S. India.

The late Mr. S. N. "Ward also reared the larva of this insect in Canara, and in
his drawing (see Plate 194, fig, 3) it is represented as having a subdorsal
longitudinal series of small bluish patches and a lower lateral greenish band, the
head in front being bluish-white, and the processes blue-black tipt with brown.
Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, in the Notes on larviB reared in Karwar,
North Canara (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 271), say, " We got this in
September, October, and November, on a species of Celtis. It has much the aspect
of the caterpillars of the Satyrinse, and appears to have similar habits, resting by
day on the underside of a leaf, and feeding by night. The larva is long, slender,
thickest in the middle ; head small, armed with two long, straight, much branched
spines, pointed forward ; a pair of smooth caudal spines. Colour pale yellow on
the back, with a medial row of green spots ; green on the sides with a narrow

D 2

20 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

yellow line ; head and horns black. Pupa compressed, with a high, pointed, dorsal
prominence at the junction of thorax and abdomen, from which a sharp ridge runs
to the tail ; suspended by the tail, but curving round to an almost horizontal
position ; pale green."

Distribution. — In Ceylon this butterfly is " common on forest ground in the hills
about 5000 feet near Newera Eliya. Frequently seen basking in the road "
(Hutchison, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 27). The late Mr. S. N. Ward reared this insect in
Canara, from whose collection we possess specimens of both sexes, as well as his
drawing of the larva. Mr. Gr, F. Hampson obtained it on the " Nilgiris, from 3000
to 6000 feet, where the male is not common, the female very rare" (J. A. S. Bengal,
1888, 352). " The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from Ootacamund
taken by Mr. Hampson, and from Pimerd, North Travancore, taken by Mr. W.
Doherty at 2000 feet" (Butt. Ind. ii. 55). Mr, H. S. Ferguson (J. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
1891, 8) also records it from Pimerd at 2400 feet.

Of this species our illustration on plate 194, fig. 3, represents the larva and pupa
reproduced from the late Mr. S. N. Ward's drawing from larvae reared in Canara,
S. India.

Indo-Malayan species of Rohana. — Rohana Sumatratia (Apatura Sumatrana,
Staudinger. Snellen, Mid. Sumatra Lep. p. 19, pi. 3, fig 1, 2, S (1892). Habitat.
Sumatra. — Rohana Artaxes (Apatura (Rohana) Artaxes, de Niceville, Journ. Bombay
N. H. Soc. 1895, p. 261, pi. N. fig. 8, 4, c? ? .) Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.— Eo/iam
Nakula (Apatura Nakula, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 203, ? (1857).
de Niceville, J. Bombay N. H, S. 1895, p. 262, pi. N. fig. 5, 6, c? ? . Habitat.
Java. — Rohana Rana (Apatura Rana, Staudinger, Lep. Palawan, p. 80. Habitat.
Palawan. — Rohana Rhea (Apatura Rhea, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 120 ;
Reise Novara, Lep. iii. pi. 58, fig. 3, ? (1867). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 82,
pi. 15, fig. 2, 3 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.

Genus EULACEURA.

Enlaceura, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726.

Eulacura, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soo. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Distant, Ehop. Malayana, p. 99 (1882).

de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 55 (1886). Staudinger and Sohiitts, Lep. Exot. p. 167

(1888).

Imago. — Male. Forewing triangular, costa slightly arched; apex prolonged,
rounded and falcate ; exterior margin oblique and very concave in the middle, almost
even ; posterior margin short ; first and second subcostals emitted close together
before the end of the cell ; discocellulars short, angled close to subcostal, radials
from angle and the lower end ; cell open ; median veinlets very wide apart. Hind-

NYMPHALIN^. (Group FOTAiirSA.) 21

wing short, triangularly ovate ; apex and anal angle rounded, exterior margin
slightly uneven ; subcostals and radial emitted close together ; cell open. Body
moderately robust ; antennae long, slender, with a lengthened slender club ; eyes
hairy ; anal claspers of male elongated, terminating at about half the length in a
narrow perpendicularly-curved superiorly-horny hook. Abdomen of female with
two raised protuberances on underside of the penultimate anal segment.
Type. — E. Osteria.

EULACETJRA OSTERIA (Plate 195, fig. 1, la, b, (J ? ).

Apatura Osteria, Westwood, Genera of D. Lep. p, 305 (1850).

Eulaceura Osteria, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726.

Sulacura Osteria, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 100,

pi. xii. fig. 5, 6, <S ? (1882). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 55(1886). Staudinger,

Lep.Exot.pl. 55, c? (1885).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark glossy purplish-brown. Forewing with a trans-
verse lower discal inwardly-oblique band, this band being composed of a series of
five purplish-white spots, the uppermost smallest (but sometimes absent) being
situated above the upper median veinlet; an obscure submarginal ocelloid spot
between the middle and lower median veinlet slightly visible. Hindwing crossed by
a continuous but broader purplish-white discal band, the abdominal margin being
greyish white ; a submarginal row of obscure paler brown lunules, a black ocelloid
subanal spot between the lower medians, and an obscure marginal paler brown line.
Underside glossy pale purplish-white. Both wings crossed by a slightly-defined
slender pale brown irregular discal line, which also inwardly borders the slightly
apparent discal white band. Forewing also with a slightly- defined small pale brown
spot within the cell, a slender bar at its end, a submarginal zigzag fascia, and a
marginal line ; a small outer pale ochreous ocelloid spot with black centre and outer
brown ring situated between the lower medians. Hindwing also with a pale brown
upper submarginal zigzag fascia, an entire marginal line, and a subanal pale ochreous
ocelloid spot with black centre and brown outer ring situated between the lower
medians. Body and palpi above brown ; palpi and body beneath, and legs white ;
antennae blackish ; eyes reddish, hairy.

Female. Upperside pale umber-brown. Forewing with two blackish streaks
crossing the cell ; a sharply-defined transverse discal angulated series of outwardly
diffused broad whitish lunules, which merge into a less defined outer discal series,
and is followed by a submarginal series of slender whitish lunules ; a small black
ocellated submarginal spot between the lower medians. Hindwing crossed by a
similar but less defined inner and outer discal whitish lunular fascia, followed by a
submarginal series of more sharply-defined lunules, the upper ones of which

22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

are outwardly-angled ; an ocellated black submarginal spot between tlie medians.
Underside similar to the male, except that the transverse discal white fascia is
narrower.

Expanse, c? ? 2^q inches.

Habitat. — Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.

DiSTEiBDTioN.- — Mr. L. de Niceville, in a letter dated December 17th, 1894,
writes me that he has received specimens of this insect from Tenasserim.

Mr, W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, p. 101) recoi'ds it from the Malay
Peninsula; Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, Java, and Borneo.

Genus HERONA.

Herona, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pi. 41 (1848). Westwood, id. ii. p. 293 (1850). de Niceville,
Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 60 (1886). Staudinger and Schiitts, Lep. Exot. p. 134 (1887).

Imago. — Male. Foreiving elongated, triangular, costa regularly arched, apex
obtuse, exterior margin oblique, almost even, convexly-angular below the apex,
posterior margin nearly straight ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth and
second at a short distance before end of the cell, third at nearly one-third beyond,
and fourth and fifth at one-third from the apex ; discocellulars short, radials from
angle close to subcostal and lower end ; cell open ; lower and middle median widely
apart, upper much curved. Hindwing short, triangularly-ovate, base of costa much
arched, exterior margin obliquely-convex, broadly scalloped; precostal vein bent
outward near tip ; subcostals and radial widely divergent ; cell open. Bodij
moderately robust ; palpi obliquely porrected, approximate at end, tips pointed ;
antenna long, slender, club long and slender ; eyes naked.

Type. — H. Marathus.

HERONA MARATHUS (Plate 195, fig. 2, 2a, b, <^ ? ).

Herona Marathus, Doubleday, Gea. D. Lep. pi. 41, fis. 3, c? (1848); Westwood, id. p. 294 (1850).
de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 61 (1886). Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pi. 48, ? (1885).
Adanison, List Burmese Butt. p. 13 (1889).

Imago — Male. Upperside f ulvescent-black ; with fulvous markings. Foreiolng
with the costal border basally fulvous; an outwardly oblique fulvous bar across end
of the cell, an elongate spot between the middle and lower median veinlets, and a
narrower longer streak from the base below the median, beyond which is an out-
wardly oblique upper discal macular band, followed by a submarginal irregular band,
of which latter the anterior end before the apex is broad and bears a triangular

NYMPHALIN^. (Group POTAMIXA.) 23

white spot, the middle portion being slender, its lower portion broad, and joined to
a short streak at the posterior angle. Hindiving crossed by a broad fulvous upper
discal band extending from below the base to near the apex, and a lower diseal band,
both being partly united before the apex, the latter band bearing a small black-
speckled spot between the middle and lower medians, followed by a slender lower
submarginal line which extends from the anal angle only to the upper median vein let,
where it curves upward and joins the lower discal band, and beyond by a slender
marginal line extending to the apex ; the abdominal margin pale duller fulvous.
Underside dusky olivescent brownish-fulvous, paler externally ; with similar disposed
markings of the upperside, but much less defined, especially on the hindmng, and
all suffused with chalybeate lilacine-white. Foreiving also with a white streak within
upper base of the cell, a rounded upper subapical spot and a more prominent lower
subapical streak, a small blackish outer patch between the lower medians, and
another patch beneath it. Hiiidwing crossed by a slender dark fulvous inner discal
sinuous line, before which is a small dark fulvous spot within the cell ; a small
white spot inwardly edged with black scales between the middle and lower medians.
Body and palpi above fulvescent-brown, white beneath ; legs above fulvous, white
beneath ; antennae black, club tipt with fulvous.

Female. Upperside dark fulvescent-brown ; markings as on upperside, but
somewhat narrower, and of a much paler fulvous-yellow. Underside also fulvescent-
brown, all the markings as in the male, but paler and more conspicuously defined.

Expanse, S 2]^o to 3n), ? 3 to 3 1*0 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan, Assam ; Khasia Hills, Upper Burma.

Distribution. — We possess specimens from Nepal taken by the late General Gr.
Ramsay; from Sikkim and Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon; and from Assam.
" It is not an uncommon species in Sikkim, where I have taken it in October at low
elevations, between 3000 and 4000 feet. It has the habit, when disturbed, of settling
head downwards with closed wings on the trunk of a tree, in which position it is
particularly difficult to catch with a butterfly net. Like many other butterflies of
this Sub-family, it is very fond of over-ripe fruit " (de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer,
1894, 185). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 341) says it is " not common in
Sikkim at 8000 to 4000 feet during and after the rains. A specimen from the East
side of the Tista, taken in March, is much smaller and paler in colour." Major
C. H. B. Adamson (List Butt, of Burma, 13) records it (and we have identified
specimens as being this species) as " not uncommon near Bhamo, Upper Burma,
where it settles with closed wings on the trunks of trees in shady places, in Sep-
tember and October." Dr. N. Manders, in his Notes on the Lopidoptera of the
Shan States (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521) records "one specimen taken at Fort Stedman
in August."

24 LEPIDOPTERA INBICA.

HERONA ANGUSTATA (Plate 196, fig. 1, la, ? ).

Herona angustata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829, $ . de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.
p. 62 (1886). Adamson, List. Burmese Butt. p. 13 (1889).

Imago. — Male. Upperside similar to H, Marathus, but with the fulvous
macular bands much narrower.

Female. Upperside deeper black than H. Marathus, the macular bands narrower,
and all of a pale ochreous colour, except the two subapical spots on the forewing,
which are white. Underside of a paler olivescent-brown, the bands also all paler.

Expanse, 2^-0 to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Lower Burma, Tenasserim.

DiSTRiBCTTioN. — The type specimens were taken at Moolai at 3000 to 6000 feet in
Upper Tenasserim. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List. Butt. Burm. 13) records this
species from Lower Burma (we have identified a specimen taken by him in
Moulmein in October), Its habits being similar to H. Marathus. Mr. L. de
Niceville (Butt. Ind. ii. 62) records five specimens in Major Marshall's collection,
a female taken in October in Arakan by Captain Adamson, a male from Gawlai in
Upper Tenasserim in September, and both sexes taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in
the Upper Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim. "We possess a female taken by
Captain Bingham on January lltli, 1882. A pair from Tavoy is recorded by
Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 421).

HERONA ANDAMANA (Plate 196, fig. 2, 2a, h, ^ ? ).

Herona Andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 585. de Niceville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 62,

pi. 18, fig. 76, ? (1886).
Herona Seneca, Staudinger, Exot. Sohmett. p. 138 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside similar to E. Marathus, the ground colour blacker,
but with all the markings paler. Forexving with the markings narrower, the
outwardly oblique upper discal streaks elongated and pointed at their end. Hind-
wing with both bands narrower and macular, the submarginal lower line somewhat
broader. Underside with the ground colour somewhat darker than in H. Marathus,
markings as on upperside, but more distinctly suffused with chalybeate lilacine-
white.

Female, Upperside blacker than in H. Marathus ; markings as in the male,
but all of a white colour. Forewing with the lower basal streak obscurely defined,
■Hindwing with the upper and lower discal bands also less defined than in the male,
the lower submarginal line replaced by obscurely defined broad lunules, the black
dot between the middle and lower medians being distinct. Underside with the
ground colour darker than in the male, and all the markings much more prominent
and whiter.

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Part XXVI.

Price 10s. plain, 15s. coloured.

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA

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NTAIFHALIN^. iGionp POTAmNA.) 25

Expanse, cJ Si-q. ? ^ni inches.

Habitat.^ — S. Andaman Isles.

The type specimens of this species were obtained by the late Mr. A. de
Eoepstorff, at Port Blair, South Andamans, and from whom we received several
examples. It is a well-marked species.

Indo-Malatan Species of Heeona. — Herona Siimatrana, Moore, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1881, p. 308. Bock's Head Hunters, etc. (1881). de Niceville, Journ,
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 5, pi. 3, fig. 7, ?. Habitat. Sumatra, — Herona Djarang,
Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach. 1893, p. 319; Stettin Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 126, pi. v. fig. 9,<?.
Habitat. Nias Island. — Herona Pringondani, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach. 1893, p. 314 ;
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 120, pi. 4, fig. 5, ? . de Niceville, Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, 1894, p. 4, pi. 3, fig. 4, 5, c? ? . Habitat. Java. — Herona Schonbergi,
Staudinger, Tsis, 1890, p. 337, pi. 3, fig. 3; Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1891, p. 84. Habitat.
S. Borneo.

Genus SEPHISA.

Castalia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 199 (1857). Staudinger and Schatts, Lep.

Exot. p. 166 {\?,^%)— preoccupied.
Apatura (Sect. v. Castalia), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 37 (1861).
Seplma, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 240. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 45 (1886).

Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 150 (1892).

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular, costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior
margin convex below the apex, concave in the middle, emarginate and sharply
angular at end of the lower median veinlet ; posterior margin straight ; first
subcostal branch emitted at about one-fourth before end of the cell, second at a
short distance beyond the end ; discocellulars short, radials from angle close to
subcostal and lower end; cell open. Hiiidwing short, triangularly ovate ; costa much
arched, exterior margin convex, scalloped ; precostal vein strongly excurved ; cell
open. Body stout ; palpi porrected, compactly scaled beneath ; antennae rather
stout, with a well-formed stout club ; eyes naked.

Type. — S. dichroa.

Caterpillar. — Slug-shaped ; skin wrinkled and shagreened ; with two small
dorsal flat semi-lobed raised granulate flaps on the eighth segment, and two also on
the eleventh segment ; head larger than second segment, furnished with two
antlered horns ; anal segment with two acutely-pointed processes.

Chrysalis. — Somewhat boat-shaped ; dorsum highly arched and keeled ;
shagreened, thorax gradually sloped from the head with a narrow keeled ridge from
the collar to the waist, which is slightly notched before reaching the highest point ;
head with two projected points.

VOL. III. E

26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

SEPHISA DICHROA (Plate 197, fig. 1, la, b, c, d, e, c? ? ; larva and pupa).

Limenitis diehroa, Kollar in Hiigel's Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 429, pi. 8, fig. 1, 2 (1844).
Gastalia dich-oa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. B. I. Company, i. p. 199 (1857).

Sephisa diehroa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 240. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 47,
pi. 20, fig. 93, cJ (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside olivescent-black ; cilia alternated with white between
the veins. Forewing crossed by two outwardly-oblique ochreous-yellow macular
bands, three very small subapical superposed ochreous spots, followed by a
submarginal series of paler small spots. Ilindiving with the discal area broadly
ochreous-yellow, traversed by black veins ; followed by a submarginal row of broad
conical ochreous-yellow spots, and a slightly-defined bluish-grey slender marginal
line ; a bluish-grey speckled subanal dot situated between the middle and lower
median veinlets ; in some a small upper discocellular black spot is present. Underside
with markings similar to those on the upperside, the black portions paler and
greenish tinged. Forewing with the base of the costa, a spot at the base of cell and
another below the cell, a broken streak at end of the cell, the three subapical spots,
submarginal macular band and marginal line dull bluish pearly-white. Hindwing
with the basal and discal interspaces, submarginal baud and marginal line, and the
subanal spot also dull bluish pearly-white ; the upper discal interspace and the
submarginal band generally tinged with ochreous-yellow ; a short black streak near
base of the cell and a dot above base of the middle median veinlet, these two latter
and also the discal black lunular band more or less narrow, macular, or obsolescent.
Bodg and palpi above black; palpi beneath, forelegs and femora beneath white ;
legs above bluish ; antennae black ; eyes reddish, naked.

Female. Upperside similar to the male ; the forewing differing only in the
upper portion of the outer discal band being paler or whitish, the three subapical
spots pure white, and the submarginal series of spots also whitish. Underside as in
the male.

Expanse, (? 2]^o to 2^,, ? 2^-0 to 3 inches.

Caterpillar. — " Extenuate in form ; skin wrinkled. Colour blue-green, with
more vivid green suffusions about the centre of the segments ; pale, almost hoary, on
the sides, and deep coloured on the back. Skin shagreened with minute pale
yellowish dots, and covered with very short bristly hairs on the back, and fine short
silky hairs on the sides and below. Head very much larger than the second
segment, with antlered horns ; crown deeply notched between the horns, flat in
front, and cheeks rather flat-sided. In prolongation of the horns in front is a pale
mauve-coloured stripe on each cheek ; mouth black, and a minute black spot just
behind the eyes ; colour of the head otherwise pale green, that of the cheeks, though
pale, being a rather more vivid colour than that of the body ; top of head broad and

NYMPHALIN^. (Groap fotamina.) 27

somewhat flat, the base of the horns ending in a lobe ; colour of the horns above,
and top of the head pale ochreous straw colour, the inner portions of the lobes
tinged faintly with greenish ; below, the tines of the antlers are deep shiny steely-
black ; at the back of the head at base of horns, is a ring of small sharp spines,
which pass down the sides of the cheeks and partake of the colouring of the region
passed through. In prolongation of the horns is a narrow, pale yellow, longitudinal
streak, broadest at its commencement on the second segment, becoming obsolete on
the seventh segment, reappearing, as it were, on the eleventh segment in continuation
of one of the oblique lateral streaks, and again fading away on the last segment. A
series of similarly coloured fine oblique wavy-streaks on the sides, originating just
below the region of spiracles, and all but two terminate on the back ; these streaks
are very faint on the second, third, and fourth segment, in fact scarcely discernible
with the naked eye, but are well defined on the other segments, of which, those
originating on the sixth and ninth segment terminate, in the centre of the back,
in two pair of flat semilobed-shaped raised flaps, the points of the flaps inclining
outwards from each other and directed backwards, with the tips turned in ; these
appendages are granulate, white, tipped with yellow, with a slight suffusion of pink
in the centre ; a deep crimson-lake spot marks the division between each pair, the
foremost pair are wider apart than the hinder ones ; down the anal flaps is a
depression which to the naked eye gives the appearance of the vent ending in
pointed tails ; margin of anal flaps pale yellow ; true legs very pale green. All the
rest of the under surface pale whitish."

Chrysalis. — " Emerald-green, and covered with a white powdery-bloom, most
especially about the thorax and base of abdomen. The darkest shading of colour
prevails on the abdomen, from the tail to about two-thirds of the way up. In general
appearance the chrysalis is somewhat boat-shaped, or perhaps a better simile would be
a cocked hat, the sides are somewhat compressed, and the back highly arched and
keeled. The shell is shagreened and mottled-whitish. Two projections of medium
length which curve outwards, with a flat space between on the crown, protrud^
beyond the head, in the shape of horse's ears ; these are notched at the base, and are
deeply ribbed, and in colour are a shade brighter than the ground colour, with a
well-marked dirty-white, roughly-wrinkled ridge passing backwards, converging
en route, and gradually fading away on the thorax. Just beyond the collar, this
ridge is markedly intersected by the antennae. The thorax gradually slopes up from
the head, with a naiTow keeled ridge from the collar to the waist, which is slightly
notched before reaching its highest point a little beyond the middle. From the
waist the abdomen is highly curved with the sharp-keeled ridge continued and
notched at the junction of each segmental division. Colouring of keel, slightly
ochreous on the thorax, deep brown for a couple of segments beyond the waist, from

E 2

28 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

thence shading to dirty -white. The outHne at the division of the thoracical with the
abdominal region is marked by a fine straight white hne, thrown off, as it were, on
either side of the keel, at the waist obliquely forward. Abdomen marked with a
narrow white interrupted line below the spiracles, and a series of oblique short
dirty-whitish latei'al streaks above, those on the powdery region being the largest,
powdery in appearance, and apparently on a slightly raised surface. The spiracles
are but faintly seen. The anal segment ends in a broad spear-shaped tail, furnished
with claspers ; edging of tail similar to keel ; tips of claspers furnished with a fringe
of short dark red-brown bristly hairs. Outline of wings distinctly defined by a
narrow ochreous-white ridge, slightly irregular in width, being narrowest about
midway from costa to apex, with an interruption at base, where there is a small
spinous projection ; nervules finely marked. Antennas reach to apex of wings,
slightly raised and evenly notched, pale ochreous in colour. A smooth semicircular
bit over the eyes ; lower portion of eyes very warty. Between the horns — a
projection from the head — in front are a series of warty spots, pale whitish in colour
and arranged exactly in the shape of a coronet, with a well-marked drop-shaped, raised,
pale ochreous spot on each side in front of the eyes " (Major H. C. Harford, MS. Notes).

Habitat. — Western Himalayas.

Distribution. — " This butterfly appears to be confined to the Western
Himalayas. I have taken it commonly at Simla flying round and settling on the
oak throughout the summer, also at Kujiah, near Dalhousie, in June. The Indian
Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from the Kulu Valley, collected by Mr. A.
Graham Young, and from Masuri. Major Marshall has specimens taken at Chumba
in May, and at Murree in June " (de Niceville, Butt. lud. ii. 47). The late W. S.
Atkinson possessed specimens from Almora and Gurhwal. Col. A. M. Lang (Ent.
Mo. Mag. 1864-5, 181) records that " it is partial to ripe fruit, and has seen it in
open woods in the interior of the Himalaya, pitching on the sprays of tall shrubs,
making rapid flights and returning to the same spot." We possess males from
Kashmir, taken bythe late Oapt. Bayne Reed in 1872, a female taken by Capt. Beckett
beyond Ramgurh and Almora at 5500 feet elevation, in November, and a female
from Murree, taken in August. Mr. A. Grote possessed it from Masuri and Naini
Tal. Capt. A. M. Lang, in his MS. Notes also records its capture at Kotghur in
July and October. Major H. B. Hellard took it at " Simla at the end of June, and
at BarunguUa in Kashmir at end of September " (MS. Notes). Major J. W. Yerbury
(P.Z.S. 1886, 360) says it is " not common at Murree ; some half-dozen specimens
taken on August 9th and 11th on the trunk of the same tree — a species of willow.
Two or three also seen on the wing ; the flight appears to be particularly rapid."
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1886, 124) took it at " Loharkhet, N.W. Kumaon,
and at Askot, East Kumaon. Much darker than Kulu or Simla specimens, the

NTMPHALIN^. [Qronp fotauix^a.) 29

black discal band on the bind wing below being especially wide, so as wholly to
enclose the whitish spot between the lower medians ; the veins also were heavily
marked with black. At Murree, in the extreme north-west of India, I found this
species with the band on the hindwings below wholly obsolete, and the underside
with a whitish silky gloss."

Food Plant and Habits of Larva. — Major H. C. Harford, in his MS. Note on
the rearing of the larviB of this butterfly, at Kausali in 1889 (and from whose
drawing our figures are taken), says " it feeds on the Bahn-l\ex-Oak {Qvercus incana),
and rests on the upper surface of the leaf, laying along the centre rib, on a silken web,
which it spins for itself like a cradle ; head facing towards the stem, and drawn down
so that the horns are in prolongation of the body. The larvae were obtained May
16th, 1889, changed to chrysalis May 26th, and the imago emerging June 9th, 1889."

SEPHISA CHANDRA (Plate 198, fig. 1, la, b, c, c? ? ; Plate 199, fig. 1, la, b, c, ? ).

Castalia Chandra, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 200^ pi. 6, a, fig. 4, ^ (1857).

Waterhouse's Aid, i. pi. 8, ? (1880).
Sephisa Chandra, de Niceville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 60 ; Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 40

(1886). Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pi. 55, $ (1885).

Imago. — Male. Upperside blue-black; cilia alternated with white. Forewing
crossed by an inner discal excurved rich ochreous-yellow macular band composed of
four portions disconnected by the black veins, and an outer discal oblique straight
white macular band composed of five spots, the three upper of which are the
narrowest, the fourth cordate or ovate, the fifth smaller and ovate ; beyond are
three subapical superposed small white spots, the lowest being minute, followed by
a submarginal decreasing series of more or less obscurely-defined spots and a less
distinct marginal slender macular line, both of which are either bluish-white or dull
ochreous ; sometimes a small slender ochreous streak is present within the basal
interspace of the upper and middle median veinlets. Hindwing with the medial
discal area broadly from base of the cell rich ochreous-yellow, traversed by the black
veins, and marked by a small more or less apparent black spot above base of the
middle median veinlet, beyond which is a submarginal row of broad rich ochreous-
yellow obconical spots, followed by a marginal slender lunular bluish-white or dull
ochreous line ; sometimes a small subanal bluish-white speckled spot is present
between the middle and lower median interspace. Underside somewhat paler, the
black colour more or less greenish tinged, with markings similar to the upperside,
but somewhat broader and more prominent. Foreidng also with the base of the
costa, a spot within base of the cell, and another below the cell bluish-white.
Eindwing also with three basal costal and two subcostal spots also bluish-white ; the
discocellular black spot large, the upper discal interspaces sometimes tinged with

30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

white. Body above black ; collar and front white spotted ; palpi above black, white
beneath ; thorax and abdomen beneath black, spotted with white ; legs black ; fore legs
white beneath ; middle and hind femora white beneath ; antennae black ; eyes reddish.

Female Polymorphic. Forewing with the apex broader than in the male,
and the outer margin less irregular. Hindwing broader and less sinuous.

FiEST Form (Plate 198, fig. 1, b, c). Upperside paler than in male, being of an
olivescent fuliginous-black, palest apically; markings of the /ore»'{H.^ similar to male,
except that the two discal macular bands are reduced in size, the subapical spots slightly
larger, the submarginal series broader, but less defined ; the two middle portions of
the inner discal macular band are partly whitish speckled externally, and the lower
portion olivescent-blue speckled ; the lower median basal interspace, the base of the
cell, and the discocellular area also blue-speckled. Hindwing with broader discal,
submarginal and marginal markings than in male, the discal area being paler
ochreous-yellow, the submarginal spots partly whitish, and the marginal line white,
the latter with blue-speckled edges. Underside as in the male. Expanse, 3^) inches.

Second Form (Plate 199, fig. 1). Upperside similar to the first form, but
difPers on the /orc!TO?9 in the two lower portions of the inner macular band being
entirely white, the upper portion within the cell only being ochreous-yellow, and
the basal interspaces more brightly blue-speckled. On the hindwing the discal,
submarginal, and lunular interspaces are all white. Underside with similar white
interspaces. Expanse, 3 to S^-q inches.

Third Form (Plate 199, fig. 1, a). Upperside blacker than in the first and
second form. Forewing with the inner and outer discal macular band composed of
smaller and less defined white spots, the lower portions being blue-and-black-speckled.
Hindwing with the discal interspaces restricted to narrow streaks, and these, with
the submarginal spots and marginal lioe are blue-and-black-speckled. Underside
similar to the upperside, except that the discal and submarginal interspaces are
tinged with ochreous. Expanse, 3 to S^-q inches.

Fourth Form (Plate 199, fig. 1, b, c). Upperside of a dark rich purple-black
colour. Forewing slightly olivescent at the apex; the discal macular bands partly
obsolescent, the inner series being composed of a slender ochreous-yellow constricted
streak within the cell, the two next portions represented by a cluster of blue scales ;
of the outer series, the three upper spots are very small and white, the two lower
represented by a cluster of blue scales. Hindwing with the discal interspaces
slightly blue scaled, the submarginal conical spots and marginal lunules being
prominent and entirely blue scaled. Underside. Foreioing with the basal,
discocellular, and lower discal spots, all blue scaled, the ochreous-yellow cell spot
constricted. Hindwing similar to the third form, except that the upper discal spot
and a discocellular spot are both more prominently ochreous-yellow. Expanse, S^-o

NYMPHALIN^. (Group POrj3/7.V.i.) 31

inches. This form has a somewhat general resemblance to the species of the genus
Amesia, a day-flying moth, of the family Zygasnidse, and of which it is probably a
mimic. Expanse, c? 2,-o to 3^^, ? 3 to Sj-q inches.

Habitat. — Nepal; Sikkim ; Upper Assam ; Khasias ; Burma; Upper Siam.

Distribution. — Numerous specimens of both sexes of this species were taken
by the late General G. Ramsay whilst Government Resident in Nepal. Of these
we possess several males and polymorphic females. " The Indian Museum,
Calcutta, has specimens from Nepal, Sibsagar in Assam taken by Mr. S. E. Peal,
and one female from Shillong, taken by Dr. Johnson, is in Major Marshall's
collection " (Butt. Ind. ii. 47). " The males are not very common in Sikkim, and
are found at low elevations in the summer. The females are very variable, and
appear to be in process of mimicking some species of Danainse " (de Niceville,
Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 839)
it is " not uncommon in Sikkim before and after the rains, but local ; the female,
however, is much rarer." In Colonel 0. Swinhoe's collection is a female (of the
form No. 4) from Cherra Punji. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the Naga Hills
(P.Z.S. 1891, 273). Dr. N. Manders, in his Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan
States, Burma (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), records its occurrence" rarely at elevations
of 3000 feet, males only being taken." It was also obtained in the Upper Mekong
Valley Shan States, Siam, by Mr. Richard Roberts, C.E.

Chinese allied Species of Sephisa. — Sephisa princeps (Apatura princeps, Fixsen,
Rom. Mem. Lep. iii. p. 289, pi. 13, fig. 7 (1887). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 151,
pi. 14, figs. 5, 6, (? ? (1892). Syn. Apatura Cauta, Leech, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 417, pi. 35,
fig. 2. Sephisa albomacula, Leech, Butom. 1890, p. 190. Habitat. China. Corea.

Genus HESTINA.

Hestina, Westwood, Gen.'. D. Lep. p. 281 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 160
(1857). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 55 (1886). Staudinger and Schiitts, Lep. Exot.
p. 133 (1887).

Hestina (sect. 2), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 25 (1861).

Imago. — Male. Forewing elongate-triangular ; costa very slightly arched, apex
broad and obtusely rounded, exterior margin concave in the middle, uneven, posterior
margin long and straight ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end
of the cell ; discocellulars short ; the cell open. Eindicing short, triangularly-
ovate ; exterior margin convex, scalloped ; precostal vein straight and with a
lengthened bifurcate tip ; subcostal branches and radial emitted close together :
cell open. Body robust; palpi laxly clothed with fine hairs, apical joint rather long,
pointed ; antennae slender, with a well formed club ; eyes naked. Sexes similar.

Type. — H. Nama.

32 LEPIDOPTERA INBICA.

Note OH the Genus Hestina. — Westwood (Gen. D. Lep. 281) in his short diagnosis
of this genus evidently took Nama as his typical species, for he says " second
subcostal nervule of forewing arising close to the origin of the upper discocellular
nervule." This characteristic of the genus occurs only in Nama, and this species,
moreover, is the one that is figured on the plate, and must therefore be taken as the
type. In all the other species cited by "Westwood under Hestina, the second
subcostal is emitted beyond the upper end of the cell.

MiMiCRr. — The species of Hestina are admirable mimics of the Limnaine genus
Caduga, i.e. G. Tytia (see Plate 15, Vol. I.), etc.

HESTINA NAMA (Plate 200, tig. 1, la, b, c? ?).

Diadema Nama, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 232 ; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. of
D. Lep. pi. 39, fig. 2 (1850).

HesHna Nama, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 281 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. L Company,
i. p. 162 (1857). de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 56, pi. 12, fig. 99, ? (1886). Distant,
Ehop. Malayana, p. 446, pi. 43, fig. 9, ^ (1886). Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 142 (1892).

Imago. — Male. Forewing purpurescent blue-black, with bluish-white markings,
consisting of a longitudinal streak extending along lower base of the cell, followed
by (and sometimes partly coalescent with) a short angulate bar across the middle of
the cell, and then by a triangular discocellular spot ; above the two former are
also two very small spots, and above the latter a small shoi't narrow streak ; across
the inner discal area is a series of elongated outwardly-bifid streaks, the one between
the median and submedian being cleft to near its base ; beyond these is a recurved
proximate series of lunate spots, followed by a submarginal and a marginal row of
lunules, of which the anteriorly disposed are the shortest, small, and are more or
less ovate ; the inner margin from the base to near the outer angle is thickly
speckled with grey scales. Hiiidiving deep bright or dusky chestnut-red, the outer
marginal area being the darkest; the veins black ; a bluish-white streak extending
from the base to the disc between the veins from the costa to the abdominal margin,
the median streaks shortest and bifid at their end, beyond which is a recurved
submarginal row of small rounded spots and then a marginal row of moi'e or less
obscurely-defined lunate points. Cilia of both wings alternately edged with white.
Underside. Forewing with the basal and posterior area bluish-black, the apex dull
chestnut-red, with all the markings as on upperside, but more clearly defined.
Hindwiiig bright chestnut-red, deepest along exterior boi'der ; marked as on the
upperside ; the discal streaks being more or less irrorated with red scales, the upper
discal spots larger and the marginal lunate points well defined. Bodi/ black, grey
streaked above and white spotted beneath ; collar and front white spotted ; palpi
black, each joint with a white spot below ; forelegs white above, black beneath ;
middle and hind legs black above and white beneath ; antennae black ; eyes reddish.

NTMPHALIN^. (Gionp potamina.) 33

Female. Upperside and underside as in the male ; markings the same.
Expanse, c? S^-o to S^-oj ? ^^^q ^o ^^^q inches.

Habitat. — W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma;
Shan Hills.

DisTBiBUTiON. — H. Nama has a wide range, extending from Kashmir on the
West through the Himalayas Eastward to Burma and Siam. We possess specimens
from Kashmir taken by the late Capt. Bayne Keed, Naini Tal from Mr. W. S.
Atkinson's collection, from Sikkim, taken in March, and also from the Runjeet
Valley, Sikkim, taken in October, and others from Bhotau by Mr, G. C. Dudgeon.
According to Mr. L. de Niceville " it is common in the Eastern Himalayas, and
occurs in the Khasia and Naga Hills, and the mountain ranges of Upper Burma.
The female is much less often seen in collections than the male, though at low
elevations in Sikkim in the late autumn it is very common, flying or soaring abo\it
in open spaces on the borders of forests, and exactly mimicking Gaduga Tytia, both
in appearance and habits. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses the species
from Nepal, Silhet, Khasia Hills, Sibsagar, Naga Hills, and also specimens obtained
by the Yunan Expedition" (Butt, Ind. ii. 57). In the Sikkim Gazetteer (1894,
135), Mr. de Niceville also says that " it occurs in Sikkim as high as 6000 feet, but
is more common from 2000 to 4000 feet." Mr. H, J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888,
340) records it as " very common in Sikkim up to 6000 feet, but most abundant
at 3000 to 4000 feet, from March to December, the females being found abundant
as well as the males." In Burma, Major 0. H. E, Adamson (List Butt. Burm, 13)
records it from the " Arakan Hills and Bhamo. Scarce." Lieut. D. Thompson
(J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1890, 296) took it in the Chin-Lushai country during the
Expedition from the Chittagong side in the winter of 1889-90," Mr. F, E,
Dempster (J, Bomb. N. H. S. 1890) obtained it at " Choungkwa, Toungtek, and
Laivar, in March, and at Lamtok in April," during the same Expedition from the
Burmese side of the Hills.

Dr. N. Manders, in his Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Shan States, Burma
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 521), says it "is vary common all the year round. In the
cold weather being found commonly on the tops of the limestone outcrops, which are
so common in the Shan States, and rise to a height of 500 to 600 feet above
the surrounding plain."

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant, Rhop. Malay. 446), and in
Sumatra. It is also recorded from Upper Siam and Western China.

Mimicry. — Both sexes of E. Nama are admirable mimics of the Limnaine
butterfly Cadiiga Tytia* both in appearance, and, according to the observations made

* For Caduga Tytia see Lep. Iiul. i. plate 15.
VOL. III. p

34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

by Mr. L. de Niceville, also in its habits, " flying or soaring about in open spaces on
the borders of forests."

Indo-Malayan allied Species of Hestina. — Hestina mimetica, Butler, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 426. Snellen, Tijd. voor Bntom. 1894, p. 67, pi. 3, fig. 1, c?.
Habitat. Java. — Hestina Carolina, Snellen, Tijd. voor Entom. 1890, p. 218.
Habitat. Sumatra.

Genus PARHESTINA.

Hestina (sect. 1), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 25 (1861).

Hestina (part), de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 55 (1886).

Diagora, Snellen, Tijd. voor Entom. 1894, p. 67.*

Imago. — Male. Foreicing elongated, triangular ; costa more arched than in typical
Hestina (Nama), a^iex narrower; exterior margin less concave, almost even; first
subcostal branch emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, second at one-sixth
beyond the end ; discocellulars somewhat longer. Hindwing broadly ovate, apex
and exterior margin very convex, exterior margin slightly uneven and somewhat
angulate in the middle ; precostal vein short, straight, truncate at the tip ; radial
emitted at some distance from base of the second subcostal. Palpi shorter, more
compactly clothed, apical joint short and thick ; antenniB shorter, club shorter ;
eyes hairy. Sexes similar.

Lakva. — Mr. J. J. "Walker, R.N., describes that of P. nigrivena, of Hong Kong,
as being " slug-like, smooth, green, with two branched horns on the head."

Type. — P. persimilis.

Mimicry. — All the species are more or less mimetic, and the typical species of
this genus are probably mimics of certain Limnaine butterflies of the genus Tirumala,
others also having a general resemblance to the Pierine genus Metaporia.

Habits. — According to Mr. L. de Niceville (Butt. Ind. ii. 66) " they are not
very strong on the wing or rapid in flight, and they frequent glades in forests and
orchards at moderate elevations."

PARHESTINA PERSIMILIS (Plate 201, figs. 1, la, b, <? ? ).

Hestina persimilis, "Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 281 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company,
i. p. 161 (1857). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 58 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside blue-black, with pale olivescent-white markings.
Forewing with a short claviform olivescent-white streak within base of the cell, a
shorter angulate bar across the middle and two very short pointed spots at the end

* Inadmissible ; being the name of a synonym of one of the species included in the genus. Moreover
the name Diagoras has been previously used.

NTMPHALINM. [anxxp potamina.) 35

of the cell, beyond which is a discal curved series of spots, the fourth (in the upper
median interspace) being the smallest, and the next the largest, followed by a
recurved submarginal row of more rounded spots, and then a marginal row of small
dentate spots ; below base of the median vein is an elongated more or less bitid
claviform streak. Hindwing with pale olivescent-white basal and discal interspaces,
followed by an outer discal series of spots, of which the two upper are large and
elongated, and the two lower very small, beyond which is a submarginal row of
lunate spots, and then a marginal row of dots. In some specimens all the markings
are pale bluish-white, in others the outer rows of spots only are whitish. Underside
paler, the posterior and basal area of forewing and the outer border of hindwing
posteriorly being blue-black, the apical area of the forewing and basal area of hind-
wing more or less pale olivescent brown ; the markings, as on the upperside, olivescent
yellowish-white or bluish-white on the forewing. Body, palpi, and legs black ;
thorax and abdomen above fringed with grey hairs at the sides, spotted with white
beneath ; collar and front white spotted ; palpi with a basal white spot beneath ;
forelegs white spotted ; middle and hind femora white beneath ; antennge black ;
eyes reddish, hairy.

Female. Upperside duller black; markings similar to the male, but larger,
more elongated, and all pale olivescent-white ; the bifid streak below the median of
the forewing coalesced with the lower submarginal spots. Underside as in the male,
but paler.

Expanse, S 2i^o to 2i^o. 9 ^1% to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Eastern Himalayas.

Distribution.' — We possess two males and one female from Nepal, taken by the
late General G. Ramsay. " It also occurs in Sikkim. It probably occurs at low
elevations, but little is known about it. The males are rare, the females still more
so. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon reports that it is not uncommon at the foot of the Hills in
Daling"(de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 135). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent.
Soc. 1888, 341) says it is " quite rare in Sikkim, and apparently only found at low
elevations, though in Simla,* it occurs at from 4000 to 7000 feet."

Mimicry. — This species is probably a mimic of the common Limnaine butterfly
Tirumala Limniace.

PAEHESTINA ZELLA (Plate 201, figs. 2, 2a, b, <J ? ).

Hestina Zella, Butler, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1869, p. 9, fig. S- Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 240.
de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 58 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside differs from P. persimilis in the ground
* P. Zella is probably the species here intended.

36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

colour being of a pale fuliginous-black; all the markings less defined and paler, the
basal and discal markings being comparatively larger, and these latter nearly con-
fluent in the male, whilst in the female they are even more confluent, and occupy
nearly the whole of the interspaces between the veins. Underside. Both sexes very
much paler than the uppersides, the markings even less defined and olivescent
yellowish- white, and, in the female, the entire underside is olivescent yellowish-
white, the veins only being blackish, and the markings very obscurely apparent.

Expanse, c? 2^), 2 3 inches.

Habitat. — Western Himalayas.

Distribution. — This is probably the Western Himalayan form of the preceding
species. We possess a male and three females from the Deyra Dhoon, and a female
from the Umballa District taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed. Under the name of
the preceding species Mr. de Niceville states that he " has taken several specimens
in Simla and the neighbourhood, chiefly on over-ripe fruit," and that " at Masuri
the larva feeds on Celtis australis" (Sikkim Gazetteer 1894, 135), Col. A. M. Lang
(Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864-5, 133) records it from the " Himalaya at 4000 to 7000 feet,
three specimens being taken, one in a narrow glen, well wooded with undergrowth,
the other two in an orchard of plum and apricot, on the ripe fruit of which these
insects were settling, both on the trees and on the fallen fruit below."

PARHESTINA MENA (Plate 202, figs. 1, la, cj).

Hestina Mena, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 48, ^J'. de Xiceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.

p. 59 (1886).
Diadema Mena, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1865, p. 398, (J.

Imago. — Male. Upperside black. Forewing with pale yellowish base of the
costal border, a broad streak within the cell, three elongated streaks beyond the
cell, a transverse inner discal series of elongated streaks, followed by an outer discal
series of rounded spots, a submai'ginal series of similar but slightly smaller spots,
and then by a marginal row of still smaller spots ; the two discal and submarginal
series almost confluent, and the streak between the lower median and submedian
divided to near its base. Hindtving with only the veins and a submarginal series of
lunules black, the entire interspaces between the veins being pale yellowish. Under-
side similar to the upperside, except that the veins only and a submarginal series of
obscure lunules are black, the intei'spaces between the veins being very pale
olivescent-yellow ; the discal area of the hindwing being of a slightly brighter
yellowish tint. Body above blackish, white beneath ; thorax white banded ; collar
and head with white spots ; palpi black, but white on the outside of base of second

NYAIPRALINjE. (Group POTAUIX^A.) 37

joint; legs black ; fore tibia and tarsus with anterior white band; middle and hind
femora white beneath, tarsus with white bands. Eyes naked.

Expanse, cJ 3^) inches.

Habitat. — Unknown.

Note. — The type specimen of the male is the only one known to us, and of
which our illustration is a representation. The exact locality of this species is yet
to be determined.

PARHESTINA NICEVILLEI (Plate 202, figs. 2, 2a, cj).
Sestina Zella, de Niceville, Journ. Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1893, p. 65, pi. 1, fig. 2, ^.

Imago. — Male. Outer margins of the wings slightly scalloped. Upperside.
Both wings blacker than in P. Mena, the markings somewhat of a deeper pale yellow,
and brighter yellow on the abdominal margin. Forewing with the cell area and the
discal streaks more thickly black-speckled, the discal streak between the medians
narrower and entire, those of the upper series differently shaped at their outer end,
the outer-discal series of spots different, the lower median spot of this series being
very small, the upper three disposed in an incurved series, there being also a fourth
upper very small spot, which is not present in P. Mena ; the submarginal row of
spots are placed somewhat nearer the margin, and are small, narrow, except the
upper which is dentate ; the marginal are not present. Hindwing with the veins
and the outer border broadly black ; the latter bearing a submarginal series of eight
yellow spots, of which the upper one is small and oval, the next large and conical,
the rest decreasing in size ; beyond these is a marginal medial row of small spots.
Underside with all the veins and outer border more broadly black, the markings
deeper pale yellow on the forewing and brighter yellow on the hindwing. Foreitnng
with similarly disposed and shaped, but prominent markings, as on upperside, except
that the three upper discal and submarginal series are dentate, those of the lower
series being similar, followed by a marginal row of small dentate spots. Hindmng
with a prominent series of yellow submarginal spots extending from base of the
costal vein to the anal angle, the two between the upper subcostal and the radial
broadly dentate, the others oval ; beyond is a marginal row of small spots, of which
the upper three are narrow and the lower round ; a discal series of elongated yellow
streaks from the upper subcostal to the submedian, of which the two upper and the
lowest is incised at the outer end, the other two (between the median veinlets) being
short and oval.

Expanse, c? 3j^ inches.

Habitat. — N.W. Himalayas.

DiSTEiBUTTON. — A single specimen of the male of this species was taken by

38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Mr. L. de Niceville, on May 22ncl, 1879, on tlie forest-clad road between Chumba
and Kujiah.

Mimicry. — Mr. de Niceville remarks {I.e.) that " when capturing this insect it
at once struck me tliat it was an excellent mimic, both in the slow and sailing mode
of its flight, and in general appearance, of Metaporia Caphusa, whicb is an ex-
ceedingly common Pierine butterfly in the spring in many parts of the outer N.W.
Himalayas, and which latter is, doubtless, a protected species. It is more probable
that this species mimics the Pierine butterfly rather than a Danaid [Limnaine],
especially as on the underside both species are washed with yellow on the hindwing,
which the Danaids are not."

Our illustration of this species is a reproduction of Mr. de Niceville's figure in
the Asiatic Society's Journal, as above cited.

Chinese and Indo-Malayan Species of Parhestina. — Parhestina assimilis (Papilio
assimilis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 479 (1758). Clerck, Icones pi. 16, fig. 1,2 (1764).
Drury, lUust. Exot. But. i. pi, 17, figs. 3, 4 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 154,
fig. A. (1779). Ilestina assimilis, Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pi. 47, c? (1886). Leech,
Butt. China, etc., p. 143. Eahitat. E. Tibet, China, Hong Kong, Corea. — Parhes-
tina Formosana, n. sp. Male. — Smaller than the same sex of T. assimilis. Fore-
wing shorter, more triangular in form ; costa more regularly arched, exterior margin
more oblique and concave in the middle. Hindwing also shorter, and the
exterior margin more angular at end of the upper and lower median veinlets.
Upperside blacker, the markings similar but widely separated and well defined.
Forevnng with a basal and widely separated anterior spot within the cell, the basal
streaks between lower median and the submedian divided transversely into two
portions — basal and discal. Ilinclwing with the discal white markings narrower, the
three upper discal streaks broken, the row of submarginal white spots continuing to
the anal angle, with an intervening lower series of small crimson spots, having black
and white speckled centres, disposed between them and the lower discal streaks ;
marginal row of white spots small. Underside olivescent-black, markings as on
upperside, sharply defined ; forewing with two superposed crimson speckled spots
below the submedian disposed between the two submarginal and outer discal spots.
Expanse, 3 inches. Habitat. Formosa (Coll. Moore). — Parhestina nigrivena
(Hestina nigrivena. Leech, Entora. 1890, p. 31 ; Butt. China, etc., p. 144, pi. 20,
fig. 4, 6 (1893). Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 1891, Best. pi. figs. I, 2.
Habitat. C. China. — Parhestina Oberthuri (Hestina Oberthuri, Leech, Entom. 1890,
p. 32 ; Butt. China, etc., p. 147, pi. 20, fig. 7, S (1893). Grose Smith and Kirby,
Rhop. Exot. Hest. pi. figs. 5, 6 (1891). Habitat. W. China. — Parhestina viridis
(Hestina viridis. Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 32; Butt. China, etc., p. 143, pi. 20, fig. 3,
6 (1893). Habitat. C. China. — Parhestina subviridis (Hestina subviridis, Leech,

NYMPBALIN^E. (Group POTAMINi.) 39

Eatom. 1891, Suppl. p. 27; Butt, of China, etc., p. 145, pi. 20, fig. 8, c? (1893).
Habitat. "W. China. — Parhestina intermedia (Hestina intermedia, Leech, Butt, of
China, etc., p. 145. Habitat. Moupin, W. China. — Parhestina Yankoivshii {Hestina.
Yankowskii, Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 2, Hest. pi. 1, figs. 3, 4 (1891).
Habitat. W. China. — Parhestina Japonica (Apatura Japonica, Felder, Wien. Entora.
Monats. 1862, p. 27 ; Prjer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 23, pi. 5, fig. 8. Diagora Japonica,
Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1894, p. 67. Syn. Diadema Diagoras, Hewitson, Exot.
Butt. D. pi. 1, fig. 1 (1863). Habitat. Japan. — Parhestina australis (Hestina
australis. Leech, Butt. -of China, etc., p. 146, pi. 20, fig. 5, c? (1893). Habitat.
Japan. — Parhestina Ghinensis (Hestina Chinensis, Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 146,
pi. 20, fig. 6, 6 (1893). Habitat. Moupin, W. China.

Genus Sasakia.* — Male. Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in
Hestina and Parhestina. Forewing with the apex more pointed, exterior margin
less oblique ; cell area much broader, the upper portion shorter ; upper discocellular
emitted opposite the middle and lower medians, the discocellulars being longer and
the lower bent obliquely inward ; first subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths
before end of the cell, the second branch close before end of the cell. Hinclwing
broadly ovate, exterior margin convex, scalloped, but not angulated in the middle ;
precostal vein moderately long and incurved ; cell area broad. Body very robust ;
palpi much longer, more slender, and laxly hairy along the sides ; apical joint long,
slender, cylindrical; antennae long, stout, club elongated ; eyes naked. Ttpe. — S.
Charonda. — Sasakia Gharonda (Diadema Charonda, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. D. pi. 1,
figs. 2, 3, (? ? (1863). Euripus Charonda, Leech, Butt. China, Japan, &c., p. 149.
Habitat. Japan. — Sasakia Coreana (Euripus Coreanus, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1887, p. 418, pi. 36, figs. 1, la, <? ?. Habitat. Oorea.

Genus EURIPUS.

Euripus, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pi. 41 (1848), Westwood, id. p. 293 (1850). Menetries, Imp.
Acad. Sci. Petr. (1855), p. 34. Moore, Catal, Lep. Mas. E. I. C. i. p. 198 (1857). Felder, Neues
Lep. p. 26 (1861). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 133 (1882). de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc.ii.
p. 15 (1886). Semper, Reisen, Phil. Lep. p. 82 (1887). Staudinger and Schatts, Lep. Exot.
p. 134 (1887). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 147 (1893).

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle, uneven, and angulate at end of
the lower median veinlet ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of
the cell, second at about one-fourth beyond the cell ; discocellulars short, radials from

* Named after our friendly correspondent, Professor C. Sasaki, of the Imperial University, Tokio,
Japan.

40 LEPIDOFTERA INDICA.

angle close to subcostal and the lower end ; cell open ; middle and lower median
veinlet very wide apart. Hindwing subquadrate ; costa much arched at the base,
apex convex, exterior margin scalloped and broadly angular in the middle and
at anal angle; precostal vein thickened and bent outward at the middle; cell
open. Body stout ; palpi porrect, short, apical joint thick and obtusely pointed ;
antennae with an elongated club ; eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar. Female
polymorphic.

Ttpe. — E. Halitherses.

PoLYMOEPHiSM AND MiMiCRY. — "Wherever the species of this genus are found the
females are very variable. In some species the females are distinctly polymorphic,
and are mimics of species of Eupla3iue butterflies, occurring with them, so closely, as
to be easily mistaken for them on the wing, the resemblance being not only in shape
and markings, but also in the manner of flights and in the habit of resting in
exposed positions.

The males have quite a different appearance, their flight is rapid instead of
soaring, and they rest with closed instead of open wings, (de Niceville, Butt. Ind.
ii. IG.)

EURIPUS HALITHERSES (Plate 203, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, e, c? ? ; 204, fig. 1, a, b, c, ? ).

Euripus Halitherses, Do\\\A&&a,y a.x\A Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pi. 41, fig. 2, S (1848). Westwood,
Gen. D. Lep. p. 29-3 (1850). Moore, Catal.Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 199 (1857). de Niceville,
Butt, of India, etc., ii p. 18, pi. 20, fig. 90, S ? (1886) ; id. Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1887),
p. 51. Staudinger, Lep. Exot. pi. 48, <? ? (1885).

Diadema Nijctelius, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. (1845), p. 182, ? ; id. Gen. D. Lep. p. 281, pi. 37,
fig. l.S.

Ilestitia Isa, Moore, Catel. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 161 (1857), ? .

'Euripug Ealiartus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1860, p. 234, $ .

Eurij'us Cinnatnoineu.i, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 272, pi. 4, fig. 4, ? .

Euripm Alci-dhocoides, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 20 (1886), $ .

Imago.- — Male. Upperside blue-black, with pale yellowish-white markings.
Forewing with two pale yellowish-white short slender streaks within base of the cell,
a lobate spot at end of the cell, a transverse excurved discal series of spots, of which
the three upper are small and narrow, the fourth smaller and triangular, the next
situated between the middle and lower median veinlet being much larger and longi-
tudinally oval, beyond which is a submarginal series of six ill-formed <-shaped
marks ending below in a short streak on the posterior margin before the angle,
followed by a marginal posterior row of very bluish-white dots ; between the median
and submedian vein is a lengthened claviform streak, extending from the base,
and is sometimes continuous with a short streak splitting the lower < -shaped sub-
marginal mark, there also being sometimes present a slightly-defined slender line

NYMPHALIN^. (Gnxip potamina.) 41

above and below the clavate end of the streak. Hindwing with the costal border
paler and of a purplish tint ; the discal interspaces from the subcostal vein to the
abdominal margin pale yellowish-white, the traversing veins being broadly black,
followed by a submarginal and then a marginal row of small bluish-white pointed
dots disposed in pairs between the veins, the anterior of the former series being con-
fluent and obscurely dilated. Underside olivescent fuliginous-brown, the posterior
border of forewing and posterior area of the outer border of hindwing being suffused
with blue-black. Both wings with whitish markings, as on upperside. Body black,
thorax and abdomen with white bands ; collar and front, and palpi beneath white
spotted ; legs black ; forelegs with white bands ; middle and hind femora white
beneath ; antennae black ; eyes red, naked.

Female. — Polymorphic and mimetic.

First Fokm. — Isa, Moore (Plate 203, fig. 1, b. c). Upperside purplish blue-
black, brightest apically. Foreioing with a bluish-white broad short oblique upper
discal band from the costa to the middle median intersected by the veinlets ; a very
obscure bluish-white oblique streak at end of the cell, and a more or less complete
marginal row of small white spots, which latter are slender and somewhat elongated
at apical end. Hindwing with the medial discal area from the subcostal vein to the
abdominal margin bluish-white, intersected by the veinlets ; followed by a sub-
marginal and then a marginal row of blue-white spots. Underside uniformly
fuliginous-black, marked as above. Mimics the male of the Euplseine butterflies
Danisepa Rhadamanthus and D. Ramsayi.

Expanse, 2^ to S^ inches.

Second Form (Plate 203, fig. d, e.) Upperside purplish fuliginous-black, more
or less darker and blue tinted apically on the forewing. Forewing with a bluish-
white broad oblique upper discal band, intersected by the veins, as in the first form,
but the band is somewhat broader and less sharply defined, below which is a more or
less obscure elongated white-speckled streak with cleft outer end, and below this is a
similar cleft-spot between the median and submedian, followed below by a streak along
the posterior angle ; a more or less obscure white-speckled oblique streak at end of
the cell ; and a marginal row of small distinct bluish-white pointed spots, of which
two are disposed together between the veins, and the upper slender and elongate.
Eindiving with the basal and discal area bluish- white, this colour also extending, and
more or less coalescing with the submarginal row of large rounded spots, beyond
which is a marginal row of prominent smaller triangular spots in pairs, which latter
are usually conjoined between the veins. Underside more uniformly fuliginous-
black ; marked as on upperside. Mimics the female of Danisepa Rhadamanthus.

Expanse, 3 to 3i inches.

Third Form. — Alcathoeoides, de Niceville. Upperside. Forewing hair-brown,
VOL. in. July 10th, 1896. ' o

42 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

the outer margin towai'ds anal angle very slightly paler, and showing just the faintest
trace of the discal band from the costa, which is present in Isa ; the marginal dots and
streaks present, but hardly visible. Hindwing hair-brown ; a discal series of whitish
spots between the veins, the four upper ones round and equal-sized, the fifth in the
second median interspace larger and diffused inwardly, the one in the space below
elongated into a streak, the one in the submedian interspace still longer and bifur-
cated outwardly ; some obscure streaks on the abdominal margin above the anal
angle. The usual whitish spots in pairs iu the margin. Underside, Both wings
paler, the inner margin of the forewing pale purple, the marginal streaks and spots
more distinct than above. Hindiuing with a discal series of even round whitish spots,
somewhat blurred at the anal angle, marginal spots as above. Apparently mimics
the Euplfeine butterfly Pe7?oa AlcafJwe.

Fourth Form (Plate 204, figs. 1, la). Upperside brown, the basal area blackish.
Forewing with very faint traces of a whitish-speckled elongated streak between the
basal interspace of the middle and lower veinlets, beyond which are three lower sub-
marginal whitish-speckled lunate spots situated between the upper median and
submedian, below which is a similar elongated streak before the posterior angle, and
beyond a complete marginal series of small distinct white spots. Hindwing with a
lower discal series of white-speckled spots which partially coalesce with a submarginal
row of more distinct spots, beyond which is a marginal row of prominent small white
spots. Underside with an ill-defined discal series of whitish spots merging into more
distinct white rounded submarginal spots, beyond which is a marginal row of pro-
minent white spots. Underside uniformly brown, with all the spots as on upperside
more distinctly defined.

Expanse, 3j^o inches.

Fifth Foem. — Nyctelitis, Doubleday (Plate 204, fig. 1, b). Upperside purplish
brownish-black. Forewing with the apical area broadly suffused with blue ; a
marginal series of small narrow oval purpurescent-whitish spots, disposed in pairs
between the veins, and a less defined series of similar-coloured posteriorly-disposed
submarginal rounded spots. Hindwing with the discal and outer interspaces broadly
between the veins pale purpurescent-whitish, crossed by a submarginal shade and
broken by a marginal series of dentate marks of the dark ground colour. Underside
paler than above, with all the markings more clearly defined. A mimic of the
Euplgeine butterfly (?) Penoa Alcathoe or (?) Trepsichruis Linnsei,

Expanse, 2>\ inches.

Sixth Form. — Cinnamomeus, "W. M. (Plate 204, fig. 1, c, d). " Upperside. Fore-
wing purplish black-brown, darkest at the base and along the edges ; glossed with
steel-blue on the disc; a conspicuous suboval or subtriangular patch of changeable
lilac-blue divided by the dark veins, commencing broadly Justin front of the ultimate

NYMPBALIN^. (Gronp POTAMINA.) 43

subcostal fork, and rapidly narrowing to the inner angle, and with an indistinct sub-
marginal series of small roundish white spots placed upon the inner edge of the
narrow black-brown outer border, and extending from the inner angle up to the
third median nervule. Eindwing black-brown of a richer tint, broadly and inter-
digitatingly bordered externally with clear cinnamon-brown, which is traversed by
the dark brown veins, and bears, midway between the black base and the wavy
purplish-black narrow outer border, a series of four impressed white specks all
encircled internally with black-brown, one in each interspace from the first median
to the second subcostal nervule, and, at its junction with the wavy black outer
border, a similar but more complete series of white specks, two to each interspace
(except the second, in which there are four, the middle one of the three being
divided) from the internal nervure to the first subcostal nervule, and all roundish,
except the first two, which present the form of linear marks parallel to the outer
margin. Underside. Both wings cinnamon-brown, narrowly bordered externally
with purplish black-brown, with the veins rich dark brown, and the submarginal
spots more numerous and distinct than above. Foreiving slightly darker for the
basal two-thirds, with a short streak of pale lilac between the first and second
median nervules near the base of the cell, and an ill-defined roundish clump of scales
of the same colour beyond it, an externally forked streak of dark violet-blue occupy-
ing the basal two-thirds of the interno-median area, and followed by an indistinct
clump of violet-grey scales, a grey streak in the apical half of the inner margin, and
a submarginal series of violet-white spots situated upon the inner edge of the black
outer border, and extending from the inner margin to the apex, with all the spots
round, except the first six (which have the form of linear streaks) and the last, which
is elongate, and arranged two in each interspace except the eighth from the apex, in
which there are three, and the last, in which there is only one. Hindwing uniformly
coloured, with a discal series of seven violet-white spots and dots, arranged in two
series, an anterior curved one of three, and a posterior straight one of four, the
three foremost of which latter, with the last of the anterior series, coincide with the
four impressed spots of the upperside ; and with a submarginal series of spots of the
same colour, situation, and extent as in the fore wing, but differing somewhat in shape,
the last three being linear streaks parallel to the outer margin, and the rest more or
less elongate, and those of each pair divergent externally as if they were the remain-
ing outer ends or horns of lost lunules " (W. Mason, I.e.). Mimics the Euplteine
butterfly Penoa Alcathoe.

Expanse, S 2^% to 2^, 9 3 to 3^ inches.

Habitat. — E.Himalayas; Assam; Silhet ; Cachar; Manipur ; Burma.

Distribution. — "This species, with both female forms, Isa and Cinnamomeus,
occur in Sikkim ; there are males in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Silhet,

G 2

44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Cacliar, Naga Hills and Sibsagar ; Mr. J. L. Sherwill has taken the female form Isa
at Jorehat, Assam, in June ; Shillong, also type of Cinnamomens taken in November
by Mr. J. P. Cock; and Upper Burma, taken by the Yunan Expedition. Mr. E. T.
Atkinson records it from the outer ranges of the Himalayas of the N.W. Pro-
vinces " (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 20). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Eat. Soc.
1888, 336) " the female forms Isa and Nijctelius, are both found in the Sikkim
valleys up to about 3000 feet, with the male, from April until the end of the year,
but are not abundant at any season." In the Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 132, Mr. de
Nicc^ville says : " In Sikkim the males are common, the females rarer. It occurs in
the low valleys from March to November."

We possess males from Sikkim, from Burma taken in the Thoungyeen forests,
Tenasserira, by Capt. Bingham, and from the Karen Hills taken by Signer Leonardo
Fea, who also took it at Cheba in November. Of females we possess the form 1
{Isa) from Sikkim, /orm 2 also from Sikkim, and /orm 6 from Sikkim and Rajpore.
Specimens of the female {form 2) from Shillong are in Mr. P. Crowley's collection,
Cberra Punji and Sikkim in Col. C. Swinhoe's collection. Of the female {form 3,
AlcatJioeoides) , the typical specimen was taken in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper
Tenasserim, in April, by Capt. C. T. Bingham. Of the form 4, a specimen from
Cherra Punji is in Col. Swinhoe's collection. Of/orm 5 {Nyctellus) the type, from
Silhet, is in the British Museum collection. Specimens of this form, from Darjiling,
were in Mr. W. S. Atkinson's collection. Col. C. H. E. Adamson (List Butt.
Burm. p. 11) records it from " Arakan, Tenasserim and Bhamo, the males being very
common on the lower ranges of hills from August to December. One female only
seen and captured in Arakan, resembling B. Rhadamanthus." Burmese males,
taken by Col. Adamson, on the underside of the hindwings, have the broad pale area
of a dull pale testaceous colour, not yellow as in Sikkim specimens. A female, of the
form Isa, is recorded from Tavoy (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 422). Lieut. D. Thomson
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 295), records its capture in the Chin-Lushai country
during the Expedition, from the Chittagong side, in the winter of 1889-90.

EURIPUS CONSIMILIS (Plate 205, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, c? ? )•

Hesiina consimilis, Westwood, Geu. of D. Lep. p. 281 (1850), ? . Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.

i. p. 161 (1857).
Euripus consimilis, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 85, pi. 4, fig. 3, ? . Butler,

Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 405. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 17 (1886).
Euripus Hallirothius, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 293 (1850), S- Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.

i. p. 199 (1857).
Euripus meridionalis, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 86, pi. 4, fig. 2, ? (variety).

Imago. — Male. Upperside blue-black, with pale yellowish-white markings, as in

NYMPBALIN^. (Group por^jfji^^.) 45

E. Halitherses, except that, in the forewing, the oblique spot at end of the cell is
angulated, and of equal width across the cell, but is sometimes slightly broken in its
middle ; the transverse discal, submarginal, and marginal markings formed of slender
short streaks disposed in pairs between the veins, the lower discal spot smaller, the
lengthened streak between the median and submedian is bluish-white, entire in its
length, and of nearly equal width throughout. On the hindwingthe basal and discal
yellowish-white interspaces are much broader and entirely, or partially, include the
upper submarginal elongated marks, the lower submarginal spots being large and
bright carmine. Underside. Ground colour blue-black, with markings as on
\ipperside, those on the forewing being bluish-white, and those on the hindwino-
yellowish-white (but in a Burmese specimen in the collection of Colonel C. H. E.
Adamson, the markings on the underside of the hindwing are dull pale testaceous),
the hindwing also having the basal interspaces bright carmine.

Female. Upperside. Ground colour paler blue-black than in the male, with
similarly disposed mai'kings of a pale yellowish-white colour, or, in some specimens,
of a pale pink-flushed bluish-white. Forewing with all the markings larger and
broader, the two basal streaks conjoined, the upper discal and submarginal duplex
streaks between the veins also conjoined, the streak below the median and that also
below the submedian occupying the entire interspace and being blue-tinted at their
base. Hindiving also with broader pale yellowish-white or bluish-white interspaces
than in the male, the submarginal spots larger, broader, and all white. Underside
as on the upperside, except that the basal interspaces of the hindwing are bright
carmine.

Varieties. — Female. Some specimens have still broader markings on both
wings, these markings being either pale-yellowish or bluish-white ; on the hindwings,
in some, also the markings are almost all obsolete, the black veins, a separated or
connected cluster of speckles on the middle of the three medians and a marginal
macular band being the only markings.

Expanse, c? 2i-o to 2^-0, ? 3 to Sj^ inches.

Habitat, — Himalayas ; Assam ; S. India ; Burma ; Siam.

DiSTmBUTiON. — Of this species we possess males from Deyra Dhoon and Nepal,
and females (with pale yellowish-white markings) from Deyra Dhoon and N. W.
Himalayas ; other females (with bluish-white markings) from Nepal, taken by the
late General G. Ramsay, and also from Nowgong, Assam, taken by Mrs. Span.
" The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses a pair of females taken by Col. Buckley
at Masuri, two males from Buxa, Bhotan, one male from Sikkim, a female from
Sikkim being in Mr. Otto Moller's collection ; one female from the Thoungyeen
forests, Upper Tenasserim, taken by Capt. Bingham, and a female from Trevan-
drum, Travancore, In Mr. W. Doherty's collection there are a pair taken in

46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

December on a Peak 5000 feet near Potingi, Jaipur State, Eastern Gliats ; a female
without locality in Col. A. M. Lang's collection, and another from Cannanore, South
India, in Col. J. H. McLeod's collection, and Mr. E. T. Atkinson records it as rare
from the Outer Himalayas of the North-West Provinces" (Butt. ind. ii. p. 18).
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124) records "two females from Jhulaghat,
East Kumaon." Mr. H. J. Blwes (Tr. Eut. Soc. 1888, 335) says "this species
rarely occurs in the Sikkim Hills, but in the Terai, and as far out in The Plains as
Jalpaiguri, it has been taken by Mr. A. V. Knyvett and Mr. Otto Moller, in July,
August, and September." Mr. L. de Niceville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 132) says
" this is one of the rarest of the butterflies of Sikkim. The male is always rarer
than the female." Major C. H. E. Adamson (List Butt. Burm. p. 11) records "the
capture of four males and one female in the Bhamo District ; males taken in October
and November, on the Sinkan River, and female in May." Mons. G. A. Poujade
(Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 3rd ser. iii. p. 263, pi. ii. fig. 3) records and figures a female
taken near Bankok, Siam.

Mimicry. — The males probably mimic the Limnaine butterfly Tirumala Lhnniace,
and it is suggested by Mr. L. de Niceville (Butt. Ind. ii. 18) that the females
probably mimic species of the protected Pierine genus Thyca.

Indo-Malayan and Chinese species op Edkipus, etc. — Euripus Pfeifferge, Felder,
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1860, p. 235, pi. 3, fig. 1, ? . Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 135, fig.
5. Syn. E. Eupleeoides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 415 (1866). Butler,
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Distant, Rhop. Mai. p. 134, pi. 13, fig. 6, 7,
c? ? (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra. — Euripus Borneensis,
Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 54, c? ? . Mimics the Bornean Euplteine
butterfly Danisepa Lowei. Habitat. Borneo. — Euripus Clytia, Felder, Reise
Novara, Lep. iii. p. 415, pi. 56, fig. 7, ? (1866). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 83,
pi. 15, fig. 8, 9, c? ? (1887). Habitat. B. Mindanao. — Euripus Ankxus, Semper,
I.e. p. 83, pi. 15, fig. 6, 7, S (1887). Habitat. Philippines. — Euripus Lucasioides,
Semper, I.e. p. 84, pi. 15, fig. 4, 5, ? (1887). HabUat. Mindanao.— i'uW/jM.s
Nysia, Semper, I.e. p. 84, pi. 15, fig. 11, 12, 13, S ? (1887). Habitat. S. Min-
danao.— Euripus funebr is. Leech, Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 27; Butt, of China, etc.,
p. 150, pi. 16, fig. 1, c? (1893). Habitat. W. China.

Genus Albania. Male. Forcwimj elongated, narrow ; costa slightly arched at
the base, apex rounded ; exterior margin oblique, slightly uneven ; posterior margin
much recurved from the base ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end
of the cell, second branch at one-fifth beyond the cell, third at two-fifths ; discocel-
lulars short, curved outward ; cell broad, open. Hindwing short, anterior margin
convex, apex and exterior margin very convex, slightly uneven ; precostal vein short
and straight ; subcostals and radial emitted from near costal vein ; cell narrow, open.

NTMPHALIN^ (Group EVTHALIIXA.) 47

Body very hairy ; palpi slender, clothed with very long slender hairs ; antenuse with
a well-formed lengthened club ; eyes naked. — Type. A. Raddei. — Aldania Baddei
(Diaderaa Raddei, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. 1861, p. 467. Neptis Raddei, Bremer,
Lep. Ost-Siberia, p. 18, pi. 1, fig. 9 (1864). Habitat. E. Siberia, Amurland.

Group III. EUTHALIINA.

Nymphalina (part), Herr. Schseflfer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Ehop. Malayana, p. 83

(1882).
Adoliades, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 86 (1869).
N ijmplialida (part), Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 110.
Nymphalidas (Euthalia group), Staudinger and Schiitts, Exot. Schmett. p. 163 (1887).
Euthaliina, Moore, Lep. Indica, ii. p. 225 (1895).

Characters of the Groop Euthaliina.

Imago. — Robust. Forewings broad, triangular; apex either obtusely pointed or
rounded, or somewhat falcate ; exterior margin either slightly, but obtusely, scalloped,
or nearly even. The costal vein either free in both sexes, or anastomosed to the
first subcostal branch in both sexes, very rarely free in the male and. anastomosed
in the female. Cell in male either closed or open in both fore and hindwings, or
rarely closed in the forewing and open in the hindwing. Hindwings short, broad,
triangular or obovate, or sometimes subquadrate. Eyes naked ; very rarely hairy.

Caterpillar. — Head slightly cleft and spiny or minutely hairy. Body armed
with either an erect subdorsal and a lateral row of branched-spines, or with only a
lateral row of very long horizontally-projecting branched-spines.

Chrysalis. — Elongate and boat-shaped, with arched dorsum and bifid head, or,
short and stout, with conically triangulate medio-dorsal keeled prominence, and
bifid head.

Egg. — Unknown.

Habits of the Imago. — " The Euthalias have a bold flight, and settle with wings
both closed and open, the former more especially when alarmed. They are
particularly partial to the juices of over-ripe fruit " (de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng.
1893, 45). " The commonest and most widely spread species of the group, Euth.
Garuda, frequents mangos trees, and usually settles with wings widely spread open,
and, I think, is less common in the jungle than it is about human dwellings. It
loves to bask on old grey walls, and may be found making itself happy in the dirtiest
part of the Native Town. I am quite sure it prefers the liquids which it sips from
the roadside gutter to the nectar of any flower " (Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. S.
1886, 134). " The species of Parthenos have a very beautiful and charaoteristio

48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

flight, unlike any other butterfly known to me. It is very strong on the wing, and
flies over high bushes and trees, and alights on the upperside of the leaves with
open wide-spread wings. When flying it keeps the wings very level and parallel
with the ground, the tips or apices of the forewings slightly depressed, it flaps the
wings but seldom, and is much given to soaring" (de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng.
1895, 414).

Mimicry, and Protective resemblance, in Imago. — Mr. W. Doherty notes
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1889, 122) Kirontisa Telchinia as being a " mimic." In general
coloration and pattern of markings there is a similarity to species of Gijnitia,
which is an allied and apparently a " protected " genus of the present group.
According to the observations of Mr. L. de Niceville, " the Tasinga anosia, which
is generally found in river beds, where it is fond of resting with outspread wings
on the face of large boulders, and from which [owing to its greenish-grey
and mottled appearance] it is then scarcely distinguishable" (Sikkim Gazetteer,
1894, 144).

In addition to the genus Gynitia, as above noted, the species of the genus Nora
are also, apparently, " protected " ; the males, in both these genera, possessing a
conspicuous patch of glandular scales at the base of the upperside of the hindwing.

Habits, and Protective resemblan'ce, op Larva. — " The larvse of the genera
Euthalia and Sytfiphseclra are amongst the most remarkable in butterflies. Project-
ing from the body all round are long widely-branched spines somewhat resembling
fern fronds. These spines spring in a single row from the sides, and when at rest
on the surface of a leaf lie flat upon the leaf. The larvae are usually green, and
though so conspicuous-looking when separated from their natural surroundings, are
exceedingly well-hid and diSicult to see when at rest in their usual position in the
middle of a leaf. I have often found the larvce of Eath. Garuda at rest on the
middle of a mangoe leaf, in which position it is very difiicult to see, its body with
the pale dorsal line answering to the midrib of the leaf, while the lateral branched
spines pass for the other veins of the leaf on which it is resting, forming a
remarkable instance of protective coloration, structure, and habit combined "
(de Niceville, Butt. India, ii. pp. 3, 192).

Key to the Indian (and Indo-Malatan) Genera of Euthaliina.

A. Costal vein of forewing free, in male and female.
a. Cell ot forewing and of hindwing dosed.

a. Eyes naked ...... Parthenos. Bassarona.^ Kangasa.'

Neurosigma. Dophla.' Limbusa.*
Mahaldia.5

b. Eyes hairy . ... Siibochiona. Dichoreagia.

Vi 109

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^ ' 0

NYMPHALINjE. (Group ^UTHALIIJTA.)

49

b. Cell oiforewing closed, of hindwivg open.

a. Eyes naked ....

c. Cell of forewing and of hindioing open.

a. Eyes naked ....

AUEOTA.

Stmph.tdra.'' Kirontisa.' Sonepisa.'-'

Edthalia.i" Chucapa.i-

B. Costal vein of forewing free in male, anastomosed to first subcostal branch in female.

a. Cell of forewing and of hindwing open.

a. Eyes na^erf Nora.^ Tasinga."

C. Costal vein smA. first subcostal branch of forewing anastomosed, in male und female.

a. CeZZ of forewiny and of hindwing closed.

a. Eyes waAecZ Zalapia.^^ Labranga.i*

b. Cell ot forewing closed; of hindioing open.

a. Eyes naked ' Lexias.^^ Adolias.h^ Marthisa.^^

Sentadipa." Camaraga i' Cynitia.^"

c. Cell oi forewing and of hindwing open.

a. Eyes naked Tanaecia.-i Passieona." Saparona.'-s

Haramba.-* Bucasia."

1 Tjpe Teuta.

2 „ Dunya,

3 ,, Evelina.

4 „ Nara.

s ,, Sahadeva.

0 Type Nais.

7 ,, Telchinia.

8 ,, Kesava.

9 „ Kanda.

10 ,, Luhentina.

11 Type Aiiosia.

12 ,, Franciee.

13 ,, Patala.

14 ,, Dtirga.

15 ,, JEropus.

\6 Type Dirtea.
17 ,, Canescens.
IS „ Satrapes.

19 „ Damalis.

20 ,, Fhleijetkon.

21 Type Pitfasara.

22 „ yloiisa.

23 „ Cibaritis.

24 ,, Appiades.

25 ,, CalUphorus.

Genus PARTHENOS.

Parthenos, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sohmett. p. 38 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 46 (1881).

Distant, Ehop. Malayana, p. 143 (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 147 (1886).

Semper, Reisen, Phil. Lep. p. 97.
Minetra, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 126 (1832). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 265 (1850).

Imago. — Male. Wings large, broad. Forewi%ig triangular ; costa very slightly
curved, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped, posterior
margin short, angle convex ; costal vein extending to two-thirds of the costal
margin, free from the subcostal in both sexes ; first and second subcostal branches
somewhat undulated, the first subcostal emitted before one-half length of the cell,
second at one-sixth before the end, third at half length beyond the cell and curved
upward, running close along second for some distance and ending at the apex,
fourth and fifth on a short footstalk starting from near base of the third ; cell long,
narrow ; upper discocellular extremely short, bent immediately below the subcostal,
middle discocellular inwardly oblique and straight, lower discocellular concave and
directed inward, radials from the upper and lower angles ; upper median veinlet
bent convexly upward beyond the cell and then extending parallel and, at equal
distance with lower branches, middle branch emitted before end of the cell, lower
branch at a considerable distance before its end ; submedian recurved near its base.

VOL. III. H

50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Hindwing short, very broad, somewhat quadrate ; exterior margin scalloped, produced
outward below the middle ; costal vein much arched from the base and extending to
the apex ; precostal vein distinct, extending parallel with and joined to the costal —
thus forming a closed precostal cell — and there throwing off a short bifid spur,
towards the costa, immediately before its junction with the costal vein; cell very
short ; first and second subcostal bi'anches emitted at about equal distances from
upper base of cell ; upper and lower discocellulars outwardly -oblique, each slightly
concave, lower discocellular slender, radial from their middle ; two upper median
branches emitted from end of the cell, upper bent convexly near its base, lower
from one-third before end of the cell ; submedian curved near the base ; internal
vein straight, short. Body stout, abdomen short ; palpi ascending, pilose beneath
and above at tip of second joint ; second joint very long, extending to a level with
vertex, third joint very short, pointed; legs slender, long; antennge long, gradually
thickened towards the tip. Eyes naked. Sexes alike.

Caterpillar. — Cylindrical. Head and anal segment minutely spined, other
segments with minute sublatei^al spines ; third to twelfth segment each armed with
erect subdorsal rather long branched-spines.

Chrysalis. — Boat-shaped ; dorsum and thorax arched and somewhat sharply
keeled ; wing cases also keeled in front ; head ending in two obtuse points.
Suspended perpendicularly.

Type.— P. Sylvia.

Habits op Imago. — " All the species of this genus have a very beautiful and
characteristic flight, imlike any other butterfly known to me. It is very strong on
the wing, and flies over high bushes and trees, and alights on the upperside of the
leaves with open wide-spread wings. When flying it keeps the wings very level
and parallel with the ground, the tips or apices of the forewings slightly depressed,
it flaps the wings but seldom, and is much given to soaring. The Sumatran form
(P. liacinus). Dr. Martin says, ' occurs all the year round at low elevations ; it is
rare, but is not easy to captiire. It is found not only in high forest, but also in
small strips of forest and jungle always accompanying the smaller streams. It is
very fond of, and is only found, near water. It was noticed settling in considerable
numbers on the flowers of a snow-white lily, covering the banks of the Bedageri
River, and a fine series of specimens were captured on the flowers of some male
Papaya trees planted at the Batoe Mandi Estate, on the high bank of the Wampoe
River'" (L. de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 414). Mr. W. B. Pryer
records the following observations on the N. Bornean species — -" Parthenos sails by
a flowering bush, on down-pointed nearly stationary wings, or keeps flying from and
to the flowers in small circles, and indulges in frequent flights with its own species"
(Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, 42).

NYMPFIALINuE. (Group FATHALIIXA.) 51

PARTHENOS VIRENS (Plate 206, figs. 1, la; larva and pupa, lb, c, cJ ?).

Parthenot virens, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 47. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 149
(1886). Davidson, Journ. Bombay N. H. See. 1890, p. 274, pi. B, figs. 3, 3a, larva and pupa.

Iji.\go. — Male and female. Upperside with the ground colour uniformly
senescent-green. Foreioing witli the two outer cell-marks nearly opaque and greenish-
white, the transverse discal semidiaphanous white macular band interrupted, broadly
separated by black veins, the portions smaller and shorter than in P. Gambrisi us, the
two median spots rounded, the submedian very small and round ; the marginal
black bands broad. Hindiviiig with the black basal bands narrower, the inner discal
spots prominent, the outer discal duplex-marks shorter and broader, the subraarginal
spots broadly conical, and the marginal band broad, these three latter series thus
showing narrower interspaces. Underside somewhat darker than in P. Gambri>iii(,s.
Forewing with the markings more broadly black-bordered, the marginal bands
broader, macular, and black. Hindioing with the markings blacker and more
broadly defined.

E.'^panse, c? 4 to 4^-0, ? 4j^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Cylindrical. Head and anal segment minutely spined, other
segments with minute sublateral spines ; third to twelfth segment each armed with
erect subdorsal rather long branched-spines. Colour olive-green, with a sublateral
pale yellow band ; head and spines purplish ; feet brownish. (Taken from the
original drawing made in Kanara by the late S. N. Ward, and from the published
figure by Mr. J. Davidson.) Mr. Ward, in MS. Notes, fully describes the larva,
probably taken just previous to pupation, as the colours given differ from his original
drawing, which also includes the pupa and imago, as follows : — " August 6th. Larva.
Head dull yellow-brown ; back ditto, but more brown ; sides brownish-purple, upper
part yellow, middle all through lighter, purple below ; back and sides covered with
minute white spots. A ridge of foui'-branched spines purple at top with others
below are inserted just along top of the back, those on 3rd, 4th, 10th and 11th
segments being longer than the others, those on the 3rd longest of all. A single
spine (forked) on the 3rd and 4th segments, and single on rest of the other segments
just above the yellow mark, and a line of plain white spines at the bottom of it, four
on each joint, of which the 4th is far the longest, and a shorter row just above the
feet of which the two middle are longest. The anal segment thickly set with single
spines ; head ditto, some black, some white. Feet light brown, except anal, which
are black and shining. Changed to pupa August 9th. Imago emerged August
12th."

Chrysalis. — Boat-shaped ; dorsum and thorax arched and somewhat sharply
keeled ; wing cases also keeled in front ; head ending in two obtuse points. Colour
uniformly brown. Suspended perpendicularly. *

u 2

53 LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

Habitat. — Soutli India.

Distribution. — " This is not by any means a rare butterfly in forest country in
the North Kanara District, especially towards the end of tlie rainy season"
(J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896). Mr. S. N. Ward records it as " toler-
ably common above the Ghats, at Mangalore, Sircy, and Calicut, where I have found
the larva not unfrequently about August or a little later " (MS. Notes). Also
" common on the lower slopes of the Travancore Hills up to 1000 to 2000 feet "
(H. S. Ferguson, J. Bombay X. H. S. 1891, p. 9). It is common on the Western
slopes of the Nilgiris, and occurs throughout the District as a rare straggler"
(G. Hampson, J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). " There are numerous specimens in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Calicut, and Trevandrum. It also occurs in the
Wynaad and North Kanara " (Butt. India, ii. 149).

Habits of Imago. — " Its grand spread of wing and bold flight always arrests
attention. The manner of its flight is the same as that of Limenitis, Athyma, and
some other genera, — a jerky stroke at short intervals between which the wings are
held stifily outstretched and pointing a little downwards, but those genera lack the
power of Parthenos. Sometimes a solitary one is met with travelling across open
plains, but we do not know that it migrates " (Davidson, I.e.).

Food-plant.— Mr. Davidson says (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1890, 274), " We got only
a few larvas in September and October, and had difficulty in rearing them owing to
the scarcity, in the vicinity of Karwar, of its food-plant, a creeper, with large thick
elliptic leaves, belonging, we believe, to the Cucurbitaceas."

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 206, fig. 1 is a reproduction of Mi-.
Davidson's drawings of the larva and pupa in the Bombay Nat. Hist. Society's
Journal ; fig. la is a copy of the late Mr. Ward's Calicut drawing of the larva and
pupa, and fig. lb, c, that of the male upperside and female underside.

PARTHENOS GAMBRISIUS (Plate 207, figs. 1, la, $ "}).

Papilio Gamhrisius, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 12 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 85 (1793), ? .

Minetra Gamhrisius, Doubleday, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 86 (1844). Butler, C'atal. Fabr.

Lep. B. M. p. 101 (1869).
Parthenos Gamhrisius, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 148 (1857). de Nictville, Butt.

of India, etc., ii. p. 147 (1886).
Parthenos apiealis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829.

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside dark olive-green ; cilia alternately black
and white. Forewing with two short black streaks from the base, the upper one
extending along both sides of the median vein to its first branch and giving off
within the cell a curved fine line to the subcostal veinlet, followed across the cell by

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 53

two outwardly-oblique lines, which are joined posteriorly, then by a semihyaline
bluish-white band, a black triangular space, and then another triangular semihyaline
triangulate mark, the latter outwardly defined by a fine black line following the
discocellular veinlets ; beyond the cell is an outwardly-triangular semihyaline bluish-
white spot situated between the base of the lower radial and upper median veinlet ;
the disc is crossed by an inwardly-oblique semihyaline bluish-white baud, composed
of irregular shaped continuous spots disposed between the veinlets, and all defined
by the black slender veins and outer edges, those spots above the lower radial being
elongated, the three lower shorter and broader, the lowest small and constricted ; in
some specimens, of both sexes, the narrow upper white portion extends, opaquely,
along the costal border to the apex (as in the Fahrician type female specimen of
Gambrisius), and there is a more or less incipient white small spot in front of the
lower subcostal one. Beyond this bluish-white macular band is a submarginal and a
marginal black band, both bands being somewhat macular, the former with an inner
additional slender sinuous portion at its lower end ; the lower discal interspace
between the median and posterior margin being slightly suffused with pale lilac.
Hindwing crossed by a short black basal, a narrow inner subbasal, followed by a
broader outer subbasal band, then by a discal band of small dentate spots increasing
in size posteriorly, an outer discal series of slender double-pronged marks, the inter-
vening veins being black-bordered ; a submarginal row of acutely-pointed dentate
spots and a marginal lunulated band ; from the middle of the costa, between the
outer subbasal and discal band, are two short white lunular spots ; the upper discal
interspaces slightly suffused with pale blue. Underside much paler olive-green,
Forewiiui with all the markings similar, but less prominent. Hindwing crossed by a
slender black irregular wavy discal line, and a subbasal short line between the costal
and subcostal vein, followed by an inner discal series of very ill-defined black-
speckled lunules, then an outer discal series of pale bordered black-speckled duplex-
marks, the upper one of which latter is the largest and most prominent, afterwards
is a submarginal sei-ies of lunules and marginal spots, the latter being disposed at
end of the veins. Body above dark olive-green ; thorax and abdomen crossed by
black bands ; body beneath, palpi and legs olivescent-white ; apex of palpi above
olivescent-brown ; antennse blackish-brown ; eyes red-brown.

Expanse, S 2>^^y to A^q, ? 4j^o inches.

Habitat. — Eastern Bengal ; Assam ; Silhet ; Cachar ; Burma ; Tenasserim.

DisTEiBUTiON.^The late Captain Mortimer J. Slater (MS. Notes, p. 244)
remarks, " I met with this insect (P. Gambrisius) at Dacca, in the deepest jungle.
Its flight is rapid and dodgy, and in consequence is very diSicult to capture on the
wing." Mr. L. de Nicdville (Butt. Ind. ii. 147) records it from Eastern Bengal,
Shillong, Assam, Silhet, Cachar, and Upper Tenasserim. Mr. Wood-Mason obtained

54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

numerous specimens at " Silcui'i in Cacliar in the summer months." Major C. H. E.
Adamson (List of Burmese Butt. 16, 1 889) says, " It is common throughout Burma,
appearing at all seasons of the year, and is a very rapid flyer from tree to tree."
It has been taken in Chittagong in October. Dr. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890,
623) records it as " common in the Shan States, Burma, at the end of the rains, and
occurs from 3000 to 8000 feet elevation." Signor Leonardo Fea took it in Rangoon,
in December, and in the Karen Hills in November. Mr. 0. Limborg took it " above
Ahsown; Taoo, at 3000 to 5000 feet in Upper Teuasserim " (P. Z. S. 187S, 829).
Capt. E. Y. Watson also found it not uncommon at Rangoon and Beeling. Capt.
Bingham obtained it at Minthantoung in December, and also in the Donat Range
and Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim. Dr. J. Anderson obtained it at
" Minthantoung in December, and on Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago, in
January" (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35).

PARTHENOS ROEPSTORFFII (Plate 207, fig. 2, S)-

Male and female. Differs from typical Burmese P. Gamhrisius, on the upper-
side of both sexes, in the ground-colour of both wings being of a more uniformly
yellowish olive-green colour, without any trace of the lilacine or greyish blue; the
transverse bluish-white spots on the forewing are comparatively smaller, and the
submarginal black fascia more macular.

Expanse, S 3/o to 4, ? 4j-o inches.

Habitat. — S. Audamaus ; Nicobars.

Numerous specimens were taken at Port Blair, S. Andamans, by the late Mr. F.
de Roepstorff, from whom we personally received several specimens of both sexes.
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 260) records it, as P. Ulacinns, from the
Great Nicobars. Scarce.

PARTHENOS CYANEUS (Plate 208, figs. 1, la; larva and pupa, lb, c, ^ ? ).

Parthcnos cyaiieus, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1887, p. "16 ; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 46, pi. 24,
figs. 1, la (1881). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 149, pi. 21, fig. 95, S (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside with tlie ground-colour uniformly
greyish-blue, the black markings prominent and distinct. Forewing with the bluish-
white markings very prominent, the transverse discal series interrupted and broadly
separated by black veins, the posterior spot small ; marginal band broad, confluent
anteriorly. Hindunng with the two black subbasal bands and inner-discal band
macular, the discal duplex linear-marks narrow, the submarginal series narrowly
lunular, and the m.arginal band narrow. Underside pale greyish-green, markings
similar to P. rirens but somewhat less prominent.

NYMPHALINjE. (Group EUTHALIINA.) fib

Expanse, c? 4, ? 41^0 inches.

Caterpillar. — Cylindrical ; pale yellowish purplish-brown, darker beneath,
with dark brown longitudinal dorsal lines, and transverse white-dotted segmental
lines ; head and legs dark brown ; head and anal segment spined ; other segments
slightly hairy ; third to twelfth segments armed with erect rather long subdorsal
dark purplish branched-spines, which are longest on the 3rd, 4th, lltli and 12th
segments. " Feeds on Modecca" (Thwaites).

Chrysalis. — Boat-shaped ; pale purplish-brown ; head pointed and cleft.

Habitat. — Ceylon.

Distribution and Habits. — " Occurs everywhere. Plains and up to 6000 feet
elevation, in forest land, I believe all the year round. A slow flyer, rather shy ;
sits on large leaves with wings expanded " (Hutchison). Common at Galle and
Kandy (Capt. Wade). Very swift of flight and difficult to capture (Mack-
wood).

Indo-Malayan Species. — Parthenos 81/lIa (Papilio Sylla, Donovan, -Ins. of China,
pi. 38 (1798). Syn. Minetra Gambrisius, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep.
pi. 51, f. 2 {nee Fabricius). Parth. lilacinus, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877,
p. 544. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 143, pi. xi. fig. 7, ? . de Niceville, Journ. As.
Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 414. Male and female. TJpperside. Ground-colour darker
than in typical P. Gambrisius, all the black markings more intensely defined and
broader. Forewing with the semidiaphanous bluish-white discal macular band
more widely broken and composed of smaller portions, both the subapical, discoidal,
and median, and each broadly divided by black-bordered veins ; the lower discal
interarea of the forewing and between the basal, subbasal, and discal band
of the hindwing prominently suffused with deep lilacine-blue. Expanse, c? 4,
9 4^-0 inches. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. — Parthenos Sylvia (Papilio
Sylvia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 43, figs. F, G (1776). Habitat. Java. — Parthenos
Javaensis, Staudinger, Lep. List, 1896, p. 31. Habitat. Java. — Parthenos Nella,
Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 429. Syn. ? P. Borneeusis, Staudinger, Lep.
List (1896), p. 31. Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo. — Parthenos Salentia, Hopffer,
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 35. Snellen, Tijd. Bnt. 1878, p. 13, Semper, Reise Phil.
Lep. p. 97, pi. 19, fig. 1-4, c? ? . Habitat. Philippines. — Parthenos Philippensis,
Staudinger, Lep. List (1896), p. 31. Habitat. Philippines. — Parthenos Aruana.
Difi'ers from typical P. Sylvia on the upperside in the ground-colour of the forewing
being dark olive-green, except a well-defined area below the median vein, which is,
as well as the liindwing, of a cuprescent brown colour ; the transverse series of
discal bluish-white spots are also much smaller and wider separated, the posterior
spot being very small. On the hindwing the submarginal black band is formed by
a continuous stries of broad lunules. On the underside the ground-colour is

56 LEPIBOPTERA INDICA.

uniformly pale olive-green, the basal area of the hindwing being also of that colour.
Expanse, 4 inches. Habitat. Aru (Wallace). Coll. Moore.

Genus SYMPH/EDRA.

Stjmphccdra, Hiibner, A'erz. bek. Schmett. p. 39 (1816) ; Zutriige, List, p. 7, f. 1, 2 (1818).

Doubleday, List Lep. B. M. i. p. 105 (1844). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 34 (1881).
Sympluedra (part),* Westwood, Gen. U. Lep. ii. p. 294 (1850). Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 612.

Distant, Ehop. Malay, p. 112 (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 135 (1886).
Adolias (sect. 10), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).

Imago. Wings short, broad. Foretving triangular ; costa regularly arched,
apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly scalloped ; cell short, open, upper end
t-xtending to one-third the length of wings, broad ; first subcostal branch free in
both sexes ; first and second subcostals emitted before end of the cell, first at one-
third before the end, the third at one-fifth and fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond ;
upper discocellulars very short, convexly angular, lower entirely absent, the cell
being perfectly open, the radials from the angles of upper discocellulars ; lower
median branch emitted opposite the discocellulars, the two upper medians at some
distance beyond ; submedian straight. Hindwing rather short, broadly triangularly-
oval, apex and exterior margin very convex, slightly scalloped, abdominal margin
short ; costal vein very concave at the base and with a short curved precostal spur ;
■cell short, open ; lower subcostal emitted at one-seventh from the base of upper ;
the discocellular from near base of lower subcostal ; lower median emitted from
beyond opposite to discocellular. Body small ; palpi porrect, small, compactly pilose,
apex short, pointed ; legs squamose ; forelegs slender ; antennas long, with a rather
stout club. Byes naked. Sexes alike.

Caterpillar. — Slightly tapering towards both ends ; the sides armed with a
row of ten horizontally projected very long fleshy spines numerously covered with
fine hairs of a non-irritating character.

Chrysalis. — Short, broad ; dorsum keeled ; broadly triangular across the
middle ; head bifid.

Egg. — Unknown.

Type.— S. Nais.

SYMPH^DRA NAIS (Plate 209, figs. 1, la ; larva and pupa, 1, b, c, d, e, i, g, S 9 )•
Papilio Nais, Forster, Novae Spec. Ins. Cent. i. p. 73 (1771).

Symphcedra Nais, Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 746 (1877). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 35 (1881).
do Niceville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 186 (1886).

* Tne Malayan butterfly described as Argynuis Emalea, Giicrin, Deless. Voy. I'lnde, ii. 72 (1843),
and referred to the genus Symphwdra by Kirby (Catal. p. 259), by Distant (Khop. Malay, p. 114), and by
de Niceville ( Butt. India, ii. p. 187), is unquestionably a species of Cirrochroa.

NYMPHALIN^. (Gioap eutealiina.) 57

Papilio Thyelia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 142 (1793). Jones, Icones, v. pi. 83, fig. 2. Donovan,

Ins. India, pi. 31, fig. 3 (1800).
Argynnis Thyelia, Godart, Encycl. Meth. ix. p. 257 (1819).
Symphadra Alcandra, Iliibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 40 (1816) ; Zutriige, Exot. Schmott. i. p. 7,

figs. 1, 2 (1818).
Symphcedra Thyelia, Doubleday, List Lep. B. M. i. p. 105 (1844). Westvvood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 295,

pi. 42, fig. 6 (I80O). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 87. Forsayeth, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lend. 1884, p. 384, pi. 14, fig. 3, 3a, larva and pupa.

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside fulvous-red ; cilia black, alternated with
white. Forewing with a large oblique broad black discocellular spot, a contiguous
discal spot, an oblique subapical streak, a transverse narrow submarginal and a
lunular band, the two latter joined hy black streaks on the veins. Hindwing with a
large black medial costal spot, a submarginal curved row of small round spots, and
broad marginal band, the black slightly ascending the veins ; sometimes a black dot
is present within the cell area. Underside, brownish-ochreous. Forewing with the
discal area pale ochreous-red, two discoidal black ringlet-marks bordered between by-
white, a large black contiguous discal spot, an oblique short subapical yellowish-
white macular band bordered inwardly with dark brown, followed by lower sub-
marginal black lunules. Hindwing with a yellowish- white medial transverse discal
band, which varies in width and is sometimes more or less broken, or consists of a
costal and lower spots, or a costal spot only, and is sometimes entirely absent ; two
small discoidal red-centred black rings, and a submarginal row of small black points.
Body fulvous-red ; palpi above brown, red beneath ; legs fulvous-grey ; antennge
black, tipt with red.

Expanse, i 'i^^, ? 2^, inches.

Cateepillae. — Slightly tapering towards both ends ; colour light green, with a
dorsal row of purple spots, the sides armed with a row of ten very long horizontally
projected fleshy spines numerously covered with fine green hairs of a non-irritating
character.

Cheysalis. — Short, broad ; dorsum keeled ; broadly triangular across the
middle ; head bifid ; colour green, with dark and gold spots and lines.

Habitat. — Lower Himalayas ; Plains of India, except North- West ; Ceylon.

Distribution. — " This is a butterfly found commonly in the Plains of India,
except the north-west, but very rarely in the Hills. It occurs very sparingly in
Sikkim, but Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has taken it on the outer spurs of Daling facing
the Western Duars " (do Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 142). We possess a
specimen labelled Kausali, N.W. Himalaya. Rev. J. Hocking " found it in the
Kangra District, generally ; banks of the Beas, about 2000 feet elevation " (P.Z.S.
1882, 239). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it "at Haldwani in the Terai, 1000 feet,
Kumaon " (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124). It occurs in Oudh, and plentifully in the

VOL. Ill I

58 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

Rajmalial Hills " (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 187). It has been taken at Barrackpore
by Mr. J. Rothney and at Balasore, near Calcutta, by Mr. A. G-rote, and also in
Calcutta ; in Sabibgung by W. B. Farr, and in Maungbboom, Lower Bengal, by tbe
late Capt. E. C. Bevan. " It occurs in Ovissa, and tbence tbrougbout the South of
the Peninsula to Ceylon, and up the West Coast as far as Bombay, but not
apparentlj^ in the Punjab. It apparently thrives best in open and moderately dry
country" (de Niceville, I.e. 187). Mr. "W. C. Taylor records it as "common at
Khorda, in Orissa " (List, p. 6). Tbe late Sir Walter Elliot obtained it in the Madras
District, and found the larva feeding on Diospyros, in October, LS50. Capt. E. Y.
Watson found it " common in Mysore at Kolar in October and Januaiy " (J. Bomb.
N. H. S. 1890, .5). Mr. G. F. Sampson took it in " the Nilgiris, in bamboo jungle,
from 1000 to 3000 feet elevation " (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. Lindsay took it
in Koouoor. Messrs. Davidson, Bell, and Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1895, p. ?)
say, " this is almost unknown ou the West Coast, but common enough above the
Ghauts. Tbe lai'va feeds on Diosopyros melanoxi/lon — the ' Ebony ' tree (Ebenaceae)."
Tbe late Mr. S. N. Ward obtained it in Kanara. Mr. E. H. Aitken (J. Bombay
N. H. S. 1886, 134) also says, " I have not met with it in Bombay, but it is not
uncommon at Uran, only five miles from Bombay, and may be found, I dare say,
throughout the low jungles of the Tanna District. I think its chief season is the
close of the Monsoon, but I have found it in May. There is some difference in the
depth of colour in specimens from the same region." Colonel C. Swinhoe " found
it common in Mhow, Central India, from October to Jvily " (P. Z. S. 1886, 425);
and in "Belgaum and Poona in April" (id 1885,130); also found in Wangui,
Thanah District, in December (Swinhoe). It is also found in Ceylon.

Life History.— Dr. E. W. Forsayeth (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 384,
pi. 14, figs. 8, 3a) figures, and describes the larva and pupa as follows : — " Mhow,
November 5th, 1879. Larva brought in bv a native, who stated that it fed on the
* Tendu ' tree, a large tree somewhat resembling tbe Ash. General colour a light
grass-green ; a row of purple spots along centre of back ; margins of body armed
with long, horizontal, fleshy processes covered with fine green hairs of a non-
irritating character. Movements regular. November 12th. Changed to chrysalis
last night. Chrysalis angular, green, with dark and gold spots and lines. Sus-
pended head downwards, no thoracic band. Subsequently, in November, I obtained
several more larvae and pupte, and on December 1st, note that another larva has
become a pupa during the night. January 6th, 1880. Imago of last noted pupa
came out this afternoon. The pupa was not kept in the sun or exposed to its
influence."

The late Sir Walter Elliot, in his MS. Notes on Madras Lepidoptera, made in
1850, writes of this species: " Pupa, October 2nd. Imago emerged on the 17th.

NJMPHALIN^. {GxoMX> EVTHALIINA.) 59

Larva found on Diosiiyros montamis. The dorsal row of ocellate spots, ten in
number, were formed of a narrow outer circle of indigo-blue, within which was a
lilac or plum-coloured shade passing into a deeper sienna-red in the centre ; the first
and last spots were very small and the colours not distinct."

Habits of Imago. — Mr. E. H. Aitken says, " in habits this is a Junonia, or
perhaps, I should rather say, a Piirameis. It flies low and alights generally on the
ground, where it basks with wings expanded " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1886, 134).
Mr. J. Betham observes, " this sprightly little butterfly looks something like a
Fritillary in colour. It has a quick and jerky flight, something like that of the
Junonige. Its habits are very much the same as /. Orithijia and 0. Lemonias, and
it is very fond of sugar and Mhowa refuse " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 284).

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 209, fig. 1 is fi'om the late SirW.
Elliot's di'awing of the larva ; fig. lb, a copy of Dr. Forsayeth's drawing of the
pupa (I.e.) ; fig. 1, b, c, upperside of male and female, and fig. 1 d, e, f, g, undersides
of males.

Malayan allied Genus. — G-enus Lexias, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Ins. p. 125
(1832). Male. Forewing triangular ; costa arched towards the end, apex rounded,
exterior margin almost even and slightly concave in the middle ; first subcostal
veinlet emitted at one-half before end of the cell and anastomosed to the costal for
a short distance before end of the latter ; second subcostal emitted at one-fifth before
end of the cell, third emitted at one-sixth beyond the cell and anastomosed to the
second for a short distance before the end of the latter; cell closed; middle dis-
cocellular concave, lower nearly straight; middle median emitted at some distance
before lower end of the cell. Hinclioing broadly ovate, exterior margin almost even,
convex posteriorly ; cell open. Eyes naked. Type. L. ^ropus. — Lexias zEropus
(Pap, iEropus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 475. Cramer, ii. pi. iii. figs. F. G.),
Doubleday and Hewits. D. Lep. pi. 48, fig. 6, S (1850). Staudinger, Iris, 1895,
pi. 3, figs. 12, 13, larva and pupa. Habitat. Batchian; Ceram. — Lexias Panopus
(Lexias Panopus, Felder, Wieu. Ent. Mon. 1861, p. 302; Adolias Panopus, Feld.
Reise Nov. Lep. iii. pi. 58, figs. 2, 3 (1867). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 95,
pi. 17, fig. 1, ? (1888). Habitat. Philippines. — Lexias JEetes (Adolias J^etes,
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Adol. pi. 1, figs. 1, 2. Habitat. Celebes. — Lexias
Phasiana (Symph^edra Phasiana, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 60. Habitat.
Macassar.

Genus BASSARONA.

Adolias (sect. 8, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 3.5 (1861).
Symphsedra (part), de Niceville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 185 (1886).
Enthalia (Dophla) (part), de Niceville, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17.

Imago. — Forewing triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtusely pointed,

I 2

60 LEPIBOPTERA INDICA.

exterior margin somewliat erect, concave in the middle, and slightly scalloped ;
costal vein free in both sexes ; first subcostal branch emitted at three-sixths before
end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the end, third at about one-eighth beyond
the cell, fourth at about one-third before the apex ; cell closed ; discocellulars
inwardly oblique, upper very short, second bent inward, straight, lower slender,
deeply concave ; middle median veinlet emitted before lower end of the cell. Hind-
winy triangular ; costa longer, less arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin
very oblique, scalloped, anal angle somewhat produced ; precostal spur long, curved ;
cell short, broad, closed by a slender vein ; middle median veinlet emitted before
lower end of the cell. Body robust ; antennge with a lengthened well-formed club.
Eyes naked. Sexes somewhat similar.
Type.— B. Teuta.

BASSARONA TEUTA (Plate 210, pi. 1, la, b, ^J ? )■

Addlias Tetitii, Uoubleday aiul Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 291, pi. 44, fig. 2, (J 0850). Moore,

Trans. Ent. See. Lond. 1857, p. 81.
Symphcedra Teuta, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 187 (1886).
Euthalia (Dophla) Teufa, de Nici'ville, Journ. A. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17.

Imago. — Male. Upperside purpurescent blackish-brown. Cilia brown. Both
wings with a transverse sharply-defined discal pale olivescent-yellow macular band,
the spots on the forewing being broadly interrupted by the black veins and decreasing
in size anteriorly, and with a small subapical spot beyond ; the band on the hindwing
is continuous, the crossing veins being also yellow ; a minute yellow dot preceded
by a black spot close to the subcostal within the cell of forewing ; an indistinctly-
defined submarginal black lunular fascia externally-bordered by very apparent
slio-htly pale points. Underside very pale purpurescent-brown, the basal area and
the external border, in patches, being suffused with dusky-brown ; the transverse
macular band and subapical spot as above, pale olivescent-yellow ; a submarginal
row of small short lilack points ; a black ringlet-spot in middle of the cell, and a
lunular mark at its end, both being centred with crimson, in the forewing ; and in
the cell of the hindwing is a black dot and a short mark at its end ; base of costal
margins of both wings tinged with crimson.

Fkmale. — Upperside paler, the transverse macular band and apical spot broader
and olivescent-white, and with two slender additional streaks on the costa; the
submai'ginal dentate black fascia broader and more defined ; the cell spot and dis-
cocellular streak in the forewing black. Underside brighter pale purpurescent-brown
than in the male ; markings as in male ; the transverse band oHvescent-white. Bod]/
and palpi above blackish-brown, beneath pale purpurescent-brown ; antennae dark
brown above, reddish beneath.

NYMPHALINjE. (Uroap eutbaliixa.) 61

Expanse, c? 2i^o to 3i^o, ? Of*, to 3i*^, inclies.

Habitat, — Assam; Silhet ; Khasia Hills; Arakan.

Distribution. — Numerous specimens in Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Silliet.
It was taken by Dr. A. Watt on the " Barak River in the ascent to Manipur from
Cachar in December" (Ann. N. H. 1885, 305). " Shillong ; common" (Swinhoe,
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284). Mr. de Niceville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1894, 17) records it
from the Arakan Hills. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 17, 1889) says, "I have
only caught two specimens of this insect in Arakan in the cold season."

BASSARONA TEUTOIDES (Plate 210, figs. 2, 2a, b, (? ? ).

Symphtedra TeiUoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 586. de Nici'ville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 188

(1886).
Euthalia (Bophla) Teutoides, de Niceville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17.

Imago. — Male. Similar to B. Teuta. Upperside diflfering in the macular band
on the forewing being slightly more erect, owing to the three anterior spots being
shorter ; the band on the hindwing is also slightly straighter and more evenly
bordered on its inner edge and more sinuously on its outer edge. Underside
similar to Teuta, but the ground-colour paler and of an olivescent tint ; the red-
centred cell marks on forewing less defined. Female. Ujjperside somewhat paler
than in Teuta ; the transverse white band less interrupted and broader anteriorly,
on the forewing, the band on the hindwing is also more evenly edged within and
regularly sinuous without ; the sub marginal black fascia is narrower and more
sinuous. Underside much paler than in Teuta, and suffused with hlac externally,
the red-centred cell marks on forewing less defined.

Expanse, <S 2^q, ? 'i^^ to 3/|, inches.

Habitat. — South Andamans.

Distribhtion. — " This seems to be a fairly common species in the S. Andaman
Isles " (de Niceville, I.e.).

BASSARONA IRA (Plate 211, figs. 1, la, S)-

Imago. — Male. Nearest to B. Teuta. Smaller. Upperside with the transverse
discal yellow macular band composed of small narrower spots, of similar shape, but
with the lower four of the spots on the forewing having an even inner edge, and the
entire series on the hindwing also having an even inner edge. Underside of a
uniform pale purpurescent-ochreous, the baud on both wings narrower than in
B. Teuta, and with even inner edge.

Expanse, <S 2^^ inches.

6l' lepidoptera indiga.

Habitat. — Moulmein, Burma.

The type specimen, from Moulmein, taken in August, is in our own collection.
A male, from the Salween Valley, taken in July, by Capt. C. T. Bingham, is in the
British Museum collection.

BASSARONA GUPTA (Plate 211, %s. 2, 2a, b, c, (J ? ).

Symphmdra Gupta, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 189, $ (1886) ; Journ. As. Soe. Bengal,
1894, p. 18, pi. 2, fig. 5, ? .

Imago. — Male. Upperside blackish-brown. Both wings with a faintly-defined
darker black submargiual sinuous fascia. Forewing crossed by a discal series of
irregular-shaped pale olivescent-yellow spots, and a very small subapical spot ; the
spots disposed as iu B. Teutoides, but smaller in size, those between the medians being
more rounded, the one below the median narrower. Hiiidiving with a similar discal
olivescent-yellow macular band, narrower than in Teutoides, which is more uneven on
its inner edge, and less sinuous on its outer edge. Underside pale purpurescent-
brownish-grey. Forewing with the discal area suffused pale brown. Both wings
with submarginal series of black short streaks, transverse discal series of pale
olivescent-yellow spots, which are much smaller (being about half the size of those
of the upperside), and all sharply-defined with brown on their outer edge, and also
showing the outer portion of those of the upperside by a pale semi-diaphanous
sinus. Cell marks as in Teutoides ^

Female. " Differs from the same sex of Teuta in its smaller size. Upperside
paler. Forewing with the discal macular white band reduced to five decreasing
triangular spots, of which the largest is beneath the subcostal nervure. Tbe two
subapical spots obsolete, and the submarginal diffused black spots very small.
Hindwitig with no trace whatever of the broad white band present in Teuta, the
submarginal black dentated band reduced to a fine dentated line with the diffused
obsolescent whitish spots above and below it in each interspace. Underside.
Foreiving with the same differences as above. Eirnhving with a small white spot
on the middle of the costa below the costal nervure, followed by five discal small
indistinct blackish spots, one in each interspace, with a white linear mark in con-
tinuation from the middle of the submedian interspace of the inner margin, and the
dentate lines of the upperside obsolescent, being represented by an obscure diffused
dentate mark on the middle of each interspace."

Expanse, 3 2^o, ? 3^, inches.

Habitat. — Upper Tenasserim.

The above description of the male of this species is taken from a specimen
labelled type, kindly sent to us for this purpose by Mr. L. de Niceville.

NYMPHALIN^. {Group EVTHALIIXA.) <)3

Distribution. — The male type ubove referred to, taken in the Atara Valley,
Tenasserim, is in Mr. L. de Niceville's collection. " A single female (the type), in
Major Marshall's collection, was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham at Tanaoo Choung,
Thoungyeen, in September " (de Niceville, I.e. p. 189).

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 211, fig. 2, 2a is from Mr. de Nice-
ville's type specimen, and fig. 2 b, c, is copied from his figure of the female.

BASSARONA GOODRICHI (Plate 212, figs. 1, la, c? ? ).

Euthalia Goodrichi, Distant, Entomologist, 1886, p. 11, ?.

Euthalia (Dophla) Goodrichi, de Niceville, Jouru. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17.

Euthalia Bellata, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 436, pi. 37, fig. 4, S\ pl- 43, fig. 12, ? (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside. Differs from 5. Gupta on i\\Q fore-wing , in having the
four lower pale yellow spots of the discal macular band placed in a more linear
series, these spots also having a nearly even inner edge. On the hindioing the discal
macular band is quite even along its inner edge and regularly sinuous on its outer
edge. Underside also differs from Gupta, in the ground-colour being of a pale
olivescent-grey, instead of a purplish brownish-grey ; the discal macular band, on
both wings, is composed of broader spots and their inner edge is also even, as on the
upperside.

Female. " Upperside much paler than the male. Forewing with the transverse
pale spots slightly blue-tinged, the lowest spot broken and duplex, the dark sub-
marginal fascia, as in male, broken into a series of spots and placed in a more or
less bluish-grey area. Eindwing with the pale spots very small and not extending
beneath the upper median veinlet ; a small dark spot at end of the cell, and a waved
submarginal dark fascia placed on a somewhat paler area. Underside much paler
than above. Forewing with the spots in the cell larger and brighter; greyish-white
spots as above, followed by a series of dark purplish spots much smaller than those
above. Eindwing with a small spot in the cell, as above, and a discocellular spot at
end of the cell ; the series of pale spots as above, but continued to the abdominal
margin a little above the anal angle, the last spot being longest, the waved fascia
above being replaced by a series of small dark spots as on anterior wings."

Expanse, 6 2^-0, ? 3^^ inches.

Habitat. — South Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.

Distribution. — A single male, from Malawoom, Southern Tenasserim, taken
by the late A. 0. Hume, is in Mr. F. Godman's collection. Mr. Distant recoi-ds
the type (I.e.) from Perak, Malay Peninsula.

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 212 are copied from Mr. Distant's
published figures.

64 LEPIDOPTEBA INBIGA.

BASSARONA MONILIS (Plate 212, figs. 2, 2a, ^).

Imago. — Male. Nearest allied to B. recta. Upperside. Forewing with the
transverse pale olivescent-yellow macular band having the three anterior spots
disposed in a slightly incurved series, the spots generally more transversely rounded ;
the subapical spot minute. Hindwing with the outer border showing faint traces
of an inner and an outer row of pale spaces of the ground-colour bordering the
darker submarginal fascia ; the pale transverse macular band broadening pos-
teriorly, its inner edge almost even ; a crimson spot at the anal angle. Underside
dull olivescent brownish-grey ; transverse pale band as above ; basal and
submarginal markings as in B. Gupta.

Expanse, S 2^q inches.

Habitat. — Siam.

Described from three male specimens in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley.

Nearest allied to B. recta, the upperside differing in the macular band being
much paler yellow, the band on the forewing being slightly recurved in its course
across the wing, and its component spots being also more uniformly rounded. On
the underside the ground-colour is totally different, being of an olivescent-grey,
whereas in B. recta, it is bright purpurescent-brown.

A specimen, from Perak, taken in January, 1890, by Mr. W. Doherty, now in
Mr. F. Godman's collection, is of the same species, and also, probably the specimens
from Perak, in the collection of Mr. G. Semper, referred to (under recta) by
de Niceville in J. A. S. Beug. 189^, p. 17.

BASSARONA RECTA (Plate 212, figs. 3, 3a, <? ?).

Symphmdra recta, de Niceville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 188 (1886).

Euthalia (Dophla) recta, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 17.

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpurescent blackish-brown, the outer border
slightly paler, and with a submarginal obscure diffused black macular fascia.
Forewing with a perfectly straight, evenly- margined transverse discal olivescent-
yellow macular band, interrupted by the black veins, and composed of seven spots
increasing in size posteriorly, the upper three being small and rounded ; a small
yellow subapical spot. Hindwing with a pale olivescent-yellow discal band slightly
widening from the costa and ending in a point above the anal angle, its edges even ;
a small crimson spot at the anal angle. Underside bright purpurescent cinnamon -
brown ; the discal pale olivescent-yellow band and subapical spot, as above, defined
■with black, the submarginal fascia represented by a black linear point m each inter-
space surrounded by a diffused patch. Foreiving with a black ring-spot in the

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EVTSALIINA.) 65

middle of the cell and a lunate mark at its end, both centred with crimson ; a
crimson streak also at base of the costa. Hindwing with a small black cell-spot
and a small upper discocellular lunate mark, and a crimson spot at the anal angle.

Female. Upperside. Both wings with the transverse discal olivescent-white
band and subapical spot as in male, but paler and broader, and with two small
slender streaks on the costa ; the submargiual diffused macular black fascia broader
and more prominent; the crimson spot at anal angle larger and sometimes duplex.
Underside pale purpurescent-brown ; the basal and outer markings as in the male ;
the transverse olivescent-white band, and spot, as on upperside. Body and palpi
above purpurescent-brown, beneath and legs paler ; antennse black above, reddish-
beneath.

Expanse, cJ 2^% to 3, ? 3i^o to 3n) inches.

Habitat. — Khasia Hills ; (? Upper Tenasserim).

Distribution. — " A large series of both sexes from Shillong, Khasias, received
from Kev. W. A. Hamilton" (Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284). " Specimens of
both, sexes from Silhet are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta" (Butt. Ind. ii. 188).
A female, taken by Captain C. T. Bingham, in March, in the " Thoungyeen Forests
in Upper Tenasserim, in Major Marshall's collection," is also referred to under this
species by Mr. de Niceville (I.e. 188), but which probably belongs to B. Ira.

Indo-Malayan Allied Species. — Bassarona Earns (Euth. (Dophla) Eurus, de
Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 15, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4, c? ? ; id. 1895, p. 420.
Habitat. N.E. Sumatra. — Bassarona externa (Euth. (Dophla) externa, de Niceville,
I.e. p. 13, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, c? ?. Eabitat. Nias. — Bassarona Eton (Euth. (Dophla)
Eion, de Niceville, I.e. p. 11, pi. 3, figs. 6, 8, <S ?. Eabitat. Java. — Bassarona
Bdlata (Adolias Bellata, Druce, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 344, pi. 32, fig. 3, i. 8yn.
Adolias Cisnsespolis, Hewitson, Ent. M. Mag. 1875, 183 ; Exot. Butt. v. Ad. pi. 4,
fig. 14 (1875). de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng. 1894, p. 18. Habitat. Borneo.—
Bassarona Eson (Euth. (Dophla) Eson, de Niceville, I.e. p. 12, pi. 1, figs. 3, 5, c? ?.
Habitat. Palawan, Philippines. — Bassarona Piratica (Symph. Piratica, Semper, Reise
Phil. Lep. p. 93, pi. 17, fig. 3, c? (1888). Habitat. Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao. —
Bassarona Labotas (Limenitis Labotas, Hewitson, Tr. Eat. Soc. 1864, p. 245, pi. 15,
fig. 2, ? . Habitat. Menado,

Genus RANGASA.

Imago. — Male. Foreioing subtriangular ; costa regularly arched, apex pointed,
exterior margin slightly waved and slightly angulate below the apex, concave in the
middle ; first subcostal branch free in both sexes ; first subcostal emitted at one-

VOL. III. K

66 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

half before end of the cell, second at one sixth ; discocellulars concave ; cell closed ;
middle median veiulet emitted at a short distance before lower end of the cell.
Hindwing broad, somewhat quadrate ; exterior margin waved, slightly angulate at
end of upper median ; precostal spur curved ; cell very broad, closed. Body
moderately stout ; palpi short, rather stout, projecting forward and upward to near
level of vertex ; antennce with an elongated club. Eyes naked. Sexes similar.
Type. — R. Dunya.

RANGASA DUNYA (Plate 213, figs. 1, la, (? ? ).

Adolias Dunya, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 291, pi. 41, fig. 3, c? (1850). Moore,

Trans. Ent. Sec. Lend. 1859, p. 84.
Euthalia Dunya, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 195 (1886). Distant, Eliop. Malayana,

p. 426, pi. 38, fig. 1 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Uppersiile olive-brown. Cilia alternately edged
with white. Forewing with a small black-lined mark in middle of the cell touching
the subcostal veinlet, accompanied by a very small yellow spot on each side (which
is sometimes obsolescent), and a larger black-lined irregular mark at end of the
cell ; beyond is a transverse discal incomplete series of small rounded yellow spots
which are diffusedly surrounded by black, the upper spot being disposed below the
subcostals, the others between the medians and submedian veinlets, there generally
being two between the lower median and submedian, the upper on which latter is
either minute or obsolescent ; a very small yellow costal spot also before the apex ;
beyond which is a very obscurely-defined submarginal blackish diffused lunular
fascia. Hindwing with a small black upper cell-spot and a narrow black-lined
mark at end of the cell ; a recurved discal transverse series of eight yellow spots
diffusedly surrounded with black, the three upper spots being conjoined, large, and
irregular-shaped, the others rounded and much smaller, the upper of these being
minute, or obsolescent ; beyond is a submarginal very obscurely-defined blackish
diffused lunular fascia. Underside olivescent-grey, marked obscurely as on the
upperside ; the transverse spots being much less defined. Body and palpi above
brown, beneath, and legs pale olivescent-grey ; antennse brown above, red below.

Expanse, c? 3n) to S^^, ? 4 to 4^% inches.

Habitat. — Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.

DisTRiRUTioN. — Taken by Dr. J. Anderson in the Mergui Archipelago on
" Kisseraing Island in December, and on Elphinstone Island in March " (Journ.
Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). It is also recorded from Tavoy, Tenasserim (J. A. S.
Bengal, 1887, 425). A specimen from Perak, Malay Peninsula, is recorded by Mr.
Distant (Rhop. Malay, p. 436). Dr. Hagen and Dr. L. Martin obtained it in N.E.

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LUTMALII.fA.) 67

Sumatra (J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1895, 420). Mr. W. B. Fryer obtained it at " Sanda-
kan, N. Borneo ; captured at rest on a tree trunk " (Ann. N. H. 1887, 52). It
also occurs in S.E. Borneo. Dr. Staudinger records it from the Island of Palawan
(Iris, D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, 73).

Indo-Malatan Allied Species. — Rangasa Saidja (Eutb. Saidja, Van de Poll,
Tijd. voor Ent. 1895, p. 6. Habitat. Nius.

Genus ADOLIAS.

Adolias, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pi. 3 et 8 (1836).

Symphcedra (part), Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 294 (1850). Butler, P. Z.S. 1868,
p. 612. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 112 (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 185 (1886).
Lexias * (sect. 2), Feider, !Xeiies Lep. p. 36 (1861).

Imago. — Male. Foreiving subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex obtuse,
exterior margin almost even ; cell long, upper end extending to nearly half-length
of the wing ; upper discocellulars short, upper bent close to the subcostal, middle
concave, lower discocollular slender, outwardly-oblique and slightly waved ; cell
closed ; first subcostal f branch anastomosed to the costal (in both sexes), emitted
at nearly two-thirds before end of the cell, second subcostal at nearly one-third
before the end ; middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before lower end
of the cell. Hindwing broadly conical ; anterior margin long, convex, apex obtusely
pointed, exterior margin very oblique and slightly convex, anal angle obtusely
pointed ; cell quite open ; base of the cell and along both sides of the submedian
vein densely clothed with long hairs. Body extremely robust, clothed with short
woolly hairs ; palpi stout, compactly hairy above and beneath, apex obtusely
pointed ; antennae extremely long, more than two-thirds the length of the wing,
rather thick, and with a lengthened pointed club. Eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar.

Type. — A. Dirtea.

Historical Note on the Genus Adolias. — Boisduval, in " Spec. Gen. Lep."
(published April, 1836), gave this name to two species, which he also figured,
namely, Aconthea (pi. 3, fig. 11), and Dirtea (Boisduvalii) (pi. 8, fig. 2), and, in
Crochard's Edit, of " Cuvier's Reg. Anim." Ins. ii. (published, Paris 1836), he also
applies it to, and figures, Nesimachus (pi. 139, bis fig. 1) and AJpheda (pi. 139, bis
fig. 1, a). As both Aconthea and Alpheda are strictly congeneric with Luhentina —
the type of Hiibuer's genus Eulhalia (1816) — Aconthea cannot be taken as the type,

* Boisduval's type of Lexias is ASropus, which is quite distinct from the present genus.

t Of the specimens examined, the first subcostal branch was anastomosed to the costal vein in six
male Dirtea and in two JUiosiana, whereas it was free in two male Dirtea, in two Ahasiaiia, and in four
Cyanipardus,

K 2

68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

as specified by Westwood (Gen. D. Lep. p. 289) ; and, as both PzVipaand Nesimachus
are generically distinct from them, as well as from each other, and, moreover, as
Nesimachus was made the type of Butler's genus Dichorragia in 1868, the second
species, Dirtea, becomes the type of Adolias.

ADOLIAS DIRTEA (Plate 213, figs. 2. 2a, ^J ? ).

Papilio Dirtea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1, p. 59, 9 (1793). Jones, Icones, iv. pi. 65, fig. 1.

Adolias Dirtea, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 12, pi. 10, figs. 1, 2, (j" ? (1846). Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc.
1859, p. 84.

Lexias Dirtea, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1860, p. 400.

Symphiedra Dirtea, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 294 (1850). Butler, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 613; id. CataL Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1869). Distant, Khop. Malay, p. 112, pi. 12,
figs. 7, 8, cJ ? (1883). de Nie^ville, Butt of India, etc., ii. p. 189 (1886).

Adolias Boiiduvalii, Gray, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pi. 8, fig. 2, ^ (1836).

SymphcBdra Canescenx, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pi. 54, (J ? {nee Butler).

Symphtsdra SandaJcana, Fruhstorf, Ent. Nach. 1896, p. 39.

Imago. — Male. Upperside velvety brownish-black. Cilia alternated with white.
Foreiving with a broad marginal olivescent-greenish band decreasing in width towards
the apex, its inner edge being sinuous ; two very small white obliquely-superposed
Bubapical spots, one (or sometimes two) similar-disposed pale ochreous spots midway
between them and two other less-defined spots outside end of the cell ; two (sometimes
three) brighter ochreous spots within the cell ; sometimes also there are faint traces
of a series of smaller inner-discal ochreous spots and three or four very small
greenish-ochreous discal spots parallel with the outer band. Hinduniig with a broad
pale ultramarine-blue outei'-discal fascia, which is suffused with olivescent-greenish
posteriorly, and bears a submarginal series of black somewhat-cordate spots, the
outer edge of the blue band being acutely sinuous, and the marginal border posteriorly
suffused with olivescent-green. Underside reddish-ochreous ; posterior area of the
forewing sufi:used with bluish-black. Foreiving with a cluster of pale ochreous-
yellow irregular-shaped spots within the cell, two connected spots beyond the cell,
and an obliquely-curved inner-discal series of four small spots, followed by an
outer-dlscal lower series of four and two subapical larger whitish spots, and then by
a lower submarginal series of pale bluish lunate spots. Hindwing with three pale
yellow rounded spots in the cell, one below the base of the lower subcostal, and a
curved discal series of six (sometimes seven) pale yellow spots, followed by a more
or less slightly-defined series of submarginal blackish points. Body above blackish-
brown, beneath ochreous ; palpi beneath and legs ochreous ; antennae black tipt with
ochreous.

Female. Upperside dark ochreous-brown ; cilia pale ochreous-yellow. Fore-

NYMPRALINM (Group EVTHALIINA.) 69

wing with two pairs of pale ochreous-yellow obliquely-superposed spots within the
cell (the lowest of the basal pair being sometimes absent), two similar spots beyond
end of the cell, an inner-discal series of four spots, the two upper being disposed
obliquely outward on each side of the upper radial, and the two lower between the
base of the medians, beyond which is an outer-discal parallel row of seven somewhat
larger slightly-quadrate spots, followed by a submarginal row of anteriorly-decreasing
spots, the lowest being somewhat lunate, and the upper rounded ; from the lowest
of the outer-discal series beneath the median veinlet extends a short streak followed
by two superposed small spots and then by two spots. Hindiving with a linear
series of four pale ochreous-yellow subbasal spots extending from below base of the
median to the lower subcostal, followed by an inner-discal series of seven somewhat
larger and slightly-quadrate spots, of which the five lower spots extend parallel with
the subbasal series, and the two upper to middle of the costa, beyond which is an
outer-discal series of partly pale olivescent-ochreous-yellow lunules, and a sub-
marginal lunular line with brighter ochreous points ; in both the latter series the
anterior portions are separated and macular, and the lower portions intersected by
olivescent veins ; abdominal mai'gin pale brown. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous.
Forewing with the posterior half suffused with pale bluish-black ; marked generally
as on upperside, but the spots somewhat larger and brownish-grey, those within the
cell coalesced, and the cluster below the median obsolescent. Hindiving somewhat
pale brownish-grey basally ; with very pale ochreous-yellow markings as on upper-
side, the outer series being ill-defined. Bodij above dark ochreous-brown ; thorax
and base of abdomen with pale ochreous-yellow spots, and tip of abdomen with
slender bands ; palpi pale ochreous ; body beneath, and legs pale olivescent-ochreous,
middle and hind femora beneath white ; antennse tipt with ochreous.

Expanse, c? S^q to Sf-^, ? 3^^ to 4-^q inches.

Habitat. — Upper Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc.

Distribution and Habits. — " This insect is very common in many parts of Burma.
It feeds on all sorts of decaying fruit which has fallen from the trees. Is most plentiful
in October" (Major C. H. E. Adamson, List, p. 17). Capt. E. Y. Watson took it at
Tiling Yaw in February and March, at Poungadoun, Thyetmyo, in October and
November, and in the Karen Hills in November. Signer L. Fea obtained it in Bharao
in September. " Capt. C. T. Bingham took both sexes in Upper Tenasserim in the
Thoungyeen Valley and Mepley Valley in January, in the Donat range in December,
and in the Thoungyeen Forests in March and September'' (de Niceville, Butt. Ind.
190). Dr. J. Anderson took it in "Mergui in December and March" (J. Linn. Soc.
Zool. 1886, 38). Dr. N. Manders records it as "extending throughout the Shan States,
Burma, at elevations of 800 to 3000 feet; being found commonly in the Legya and
Maingkain Districts ; also at Thebaw ; I also took it at Sawlon on the banks of the

70 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Pun River, in January " (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524). " Three males and two females
recorded from Tavoy and Ponsekai, by Mr. Wood-Mason " (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 425).
It also occurs at " Perak, Malacca, and Province Wellesley in the Malay
Peninsula, and Penang, where I found that old fallen fruit was an attraction to
this species, and sliced pineapple placed at the proper season in a road which these
butterflies frequented was generally sure to be visited by a good supply of both
sexes" (Distant, Rbop. Malay. 114). Mr. A. R. Wallace also took it in Malacca,
and the late Dr. Theodore Cantor took it in Penang. Colonel C. Swinhoe (Tr. Ent.
Soc. 1893, 284) records it from Nias, Sumatra, and Borneo. Mr. H. 0. Forbes
obtained it in Sumatra. Dr. L. Martin says it " was a yevj common species in
Deli, N.E. Sumatra, before the extension of the tobacco cultivation destroyed nearly
the whole of the forests. It occurred round nearly every house, and both sexes
were easily captured on the kitchen-midden, especially on discarded fragments of
fruit thrown out by the Chinese cook. It is still very common behind the house of
the manager of the Tandjong Djatti Estate, where there is still left a small forest of
teak (' djatti ' in Malay) trees. It occurs from November to March, never in high
virgin forest, not at a greater elevation than Bekantschan. The female is called
the ' golden-spot butterfly 'by Europeans in the Straits Settlements. It settles with
wide open spread wings, at least when feeding. Dr. Dohrn has bred it at
Soekaranda. Males from the mountains are on the underside of both wings far
darker than specimens from the plains, and a little bluish in hue " (de Niceville,
J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 421). It is also recorded from Java. It has been taken at
Banjermasin, Borneo ; and Mr. W. B. Pryer (Ann. N. H. 1887, 62) records it as
" abundant in Sandakan, N. Borneo ; frequenting forest paths, where the tree-tops
have closed overhead, or other somewhat open places in the forest. Masticated
sugar-cane left in such places attracts it by dozens." Mr. D. Cator possesses
specioaens from Sandakan taken in January, February, June, and July. We have
specimens from Sarawak. It is also recorded from Mindora, Philippines, in
Semper's Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 94.

ADOLIAS KHASIANA (Plate 214, figs. 1, la, b, c, S ? )•

Sijmphcsdra Khasiana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 284.
Symphadra Dirlea (part), de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 189.

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpurescent blue-black ; cilia alternated with
white. Forewiag with a submarginal slender lunular blue-speckled band decreasing
from the base and vanishing before the apex, the blue speckles also extending very
slightly along the edges of the submedian and median veins to their tips ; a very
small bluish-white speckled spot before the apex ; occasionally the lower cell

NTMPHALIN^. (Group EUTaiLIINA.) 71

ochreous spots are slightly apparent. Hindwing with a broad violaceous-blue outer-
discal fascia, bluest posteriorly, bearing a submarginal row of black conical spots,
the outer marginal black band of the wing being complete and entire. Underside
more or less dusky, deep reddish-ochreous and black-speckled. Forewing with the
posterior half almost black, basal and discal spots paler ochreous, the outer discal
and lower marginal spots sometimes slightly pale blue, the subapical spot and its
superposed dot bluish-white. Hindwing with the cell and discal spots paler
ochreous ; submarginal points black. Body beneath, palpi and legs deep reddish-
ochreous ; antennee entirely black to the tip.

Female. Upperside paler purpurescent-black. Both wings with the cell, basal,
and discal spots bluish-white (in some slightly ochreous white), the marginal lunate
spots on the forewing and the submarginal and marginal markings bordering the
black spots are speckled with pale greyish-blue. Underside brownish-ochreous.
Forewing blackish posteriorly, the spots white. Hindwing with the spots pale
ochreous.

Expanse, c? 3^ to '^h^ ? ^h to 4^% inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills.

Distribution. — A male taken in Sikkim in September, by Mr. Gr. C. Dudgeon,
is in the British Museum collection. We also possess a male, taken by Mr.
Dudgeon in Bhotan. Mr. L. de Niceville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 142) states that
" it has been recorded from Nepal, and is common in Bhotan, but is very rare in
Sikkim." Moller's Sikkim Collection possessed both sexes. " It is very common in
Upper Assam, according to Mr. S. E. Peal " ( Butt. Ind. ii. 190). Col. C. Swinhoe
gives " Shillong and Cherra Puuji. Very constant in its characteristics, in both
sexes, in all the specimens of a long series received " (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284).
Mr. P. Crowley possesses it from the Naga Hills. Several specimens of both sexes
were obtained by Mr. J. Wood-Mason in Cachar, in July and August, in the forests
around Silcui-i, and others on Nemotha Peak in October" (J. A.. S. Beng. 1887,
360).

ADOLIAS CYANIPARDTIS (Plate 215, figs. 1, la, h, ^ ?).

Symphadra ajanipardus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 613. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.

p. 190, pi. 21, fig. 96, c? 9 (1886).
Adolias Dirtea, Doubledaj and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pi. 44, fig. 1, 9 •

Imago. — Male. Upperside velvety purpurescent-black; cilia alternated with
white. Forewing with small olive-green ordinary disposed cell and upper discal
spots, bluish-white subapical spots — the upper one minute, and a submarginal
anteriorly-decreasing row of olivescent- (or bluish)- greeu lunate spots with inter-

72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

veuing less-defined green-speckles to the vein points. Eindwing with a very broad
outer-discal sinuous-edged band, whicli is violescent-blue anteriorly merging into
greenish-blue posteriorly, crossed by black veins, and bearing a submarginal row of
small black spots, which are either conical or somewhat quadrate, the outer black
margin being intersected with blue points between the veins ; abdominal margin
very dark brown, the anal angle greyish. Underside very dark greenish or sap-brown.
Forewing with the basal and posterior area bluish-black ; with two pairs of large
prominent bluish-white cell-spots, discocellular spots, two inner lower discal spots,
outer-discal and apical spots, and lower submarginal spots. Eindwing with small
greenish-white cell-spots and a curved discal series of seven spots ; submarginal
blackish points very indistinct.

Female. Upperside olivescent-black. Both wings with prominent olivescent-
white spots disposed as in A. Khasiana, with the submarginal black spots more
broadly greenish-blue bordered. Underside dark sap-green. Forewing with the
posterior area greenish-black ; all the spots large and all olivescent-white. Eindwing
with the cell and inner-discal spots olivescent-white. Body of male above entirely
black, of female, white spotted and with white anal bands ; antenna entirely black.

Expanse, c? 4<^q to Ai-^q, ? 5 to S^-q inches.

Habitat. — Assam ; Khasias ; Silhet ; Cachar,

Distribution. — "Mr. S. E. Peal has obtained it at Sibsagar in Upper Assam,
and Mr. J. L. Sherwill at Jorehat, also in Assam. There are specimens in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Silhet and the Khasia Hills " (de Niceville, I.e.
191). Colonel 0. Swinhoe records it as "common in the Khasias" (Tr. Ent. Soc.
1893, 284). Mr. J. Wood-Mason took "two males in Cachar, in forests around
Silcuri, in August" (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 3G0). Major Godwin-Austen obtained it
at Jatinga, North Cachar. The specimen in the British Museum, labelled " Borneo,"
is undoubtedly an incorrect locality.

ADOLIAS ALBOPUNCTATA (Plate 216, figs. 1, la, b, c, <? 9).
SympJiadra albopunciaia, Crowley, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1S95, p. 437, (J S •

Imago. — Male. Upperside purpurescent-black. Forexcing with two very small
pale ochreous upper cell-spots, a less distinct ochreous discocellular spot, and a
similar discal spot between the upper and middle medians ; above the latter is a
prominent small bluish-white triangular spot, situated below the subcostal, and
beyond are two larger bluish- white lobovate subapical spots. Eindiving with an
outer-discal curved row of not very prominent small blue-scaled spots, and a slightly-
apparent submarginal row of smaller blue spots ; a very small slightly-apparent
inner-discal blue spot is also present between the upper and middle medians, and a

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7^;^
/^?i

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 73

similar-disposed pale oclireons spofc.between the middle and lower medians. Under-
side dark sap-brown. Foreiving with the basal area bluish-black ; with four bluish-
white small cell-spots ; a somewhat larger discocellular spot, two oblique inner-
discal spots, four oiiter-discal spots, and less-defined lower submarginal spots.
Hindwing with a bluish-wliite discocellular spot and an inner- discal row of small
bluish-white spots.

Female. Upperside bluish-black. Both wings with normally-disposed bluish-
white spots, as in A. Gyanipardus, except that the basal and discal spots are com-
paratively larger, the two subapical and the subcostal (or the upper one of the
inner-discal series) being also respectively larger. Underside dark sap-gi'een, with
bluish-white spots as in A. Cijam}Mrdns, except that the subapical and subcostal
on the forewing are respectively larger, and those on the hindwing somewhat smaller.

Expanse, S 4^%, ? 4^% to 4^^q inches.

Habitat. — Siam.

Note. — The above description is taken from type specimens in Mr. P. Crowley's
collection.

Indo-Malatan Species. — Adolias pardalis (Symph. pardalis, Moore, P. Z. S.
1878, p. 698, c? ? ). Habitat. Hainan — Adolias Palawana. Male. Upperside.
Differs from Bornean examples of A. Dirtea, on the forewing, in the marginal
band being only half the width and sparsely scaled on its extreme outer edge.
On the hindwing the blue band also is less than the width of the same species,
and does not extend above the subcostal, bearing only five black spots ; the
outer border of this wing is entirely black. Plxpanse, 3 inches. Habitat.
Palawan. In Coll. F. Godman. — Adolias Dirtseoides (Symph. Dirtaeoides, Staudinger,
Lep. List (1896) p. 32). Habitat.— ?

Indo-Malayan Allied Genera. — Genus Marthisa. Male. Forewing comparav
tively shorter than in Adolias (Dirtea), the costa more arched and the apex more
obtuse; first subcostal branch anastomosed to the costal; cell narrower, closed.
Hindwing shorter, broader, exterior margin very convex posteriorly, and strongly
scalloped ; cell open. AntennfB somewhat shorter in both sexes, and with a shorter
stouter club. Byes naked. Sexes similar. Type, M. canescens. — Marthisa
canescevs (Sjmphfedra canescens, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 612, pi. 45, fig. 5, ?).
Habitat. Sandakan, N. Borneo. — Marthisa Perdix (Symphjedra Perdix, Butler,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 69, ?. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 26, pi. 2, fig. 10 (1884).
Van de Poll, Tijd. v. Ent. 1895, p. 8, c?. Habitat. Nias Island. — Marthisa Eliui
(Symph. Elna, Van de Poll, Tijd. voor Ent. 1895, p. 7, <? ? ). Habitat. . Nias.—
Marthisa pardalina (Symphaedia pardalina, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 154,
))1. 41, c? (pardalis), 1885. Sym. pardalis. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 435, pi. 40,
tig. 7, ? (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; N.E. Sumatra.

VOL. HI. L

74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Genus Senadipa. — Male. Forewing somewhat elongated-triangular, costa well
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, waved ; first subcostal anastomosed
to the costal ; cell closed. Hindwing short, broad, somewhat quadrate, exterior
margin broadly scalloped; cell open. Sexes similar. Type, S. Satrapes. — Sena-
dipa Satrapes (Lexias Satrapes, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 302. Symph.
Satrapes, Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 95, pi. xvii. figs. 4, -5, c?. Syn. Adolias
imperator, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, iii., Adol. pi., fig. 10, ?. Symph. trapesa. Semper,
I.e. p. 96, pi. xvii., figs. 2, 3, ? (188G). Hahitat. Philippines.

Genus Camaraga. — Male. Forewing short, subtriangular ; costa arched, apex
obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped, posterior margin straight ; first subcostal
branch anastomosed to the costal for some distance before its end ; first subcostal
emitted at fully two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-fifth, third at one-
third beyond the cell ; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper very short, second
concave, lower undulated ; cell closed ; middle median emitted at some distance
before lower end of the cell. Hindwing short ; exterior margin obliquely convex,
scalloped ; precostal spur excurved ; second subcostal branch and radial at equal
distances from the costal vein ; cell open. Body moderately stout ; palpi
somewhat slender, ascending to vertex ; roughly squamous beneath ; second joint
hairy above; apex short, stout, pointed; antennge with an elongated club. Eyes
naked. Type, C. Damalis. — Camaraga Damalis (Cynthia Damalis, Erichson, Nova
A(!ta Acad. Nat. Cur. 1834, p. 404, pi. -50, fig. 4. Symphasdra DamaHs, Semper,
Reisen Phil. Lep. pi. 16, figs. 1, 2, <? ?. Habitat. Luzon, Philippines.

Genus DICHORRAGIA.

Dichorragia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. G14. de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 141 (1886).

Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 8-5 (1887).
Adolias (sect, vi.), Felder, Nenes Lep. p. 35 (1861).

Imago. — Male. Foreiving triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,
exterior margin slightly waved, uneven, posterior margin straight; cell one-third
the length of wing, broad, closed ; first subcostal branch free in both sexes, emitted
at one-fourth before end of the cell, second close to the end; upper discocellular
very short, bent close to subcostal, middle discocellular deeply concave, lower
slender ; radials from the upper angles ; middle median emitted immediately before
lower end of the cell, lower median at fully one-half before the end. Hindwing
short ; apex and exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped ; precostal spur straight ;
cell rather broad, closed by a slender recurved lower discocellular veinlet ; the two
upper median veiulets emitted together from lower end of the cell ; submedian area

NYMPHALIN^. (Group El'THALIlNA.) ?5

densely liairy on both the upper and underside of the wing. Bodi/ robust ; palpi
porrect, compactly clothed ; antennae with a gradually thickened club ; eyes slightly
hairy in front. Sexes alike.
Type. — D. Nesimachus.

LICHORRAGIA NESIMACHUS (Plate 217, figs. 1, la, (J ? ).

Adolias Nesimachus, Boisduval, Croehard's Edit. Cuv. Reg. Anini. Ins. ii. pi. 139, bis, fig. 1 (1830).

Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 83.
Dicliorragia Nedmachus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1808, p. 614. Dnice, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 346. de

Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 1 41, pi. 19, fig. 82, ^ (1886). Leech, Butt, of China, etc.,

i. p. 132 (1892).
Argynnis Hippomenes, Herr. Schseffer, Exot. Schmett. pp. 54, 77, figs. 11, 12 (1850).

Imago. — Male. TJpperside dark sap-green, with alternate bluish-black and
white markings between the veins. Cilia alternately black and white. Foreiving
with two short upper and two lower bluish-white streaks within the cell, two less-
defined at its end ; an inner and an outer discal series of small round spots, the
inner series anteriorly dilating into longitudinal streaks, and the outer series into
longitudinally-disposed submarginal more or less complete duplex sinuous very
slender marks, followed by a marginal row of small lunate spots ; all the above
markings with black intervening spaces. Hindiving with bluish-white cell-spots, a
discal series of spots, the upper beiug largest, followed by a prominent outer-discal
row of round black spots, a submarginal series of very slender white partially-duplex
sinuous marks and marginal lunular line. Underside. Forewing purplish-black,
with markings as above, but more prominently defined and wider, the cell and lower
basal forming blue streaks. Hlndioing dark purpurescent sap-brown with black
intervening spaces ; markings as on the ujjperside.

Female. TJpperside somewhat paler ; marked as in the male. Underside as in
the male, but of a brighter tinge throughout. Body, palpi, and legs blackish-brown,
palpi at side and forelegs above streaked with white ; antennae black ; eyes red.

Expanse, S 2i^o fo 2>^q, ? ^^^ inches.

Habitat. — Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam ; Khasias ; Burma ;
Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc.

DisTEiBiiTiON. — " This species has a wide range, from Kulu, Kumaon, Nepal,
Sikkim, Bhotan, Assam, and Burma. In Sikkim, it occurs somewhat rarely through-
out the year at low elevations " (de Niceville, Sikkim Gaz. 140), " One female
was taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Kali Valley, near Jhulaghat, Nepal " (J. A. S.
Beng. 1886, 123). Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 350) says " it is not uncommon
in Sikkim at low elevations between April and Novembei'." Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has

76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

taken it in Bhotan. " It occurs at Sibsagar in Upper Assam " (de Niceville, Butt.
Ind. 142). Colonel C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893,
282). Major C. H. E. Adarason obtained it in " Bhamo and Upper Tenasserim.
Rare. One specimen taken in Bhamo in August; it returned three times to the
spot where it was first disturbed before it was captured " (List, p. 16).

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra — where, as observed by
Dr. L. Martin (J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 414), "it is fond of settling on forest roads
with wings only half open, and has a very rapid flight, as its robust nature shows."
Found also in Java, Borneo, Mindanao, Philippines (Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep.
p. 85), and according to Mr. Leech (P. Z. S. 1887, 417), is " fairly common in Central
Japan."

Indo-Malayan Allied Species. — Dichorragia Nesseus (Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1893, p. 217. Leech, Butt, of China, etc., ii. p. 653). Habitat. N.W. China.—
Dichorragia Ninus (Adolias Ninus, Felder, "W. Ent. Mon. 1859, p. 185 ; Reise
Novara, Lep. iii. pi. 58, figs. 4, 5. Habitat. Amboina. — Dichorragia distincta,
Rober, Ent. Nachr. 1894, p. 365. Habitat. Ceram.

Genus STIBOCHIONA,

Stiboehiona, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 614. de Niceville, Butt of India, etc., ii. p. 120 (188G).
Adolias (sect, vii.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).

Imago. — Wings short, rather broad. Foretving triangular ; costa very slightly
arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped, posterior margin almost
straight ; cell extending to more than one-third of the wing, closed ; first subcostal
branch free in both sexes, emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second from
end of the cell ; upper discocellular very short, bent close to subcostal, middle
inwardly-oblique and deeply concave, lower slightly concave, radials from the upper
angles ; middle median veinlet emitted immediately before lower end of the cell,
lower median at half length of the cell ; submedian almost straight. Hindwing
obconical ; exterior margin slightly convex and slightly scalloped ; precostal spur
straight, simple ; cell short, broad across the middle, closed ; discocellulars out-
wardly recurved; middle and upper medians emitted from lower end of the cell,
lower median at one-third before the end; submedian area densely clothed with
hair on both upper and underside of the wing. Bodij moderately robust ; abdomen
short ; palpi porrect, compactly clothed, second joint extending before the front,
third joint somewhat lengthened ; antennae with a moderately thickened club.
Eyes hairy. Sexes similar.

Type. — S. Coresia.

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 77

STIBOCHIONA NICEA (Plate 217, figs. 2, 2a, b, (J ? ).

Adolias Nicea. Gray. Ijpp. Tn.?. of Nopal, p. 13, pi. 12, fig. 1 (1833-46). Doubleday, List Lop. Brit.

Mu,=!. pt. i. p. 105 (1814). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1851). Moore, Trans. Bnt. Soc.

(1859), p. 83.
Stihoehiona Nicea, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 614. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.

p. 120, pi. 19, fig. 81, c? (1886). Leech, Butt of China, etc., i. p. 133 (1892).
Adolias Dulope, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iii. p. 184 (1859).

Imago. — Male. Upperside velvety purpurescent-black. Cilia of forewing
alternated with white, of the hindwing entirely white. Foreiving with a marginal, a
shorter excurved upper submarginal and a still shorter upper discal row of small
white spots, the marginal row the largest and somewhat lunate ; between the two
outer rows is a parallel series of blue points, forming a sinuous band ; three slightly-
defined blue transverse marks within the cell. Hindwing with a marginal row of
black spots ringed with blue inwardly and white outwardly, followed by a con-
tiguous inner submarginal more or less defined slender blue sinuous line, both the
latter being brightest and most defined in Eastern Himalayan and Burmese
specimens. Underside. Ground-colour slightly paler brown-black. Forewing
marked as above, but with all the spots bluish-white, more distinct, the discal row
being entire and blue. Hindwing with a marginal row of more or less narrow bluish-
white lunules, sometimes a submarginal row of bluish-white dots, and a discal series
of blue dots, and two, or three, blue dots at end of the cell.

Female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings as in the male, but all some-
what larger, more defined, the submarginal sinuous line and inner half of the ring
bordering the marginal black spots on the hindwing of a greenish-blue. Underside
as in the male, but with all the markings slightly larger. Body, palpi, and legs
black ; collar, sides of palpi and forelegs white ; antennae black, tipt with red,

Expanse, S ^-^^i to 2^^, ? 2^^ to 3 inches.

Habitat. — "Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills ;
Silhet.

Distribution. — " Occurs throughout the Himalayas, from Kulu to Assam " (de
Niceville, Butt. India, 121). We possess a male from Kashmir, taken by the late
Capt. R. Bayne Reed, also specimens from Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, taken in
May by Capt. A. M. Lang, from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and
from Sikkim, taken in March by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. The Rev. J. Hocking obtained
it in the Kangra Valley, and states that it " flies like Papilio Pammon, following
the line of hedge, and passing in and out between the bushes " (P. Z. S. 1882, 239).
Mr. W. Doherty records it from " Sarju, Gori, and Kali Valleys, 2000 to 5000 feet
elevation, in Kumaon " (J. A. S. Bang. 1886, 123). "Mr. Graham Young has
taken it in the Kulu Valley, and I met with it in August below Kotgarh, fifty mii§3

is LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

north of Simla. Mr. Templeton has taken it in Masuri. It is common in Sikkim,
and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Silhet, Cherra Punji, Naga
Hills, Sibsagar in Upper Assam, and examples brought by the DafHa Expedition."
(de Niceville, Butt. India, ii. 121). In Sikkim it " occur,? throughout the warm
weather, at low elevations" (de Niceville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 139). Colonel C.
Swinhoo records it from the Khasia Hills (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 281). Major C. H. E.
Adamson obtained it in the " Arakan Hills in November and December" (List,
p. 15). Mr. W. Doherty took four males and one female in the "Karen Hills,
Burma, at about 4000 feet elevation " (P. Z. S. 1891, 273). Signor Leonardo Fea also
obtained it in the Karen Hills in October.

Specimens from Western China, identical with this species, are in Mr. J. H.
Leech's collection.

Habits OF Imago. — Mr. de Nicevile observes that "it is a very pretty insect
on the wing, having a quick flight, but settles often on trees and bushes, always
with wings widely distended, and frequently on the underside of a leaf, and is easy
to capture" (Butt. India, ii. 121). The Rev. J. Hocking states that it "flies like
Papilio Pamraon, following the line of hedge, and passing in and out between tlie
bushes" (P. Z. S. 1882, 239).

Indo-Malayan Allied Species. — -Sfihochio)ia Coresia (Hypolimnas Coresia,
Hlibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 46, figs. 3, 4 (1806). Si/)!. Aconthea
apaturina, Horsfield, Zool. Jouru. v. p. 68, pi. 4, figs. 1, la (1830). Habitat. Java. —
Stibochiona Kannegieteri, Fruhst. Ent. Nachr. 1894, p. 305. de Niceville, J. A. Soc.
Bengal, 1895, p. 415. Habitat. Sumatra. — Stibochiona Eofhschildii, Fruhst. Ent.
Nachr. 1894, p. 306. Habitat. Nias. — Stibochiona Schonbergi, Honrath, Berl. Ent.
Zeit. 1889, p. 165, pi. 2, fig. 4. Habitat. Borneo.— Stibochioia Ferscjjhove,
Staudinger, Iris, 1892, p. 451. Habitat. Borneo.

Genus NEUROSIGMA.

Nevrosiffma, Butkr, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 615. de Niceville, Butt of India, etc., ii. p. 150

(1886).
Acimfia, West-\vood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 76 (1818) — preoccupied.

Imago. — Male. Forewing somewhat elongate, subtriangular ; costa well arched,
apex convex, exterior margin oblique, even, posterior margin recurved from the
base ; cell fully half length of the wing, closed ; first subcostal branch free in
both sexes, emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at a little distance
before the end ; upper discocellular very short, angled close to subcostal, middle
concave, lower recurved, radials from the upper angles; middle median veinlet
emitted at a short distance before lower end of the cell ; submediau recurved.

NYMPSALINJE. (Group EVTHALIINA.) 79

Hindunng broadly ovate, apex and exterior margin convex, very slightly scalloped ;
precostal s])ur long, excurved, emitted opposite base of subcostal ; cell broad across
the middle, closed ; discocellulars long, outwardly recurved, radial from above the
middle ; the middle median emitted before lower end of the cell. Body moderately
slender; palpi porrect, compactly scaled beneath, slightly hairy above; antennae
long and slender, club slender ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.
Type. — N. Doubledayi.

NETJROSIGMA DOUBLEDAYI (Plate 218, figs. 1, la, b, S 9)-

Acontia DouUedayi, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 76, pi. 37, fig. 4, ? (1848).
Neurodgma DouhleJai/i, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 277, pi. 27, fig. 7, $ .
Adolias Siva, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1850).

Neurosigma Siva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 615. de NiccviUe, Butt, of India, etc., ii.
p. 151, pi. 19, fig. 80, S (1886).

Imago.— Male. Upperside. Forewing reddish-ochreous at the base, with basal
spots and margins of black ; the outer portion of the wing also broadly black, and
crossed by an inner and an outer discal series of olivescent- white broad irregularly-
lunate marks, and a submarginal row of oval spots. Hindioing with the veins and
basal streaks broadly black, the outer margin also broadly black ; basal interspaces,
an inner and an outer discal series of irregular-shaped spots, and a submarginal
row of smaller rounded spots olivescent-white ; the white interspace between the
discocellular black streak and the two black discal spots sometimes tinged with pale
ochreous. Underside paler ; the colour and markings as above, except that the
basal black markings are smaller, and the white broader, and tinged with blue.
Body and palpi above black ; thorax and base of abdomen spotted with reddish-
ochreous ; sides of abdomen with paler ochreous ; body and palpi beneath, and legs
pale ochreous ; middle and hind femur and tibia blackish above.

Female. Upperside as in the male; the mai'kings being broader, and the
discocellular interspace on the hindwing of the same reddish-ochreous tint as on
base of the forewing. Underside as on the upperside.

Expanse, S Z^q to 3i^o» ? 3^% to 4^-0 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills ; Burma.

DisTEiBUTiON. — Of this species we have examined and vcriBed specimens of both
sexes taken in Sikkim in April and May by Mr. Otto Moller, now in Mr. Walter
Rothschild's collection; females from the Khasia Hills, in the same collection, and
also in our own, the latter taken by Major Godwin-Austen. Mr. P. Crowley
possesses a female from Shillong, and a male from the Naga Hills. Dr. J.
Anderson obtained it during the Western Yunan Expedition of 1868-75. Mr. L.

80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

de Niceville (Butt. Tnd. ii. 151 (1886) says "it appears to be a rare species. Mr.
Moller obtained it in Sikkira in the spring, Mr. Wood-Mason took three males in
September on Nemotha, Cachar, and Mr. J. L. Sherwill has taken it at Jorehat in
Assam, in April. It also occurs at Cherra Puuji, the Naga Hills, and in Silhet."
In the " Sikkim Gazetteer," 1894, 140, Mr. de Niceville also remarks that it is " rare
in Sikkim and Bhotan at low elevations, and is apparently double-brooded [probably
here referring to the other species], occurring in April and May, and again in
October." Mr, H. J. Blwes records it as "rare in Sikkim, where I have never seen
it. Mr. Moller, who has the female in his collection, gives the elevation as from
2000 to 3000 feet, in April and May and October. J have seen it in the end of
September near Cherra Punji in the Khasias " (Tr. Bnt. Soc. 1888, 351). Colonel
C. Swinhoe (Tr. Bnt. Soc. 1893, 282) records it from the Khasias. Mr. H. J.
Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 277) records, and figures, the male, taken by Mr. W. Doherty
in the " Karen Hills, Burma, at 4000 to 6000 feet elevation, where it seemed common,
but only males were taken." Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it at Meteleo, in the
Karen Hills, in September.

NEUROSIGMA FRATERNA (Plate 218, figs. 2, 2a, J).

Adulias Siva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 85. Staudinger, E.'cot. Schmett. pi. 52, (^ {nee
Westwood).

Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from N. Dvubledayi in all the interspaces
between the black markings being reddish-ochreous, except the upper of the outer-
discal and submarginal spots, which are ochreous-white ; the outer-discal series of
lunate marks are comparatively narrower, and the submarginal spots larger.
Hindwing with the cell and discal interspaces reddish-ochreous, and the outer-discal
curved row and submarginal row of white spots smaller. Underside with both wings
as on upperside.

Female. Unknown.

Expanse, S 3^% to 3j~, inches.

Habitat. — Bhotan ; Khasia Hills ; Chittagong Hills.

Distribution. — There are males of this species taken in Sikkira in April and
May, and in Bhotan in August, by Mr. Otto Moller, in Mr. Walter Rothschild's
collection. We possess males from the Khasia Hills, taken by Major Godwin-
Austeu. Mr. Elwes records (P. Z. S. 1891, 277) specimens (with the rufous
colour spreading over the greater part of the forowing and inner half of the
hindwing), which were taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Chittagong Hills — where
dozens of specimens were taken by him.

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EVTUSLlIX.l.) 81

Genus ABROTA.

Ahrofa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 170 (1857). de Niceville, Butt, of India,
ii. p. 182 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched, apex slightly
rounded, exterior margin almost straight and slightly uneven ; posterior margin
slightly recurved ; first subcostal branch free in both sexes, emitted at fully one-
third before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the end ; upper discocellular
very short, middle acutely bent in its middle, lower long and obliquely concave,
radials from angle close to subcostal and end of middle discocellular ; cell closed ;
middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell. Hlnclwing
triangular; anterior margin well arched from the base, exterior margin oblique,
convex, and evenly scalloped ; precostal spur long, excurved ; cell open. Body
robust ; palpi obliquely porrect, apical joint short ; antenuEe with an elongated slender
club. Eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar.

Ti'PE. — A. Ganga.

Habits. — " In the habit of resting with wide outspread wings on leaves in dense
forest, these butterflies closely resemble many species of Euthalla " (de Niceville,
I.e. 183).

ABROTA GANGA (Plate 219, tigs. 1, la, c? ?)•

Abrota Ganga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 178, pi. 6, a, fig. 1, ^J onlij (1857).

Adolias coiifinis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1859, p. 183, pi. 4, fig. 3, ? .

(?) Papilio Mirus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 48.

Adolias Mints, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. J\I. p. 61 (1869). de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 183,

pi. 24, fig. 110 (? only).
Abrota Jumna, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 764 ( ? only).

liiAGO. — Male. Upperside rich ochreous. Cilia blackish, alternated with white.
Forewing with black costal edge, the veins, a small middle spot and contiguous
clustered speckles on upperside of cell, a recurved discocellular streak, a transverse
diffused angulated lunulate discal band extending obliquely outward from the costal
vein to the upper median and then bent inward to below the submedian vein,
followed by a submarginal narrow lunular band and then by a marginal band ; the
discal and submarginal bands being confluent at their angles on the upper and
middle median veinlet, the interspaces between the middle median and posterior margin
being more or less marked with a central black-speckled lunular spot, and the
broader costal interspaces by an outwardly-oblique broad black-speckled patch ; the
interspace between the discal band and the median vein also black-speckled, and the
VOL. in. M

82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

base of the median veins broadly black-bordered. Hindwlng with, a transverse black
subbasal, discal, submarginal, and marginal band, the discal band being somewhat
macular, and the submarginal luunlar. Underside yellowish-ochreous. Both wings
with obscurely-defined ochreous-brown similarly-disposed transverse bands as on
upperside, the inner one being the most distinct and broadest, the two middle
huuilarly-dentate, and the marginal obsolescent. Forewing also with two superposed
ochreous-brown spots within the cell, a recurved discocellular streak, a series of
pale yellowish dentate lunules traversing the inner band of which that above the
upper median and the two between the middle median and submedian are lilacine-
white ; a series of lilacine-white spots also extending from the apex and centreing
the upper submarginal dentated-lunules. Eindwing also with an ochreous-
brown ringlet and a lower white-centred lunule within the cell, and a smaller
ringlet above it ; the inner baud also traversed by a series of pale yellow
decreasing spots. Body and palpi above brownish-ochreous ; paler beneath ; legs
yellowish-ochreous ; antennas black above, ochreous beneath.

Female. Upperside dark olivescent brownish-black. Forewing with a pale
olivescent-ochreous broad streak extending along lower part of the cell to the middle
of the wing and interrupted by the black discocellular streak ; beyond is an outwardly-
oblique upper discal macular band and three lower discal inwardly-oblique spots,
followed by a submarginal narrow lunular band, which latter decreases anteriorly
and terminates apicaHy in two small whitish dentate spots. Ilindwing with an
olivescent-ochreous transverse subbasal and a submarginal band. Underside paler
yellow, but with darker reddish-ochreous markings disposed as in the male.
Forcioing with the discal dentate-lunules, the lower costal larger lunule, and the
anical series of spots lilacine-white, but more prominent, the basal area also suffused
with lilacine-blue. Hindwing with the middle dentate-lunules centred with lilacine-
blue, the basal area also suffused with the same tint. Body and palpi above
olivescent-black ; abdomen above crossed by a pale band ; body and legs beneath
pale yellowish ; palpi beneath and legs above pale ochreous.

Expanse, c? 2i^o to 3, ? 3j^o to 3i^o inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim.

DisTEiBUTiON. — " This is not a common species in Sikkim ; it seems peculiar to
the lower elevations, where it is found at from 2000 to 3000 feet elevation from May
to August. Mbller and de Niceville consider Ganga and Jumna distinct species.
Moller found both at the same season " (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 356). " Di-.
J. G. Pilcher once had brought to him in Sikkim a pair of this species which
had been taken in copula. The female was olive-green on the upperside. Both
sexes are much rarer than A. Jumna " (de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894,
142).

NTMPHALINJE. (g-oav euthiliina.) 83

AEROTA jaMNA (Plate 219, fig^. '2, 2a, c? ? )•

Ahrota Jumna, Moore,, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G5, p. 76-1 ((^ only), do Niccville, Butt, of luJii, etc., ii.

p. US, pi. 24, fig. 110 (c? only).
Ahrota Ganga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mas. E. I. C. i. p. 178, pi. G, a, fig. 1(9 only).

Ijiago. — Male. Upperside paler oclireous than in A. Ganga, -with similar
markings, except that on the forewing the pale interspaces are more defined and
unsullied, and on the hindwing having the discal and submarginal black band
contiguous, the submarginal also being disposed further from the marginal, and the
discal is somewhat narrower and disposed further from the subbasal. Underside
also paler than in ^. Ganga ; markings similar, except that on the hindwing the
two median lunular bands are more contiguous and are more distinctly dentate.

Female. Upperside ochreous brownish-black ; markings similar to female
A. Ganga, but of a yellowish-ochreous colour and comparatively broader. Underside
similar, except that on the forewing the two large costal pale lunules are both
yellow, and on the hindwing the two medial bands are more contiguous and also
moi-e distinctly dentate.

Expanse, <? 3,;^, ? S^-q to S^-q inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan.

DiSTRiBDTrON. — "Both this species and the preceding occur together in Sikkim
at low elevations from May to August, but are by no means common, and appear to
be confined to Sikkim " (de Xiceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 189J., 142). Mr. G. C.
Dudgeon has taken it in Bhotan.

Habits. — " In the habit of resting with wide outspread wings on leaves in dense
forest, they closely resemble many species of Euthalia " (de Niceville, Butt. India,
ii. p. 183).

Indo-Malatan Allied Genera. — Genus Tanaecia. — Tanaecia, Butler, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 610. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 128 (1883). de Niceville, Butt,
of India, etc., ii. p. 222 (1886) ; Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1893, p. 48. Male.
Foreiuing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, pointed, exterior
margin slightly oblique, posterior mai'gin straight ; first subcostal branch anasto-
mosed to the costal (in both sexes), second subcostal touching the first, and the third
also touching the second before reaching the margin ; first subcostal emitted at
about one-third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end, third at
one-third beyond the cell ; discocellulars very short, inwardly oblique, angled close
to subcostal. Cell rather narrow, open, Hiiuhciug broadly ovate; exterior margin
convex, anal angle broadly rounded ; submedian thickly clothed with fine longisli
hairs along its edge ; precostal spur bifid at half its length ; base of second
subcostal and radial at nearly half the distance of the former from the costal; cell

M 2

84 LEPIBOFTERA INDICA.

open. Thorax woolly ; palpi laxly clothed, second joint ascending nearly to vertex,
third joint long, fully half length of second, slender and bristle-like ; antennse
slender; eyes naked. Sexes similar. Type, T. Pulasara, — Taiiaecia Pulasara
(Adolias Pulasara, Moore, Tr. Eut. Soc. 1859, p. 71, pi. 6, fig. 3, (?. Batler,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 611. Distant, Rhop. ]\lalay. p. 130, pi. 19, fig. 6, c? ; pi. 14,
fig. 13, ? ; pi. 18, fig. 9, ?. Habitat. Malay Peninsula. — Tanaecia consanguinea.
Distant, Entom. 1866, p. 11 ; Rhop. Malay, p. 440, pi. 43, fig. 4, S (1836). Habitat.
Malay Peninsula. — Tanaecia supercilia, Batler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 610, pi. 45, fig. 7, S .
Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 130, pi. 15, fig. 8, S. Habitat. Penang. — Tanaecia
Robertsii, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 235, S (1874). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 132 (1883).
[Jaliitat. Malay Peninsula. — -Tanaecia Vikrama (Adolias Vikrama, Felder, Reise
Novara, Lep. iii. p. 433, cJ (1867). Habitat. Sumatra. — Tanaecia violaria, Butler,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 612, pi. 15, fig. 8, ? . Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 130, pi. 15, fig. 9,
? (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula. — Tanaecia Martigena (Euth. Martigena,
Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 7, ? ). Habitat. Sumatra.— Taiif/ecm
Pelea (Pap. Pelea, Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 53 (1787). Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 611.
iS'//". Adolias Palguna, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 70, pi. 6, fig. 1, <S . Habitat.
Java. — Tanaecia Varuna (Adolias Varuna, VoU. Tijd. Ent. 1862, pi. 10, fig. 6, ?.
Habitat. Java. — Tanaecia Inclras (Adolias Indras, VoU. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 194,
|)1. 11, fig. 2, ? . Habitat. Borneo. — Tanaecia Palavmna (Enth. Palawana, Slaudinger,
Dcuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 78. Habitat. Palawan.— TrtJ/flw'/d Salcii (Euth. Sakii,
de Niceville, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1894, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 3, ?. Habitat. N.E.
Sumatra. — Tanaecia Lutala, Moore, Tr. Eut. Soc. 1859, p. 71, pi. 6, fig. 3, S .
Haliitat. Borneo. — Tanaecia Aruna (Adolias Aruna, Felder, Wien. But. Mon. 1860,
u. 400. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 132, pi. 15, fig. 7, S (1883). Habitat. Malay
Peninsula. — Tanaecia parclalis (Adolias pardalis, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 197, pi. 11,
fig. 5, (?. Habitat. Malay Peninsula. — Tanaecia Vordermani, Snellen, Tijd. Ent.
1890, p. 293, pi. 12, fig. 1. Habitat. BiUiton. —Tanaecia Valniilds (AdoHas
Valmikis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 434 (1867). Habitat. Borneo. — Tanaecia
Orphne, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1870, p. 362. Hahitat. Borneo. — Tanaecia
Ajjsarasa (Adolias Apsarasa, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 198, pi. 11, fig. 3. Habitat.
Borneo.

Genus Passikona. — Male, Wings shorter and broader than in Tanaecia.
Foreiving triangular, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin even ; first subcostal
branch slightly anastomosed to the costal near its end, emitted at one-third before
end of the cell, second at one-sixth and slightly touching the first near its end ; cell
open. Hindwing short, broad ; exterior margin oblique and convex posteriorly ;
cell open. Third joint of palpi long and slender, bristle-like ; antennge long,
with a lengthened slender club ; eyes naked. Type, P. Amisa. — Passirona Amisa

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EUTIIiLIIXA.) 85

(Euthalia Amisa, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 315 ; Rbop. Exot. Tan.
pi. 1, figs. 4, 5, ? (1889). Habitat. Kinabalu, N. Borneo.

Genus SAPARONA.

Forewing rather long, subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex very obtuse,
exterior margin even, posterior margin long ; first subcostal branch anasto-
mosed to the costal in both sexes, first subcostal emitted at two-fifths before
end of tbe cell, second at one-fifth, third at one-sixth, beyond the end ; cell broad,
short, open. Hindwing ovate ; apex rounded, exterior margin obliquely convex,
slightly waved ; precostal spur bifid ; costal vein much arched ; base of second
subcostal and radial at equal distance from the costal vein ; cell open. Thorax
robust; palpi rather compactly clothed, apical joint one-fourth length of the second,
pointed. Eyes naked. Sexes similar.

Type.— S. Cibaritis.

SAPARONA CIBARITIS (Plate 220, figs. 1, la, h, c, d, c? ? ).

Adolias Cibaritis, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 187-1, p. 358 ; Exot. Biitt. v. Ad. pi. 4, fig. 13, cC,

figs. 12, 15, $(1875).
Tancecia Cibaritis, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 746 (1877). de Nicc'ville, Butt of India, etc., ii. p. 223,

p!. xix., fig. 77, (J (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purple-brown ; cilia blackish alternated with
brownish-grey. Both wings with prominent black-lined cell and basal marks ;
crossed by a broad pale purpurescent-white discal sinuous band, extending from the
costal vein of the forewing to above anal angle of the hindwing, the band deeply
sinuated with a black inner edge, which latter is also angulated above the upper
median on the forewing, the outer edge of the band being more or less slenderly
defined and followed by a submarginal series of black hastate spots, these spots also
having, generally, more or less defined pale brownish-white inner-edged points, and
these points, in some specimens, are purplish-white; those on the forewing extending
in some and are merged in the discal band, in others these points are blue-scaled on
the liindwing, and in these latter specimens the outer border of the hindwing is also
thickly speckled with bluish scales between the veins ; abdominal margin pale
greyish-brown. Underside pale pulverulescent olive-green ; discal area of forewino-
tinged with ochreous ; basal black-lined mai'ks prominent ; the discal transverse
sinuous white band, as on the upperside, more prominently and bi'oader edged with
black lunules, the submarginal black hastate spots also more prominent, their pale
inner-edged points being only slightly pre.sent on the forewing. Body and palpi,
and legs, above brown, pale greyish-ochreous beneath ; antennae brown above,
reddish beneath.

86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Female. Uiiperside as in the male, except that the outer border of the hiudwing
is never bhie-scaled. Underside darker olive-green, otherwise as in the male.

Expanse, S 2-^^^ to Si-qj ? 3 to Sj^o inches.

Habitat. — S. Andamans ; Nicobars.

DjSTRiBtJTioN. — The late Mr. F. de Roepstorff found this to be a common species
in the South Andamans. In 1884 Mrs. de Roepstorif sent rae several specimens,
stated to be from Naukouri, in the Nicobars.

Indo-]\Ialayan Species. — Saparona Elone (Euthalia Elone, de Niceville, Journ.
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1893, p. 47, pi. L, fig. 3, c? ; J. A. S. Beng. 1895, p. 424, ? .
Habitat. N.E. Sumatra. — Saparona Trigerta (Adolias Trigerta, Moore, Catal. Lep.
Mus. E. I. Company i. p. 191 (1857). Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 72, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Habitat. Java.

Indo Malayan Allied Genus. — Genus Bucasia. — (7'ana^a'fl, Semper, Reisen
Phil. Lep. p. 90 (nee Butler). — Male. Wings rather large. Foreiving subtriangular ;
costa well arched, apex slightly rounded, subfalcate ; exterior margin oblique and
slightly uneven ; first subcostal anastomosed to the costal ; first and second sub-
costals emitted before end of the cell, third at about one-fourth beyond the end ; cell
open. Hindiving broadly conical ; apex rounded, exterior margin convexly oblique,
waved ; anal angle rounded ; cell open ; precostal vein bifid. Apical joint of palpi
extremely long and slender, longer than in typical Tauascia; eyes naked. Sexes
similar. Type, B. Calliphorus. — Bucasia Gallipliorus (Adolias Calliphorus, Felder,
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 302). Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Ad. pi. 3, fig. 9, S
(1863). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 91, pi. 16, fig. 9, cJ (1886). 8yn. Adolias
Locbania, Boisd. Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1861, p. 39. Habitat. Luzon, Mindoro. —
Bucasia leucotaniia (Tanrecia leucota3nia. Semper, Verb. Nat. Hamb. 1878, p. 13,
c? ? ; Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 92, pi. 16, figs. 10, 11, c? ? (1886). Staudinger, Exot.
Schmett. p. 153, pi. 54, S (1886). Habitat. Mindanao. — Bucasia lupina (Adolias
lupina, Druce, Tr. But. Soc. 1874, p. 158, ?. Habitat. Philippines.

Genus HARAMBA.

Adolias (sect, iii.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 3J. (ISGl).

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa well arched towards the end,
apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle, posterior margin
nearly straight, angle obtuse ; first subcostal branch anastomosed to the costal for
some distance before its end in both sexes ; cell open ; first subcostal emitted at two-
fifths, and second at one-fifth before the end of the cell. Hindwing broad,
triangularly-ovate, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex, anal
angle narrowly rounded ; precostal spur bifid ; cell open. Body rather stout ; palpi

NTMPHALIN^. (Group EVTHALiiyA.) 87

not reaching to vertex, compactly clothed, third joint short, pointed ; eyes naked.
Sexes dissimilar.

Type. — H. Appiades.

Note. — The two species — Appiades and Adima — are, though closely allied, quite
distinct from Sedeva and Julii ; the two former, apart from their characteristic
differences, being confined to a different habitat.

HARAMBA JAHNU (Plate 221, figs. 1, la, b, c, c? ? ).

Adolias Jalinu, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 192 (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859,

p. 74, pi. 7, fig. 1, 9; P. Z. S. 1878, p. 831.
Euthalia Jahnu, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 211 (188G) ; J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1887, p. SCO,

pi. 16, fig. 5, ? . Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 286.
Adolias Sananda, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 76, pi. 7, fig. S, <S ■ Butler, P. Z. S. 18C8, p. 609.

Imago. — Male. Upperside vinaceous-brown ; cilia brown. Both wings with
slender black-lined basal marks, their ai'ea bi'oad, the interspace between the middle
and discocellular mark in the forewing being narrow ; a transverse discal and a
submarginal slender black sinuous band, the inner band angulated at the upper
median ; a slightly-defined dusky blackish lunate shade between the upper discal
interspaces and longitudinal streaks in the interspace between the discocellular mark
and upper end of the discal line. Underside yellowish-ochreous, the disc of forewing
being slightly deeper ; basal black-lined marks slender, the discal and submarginal
lines formed by disconnected portions, those of the forewing lunulate, the discal of
the hindwing denticulate, and the submarginal maculate. Body, palpi, and antennas
above vinaceous-brown, beneath and legs yellowish-ochreous.

Female. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown, the area of the basal black-lined
marks broad ; the discal and submarginal slender sinuous bands dusky brown, the
discal broadest and slightly diffused ; the upper discal interspaces on the forewing
slightly paler and with a dusky-brown lunate shade. In some females, the ground-
colour is paler and of a more greyish-brown colour, the transverse dusky-brown
sinuous bands showing more prominently, their interspaces being also paler, and on
the forewing, anteriorly more or less sullied whitish with the central shade darker.
Underside brownish-ochreous, the basal black-lined marks slender, and the discal
and submarginal sinuous bands as on upperside. Forewing also with the anterior
interspaces slightly whitish-speckled, and the submarginal band there inwardly
lunated with white ; a white patch also at the apex. Bindwing also with the basal
and posterior two-thirds washed with bluish-grey, the submarginal sinuous band also
anteriorly bordered with bluish-grey lunules.

Expanse, c? 2^^^ to 2^^, 9 3 to Sf^o inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Assam; Silhet ; Chittagong ; Burma; Tenasserim.

88 LEPIDOFTERA INDICA.

DiSTEiBDTiON. — " This species does not appeal- to be vevy rare. Mr. deNiceville
lias taken both sexes in Sikkim in October. It also occurs in Assam, Silhet, Cachar,
Chittagong, and Mr. Limborg obtained it at Hatseiga and Taoo, 3000 to 5000 feet,
in Upijer Tenasserim. In Major Marshall's collection are males taken in March and
in the autumn in the Thoungyeen forests, and females in the Donat Range in April,
in the Thoungyeen forests in March and April, and at Mepley in January, by
Capt. C. T. Bingham" (Butt. India, ii. 212). " Rare in Sikkim at low elevations;
probably found throughout the warm months " (de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer,
1894,148). "Common in the Khasia Hills and Cherra Punji" (Col. Swinhoe,
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 284). Mr. J. Wood-Mason records specimens from " Cachar,
taken at Trangmara in August, and at Durgakuna in April " (J. A. S. Beng. 1888,
361). " One male and three females from the Naga and Karen Hills, of which those
from the latter are rather smaller and paler than those from Sikkim and Khasias "
(H. J. Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, 281). A male from the Chin-Lushai Hills is in the
collection of Mr. P. Crowley. Capt. E. Y. Watson records seven males and two
females " from Tilin, taken from December to March during the Chin-Lushai
expedition of 1889-90" (J. A. S. Beng. 1891, 40). Major C. H. E. Adamson took
it at " Tathon near the Chiudwin in September; Upper Tenasserim and Bhamo.
Occasionally met with, but not common" (List, p. 18). A male from the Hills near
Papun taken in November, and a female from foot of Donat Range taken in
September, 1891, by Capt. Bingham, are in the British Museum collection. Signer
Leonardo Fea took specimens in Bhamo in November. It is recorded from " Tavoy "
(J. A. S. Soc. Beng. 1887, 426). A single female was taken by Dr. J. Anderson on
" Kisseraing Island, Mergui, in January" (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37).

HAEAMBA APPIADES (Plate 221, fig?. 2, 2n, \>, S ? )•

Adolias Appiades, Menetries, Catal. Mas. Petr. Lep. ii. p. 120, pi. 9, fig. 4, jj (1857). Moore, Trans.

Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 77 P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 77. Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 609.
Euthalia Apinades, d^'^\ci^\\\Q,'E\xit. of India, etc., ii. p. 207 (1886); J. Bombay N. H. S. 189),

p. 350.

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown ; abdominal margin
pale ochreous-brown ; cilia brown. Forewing crossed by a discal obscurely-defined
narrow diffused blackish lunulated fascia, and a similar submarginal denticulated
fascia, these fasciiB being widest apart and most obscure towards the costa ; black-
lined cell-mai"ks wide apart, a short line also below base of the cell, a large broad
ringlet mark and then a small ring. Hindioing ci'ossed by a discal and submarginal
slender sinuous fascia, followed by a contiguous marginal smalt-blue band
broadening from below the apex to the anal angle ; two black-lined cell-marks, a
basal small oval ring below the costal vein, two narrow oval marks between sub-

NYMPHALINJE. (Group EVTUALIISA.) 89

costal and radial, and two lunate marks between the medians. Underside reddish-
ochreous, suffused with powdery senescent greyish-green at apex of forewing, and ou
the hindwing except more or less apically ; basal marks disposed as on upperside,
very distinct, and with an additional small mark below the cell of hindwing ;
transverse discal and submarginal narrow black sinuous bands prominent, the discal
being sinuous, the submarginal on the hindwing being macular, and the latter edged
on both sides by pale bluish-grey scales ; and the upper portion of the submarginal
band on the forewing is preceded by a small slightly-perceptible whitish dentate spot.
Body and palpi above dark brown, below and legs pale ochreous ; antennee black
above, reddish beneath.

Female. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, as in the male ; basal
markings the same but less distinct ; transverse discal and submarginal bands some-
what less prominent, the submarginal being more distinctly denticulate, and on the
forewing the two interspaces between the subcostal and lower radial both show a
sullied-whitish jioint on the submarginal and a lunule on the discal band. Under-
side reddish-ochreous ; basal marks slender. Foreiuing with a small bluish-grey
patch at the apex ; the transverse discal and submarginal bands, as on upperside,
blackish-brown, prominent ; the discal band edged inwardly on the two upper
interspaces by a white lunule, and the lower interspaces edged by a much less-
defined lunule ; the submarginal band also similarly inwardly-edged by a white
point. Hindwing with the basal and posterior area suffused with bluish-grey, the
discal band lunular, the submarginal band dentate and more or less obsolescent
posteriorly.

Expanse, cJ 3 to 3i"o, ? 3 to 3^% inches.

Habitat. — Kumaon ; Sikkim ; Bhotan.

Note. — Both H. A2)piades and Adima are comparatively larger and more robust
insects, in both sexes, than the allied Cachar species Sedeva, and the Burmese Julii,
the two latter being easily distinguishable, in both sexes, from the former, by the
nearer approximation of the discal transverse-sinuous blackish band with the
submarginal band.

Distribution. — Typical Aj)piades appears to be confined to the Middle and
Eastern Himalayas. According to Mr. de Niceville (Butt. Ind, ii. 207) it
*' occurs in Nepal, Sikkim and Bhotan," and that " it is the commonest species
of Euthalia occurring in Sikkim, and is found throughout the year at lower
elevations" (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as "common
in Sikkim up to 3000 feet elevation from Mai'ch to December" (Tr. Ent. Soc.
1888, 361). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124) records Ajijdades from
the ** Lower Gori, Jhulaghat on the Kali, Kumaon, from 2000 to 3000 feet
elevation. Scarce."

VOL. III. N

90 LEFIDOPTERA INDICA.

HARAMBA ADIMA (Plate 222, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, e, ^ ?)•

Adolias Adima, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 194 (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1859, p. 76, (?.
Euthalia Adima, do Niocville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 210 (188C) ; J. A. S. Beng. 1888, p. 278.

Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 286.
EuthaUa Appiades (local race Adima), de Niccville, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, p. 352.
Euthalia Khasiana, Swinlioe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 354, J'.

TiiAGO. — Male. Upperside dai'ker olivescent-brown than in Sikkira and Bhotan
specimens of Apinades ; basal black-lined markings and transverse fasciaa similar.
Hivdwing either Tvitliout any trace of a marginal blue band, or with a few sparsely-
scattered blue scales at the anal angle, or in some specimens a more or less
increasing cluster of scales, forming either small double patches or a single patch
between the veins. Underside darker and of a more purpurescent-ochreous tint
than in Sikkim and Bhotan Aitpiades, the posterior half of hindwing also of a
deeper senescent greyish-green.

Female. Upperside similar to Appiades, the two upper interspaces between
the bands with less-defined suUied-whitish points at their ends. Underside similar
to Appjiades, except that on the forewing the two upper interspaces between the
bands are less pointed at their ends.

Expanse, c? 2^^ to Sj^o, ? ^h to %^o inches.

Habitat. — Upper Assam ; Khasia Hills.

Variety (Plate 222, fig. 1, c). — Male. Upperside with the basal markings
thicker, the transverse discal lunular band obsolescent on both wings, the sub-
marginal band on the hindwing broadly diffused and comparatively nearer the
obscure discal ; no traces whatever of marginal blue scales. Underside with the
basal marks thicker, those in the cell of forewing interspaced with black scales ;
discal band on forewing entirely absent, the submarginal band on both wings being
nearer the disc and composed of broader black spots.

Expanse, 2^-0 inches. Shillong. In collection Colonel C. Swinhoe.

Distribution. — Mr. L. de Niceville (J. A. S. Bengal, 1891, 352) says "Adima,
according to his opinion, is nothing but a local race of Appiades, confined to the
Khasia Hills and Upper Assam." Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1889, 127)
records its capture at " Margherita in Upper Assam, on the border of the Naga
Country." Mr. de Niceville (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 278) records a considerable
series received from Mr. W. A. Hamilton, all taken below Shillong in Assam, where,
according to Mr. Hamilton, "Appiades does not occur at the spot where he finds
Adima. It is a little strange that it should be replaced at the foot of the Shillong
Hills by so variable a local race." Colonel Swinhoe has also received numerous
specimens from Mr. Hamilton, taken at Shillong and Cherra Punji. Mr. P. Crowley

NYMPBALIN^. (Group EVTIIALliyA.) 51

has specimens of male Adhna from Lushai, and other specimens are recorded (as
Appiades) by Lieut. D. Thompson (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, p. 2), " taken in the
Chin-Lushai country during the Expedition from the Chittagong side, in the cold
weather ofl889-90."

HARAMBA SEDEVA (Plate 223, figs. 1, la, b, c, ^ ?)•

Adolias Sedeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. See. Lou.d. 1859, p. 68, pi. 4, fig. 3, ? .
Euthalia Sedeva, Swinhoe, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. xi.
Adolias Balarama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 76G, pi. 41, fig. 3, c?.
Eufhalia Balarama, de Nic^ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 208 (1886).
Euthalia Afipiadcs, Wood-Mason and de Niccville, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1887, 3G0.

Imago. — Male. Upperside paler olivescent ochreous-brown than in Appiades ;
basal marks similar, but differs in the transverse discal fascia on both wings being
more distinctly lunulate and less diffused. On the forewing both the discal and
submarginal fascia is distinctly defined at their anterior end, and are, moreover,
placed nearer together in their entire course, the discal fascia also being more
acutely angular at the lower radial ; the two upper interspaces between the bands
are either slightly paler brown than the ground-colour, and with a small more or
less paler brownish-white outer point — or the two entire spaces are pale sullied
brownish-white ; the blue marginal band on the hindwing is comparatively broader
than in Appiades. Underside. Forewing paler, the ochreous ground-colour being
more restricted to middle of the wing, the apex and borders suffused with paler
greyish-green, the transverse fasciee near together as on upperside, the 3rd, 4th,
and 5th portion of the discal fascia being composed of half-circles — like a capital
letter 0 or G, or the 3rd, and sometimes also the 4th, are quite circular; the two
upper interspaces have a white outer point, or are sometimes wholly whitish.
Eindiving entirely suffused with pale powdery greyish-green.

Female. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown as in male, paler than in
the same sex of Appiades ; basal marks less distinct than in male. Forewing with
the transverse bands also near together, the two upper interspaces entirely sullied-
white, the four lower either discally-bordered with a whitish lunule or a broad
sullied-white rounded spot. Underside similar to Appiades, except that, in the
forewing, the ti'ansverse bands are nearer together as on upperside, the two upper
interspaces entirely and the lower discally-bordered lunules pure white.

Expanse, S 2^^ to 2^^, ? 3 to ^^q inches.

Habit.\t. — Assam ; Silhet ; Cachar.

Note. — Both sexes of if. Sedeva are distinguishable from the Sikkim Appiades,
in being comparatively smaller, and uniformly paler on the upperside, the nearer
approximation of the two transverse fasciae on the forewing, and in the two upper

N 2

92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

interspaces in tbe male being either wliitish-pointed externally or entirely sullied
brownist-white, and in the female these two upper interspaces are entirely white
and the lower discally-bordered with white lunules ; in the male, the blue band on
the hindwing is also comparatively broader.

With reference to Colonel Swinhoe's Note in Proc. Ent. Society, 1890, p. xi.,
on the identification of this species, I must point out an important error (or
lapsus calami) regarding the locality, there given, for Sedeva — an error which has
also led Mr. de Niceville (see Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1891, 350) into
fault, as regards the true habitat of Sedeva. Col. Swinhoe's " duplicates from
Bu.var" received by him from the Calcutta Museum, and referred to, as being
partly set up for his oivn cabinet and "the others given to Mr. Moore," are now before
me, under examination. These so termed " Buxar " specimens, above cited, and of
which there are about thirty before me — in about equal number of males and
females — are really from the Cachar District — not from Buxar, and have the place
and date of capture, hij Mr. Wood-Mason in 1881, on their paper envelopes, as we here
quote them below. All are true Sedeva.

DisTrLiBUTioN. — Of this species we possess both sexes, labelled Silhet, Assam,
and several sjDecimens of both male and female, taken, as above noted, by Mr. Wood-
Mason " at low elevations in Cachar, this being one of the commonest butterflies,
and was met with between May and August in the forests around Silcuri [Silcuri,
May; Dm^gakuna, May; Durmkhal, June; Irangmara, Jiinuary, Julj, August],
both sexes being equally prevalent " (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 360).

HARAMBA JULII.

Ni/muJa Julii, Bougainville, Voy. Thetis, ii. p. 345, pi. ■!+, figs. 4, 4a, ? (1837).

Adolias Xiphiones, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 609, pi. 45, fig. G, c?.

Eutlialia Xiphiones, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 209 (188G). Distant, Rhop. Malay.

p. 439, pi. 36, figs. 9, 10, c? ?•
Adolias Parvata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 831, pi. 52, fig. 3, ? .
Eutlialia (local ra.cQ Xiphiones), de Niceville, Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, p. 352.

Imago. — Male. Most like Cachar Sedeva. Upperside somewhat darker brown ;
basal marks and transverse bands similar ; the discal and submarginal band on the
foreiving approximated, the upper portion being of the same tint as the ground-
colour, and without any indication of whitish points. Hindwing with the blue band
broad. Underside similar to Sedeva, but with all the markings generally less defined.

Female. Upperside similar to Sedeva ; the discal bands on the forewing
similarly approximated, but with the two upper interspaces both shorter and either
densely clouded with dark brown across the middle, leaving inner sulhed- whitish
lunules and small outer points, or the two spaces are more uniformly sullied-white;

NTMPHALIN^. (Group EUTSALIINA.) 93

the four lower interspaces either uniform with the ground-colour, or are slightly
inwardly bordered with suUied-whitish lunules. Underside similar to Sedeva ; bands
on forewing with whiter interspaces, as on upperside.

Expanse, S 2^%, ? 2^, to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.

Note. — "We have assigned Bougainville's name (as above cited) to this species.
His figure is doubtless taken from a Malayan specimen. His figure agrees exactly
■with some Burmese and Malay examples under examination. The other species (of
various genera) which he figures on the same plate, are also representatives of
known Malayan butterflies.

Distribution. — " This is a common species throughout Burma " (de Niceville,
J. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 352). " In Major Marshall's collection are three males
of this species, taken by Oapt. C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests, Upper
Tenasserim, in December. There are also three females from Mepley, one from
Don at, taken in January, two from Upper Thoungyeen forests, taken in April, two
taken in March, and one from Sekkan, Thoungyeen, taken in February " {id. Butt.
India, 209). In the British Museum collection are specimens from Tilin Yaw, taken
in May by Capt. E. Y. Watson during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 ; also
both sexes taken in Kollido, Papun, N.E. Tenasserim, November and December,
Yunzaleen Valley in December, the Donat Range in February and September, and
in Mergui in August, by Capt. C. T. Bingham. A female from the Karen Hills is
in Mr. P. Crowley's collection. Major C. H. E. Adamson records it from " Bhamo
and Upper Tenasserim. Not uncommon near Moulmein in July " (List, p. 18).
Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Eut. Soc. 1890, 524) found it " somewhat local in the Shan
States, Burma, but abundant where it occurs. I took it at Nankon, 4000 feet, on
the edge of the thick belt of hills and forest extending between the Phwayla Plateau
and the Upper Burma plains ; also in the neighbourhood of Mono, and commonly
in Eastern Karenni. It flies nearly all the year round." The specimen described
as " Parvata " was taken by Mr. 0. Limborg at " Meetan, 3000 feet. Upper Tenas-
serim, in April " (P. Z. S. 1878, 831). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it in " Mergui
in March, and on Sullivan Island in January " (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 38).
Mr. Distant records it from Perak, Malay Peninsula (Rhop. Malay. 439).

Genus CYNITIA.

AcontJiea (part), Horsfield, Zool. Journ. v. p. 65 (1829-30).
Adolias (sect, iv.), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 34 (1861).
Fehleria, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 88 (1888)— iveoccupied.
Cynitia, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1895, p. 'S-

Imago. — Male. Foreioing triangular ; costa fully arched, apex truncate and

94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

slightly falcate, exterior margin oblique, slightly concave below tlie angle, posterior
margin convex ; first subcostal branch slightly anastomosed to the costal near its end
in both sexes ; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at
one-fifth, third at fully one-third beyond; discocellulars short; cell open. Hind-
wing obconical ; anterior margin much arched from the base, apex obtuse, exterior
margin oblique, convex posteriorly ; precostal spur excurved ; cell open ; furnished
with a dense oval glandular i^atcli of shining blackish raised scales, occupying the
basal interspace of the subcostals and radial, and anteriorly bounded by the costal
vein ; these scales, as seen under the microscope, being flat, somewhat long, with
slight convex even tip, mostly being rather wide, several somewhat narrower, and a
few slender, but all of them somewhat widest anteriorly. Bodj/ moderate ; palpi
poi'rect, apical joint short, pointed ; anteunal club well formed ; eyes naked. Sexes
more or less dissimilar.

Caterpillar. ")

ri f — Of the usual Euthalia form.

Chrysalis, j

Type. — C. Phlegethon.

Note. — In this genus, of which the representatives are mostly Indo-Malayan,
there are three well-marked groups of species. In the first group, the sexes are
dissimilar, the males having a blue marginal baud, and the females a discal series of
fusiform markings on both wings {Phlegethon, Ambalika, Gundava, Gopia, Monina,
Cocytina, Blitmei, Diardii), or with sinuous markings on both wings {Puseda,
Ludehingii). In the second group, the sexes are also dissimilar, the males having a
(jrey marginal band, and the females somewhat oval discal markings {Gocijtus (Satro-
paces), Vacillaria, AsoIm). In the third group, the sexes are somewhat similar,
the marginal band being present in both the male and female, either of a grey
or blue colour {lepida, Japis, Bottgeri, Flora (Macnairi), Andersoni, Stoliczlcana,
Maclayi).

CYNITIA COCYTTJS (Plate 224, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, c? ? ).

Papilio Coeytus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 29, ^ (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 55. Jones, Icones, pi. 64,

fig. 2.
Adolias Coeytus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1868, p. 71, S ; ><i- Proo. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. G07, pi. 45,

figs. 3 and 10, c? ? ; Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1869).
Adolias Sairopaces, Howitson, Entom. M. Mag. 1876, p. 150, ^ ? ; Lep. Coll. Atkinson, p. 1, pi. 1,

figs. 6, 7, 8, c? ¥ (1879); Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 830.
Euthalia Satropaces, de Xice'ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. 206 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside rich dark purpurescent umber-brown ; cilia white.
Both wings with an outer marginal pale dull bluish-grey or purpurescent-grey band,

NYMPHALIX^E. (Group EUTHALIiyA.) 95

which extends from below the apex of forewing and widening to the abdominal
margin of the hindwing to half-waj'' up above anal angle. Forewing also with
clearly-defined basal black-lined marks, their interspaces being pale greyish-
brown, beyond which is an outwardly-oblique upper discal pale greyish-
brown patch. Hindiving also with basal black-liued indistinct marks. Underside
yellowish-ochreous. Both wings with sHghtly-defined slender blackish-brown basal
marks. Forewing with a slender blackish lunular submarginal line. Hindwing with
a very obscurely-defined pale brownish discal and submarginal slender sinuous fascia.
Body and palpi above dark brown, beneath and legs pale yellowish-ochreous ;
antennte dark brown above, ochreous beneath.

Female. Upperside pale purpurescent greyish-brown ; cilia grey. Forewing
with basal black-lined marks, slender and obscure ; crossed by an oblique sub-
marginal dark brown diffused narrow band, and an inner-discal angulated series of
five sullied-white brown-edged spots, of which the two upper are largest and ovate
and disposed obliquely-outward, the three lower much smaller, the third being
minute, these latter are disposed obliquely-inward ; a small similar white spot also
present before the apex, the apical area baitig slightly speckled with bluish-grey
scales ; a dusky-brown shade before the upper discal spots. Hindwing with
indistinct basal marks ; crossed by a discal dark brown diffused band, and a less-
defined more or less complete submarginal slender lunular band, which latter is
sometimes slightly bordered with bluish-grey scales. Underside duller yellowish-
ochreous than in male. Basal marks slender, ill-defined. Forewing with the discal
brown-edged sullied-white spots and subapical spot, the apex also densely white-
speckled ; submarginal blackish fascia less oblique than on the upper side. Hindiving
with the discal and submarginal blackish sinuous slender fascia.

Expanse, <? 2i^o to 2^q, ? 2i^o to 3,^0 inches.

Habitat. — Burma ; Tenasserim ; W. Siam.

Note. — The male type of the Fabrician P. Cocytus, in the Banksian Cabinet in
the British Museum, has a grey marginal band — not blue, as erroneously stated by
Mr. Butler (Ann. N. H. 1868, p. 71) — which we have, personally, both verified, in
comparison with specimens of the same sex of Hewitson's Satropaces. The
Fabrician type specimens of male and female Cocytus are undoubtedly the same as
those of Satropaces.

Distribution. — The Fabrician type, both of male and female, is labelled" Siam."
The types of Satropaces were, according to Mr. W. S. Atkinson's MS. Notes, taken
in " Tenasserim near the frontier of Siam." Mr. Otto Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878, 830)
took it at " Meetan, 3000 feet elevation, Upper Tenasserim, in April." Capt. C. T.
Bingham obtained it in the Thoungyeen forests in December, and in the Donat
Range in January ; subsequently, Capt. Bingham also took it in the " Hills north of

96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Papun, in December, 1891, and in tlie Thoungyeen forests in February, 1892."
Major C. H. B. Adamson took " two males and one female in Tenasserim in 1878 ;
none seen since " (List, p. 18, 1889). Signor Leonardo Feasent me for examination,
specimens taken in Bbamo and Cbeba, in November. Four males are recorded from
Tavoy (P. Z, S. 1887, 436). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it at " Mintbantoung in
December, and in Mergui in December and Marcli " (Jouru. Linn. Soc. Zool.
1886, 38).

CYNITIA LEPIDEA (Plato 225, figs. 1, la, h, c, d, e, <? ? ).

Adolias lepidea, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1868, p. 71. Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 830.

Euihalia lepidea, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 203, pi. 19, fig. 78, S (188G). Distant,

Ehop. Malayana, p. 439, pi. 36, figs. 4, 5, <? ? (1886).
Adolias Cocytus, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 76.

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpurescent sepia-brown ; cilia white. Fore-
wing crossed by a very obscurely-defined slightly paler brown discal fascia widening
from the costa, its inner edge being sinuously defined and angulated outward at the
upper median. Both wings with black-lined basal marks, and a prominent pale
ashy-grey outer marginal band, which extends narrowly from the apex of forewing
and widening across the hindwing to above the anal angle. Underside pale brownish-
ochreous, palest on the hindwing ; the outer borders washed with lilacine-grey.
Both wings with slender black-lined basal marks, and crossed by a dusky brown
slender sinuous discal band, and a submarginal lunular band, both of which are
palest, less defined, and somewhat diffused, on the hindwing.

Female. Upperside paler than in male, and of an umber-brown colour ; basal
mai'ks, discal pale fascia, and marginal baud, as in the male, except that the latter
is brownish-grey, and in the Indian and Burmese specimens is slightly brownish-
tinged along the outer margin, and the pale discal fascia more apparent. Underside as
in the male, except that the ochreous colour is brighter, especially between the bands
on the forewing, and the tranverse bands on both wings are more diffused. Body,
palpi, and antennee above dark brown, beneath and legs pale ochreous.

Expanse, S 2j^o to 2i^o, ? 2^^ to 3i\, inches.

Caterpillar. — " Of the usual Euthalia form ; colour green, with a dorsal row
of light red occelli with blue centres ; spines tipt with yellow " (Davidson, Journ.
Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 276).

Chrysalis. — " More narrowed at the head than in E. Garucla ; green; all the
points golden-yeUow tipt with black, and a few large spots of gold between ' '
(Davidson, I.e.).

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NYMPHALIX^, (Group EUTBALIINA.) 97

Egg. — Unknown.

Habitat. — North-Eastern and South India ; Burma ; Teuasserim ; Malay
Peninsula.

Distribution. — " Occurs commonly in North-Eastern India and Burma,
appearing again in Orissa, and Southward to Travancore " (de Niceville, Butt. Ind.
ii. 203). We possess a female taken by Capt. A. M. Lang below Naini Tal, East,
at 2500 feet elevation ; also a male from Nepal, taken by the late General G.
Ramsay. Mr. L. de Niceville says, " I have taken this species in Sikkim, in the
hot valleys below Badamtara in October ; it is fairly common in the Terai and in
Bhotan, and probably flies all through the summer " (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 144). Speci-
mens from Sikkim, taken in July, and from Bhotan in April, July, and August, by
Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. Walter Rothschild's collection. It occurs in'Jorehat in
June. Col. C. Swinhoe records it as common in the Khasias (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 285).
Mr. Wood-Mason found it " very numerous in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar,
between April and August " (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 360). Mr. W. C. Taylor " found
it common in the Mais at Khorda, in Orissa " (List, p. 6, 1888). " A few specimens
taken at Kathlekan, Mysore, in November and December, and at the Gersoppa Falls
in January " (Capt. E. Y. Watson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 5). Mr. H. S. Ferguson
" found it common in Travancore, in the low country and in the Hills up to 3000 feet.
Kowdias 2000 feet in April. It has a habit of flying into the verandah in the low
country and settling on the white walls or ceiling cloth " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 9).
In the Nilgiris, Mr. G. F. Hampson says it is " rare, found from 2000 to
6000 feet " (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). The late S. N. Ward took it at " Mangalore,
Calicut, and Sircy " (MS. Notes). Mr. J. Davidson found " this species very common
throughout the North Kanara District, frequenting the undergrowth of shady
forests and seldom coming into the light" (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. — ?). "In
the C. Provinces I have only met with this species in Kalahandi, where it seems
fairly common" (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 234). Major C. H. E.
Adamson " found it throughout Burma. Very common, especially near Akyab, in
the dry hot months, when it is abundant in the dry jungles" (List, p. 18, 1889).
Also taken in Chittagong in October and November. Signor Leonardo Fea took it
at Bhamo, in September, and also in the Karen Hills in September. Dr. N. Manders
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524) says it is " not uncommon in Eastern Karenni." Capt.
E. y. Watson took it in "Rangoon, and Beeling, LTpper Tenasserim. Common —
in March, and at Kyaikto in January and February " (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888,
5). Mr. Otto Limborg " obtained it at Meetan, Upper Tenasserim, 3000 feet in April "
(P. Z. S. 1878, 830). It has been taken at Tavoy (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 426). It
also occurs in the Malay Peninsula.

Habits of Imago. — According to Mr. J. Betham " it has a very rapid flight, and

VOL. III. o

9S LEPIDDPTERA INBICA.

is very wary, tliougli it can be caught by baiting witli Mhowa refuse " (J. Bombay
N. H. S. 1890, 284). Mr. J. Davidson says "its flight is not strong, and it rests
much on leaves, with wings open " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. — ).

Food-plant of Larva. — " We found this larva very abundantly all the latter
half of the Monsoon on Melastoma malabathricum, a shrub with large and handsome
flowers, sometimes called B,liododendron. It also feeds on Careija arhorea" (David-
son and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 276).

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 225, fig. 1, la, Ic, is from a South
Indian male and female ; and fig. 1, b, d, e, from a Burmese male and female.

CYNITIA COGNATA (Plate 226, figs. 1, la, ? ).

Female. — Upperside purpurescent umber-brown, as in same sex of C. lepidea.
Forewing differs from that species in the outer margin bordering the dusky sub-
marginal fascia being of the same but slightly paler bx'own colour as the other part
of the wing ; and in the discal dusky fascia possessing two upper and two lower
short sullied-whitish spots. Hindioing with the outer margin broadly pale brown,
palest along the discal dusky fascia. Underside similar to that of C. lepida, except
that on the forewing, the discal series of suUied-white spots are present, as on the
upperside.

Expanse, y 3 inches.

Habitat. — Siam.

Described from a single specimen in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley.

CYNITIA ANDERSONI (Plate 226, figs. 2, 2a, b, c, cj ? ).

Eiiihalia Andersoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 18 ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886,
p. 38, pi. 3, figs. 3, 4, (^ ? . de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 203 (I8S6).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark umber-brown. Cilia white. Both wings with
basal black-lined marks, and an outer marginal pale cobalt-blue band, which extends
from the apex of forewing and widens across the hindwing to above anal angle ; a
transverse discal very obscurely-defined slightly paler sinuous fascia widening from
the costa of forewing. Underside pale brownish-ochreous, the outer borders broadly
suffused with pale purplish lilacine-grey ; cell marks on forewing distinct, less
defined on hindwing; across the disc of both wings are two slender dusky brown
lunular fascige, these being much less defined, and somewhat diffused, on the
hindwing.

Female. Upperside paler than in the male ; discal fascia more apparent, the
marginal blue-grey band somewhat paler. Underside as in the male.

NYMPH ALIN^. (Group EUTBALIIKA.) 99

Expanse, <S 2/o to 2i'\,, ? 2/o to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Tenasserim; Mergui Archipelago.

Distribution. — Dr. J. Anderson obtained several specimens of both sexes in
" Mergui, in December, January, and March; also at Minthantoung, Zediwon, and
Pataw Island in December." Major C. H. E. Adarason took a single specimen on
the Tavoy Coast in September (List, p. 18). Col. C. T. Bingham also took it in
Tavoy, in September, and in the Tavoy Valley in March, 1893.

Indo-Malayan Species or GYmTiA.—Gynitia Phlegethoii (Felderia Phlegethon,
Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 90, pi. 17, figs. 6-9, <? ? (1888). Habitat. Philip-
pines.—(7i/7n"<ia Monina (Pap. Monina, Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 51 (1787). Adolias Monina,
Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 608, pi. 45, fig. 4, c? ; Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 89. Euth.
Cocytina, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 125, pi. 18, fig. 7, ? . Habitat. Malay Peninsula.
—Gynitia Cocytina (Aconthea Cocytina, Horsf. Zool. Journ. (1830), p. 67, pi. 4, fig. 3,
3a, c? (Pap. Cocyta, Fabr. But. Syst. iii. p. 127, S). Adolias Godartii, Gray, Lep.
Ins. Nepal, p. 14, pi. 12, fig. 2, S (1833-46). Habitat. Snmntva.— Gynitia AmhaliJca
(Adohas AmbaHka, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 74, pi. 5, fig. 3, ? . Butler, Ann.
N. H. 1868, p. 98, <?. Habitat. Borneo.— Gynitia Gofia (Adolias Gopia, Moore,
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 73, pi. 5, fig. 4, ? . Habitat.— "i— Gynitia Blumei (Adolias
Blumei, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 204, pi. 12, figs. 3, 4, 6. Habitat. Java.— Gynitia
Diardi (Adolias Diardi, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 188, pi. 10, fig. 2, ? . Butler, Ann.
N. H. 1868, p. 98, S. Habitat. Borneo.— Gynitia Asol-a (Adolias Asoka, Felder,
Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 433, pi. 58, fig. 1, ? (1867). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 127,
pi. 15, fig. 5, c? ; id. pi. 14, fig. 3, ? . Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Penang.—
Gynitia racillaria {AdoYms Vacillaria, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 606, pi. 45, fig. 1, S .
Habitat. Borneo.— Gynitia Gandava (Adolias Gandava, Voll. Tijd. Ent, 1862,
p. 199, pi. 11, fig. 4, ?. Habitat.— ?— Gynitia Puseda (Adolias Puseda, Moore,
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 191 (1857) ; Tr. Ent. Soc, 1859, p. 71, pi. 6, fig. 5, ? ;
Lep. of Ceylon, p. 529. Euth. Puseda, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 125, pi. 18,
fig. 8, ? ; id. pi. 15, fig. 3, ?. Habitat. Penang; Malay Peninsula.— Cymita
Ludelcingii (Adohas Ludekingii, Voll. Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 189, pi. 10, fig. 3, ?.
Habitat. Sumatra. — Gynitia Flora (Tanajcia Flora, Butler, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 235;
Aid, pi. 21, ?. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 129, pi. 18, fig. 6, ?. Sj/n. Euth.
Macnairi, Distant, I.e. p. 123, pi. 14, figs. 6, 10, c? 9 (1883). Habitat. Malay
Peninsula. — Gynitia Stoliczlcana (Euth. Stoliczkaua, Distant, I.e. p. 124, pi. 14, fig. 11,
9 (1883). Habitat. Malay Venms,\x\a.— Gynitia Maclayi (Euth. Maclayi, Distant,
I.e. p. 124, pi, 14, fig. 12, 9(1883). Habitat. MalayFenmsnla.-Gynitia Sala^igana
(Euth. Salangana, Fruhstorf, Ent. Nach. 1896, p. 39. Habitat. Salanga Island.—
Gynitia Semperi (Felderia Semperi, Stgr. Iris, 1889, p. 77. Habitat. Palawan.—
Gynitia Japis (Nymph. Japis, Godart, Encyc. Meth. ix. p. 382 (1819). Lucas, Lep.

0 2

100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Exot. pi. 69, fig. 1, ? (1835). Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 73. Fruhst. Berl. Ent.
Zeit. 1894, p. 245, pi. 18, fig. 7, ?. Habitat. Java. — Gynitla Bottgerl (Felderia
Bottgeri, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 244, pi. 18, figs. 5,6, c? ?. Habitat.
^Yest Java. — Gynitia Tanagra (Felderia Tanagra, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 76.
Habitat. Palawan.

Genus KIRONTISA.

Imago. — Male. Wings short, broad. Foreiving subtriangular ; costa well
arched, apex slightly produced and obtuse, exterior margin slightly concave in
the middle, even, posterior margin almost straight ; costal vein free in both
sexes ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-half before end of cell, second at one-
fifth; cell open. Hiudwing bi'oadly conical; anterior margin well arched, exterior
margin convex, even, anal angle pointed; second subcostal branch and radial emitted
at equal distance from the costal ; cell open ; precostal excurved. Body very
robust ; palpi not reaching to vertex, apex short, stout, conical. Eyes naked.
Antennal club short, slender. Sexes dissimilar.

Type. — K. Telchinia.

KIRONTISA TELCHINIA (Plate 227, figs. 1, la, b, c, <^ ? ).

AJolias Telchiina, Meiu'tries, Catal. Mus. Petr. Lep. ii. p. 120, pi. 9, fig. 5, (J (1857). Moore, Tr.

Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 77. Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 608.
Euthalia Telchinia, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 206 (1886).
Adolias Aphidas, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Ad. pi. 2, figs. 8, 9 (1862), J .

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpurescent umber-brown. Cilia white. Both
wings with a marginal blue band having a more or less senescent lustre, which
commences narrowly on the lower half of the forewing and widens on the hindwing
to the anal angle. Forewing also with obscurely-defined black-lined cell and basal
marks, their interspaces being paler brown ; a triangular pale brown costal space
also before the apex. Hindioing also with obscurely-defined black-lined cell marks
with paler brown interspaces. Underside paler umber-brown ; basal black-lined
marks not prominent ; both wings crossed by a discal and a submarginal sinuous
diffused blackish fascia. Body, palpi, and antennse above dark brown, beneath
pale brown.

Female. Upperside pale umber-brown ; cell and basal marks obscurely defined ;
crossed by a continuous oblique discal darker brown fascia, which commences at
the apex of forewing and widens posteriorly to the middle of the abdominal margin ;
hindwing also with a narrow dark brown submarginal lunular fascia. Forewing

NYMPHALIN.E. (Group EUTHALIiyA.) 101

also crossed by a prominent discal curved upper series of five small semidiapbanous
brownish-white more or less dentate spots, which are inwardly-bordered by a
slightly-defined dark brown lunular fascia. Underside dull, or more or less brighter,
yellowish-ochreous ; basal marks slender. Fureiving crossed by a well-defined
submarginal blackish lunular fascia; the transverse discal series of white spots
prominent, and each spot defined by a diffused black-speckled edge ; apex with
a white-speckled patch. Hindwing crossed by a narrow, more or less slightly
defined, discal and submarginal sinuous diffused line.

Expanse, 6 2j^o to 3, ? S^-q to -i^-o inches.

Habitat. — Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasias ; Cachar.

Mimicry. — Mr. W. Doherty ( J. A. S. Beng. 1889, 122) notes this species as
being " a mimic." In general coloration, and pattern of markings, there is a
similarity to certain species of Gynitia — which is a protected genus of the present
group.

Distribution. — " In Sikkim, this species occurs in the low valleys, from 2000 to
3000 feet elevation, from April to October, but rather rarely" (de Niceville, Sikkim
Gaz. 1894, 143). We possess specimens of both sexes, taken in Nepal, by the
late General G. Ramsay. Mi-. J. Wood-Mason obtained "one male on Nemotha
Peak, Cachar, at end of September " (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 360). Colonel C. Swinhoe
records it as "common in the Khasias" (Tr. Eat. Soc. 1893, 285).

Genus TASINGA.

]\Iale. — Wings very short. Foremng' triangular ; costa arched, apex prolonged
and falcate ; exterior margin concave below the apex, slightly uneven ; posterior
margin recurved ; costal vein free in the male, anastomosed to the first subcostal in
the female ; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-half before end of the cell, second
at one-fifth, and third immediately beyond the end; discocellulars bent inward,
straight ; cell open. Hindtvirig triangular ; anterior margin almost straight, apex
pointed, exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex, and slightly uneven, anal
angle prolonged ; precostal vein bent outward ; second subcostal branch emitted at
a short distance from the costal, radial at nearly twice the distance ; cell open, Bodi/
very robust ; apex of palpi stout, conical. Eyes naked.

Type. — T. Anosia.

TASINGA ANOSIA (Plate 227, figs. 2, 2a, c? ? ).

Adolias Anosia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. Compy. i. p. 187 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend.
1859, p. 65, pi. 5, fig. 1, S 9-

103 LEPIDOPTERA IXDICA.

Euthalia Ayiona, Kirby, Sj-n. Catal. D. Lep. p. 254 (1871). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 117, pi. 14,
fig. 5, ? (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 222 (1886).

Male. Upperside dark ashy-green, with the anterior margin of hindwing
broadly pale pinkish-brown. Cilia of forewing black, of hindwing white. Fore-
vring with a broad transverse discal densely grey irrorated-fascia, its inner edge
being angulated, its outer edge sinuous, and both edges lunularly slightly black-
speckled ; black-lined markings within and below the cell edged with grey scales, and
a few grey irrorations scattered between these markings. Hindioing with a transverse
discal black-speckled sinuous fascia, and a submarginal series of black-speckled
lunules, the lower portions of both and intervening discal area being thickly
irrorated with grey scales ; black-lined cell marks and a small black spot above and
below the cell edged with grey scales; a prominent small patch of pure white scales
extending (in both sexes) from base of precostal to base of subcostal. Underside
olivescent-grey, palest on the forewing ; outer borders of both wings, broadly,
with numerous rather indistinct blackish short transverse slender strigfe ; discal
and submarginal black-speckled sinuous markings, as on upperside, ill-defined ;
basal black-lined markings very distinct. Bodij and palpi above dark ashy-green,
below and legs greyish-white ; antenna dark brown above, reddish below.

Female. Upperside paler than in the male, the exterior borders brownish ;
irrorated markings the same. Forewing with an inner-discal curved row of
prominent white dentate decreasing spots with black edges, extending from middle
of the costa to below the middle median veinlet. Hindwing with the discal
sinuous black fascia and submarginal lunate spots more defined. Underside paler
than in the male; markings similar, the forewing also having the discal spots of the
upperside.

Expanse, S 2/\,, ? 3 to 3^-0 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Assam ; Cachar ; Burma; Tenasserim.

The above description of male and female is taken from N. Indian examples.

Distribution within Indian Ahea. — " Extremely rare in Sikkim. It has been
obtained at Singla in April and October. It is generally found in river-beds, where
it is fond of resting with outspread wings on the face of large boulders, from which
it is then scai'cely distinguishable " (de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 14 1).
" Dr. L. Martin caught a specimen in April, 1895, at the lower end of the Sibi
Kola, near Darjiling " (J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 426). " Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained
a female at Irangmara, in Cachar, in July ; another seen with outspreading wings
resting on the wall of a room in the bungalow at Lalla Mookh, in June, presenting
the appearance of a leaf overgrown by a fungus ; one male also taken on Nemotha
Peak in September" (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, p. 362). "Mr. J. L. Shirwell took a
female in the Jorehat district in June, and Mr. S. E. Peal has sent it from

NYMPRALIN.E. (Group EUTBALIINA.) 103

Sibsagar, Assam" (Butt. Tnd. ii. 222). Major C. H. E. Adarason records "two
specimens, one from Bhamo and one from Lower Burma" (List, p. 18, 1889). It
is recorded from Tenasserim, and Dr. J. Anderson obtained a pair in " Mergui in
December and March" (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 37). Capt. Bingham took it
in Moulmein in October. Capt. B. Y. Watson took a female at Belung, Upper
Tenasserim. A male and female from Tavoy is in Mr. P. Crowley's collection.

DisTEiBUTiON OUTSIDE INDIAN Area. — Mr. W. L. Distant records it as " scarce in
the Malay Peninsula, one specimen only of a female, from Province Wellesley,
being in his collection. Dr. L. Martin caught a specimen at Ayar Panas, eighteen
miles inland from the town of Malacca, and possesses a single specimen frora
Kampoug Singapura, N.E. Sumatra, captured in April, 1891 " (J. A. S. Beng.
1895, p. 426). Mr. H. Druce (P. Z. S. 1873, p. 345) records it from Borneo, and
Mr. W. P. Pryer (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 53) says, "I obtained this in
Sandakan, N. Borneo, in one place only, at the back of Elopura, flying in open
sunshine in some regrown scrubb." Mens. Gr. A. Poujade (Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.
ser. 3, iii. p. 263) records it from Laos.

Genus DOPHLA.

DopMa, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 33 (1880). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 86 (1887).
Adolias (sect, v., part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).
Euthalia (part), de Niceville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 191 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Forewmg triangular ; costa much arched, apex truncately-
falcate, exterior margin even, angular below the apex, and very concave in the
middle, posterior margin rather long, straight ; first subcostal branch free, in both
sexes, emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second near its end, third at one-
fourth beyond the end, and extending to the apex, fourth and fifth at three-fourths ;
upper discocellular very short, bent inward close to subcostal, middle and lower
inwardly-oblique and concave, closing the cell ; upper radial from angle close to
subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of discocellulars ; upper median
veinlet emitted from end of the cell, middle median from immediately before end of
the cell ; submedian slightly recurved. Uiiidwing bluntly oval ; costa arched in
male (straight in female), apex and exterior margin very convex, almost even; cell
closed by a slender discocellular veinlet. Body I'obust. Byes naked. Sexes
similar.

Caterpillae. — Chilopodiform ; body slightly tapering at both ends ; armed on
each side with ten long horizontally-projected fleshy branched-spines, these spines
being whorled from the base with numerous short fine spines, those at the
extremity being stouter, and apparently rigid.

104 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

Chrysalis. — Short, thick ; dorsum medially triangular, front tapering, head-
piece ending in two short obtuse points.
TvPE.— D. Evelina.

DOPHLA EVELINA (Plate 228, figs. 1, la, b, c, (? ? ).

PapiJio Ecelina, StoU, Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. p. 132, pi. 28, fig.s. 2, 2B, ^ (1790).

Nymphalis Evelina, Godart, Bncycl. Me'th. ix. 401 (1819).

Adolias Evelina, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1850). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 600.

Doplila Evelina, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 34, pi. 17, figs. 1, la, ^ (1881).

Euthulia Evelina, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 195 (1886), J only.

Papilio Cicero, Herbst, Nat. Sclimett. vi. p. 130, pi. 140, figs. 3, 4 (J (1793).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark ^nascent sap-green. Cilia dark brown. Both
wings with a transverse curved discal obscurely-defined dusky blue-black lunular
fascia, which is broadest and angulated at the upper median on the forewing,
followed by a much less distinct narrow submarginal and marginal fascia.
Forennug also with two discoidal black-lined marks, the upper part of the inner one
being centred with vermilion. Rindwing also with a smaller discocellular black-
lined mark, and an obscure small inner black spot. Underside olivescent-grey ;
both wings crossed by a discal, a submarginal and a marginal partly-confluent
pale sap-green lunular fascia. Foreivimj also with discoidal black marks as above,
and a small ring below the cell. Eindwing with two discoidal marks and two rings
above them, both of which latter and the inner discoidal are centred with
vermilion. Body and palpi above dark sap-green ; beneath, and legs olivescent-grey ;
antennge brown above, reddish beneath.

Female. Upperside paler, marked as in the male, the fasciae broader, the edge
of the discal fascia on forewing more defined and sinuous. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, c? 3 to 3^^, ? 4 to 4i-o inches.

Habitat. — Ceylon.

D[STEIBUTI0N. — " Occurs in the Eastern and Western Provinces of Ceylon, in
low country forests, in June. Flight rapid, along forest paths, settling in thick
parts of trees, and sometimes on the ground. Shy " (Capt. Hutchinson). "Rather
common in the Kottawa forest, but difiicult to capture " (Capt. Wade). " Fairly
common in the lower middle sections of Ceylon, and generally found near Mango
ti-ees " (F. M. Mackwood, MS. Notes). Col. J. W. Yerbmy obtained several specimens
of both sexes in the district of Trincomalee, in October.

DOPHLA LAIJDABILIS (Plate 229, fig. 1 ; larva and pupa, la, b, c? ? ).
Euthalia lanJahtlis, Swinhoe, Aunals of Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 355.

Imago, — Male. Upperside bright dark senescent blue-green ; with a broad ill-

NYMPHALIN^. iGnap eutualiixj.) 105

defined bluish-grey curved discal fascia across both wings, which is broadest and
most clearly-defined on the costal border of the forewing, and gradually attenuates
obsolescently hindward across both wings to the abdominal margin, its inner edge
being sinuous and the outer edge diffused ; beyond is a narrow marginal obscure
lunular blackish band. Forewing also with two discoidal black-lined marks, the
upper part of the inner centred with vermilion. Hindwing also with one black-lined
mark. Underside bluish-grey, with greyish olive-brown transverse normal sinuous
fasciae. Foreiving also with discoidal marks as above. Hindwing also with two
discoidal marks and two rings above them, the upper end of the inner discoidal
mark and both rings being centred with vermilion.

Female. Upperside slightly paler in tint than the male ; crossed by a bright
and distinct curved discal broad bluish-grey fascia; discoidal marks as in the male.
Underside as in the male.

Expanse, 3 3/o to Z^q, ? 4^^^ to 4^^^ inches.

CATERPir,LAR. — Chilopodiform. Body slightly tapering at both ends ; armed on
each side with ten horizontally-projected long fleshy branched-spines, the long
spines being whorled from the base with numerous shoi^t delicately fine spines, those
at the tip being stouter, and apparently rigid. Colour of body pale green, with a
dorsal vinaceous patch on each segment, these patches varying in size, that on
the 4th, 7th and 10th segments being usually the largest, and that on the 5th
and 6th small or obsolete ; the branched-spines also pale green with the tips
blackish.

Chrysalis. — Short, broad ; dorsum medially triangular, tapering in front, head-
piece ending in two short obtuse points. Colour green, with silvery thoracic spots
and line along dorsal triangle.
- Habitat. — South India.

Distribution. — " This is, generally speaking, the least common species of
Euthalia in the North Kanara District, but some years it has been in great force
at Karwar during the rains, and the number of larvae brought in by native boys is
surprising. It is a forest butterfly. Specimens caught or bred in the Monsoon are
occasionally smaller and richer in colour than those found in the dry season"
(J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. — ?). " It occurs in Karwar, Bombay, the
Wynaad, North Kanara in Januai-y, and at Trevandrum" (de Niceville, Butt. India,
ii. 195). The late Mr. S. N. Ward obtained it and reared the larvae in Calicut.
Colonel C. Swinhoe possesses specimens taken in N. Kanara in May, June and July.
Mr. G. F. Hampson found it " rare in the Nilgiris and difficult to catch, occurring
from 1000 to 4000 feet elevation" (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. H. S.
Ferguson says it is " rather rare in Travancore. Taken in June and July near
Trevandrum and up to 1800 feet in the Hills" (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 9).

VOL. III. P

]06 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

Capt. E. Y. Watson took "a single male at Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January"
(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 5).

Food-plant, and Habits of Laeva. — Mr. J. Davidson [I.e.) states that it " feeds
on Diospyros CandoUeana." It rests along tlie midrib of the leaf with laterally
outspreading spines.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 229, fig. 1 is the larva and pupa,
copied from Mr. S. N. Ward's oi'iginal drawing ; and figs, la, b, the male and female.

DOPHLA DERMA (Plate 230, figs. 1, la, b, c, (^ ? ).

Adulias Derma, Kollar, Hiigel's Kasclimir, iv. 2, p. 436 (1844).

Euthalia Derma, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. IIC, pi. 19, fig. 4, $ (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of

India, ii. p. 194 (188(;).
Dophla Derma, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 86 (1887).
Adolias Eva, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 432 (1867). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 195.

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark olivescent fuliginouS'brown. Both wings
crossed by an obscurely-defined curved discal darker-brown sinuous fascia, which is
broadest anteriorly on the forewing and slightly angulated on the upper median,
beyond which is a less-defined diffused submarginal and a lunular marginal fascia.
Forewing also with two discoidal black-lined marks, the upper part of the inner
mark being centred with vermilion. Hindtving also with a discocellular black-lined
mark. Underside grey ; crossed by a broadly diffused pale greyish-brown discal and
a submarginal sinuous fascia, and a narrow lunular marginal fascia, the latter being
most defined on the hindwing. Foreiving also with two discoidal marks as above,
and a small ring below the cell. Hindioing also with two discoidal black-lined
marks and two rings above them, both of which latter and the inner cell mark are
centred with vermilion.

Female. Upperside as in the male. Underside also as in the male.

Expanse, c? 3^) to 3^), ? 4i^o to 4^-0 inches.

Habitat. — Masuri (Kollar); Assam; Khasias ; Silhet ; Burma; Tenasserim ;
Malay Peninsula, etc.

Distribution. — " This has a wide range. Kollar described it, probably incor-
rectly, from Masuri, but it appears to be somewhat common in Silhet " (de Niceville,
Butt. Ind. ii. 194). Mr. P. Crowley has it from Assam. Colonel C. Swinhoe
records it from the Khasias. The late Mr. W. S. Atkinson also possessed specimens
from the Khasias. Major C. H. E. Adamson records it as spread sparsely through-
out Burma. Mr. Crowley has a female from Tounghoo. Mr. H. Druce possessed
it from Mallawoom, Lower Tenasserim, taken by the late A. 0. Hume.

Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 116) records it from Perak, Malay Peninsula.
We possess a female from Malacca taken by Mr. A. R. Wallace. Mr. P. Crowley
has a male from Sumatra. It is also recorded from N.E. Sumatra by Dr. L.

NTMPHALINM (Oroap evthaziika.) 107

Martin (de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 420). It also occurs in Borneo and the
Philippines.

Indo-Malatan Species ofDophla. — Dophla SiJcandi (Adolias Sikandi, Moore, Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 75, pi. 6, fig. 4, •i . Syn. Adolias Soma, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep.
iii. p. 432, S (1867). Euthalia Soma, de Niceville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 194.
Habitat. Java. — Dophla pyxidata (Euth. pyxidata, Weymer, Ent. Nachr. 1883,
195 ; Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 267, pi. 2, fig. 2, ? . Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 25, pi. 4,
fig. 20, c? (1884). Habitat. Nias. — Dophla Dermoides (Euth. Dermoides, Rothschild).
Habitat. — ? — Doplila fumosa (Euth. futnosa, Staudinger, Sale List, Lep. 1896,
p. 32. Habitat. — P — Dophla ^???irtmti!a (Adolias Annamita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 137, c? ?). Habitat. Cochin China.

Genus NORA.

Euthalia (subgen. Nora), de Niceville, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1893, p. 44.

Male. Wings short, exterior margins slightly scalloped. Foreivinrj very short ;
costa regularly arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin almost erect, very
slightly concave in the middle, posterior margin straight ; first subcostal branch
free in the male, anastomosed to the subcostal in the female, emitted at about one-
half, and second at about one-fifth before end of the cell, third immediately beyond
the cell, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond ; discocellulars short, upper angled
close to subcostal, radials from the angles; cell open. Hind wing triangular ; anal
angle pointed ; precostal spur bent acutely outward at its middle ; furnished with a
shining patch of black (jlandular scales* occupying the basal interspace of the
subcostals and radial, and bounded anteriorly by the costal vein ; — these scales, as
seen under the microscope, are of a slightly lengthened battledore shape, twice as
long as broad, and with even tips ; cell open ; submedian very densely covered with
fine hairs. Body very robust; head large ; palpi compactly clothed, apex stout, and
bluntly pointed ; antennae with a lengthened club ; eyes naked. Sexes dissimilar.

Type. — N. Kesava.

NORA KESAVA (Plate 231, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, cJ ? ).

Adolias Kesava, Moore, Turns. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 67, pi. 3, fig. 5 {S only) ; P. Z.S. IS65,

p. 766. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 605.
Euthalia Kesava, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 212 (1886).
Euthalia disoispilota, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 831, 9.

Male. Upperside very dark purpurescent-brown, almost black ; cilia alternated

* This patch, is not so dense as in Cynitia, the scales are shorter, and are not raised above the
surrounding area, as is the case in Cynitia. Mr. de Niccville's wood-cut figure (I.e. p. 44) of this patch
shows it as extending only from the base of the second subcostal, whereas it is actually bounded by the
costal vein,

p 2

108 LEPIDOPTEEA JNDIC'A.

with wliite. Botli wings with a broad transverse outer-discal powdery bluish-grey
fascia, which is traversed by a submargiual slender black denticulated line, this
line being moi'e or less obscurely defined on the forewiug, the fascia itself widening
on the hindwing, and extending to the outer margin towards the anal angle ; the
ordinary basal marks black and obscure ; on the forewing, in some specimens, a
small very obsolescent pale discal spot is apparent between the upper and middle
median veinlets. Underside yellowish-ochreous, the outer margins slightly suffused
with brown ; basal marks slightly defined ; crossed by two discal black diffused
sinuous fascias, which are more or less defined, the inner fascia generally being less
distinct, and on the forewing sometimes showing a small pale whitish semi-
diaphanous spot (slightly visible in some few specimens also on the upperside)
between the upper and middle median ; the outer line most defined on the forewing,
the portions increasing in width posteriorly. Bochj, palpi, and antennse above dark
brown, beneath and the legs pale yellowish-ochreous ; antennte tipt with I'eddish
beneath.

Female. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown ; basal marks blackish-lined,
obscure. Both wings crossed by a discal brownish-grey powdery sinuous fascia, the
inner edge of which on the forewing bears a sullied-whitish lunate spot between the
upper medians and more or less apparent pale lunate spots above it to the subcostal ;
outwardly the powdery fascia, on both wings, is traversed by a more or less defined
blackish-speckled narrow sinuous band. Underside yellowish-ochreous ; basal marks
black-lined. Both wings crossed by a discal and a submargiual more or less
distinctly-defined blackish or dusky-brown narrow sinuous diffused line, the discal
being most diffused, the outer sometimes dentate. Forewing also with a black
ringlet-spot below the cell, and a series of pale whitish discal spots, as on the
upperside. Hindwing with the abdominal border washed with pale bluish-grey.

Expanse, c? 2i^o to 2i^o> ? 2i^o to 3 1*0 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam ; Silhet ; Cachar ; Lushai Hills ; Upper
Tenasserira.

We have restricted this species to the form described and figured as above.
The typical male (Plate 231, fig. 1, la), and that which we here describe as the
female (fig. 1, b, c), are from Sikkim specimens. The insect which was described
and figured as the female of Kesaca, in 1859 (I.e. fig. 3), is, according to our present
determination, strictly referrable to the next species {Bangoonensis), and is identical
with the type described by Colonel Swinhoe.

Distribution. — " This is one of the commonest species in Sikkim, at low
elevations, from 2000 to 3000 feet, and flies from April to December " (de Niceville,
Sikkim Gaz. 1894, p. 144). " It occurs eastward as far as Upper Assam, also in
Silhet and Cachar " {id. Butt, Ind. ii. 213). We possess several specimens of both

NYMPHALIKJS. (Qroup evthiliina.) 109

sexes from Sikkim aud Bbotan. Mr. 'Woocl-Mason records (J. A. S. Beng. 1887,
361) two males and two females taken " in forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, between
18th July and lOtli August,"

Specimens from the Lushai Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley's collection. The type
specimen of diseispiluta, placed as above, and a female representative of this species,
was taken by Mr. Otto Limborg at Moolai, Upper Tenasserim, at 3000 to 6000 feet
elevation.

NORA RANQOONENSIS (Plate 232, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, ^ '}).

Euthalia Sangoonensis, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, 355.

AdoUas Kesava ( ? only), Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 67, pi. 3, fig. 5, ? .

Male. — Upperside uniformly paler than in typical Kesava. Foreuiing with the
discal powdery greyish fascia broader and paler, covering very nearly the whole of
the outer half of the forewing, leaving a thinner and less-defined marginal brown
band ; a more or less distinctly-defined semidiaphanous whitish discal spot is present
between the upper and middle median veinlets, and above this is generally a
continuation of more or less apparent smaller lunate whitish spots. Hindwing with
the powdery greyish fascia also broader, extending more towards the base, and thus
showing a discal pale lunular, instead of the darkly-defined, edge of the basal area ;
subniarginal blackish line sinuous. Underside similar to typical Kesava, except that
on the forewing, the series of pale whitish discal spots are apparent; and in the
hindwing, the fasciae are less defined and more lunular, the discal fascia sometimes
having traces of being edged with pale lunules.

Female. Upperside uniformly paler brown than typical female of Kesava.
Forewing with a transverse well-defined sinuous-bordered band, its interspaces being
more or less whitish-brown, or whitish, and medially clouded with darker brown.
Hindiving also with a similar well-defined transverse sinuous band. Underside much
paler yellowish-ochreous than in typical Kesava, the outer border of the forewing,
and the hindwing, more or less entirely washed with pale bluish-grey ; basal marks
sharply defined ; transverse sinuous fascife, as on upperside, whitish thi'oughout on
both wings.

Expanse, <S 2^% to 2^%, ? 21^^ to 3 1*, inches.

Habitat. — Burma.

Distribution. — Colonel Swinhoe's types were taken by Mr. Noble in Rangoon.
We have verified specimens taken by Capt. E. Y. Watson in Rangoon in June and
July, and at Reeling, Upper Tenasserim, in April ; fi^om Bhamo taken by Colonel
C. H. E. Adamson, and by Signer Leonardo Fea in November and May. Dr. N.

110 LEPIBOPTERA INDICA.

Manders obtained it at Sn'alon, in the Shan States, in January. A specimen from
Cambodia, taken by M. Mouhot, is in Mr. Grose-Smith's collection.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 232, our figures are fi^om Col.
Swinhoe's typical male and female specimens.

Indo-Malayan Species. — Nora Bamada (Adolias Ramada, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc.
(1859), p. 69, pi. 4, fig. 5, 3). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 122, pi. 19, fig. 5, <?.
Habitat. Malay Peninsula. — Nora Salia (Adolias Salia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. i. p. 189 (1857) ; Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 69, pi. 4, fig. 4, c? ? . Habitat.
Java. — Nora Erana, de Niceville, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1893, p. 46, pi. L. figs. 1, 2,
S ? . Habitat, Sumatra. — Nora Somadeva (Adolias Somadeva, Felder, Reise
Novara Lep. iii. p. 432, ? (1867). Syn. Adolias Laverna, Butler, Cistula Ent. i.
p. 29; Lep. Exot. p. 174, pi. 60, fig. 5, <S (1874). Habitat. Borneo.— Nora
bijmnctata (Adolias bipunctata, VoUeuhoven, Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 191, pi. 10,
fig. 4, c?). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 438, pi. 43, fig. 3, c? (1886). Habitat. Malay
Peninsula; Borneo. — Nora decurata (Adolias decoratus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 605, pi. 45, figs. 2, 9, c? ?). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 122, pi. 14, fig. 9, ^.
Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. — Nora Phintia (Buthalia Phintia, Weymer,
Stett. Ent. Zeit, 1887, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 6, S. Habitat. Sumatra. — Nora cordata
(Euth. cordata, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 2, ? ). Habitat.
Nias. — Nora datlirata (Adolias clathrata, VoU. Tijd. Ent. p. 205, pi. 12, fig. 5, S
(1862). Habitat. Borneo. — Nora cxrulescens (Euth. cserulescens, Grose-Smith,
Ann. N. H. 1889, p. 315. Habitat. Borneo,

Genus SONEPISA.

Male. AVings very short, i^orejrm^ subtriangular ; costa very slightly arched,
apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly oblique, slightly concave in the middle,
uneven, posterior angle rounded ; first subcostal branch free, emitted at nearly half
before end of the cell, second at one-fifth before the end, third at a very short
distance beyond the end ; cell short, open. Hindwing obconical ; costa arched at
the base and then nearly straight to end, apex obtuse, exterior margin obliquely
convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded ; cell open. Body moderately robust ; palpi
densely clothed above to the tip, apex short, pointed. Eyes naked.

Type. — S. Kanda.

SONEPISA KANDA (Plate 223, figs. 2, 2a, S)-

Adolias Kanda, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 69, pi. 4, fig. 5, ^ .

Euthalia Elicius, de Niceville, Journ. Bombay Hist. Nat. Soc. 1890, p. 205, pi. D, fig. 8, S-

Imago. — Male. Upperside rich bronzy olivescent-brown. Forewing with a

NYMPHALINJ^. iGnav EUTHALIIXA.) Ill

narrow black line within base of the cell, a double wavy line across the middle of
the cell, and extending below it at the base of the lower median veinlet, a similar
double line across end of the cell ; followed by a transverse discal diffused black
waved lunular line, and beyond by a less-distinct submarginal similar line. Hind-
wing with a black double line at end of the cell, followed by a black diffused discal
line, and a similar submarginal line ; the abdominal margin paler greyish-brown.
Underside. Both wings pale dull ochreous, somewhat brighter externally. Forewing
with the markings in the cell as on upperside, the discal and submarginal line
being less distinct. Eindwing with similar but less-distinct markings as on the
upperside, and also with a slender black sinuous inner- diaoal line, extending from
the costal to the median vein. Body bronzy-brown above, beneath, palpi, and legs
pale ochreous.

Female. Unknown.

Expanse, c? 2^^) inches.

Habitat. — Burma ; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.

Distribution. — A single male, taken at Myitta, Burma, in February, is in the
Phayre Museum, Rangoon, and a male, from the Donat Range, Tenasserim, taken
by Capt. C. T. Bingham, is in Mr. de Niceville's collection. We have compared the
type of Eh'cius, kindly lent by Mr. de Niceville, with that of Eanda, in the Hewit-
sonian Collection, which latter was taken by Mr. A. R. Wallace in Borneo. A male,
identical with both the above, from Perak, Malay Peninsula, is in Mr. Walter
Rothschild's collection.

Genus EUTHALIA.

Euthalia, Hubner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 31 (1880).
Euthalia (part), Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 114 (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 191

(1886).
Aconthea, Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pi. 5 at S (1829) ; id. Zool. Journ. v. p. 65 (1830).
Adolias {i^2ivi), Boisduval, Spec. Ge'n. Lep. pi. 3, f. xi. (1836). Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D.

Lep. p. 289 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 185 (1857); Trans. Ent.

See. 1859, p. 62. VoUenhoven, Tijd. voor Entom. 1862, p. 181. Butler, P. Z. >S. 1868, p. 599.
Itaniis, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pi. 41, fig. 4 (1848).
Adolias (sect, i., Itanus, part), Felder, Neues Lop. p. 34 (1861).

Imago. — Male. Foreiving triangular; costa arched, apex somewhat pointed,
exterior margin uneven, slightly concave in the middle, posterior margia straight ;
first subcostal branch free from the costal vein in both sexes, emitted at two-fifths
before end of the cell, second near end of the cell, third at one-fifch beyond, and
extending to apex, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond, and terminating below
the apex; discocellulars short, upper bent close to the subcostal, middle discocellular

112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

very oblique, short, radials from the angles ; cell ojDen, narrow ; median veinlets
wide apart, the two upper emitted opposite the discocellular ; submedian vein
straight. Hindwing triangular ; costa arched, exterior margin scalloped, obliquely
convex, anal angle obtusely pointed ; costal vein curved, extending to apex ;
precostal spur short, simple, excurved ; first subcostal branch and the radial
equidistant from the costal ; cell open ; medians, submedian, and internal vein wide
apart. Body short, rob\ist ; palpi porrect, obtusely pointed at apex, pilose above,
flattened and squamose beneath ; legs squamose ; anteuuEe long ; eyes naked.
Sexes dissimilar.

Catebpillae, — Chilopodiform. Head large, face broad, narrowest at the top,
flattened in front. Head, and body above and beneath, and legs very sparsely
covered with extremely fine short hairs. Body armed on each side with ten long
horizontally-projected slender fleshy branched-spines, these spines being situated
on the 3rd to 12th segments, and each sjDine being whorled with numerous short
extremely slender spines, the longest laterally interlacing one another, which latter
decrease in length to the tip, where they are slightly stouter, and apparently rigid.
(Described from a preserved specimen).*

Chrysalis. — Short, thick and broad across the middle ; with conically-
triangulate mediodorsal pointed prominence; abdominal end short, tubercular at
apex ; thorax tapering, head-piece ending in two short obtuse points. Suspended
by the tail from a leaf.

Type. — E. Lubentina.

EUTHALIA LUBENTINA (Plate 233, figs. 1, la; larva and pupa, lb, c, d, e, c? ? )•

Painlio Lubentina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p]. 155, figs. C, D, $ (1777). Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 91

(1781); Mant. Ins. ii. p. 49 (1787); Eut. Syst. iii. 1, p. 121 (1793). Donovan, Ins. Chiua,

pi. 36, fig. 3, (^(1799).
Euthalia Lubentina, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 31,

pi. 16, figs. 1, la, b, (J ?, larva and pupa (1880). Distant, Ehop. Malay, p, 128, pi. 14, fig. 4,

S (1883). de Nict'ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 220 (1886).
Nijmphalis Lubentina, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 400 (1819).
Adolias Lubentina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 188, pi. 12, figs. 13, 13a, larva and

pupa (1857). Butler, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 88.

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark greenish-brown, palest and senescent externally ;

* In Horsfield's figure of the larva of the Javanese E. Aconthea (I.e. pi. 8, fig. 6), eleven segments
only are apparent, including the head, which latter is represented as of an elongated oval shape, and the
front pair of long spines are represented as if projecting from the second segment. These errors are
repeated in the subsequent reproductions of this figure,

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NYMPHALIN^. {Gronv EUTSAZIiyA.) 113

cilia black alternated with white. Foretving with black-lined cell-marks, the two
outer v/ith scarlet interspaces, and the inner mark sometimes outwardly edged by a
short white streak ; a black mark below the cell ; three transversely-disposed small
semidiaphanous white spots beyond the cell, followed by a discal recurved series of
six, or seven, similar spots, the two lowest being more or less obscurely defined ;
beyond is a submargiaal indistinct black lunular fascia. Hindwinc/ with the costal
border paler ; a black-lined cell mark, a discal row of black-bordered scarlet spots,
and a submarginal row of black spots, of which latter row the three anterior spots
and the anal spot are externally bordered with scarlet ; sometimes the three anterior
spots, in both sexes, are connected with the three discal upper spots by a continuous
intervening scarlet streak. Underside. Foreioing greenish purplish-brown, washed
with ochreous-brown apically; markings as on upperside, but more prominent.
Eindioing greenish ochreous-browu ; the scarlet spots very prominent and some-
times with scarcely any black border ; the costal and abdominal border of the wing
is hned with scarlet, and there ai-e two black cell-marks and two marks above the
cell, each being centred with scarlet.

Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male. Forewing with an oblique
discal macular greenish-white band, composed of irregular-shaped spots, of which
the three upper are small, the next larger and elongated, the fifth much larger and
obliquely broader, the two lower being respectively small ; the interspace between
the discoidal marks also white, and thus f oi^m an inner portion of the band ; beyond
is a series of three, sometimes a fourth, lower smaller white spots before the apex.
Eindwing marked as in the male. Underside paler than in the male. Foreioing
greyish at the base, apex ochreous-brown, posterior angle gi-eenish-gi-ey ; with
macular white band and subapioal spots, and scarlet marks, as above. Hindioing
with discal and submarginal scarlet-centred spots and basal markings, and scarlet
borders as in the male, but less prominently defined. Body and palpi above dark
greenish-brown, beneath and legs greyish-brown ; collar, side of palpi, and front of
fore tibiae and tarsi streaked with scarlet.

Expanse, 6 2^q to 2i^o. ? 3 to Z^o inches.

Caterpillar. — Chilopodiform ; elongated ; armed with ten pairs of long
horizontally-projected very delicately-branched spines. Colour grass-green, with a
dorsal row of large purple-brown angulated spots, each with or without a small pure
white diamond-spot in its middle, these dorsal spots being placed on the anterior
half of the 4th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th segments; the lateral spines
green, tipt with purple-brown.

Chrysalis. — " Similar to E. Gamda ; green, but with two lateral brown marks,
each with a dirty-white centre, and two brown points equally with whitish centres
between these and the terminating projection " (A. Grote).

VOL. III. Q

114 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

Egg. — Unknown.

Habitat. — India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Malay Peninsula, etc.

Distribution. — " This species has a very wide range. It occurs at Fyzabad in
Oudh, in Calcutta and Sikkim, and Eastwards as far as Upper Assam, also in
Burma, Orissa, Bombay, and thence Southward to Ceylon " (de Niceville, Butt.
Ind. ii. 221). Mr. W. Doherty records it from the " Kali Valley at Baghrihat,
2500 feet, Kumaon ; scarce" (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124). Major Godwin- Austen
took it " East of Hurdwar, N.W. Provinces." The late General G. Ramsay obtained
it in Nepal. "A single female taken in Sikkim at 2000 feet elevation in October"
(de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng. 1882, 69). " Rare in Sikkim (the female commoner
than the male) at low elevations from April to October" {id. Sikkim Gazetteer,
1894, 144). The late W. S. Atkinson obtained it in " Sikkim, the Khasias and
Plains of Bengal " (MS. Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 286). Mr. Wood-Mason obtained " one male at Silcuri, Cachar "
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 362). Mr. L. de Niceville found it " rare in the neighbourhood
of Calcutta " (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 45). The late Capt. R. C. Bevan took it in
Maungbhoom. Mr. A. Grote found the larva near Calcutta, in October, feeding on
Loranthus. Mr. W. C. Taylor records it as " very rare at Khurda, in Orissa; only
two taken" (List (1888) p. 6). " This is not very rare on the Hills near Bombay,
but seems to keep to the tops of trees, basking in the sun. I have found it at
Matheran in December" (E. H. Aitken, J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1886, 134). Mr. G. F.
Hampson says it is " rare in the Nilgiris from 3000 to 4000 feet elevation " (J, A. S.
Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. S. N. Ward found it " rare at Mangalore in April" (MS.
Notes). Mr. H. S. Ferguson records it as " not uncommon in the low country of
Travancore; not found in the Hills " (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1891, 9). In Ceylon "it
is a scarce butterfly, the male particularly so ; it is fond of pitching on pathways.
Range about 3000 feet from low country " (F. M. Mackwood, MS. Notes). Capt.
Hutchison found it " occurring in the same districts as E. Evelina, having similar
habits, the flight being quicker and stronger" (Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 31). Signer
Leonardo Fea obtained it at Bhamo, Burma, in November. Capt. E. Y. Watson
took it in " Rangoon; not common" (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1888, 6). Dr. N. Manders
took "one specimen at Fort Stedman, Shan States, Burma, in July" (Ti\ Eut. Soc.
1890, 524). Major C. H. E. Adamson "caught females of this insect about ripe
guava fruit in Rangoon, and in Arakaii, in January; the males I have only caught
near Bhamo. Unlike other species of Euthalia, the female seems to be the most
abundant" (List, p. IS).

Mr. H. Druce records it from " Nahconchaisee, Siam " (P. Z. S. 1874, 106). Mr.
W. L. Distant obtained it in the Malay Peninsula (Rhop. Malay, p. 128). Dr. L,
Martin took it in N.B. Sumatra (J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 426).

NYMP HALING. (Group EVTBALIINA.) 115

Habits of Imago. — " The males are fond of basking in the sun on high trees
or hill tops along with Gharaxes Athamas and Cynthia. With the exception of
E. (taruda occasionally, the other Euthalias never do this. The females frequent the
forests at the foot or on the slopes of the hills and do not show themselves much "
(J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. — ?). "It is fond of carrion, and a
friend informed me that he once took a specimen on a piece of meat in the Crawfurd
Market, in Bombay City" (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 284). Major
Adamson "caught females of this insect about guava fruit in Rangoon" (List,
p. 18).

Food-plant, and Habits, of Larva. — Mr. A. Grote found the larva near Calcutta
in October, feeding on Loranthns. Messrs. Davidson and Aitken record finding
" the larvae in Bombay District in August, September, and October, on two common
species of the so-called mistletoe (Lorantlms). It probably continued till the end of
the year. After moulting it eats its cast skin, spines and all. It is worthy of
notice that the leaves of Loranthus are often disfigured with spots or patches of
purple-brown similar to the coloured tips of the larval spines. Out of a large
number of larvse reared, only a few female butterflies were obtained " (J. Bombay
N. H. S. 1890, 262, 276).

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 233, figs. 1, la represent the larva
and pupa from Mr. A. Grote's original drawing, and figs, lb, c, d, e, the male and
female.

EUTHALIA GAKUrA.
Wet-Season Bbood (Plate 234, figs. 1, larva and pupa ; la, b, c, d, ^ ? ).

Adolias Garuda, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 186, pi. 6, figs. 2, 2a, larva and pupa ;

id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 64, p]. 3, fig. 2, cJ ? . Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 603.
Eutlialia Garuda, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 32, pi. 16, figs. 2, 2a, ^ ? (1881). Distant, Ehop.

Malay, p. 117, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2, (J ? (1883). de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii p. 216

(1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside umber-brown, of a more or less dark tint, glossed
with dark olive or purpurescent-brown ; cilia alternately edged with white ; basal
marks black-lined. Foreioing with a transverse discal broad diffused sinuous-edged
blackish fascia and a narrow diffused submarginal lunular fascia ; the inner fascia
bordered anteriorly on its outer edge with a series of, generally five, decreasing
small white dentate spots — sometimes the two, or occasionally the three lower, are
obsolescent or even absent ; these spots vary in size on individual specimens, the
series in some being uniformly larger, in others uniformly small ; beyond are two
subapical obliquely-superposed very small white spots. Himlwing with a discal ti'ans-
verse blackish curved fascia, its outer edge being sinuously defined, its inner diffused,

(i 2

116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

followed by a submarginal series of black inverted points. Underside pale greyish
ochreous-brown, palest and most greyish basally ; the basal black-lined marks
distinct; outer borders suffused with lilacine-grey. Foreiving with a more or less
prominently-defined blackish submarginal broad lunular fascia, and a discal series of
white dentate spots and subapical spots. Hindwing with an obscurely-defined
narrow submarginal dusky-brown fascia, and a row of black points. Body and
palpi above dark brown ; beneath, palpi and legs pale greyish-ochreous ; antennae
blackish, tipt with red.

Female. Upperside paler brown, of a more or less olivaceous or purpurescent-
brown tint ; transverse fascite darker brown. Forewing with the discal area between
tbe fasciae more or less irrorated with olivescent-grey scales ; a series of five larger-
sized discal white spots, and two subapical spots, the discal series in individual
specimens varying uniformly in size, and in some the two lowest, or the lowest only,
is small, sometimes even (in Burmese specimens) the lowest is larger than the
penultimate, and occasionally (Darjiling specimens) the two upper are smaller;
the third and fifth absent and the fourth also small, also, in some few (Bombay and
Malabar specimens) there is a very small longitudinal whitish spot beneath the lower
median veinlet ; the subapical white spots small. Underside of the same ground-
colour as in the male. South Indian specimens being genei^ally greyer than those of
Upper Indian and Burmese ; markings the same. Forewing with the discal white
spots and subapical spots as on the upperside.

Expanse, S 2-^% to 2i^oj *? 3 to S^^ inches.

Dry-Season Brood (Plate 235, figs. 1, la, b, c, <;??)•
EuthaUa Merilia, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 286.

Male. Upperside paler than in wet-season brood, and of a more uniformly pale
olive-brown tint ; basal marks black ; the discal and submarginal fascise being
dusky-brown and well-defined ; two very indistinct slender whitish lunate spots
showing on the upper edge of the discal fascia on the forewing, but obsolete in some
specimens. Underside of a uniform pale bi'ownish-ochreous, the outer margins of
lioth wings washed with lilacine-grey ; transverse fascias either obsolescent, or their
course being indicated by a slightly darker brownish-ochreous tint.

Female. Ujiperside paler olivescent-brown than in male, the transverse fasciae
obscurely defined ; basal marks less distinct. Forewing with the upper discal and
subapical spots brownish-white, the upper spots only, above the median, being
present in some specimens, in others the lower spots are obsolescent or minute.
Underside of the same uniformly pale brownish-ochreous, with the transverse fascise
obsolescent or obscurely define \ as in the male ; basal marks slender.

Expanse, <? 2^^, ? 2i^o ^^ 3 inches.

NYMPHALIN^. (Gronv SVTBAZUyA.) 117

Cateepillak. — Chilopodiform. Head large, face broad, flattened in front.
Head and body above and beneatli including the legs very sparsely covered with
extremely fine short hairs. Body armed on each side with ten horizontally-projected
dender fleshy branched- spines, these spines being situated on the 3rd to the 12th
segment, and each spine is numerously covered with both rather long and very
short extremely delicate spines decreasing in length to the tip, where they are
slightly stouter, and apparently rigid, the longest of these delicate spines being
laterally-disposed and interlace with the spines of the next segment. (Described
from a preserved Bombay specimen received from the late Dr. Leith.) Colour.
Head and body, and spines, pale green; with a light yellow dorsal line touched with
blue ; the spines fringed with yellow.

Chrysalis. — Short, thick, broad across the middle ; with a conically-triangular
medio-dorsal keeled prominence ; anal end short and tubercular at apex ; thorax
tapering, head-piece ending in two short obtuse points j suspended by the tail from
underside of a leaf.

Habitat. — India; Ceylon; Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc.

DiSTRiBOTiON. — " This is the commonest and most widely spread species of the
group occurring in India. It is met with throughout the outer ranges of the
Himalayas and in the plains, except in the desert tracts. It also occurs in Ceylon,
Burma, and the Malay Peninsula" (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 217). In the
Western Himalayas, the Rev. J. Hocking obtained it in the " Kangra District in
October; the larva feeding on mangoe " (P. Z. S. 1882, 239). Mr. W. Doherty
found it in the " Kali Valley, Kumaon, 2000 to 3000 feet elevation. Scarce "
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 124). " In Sikkim it is a common species in the low valleys
and Terai, where it is to be found all the year round. It is a vainable species, tlie
dry-season forms being much lighter coloured than the wet-season forms, and the
white spots on the forewing in both sexes differing greatly in different specimens
in number and size " (de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143). The late Mr.
W. S. Atkinson's collection contained specimens from the Himalayas, Khasias, and
Plains of Bengal. We possess males and females of both the wet and dry season
broods from the N.W. Himalaya, Deyra Dhoon, Darjiling, and Calcutta. Colonel C.
Swinhoe records it from the " Khasia Hills, and Cherra Punji" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893,
286). Mr. Wood-Mason records " sixty-two males and twenty females, taken in tlie
forests around Silcuri, Cachar, between end of May and beginning of August"
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 361). It is " very common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta,
and I have frequently bred the larva from mangoe ; the butterflies frequenting these
trees" (de Niceville, I.e. 217). Mr. W. C. Tajdor found it "common at Khurda
in Orissa" (List, p. 0). Colonel Swinhoe records it as "common everywhere in
Bombay and the Dekkan, from October to May" (P. Z. S. 1885, 130). Also taken

118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

in Thana District, Bombay, in Novembei'. " Island of Bombay, October ; larva
feeds on the mangoe tree " (Dr. Leith's Notes). " Taken at Kirkee, Bombay, Sep-
tember " (Major J. "W". Yerbury, MS. Notes). Specimens were taken by the late
Dr. Bayne Reed in the Wynaad. Mr. S. N. Ward obtained it at Mangalore, Calicut,
Kanara, and reared the larva on mangoe. Mr. G. F. Hampson found it "rare in the
Nilgiris from 1000 to 3000 feet" (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 854). The late Sir Walter
Elliot bred the " larva on mangoe at Palamanar, Madras, in September, which changed
to pupa on the 30th, the perfect insect emerging October 10th " (MS. Notes). Major
E. Y. Watson took " a few specimens at Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in December "
(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 9). Mr. H. S. Ferguson found it " very common in the
Plains and Hills of Travancore, a form of the male occurring in which the discal
spots are obsolete " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 9).

In Ceylon, Mr. F. M. Mackwood (MS. Notes) says " Gariida very scarce ; caught
by me at about 3000 feet elevation." A female labelled ' Ceylon ' is in Mr. Grose-
Smith's collection. We possess specimens taken by Colonel J. W. Yerbury at
" Peripancherakullam on the Kandy Road, Ceylon, in October."

In Burma, Major Adamson says it is very common throughout the country (List,
p. 18). Signer Leonardo Fea took it at Bhamo in September and in Rangoon in
December. Major Watson obtained it at " Rangoon, and Beeling, Tenasserim,
commonly" (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1888, 6). Capt. C. T. Bingham took a specimen
of the ' dry-season ' brood in February in the Tboungyeen Valley, Upper Tenas-
serim. Dr. N. Manders observed it as " an abundant species in the Shan States,
Burma, especially at the edge of belts of forests. It is common also in Karenni "
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524). Dr. J. Anderson took it in " Mergui in December "
(J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). Mr. H. Druce records it from " Nahconchaisee,
Siam" (P. Z. S. 1874, 106).

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Distant records it from " Pro-
vince Wellesley, and Malacca" (Rhop. Malay. 118). Dr. L. Martin obtained it in
N.E. Sumatra, and says "this species appears only near human habitations. It is
most plentiful in January and February" (de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 424).
A specimen labelled ' Java' is in the British Museum Collection, this latter locality,
however, being doubtless incorrect.

Habits of Imago. — " These butterflies frequent mangoe trees, and usually settle
with wings widely spread open, sometimes on the underside of a leaf " (de Niceville,
Butt. India, ii. 217). "I think this butterfly is less common in the jungle than it
is about human dwellings. It loves to bask on old grey walls, and may be found
making itself happy in the dirtiest part of the native town. I am quite sure it
prefers the liquids which it sips from the roadside gutter to the nectar of any
flower" (E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1886, 134). " It is a very pugnacious
creature, but readily comes to Mhowa refuse. I have caught many and watched

NYMPHALINyE. (Gioap evtkaliina.) 119

more on the margins of tanks close to the water, where they descend towards the
middle of the day to suck up the moisture " (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. S. 189-i,
p. 284). " It is common in Karwar, as in other parts of the Bombay Presidency,
fi-equenting gardens and basking on walls ; it is a thirsty insect, easily attracted by
fermented toddy " (J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. — ?). Dr. L. Martin
says " this species, in N.E. Sumatra, appears only near human habitations, as the
food-plant of the larvas is the leaves of the mangoe tree, which is always planted
near villages and round houses. It is, therefore, not found in higher elevations.
The males may be seen plentifully in January and February, pursuing each other
from the shade of one tree to another " (J. A. S. Beng. 1895, p. 424).

Food-plants of Lauva. — In the late General Hardwicke's drawings, now in the
Zoological Department, British Museum, the larva, pupa, and imago are figured (Nos.
81, 85, 86), the larva noted as being found " feeding on Trofhis asi^era at Dum Dum,
and on a species of Bryonia." In the late Mr. A. Grote's drawings the larva is
figured, found by him in the Calcutta District, feeding on the mangoe (Mnngifera
iiidica). Mr. L. de Niceville says, " I have fi^equently bred the larva in Calcutta from
mangoe trees " (Butt. Ind. ii. 217). Mr. J. Hocking, in the Kangra District, also
found the larva on mangoe (P. Z. S. 1882, 229). In Borubay, according to the
observations of Messrs. Davidson and Aitken, made in Bombay, " it commonly feeds
on the mangoe and the Cashew Nut tree {Anacardium occidentale), but we have
found it on the Mulberry, and the Rose, and on Loranthus along with E. Luhentina.
In rearing the larva of Garuda no such disparity of the sexes of the perfect insect
was observed, as occurs in E. Luhentina. The pupa hangs by the tail on the under-
side of a leaf, often the very one on which it spent its larval life, for it is too cautious
an insect to eat the leaf it lives on. One curious fact which escaped our notice
till this season, is that the spines of Euthalia are epidermal, and are shed at each
moult, the larvte emerging with only a row of small, blunt processes, which in a very
short time expand into spines" (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, pp. 262, 275, 350).
The late Sir Walter Elliot also " found the larva at Palamanar, Madras, on the
mangoe in September" (MS. Notes).

Bkoods of Larvae. — " The first brood of larvae was found in Bombay about the
end of June, and the butterfly swarmed in July. About a month after larv!B became
very plentiful again, and so continued until we went into camp in the beginning of
September, and had to give up keeping them; they certainly lasted till December"
(Davidson and Aitken, I.e., 1886, 134). The late Dr. Leith " found the larva on
mango in Bombay at end of November " (MS. Notes).

Habits, and Protective Resemblance, of Larva. — "I have often found the larva
of Garuda at rest on the middle of a mangoe leaf, in which position it is very difficult
to see, though its form is so remarkable ; its body with the pale dorsal line answers
to the midrib of the leaf, while the lateral branched-spines pass for the other veins

120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

of the leaf on which it is resting, forming a remarkable instance of protective
coloration, structure and character combined" (de Niceville, Butt, India, ii. 192).
" The caterpillar, which eats little, and grows slowly, spends most of its time at
rest motionless, on the upperside of a leaf of precisely the same tint as itself. A
dorsal line, or row of spots, however it may look on paper, succeeds in keeping up
the continuity of the midrib of the leaf in a way which cheats the sharpest eye,
while the long interlaced spines, extending on each side, fall in with the neuration "
(Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 275).

EUTHALIA VASANTA (Plate 236, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, cJ ? , larva and pupi).

Adolias Vasania, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soe. Lond. 1859, p. 77, pi. 7, fig. 2, ? . Butler, P. Z. S. 1868,

p, G02,
Euthalia Vasanta, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 33, pi. 17, fig.^. 2, 2a, b, c? ? , larva and pupa (1881),

de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc.,ii. p. 217 (1886).

Imago. — Male, Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, discal area of forewing
and posterior half of hindwing glossy olivescent-brown ; basal marks black-lined ;
cilia dark brown, Foreiving with a transverse inner-discal broad obscure blackish
sinuous-edged fascia, and a narrow submarginal luuular fascia. In some specimens
are faint traces of small incipient whitish lunate marks on the outer upper edge of
the discal fascia, and also of similar subapical dots, Hindwing with a narrower
discal obscure blackish fascia and a submarginal series of small dentate spots.
Underside pale dull greyish-brown, dusky externally ; the outer border slightly
washed with lilacine-grey ; basal black-lined markings slender ; the transverse fasciae
narrower and much less defined, the discal obscure. Foreiving also with very
slightly-defined small whitish lunate marks to the upper edge of the obscure narrow
sinuous discal fascia, and small white subapical dots. Body and palpi above dark
brown, beneath and legs pale brownish-white ; antenufe black, tipt with red.

Female. Upperside olivescent f idiginous-brown ; basal marks black-lined ;
transverse fasciae obscurely darker brown, Forewing with an outwardly-oblique
transverse discal white narrow macular band, commencing from middle of the costa
and extending to lower median veinlet near its end, the spots somewhat cordate, the
lower posteriorly elongated or sometimes nearly or quite broken across its middle ;
beyond are two obscurely-defined very small white subapical spots. Underside as
in the male, except that the transverse discal oblique white macular band, and the
slightly-defined subapical small white spots, are present.

Expanse, 2f\, to 2]^o) ? 3 to Sj-q inches.

Cateepill\e. — CLiilopodiform. Dark green ; armed with ten pair of lateral,
long, paler green, horizontally-projecting branched-spines ; a pale yellowish dorsal

NTMPHALIN^E. (Group EVTHALIiyA.) 121

line and a lateral row of yellowish, dots, the segments crossed by a purplish line.
Feeds on mangoe (Mangifera indica).

Chrysalis. — Short, keeled along the back, broadly triangular across the middle ;
green, with a yellow transverse dorsal and a lateral band, and a blackish-bordered
thoracic lateral spot ; a lateral row of abdominal segmental blackish dots.

Distribution. — " Common at Colombo about Mangoe and Cashew trees. Flight
rapid. Settles on the leaves and on the ground " (Hutchison). " Plentiful at
Galle and Kaudy " (Wade). Major J. W. Yerbury obtained many specimens near
Kandy in October.

EUTHALIA ACONTIUS (Plate 235, figs. 2, 2a, b, c? ? )•

Adolias Acontivs, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 357 _: Exot. Butt. v. Ad. pi. 4, fig. 11,

? (1875). Wood-Mason, and de Niceville, J. A. See. Beng. 1881, p. 247, ^.
Tanaecia Acontius, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586.
Euthaha Acontius, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 215 (1880).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpuresceut-browu. Cilia brown ; basal
black-lined marks thick and prominent. Foreiving with a transverse discal broad
diffused black sinuous band and a submarginal broad lunular band ; the discal band
externally edged at its anterior end by a series of two, sometimes three, very slender
indistinct white lunules, and by a lower larger white lunate spot between the upper
medians; two white small short subelongate superposed subapical spots at the inner
anterior end of the outer band. Hindwing with a broad transverse discal black
submarginal band, its outer edge sharply sinuous and its inner edge diffused ;
beyond is a submarginal row of prominent black dentate spots. Underside greyish
ochreous-brown ; basal marks prominent. Foreiving palest at the base ; discal white
lunules and subapical spots distinct; submarginal black lunular band prominent;
outer border washed with purplish-grey. Hindwing with indistinctly-defined discal
brownish fascia and prominent black submarginal dentate spots ; basal area broadly
washed with olivescent-grey. Body, palpi, and legs above brown, beneath grey ;
antennas brown above, reddish below.

Female. Upperside pale purpurescent-brown ; basal marks prominent ; discal
and macular submarginal bands darker brown, inwardly diffused, except the sub-
marginal dentate spots on the hindwing, which latter are most distinct. Foreiving
also crossed by an outwardly-oblique medial discal broad white macular band, which
widens from middle of the costa to the lower median |veinlet, below which is a
smaller shorter spot ; three small white spots also before the apex, the lowest
brown-speckled and merging at the lower radial with the third and fourth discal
spots ; the lower discal spots externally and the posterior angle diffusedly speckled
VOL. III. September 3rd, 1896. B

122 LKPIDOPTERA INDICA.

with purplish-grey scales. Hinclvnng also with a broad purpurescent-white trans-
verse band occupying the interspace between the discal and submarginal brown
band ; apex diffusedly speckled with purpurescent-grey scales. Underside some-
what brighter tinted than in the male ; basal black-hned marks prominent ; discal
sinuous and submarginal macular band distinctly defined ; outer borders washed
with purpurescent-grey. Forcinng \i\i\x the discal white macular band and subapical
spots as above. Hind-wing with the discal white intervening band tinged with pale
olivescent.

Expanse, S 2^%, ? 3 to 3i"o inches.

Habitat. — South Andamans.

This is a very rare species ; one male and two females are in the Hewitsonian
Collection, taken by the late Mr. Eoepstorff, the male being placed as an example
of U. Garuda. Other males and females are in the collections of Mr. Walter
Eothschild and Mr. Grose-Smith.

ETJTHALIA JAMA (Plate 237, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, e, c? ? )•

Jc/oHas yo7;w, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 431 (1866). Butler, Proo. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 604;

id. Tranp. Linn. Soo. Zool. i. p. 539 (1877).
Eulhalia Jama, de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 219 (1886) ; id. J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1887, p. 361,

p].lC,fig. 3,4, i ?.

Imago. Male. Upperside dark purpurescent umber-brown ; cilia black ; basal
marks black-lined. Foretving with an inwardly-oblique transverse rather broad
black inner-discal and a submarginal diffused fascia ; an obscurely-defined upper
discal series of very slender longitudinal white streaks decreasing from the costa
(where the upper portions are broken and show their ends only) to the middle
median, and there ending in two very small obliquely-opposed spots. Eindiving
with a transverse rather broad black discal fascia and a narrow submarginal sinuous
fascia. Underside pale brown, varying from paler umber to ochreous-brown ; basal
black-lined marks prominent. Forewing with a narrower and less-defined blackish
submarginal fascia, and more prominently-defined upper discal white streaks than
on the upperside ; the inner fascia obsolescent. Eindioing with narrower and much
less obscurely-defined discal blackish fascia and submarginal dentate fascia. Body
and palpi above dai-k brown ; palpi and legs beneath pale brownish-white ; antennae
black, tipt with red.

Female. Upperside paler ; of an olivescent fuliginous-brown. Both wings with
black-lined basal marks, and obscurely-defined dusky-brown fascise as in the male.
Forewing with upper discal longitudinal whitish streaks more prominent, each
portion being broader and thicker, and sometimes the posterior portions are also

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EUTEALIINA.) 123

more elongated, thus giving the lower part a broader maculate appearance. Under-
side pale greyish-brown, darkest externally ; basal marks very prominent ; the
transverse submarginal fascige dark brown, inner fasciae very obscurely-defined.
Forewlng with the upper discal white streaks prominent and broad.

Expanse, c? 2i^o to 2i^o> ? ^to to 3i% inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam; Naga and Khasia Hills ; Cachar ; Lushai
Hills ; Burma.

Distribution. — " This is a rare species. It occurs in Sikkim and Bhotan. Mr.
S. E. Peal has taken it at Sibsagar in Upper Assam. It also occurs in the Naga
Hills" (de Niceville, Butt. India, ii. 220). " Very rare in Sikkim, probably found
at low elevations throughout the summer" {id. Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 144).
Specimens from Sikkim, taken iu July by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. Walter
Rothschild's collection. Colonel Swinhoe records it from the Khasia Hills (Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1893, 286). Mr. Wood-Mason obtained a single female on " Nemotha Peak,
Cachar, in September " (J. A. S. Beug. 1887, 361). A si^ecimen from the Lushai
Hills is in Mr. P. Crowley's collection, and Colonel C. H. B. Adamson took it in
Burma. It probably also occurs in Tenasserim. Specimens from the Malay
Peninsula* are iu our own Collection, and also in that of the British Museum, also
from Borneo. It has been taken in " N.E. Sumatra by Dr. Hageu and Dr. J.
Martin" (J. A. S. Beng. 1895,425).

EUTHALIA PHEMIUS (Plate 238, figs. 1, la, b, c, ^ $ ).

Itanus Phemius, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pi. 41, fig. 4, ^ (1848).

Adolias Phemius, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 291 (1850). Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 65,

pi. 3, fig. 3, S {nee ?).
Adolias (Itanus) Phemius, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 34 (1861).
Euthalia Phemius, de Xice'ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 218 (1S8S). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett,

pi. 54 ((J only).
Adolias Sancara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 195(1857) ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859,

p. 78, pi. 9, fig. 1, ? .

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpurescent umber-brown. Cilia white ; basal
marks black-lined. Forewing with a transverse broad obscure blackish diffused
inner-discal and a submarginal fascia ; a more or less prominent upper discal series
of very slender longitudinal white streaks, the upper being elongated, the lower
short, and the upper partly coalescent outwardly with a subapical curved row of
small lobate white spots. Hindiving with a transverse broad obscure blackish

* The species described and figured as E. Jama in Distant's Rhop. Malayans, p. 119, pi. 14, (ig. 8,
pi. 15, f. 4, (J ? , is certainly not this species. It is doubtless E. Alpheda.

E 2

124 LEPIDOFTEEA INBICA.

diffused fascia, and a broad cobalt-blue posterior band, which latter widens from
middle of exterior margin to above anal angle, the outer border of this band being
white and the extreme marginal edge lined with black. Underside paler brown ;
basal black-lined marks prominent. Foreioing witt the upper discal white streaks
and subapical spots more distinct than on upperside, and accompanied beneath,
between the middle median and submedian veinlet, by less-defined whitish spots; a
subm arginal black lunular fascia and the outer marginal border washed with pale
purpurescent-blue. Ilindioing with a less-defined blackish discal and submarginal
fascia, tte outer marginal border being washed with purpurescent-blue and the edge
white ; abdominal maigin washed with grey. Body and palpi above dark brown ;
palpi and legs beneath brownish- white ; legs above brown ; antennee black, tipt with
red.

Female. Upperside of the same dark brown colour as in the male ; the trans-
verse blackish fasciee less defined, the basal black -lined marks distinct. Forewing
also with a prominent outwardly-oblique discal white macular band extending from
middle of the costa to the lower median above the posterior angle, the upper portions
of the band composed of rather elongated broad quadrate spots and the lower
outwardly indented, the lowest extending in a prolonged posterior portion to near
the outer margin ; beyond the band are two, sometimes three, very small white
obliquely-superposed subapical spots. Underside with the ground-colour, basal
marks, and transverse blackish fasciae as in the male ; the outer borders being
washed with purplish-grey. Forewing also with the oblique discal white band and
subapical spots as on the upperside. Hiiidwing also with an obscurely-defined sub-
marginal blackish-speckled dentated fascia.

Expanse, c? 21^0 to 2 1^0, ? 3 to d^o inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotau ; Assam ; Silhet ; Cachar ; Khasia and Naga Hills ;
Burma ; Siam ; Malay Peninsula ; Hong Kong.

Distribution. — " A common species in Sikkim, up to 3000 to 4000 feet elevation,
from April to December" (Elwes, Tr. Bnt. Soc. 1888, 359). Specimens taken in
Sikkim, in March, May and November by Mr. Otto MoUer, are in Mr. "Walter
Eothschild's collection. " Not uncommon in Sikkim at low elevations from April
to December" (de Niceville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 144). "It occurs eastward as far
as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, but seems to be nowhere common " (de Niceville, Butt.
Ind. ii. 219). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon obtained it in Bhotan. Colonel C. Swinhoe
records it as " common in the Khasia Hills." Mr. Wood-Mason took " one female
in Irangmara, Cachar" (J. A. S. Beng. 1887,361). Major C. H. B. Adamson
obtained " one specimen only in the Arakan Hills, in December" (List. p. 18). A
male from the Malay Peninsula is in the collection of Mr. Walter Rothschild.

Mons. G. A. Poujade records it from "Laos, Siam" (No a v. Arch, du Mus.

NYMPHALIN^. [Gmup eutsaliina.) 125

3rd ser. iii. p. 263). Mr. J. J. AValker found it " moderately common in Hong Kong ;
worn specimens occurring in December and January, and a fresh brood appears
early in April. The male, as its compact and powerful build would indicate, is a
tremendously rapid flyer, but its boldness renders it a very easy prey to the
collector when it settles on a leaf within reach, with its wings fully expanded. The
female (Sancara) is much less common thau the male, and frequents shady places,
while the male is fond of open sunny paths in the Happy Valley. Having taken a
male and a female in ' cop,' I have no doubt of the specific identity of Sancara with
Phemius. I once bred a male specimen from a large and very stout green chrysalis
richly spotted with gold, which I found attached to a twig under some Litchi
trees {Nephelmm litchi) much frequented by the perfect insects " (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895,
457).

EUTHALIA APICALIS (Plate 239, figs. 1, la, h, c, S ? )•

Adolias apiealis, Vollenhoven, Tijil. voor Eutom. 18G2, p. 186, pi. 10, fig. 1, S ■

Eutlialia jmrta, Distant, Khop. Malay, pi. 37, fig. 7, S (nee Moore).

Euthalia Aljiheda, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 280 (nee Godt.).

Euflialia Binghamii, de Niccville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 265, pi. N. fig. 8 ( ? only)_

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark rich purphsh-brown; basal marks obscure.
Foreiving with a transverse discal broad obscure blackish diffused sinuous fascia,
and a narrow denticulated submarginal fascia; the two fasciae widest apart anteri-
orly, but apparently, obscurely, partly coalescent at their angles on the medians and
submedian veinlets, and between the anterior ends is a short subcostal similar
blackish patch, Hindiving with a similar discal obscure broad blackish fascia, and
a submarginal row of more or less dentated points. Underside paler ochreous-
brown ; the two transverse blackish fascige on both wings narrower, more or less
obscurely-defined, the intervening short subcostal patch on the forewing also
obscurely-defined, and the apex of the wing tipt with a lilaoine-grey dash ; basal
marks distinct. Body and palpi above, dark brown, beneath and legs light brownish-
ochreous ; antennas above dark brown, reddish beneath.

Female. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown. Both wings with trans-
verse obscure darker inwardly-diffused brown narrower fascia, the submarginal
fascia on the hindwing formed of small points ; basal marks dark brown-lined and
obscure. Forewing also with an outwardly -oblique upper discal series of five more
or less rounded sulhed- white spots, the third and fifth being the smallest, bordering
the inner-discal fascia, between which latter and the submarginal denticulate fascia
the darker brown subcostal patch is visible. Underside paler ochreous-brown ; the
transverse darker brown fascia more or less obscurely-defined, the submarginal

126 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.

macular; basal marks slender, Forewing with the upper discal series of five spots
clear unsullied white ; the ajiex of forewing, and nearly the entire surface of the
hindwing being washed with pale greenish-grey, the apex and the outer border
partially, and the discal fascia on the latter showing the ground-colour.

Expanse, o 2^% to 2^^, ? "^-ro to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Lower Burma ; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula ; S.B.Borneo.

Note. — By the kindness of Mr, C. Ritsema, the Curator of the Entomological
Cabinet in the Leyden Museum, we are enabled to identify this species as the true
apicalis of Vollenhoven, from a coloured drawing of the upper and underside of the
type specimen. We have assigned, as the female of E. apicalis, the butterfly which
Mr, de Niceville (I.e.) erroneously — but with doubt — described as being that sex of
the E. Binghami. We have also examined and verified specimens of both sexes of
E. apicalis, as here described, taken in B. Pegu, by Mr. W. Doherty. As a corrobo-
ration, we may state, that the males of the two closely allied Philippine species,
namely E. Lusiada and E. Mindorana, described by Dr. Staudingei-, with which we
have compared E. apicalis, have similarly marked males and females.

DiSTEiBUTioN. — Both sexes of this species, taken in the Karen Hills, E. Pegu,
in March and April by Mr. W, Doherty, are in Mr, P. Crowley's collection. The
female (described as E. Binghami, by Mr. de Niceville) was taken by Lieut.-Col.
Bingham in the Dallnat Range, Tenasserim. Mr. H. Dinice has a female taken in
the Thoungyeen forests, and a male, also from Thoungyeen, is in the British
Museum. Both sexes, from Perak, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo, are in Mr,
Walter Rothschild's collection, Mr, Distant (Rhop. Malay, pi. 37, fig. 7) also
records it from Malacca as Euth. Parta, which latter, however, is quite a distinct
species. Vollenhoven records the male type of apicalis from Borneo.

EUTHALIA. ZICHRI (Plate 240, figs. 1, la, ^).

Adolias Ziehri, Butler, Cistula Entom. i. p. 6, ^ (1869) .

Euthalia Ziehri, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 438, pi. 43, fig. 6, (^ (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpuresceut-brown. Forewing with the outer
border palest ; basal black-lined marks indistinct ; with a broad transverse discal
and a submarginal very obscurely-defined blackish fascia, the latter being partly
confluent with the former from below the upper median veinlet. Hindwing from
the base to the disc blackish, the discal edge being sinuous, the outer margin
broadly bordered with a greenish-blue band,* which extends more or less broadly

* 111 iome L'orueaii specimens this band is of more violescent-blue tint, and in a ilalacca example the
bluj colour aJ^o extents .slightly up the posterior end of the outer margin of the forewing.

NTMPHALIN/E. (Group BVTBALIJNA.) 127

from near the apex to anal angle, the band being traversed by a subraarginal series
of small blackish hastate spots ; the abdominal margin pale ochreous-brown.
Underside uniformly pale ochreous-brown, the outer borders narrowly washed with
purplish-grey ; basal black-lined marks very prominent. Forewing with a trans-
verse discal slightly -defined narrow blackish fascia, ending at the lower median and
dilating anteriorly ; followed by a more defined submarginal macular lunate fascia,
the spots increasing in size posteriorly. Hindwing with a less-defined similar discal
fascia and a submarginal row of small blackish-speckled points. Bodi/ and palpi
above dark brown, beneath and legs pale ochreous-brown ; antennae above brown,
below red.

Female. Unknown.

Expanse, c? '2-| inches.

Habitat. — Lower Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.

Distribution. — A male, from Malawoon, Lower Tenasserim, taken by Mr. A.
0. Hume, is in Mr. F. Godman's collection. " A single male, agreeing well with
Mr. Distant's figure, from the foot of the Karen Hills, East Pegu," is recorded by
Mr. Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 280).

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, and at Sarawak, Borneo. Mr. de Niceville
records it from N.E. Sumatra (J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 426).

ETITH4LIA ERIPHYLE (Plate 238, figs. 2, 2a, ^}.

JSuthalia JSriphyle, de Niceville, Jouni. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 353, pi. F. fig. 7, c?.
Euthalia Dehnaiia, Swinlioe, Trans. Eat. Soc. 1893, p. 287, (^ .

Imago. — Male. Upperside very dark olive-brown ; cilia brownish-grey. Fore
wing with basal black-lined marks, the interspace between the middle cell-mark and
the discocellular-mark is blackish ; with a broad blackish transverse discal irregular
fascia, and a narrower submarginal diffused fascia, both being confluent at their angles
on the medians and submedian, thus leaving an upper and lower interspace of the paler
ground-colour. Hindwing with basal black-lined marks ; the basal area dusky-brown ;
the discal area with a blackish sinuous-edged fascia, followed by a submarginal rather
broad diffused lunulate fascia. Underside uniformly pale brown ; basal marks black-
lined ; transverse discal and a submarginal obscurely-defined narrow dusky fascia,
the discal being lunular, the submarginal denticulated, the latter on the hindwing
being reduced to small points. Foreiving also with a patch of bluish-white scales
at the apex, and the hindwing slightly tinged with grey along abdominal margin.
Body and palpi above dark brown ; beneath and legs pale brownish-grey ; antennse
brown above, the tip reddish below.

128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Female. Unknown.

Expanse, S 2-^^ to 2i-o inclies.

Habitat. — Cherra Punji ; Kbasia Hills ; Tenasserim.

Note. — The above description is taken from Colonel Swinboe's type, wliich
is identical with Mr. de Niceville's figure, wbicli latter, lie states (Sikkim Gazetteer,
1894, 144), " is very pale, and evidently belonged to the dry-season form, while
Delmana probably represents the rainy-season form."

Distribution. — Colonel Swinhoe's type was taken at Cherra Punji. We possess
a male taken in the Khasias by Colonel Godwin Austen. Mr. de Niceville's type
was taken in the "Attaran Valley, Mepley, and the Daunat Range in Middle
Tenasserim " {I.e. 353). It is also recorded by Mr. de Niceville from N.E. Sumatra
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 425).

ETJTHALIA BINGHAMII (Plate 239, figs. 2, 2a, S)-

Entlialia Binghamii, de Niceville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 264, pi. N. fig. 7
( (? only).

Imago. — " Male. Upperside. Both wings deep shining fuscous. Foretcing
with the following bronzy-fuscous markings : — two rounded spots in the discoidal
cell, one being in the middle, one at the end ; a subapical triangular patch,
its base resting on the costa, its apex on the lower discoidal nervule ; a
broad marginal band, broadest on the inner margin, fining away to nothing
before reaching the apex, the band at the anal angle bearing a small patch
of greenish scales. Hindunng with the costa and outer margin broadly bronzy-
fuscous, its inner edge on the disc regularly scalloped, bearing a series of five small
oval black spots, one in each interspace from the first subcostal to the first median
nervule ; the outer margin broadly greenish-blue, broadest at the anal angle, fining
away to nothing at the second subcostal nervule ; the abdominal margin pale.
Underside. Both wings light ochreous-brown, outwardly somewhat darker; the
usual linear black markings in and about the discoidal cell. Forewing with an
inner-discal black band from near the costal nervure to the first median nervule,
anteriorly wide and somewhat diffused, posteriorly narrower ; also an outer-discal
somewhat macular black band, increasing in width towards the anal angle, ending
in the submedian interspace in a large round spot, anteriorly continued to the
extreme apex of the wing by a prominent pale greenish-blue elongated spot. Hind-
wing with the outer margin from the second subcostal nervule to the submedian
nervure broadly pale metallic greenish-blue, which colour extends on to the disc
anterior to the inner-discal fascia and into the discoidal cell ; the inner-discal fascia

Ft 231.

^??r

re Moore del elhlh.

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NYMPHALINJB. {.gvouv euthaliixa.) ]29

somewhat diffused ; the outer-discal fascia of the forewing reduced to a series of

seven black dots between the veins in the hindwing. Body black above, pale brown

beneath; antennae black above, the club and shaft beneath ferruginous."
Expanse, c? 2-^q inches.
Habitat. — Tenasserim.
DiSTKiBCTTiON. — Described by Mr. de Niceville from a single male taken by

Lieut.-Colonel Bingham in the Dallnat Range, Tenasserim.

Indo-Malaian and Chinese Euthalias. — EtUlialia Adonia (Pap. Adonia, Cramer,

Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 255, figs. C, D, ? (1779). Hiibn. Verz. p. 41 (1816). Distant,

Rhop. Malay, p. 120, pi. 19, figs. 10, 11, J ? (1883). Aconthea lubentina, Horsf.

Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pi. 5, figs. 5, 5a, <S (1829). IlahUat. Malay Peninsula ;

Sumatra; Java. — Euthalia irruhescens, Grose-Smith, Ann. N. H. 1893, p. 21G;

Rhop. Exot. p. 13, Euth. pi. 4, figs. 7, 8 (1894). Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 654.

Habitat. W. China. — Euthalia Djata, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 53. Habitat.

N. Borneo. — Euthalia Whiteheadi, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 313 ;

Rhop. Exot. Euth. pi. 1, figs. 1-3, <S ?. Habitat. N. Borneo. — Euthalia cuhni-

nicola, Fruhstorfer, Ent, Nachr. 1894, p. 800. Habitat. Java. — Euthalia Adeona,

Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 13, Euth. pi. 4, figs. 5, 6, ? (1894). Habitat.

Borneo. — Euthalia Ludonia, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 72. Grose-Smith
and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 11, Euth. pi. 4, figs. 1-4, <S ? (1894). Habitat.

Palawan. — Euthalia Aconthea (Pap. Aconthea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 134, figs. C, D,
(1779). Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pi. 3, fig. 2 (1836). Syn. Nymph. Disconthea,
Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 384 (1823). Aconthea primaria, Horsf. Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. pi. 8, fig. 6 (1829). Habitat. Java ; Borneo. — Euthalia numerica, Fruhstorfer,
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 267, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, c? ?. Habitat. Nias.— Euthalia
Alpheda (Nymph. Alpheda, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 384 (1823). Moore, Tr. Ent.
Soc. 1859, p. 66, pi. 3, fig. 4, c? ? . Syn. Adolias Octogesima, Vollenhoven, Tijd. Ent.
1862, p. 193, pi. 10, fig. 1, <S (? pi. 11, fig. 1, ?). Euth. Jama, Distant, Rhop.
Malay, p. 119, pi. 14, fig. 8, <S ; pi. 15, fig. 4, ? . Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ;
Java. — Euthalia Phelada, Semper, Reiseu Phil. Lep. p. 88, pi. 16, figs. 7,S, <S ?.
Habitat. Philippines. — Euthalia Palawana, Staudinger, Lep. Pal. p. 74. Habitat.
Palawan. — Euthalia T'arta (Adolias Parta, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. L C. i.
p. 185, <S ? (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 63, pi. 3, fig. 1, c? ?. Habitat.
Borneo. — Euthalia Sandakana. Comparatively smaller than Indian and Burmese
E. Garuda. Male. — Upperside similar, except that the transverse discal five white
spots are of more dentate shape and uniform style. Female. — Upperside olivescent-
brown, the discal transverse spots less defined, suUied-white and dentate in shape,
those below the upper median disposed obliquely inward — in Garuda, they are always
outwardly-oblique. Expanse, <S 2i^o. ? ^ro to 2i^,. Habitat. Saudakan; N.
VOL. Ill, s

130 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

Borneo (Coll. Cator ; Moore). — Euthalia Merta (Adolias Merta, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc.
1859, p. 72, p]. 6, fig. 4, 9). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 437, pi. 43, figs. 1, 2, c? ?
(1886). IJahitat. Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra. — Enthalia Agnis (Adolias Agnis,
Vollenhoven, Tijd. Ent. 1862, p. 202, pi. 12, fig. 2, ? . Frulistorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit.
1894, p. 245, pi. 18, fig. 8, t?. Hahitat. Java. — Enthalia Lusiada, Felder, Wieu.
Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 119. Habitat. Luzon. — Euthalia. Mindorana, Staudinger,
Lap. List. (1896), p. 32. Habitat. Miudora. — Eitthnlia Mahadeva (Adolias
Mahadeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 68, pi. 4, fig. 1, ^. Habitat.— ?
— Euthalia Nicevillei (Tauaecia Nicevillei, Distant, Ann. N. H. 1884, p. 199 ; Rhop.
Malay, p. 440, pi. 40, fig. 9, <?. Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra.

Genus LIMBUSA.

Male. — Wings small, short. Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex pointed,
exterior margin almost even, posterior margin straight ; first subcostal branch free
from the subcostal in both sexes ; first and second subcostals emitted before end
of the cell ; the cell closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet ; middle median
veinlet emitted at a short distance before lower end of the cell. Hindiving very
short, triangular ; exterior margin oblique, convex, slightly uneven ; precostal vein
slightly curved ; cell closed by a slender discocellular veinlet. Bodg stout; eyes
naked. Sexes dissimilar.
TiPE. — L. Nara.

LIMBUSA NAEA (Plate 240, figs. 2, 2a, b, c, (J 9 ).
Adolias Nara, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1859, p. 78, pi. 8, fig. 1, ? . Butler, Proo. Zool. Soc.

1868, p. 602.
Euthalia Nara, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 197 (1886); Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1892,

p. 145.
Adolias Anyte, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. Ad. pi. 2, fig. 5 (1862), S- Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 603.
Euthalia Anyte, Je Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 198, S •

Male. — ITpperside dark bronzy olive-greeu. Cilia black, alternated with white.
Both wings crossed by a broadly diffused blackish discal fascia and a narrower
submarginal and a marginal lunulated fascia. Forewing also with inwardly-diffused
black-lined cell marks, and a ringlet below the cell ; externally bordering the discal
fascia is an upper oblique series of four small yellowish-olivescent blackish-edged
incipiently-defined rounded spots, extending and increasing in size from the subcostal
to the middle median veinlet, below which the posterior interarea between the two
fasciae is also slightly paler than the ground colour ; two very small incipiently-
defined spots also before the apex. Hindwing also with the discal fascia externally
bordered at its costal end by a broad pale yellow patch extending to the lower
subcostal, and from below which in some specimens extend two or three slender
yellowish lunules, which latter traverse the length of the blackish fascia; a similar

V

NYMPHALIN^. (aroup euthaliina.) 131

but shorter yellowisli costal patch also precedes the latter, the extreme costal border
alsobeiagpaleolivescent-yellovv; basal black-lined marks slender. Underside olivescent-
yellow ; basal marks slender but very prominent; transverse fasciae as above, those
on the forewing being most prominent ; the upper discal row of rounded spots
and posterior intervening space being more defined and paler yellow ; on the
hindwing the discal fascia is composed of narrow pale yt^Uow lunular spots with
diffused blackish borders, the costal patches being absent. Body and palpi above
dark olive-green, body below and legs pale olivescent-yellow ; antennse dark
brown above and tipb with red, beneath reddish.

Female. Upperside darker and of a more golden-bronzy sap-green, the apical
area of both wings being blue tinged ; the transverse fascia blacker ; basal marks
black-lined. Forewing also with a prominent white oblique discal macular band
extending from the middle of the costa to near the lower median veinlet, the four
upper spots being elongate, the next broadly somewhat cordate, and the last obliquely
elongated, narrow, and slightly recurved ; the two small subapical spots are distinct
and white. Hindwing also with a sullied-white upper discal costal spot, and one,
or sometimes two, very small wider contiguous spots. Underside. Forewing
greyish olive-green, the hindwing being of a more greenish-grey colour ; basal
marks slender. Foreiving also with the black fascia posteriorly diffused and violes-
cent-tinted, the white macular band and subapical spots black-edged. Hindwing
with a discal continuous macular white band composed of six slightly blackish-
edged spots, the four upper being quadro-lunate, the two lower ovate.

Expanse, i 2i~o to 3, ? Sj^q to S^-o inches.

Habitat. — Nepal ; Sikkim ; Naga Hills.

Distribution. — We possess males of this species from Nepal, taken by the late
General Gr. Ramsay. " It is very rare in Sikkim, and is probably found only in the
heavy forests. It is less rare east of the Tista River, where it occurs in July and
September at 6000 feet elevation" (L. de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143).
Also recorded from "Sikkim ; Buxa, Bhotan, in July and August ; Khasias, 4000 feet,
in September; and Naga Hills " (de Niceville, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1892, 145).
In Mr. W. Rothschild's collection are females taken by Mr. Otto MoUer in Sikkim, in
August, 1888, and in Mr. F. Godman's collection are males taken in the Naga Hills,
8000 to 9000 feet, in July and August, by Mr. W. Doherty.

Chinese Allied Species. — Limbusa Omeia (Euthalia Omeia, Leech, Ent. 1891,
p. 29, (?. Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Euth. pi. 3, fig. 3 S (1891). Sijii. Euth.
consobrina, Leech, Ent. 1891, Suppl. p. 29. G. -Smith and Kirby, id. Euth. pi. 3,
fig. 5, 6, ?. Habitat. "W. China.- — Limhusa Strephon (Euthalia Strcphon, Grose-
Smith, Ann. N. H. 1893, p. 216. Leech, Butt. China, p. 653. Habitat. N.W. China
Limbusa Sinica. Male. Upperside. Colour similar to male L. Nara. Foreiring

8 2

132 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

differs in the intervening area between the cell-marks being olivescent-yellow, the
upper discal oblique series of four spots and the two subapical spots also yellow,
and with a pale yellowish discal patch between the middle and lower medians.
nindwi 71 g vfith the basal dark area narrower and uniformly coloured ; crossed by a
well-defined discal olivescent-yellow band, which is broad anterioi-ly and decreases
maculai'ly to the lower median veinlet. Underside of a more ochreous-olivescent
tint ; discal and subapical spots on forewing, and discal band on hindwing, as ou
upperside. Expanse, (j 3 inches. Habitat. Ta Tong Kiao, Cbitia (Coll. P. Crowley
and Col. C. Swinhoe).

Genus MAHALDIA.

Imago. — Male. Wings large, short, broad. Forewing very broad, subtrian-
gular ; costa much arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped ; first
subcostal branch free in both sexes ; first and second subcostals emitted before end
of cell ; discocellulars curved, middle discocellular concave ; cell closed ; middle
median veinlet emitted from immediately before lower end of the cell. Hindwing very
broad, somewhat quadrate ; apex truncate, exterior margin scalloped and produced at
end of the upper median veinlet ; cell closed. Byes naked. Sexes dissimilar.

Type. — M. Sahadeva.

MAHALDIA SAHADEVA (Plate 241, figs. 1, la, b, c; 242, figs. 1, la, h, ^ 9).

AJolias Sahadeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 80, pi. 8, fig. 3, ^ .

Euthalia Sahaihva, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 199 (1886) ; Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
1892, p. U.5, S ? •

Male. Upperside dark olive or sap-green, with a somewhat bronzy gloss ; cilia
alternated with white ; basal black-lined marks distinct and broad ; crossed by a
blackish diff'used discal and submarginal and a narrower marginal sinuous fascia, the
anterior interspace between the two former being defined by pale yellowish lunules
on the forewing and broader lunules on the hindwing. Forewing also with an
oblique transverse pale dull olivescent-yellow macular band composed of five spots
and a slight costal streak, extending from the costa to the lower median veinlet, the
lowest spot being somewhat obliquely-elongated and less defined posteriorly, below
which is a much less defined pale lunate patch, which latter is sometimes
accompanied by either a single very small or a duplex obsolescent slender pale spot;
before the apex are two small white costal obliquely-superposed spots, the
upper one minute ; the interspaces between the basal and middle cell marks and
between the latter and the discocellular mark being much paler olivescent-green.
Hindunvg also with a transverse medial discal pale olivescent-yellow macular band
composed of six decreasing irregularly-rounded spots. Underside greenish-ochreous ;
cell marks distinct ; crossed by a broad discal and a submarginal diff'used sinuous

NYMPHALINuT:. (Group EUTHALIINA.) 133

dusky olive-green fascia and a narrower less-defined marginal fascia ; the transverse
macular band, as on upperside, less prominent but of a pale olivescent-yellow, the
subapical spots being white ; the discal and submarginal fascia on the forewing more
or less blackish speckled posteriorly, and in some specimens the submarginal fascia
on the hindwing is marked by a small blackish point between the veins. Body and
palpi above dark olive-green, below and legs pale olivescent-yellow ; antennjB black,
tipt with ochreous-red.

Female. Upperside somewhat darker than the male, with similar transverse
blackish diffused fascise. Forewing with the oblique discal band composed of
prominent olivescent- white spots, and the costal streak ochreous-white ; subapical
white spots prominent, sometimes with a minute intervening spot. Hindiving with
two upper discal olivescent-wliite spots of either an irregular revei'sely-lunate or
oval shape, and with generally a third or lower minute spot, their outer adjacent
interspaces between the discal and submarginal fasciae being sullied olivescent-white
or bluish- white speckled, forming broad lunate patches. Underside deeper greenish-
ochreous than in male ; transverse fascioB much less apparent, especially on the
hindwing ; basal marks more slender. Forewing with oblique discal macular band
and subapical spots bluish-white. Hindwing with a discal series of either five or six
bluish-white irregular-shaped transversely narrowed spots.

Expanse, S Sj^o to 3i^o. ? 3i^o to 4^^ inches.

Habitat. — Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia and Naga Hills.

Remarks. — In some specimens from the Khasia Hills (Plate 242, fig. ], la, b)
the upperside of both sexes is very dark sap-green, the macular band in the male
being olivescent-white, and in the female bluish-white. In the female also, the upper
discal bluish-white spots are small or obsolescent. On the underside, the ground-
colour in both sexes is also darker and more greenish, and the macular band bluish-
white.

Distribution. — We possess specimens of both sexes taken in Nepal by the late
General G. Ramsay, and a male from Buxa, Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon^
as well as others without definite locality from the collection of the late A.Groteand
Major J. L. Sherwill. Mr. de Niceville states (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 143) that
" it is very rare in Sikkim, where it is found in August and September, but seems
to be more common to the East, in Bhotan and the Khasia Hills." Specimens from
Shillong and the Naga Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley's collection ; Col. C. Swiuhoe
has received it from Shillong and the Khasia Hills.

MAHALDIA NARAYANA (Plate 242, figs. 2, 2a, ? ).
Etdhalia Narayana, Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. p. 6, Euth. pi. 2, figs. 4, 5, ? (1891).
Fkmalf. — Smaller than M. Sahadeva. Upperside paler sap-green than in

13-t LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Khasia females. Foreivim/ with the transverse olivescent- white macular band com-
posed of about one-third smaller sized spots ; the lower subapical spot being
comparatively larger. Hindwing with two prominent well-defined olivescent-
white upper discal lunate spots. Underside dark olivescent-grey. Forewing with
olivescent-white macular band, and subapical spots, as above. Hindtoing with the
transverse series of five bhiish-white decreasing spots transversely narrow.

Expanse, ? 2i^ inches. ■

Habitat. — Burma.

DisTRiBDTiON. — The type specimen was taken at the Ruby Mines, Upper Burma.
It is in the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, and is the only one we know.

MAHALDIA IVA (Plate 24.3, figs. 1, la, ? ).
Adolias Ira, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 195 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859,

p. 78, pi. 8, fig. 2, c?.
Euthalia Iva, de Nicc'ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 197 (1886j ; Jouin. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1894,

p. 10.

Male. — Upperside very dark sap-green ; cilia alternated with white ; basal
black-lined marks distinct. Both wings with a transverse very obscurely-defined
discal and submarginal blackish diffused lunular fascia, the discal being the least
apparent. Forewing also crossed by an oblique medial broad macular olivescent-
white band, composed of elongated narrow spots, the lowest being constricted in
its middle and prolonged to near end of lower median veinlet, below which is a
white-speckled patch at the angle ; two very small slender white spots also present
beneath the lower median veinlet placed upon the discal fascia, and two oblique oval
spots before t1ie apex. Hindwing with an upper discal curved series of four small
olivescent-white rounded spots. Underside deep greyish-green, more olivescent-
green externally ; basal black-lined markings prominent ; submarginal lunular fascia
black-speckled, distinct. Forenu'ng with the oblique medial macular olivescent-
white band and two lower small spots and the subapical spots narrowly black
bordered. Hindwing with an upper discal curved series of either five or six small
olivescent-white spots -bordered by black speckles. Body and palpi above dark
sap-green, beneath and legs pale olivescent-yellow; antennae dark brown tipt with
red.

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that on the forewing the two small
slender white spots below the lower median veinlet are sometimes absent. Under-
side as in the male.

Expanse, c? 4^^^y, ? 4^^, inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Manipur.

Distribution. — " Of this very rare species no specimen has of late years been
obtained in Sikkim, except a single example in Mr. G. C. Dudgeon's collection

NYMPHALIN^. (Group EUTUALIINA. 135

from Baling at 6000 feet elevation, taken in August. I have lately obtained a pair,
by purchase, from Manipur " (tie Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 142). A
specimen of the female is iu the Hewitsonian collection, and another in that of
Mr. H. Grose- Smith.

Chinese Alfjeo Spi;cies. — Mahaldia Fijrrha (Euthalia Sahadeva, Leech, Butt, of
China, Japan, etc., p. 136, pi. 21, fig. 2, S. Euth. Pyrrha, Leech, id. p. 137, pi. 21, fig. 4
(1892), ? . Habitat. Moupin ; ^Y. and C. China. — Mahaldia Confucius (Adolias
Confucius, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 291, ? (1850). Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859,
p. 79. Euthalia Confucius, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. EiUh. pi. 3, figs. 1, 2 (1891).
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 135, pi. 21, fig. 6. Habitat. China. — Mahaldia Kardama
(Adolias Kardama, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 80, pi. 9, fig. 3, c? ?). Euthalia
Kardama, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exofc. Euth. pi. 2, figs. 1-3 (1891). Leech, Butt, of
China, etc., p. 136 (1892). Sijn. Euth. Armandiana, Poujade, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1886, p. 216. Habitat. W. China.

Genus ZALAPIA.

Adolias (sect, ix.), PeMer, Neiies Lep. p. 35 (18(51).

Wings large, broad. Foreiving rather elongate, subtriangular ; costa slightly
arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin almost even ; first subcostal branch
anastomosed to the costal near its end in both sexes ; first subcostal emitted at two-
fifths before end of the cell, second close to the end, third at one-third beyond
the cell ; the discocellulars concave, the two upper short, lower slender, but distinct
and tubular, closing the cell ; middle median veinlet emitted from immediately before
lower end of the cell. Hindwing broad, somewhat quadrate ; exterior margin
very convex, apex rounded, exterior margin somewhat produced at the upper
median, slightly uneven ; cell closed by a very slender lower discocellular ; the two
upper median veinlets emitted from lower end of the cell ; precostal spur simple,
curved outward, Bodij robust ; palpi very compactly clothed ; antennis with a
long slender club. Eyes naked. Sexes ahke.

Type.— Z. Patala.

ZALAPIA PATALA (Plate 24-1, figs. 1, la, h, c, S ? )•

Adolias Patala, Kollar, Hiigel's Kaschiuir, iv. '2, p. 435 (1844).

Euthalia Patala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 239. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 196^

(1886).
Adolias Doubledat/i, Giay,l,cp. Inn. Nepal, p. 13, pi. 13 (1846). Doubleday and Hewitson, Geu.

D. Lep. p. 291.
Adolias Epiona (Gray), Moore, Tr. Eiit. Soc. 1859, p. 79. Butler, P. Z. S. ISG^*, [). 602.

Male. — Upperside dark olive-green ; cilia alternated with white ; basal black-
lined marks slender, not prominent. Forcviiuj with a tran'^verse dipcal and a sub-
marginal very obscurely-defined blacki.sh-green diffused narrow lunidated fascia,

] !G LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

and crossed by a prominent medial oblique pale olivaceous-yellow macular band,
which extends from the costa to lower median veinlet opposite the posterior angle,
the lowest spot being narrowest and of an irregular prolonged lunate form ; a
luiuute pale yellow spot sometimes also present beneath the lower median vein close
to the discal fascia; two small pale yellow costal spots before the apex. Hindiving
with a similar blackish-green transverse discal and submarginal diffused lunulated
fascia, the former with two irregular-shaped pale olivescent-yellow subcostal spots,
the lower one generally externally excavated or posteriorly narrow and constricted,
sometimes a third very small lower spot is also present ; abdominal margin olives-
cent-grey. Underside much paler, olivescent-yellowish-green ; basal marks very
slender ; transverse discal and submarginal darker fasciae as in upperside. Fore-
wing also with the oblique medial macular olivescent-white band and subapical
spots; sometimes also with two very small whitish spots beneath the lower median.
Hindwing also with two, or three, additional very small lower discal olivescent-
white spots. Body and palpi above dark olive-browu, beneath and legs very pale
olivescent-yellow; antenna blackish above, reddish beneath.

Female. Upperside somewhat of a darker tiut than the male, the pale
olivescent-yellow spots more prominent. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, S Sj^q to 4, ? 4 to A^^ inches.

Habitat. — Himalayas ; Chumba to Nepal.

DrsTKiBUTiON AND Habits. — " Frequents oak forests at altitudes of 6000 to 8000
feet in the Western Himalayas ; taken at Panideo, Nuchar, and Kotghur during the
rainy season, July and August. It flies very swiftly over the tops of the trees with
a skimming flight like a swallow. Two or three may be seen chasing one another
in and out of the shade among the branches of the trees. They pitch abruptly,
often with expanded wings, basking in the sunlight until some passing insect,
another Adolias or a Neptis floating near, tempts the quarrelsome species to dash off,
buffet the passer-by, and after a rapid skim, pitch once more, suddenly, near its
former resting-place, and bask again. It soon gets battered, and as they fly and
pitch about the high tree-tops it is difficult to capture" (Capt. A. M. Lang, Ent.
Mo. Mag. 1864, p. 181). " Local in the N.W. Himalaya. Very swift in flight.
Frequents woods " (Oapt. Bayne Reed's Notes). " Flies about oaks from June to
September" (Rev. J. Hocking, P. Z. S. 1882, 239). Specimens from Simla,
Dharmsala, Almora, and Naini Tal were in the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson's collec-
tion (MS. List). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 124) records it from
" Naini Tal, Ranibagh, etc., 2000 to 7000 feet elevation. Found chiefly during the
rains." We possess specimens taken by the late General G. Ramsay in Nepal.
Mr. de Niceville records having " taken it commonly in Simla at about 5000 feet.
It is very partial to over-ripe peaches, plums, etc. Major 0. H. T, Marshall has

NYMPHALINJE. (Qroap butsaliixa.) 137

taken it in Chumba. In Kumaon it is abundant near Naini Tal in the middle of
the rains, and Dr. Scully has sent numerous specimens from Nepal" (Butt. Ind. ii,
196).

ZALAPIA TAOOANA (Plate 243, fig. 2, 2a, cJ).

Adolias Taooana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 831.

Euthalia Taovana, de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 197 (188G). Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 278.

Male. — Upperside. Darker olive-green than in P, Patala ; basal black-lined
marks very prominent. Discal transverse blackish fascia not apparent, the sub-
marginal blackish lunular fascia narrower and less diffused but more defined. Fore-
wing with the oblique discal macular band broader and of a clear yellow colour,
composed of more elongated portions, the penultimate being quite oval, the lowest
short and more conical, the two small narrow spots beneath the lower median are
either prominent, or one, or both, are sometimes absent, and all have black-speckled
borders ; before the apex are two small oval yellow spots. Hindwing with either
two, or three, upper discal yellow spots, the lowest or third, when present, being
small ; following these are two lower small black-speckled ring-spots ; abdominal
margin pale olivescent-grey. Underside dark olivescent-grey, palei' externally ;
markings as above, very prominent. Hindwing with the discal pale yellow spots
extending to the lower median veinlet.

Female. Unknown.

Expanse, c? 4 to 4^q inches.

Habitat. — Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula.

Distribution. — The type specimen, a male, was taken by Mr. Otto Limborg
at " Taoo, 3000 to 5000 feet. Upper Tenasserim " (P. Z. S. 1878, 831). It is also
recorded from Tavoy (J. A. S. Bengal 1887, 426). A male, from B. Pegu, is in the
collection of Mr. P. Crowley and of Mr. F. Godman, taken by Mr. W. Doherty in
March and April 1890. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 278) records it from the
" Karen Hills taken by Mr. Doherty at 4000 to 5000 feet — where it seemed
abundant, but only males were received." A male specimen labelled " Perak" is in
Mr. W. Eothschild's collection.

Chinese Species. — Zalapia Pratti (Euthalia Pratti, Leec'i, Entom. 1891,
Suppl. p. 4 ; Butt, of China, etc. p. 138, pi. 21, fig. 5 (1892).

Habitat. — W. China.

Genus CHUCAPA.

Chucapa, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 49 (189G-7).

Male. — "Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex
obtuse, exterior margin uneven ; first subcostal branch free from the costal in both
VOL. III. March 19th, 1898. t

138 LEPIDOPTKRA INDIGA.

sexes ; first and second subcostals emitted before end of the cell, third at about one-
eighth beyond the cell ; upper discocellulars bent inward, straight ; cell open. Hind-
wing very short, triangular ; exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex, scalloped,
anal angle somewhat produced; precostal spur bent outward at the middle; cell
open.

Body stout. Palpi rather short, apical joint short, stout, obtusely pointed. Eyes
naked. Sexes alike.

Type. — C. FranciiB.

CHUCAPA Y'RkTSCim (Plate 245, fig. 1, la, h, c, d, c? ? ).

Adolias Francicc, Graj', Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 12, pi. 14 (1846j. Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859,

p. 81.
Ettthalia Francicc, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 202 (1886).
Adolias Raja, Feldcr, Wien. Ent. Monats. (1859), p. 397, pi. 9, fig. 2, ? .

Male and Female. — Upperside deep yellowish-bronzy sap-green, or, in some
specimens, of a darker bluish-green tint, the outer borders being blackish-green ; cilia
alternated with white. Forewing with black-lined cell marks ; a prominent trans-
verse medial discal pale yellow macular band, of which the three upper spots are
disposed obliquely outward beyoud the cell, and the others slightly deflexed inward
from the upper median, beyond are two obliquely superposed subapical spots — the
upper one broadly lunate, the lower rounded, and below which is an incipient row of
very slender-slightly defined pale lunules ; beyond these is a submarginal row of
small pale yellow lunulate spots. Ilindiinng with a transverse medial-discal pale
yellow decreasing band, which is externally bordered with paler green than the basal
ground colour, followed by an outer discal series of incipient dusky broad diffused
lunules and then by a submarginal row of blackish similar lunate spots, which latter
are bordered externally by a decreasing series of pale greenish-yellow lunular spots.
Underside glossy, silvery, bluish-grey or greenish-grey ; basal black-lined marks on
both wings slender and distinct ; the transverse discal band, subapical spots, inner and
outer submarginal pale lunular bands, as on upperside, being white, but all wider,
externally, than those above, the additional wider portion being washed with jJale
purple, Foreiinng also with two or three intervening submarginal slender black points,
and a large diffused postei'ior patch below the median veinlet. Hindwing also with an
intervening submarginal row of small black points. Body and palpi above dark
bronzy sap-green, beneath and legs greyish-white ; antennas black, tipt with red
beneath.

Expanse, cJ 3 to Z^^y, ? A^q to 4^^^ inches.

Habitat. — Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam ; Upper Burma.

Remarks, — Nepalese specimens, Plate 245, fig. 1, la, are of a paler green tint,

NYMPHALINjE. (Group SVTHALIINA.) 139

and the transverse yellow macular band also somewhat broader than in specimens
from Sikkim and Bhotan. Specimens from the Khasia Hills are the darkest of all,
and vary in the width of the yellow macular band.

Distribution. — "This is not a common species; it occurs from Nepal to Upper
Assam, and Burma" (de Niceville, Butt. lad. ii. 202). We possess specimens of both
sexes taken in Nepal by the late General Gr. Ramsay. It has been taken in Sikkim
and Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, and Dr. J. Anderson took it in Upper Burma
during the Yunan Expedition. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 359) says it is
" a rare species in recent years in Sikkim. I have taken it near Cherra Punji, in the
Kliasias, in September, and find that the Khasia specimens can be distinguished from
Sikkim ones by their narrower bands." Mr. de Niceville ( Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894,
143) says it is " common in Sikkim and Bhotan at 5000 feet elevation. It is found
also in Nepal, the Naga, Khasia, Chin Lushai, and Karen Hills. It probably flies
about midsummer in the heavy forest zone in Sikkim." Col. C. Swinhoe (Tr. Bat.
Soc. 1893, 285) says it is "common in the Khasias." Mr. W. Doherty obtained it
at Bernardmyo, Upper Burma, from 5000 to 7000 feet in March, 1890, and in
E. Pegu, 4000 to 5000 feet in March and April.

Chinese Allied Species. — Ghucapa Hebe (Euthalia Hebe, Leech, Entom. 1891,
Suppl. p. 4; Butt, of China, etc., p. 139, pi. 21, fig. 7). Habitat.~W. China.

Genus LABRANGA.

Lahranga, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 49 (1896-7).

Male. — Wings large, broad, short. Foreicing subtriangular, apex obtusely
rounded, exterior margin scalloped ; first subcostal branch anastomosed to the costal
in both sexes ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell ;
discocellulars deeply concave ; cell closed ; the two upper median veinlets emitted
from lower end of the cell. Hinclwing very broad ; exterior margin very convex,
deeply scalloped ; cell closed ; the two upper median veinlets emitted from end of
cell. Body robust. Eyes naked. Sexes alike.

Ti'PE. — L. Durga.

LABRANGA DURGA (Plate 246, fig. 1, la, b, cJ ? ).

Adolias Durga, !Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Compy. i. p. 196 (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1859,

p. 80, pi. 9, lig. 2. Butler, P.Z.S. 1868, p. 602.
Huthalia Durga, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 199 (1886).

Male and Female. — Upperside very dark bronzy olive-green ; with an obscurely
defined broadly-diffused black lunulated submarginal fascia and a narrow marginal
fascia ; basal black-lined marks slender ; cilia alternately black and white. Fore-
wing crossed by a broad white medial discal band extending from the costa to

T 2

140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

posterior margin, tlie band composed of irregular-shaped spots, outwardly diffused
by a black line — of which the posterior spots are also externally bordered by smalt-
blue scales ; before the apex are two very small oval superposed white spots. Hind-
w'tncj crossed by a similar broad white band ending decreasingly in a narrow bar at
the lower median veinlet, the entire band being prominently and diffusedly bordered
externally to the anal angle by smalt-blue, followed by an intermarginal row of
slender smalt-blue lunules ; base of abdominal margin bluish-grey. Underside.
Basal area greenish-grey, outer area pale olive-green ; basal black-lined marks very
prominent, transverse white band and subapical, spots as above, narrowly edged with
dark olive-green ; submarginal lunular fascia on forewing narrow, blackish, and
bordered posteriorly by a cluster of pale blue scales ; submarginal fascia on hind-
wing ill-defined and diffused. Body and palpi above dark bronzy olive-green, below
and legs pale olivescent-grey ; antennae above brown, below reddish.

Expanse, c? 4 to 4^^, ? 4f\) inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan.

Variety. — We possess a male from Sikkim, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, which,
on the upperside of the forewing, has the interspace between the middle and end cell-
marks pale bluish-white speckled, thus forming a distinct pale transverse bar, and on
the hindwing there is a pale bluish-white speckled fascia extending before the white
discal band broadly from the costa and vanishing posteriorly to the lower median
veinlet in clusters of bluish-green scales.

Distribution. — " This species used to be fairly common in Sikkim, but owing to
the great destruction of the forests for the cultivation of tea, it has become in recent
years very scarce. Mr. Otto Moller obtained it from June to August at from 30(J0
to 5000 feet elevation. It is still fairly common in Bhotan " (de Niceville, Sikkim
Gazetteer, 1894, 143).

LABRANGA DUDA (Plate 247, fig. 1, la, b, ^J ? ).

FMthalia Duda, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 152, pi. 53 (1886). de Niceville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887,
p. 455. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 358.

Male. — Upperside very dark bronzy sap-green ; basal black-lined marks indis-
tinct. Forewing crossed by an obscure broad diffused black inner discal, a submar-
ginal, and a narrow marginal fascia ; a slightly oblique medial discal narrow white
macular band extending from the costa to posterior margin, the portion from the
lower median being sometimes of a smaller size, less defined and sullied with greenish-
white speckles ; two small white spots also before the apex. Hindwing crossed by an
inwardly -oblique, regularly decreasing nearly even-edged discal white band, which is
externally bordered by smalt-blue ending posteriorly in olive-green scales, beyond

NTMPHALIN^. (Group LIJTEmTIXA.) J41

which is a broad black outer marginal fascia traversed by a slightly-defined narrow
olive-green lunular line. Underside pale olivescent-green ; basal marks distinct ;
transverse white band and subapical spots, as on upperside ; discal and submarginal
blackish fascia on the forewing slender and obscure anteriorly but broad and black
posteriorly ; submarginal fascia on the hindwing obsolescent.

Female. — Upper and underside as in the male.

Expanse, c? 3j^o to S^-q, ? 4 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam.

Distribution. — Described by Dr. Staudiuger from two males labelled " Darjil-
ing," from the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson's Collection. Mr. A. V. Knyvett's native
collectors also obtained it near Buxa, in Bhotan. Colonel C. Swiuhoe possesses
specimens of both sexes from Cherra Punji, taken by Mr. Hamilton's native collectors.
" Probably the rarest species of the group occurring in Sikkim. I possess a single
pair only, the female from Bhotan, the male from the Khasia Hills. Mr. Elwes also
possesses two males, and Mr. Dudgeon one male, all from Sikkim " (de Niceville,
Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 143). Mr. Walter Rothschild possesses specimens
from Mr. Otto Mdller's Collection, taken in Sikkim in July and August, and in
Bhotan in August.

Chinese Species. — Labranga Tihetana (Euthalia Thibetana, Poujade, Ann. Ent.
Fr. 1885, p. 215), Syn. Euthalia Staudingeri, Leech, Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 4,
Butt, of China, etc., p. 138, pL 21, fig. 8 (1893). EaUtat.—Mou\:)m ; W. China.
Labranga Khavia, Alpheraky, Iris, 1895, p. 181. Habitat. — W. China.

Group IV. LIMENITINA.

Najades, Hubner, Tent. Lep. p. 1 (1806).

Nymphalides (part), Boisduval, Ind. Meth. ii. p. 16 (IS-iO). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 41 (1862).

iVj/mpAaMfK (part), Duponchel, Catal. Meth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844). Blanohard, Hist. Nat. des Ins.

ii. p. 332 (1845). Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 159 (1884). Doherty, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 110.
Nymphalidi (part), Stephens Catal. Brit. Lep. B.M. p. 10 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. p. 21

(1857). Scudder, Butt. U.S. i. p. 249 (1889).
Nymplialina (part), Herr. Schiiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83

(1882).
Nymj/halida, Guenee, Faunae E. et L. Lep. p. 23 (1867).
NepitidcB, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 67 (1871).
Limenitides, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B.M. p. 57 (1869).
Limenitina, Moore, Lep. Lidica, ii. p. 225 (1895).

Characters of the Group Limenitina.

Imago. — Moderately robust, generally. Forewings either short and more or
less triangular, or elongate and narrow ; apex obtuse or rounded ; exterior margin

142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

in some more or less slightly scalloped. JSindwings short, generally broad and
triangularly-ovate, in some obovate ; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped.

Caterpillar. — Head cleft, or serrate, on vertex ; body either unequally humped
dorsally, or more or less cylindrical ; armed with two subdorsal more or less
incomplete series of mostly short, irregular-shaped fleshy branched-spines.

Chrysalis. — Somewhat elongate, or short ; with projecting wing-cases, broad
rounded elevated anterio-dorsal prominence, arched thorax, and projected bifid head-
piece.

Egg. — " Very large; few ; soft; not so high as wide, strongly reticulate, with
elevated translucent lines crossing the surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal
spaces, and bearing long, acute, often bifid spines at their intersection." (Doherty.)

Seasonal Dimorphlsm.— This is known to occur in the species of our Limenitid
genera AuzaJria and Lehadea, also in the Athymid genera Tacorsna, Condochates,
Fantoporia, and Kironga, and in the Neptid genera Andrapana, Neptis, Bimhisara,
Stabrobates, liahinda, and Lasifjm. In the typical species of the two latter genera,
in addition to the ordinary seasonal differences, the male of the dry-season form has
the usual unglossed patch of scales on the upperside of the hindwing restricted to the
basal interspaces of the subcostals, being thus conspicuously isolated within the
middle area of the broad glossy costal border, whereas, in the male of the wet-season
form this unglossed patch pervades the interspace below the subcostal.

Characteristics of Males in certain genera. — Tn the various species of our
Athymid genera we have found Androconia, or scent-scales in a very limited number,
only, to be present in the males of Tatisia Kamva, TJiarusia Jina, Ghendrana Pravira,
Atliyma Perius, Condochates opalina, in all the species of Pantoporia (Nefte, Cama,
etc.), Sabania, speciosa, Kironga Banga and A". Abiasa; Dr. Haase (Iris, 1883, 305)
records them as being present also in Balanga Kasa. These scent-scales are found
interspersed between the ordinary scales chiefly upon the basal area between the
median and submediau vein on the upperside of the fore wing ; they are extremely
minute, elongated, broadest and rounded anteriorly and finely ciliated in front, the
base on each side angled hindward into a fine projecting pointed-hook longer than the
basal shaft. These peculiar scent-scales were, however, not found to be j^rosent in
the allied Athymids Parathyma Sulpitia, Tacorsea Asiira, and Tacola Larymna,
neither were they found in the species of our Limenitid genera, which were carefully
examined for this purpose.

In the males of our various genera of Nepfcids, the underside of the forewing has
a more or less broad glossy posterior border, which in some, i.e. Phsedyma, E,ahinda,
Lasippa, etc., encompasses an elongated patch of dark-coloured (? scent) scales ; and
on the upperside of the hindwing an ordinary more or less broad brilliantly-
glossed costal border, and in Phsedyma (Heliodora, Cram.), also a conspicuous less-

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LIMEHITINA.) 143

glossed area or patch — extending below the costal vein to the radial veinlet, from
the upper base of the cell to below the apex of the wing. A similar broad but less
unglossed patch is present in Andrapana (Columella, Cram.), or entirely unglossed in
Ard. Jumba. In Kalkasia ( Alwina), and several other genera — ISfeiitis (Aceris ; Varma,
etc.), Bimhisara (Sankara), Stabrobatef^ (Radha ; Viraja) this unglossed patch on the
hindwing is confined to the medial area below the costal vein. Stab. Viraja, in the
dry-season form, has also a conspicuous tuft of laxly-exserted lengthened clavate
black (? scent) scales on the underside of the abdomen, disposed laterally along its
middle segments. Tliis tuft was not observable in males of wet-season Viraja which we
have examined. In Paraneptis (Lucilla) the unglossed patch on the hindwing is
restricted to the basal interspaces between the costal vein and lower subcostal. In
Bimbisara Aiijana the glossy grey of the costal border extends medially to below the
first subcostal veinlet, and encloses an oval pale ochreous-yellow unglossed patch of
scales between base of costal vein and first subcostal. In Acca (Venilia, Linn.), in
addition to the short unglossed area on the hindwing, there is an elongated
fusiform patch of raised (? scent) scales extending along the anterioi'ly-dilated
edge of the middle of the costal vein. In Bahinda (Hordonia) and La>iipipa (Helio-
dore. Fab.) the glossy grey costal border extends to below the second subcostal in
the dry-season form, and isolates a conspicuous unglossed elongated (? scent) patch
of brown scales between the bases of subcostals ; this patch, in the wet-season form,
pervading the interspace below the second subcostal veinlet. In Bahinda aurelia,
the bi'oad costal area extending to below base of subcostals is very conspicuously
glossy satiny-white throughout its entire area. In ^{.i'fl^^i'a (Neriphus, Hewits.) an
isolated dull brown patch of scales, between the bases of the subcostals, is
conspicuously apparent on the medially disposed glossed area.

Sexual Dimorphism, and Mimicry of species within the Group. — In most of the
genera of this group the sexes of the various species are similar in both colouring
and markings, but, in the Athymid genus Pantoporia, the sexes of all its species are
dissimilar, the males having white markings, the females being mostly differently
marked, and the markings of a different colour, and in this respect closely I'esembling
certain species of other genera within the group, as follows : —

In Pantoporia Cama and P. Inara, the females have ochreous-red markings — ■
mimicking probably the red-banded Neptid, Stabrobates Viraja and its allies, whereas,
in the closely allied Pant. Selenophora, the female is also entirely dissimilar from its
male, but has white markings on the upperside, disposed exactly as in both sexes of the
allied Athymid genus Condochales — being an excellent mimic of C. opalina, even to
the white band on the abdomen, this band not being present in the male of
P. Selenophora. In the allied Pantoporia Zeroca (the male of which on the upper-
side is extremely like the male of Pant. Selenophora), the female, on both the upper

144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

and underside, closely resembles certain species of the Neptid genus Bimblsara, namely
B. Nashona, Quilta, etc. In Pantopona Kresna, the female {siibrata) has the
coloration and markings similar to Blmhlsara Anjana and B. Omeroda, being
probably a mimic of those species. The female of the Andamanese Pantoporia
rufulaia also an excellent mimic of Bimblsara Nar, Mr. de Niceville says, "Athyma
Perlus is doubtless a good mimic of the common species of Neptis (? leucothoe),
together with which it is always found, and from which it is not easily differentiated
on the wing, but, if pursued, it at once assumes its stronger and bolder proper
Athyma-like flight."

The Japanese Parathi/ma Pryeri is probably a mimic of Paraneptls Pryeri, and the
European Limenitis Drusilla a mimic of Paraneptis Lucilla. The Philippine
Athyraid, Balanga Kasa, in both sexes, mimics the Neptid Palanda Illigera, and the
Athymid Balanga Epimethes the Neptid Pandasana Ebusa.

Mimicked by Species in other Groups. — The Athymid Gondochates opalina, in
addition to being mimicked by the female of the allied Athymid Pantoporia
Selenophora, is also excellently mimicked by the Apaturine butterfly, Mlmathyma
Ghevana.

The red-banded female of the Javan Athymid Pantoporia Nefte, is mimicked by
the red-banded sexes of the Nymijhaline butterfly, Symbrenthia Hlppocla, and the
white-banded male of Nefte, also, is, apparently, mimicked by the white-banded
(dimorphic) female of the same Javan species of 8ymbrenthia . The Neptid,
Bahinda Hordonia, is also apparently mimicked by the common Nymphaline
Symbrenthia Sypselis, both of which have similar shaped red bands on their
upperside.

Mimics of Species in other Groups. — In two Chinese Limenitids, namely
llypolimnesthes albomacnlata and Pseudohypolimnas piinctata, the males, of both
species, are excellent mimics — in colour and markings — of the common Nymphaline
butterfly, Hypolimnas Misippus (a protected genus), the female of albomaculata, also
being, both on the upper and underside, somewhat similar to the underside of the
■male of the same species of Hypolimnas. In the Malayan Neptid, Hamadryodes
lactaria, we have an excellent mimic of the Euploeine genus Uamadryas, and in the
Neptid, Andasenodes mimetica, a mimic of the Euploeine butterflies, Andasena Grope,
and of an unnamed species of Doricha, the allied Andasenodes Eblis also being a
mimic of, probably, a species of GalUplcea. The N. American Limenitid, Basilarcha
Archipjjus, may also be cited here — both sexes of which mimic the common Euploeine
butterfly, xinosia (? pjlexippus),

Habits op Imago. — Mr. L. de Niceville states that the butterflies of the genus
Lebadea " have a weak flight, always settling with outspread wings, usually on a
leaf," and of those placed by him under the genus Limenitis, that " they are very

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'i>. 78

i

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LIMENITINA.) 145

beautiful insects on the wing, being almost always found in forests or amongst trees,
having a particularly graceful sailing flight, and settles on leaves with fully expanded
wings." Of the species placed by him under the genus Athyma, he observes, " all
the species known to me in nature are strong on the wing, but frequently settle,
often on the ground with wide-spread open wings, or on leaves of trees and bushes.
They are forest-loving insects, occurring only where there is a rich vegetation ; and
of those placed by him vmder Neptis, he says, " The species are easily captured ;
they have a floating, sailing flight, frequently settling on bushes, with spread open
wings" (Butt. Ind. ii. pp. 76 — 166). Mr. J. Betham observes, under Neptis
(Hordonia, &c.), " The flight of the butterflies of this genus is peculiar ; they seem
to float and sail along, so that when on a level with the eye they disappear and
re-appear ; when settled on leaves, as is their habit, they rest with extended wings "
(J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1890, 280). Mr. W. Doherty says, " I have noticed enough
facts to be confident that timidity is a source of protection. la the Eastern Grhats,
S. India, where Neptis Nandina [?] is rare, I could always tell it from N. Varmona a
hundred yards ofl", because it flew away ; but then Varmona is, like Hordonia, a
protected species" (P. Z. S. 1891, 25G). Mr. de Nic^ville observes, that " of the
Nymphalinee, the species of the geuus Neptis are earliest on the wing, and do not
appear at all to mind the leaves being wetted with rain or dew. After a shower
they will appear immediately, and even fly when there is no sun. Wherever there
are a few trees or bushes along the roads, in gardens, and in fact practically
everywhere, they may be found, weakly sailing about and frequently settling ;
apparently highly protected, as they show no fear whatever" (.Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1895, 411).

Habits of Lakva. — The larva of the European L. Sibylla is stated to be solitary
in habit, feeding principally on Caprifoliacece or allied plants, constructing for itself a
hibernaculum or nest from a rolled-up leaf, to which, generally, when about half
grown, it retires for the winter. The larva of Modnza Procris " feeds on Mmsoenda
fro7idosa, and when young remains on one leaf, eating it regularly back from the
point, but leaving the midrib, and as it eats it fringes the eaten margin with its
excrement, held together by silk, among which it is absolutely undistinguishable.
After the last moult it abandons these habits, and lives openly on the upper-
side of the leaf, having changed its form for one in which it is able,
apparently, to despise concealment " (Davidson, J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1890,
274). The larva of Rahinda Hordonia "feeds on Acacia and Albizzia, and has
the curious habit of feeding by preference, not on green leaves, but on those
which it has caused to wither. It bites through one or two pinnse, which
immediately droop and dry up, but are kept from falling by a few threads of
silk with which the larva has taken the precaution to attach them to the central
VOL. III. April 23rd, 1898. U

146

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

leaf-stalk. Henceforth it lives among them and feeds entirely on them " (Davidson,
I.e. 1896, 250).

Key to the Asiatic Gei^ra of Limenitina.

A.

First and Second subcostal veinlets oiforewing emitted lefort end of cell.

a. Cell closed in forexoing and hindwiny.

a. a. Eyes naked .....

b. Cell closed in forewimj onhj.

a. a. Eyes naked .....

h. h. Eyes liairy

Cell open in forewiiu/ and hindiving.
ft. a. Eves naked

Auz.\KiA.' Bhagadatta.- Lebadea.'*

B.

h. h. Eyes hairy ......

First subcostal veinlet only oi forewing emitted before end of

a. Cell closed in forewing and hindiving.

a. a. Eyes naked ......

b. Cell closed in forewing only.

a. a. Eyes naked . . . . .

c. Cell open in. foreiving and hindiving.

a. a. Eves naked

MoDUZA.' Najas.= Limenitis.^
Pandita.' Paeathtma.^
Tatisia.9 Pantapoeia.i"

PsEUD0HYPOLIMNAS.il SaBANIA.^-

Balanga.2i

PaEASARPA.1' SUMALIA.I-'

Hypolimnesthes.1^ Taeattia.1^
SiNiMiA.i^ Ladoga. 1*
condochates.i^ kleonga.^o

Zamboanga."

Lamasia.-^ Tacoe^a.-*
Chendeana.-' Athyma.-^
Tacola.-' Zabana,-8 Paraneptis.-'*
Kalkasia.s" Hamadeyodes.'^i

PHa;DYMA.32 AnDEAPANA.22

Neptis."'* Bimbisaea.^=
Pandassana.'^ Bisappa.3^
Palanda.^^ Stabeobates.^'
Lasippa."*** Bacaloea.*!
Easalia.''- Andasenodes.^
Thaeasia.+i
cell.

Chalinga.^5
Patsuia.^^ Litinga.*^

AccA.*-' Tagatsia.'" Maeosia.5<>
Eahinda.^1 Athaeia.=-

1

Type Danava, Moore.

8

Type Snlpitia, Cram,

16

Type Lysanias, Seivifs.

23

Typ

J Lyncides, Heivits

2

„ Anstenia, Moore.

9

., Kanwa, Moore.

17

„ Ciocolatina, Pouj.

24

„

Asura, Moore.

3

„ Ismene, Dlldy.

10

„ Nefte, Cram.

IS

(■Camilla, Linn.

25

.>

Pravara, Moore.

4

„ Procris, Cram.

11

„ punctata, Leech.

" I =Sibylla, Linn.

26

„

Perins, Linn.

5

,, Populi, Linn.

12

,, speciosa, St[ir.

19

„ Opalina, KolUu:

27

Larymna, DUdy

^ Drusilla, Berjsi.

13

„ Zayla, Dlldii.

20

„ Ranga, Moore.

2S

„

Urvasi, Fidd.

C<

" i = Camilla, Fahr.

U

,. Daraxa, Dbld'i.

21

„ Kasa, Moore.

29

Lncilla, W. Y.

7

,, Sinope, Moore.

15

„ albomaoulata. Leech.

22

„ Gutama, Moore.

30

Alwina, Brem.

NYMPHALIN^. (Group ZIMENITINA.)
31 JSjpe Laotaria, BrUler. 37 Type Neriphua, Hewits. 43 Type mimetica, G. Smith. 4S Type Vennlia, Linn,

147

32

, Heliodora, Cram.

38

„ Illegera, Esch.

44

„ Jina, Moore,

49

„ Dama, Moore.

33

, Columella, Cram.

39

„ Radha, Moore.

45

„ Elwesi, Obcrth.

50

„ Antara, Moore.

34

, Aceris, Lep.

40

„ Heliodore, Pair.

46

„ Siuensium, Oberth.

51

„ Hordonia, 5'<oH

35

, Amba, Moore.

41

„ Pata, Moore.

47

„ Cofctini, Oherth.

52

„ Consimilis, StJ.

36

, fuliginosa, Moore.

42

„ gracilis, EirscTi.

Genus PARASARPA.

Limenitis (sect. V., part), Felcler, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861).

Limenitis (part), Westwood, Gren. D. Lep. p. 274 (1850). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 156
(1886).

Imago. — Male. Wings large, very broad. Forewing triangular, costa slightly
arched at the base, apex rounded ; exterior margin slightly scalloped ; cell broad ,
less than half length of the wing in length, closed ; first subcostal branch emitted at
two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the end; upper discocellular
close to the subcostal, second concave and slightly angled inward in the middle,
lower slender and slightly concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet emitted imme-
diately before end of the cell. Flindwivtj triangular, costa short, apex obtuse, exterior
margin very slightly convex and acutely scalloped, anal angle broadly rounded ; cell
open ; precostal vein long, incurved. Body stout, hairy ; palpi very laxly but thickly
hairy, third joint elongated and pointed ; antennal club elongated, slender ; eyes
hairy. Sexes alike.

Type.— P. Zayla.

PARASARPA ZAYLA (Plate 248, fig. 1, la, b, <J ? ).

Limenitu Zayla, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276, pi. 35, fig. 4 (1850). de Niceville,
Butt of India, etc., ii. p. 159 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown. Ciha
alternated with white. Foreiving with four black sinuous lines crossing the cell,
two similar lines, and a line and a figure of eight mark below the cell, the interspace
of middle cell lines, of the discocellular lines and the lower mark being brownish-
ochreous ; a broad transverse discal pale ochreous band divided by the brown veins,
its inner edge uneven but sharply defined, its outer edge lunulated and somewhat
diffused, and the lower portion of the band inwardly whitish ; three slender pale
ochreous elongated streaks in continuation of the band, the ground colour beyond,
brown, gradually deepening to black and bordering a submarginal series of ochreous-
red deep continuous lunules, their points joined to an ochreous red outer line — their
interspaces being black ; the extreme outer margin black and traversed by a slender
brownish-grey wavy line. Hindtving with some obscure black lines across the cell ;

u 2

148 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

a broad transverse discal white band attenuating to a point at tlie submedianveinlet;
the disca] ground colour beyond, brown, broadly deepening to black, and traversed
by a submarginal prominent series of deep ochreous-red luuules, beyond which is a
pale brownish-grey lunular fascia followed by a slender grey wavy line. Underside
very much paler ; glossed with greenish-grey at base of hiudwings ; markings similar
to above, but all the bands more obscure and blurred. Body and palpi above
olivescent-brown ; body beneath greenish-grey; palpi and legs beneath brownish-
white, legs above pale brown ; antennae black, tipt with ochreous beneath.

Expanse S^-q to 3^-0 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Assam; Silhet ; Khasias.

DisTEiBUTiON. — " This very lovely insect is found not uncommonly in Sikkim,
in dense forest at 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, in June, July and August. It is a
strong flyer and settles on the ground like L, Daraxa" (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888,
352). Mr. de Niceville records it as " occurring somewhat plentifully on Birch
Hill, Darjiling (Butt. Ind. 159). Mr. W. Doherty found it " not a rare species
in the Naga Hills (P. Z. S. 1891, 276). "Common in the Khasias" (Col
Swinhoe's Notes).

Genus AUZAKIA.

Limenitis (part), de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. ]}. 156 (1886).

Imago. — Wings large. Foretring triangular, costa arched towards the end, apex
produced and obtusely pointed ; exterior margin oblique, slightly concave in the
middle, and nearly even, posterior angle rounded ; posterior margin rather short
and almost straight ; cell large, extending to two-fifths of the wing ; first subcostal
branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at a short distance before
the end ; upper discocellular close to subcostal, middle short and straight, lower
slightly concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet emitted immediately before lower
end of cell, upper median much arched. Hindiving rather short, prolonged
posteriorly ; apex very convex, exterior margin extremely convex and very slightly
scalloped, anal angle produced and obtusely pointed, abdominal margin long ;
precostal vein long, abruptly incurved ; cell short, broad, closed by a slender
outwardly recurved lower discocellular veinlet ; two upper median veinlets emitted
from lower end of cell. Body large, thorax robust ; palpi porrect, stout, compactly
hairy beneath, laxly hairy above, apical joint short, conical, pointed; antennae long,
slender, club thickening to the tip ; eyes naked. Sexes somewhat dissimilar.

Type. — A. Danava.

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LnlENlTINJ.) 149

AUZAKIA DANAVA (Plate 249, fig. 1, la, h, c, ^ ? ).

Limenitis Dannva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 180, pi. 6a, fig. 2, <;? ? (1857).
de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 157 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside olive-black from the base to obliquely across half of
the forewiiig, the outer area being more or less pale olive-brown. Cilia brown.
Forewinr/ with pale interspaced black bars within the cell ; a similar discocellular
bar, and one below the cell ; discal transverse edge of the dark basal area sharply
defined and sinuous, its outer edge more or less pale and lunular; a small white dentate
spot on the costa before the apex ; outer area crossed by a broad discal olive-black
lunular fascia, a contiguous less-defined lunular slender fascia, followed by a slender
submargiual lunular fascia, and then by a marginal fascia. Hindivinr/ with obscui-ely
defined basal black cell-bars ; the transverse discal edge of the dark basal area
straight, followed by two broad discal decreasing brown fascia, a wavy submarginal
and a marginal fascia, the anal area being suS'used with glossy olive-green. Under-
side pale olivescent ochreous-brown ; the markings as above but ill-defined. Fore-
wing with the basal marks slender, their interspaces being violet-grey ; the transverse
outer fasciee edged more or less with violet-grey, the submarginal fascia ending in a
patch at the apex. Hindwing with three distinct basal marks interspaced with
violet-grey ; the transverse outer fasciae broadly edged with suffused violet-grey.

Female. Upperside paler olive-brown ; markings similar to the male ; the
interspaces of basal marks also paler ; the sinuous outer border of the basal area
and submarginal fascia broadly olivescent white. Underside much paler olivescent-
brown ; markings similar to the male, but less defined, and more diffused. Bodi/
above dark olive-brown ; palpi above brown, beneath and legs brownish-white ;
body beneath olivescent- white ; antennse brown, tipt with red beneath. All the
above markings are paler and less intensified in the dry-season brood of both sexes.

Expanse, c? 3 to B^q, ? B-^o to 3j^o inches.

Habitat. — W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Khasia Hills; Upper
Burma.

Distribution. — Mr. de Niceville records it " as having a wide range in the
Himalayas, occurring from Masuri to Sibsagar in Upper Assam " (Butt. lud. ii. 158).
The late Capt. R. Bayne Reed obtained it in Kashmir (MS. Notes), and the late
Major-General Gr. Ramsay took numerous specimens in Nepal. Mr. H. J. Elwes
records it as " rare in Sikkim at elevations up to 7000 feet, from April to October,
the female being seldom found " (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 352). Mr. de Niceville also
says, " the male is rather rare in Sikkim, but is found from April to October from
1500 to 7000 feet. The female being excessively scarce" (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 140).
Mr. W. Doherty found it "rather rare in the Naga Hills" (P. Z. S. 1891, 277).

150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens from the Khasia Hills. Dr. N.
Manders records " a single specimen obtained at Fort Stedman, Shan States, Upper
Burma, taken near water in thick jungle in August" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 523).

Chinese Allied Species. — Auzalda Leecldi (L. Danava, Leech, Butt, of China,
etc., p. 188, pi. 14, fig. 1, c?). — Male. Upperside uniformly darker than typical
Danava. Forewing with the discal edge of the dark basal half more acutely sinuous,
the two discal dark fascia confluent and comparatively broader, whereas in Danava
the inner fascia is broad and tlie outer fascia linearly lunulate ; the obsolescent fascia
intervening between the latter and the marginal fascia is glossy greyish-blue ; that
in Danava is dark brown ; the two pale cell-bars and the upper end of the discal
sinuous line is also glossy greyish-blue. Hiudwing with the two discal dark fasciaj
23artly confluent, and the submarginal fascia glossy greyish-blue. Underside dai-ker
uniformly than in Danava, the discal edge of the basal area and the discal fasciae
more sinuous, especially on the forewing. Halitat. Moupiu ; C. China. — Auzahia
albomarginata (Limenitis albomarginata, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 5,
pi. 2, fig. 2, <?). Martin, Neue Tagschmett. Sumatra, part 2, p. 7, ? (1895).
Si/n. Limenitis Hageni, Staudinger, L-is, 1892, p. 452; id. 1894, p. 342. Habitat.
Sumatra.

Genus SUMALIA.

Limenitis (sect. V., part), Fekler, Xeues Lep. p. 30 (1861).
Limenitis (part), Westwood. de Nicuville.

I^rAGO. — Male. "VYings short. Foreiring triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex
produced and rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly concave in the iiiiddle, and
uneven ; cell extending to nearly half the wing ; first subcostal branch emitted fully
two-fifths before end of cell, second at one-sixth ; middle discocellular acutely bent
in the middle, lower slender, recurved and concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet
emitted at a short distance before lower end of cell. Hindwing triangular, prolonged
posteriorly; apex obtuse; exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex, scalloped,
anal angle prolonged and rounded, abdominal margin long ; cell open ; precostal
vein incurved. Body moderately stout, densely hairy ; palpi densely but very laxly
hairy above and beneath, apical joint stout and conical ; antennal club elongated.
Eyes hairy. Sexes similar.

Type. — S. Daraxa.

SUMALIA DUDU (Plate 250, fig. 1, la, h, ^ ? ).
Limenitis Dudu, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276 (1850). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.
p. 159, pi. 24, fig. 112, <^ (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside rich dark olivescent ochreous-brown,

NTMPHALIN^. (Gtomv li^enitina.) 151

darkest in wet-season brood. Cilia alternated with white. Both wings with a
transverse discal white band, which anteriorly on the forewing is shghtly sinuous
edged and macular, and then posteriorly widening with even edge to above the anal
angle. Forewing also with a black dot at base of the cell, two black sinuous bars
across middle of the cell ; a figure of eight mai'k below the cell, and a discocellular
wedge-shaped mark, each interspaced with deep red ; the inner discal border of the
white band anteriorly broadly black bordered ; an oblique series of three very small
white linearly-dentate spots extending from the upper median veinlet to the sub-
costal before the apex, above which is a slender red costal streak ; outer discal area
traversed by a broad black duplex lunular band, followed by a narrower marginal
wavy line. Eindwing also with the outer discal ai'ea traversed by a broad black
sinuous band, a submarginal row of large black broad lunules, followed by a slender
wavy marginal line, their lower interspaces and the anal angle being deep red.

Underside rich glossy pale purplish-grey; base of hindwing from the costal
vein deep grey ; the discal white band as above, which is edged inwardly by a very
slender blackish line and outwardly by a diffused red line. Foreiviug also with the
interspaces of the cell, of the discocellular bars, and of the mark below the cell deep
red ; apex broadly suffused with red ; the outer marginal reddish lunular fasciae in-
distinctly defined. Hindwing also with three basal prominent white spots, each edged
by a slender black line ; the outer marginal reddish lunular fascia indistinctly defined ;
anal angle with a broad diffused red patch. Body and palpi above olivescent
ochreous-brown ; palpi, body, and legs beneath greyish-white ; legs above pale
brownish-ochreous ; antennce black above, red beneath.

Expanse, 6 2,^0 to ^-^q, ? Z^^ inches.

Habitat. — Nepal; Sikkim; Silhet ; Shillong ; Naga and Khasia Hills; Upper
Burma.

DisTKiBDTioN. — We possess specimens taken in Nepal by the late General Gr.
Ramsay. Mr. L. de Niceville records it as being " found in Sikkim from 5000 to
8000 feet elevation in June, July and August, in dense forests. It flies round tops
of trees on the highest points of ridges " (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 141). Mr. H. J. Elwes
says it is " a rare species in Sikkim, having much the same habits as L. Zayla, but
occurs at lower elevations. A female was taken at Jellapahar in July" (Tr. Ent.
Soc. 1888, p. 353). Mr. ^Y. Doherty obtained it in the Naga Hills (P. Z. S. 1891,
276). Colonel C. Swinhoe notes it as being common in the Khasias. It is recorded
from Silhet and Shillong (Butt. Ind. ii. 159), Capt. E. Y. Watson took "a single
male in the Chin Hills, Burma, at 5000 feet elevation, in May " (J. Bombay N. H .S.
1897, 655). Di'. N. Manders records a single specimen taken iu the Shan States,
Upper Burma, near Koni, on the summit of the hill at 5000 feet elevation at end of
October" (Tr. But. Soc. 1890, 523).

152 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

SUMALIA DARAXA (Plate 250, fig. 2, 2a, b, c? ? ).

Limenitis Daraza, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276, pi. 34, fig. 4 (1850).
de Nice'ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 158 (1886).

I:M.^Gn. — ]\Iale and Female. Upperside rich purpurescent blackish-brown. Cilia
slenderly alternated with white ; basal marks black. Forewing with a transverse
discal pale green macular band, the upper portions being widely separated and
rounded, the lower quadrate and continuous ; an outer discal black deeply lunular
line and a wavy marginal line enclosing a submarginal row of black dentate spots.
Hindiving with a transverse discal pale green continuous band, an outer discal
broader black deep lunular fascia, and a narrow wavy marginal line enclosing a row
of black dentate spots ; a rounded deep red patch at anal angle. Underside reddish-
ferruginous ; mai'kings as above ; interspaces of the basal marks violet-grey, the
transverse discal band pale greenish-white, the outer discal and marginal markings
bordered with violet-grey, abdominal margin bluish-grey. Bodij above olivescent-
black ; palpi above black ; body and palpi below and legs bluish-grey ; antennas
black above, reddish beneath.

Expanse, c? 2^^ to 2j^o, 9 2^^ inches.

Habitat. — Kumaon ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Silhet ; Cachar ; Assam ; Naga and
Khasia Hills ; Burma ; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.

DiSTKiBUTiON. — " This is not a rare species, and has a wide range. Mr. Atkinson

records it from the Himalayas of the North-West Provinces, and it appears to occur

at a suitable elevation all along the Hills as far east as Sibsagar in Upper Assam

and the Naga Hills; and Captain C. T. Bingham took it in April in the Upper

Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim " (de JS"ic4ville, I.e. 158). In Sikkim "it

occurs from 1000 to 8000 feet elevation throughout the warm months " (de Nice-

ville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 140). Mr. H. J. Elwes obtained it in Sikkim east of the

Tista River, where, along the ridge from Dumsong to Khumpong, it is common in

open places in the forest in August at 6000 feet elevation. Mr. Otto Moller notes

it as found in Sikkim from 1000 to 8000 feet, between April and November." (Tr.

Ent. Soc. 1888, 352.) Colonel C. Swinhoe notes it as "common in the Khasias."

Mr, J. "Wood-Mason obtained " a male near Silcuri in Cachar in June and another

on Nemotha Peak in September" (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1886, 359.) Captain E. Y.

Watson took " a single male in the Chin Hills, Burma, during the rainy season "

(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1897, 655). Mr. W. Doherty records this species " as not

uncommon on Larut Hill, Perak, at about 5000 feet elevation" (J. A. Soc. Bengal,

1891, 176).

Habits. — Mr. H. J. Elwes states that " it settles on the ground with open
wings, and is a bold quick-flying insect, returning several times to the same spot if
missed with the net" (Tr. Eut. Soc. 1888, 352.)

NYMPHALINjE. (Group LlilENITlNA.) 153

SUMALTA ZULEMA (Plate 251, fig. 1, la, b, c, jj ? ).

Limenitii Zulema, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. jj. 276, pi. 34, fig. 1 (1850).
de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 159 (1886).

Imago. — Male and Female. ITpperside ; ground-colour rich ferruginous-red,
tlie basal area more or less tinged witli dark olivescenfc ferruginous-brown ; cilia
alternated with white. Both wings crossed by a bluish-white black-bordered discal
band, which is nearly straight in its course and divided by black veinlets, the band
very broad in the dnj-season brood and narrower in the ivet-season brood ; upper
portion of the band on the forewing somewhat macular and formed of well-separated
spots, that of the hindwing straight, even-edged and ending at the submedian vein
above anal angle ; beyond is an outer discal transverse row of broad black spots,
wbich are lunate on the forewing and quadrate on the hindwing, followed by a sub-
marginal row of narrower black spots, which are more or less dentate in shape, and
then by a marginal slender black line and an extreme outer-marginal black line, the
two latter being obscurely inwardly-edged by a violet-grey line. Forewing also with
two subapical very small superposed white dentate spots ; the basal area crossed by
black cell-streaks, discocellular streaks, and ringlet marks below the cell, the middle
cell-streaks, discocellular streaks and mark below the cell being more or less centred
with red. Hindwing also with less defined black cell-streaks. Underside ; ground-
colour much paler, the basal area of forewing more or less olive-grey, and of the
hindwing brighter olive-grey ; the outer area purpurescent-red ; the bluish-white
discal band, black basal marks and outer black markings, as above, the edges of the
marginal lines violescent-grey. Body and palpi above olivescent ferruginous-brown,
beneath and legs greyish-white; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi above pale
brownish-ochreous ; antennae black, tipt with red beneath.

Expanse, <S 2^q to 3, ? 3 inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Khasias ; Burma; Upper Tenasserim.

DisTEiBUTiON. — " This is a rare species, which is occasionally received from
Sikkim. Mr. A. V. Knyvett has obtained it near Buxa in Bhotan, and there is a
single specimen from Cherrapunji, Assam, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta " (de
Nicdville, I.e. 159). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as "a very rare insect in Sikkim,
neither Mr. MoUer nor I have ever procured it" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 352). " Very
rare in Sikkim, less I'arely found at Daling in May and June from 1500 to 5000 feet
elevation ; also at Sivoke in April. It also occurs in Assam and Upper Burma "
(de Niceville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 141). Colonel 0. H. E. Adamson records a
single specimen taken in Upper Tenasserim in March, 1881" (List, p. 22). "Common
at Cherrapunji" (Colonel Swinhoe, Notes).

Of our illustrations of this species on plate 251, figs. 1, la, b, represent the male
and female dry-season form, and Ic the male of wet-season form.

VOL. III. X

I5i LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Indo-Malatan Species. — Snmalia Agneya (Limenitis Agneya, Doherty, Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 176. de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, p. 416. Uahitat.
Larut Hill, 2000 feet, Perak. N.E. Sumatra. — Sumalia BocJcli (Limenitis Bockii,
Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 308. de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
1895, p. 416. Habitat. N.E. Sumatra. — Sumalia Staiidingeri (Limenitis Staudingeri,
Ribbe, Iris, 1889, p. 235, pi. 5, fig. 1. Habitat. Ceram.

Malayan and Chjnese allied Genera. —

Genus Taeattia. — Male. Forewing rather elongated and narrow, triangular ;
costa very slightly arched at the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique and
scalloped ; upper discocellular short, middle discocellular concave, lower recurved ;
cell closed, middle median emitted immediately before lower end of the cell.
i7MK^i(;{n(7 conically triangular ; exterior margin very convex, anal angle rounded.
Antennal club elongated and stout ; eyes hairy. Type. — T, Lj&amas.—Tarattia
Lysanias (Limenitis Lysanias, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Lim. pi. 2, figs. 10, 11 (1859).
Habitat. Celebes.

Genus Hypolimnesthes. — Male. Forewing short, triangular ; costa very slightly
arched towards the end, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, slightly viueven ;
posterior angle rounded ; cell very broad, closed ; first subcostal branch emitted at
one-third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end ; middle disco-
cellular deeply concave, lower outwardly recurved, slender; middle median veinlet
emitted at a short distance before lower end of cell. Hindwing short, triangular,
produced posteriorly ] exterior margin convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded,
abdominal margin long; cell area very broad, open ; precostal vein incurved ; radial
emitted from lower subcostal at nearly half the distance of the base of the latter
from the costal. Body moderately stout, finely hairy ; palpi slender, densely hairy
above and below, apex pointed ; antennse slender ; eyes hairy. Sexes dissimilar.

Type. — H. albomaculata. — Hypolimnesthes albomacidata (Limenitis albomaculata,
Leech, Entom. 1891, Suppl. p. 27 ; id. Butt, of China, etc., p. 178, pi. 16, fig. 3, ^.
Oberthur, Etud. Entom. 1892, p. 7, pi. 2, fig. 15, ^, id. 1893, p. 15, pi. 6, fig. 82,9.
Var. L. nigricans, Oberthur, id. 1896, pi. 10, fig. 175, ^. — This is an excellent
mimic of the common Nymphalid butterfly, Hypolimnas misip'pus. Habitat. Monpin,
E. Thibet ; W. China.

Genus BHAGADATTA.

Limenitis (pait), de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 156 (1886).

iMAGO.-^Male. Wings large, broad. Foreiving subtriangular ; costa slightly
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, well scalloped, posterior
margin long, straight ; cell very broad, extending to two-fifths of the wing, closed ;

NYMPMALIN^. (GTovtp limenxtika.) 155

first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at
one-sixth before the end ; discocellulars slightly outwardly-oblique, middle disco-
cellular slightly bent near lower end, lower discocellular slightly concave posteriorly ;
middle median emitted immediately before lower end of cell. Hiiuiiving broad ;
exterior margin broadly convex hindward and deeply scalloped, anal angle rounded ;
cell broad, closed ; precostal vein somewhat bent in the middle, emitted opposite the
subcostal; two upper medians emittted from end of cell. Body moderately stout ;
palpi densely squamous beneath, second joint hairy above, apex conical and
pointed ; antennte with a lengthened slender club ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.
TvPE. — B. Austenia.

BHAGADATTA AUSTENIA (Plate 251, %. 2, 2a, <J).

Lehadea Austenia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 5C0, pi. 32, fig. 1 ^ ,
Limeniiis Austenia, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 157 (188G).

Imago. — Male and female dark olivescent uraber-brown, with purpHsh reflections
Both wings crossed by a discal pale brown fascia, which, on the forewing, outwardly
curves in a series of deep lunules from the costa and extends thence on the
hindwing more broadly and diffused to above the anal angle ; beyond is an outer
discal transverse series of prominent pale bordered, dark-brown, dentate lunnlar
marks, those fi-om the costa of the forewing being most defined and dentate in form,
and with slender white borders, and thence decreasing in width posteriorly ; those
on the hindwing uniformly narrow ; the area exterior to these pale brown with a
submarginal and marginal dark lunular line. Cell of forewing crossed by six and
that of the hindwing by four black streaks. Underside paler, greyish-brown, the
base pale lilacine-gi^ey ; markings as above, but more defined ; the discal and outer
lunules pale lilacine-grey bordered. Body and palpi above brown, beneath and legs
greyish-white, antennas black.

Expanse, 3 to 3^) inches.

Habitat. — Upper Assam ; Khasias ; Cachar.

Distribution. — We possess the male type specimen, taken by Col. Godwin-
Austen in the Khasia Hills. " The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses two
specimens, also taken by Col. Godwin-Austen at Sarathu in the Khasia Hills, and
another pair taken by Mr. Wood-Mason on Memotha Peak, Cachar, in September "
(de Niceville, Butt. lud. ii. 157). Mr. W. Doherty obtained four males and one
female at Margharita, S.B. of Sadya, Upper Assam, in May, 1889, where, according
to his observations, it is a low country insect " (P. Z. S. 1891, 278).

Malayan allied Genus. — Pandita, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India
Company, i. p. 181 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 146 (1883).— Male. Wings

X 2

156 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.

rather broad and short. Forewing, subtriangular ; costa arched from the base,
apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique and scalloped ; cell broad and
ehort, closed ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of cell,
second at one-ninth before the end ; upper discocellular short, outwardly
oblique; middle discocellular bent outward at one-third from its upper end, lower
discocellular extremely slender ; two upper median veinlets from lower end of cell.
Hindwivg broadly conically-ovate ; exterior margin convex, scalloped, anal angle
rounded; precostal vein stout, incurved, long; costal vein extending to apex;
radial and base of lower subcostal at equal distance from the costal vein ; cell open.
Body moderately robust ; palpi rather short, directed upward and outward to about
middle of eyes, flattened at the sides and beneath, compactly clothed with short
hairy scales, those at the edges beneath lax and longest, apex conically-pointed ;
antenna! club lengthened, slender ; eyes naked. Sexes alike. Tyjje. P. Sinope. —
Pandita Sinope, Moore, Catal. hep. Mus. B. I. C. i. p. 181, pi. 6a., fig. 3 (1857).
Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 14G, pi. 12, fig. 13 ? . P. Sinoria, Felder, Reise Nov.
Lep. p. 425. Hahifat. Malay Peninsula ; Penang; Singapore; Sumatra; Billiton ;
Borneo; Banca; Java. — Pandita imitans, Butler, Entom. M. Mag. 1883, p. 54. Kheil,
Rhop. Nias, p. 23 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.

Genus LEBADEA.

Leladea, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 28 (1861). Distant, Khop. Malajana, p. 14-1 (1883). de 2\^iceviJle,
Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 151 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Forewing ti-iangular ; costa almost straight, apex broadly
produced and abruptly rounded, exterior margin very concave in the middle and
slightly uneven, posterioi" angle obtusely pointed, posterior margin short and
recurved; cell long, narrow, closed, upper end extending to more -than half tbe
wing; first subcostal branch emitted at fully one-third before end of the cell, second
at fully one-sixth before the end ; discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper very short,
middle bent inward, lower inwardly concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet
emitted at a short distance before lower end of the cell ; submedian vein recurved.
Hindwing short, conically-triangular ; apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, convex
posteriorly, anal angle rounded ; cell short, broad, closed ; precostal vein incurved,
emitted at some distance above the origin of the subcostal ; two upper median
veinlets emitted together at some distance beyond lower end of the cell. Body
somewhat slender ; palpi slender, very compactly squamous beneath, hairy above,
tip conicfd ; antennae slender, long, with an elongated slender club ; eyes naked.

Type. — L. Ismene.

HYMPHALIN^. {Qroap iiytByiTiNA.) 167

LEBALEA I8MENE (Plate 252, fig. 1, la, c? ? )■

Limenifiis lamene, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 276, pi. 34, fig. 2, cJ (1850).
Lehadea Ismene, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 28 (1861). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 152,
pi. 19, fig. 79, S (1886).

Wet and Dry -season brood.

Imago. — Male. Upperside rich fulvous ; cilia alternately edged with white.
Both wings crossed by an inwardly-oblique discal white broad band. Forewing
with the baud somewhat macular and blackish bordered, being composed of
posteriorly-increasing broad irregular quadrate-shaped spots, its inner edge
throughout being irregular and its outer edge sinuous ; followed by a coutigaoua
transverse row of slender white lunules, which extend upward to the costa before
the apex, each of the latter being outwardly defined by a black lunule ; beyond is a
submarginal less-defined whitish-edged black sinuous line, the points of which are
directed inward between the veins ; the inner submarginal interspace being very
slightly powdered with greyish-white scales, and the apex with a broad greyish-white
patch ; three slender subbasal zigzag black lines across the cell, which are continued
below to the submedian vein, and another pair enclosing the discocellular veinlets,
the enclosed interspaces being brighter fulvous, the interspace between the outer
cell-bar and the discocellular being grey speckled. Eindiving with the band
blackish-bordered and ending in a point above anal angle, its inner edge even, its
outer edge slightly sinuous ; followed by a contiguous row of more or less defined
whitish lunules, which latter are rather broadly outwardly-edged by an inner discal
row of black dentate spots, beyond which is an outer discal row of more or less
slightly-defined blackish dentate spots, the two latter rows being still less defined
in the dry-season brood ; these are followed by a submarginal white-edged
black sinuous line ; two slender black subbasal zigzag lines extending from
the costal vein across the cell to the submedian vein. Underside much paler,
palest and dullest in dry-season brood ; the base of the wings and the abdominal
margin of the hindwing greyish ; — all the markings, as above, but less distinct,
and lilacine-white.

Female. Upperside darker fulvous, markings as in the male, but more
prominent. Forewing with the discal broad white band more macular, the
contiguous white lunules having the black dentate spots placed outwardly against
them more prominently, the apical white patch much smaller, the submarginal
sinuous fine more distinct. Eindiving with broader black inner-discal dentate spots
and with an outer discal similar row of less deBned blackish dentate patches.
Underside as in the male ; the markings more distinct. Body and palpi above
fulvous; beneath and forelegs, middle and hind femora greyish-white; middle and

158 LEPIDOPTERA INBICA.

hind tibige and tarsi pale ochreous ; antennge black, the club with a white bar above,
reddish beneath.

Expanse, S 2^^ to 2i^o. ? ^h^o Z^-q inches.

Habitat. — Sikkioi ; Bhotau.

DiSTKiBUTioN. — This species, so far as our own observations have extended,
appears to be confined to the Eastern Himalayas. We have verified examples from
Sikkim and Bhotan only. Mr. L. de Niceville records it as " occurring somewhat
commonly at low elevations, in forest, in Sikkim " (Butt. Ind. ii. 152). We possess
specimens from Sikkim, and also from Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. 0. Dudgeon in
April. Mr. H. J. Elwes records it also as "not uncommon in Sikkim at low
elevations, between April and December " (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 352). We have
examined specimens in Mr. 0. MoUer's collection, taken in Sikkim in March and
November.

Note. — Mr. de Niceville (Butt. Ind. ii. 152) also refers the specimens to
Ismene, which were taken by Mr. Wood-Mason in Cachar, recording it also as
" occurring in Assam, Silliet, and Naga Hills, Chittagong and Akyab." These
specimens probably all belong to the next species {Martha). Some Khasia and
Upper Burma specimens certainly have the discal transverse band somewhat
variably wider than in Lower Burma and Tenasserim examples of Martha, but all
those from the above-mentioned localities will doubtless be found to agree with the
latter in the points noted in the description.

Habits of Imago. — " It has a weak flight, always settles with outspread
wings, usually on a leaf" (de Niceville, I.e. 152).

Of our illustrations of this species on plate 252, fig. 1, la represents a male and
female from Sikkim.

lEBADEA MARTHA.

PapiKo Marflia, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 56, $ (1787).

Limenitig Martha, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 59. pi. 1, fig. 4, ? (1869).
Limenitis attenuata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829.

Leladea attenuata, Moore, Journ. Liun. Soc. Zool. 18S6, p. 35. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.
p. 152 (1886).

Wet-season brood (Plate 252, fig. 2, 2a c? ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside of a darker ground-colour that in Ismene,
the discal transverse macular white band on both wings narrower, being throughout
about half the width in the male and less than half in the female ; on the forewing
the apical portion is disposed more inwardly-obhque, the streaks being longer and
narrower, and transversely shorter, and the spot between the middle and lower

NYMPHALINjE. (.Qionp LiMEyiTiyA) 159

median in both sexes has its inner edge always incurved, the two lower portions
being also much narrower and dentated outward on both sides, whereas in true
Ismene the inner edge of the median discal portion is always more or less excurved ;
the portion between the lower median and submedian, in the female, is dentated
outward exteriorly and inward on its opposite side ; the outer transverse markings
more prominently defined on both wings. Underside with the discal white band
as on the upperside.

Expanse, ^ 2^o to 2/o, ? ^A to 3 inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 252, fig. 2, b, c, t? ? )•

Male and Female. Upperside also of a deeper ground-colour than in Ismene,
the discal transverse white band similar to that in the wet-season brood, its
contiguous outer sinuous line slender ; the basal marks and the submarginal sinuous
line less apparent ; the outer border of forewiug very densely powdered with grey
scales, and on the hind wing the inner discal blackish dentated marks are slender
and obscure, the outer discal row being obsolescent. Underside much paler than in
wet-season brood, and of a somewhat greyish-brown tint ; transverse markings as
on upperside.

Expanse, ^ 2i^o to 21^0) ? '^lo inches.

Habitat. — Khasias ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Siam.

Distribution. — The Fabrician type of Martha — a small female of the wet-season
brood — is recorded from Siam ; a male of the wet-season brood in the British Museum
Collection was recently taken by Mr. H. N. Ridley on Lankawi Island, Coast of Siam, in
January. The type specimens of attenuata were taken by Mr. Otto Limborg at Hatseiga
and on the road from Naththoung to Paboga, in Upper Tenasserim, during the cold
season. Specimens of both sexes of the wet-season brood from the Khasias, which we
have identified as this species, are in Col. C. Swinhoe's collection. Capt. E. Y. Watson
found it " common at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim" (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 5).
There are specimens in the British Museum, taken by Capt. Watson at Tiling Yaw
in January, April and October, during the Chin Lushai Expedition, and in the
Karen Hills in December. Mr. Moti Ram took it at " Ponsekai in Upper Tenasserim "
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 424-). Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained the male of wet-season form
at Moulmeiu in October, and at Houndraw in November ; also in the Donat Range
and Upper Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim in October. A female from
Tavoy Valley, taken in April, and a male wet-season form from Karen Hills, is in
Mr. P. Crowley's collection. Lieut.-Col. C. H. E. Adamson (List, 1897, p. 22) records
specimens agreeing with attenuata from Rangoon and Moulmein. We possess a
female of the dry-season form from Mahatauug, taken in February, and also a male

160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

and female dry-season form from Aloungdan, taken in January, by Colonel Adamson.
Dr. J. Anderson found both sexes common in tlie Mergiii Archipelago recorded as
follows : — " Mergui, December and March ; Zediwon, December ; Pataw Island,
December and January ; King Island, February" (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35). A
female, identical with the Fabrician type, taken by Dr. Anderson on King Island,
Mergui, in March, is also in the British Museum Collection.

Of our illustrations of this species on plate 252, fig. 2,2a represents a Burmese
male and female of the tvei-season form, and 2b, c male and female of the dry-season
form.

Malayan Spkoies. — Lebadea Sumatrensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 142
(1886). L. Martha, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 145, pi. 17, fig. 10, 11, c? ? (1883);
de Nic^ville, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 415. L. Alankara et Martha, Butler,
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 541. Upperside more ochi'eous-brown than in Pad7i/(;a.
Itlale. Forewing with the discal transverse white band composed of shorter longi-
tudinal upper portions and somewhat broader posterior portions, the outer marginal
line less sinuous. Tlindioiyig with the discal white band less attenuated posteriorly ;
the inner discal series of black spots more dentate in shape and more distinctly and
sharply sinuous inner edged, the marginal black line with a much less sinuous white
inner edge. Female with the discal band slender, the outer markings as in male.
Expanse, c? 2^q, ' 2^^ inches. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. — Lebadea
Faduka (Lim. Paduka, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. B. I. Company, i. p. 179, c? ? (1857).
Upperside brown. Male. Foreioing with the discal transverse macular white band
composed of narrow portions, the portion between the middle and lower medians
only being broadly lunate, the two outer marginal sinuous lines very prominent ;
the apical white patch distinct. Eindwing with the discal white band broad anteriorly
and much attenuated posteriorly ; outer sinuous markings less prominent. Female.
Upperside with the discal band on forewing narrower than in male, slender on the
hindwing. Expanse c? 2i-o to 2i^, ? 3 inches. Eahitat. Borneo; Palawan. —
Lebadea Alankara (Aconthea Alankara, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pi. 5, fig. 6, <?
(1829). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pi. 49, fig. d". Male (as figured by Horsfield).
Female. Upper and underside with the discal white band of the same broad width
and the marginal markings, as in the male. Expanse, c? 2 j^, ? 2 j^p inches. Habitat.
Java (Horsfield and Fruhstorff). — Lebadea Wallacei. Male. Upperside dark brownish-
fulvous, the interspaces of the basal marks brighter fulvous ; discal band on both
wings violaceous-white and very narrow, narrower than in male Paduka ; the outer
sinuous lines also more slendei-, not prominent, those on the hindwing and their discal
interspace being more or less densely pinkish violet-grey. Underside pale ochreous ;
markings as above. Expanse, <? 2iJj, to ^q inches. Habitat. Java (Coll. Moore) ;
Sumatra (Coll. Grose-Smith {ex Coll. Wallace).

NYMPHALIN^. (Gronp limenitina.) 161

Genus MODUZA.

Limenitis (part), Fekler, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861). Distant, Rhop, Malay, p. 147 (1883). Semper,

Raise Philip, Lep. p. 140 (1889). Westwood. de Niceville.
Proerig, Herr. Schseffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. i. p. 23 (1864) — {pre-ocmtpied) .
Moduza, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 47 (1881).

Imago. — Male. "Wings moderately broad. Forewing triangular ; costa regularly
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and deeply scalloped ; cell long,
lower end extending to fully half the wing, closed ; first subcostal branch emitted
at nearly one-half before en d of the cell, second at one-fifth before the end ; upper
and middle discocellulars disposed very obliquely outwards, middle and lower dis-
cocellular nearly of the same length, upper discocellular very short, middle, long,
concave at base, lower slender erect and slightly convex ; middle median veinlet
emitted at a considerable distance before lower end of the cell and opposite to its
upper end ; submedian vein straight. Eindiving short and broad ; costa arched
from the base ; exterior margin obliquely convex and deeply scalloped ; precostal
vein stout, incurved, emitted opposite the subcostal ; cell area broad, open ; radial
and base of subcostal branch at equal distances from the costal vein ; lower median
veinlet emitted from opposite base of the radial ; two upper medians at some
distance beyond. Body stout, densely clothed with short hairy scales ; palpi porrect,
compactly clothed beneath and at the sides, second joint densely hairy above, third
joint short, stout, pointed ; antenna) with a lengthened very slender club; eyes
naked. Sexes alike.

Cateepillar. — Cylindrical. Head large, closely set with short stout spines.
Segments with a double row of strong spines, or sharp tubercles, clustered at the
ends of short stems ; on the third segment are two pairs more laterally situated, but
much longer; on the fourth segment one pair still longer.

Chrysalis. — Suspended vertically ; abdominal end slender, with small dorsal
tubercles ; thorax stout ; wing cases dilated laterally ; head-piece produced into
two foliaceous hammer-shaped processes.

Type. — M. Procris.

MODUZA PR0CEI3 (Plate 253, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, e, d, <^ ? ).

Papilio Procris, Cram;r, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 106, fig. E. F. ? (1777). Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i.

p. 138 (1793).
Nymphalis Procris, Godart, Enc. Meth. ii. p. 404 (1819).
Limenitis Procris, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 176 (1850). Butler, Cital. Fabr. Lep.

B. M. p. 59 (1809). de Xiccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 163 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett.

pi. 50. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Sac. 1890, p. 274.
Limenitis diluta, Oljerthur, Etud. Ent. 1896, pi. 10, fig. 176 {Aberration).
VOL. III. T

162 LEPIDOPTERA INBIOA.

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside, ground colour rich ferruginous-red, the
basal area slightly tinged with olivescent yellowish-ferruginous. Cilia alternately
black and white. Forewing with three black slender bars crossing the cell, and
three similar bars below the cell between the basal interspaces of the middle and
lower medians ; beyond the cell is a large outwardly-oblique pure bluish-white more
or less triangulate spot followed by a transverse discal macular band, broadest in
the dry-season brood, composed of a series of large broad pure bluish-white spots
proceeding from the costa to the posterior margin, of which the upper five are
subapical and disposed obliquely outward, the third and fourth being ovate, the
upper two very slender and divided by the second subcostal branch, the fifth much
the smallest ; the next four are disposed somewhat obliquely inward and are much
larger, the sixth (or upper) triangularly ovate, the seventh longest and bluntly ovate
or somewhat quadrate, the eighth quadrate with its outer edge indented, and the
lowest narrow ; all these white spots are bordered with black, which colour broadly
extends from the cell along the costa and thence decreases hindward ; beyond is an
outer marginal broad lunularly inner-edged, or occasionally dentate, black waved
band, which is ti^aversed by two contiguous slender grey sinuous marginal lines.
Hindicing with three black slender bars crossing the cell, and a small spot between
the basal interspaces of the veins above the cell ; a transverse medial discal broad
pure bluish-white macular black-bordered band terminating at the submedian, its
inner edge somewhat regular and its outer edge scalloped ; followed by an outer
discal row of black ill-shaped cordate spots, which are more or less obsolescent
posteriorly, or occasionally entirely absent, a similar submarginal row of smaller
dentate spots, and then a contiguous narrow waved black marginal band traversed
by two slender grey sinuous lines. Underside. Basal area bluish or olive-grey, the
outer discal area and the apical veins of forewing bright red ; discocellular spot on
forewing and transverse discal macidar band, as above, bluish-white or greyish-white
and black bordered ; basal bars black, with the intersjoace between the middle cell
bars and of those below the cell on the forewing bright red ; marginal markings as
above, except that the marginal sinuous lines are violet-grey, and the inner line
broadly encompassing the submarginal black spots on the hindwing. Body above red ;
palpi above black, beneath greenish-white ; body beneath and legs bluish-grey ;
antenna3 black, tip reddish beneath ; eyes bronzy-brown.

Expanse, S2i% to 3, ? 2^% to S^o inches.

Young Caterpillar. — "Slender, cylindrical, evenly clothed with short spinous
tubercles, and of a uniform dark brown colour."

AnULT Catkrpillar. — " After last moult. Colour dark brown. Head large,
closely set with short, stout simple spines ; on the back is a double row of strong
spines or sharp tubercles, clustered at the ends of short stems ; on the third

NYMPHALIN^. (Group ZIMEKITTNA.) 163

segment there are two pairs more laterally situated, but three times as long ; and
on the fourth segment is one pair longer still."

Chrysai,is. — Suspended vertically. Abdominal part slender, with small dorsal
tubercles; thorax stout; wing cases much dilated laterally; head produced into
two foliaceous hammer-shaped processes, which meet at their ends, leaving a circular
hole in the middle. Colour dark brown. Easily passes for a small withered and
twisted leaf." (Davidson and Aitken, I.e. 274).

Habitat. — India ; Burma ; Tenasserim.

Distribution. — " Occurs plentifully in India in the region of heavy rainfall. I
have specimens from Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Burma, Calcutta, Orissa, and
South India" (de Niceville, Butt. India, ii. 164). "Mr. W. Doherty records its
capture in the Kah Valley, Eastern Kumaon at from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation"
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 125). "Only found in the Terai and lowest valleys of
Sikkim, where it is not so common as in the Plains. Flies from March till
December" (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 353). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon obtained it in
Bhotan. " It is common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. Fond of settling
high up in the trees with wings widely spread open. Larva feeds on Nauclea
Cadamha " (de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 44). Dr. G. Watt captured it in
Manipur (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, 304). " Mr. J. Wood-Mason took nine males and
one female at and around Silcuri, Cachar, between May and August, and a female on
Nemotha Peak in September" (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 359). Colonel C. Swinhoe
states that it is " common in the Khasias " (MS. Note). Messrs. Davidson and
Aitken says, " it is pretty common in the Kanara district of Bombay Presidency
during the rains, and even in the dry season in open forest " (J. Bombay N. H. S,
1896, 253). Capt. E. Y.Watson records it " from Kathlekan, Mysore, one specimen
only being taken " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, p. 5). Mr. G. F. Hampson found it
"rare on the Nilgiris, at 3000 to 4000 feet" (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr.
H. S. Ferguson found it " common in Travancore at the foot of the Hills " (J. Bombay
N. H. S. 1891, 9). In Burma, Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained it " during the Chin-
Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 at Tiling, in February and April" (J. Bombay
N. H. S. 1891, 39) ; also at " Rangoon and Poungadaw, Upper Burma, in
September and October " {id. 1888, p. 5). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as
"very common all over Burma from May to September" (List. p. 22). Signor
Leonardo Fea took it in Bhamo in November. Dr. N. Manders captured it "in
Eastern Karennee, Upper Burma, in January, and found it common everywhere in
the Shan States" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 523). " A few specimens were taken by
Moti Ram in Tavoy" (J. A. S. Beng. 1887,424). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it
at " Minthantoung, Mergui Archipelago, in December" (J. Linn. Soc. Zool.
18S6, 36).

T 2

1C4 LEPIDOPTETtA INDICA.

Habits of Imago. — According to Mr. L. de Niceville's observations, made in
the neiglibourliood of Calcutta, it is " fond of settling high up in the trees with wings
widely spread open" (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 44). In the Sikkira Terai he also
observed it as " a high soaring insect, settling often on the outer leaves of the
boughs of trees. If disturbed it always returns to the same spot whence it is driven
off" (J. A. S. Beng. 1881, 51). Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitkeu says, "it
flies like Parthenos virens, and like it, rests with wings open on the upper side of a
leaf " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 189(j, 253). Mr. J. A. Betham observes that it " has an
elegant sailing flight, and fond of forests, setthng on the leaves of trees with widely
expanded wings " {J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 283).

FooD-pr.ANT AND Habits OP Larva. — In the Calcutta district, Mr. de Niceville
says it '« feeds on Nauclea Cadamba " (J. A, S. Beng. 1885, 44). Mrs. E. M. Span
" found the larva at Nowgong, Assam, feeding upon the Almond tree. Larva found
Sept. 2Sth, changed to pupa Oct. 1st, the imago emerging Oct. 10th. The larvsB
were noticed to move with little jerks" (MS. Note). Messrs. Davidson and Aitken
in their very valuable notes on the butterflies of the Kanara district of Bombay,
state " we found the larva of L. Procris from July to October, feeding on Mussoenda
frondom, a plant with white leaves at the ends of the flowering branches, which
make it a conspicuous ornament in the jungles. We subsequently found it oftener
on Wendlandia exserta, another plant of the same order. Of all the larvse we reared
this is in every respect one of the most remarkable. When young it remains on
one leaf of the Mussoenda, eating it regularly back from the point, but leaving the
mid-rib, and as it eats it fringes the eaten margin with its excrement, held together
by silk, among wdjich it is absolutely undistiuguishable. After the last moult it
abandons these strange habits and lives openly on the upper side of the leaf, having
changed its form for one in which it is able, apparently, to despise concealment.
The pupa easily passes for a small withered and twisted leaf " (J. Bombay N. H.
Soc. 1890, 274).

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 253, fig. 1 represents the larva and
pupa from Mr. S. N". Ward's original drawings made in Kanara, S. India ; fig. la,
that of the dry-season male, and figs. 1 b, c, d, male and female of the wet-season
form.

MODUZA ANARTA (Plate 254, fig. 1, la, (J ? ).

Limenitis Anarta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 585.

Liinenitis Procris var. Anarta, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 164 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside uniformly darker than the Indian Procris,
the red colour darker and duller in hue, the black bordering of the discal white
macular band more diffused, the marginal black band on forewiug more uniformly

NYMPHALINJE. (Group LIMENITINA.) 165

continuous, and its two submarginal grey lines less sinuous ; the outer discal black
spots on the hindwing are larger and quadrate, the submarginal black dentate spots
also larger, and the two submarginal grey lines less sinuous. The white macular
band is also comparatively narrower, and the discocellular white spot at end of the
cell very small, or quite obsolete.

Expanse, S2^q, ? 3 inches.

Habitat. — South Andaraans.

MODUZA CALIDASA (Plate 254, fig. 2 larva and pupa, 2a, b, ,? ? ).

Limcnitis Calidasa, Moore, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 48. de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 164

(1886), Butler, Ann. N. H. 18(;6, p. 285.
Moduza Calidasa, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 48, pi. 25, fig. 1, la, S , larva and pupa (1881).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent brownish-black, basal
area suffused with paler olive-brown. Interspaces between the outer cell-bars on
both wings and of the outer bars below the cell of forewing and also the outer discal
interspaces dull red. A transverse discal bluish-white macular band, the subapical
portions on the forewing being the smallest and disposed somewhat less outwardly-
oblique than in Procris, the white discocellular spot being absent. Forewing also
with marginal lunular black border traversed by two slender pale brownish-grey
sinuous lines. Hindwwg also with the black irregular outer edge of the white discal
band narrowly bordered with bluish-grey ; the outer discal and submarginal row of
more or less defined black spots large ; marginal slender sinuous lines brownish-grey.
Underside. Basal area bluish or olive-grey ; outer area pale violet-grey ; markings
as above ; discal macular band black edged. Forewing with the outer basal streaks,
subcostal veinlets and outer discal interspaces red; marginal sinuous lines distinct.
Eindiving with the outer discal interspaces suffused red, the submarginal row of
black spots small ; marginal sinuous lines distinct. Body above olivescent black ;
palpi above and legs brown, beneath white edged with brown ; body beneath
greyish- white; antennjB black, tipt with red beneath.

Expanse, c? 2^% to 2^%, ? 2^% to 3 inches.

Caterpillar. — Pale greenish-yellow, or reddish ; head spined ; the segments
armed with short spiny tubercles, and a longer dorsal divergent pair on third and
fourth segment. Feeds on Cinchona, Mussoenda, etc.

Chrysalis. — Reddish purple-brown; wing cases dilated; head-piece bifid,
twisted and bent outward at the tips.

Habitat. — Ceylon.

Distribution. — " Occurs in the "Western, Central, and Southern Provinces of
Ceylon; plains and hills up to 4000 feet elevation, in forest land, from May to
September, and probably also at other times. It has a floating not very rapid

166 LEPIDOFTERA INDICA.

flight. It is shy, and settles with wings spread on leaves " (Capt. Hutchison),
Mr. F. M. Mackwood found it " fairly numerous from February to April from 2000
feet and upwards. Found also at other times" (MS Notes). Capt. Wade took
specimens at Kandy.

Indo-Mai,ayan Species. — Modnza Agnata (Limenitis Procris, Distant, Rhop.
Malay, p. 148, pi. 17, f. 1 S (1883). Limenitis procris suhsj). agnata, Fruhstorfer,
Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 311). — Male and female. Upperside darker than Indian
examples of Procris, and even uniformly darker than the Andaman species, Anarta;
the transverse white macular band is more completely united in its course on the
forewing ; the black discal bordering is more intense and is more or less confluent
with the outer border ; the two greyish marginal lines are not sinuous. On the
hindwing, the white band is broader in width posteriorly; the outer discal black
broad spots more or less forming a united macular band, as do also the submarginal
row of spots ; the two marginal greyish lines indistinct and not sinuous. Expanse,
t? 2^0, ? 2^Q inches. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; .Sarawak; Borneo.
— Mocluza Neutra (Limenitis Procris subsp. Neutra, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach. 1897,
p. 60 ; Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, 4, p. 311. Biblis Procris, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I.
Company, pi. 8, f. 4. 4a, etc. (1829) ; larva and piqm ; id. 1857, pi. 5, f. 12). — Male
and female. Upperside. Ground colour more intensely red and brighter than
Sumatra, Malacca, and Bornean examples ; with much smaller subapical white
spots, the two below the subcostal only, being present generally in the male ; the
discocellular white spot beyond the cell is somewhat smaller. Expanse, c? 2i*o»
? 2j^o inches. Larva feeds on a species of Nauclea. Habitat, Java; Lombok ;
Sumba ; Sumbawa. — Moduza Pausanius (Limenitis Pausanius, Staudinger, Deuts.
Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 58. Habitat. Palawan. — Modziza Mata (Limenitis Mata, Moore,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 48. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. I4l, pi. 25, fig. 1, 2 c? ?
(1889). Habitat. Manilla; Luzon; Mindanao. — Moduza imitata, Butler, Entom.
Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 54. Syn. Limenitis ^monia, Weymer, Ent. Nach. 1883,
p. 193. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 24, pi. 3, fig. 12. Habitat. Nias Island.— J/oiwza
TIiesj>ias (Limenitis Thespias, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 141, pi. 25, fig. 3, 4 c? ?
(1889). Habitat. Mindanao. — Moduza Urdaiieta (Limenitis Urdaneta, Felder,
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 110. Semper, R. PhiL Lep. p. 141, pi. 25, fig. 5, 6
(S ? (1889). Habitat. Luzon. — Moduza Lycone (Lim. Lycone, Hewitson, I.e., pi, 1,
fig. 4, 5 (1859). Habitat. Celebes. — Moduza Pintuyana, (Limenitis Pintuyana,
Semper, Verh. Ver. Hamb. 1878, p. 109; R. Phil. Lep. p. 142, pi. 25, fig. 7, 8 ?
(1889). Habitat. Panaon, Philippines. — Moduza Lymire (Lim. Lymire, Hewitson,
Exot. Butt. Lim. pi. 1, fig. 3, 6 (1859). Habitat. Celebes. — Moduza Libnites
(Lim. Libnites, Hewitson, I.e. jdI. 2, fig. 7-9 (1859). Staudinger Exot. Schmett.
pi. 50. Habitat. Celebes.

NYMPIIALIN^. (Group IIMENITINA.) 167

Malayan allied Genus. — Lamasia. Male. Foreioing with the apex more
produced than iu typical Moduza, exterior margin more oblique, posterior margin
shorter; cell short, open; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell,
second at one-sixth ; upper discocellular emitted immediately from subcostal, middle
discocellular rather short, extending oblicjuely inward and acutely angled at its end ;
lower discocellular absent; middle median emitted about halfway beyond the
opposite discocellular. Hindiving shorter than in Moduza, broader and more
convex posteriorly. Type. L. Lyncides. — Lamasia Lyncides (Lim. Lyncides,
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Lim. pi. 1, fig. 1, 2 (1859). Habitat. Celebes.

Genus NAJAS.

Najas, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1806). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 1875, p. 224.
Zimenitis (part), Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger's Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807). Oehsenheimer, Schmett.

Eur. iv. p. 17 (181G). Hiibner, Veiz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 274

(1850). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 155 (1886). Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 176

(1892).
Limeniiis (Sect. I. part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 29 (1861).
Limonitis, Daltnan, Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. p. 55 (1816).
Limonetes (part), BilJberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).
Nymphalif, Boisduval, Index Meth. Lep. p. 14 (1829); id. Edit, 1840, p. 16. Kirby Eur. Butt.

p. 43 (1863).

Imago. — Male. Foreioing elongated, subtriangular ; costa somewhat straight
from the base, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly concave in the middle, waved ;
posterior margin long and nearly straight ; first subcostal branch emitted at fully
one-fourth before end of the cell, second at one-tenth before the end, third at
two-fifths beyond the end ; cell extending to half length of the wing, closed ; upper
discocellular short, middle discocellular concave, lower discocellular waved and
slender; middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before lower end of the
cell, middle and lower medians wide apart ; submedian vein nearly straight.
Hindwing rather short, broadly triangularly-ovate; apex and exterior margin oblique
and very convex, scalloped ; abdominal margin long ; cell area broad, open ;
precostal vein stout, incurved ; second subcostal branch and the radial both emitted
from the first subcostal at nearly equal distances from the costal vein. Body
moderately stout ; thorax woolly ; palpi ascending to above vertex, slender,
flattened at the sides, densely hairy above and beneath, apical joint short, conical,
and imbedded in hairs ; antennae rather short, thickish, club long, annuli even ;
eyes naked.

Cateepillae, — Head with several nodular tubercles in front, two stout short
spinous processes on vertex, and a row of short stout spines down the sides;
second segment with two subdorsally disposed very small and short spinous

168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

tubercles; third segment with two large elongated fleshy clavate processes; both
covered with irregularly disposed clustered short stout spines ; fourth, sixth,
eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth segment with two subdorsal short nodular processes,
the apex of each set with short stout spines ; fifth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and
tenth with incipiently developed very slightly similar nodular processes.

Chrysalis. — Rather stout. Head obtusely pointed in front, vertex convex,
thorax raised and convex, medio-dorsum with a raised convex hump, wing cases
and segments beneath somewhat arched.

Type.— N. Populi.

NAJAS TRIVENA (Plate 255, fig. 1, la, b, ^ ? ).

Limenitis Trivena, Moore, Entom. Monthly Mag. Nov. ISG-i, p. 133. de Niceville, Butt, of India,
etc., ii. p. 161 (1886).

IirAGO. — ]\Iale. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-brown ; cilia alternately black
and white ; both wings with a transverse discal broad white band, beyond which is
a submarginal ill-defiued row of pale brownish-ochreous lunules, bordered inwardly
by broad black dentate spots, and outwardly by a narrower black lunular line.
Foreiving also with three or four subapical small decreasing white spots ; the cell
crossed by au outwardly-oblique broad white streak, on each side of which is a
black-bordered indistinct pale ochreous-brown streak, and below the cell is a similar
coloured ringlet mark. Underside pale yellowish-ochreous, with the broad white
band, apical spots and cell streak, as above. Foreioing also with the interspace of
inner cell streak and of the discocellular streak, and before the subapical spot
brighter ochreous ; mark below the cell externally edged with white ; discal band
slightly bordered with diffused black.

Female. Upperside as in the male ; markings more prominent, the basal
area greyish, lower basal mark whitish bordered externally. Underside as in the
male. Body above dark brown ; palpi whitish, edged and tipt with black ; legs
whitish ; autennce black, tipt with ochreous.
Expanse, S ^xo, ? ^-to inches.
Habitat. — N.W. Himalayas.

DiSTEiBDTiON. — Mr. de Niceville states that "it occurs in the outer ranges of the
Himalayas and farthest to the South. I took a single female on the top of Jakko,
Simla, and there are numerous specimens of both sexes also from Simla in Col.
Lang's collection. Major Marshall has observed it on the wing in the spring on the
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Dalhousie, in June, in Chumba, and at Mogul Maidan, Kashmir, in the same month ;
it occurs also in Murree, and Mr. A. Graham Young has obtained numerous examples

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NYMPHALINjE. (GtoMv limenitina.) 169

in Kulu in May and June " (Butt. India, ii. 161). Specimens taken on the road to
Skardo in July are in Mr. J. H. Leech's collection, also others from Dana, taken
by Mr. McArthur in June. Colonel A. M. Lang (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1864, p. 133)
says, " I have seen but three specimens of this species in the Himalayas, at 7000 to
8000 feet elevation, in forests of oak {Quercus incana and semicarpifolia). It has a
quick, but sometimes slower, flight, floating in and out of the sunhght."

Note. — Mr. de Niceville states that " in Colonel Lang's collection are two
specimens from Lower Kunawur, exactly intermediate between typical Trlvena and
Ligijcs. Some undoubted examples of Tricena have a double series of ochreous
spots on the margin of the upperside of both wings, placed, one at the apex, the
other at the base of a series of black conical spots between the nervules, showing in
this respect an approach to Ligyes, though the white discal band is twice as broad
as in typical specimens of that species. Other examples of Trivena lack the inner
series of ochreous spots, and in others again the outer series is white, and the inner
also absent. The markings of the underside vary considerably, but the extent and
coloration of those on the upperside are the most important " (Butt. Ind. ii. 161).

NAJAS LIGYES (Plate 255, fig. 2, 2a, h, S ? )•
Limenitis Ligyes, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ond. Nov. 1864, p. 246, pi. 15, fig. 3, 4, 9 .
Limenitis Trivena, var. Ligyes, de Niceville, Eutt. of India, etc., ii. p 161, pi. 24, fig. 113, ' (1886).

Imago. — Male and Female. Upperside dark olivescent-brown. Both wings
crossed by a discal interrupted macular white band composed of moderate-sized
spots, followed by three subapical small white decreasing spots, a marginal row of
indistinctly-defined slender pale brownish-white lunules inwardly bordered with
black dentate spots, and an outer marginal black lunular line. Forewing also with
the cell-marks black, and a white recurved narrow bar before end of the cell.
Hindiving with the submarginal lunules more sharply defined. Underside dull
yellowish-ochreous ; the white discal band and cell bar as above. Forewing also
with slender black cell and basal marks ; the outer edges of discal band diffasedly black
bordered ; lower submarginal lunules black. Hindwing with the discal band slightly
bordered with black speckles. Body above brown ; palpi above black, beneath white
edged with black ; fore-legs white ; middle and hind-legs pale brownish above and
white beneath ; body beneath yellowish-ochi'eous ; antennae black, tipt with ochreous.

Expanse, c? 2|, 9 2^-0 inches.

Habitat. — N."W. Himalayas.

DiSTEiBUTiON. — This " is not found in the outer ranges of the Himalayas, occurring

always in the middle or inner ranges further North. Colonel A. M. Lang took

numerous specimens in Upper Kunawur, at Pangi, in June* I obtained a single

male at Mogul Maidan, Kashmii*, in June, and Mrs. R. Bazett took numerous

VOL. III. z

170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

specimens at Gulmurg, 9400 feet, in July. The size of the spots in the discal band
in these specimens agrees with the figure of Ligyes, but the rufous spots are very
feebly developed. I also obtained three males in June at Gagangair, Kashmir, and
Major Marshall possesses three males from Baba Marishi, 8400 feet, also in Kashmir,
and one from Pangi, all taken in June. They differ from typical Ligijes in having
the discal spots as small as in Hydaspes ; the development of the rufous spots is
inconstant, some of these specimens being quite typical Ligyes in this respect, but
in none of them are they as fully developed as in Hydaspes. Lastly, Major Marshall
possesses quite typical specimens of Ligyes taken at Kutabul, 8200 feet, and
Bayadmalla, 6500 feet, both in Kashmir, and one from Pangi, all these specimens
being taken in June" (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 162).

Colonel Lang writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 35), " This species is represented
by only one specimen in Dr. Jerdon's series, from Kashmir, which resembles the
dark ' Kunawur,' rather than the light ' Simla ' variety ; but it differs from all that
I have yet seen, in having an exterior transverse series, nearly obsolete in the fore-
wing, but very distinct in the hiudwing, of ochreous-red spots, one being placed at
the apex of each of the black borders of the submarginal lunules. The underside is
also suffused with ochreous red."

« Specimens taken at Rampore in May, and in the Goorais Valley in June, are
in Mr. J. H. Leech's collection.

NAJAS HYDASPES (Plate 256, fig. 1, la, b, <J ? ).

Limenitis HydaqMS, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1874, p. 270, pi. 43, fig. 2, ^.
LimenUis Trivena, var. Hydasj^es, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 162 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside dark rufous-brown, olivescent-brown in
some lights ; cilia white alternated with black at tip of the veins. Both wings
crossed by a discal interrupted narrow white macular band, composed of small oval
spots, of smaller size than those in Ligyes, followed by two outer rows of more or
less prominent ochreous-red lunate spots, the two upper spots of the inner row
being larger and ochreous-white, with an intervening parallel submarginal row of
black dentate spots and an outer marginal black lunular line. Forewing also with a
more or less prominent white cell bar and ill-defined black inner cell streaks, disco-
cellular streak and lower basal mark slightly interspaced with dull ochreous red.
Underside bright yellowish-ochreous ; macular band and basal marks as above ; the
discal area of forewing and borders of the white macular band and marginal lunular
fascia reddish-ochreous ; lower portions of the macular band on the forewing edged
with black ; two or three superposed black submarginal lunules above the posterior
angle. Body ahoYe dark rufous-brown; palpi white, edged and tipt with black;
legs ochreous-white ; antennae black, tipt with ochreous.

NTMPHALIN^. (Group LIUENITIXA.) 171

Expanse, c? 2j^, ? 2-^^ inches.

Habitat. — Kashmir.

DiSTEiBUTiON. — The late Captain R. Bayne Reed states that it is "common about
Kashmir " (MS. Notes). " In Major Marshall's collection is a single female taken in
Astor, Northern Kashmir, in September, and I possess two examples taken by
Col. Lockhart's Mission, one probably near Gilgit, the other in the Astor Valley,
which are the only typical specimens I have seen " (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 162).
Specimens taken in the Goorais Valley in June and September, and in the Scind
Valley in June, are in Mr. J. H. Leech's collection.

Note. — The above-described species of JSfajas, namely Trivena, Ligyes, and
Hydaspes are placed under one name by Mr. de Niceville, including also the
Turkestan species, LepecMni. (Butt. Ind. ii. 160) remarking that "it is extremely
variable, and the local races have been described under four different names, each
race being typically very distinct, but numerous intermediate forms connect each
local race with the next, and I have found it impossible to draw a line of separation
anywhere. This species, as a whole, is confined to the Western Himalayas and the
mountain ranges to the North and West as far as Turkestan. The extreme Southern
form is typical Trivena, with the white discal band very broad, and with a single
row of diffused small whitish spots on the outer border. Northwards, as the
elevation increases, the white band graduallly narrows, till in the forests near the
snow-line typical Ligyes is found, with the discal band less than one-third the width
of that in Trivena, and distinctly macular throughout, the black veins separating
the spots being also distinctly bordered throughout with black. Further North,
where the vegetation is sparse, the white band remains narrow, but the white border
spots are i-eplaced by much larger yellow spots, and an inner series of equally
large yellow spots is developed, separated from the outer series by the series of
black lunules, and the ground-colour is paler throughout ; this is the form named
Hydaspes. Further North still, the form which occurs in Turkestan, named
Lepechini, closely resembles Hydaspes ; and is very close to our Astor and Gilgit
specimens of the latter, but differs in the spots of the discal band being as large as
in typical Ligyes, the outer border of both wings on the underside is rich ochreous
marked only with a diffused darker band in the middle, more prominent in the fore-
wino- ; on the upperside, also, the black spots between the two ferruginous marginal
series of spots are not shown in the figure."

Colonel A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 35) states that " the food-plant of the
larva is Lonicera tartarica, which has a wide range in the N.W. Himalayas."

N. Asian Species. — Najas Populi (Pap. Populi, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 476
(1758). Najas Populi, Hiibn. Tent. p. 1 (1806). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad.
1875, p. 224. Var. P. Tremulas, Esper, Schmett. I. 2, pi. 114, fig. 3, 4. Pryer,

Z 2

172 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.

Rhop. Niphon, p. 23, pi. 5, fig. 7 (1886). Leech, Batt. China, p. 188. Eahitat.
C. B. N. Europe; W. China; Japan. — Najas Ussuriensis (Limenitis Ussuriensis,
Staudinger, Rom. Mem. Lap. iii. p. 143 (1887). Eahitat. Amurland. — Najas Sidyi
(Limenitis Sidyi, Lederer, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1853, p. 357, pi. 1, fig. 3.
Habitat. Siberia. — Najas latifasciafa (Lim. latifasciata, Menetr. Schrenck's Reisen
Amur. ii. p. 29 (1859). Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 181, pi. 17, fig. 4, c?.
Habitat. Amur Land ; W. China. — Najas Gleophas (Lioi. Cleophas, Oberthur, Etud.
Ent. 1893, p. 16, pi. 6, fig. 83. Leech, Butt. China, iii. p. 455. Habitat. Moupin,
W. China.— Najas Prattii {Urn. Prattii, Leech, Ent. 1890, p. 34; Butt, of China,
p. 187, pi. 16, fig. 7 (1892). Habitat. 0. China. — Najas Lepechini (Lim. Lepechini,
Erschoff, Lep. Turkistan, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. 10 (1874). Habitat. Turkistan.

Chinese allied Genera. Genus Potsdia. — Male. Foreiving i-ather narrow,
triangular ; costa almost straight, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, convex
below the apex, slightly uneven, posterior mai-gin short ; cell area broad, closed ;
first subcostal branch emitted at fully one-fourth before end of the cell, second at
some distance beyond end of the cell ; upper discocellular short, middle deeply
concave, lower waved ; middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before lower
end of cell, upper median much arched. Hindiving ovate ; exterior margin very
convex, slightly scalloped, anal angle convex, abdominal margin short ; cell open.
Body moderately stout; palpi clothed with fine long hairs; antennal club thick;
eyes naked. Tvte. — Putsuia sinensium (Limenitis sinensium, Oberthur, Etud.
Ent. 1876, p. 25, pi. 4, fig. 8. Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 179 (1892). Habitat.
W. and N. China.

Genus SiNiMiA. — Male. "Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa
slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, scalloped ; disco-
cellulars inwardly oblique ; upper discocellular extremely short, middle concave,
lower deeply concave posteriorly ; middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance
before lower end of cell. Hindiving conically-ovate ; anterior margin straight from
near the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly convex, scalloped, anal angle
rounded ; cell open ; second subcostal branch and the radial emitted from the first
subcostal at twice the distance of the base of the latter from the costal. Body
slender ; palpi slender ; densely hairy ; eyes hairy ; antenna with an elongated
club. Type. — 8. Giocolatina, (Limenitis Ciocolatina, Poujade, Bull. Ent. Soc.
France, 1886, p. 207. Syn. L. livida, Leech, Entom. Suppl. 1891, p. 27; id.
Butt, of China, etc., p. 186, pi. 17, fig. 4, <^. Habitat. Moupin, W. China.

Genus Chalinga. — Male. Foreiving rather short, triangular; costa almost
straight, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, even ; first subcostal branch
emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, second at one-fourth beyond the cell ;
upper and middle discocellular outwardly-oblique, middle discocellular long and

NYMPH ALINjE. (Group LIMENITISA.) 173

coBcave, lower slender and convex ; middle median veinlet at a considerable distance
before lower end of the cell. Hindioing sliort, broad, triangulate; apex and exterior
margin very convex and oblique ; cell closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet;
precostal vein abruptly incurved toward the tip. Body robust ; palpi stout,
flattened, densely clothed v ith short hairs, apical joint very sliort and obtuse ;
antennae very long, club stout; eyes naked. Type. — Chalinga Elwesi (Limenitis
Elwesi, Oberthur, Bull. Bnt. Soc. France, 1883, p. 128 ; id. Etud. Ent. 1884, p. 15,
pi. 2, fig. 4, S. Hahitat. E. Tibet; Yunan.

Genus Litinga. — Male. Forewing triangular, exterior margin scalloped ; first
subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell, second at nearly
one-fourth beyond the end of cell ; roiddle discocellular outwardly-oblique,
concave, lower discocellular recurved ; middle median emitted at some distance
before lower end of the cell. Hindiuing small, triangularly-ovate ; anterior margin
slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly convex, scalloped,
anal angle rounded ; cell area rather narrow and long, open ; radial emitted from
lower subcostal at an equal distance from its base as the latter is from the costal.
Body moderate ; palpi densely but laxly hairy to tip, apex slender ; antennal club
elongated ; eyes naked. Type. Litinga Gottini (Limenitis Cottini, Oberthur, Etud.
Entom. 1884, p. 17, pL 2, fig. 5, S ; Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 180, S ?.
Hahitat. E. Tibet; W. China. — Litinga mimica (Limenitis miraica, Poujade, Bull.
Soc. Entom. France, 1886, p. 200, Hahitat. Moupin, W. China.

Genus Limenitfs. Fabricius, lUiger's Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807). Limruiti.^ (part),
Ochsenheimer. Hubner. Boisduval. — Male. Wings short. Forewing subtriangular;
costa slightly arched at the base, and thence nearly straight to end, apex obtuse ;
exterior margin almost erect, uneven ; posterior margin straight ; first subcostal
emitted fully one-third, and second at one-ninth before end of cell ; middle disco-
cellular concave, lower undulated, slender; middle median emitted immediately
before lower end of cell. Hindioing broad, obtusely ovate ; costa broadly lobato at
base, thence straight to end, exterior margin convex and slightly scalloped, anal
angle rounded ; precostal vein long, incurved ; cell area broad and short, open.
Body somewhat slender, hairy ; palpi somewhat stout, laxly hairy, apex robust,
conical ; antennaa with a well-formed lengthened club ; eyes naked. Caterpillar.
Somewhat cylindrical. Head slightly cleft and spinous at vertex. Third, fourth,
sixth, eleventh, and twelfth segment with two subdorsally disposed elongated fleshy
tuberculate spiny processes ; other segments with minute similarly disposed spines.
Chrysalis. With broad, much elevated anterio-dorsal prominence and arched
thorax ; head-piece obtusely bifid. Type. L. Drusilla (Camilla, Fabr.). — Limenitis
Drusilla (Pap. Drusilla, Bergstrasser, Nomen. iii, pi. (ST, figs. 5, 6 (1779). Lim.
Drusilla, Kirby, Allen's Nat. Hist. Butt. i. p. 146 (1895). Pap. Camilla, Wieu.

17 4 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

Verz. p. 172. Hiibn. Eur. Sch. i. figs. lOG-7. Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 246
(1793). Pap. Lucilla, Esper, Schmett. I. i. pi. 38, fig. 2 (1778). Berge, Schmett.
pi. 41, fig. 5 (1842). Eahitat. Europe.

Genus Ladoga. — LimeniUs, Leech, Edin. Ency. p. 718 (1815). Samouelle, Ent.
Comi3. p. 240 (1819). Stephens, lUust. Brit. Ent. i., p. 51 (1828). Horsf. Catal.
Lep. E. I. 0. pi. 7, fig. 7 (1829). Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 141 (1895). Tutt, Brit.
Butt, pp. 87, 861 (1896). Livienitis (part), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 17
(1816). Hubner, Verz. p. 44 (1816). Boisd. Ind. Meth. p. 14 (1829) ; id. Ed.
1840, p. 16. Limenitis (sect. 2, part). Feld. Keues Lep. p. 29 (1861). Imago.
— Male. Foretving subtriangular ; costa arched from the base, apex broad and
rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped ; cell less than half length
of wing, closed ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third and second branch
at a short distance before end of the cell ; middle discocellular acutely angled
in the middle, lower discocellular recurved, slender ; middle median veinlet emitted
very close to lower end of cell. Hindwing broadly ovate ; exterior margin regularly
convex and scalloped; abdominal margin rounded; cell open; precostal vein
incurved. Body moderately stout, finely hairy ; palpi slender, finely hairy, apical
joint fusiform, hairy ; antennjB moderately thick, with a lengthened stout bluut-tipt
club ; eyes hairy. Oaterpillae. — Cylindrical. Head cleft at vertex, face and cheeks
spined ; two subdorsal elongated pointed branched-spines on third, fourth, sixth,
eleventh, and twelfth segment ; two smaller similar spines on fifth, seventh, eighth,
ninth and tenth segment. Chrysalis. — With narrow elevated anterio-dorsal
prominence and arched thorax ; head-piece projected and acutely bifid. Type.
Camilla (Linn.). — Ladoga Camilla (Pa-p. Camilla, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 304 (1764) ; id.
Syst. Nat. (1767), p. 781. Esper, Sch. I. i. pi. 14, fig. 3. Aurivillius, Kongl. S. V.
Akad. Handl. (1882), p. 101. Limenitis Camilla, Kirby, Allen's Nat. Hist. Butt. i.
p. 142, pi. 23, fig. 3 (1895). Syn. P. Prorsa, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 303 (1764) (nee
Linn. 1758). P. Sibilla, Linn. S. N. (1767), p. 781. Habitat. Earope.— Ladoga
avgustata (Lim. angustata, Staudinger, Rom. Mem. iii. p. 144). Habitat. Amurland.
— Ladoga Japonica (Lim. Japonica, Menetr. Catal. Mus. Petr. Lep. ii. p. 103 (1857).
Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 185. Habitat. Japan.

Genus PARATHYMA.

Atliyma (sect. 2, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 32 (1861).
Limenitu et Atliyma (part), auctorum.

Imago. — Male. Foreiving triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded,
exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped ; first subcostal branch emitted at
two-fifths before end of the cell, second at about one-fifth before the end ; middle
discocellular bent at the middle, lower discocellular very oblique, slender ; cell closed ;

NYMPHALIN^E. iGmnp ziuenitina.) 175

middle median veinlet emitted at some distance before lower end of cell. Hindwing
triangularly ovate ; exterior margin very convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded ;
precostal vein stout, incurved ; radial and second subcostal emitted at equal distances
from the costal vein. i>0(^// somewhat slender; palpi rather short, slender, com-
pactly clothed; antennal club slender, lengthened ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.

Type.— P. Sulpitia (Cram.).

Note. — One species only of this genus occurs within our region. Some of the
species are apparently mimetic ; the Japanese Parathyma Pryeri being probably a
mimic of Paraneptls Pryeri.

PARATHYMA ADAMSONI (Plate 256, fig. 2, 2a, b, J ? ).
Athyma Sulpitia, Adamson, Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 23 (1895), nee Cramer.

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside fuliginous-black ; markings white ; cilia
alternated with white. Forewing with a white elongated streak extending along
lower area of the cell, and partially divided on its upperside by a dentate incision
towards its end; a transverse discal widely- interrupted excurved white macular band
composed of eight spots, the four upper being outwardly oblique slender elongated
streaks, the costal one shortest and indistinct, the fifth a very small round spot
between the upper and middle median veinlets, the sixth much larger and ovate, the
seventh broader and outwardly indented, the lowest being narrow and linear ; beyond
are four small decreasing subapical white spots, followed by a submarginal row of
ill-defined very slender whitish lunules, the upper ones being almost obsolete, and all
inwardly-bordered by dentate lunules and outwardly by a lunular line blacker than
the ground-colour. Hindwing with a transverse inner-discal macular white band,
extending from middle of the costa to submedian veinlet opposite base of the
abdomen ; beyond which is a submarginal row of small narrow white quadro-lunate
marks, their inner edge each being defined by a dentate black spot ; the outer discal
and marginal interspaces traversed by broad dentate lunules, blacker than the
ground-colour. Underside ochreous-red ; with white markings as above, but more
prominently defined. Forewing also with the middle of the disc to the posterior
margin suffused with purplish-black ; two lower outer marginal rows of white lunules,
which latter are suffused with pale pink ; the cell streak is indented by a black ringlet
mark. Hindtving also with five small subbasal black spots on a grey ground-colour ;
the inner edge of the white discal band and also of the submarginal white dentate
lunules distinctly black spotted ; the medial discal area traversed by a row of rounded
spots (blackish in the male, dusky red in the female), and the outer margin by a
pinkish white lunular line. Body and palpi above black ; beneath, and legs beneath
white ; legs above, pale brown ; antennse black, tipt with red.

176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Expanse, S 2j*o, ? "2.^^ inches.

Habitat. — Burma.

Allied to, but distiuguisliable from the S. China species P. Snlpitia, and also
from the allied P. Ningpoana. Described from specimens taken by Colonel C. H. E.
Adamson, who states (I.e. p. 23) that it was " caught frequently near Bbamo during
October and November."

Chinese Species. — Parathyma Sulpitia (Pap. Sulpitia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii.
pi. 214, fig. E. P. ? (1779). Herbst, Pap. pi. 240, fig. 3, 4 (1798). Athyma
sulpitia. Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 456. Syn. Nymph. Strophia,
Godart, Encyc. Meth. ix. p. 431 (1823). Habitat. S.E. China; Hong Kong.—
Parathyma Ningpoana (Athyma Ningpoana, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. 1862,
p. 27 ; Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 174, pi. 17, fig. 5 (?). Habitat. Ningpo, N.E.
China. — Parathyma Pryeri (Athyma Pryeri, Moore, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 47 ;
Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 184, pi. 17, fig. 8, c?. Habitat. Ohekiang, N.E.
China. — Parathyma Homeyeri (Liraenitis Homeyeri, Tancre, Entom. Nachr. 1881,
p. 120. Habitat. Amur Land. — Paratliyma venata (Athyma venata. Leech, Butt.
China, etc., p. 183, pi. 17, fig. 6 (1892). Habitat. W. China. — Parathyma disjuncta
(Athyma disjuncta. Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 33; id. Butt. China, etc., p. 175, pi. 17,
fig, 3, (? (1892). Habitat. W. and C. China. — Parathyma recurva (Athyma recurva.
Leech, I.e. p. 176, pi. 17, fig. 9, c? (1892). Habitat. Moupin, W. China.— Para-
thyma Aviphyssa (Limenitis Amphyssa, Menetr. Sckrenck's Reise Amur Lande, p. 30,
pi. 3, fig. 1 (1859) ; Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 182. Habitat. Amur Laud. —
Parathyma Hehnanni (Lim. Helmanni, Lederer, Verh. Z, B. Ver. iii. p. 356, pi. 1,
fig. 4 (1853). Habitat. Amur Land. — Parathyma Doerriesi (Lim. Doerriesi, Stau-
dinger, Rom. Mem. vi. p. 173, pi. 14, fig. 1. Habitat. W. China. — Parathyma duplicata
(Lim. duplicata, Staudinger, Rom. Mem. 1892, p. 172). Habitat. Amur Land.

Genus TACOR.^A.

Athyma (sect. 1, part), de Nici'ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 166 (1866).

Imago. — Male. Forewing triangular ; costa regularly arched, apex obtusely
pointed, exterior margin oblique, concave in the middle, scalloped ; first subcostal
branch emitted at fully two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before
the end ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, upper very short, second discocellular
obliquely concave ; cell open. Hindiving short, triangularly ovate; exterior margin
convex, scalloped, anal angle obtusely pointed; cell open. Body robust; palpi com-
pactly clothed, apex pointed ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.

TrPE. — T. Asura.

NYMPHALIN^. (Gronp LIMENITINA.) 177

TACOR^A ASURA.

Dnj-season brood (Plate 257, fig. 1, la, b, ^J J ).

Athyma Amira, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 171, pi. 5a, fig. 1, ,^ (1857); id. Proc.
Zool. See. 1858, p. 17. de Nicdville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 168 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; cilia alternated
with white ; markings creamy-white. Forewing with a narrow white claviform
cell streak and a triangular spot beyond its end ; a transverse discal excurved series
of white spots, the three anteinor elongated and narrow, the uppermost more or less
obsolescent, the fourth smallest, the fifth larger and rounded, sixth larger still and
oval, the seventh broad, quadrate and indented at the sides, the eighth narrow ; a
subapical series of three small lunate spots, followed by a submarginal row of narrow
excurved lunules with diffused black inner edges, and then a marginal slightly-
defined black pale-bordered lunular line ; a slightly-defined black ringlet-mark below
the cell. Hmchving with a broad transverse discal white band and an outer narrower
macular band, the latter composed of almost round spots in the male, and of some-
what scutiform spots in the female, each having a black central spot ; beyond is a
marginal slightly-defined pale-bordered black lunular line. Underside bright
ochreous-red, white markings as above, but more prominent. Forewing also with
the posterior border pale fuliginous, a black ringlet-mark with dull red centre and
pale border below the cell ; a submarginal I'ow of black-centred lilacine-white spots,
and a marginal partially-duplex row of narrow white lunules. Hindwing also with
a narrow subbasal white band extending from base of costal vein to the apex ; the
black spotted band lilacine-white, followed by an inner marginal row of somewhat
scutate lunules, and an outer marginal row of narrow lunules ; abdominal margin
bluish-grey. Body above black ; thorax glossed with metallic golden-green ; a
bluish -white band across base of abdomen ; palpi above black, below whitish edged
with black ; body beneath and legs bluish-grey ; antennge black, tip beneath reddish.

Expanse, <S 2^% to 2i^o. ? 3 to 3^% inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 257, fig. 1, c, d, e, ^ 9).

Male and female. Somewhat larger than the dry-season brood. Upperside
ground colour blacker ; markings similar, but of a darker creamy-white. Foreioing
with the cell streak slender, the spot beyond smaller, its intervening space being
defined by a slightly apparent black-edged transverse recurved pale ochreous-red
streak, a similar discocellular streak of a dusky red colour also present beyond the
spot, both being most apparent in the female ; the upper discal series of spots
narrower and the lower smaller ; the submarginal lunules more slender. Hindwing
with the inner band and the outer black-spotted band both narrower than in dry-
VOL. III. May 18th, 1898. a a

178 LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

season brood. Underside much darker ochreoiis-i'ed than in the dry-season brood,
markings narrower, as on upperside.

Expanse, c? 3, ? Sj^o inches.

Habitat. — Western Himalayas ; Nepal ; Assam; Khasia Hills ; Cachar ; Bm'ma;
Tenasserim.

Distribution. — This is a somewhat rare species. " Mr. A. Graham Young has
taken it in Kulu. I found it sparingly in October in a wooded stream below
Kotgarh ; Capt. A. M. Lang has taken it in Masuri in June and August " (de
Nic^ville, Butt. Ind. ii. 168). We possess specimens of the dry-season form from
the Western Himalayas, and also both sexes from Nepal, taken by the late Major-
General G. Ramsay. The Rev. J. H. Hocking records it as " very rare in Kulu "
(P. Z. S. 1882, 241). "Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained the wet-season form at
Irangmara, Cachar, during July ; it occurs also at Sibsagar in Upper Assam (S. E.
Peal), and in the Khasia Hills" (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 168). Both sexes of
the dry-season form from Assam are in Mr. P. Ci'owley's collection. Colonel
Swinhoe has received the wet-season form commonly from the Khasias, Shillong
and Cherra Punji. Colonel C. H. E. Adarason obtained it in the " Arakan Hills in
March, and at Bhamo in Upper Burma " (List, p. 22). Col. C. T. Bingham took it
in the Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in May. Mr. Moti Ram obtained
"two females in Tavoy " (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 423).

TACOR-EA IDITA (Plate 258, fig. 1, la, S)-

Athyma Idita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond. 1858, p. 16, pi. 51, fig. 3, S- Distant, Rliop. Malay,
p. 160, pi. 16, fig. 9, 10, S ? (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 168 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings bluish-
white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a narrow white claviform sti-eak
from base of cell and a large triangulate spot beyond its end ; a transverse discal
excurved series of seven spots, the two upper elongate, the two next short and
small, the next larger and round, the two lower quadrate ; three small subapical
lunular spots ; a submarginal row of slender excurved lunules, the lowest being
most distinct, and a very indistinct marginal pale lunular line. Hindiving crossed
by an inner discal white band and a narrower submarginal row of seven spots, of
which latter the upper two or three are centred with a black dot ; a very indistinct
pale marginal lunular line. Underside purplish-red, with pinkish-Avhite markings,
as above. Forewing also with slender black cell streaks, a black ringlet-mark below
the cell, and black spots inwardly bordering the submarginal lunules. Eindiving
also with a curved subbasal white band, and two marginal rows of slender white
lunules ; abdominal margin bluish-grey. Body above black, base of abdomen with a

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LIMENITINA.) 179

broad bluish-white band ; palpi above black, beneath white with black streaks ; body
beneath and legs bluish-grey.

Expanse, c? 2i7,, ? 3 inches.

Habitat. — Mergui Archipelago ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

DiSTEiBOTiON. — Dr. J. Anderson obtained two males at " Minthantoung, Mergui,
in December" (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 188(5, 37). Mr. W. L. Distant records it from
Province Wellesley, Malacca, Malay Peninsula. We possess specimens from
Malacca, and also from Sarawak, Borneo. Mr. L. de Niceville states that " in N.B.
Sumatra it is very rare ; being a conspicuous insect when at rest with folded wings,
in consequence of the beautiful coloration and markings of the underside " (J. A. S.
Bengal, 1895, 417).

Chinese Allied Species. — Tacorsea Elioesi (Athyma Blwesi, Leech, Butt, of
China, etc., p. 170, pi. 17, fig. 7, $ (1892). Habitat. W. and C. China.

Genus TATISIA.

Athyma (sect. 1, part), de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 166 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Foreioing triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded,
exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped, posterior margin rather short ; first
subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-fifth
before the end ; middle discocellular concave, lower slender, recurved ; two upper
medians emitted at some distance beyond lower end of the cell ; minute Androconia
or scent-scales (as described on page 142) present, chiefly found upon the basal area
of the upperside between the median and submedian vein. Hindiving short, conical;
exterior margin oblique, convex anteriorly, scalloped, anal angle obtuse. Body
moderately robust; palpi rather laxly scaled below, hairy above, apex pointed;
antennae with a slender elongated club ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.

Type. — T. Kanwa.

TATISIA KANWA (Plate 258, fig. 2, 2a, h, S 2).

Athyma Kanwa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 17. pi. 51, fig. 2. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc.,
ii. p. 169 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside olivescent brownish-black, with blacker
intervening patches between the veins ; markings bluish-white ; cilia alternated with
white. Forewing with a bluish-white narrow slightly clavate entire streak along lower
area of the cell, followed by a large elongated-triangular spot beyond the discocellular
veinlets ; a transverse discal excurved series of six spots, the three upper obliquely
subapical, the third sometimes small or obsolete, the others inwardly oblique, the

A a 2

180 LEPIDOPTERA INBICA.

fourth being larger and rounded, the fifth transversely narrower and laterally indented,
the sixth smaller and narrow ; followed by a submarginal row of ill-defined slender
excurved lunules, and then by a pale brownish marginal line. Hindioing crossed by
an inner discal bluish-white band and a narrower outer discal macular band, followed
by a submarginal pale brownish lunular line. Underside dark fuliginous-brown^
with blackish intervening patches between the veins; markings bluish-white, as
above ; abdominal margin bluish-grey. Body and palpi above black ; thorax and
abdomen with a bluish-white baud ; body and palpi beneath, and forelegs greyish-
white ; middle and hindlegs pale brownish-grey.

Expanse, c? ? 2i-o to 2i^o inches.

Habitat. — Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma; etc.

Distribution. — A female from Assam and one from the Khasias is in Mr. W.
Rothschild's collection. Col. C. Swinhoe records it as " rare at Shillong, Khasias "
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Col. C. H. E. Adamson obtained two males and one
female in Upper Burma in the cold weather, one being bred from a chrysalis found
in November" (List, p. 23). He also possesses a female taken in Chindwin in
September. Mr. "W. Doherty took several males in the Karen Hills, East Pegu, at
4000 to 5000 feet elevation " (P. Z. S. 1891, 277). Col. C. T. Bingham obtained both
sexes in the Meethalauh Valley in December, and in the Yunzaleen Valley in
November. Mr. Moti Earn took specimen in Tavoy (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 423). It
also occurs in the Malay Peninsula. A male from Sumatra is in Mr. P. Crowley's
collection. Mr. L. de Nic(^ville records it as " very rare in N.E. Sumatra " (J. A. S.
Beng. 1895, 418). A female from Nias Island is in Mr. P. Crowley's collection.
Messrs W. B. Pryer and D. Cator have taken both sexes in Sandakan, N. Borneo, in
February and July. Mr. B. Bartlett has obtained it at Sarawak.

Genus THAR A SI A.

Afhyma (sect. 1, part), de jSTiceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 1G6 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior
margin slightly scalloped, posterior margin long ; first subcostal branch
emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at about one-eighth
before the end; upper discocellular short, starting from the subcostal at
fully two-fifths from the base ; second discocellular inwardly-oblique, and slightly
angled ; cell open ; minute Androconia or scent-scales (as described on page 142) are
present chiefly upon the basal area of the upperside between the median and
submedian vein. Hindioing triangular; costa much arched, apex obtuse, exterior
margin very oblique, slightly convex and scalloped ; anal angle obtusely pointed ;

NTMPHALINJE. (dvovp limenitina.) 181

cell area broad. Body robust ; palpi obtuse at the apex, compactly clothed below ;
antennfe with an elongated slender club ; eyes hairy. Sexes alike.
Type.— T. Jina.

THARASIA JINA (Plate 259, fig. 1, la, b, J $ ).

Athyma Jina, Moore, Catal. Lap. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 172, pi. 5, a., fig. 3, i^ (1857) ; id. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1S58, p. 18. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 169 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside fuliginous-black, darkest between the
veins ; markings creamy- white ; cilia alternated with white. Foreiving with a broad
creamy-white entire olavate streak along lower area of the cell ; a transverse discal
excurved series of seven spots, the three upper being elongate and narrow, the
fourth small and narrow, the fifth large and narrowly oval, sixth broad and indented
on both its sides, the lowest narrow ; beyond is a row of three small subapical spots,
followed by a submarginal row of ill-defined slender lunules, and then by a still
less-defined marginal line. Hindwing crossed by an inner-discal broad band, and
an outer macular band composed of rather broad lunate spots, followed by an
indistinct pale bi^own marginal lunular line. Underside bright ferruginous ;
markings as above. Forewing also with the posterior margin blackish ; marginal
lunular line distinct. Hindwing also with a broad basal white band, and distinct
marginal lunular line. Body and palpi above black, abdomen with a bluish-white
band ; palpi beneath white, streaked with black ; body and legs beneath bluish-grey ;
legs above sullied white.

Expanse, <S 2n), ? 3i-o inches.

Habitat. — Nepal ; Sikkim.

Distribution. — We possess specimens from the late General G. Ramsay's
collection taken during his residency at Katmandu, Nepal. Mr. H. J. Elwes records
it as " not a common species in Sikkim, and, as far as I know, confined to the zone
of heavy forest between 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, where I have taken it in July "
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 353). Mr. L. de Niceville records it as also "occurring in
Sikkim in April " (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 141).

Chinese Species. — Tharasia Jinoides (Athyma Jina, Leech, Butt, of China, etc.,
p. 172). Comparatively smaller than Sikkim Jina. Upperside also of a blacker
ground-colour ; all the markings are clear- white, not sullied as in Jina; theclaviform
cell-streak and the transverse markings are comparatively narrower, except the
inner band on the hindwing, which is somewhat broader. Expanse, 2^^ to 2i^
inches. Habitat. — C. and W. China.

Tharasia Fortuna (Athyma Fortuna, Leech, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 107, pi. 8,
fig. 1, la, c? ? ; id. Butt, of China, etc., p. 173, pi, 17, fig. 2 S. Habitat.— C. China.

182 LEPIDOPTERA INJJIOA.

Tliarasia difma (Athyraa diffusa, Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 174, pi. 17,
fig. 1, c? (1892). Habitat.— C. China.

Genus CHENDRANA.

Atlnjma (sect. 1, part), de Nict'ville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 166 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Foreiving subtriangular ; costa well arched from the base ; apex
obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, sliglitly uneven, posterior margin rather
short ; cell area rather broad, open ; first subcostal branch emitted at fully one-
third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end; second dis-
cocellular outwardly oblique, concave. Hiadvnug conically-ovate ; apex rounded,
exterior margin very convex, anal angle rounded, abdominal margin short ; cell
area broad, open. Body moderately robust; palpi slender, laxly clothed below, apical
joint somewhat slender, pointed ; antennae slender ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.

Type. — C. Pravara.

CHENDRANA PRAVARA (Plate 259, fig. 2, 2a, b, c? ?)•

Athyma Pravara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 173. pi. 5, a, fig 4, S (1857) ; id. P. Z. S.
1858, p. 19. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 160, pi. 16, fig. 11, $ (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of
India, etc., ii. p. 170 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings bluish-
white. Cilia slenderly alternated with white. Forewing with an elongated entire
clavate white streak along lower half of the cell ; a transverse discal excurved series
of, usually, seven spots, the two upper somewhat elongate and quadrate, the third
small, fourth either minute or sometimes obsolete, fifth much larger and broadly
ovate, the sixth smaller and slightly indented on its sides, the lowest narrow; beyond
is a submarginal row of slender excurved lunules, and a very indistinct 23ale brown
marginal line. Eindwing crossed by an inner-discal white band and a narrower
outer recurved lunular band, followed by a submarginal pale brown lunular line.
Underside pale purpurescent fuliginous-brown, with darker patches Ijetween the veins;
markings as above, bluish-white. HIndiving also with an ill-defined narrow basal
whitish band, and broader submarginal pale lunular line ; abdominal margin bluish-
grey. Body and palpi above black ; thorax and abdomen with a bluish-white band ;
palpi and legs beneath greyish-white ; legs above pale brownish-grey ; body beneath
bluish-grey; antennge black, tip reddish.

Expanse, <? 2^-0 to 2j^, ? 2j^ inches.

Habitat. — Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills ; Cachar ; Burma ; Tenasserini ;
Malay Peninsula, etc.

NYMPH A LIN JE. (Group LIMENITINA.) 183

Distribution. — " This species appears to be not uncommon towards the North-
Eastern frontier of India, occurring in Assam, Naga Hills, and Cacliar" (de Niceville,
I.e. 170). Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained " two males at Irangmara, Cachar, in July"
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 359). Colonel C. Swinhoe notes it as " rare at Cherra Punji,
Khasias" (Tr. But. Soc. 1893,283). Captain E.Y.Watson obtained "a single
specimen at Tiling in March, during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90" (J.
Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 40). Colonel 0. H. E. Adamson records " one specimen
fi^om Bhamo, taken in June, and one from Tenasserim, taken in February " (List, p.
23), he also possesses a female taken at Kathapa in January. Mr. W. Doherty took
specimens at "Margharita, and in the Karen Hills at 4000 to 5000 feet" (P. Z. S.
1891, 277). Mr. Moti Ram obtained " a single male at Ponsekai, Tenasserim "
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 423). It also occurs in Sumatra, Java, Banca, and Borneo.

Philippine allied Species. — Chendrana Alcamene (Athyma Alcamene, Felder,
Wien. Ent. Monats, 1863, p. 118. Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 139. pi. 27,
fig. 8, 9, 9 (1889). Habitat.— Mindanao ; Phil. Isles.

Genus ATHYMA.

Athyma, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 272 (1850). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 11. Distant,

Khop. Malay, p. 156 (1883). de Niceville, Butt. India, ii. p. 165 (1886).
Athyma (sect. 1, part), Fekler, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861).
Biblis (part), Fabricius, Illiger's Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807).
Aeca (part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816).

Imago. — Male. Wings short, rather broad. Foreiving subtriangular ; costa
regularly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin sligbtly oblique, scalloped, posterior
margin recurved ; costal vein extending to a little beyond middle of the margin ;
first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before
the end, third at about half beyond the cell and extending to the apex; upper
discocellular almost obliterated, second discocellular short and outwardly concave ;
cell area wide, open ; minute Androconia or scent-scales, but very few in number,
are present, chiefly upon the basal area between the median and submedian vein,
these scales are elongated, narrower at the base than those in P. Nefte, with rounded
ciliated apex, and basal hook on each side longer than the shaft. Hindwing short,
broad, triangularly-ovate ; costal margin convex, apex and exterior margin convex
and strongly scalloped, anal angle rounded ; precostal vein incurved ; radial emitted
from second subcostal, at an equal distance from base of the first subcostal as the
latter is from base of the costal ; cell area short, broad, open. Body robust ; palpi
slender, not quite reaching the vertex, compactly squamous at the sides, haiiy at
the base beneath and on second joint above, apex short, pointed ; antennaD with a
long slender club ; eyes naked. Sexes alike.

184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Caterpillar. — Cylindrical, segments of equal thickness ; head larger than second
segment, face, sides, and vertex spined ; body armed with a subdorsal row of long
branched-spines and two lateral rows of much shorter branched-spines, those of the
5th, 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th of the subdorsal row shorter than the others.

Chrysalis. — Somewhat elongate ; wing cases prominent ; with an elevated
forward-projecting conical anterio-dorsal prominence and a conical thoracic
prominence ; head-piece projected in front and acutely bifid.

Type. — A. Perius (Leucothoe).

ATHYMA PERIDS (Plate 260, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, c, d, ^ ? ).

Papilio Perius, Limubus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 471 (1758); id. Mus. Ulricse, p. 261 (1764). Edit. xii. I,

pt. 2, p. 766 (1767).
AtTiyma Perius, Amivillius, Kongl. S. V. Akad. Handl. xix. pp. 68, 69 (1882). Distant, Ehop. Malay.

p. 157, pi. 16, fig. 2, S (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 166, pi. 20, fig. 89, ? (1886).
Papilio Leucothoe, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 478 (1758). Clerek, Icones Ins. iii. (inedit.), pi. 5, fig. 4,

dextercB. Fabrioius, Syst. Eiit. p. 508 (1775).
Acca Leucothoe, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816).
Nymphalis Leucothoe, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 430 (1823).

Bihlis Leticothot, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, pi. 8, fig. 3, 3a, larva and pupa (1829).
Limenifis Leucothoe, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. pi. 4, fig. 5 (1836). Westwood, Donovan's Ins. China,

p. 65, pi. 35, fig. 3 (1842).
Atliyma Leucothoe, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 273 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i.

p. 170, pi. 5, fig. 11, 11a, laroa and pupa (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 61

(1869). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pi. 51.
Pajnlio Hylas, ? , Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 486 (1758).

Papilio Erodne, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 203, fig. E. F. (1779). Herbst, Pap. pi. 240, fig. 5, 6 (1798).
Najas Erosine, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pi. 63 (1806-16).
Papilio Leucothea, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 96 (1781).
Papilio Polyxena, Donovan, Ins. China, pi. 37, fig. 4 (1799).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; markings white ;
cilia alternated with white. Forevnng with a white basal streak and two spots
within the cell ; a subtriangular larger spot at end of the cell ; a transverse discal
excurved series of seven spots, the two upper elongated and narrow, the others
increasingly oblong, the third and fourth smallest ; followed by a submarginal
undulated row of six very small more or less lunate spots, the upper five being
disposed obliquely outward, and the lower inward, the upper spot sometimes, and
the lower always, duplex ; beyond is a marginal row of very indistinctly-defiued
slender suUied-whitish lunules. Eindwing crossed by a broad white inner-discal
band and a narrower submarginal macular band, the latter being inwardly bordered
by a row of small distinct black spots ; a marginal row of very slender sullied-white
lunules. All these markings are larger and broadest in the dry-season brood.

NYMPHALINjE. (Group LIMEXITIA'A.) 185

Underside bright yellowish-ochreous ; markings as above, but all purer white, more
or less margined with black ; marginal lunules distinctly violescent- white and
externally black-edged. Fovewing also with the posterior border interspaced with
diffused pale purpurescent-black patches, and a black ringlet-mark below the cell.
Hindioing also with a subbasal white band edged with black along the precostal
vein, this band also extending hind ward along the abdominal margin ; the discal
band more or less margined on each side with black, the submarginal band entire,
with the black spots disposed within its inner edge. Body and palpi above black ;
thorax with two white bands and abdomen with white segmental bands ; collar and
vertex ochreous ; palpi beneath and legs greyish- white ; antennaj black, its basal
joint white beneath.

Expanse, 2j^ to 3 inches.

Caterpillak. — Cylindrical ; segments of equal thickness ; head larger than
second segment, face, sides and vertex spined; segments armed with a subdorsal
row of long branched-spines and two lateral rows of much shorter branched-spines,
those on the 5th, 7th, 9fch, 11th, and 13th segment of the subdorsal row shorter
than the others. Head black, with red spines ; body pale green, beneath and legs
reddish, spines red.

Chrysalis. — Somewhat elongate; brown, richly gilt wing cases prominent;
with an elevated forward-projecting conical anterio-dorsal prominence and a conical
thoracic prominence ; head-piece projected in front and acutely bifid.

Habitat. — India; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Siam, &c.

Distribution within our Area. — " This is one of the commonest as well as the
most widely distributed species of the genus. It occurs throughout the outer
ranges of the Himalayas and in Eastern, South-Western and Southern India to
Travancore — but not in Ceylon — throughout Burma and the Malay Peninsula " (de
Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 167). From the Western Himalayas Col. A. M. Lang
records its capture at "Kasawli, April to October" (MS. Notes). Capt. H. B.
Hellard took it in "Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir, June to October" (MS. Notes).
Mr. W. Doherty records it from " Kumaon generally, from 1000 to 6000 feet
elevation ; unlike the other species of Athyma it prefers open meadows to forests "
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 125). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes it is much rarer in
Sikkim than in the N.W. Himalayas and Khasia Hills. Mr. Moller notes it as being
found up to 3000 feet all the year round, but I have never observed it myself "
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 353). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has taken it in Bhotan. Mr. L.
de Niceville obtained " two specimens taken in the Calcutta District in the cold
weather" (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 45). Mr. J. Wood-Mason took "twenty-four male
and eleven female specimens at Silcuri in Cachar between April and September"
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 359).

VOL. III. B b

186 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.

In Southern India, Col. C. Swinhoe took it in " Belgaum and at Khandalla, in
December, in billy places" (P. Z. S. 1885, 130). Mr. E. H. Aitken says " tbis is
common at Khandalla, Lanowlie and Matberhan, but I did not find it last March
at Mahableshwar, which is 2000 feet higher. It does not occur on the Plains. I
found its larva at Matheran in March feeding on Glocliidioii lanceolatum, one of the
commonest ti^ees on the Hill. It lays its eggs by preference on the young shoots
that come up from the roots" (J. Bombay K H. S. 1886, 134). "It is not at all
a common species in Kanara, but very abundant everywhere on the Hills further
North" (J. Davidson and B. H. Aitken, id. 1890, 275). "It appears during the
latter part of the rainy season and probably for some time after, if it does not last
till May. It is more like a Neptis in its ways than Maliesa and Selenofhora. The
larva feeds commonly on G. lanceolatum and velutinum " (id. I.e. 1896, 253). Dr.
J. Shortt obtained it on the Shevaroy Hills (Notes). Mr. G. F. Hampson took it
on the Nilgiris, at 3000 to 7000 feet elevation (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr.
H. S. Ferguson records it as " rather rare in Travancore at 2000 to 4000 feet "
(J. A. S. Beng. 1891, 9).

In Burma, Capt. B. Y. Watson obtained it during the Chin-Lushai Expedition
of 1889-90 at " Pauk and Tiling, from December to April. Not common" (J.
Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 40). Col. C, T. Bingham took it at Chittagong in October,
and at Yetho in August. Col. C. H. B. Adamson records it as "very common in
Burma, from May to September" (List, Burm. Butt. p. 22). Signor L. Fea took
it at Meteleo in August and in Bhamo in November. Dr. N. Manders records it
as "common everywhere in the Shan States, Upper Burma" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890,
523). Mr. Moti Ram obtained it in " Tavoy and Ponsekai, Tenasserim " (J. A. S.
Beng. 1887, 423). Dr. J. Anderson found it " common in the Mergui Archipelago
in December and January" (J. Linn. Soc. Z. 1886, 37).

Distribution outside cub Area. — It also occurs in N.B. Sumatra, where it is
" common everywhere from near the sea and extending to the Central Plateau. It
was very plentiful before the advent of tobacco cultivation, but is now somewhat
rare in those districts. As soon as these are left behind it appears everywhere on
roads and the margins of small forest" (de Niceville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 417).
Dr. Horsfield obtained it and reared the larva in Java. The late Consul Robert
Swinhoe obtained it in Hainan and Formosa, It also occurs at Chentaboom in
Siam, and in S. China, and Mr. J. J.Walker records it as "very plentiful in
Hongkong in December, but already getting very worn, and it remained on the
wing three or four weeks. It reappeared in the following March, but was not
nearly so common as before. It frequents sunny road-sides, and has a strong and
graceful flight" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 456).

Habits of Imago. — Capt. Mortimer J. Slater, in his MS. Notes, p. 152, observes,

NYMPHALINJE. (Group LIMENITINA.) 187

" This insect and its allies hover and flit in the air, especially in little open places,
as where two paths meet, and over pools of water, &c. ; common at Dacca."
Mr. "VV. Doherty says, " Unlike the other species of Athyma observed in Kumaon,
it prefers open meadows to forests" (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125); and again, as
observed in Sumba, "This species occurs in open meadows, unlike all its allies"
{id. 181)1, 175). The late Consul R. Swinhoe observed it at Takow, Formosa,
" Common on bushes and grassy places, fluttering and sailing through the air.
It sucks the sap of wounded trees. The males fight for the females" (P. Z. S.
1S66, 359).

Food-Plants of Laeva. — Messrs. Davidson and Aitken found the larva at
Matheran, in Bombay, feeding on Glochidion lanceolatum and velutinum. The female
laying its eggs by preference on the young shoots that come up from the roots "
(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1886, 134). In Java, according to Dr. Horsfield, "the larva
is found in April feeding on a species of Phyllanthus, bearing the native name
of Dempul-lolot."

Mimicry. — Mr. L. de Niceville observes that " it is doubtless a good mimic of
our commonest species of Neptis (N. Leucothoe), together with which it is always
found, and from which it is not easily differentiated on the wing, but, if pursued,
it at once assumes its stronger and bolder proper Athyma-like flight " (Butt, of
N.E. Sumatra, J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 417).

Genus CONDOCHATES.

Atliyma (part), Westwood. de Niceville.

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very slightly arched, apex
rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave and slightly scalloped, posterior
margin long ; first subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell,
second at one-fifth before the end ; middle discocellular concave posteriorly, lower
discocellular slender, slightly oblique ; middle median emitted at a short distance
before lower end of the cell ; minute Androconia or scent-scales, similar to those in
Fnntoporia, are present, but very few in number, and found chiefly upon the area
between the median and submedian vein of the upperside. Hindiuing triangular,,
exterior margin oblique, slightly convex, scalloped, anal angle obtuse; cell area
very broad, open. Body moderately robust ; palpi slender, laxly clothed, apex
pointed ; antennae with a well-formed club ; eyes hairy ; sexes alike.

Caterpillar. — Elongated. Head small, nodular in front, two frontal short
nodular spines, and two lateral rows of longer stouter spines. Body with a
subdorsal row of slender branched-spines from the 3rd to last segment, those on
the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 11th, and 12th being the longest ; on the 3rd segment is a similar-

B b 2

188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

but shorter lateral branched-spine, and also a less sized lateral spine on the 4th,
6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th segments, below these is a sublateral series
consisting of delicate shorter single spines, with a branched-spine on centre of each
segment. (Described from specimen preserved by Rev. J. H. Hocking, in Coll.
British Museum.)

CflErsALis. — Abdomen attenuating to the end, with a short dorsal projected
keel on each segment, a large broad keeled anterio-dorsal dilated prominence and
a thoracic conical prominence ; wing cases dilated and pointed anteriorly, rounded
posteriorly ; head-piece bifid, the tips lengthened, pointed, laterally divergent, and
twisted ; ventral surface arched.

Type. — C. Opalina.

CONDOCHATES OPALINA.

Dry-season brood (Plate 261, tig. 1, la, b, larva and pupa, <:??)•

Limenitis Opalina, Kollar, Hiigtl's, Kashmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 427 (1844).

Athyma Opalina, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 274 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Com-
pany, i. p. 171, pi. 5a, fig. 2,' c? (1857) ; id. P. Z. S. 1858, p. ii. ; P. Z. S. 1882, p. 241, pi. 11,
fig. 3, larva, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 173 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; markings creamy-white ;
cilia alternated with white. Foreiving with a white streak and two spots within the
cell, a lengthened triangular spot beyond the cell, which is accompanied, generally,
by a very slightly apparent small sullied spot at its upper angle ; a transverse discal
excurved series of spots, the upper three being subapical, disposed obliquely-
outward, and elongated, the first indistinct and divided by the subcostals, the
lower five disposed obliquely-inward, and increasing in width, the fourth being
smallest and triangular, the two next more or less broadly ovate, with
their base directed outward, and the two lower quadrate ; beyond is a
submarginal more or less indistinctly-defined lunular pale brown line which is
most apparent and whitish at its upper and lower end ; followed by a marginal
indistinct slender pale brown even line. Hindwing crossed by a broad white even-
edged straight inner discal band, and an outer discal narrower somewhat macular
band formed of broad lunate spots, followed by a marginal pale brown even line.
Underside dark ferruginous ; markings as above. Foreiving with the area below cell
sullied with pale purpurescent-blackish patches between the veins, and the middle of
the outer borders powdered with violet-grey scales ; marginal lines distinct and
mostly violet-grey. Eindiving also with a subbasal short narrow greyish- white band
extending from the precostal vein ; the outer discal area powdered with violet-grey ;
marginal line distinct and violet-grey ; abdominal margin bluish-grey.

Female. Upperside as in the male, the gi'ound colour somewhat paler, and all

NTMPHALIN^. (Group LIMENITINA.) 189

the -white markings broader. Underside also with the ground colour paler, otherwise
as in the male.

Body and palp iabove black ; thorax iridescent golden-green in front ; collar
white spotted ; abdomen with a basal bluish-white band ; palpi beneath white, edged
with black; forelegs and middle and hind femora below greyish-white, middle and
hind tarsi pale brownish-ochreous ; antennae black, tip reddish.

Expanse, 2j^o to 2j^o, ? 2^q to 3 inches.

Wet-season hrood (Plate 261, fig. c, d, (J ? ).
Athyma orientalis, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 354, pi. 9, fig. i, S ; P- Z. S. 1891, p. 277.

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside darker black than in dry-season brood,
all the markings comparatively narrower, and of a sullied white tint. Underside of
the same ground-colour, with the mai'kings narrower, as above.

Expanse, c? 2n)s ? 3 inches.

Caterpillar. — Elongated, Head small, yellowish-red ; front blackish, studded
with several whitish nodules in front, two frontal short nodular spines and two
lateral rows of longer stouter black-tipt spines. Body green, with a subdorsal row
of slender black-tipt branched-spines on the third to last segment, those on the
third, fourth, sixth, eleventh, and twelfth segments being the longest ; on the third
segment is a similar but shorter lateral black-tipt branched-spine, and also a less
sized spine on the fourth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh
segments ; below these is a sublateral series consisting of delicate short single spines
with a branched-spine on centre of each segment ; front legs blackish. (Described
from specimen preserved by Rev. J. H. Hocking, in Coll. Brit. Mus.),

Chrysalis. — Abdomen attenuating to the end, with a short dorsal projected keel
on each segment ; a large broad keeled anterio-dorsal dilated prominence, and a
thoracic conical prominence ; wing cases dilated and pointed anteriorly, rounded
posteriorly ; head-piece bifid, the tips lengthened, pointed, laterally divergent,
auriform and twisted ; ventral surface arched. Colour pale yellowish-testaceous,
processes partly dark brown ; two parallel macular brown stripes on the abdomen
below, and a lateral row of brown spots.

Habitat. — "Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Khasia and Naga Hills ; Burma.

Distribution. — "A very common species in the Western Himalayas at about
6000 feet elevation" (de Niceville, Butt. Ind, ii, 173. "I have taken perfect
specimens from March to November, so that it must be poly -brooded. It has a very
swift flight, but often settles. It is met with everywhere from the bottoms of the
Valleys to the tops of the Hills" {id. Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880). Capt.
H. B. Hellard took it at Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir, June to October (MS. Notes).
Major J. W. Yerbury at Thundiani in August and September, at 8700 feet

190 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

elevation " (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 142). Specimens from the Chumba Valley,
September, Narkunda, April, and Kujiar, April, are in Mr. J, H. Leech's
collection. Capt. A. M. Lang obtained it " at Kasanli in April and May,
floating from tree to tree. Also at Simla from May to November. Larva
found at Masuri, on April 21st, 1868, at 6500 feet elevation, feeding on
Berberis. Colour deep apple-green, shagreened with paler minute points; a pale
yellowish line above the feet ; head small, hemispherical, yellowish-red, studded
with short pale black-tipt spines ; 2nd segment small, 3rd and 4th large, broad and
angular, the rest gradually diminishing to the end ; on each segment (except the
second) a transverse row of red spines, the lowest between the feet very small and
white tipt ; the next lateral spines rather larger, forked with black points ; the sub-
dorsal long and branched with numerous black-tipt spinelets, those on the 3rd, 4th,
6th, 10th, and 11th much the longest; four or five red black-tipt spines at the anal
extremity ; spiracles inconspicuous except on the second segment where they are
large and black ; prolegs pale yellowish. Moulted on the 25th, form entirely as
before, but colour deep yellow, with a broad lateral stripe of mottled blue-greeu.
Turned into a pendent pupa on the 28th. The imago emerged on May
15th " (MS. Notes). The larva has also been found by Rev. J. H. Hocking, in
Kangra, " feeding on Kmmul, in August " (P. Z. S. 1882, 241). Mrs. S. Robsou
records the life history of this species, as observed at Masuri (J. Bombay, N. H. S.
1894, 338). Mr. W. Doherty took it in the Upper Himalaj^an region, from Naini Tal,
6000 feet, and Askot, 4500 feet, up to Dwah, nearly 10,000 feet elevation (J. A. S.
Beng. 1880, 125). We possess males of the dry and wet-season forms from General
Ramsay's Nepal collection, and also from Sikkim, both sexes of the dry-season form
from Simla, Masuri, and from Thundiani — taken in May by Major J. W. Yerbury.
" In Sikkim it is found in the forests at 2000 to 7000 feet elevation from April to
October, but is not common, and is difficult to take as it settles on high trees, and
only descends to the ground at long intei'vals " (H. J. Blwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888,
354). According to Mr. L. de Niceville " this species is at least double brooded, and
is found in Sikkim from April to October. It is also seasonably dimorphic ; the
form which occurs in the dry-season (spring) is quite typical opalina, while that found
in the iret-.season is much darker, richer-coloured, and narrower banded " (Sikkim
Gaz. 1894, 141). Colonel C. Swinhoe records one specimen of the dry-season, form
from Cherra Punji, and a series of the wet-season form from Shillong, in the Khasia
Hills (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Mr. W. Doherty took males of the wet-season
form in the Naga Hills, and others nearer to the typical opalina in the Karen Hills,
Burma" (P. Z. S. 1891, 277). Capt. E. Y. "Watson tooka single specimen in the
Chin Hills, Burma, at 5000 feet elevation, in May (J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1897, 655).
Lit''E HisTOKY. — " May 13th, 1894. — I saw at Masuri, in the Western Himalayas,

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LIMENITINA.) 191

a female of Athyma opalina, lay on the leaves of Berberis aristata. Hook. It fluttered
over the leaves, and curled tlie apex of its abdomen under a leaf, depositing an egg
on the underside. The egg is round, but is a little flattened at its base where it
rests on the leaf. When first laid it is brown, and is covered with silveiy dots
which glisten in the suo. May 18th. — The ovum turned to a greenish-yellow with
a brown crescent to be seen through its centre. May 20th. — This dark mark filled
the anterior moiety of the egg, the posterior moiety being of a liglit dirty yellow.
May 21st. — Larva emerged, but no trace of the egg-shell was to be seen, so probably
its first meal was made off the shell. Larva a quarter of an inch long, of a dull green
colour, with a very large brown head. June 5th. — Larva now about five-eighths of
an inch in length, colour brown, with a bright green dorsal patch, and covered with
small tufts. June 6th. — Larva changed its skin during the night, and is now much
more bristly. June 9th. — Larva again changed its skin. The spines are now more
prominent. June 13th. — Larva changed in the night from a dark brown to a
beautiful green colour, very closely resembling the colour of its food-plant. There
is a spiracular somewhat lunulated narrow yellow band. This band is whitish on
the last three segments ; the underside is brown, merging into pale green on the
last three segments. The legs and claspei'S are also brown, but of a darker shade.
Head round, colour raw-sienna; two A-shaped dark bars on the face are covered with
minute white spines. Two black spines on the top of the head; the rest of the head
covered with raw-sienna-coloured spines. The 3rd and 4th segments are each armed
with a whorl of four branched raw-sienna-coloured spines. The 5th, 7tb, 8th, 9th,
and 10th segments with smaller spines ; the 12th segment with two bi'anched-spines;
the 1 3th segment with four simple anal spines, and two small branched-spines just
above them. The subdorsal series is very much the largest, particularly so on the
fifth segment. All the branches are of a darker brown colour tipped with white.
The larva is entirely covered with minute white spots. June 20th. — There is now a
dorsal band, moss-green in colour, spotted with darker green ; a broad lateral blue
band lined transversely with darker blue bars crossing the band obliquely ; a some-
what irregular narrow spiracular band extending from the 6th to the 13th segments,
colour orange and pale ochreous alternately, the orange colour corresponding with
the middle of each segment; posterior to this is an interrupted brownish line. Legs
black ; claspers and abdomen pale whitish-green. Length 1|- in. June 21st. —
Larva suspended itself by the anal claspers. Colour throughout yellowish-white.
During the day from the head to about the middle the larva became much
yellower, and the posterior half became almost quite white. June 22nd. — Pupa
of a dingy white. June 23rd. — Pupa of a brilliant metallic hue, and looks like
burnished gold with burnished silver wing-cases. July 6th. — Imago emerged."
Mrs. S. Robsou (J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1894, p. 338.)

192 LEPIBOPTERA INDICA.

Chinese allied Species. — Gondochates constricta (Athyma constricta, Alplieraky,
Rom. Mem. 1889, p. 110, pi. 5. Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 172).
Habitat. — W. China.

Genus TACOLA.

Athyma (sect. 1, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 32 (1861).

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex obtuse,
exterior margin slightly oblique and scalloped, posterior margin long ; cell area very
broad, open ; first subcostal emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second
at one-seventh before the end ; second discocellular angled. Bindiving short,
triangular ; costa much arched in the middle, apex somewhat pointed, exterior
margin veiy oblique, convex and scalloped ; cell area very broad. Body very robust ;
palpi stout, compactly clothed below, hairy above, apical joint short, stout, and
obtusely pointed ; antennjB very long, with a stoutish elongated club ; eyes naked ;
sexes alike.

Type. — T. Larymna.

TACOLA LARYMNA (Plate 262, fig. 1, la, b, c? ? ).

Limenitis Larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep.ii. pi. 35, fig. 1 (1850).

Athyma Larymna, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 274 (18.50). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Com-
pany, i. p. 172 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 159, pi. 16, fig. 1, S (1863). de NicevOle,
Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 167 (1886).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black, with darker inter-
spaces between the veins; markings bluish-white fading to creamy-white; cilia
alternated with white. Foreiving with an elongated claviform white cell-streak,
which is divided into three portions by a round spot across its middle ; a large
elongated triangular discocellular spot beyond the cell ; a transverse discal excurved
series of spots — composed of two large elongated spots preceded by a very small
slender subcostal streak, a larger oval discal spot between the middle and lower
medians, and two irregulai'ly quadrate lower spots ; beyond which is a submarginal
row of slender lunules, the one above the upper median being much larger and
forming a rounded spot ; followed by a less-defined pale brownish- white marginal
lunular line. Bindiving crossed by a rather narrow white inner-discal band and an
outer-discal macular band, followed by a marginal pale brownish- white lunular line.
Underside ochreous-brown, the outer area suffused with pale lilacine-grey ; the
interspaces between the veins clouded with darker brown ; mai'kings as above, but
pale lilacine-white. Foreiving also with a portion of the cell-streak broader but less

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Mil-

NTMPHALINJE. (Groap ltmeiVitina.) 193

dofined ; a small white patch above the discocellular triangular spot. Rindwing also
with a narrow white subbasal band, two very slightly-defined medial- discal lilacine-
white sinuous lines, and the marginal line very distinct. Body and palpi above black,
a bluish-white band on thorax and abdomen ; palpi beneath whitish and streaked
with black ; body and legs beneath greyish-white ; middle and hind femora above
brown.

Expanse, c? 3 to Sj^oj? ^io inches.

Habitat. — Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

Distribution. — A male, taken by Colonel C. T. Bingham in the Ye Valley,
Upper Tenassei'im, in February, 1893, is in the British Museum Collection. Signor
Leonardo Fea obtained it at Meteleo, Upper Tenasserim, in August. Capt.
Pinwill took it at Malacca. Mr. L. de Niceville records it as " decidedly rare in
N.E. Sumatra, and always found only singly, on fa3ces and moist spots on forest
roads" (J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 417). It also occurs at Sarawak, Borneo.

Malayan Species. — Tacola Magindana (Athyma Magindana, Semper, Eeisen
Phil. Lep. p. 140, pi. 27, fig. 10, 6; id. pi. 28, fig. 1, 2, c? ? (1889). Eabitat.
Philippine Islands. — Tacola Eidimene (Nymph. Eulimene, Godart, Encyc. Meth. ix.
p. 429 (1823). Sijn. Athyma Jocaste, Felder, Wien. Eut. Mqnats. 1859, p. 182 ; id.
Reise Novara, Lep. pi. 56, fig. 1-3, c? $ . Athyma Badoura, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist.
1866, p. 100. Habitat. Amboina; Celebes.

Genus PANTOPORIA.

Pantoporia, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 56 (1881).

Athyma (sect. 2, pa:t), Felder, Neues Lep. p. .32 (1861). de Niceville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 171

(1886).
Athyma (part), Westwood.

Imago. — Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior
margin oblique, slightly concave in the middle, and slightly scalloped ; first sub-
costal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-seventh
before the end ; upper discocellular short, middle discocellular outwardly-oblique,
concave anteriorly, lower discocellular concave, slender, but distinct ; middle median
emitted considerably before lower end of the cell. Androconia, or scent-scales, in a
very limited number, are present, chiefly upon the basal area of the upperside, between
the median and submedian vein ; these scales are very minute, elongated, broadest
and rounded anteriorly, and finely ciliated in front, the base being angled hindward on
each side into a fine pointed hook longer than the basal shaft. Hindxoing short,
triangular ; costa slightly convex, apex obtuse, exterior margin very oblique, convex,
scalloped, anal angle obtusely pointed ; precostal vein long, incurved ; cell area
vor,. Ill, 0 c

194 LEPinOPTEIiA IN DIG A.

short, open ; subcostal branch and radial at equal distances from the costa. Body
moderately stout ; palpi rather stout, apes sharply pointed, compactly clothed ;
autennal club elongated ; eyes naked ; sexes dissimilar.

Catekpillae. — (luara). " Cylindrical, with sis rows of fine branched-spines,
the dorsal row longer than the lateral, and those on the 3rd and 4th segments longer
than the rest ; the 2nd segment unarmed ; base of the legs set with short simple
spines ; head covered with short simple spines and tubercles."

Chrysalis. — "Like that of Jthijma Mi ihcsa, hut of the processes on the back the
posterior one is much longer and more inclined forward " (Davidson and Aitken).

Mimicry in the Females. — The females of the species of this genus are,
apparently, all mimetic. The female of P. Krr><iia has the coloration and pale dull
olivescent-ochreous markings of a Neptis, and is probably a mimic of N.Aujana and
its allies Harita and Omeroda. The females of P. Innra and P. Gr/JHA haveochreous-
red markings, and both probably mimic the red-banded Neptis Viraja and its allies.
The female of P. Selenophora, with its creamy-white markings, is an excellent mimic
of the allied Gondochates Opalina, even to the white band on the abdomen, which
latter is not present in the male of iSeJeiioj)horn. The female of P. riifida, also, \s
probably a mimic of Nej^tis Nar and of Nejitis Manauda. The female of P. Zeroca,
both on the upper and underside resembles Nejdis Qiri'fn and its ally N. Nashona, of
which it is probably a mimic.

Type.— P. Ngfte.

PAKTOPORIA NIVIPEEA (Plate 262, fig. 2, -ja, b, cj ?)•

Athyma nivifera, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 540, pi. G9, fig. 4, (J. Moore, Journ. Linn.

Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 37.
Athyma Nefte, var. nivifera, Distant, Rhop. Mala}', p. 163, pi. IG, fig. C, 7, c? S (1883).
Athyma Nefte, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pi. 51, c? ? •

Imago. — Male. TJpperside purpurescent-black, with intervening blacker patches
between the veins ; cilia slightly alternated with white ; markings bluish-white.
Forewing with a narrow basal obscurely-divided bluish-white cell-streak joined to
a large rounded spot at end of the cell and then to a narrow triangular disco-
cellular spot beyond the cell, the basal and terminal portion being speckled with
blue scales ; three conjoined subapical outwardly-oblique ovate spots, below which
are three discal inwardly-oblique spots, the upper situated between the middle and
lower medians, being large, laterally elongated and oval, the two lower much
narrower, the middle one being indented at its sides ; beyond is a submarginal row
of obscurely-defined very narrow brownish-white lunules, and then a less defined
slender pale brown marginal line. Hindioing crossed by an inner-discal bluish-white

NYMPITALlNyE. (Omup LiMEmrixj., 195

band, and a subraargiual narrow lunulate macular band followed by a slender
marginal pale brown line ; the discal band inwardly-edged with blue scales. Under-
side pale purpurescent-brown, with diffused blackish intervening patches between
the veins ; cell streak and the transverse markings, as on upperside, violaceous-
white. Hindiving also with a violaceous-white narrow subbasal band ; abdominal
margin bluish-grey. Body and palpi above black ; thorax and abdomen with a
bluish-white band ; body and palpi beneath, and legs beneath greyish-white ; antennre
black, tip beneath reddish.

Female. Upperside dark brown, with blackish intervening bordering patches
between the veins ; markings, disposed as in the male, reddish-ochreous, palest in the
dry-season specimens. Underside brownish-ochreous, with diffused blackish inter-
vening patches ; the markings as on upperside, but paler ochreous, in some sullied
ochreous-white. Hindiving also with a narrow subbasal band. Thorax and
abdomen above with an ochi'eous band.

Expanse, S 2^q, ? 2^^ to 2j^o inches.

Habitat. — Mergui, Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc.

Distribution. — Males were taken by Dr. J. Anderson on Kisserang Island, and
in Mergui, in December (J. Linn. Soc. Z. 1886, 37). Mr. Moti Ram also took a
" male in Tavoy " (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 423). The type was taken in Malacca.
Mr. Distant records it from Province Wellesley and Malacca (I.e. p. 163). It also
occurs on Nias Island, Sumatra, and Borneo.

PANTOPORIA KRESNA (Plate 263, fig. 1, la, b, c, c? ? )•

Athyma Kresna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 12, pi. 50, fig. i, cj. Distant, Rhop. Mala}', pp. IGl,
445, pl. 16, fig. 3, $ (1883). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 37. de Niceville, Butt, of
India, etc., ii. p. 173 (1886).

Athyma Suhrala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 13, pl. 51, fig. 1, ?. Druce, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 344.
Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 164, pl. 10, fig. 4, ? . de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 181, $ .

Imago —Male, Upperside purpurescent brownish-black, with blacker
intervening borderings to the markings ; cilia slightly alternated with white ;
markings very prominent and bluish- white. Foreinng with a bluish-white claviform
cell-streak divided into three portions, the division of the two basal portions being
more or less incomplete and slightly defined ; a very large broadly-triangular disco-
cellular spot beyond ; three subapical oblique oval spots, a large rounded discal
spot and two lower narrow spots, the upper one shghtly indented at the sides ;
beyond is a submarginal row of distinctly-defined lunules, followed by a slightly-
defined pale brown marginal line. Hindiuing crossed by a narrow inner-discal band
and a submarginal row of narrower lunate spots, followed by a pale brown

r c 2

19G LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

marginal line. Underside oclireous-brown, with blackish diffused patches intervening
between the veins; markings bluish-white as above. Forewing also with a short
narrow subbasal white band, and bluish-grey abdominal margin.

Female. TJpperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown ; markings pule dull
olivescent-ochreous, these are similar in shape and are disposed as in the female of
P. Nefte and nivifera, but are all narrower and much less defined. Underside paler,
and duller ochreous-brown than the upperside, with diffused blackish intervening
patches between the veins ; markings as on upperside, but duller and very pale
violaceous-white. Eindwhig also with a pale violaceous-white subbasal band.
Body and palpi above brownish-black ; thorax and abdomen with a bluish-whito
band in the male, and a pale olivescent-ochreous band in the female ; body, palpi,
and legs beneath greyish-white ; antennte black, tip reddish.

Expanse, c? 2/o to2j;%, ? 2j^o to 2^^^ inches.

Habitat. — Assam ; Eastern Bengal ; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc.

DiSTEiBDTiON. — A male, labelled, Assam, is in Mr. Walter Eothschild's collection.
A female, verified as Subrata, was taken in Eastern Bengal by Mr. A. E. Russell
(P. Z. S. 1865, 763). Captain E. Y. Watson obtained a " single male at Poungadaw,
Upper Burma" (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 5). Dr. J. Anderson took "two
males at Minthantoung in December, and three females {Subrata) in Mergui, in
December and March" (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). Mr. W. L. Distant records
it from Malacca and Province Wellesley, Malay Peninsula (I.e. p. 161). It also
occurs in Sumatra, and Borneo. "We have verified specimens of both sexes from
Sandakan, N. Borneo, in Mr. D. Gator's collection, taken in January, February,
April, May, and July. We liave it also from Malacca, Singapore, and Sarawak.

Mimicry. — The female of this species has the coloration and markings of a
Neptis, and is probably a mimic of N. Anjana, Harifa, or Omeroda.

PANTOPORIA INARA.

Dn/season brood (Plate 264, fig. 1, la, b, c? ? )•
Limenitie Tnara, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. ii. pi. 34, fig. 3, ^ (1850).
Athyma Inara, "Westwood, Gen.D. Lep. ii. p. 274 (1850). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 179
(1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside purpurescent brownish-black, with blacker inter-
vening bordering to the markings ; cilia slightly alternated with white. Both wings
crossed by a broad discal bluish-white band edged with darker blue scales. Foreiving
also with a narrow bluish-white speckled obscure ochreous streak in the cell, a more
prominent whiter spot at its end, and a white-speckled obscure triangular spot
beyond the cell ; the discal band composed of three large white subapical oblique

NrMPHALIN.'E. (Group LtilENITINA.) 197

conjoined spots and a subcostal very slender speckled streak above, four lower
discal inwardly-disposed conjoined spots, the upper being very small and triangularly
ovate, the others very broad and quadrate, the third indented at the sides ; a sub-
marginal row of irregular reddish-ochreous luuules, which are much the widest
anteriorly and palest posteriorly, followed by a marginal pale greyish-brown line.
Bindiving crossed by a broad white discal band, which is narrowest anteriorly, a
submarginal reddish-ochreous broad lunular band decreasing anteriorly, followed by
a marginal pale greyish-brown line. Underside pale dull reddish-ochi'eous, with
very obscure dai-ker-clouded intervening discal patches between the markings ; the
discal broad band and cell spots as above, violaceous-white. Forewing also with a
slight whitish-bordered blackish spot below the cell, and the two outer marginal
series of lunules violaceous-white posteriorly. Hindiuing also with a basal short
curved violaceous-white streak above the costal vein; the submarginal broad lunular
band violaceous-white posteriorly ; the outer marginal line also violaceous- white ;
abdominal margin bluish-grey.

Female. Upperside paler brownish-black, with reddish-ochreous cell-streak,
discal band and submarginal lunular band ; the cell-streak prominent, lengthened,
the parts fused together but thrice indented on the upper edge ; the discal band
touching the submarginal lunules above the upper and lower medians ; marginal
line pale greyish-brown. Underside pale dull reddish-ochreous with slightly darker
intervening discal patches ; cell-streak and basal spot on forewing, and transverse
bands on both wings, as in male, but all broader, more obscui-ely defined, and mostly
suffused outwardly with ochreous. Body and palpi above brownish-black ; a bluish-
white band on thorax and abdomen in male, and ochreous-white in female; body and
palpi beneath and legs greyish-white ; antennse black above, reddish beneath.

Expanse, <S 2^%, ? 2j^o inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 264, tig. 1, c, d, e, cj $ ).

Athyma Inarina, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 304. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 179

(1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 254.
Athyma Inara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, pi. 1, fig. 6, (J.

Imago. — Male and female somewhat larger than the dry-season form. Male.
Upperside with similar but brighter-coloured markings. Forewing differs only in
the narrow basal cell-streak being more reddish-ochreous, its end spot prominently
white, and the discocellular spot beyond more or less distinct ; the transverse discal
white band on both wings is narrower, and on the hindwing the submarginal
ochreous-red lunular band is also narrower. Underside bi-ighter reddish-ochreous
than in dry-season form, markings the same but more prominent, the transverse
discal bands narrower, as on the upperside, with distinct black intervening patches

198 LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

on the forewing, and a distinct row of small black patches between the discal and
submarginal band on the hindwing ; the extreme outer border of both wings being
also blackish.

Female. Upperside similar to the dry-season form, the ground-colour and
markings brighter, the discal bands variable in width but comparatively narrower,
the discoidal streak more distinctly divided. Underside of a deeper and brighter
reddish-ochreous, the markings more defined, with intervening blackish diffused
patches as in male.

Expanse, S 1^^ to 2^^, ? '^h to 3i^o inches.

CATEBPiLr.AR. — " Cylindrical ; with six rows of fine branclied-spines, the dorsal
being longer than the lateral, and those on the third and fourth segments longer
than the rest, the second segment unarmed ; the bases of the legs set with short
simple spines ; colour pure gi-een, with a large brown patch on the ninth segment ;
spines brown, and head dark brown ; head covered with short simple brown spines
and white tubercles " (Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1896, 254).

Chrysalis. — " Like that of Athyma Mahesa, but of the processes on the back the
posterior one is much longer and more inclined forward " {id. 254).

Habitat. — Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam ; Cachar ; Silhet ; Khasias ; Orissa ;
South Indin.

Distribution. — " This is a very common species, occurring in Sikkim at low
elevations, and iu the Terai, and Eastward as far as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, but
it is rare in South India. There is a single male from the Wynaad in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, taken by Mr. R. Morgan. Mr. W. C. Taylor has taken it in
Orissa " (de Niceville, I.e. 180). We have specimens from Nepal, taken by the
late General G. Ramsay, Mr. II. J. Elwes says it is " common at low elevations in
Sikkim from March to December" (Tr. But. Soc. 1888, 356). Colonel C. Swinhoe
records it as "fairly common iu the Khasias" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Mr. J.
Wood-Mason obtained " six males and four females in the forests near Silcuri,
Cachar, in June and August " (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 360). In South India, Messrs.
Davidson and Aitken observes that " males are common on the Hill tops from
August onwards. We get few females. We obtained the larva feeding on
Glocnidion velutinum and zeylanicum " (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, 254). Colonel
Swinhoe has specimens from " Karwar, N. Kanara, taken in August, October, and
November" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 283). Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained "two males
and one female on the Nilgiris at 3000 feet elevation" (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354).
Captain E. Y. Watson records " one male taken at Kathlekan, Mysore, in
Novembei' " (J. A. S. Beng. 1890, 5). Mr. H. S. Ferguson found it " veiy rare in
Travancore, one specimen only being taken in July, near Trevandrum " (J. A. S.
Beng. 1891, 9).

NYMPHALIN^. (Group UMH.yiriN.i.) .199

PANTOPORIA ASITA (Plate 263, fig. 2, 2a, J ? ).

Athi/ma Asita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1858, p. 13, c?- tie Nicc'ville, Butt, of India, otc, ii. p. 180
(1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside with similar markings to /-". Inara. Differs on the
forewmg in the portions of the discoidal streak being all bluish-white, the discal
band comparatively narrower, and the lower submarginal lunnles from the upper
median being also white. Hindwing also with the inner band and the submarginal
lunular band both white. Underside similar to Inara, except that the submarginal
lunular band on hindwing is entirely white.

Female. Upperside similar to Inara, but with all the markings paler ochreous,
the submarginal lower lunules on the forewing being also ochreous and broader.
Underside also similar, but duller coloured, the submarginal lunular band on both
wings being whitish throughout.

Expanse, c? 2^^, ? 2n) inches.

Habitat. — Burma; Shan States; Tenasserim, etc.

NoTK. — The above descriptions are taken from the type male, now in Mr. H.
Grose-Smith's collection, and from a female in our own possession.

Distribution. — "We have verified a male and female in Colonel C. H. E.
Adamson's collection, taken in " Burma, where it is a common insect on hilly
ground throughout the rains. Specimens from the South have, as a rule, less orange
than those from further North " (List of Burm. Butt. p. 23). A female, taken by
Colonel C. T. Bingham in the Yunzalee Valley, in April, is in the British Museum
Collection. A female from the Shan States is in our own collection. Mr. Otto
Limborg obtained both sexes at Ponsekai, in Tavoy (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 423). A
male and female, from Hong Kong, is in Mr. P. Crowley's collection. We have
verified specimens of both sexes of this species, taken in Hong Kong by Mr. J. J.
Walker, who refers to them as " Nefte " (Tr. Ent, Soc. 189.5, 456), as being " not
uncommon from December to May, a fresh brood appearing at the end of March."

PANTOPORIA RDFULA (Plate 265, fig. 1, la, (J ? ).

Athijma rufula, de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 181, ? (1886) ; i</. Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
1888, p. 277, c? ? •
Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, with intervening discal
black patches between the veins. Forewing with a prominent bluish-white oval spot
at end of the cell, and an indistinctly defined broken basal narrow Avhito streak ; a
transverse discal interrupted bluish-white macular band composed of three small
oval obhque subapical spots, the middle one being the largest, and three lower
inwardly oblique larger spots, the upper one broadly oval, the next quadrate and
laterally-indented, the lowest narrow; sometimes there is also a very small upper

200 LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

white spot present between the middle and upper medians ; followed beyond by a
submarginal and marginal indistinct pale ochreous-brown lunular line, the former
anteriorly ending in a brighter ochreous-red larger lunule. Hind/wing crossed by a
moderately broad bluish-white discal baud, the bases of the subcostal veinlets being
also white-lined, and a broad white patch on base of the costal margin ; a
submarginal row of indistinct pale ochreous-brown lunulas, and a marginal narrow
line. Underside dull brownish-ochreous, with more or less black intervening patches
between the veins ; the discal bluish-white band as on upperside. Forewing also
with a bluish-white discoidal streak formed of foi;r portions, the submarginal and
marginal lunules being mostly whitish. Hi'iidwing also with a bluish-white curved
subbasal streak ; a medial discal recurved row of distinct small black spots, a
submarginal white macular band, and a marginal whitish lunular line inwardly
bordered by blackish patches ; abdominal margin bluish-grey.

Female. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, with intervening black diffused
patches between the veins ; markings similar to male but less distinct. Forewing
with the discoidal broken-streak obscure and sullied with ochreons, the transverse
discal series of spots broader than in male and also outwardly sullied with bright
ochreous, the marginal lunular lines pale ochreous-brown, the upper lunule of the
submarginal being brighter ochreous. Hindwing with the white discal band slightly
sullied with ochreous along its outer edge ; submarginal lunular band and marginal
line pale ochreous-brown. Underside dull brownish-ochreous ; markings similar to
the male ; the discal series of white spots on the forewing being outwardly sullied
with ochreous. Body and palpi above dark brown, beneath and legs greyish-white ;
antenniB black above, reddisli beneath ; a bluish- white band on thorax and abdomen
above in both sexes.

Expanse, S 2^^), ? 2^% to 3 inches.

Habitat. — South Andamans.

DiSTRiBtFTiON. — The late Mr. F. de Roepstorflf obtained several females of this
species, but no males. Mr. R. Wimberley recently obtained the male described by
Mr. de Niceville. Specimens of both sexes are in Mr. P. Crowley's collection. It
is nearest allied to Athijiaa Glora, from the Island of Nias.

Mimicry. — The female of this species is an excellent mimic of Ncptis Nar.

PANTOPOBIA CAMA.

We'-seaso7i brood (Plate 265, fig. 2, 2a, b, c, S 'i ?■
Drij-season brood (Plate 266, fig. 1, la, b, c, d, e, jj ? ).

Atliyma Cama, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 174, pi. b, a, fig. 5, cJ ? (1857); Prcc.
Zuol. Soc. 18j8, p. 14. de Kiccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 178 (lS8iJ). Slaudinger, Exot.
Schmett. pi, 51, (J.

NYMPHAIA.WE. (^h-Mp LiuE.yiri.\A.) 201

Imago. — Male. Upperside rich purpurescent browuish-black ; cilia very
slightly alternated with white. Foreiving with a narrow indistinctly-defined sullied
reddish-ochreous discoidal sti'eak ; an interrupted discal transverse prominent
bluish-white band, widest in dnj-i<eamn examples, composed of two, or more generally
three, subapical outwardly-oblique ovate spots, the lowest, when present, beino^ the
smallest, and three lower inwardly-oblique larger spots from the middle median, ths
upper rounded, the next quadrate and laterally indented, the lowest narrow, these
three being laterally inwardly-edged with blue scales; very rarely there is a minute
conjoined spot also present between the uppsr medians ; b3yond is a submarginal
pale bi'own lunular line ending at its costal end in a bright reddish-oohreous spot,
followed by a marginal pale brown line, these two lines baing palest in dnj -season
forms. Hindiinng crossed by a prominent bluish-white inner-discal band inwardly
edged with blue scales, followed by a submarginal pale brown lunular fascia, and a
marginal line. Underside yellowish-ochreous, palest in the dri/season, form, darker
in the wet-season form ; discal transverse white band as on upperside. Foreioing also
with prominent unbroken but irregular-edged discoidal streak and the marginal
lunular lines pale violet-blue; the discal interspaces anteriorly clouded with
brownish-ochreous and posteriorly with brownish-black, darkest in wet-season form ;
a basal black spot below the cell. Hindwing also with a prominent subbasal
curved subcostal streak, submarginal lunular band and marginal line pale
violet-blue ; a medial discal row of dark ochi^eous-brown lunate patches ; abdominal
margin bluish-grey.

Female. Upperside dark olivescent brownish-black ; markings yellowish-
ochreous, darkest and brightest in ^mt-season form. Forewing with a prominent
yellowish-ochreous sharply-defined discoidal streak which is entire to beyond the
cell, its lower edge being straight and its upper edge irregular but not distinctly
indented ; a discal interrupted band composed of larger and broader subapical and
lower spots, the marginal pale brown lunular lines distinct. Hindwing with
yellowish-ochreous inner-discal broad band and submarginal band of nearly equal
width, but widest in the dry-season form ; the pale brown marginal line distinct.
Underside pale yellowish-ochreous in drg-season form, darker ochreous in wet-season
form ; markings as in the male, but less prominent, the discal white macular band
on forewing sulhed externally with pale ochreous. Bodij and palpi above black ;
abdomen with a broad bluish-white band ; body and palpi beneath and legs pale
bluish-grey ; antenna} black, tip reddish beneath.

Expanse, S 2^^ to 3, ? 2^^^ to 3i*o inches.

Habitat. — Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam ; Upper Burma.

DisTHiBUTiON. — Capt. A. M. Lang records a male of this species taken in his
own garden at Masuri, on ]\Iay 14th, 1S68, observing (MS. Notes, p. 201), "this is
VOL. in. n d

202 LEPIDOPTERA INDTCA.

tlie first which I have taken or seen alive, though I have specimens from 8ikkim.
I at once distinguished it in flight and colour from Opalina, which is abundant in
my garden." Mr. W. Dohert\' obtained it at Almora, and in Eastern Kumaon
generall}^ being common from 2000 to 5000 feet elevation (J. A. S. Beng. 1886,
125). Mr. de Niceville states that it is "a common species, occurring from Kumaon
to Upper Assam ; specimens were obtained in Upper Burma by the Yunan
Expedition" (Butt. Ind. 178). In Sikkim, "it is found at the same elevations and
seasons as Z'-roca ; the female is rare " (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 355). We
possess specimens of both the dry and wet-season forms from Nepal, and others
from Sikkim and Bhotan. Col. C. Swinhoe notes it as behig very common in the
Khasias. Dr. G. Watt obtained "a single male in Manipur " (Ann. N. H. 1885,
304). A female from the Ruby Mines District, Upper Burma, is in Mr. H. Grose-
Smith's collection. Dr. N. Manders records it as "rather an uncommon species in
the Shan States at from 3000 to 4000 feet elevation " (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524),

PANTOPORIA SELENOPHORA.

Limenitis Selenophara, Koliar, Hiii^el's Ki^cliinir, iv. pt. 2, [). 42ij, [il. 7, fiy;. 1, 2, j;^ (18 14). — Dnj-smsf-n

hi'Ood,

Atliyiiia -S'eZ(7jq/>/(o?'a, Wcstwood, Gen. JJ. Lep. ii. p. 276 (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. ilus. E. I.
Company,!, p. 175 (18.57); P. Z. S.1858,p.l4. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 176 (1886,\
A/h;/i)ia Bnltiihi, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 12, pi. 50, f. 2, ? .— Wet.sea.<on brood.

Wet-ncason brood (Plate 267, fig. 1, la, b, c, (J $ ).

Imago. — Male. Upperside i-ich purpurescent brownish-black, with blacker
bordering to the markings ; cilia slightly alternated with wdiite. Foreiuiug with
very obscure traces of an ochreous-red interrupted discoidal streak ; a distinct
subapical oblique series of three small decreasing bluish-white ovate spots, the
lowest being more lunate and more or less obsolescent; below which is a discal
transverse bluish-white band composed of four conjoined-spots of variable width in
their course, and edged with blue scales, extending from the upper median to the
posterior margin, the upper spot being the smallest and triangularly ovate, the second
larger, broader, and somewhat quadrate, the third and fourth transversely narrower,
the third being laterally indented, — this band is of varying width in individual
examples ; followed by a submarginal obscure row of pale brown narrow lunules,
and a marginal narrower line. Hindwmg crossed by a discal bluish-white band
edged with blue scales, followed by an obscure submarginal row of pale brown
Ivmate spots, and a marginal narrow line. Underside brownish-ochreous, the
extreme costal base of both wings being yellowish-ochreous, brighter and darker
reddish- ochreous on the outer borders and the intervening patches between the
veins, those within the discal area being somewhat diffusedly-blackish ; the white

XYMPIIALINJ^. (Gronp LIMEXITiyA.) 203

siibapical spots aud discal band on both wings as on the upperside, the foi'mer with
some slender streaks on the costa. Forennvg also with a prominent violaceous
white discoidal streak divided into three portions by two blackish bars crossing the
cell near its middle, the discocellular spot beyond inwardly defined by another
blackish bar ; below base of the cell are two prominent black spots bordered by
violaceous-white ; the submarginal and marginal lunular lines also violaceous-wliite.
Eindwing also with a short broad violaceous- white subbasal band between the
precostal and costal veins ; a pair of short reddish-black slender bars across the cell
and two similar bars in continuation above the cell ; an outer discal series of diffused
rich dark ochreous-brown broad spots, followed by a submarginal row of violaceous-
white lunular spots and then a marginal line ; abdominal margin bluish-grey.

Female. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-black, with blacker intervening discal
interspaces between the veins ; markings creamy-white, very similar in shape and
position to those in female of Gondochates Opalina, but narrower. Forewing with a
creamy-white discoidal streak divided into four narrow portions, three being within
the cell, the fourth beyond the discocellular veinlet, and this latter portion is
elongated and disposed mostly between the radials — whereas in Opalina, it is
disposed wholly between the lower radial and upper median ; a transverse discal
series of spots somewhat narrow, the three between the upper median and
submedian oval and having their base directed inward (in Opalina these are directed
outward) ; submarginal lunules distinct ; marginal pale lunular line narrow.
Hindwing with a modei'ately broad inner-discal creamy-white band, and a
submarginal macular band composed of broad lunate spots ; marginal pale lunular
lina distinct. Underside. Both wings with the reddish-ochreous ground colour and
intervening dai'ker 2:)atches as in the male, but all somewhat brighter. Forewing
with the discoidal streak, black bars, and basal marks on both wings as in male ;
the transverse white discal and submarginal band, and marginal lunular line on both
wings, as on upperside, but all more prominent. Hindwing also with a subbasal
white band as in male. Body and palpi above brownish-black ; abdomen of male
entirely black above ; thorax and abdomen of female with a bluish-white band ;
body and palpi beneath, and legs, pale greyish-white ; antenna? black, tipt with
I'eddish-ochi'eous.

Expanse, c? 2^-0 to 2i-o, ? :3p„ to 3,'*o inches.

Dry-Reason hrood (Plate 267, fig. d, e, c? ? ).

Imago. — Male. Smaller than wet-season brood. Upperside with the ground-
colour somewhat paler, the white subapical spots on forewing comparatively larger,
and the discal band variable in width but generally somewhat broader, both the
submarginal and marginal lunular bands more distinct, and pale brownish-grey; the

u d 2

204 LEPIDOPTERA IXDICA.

diseoidal streak of forewing obscure ochreous-red, the portion at end of cell being-
sometimes whitisb. Underside duller and paler brownish-ocbreous than in
wet-season examples, all the markings being less prominent.

Female. Upperside with the ground colour and markings as in the wet-season
brood ; the discal bands being slightly broader. Underside paler ochreous-red and
less prominently defined markings than in wet-season examples, the discal bands
broader, as on upperside.

Expanse, S 2^^^ to 2^^, ? 2/, to 3 inches.

Caterpillar. — " Very like that of 7».rt/V7, but the dorsal patch is much smaller,
and tliere are some white spots on the sides. Feeds on Ad in a cordifolia (Rubiacea?) "
(Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. 254).

Chrysalis. — " Distinguished from that of Inara by slight differences in the
shape of the grotesque processes on the head and thorax " {id.).

Habitat. — Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam ; Cachar ; Silhet ;
Manipur ; Upper Burma; S. Tndia.

Distribution. — Kollar records the type specimen from Masuri. Mr. W.
Doherty obtained it in the " Kali and Gori Valleys, E. Kumaon, at 2000 to 8000
feet elevation " (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125). We possess specimens of the sexes of
both wet and dry-season forms from Nepal, taken by the late Gen. G. Ramsey ;
others also from Sikkim, and Buxa in Bhotan. "It is common in Sikkim and
Eastwai'ds to Upper Assam, and specimens were taken by Dr. J. Anderson, during
the Yunan Expedition. It also occurs in Manipur, Cacliar, and Silhet " (L. de
Niceville, I.e. 177). Mr. H.J. Elwes says it is "a common species in Sikkim from
1000 to 3000 or 4000 feet, from March to December. Males common, female rare "
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 355). Col. Swinboe has i"eceived numerous specimens from
the Khasia Hills. Mr. J. W. Mason records " three males taken in forests near
Silcuri, Cachar, in July " (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 359). A male from Lushai is in
Mr. P. Crowley's collection. Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained " numerous males and
females at Tilin from October to March, during the Chiu-Lushai Expedition of
1889-90" (J. Bombay N". H. S. 1891, 40). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as
occurring "on the low ranges of hills throughout Burma" (List, p. 23). Both
Mr. W. Doherty and Signor L. Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, East Pegu.
Specimens of both forms from the Shan States are in Mr. W. Rothschild's collection.
Mr. Moti Ram took it in Tavoy (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 423). Dr. N. Manders
records it as abundant in the Shan States, Upper Burma (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 523).

In South India it has been taken in the Wynaad. Mr. J. Davidson took it in
the " North Kanara District from August onwards, but it is comparatively scarce ;
the males basking on the tops of the Hills, but the females haunt the forest-clad
sides and are seldom seen. The larva was found feeding on Adina cordifolia "

NVMI'HALIN.E. (Giou;. LuruNiTixj.:, -20 J

(J. Bombay N. H. S. 189G, 254). Mr. CI. F. Hainpsou found it " very rare on the
Nilgiris at 3000 to 5000 feet elevation" (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Capt. E. Y.
Watson took a male at the Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January (J. Bombay N. H. S.
1890,5). Mr. H. Ferguson found it "not uncommon on the Travancore Hills"
{id. 1891, 9).

Mr. J.J. Walker obtained it in "Hong Kong, in April and May" (Tr. Ent.
Soc. 1895, 457).

PANTOPORIA ZEROCA.

Athiima Zei-oca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 5GI, (J. Jo Niccville, Joui-d. Asiatic Son. Eeng^il,
1883, p. 94 ; id. 1886, p. 359, pi. IG, fig. 6, ^ ; id. Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 177 (188G).

Wet sea.-'on brood (Plate 268, fig. 1, la, h, c, ^ ? ).

I^FAGO. — Male. Forewings comparatively shorter and more rounded at the apex
than in the closely allied P. .^denophora. Male. Upperside rich purpuresceut
brownish-black, with blacker intervening bordering patches between the veins.
Forewing with a very obscure ochreous-brown entire, but distorted, cell-streak and a
discocellnlar spot beyond ; three subapical oblique small sullied bluish-white spots,
the two upper being more or less lunate, the third very small or obsolescent ; a lower
transverse discal bluish-white band (slightly varying in width in individual specimens)
edged with blue scales, composed of four portions of nearly equal width ; followed by
a submarginal pale brown lunular line and a marginal narrow line. Hindiving crossed
by a bluish-white inner-discal band edged with blue scales, followed by a sub-
marginal pale brown lunular line and a marginal narrow line. Underside deep
reddish-ochreous, the extreme base of costal borders of both wings being yellowish-
ochreous ; subapical lunular spots, and discal band on both wings bluish-white, as ou
the upperside. Fore-wing also with a prominent irregular-edged entire cell-streak
and sagittate spot beyond, and also the marginal lunular lines violaceous-white ; the
apical and discal interspaces between the veins with black diffused patches ; a black
mai'k below base of the cell bordered with violaceous-white. Hindiving also with a
short curved subbasal streak, submarginal lunular line and narrow marginal line
violaceous-white ; two very obscure dusky bars within the cell and two similar bars
above the cell ; an outer discal row of distinct reddish-black diffused spots ; abdominal
margin blui.sh-grey.

Female. Upperside olivescent fnliginous-brown, with blackish intervening
discal interspaces between thd veins; markings sullied browuish-white with slightly
diffused edges, very similar in both colour and pattern to those of Nepti.-^ carficoides
and its allies. Foreioing with a sullied brownisli-white irregular-edged but entire
narrow cell-streak and an elongated triangular discocelkdar streak beyond ; a trans-
verse discal series of three subapical oiilwardly-obliqac narrow spots, the third

206 LKPIDOVTVAIA INDICA.

being lunate, the others disposed obliquely inward and are narrow, followed by a
submarginal row of diffused lunules, and a marginal slender lunular line. Hindwing
with a moderately narrow inner-discal sullied brownish-white band and a lunulated
submarginal band, followed by a marginal slender line. Underside ochreous-red,
with darker dusk}' reddish-black intervening patches as in the male; the markings
as on the upperside but all violaceous-white ; the hindwing also having a subbasal
violaceous-white sti'eak; abdominal margin bluish-grey. Bochj and palpi above
brownish-black; abdomen of female above with a narrow bluish-white band ; body
and palpi beneath, and legs, greyish-white; middle and hind legs above brownish-
white ; antenna3 black, tip beneath reddish.

Expanse, S 2^0 to 2^^,, ? 2/\j to 2i^o inches.

Bn/season hiood (Plate 268, fig. 1, J, e, (J ? ).

Lmago. — Male. Smaller than the n-et-season form. Upperside with the discal
white band comparatively broader and its edges more even, the subapical spots on
forewing more prominent and larger, the marginal pale lines similar. Underside
with the ground-colour duller ochreous-red, markings the same but less prominent.

Female. Upperside, ground-colour slightly paler, and the markings somewhat
broader than in wet-season female. Underside paler and duller red, the markings
less prominent than in the wet-season form.

Expanse, S 2^^ to 2^, ? 2^^ inches.

Habitat. — Kumaon ; Sikkim : Bhotan ; Assam; Khasias ; Manipur; Upper
Bui'ma; Tenasserim.

DiSTEiBCTiON. — Mr. W. Doherty records specimens taken in the " Gori and Kali
Valleys, East Kumaon, 2000 to oOOO feet elevation — the specimens varying consider-
ably in markings " (J. A. S. Beng. 1586, 125). " Males of Zerocn are not uncommon
at low elevations in Sikkim, but the female is much less often met with. It occurs
Eastward in the Assam Valley as far as Sibsagar, and was obtained by Dr. Anderson
during the Yunan Expedition" (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 177). Mr. H. J. Elwes
says it is " found in Sikkim at the same elevations and seasons as Sdvnopliora, but
not so common. The female is rare" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 355). Mr. de Niceville
records it as " occurring in Sikkim from the level of the Terai up to 4000 feet, from
March to December" (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 141). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has taken it at
Biixa in Bhotan. It occurs in Assam, Manipur, and the Khasia Hills. Signor L.
Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, and at Meleleo in August. Mr. Moti Ram took
males in Tavoy (J. A. S. Beng. 1S87, 423).

Mimicry. — The female resembles, both on the upper and \m^eY&\6.e,Neptis Qidlta
and its ally N. Nashona, of which it is probably a mimic.

Tndo-Malayan Specirp. — Pantoporia Neffe (Tap. Nefte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii.

A y.UI'JlALLX^. (.Kiruai, i.niKxiTiy A ) 207

pi. 256, fig. E F, ? (1782). Pantoporia Nefte, Hubn. Verz, p. 44 (181G). Lira.

iVefte, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. pi. 8 (4 B), fig. 6 (1830). Athyma Nefte, Moore, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 13, pi. 50, fig. 5, c? ? . 8yn. Lim. Jadera, Boisd. in D'Orbigny's,

Diet. H. N". Atlas, pi. 4, fig. 3, S (1849). Habitat. Jaiva.—Faiitojioria Beta (Athyma

■Reta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 12, pi. 50, fig. 3, <S . Syn. Athyma Gandara, Felder,

Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 429, ? (1807). Female (type), similar to same sex of Kresna,

bnt differs on upperside and underside in the discal band on both wings being

broader, the subraarginal macular band more defined, and in having the small pale

discal spot between the upper and middle medians, this latter spot being absent in

both sexes of Kresna. Habitat. Sumatra. — Pantoj)oria Jadava (Athyma Jadava,

Felder, Reise Novara Lep. iii. p. 429, ? (1867). Male, upperside and Underside very

similar to Selenophora, in Coll. H. Grose-Smith ; female (type) in Coll. W. Rothschild.

Habitat. Java. — Paufojioria Amliarina {Si/ii. Athyma Amhara, Butler, Tr. Linn.

Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 540. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 162, pi. 10, fig. 5, c?. de Nice-

ville, J. A. S. Beng. 1895, p. 419. Lim. Selenophora, var. Snellen, Nat, Hist. Mid.

Sumatra, Lep. p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 4, 5, c? (1892). Halntat. Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra.

— Fanfoporia Amliara (Athyma Amhara, Druce, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 344, pi. 32, fig. 2,6 .

Female, upper and underside with markings similar to Selenophora. Habitat.

Borneo. — Pantoporia Anna (Athyma Assa, de Niceville, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc.

1893, p. 42, pi. K, fig. 8, c?. Female with ochreous-red bands. Coll. Grose-Smith.

Habitat. N.B. Sumatra. — Pantoporia Glora (Athyma Glora, Kheil, Rhop. Nias Isl.

p. 25, pi. 3, fig. 18 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island. — Patitoporia Zoroastex (Athyma

Zoroastes, Butler, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 811, S ?. Habitat. Formosa. — Pantoporia

Godmani (Athyma Godmani, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. OS. Habitat.

Palawan. — Pantoporia Mmita (Athyma Mgena, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats, 1863,

p. 116, ? ). Habitat. Burias, Philippines. — Pantoporia Semperi (Athyma Mcena,

Semper, Reis. Phihp. Lep. p. 13J, pi. 27, fig. 4, 5, 6, S ? (1889). Habitat.

Mindanao. — Pantoporia Ambra (Athyma Ambra, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1892,

p. 452, <S). Habitat. N. Borneo. — Pantoporia Venafa (Athyma Venata, Staudinger,

D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 68). Habitat. 'Pulajwan.—Pantojjoria Karita (Athyma

Karita, Doherty, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 175, cJ. HaJiitat. Sumba Island. —

Pantoporia HoUandii (Athyma Hollandii, Doherty, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1891, p. 177).

Habitat. Sumbawa Island.

Indo-Malayan Ar,LiKD Genera. — Genus Zaisana. — Male. Foretving compavatively
narrower and more triangular than in Pantoporia ; costa less arched, exterior
margin more oblique, uneven, posterior margin shorter ; first subcostal branch
emitted at two-fifths before end of cell, second at one-sixth before the end ; middle
discocellular short, obliquely concave, lower absent ; cell open. Hindwiny short,
conically-triangular, less produced posteriorly than in Pantoporia, exterior margin

208 LEPIDOl'TERA IXDICA.

more obliquely convex, scalloped ; abdomiual margin shorter. BoJij moderately
stout; palpi less robust; eyes naked. Type. Z. Urvasi. — Zabana lJrva><l (Athyma
Urvasi, Felder, Wien. Eut. Monats. 1860, p. 400 ; /(/. Reise Novara, Lsp. iii. p. 429,
pi. 56, fig. 4, i (1866). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 164, pi. 16, fig. 12, S (1883).
Hahifaf. Malay Peninsula.

Genus PsEUDOHYPOLiuNAS. — Male. Forewing short, triangular; costa slightly
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly coucave in the middle,
uneven, posterior angle obtuse, posterior margin very slightly recurved ; first subcostal
branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the
end ; upper discocellular extremely short, middle discocellular deeply concave, lower
discocellular almost erect, slender ; middle median emitted at a short distance before
lower end of the cell. Hiiula-iiuj short, broadly ovate ; exterior margin very
convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded ; precostal vein extremely long, incurved ;
radial wide apart from base of subcostals. Bodi/ moderately slender ; palpi
rather short, stout, laxly hairy ; antennal club long and slender ; eyes naked.
TvPE. P. punctata. — FseudohyiwlinDias pttndnta (Athyma punctata, Leech. Entom.
1890, p. 33; id. Butt, of China, etc., p. 176, pi. 16, fig. 5, <?. A Mimic of the
Nymphalid butterfly, IIijpoUmna>^ Mmppus. Hahifaf. C. China.

Genus Sabania.— Male. Wings comparatively broader and shorter than in
typical rarifojxiria. Fi>reu-ln(j broader and more rounded at the apex; first subcostal
branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-sixth before the
end ; upper discocellular extremely short, middle outwardly-oblique, lower slender.
Hiiidniiiig broader and more convex posteriorly, exterior inai'giu less oblique and
less scallojied ; eyes naked; sexes alike. Type. S. spcciosa. — -Snlninia- S2)ecioi<a
(Athyma speciosa, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1S89, p. 70, pi. 1, fig. 1, ?). Habitaf.
Palawan.

Genus Balakga. — Afhyma (part). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 35 (1889). —
Imago.- — Male. Foreivivg triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior
margin oblique, concave in the middle, scalloped ; first subcostal branch emitted at
two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-seventh before the end ; middle
discocellular concave, long, outwardly-oblique ; lower discocellular slender, recurved ;
two upper medians emitted immediately before lower end of the cell. Eitidioing short,
triangular; exterior margin obliquely convex, scalloped ; cell open. Bodij moderate;
palpi rather slender, porrect, compactly clothed below, apex pointed; antennaj
slender ; eyes naked ; sexes alike. Caterpillar. — Heady spiny. Segments armed
with two dorsal rows of branched-spines, and a lateral row of similar spines.
Chkysalis. — Abdomen narrow; thorax broad, with a medio-dorsal and anterior
prominence, quadrate laterally, wing-cases dilated anteriorly and posteriorly ;
head-piece truncate, cleft in front and laterally divergent. (Described from Semper's

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LIMEXITINA.) 209

figure.) TvPE. B. Kasa. — Balanga Kasa (Athyma Kasa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858,
p. 19, pi. 61, fig. 6, ?. Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 135, pi. 26, fig. 1,2, S ?,
pi. A, fig. 10, larva and jmjxi (1889). Stju. L. Epithoe, Eoisd. MS. Ilahitat.
Luzon. — Balanga Parahasa (Athyma Parakasa, Semper, I.e. p. 136, pi. 26,
fig. 5, 6, c? ? (1889). Habitat. Camotes, Phil. Isles. — Balanga Separata (Athyma
Separata, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 69). Ilahitat. Palawan. — Balanga Gordia
(Athyma Gordia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 118. Semper, I.e. p. 137,
pi. 26, fig. 7, 8, c? ; id. pi. 27, fig. 1, (?. Ilahitat. Mindanao. — Balanga Par ag or dia
(Athyma Paragordia, Semper, I.e. p. 137 (1889). Ilahitat. Bohol, Phil. Isles. — ■
Balanga Epimethis (Athyma Epimethis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 117.
Semper, I.e. p. 136, pi. 26, fig. 3, 4, c? (1889), Ilahitat. Mmdoro.— Balanga Tarpa
(Athyma Tarpa, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 66). Eahitat. Palawan.

Genus Zabiboanga. — Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly scalloped ; first subcostal branch emitted
at fully one-half before end of cell, second at one-sixth before the end ; middle discocel-
lular outwardly oblique and concave, lower discocellular slender, convex; middle median
emitted at a short distance before lower end of celh Hindwing short, triangular;
exterior margin obliquely convex, scalloped. Body moderate ; palpi slender ; antennae
slender ; eyes hairy ; sexes alike. Type. Z. Gutama. — Zamhoanga Gutama (Athyma
Gutama, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 20, pi. 51, fig. 7, ?. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep.
p. 138, pi. 26, fig. 9, 10, c? ? (1889). Eahitat. Manilla. — Zamhoanga Gosmia
(Athyma Cosmia, Semper, Verb. N. U. K. 1878, p. 110; Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 138,
pi. 26, fig. 11, 12, (? ? (1889), Eahitat. Mindanao, — Zamhoanga Brunijni
(Limenitis Brunijni, Oberthiir, Trans, Ent, See, 1879, p. 231, pi. 8, fig, 3, S .
Eahitat. Sanghir Island.

Genus KIRONGA.

Athyma (sect. 2, part), de Xici-ville, Butt, of ludia, etc., ii. p. 170 (ISSG).

Imago, — Male. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched towards the end,
apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, concave in the middle, scalloped, posterior
margin somewhat recurved ; cell fully one-half length of the wing, closed ; first
subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths before end of the cell, second at one-sixth
before the end ; middle discocellular concave, lower slender, recurved ; middle
median emitted at a very short distance before lower end of the cell ; minute
Androconia or scent-scales, similar to those in Pantoporia, are found sparingly in
the same position. Eindwing short, triangular, costa broadly-lobed at base, thence
straight to the end, exterior margin oblique, convex in the middle, scalloped, anal
angle somewhat prolonged ; precostal vein stout, incurved ; cell area broad, open,
vol.. III. July 30th, 1898. k e

210 LEPIDOPTERA INBICA.

Budij stout ; thorax robust ; palpi stout, compactly clothed, second joint hairy above,
third joint pointed ; antenute rather slender, with a lengthened club ; eyes hairy ;
sexes similar.

Type. — K. Ranga.

Caterpillar, — (Hee p. 211.)

Chrysalis. — (See p. 211.)

KIRONGA RANGA.

Wet->ieason brood (Plate 269, fig. 1, la, b, c, d, e, f, g, c? ? ).
Atliyma Mahesa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Company, i. p. 176, pi. 5, a, fig. 7, S (1857) ; id. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 16. Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 304. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc.,
ii. p. 171 (1886). Davidson and Aitljen, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, p. 251, pi. 2, fig. 4, 4a,
larva and pupa.

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark purpurescent fuliginous-black ; freshly caught
specimens with the basal two-thirds glossed with green and blue in certain lights.
Forewing with two more or less indistinctly-defined sullied-white spots in the cell and
having still less-defined intervening pale patches ; a similar discocellular patch at
end of the cell ; below base of the cell are two indistinct greenish-speckled spots ; a
transverse discal interrupted series of seven purpurescent-white spots, the upper
three being subapical, outwardly oblique, and narrow, the third very small, the next
two are situated on the middle of the disc between the medians and disposed
obliquely-outward, the upper one being small, the fifth much larger and irregularly
oval, the sixth and seventh narrow and disposed obliquely-inward ; beyond is a
submarginal and a marginal row of more or less defined pale brown or sullied-white
lunules. Hiiiilwiiig crossed by a vein-divided inner discal purpurescent-white band,
followed by a submarginal row of conical spots, which are either more or less
defined, pale brown or of a sullied-white, and then by a similar coloured marginal
lunular line. Underside ferruginous-brown or dusky olivescent-brown with blackish
intervening patches between the markings. Both wings with white markings, as
above, but more distinctly defined and olivescent- white. Forexoing with the cell and
basal marks also distinctly defined and white. Hiadwing also with prominent
olivescent-white basal marks.

Female. Uppersidewiththeground-colour paler than in male and of an olivescent-
brown tint ; markings the same but somewhat larger and duller white. Underside
as in male. Thorax and palpi above dark iridescent greenish-brown ; head and
collar white-spotted ; abdomen above black with white lateral spots ; body and
palpi beneath and legs greyish-white ; antennae black.

Expanse, S 2^^ to 3, ? 3 to 3^o inches.

NYMPHALINyE. (Qroup limenitina.) 211

Bi-y-season brood (Plate 270, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, (5* ? ).
Athyma Ranrja, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 175, pi. oa, fig. 6, ^ (1857); P. Z. S.
1858, p. 15. de Nicc'ville, Butt, of India, ii. p. 172 (1886).

IsiAGO. — Male. Upperside similar to the wet-season form. Differs only in both
wings having the white discal band broader, the submarginal and marginal lunules
distinct and sullied white ; the submarginal row of conical spots ou the hindwing
being also broader. Underside dusky ferruginous-brown or olivesceat-brown ;
markings as in tvet-season form, but all broader, as on the upperside.

Expanse, c? 2^^^ to 2^q, S 2i^o inches.

Caterpillar. — Head spined. Segments with a subdorsal row of branched-
spines, of which the anterior are longest, and a lateral row of shorter similar branched -
spines. Head and segmental spines brownish ochreous ; segments green, with a
pale ochreous-white band round the ninth segment. (Described from Davidson's
figure, I.e.)

Chrysalis. — " Suspended perpendicularly. Abdominal segments slender, thorax
larger and expanded laterally ; two long sharp horns issuing from sides of the head
in front, which are at first parallel and then diverge and point laterally ; a prominent
medio-dorsal and a thoracic process curved towards each other ; and many smaller
points, or tubercles. Colour mostly brilliant silver, the segments and parts being
outlined with brov/n" (Davidson, I.e. 1890, 350),

Habitat. — Nepal; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam; Daflfla Hills; Khasias; Burma;
Tenasserim ; South India.

DiSTRicuTiON. — K. Mahesa " is a common species in Sikkim at low elevations,
and occurs Eastwards as far as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, and again in South India.
There is a single specimen of the dry-season form (Ranga) in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, from the DaflBa Hills. All the specimens of Banga, of which the date of
capture is known, have been taken in the winter months, November, December and
March" (de Niceville, Butt. lud. ii. 172). Mr. H. J. Elwes states that " Mr. Moller
found both forms at various seasons in Sikkim from March to December, in the warm
valleys up to about 3000 feet elevation, Mahesa as the commoner form " (Tr. Ent.
Soc. 1888, 353). We possess examples of the ivet-season form from Nepal, taken by
the late General C Ramsay. Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens
of the dry -season form {Banga) from the Khasia Hills. Capt. E. Y. Watson
obtained a single specimen at " Tilin in March, during the Chin-Lushai Expedition
of 1889-90 " (J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1891, 40). Colonel C. H. E. Adamson took " two
specimens of Mahesa in December at Hpapoon on the Yunzalee River, and a single
Eanga near Mogoung in February " (List of Burmese Butt. 23). Colonel C. T.
Bingham captured a male of the dry-season form in the Yunzaleen Valley in November,

E e 2

212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

ami males in tlie Hills North of Papun also in November. A male, from Siara, is in
Mr. W. Rothschild's collection. Mr. Moti Ram took " two males and one female in
Tavoj, Tenasserim" (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 423). Mr. W. Doherty took "a single
male of lialiem in the Karen Hills in March " (P. Z. S. 1891, 277). In South Indian
specimens, the loet-seasnn form, in both sexes, have the submarginal and marginal
lunnles of the upperside, in both wings, broader and of a dark grey colour ; and on
the underside all the markings are broader and dark greenish-grey ; the dry-seasun
female also has all the markings on the upper side broader than in that of the
N.E. Indian specimens, and on the underside all the markings are also broader, the.
discal and submarginal band on the hindwing being coalesced posteriorly.
Mr. G. F. Hampson records it as " rare on the Nilgiris, from 3000 to 4000 feet "
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1888, 354). Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, in their
Notes on the butterflies of the North Kanara District, Bombay, say " this is perhaps
the commonest of the Athymas with us. Larvje are found from August, feeding
on Olea dioica and Lonicera malaharica, and the butterfly becomes common in
September, and continues through the dry-season " (J. Bombay N. H. S, 1896, 254).
" A female was noticed on the 19th September laying eggs on Olca dioica. Only one
egg was secured, but by the most affectionate care this was successfully reared. In
form the larva was exactly similar to that of L. Procris ; in colour it was green, with a
whitish band round the ninth segment" {id. 1890, 350). "Very rare in Travancore,
only one taken at 2000 feet elevation " (H. S. Ferguson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1891,
p. 9). " Three males taken at Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January" (Capt. E. Y.
Watson, id. 1890, p. 5).

Habits and Food-Plant of Larva. — Feeds on Olea dioica and Lonicera
malaharica. Habits very like those of Limenilis Procria, but not quite the same. It
selected one of the side-nerves of a leaf and ate away the soft part on each side till
the bare nerve stood out ; then having barricaded the approach to this with frag-
ments of leaf which it had contrived to cut off in feeding, mixed with excrement and
silk, it rested motionless on the very point of the rib, unapproachable by ants or
spiders. After the last moult it gave up these habits, and rested on the upperside
of a leaf, where it was conspicuous enough. We infer that the worst enemies of
this species are not birds, or parasites, but small spiders and predacious insects "
(J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 350).

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 269, fig. 1, la, d, e, f, g, are Sikkim
males and females, and fig. 1, b, c, a 8. Indian female of the wet-season form, and on
Plate 270, fig. 1, the larva and pupa, reproduced from Mr. Davidson's drawing
[I.e.), and fig. 1, a, a Khasia male, and fig. 1, b, a Sikkim female of the dri/-season
form.

NTMPHALINM. (Group LlilENITlXA.) 213

KIRONGA ABIASA (Plate 270, fig. 2, 2a, c? ? ).

Alhyma Abiasa, Aloore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 16, pi. 50, fig. 7, cj. Je Niceville, Butt, of India, etc.,

ii. p 174 (1S8G).
Athyma Clerica, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 540, pi. 69, fig. 5, ? . Moore, Journ. Linn.

Soc. Z. 1886, p. 37.
Athyma Abiasa, var. Clet-ica, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. IGl, pi. IG, fig 8, ? (1883).
Athyma Adunora, Kheil, Rhop. Mas, p. 25, pi. 3, fig. 7, S (1884).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark olivescent- black ; markings bluish-white ; cilia
slenderly alternated with white. Foreivinr/ with an ill-defiaed slender short bluish-
white streak from lower base of the celi, followed by a less-defined blae-speckled
transverse broken bar and then by a large obtusely-triangular prominent white spot
before end of the cell, beyond which is a transverse discocellular blue-speckled bar ;
below the cell are some very obscure blue-speckled pale patches; a transverse discal
interrupted series of white spots, the upper three obliquely subapical ovate spots,
with a slight slender costal streak above the upper, the lower being smallest ; two
discal oval spots disposed obliquely outward, the upper one small, the next very
large ; below these are two small inwardly-oblique spots on middle of the posterior
margin ; beyond is a submarginal row of slender bluish-white lunules and an
obscure pale brown marginal line. Hindwlnrj crossed by a moderately broad bluish-
white inner discal band, and an outer discal recurved row of broadly-lunate spots,
followed by an obscure pale brown marginal line. Underside dusky olivesceut-
brown with blackish intervening patches between the veins ; markings as above,
deeper bluish-white ; the cell-streaks, basal marks, marginal lines, and a subbasal
band on hindwing also bluish-white ; abdominal margin dark bluish-grey.

Female. Upperside as in the male, but with the markings somewhat narrower.
Underside duller brown ; markings as in the male. Body and palpi above olive-
black, abdomen with a bluish-white band ; body and palpi beneath and legs olives-
cent-white.

Expanse, c? 2 to 2i^(,, ? 2^q inches.

Habitat. — Mergui ; Malay Peninsula ; Nias ; Sumatra ; Java ; Sarawak.

Distribution. — Dr. J. Anderson took " a single male in the Mergui Archipelago
during the cold weather" (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 37). Capt. S. Pinwill obtained
a female (described as a male, under the name of Clerica, by Mr. Butler) in ]\Ialacca-
A male from Perak is in Col. Swinhoe's collection. Hcrr X. M. Kheil has described
a male {Adunora) from Nias Island. A male from Sumatra is in the collection of Mr.
H. Grose-Smith. The type male was taken in Java by Dr. Horsficld. Specimens of
both sexes from Sarawak, Borneo, are in our own and the British Museum
Collection.

214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Chinese and Malayan Species. — Kironga Serica (Athyma Serica, Leecb, Butt, of
China, etc., p. 1G8, pi. 17, fig. 10, S (1892). Habitat. Moupin, W. China.— IviroHf/a
Avijata (Athyma Aryata, Felder, Wien. But. Monats. 1863, p. 116. Semper, Reisen
Philip. Lep. p. L38, pi. 27, fig. 2, 3, 3 (1889). 8yn. A. Aranda, Boisd. MS. (Coll.
Mils. Oxford). Ilnhitat. Luzon.

E. European, Chinese and Indo-Malayan Genera. — Genus Paraneptis. —
Limenitis (part), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 17 (1816) ; Boisduval, Ind.
Meth. 1829, p. 14. Area (part), HUbner. Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Neptis
(part), Auctorum. Ncjnis (sect. 4), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861).

Imago. — Male. Wings short. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very slightly
arched at the Ijase, apex obtuse; exterior margin almost erect, very slightly convex
and slightly scalloped ; posterior margin long, recurved ; first subcostal branch short,
emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second at end of the cell and also short,
third at two-fifths beyond the cell and terminating at the apex ; upper discocellular
short, second also short, bent inward and with a short projecting point at its lower
end extending inward beyond the emission of the lower radial ; cell area short,
open; middle median veinlet straight, lower median recurved. Tlindwing trans-
versely narrow, outwardly rather elongated, ovate; anterior margin long, convexly-
oblique to the apex ; exterior margin very oblique, slightly convex and slightly but
acutely scalloped, anal angle i-ounded ; base of costal border above with a glossy satiny-
grey, and a small uuglossed brownish-grey patch of scales between bases of costal
vein and lower subcostal; precostal vein bent outward at half its length; costal
vein terminating at some distance before the apex; subcostal branch and radial at
equal distances from the costal vein, radial concave at the base; cell open; lower
and middle medians widely apart, the lower being emitted opposite the base of radial.
Body slender ; palpi very densely hairy ; antennae slender ; eyes naked. Caterpillar.
— Head cleft at vertex ; third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments with two subdorsal
thick spur-shaped spines. Ti/j^e. P. Lucilla. — Paraneptis Lucilla (Pap. Lucilla,
Denis et Schieff. Wien. Verz. p. 173 (1776). Neptis Lucilla, Godt. Tabl. Meth.
p. 46 (1823). Pap. Camilla, Esper. Schmett. i. 2, pi. 59, fig. 1. Berge, Schmett.
pi. 47, fig. 5. Neptis innominata, Lewis, Zool. 1872, p. 3074. Habitat. E. Europe.
— Paraneptis Ludmilla,B.evr. Schiiff. Sch. Eur. i. 546 (1851-66). Habitat. Siberia;
Japan. — Paraneptis Pryeri (Neptis Pryeri, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 403.
Syn. L. Arboretorum, Oberthilr, Etud. Ent. 1876, pi. 3, fig. 3. Habitat. C. and N.
China ; Japan.

Genus Kalkasia. — Male. Forewing elongated, triangular ; costa comparatively
straight, apex convex, exterior margin very oblique and scalloped, posterior margin
short, recurved ; cell area long, open ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-
third before end of the cell, second at one-eighth before the end; upper discocellular

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LIMENITINA.) 215

outwardly-oblique, second outwardly concave, both extremely sbort, Hindwing
short, obtusely ovate ; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle convex, scalloped ;
costal border above glossy livid-grey, and with a broad unglossed brownish-grey j^atch
of scales extending medially from the costal vein to below the second subcostal ; pre-
costal vein bifid, emitted above the junction of the subcostal ; second subcostal
emitted near base of first ; radial at twice the distance beyond base of second
subcostal ; costal vein extending to the apex. Body slender ; palpi densely clothed
•with fine long hairs; antennas short, slender ; eyes naked. Type. K. Alwina. —
Kalkasia Alwina (Limenitis Alwina, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China, p. 7
(1853). Menetries, Catal, Mus. Petrop. pi. 9, fig. 1 (1857). Leech, Butt. China,
etc., p. 201. Syn. L. Kgempferi, de L'Orza, Lep. Japon. p. 40 (1869). Habitat.
Nikko, Japan. — Kalkasia excellens (Neptis excellens, Butler, Cistula Bntom. ii.
p. 282 (1878). Habitat. Yokohama, Japan. — Kalkasia Dejea^iii (Neptis Dejeanii,
Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. 1894, p. 15, pi. 7, fig. 61. Habitat. W. China. — Kalkasia
J'hilyra (Neptis Philyra, Menetries, Bull. Acad. Petr. 1859, p. 214; Schrenck's Reise
Amurland, ii. p. 25, pi. 2, fig. 8 (1859). Habitat. Amur Land. — Kalkasia Philyroides
(Neptis Philyroides, Staudinger, Rom. Mem. iii. p. 146 (1887) ; Fixsen, id. p. 294,
pi. 14, fig. 1, la, 5. Habitat. Amur Land. — Kalkasia SjJeyeri (Neptis Speyei'i,
Staudinger, Rom. Mem. iii. p. 145, pi. 7, fig. 3 (1887) ?. Habitat. Amur Land.

Genus Hamadryodes (Neptis, sect. 2, pt., Felder, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861). —
Male. Forewing elongate ; costa very much arched, apex and exterior margin very
convex, exterior margin slightly oblique and even, posterior angle very obtuse,
posterior mai'gin deeply recurved ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before
end of the cell ; the cell area broad, open ; submedian vein much recurved. Hind-
wing ovate, rather narrow ; anterior margin slightly convex, apex and exterior
margin very convex, exterior margin waved ; precostal vein with a lengthened
slender bifid tip ; costal vein terminating before the apex ; radial nearer to base of
second subcostal than the latter is to the costal. Body slender ; head, thorax, and
abdomen almost naked ; palpi porrect, slender, laxly clothed with short very fine
hairs ; antennse with a short truncated club ; eyes naked. Note. — The species of
this genus are mimics of the Euploeine butterflies of the genus Hamadryas of
Boisduval. Type. H. Lactaria. — Hamadryodes arnpliata (Neptis ampliata, Butler,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 42. Habitat. New Britain. — Httmadryodes
Praslini (Limenitis Praslini, Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe Lep. p. 131 (1832). de Nicevillc,
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 534, fig. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pi. 50.
Habitat. New Ireland. — Hamadryodes Lactaria (Neptis Lactaria, Butler, Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1866, p. 98. de Niceville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1897, p. 535, fig.
Habitat. Aru. — Hamadryodes Papua (Neptis Papua, Oberthiir, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Geneva, 1878, p. 118. Habitat. Dorei, N. Guinea. — Hamadryodes Dorcas (Neptis

216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Dorcas, Grose-Smitli, Novitates Zool. i. p. 354 (1894); Rhop. Exot. 1895, p. 4.
Nejd. pi. 1, fig. 7, 8. de Niceville, I.e. p. 539. Habitat. Humboldt Bay, New
Guinea, — Hainadryodes Nausicaa (Neptis Nausicaa, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1897, p. 537, fig. Holitat. New Guinea.— Hamadr7jodes Nemeus (Neptis
Nemeus, de Niceville, I.e. p. 638. fig. Habitat. New Britain.

Genus Acca. — Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Scudder, Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts and Sci. 1875, p. 10. — Neptis (part), Auctorum. — Nej^tis (sect. 5),
Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (18G1). Imago. — Male. Forewing elongate, triangular;
costa arched at the base, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, convex below the
apex and almost even, posterior margin deeply concave in the middle ; first sub-
costal emitted at about one-fifth before end of the cell, second at some distance
beyond the end, both short; upper discocellular rather long, outwardly oblique,
second discocellular shorter than the upper ; cell area rather broad, open ; two
upper medians emitted at a little beyond the opposite discocellulars ; lower median
opposite nearly half the upper end of the cell ; submedian vein deeply recurved.
Hind'wing triangularly ovate; anterior margin arched, exterior margin obliquely
convex, slightly uneven ; costal border basally glossy grey, with an unglossed brownish-
grey patch extending medially from the costal vein to below base of subcostals, and
with an elongated fusiform glandular patch of raised scales extending along the
anteriorly dilated middle of the costal vein ; precostal vein bifid at half its length,
inner point short; subcostal branch and radial at equal distance from the costal vein;
costal vein short, laterally dilated in the middle, ending at some distance before the
apex. Bodi/ slender ; head, thorax, and base of abdomen hairy ; palpi very slender,
finely hairy to the tip ; antennte slender, with an elongated slender pointed club ;
eyes naked. Type. A. Venilia. — Acca Venilia (Pap. Veuilia, Linn. Syst. Nat. x.
edit. p. 478 (1758). Clerck, Icones, pi. 32, fig. 4 (1764). Fabr. But. Syst. iii. i.
p. 134. Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 219, fig. B.C. Acca Venilia, Hiibn. Verz. p. 44
(1816), Scudder, I.e. p. 100 (1875). Habitat. Ceram ; (?) Java. — Acca Evanescens
(Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 147, pi. 51 (1886). Habitat. Batchian. —Jcca
'inortifacies (Neptis mortifacies, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 5. Habitat. Cape
York, Australia. — Acca cyanifera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 481. Habitat.
New Guinea. — Jcca anceps (Neptis anceps, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool.i. p. 353 (1894)'
Rhop. Exot. 1895, p. 3, Ne];)t. pi. 1, fig. 5, 6. Habitat. New Guinea. — Acca satina
(Neptis satina, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool. i. p. 352 (1894). de Niceville, J. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1897, p. 539. Habitat. New Guinea. — Acca Brebissoni (Lim. Brebissoni,
Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 132 (1832). Neptis Brebissoni, de Niceville, I.e. p. 540,
fig. Habitat. New Guinea ; Waigiou.

Genus Ph^dyma. — Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861). S'^mper, Reis. Philip. Lep.
p. 143 (1889). Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. p. 44. — Male. Foreiving elongated, sub-

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NTMPHALIN^. (Groap ZIUEXITIX.i.) 217

triangular ; costa very slightl_y arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly con-
cave in the middle and very slightly scalloped, posterior margin recurved ; first and
second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell ; both discocellulars very
short ; cell open ; posterior border of the underside from below the median vein
glossy pale brownish-grey, and enclosing a broad elongated glossy dark bluish-grey
patch of scales between the median and submedian, this patch being densely clothed,
in transverse slightly ridged waves, with long very slender more or less curved
sabre-shaped opaque scales, the outer curved edge of these scales being slightly but
perceptibly notched. Eivdwinfj broad, circular, anterior and exterior margin regularly
rounded, the latter broadly scalloped, anal angle rounded; precostal vein bent inward
near the end ; costal vein terminating at the apex; costal and subcostals regularly
arched, the subcostals emitted close to costal ; costal border glossy brownish-grey, the
area below the costal vein to the radial being brilliantly glossed with violet-grey scales.
Body moderate ; palpi stout, densely clothed with fine hairs to the tip ; antennae rather
long, slender, club elongated ; eyes naked. Type. P. Amphion (IJeliodora, Cram.). —
Fhseilyma Amphion (Papilio Amphion, Linn. S. N. x. ed. p. 486 (1768); Seba,
Thesaurus iv. pi. 16, fig. 3, 4; Neptis Amphion, Aurivillins, Kongl. Vet. Akad.
Haudl. 1882, p. 103. Syn. Pap. Heliodora, Cram., Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 212, fig. E. F.
Herbst. Nat. Sch. ix. pi. 241, fig. 1. Pap. pellucida, Goeze, Ent. Beyt. 1779, p. 120.
Phsedyma Heliodora, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861). Habitat. Amboyna. —
Phsedyma Sheplierdi (Nep. Shepherdi, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 8, pi. 50, fig. 1.
Habitat. New South Wales, Australia. — I'hiedyma Astrea (Athyma Astrea, Butler,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1866, p. 99. Habitat. Aru. — Phsedyma latifasciata (Neptis lati-
fasciata, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 4). Seba, Thesaurus iv. pi. 16, fig. 8, 9.
Habitat. Cape York, Australia. — Phsedyma melaleuca (Lim. melaleuca, Boisd. Voy.
Astrol. Lep. p. 131 (1832). Habitat. Moluccas. — Phsedyma Cerne (Athyma Cerne,
Butler, Ann. N. H. 1866, p. 99. Habitat. Moluccas. — Phsedyma Pisias (Neptis
Pisias, Godman and Salvin, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 98. Habitat. Soloman Islands.
— Phadyma Jissigonata (Neptis fissigonata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 43.
Grosc-Sraitli and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 1895, Ne2)t. p. 2, pi. 1, fig. 3, 4. Habitat.
Soloraau Islands. — Phsedyma Heliopolis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 427 (1867).
Habitat. Gilolo ; Timor. — Phsedyma Gaiiina (Neptis Ganina, Grose-Smith, Novitates
Zool. i. p. 353, pi. xii. fig. 4 (1894). Habitat. New Guinea. — Phsedyma Nectens
(Neptis (PhjBdyma) Nectens, de Niceville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 548, pi. i.
fig. 3, ? . Habitat. Ke Islands.

VOL. III. F f

218 LEPJDOFTERA INDICA.

Genus ANDRAPANA.

Nepiii^ (part), Auctorum.

Neptis (sect. 1, part), FelJer, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861).

Acca (part), Hiibner, Veiz. Sohmett. p. 44 (1816).

Imago. — Male. Foreiving elongated, subtriangular ; costa very slightly arched,
apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, scalloped, posterior margin recurved ; first
subcostal branch emitted about one-fourth before end of the cell, second near the
end ; discocellulars very short ; cell open ; posterior border of the underside pale
glossy grey, enclosing a broad elongated greyish-brown patch of scales above the
submedian vein, these scales being similar to those in rhfeihjma Heliodora. Hiiid-
n-ing broad, conically-ovate ; anterior margin very convex to the end, apex rounded,
exterior margin obliquely convex, scalloped, anal angle rounded; with a slender
glossy greyish-white basal costal band, and a broad slightly glossed violet-grey
patch extending from above the costal vein to below the subcostals ; precostal vein
short, bent inward iiear its end ; costal vein long, much curved, and extending to
the apex ; subcostal branch emitted from below first branch almost at the emission
of the latter from the costal; cell area short, broad, open. Boch/ rather stout; palpi
rather short, and stouter than in typical Neptis, pilose ; antenna} slender ; eyes
naked.

Caterpillar. — (Jumba) Somewhat fusiform, anterior and anal segments
narrowed, the middle segments thickened laterally ; armed with two dorsal
long anteriorly-divergent fleshy spiny processes on the fourth segment, and
two shorter posteriorly-divergent similar processes on the twelfth segment, two
very short dorsal spiny tubercles on the third and sixth segment. Head cleft and
pointed at the vertex.

Chrysalis. — Suspended vertically. Abdomen slender, thorax much stouter
and broader, with sharp angular dorsal ridge ; wing cases expanded laterally ; head-
piece with two sharp points.

TiPE. — A. Columella.

ANDRAPANA COLUMELLA.

Pajjilio Cvlumella, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 296, fig. A, B, ? (1782).

Neptis Columella, Doublcday and We.stwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 272 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.

E. L Company, i. p. 166 (1857) ; id. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 7, pi. 49, tig. 5, ^ ? . Butler, Tr. Linn.

Soc. Zool. i. p. 542 (1877).
Acra Columena, Hiibner, Verz. Sohmett. p. 44 (1816).
]^\itis Ophiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 561, $. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 153, pi. 17,

tig. 12 (1883). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 105 (1886).

NYMPHALIN^. iQToxxp limemtixa.) 219

Nepiis Martohana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 310, ^ {wet-season) .
Neptis Nihjirica, Moore, Juurn. As. Soe. Bengal (1888), p. 353.

Wet-season brood (Plate 271, fig. 1, la, b, c? ? ).

Imago. — Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; markings bluish-white.
Cilia alternated with white. Foreiving with a narrow discoidal bluish-white streak,
increasing in width to a broad truncate end, near which it is anteriorly more or less
indented ; bej'ond is a widely separated large broad triangular discocellular spot,
a transverse curved series of six spots disposed in pairs, the two upper oval and
placed obliquely before the apex, the next pair on middle of the disc between the
median veinlets, its upper one somewhat elongated and oval, the lower larger and
generally of a broader triangularly-oval shape, and disposed obliquely downward
and outward ; the third pair disposed obliquely inward, its upper one being
extremely small and slender, and even sometimes entirely absent, the lower one
elongated and extending inward to a point along middle of the posterior margin ;
beyond is a very obscure pale brownish slender sinuous inner submarginal line, then
a submarginal broken row of very small decreasing lunate white spots, followed by
a marginal obscure slender pale brownish lunular line. H'mdwing crossed by a
broad inner discal bluish-white band ending anteriorly in a very small spot above
the lower subcostal veinlet, this upper spot being sometimes absent, and a less
prominent submarginal narrower macular band, between which is a very obscure
medial discal slender pale brownish lunular line, and beyond a marginal similar line ;
the costal border to below the subcostals glossed with silvery pinkish-grey.
Underside dark brownish-ferruginous, in some almost purplish-chestnut-brown ;
markings as above, but all more prominent, somewhat broader, and all, including
the marginal lines, tinted purplish-white. Forewing also with the posterior border
from the lower median veinlet glossed with silvery purplish -grey. Simlwing
also with a narrow purplish-white basal costal band and a broad subbasal radiating
fascia.

Female. Upperside. Grround-colour duller black, markings the same as in
male, except that the cell-streak is somewhat narrower and less indented, the spot
beyond more elongatedly-triangular. Underside as in the male.

Body and palpi above fuliginous-black ; thorax and palpi beneath, forelegs,
middle and hind femora greyish-white ; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi, and abdomen
beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; antennae black above, tip reddish.

Expanse, S 2^% to 2i%, ? 3 inches.

Dry-ieason brood (Plate 271, fig. Ic, d, e, (^ $ ).

Male and female. Generally smaller than the wet-season brood. Upperside
with markings the same, but those on the forewing comparatively larger and nearer

F f 2

220 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

together. Underside. Ground-colour paler and of a uniformly brighter red ; mark-
ings the same but somewhat broader and less prominent.

Expanse, c? 2^^ to 2^^^, ? 2i^o to 3 inches.

Habitat. — Southern and Eastern Indian ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Siam ;
S. China; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.

Distribution. — We possess specimens of both seasonal forms from Sikkim, the
Khasia Hills ; Maungbhoom, Bengal ; the Nilgiris, a dry-season male from Kallaur,
Travancore, 1000 feet, taken in February (the S. Indian representatives — named
nilgirica, having the white discal spots on forewing somewhat larger than in
N. Eastern and Burmese examples, the upper spot of the lowest pair being also
proportionately large, and on the hindwing the white discal baud is also broader) ;
a wet-season male from Burma, and a dry-season male taken in February, by
Col. C. H. B. Adamson. Mr. L. de Niceville records specimens in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, from Sikkim; Calcutta; Cachar; North Khasia Hills; Orissa;
Rhutnagherry, Bangalore and Ootacamund, S. India ; Mepley valley and Thoung-
yeen forests, Upper Tenuasserim (Butt. Ind. ii. 105). " In Sikkim, it is common
at low elevations from March to December" i^ul. Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, 138). Mr.
E. H. Aitken records "a few specimens taken at Mahableshwar, Bombay, in March"
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1886, 1333). Capt. E. Y. Watson took " a male at Kadur,
Mysore, in November" (iJ. 1890, 4). A female from Ranche, and a male from
Bhotan are in Mr. H. Grose-Smith's collection, and a dry-season male from Siam in
Mr. P. Crowley's. Col. Adamson has the wet-season form from Kindat, Burma,
taken in July, and the dry-season from Yemna Choung in February and November ;
Col. Adamson also obtained the dry-season form commonly in Upper Burma in the
hilly country, especially in February and March, and the wet-season form at Bharao
and on the Upper Salween River " (MS. Note). Capt. Watson records it from Tilin in
October and November, and at Tilin from December to May, taken during the
Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90" (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 39). He also
records " two specimens taken at Kelawa on the Chindwin River, Burma, in March "
{id. 1897, 654). Dr. N. Manders found it " not uncommon in the Shan States,
E. Burma" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 522). Cramer's type. Columella, is recorded, by
him, from China. Both sexes, which I have verified, were taken in Hong Kong by
Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., where it occurs sparingly in March, April, and May"
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 454). Mr. de Niceville records it as " very rare in Sumatra "
(J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 410).

ANDRAPANA JUMBAH.

Keptis Jumbah, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 1(37, pi. 4, a, fig. 5, ? (1857).
de Kiceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 106 (1886).

NYMPHALINM (Gvonp limenitina.) 221

Nejtis Jumla, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1858, p. 7 ; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 55, pi. 28, fig. 2, 2a, ^ 2b,
larva. auJ pupa (1881).

Wet-season hroud (Plate 272, fig, 1, la, larva and/)M^« ; 1, b, c, d, 5 ? ).

Imago. — Male. Upperside fuliginous-black, with blacker intervening spaces
between the veins ; markings either white, bluish- white, or sullied white. Foreioing
with a slender longitudinal cell-streak, which is slightly indented near its upper end ;
a contiguous broad triangular spot beyond it, a discal transverse curved series
of small oval spots, of which the upper two are disposed obliquely subapical, and
sometimes with an additional very slender costal streak above, the next two discal,
the lower one being larger, and. disposed obliquely outward, the lower pair smaller ;
an inner submarginal obscure pale sinuous line, a middle row of very small more
or less defined whitish lunules, and an outer marginal obscure slender pale line.
Hindivwg crossed by an inner discal broader macular band, a submarginal row of
more or less obscure very narrow pale lunules, and a marginal slender line ;
an obscure medial discal line also present ; the costal border being broadly glossy
silvery-grey. Underside dark ferruginous or brownish-ferruginous ; markings as
above, somewhat broader, and prominent, the cell-streak and discal band white,
the three outer marginal lines lilacine-white. Fore^uhig also with a dusky or black
linear streak between the upper veins, the posterior border being glossy silvery-
grey. Hindiving also with a short narrow basal costal lilacine-white fascia,
containing a small ferruginous spot within the cell ; between the white discal band
and the submarginal lunules is a lower row of dusky-ferruginous or blackish spots.

Female. Upperside as in the male ; markings the same, but somewhat
larger, the marginal lines on forewing more distinct, and the submarginal row of
narrow lunules more or less obscure white. Underside as in the male ; markings
very prominent, and slightly broader.

Body and palpi above fuliginous-black ; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs,
middle and hind femora greyish ; abdomen beneath and middle and hind tibiee and
tarsi pale ochreous ; antennce black, tip ochreous.

Expanse, S 2^q to 2i^o. ? ^h to 3 inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 272, fig. 1, e, f, (^ ? ).

Male and female. Upperside as in icet-season brood ; the white markings
somewhat broader, the marginal lines in female more defined and whiter. Underside
paler ferruginous than in wet-season brood, markings broader, and less prominent.

Expanse, <S 2^^,, ? 2^-0 inches.

Caterpillae, — Somewhat fusiform ; anterior and anal segments narrowed, the
middle segments being thickened laterally ; armed with two dorsal long anteriorly-
divergent fleshy spiny-processes on the fourth segment, and two shorter posteriorly-

222 LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

divergent similar processes on the twelfth segment, also two very short dorsal
spiny-tubercles on tlie third and sixth segment. Head cleft and pointed at the
vertex. Colour brownish-purple, anal segments dark purple-brown, spotted with
green, and bordering an oblique line extending laterally from anal spine to base of
spine on fourth segment ; two short oblique subdorsal anteriorly-oblique lateral
streaks along middle segments. (Described from Dr. Thwaites drawing in Lep. of
Ceylon, which was probably taken from a larva just previous to pupation.) In Mr.
E. H. Aitken's Bombay drawing (our figure 1) the colour of the larva is paler,
the dorsal area greenish with darker green oblique lateral stripes.

Chrysalis. — " Suspended vertically ; abdomen slender, thorax much stouter
and broader, with sharp angular dorsal ridges ; wing cases expanded laterally ;
head-piece with two sharp points. Colour varying from dark brown to dull white,
suffused and tipt at points with gold " (Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1890, 273).

Habitat. — Eastern and Southern India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; S,
Andamans.

DiSTEiBUTiON. — " It is Very common in Calcutta ; the Indian Museum possesses
specimens from Cachar, Rangoon, Upper Tenasserim, Mergui, Orissa, Trevandrum»
Ceylon, and South Andamans" (Butt. Ind. ii. 107). We possess specimens of
both sexes from Malabar ; Travancore, taken in April ; Cejdon (Trincomali and
Kanthalla) ; Rangoon ; Mergui ; S. Andamans. Mr. Wood-Mason records two males
taken at " Silcuri, Cachar, in June and July " (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 357). Mr.
G. F. Hampsou found it " not uncommon in the Nilgiris, from 8000 to 5000 feet
elevation" (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 353). Mr. H. S. Ferguson records it as "fairly
common in the low country of Travancore, and up to 3000 feet in the Hills "
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 8). In Ceylon, Capt. Hutchison says, it is " found in the
Western and Central Provinces ; both in the plains and up to 4000 feet elevation, in
forest land, at all times, but chiefly during the S.W. Monsoon. Mr. F. Mackwood
records it occurring everywhere in Ceylon ; February and March in fair numbers.
Joins the np-country flights " (Lep. Ceylon i. 55). Col. J. W. Yerbury obtained
it on the Kandy road in October, and at Kanthalla in October, also at Trincomali
in October and November.

In Burma, Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as " common on the Arakau
coast in the cold season " (List 1897, 21). Dr. J. Anderson took it in the Mergui
Archipelago, at " Minthantoung, December, and Elphinstone Island in March "
(J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36).

Food-Plants of Lakva. — According to the observations of Messrs. J. Davidson
and B. H. Aitken, the larva " is a most promiscuous feeder. We found it in the
Kanara District, Bombay, on Helicteris hora, Grewia microcos, Zizijphus nujosa.

NTMPIIALIN^. (Groap LIMENITINA.) 223

and several other plants, from August to October " (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890,
273).

Habits of Imago. — Mr. L. de Niceville states that "it has a much bolder
and stronger flight than the other species of Neptis occurring in Calcutta "
(J. A. S. Beng. 1885,45). Capt. Hutchison says "its flight is slow and heavy,
and settles with wings open. Easy to capture" (Lep. Ceylon i. 55).

Of our illustrations of this species ou Plate 272, fig. 1 represents the larva and
pupa reared in Kanara by Mr. Davidson (I.e.), fig. la, that of the larva reared in
Ceylon by Mr. Gregory, figs. 1, b, c, d, the male and female of ivet-season form,
and figs, e, f, the female of dry-season form.

ANDRAPANA MAGADHA (Plate 273, fig. 2, 2a, b, ^ ^).

Neptis Magadha, Fekler, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 427, S (1867). de Niceville, Butt, of India,

etc., p. 100 (1886).
Neptis Charon, Butler, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (Dec. 1867), p. 400, pi. 9, fig. 1, J . Distant,

Rhop. Malayana, p. 155, fig. 43, ?.
Neptis cineracea, Grose-Smith, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 151, ^ .

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings bluish-
white ; cilia alternated with white. Foreiving with a somewhat narrow bluish-white
cell-streak and a broad short triangular spot beyond the cell ; three outwardly-oblique
subapical spots, the upper one being slender and short, the two lower large and
oval ; two medial discal similar spots, the upper one small, the other large and
broad ; below are two narrow ersmaller spots ; beyond is a submarginal row of eight
small narrow lunular spots, preceded by an inner submarginal, and followed by an
outer marginal slender obscure pale lunular line. Hindwing with a bluish-white
transverse inner discal band strongly divided by black veins, and an outer discal
macular band composed of seven somewhat quadrate spots, between these bands is a
medial discal slender obscure pale fascia, and beyond is a submarginal slender
obscure pale lunular line. Underside paler ; purpurescent-brown ; the markings,
as above, prominent, and opalescent bluish-white, the inner submarginal line on
forewing and medial discal line on hindwing being obscurely violescent-white;
hindwing also with a short basal costal bluish-white band.

Expanse, (^ 2^-0, ? 2n) inches.

Habitat. — Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra.

Note. — This species is closely allied to A. Duryodana ; it differs from it in
having longer wings, and may be distinguished from it, on the forewing, by the

•224 LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

shorter and broader discocellular spot, and on the hindwing by the broader basal
white band, and also in the absence of a subbasal violescent-white fascia, which
latter is always present on both sexes of Duryodana. We have compared the type
specimen of Felder's Magadha with that of cineracea, both of which are males, the
type of Charon being a female.

DiSTRiBiriioN. — The type specimen o^ cineracea, a male, in Mr. H. Grose-Smith's
collection, is recorded from Burma. A male, also from Burma, is in the Hewitson
collection, British Museum. A female, taken in Burma, is in Col. C. H. E.
Adamson's collection. Specimens are also in the British Museum, from Tilin Yaw,
taken in December, February, March, and April, by Captain E. Y. Watson during
the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, and from Thoungyeen Valley, Upper
Tenasserim, taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham. We possess a male from the Upper
Mekong, Shan States, Burma, taken by Mr. E. Roberts, O.E. The type specimen
of Charon is recorded from Singapoi'e. A specimen from Singapore, and one from
Sumatra are in Mr. P. Crowley's collection. Mr. AY. Rothschild possesses Felder's
type specimen of Magadha, which we have verified, and also one from Perak, Malay
Peninsula. A female from Ardjiano is in Colonel Swiuhoe's collection.

ANDRAPANA KHASIANA (Plate 273, fig. 1, la, b, c? 9).

NepHs Khasiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1872, p. 562, pi. 32, fig 7, (J. de Niceville, Butt, of
India, etc., ii. p. 100 (1886).

Imago. — Male. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings very small, slender,
bluish-white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a very slender cell-streak,
and a small triangular spot beyond; a discal transverse curved series of six small
spots, two being obliquely subapical and oval in shape, two discal, the upper
of which is the smallest, the second somewhat triangular, the two lower small and
inwardly oblique ; beyond is a very obscure inner submarginal pale sinuous line, a
submarginal row of minute white oblique lunules, and then an obscure pale
marginal lunular line. Hindiving crossed by a very narrow inner-discal macular
band, and an outer-discal row of small somewhat dentate spots ; a very obscure
pale medial discal line, and a submarginal lunular line. Underside dark purpurescent-
brown, with black intervening spaces between the veins ; markings as above, all
very prominent, broader, and of a deeper bluish-white. Hindwing also with a
bluish-white basal costal band.

Female. Upperside with all the markings narrower and smaller than in the
male. Underside as in male, markings narrower, as above. Body and palpi above

NYMPHALINjE (Group LIMENITIHA.) 225

black ; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs, middle and hind femora grey ; abdomen
beneath, middle and hind tibia? and tarsi dusky-grey.

Expanse, c? 2^^ to 2i^o, ? 2i^o inches.

Habitat. — Bhotan ; Kliasia Hills ; Burma.

Distribution. — The type specimen was obtained by Major Godwin-Austen in
the Khasia Hills. Colonel C. Swiuhoe has received several examples of both sexes
from the Khasias and Cherra Punji. " Two specimens are in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, from Buxa, Bhotan" (de N. I.e. 100). Col. C. H. E. Adamson obtained it
in " Upper and Lower Burma, both in the rainy season and in the cold weather"
(List, 1897, 20). Capt. E. Y. "Watson took it at " Tihn ; not common ; during the
Chin-Lushai Expedition" (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 39). Capt. Watson also
records " a single specimen taken at the foot of the Chin Hills, Burma, in March "
(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1897, 654).

Malayan Species. — Andrafana Bataviana, n. sp. Male, Nearest to Columdla.
Upperside. Furewing with the white spot beyond the cell larger, broader, and more
conical in shape, the two subapical and the two discal spots more elongated, the
latter pair placed nearer the discocellular spot ; and the submarginal lunular spots
obscure. Hindwing with the white discal band broader, and the submarginal macular
band narrower, lunular, and somewhat obscure. Underside paler chestnut-red, the
markings as above. Female. Upperside with the markings similar to male ; the
upper discal spot on the forewing touching the discocellular spot. Underside
similar to male ; the upper discal spot as on the upperside. Expanse c? 2j^, ? 2^^ to
2^0. Habitat. Batavia, Java. — Andrapana Duryodana (Neptis Duryodana, Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 10, pi. 49, fig. 8, c?). Syn. Neptis Bahalla, Pryer and Cator,
Brit. North Borneo Herald, Oct. 1894, p. 2(30. Habitat. Borneo ; Sumatra. —
Andrapana Ophi.aneUa (Neptis Ophianella, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 65). Habitat.
Palawan. — Andrapana Arigara (Neptis Angara, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. 143, pi.
28, fig. 8, 9, 10, c? ? ). Habitat. Mindanao. — Andrapana Soror (Neptis Soror,
Semper, I.e. p. 143, pi. 28, fig. 6, 7, c? ? (1889). Habitat. Camotes; Mindoro.—
Andrapana Eremita (Phfedyma Eremita, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 678
(1867). Semper, I.e. p. 142, pi. 28, fig. 3, 4, 5, (? ? (1889). Habitat. Luzon;
Manilla. — Andrapana Sarabaifa (Phsedyma Sarabaita, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii.
p. 428 (1867). Habitat. ? Celebes. — Andrajmna Ida (Neptis Ida, Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1858, p. 10, pi. 49, fig. 7). Syn. N. Gelebensis, Hopfi^er, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1874, p.
36. Habitat. Macassar. — Jijc/rajjana Z>arm (Neptis Daria, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep.
iii. p. 428, pi. 56, fig. 5, 6 (1867). Habitat. Celebes. — Andrapana albescens (Neptis
albescens, Rothschild, Iris, Dresden, v. p. 438, pi. 7, fig. 3, S). Habitat. Celebes.
— Andrapana variabilis (Neptis variabilis, Rothschild, I.e. p. 438, pi. 7, fig. 1, 2,
c? ?). Habitat. Celebes.

VOL. HI. G g

22G LEPIDOPTERA ZNDICA.

Genus NEPTIS.

Neptis* Fabricius, Sjst. Gloss. (lUiger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807). Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. E. I. C.

Expl. pi. 5, 7 (1829). Crotch, Cist. Ent. i. p. 66 (1872). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 54 (1881).
Neftis, (part), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 270 (1850). Distant, Khop. Malay, p. 149 (1883).

de Niceville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 75 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 14.") (1880).

Staudinser and Scliatz, Exot. Scliraett. p. 152 (1887). Semper, Reis. Philip. Lep. p. 144 (1889).

Leech, Butt, of China, etc., p. 190 (1892).
Lime7iiHs (part), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. p. 17 (1816). Boisd. Ind. Meth. 1829, p. 14.
Neptis (sect. 1, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861).
Aeca (part), Hi'ibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 41 (18L6).
Philonoma (part), Biilberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).

Imago. — Male. Wings short. Forewing subtriangiilar ; costa much arched
from the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin short, slightly obliquely-convex and
scalloped, posterior margin long and recurved from the base ; costal vein extending
to about the middle of the margin ; first and second subcostal branches very short,
first subcostal emitted at about one-fifth before end of the cell, second at a short
distance before its end, third at nearly half length beyond the cell and ending at the
apex, fourth and fifth at about two-thirds beyond the end ; upper discocellular very
short and outwardly oblique ; middle discocellular inwardly-oblique, concave.;
cell open, area broad; two upper median veinlets emitted at a considerable
distance beyond the discocellulars ; lower median branch from opposite
discocelluhirs, recurved ; submedian much recui'ved. Rindwing short, broadly

* Hidorical Note on the genus Neptis. — The genus Neptis of Fabricius is founded upon two species,
namely, iWeZz'cejfa and Aceris. The first an African species, the other a European. Biilberg (Enum. Ins.
p. 78 (1820) changed the name to Philonoma. Horsfield, in 1829, uses Xeptis for Aceris. Crotch, in 1872,
cites Aceris as type of Neptis, but this is disputed by Scuddcr (Proc. Amer. Acad. A. & Sci. 1875, 226) on
the jiround that Aceris belonged to Nymphalis since 1823 — presuming that Aceris is congeneric with
Lucilla, which, however, is not the case. Billberg's name Philonoma may be used for Melieerta (Agatha
Cram.), which species we diagnose below, as being generically distinct from Aceris.

Genus Phu.onoma, Biilberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). Nejjtis (part), Fabr. Illiger's Mag. vi. p. 282
(1807). Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). iVc;3?Js (sect. 3), Felder, Neues Lep. p 31
(1861). Neptis, Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. et Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 226. Trimen, S. African Butt,
p. 268 (1887).

Imago. — Male. Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in typical Neptis (Aceris). Foreicing
subtriaugular ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-tliird before end of the ctll, second at one-sixth
before the end, the first extending close to the costal; discocellulars outwardy oblique, short; cell ojien.
Hincliving conically-ovate ; anterior margin much arched at the base and oblique towards the end, apex
obtuse; exterior margin obliquely-convex, scalloped ; anal angle rounded ; costal vein ending at one-fourth
before the apex ; precostal vein short, straight ; subcostals and radial at equal distances from the costal.
Body slender ; palpi very slender, compactly clothed, aiid with but a very few fine long hairs present beneath ;
eyes naked. Type. — P. Agatha, Cram. (Melieerta Fabr.).

NTMPHALINM ^Gr^^np limenitina.) 227

ovate; anterior margin very convex in the middle; exterior margin convex
and scalloped ; anal angle rounded ; with a glossy violescent-white costal band, and
an unglossed pale brown patch medially disposed from costal vein to below base of
subcostals ; precostal vein short, straight, emitted opposite to the subcostal, its tip
slightly furcate ; costal vein short, ending at fully one-third before the apex; sub-
costal branch emitted near to the costal, the radial at a nearly equal distance beyond ;
cell open, area very short and broad ; lower median from opposite base of radial ;
two upper medians emitted at an equal distance from lower and base of the cell ;
submedian straight ; internal vein recurved. Bodij slender ; palpi ascending, slender,
laxly clothed with very fine long hairs to the tip, third joint of nearly equal length
of the second, third very slender and pointed ; legs slender ; antenna3 with a
gradually formed, rather short club ; eyes naked. Sexes alike. Type. N. Aceris.

CATERriLLAR. — Head larger than anterior segments, vertex with two short-
pointed spines, cheeks obtusely spmed ; third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments
armed with a subdorsal pair of stout fleshy spiny-processes, those on the fourth
segment longest.

Chrysalis. — Rather short ; head-piece bluntly cleft in front, vertex pointed ;
thorax dorsally prominent and angular ; dorsum angular at base ; abdominal
segments slightly angled dorsally ; wing cases somewhat dilated laterally. (De-
scribed from S. N. Ward's original drawing of N. Varmona).

Chaeacteristics of Various Species op Neptis. — In the species named Astola,
Adara, and Andamana, the lower discal series of four spots on the forewing are
placed in an inwardly-oblique regular row, as in Varmona, in which latter species
this regularity is very decided, and which is also apparent in the Chinese Euryiiome,
as well as in the quite distinct species named intermedia. This characteristic is
also observable in the Earo-pean Aceris. Whereas, in Nieobariea, in Ombalata, and
in the Javan species Matuta { = Leucothoe, Cramer (nee Linn.), the position of these
four spots is different, being disposed more like those in the Genus Andrapana,
the upper two being somewhat widely separated from the lower, the first of the
upper pair being longer, and it is placed comparatively more inward, the second
of the upper pair positioned obliquely downwards and outward, thus giving a visibly
wider separation of the ivfo pairs. This pecidiarity of the sequence of these spots,
will serve as a sure character in separating Leucothoe (Cram.) fi'om Varmona and
its allies.

NEPTIS ASTOLA.

Neptis Astola, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1872, p. 560 (dry-season), de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc.,

ii. p. 99 (1886).
Neptis Emodei, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 561, pi. 32, fig. 2 (wet-season).

G g 2

228 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Diy-sewon Irood (Plate 274, fig. 1, la, b, c, ^ ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings olivescent-
white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a broad cell-streak, which is
slightly indented or partially broken by black scales near its end ; discocellular spot
large and lobately-triangular ; a transverse discal curved series of short broad more
or less ovate spots, and a submarginal row of seven extremely small spots, the upper
five more or less rounded, the lower two lunular ; an inner submarginal and an
outer marginal very obscurely-defined pale Hue. Hindiving crossed by an inner discal
broad band, and a submarginal rather broad band composed of quadrate spots; a
medial discal and a marginal very obscure slender pale line. Underside rich dark
ferruginous-red ; markings as above, all being white and very slightly blackish-edged.
Hindwinq also with a short narrow white basal costal streak and a subbasal fascia.
Body and palpi above fuliginous-black, beneath and legs greyish ; antennae blackish
above, beneath and tip reddish.

Expanse, <? Ij^o to 2, ? 2 to ^^q inches.

Wet-season hrood (Plate 274, fig. 1, J, e, f, g, J' ? ).

Male and female. Wings slightly shorter and broader than in dry-season brood.
Upperside. Forewing with the markings somewhat smaller and narrower, and less
sharply defined, the discoidal spot more or less narrowly prolonged in the female.
Hindwing with the submarginal macular band somewhat narrower and slightly
sullied. Underside darker red than in dry-season ; markings more prominent.

Expanse, <? 2, ? 2^^ to 2^-^ inches.

Habitat. — W. and E. Himalayas ; Khasia Hills ; Upper Burma.

DiSTRiBUi'iON. — We possess the type specimens of the dry-season form from
Simla and Masuri ; a male from Thundiani, taken in May, and a female from Kali
Pani, in August, by Major J. W. Yerbury, also both sexes of dry and wet-season.
form from Kashmir, Masuri, and Simla, taken by Major H. B. Hellard from June to
October. Also others from Nepal, Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Cherra Punji ; and both
sexes of the dry form from Upper Burma, the latter agreeing with typical Astola.
In the British Museum are specimens from Thundiani (Yerbury), Almora, Nepal
(Hardwicke), Landour, Dalhousie, and Kulii, and of the wet form from Tilin Yaw,
November (Watson), Sikkim, July (Dudgeon). Specimens of both sexes, from
Sikkim, takeu by Oito MoUer, in February and March, are in Mr. W. Rothschild's
collection. Colonel Swinhoe has several specimens from the Khasias and Cherra
Punji. Capt. A. M. Lang took it " in gardens at Umballa in winter " (Ent. Mo. Mag.
1864, 132). Major J. W. Yerbury took it in " Ihundiani in September, and at
Hurripur and Chittar in October " (Ann. N. H. 1888, 143). Mr. W. Doherty records
it as " common all over Kumaon from 2000 to 7000 feet elevation " (J. A. S. Bengal,

NYMPHALIN^. {Oroyip liubxitina.) 229

1886, 125). N.W. Himalayan specimens in Mr. J. H. Leech's collection are from
Chumba Valley, September; Kuti, 8500 feet, July ; Narkunda, July j Kotser, July;
and Dana, June.

Habits of Imago. — Capt. A. M. Lang writes that it is " common in woods and
gardens in the Western Himalayas. It has a beautiful flight, floating in and out of
the sunlight in the chequered shade of trees, occasionally basking on the sun-bathed
foliage, or resting, in groups of half a dozen or more, on the moist fern-covei'ed
rocks in the midst of the stream in some Himalayan glen" (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864,
132). In his MS. Notes, Capt. Lang also writes, "at Kasauli I observed it floating
mostly up and down the dry watercourses, from one bramble or raspberry bush to
another, in April and May." Mr. de Nic^ville writes, " to be met with everywhere,
in the W. Himalayas, where there are trees, and at all seasons of the year. It has
a very beautiful, floating flight, and it is a particularly pretty sight to observe two
of these insects courting, — they fly round and round each other, making endless
circles in the air, and with so little appai'ent exertion, hardly moving their wings at
all, they always seem to be spread wide open " (Indian Agriculturalist, July, 1880).

NEPTIS ADARA.

Neptis Adara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 830 (dry-season), de Niceville, Butfc. of India, etc.,

ii. p. 97 (1886).
Neptis Meetana, Moore, id. p. 830 {wet-season).
Neptis Mamaja, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 541, pi. 69, fig. 3, c?. Distant, Khop.

Malayana, p. 156, pi. IG, fig. 14 ? (1883).

Dry-season brood (Plate 275, fig. 1, la, h, c, S ? )•

Imago. — Male and female. Forewiug elongate, as in Varmona. Upperside ;
markings olivescent-white, similar to Varmona, except that on the forewhuj the dis-
coidal spot is, comparatively, somewhat shorter, broader, and less pointed ; the discal
spots smaller and narrower, and the submarginal white spots less prominent. On
the hiuclwing the outer discal macular band is narrower, the medial discal and marginal
pale line obscure. Underside ; ground-colour brighter ferruginous than in Varmona ;
markings differ, comparatively, as on upperside, and are slightly bluck-edged.

Expanse, t? l^-o to 2^q, ? 2^q to 2^q inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 275, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, (? ? ).

Male and female. Wings comparatively broader than in dry-season brood.
Upperside ; markings more or less comparatively smaller, narrower, and less sharply
defined, and in some extreme examples of this brood the white markings are still

230 LEFIDOPTERA INDIOA.

smaller, narrower, and are more or less sullied. Underside dark ferruginous ;
markings as on upperside, very prominently black-edged.

Expanse, c? 2 to 2 ^q, ? 2j^£, to 2^^ inches.

Habitat. — Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra.

DiSTKiBDTiON. — We possess specimens of the dry-seasonioYm. from Toungoo, Moul-
main, Meetan, Moolai, and Nithoung Upper Tenasserim, taken by Mr. Wood-]\Iason
and Otto Limborg; from Sagaing, Mandalay, taken in February by Major C. H. E.
Adamson ; Karen Hills, taken by Signor Fea, and from Mergui, taken by Dr. J.
Anderson. Of the wet-season form from Rangoon, taken in June by Capt. C. T .
Bingham ; Moolai ; Chittagong, taken in August and September by Major Adamson ;
Bhamo, November, and Mandalay, from Signor Fea. In the British Museum are
dry-season specimens from Tilin Yaw, taken in January, February, April, and May,
by Capt. E. Y. AYatson. Dr. Anderson obtained it in "Mergui in December, and
on King Island in February " (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36).

NEPTIS VARMONA.

Neptis Yarmona, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 561 (ivet-seasoti) ; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 54, pi. 28,

fig. 1, la (1881). de Niccville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 95 (1886).
Neptis Kamarupa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 570 {dnj-season).
NejMs Swinhoei, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 145, pi. 24, fig. 9, cJ [wet-season).
Neptis Eurymene, Butler, I.e. p. 145, pi. 24, fig. 5, J* [dry-season).
Neptis disTupfa, Moore, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 39; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 55, pi. 28, fig. 4, 4a, 9

{aherration).

Dry-season hrood (Plate 276, fig. 1, larva and pupa ; 1, a, b, c, d, <? ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Forewings elongated and subtriangular. Upperside
olivescent-black ; markings white, prominent and sharply defined ; cilia alternated
with white. Foreioing. Upperside with the cell-streak broad, more or less slightly
indented near upper end or slightly partially divided by blackish scales ; triangular spot
beyond large, broad, and more or less prolonged to an acute point ; discal curved
series of spots large ; submarginal row of white lunular spots prominent; an inner
submarginal sinuous lunular line and an outer marginal lunular pale line. Eindwing
with a broad inner-discal band, and an outer-discal broad macular band composed of
quadrate spots ; a medial-discal more or less obscurely-defined whitish lunular line,
and a submarginal slender more defined white lunular line. Underside yellowish-
ferruginous ; white markings, as above, prominent, very slightly blackish-edged.
Forewing also with an inner submarginal slender white lunular line, and an outer
marginal lunular line. Eindwing also with a white short basal band and a short

NYMPHALliXyE. (Group limenitina.) 231

siibbasal foscia, and two marginal limular lines. Body and palpi above blackish ;
thorax iridescent; body and palpi beneath, and legs white ; antennae above black,
tip and beneath reddish.

Wei-season hrood (Plate 27G, fig. 1, e, f, g, h, c? ? ).

Male and female. Forewings elongated, as in dry-season. Upperside with the
cell-streak narrower and the spot beyond more or less smaller ; the discal spots also
more or less narrower ; the bands on hindwing narrower in the female, and the
marginal line less defined. Underside darker ferruginous than in dry-season, the
white markings more prominent and blacker edged ; veins of forewing discally black
lined.

Expanse (Dry), c? li^o to 1^^, ? 2 to 2^q inches.
(Wet) S 2, ? Ij^o to 2 1^0 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head larger than anterior segment, vertex with two short
pointed spines, cheeks obtusely spined; third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments
armed with a subdorsal pair of stout fleshy spiny-processes, those on the fourth
segment longest. Colour pale green ; face, tip of processes, and segments slightly
washed with pale pinkish ; a slight pinkish oblique lateral fascia from anal process ;
a small dark lateral spot on sixth segment.

Cheysalis. — Rather short ; head-piece bluntly cleft in front, vertex pointed ;
thorax doisally prominent and angular ; dorsum angular at base ; abdominal
segments slightly angled dorsally ; wing cases somewhat dilated laterally. Colour
pale brownish-ochreous, with lateral thoracic golden spots. (Described from S. N.
Ward's drawing.)

Habitat. — E. Kumaon; Sikkim ; Continental India ; Ceylon.

DisTfiiBUTioN. — Mr. W, Doheity records Varmona from the " Kali Valley,
Eastern Kumaon, and Haldwani in the Terai, from 1000 to 3000 feet elevation "
(J. As. See. Bengal, 1886, 125). " In Sikkim," Mr. L. de Niceville says, " it is a
very common species, and occurs everywhere at from 7000 feet elevation to the level
of the plains throughout the warm months" (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 138). We
possess a series of specimens of the dry and toet-season forms of this common species,
as follows : — Mount Aboo, 3980 feet, West Central India ; Wangui, Thanah District,
November and December ; Mhow, February ; Malda, April; Ahmednuggur, Poona,
January; Mahableshwar, May ; and Bombay, November, all taken by Colonel C.
Swinhoe. Coonoor, Kanara (S. N. Ward) ; Nilgiris (G. F. Hampson) ; Shevaroy
Hill^ (Dr. J. Shortt) ; Quilon, Travancorc, May; Mynall, Travancore, 1500 feet;
Ceylon (Mackwood, Yerbury). Also of the dry-season form from Calcutta (Farr) ;
Khasias (Swinhoe) ; Shillong, Assam, taken in May ; wet-season form from Nowgong,
Assam (Mrs. Span) ; Bhotan (Dudgeon) ; and dry-season form from Sikkim and

232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Bbotan. Two males of dry-season form from Tuckoor, Darjiling, 4500 feet, are in
Mr. "W. Rothschild's collection. Mr. de Niceville records it from " Bombay ;
Kandeish District ; Malda ; Bangalore ; Calicut ; Trevandrum ; Orissa ; Calcutta ;
Silhet ; Cachar ; Assam ; and Sikkini " (Butt, of India, ii. 95). Mr. G. F. Harapson
records it from the " Nilgiris, Eurymene as the dry-season form of Varmona, and
Swinhoei as a variety" (J. A. S. Bengal, 1888, 353). Mr. H. S. Ferguson found it
"common in the Travancore Hills and Plains all the year round" (J. Bombay
N. H. Soc. 1891. 8). Capt. B. Y. Watson records "numerous specimens of Varmona
from Kathlekan, Mysore, taken in November, December, and January, and of
Swinhoei a few specimens in December, and at Gorsoppa Falls in January "
(J.Bombay N". H. S. 1890, 4). Capt. Watson also records the wet form (Varmona)
" from Madras, taken in April and August " (J. A. S. Beng. 1890, 266). In Ceylon,
Capt. Hutchison found it " widely distributed, occurring in the Hills and Plains,
both in forest and cultivated land all the year" (Lep. Ceylon, i. 54). The specimen
of the aberration, named disrupta, was taken at Ambegamoa, iu the Central Province
of Ceylon, by Mr. F. M. Mack wood.

Habits of Imago. — " This is by far the commonest and most widely spread of the
genus. It may be found in any month of the year and anywhere (in the N. Kanara
District of Bombay), frequenting gardens and cultivated land" (J.Davidson and
E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 251). "It is common in Bombay and
Poona after the Monsoon, and still more so on the Hills as late as March. It
frequents gardens and hedges, and has a characteristic flight, steady and straight,
with jerky strokes of its wings, between which they remain stiffly expanded" (E. H.
Aitken, id. 1886, 133). In Ceylon, Capt. Hutchison found it " widely distributed.
Flight slow, floating, ahghts on bushes with wings generally, if not always, open "
(Lep. Ceylon, i. 54).

Food-Plant op Larva. — According to the observations of Messrs. Davidson
and Aitken, made in the N. Kanara District of Bombay, " the larva feeds on various
Peas " (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 251).

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 276, fig. 1 represents the larva
and pupa from Mr. S. N. Ward's original drawing made in Kanara; figs. 1, la, b,
c, d, the male and female type specimen of Kaiiuiriqja (dry-season), and figs, le, f,
g, h, the male and female types of Varmona (wet-season).

NEPTIS ANDAMANA.

Nepfis Andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 58G. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 94
(1886).

Dry-season brood (Plate 277, fig. 1, la, b, c, (^ ? ).

Imago. — Male. Upperside black ; markings white, prominent. Forewing with

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NTMPHALIN^. (Group LmENITINA.) 233

a broad white cell-streak and ratlier elongated dentate spot beyond, a discal
curved series of widely separated spots, a submarginai row of slightly-defined
slender white lunules, an inner submarginai obscure sinuous pale line, and a less
apparent outer marginal line. Hindioing with a moderately broad white discal
band, which is more or less attenuated anteriorly, and a submarginai row of very
narrow whitish lunules, the medial discal and outer marginal pale line very
obscure. Underside ferruginous ; markings as above, including a basal and
subbasal streak, all prominently white and slightly black-edged.

Female. Upperside as in male. Underside somewhat darker ferruginous than
in male ; markings more distinctly black-edged.

Expanse, c? 2 to 2^\, S 2^^y inches.

Wet-season hrood (Plate 277, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, S 9)-

Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings less prominent and
sullied- white than in dry season. Foreiving with the cell-streak and contiguous
spot narrower, the discal series of spots smaller, the submarginai lunular line very
slender. Eindwing with the discal band more or less narrower and attenuated an-
teriorly, the submarginai row of lunules very slender. Underside dusky ferruginous ;
markings with blacker edges.

Expanse, 6 Ij^q to 2,^,, ? 2^^ inches.

Habitat. South Andamaus.

Distribution. — Confined to the Andaman Isles, where it is, apparently, a common
species. Numerous specimens are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; we possess a
series, taken by the late F. de Roepstorff.

NEPTIS NICOBARICA.

Neptis Nieoharica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 586. de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 91-
(1886).

Dry-season brood (PLite 278, fig. 1, la, b, c, c? ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside black ; markings broad, white, and sharply
defined. Differs from N. Varmona, on the foreiving, in the discal series of spots being
less curved, and separated into three distinct portions ; the subapical pair less
outwardly-oblique, the discal pair of more equal length and widely separated from
the lower pair, the upper spot of the discal pair being also placed comparatively more
inward, and the lower spot of the same pair positioned obliquely downward and
outward, both the latter having their outer-edge obliquely concave ; the

VOL. III. H h

234 LEPIDOPTEMA INDICA.

submarginal row of small -white spots is complete and very prominent. On the
Mndw'mg, the inner discal band is broader, but the outer discal macular band is
generally narrower, and with wider vein intersections ; marginal whitist slender line
lunular. Underside brighter ferruginous than in N. Varmona ; white markings as
above, prominent, and black-edged, the ordinary medial discal lunular line on
hindwing being very slender and obscure, in some obsolescent ; the marginal
lunular lines very prominent and rather broad.
Expanse, c? 21, to 2^^, 9 2^q to 2^^ inches.

WeUeason brood (Plate 278, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, (J ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside with all the markings narrower, smaller,
shorter, and less prominent than in the dry-season brood. Foreiving with the
discocellular triangular spot comparatively narrower, the discal series of spots half,
or, in some, less than half the size. Hindwing with the inner discal band half the
width, the submarginal row of spots also narrower and more lunular. Underside
duller ferruginous ; the white markings smaller and narrower, as above.

Expanse, c? 2 to 2^3, ? 2^% inches.

Habitat. — Nicobar Islands.

DiSTEinuTiON. — We possess numerous specimens of both sexes of the dri/season
form, taken on the Islands of Nankouri, Kamorta, and Katchall, and of the wet-
season brood from Pulokondull, which we received from Mrs. F. de Roepstorff.
Specimens of the dry-season form, from the island of Trinkat, are also in Mr. W.
Rothschild's collection. Mr. de Niceville records it also from the islands of Takoin,
Kar Nicobar, and Great Nicobar.

NEPTIS MAHENDRA.

Ifepfis Mahendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 560, pi. 32, fig. 3, J . de Niceville, Butt, of India,

ii. p. 104 (1886).
Neptis A7nbigua et Himalaijica, Felder MS. (Cull. Rothschild).

Dry-season hrood (Plate 27D, fig. 1, la, b, c, J" ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside black ; markings white, prominent.
Forewing with the cell-streak broad at its end and very slightly indented with black
scales near upper end, triangular spot beyond very broad and obtuse, widely
separated ; discal series of spots large and broad, separated into three distinct
portions, the subapical widening on the costa, the two median spots of nearly equal
size and superposed outwardly, as in N. Leucothoe, Cram., submarginal row of small
white spots medially interrupted, the upper series rounded, the lower lunular; inner

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LiiiEyiTiyA.) 235

submarginal and marginal line very obscure. Hindiving witli a very broad inner
discal baud, which widens anteriorly to thecosta; an outer discal broad quadrate
macular band ; a medial discal obscure pale line which is whitish posteriorly, and a
marginal obscure slender pale lunular line. Underside brownish-ferruginous ;
markings as above, and, including a basal and subbasal streak on hindwing, all
prominently pure white. Body and palpi above black, beneath and legs greyish-
white ; antennce black above, tip reddish beneath.
Expanse c?, ? 2 to 2j^o inches.

Wet-seaso?i brood (Plate 279, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, (5* ? ).

Male and female. Upperside. Ground-colour blacker ; markings all smaller
and narrower, especially in the male ; marginal lines less defined. Underside darker
brownish-ferruginous, the posterior area of forewing blackish ; markings as above,
but less purely white, and blackish-edged.

Expanse, c? 2^% to 2^^, ? 2f\) to 21^0 inches.

Habitat. — N.W. Himalayas.

Distribution. — This distinct species " occui'S only in the N.W. Himalayas. Mr.
de Niceville took it at Kujiah near Dalhousie, and at Ulwas, Chumba, in May. Mr.
A. Graham Young obtained it in the Kulu Valley in April and May ; it occurs also
in Simla, Kasauli andMasuri. Major Marshall has specimens from Kashmir, 8200
feet, taken in June, Chumba in May and June, Pangi, 8000 feet, in July, and Chini
in June" (de Niceville, I.e. 105). We possess specimens from Simla, taken in May
by Capt. A. M. Lang. Major J. W. Yerbury found it " common at Murree in
August and September; seen as far as Thundiani " (P. Z. S. 1886, 360). Capt. H. B.
Hellard took it at " Pangi in Busahir, in July and August, and in Kashmir in August
and September " (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty found it "common in Kuraaon,
extending from the Sarju and Kali Valleys at 2000 up to over 9000 feet near Dwali,
N.W. Kumaon, and at Budhi, in N.E. Kumaon" (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 125).
Mr. J. H. Leech possesses specimens from Kuki, July ; Dana; Kujiah, 6000, June;
Narkunda, April ; Murree, May ; and from Rala, August.

NEPTIS YERBURYI.

Neptis Yerluryi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 3G0; id. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 143, ?.
Nepfis Nandina (pan*), Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 168; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 9.
de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 104.

* The type specimen of Nandina, figured in Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pi. 4a, fig. 7, was taken in Java by
the late Dr. Horsfield, and is distinct from this species.

H h 2

236 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Dry-season brood (Plate 280, fig. 1, la, b, c, c? $ ).

Imago, — Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings yellowish-
white, Forewing with a broad entire cell-streak ; discocellular spot entirely separated
but contiguous, large, broad, elongate and acute at tip ; discal seines of sj^ots large and
elongated, the lower four disposed in a regular oblique linear series, as in N. Varmona ;
submarginal row of small lunular spots very prominent ; inner submarginal and
marginal slender pale line obscure. Hindwing with a broad inner-discal band, which
is widest anteriorly, and even-edged in the male but less regular in the female ; an
outer-discal broad quadrate macular band, a medial-discal and a marginal slender
pale lunular line. Underside brownish-ferruginous ; markings as above, very
prominent, the cell-streak, discoidal spot, and discal bands paler yellowish-
white; the marginal lines, basal streaks, and medial discal line in the hindwing
being lilacine white, and all without any trace of black edging ; the subapical
spots widened out to the costal border. Bodg and palpi above black, thorax
iridescent ; body and palpi beneath and legs greyish- white ; antennae above black,
reddish beneath.

Expanse, c? 2i^o to 2^%, ? 2^% to 2^^ inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 280, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, S 9 )■

Male and female. Upperside with the markings somewhat smaller and narrower
than in dry-season brood, and of a sullied olivescent yellowish- white. Underside
purpurescent brownish-ferruginous ; markings white, as in dry-season, but somewhat
smaller and narrow as above, and tinged with brighter lilacine.

Expanse, S 2^o to 2^^, ? 2^^ to 2^^ inches.

Habitat, — N.W, and E, Himalayas; Khasia Hills; Upper Burma.

DiSTEiBtjTiON. — "We possess examples of this species from Campbellpore, taken by
Major Yerbury ; Naini Tal ; Murree ; dry and wet-season forms from Nepal, taken by
General Gr. Eamsay ; Sikkim, taken in March by Mr. CI, C. Dudgeon ; Khasia Hills,
and a male from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, Burma, taken by Mr. R. Roberts,
C.E, ; Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in " Kashmir, in September" (MS. Note),
Major J, W. Yerbury obtained it at " Dhum Tower, near Abbottabad, in October "
(Ann. N, H. 1888, 143). Mr. W. Doherty records it from " Loharkhet, N.W.
Kuraaon, at 5000 feet elevation" (J. A. S. Beng. 1866, 125). A female,
labelled Afghanistan, is in Mr. "W. Rothschild's collection. Mr. de Niceville
records it as " not uncommon in Sikkim, up to 4000 feet, from April to December.
The larva, as observed in Masuri, feeding on Geltis australis " (Sikkim Gazetteer,
1894, 138).

NYMPHALIN^. (Group LIMSNITINA.)

NEPIIS HAMPSONI.

NeiMs Kallaura et Nandina, Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 353, nee Moore.
Neptis Nandina, Beetham, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 281.

Dry-season hrood (Plate 281, fig. 1, la, b, (J ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside black ; markings white, similar to those
in wet-season Yerhuryi, except that on the forewing, the cell-streak is narrower, the
discocellular spot both narrower and shorter, and the discal series of spots also
narrower, thesubapical decreasing to the costa; submarginal lunules small. On the
hindiving the discal and outer band are both compai-atively narrower. Underside
darker brownish-ferruginous ; the markings, as on upperside, narrower, the subapical
spots on forewing decreasing to the costa.

Expanse, S 2^q, ? 2^^ to 2i^o inches.

Wet-season Irood (Plate 281, fig. Ic, d, ^).

Male. Upperside with all the markings narrower than in the dry-season ; the
submarginal lunules on forewing obscure. Underside with darker ground-colour ;
markings similar, but narrower.

Expanse, S S^-q inches.

Habitat. — South India.

Distribution. — There is a specimen of both sexes of the dry-season brood in the
British Museum from Sir G. E. Hampson' s collection, labelled as having been taken
on the " Northern Slopes of the Nilgiris in January and October." Also a female
from Ootacamund, taken in August. We also possess a male and female taken on
the Nilgiris. Colonel C. Swinhoe has a male of both the dry and ■wet-season brood,
from the same Nilgiri collection. This is also probably the species referred to as
N. Kallaura, by Messrs. Davidson and Aitken (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896,
282), who " bred a specimen from a pupa found, in February, in the Supa Taluka,
N. Kanara District, hanging to a leaf of Dalbergia confertifolia, the larva having been
feeding on the creeper." Capt. E. Y. Watson records a single female (as Nandina),
taken at Kathlekan, Mysore, in November (J. Bombay, N. H. S. 1890, 4).

NEPTIS KALLAUKA.

Neptis Kallaura, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, 309 (wet-season), de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii.
p. 103 (1886).

Wet-season Irood (Plate 281, fig. 2, 2a, ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black ; markings very pale
yellow ; cilia slightly alternated with grey. Forewing with a slender somewhat

238 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

clavate cell-streak and narrow elongated pointed lobate spot beyond ; discal series of
spots small and more or less rounded, the submarginal row of small lunate spots
more or less apparent and incomplete ; an inner submarginal sinuous pale line and a
marginal line obscure. Emdwing with a somewhat narrow inner discal band which
is narrowest at both ends ; a narrower outer-discal quadrate macular baud ; the
medial discal and marginal pale line very obscure. Underside brownish-ferruginous ;
markings as above, with dusky edgings ; the cell-streak and discal band on both
wings pale yellow, the other markings on both wings and the basal streaks on hind-
wing being pale lilacine-grey; the discal band on hindwing narrowest at each end,
and the medial-discal slender line bent upward to the costa. Body and palpi above
black ; thorax and palpi beneath and legs greyish-white ; abdomen beneath
ferruginous ; antennae black above, reddish beneath.
Expanse cJ 2^^, ? 2j^o ^o 2j^ inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 281, fig. 2b, ? ) .

Female. Upperside ; markings yellowish-white. Forewing with the cell-streak
broader than in wet-season brood ; discal spots more elongated, the middle pair more
truncate exteriorly. Hindwing with broader inner-discal band ; the outer band
similar. Underside ; ground-colour the same ; markings broader as above, otherwise
as in wet-season.

Expanse, 2j^ inches.

Habitat. — Travancore ; Mysore ; S. India.

Distribution.— The type specimens were taken by Mr. Bourdillon on the Kallaur
road, at 1200 feet elevation, Travancore, in April, and also at Mynall, 2700 feet
elevation. A female, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, is recorded from Trevandrum
(Butt. Ind. 103). A female of the dry-season brood, taken by Capt. E. Y. Watson
at Kathlekan, Kadur, Mysore, in November, is in the British Museum. Mr. H. S.
Ferguson records it as rare in Travancore. Taken on the Hills near Mynall Estate
and also on the high range (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 8).

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 281, fig. 2, 2a, represents the female of
wet-season, and fig. 2, b, the female of dry-season brood.

NEPTIS CLINIA.

Neptis Clinia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soo. 1872, p. 563, pi. 32, fig. 5, ^ (dry -season).
Neptis Mananda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1877, p. 586, pi. 58, fig. 4, ? {wet-season), de Niceville,
Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 101 (1886).

Dry-season brood (Plate 282, fig. 1, la, b, c, cJ ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker inter-

NTMPHALIN^. (Group LI3IENIT1NA.) 239

vening spaces between the veins ; markings yellowish-white, cilia very slightly
alternated with white. Forewiug witli a moderately broad yellowish-white cell-streak
and a very contignoiis elongated pointed streak beyond ; a discal transverse curved
series of clearer yellowish-white large spots ; a submarginal row of slightly-defined
whitish slender lunules, an inner submarginal obscure pale slender sinuous line, and
an outer marginal lunular line, llindwing crossed by a broad clear yellowish-white
discal band, a submarginal very narrow suUied-white linear band ; a less distinct
slender pale medial discal line and an outer marginal line. Underside deep chestnut-
red ; markings as above, prominent ; the slightly-confluent discoidal streak, and
discal band on both wings yellowish-white ; the marginal lines, the medial-discal
line, and the two basal streaks on the hindwing being purpurescent-white. Body
and palpi above fuliginous-black, beneath and legs pale greyish-white ; antenn£e black,
tipt with red.

Expanse, c? 2 to 2j^, ? 2-^q inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 282, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, c? ? )•

Male and female. Upperside. Foreunng with the suUied-white cell and
contiguous streak comparatively narrower, narrowest in the female, the latter more
elongated ; the discal spots more or less much smaller. Hindwing with the discal
band somewhat narrower, the sullied brownish-white submarginal band more linear
in the male. Underside with the ground-colour darker chestnut-red than in
dry-season brood ; markings as above.

Expanse, <? 2 to 2j^o, ? 2i^o to 2^^ inches.

Habitat. — South Andamans.

DiSTRTBDTiON. — Confined to the Andaman Isles. Numerous specimens were
taken at Port Blair by the late Mr. F. de RoepstorfP. We possess a series of both
sexes of the wet-season form, and two males (types of Clinia) which we have assigned
as being the dry-season form — the originally cited locality of which is erroneous, —
and a female of the latter form from the Andamans.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 282, figs. 1, la, b, c, are male and
female of the dry-season form — the male being the type specimen of Clinia ; and
figs. 1, d, e, f, g, the male and female type specimens of Mananda, the ivet-season
form.

NEPTIS SUSRUTA.

Neptis Susruta, Moore, Pioc. Zool. Soo. 1872, p. 5G3, pi. 32, fig. 4, c? {'cet-season). de Nic6ville,
Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 103 (188C).

240 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.

Neptis CacJmrica, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3, $ {dry-season).

Neptis leuconaia, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 541, pi. 69, fig. 1, ? {dry -sea son). Distant,
Khop. Malay, p. 164, pi. 17, fig. 14 (1883).

Dry-season Irood (Plate 283, fig. ], la, h, a, S 9 )•

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker intervening
spaces between tbe veins ; markings yellowish-white. Forewing with a broad cell-
streak and elongated contiguous spot, discal curved series of spots rather large and
oval ; submarginal lunules slender and slightly defined, inner submarginal sinuous
line and outer marginal pale line very obscure. Rindioing with a broad inner-discal
band, and a narrower outer-discal linearly-lunular band ; medial-discal and marginal
pale line very obscure. Underside brownish-ferruginous ; markings as above,
prominently white ; cell-streak and elongated spots slightly conjoined ; inner and
outer marginal line on forewing, basal streaks and medial discal sinuous line, and
outer marginal lines on hindwing lilacine-white.

Expanse c? li-o to 2^^, ? 2j^ to 2^^ inches.

Wet-season Irood (Plate 283, fig. 1, d, e, f, g, ^J ? ).

Male and female. Upperside ; ground-colour duller olivescent-black; with
somewhat more or less narrower and smaller markings, which are more or less sullied
fuliginous-white, the outer discal band on hindwing distinctly more fuliginous and
linear. Underside darker brownisli-ferruginous ; markings brighter and washed
with purpurescent- white.

Expanse, S 2^^ to 2^q, ? 2i^o to '^xo inches.

Habitat. — Kumaon ; Sikkim ; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma;
Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.

Distribution. — It is recorded by Mr. W. Doherty from " Kali Valley, 2-3000 feet
elevation, Kumaon" (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125). In our own collection are several
males of the cZry-seaso?^ form from Sikkim, taken in March by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon,
both sexes from Cherra Punji, Khasias, males from the Upper Mekong, Shan States,
Burma, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., and a female from Elphinstone Island,
]\Iergui, taken in March by Dr. J. Anderson. Also both sexes of the tvef-season form
from Sikkim, taken in July, both sexes from the Khasias, a male from Bayah Chong,
Burma, taken in February by Colonel C. H. E. Adamson, and a female from Chitta-
gong Hills, taken in August. Colonel Swinhoe has numerous specimens from Cherra
Punji and the Khasias. Both sexes of the dry-season form from Tuckvor, Darjiling,
taken in May, males of both forms from the Naga Hills, and a male of the wet form
from Muong Gnow, Shan States, taken in July, are in Mr. W. Rothschild's collection.
Colonel Adamson records it as " common in the hilly parts of Burma " (List 1897,

NYMPHALINJS. (Group LIMENITINA.) 241

20). The type specimens of Susruta, Gacharica, and of leuconata from Malacca,
specimens from Tilin Yaw, taken in March by Capt. E. Y. Watson, and a female from
Pegu, are in the British Museum. Mr. de Niceville records " specimens in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, from Sikkim, Assam, and Upper Tenasserim " {I.e. 103). Also,
that it is " a common species in Sikkim, occurring throughout the warm months, up
to 5000 feet elevation " (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 138). Males of wet-season form
from Perak, Sumatra, and Borneo, are in Mr. H. Grose-Smith's collection.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 283, figs. 1, la, b, c, are from typical
Gacharica — the dry-season form, and figs. Id, e, f, g, from typical Susruta — the
wet-season form.

NEPTIS SOMA.

Neptis Soma, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 9, pi. 49, fig. 6, 9 (wet-season), de Niceville, Butt, of
India, etc., ii. p. 102 (1886).

Dry-season brood (Plate 284, fig. 1, la, b, c, (J 9 ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker intervening
spaces between the veins ; markings dull olivescent- white. Forewing with the cell-
streak broadly truncate at its end, the discocellular triangular spot well separated
and rather short in the male, longer in the female ; a curved discal series of ovate
spots, and a submarginal row of very small lunular spots ; an inner submarginal
pale sinuous line, and a less apparent outer marginal line. Hindiving with an mner
discal moderately broad band, and a narrow outer discal lunular band ; a medial
discal and a submarginal slender obscure pale line. Underside deep purplish
ferruginous, darkest in the male; markings as above, very prominent; cell-streak
well separated from discocellular spot ; inner submarginal line on the forewing, basal
and subbasal streak, a medial-discal and outer marginal lines on hindwing lilacine
white.

Wet-season brood (Plate 284, fig. Id, e, f, c? ? ).

Male and female. Upperside with the cell-streak and triangular spot narrower,
tlie discal spots smaller, the bands on hindwing also much narrower, and fuliginous-
white. Underside richer purplish-ferruginous ; markings as above, otherwise as in
dry-season.

Expanse, c? 2i-o> ? 2i^ to 2^^ inches.

Habitat. — Kumaon ; Sikkim ; Assam ; Silhet ; Khasia Hills.

Distribution. — Mr. W. Doherty records it from the " Sarju, Gori, and Kali
Valleys from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation, in Kumaon" (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125).
We possess both sexes of the dry-season form from the Khasia Hills, and males of

VOL. III. I i

242 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

the wet-season form from Sikkim, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, Silbet, Cberra
Punji, Khasias, and a female from Nowgong, Assam. Speciiaens from Silliet,
including the type female, are in the British Museum.

NEPTIS ADIPALA.

Neptis Adijx-ila, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1872, p. 563, pi. 32, fig. 8, $ {dry-season) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878,

p. 832. de Nieeville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 102 (1886).
Neptis gononata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 641, pi. 69, fig. 2, ^ {wet-season). Distant,

Ehop. Malay, p. 154, pi. IB, fig. 2, ^ (1883).

Dry-season brood (Plate 285, fig. 1, la, b, o, ^J ? ).

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, with blacker inter-
vening spaces between the veins ; markings clear olivescent-white, very prominent
and sharply defined ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a narrow cell-
streak and rather elongated narrow contiguous spot ; discal curved series of spots
moderately small, the ujiper series oval, the lower broadly ovate or rounded and
somewhat obliquely truncate in the male, and more outwardly truncate in the female ;
a submarginal row of small lunular spots, a slightly-defined inner submarginal slender
pale sinuous line and an outer marginal lunular line. Bindwing with a moderately
broad inner-discal baud, and an outer-discal narrower band formed of quadi-ate
spots ; a slightly-defined medial-discal and a submarginal pale line. Underside rich
purplish-ferruginous ; markings as above, all very prominent ; the cell-streak and
spot generally more or less partially confluent ; the inner submarginal and outer
marginal line on forewing, the medial-discal line, submarginal line, a more or less
defined outer marginal line, and a basal and subbasal streak on hindwing being
lilacine-white.

Expanse, c? 2^^ to 2^^, ? 2^^^ inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 285, fig. Id, e, f, g, J" $ ).

Male and female. Upperside blacker than in dry-season ; the markings
smaller, narrower, and somewhat less sharply defined. Underside richer purplish-
ferruginous, markings as above, otherwise as in dry-season.

Expanse, c? 2 to 2^q, ? 2^-0 to 2^^ inches.

Habitat. — Sikkim ; Assam ; Khasia and Naga Hills ; Burma ; Tenasserim ;
Malay Peninsula.

DtSTEiBTrnoN. — We possess males of the dry-season form from Sikkim, both
sexes from the Khasias, a male of the wet-season form from Touughoo, Burma, and

NYMPHALIXyE. (Group LI3IENITIXA.) 243

also both sexes from the Khasias. Colonel Swinhoe has a series of both the dry and
wet-season form from Cherra Punji and the Khasias. A female of the wet form
from Kathapa, Burma, is in Col. Adamson's collection. Mr. do Niceville records it
from " Sikkim, Sibsagar, Upper Assam, Naga and Khasia Hills, and Upper
Tenasserim" {I.e. p. 102). Specimens of the dry-season form, from Tilin Yaw,
taken in April, and of the wet form, taken in December, January, and March, and
Karen Hills in December, by Capt. E. Y. Watson, the dry form from Upper Tenas-
serim, taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason, the wet form from Atavan Valley, Burma, taken
in February by Capt. C. T. Bingham, and also the type of gononafa from Malacca,
are in the British Museum. Dr. J. Anderson took it on Thaing Island, Mergui, in
January. Males of the dry-season form from Gunong Ijang, Perak, are in Mr. W.
Rothschild's collection, and a male of the wet form from Perak in Col. Swinhoe's
collection.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 285, figs. 1, la, is from the type
male Adipala, and figs, lb, c, the female, both being the dry-season form ; figs. Id,
e, f, g, are typical gono7iata, the wet-season form, from Burma.

NEPTIS NATA.

Neptis Nata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 1G8, pi. 4a, fig. 6, <J (1857); Proc.

Zool. Soc. 18.58, p. 10. Distant, Ehop. Malayana, p. 154, pi. 18, fig. 1, ^ (1883). de Niceville,

Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 100 (1886).
Neptis Duryodana, var. Distant, I.e. p. 155, pi. 16, fig. 15, J .
Neptisfulva, Pryer et Gator, British North Borneo Herald, Oct. 1894, p. 260.

Dry-season brood (Plate 286, fig. 1, la, b, c, c? ? )•

Imago. — Male and female. Upperside deep purpurescent-black ; markings bluish-
white, very prominent, and with sharply-defined edges ; cilia alternated with white.
Forewing with the cell-streak broadly truncate at end, the broad discocellular spot
beyond elongated to an acute point ; discal curved series of spots of moderate size,
the subapical rather elongated and oval, the lower four disposed linearly-oblique,
the upper one small, oval, and placed very near the submargiual lunules, the two
lowest smallest and narrow, the second being broad ; a submarginal row of small
white lunular spots, which are narrowest in the female, an inner submarginal
slender sinuous obscure pale line, and a marginal obscure lunular line. Eindwiny
with a somewhat narrow inner-discal band, which ends at the upper subcostal vein,
and a narrower outer-discal macular band ; a medial-discal obscui-e pale slender
lunular line, and a marginal even lino ; base of costa in male broadly glossy silvery-

I i 2

241- LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA.

grey, and with a duller grey medially disposed patch of scales from the costal vein
to below base of the radial. Underside dusky olivescent purplish-brown ; markings
as above, prominent, all bluish-white, except the inner and outer marginal line on
forewing, and the medial discal and marginal line on the hindwing, as well as its
two basal streaks, which are lilacine-grey. Body and palpi above black, thorax iri-
descent ; abdomen above with a basal slight bluish-grey band ; palpi and thorax
beneath, forelegs, middle and hind femora bluish-grey ; abdomen beneath, middle
and hind tibiae and tarsi pale ochreous-brown.

Wet-season hrood (Plate 286, fig. 1, d, c, f, g, -5' $ ).

Upperside with all the markings somewhat narrower ; underside with the
ground-colour reddish-brown ; markings as above, except that on the hindwing the
medial-discal white band extends anteriorly above the upper subcostal vein.

Expanse, d 2^q, ? 2^^ inches.

Habitat. — Lower Burma; Tenasseriin ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

Note. — This species has somewhat the appearance of Andropana Durijodana, on
both the upper and underside, even to the termination at the subcostal of the medial
discal -white band on the hindwing, but is readily distinguishable by the regular
inward sequence of the four lower discal white spots on the forewing, whereas, in
A, Buryodana the upper two of these spots are widely separated and disposed
obliquely outward.

Distribution. — Specimens were taken by Dr. J. Anderson in " Mergui, and at
Minthantoung, Lower Tenasserim, in December " (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36).
We possess a Burmese male. It occurs in the Malay Peninsula ; Capt. Pinwill took
it in Malacca. We have it from Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo and Sarawak.
Colonel C. Swinhoe has it from Perak, and Nias Island. Mr. D. Cator possesses a
series taken at Sandakan, N. Borneo, from January to August.

Indo-Malayan and other Species op JMeptis. — Nepfis Aceris (Pap. Aceris,
Lepechin, Tagenb. der Russ. Reise, p. 203, pi. 17, fig. 5, 6 (1771-74). Esper, Eur.
Schmett. i. 2, pi. 81, fig. 3, 4 (1783). Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 245 (1793).
Neptis Aceris, Fabricius, llliger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1806). ^n. Pap. Sappho, Pallas,
Reise, i. p. 471, No. 62 (1771). Pap. Plautilla, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. pi. 21,
fig. 99, 100 (1799). llaUtat. E. Europe ;? Amurland. — Neptis intermedia, Vvyev,
Cistula Entom. ii. p. 231, pi. 4, fig. 1 (1877). Habitat. N. China; Japan.— iVf/jf/s
Eurynome (?Pap. Hylas, <S-nec ?), Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 486, No. 173 (1758). Syv.
Pap. Leucothoe, Clerck, Icones, iii. (ined.) pi. 5, fig. 4, sinistrae. Nym. Phal. Aceris
(ex Indie), Esper, Eur. Schmett. i. pi. 82, fig. 1, ? (1783). Pap. Leucothoe,
Donovan, Ins. China, pi. 37, fig. 3, ¥ (1799). Limenitis Eurynome, Westwood,

NTMPHAL/N^E. ^Gronp limenittna.) 245

2nd. Edit. Donov. Ins. China, p. 66, pi. 35, fig. 4 (1842). Neptis Eurynome, Moore,
Proc. Zool. See. 1874, p. 570. A female, identical with this species, labelled
" Leucothoe, 780," is in Linnaeus's Cabinet, possessed by the Linnean Society of
London. Clerck's figure (I.e.), which we liave examined, is also identical. Habitat.
Hongtcong ; Chusan ; S. China ; W, and C. China ; Formosa. — Neptis Sangaica,
Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 47. Habitat. Shanghai, N. China. — Nej^tis
Hainana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 697. Habitat. Hainan Island. — Neptis
Mindorana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 110. Semper, Reis. Phil. p. 146,
pi. 29, fig. 5, ?. Habitat. Mindora. — Neptis Ilocana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats.
186c;, p. 111. Semper, I.e. p. 147, pi. 29, fig. 1-4. Habitat. Luzon. — Neptis
matuta (Pap. Leucothoe, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 36, pi. 18, fig. 2, 3 (1776) — Drij-
season). Pap. Leucothoe, Cramer, Pap. Bxot. iv. p. 15, pi. 296, fig. E. F. (1792) ;
Herbst, Nat. Sch. ix. p. 91, pi. 239, fig. 5, 6 — Wet-season). Acca matuta, Hiibner,
Verz. bek. Schraett. p. 44 (1816). Neptis Leucothoe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1872, p. 561 — Wet-season). Neptis Surakarta, Moore, id. p. 661 — Dry-season).
Neptis Aceris, Horsf. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pi. 7, fig. 9, larva and pupa (1829).
Habitat. Java ; Sarawak ; Borneo. — Neptis Ombalata, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 24, pi. 3,
fig. 15, 16 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island. — Neptis Engano, Doherty, Journ. As.
Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 27. Habitat. Engano Island. — Neptis Papaj a, Moore, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 570. Habitat. Sumatra. — Neptis Nandiiia, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I.
Company, i. p. 168, pi. 4a, fig. 7, <? (1857). Habitat. Java. — Neptis Nissea, de
Niceville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 9, <?. Habitat. Java. — Neptis
Clinioides, de Niceville, id. 1894, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 8, c?. Habitat. N.E. Sumatra. —
Neptis Florensis, Snellin, Tijd. v. Entom. 1891, p. 238. Habitat. Flores. — Neptis
Sumba, Doherty, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 174. Habitat. Sumba Island. —
Neptis Meridiei, Doherty, id. 1891, p. 26. Habitat. Engano Island. — Neptis
Kechil, Pryer and Cator, Brit. North Borneo Herald, Oct. 1894, p. 260. Allied
to N. Nata. Habitat. N. Borneo. — Neptis Tibetana. Male, Dry-season brood.
Upperside most like typical dry-season male of Soma ; markings white. Foi eiving
with the cell-streak and its well- separated discocellular spot slightly broader, the
discal curved series of spots larger and broader, the subapical pair with outwardly-
oblique edges. Hindwing with the inner-discal band slightly broader, the outer
band narrow. Underside rich brownish-ferruginous. Foreiving with the cell-streak
and spot conjoined, being only partially separated by a slightly-defined speckled
discocellular bar of the ground-colour; the discal curved series of spots as above;
the middle marginal lunular line narrow. Hindwing with the inner-discal band,
as above, of equal width across, in Soma it widens anteriorly ; the outer discal
band narrower; other markings similar. Expanse, S 2^^^ inches. Wet-.'ieason
brood. Male. Upperside most like typical wet-season Susruta. Forewing wit'u

246 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

the cell-streak and discocelliilar spot suUied-wbite and narrow ; the upper and
lower discal spots, as in dry-season, larger. Hindioing with the inner discal
band broader, the outer discal band narrow, but distinctly white. Underside dusky
brownish- ferruginous ; markings as above, broader. Expanse, S 1 n, to 2^) inches
(Described from several W. China examples in Mr. Walter Rothschild's collection)
Habitat. Eastern Tibet, W. China. — Nejjtis Sonnla, Staudinger. Hahitaf. Pala
wan. — Neptis BoJwlica (N. gononata. Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 145, pi. 29
fig. 8, 9, c? ? (1889). Habitat. Bohol. — Neptis pseudosoma (N. soma, Semper
id. p. 146, pi. 29, fig. 10, 11, (? ?). Habitat. Mindanao. — Nevtis Pampanga
Semper, id. p. 146, pi. 29, fig. 6, 7, c? ? (1889). Habitat. Luzod.— Neptis
Gymela, Semper, id. p. 145, pi. 29, fig. 12, 13, <? 9 (1889). Habitat. Luzon.—
Neptis Cyra, Semper, id. p. 148, pi. 29, fig. 14, ? . Habitat. Luzon.

INDEX OF GENEEA AND SPECIES.

VOL. m.

Abrota, Moore, 49, 81.

Ganga, Moore, 81.

Jumna, Moore, 83.
ACCA, Hiibn. 146, 216.

anceps, Gi'ose-Smitb, 216.

Brehissoni, Boisd, 216.

Colum''na, Hubn. 218.

cyanifera, Butler, 216.

Evanescens, Stgr. 216.

Leucothoe, Hiibn. 184.

mortifacies, Butler, 216.

Safhia, Grose-Smith, 216.

Venilia, Linn. 147, 216.
Aconthea, Horsf. 93, HI.

Alanl:ara, Hor&f. IGO.

apaturina, Horsf. 78.

Coajtina, Horsf. 99,

Luhentina,\i.oYsL 129.

primarin, Horsf. 129.
Acontia, Westw. 78.

Bouhledayi, Westw. 79.
AdoUades, Butler, 47.
Adolias, Boisd. 49, 67.

Acontms, Hewits. 121.

Adima, Moore, 90.

^etes, Hewits. 59.

Agnis, Voll. 130.

albopunctata, Crowley, 72.

Ambalika, Mooie, 99.

Annamita, Moore, 107.

Anosia, Moore, 101.

Aiiyte, Hewits. 130.

Aphidas, Hewits. 100.

ApicaHs, Voll. 125.

App'utdes, Menetr. 88.

Apsarfim, Voll. 84.

Aruna, Fi-bl. 84.

Asoka, F.ld. 99.

Balarama, Moore, 91.

Bellata, Druce, 65.

Adolias bipnnctata, Voll. 110.
Blumei, Voll. 99.
Boisduvalii, Gray, 68.
CifnwsjKdis, Hewits. 65.
CaU2)horus, Fekl. 86.
Ciharitis, Hewits. 85.
Clathrata, Voll. 110.
Cocytus, Butler, 94.
confinis, Felder, 81.
Confucius, Westw. 135.
cyanipardus, Butler, 71.
decoratus, Butler, 110,
Derma, Kollar, 106.
Diardi, Voll. 99.
Dirtauides, Stgr. 73.
Dirtea, Fahr. 68.
Dolope, Felder, 77.
Douhledayi, Gray, 135.
Bunya, Dbleday. 66.
Durga, Moore, 139.
Epiona, Gray, 135.
Eva, Felder, 106.
Evelina, Westw. 104.
Franciiv, Gi'ay, 138.
Gandava, Voll. 99.
Garuda, Moore, 115.
Godartii, Gray, 99.
Gopia, Moore, 99.
Indras, Voll. 84.
Iva, Moore, 134.
lahnu, Moore, 87.
Jama, Fdd. 122.
Eanda, Moore, 110.
Kardama, Moore, 135.
Kesava, Moore, 107.
Kbasiana, Sicinlioe, 70.
Lavertia, Butler, 1 10.
Lcjndea, Butler, 96.
Locbania, Boit-d. 86.
Lubentina, Moore, 112.

Adolias Lttdckingii, Voll. 99.
lupina, Druce, 86.
Mahadeva, Moore, 130.
Merta, Moore, 130.
Mirus, Butler, 81.
Monina, Butler, 99.
Nara, Moore, 130.
Nesimachus, Boisd. 75.
Nicea, Gray, 77.
Ninus, Feld. 76.
odogesima, Voll. 129.
Palawana, Moore, 73.
Falguna, Moore, 84.
pardalis, Moore, 73.
pardalis, Voll. 84.
Parta, Moore, 129.
Parvata, Moore, 92.
Patala, Kollar, 135.
Phemius, Dbleday. 123.
Pulasara, Moore, 84.
Puseda, Moore, 99.
Raja, Feld. 138.
Ramada, Moore, 110.
Salia, Moore, 1 10.
Saiianda, Moore, 87.
Sancara, Moore, 123.
Satropaces, Hewits. 94.
Schre.Hckii, Menetr. 10.
Sedeoa, Moore, 91.
Sikandi, Moore, 107.
Siva, Westw. 79.
Soma, Felder, 107.
Somadeva, Feld. 110.
Taooanii, Moore, 137.
Telchinia, Menetr. 100.
Teuta, Dbleday. 60.
Trigerta, Moore, 86.
Vacillaria, Butler, 99.
Valmikis, Feld. 84.
Varuna, Voll. 84.

248

INDEX.

AuOLiAs Vasanta, Moore, 120.

Vikrama, Feld. 84.

Xipliiones, Butler, 92.

Zichri, Butler, 126.
Aldania, Moore, 46.

Radilei, Bremer, 47.
^ola, Billberg, 3.
AxDRAPANA, Moore, 146, 218.

albescens, Rothschild, 225.

Angara, Semper, 22.5.

Bataviana, Moore, 225.

Columella, Cram. 147, 218.

Daria, Feld. 225.

Duryodana, Moore, 225.

Eremita, Feld. 225.

Ida, Moore, 225.

Jiimbah, Moore, 220,

Khasiana, Moore, 224.

Magadha, Felder, 223.

Ophianella, Stgr. 225.

Sarabaita, Feld. 226.

Soror, Semper, 225.

variabilis, Kothschild, 225.
Andrasenodes, Moore, 146.

Mimetica, Orose-Smith, 147.
Apatura, Fabr. 3.

Ambica, KoUar, 4.

Artaxes, de Niceville, 20.

Bhavana, Moore, 4, 5.

Bieti, Oljerth. 7.

Camiba, Moore, 19.

Gaiita, Leech, 31.

Chevana, Moore, 8.

Clm/sw, Oberth. 13.

fagciola. Leech, 14.

fulva. Leech, 13.

Iris, 2.

Japonica, Feld. 39.

Laverna, Leech, 7.

Morgiana, Westw. 12.

Nakula, Moore, 20.

J^amoiina, Dbleday. 4.

O.^f-ria, Westw. 12.

Pallas, Leech, 7.

Parisatis, Westw. 17.

Parvata, Moore, 15.

Phceacia, Hewits. 10.

Phcedra, Leech, 7.

Princeps, Fixsen, 31.

Hana, Stgr. 20.

Apatu7-a Rhea, Felder, 20.

SchrencHi, Brem. 10.

Seramm, Oberth. 7.

sordida, Moore, 10.

subccvrtilea. Leech, 7.

substituta, Butler, 7.

sumatrana, Stgr. 20.

Ulupi, Doherty, 14.

Zanoa, Hewits. 4, 6.
Apaturw, Butler, 1.
Apaturia, Sodoff. 3.
Apaturidw, Guen, 1,
Apaturides, Boisd. 1.
Apaturidi, Scudder, 1.
Apaturince, Kirby, 1.
Argynnis Hippomenei, Herr. Sch. 75.
Argynnis Thyelia, Godt. 57.
Atharia, Moore, 146.

Consimilis, Boisd. 147.
Athtma, Westw. 146, 183.

Abiasa, Moore, 213.

Adunora, Kheil, 213.

Alcamene, Feld. 183.

Ambra, Stgr. 207.

Amhara, Druce, 207.

Aratida, Boisd. 214.

Ari/ata, Feld. 214.

Asiia, Moore, 199.

Assa, de Niceville, 207.

Astrea, Butler, 217.

Asura, Moore, 177.

Badoura, Butler, 193.

Bahtda, Moore, 202.

Cama, Moore, 200.

Cassiope, Menctr. 10.

Cerne, Butler, 217.

CJerica, Butler, 213.

constricta, A'pb. 192.

diffusa. Leech, 182.

diyimda, Leech, 176.

Elwesi, Leech, 179.

Epimeihis, Feld. 209.

Fwtuna, Leech, 181.

Gandara, Fold. 207.

GIm-a, Kheil, 207.

Godmani, Stgr. 207.

Gordia, Feld. 209.

HoUandii, Doherty, 207.

Idita, Moore, 178.

Inara, Westw. 196.

Athtma Inarina, Butler, 197.

Jadaua, Feld. 207.

Jina, Moore, 181.

Jocaste, Feld. 193.

Kanwa, Moore, 179.

Karita, Doherty, 207.

Kasa, Moore, 209.

Kresna, Moore, 19.5.

Larymna, Westw. 192.

Leucotlwe, West. 184.

McBna, Feld. 2u7.

Magindana, Semper, 193.

Mahesa, Mooie, 210.

Nejte, Cram. 207.

Ifingpoana, Feld. 176.

nivifera, Butler, 194.

Nycteis, Menetr. 10.

Opalina, Westw. 188.

orientalis, Elwes, 189.

Paragordia, Semper, 209.

Parakasa, Semper, 209.

Perius, Linn. 146, 184.

Prarara, Moore, 182.

Pryeri, Moore, 176.

punctata. Leech, 208.

Ranga, Moore, 210.

recurva, Leech, 176.

Beta, Moore, 207.

rufida, de NiceVille, 199.

separata, Stgr. 209.

sei-ica. Leech, 214,

speciosa, Stgr. 208.

Suhrata, Moore, 195.

Sulpitia, Cram. 176.

Tarpja, Stgr. 209.

Urvasi, Felder, 208.

Venata, Leech, 176.

Venata, Stgr. 207.

Zeroca, Moore, 205.

Zoroastes, Butler, 207.
Athtmodes, Moore, 10.

Cassiope, Menetr. 10.

Nyctei?, Menetr. 10.
AuzAKiA, Moore, 146, 148.

albomarginata, Weym. 150.

Danava, Moore, 146, 149.

Leechii, Moore, 150.
Bacalora, Moore, 146.

Pata, Moore, 147.
Balanga, Moore, 146, 208.

INDEX.

249

Balanga Epimetlm, Feld. 209.

Gordia, Feld. 209.

Kasa, Moore, 146, 209.

Paragordia, Semper, 209.

Parahasa, Semper, 209.

Separata, Stgr. 209.

Tai'pa, Stgr. 209.
Bassarona, Moore, 48, 59.

Bellata, Druce, 65.

Eion, de Niceville, 65.

Eson, de Niceville, 65.

Eui-us, de Niceville, 65.

externa, de Niceville, 65.

Goodrielii, Distant, 63.

Gupta, de Niceville, 62.

Ira, Moore, 61.

Lnbofas, Hewits. 65.

Moniiie, Moore, 6t.

Piratica, Semper, 65.

Recta, de Niceoille, 64.

Teuta, Dhleday. 60.

Teutoides, Moore, 61.
Bhagadatta, Moore, 146, 154.

Aiistenia, Moore, 146, 155.
Biblis Procris, Horsf. 166.
Bimbisara, Moore, 146.

Amba, Moore, 147,
Bisappa, Moore, 146.

Neriphus, Hewits. 147.
BRiiMERiA, Moore, 9.

Schrenckii, Menetr. 10.
BucASiA, Moore, 49, 86.

Calliphorus, Feld. 86.

leucotmnia, Semper, 86.

lupina, Druce, 36.
Castalia, Moore, 25,

Chandra, Moore, 29.

Dichroa, Kollar, 26.
Camaraga, Moore, 49, 74.

Damalis, Erichs. 74.
Chalinga, Moore, 146, 172.

Elwesi, Oberdi. 147, 173.
Chendrana, Moore, 146, 182,

Alcaniene, Feld. 183.

Pravara, Moore, 146, 182.
Chitoria, Moore, 3, 10.

Sordida, Moore, 10.
Chdcapa, Moore, 49, 137.

Franciae, Gray, 138.

Hebe, Leech, 139,
VOL. III.

CoNDOCHATES, Moorc, 146, 187.

constricta, Alpli. 192.

Opalina, Kollar, 146, 188.
Ctnitia, Snellen, 42, 93.

Ambalika, Moore, 99.

Andersoni, Moore, 98.

Asoka, Feld. 99.

Blurnei, Voll. 99.

Bottgeri, Fruhst. 100.

Cocytina, Horsf. 99.

Cocytus, Fabr. 94.

Cognata, Moore, 98.

Diardi, Voll. 99.

Flora, Butler, 99.

Gundava, Voll. 99.

Gopia, Moore, 99.

Japis, Godt. 99.

Lep'dea, Butler, 95.

LudeMngii, Voll. 99.

Maclayi, Distant, 99.

Monina, Fabr. 99.

Phlegethon, Semper, 99.

Piiseda, Moore, 99.

Salangana, Fruhst. 99.

Semperi, Stgr. 99.

Stoliczkana, Distant, 99.

Tanagra, Stgr. 100.

Vacillaria, Butler, 99.
Cynthia Damalis, Eiichs. 74.
Diadema Charonda, Hewits. 39.

Diagoras, Hewits. 39.

Nyctelius, Dbleday. 40.

Baddei, Bremer, 47.
Diademce, Butler, 1.
Diagora, Snellen, 34,

Japonica, Snellen, 39.
Dichorragia, Butler, 48, 74.

dislincta, Rober, 76.

Nesseus, Grose- Smith, 76.

Nesimachus, Boisd. 75.

Ninus, Felder, 76,
DiLiPA, Moore, 8, 11.

fenestra, Leecli, 13,

Morgiana, Westw. 12.
DoPHLA, Moore, 48, 103,

Annamita, Moore, 107.

Derma, Kollar, 106.

Dermoides, Rothschild, 107.

Eion, de Niceville, 65.

Eson, de Nicdville, 65.

DoPHLA Eurus, de Niceville, 65.

Evelina, Stall, 104.

externa, de Niceville, 65.

Goodrichi, da Niceville, 63.

fumosa, Stgr, 107.

Laiidabilis, Sivinhoe, 104,

Pyxidata, Weymer, 107,

Recta, de Niceville, G4.

Sihayidi, Moore, 107.

Teuta, de Niceville, 60.

Teutoides, de Niceville, 61.
Doxocopa, Hiibn. 3.
Dravira, Moore, 3, 14.

Ulupi, Dohertij, 14.
Edlaceura, Butler, 20.

Osteria, Westw. 21.
Edlacura, Butler, 3, 20.
EuRipns, Dbleday. 3, 39.

Alcathoeoides, de N. 40, 41.

Ankmus, Semper, 46.

Borneensis, Distant, 46.

charonda, Leech, 39.

cinnamomeus, Mason, 40, 42.

Clytia, Felder, 46.

consimilis, Westw. 44.

Coreaiius, Leech, 39.

Euplceoides, Feldei-, 46.

funebris. Leech, 46.

Haliartus, Felder, 40.

Halirothius, Westw, 44.

Haliiherses, Dbleday. 40.

Isa, Moore, 41.

Lucasioides, Semper, 46.

meridionalis, W. Mason, 44.

Nyctelius, Dbleday. 42.

Nysia, Semper, 46.

Pfeifferai, Felder, 46.
EuripincB, Doherty, 1.
EuTHALiA, Hiibn. 49, 111,

Aconthea, Cram, 129,

Acoutius, hewits. 121,

Adeona, Grose-Smith, 129,

Adima, do Niceville, 90.

Adonia, Cram. 129.

Agnis, Voll. 130.

Alpheda, Godt, 129,

Amisa, Grose-Smith, 85.
Andersoni, Moore, 98.

Anosia, Kirby, 102.

Anyte, de Niceville, 130.
K k

2.J0

INDEX.

EuTHAi.iA apicalis, Toll. 125.

appiade?, de Niceville, 88.

Armandlana, Poiijade, 135.

Balarama, de Niceville, 91.

Bellata, Distant, 63.

Binghamii, de Nicevilli', 128.

ccerulescens, Grose-Smith, 110.

Cocytina, Distant, 99.

Confucius, Grose- Smith, 135.

consobrina. Leech, 131.

cordata, Weymer, 110.

culmiincola, Fruhst. 129.

Dclmana, Swiuhoe, 127.
Derma, Distant, 106.
Dermoides, Rothschild, 107.
discispilota, Moore, 107.
Djata, Distant, 129.
Duda, Stgr. 140.
Dunya, Dbleday. 66.
Durgn, Moore, 139.
Elicius, de Niceville, 110.
Elone, de Niceville, 86.
Eriphyle, de Niceville, 127.
Evelina, de Niceville, 104.
Franciae, de Niceville, 138.
Jumosa, Stgr. 107.
Garuda, Moore, 115.
Goodrichi, Distant, 63.
Hebe, Leech, 139.
irrubescens, Grose-Smith, 129.
Iva, de Niceville, 134.
Jahnu, de Niceville, 87.
Jama, Felder, 122.
Kardama, Grose-Smith, 135.
Kesava, de Niceville^ 107.
Khama, Alpheraky, 141.
I'iJitisiana, Svvinhoe, 90.
laudahilis, Svvinhoe, 104.
lepidea, de Niceville, 96.
Lubtntiua, Gram. 112.
Ludonia, Stgr. 129.
Lusiada, Fekl. 130.
Maclayi, Distant, 99.
Macnairi, Distant, 99.
Mahadeva, Moore, 130.
Martigena, Weymer, 84.
Merilia, Swinhoe, 116.
Merta, Moore, 130.
Mindorana, Stgr. 130.
A'ara, de Niceville, 130.

Edthalia Narayana, Grose-Smith,
133.

Nic^vilhi, Distant, 130.

numerica, Fruhst. 129.

Omeia, Leech, 131.

Palawana, Stgr. 84, 129.

Porta, Moore, 129.

Fhelada, Semper, 129.

PhemiuP, Dbleday. 123.

Phintia, Weymer, 110.

Pratti, Leech, 137.

Puseda, Distant, 99.

Pyrrha, Leech, 135.

Pyxidata, Weymer, 107.

Raiigoonensis, Swinhoe, 109.

Sahadeva, Moore, 132.

Saidja, Vandepoll, 67.

Sakii, de Niceville, 84.

Salangana, Fruhst. 99.

Sandakaua, Moore, 129.

Satropaces, de Niceville, 94.

Sedeva, Swinhoe, 91.

Soma, Moore, 107.

Stoliczkana, Distant, 99.

Sfreplion, Grose-Smith, 131.

Taooana, de Niceville, 137.

TeJchinia, de Niceville, 100.

Teuta, de Niceville, 60.

Tenioides, de Niceville, 61.

Thibetana, Ponjade, 141.

Vasanta, Moore, 120.

Whiteheadi, Grose-Smith, 129.

Xiphiones, de Niceville, 92.

Zichri, Butler, 126.
EuTHALiiNA, Moore, 47.
Felderia, Semper, 93.

Bottgeri, Fruhst. 100.

Phlegethon, Semper, 99.

Scmperi, Stgr, 99.

Tanagra, Stgr. 100.
Hamadryodes, Moore, 146, 215.

ampliata, Butler, 215.

Dorcas, Grose-Smith, 215.

Lactaria, Butler, 147, 215.

Nausicaa, de Niceville, 216.

Nemeiis, de Nice'ville, 216.

Pajma, Oherth. 215.

Proslini, Boisd. 215.
Haramba, Moore, 49, 86.
Adima, Moore, 90.

Haramba Appiades, Mene'tr. 88.

Jahnu, Moore, 87.

Julii, Bougainville, 92.

Sedeva, Moore, 91.
Heeona, Dbleday. 3, 22.

Andamana, Moore, 24.

angustata, Moore, 24.

Djarang, Fruhst. 25.

Marathus, Dbleday. 22.

Pringondani, Fruhst. 25.

Schonbergi, Stgr. 25.

Senera, Stgr. 24.

Suniatrana, Moore, 25.
Hestina, We^tw. 3, 31.

assimilis, Linn. 38.

aus/ralis, Leech, 39.

CarolincB, Snellen, 34.

Chinensis, Leech, 39.

cousimilis, Westw. 44.

intermedia. Leech, 39.

Isa, Moore, 40.

Mena, Moore, 36.

Mimelica, Butler, 34.

Nama, Dhleday. 32.

nigrivena, Leech, 38.

Oberthuri, Leech, 38.
persimilis, Westw. 34.
suhviridis, Leech, 38.
viridis. Leech, 38.

Yankowskii, Grose-Smith, 39.
Zella, Butler, 35.
Hypolimnas Coresia, Hiibn. 78.
Hypolimne.sthes, Moore, 146, 154.
albomaculata. Leech, 146, 154.
Itanus, Dbleday. 111.

Phemius, Dbleday. 123.
Kalkasia, Mooi-e, 146, 214.
Alwina, Brem. 146, 215.
Dejeanii, Oberth. 215.
exeellens, Butler, 215.
Philyra, Menetr. 215.
Philyroides, Stgr. 215.
Speyeri, Stgr. 215.
KiRONGA, Moore, 146, 209.
Abiasa, Moore, 213.
Aryafa, Feld. 214.
Ranga, Moore, 146, 210.
Serica, Leech, 214.
KiRONTiSA, Moore, 49, 100.
Telchinia, Menetr. 49, 100.

INDEX.

251

Labuanga, Moore, 49, 139.

Duda, Staudinger, 140.

Diirga, Moore, 139.

-TT/jama, Alpheraky, 141.

Tibetana, Poujaile, 141.
Ladoga, Moore, 146, 174.

aiuiustata, Stgr. 174.

Camilla, Linn. 146, 174.

Japonica, Men^tr. 174.

Sibylla, Linn. 146, 174.
Lamasia, Moore, 146, 167.

Lyncides, Heicits. 146, 167.
Lasippa, Moore, 146.

Heiiodore, Fabr. 147.
Lebadea, Felder, 146, 156.

Alankara, Horsf. 160.

attemiata, Moore, 158.

austenia, Moore, 155.

Ismene, Bbleday. 146, 157.

Martha, Fair. 158.

Paduka, Uoure, 160.

Sumatrensis, Stgr. 160.

Wallacei, Moore, 160.
Lesias, Boisd. 49, 59.

./Eetes, Hewits. 59.

.iEropus, Linn. 59.

Dirtea, Felder, 68.

Panopns, Feld. 59.

Phasicma, Butler, 59.

Satrapes, Feld. 74.
Limbusa, Moore, 48, 130.

Nara, Moore, 130.

Omeia, Leech, 131.

Sinica, Moore, 131.

Streplion, Grose-Smith, 181.
Limenitides, Butler, 141.
LiMENiTiNA, Moore, 141.
LiMENiTis, Fabr. 146, 173.

^monia, Weymer, 166.

Agnata, Fruhst. 166.

Agneya, Doherty, 154.

albomaculata. Leech, 154.

albomarginata, Weymer, 150.

Alwina, Bremer, 215.

Amphyssa, Menttr. 176.

Anarta, Moore, 164.

angustata, Stgr. 174.

arboretorum, Oberth. 214.

attemiata, Moore, 158.

Austenia, Moore, 155.

LiMENiTis Bochii, Moore, 154.
Brebissoni, Boisd. 216.
Brunijni, Oberth. 209.
Calidasa, Moore, 165.
Camilla, Fabr. 146, 173.
Ciocalatina, Poujade, 172.
Cleophas, Oberth. 172.
Cottini, Oberth. 173.
Danava, Moore, 149.
Daraxa, Dbleday. 152.
Dichroa, KoUar, 26.
diluta, Oberth. 161.
Boemesi, Stgr. 176.
Driisilla, Bergst. 146, 173.
Budu, Westw. 150.
duplicata, Stgr. 176.
Elwesi, Oberth. 173.
Epithoe, Boisd. 209.
Hageni, Stgr. 150.
Helmanni, Led. 176.
Homeyeri, Tanerc, 176.
Inara, Dbleday. 196.
Ismene, Dbleday. 157.
Jadera, Boisd. 207.
Japonica, Menetr. 174.
Kampferi, de L'Orsa, 215.
Labotas, Hewits. 65.
Larymna, Dbleday. 192.
latifasciata, Menetr. 172.
Lepechini, Ersch. 172.
Libnites, Hewits. 166.
livida. Leech, 172.
Lycone, Hewits. 166.
Lymire, Hewits. 166.
Lyncides, Hewits. 167.
Lysanias, Hewits. 154.
Martha, Butler, 158.
Mata, Moore, 166.
melaleuca, Boisd. 217.
mimica, Poujade, 173.
Nefle, Boisd. 207.
Neuira, Fruhst. 166.
nigricans, Oberth. 154.
Opalina, KoUar, 188.
Paduka, Moore, 160.
Pausanias, Stgr. 166.
Pintuyana, Semper, 166.
Praslini, Boisd. 215.
Prattii, Leech, 172.
Procris, Dbleday. 161.
K k 2

LiMENlTis Selenophora, KoUar, 202.
Sidyi, Led. 172.
Sinensium, Oberth. 172.
Staudiwjeri, Ribbe, 154.

Thespias, Semper, 166.

Trimna, Moore, 168.

Urdaneta, Feld. 166.

Ussuriensis, Stgr. 172.

Zayla, Dbleday. 147.

Zulema, Dbleday. 153.
Limonitis, Dalman, 167.
LiTiNGA, Moore, 146, 173.

Cottini, Oberth. 147, 173.

mimica, Poujade, 173.
Mahaldia, Moore, 48, 132.

Confucius, Westw. 135.

Iva, Moore, 134.

Kardama, Moore, 135.

Narayana, Grose-Smith, 133.

Pyrrha, Leech, 135.

Sahadeva, Moore, 132.
Maeosia, Moore, 146.

Antara, Moore, 147.
Marthisa, Moore, 49, 73.

canescens, Butler, 73.

Elna, Vandepoll, 73.

pardalina, Stgr. 73.

Perdix, Butler, 73.
MiMATHTMA, Moore, 3, 8.

Chevana, Moore, 8.

Leechi, Moore, 9.
MiNETBA, Boisd. 49.

gambrisius, Dbleday. 52, 55.
MoDUZA, Moore, 146, 161.

Agnata, Fruhst. 166.

Anarta, Moore, 164.

Calidasa, Moore, 165.

imitata, Butler, 166.

Libnites, Hewits. 166.

Lycone, Hewits. 166.

Lymire, Hewits. 166,

Mata, Moore, 166.

Neutra, Fruhst. 166.

Pausanius, Stgr. 166.

Procris, Cram. 146, 161.

Pintuyana, Semper, 166.

Thespias, Semper, 166.
Urdaneta, Fold. 166.
Najades, Hiibn. 141.
Najas, Hubn. 146, 167.

252

INDEX.

Najas TTssuriensu, Stgr. 172.

Cleojihns, Oberth. 172.

Hydaspes, Moore, 170.

latifa»ciata, Menetr. 172.

Lepechini, Ersch. 172.

Ligyes, Hewits. 169.

Populi, Linn. 146, 171.

Prattii, Leech, 172.

Sidyi, Letl. 173.

Trivena, Moore, 168.
Naesenga, Moore, 3, 15.

Parvata, Moore, 15.
Neptidcd, Newman, 141.
Neptis, Fabr. 146, 226.

Aceris, Lep. 147, 227, 244.

Atlara, Moore, 229.

Adipala, Moore, 242.

albescens, Rothschild, 225.

amhigiia, Feld. 234.

Amphion, Auiivilliiip, 217.

AmiMata, Butler, 215.

anceps, Grose-Smith, 216.

Andainana, Moore, 232.

Angara, Semper, 225.

Astola, Moore., 227.

Bahalla, Fryer, 225.

Bolwlica, Semper, 246.

Brebissoni, Boisd. 216.

Cacharica, Butler, 240.

Celehensis, Hopffer, 225.

Charon, Butler, 223.

cineracea, Grose-Smith, 223.

Cliaia., Moore, 238.

Clinioides, de Niceville, 245.

Columella, Dbleday. 218.

cyanifera, Butler, 216.

Cyviela, Semper, 246.

Cyra, Semper, 246.

Daria, Feld. 225.

Dejeanii, Oberth. 215.

disrupta, Moore, 230.

Dorcas, Grose-Smith, 215.

Duri/odana, Moore, 225.

Mnodes, Moore, 227.

Engano, Doherty, 245.

Etijymene, Butler, 230.

Eurynome, Linu. 244.

Kvanescens, Stgr. 216.

excellens, 'RwiXer, 215.
Jisfigonata, Butler, 217.

Neptis Florensis, Snellen, 245.
fulva. Fryer, 243.
Ganina, Grose-Smith, 217.
gononaia, Butler, 242.
Hainana, Moore, 245.
Hampsoni, Moore, 237.
Heliodora, Cram. 217.
Himalayaca, Feld. 234.
Ida, Moore, 225.
Jlocana, Feld. 245.
innominata, Lewis, 214.
intermedia. Fryer, 244.
Jumbah, Moore, 220.
Kallaura, Moore, 237.
Kamarujia, Moore, 230.
Eechil, Fryer, 245.
Khasiana, Moore, 224.
Lactaria, Butler, 215.
latifasciata, Butler, 217.
levconaia, Butler, 240.
Letwotlioe, Clerck, 244.
Liicilla, Godt. 214.
Magadha, Felder, 223.
Maheudra, Moore, 234.
Mamaja, Butler, 229.
Mananda, Moore, 238.
Martabana, Moore, 219.
Matuta, Hubn. 245.
Meetana, Moore, 229.
melaleuca, Boisd. 217.
Meridiei, Doherty, 245.
Mindoraiia, Feld. 245.
mortifacies, Butler, 216.
Nandina, Moore, 235.
Nandina, Moore, 245.
Nata, Moore, 243.
Nausicaa, de Niceville, 216.
Nectens, de Niceville, 217.
Nemeus, de Niceville, 216.
Nicobarica, Moore, 233.
Nilgirica, Moore, 219.
Nistea, de Niceville, 245.
Ombalata, Kiieil, 245.
Op/liana, Moore, 218.
Ophianella, Stgr. 225.
Pampanga, Semper, 246.
Papaja, Moore, 245.
Papua, Oberth. 215.
Philyra, Menetr. 215.
Philyroides, Stgr. 215.

Neptis Pisias, Godraan, 217.

Pryeri, Butler, 214.

pseudosoma, Moore, 246.

Raddei, Bremer, 47.

Sangaica, Moore, 245.

Satina, Grose-Smith, 216.

Shepherdi, Moore, 217.

Speyeri, Stgr. 215.

Soma, Moore, 241.

Sonula, Stgr. 246.

Soror, Semper, 225.

Sumba, Doherty, 245.

Suraharta, Moore, 245.

Susruta, Moore, 239.

Swinhoei, Butler, 230.

Tibetana, Moore, 245.

variabilis, Rothschild, 225.

venilia, Linn. 216.

Varmona, Moore, 230.

Yerburyi, Butler, 235.
Neurosigma, Butler, 48, 78.

Doubledayi, Westw. 79.

fraterna, Moore, 80.

Siva, Butler, 79.
Nora, de Niceville, 49, 107.

bipunctata, Voll. 110.

cm-ulescens, Grose-Smith, 110.

clathrata, Voll. 110.

cordala, Weymer, 110.

decorata, Butler, 110.

Erana, de Niceville, 110.

Kesava, Moore, 107.

Phintia, Weymer, 110.

Bamada, Moore, 110.

Rangoonensis, Sivinhoe, 109.

Salia, Moore, 110.

Somadeva, Feld. 110.
Nympihalis, Boisd. 167.

Alpheda, Godt. 129.

Disconthea, Godt. 129.
Eulimene, Godt. 193.

Evelina, QioAt. 104.
Japis, Godt. 99.
Procris, Godt. 161.

Strophia, Godt. 176.
Nymula Julii, Bougainville, 92.
Palanda, Moore, 146.

Illigera, Esch. 147.
Pandassana, Moore, 146.
fuliyinosa, Moore, 147.

INDEX.

253

Pandita, Moore 146, 155.
imitans, Biiller, 156.
Sinope, Moore, 146, 156.
Sinoria, Felder, 156.
Pantopouia, Hubu. 146, 193.
Ambra, Stgr. 207.
Amhara, Druce, 207.
Amliaiina, Moore, 207.
Asita, Moore, 199.
Assa, de Niceville, 207.
Cama, Moore, 200.
Glora, Klieil, 207.
Godmani, Stgr. 207.
Hollandii, Doherty, 207.
loara, Dhleday. 196.
Jadava, FeJd. 207.
Karita, Doherty, 207.
Kresna, Moore, 195.
Mmna, Feld. 207.
Nefte, Cmm. 146, 206.
Nivifera, Butler, 194.
Reta, Moore, 207.
rufula, de Niceville, 199.

Selenopliora, KoUar, 202.
Semperi, Moore, 207.
venata, Stgr. 207.

Zeroca, Moore, 205.
Zoroastes, Butler, 207.
Papilio Aconthea, Cram. 129.

Adonia, Cram. 129.

.Mropus, Linn. 59.
Amphion, Linn. 217.

assimilis, Linn. 38.

Camilla, Linn. 174.

Camilla, Esp. 214.

Cieero, Herbst. 104.

Cocyta, Fabr. 99.

Coeytus, Fabr. 94.

Columella, Cram. 218.

Dirtea, Fabr. 68.

Drusilla, Bergst. 173.

^rosine, Cram. 184.

Evelina, Stoli, 104.

Gamhrisius, Fabr. 52.

Heliodora, Cram. 217.

Hylas, Linn. 184.

Leucotlioe, Linn, 184.

Lvhentina, Cram. 112.

Lncilla, W. V. 214.

Lucilla, Esp. 174.

Papilio Martha, Fabr. 158.

Mir'us,¥ahr. 81.

Monina, Fabr. 99.

Nais, Forster, 56.

Nefte, Cram. 206.
pellucida, Goeze, 217.

Perius, Linn. 184.

Poly.rena, Donovan, 184,

Poptili, Linn. 171.

Procris, Cram. IGl.

Prorna, Linn. 174.

Sylla, Donov. 55.

Sylvia, Cram. 55.

Sulpifia, Cram. 176.

Thyelia, Fabr. 57.

Tremulm, Esp. 171.

Venilia, Linn. 216.
Paraneptis, Moore, 146, 274.

Lucilla, W. V. 146, 214.

Ludmilla, H. Sch. 214.

Pryei-i, Butler, 214.
Parasarpa, Moore, 146, 147.

Zayla, Dbleday. 146, 147.
Parathyma, Moore, 146, 174.

Adamsoni, Moore, 175.

Amphyssa, Menetr. 176.

disjuncta. Leech, 176.

Boerriesi, Stgr. 176.

diiplicata, Stgr. 176.

Helmanni, Led. 176.

Homeyeri, Tancre, 176.

Ningpoana, Feld. 176.

Pryeri, Moore, 176.

recurva, I<eech, 176.

Sulpitia, Cram. 146, 176.

venata. Leech, 176.
Parhestina, Moore, 3, 34.

assimilis, Linn. 38.

australis. Leech, 39.

Chinensis, Leech, 39.

Formosana, Moore, 38.

intermedia, Leech, 39.

Japonica, Feld. 39.

Mena, Moore, 36.

Nicevillei, Moore, 37.

nigrivena. Leech, 38.

Obertlniri, Leech, 38.

Persimilis, Westw. 34.

subviridis. Leech, 38.

viridis, Leecii, 38.

Parhestina Tankoivskii, Grose-
Smith, 39.

Zella, BiUler, 35.
Parthenos, Hiibn. 48, 49.
apicalis, Moore, 52.
Aruana, Moore, ob.
Borneensis, Stgr. 55.
cyaneus, Moore, 54.

Gamhrisius, Fabr. 52.

Javaensis, Stgr. 55.

Lilacinus, Butler, 55.

Nella, Swinhoe, 55.

Philippensis, Stgr. 55.

Roepstorffii, Moore, 54.

Salentia, Hopffer, 55.

Sylla, Donov. 55.

Sylvia, Cram. 55.

Virens, Moore, 51.
Passirona, Moore, 49, 84.

Amisa, Grose-Smith, 84.
Patscia, Moore, 146, 172.

sinensium, Oberth. 147, 172.
Ph^edyma, Felder, 146, 216.

Amphion, Linn. 217.

Asirea, Butler, 217.

Cerne, Butler, 217.

Eretnita, Feld. 225.

fissigonata, Butler, 217.

Ganina, Grose-Smith, 217.

Heliodora, Cram. 147, 217.

Heliopolis, Feld. 217.

latifasciata, Butler, 217.

melaleuca, Boisd. 217.

Neclens, de Niceville, 217.

Pisias, Godman, 217.

Sarahaita, Feld. 225.

Shepherdi, Moore, 217.
Philonoma, Billberg, 226.

Agatha, Cram. 226.

Melicerta, Fabr. 226.
Potamides, Hubn. 1.
PoTAMiNA, Moore, 1.
PoTAMis, Hiibner, 3.

Ambica, Kollar, 4.

Bieti, Olierth. 7.

Laverna, Leech, 7.

Pallas, Leech, 7.

Phwdra, Leech, 7.

Serarum, Oberth. 7.

subccerulea, Leech, 7.

254

INDEX.

POTAMis suhstituta, Butler, 7.
Proeris, Herr. Sch. 161.
PsECDOHYPOLiMNAs, Moorc, 14G,
208.

punctata, Leech, 146, 208.
Rahinda, Moore, 146.

Hordonia, Stoll, 147.
Eangasa, Moore^ 48, 65.

Dunya, Bbleday. 66.

Saidja, Vandepoll, 67.
Rasalia, Moore, 146.

gracilis, Kirsch, 147.
RoHANA, Moore, 3, 16.

Artaxes, de Niceville, 20.

Camiba, Moore, 19.

Nakvla, Moore, 20.

Parisatis, Moore, 17.

Rana, Stgr. 20.

Rhea, Felder, 20.

Sumatrana, Stgr. 20.
Sabania, Moore, 146, 208.

speciosa, Stgr. 146, 208.
Saparona, Moore, 49, 85.

Cibaritis, Hewits. 85.

Elone, de Niceville, 86.

Trigerta, Moore, 86.
Sasakia, Moore, 39.

Charonda, Hewits. 39.

Coreana, Leech, 39.
Sbnadipa, Moore, 49, 74.

Satrapes, Felder, 74.
Sephisa, Moore, 3, 25.

Chandra, Moore, 29.

Dichroa, KoUar, 26.

Princeps, Fixsen, 31.
Sincana, Moore, 13.

fasciola. Leech, 14.

fiilva, Leech, 13.
Sinimia, Moore, 146, 172.

Ciocolatina, Poujade, 146, 172.
SoNEPiSA, Moore, 49, 110.

Kanda, Moore, 110.
Stabrobates, Moore, 146.

Radha, Moore, 147.

Stibochiona, Butler, 48, 76.

Coresia, Hiibn. 78.

Stibochiona Kannegieteri, Fiuhst.
78.

Nicea, Gray, 77.

Persephone, Stgr. 78.

Rothschildii, Fruhst. 78.

Schonhergi, Honrath, 78.
SuMALiA, Moore, 146, 150.

Agneija, Doherty, 154.

Bochii, Moore, 154.

Daraxa, Dbleday. 146, 152.

Dudu, Westw. 150.

Staudingeri, Ribbe, 154.

Zulema, Dbleday. 153.
Symph^dra, Hiibn. 49, 56.

Alcandra, Hiibn. 57.

aJbopunctata, Crowley, 72.

canescens, Butler, 73.

caneseens, Stgi'. 68.

cyanipai-dus, Butler, 71.

Damalis, Semper, 74.

Dirtea, Dbleday. 68.

Dirtaoides, Stgr. 73.

Elna, Vandepoll, 73.

Gupta, de Niceville, 62.

Nais, Forster, 56.

pai-dalina, Stgr. 73.

pardalis, Distant, 73.

Perdix, Butler, 73.

Phasiana, Butler, 59.

Piratica, Semper, 65.

Recta, de Niceville, 64.

Sandakana, Fruhst. 68.

Satrapes, Semper, 74.

trapesa. Semper, 74.

Tenia, de Niceville, 60.

Tevtoides, Moore, 61.

Thyelia, Dbleday. 57.
Tacola, Moore, 146, 192.

Eulimene, Godt. 193.

Liirymna, Dbleday. 146, 192.

Magindana, Semper, 193.
Tacor^a, Moore, 146, 176.

Asura, Moore, 146, 177.

Elivesi, Leech, 179.

Idita, Moore, 178.
Tagatsia, Moore, 146.

Tagatsia Dama, Moore, 147.
Tanaecia, Butler, 49, 83.

Apsarasa, Vol). 84.

Aruna, Feld. 84.

Cibaritis, Kirby, 85.

Consanguinea, Distant, 84.

Flora, Butler, 99.

Indras, Voll. 84.

lencotamia. Semper, 86.

Lutala, Moore, 84.

Martigena, Weymer, 84.

Niccvillei, Distant, 130.

Orphne, Butler, 84.

Palawana, Stgr. 84.

pardalis, Voll. 84.

Pelea, Fabr. 84.

Pulasara, Moore, 84.

Robertsii, Butler, 84.

Sakii, de Niceville, 84.

supercilia, Butler, 84.

Valmikis, Feld. 84.

Varuna, Voll. 84.

Vikrama, Feld. 84.

violaria, Butler, 84.

Vordermani, Snellen, 84.
Taeattia, Moore, 146, 154.

Lysanias, Hewits. 146, 154.
Tasinga, Moore, 49, 101.

Anosia, Moore, 101.
Tatisia, Moore, 146, 179.

Kanwa, Moore, 146, 179.
Tharasia, Moore, 146, 180.

diffusa. Leech, 182.

Fortuna, Leech, 181.

Jina, Moore, 147, 181.

Jinoides, Jl/oor^, 181.
Zabana, Moore, 146, 207.

Urvasi, Felder, 146, 208.
Zalapia, Moore, 49, 135.

Patala, Kollar, 135.

Pratti, Leech, 137.

Taooana, Moorc, 137.
Zamboanga, Moore, 146, 209.

Gutama, Moore, 146, 209.

Cosmia, Semper, 209.

Brunijni, Oberth. 209.

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Beavan, F.R.G.S. Demy 8vo, 12 Plates, lOs. 6d. net.

LOVELL REEVE & CO., Ltd., 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

Printed by Giieeet Sc RiviueioK, Ltd., St. John's House, Clerkenwell, London, E.G.

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