ling ii “ 2 oy Pn ie oy 5 , ere : x Pipe . aa Wenn” ‘ m 5 ; ene $ : : : - Re ae Sone ru ee ee er 1, e a S : 7 5 ie 6 oh . SS re eee eae . s r ¢ . 7 a ~ s . 5 nee te : tan 5 7 ~ : = . . ~ ‘a sae . », y ~, D eps i ; "a hon y Be ) #) <2 > aoe ee seme neem ner eae RES we tS AO PM Bh Gata AN” 28 nee ttn tee cnamany eythane printer: magmatic, tee pra re IR ARN BIOTAGY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/lepidopteraindicO5moor bGPIPDOPRTERA INDICA. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. BY oy MOORE, 2a, 6,2 b,c, 2. Melitea Robertsi Prate 380. Fig. 1, la, g, 1, ¢, 9. Melitea Chitra- lensis : 2, 2a, 8,2 b, ¢ ¢,, 2. " Mellicta Balbita 3, 3a, aie Mellicta Sindrra. F 4, da, @ 2. Mellicta Sikkimensis Prats 38]. Fig. 1, larve and pupe; 1 a,b, g, 1 ¢, d, e, f, 9, ¢. Byblia llithyia (Wet- season brood’) Ih, 2. Byblia llithyia (Dry-sason brood) . ; ri 5 Prats 382. Fig. 1, la, larva and pupa; 1 b, «, d, e, 9, 3 2. Ergolis Ariadne Prats 383. Fig. 1, la, 3,14, ¢, 9. Ergolis Merione (Wet-season brood) : ld,e,f, 3 ?. Ergolis Merione (br y season brood) 3 Prate 384. Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c, ¢ 2. Ergolis Taprobana (We et-season br ‘ood ) : ld,e, f, 9. Ergolis oes (Dry. season brooa). ‘ Prats 385. Fig. 1, la, g, 1 b, Chasse Laringa Castel- naul 2, 2a, 3, 2b, c, 9. ‘Laringa clauces- cens ; . r i . Prate 386, Fig. 1, la, b,¢, ¢ 9. Laringa Andaman- ensis (Wi et-season brood) 1 d,ef, 6%. Laringa Andamanensis (Dry-season brood) : , Puate 387. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; 1a,b,c, g,1 4, e, f, 9. Pareba Vesta 3 ou G2 0 14 17 31 PuLaTE 388. Fig. PLATE Fig. PLaTE Fig. PLATE Fig. PLATE Fig. PLATE Fig. 1, la, lurve and pupe; 1b, e¢, da, 3, le fg, 2, Telchinia Viole ; 389. 1, /arva and pupa; 1 a,b, 8, 1 ¢, d, 2. Pseudergolis Wedah . r 390. l,la,b, 62. Calinaga Buddha. 2, 2a, 6 ¢. Calinaga Gautama. 391. 1, la, 3 ?. Calinaga Brahma . 3. Calinaga Sudassana . 392. I, Lia, 0; ¢; 0,675. 938 Sanguinalis S : 9. Libythea 399. 1,la,b, d 2. Libythea Rama . 2 Day. 05 Cs Ame.) Gr es alee Lepita . : . : Puate 394. Fig. 1, la, §. Libythea Lepitoides. 2, 2a, >. Libythea Libera 3, 3a, 9. Libythea Rohini 4, 4a, ¢. Libythea Alompra 5, 5a, ¢. Libythea Hauswelli Prats 395. Fig. 1, la, g, 1,¢, 2. Dodona Durga . 2, 2a, PLATE Fig. PLATE Fig. a, 2b, ¢, 2. Dodona Dipea. 3, g. Dodona Dracon . j ; 2 396. fig. 1, la, g, 1 8, 9, 1d, larva and Dodona ee pupa. 9,24, g,26,¢, . Dodona Egeon . 397. 1, la, b, 3, le, 9. Dodona Ouida . 2, 2a, g,2 2 b,c, 9. Dodona Adonira 398. 1, la, ¢. Balonca Deodata 2,2 2a, &. Balonea longicaudata 8), BG; hao Uy Cn Sie Balonea Angela . ny d. Belonea Binghami . . PAGE oon So Or Or CT On wwe = vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prate 399. Fig. ils la, 6) 1 b, c, 9. 2,2a,6, gd, 2c, 9. Sospita Fylla Sospita Chela Prate 400. Bice 1 ab, cag, d,, Neophron 2, 2a, 3. Sospita Neophron (variety) Puate 401. Fig. 1, la, g, 1 b, c, sambi . ; ‘ : : 2, 2a, ¢, 26, c, 2. Abisara angulata (Wet-season brood) . 2d,e, 6. Abisara angulata (Di season brood) . . 2. Sospita 9. Abisara Kau- Piate 402. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; 1a, b, 3, 1e,d, g. Abisara awe aii brood) . lef 6:19; i OF Mbisaes prunosa a (Dry-seasou brood) : : Prate 403, Fig. 1, la, 3g ,l b,c, 2. Abisara bifasciata 2, 2a, ¢,2 b,c, 2. Abisara abnormis ( Wet-season brood) : 2d,e f, 2f, 9. Abisara abnormis (Dry-season brood) - Prate 404. Fig. 1, la, g,-1 b;.¢, 9. Taxila fasciata . 2, 2a, 2. Waxila Burnii “~,< 3, 3a, 3, 3 b, c, Taxila Thuisto : Prate 405. Fig. 1, la, b, c, GY. Zemeros Flecyas (W pearson brood) £ 1 d, € Fs Gra as Zemeros Flegyas (Dry- season brood) . 2, 2a, 3 2. Stiboges Nymphidia Prate 406. Fig. 1,1 a,b,c, @,1 d,e, 9. Parnassius Jacquemontii : 2, 2a, g. Parnassius Chitralensis 5 PLATE aos Fig. 1, ¢, la, 2, Parnassius Nirius 2, a ¢ 2. Parnassius ha et et- season brood). 3,3 a, b, gO. Parnassius Epaphus (Dry season bruod) é - ea Prater 40§ Fig. 1, 1, Bibs e; doe: C5. G59 Suerear= nasslus Hardw ickii (Dry - season brood) . 91 96 97 101 105 107 108 109 110 lll Prate 409. Fig, 1,1 aybyiey ds segs) l gine ears nassius Hardwickii (Dry - season brood) . 5 6 ° Puate 410. Bigs; Lae bice hy lid,ne.nisG3) Os ears nassius Hardwickil (Wet - season broud) . 2 . Puate 411. Fig. S dé; 1a, b,c, 9. Tadumia Acco . 2. Tadumia Simo 5 3,3 4, b, ba Kailasius Charlto- nius. 5 : Prater 412. Fig. 1, 3, 1 a,b, 2. Koramius Stolicz- kanus DON Kocinius AGkineont 5 3, 3a, 6, 35,6, a Koramius Sten- oselus . : . Puate 413. Fig. 1, g, la, 2. Armandia Lidderdali . Prate 414, Fig. 1, la, g, 1 6b, c, 2. Teinopalpus Imperialis ~ . . . : Puate 415. Fig. 1, g,1la, 2. Teinopalpus Himalaicus Puate 416. Fig. 1, g, la, 9. Teinopalpus Imperatrix Puate 417. Hig. dag lead , 9. Leptocireus Curius , 2, 6,24, 6, 9. Leptocircus Meges . Prats 418. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; la, 8, 1b, a Ornithoptera Darsius . 2 Puate 419. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; la, 8, 1b, 3. Ornithoptera Minos. 5 j Puate 420. Fig. 1, la, roi 1 b, Cc, oN Ornithoptera Cerberus. 3 : A . Puate 421. Fig. 1, la, g,1 B, ¢, 2. Ornithoptera Heliacunoides 5 3 é PuaTe 422. ; Fig. 1, g, 1a, 2. Ornithoptera Aiacus . Puate 423, Fig. 1, la, g, 1l, 9. Pangerana Astorion PAGE 111 140 145 147 DESCRIPTION Puate 424. Fig. 1, g, la, 2. Pangerana Aidoneus . Puate 425. Fig. 1, la, g, 1 b, ¢, 2. Pangerana Za- leucus . 5 : - : : Puate 426. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; 1 a,b, g,1e, 4, 9. Byasa Philoxenus . Pouate 427. Fig. 1, g, 1 a,b, 2. Byasa Dasarada Prate 428. Fig. 1, la, g, 1 b,c, 2. Byasa Ravana . Prate 429. Fig. 1, g. Byasa Nevilli 5 2, ¢. Byasa Polla . : : Puate 450. Fig. 1, la, b, g, le, 2. Byasa Latreillei Puate 431. Fig.1, la, g, 1b, 2. Byasa Adamsoni . Puate 432. Fig. 1, la, $, 16, 2. Bsasa Bootes Puate 433. Fig. 1, la, g, 1b, 2. Byasa Janaka Priate 434, Fig. 1, g, la, 9. Byasa Pembertoni 2, ¢. Byasa crassipes Prats 435. 1, larve and pupe; la, g, 1b, @. Tros Hector. 4 7 5 : Prater 436. Fig. 1, larva, la, J, 1), 2. Menelaides Jophon : 5 Puate 437. Fig. 1, la, g, 16, 9. Menelaides Pandi- yana : E : Puate 438. Fig. 1, la, g, 1b, 2. Losaria Doubledayi Prate 439. Fig. 1, la, g, 1b, 2. Losaria Cacharensis Pruate 440, Fig. 1, g, la, 2. Losaria Rhodifer 5 Puate 441, Fig. 1, larva and pupa; la, 3. 1b, 9, le, 3,1d, 2. Menelaides Aristolochize (Dry-season form) . Puare 442. Fig.1, g, la, 2,1b, 3, le, 2. Menelaides Aristolochie (Wet-season form) PAGE 154 155 173 OF PLATES. vil PAG: Prats 443, Fig. 1, la, g, 1b, ¢, 9. Menelaidcs Camorta , ; 5 : = 182 Piate 444, Fig. 1,/arva, 1 a,b, g, 1c, d, 2. Sainia Protenor : : . 188 Pea 44.5, Fig. 1, la, 3, 1b, 92. Panosmiopsis Rhetenor . : ; P . I9l Prate 446. Fig. 1, g, 1 a, b, 9. Mliades Agenor (form 1, Depelehini) . F », 195 Puate 447. Fig. 1, la, g,1 b,c, 2. Iliades Agenor (form 2, Androgeos) . : ~ 196 PL ce 448. Fig. 1, ¢, 2, 2a, 9. Iliades Agenor ile 3, Pena : 197 Prate 449. Fig. 1, la, 2. Iliades Agenor (form 4, Agenor) : 5 : : . 198 2, 2a, 9. Lliades Agenor (ferm 5, Alcanor) 3 A : 5 3 199 Pate 450. Fig. 1, la, g, 16, 9. Iliades Mayo . 201 Puate 451. Fig. 1, 9,2, 9. Iliades Polymnestoroides 202 Puate 452. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; la, 3, 1b, 2 Iliades Polymnestor , : - 203 Piate 453. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; la, 3,1, ¢, Q. Tliades Parinda . : + 205 Prate 454. Fig. 1, 1 a,b, 3, 1c, 9. Charus Helenus 208 Prate 455. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; la, & Ue de Charus Daksha . . 210 Puate 456, Fig. 1, g, la, 9. CharusIswara . - 212 Puate 457. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, g, ld, 9. Sadengia Chaon . 5 ‘ é se ike PLATE ek Hig. 1, la, -o,.1 b,¢, 2. eve Prex- mee . . . . e 2185) viii DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prate 459. Fig. 1, la, ¢. Sadengia Pitmani 2, 2a, d. Sadengia Noblei Prate 460. Fic. 1, larva and pupa; 1 a,b, b,1e, 2. Araminta Demolion Pate 461. Fig. 1, larva and pupa; 1 a,b, g,1¢, ? Araminta Liomedon ; fs Prate 462. Fig. 1, larve and pupe; la, 3, 1b, 9. Laertias Pammon (normal form) 219 Prate 463. Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c, d,e, 9. Laertias Pam- mon (2nd form of 2) . . Puate 464, Fig. 1, la, b,c, d, 9. Laertias Pammon (3rd form of 2) . : : ; Puate 465. Fig. 1, la, 3. Laertias Sakontala . 2, gd. Laertias Walkeri . 0 Puate 466. Fig. 1, larve and pupe; 1la,b, g, 1e,?. Orpheides Demoleus 5 : PAGE 234 EP DOr TE AEN DEC. Sub-family NYMPHALINZ (continued). Group VII. MELITAINA. Lemoniades, Hubner, Tentamen Lep. p. 1 (1806). Lemoniades (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 26 (1816). Argynnites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Inst. ii. p. 331 (1845), Argynnidi (part), Stephens, Catal. Brit, Lep. B.M. p. 13 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. 1. p. 21 (1857). Argynnide (part), Duponchell, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 2 (1844). Gudnee, Faune E. et L. Lep. p. 17 (1867). Argynnides (part), Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 21 (1862). Butler, Catal. Fabr, Lep. B.M. p. 100 (1869). Meliteide, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 39 (1871). Nymphalide (part), Lang, Rhop. Hur, p. 159 (1884). Nymphaline (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 1 (1886). Nymphalidae (Melita group), Staudinger & Schattz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 119 (1887). Melitwidi, Scudder, Butt. U.S. i. p. 618 (1889), Tutt, Brit. Butt. p. 303 (1896). Meliteina, Moore, Lep. Indica, ii. p. 227 (1895). CHARACTERS OF THE Group MBLITHINA. Imaco.—Small. Forewings elongately-triangular; apex obtuse; exterior margin almost even. Hindivings short, obovate; exterior margin very shehtly scalloped. Lanva.—Head small, unarmed. Body attenuated a little anteriorly, armed with four longitudinal series of short coarse branched-spines. Pura.—* Rather stout. Head obtuse; thorax rounded; abdominal segments with dorsal and lateral small blunt tubercles’ (Scudder). Eac.—‘* Somewhat acorn-shaped, higher than broad, well rounded at base and at sides, and broadly docked at the summit; with very slight longitudinal ribs occupying only the upper half, the surface below being smooth, or indented with polygonal or rounded depressions’ (Scudder). Hasits, evc.—The butterflies of this group ‘are generally single brooded toward the northern limit of their range, or in high altitudes, but double brooded vot. v. January Ist, 1901. B to LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. or polygoneutic elsewhere. The eges are generally (perhaps always) laid in clusters, and the larvee, at least in the early half of their life, are social, often constructing common webs, in which some kinds hibernate; for, so far as known, all the species, whether in the New World or the Old, pass the winter as half grown larvee’’ (Scudder |.c.). Genus LEMONIAS. Lemonias, Hiibner, Tentamen Lep. p. i. (1806). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. and Sc. 1875, p. 203. Melitea (part), Auctorum, Mellicta (part), Billberg. Male. Forewing narrower and more elongatedly triangular than in typical Melitea, the costa being straight, apex more pointed, exterior margin oblique and even, posterior margin much shorter; cell longer and narrower; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second branch at end of the cell, third at about one-third beyond; discocellulars outwardly oblique; middle median branch emitted immediately before lower end of the cell. Hindwing narrower than in Melitxa; anterior margin with basal lobe abrupt and thence oblique and straight, apex and exterior margin very convex; exterior margin even. Body stout, very hairy ; palpi short, second and third joint much stouter than in Melitza, second joint hairy above and beneath; antenne short, club cylindrically oval. Typz.—L. Maturna, Linn. (Hiibn. Exot. Sch. i. fig. 598-9). Notse.—No representative of this genus occurs within our area. Genus MELLICTA, Mellicta, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 77 (1820). Meliteu (part), Auctorum. Imaco.—Male. Wings shorter than in Melitea. Base of wings very hairy. Forewing subtriangular; costa slightly arched, apex very obtuse, exterior margin convex and very slightly oblique; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell, second branch at a short distance from beyond the end, third at one-third beyond; cell short, broad; upper discocellular short, middie short and concave, lower slightly concave. Hindwing short, ovate; anterior margin almost straight, exterior margin very convex, anal angle rounded; precostal vein much incurved ; cell open. Body rather stout, hairy ; palpi short, hairy above and beneath, third joint short, pointed ; antennal club spatulate. Typr.—M. Athalia, Rott. NYMPHALINA, (Group MELITEINA.) 3 MELLICTA BALBITA (Plate 380, fig. 2, 2a, $3 2b, ¢, 2). Melitea Balbita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 268, pl. 48, fig. 5, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 26, pl. 18, fig. 71, g 2 (1886). Tuaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous ; markings prominent; cilia fulvescent- white, alternated with black. Both wings with black veins; the basal area and posterior margins thickly irrorated with black scales, the bases also clothed with fulvous hairs; a broad exterior marginal black band medially traversed by a row of prominent fulvous dentate lunules. Forewing also with the costal edge black; a black slender constricted mark across middle of the cell, a broad streak at its end, and a short longitudinally dentate streak below the cell; a transverse inner-discal angular row of spots, the upper three longest and more or less confluent; followed by an outer-discal row of similar spots. Hindwing also with a less-defined black patch within the cell, two inner-discal transverse black imperfect sinuous lines, and a less-defined outer-discal line. Underside paler fulvous; cilia pale yellow. Forewing with the veins fulvous; costa and exterior margin pale yellow; markings as above but much less defined. Hindwing with black veins; a_ transverse subbasal black-edged pale yellow sinuous band, a small round spot in the cell, a broad medial-diseal curved band, and a submarginal continuous row of broad lunules, all black-edged; the discal band being traversed by a slightly-apparent blackish-speckled irregular line, the interspaces between the bands being duller yellow and blotched with bright fulvous; the extreme outer margin and cilia being also yellow. Female. Upperside dusky fulvous; the basal areas more broadly and denser black scaled; markings similar to male, but broader and transversely confluent ; the medial-discal interspace of the forewing somewhat yellow, and the marginal dentate lunules more or less yellow. Underside as in the male, except that the exterior marginal lunules on the forewing, and on the hindwing, the subbasal, discal, and marginal band, as well as the cell-spot, is glossy pale yellow or white; and the interspacing fulvous blotches prominent and partly black-edged. Body above blackish, thorax clothed with fulvous hairs; palpi pale fulvous-yellow, tip blackish ; legs fulvous, femora beneath pale yellow; antennz above black, beneath fulvous annulated with white, tip fulvous. Hxpanse, ¢ 1,5, * 16, to 1,5, inches. Hasirat.—Kashmir ; Chumba. Disrrisurion.—The type specimens were taken by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed, at Sunamurg, N.E. Kashmir, Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained it on the Sanch Pass, Chumba, at the end of May, and at Chunpur, and on the Murbul Pass, Kashmir, in the middle of June” (Butt. Ind. ii, 20). Major H. B. Hellard found it B 2 4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, at ‘‘ Baltul in the Sind Valley, Lower Borzil Valley, and Gurais, in Kashmir, in July”? (MS. Notes). It is also recorded as having been taken “in the Wakhan Valley, about 12,000 feet elevation. And also on the ascent to the Tragbal Pass, about 9000 feet elevation” (Rept. on the Pamir Comm. 1898, 42). MELLICTA SINDURA (Plate 380, fig. 3, 3a, 3). Melitea Sinduia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 496, pl. 30, fig. 2. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., il. p. 25 (1886). Romanoff, Mem. Lep. v. p. 79, pl. 4, fig. 6 (1889). Melitea Amenula, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 892 (1867). Tuaco.—Male. Upperside fulvous; cilia fulvescent-white, alternated with black. Both wings with black veins; basal areas blackish speckled; a narrow exterior marginal black band which is traversed by an inner row of more or less well-defined fulvous lunules, and by an outer row of less apparent fulvous-speckled lunules. forewing with the costa blackish speckled; a black slender point from base of the cell, a constricted mark across the middle, and a duplex streak at its end; a slender angular mark below the cell; a transverse inner-discal angular row of small spots, of which the two in the median interspaces are the smallest, or sometimes obsolescent ; followed by an outer-discal row of similar spots which are sometimes also more or less obsolescent. Hindwing with a slender blackish oval mark at end of the cell, an inner-discal transverse imperfect sinuous line, and two medial-diseal obsolescent lines, which latter are more defined posteriorly, and these portions macular in the median and submedian interspace. Underside paler fulvous, Forewing with the costa and outer border yellowish; cell and discal markings obscure ; middle cell-mark interspaced with brighter fulvous; upper discal spots black; submarginal dentate lunules yellow. Hindwing with a transverse subbasal narrow glossy white outwardly black-edged sinuous band, an irregular-shaped spot at end of the cell, a medial-discal somewhat macular curved band, and a submarginal lunular band; the basal inner-discal and the outer-discal transverse interspaces blotched with bright fnlvous, the inner-discal bright interspace being outwardly black-edged, and the lower bright blotches of the outer-discal interspace inwardly black-edged. Body above blackish, clothed with fulvous hairs, beneath paler; palpi and legs fulvous ; antenne above black, beneath fulvous, annulated with white, tip fulvous. Female. Upper and underside similar to the male; all the markings being more prominent. Expanse, ¢ 1,5, to 1,4, 2 1,5 inch. Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas. Disrrisution.—Capt. A. M. Lang writes, ‘‘ This is very local. I have seen it NYMPHALIN#&. (Group MELITELN4.) 5 but in one place, on one acre of ground. I may say, on a patch of very stony pasture-land, at 16,000 feet altitude, on the Kongma Pass, above Shipki, in July, leading from Kunawur into the Chinese province of Gughe in Tibet, where the ground is not clear of snow for more than four months in the year. Here one day I saw a great number of these insects flying, an icy-cold wind blowing all the time, so that the insects were blown about, and never more than an inch or so above the ground. No other Lepidoptera near them did I see but a stray Colias Edusa, and several Parnassii coursing up and down the snow-banks a little higher up” (P. Z.S8. 1865, 496). Mr. P. W. Mackinon remarks that specimens are “ brought in very rarely by native collectors from the Nilang Pass, Tehrai Gurhwul, 18,000 feet elevation, in July ” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1898, 368). Mr. J. Hocking took it on the Rhotang Pass (P. Z. 8. 1882, 243). MELLICTA SIKKIMENSIS (Flate 380, fig. 4, 4a, ¢ 9). Melitea Sindura, Var. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 336. Melitea orientalis,* Elwes, id. p. 465, pl. x. fig. 4,5, § 2 (1888). de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, 1894, p. 132. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky fulvous; cilia whitish, alternated with black. Both wings with the base densely black scaled; veins black ; a broad black exterior marginal band, which is traversed by a medial row of more or less obsolescent fulvous lunules. Forewing also with a black obtuse point from near base of the cell, a broad reniform mark slightly centred with fulvous scales across middle of the cell, an angular duplex streak at its end, and a broad angled patch below the cell ; an inner-discal angular row of rather large spots, of which the three lower are some- what dentate; followed by an outer-discal row of similar spots, the latter being somewhat partly continuous and slightly confluent with the outer black band. Hindwing also with an inner-discal transverse sinuous row of black small dentate spots partly confluent with the black basal area, and an outer-discal continuous row of larger similar spots partly confluent with the outer black band. Underside pale fulvous. Forewing with the costa and outer border yellowish; cell and discal markings obscure ; submarginal row of lunules prominent and white. Hindwiny with a transverse subbasal narrow prominent glossy-white black-edged sinuous band, which touches a similar spot at end of the cell, a medial-discal sinuous band with its inner black-edge less apparent, and a submarginal lunular band ; the basal, inner-discal and outer-discal transverse interspaces blotched with bright fulvous ; * Quite distinct from Melitea orientalis, Menetries, Schrenck’s Reisen Amurland, ii, p. 23, pl. 2. fig. 5 (1859). 6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the inner-discal bright interspace being sinuously black-edged, and the outer-discal interspace traversed by a slight black-speckled lunular line. Female. Upperside slightly more dusky fulvous than the male; the two black discal rows of spots broader and transversely confluent, the outer marginal band medially traversed by more distinctly-defined lunules, those on the forewing being mostly pale fulvescent-white. Underside similar to the male. Expanse ¢ 1,4, ° 1,4 to 1, inch. Hasitat.—Native Sikkim; Chumbi; Tibet. Drisvatpurion.—Mr. H. J. Elwes and Mr. Otto Moller obtained specimens of this species from native collectors, taken at high elevations on the Sikkim-Chumbi frontier. Specimens of both sexes, from Yatung, Tibet, taken by Captain E. H. Hobson, are in the British Museum. Cina AND Javan Specirs.—Mellicta Niphona (Mel. Athalia, var. Niphona, Butler, Cist. Ent. ii, p. 281 (1873). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 27, pl. 7, fig. 6. Leech, Butt. of China, p. 214, pl. 24, fig. 7, ? (1893). Habitat. Japan, Corea.— Mellicta Protomedia (Mel. Protomedia. Ménétr., Schrenck’s Reisen Amurland, 11. Lep. p. 28, pl. 2, fig 6, 7, ¢ ¢ (1859). Fixen, Rom. Mém. Lep. ii. p. 298, pl. 14, fig. 2 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, p. 216, pl. 24, fig. 8, ? (1893). Habitat. Amurland; Corea; C. China.—WMellicta Orientalis (Mel. Parthenia, var. Orientalis, Ménétr, Schrenck’s Reisen Amurland, 1. Lep. p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 5 (1859). Alpheraky, tom. Mém. Lep. ix., p. 321, pl. 14, fig. 2 (1897). Habitat. Amurland.—Mellicta Jezabel (Mel. Jezabel, Obérthur, Etudes Ent. xi. p. 17, pl. 2, tig. 14 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, p. 217, pl. 24, fig. 9, 2. Halitat. HE. Tibet; W. China.—Mellicta Leechi (Mel. Leechi, Alpheraky, Rom. Mém. Lep. ix. p. 1038, pl. $, fig 4 (1897). Habitat. China, Genus MELITZ£A. Melitea, Fabricius, Hliger’s Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807). Melitea (part) Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i, p. 177 (1848). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 23 (1886). Cinclidia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 29 (1816). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. et. Sc., 1875, p. 142; Butt, E.U.S. i. p. 667 (1889). Melinca, Sodoffsky, Butt. Mose. x. p. 80 (1837). Mellicta (part), Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 77 (1820), Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very slightly arched from the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique and convex; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fifth before end of the cell, second branch at one-fifth beyond the cell, third at two-fifths; cell broad; upper discocellular very short, extending in a line from subcostal, middle and lower discocellulars very slightly concave ; NYMPHALINA. (Group MELIT-£INA,) 7 middle median branch emitted at some distance before lower end of the cell. Hind- wing conically ovate; anterior margin almost straight, exterior margin very convex and slightly uneven, anal angle obtuse ; cell area short and broad across the middle, open; precostal vein incurved. Body stout, moderately hairy ; palpi porrect, second joint extending half its length beyond the head, flattened at the sides, clothed with long-fine rigid hairs above and beneath, apical joint elongated, pointed at tip, scaled ; antennal club ovally spatulate ; eyes naked. Type. M. Didyma, Esper. MELITHA PERSEA (Plate 379, figs. 1, la, b,c, d,e, g, lf, g, 2). Melitea Persea, Kollar, Denksch. Akad. Wien. M. Nat. Cl. i. p. 52 (1850). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, 362. Melitea Robdertsi (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 27 (1886). Imaco.—Male and female. Wings of the same shape, and the pattern of markings, as in the European M. Didyma. Cilia white, alternated with black. Male. Upperside pale fulvous ; veins concolorous with the ground-colour; base of wings either without blackish scales, but with the black outline of the basal marks only, visible, or, the basal marks are more or less filled in with blackish scales. [forewing also with black slender slightly-angled bars across middle of the cell, two similar bars below the cell, and a more or less oval mark enclosing the discocellulars, which latter sometimes extends to the costa; followed by a transverse medial-discal recurved series of more or less rounded spots, the lowest of which is sometimes narrow and angled outward, the upper four spots being more or less confluent, occasionally these latter spots are of uniform size and partly confluent ; a subapical short costal angled streak, and sometimes below it are obscure speckles between the veins ; beyond is a submarginal row of deniate spots, which are either of uniform size or decreasing posteriorly ; and then a marginal lunulated entire band ; a whitish costal interspace slightly apparent between the subapical streak and upper submarginal spot. Hind- wing also with a black slender bar across middle of the cell, two discocellular bars, the latter sometimes interspaced with black scales and continued to the costa ; followed by an inner-discal transverse angulated series of more or less confluent lunules; a medial-discal recurved row of round spots, which latter are sometimes obscure or partly obsolete; a submarginal row of narrow lunules decreasing hind- ward, and then a marginal lunulated entire band. Underside paler fulvous. Pore- wing with transverse markings as on upperside, but less prominent, the apex and outer marginal interspaces dull white. [Hindwing with the base and inner margin, a triangular cell spot, transverse discal band, and the outer marginal band dull white, disposed as in M. Didyma, their bordering black edge-marks slender, and lunular ; 8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the basal black spots small, the medial-discal transverse marks more or less slender, the latter series being sometimes joined to those inwardly-edging the fulvous outer band ; the outer marginal spots somewhat lunate; veins white. Body above and palpi fulvous; abdomen slightly banded with black in female ; abdomen beneath white; legs pale fulvous; antenne black above, annulated with white beneath, tip fulvous. Female. Upperside pale fulvous, with similar black markings as in male. Underside as in male. Expanse, d 1%, to 1,5, 2 1 to 14 mech. Hasitat.—Persia; N.W. India. DistriputTion.—Major J. W. Yerbury found it at ‘‘Campbellpur, a military station about forty miles from Rawal Pindi, at 1200 feet above sea-level, Khairabad side near Attock bridge, in November” 1885 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, 362). Major Yerbury also says that it was ‘‘ not uncommon round Campbellpur in June 1885, and again in March 1886; the spring brood seemed to be larger, darker coloured, and with the base of the wings invaded with dusky. Common also at Attock and Khairabad”’ (id. 1888, 138). Specimens were also taken by Major Yerbury, at Hurripur in October 1886. Examples of both sexes from Jumrood, taken in September, are in the British Museum. We possess examples, received from Major Yerbury, taken at Campbellpur in March, May and June 1856; Attock in May; and at Hurripur in October. Of our illustrations on Plate 379, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, d, e, f, g, are from males and females taken by Major Yerbury. MELITEHA ROBERTSI (Plate 379, fig. 2, 2a, $; 2b, c, 2). Melitea Robvertsi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 406, pl. 39, fig. 2; 7d. 1881, p. 605. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 339. Melita Robertsi (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 27. Melitea Dodysoni, Geose-Smith, Aun. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 150. Imaco. Male. Upperside bright fulvous; base slightly black speckled ; cilia white, alternated with black. Forewing with two black slender basal cell-bars, the second being more or less angled, an irregular bar across the middle of cell, and two bars enclosing the discocellulars; two dentate marks below the cell; a transverse discal angulated row of large spots; an obscure subapical costal streak ; a submarginal recurved row of more or less decreasing obsolescent smaller spots, the lower three or four being slightly dentate or lunate; followed by a marginal row of well-separated conical spots, and then, an extreme outer marginal slender line. Hindwing with obscurely-defined slender black cell-bars, and very obsolescent discal markings, followed by a submarginal curved row of small slender lunules, and NYMPHALIN (Group MELITZINA.) 9 then a marginal row of well-separated conical spots, and an extreme outer marginal line. Underside bright fulvous. Forewing with markings, as on upperside, but much less defined ; the apex and borders of marginal spots pale yellow. Hindiring with basal, discal, and marginal band, and cell spot, disposed as in M. Persea, pale yellow; the transverse series of spots and bordering lunules being also similarly disposed. Female. Upperside paler fulvous, the base being greyish-black scaled. Forewing with well-defined black cell-marks, a ringlet-mark below the cell, inner- discal angulated row of spots, subapical streak, and very obscure lower speckled- spots ; submarginal recurved row of spots and marginal row of well-separated conical spots ; the apical and discal interspaces slightly fulvescent-white. Hindwiny with slender black basal and ceil bars, very obsolescent inner-discal markings ; followed by a submarginal row of black lunules, then a marginal row of well- separated conical spots, and marginal line. Underside similar to the male, except that the apex and outer margin of forewing, and the basal, discal, and marginal band of hindwing, are white. ixpanse;:-d - 1 5, to 1%, 2% 1,5 inch. Hasitar.—South Afghanistan. Distriputioy.—The type specimens were obtained, by Major Howland Roberts, at Kokeran, near Kandahar, in 1880, where he found it ‘rather common on the bare uncultivated wastes, at the foot of the Hills, at end of May and beginning of June. One chrysalis was found, but not the larva; tke chrysalis was loose in the middle of a low plant” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, 406). Colonel C. Swinhoe took it at *Chaman, S. Afghanistan, in April and May; fairly common” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1885, 339). The specimens described as M. Dodgsoni by Mr. H. Grose-Smith, which we have examined, were taken by Capt. Dodgson, R.A., at Gwashki, fifty-seven miles 8.E. of Quetta, at an elevation of 8600 feet. MELITHA CHITRALENSIS (Plate 380, fig. 1, la, ¢,1b,c, 2). Imaco. Male and female. Wings shaped as in M. Balbita. Cilia white, alternated with black. Male. Upperside bright fulvous-red ; veins externally black lined. Forewing with the costal and posterior edge black; basal pointed-marks filled in with black ; two black angled-bars across middle of the cell, an oval mark enclosing the discocellulars, its outer side being broadest and reaching to the costa ; a ringlet-mark and an angled-bar below the cell; an inner-discal transverse recurved row of large quadrate spots, a very slightly-defined subapical costal speckled-streaic, and lower series of obsolescent speckled spots; followed by a submarginal continuous VOL. V. © 10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. row of dentate lunules joined at the vein-ends to a marginal band, thus leaving a parallel intervening row of fulvous dentate spots. Hindwing with a black basal costal elongated bar, the base of the cell and upper portion of inner margin being broadly black scaled ; a black oval mark in middle of cell, an inner-discal transverse angulated series of lunules, of which the lower are broadest and merge into the dark inner border; a parallel medial-discal series of rounded spots, of which the. upper is the largest, the next two small, speckled, and very obscure, the others increasing in size, the two lowest slightly merging into those above them; followed by a submarginal narrow lunular band, which is joined at the vei-ends to a broader marginal band, thus leaving a parallel intervening row of fulvous broad lunules. Underside bright fulvous, Forewing with slender black basal, cell, discal, and marginal markings as above, but much less defined; the apex and edge of outer margin dull white, the latter traversed by a row of small decreasing black spots; ths extreme outer margin edged with a denticulated black line. Hindwing with a duil white basal sinuous band, a middle cell spot; a broad transverse discal curved band, and a broad marginal lunular band white, the latter crossed by black veins, each band being borderingly-edged with black lunules; basal band also marked with two transverse series of small black spots, the discal band medially traversed by a row of small black lunate spots, and the marginal band by a row of small narrow spots; the extreme outer marginal edge with a narrow black dentate line. Body and palpi above black; paipi beneath clothed with fulvous hairs ; abdomen beneath whitish, banded with black and lateral fulyous spots, anal tuft fulvous; legs fulvous; antenne black, the tip fulvous. Female. Upperside. Furewing dusky fulvous; veins black; the basal inter- spaces powdered with black scales; black markings similar to male, but broader, there being present also, an outer discal transverse row of black continuous lunules, the interspaces between it and the inner-discal row- of spots being pale fulvescent- white; the middle cell-bar and inner discocellular bar enclosing a pale fulvescent- white space, the outer discocellular bar being acutely angled. Hindwing bright fulveus-red ; the black markings as in male, the interspaces between the lower discal spots speckled with pale fulvous scales, and the anal marginal lunules whitish. Underside bright fulvous. Forewing marked as in the male ; the costal edge, apex, and outer marginal edge very pale yellow. Hindwing marked as in male; the basal, discal, and marginal band being very pale yellow. Expanse, ¢ 1,8, 2 2 inches. Hasirat.—Chitral, N, of Afghanistan. Our illustrations of this species on Plate 380 are from a male and female in the collection of Mr, H. Grose-Smith. Specimens of both sexes are in the British Museum, taken in the Shishi Kuh Valley, Chitral, 9900 to 11,000 feet elevation, in NYMPHALINZ, (Group EURYTELINA.) ll July and August, by Capt. G. H. Colomb, and also from Jhela Drosh, Chitral, taken by Capt. S. W. Harris. CHINA AND JAPAN Sprctes.—Melitwa Scotosia (Mel. Athalia, var. Scotosia, Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 282 (1878). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 27, pl. 8, fig. 5 (1888), Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 214, pl. 24, fig. 10, 11,12, d ? (1893). Habitat. Corea ; Japan.— Melitwa Agar, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. xi. p.18, pl. 5, fig. 31, 32, d 2 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 218, pl. 24, fig. 6, 9 (1893). Habitat. W. China.— Melitva Bellona, Leech, Butt. of China, 1. p. 219, pl. 24, figs. 1—5, d % (1893). Habitat. KE. Vibet; W. China.—WMelitwa Yuenty, Oberthiir, Ktudes Ent. xi. p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 13 (1886). Leech, le. p. 220. Habitat. HK. Tibet; W. China. Genus Timenma, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. xxxv. Limelea maculatu (Melita maculata, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China, p. 7, pl. i. fig. 38 (1853). Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. xxxv. p. 6 (1892). Lucas, l.e. p. 35. Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 245, pl. 23, fig. 7, ¢ (1893). Syn. Arg. Leopardina, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1866, p. 22], pl. 3, fig. 8, 36. Habitat. W. C. and N. China.—Timelxa Nana, Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 246, pl. 23, fig. 8, 2 (1893). Habitat. W. Clina.— Timelxa albescens, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1886, p. 18. Leech, I.c. 1. p. 246, pl. 25, fic. 9, $(1893). Habitut. EH. Tibet; W. China, Group VIII. EURYTELINA. Lemoniades (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 26 (1816). Biblides (part), Boisduval, Faun. Ent. Madag. p. 53 (1833). Biblites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. p. 332 (1845). Eurytelide (part), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 405 (1851). Eurytelina (part), Herr.-Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 16 (1864). Vanessides, Argynnides (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Butt. B.M. pp. 69; 100 (1869), Eurytelide, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. Biblide, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 65 (1887). Nymphaline (sect. A) de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 4 (1886). Nymphalide (Vanessa Group, part), Staudinger and Schatts, Exot. Schmett. ii, p. 122 (1887). Bybliade, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 126. Eurytelina, Moore, Lep. Indiea, ii. p. 227 (1895). Eurytelidi, Aurivillius, Kong]. Vet. Akad. Hand]. 1898, p. 153. CHARACTERS OF THE Group EuryYTELINA. Tnraco.—Male and female. Of moderate size. Forewings mostly short and broad, elongately-triangular, or triangular; costal vein swollen at the base; apex abruptly pointed or obtuse; exterior margin either erect, slightly scalloped, and angled outward below the apex, and less so at end of the upper median veinlet, or, C2 12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the margin oblique and nearly even. Hindwings short, broadly obovate; exterior margin more or less scalloped. Larva.—Slender. Head armed with two long branched-spines ; body armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of short branched-spines. Pupa.—Slender. Wing-cases somewhat dilated and angular; anterior seements and thorax dorsally angular; head piece with two small points in front. Huc.—* Radiate, small, hard, nearly as high as wide, with radiating lines of erectile bristles’ (Doherty). Genus BYBLIA. Byblia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 28 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 45 (1881). de Nieéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 13 (1886) Hypanis, Boisduval, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1833, p. 203; Faun. Madagascar, Lep. p. 55 (1833). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 410 (1851). Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 212 (1866). Imaco.—Wings short. Male. Forewing elongately-triangular; costa arched at the base, apex obtuse; exterior margin oblique, slightly convex, waved ; posterior margin short; costal vein swollen at the base; first subcostal branch short, emitted near to end of the cell, second immediately above end of the cell, third from two- fifths beyond the end, fourth at two-thirds from the end; cell short; upper discocellular extremely short, middle discocellular rather short, concave, lower discocellular long, waved, slender; radials from the angles; upper median branch from end of the cell, middle branch immediately before the end, lower from opposite first subcostal. Hindwing obtusely conical; costal margin long; exterior margin very oblique, convex, scalloped ; cell triangular ; discocellulars of equal length, upper very obliquely concave, lower extremely slender and obliquely concave; two upper medians from end of the cell. Body slender; palpi porrect, pilose beneath, second joint projecting much beyond the head, third joint long and cylindrical, scaly ; forelegs very short, of male slender and delicate, very slightly and finely hairy ; of female half longer than in male, slender, destitute of hairs, scaly, tarsus thickened at apex, with three pairs of short spines; antenne slender, with a well-formed flat club; eyes naked. Larya.—Cylindrical, slender; segments armed with two dorsal longitudinal rows of twelve rather long branched-spines, and lateral rows of shorter similar spines; head armed with a longer pair of erect branched-spines. Pura.—Suspended. Elongated. Head piece obtusely cleft in front; thorax dorsally oblique in front, and raised to a point behind; waist concave; basal segments dorsally raised; wing-cases somewhat dilated laterally. Tyer.—-B. Ilithyia. NYMPUALINZ, (Group EURYTELINA) 13 BYBLIA ILITHYIA. Papilio Ilithyia, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. p. 29, pl. 17, fig. 1, 2, g (1773). Herbst, Nat. Schmett. ix. p. 195, pl. 258, fig. 5, 6 (1798). Byblia [lithyia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 28 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 45, pl. 23, fig. 3, 3a, ¢ (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 14, pl. 18, fig. 68, J (1836). Biblis Ilithyia, Westwood’s Edit. Drury, ii. p. 32, pl. 17, fig. 1, 2 (1837). Hypanis Tiithyia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 483. Papilio Polinice, Cramer, Pap. Exol. iv. p. 169, pl. 375, fig. G, H, 9 (1782). Hypanis Polinice, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1885, p. 129. Papilio Goetzius, Herbst, Nat. Schmett. ix. p. 193, pl. 258, figs. l—4 (1798). Wet-season brood (Plate 381, fig. 1, larva; lab, g ; 1c, d,e,f, g, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright ferruginous; cilia black alternated with white. Forewing with black broad costal border extending to near the apex, and a very slender exterior marginal band, the inflated costal vein sometimes being ferruginous ; two black short broad bars across the cell and another at its end, the middle being curved and extended below to the median vein; a transverse discal increasingly broad much angulated black band, its lower inner-portion being curved upward to base of lower median veinlet ; a submarginal sinuous broad curved band narrowing anteriorly and obsolescent or entirely absent between the radial and lower subcostal, its outer-edge also extending along the veins to the outer margin and thus enclosing a row of broad spots of the ground colour, of which the four lower are conical and the upper are elongated. Hindwing with two basal transverse confluent rows of black rounded spots, a discal row of small separated spots of which the upper two are broadly confluent with the inner series ; followed by a submarginal black broad sinuous band, the points of its outer edge extending along the veins to outer margin and thus enclosing a row of conical spots of the ground-colour ; across the medial discal area the shade of the black line of the underside is obscurely apparent. Underside. Both wings paler ferruginous. Forewing with black markings, as above; the cell and upper discal streaks being edged with bluish-white ; before the apex is a row of pale yellowish-white spots, and the narrow black outer margin is traversed by a slender bluish-white line. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal white or pale yellowish-white band, the former being inwardly bordered by a row of black round spots and outwardly by a black sinuous broken line ; the discal band also being inwardly bordered by a sinuously-disposed row of black irregular-shaped spots, and outwardly by a slender black wavy line; between the bands is a black slender discocellular streak and a small round spot above it, both being edged with white; beyond is a submarginal narrow black sinuous band enclosing a row of small bluish- white dentate spots placed in obliquely opposed pairs in each interspace ; the latter 14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. band is outwardly-bordered by a row of conical white or pale yellowish-white spots, and the veins from the discal band to the outer margin are black lined, those in the discal spaces being slightly edged with white scales ; the outer marginal narrow black band enclosing a slender bluish-white lunular line. Body above ferruginous with a blackish dorsal line ; body beneath whitish; palpi above black, beneath pale ferruginous, the sides being white ; forelegs white; middle and hind legs brownish above, whitish beneath ; antenne black. Female. Upperside paler ferruginous. Both wings with black markings as in the male, but slightly narrowed, and the extreme outer border showing a slightly- defined pale marginal line; but more generally, the forewing has the inner black markings narrower, the lower portion of discal band centred with ferruginous, and the lower portion of the sinuous submarginal band is either absent, or entire— sometimes broadly so—and is inwardly bordered by more or less defined blackish lunules ; the outer row of ferruginous spots also occasionally being smaller; and on the hindwing the basal area is much less blackened, being generally almost free from black scales, and the rows of spots are more distinct, the submarginal black band is discally-inwardly-bordered by a well-defined, or prominent, black slender lunular line, which latter generally extends along the veins to the band and thus encloses an inner row of small terruginous spots. Underside paler than in male, markings similar, those on the forewing being narrower, the discal series inter- rupted, and the bands on the hindwing very pale yellow, Dry-season brood (Plate 881, fig 1, h, 9). Hypanis simpler, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 140, pl. 24, fig. 8, 9. Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1883, p. 129. Byblia simplex, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 15 (1886). Male and female. Upperside asin wet season brood. Underside darker coloured, Forewing. Ground-colour darker ferruginonus, but with similar black markings. Hindwing. Ground colour deep ochreous red, the transverse bands either pure white or pale yellowish-white and very prominent ; the veins from the discal band to outer margin edged with grey, and the submarginal ordinary white-spotted, inner black band is either narrowed, or the black edging to the spots is obsolescent or quite absent, and these white spots reduced in size or to a lunular line. Expanse (Wet and Dry), d ? 1,% to 2,;% inches. Larva.—Cylindrical ; slender. Segments armed with two dorsal longitudinal rows of twelve rather long branched-spines, and lateral rows of shorter similar spines; head armed with a longer pair of erect branched-spines. Colour. first NYMPHALIN A. (Group EURYTELINA.) 15 stage dark brown; second stage black, with a dorsal yellowish stripe extending its entire length; Third and last stages green; spines black. Pupa.—Suspended. Elongated. Headpiece obtusely ‘cleft in front; thorax dorsally oblique in front and raised to a point behind, waist concave ; basal segments dorsally raised; wing cases somewhat dilated laterally. Colour either green, pale greyish ochreous, or dark purplish-brown with the dorsum pale purplish-grey. (Described from original drawings by the late Sir Walter Elliott). Hasitat.—H. Africa; Continental and Peninsular India; Ceylon. DIstRiBuTION (within our area).—We possess examples of the wet and dry season form from Kutch, Ahmednugeur, Poona, Bombay, and Lanowlie, and of the wet form from Kattywar, Assirghur, Kanara, Kurnool, Nilgiris and Madras. Colonel C. Swinhoe records it (as Polinice) from Poona, from September to December, Ahmednugegur, June to November, and (as simplex), Poona, September to January (P.Z.S. 1885, 129). The type of simplex is recorded as having been taken, by Col. Swinhoe, at “ Depalpur, North of Mbow, in January, being also common at Assirghur, and Depalpur in September and October” (P.Z.S, 1883, 147). Mr. J. Davidson and EK. H. Aitken obtained it at Dhulia in the ‘** Khandeish District, and the Dekkan. We reared the larve along with those of Hrgolis Ariadne, on Tragia Cannabina (Kuphorbiacee). We were able to distinguish them only by the fact that the light dorsal line was continued the whole length of the body in this species, and was comparatively uninterrupted. The pupa was undistinguishable” (Journ, Bombay N.H.S. 1890, 269). “Mr. Blathwayt, of Kanara, had a specimen said to have been taken at Karwar, but we have never met with it in the district’ (zd. 1896, 247). Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it in the “ Nilgiris, at 1000 to 3000 feet elevation, near tanks on the plains” (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 352). -Capt. EH. Y. Watson records “a few specimens taken at Kolar, Mysore, in October ” (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1890, 4). The late Sir Walter Elliott found and reared the larva in Madras, op Tragia Cannabina, in August, 1851 (MS. Notes). In Ceylon, according to the observations of Major N. Manders, it is “common in the low jungles im the north of the Island, in July and December” (J. A. S. Beng. 1899, 195). Of the illustrations on our Plate 381, fig. 1 represents the larvee and pup, copied from Sir W. EHlhott’s original drawings ; figs. la, b, c, d, e, males, and fig. lf, g, female, of the wet season form; fig. h, being a dry season female from Bombay. Genus ERGOLIS. Ergolis, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép.i. p. 4, fig. 4 (1836). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 409 (1851). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 43 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 137 (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 7 (1886). Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. i. p. 109 (1895). 16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Ariadne, Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. E.I.C., pl. 6, fig 2 (1829). Boisd. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. p. 201 (1833) ; id. Faun. Ent. Madag. p. 53 (1833). Ivaco.—Wings short, broad. Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa much arched at the base, apex acute; exterior margin more or less sinuous, angled obliquely-outward below the apex and at end of middle median veinlet ; posterior margin long; with a large very prominent triangular patch of shining black scales on the underside, extending from the upper median and partly into the cell to the sub- median ; cell short, broad ; costal vein swollen at its base; first and second subcostal branches short, slender, first emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second from immediately above the end of the cell, third at one-third beyond the cell, fourth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular short, outwardly-oblique, middle discocellular concave, lower long, slender, recurved ; radials from the angles; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from opposite first subcostal. Hindwing broad; costal margin short, exterior margin very convex, more or less sinuous ; with the subcostal and its two branches on the upperside prominently lined with glossy greyish-white scales ; precostal well curved from its base; costal vein wide apart from the subcostal; cell short, broad; first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell; upper discocellular outwardly-oblique and concave, lower recurved ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower branch from opposite first subcostal. Body moderate ; palpi porrect, finely pilose, second joint very long and extending half its length beyond the head, third joint half its length and somewhat cylindrical ; Forelegs slender; of male slightly and finely hairy; of - female scaly, tarsus scarcely dilated at extremity, the joints terminal, spines short ; antennz with a slender club; eyes naked. Larva.—* Cylindrical, slender, segments armed with two dorsal rows of branch- tipt spines and two lateral rows of similar shorter spines ; head with a pair of long straight branched-spines.” Pura.—* Rigidly attached by the tail, so that if the surface is vertical, it stands out horizontally. Slender. Wing cases somewhat dilated; a dorsal protuberance and two cephalic points” (Davidson and Aitken, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1890, 269). Foop Pranxts.—The larva feeds on Tragia involucrata and T. cannabina, the castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis, and Trophis aspera. Hasits or Imaco.— Their flight is short and jerky ; they frequent bushes and cultivated spots, and always settle with wings widely expanded. They are generally numerous in individuals wherever they occur. It is a curious fact that two distinct species always seem to occur together in India; where one species is met with there will be found another species also” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 8). NYMPHALINZ. (Group EURYTELINA.) 17 ERGOLIS ARIADNE (Plate 382, fig. 1, la, larva and pupa, 1b, ¢, d, e, f, g, 3 2). Papilio Ariadne, Johanssen, Amen, Acad, vi. p. 407 (1764). Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 778 (1767). Ergolis Ariadne, Boisduval, Spée. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 4, fig. 4, larva and pupa (1836). Butler, Catal. Fabr, Lep. B. M. p. 70 (1869). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1869, p. 332. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p- 187, pl. xi. fig. 6, 9 (1882). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 40 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 10 (1886), Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 269, pl. C, larva and pupa. Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 89. Papilio Coryta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 86, fig. E. F. (1776). Herbst, Pap. pl. 181, fig. 3, 4 (1794). Ariadne Coryta, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. pl. 6, fig. 2, ¢, pl. 7, fig. 6, larva and pupa (1829). Ergolis Coryta, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 144, pl. 6, fig. 6, larva and pupa (1857). Ergolis alternus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 698. Ergolis minorata, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 44, pl. 23, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ (1881). Eirgolis Indica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 20. Ergolis pallidior, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 90. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rufous or reddish-ochreous, brightest in the wet season brood. Cilia black, alternately edged with white. Morewing with a small white subapical costal dentate spot; cell crossed by a slightly-defined blackish slender short basal line, two sinuous or a looped mark across the middle, an angular line beyond and continued below to the submedian vein, and an angular discocellular line; followed by a transverse inner-discal angulated waved line, two outer-discal sinuous lines, the outer one being sometimes obscure, and the inner line acutely pointed in the interspace of lower radial and upper median, and then a submarginal more distinct sinuous line, the extreme outer marginal edge being also slenderly blackish. Hindwing with the costal border to the lower subcostal branch more or less distinctly suffused with purple-red and speckled with greyish-white scales, and with the two subcostal branches more or less prominently lined with greyish-white scales ; a slender blackish basal cell looped-mark, a slender waved line across its middle which extends upward to the costa and below to the submedian vein, and a discocellular line; followed from the lower subcostal by a transverse inner-discal curved waved line, two outer-discal sinuous lines, and then a more distinctly sinuous submarginal line, between which latter, in most specimens, is a traversing series of very obscure dusky lunules. Underside. Ground-colour dull pale castaneous-brown in dry-season brood, or more or less greyish castaneous-brown in the wet-season brood. Forewing crossed by deep rich purplish-castaneous cell-bars, an inner and an outer upper-discal black-edged sinuous band, and a_ slender submarginal sinuous black line; white apical spot as above; the discal area from upper median to the submedian glossy black, clothed with black elongated oval scales, narrow fan-shaped scales, some of which latter are finely ciliated in front, VOL. V. D 18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and a few narrower or very slender scimitar-shaped scales with, apparently, a short apical single cilia, Hindwing erossed by three curved sinuous black-edged deep rich purplish-castaneous bands, and a submarginal slender sinuous black line. The outer band on both wings is the broadest, and encloses an outwardly traversing series of diffused black Iunules. Body rufous; palpi and legs greyish-black ; antenne black. Female. Upperside somewhat paler and duller coloured; all the transverse markings as in male, but more regularly defined, those on the hindwing being continued to the costa. Underside as in male, except that the lower discal black patch on forewing is not present. Expanse, ¢ 1,5, to 2,2, 2 148, to 2,4 inches. Larva.— Cylindrical; slender; segments with two dorsal rows of sharp spines with three or four fine branch spines springing from a point in the middle of each; two rows of similar but shorter spines on each side; head with one pair of long, strong, and straight spines, irregularly set with small spines which cluster at the end. Colour dark brown with an interrupted, broad, dorsal stripe of pure white bars, not extending to either end.” Pura.— Rigidly attached by the tail, so that if the surface is vertical, the pupa stands out horizontally. Slender. Wing-cases somewhat dilated ; a dorsal protuberance, and two small cephalic points. Colour variable’? (Davidson and Aitken l.c.). Hasirat.—India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Java; Borneo; Hongkong; Tonkin; Hainan; Formosa. Nove.—The South Indian specimens are generally smaller than those from North India and Burma, and those from Ceylon are of a uniformly stall smaller size. There is no other difference except in size. Distripution, Hasirs, urc.—“ This is as common a species as 7. Merione. I have taken it at all seasons in Calcutta, and rarely in Sikkim. There are specimens in the Indian Museum, Caleutta, from Orissa, Sibsagar, Silhet, Cachar, Bombay. Col. Swinhoe has taken it as far west as Deesa in Rajputana; the Wynaad, Calicut, South India, Ceylon, Upper Tenasserim, Mergui Archipelago, and Java. Mrs. Wylly reared the larva at Khorda, Orissa, on the Bichitée, Tragia divolucrata, a twining plant with hairy and stinging leaves; the larva above being black, with a narrow dorsal stripe starting near the head and ending before reaching the tail, composed of transverse stripes and dots of yellow; beneath and legs purplish-red. Body covered with six even rows of three-branched spines ; the head black, with two long many-branched spines. It moves its head from side to side when walking. Pupa attached to the food-plant by its tail, and stands out from it nearly horizontally, the body of the pupa slightly curved downwards; perfect insect NYMPHALINAE. (Group EURYTELINA.) 19 emerges in about ten days. The colour of the pupa seems variable; those I have bred in Calcutta when attached to the green stem, and amongst the green leaves of the food-plant were coloured green also; the brown pupz may be attached to dead leaves or stalks” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 10). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at “ Ranibagh and the Tarai, at 1000 feet, in Kumaon” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1836, 124). We possess a male labelled Masuri. The late Capt. H. L. Chaumette, in a MS. Note, says it is “an Oudh insect, of slow floating flight, over low bushes, and round and round higher ones, as if playing hide and seek, seldom actually settling, but appearing as if about to do so, or to hide within the bush.” Col. C. Swinhoe records its capture in “ Poona, September to February ; Mahableshwar in May, and in Bombay” (P. Z. S. 1885, 129). In Sikkim it is “rarer than Merione, but found occasionally up to 5000 feet elevation throughout the year” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soe. 1888, 335). Col. C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 277). Mr. J. Rothney found it ‘common at Barrackpore, near Calcutta, from early March to end of October’? (Ent. M. Mag. 1880). Mr. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken ‘“veared the larva in Guzerat, Bombay, on Tragia cannabina, and in Kharwar on 7. involucrata in June and August. Both plants sting like Nettles. The larva is a restless little creature, and moves its head from side to side when walking” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 269). Mr. G. F. Hampson records it from the Nilgivis (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 352). Capt. E. Y. Watson found it “common in Mysore, taken at Kolar in October, in Banavar, Lukvalli, and Kathlekan, in November” (J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1890, 3). Specimens taken by Capt. Watson in Berhampore and Gangam, in July, are in the British Museum Collection. Mr. H. S. Ferguson records it from Travancore (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 7). In Ceylon, Mr. F. M. Mackwood says it is ‘found in low country and hills up to 4000 feet elevation, and is less common than L. taprobaua, May to June in greatest number ” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 44). In Burma, Col. C. H. E. Adamson, found it common throughout the year, wherever the Castor-oil plant grows (List, 1897, 17). Signor L. Fea took it at Bhamo in September. Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained it in the Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in October. Dr. N. Manders found it quite a common species in the Shan States, Burma, at suitable elevations” (Tr. Hut. Soc. 1890, 520). It was obtained in Tavoy by the native Collector, Moti Ram (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 420), and Dr. J. Anderson took it on King Island, Mergui, in January (J. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, 35). Mr. H. Druce records it from Nahconchaisee, Siam. It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Hongkong, Tonkin, Hainan, Formosa. Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 382, fig. 1, larva and pupa, is copied from Messrs. Davidson and Aitken’s published figures; fig. la, larva and pupa, from Mr. Arthur Grote’s Calcutta drawings; fig. 1, b, c, represents a dry-season male, nee 20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, and fie. 1, d, e, a wet-season male, both from Burma; fig. 1, f, g, is from a female taken at Buxa, Bhotan. ERGOLIS MERIONE. Papilio Merione, Cramer, Pap, Exot. ii. pl. 144, fig. G. H. (1777). Evgolis Merione, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 70 (1869). Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soe. Lond. 1869, p. 332. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 158, pl. 15, fig. 6, 9 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 8 (1886). Papilio Cortinna, Herbst, Pap. vii. p. 110, pl. 181, fig. 1, 2. 2 (1794). Ergolis Nicévillet, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 93. Wet-season brood (Plate 383, fig. 1, la, g; lb, ec, 2). Iuaco.—Male. Upperside reddish or brownish-ochreous ; cilia black, alternately narrowly edged with white. Forewing with a small white subapical costal dentate spot; cell crossed by two more or less slightly-defined blackish slender sinuous subbasal lines, two lines across the middle, each continued below the cell to submedian, and two short waved lines enclosing the discocellulars ; followed by two transverse inner-discal somewhat recurved sinuous lines, a more slender medial- discal sinuous line, and then an outer-discal more-defined dentated line; between the two latter lines is a row of very obscure dusky dentate speckled spots; beyond is a slender submarginal sinuous line. Hindwing with the costal border greyish- white; the subcostals slightly grey lined ; cell crossed by more or less slightly-defined slender blackish sinuous lines continuing below to the submedian; two straight lines enclosing the discocellulars, followed by two inner-discal and two outer-discal sinuous lines extending only to the lower subcostal, the two latter enclosing a row of obscure diffused castaneous-speckled dentate spots; beyond is a_ slender submarginal sinuous line. Underside. Ground-colour dull or pale greyish castaneous-brown. Forewing with a subcostal white spot, and a lower discal broad glossy black patch, which is clothed with a few oval and longer narrower scales, and very numerous long hair-like scales, which latter are, either of equal hair-like width to near the tip where they are imperceptibly laterally-dilated and tipt with two divergent extremely fine longish ciliz, or, these scales are more or less slightly broader and flattened throughout and dilated a little at the tip, with two similar divergent fine ciliz; cell-marks, inner and outer upper-discal blackish-edged band rich purplish-castaneous; and a submarginal blackish sinuous line. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal cell-mark, and three curved sinuous black-edged deep rich purplish-castaneous bands, the outer band enclosing a row of blackish-castaneous dentate spots; beyond is a submarginal slender black sinuous line. Body above NYMPHALINZ. (Groap EURYTELINA.) 21 reddish or brownish-ochreous, beneath and legs greyish-brown ; palpi brown above, greyish-brown beneath, tipt with black; antenne ochreous. Female. Upperside somewhat paler and duller coloured; the subapical white spot prominent; all the transverse markings as in male, those on its hindwing being continued to the costa. Underside more or less pale brownish-ochreous or greyish- ochreous ; all the transverse markings less prominent than in male, and those on the forewing continued to the posterior margin. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2;%, ? 2;% to 2,% inches. Dry-season brood (Plate 383, fig. 1, d, e, f, ¢ 2). Ergolis tapestrina, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 19. Male and female. Upperside paler than in wet-season brood, brownish- ochreous ; with similar transverse sinuous lines on both wings, the two inner-discal lines being somewhat nearer together, the two outer-discal lines forming slightly- defined cordate marks ; the interspaces between the basal lines, the subbasal and medial lines, the discal cordiform marks and the marginal line, and the outer margin, are distinctly of a more dusky colour, thus giving the wings the appearance of being marked with alternate pale and dusky transverse sinuous bands. Underside also paler, especially in the male, in which sex the transverse castaneous bands are duller, and much less defined, those in the female being also less defined. Expanse, ¢ 1,8 to 2, $ 2,% to 2; inches. Larva.—Cylindrical, slender; segments armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of short branched-spines; head with a pair of long straight branched-spines. Colour green, with dorsal longitudinal dark brown lines, Pupa.—Similar to that of H. Ariadne. Hasitat.—Northern and Continental India; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Sumatra. Disrrisution.—‘‘ This is a common species; I have taken it plentifully in Calcutta and in Sikkim at low elevations, but only on one occasion at Simla. It occurs also rarely at Masuri. Mr. 8. H. Peal obtained it at Sibsagar in Upper Assam, and Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar. Mr. W. C. Taylor found it common in Orissa. Col. Swinhoe has taken it at Deesa, in Rajputana, and has received it from the Nilgiris; Capt. C. ‘Tl. Bingham obtained it in the Thoungyeen Valley, and the Donat Range in Upper Tenasserim in the early months of the year” (de Nicéville, l.c. p. 9). We possess a male from Kashmir, received from the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed, also examples from Nepal, Bhotan, Bengal, Dehra Dhun, Manipur (C. Horne), Poona, wet-season form, taken by Col. C. Swinhoe in June, and dry-season form, taken in November and January ; others from Chittagong ; wet form 22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. taken in August, and dry fori, taken in October and November, in the Karen Hills (Signor L. Fea); Mandalay ; and Pyia Myoung, Shan States, taken by Col. C. H. E. Adamson, It was taken at Masuri in October, by Major H. B. Hellard (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the “ Gori and Kali Valley, Kumaon, at 2000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 124). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as “very common in the Dehra Dhun, where the food plant of its bright green spiny larva, the Castor-oil plant (1. communis), grows. Found also occasionally in Masuri, in August” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1897, 368). It occurs in the Khasia Hills (Col. Swinhoe, T'r. Ent, Soc. 1893, 277). Mr. J. Rothney found it common at Barrackpur, near Calcutta, from early March to end of October (Ent. M. Mag. 1880). In Sikkim it is “a common species at low elevations, and more or less throughout the year” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Hut. Soc. 1888, 335). Colonel C. Swinhoe has examples taken at Poona. Mr. G. F. Hampson took it in the Nilgiris (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 352). Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained it at Berhampur and Ganjam, Madras. Mr. H. 8. Ferguson records it from Travancore (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 7). Signor L. Fea took it in Burma, at Meteleo, 900 to 1000 feet, in June and September, and at Bhamo in September. Col. C. H. E. Adamson found it “common in Burma wherever the Castor-oil plant grows, all the year round” (List, 1897, 17). Dr. N. Manders found it ‘commonly at elevations from 1000 to 3000 feet, in the Shan States, and less common from 3000 to 5000 feet” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 5260). It was taken in Tavoy by the native Collector, Moti Ram (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1887 420). Dr, J. Anderson obtained it on Elphinstone Island, Mergui, in March (J. Linn. Soc. Zoo]. 1886, 35). ERGOLIS TAPROBANA. Ergolis Taprobana, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 410, pl. 68, fig. 4, g¢ (1851). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 44, pl. 23, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 9 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 9 (1886). Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 93. Wet-season brood (Plate 384, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Txaco.—Male and female. Wings shorter, and the exterior margins more even than in E. Merioue. Male. Upperside richer and darker reddish-ferruginous. Forewing with no subapical white spot; cell crossed by five black slender sinuous lines, and two even lines enclosing the discocellulars, the second, third and fourth line continued below to the submedian vein; followed by two transverse inner- discal and a medial-discal sinuous line, then an outer-discal dentated line, the two latter lines are joined along the veins and thus form a row of more or less defined cordiform marks, each interspace also enclosing an obscure dusky dentate spot; beyond is a submarginal slender sinuous line. Hindiving with the costal border bo SN) NYMPHA LINZ. (Group EURYTELINA.) grey, the subcostal branches slightly grey-lined; cell crossed by slender black sinuous lines continuing to the submedian vein, and two straight discocellular lines ; followed by two inner-discal and two outer-discal sinuous lines which extend only to the radial veinlet, the latter two sometimes only to the upper median and enclosing in each interspace an obscure dusky castaneous dentate spot; beyond is a slender shortened submarginal sinuous line. Underside. Ground-colour greyish-brown or pale greyish castaneous-brown ; transverse sinuous lines more or less indistinct. Forewing with a slightly apparent subapical greyish spot; a broad lower discal prominent glossy blackish-brown patch, which is clothed with a few broad oval and longer narrower scales, and numerous long hair-like scales, which latter are, either of equal hair-like width to near the tip, where they are imperceptibly dilated laterally and tipt with two divergent extremely fine longish ciliz, or these scales are more or less slightly flattened and broader throughout, dilated a little at the tip and with two similar divergent fine ciliz; the cell interspaces and upper discal area clouded with dense rich purplish-castaneous. Mindwing with the discal area from the costa to middle median veinlet clouded with rich dense purplish-castaneous. Female. Upperside slightly paler; transverse markings as in male, those on the hindwing being continued to the costa. Forewing with a small subapical white dentate spot. Underside. Ground-colour more or less brownish-grey ; subapical white spot on forewing distinct ; the cell-marks and transverse sinuous black-edged bands rich purplish-castaneous, Expanse, d 2? 1,8, to 2,% inches. Dry-season brood (Plate 384, fig. 1d, e, f, 2). Upperside paler brownish-ochreous than in wet-season specimens, the trans- verse sinuous interspaces being alternately pale ochreous and dusky, similar to those in dry-season form of #. Merione. Underside duller coloured ; the transverse castaneous bands less defined. Expanse, 1,8, to 2 inches. Hanirar.—Ceylon; South India. Distripution AND Hasits.—In Ceylon it is “ widely distributed in low country and hills up to 6000 feet, both in forest and cultivated lands. Found all the year in the hills, variable and not so common in the plains. Flight slow, skimming, but shy, and not easy to capture’ (Capt. Hutchison, MS. Notes). Mr. F. M. Mackwood also found it ‘ common, in Ceylon, all the year round in low country and up to 4000 feet’? (Lep. Ceylon, i. 44). In South India, Colonel J. W. Yerbury took it at Khandalla, in the Western Ghats, in October, and also at Lanowlie in September. Col. C. Swinhoe has examples taken at Mahableshwar, Matheran and Trevandrum. Mr. H. 8. Ferguson records it from Travancore (J. Bombay, N. H. 8. 1891, 7). We 24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. possess specimens from Ceylon, Travancore, Nilgiris, Wynaad, Malabar, Khandalla, and Bombay. Messrs. Davidson and Aitken say, “It is one of the commonest butterflies in the Kanara District, frequenting forest rather than cultivated places or open plains. The larva of this species, and of H. Ariadne, both feed on Tragia involucrata, a creeper with stinging leaves, and both butterflies have emerged from one lot of larvee in our cages which might easily have been taken to belong to a single brood. In form there is no difference, and the colour we thought was too variable to have any significance, ranging from pale green with or without brown lines, to black with a broad dorsal stripe of pure white. This year, however, we have bred a larger number and carefully separated the black larve from those in which the ground colour was green, and found that the former produced Ariadne, and the latter Taprobana” (Journ. Bombay, N. H.S. 1896, 247). Inpo-MaLay Specius.—Lrgolis specularia, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 91. Habitat. W. Java.—Ergolis macularia, Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 66, pl. 13, fig. 5,6, d ? (1887). Habitat. Luzon, Philippines.—Ergolis Luzonia, Felder, Reis. Nov. Lep. p. 450 (1867). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 66, pl. 13, fig. 2, 3,4, d 2. Habitat. Luzon; Palawan.—Ergolis Teniata, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p- 803; id. Reis. Nov. Lep. pl. 61, fig. 1,2, 9 (1867). Semper, l.c. p. 65, pl. 12, fig. 11, 12,13, d 2. Habitat. Luzon; Philippines.—Ergolis Adelpha, Feld. Wien. Ent, Mon. 1861, p. 303, ¢. Semper, l.c. p. 65, pl. 12, fig. 9, 10, d %. Habitat. Mindanao.—Lrgolis Iseus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 333. Distant, Rhop. Malay. pp. 189, 441, pl. 39, fig. 6. Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 95. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java.—Hrgolis pupillata, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 338; id. 1899, p. 98. Habitat. Nias Island.—Hrgolis Ahmat, Pryer and Cator, N. Borneo Herald, 1891, p. 259. Habitat. N. Borneo.—LHrgolis Telok, Pryer and Cator, l.c. p. 260. Habitat. N. Borneo. Genus LARINGA. Eurytela (part), Boisduval, Westwood; de Nicéville. Imaco.—Male and female. Forewing subtriangular; costa very shghtly arched at the base, apex pointed ; exterior margin slightly oblique, concave below the apex, acutely angled outward at end of upper radial, concave below the angle and slightly scalloped hindward; posterior margin recurved ; costal vein swollen at the base; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third branch at one-third beyond the end, fourth at nearly two-thirds beyond; cell broad; two upper discocellulars outwardly oblique, upper extremely short, second also short and concave, lower long, erect and slightly concaye posteriorly ; two upper median branches emitted from lower end of cell; submedian recurved. Hindwing short, NYMPHALINA (Group EURYTELINA.) 25 triangularly-ovate; exterior margin obliquely convex and slightly scalloped ; pre- costal very straight and bifid at tip; costal vein arched from the base, extending to apex ; cell short ; upper discocellular outwardly-oblique, starting from close to base of lower subcostal, lower discocellular long and outwardly-oblique, slender ; two upper median branches from end of the cell. Body moderately slender; head and thorax woolly ; palpi porrect, elongated, clothed with compact hair-scales to the tip, second joint extending half its length beyond the front, third joint thick ; antennee with a very slenderly-formed club; eyes naked. Forelegs of male very slender, short, femur very delicately hairy at the sides and beneath ; tibia and tarsus together a little longer than the femur, both finely hairy ; forelegs of female also slender, longer than in male, finely scaly, femur and tibia about equal length, tarsus of nearly the same length and slightly stouter, with three subterminal joints and a terminal minute joint, each with a pair of short spines. Sexes dissimilar, Tyrpr.—lL., Horsfieldii. Differs from typical Hurytela (Dryope) in the forewing being comparatively narrower, the costa straighter, the apex and outer angle of exterior margin more acutely pointed. Hindiwing comparatively shorter, the exterior margin more oblique and less scalloped. Venation similar. Palpi shorter, more robust, and compactly clothed to the tip. Forelegs of female shorter, and the tarsal joints longer ; the eyes are naked. The species of this genus are found only in the Kast, one in the Andaman Isles, and others in Burma, 'enasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Palawan. The typical species of Hurytela occur only in Africa ; the sexes are similar in their coloration and markings both on the upper and under side, and these are quite different to the pattern and colours of their Hastern representatives; also their eyes are hairy. Hasirs ano Mimtcry.— Capt. E. Y. Watson has noted that their flight is like that of Neptis, as they fly with wings extended flat, parallel with the ground ; they settle on the tips of leaves with open wings, and then raise their wings slowly over their backs. This I can confirm, having seen Mury, Horsfieldii alive in the forests in N.E. Sumatra. The female on the wing reminds one at once of a tawny Neptis, or more closely of a species of Hgolis, which is, I believe, a protected genus, and of which the very differently-coloured female is probably a mimic” (L. de Nicéville, J. As. Soe. Beng. 1894, 108). “The females of H. Castelnani are splendid mimics of Ergolis Iseus and Ariadne, Bury. Castelnani mimicking Erg. Iseus, and Kury. Horsfieldii mimicking Er, Ariadne. Even in the way of flying they closely resemble the flight of Ergolis. The males always settle with folded wings for greater pro- tection, and have some predilection for the sandy banks of small streams running through the forest ” (de Nicéville, id. 1895, 399). VOL. V. E 26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. LARINGA CASTELNAUI (Plate 385, fig. 1, la, g, 1 b,c, ?). Eurytela Castelnaui, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats, iv. p. 401 (1860) ; 1d. Reise Novara, Lep, iii. p. 450, pl. 61, fig. 5, 6, g¢ (1867). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 331, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 136, pl. 14, fig. 10, g, p. 441, pl. 43, fig. 10, 9 (1883-6). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 105, pl. 89, d (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 13 (1886). id. Proc. As. Soe. Bengal, 1895, p. 108; Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 899. Taaco,—Male. Upperside. Both wings ultramarine blue, without gloss ; outer margins slenderly edged with black, and with a submarginal slender black lunular line; costal edge of forewing, and of the hindwing broadly to the subcostal, and also its inner margin dusky-brown. Cilia black, alternated with white. Underside. Both wings grey, and almost covered with dark brown slender strige, which are most densely packed and confluent across the discal areas; a transverse subbasal and two discal waved diffused blackish lines, and a slender submarginal lunular line. Body above blue; palpi black; body and palpi beneath and legs greyish-brown ; antennz blue-black. Female. Upperside ochreous-brown. Forewing with the basal area to middle of the dise, and hindwing with the base, a broad discal band, and the outer margin dark brown. Both wings crossed by a subbasal, two discal and a submarginal waved blackish line; the upper and lower discal interspace at its outer-discal area of forewing, and the inner and outer-discal area of hindwing speckled with brown strige. Underside sullied greyish-ochreous, numerously covered with short brown strige ; crossed by a waved subbasal, two discal, and a sinuous submarginal blackish line. Body and palpi above brown, beneath greyish- ochreous. Expanse, d 2, $ 2,% inches. Hanirar.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo; Palawan. Disrrizution.—Mr. L. de Nicéville records it from the ‘‘ Daunat Range, Upper Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Palawan”’ (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1895, 109). A male, from the Attaran Valley, Upper Tenasserim, taken in February by Col. C. H. Bingham, is in the British Museum. Mr. H. Grose-Smith has a male from Singapore, from Wallace’s collection, a female from Sumatra, and a male from Sarawak, Borneo. Mr. F. Godman has both sexes from Palawan, LARINGA GLAUCESCENS (Plate 385, fig. 2, 2a, g; 2b, ¢, 2). Eurytela glaucescens, de Nic¢ville, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 110. Eurytela Horsfieldii (part), de Niceville, Butt. of India, ii, p. 12 (1886). TImaco.—Male. Upperside dark violescent-greyish bluish-brown ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing witha subbasal transverse curved wayed slender black line, a NYMPHALINZ (Group EURYTELINA., 27 medial-discal irregular slender more distinct black line, which is broadly angled outward between the upper radial and upper median, followed by an outer-discal sinuous black line ; the anterior and posterior interspace between the two latter lines being sharply defined, and pale violescent bluish-grey speckled with darker scales, thus forming a well-defined upper and lower fascia, its outer edge being also diffusedly bordered by a darker tint of the same colour; beyond is a less-defined submarginal black sinuous line. Hindwing with a subbasal transverse slender blackish line, a more distinct mner-discal anteriorly-waved line, followed by an outer-discal less-defined diffused line, the interspace between the two latter lines being violescent bluish-grey with darker speckles, and diffusedly bordered outwardly by a darker tint of the same colour, followed by a submarginal more or less defined black fascia. Underside. Both wings dull bluish-grey, very numerously covered with dark brown short strige, which are more densely packed and darkest across the outer disc; crossed by a subbasal, inner and outer-discal, and a submarginal slender black irregular waved line. Female. Upperside ochreous-brown, densely covered with darker strige. Both wings with transverse blackish lines, disposed as in the male. Forewing with the upper and lower interspace of the discal lines pale dull ochreous and less speckled with brown striga. Hindwing with the basal area and outer disc also pale dull ochreous and less speckled ; the outer-discal blackish fascia diffused. Underside pale sullied greyish-ochreous, numerously covered with fine short brown strige ; crossed by a blackish subbasal, two discal, and an outer marginal line, as in the male. Body and palpi of male above greyish bluish-brown, beneath and legs pale bluish-grey; antenne blackish; body of female ochreous-brown above, beneath and legs pale greyish-ochreous. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, 2 2;%, inches. Hasirar.—Burma. Disrripution.—The type specimens were taken at ‘ Papun in November and December, at Methalauk in November, Karen Hills, 500 to 1500 feet elevation, in December, Toungu in December, and at Meple in October and December” (de N. Lc. 110). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records one male (as Horsfieldit), taken in October near Kannee, and one female (as Caste/naui), taken in the Thoungyeen Valley, Amherst District, Upper 'Tenasserim, in May (List, 1897, 17). We have verified these two specimens. Mr. H. J. Elwes records two males (as Horsjieldii) from the “ Karen Hills, taken by Mr. W. Doherty, and one from Singmo, Shan States, Burma, taken by Dr. Manders” (P. Z.S. 1891, 272). Signor L. Fea took it at “ Leito, Karen fills, in January.” Dr. N. Manders obtained ‘one specimen at Fort Stedman, Shan States” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 520). Mr. H. Grose-Smith has examples obtained by Mr. Hawxswell in the Attaran Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in March. Specimens from E 2 28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the Karen Hills, and Methalauk, Papun, taken in November, are in the British Museum. LARINGA ANDAMANENSIS. (Plate 386, fig. 1, la, be, d 2 (wet-season brood), ld, e,f, g 2 (dry-season brvod). Eurytela Andamanensis, de Nicéville, Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 110, d ¢. Eurytela Horsfieldii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 585. Wood-Mason and de Niceéville, J. As. Suc. Beng. 1880, 228. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 12, pl. 18, fig. 69, 9 (1886), nec Buisd. Tmaco.—Male. Upperside deep blue-black; cilia white, alternated on forewing with black at end of upper radial and lower medians. Forewing with a slightly- defined black subbasal transverse curved waved line, a subapical bluish-white diffused sinuous oblique band, and another wider band across middle of the disc, both these bands being inwardly sharply defined, and outwardly continuously- bordered by diffused slaty-blue, extending from below the outer angle almost to the outer margin, and bearing a submarginal black diffused waved line, which is dilated at the costal end; inner-discal border of the lower band also diffusedly slaty-blue. Hinudwing with the basal area densely slaty-blue speckled; the inner-discal area crossed by a broad bluish-white diffused band, which is traversed by a slender more or less apparent blackish wavy line ; and a more distinct bar at end of the cell; the white band outwardly bordered by slaty-blue, followed by a broad blue-black submarginal band, and then a marginal slaty-blue band; cilia white. Underside. Both wings bluish-grey, densely mottled and transversely clouded with fuliginous- black short strige, especially across the disc, the outer margins being palest; crossed by a black subbasal nearly straight line, and two discal irregular-waved lines, the outer line being more or less ill-defined or lost among the dark scales ; followed by a submarginal slender black sinuous line; a slender black line aiso crossing end of the cell. Female. Upperside ferruginous-ochreous or brownish-ochreous; cilia dusky- white. Forewing crossed by a slender blackish curved subbasal line, a line at end of the cell, a subapical and a lower-discal broad pale yellowish-ochreous smuous band, followed by a paler and clouded outer border traversed by a submarginal slender sinuous black line. Hindwing with the basal area to the outer dise pale yellowish- ochreous, the base densely speckled with brownish-ochreous scales; crossed by a slender subbasal blackish straight line, a discocellular line, a waved inner-diseal line, and a more or less diffused outer-discal line, followed by a slender submarginal slightly sinuous line; the outer border from the outer-discal line being brownish- ochreous, and the submarginal interspace bearing more or less diffused dusky- ochreous or blackish-ochreous patches. Underside. Both wings pale ochreous, ACRAIIN As. 29 mottled and speckled with brownish-ochreous short strige; with transverse lines similar to upperside; the discal bands palest and less speckled with dark scales. Body of male above blue-black, beneath and legs greyish; palpi above brown, grey beneath ; antenne black above, white speckled beneath; body of female brownish- ochreous above, beneath and legs pale ochreous. Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, 2 2 to 2;% inches. Harirat.—South Andamans. Inpo-Matray Sprcres.—Laringa Horsfieldii (Eurytela Horsfieldii, Boisduval, Faun. Ent. Madagascar, p. 54, d (1833). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p- 831. de Nicéville, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 109. Syn. K. Stephensi, Boisd. l.c. p. 54, 2. Habitat. Java; N.E. Sumatra—Laringa Fruhstorferti (Kur. Fruhstorferii, de Nicéville, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 109; id. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 23, pl. 8, fig. 14, ¢. Habitat. Central Java.—Laringa Niha (Kur. Niha, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. 1896, p. 39). Habitat. Nias Island. Sub-family ACREZINZ. Lemonizdes (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 26 (1816). Acreidw, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 137 (1848). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 101 (1887). Acreine, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 176 (1864). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 130 (1871) ; zd. Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. i. p. 32 (1894). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 65 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 317 (1883). Jordan, Nov. Zool. v. p. 387 (1898). CHARACTERS OF THE ACRRINE. Iuaco, Wings never thickly covered with scales, either opaque or partially or entirely diaphanous. Cells closed. Forewing subtriangular, elongate, the apex more or less rounded, outer margin either nearly straight or rounded. Hindwiig obovate ; the inner margin free from the abdomen, and not channelled to enclose it. Body elongate, abdomen much arched, the last segment in the female often furnished with an anal corneous appendage; palpi divergent, rising above the forehead, sparsely hairy, basal joint short; forelegs short, slender, smoothly scaled or clothed with slight spiny hairs ; fore tarsus of male sometimes, apparently, single jointed, or four or five jointed, cylindrical or slightly fusiform, clothed with spiny hairs ; fore tarsus of female four or five jointed, each with a terminal pair of spines; antenne with an abruptly clavate club ; eyes prominent. Larva.—Cylindrical ; segments armed with longitudinal rows of rigid branched- spines. Poupa.—Suspended ; slender; elongated. 30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasits.—“ The p- 323 (1886). Wet-season brood (Plate 401, figs. 2, 2a, g, 2b, ¢, 2). Tuaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown. Forewing with a transverse paler inner-diseal broad angulate fascia, an outer-discal narrower lunular fascia, and a slender submarginal line. Hindwing with a less-defined pale transverse discal angular fascia, a submarginal series of somewhat large dusky conical pale-bordered spots, the upper and lower pair being promiuently black and outwardly white-edged, followed by a marginal pale lunular line; discocellular streak black. Underside rich dark purplish-red, the veins being outwardly pale lined. Forewing with the transverse fascia, as on upperside, prominent and pale purplish-white or dull purplish-grey. Hindiwing with prominent angular discal broad lunular fascia, edges of the submarginal conical spots, and the marginal line pale purplish-white or dull purplish-grey ; the three upper and two subanal spots very prominently black and outwardly edged with white. Female. Upperside paler and of a more reddish-brown colour; transverse markings similar to the male, but more distinctly defined and paler, the fasciz on forewing being most prominent and more or less sullied with brownish-white ; inner edge of discal fascia sharply defined. Underside paler and redder; markings as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 1,8, to 2;,, 2 1,% to 2 inches. Dry-season brood (Plate 401, figs, 2d, e, d 2). Male. Upperside darker, or more ochreous-brown than in wet form; markings similar ; the fasciz on forewing more or less diffused, the inner edge of discal fascia dusky ; marginal spots on the hindwing more or less obsolescent. Underside paler and more brownish ; markings similar to the wet form, but less defined and narrower, the marginal black spots on hindwing much smaller or obsolescent. Female. Upperside ochreous-brown, palest on both wings beyond the sharply- defined angulated edge of the discal fascia, the upper end of which is still paler ; outer markings obsolescently diffused ; marginal spots on the hindwing very small, the lower pair obsolescent. Underside. Ground-colour paler; markings more or less similar to those of the upperside. Expanse, ¢ ? 1,4 to 1,4 inch. Hasirat.—Lower Burma; Upper Tenasserim. Distripurion.—* A very cominon insect in Burma all the year round” (Col. C. H. E. Adamson, List, 1897, 28). Signor L. Fea took it at ‘ Palone in August, NEMEOBIIN 45. 85 and at Cobapo, Karen Hills, in November” (MS. Notes). Specimens are recorded from Tavoy (J. As. S. Beng. 1887, 428). The type specimens were taken by Mr. Oito Limborg at Ahsown, Hatseiga, and on the road from Naththoung to Paboga, Upper Tenasserim. We possess specimens of the wet form from Rangoon, and Ahsown (type); Toungoo; Palin, April; and of the dry form from Rangoon and Toungoo. Col. Adamson has the wet form, taken in Moulmein in June, and a female from Akyab taken in October. In the British Museum are both sexes of the wet Jorm from Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, March ; Sittang, January ; Yedu, November, and of the dry form from Tiling Yaw, March and April, taken by Capt. E. Y. Watson, ABISARA PRUNOSA. Wet-season brood (Plate 402, figs. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, g, le, d, 2). Abisara prunosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 137; id. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 69, pl. 33, fig. 3, 3a, ¢ 2, 3b, larva and pupa (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 325 (1886). Abisara fraterna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1883, p. 532. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 325 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside very rich deep purple-brown, with slightly paler transverse discal fascia and marginal line. Hindwing also with two large subapical and two smaller subanal conical black spots edged outwardly by a delicate white line; and two intervening pale-bordered dark brown conical spots. Underside paler and duller purple-brown, the transverse fasciz and marginal line being distinct and of a dull pale purplish-grey ; submarginal line, and outer edge of prominent black spots on the hindwing, white. Female. Upperside much duller, and of a dark ochreous-brown, the discal fasciz and marginal line distinct and more or less of a pale brown or sullied white; conical spots on the hindwing prominent. Underside paler brown; the discal fasciz prominent and of a sullied brownish-white or purpurescent-white ; marginal line white ; three subapical and two subanal conical black spots on hindwing, with white outer edges. Expanse, ¢ 1,5, to 2, 91,8, to 2 inches. Dry-season brood (Plate 402, figs. le, f, d, 1g, h, 2 ). Abisara suffusa, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soe, Lond. 1882, p. 244. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., it. p- 325 (1886). Male. Upperside dull brown, of various shades, the angled-edge of discal fascia darkest, the fasciz paler and diffused; the black spots on hindwing much smaller. Underside paler ; markings more or less similar to the wet form. 86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside ochreous-brown, the outer borders palest; the fascie much diffused, the discal being well-defined by a darker angled inner edge; black spots on the hindwing very small, but distinct. Underside. Ground-colour as on the upperside, but paler; markings similar, but with the fascize paler. Expanse, ¢ 1,8, ? 1,5 to 1,4, inch. Larva.— Flat, very broad in the middle, tapering to both ends; clothed sparsely with short hairs; head small, not enclosed in the second segment. Colour light green.” Pura.—* So like the larva that it is difficult to note exactly when the change takes place ; it is also clothed with hairs. It is closely attached to a leaf by the tail and a girdle” (J. Davidson and HE. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 352). Hasirat.—Lower Himalayas ; Eastern, Central, and South India; Ceylon. InrerMeDIATE Varteties.—This is a very variable species, both on the upperside and underside, especially in the dry-season males. In some males (from Ceylon, Anamully Hills, Western India, Travancore) the upperside is of the same rich purple-brown of an ordinary wet-season specimen, but on the underside, the colora- tion and markings are of a normal dry-season male. Other males (from Wangui, Thanah, Bombay, and Poona) are dull purple-brown on the upperside, but with ordinary coloration and markings, though much less prominent, of normal wet- season specimens. A male of the dry form from Ranchi, Chota Nagpur, is of a much duller purple-brown on the upperside, but on the underside, it has the coloration and prominent markings of a normal wet form. Other males, of smaller expanse, from Poona, Bombay, and Sikkim, have both the upper and underside, of either an olivescent ochreous-brown, or purpurescent-brown, with characteristic dry-season markings. Again, in some Ceylon specimens, both of male and female, of the dry- season form, the upperside is of a normal dry form, but with the coloration and prominent markings of the wet form. Hasits or Imaco.—Mr. E. H. Aitken writes, “I have found it in Poona, but rarely, if ever, in Bombay, though it is common in the low jungles of the Tanna District. When the rainy season is drawing to a close in September or October, every bush on the Hills is enlivened by the attitudes and frolics of this little embodiment of vanity. In all its ways it is unique, perching in the middle of a leaf, on the upperside, with wings half open, turning jerkily from one side to another, then hopping to another leaf and strutting round it. Sometimes a pair join in these performances. It is one of the easiest butterflies tocatch, having no fear” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 215). ‘* It is very common at all seasons, perching on leaves with its wings partly open, and facing about every now and then in a way peculiar NEMEOBIINZ. 87 > to itself. They fly much at dusk very swiftly, chasing each other in the air’ (J. Davidson, id. 1896, 258). Foop-ptant AND Hasirs or Larva.—‘‘ We found the larva very abundant in July, 1889, and occasionally till the end of the rains, on Hmbelia robusta, Order Myrsinew. The larva rests on the underside of the leaf, which is of the same tint of green as itself”? (id. ].c. 1890, 352). Mr. L. de Nicéville says the ‘larva also feeds on Ardisia humilis, Myrsinee” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1900, 234), DistRiBuTION.—We possess specimens of both sexes of the wet (prunosa type) and dry forms of this species from Ceylon; Travancore, the dry form taken in February ; Kanara, Nilgiris; Poona; Belgaum; Matheran (fraterna type); Wangui, Thannah District, Bombay; Alibagh, dry form taken in January; Calcutta; Deyra Dhoon, N.-W. India. We have also verified specimens in the British Museum, as follows :—Wet form from Nepal; Nilgiris (August); Ceylon (July). Dry form, Nilgiris, 3500 (Hampson); Mysore, November and January (Watson); Belgaum, April (Dudgeon); Ganjam, February (Watson); Durbunga; Chumba (type of suffusa), 10,000 feet, Western Himalaya, taken by Rev. J. Hocking. Col. Swinhoe has the wet form, taken in Kanara, in July, and at Khandalla in October; also the dry form from Poona (March), Mahableshwar (April); Maldah, Orissa (March), and Sikkim. Mr. H. Grose-Smith has the wet form from Naini Tal, Kumaon; Ranchi, Chota Nagpur, and Sikkim. Mr. F. Godman has the wet form from Masuri, W. Himalaya, and the dry form from Simla, and the Anamully Hills, 8. India (Davidson). In Ceylon, this species is “‘common in the Western and Central Provinces, in forest land, nearly all the year. It has a rapid darting flight and settles on the underside of leaves with open wings. Plentiful amongst the undergrowth of open jungle, or by road sides. It is found in low country and up to 4000 feet’? (Lep. Ceyl. 1.69), Mr. L. de Nicéville says ‘‘it is common in Ceylon in the low country in June and July, and again in November and December” (J. A. S. Beng. 1899, 196). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson records it (prunosa) as being found ‘‘ common in the Travancore Hills at the sides of roads in jungle, also in the low country, the specimens varying a good deal” (J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1891, 10). Capt. E. Y. Watson took it at Kathlekan, Mysore, in December, January and February, and at Gersoppa Falls in January” (id. 1890, 5). Col. C. Swinhoe records it (fraterna) from “Poona, September; Khandalla, November” (P. Z. S. 1%85, 130). Capt. Chaumette found it ‘‘ very common at Saugor in October and November, skipping about the garden at twilight” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1865, 38). Capt. A. M. Lang tock it at ““Umballa in August” (id. 1864, 183). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at Ranibagh, 1000 feet, Kumaon, also at Askot and in the Kali Valley, 2400 to 5000 feet’ (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 134). Mr. J. Rothney records it as ‘‘ not a common 88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, insect at Barrackpur, near Calcutta, from May to October” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882). Mr. L. de Nicéville found it ‘common in Calcutta at all times except in the three coldest months. It has a very quick flight, but settles often on the upper side of a leaf in the shade, with half-expanded wings” (J. As. Soc, Beng. 1885, 45). Mr. de Nicéville also records it (as suffusa) from Barrackpur (Rothney), the Kangra Valley (Hocking), Masuri, Fyzabad, Malda, Calcutta, Bhotan, Orissa, Karwar, and Rutnagherry, Bombay ; Nilgiris; and (as fraterna) from Karinga ; Bombay ” (Butt. Ind. ii. 825), Of our illustrations on Plate 402, fig. 1 represents the larva and pupa, 1a, b, male, and le, d, female, wet-season form from Ceylon; fig. le, a dry-season male from Ranchi, Chota Nagpur, 1f, a dry-season male from Poona, and 1g, h, a dry- season female from Ceylon. ABISARA BIFASCIATA (Plate 403, figs. 1, la, f, 1b, e, 2). io) Abisara bifasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 587, pl. 58, fig. 1, 9. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1881, pp. 233, 248. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 323, pl. 24, fig. 118, ¢ (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown. Forewing with distinctly-defined discal paler almost purplish-grey fasciz, which are palest anteriorly. Hindwing with similar pale-bordered large conical spots, the two subapical and two subanal being black and outwardly white-edged. Underside dark purplish-red, paler basally ; the discal fasciee broad and sinuous, prominent, and dull purplish-grey ; the two subapical and two subanal black spots very prominent, large, and sharply white-edged exteriorly. Female. Upperside dark purplish-red. Forewing with the two discal fasciz sinuous, prominent, and broadly white anteriorly, the inner fascia broadest, the lower portions being purplish-white ; submarginal and marginal line also prominent. Hindwing with prominent discal purpurescent-white sinuous fascia, marginal line, borders of the outer conical spots, and marginal line; the two large subapical (and sometimes also a minute upper one), and the two subanal conical black spots very prominent and externally white-edged. Underside dark purplish-red, paler basally ; all the markings on both wings, as on upperside, very prominently whiter; the black spots on hindwing much more prominent, Expanse, S 1,5 to 2, 9 2 to 2,%, inches. Hasrrat.—South Andamans; ? Nicobars. Distrisurion.—Numerous specimens were collected at Port Blair, 8. Andamans, by the late F. de Roépstorff. A single male, recorded from Kar Nicobar, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. NEMEOBIINE. 89 ABISARA ABNORMIS. Abisara abnormis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 532, pl. 49, fig. 3, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., il. p. 324 (1886), Wet-season brood (Plate 403, figs. 2, 2a, J, 2b, ce, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-brown or plum-colour. Forewing with a medial-diseal narrow angular, dark inner-bordered, pale lunular fascia, the upper portion of which, above the median veinlet, is macular, and more or less distinctly whitish ; followed by an outer-discal pale lunular fascia and a submarginal slender lunular line; the discocellular streak at end of cell blackish Hindwing with a much less-defined medial-discal angular fascia; followed by a submarginal row of pale-edged dark conical spots, the apical and subanal pair being black. Underside paler; the veins outwardly paler lined. Forewing with the medial-discal angular fascia very prominent and entirely violaceous-white, the submarginal and marginal line slender. Hindwing with the medial-discal angular lunular fascia very prominent and entirely violaceous-white ; the submarginal row of white-cdged conical spots also prominent, the three upper and two lower black. Female. Upperside somewhat paler. Forewing with the medial-discal angular fascia somewhat broader and more distinct throughout its length, the two outer as in the male, Hindwing marked as in the male, but more distinctly. Underside paler; with markings as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 1,5, ? 1, inch. Dry-season brood (Plate 403, figs. 2d, e, go, 2f, 2). Male. Upperside paler than in wet-season brood, the female browner. Forewing with the angular medial-discal and submarginal fascia, and the marginal line, obso- lescently diffused or slightly defined by a paler tint than the ground-colour, the dark angular discal bordering line being prominent in the female. Hindwing with similar, but somewhat obsolescent markings, as in the wet-season male. Underside. Both wings with markings as in the wet-season form, but less prominent ; the discal angular violet-white fascia being narrower. Expanse, ¢ ? 1,5 to 1,8 inch. Hasirat.— Lower Burma. DistripuTion.— We possess both sexes of the wet-season form from Moulmein, Rangoon, Salween Valley, taken in August, and from Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, and of the dry form from Lower Burma. Col. C. H. E. Adamson has a dry-season male from Akyab, taken in October. Col. C. Swinhoe has a wet male and female from Rangoon, taken in July and October. Mr. H. Grose-Smith has both forms from Toungoo, volt. vy. June 19th, 1901. x $0 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. S.E. Cutxa ann Manay Sprcires.—Abisara Heherius—Wet-season form,—(Pap. Echerius, Stoll, Cram. Pap. v. pl. 31, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ (1790). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 137 (1869). Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p.459. Syn. Pap. Odin, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p.56 (1793). Pap. Coriolanus, Fabr. id. p. 234. Lye. Xenodice, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 23 (1816).—Dry-season form,—(Sospita Lydda, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Sos. pl. fig. 18, 2 (1866). Sospita saturata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 701, ¢ %. Habitat. §.E.China; Macao, Hong Kong. A male of the wet-season form, from Macao, and a male from Hong Kong agreeing with Stoll’s figures, and males and females of the dry-season form, also from Hong Kong, are in the British Museum.—Abisara Palawanica, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 90. Habitat. Palawan.—Abisara Kausambioides, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soe. Beng. 1895, p. 442, d. Syn. A. Kausambi, Distant, Rhop. Malay. pl. 18, fig. 10, ¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Nias; Borneo. Genus Potycm{na, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 227; id. Exot. Schmett. p. 233 (1892). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 293 (1893).—Polycena princeps (Emesis princeps, Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. xi. p. 22, pl. 7, fig. 57 (1886). Leech, le. p. 2938. Habitat. W. China.—Polycena Lama, Leech, l.c. p. 294, pl. 28, fig. 13, d, 15, 2 (1893). Habitat. E. Tibet; W. China.—Polycena matuta, Leech, l.c. p. 294, pl. 28, fig. 16, ¢ (1898). Habitat. W. China. Genus TAXILA. Taxila, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 2, p. 2 (1847). Westwood, Gen. D. Lrp. ii. p. 421 (1851). Hewitson, Exot. Batt. ii. p. 91 (1861). Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. ix. p. 414 (1867). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 516 (1886). Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 232 (1892). Abisara (part), Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 188 (1853). Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa much arched, apex pointed, exterior margin very slightly oblique, even, posterior angle rounded ; costal vein extending to middle of the margin; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, both short, third at one-third beyond the cell, fourth at half beyond and ending at the apex, fifth ending below the apex; cell rather short, very broad ; upper discocellular obsolete, two lower concave, long ; upper radial in a line with the subcostal, lower radial from slight angle in middle of discocellulars; middle median branch emitted at some distance before lower end of the cell; submedian recurved. Hindwing short, broadly ovate; costal margin abruptly lobed at the base, thence straight, apex rounded, exterior margin and anal angle very convex and very slightly uneven, but scalloped and slightly angular at end of upper median vein in the female; precostal vein short, pointed, emitted from angle of the costal; the costal vein bent outward at some distance above its base, and then extending to NEMEOBIINA,. 91 about middle of the margin; subcostal similarly bent upward and thus making the base of the cell broad; discocellulars oblique and long, upper shortest and straight, lower shghtly concave; subcostal branch emitted at some considerable distance beyond the cell ; middle median branch at a short distance before lower end of the cell, lower median at fully half distance and opposite base of upper disco- cellular, Body robust; thorax stout; head broad, with a compact trancated tuft ; eyes naked; antenna moderately long and slender, club well-formed, tip pointed ; palpi very short, slender, first and second joints finely and smoothly scaled at the sides and laxly scaled beneath, third joint minute ; forelegs of male small, very densely clothed with fine soft hairs ; forelegs of female longer, slender, scaly, tarsus well articulated, armed beneath with lateral spines, terminal joint small, oval, armed at the tip with two regularly-formed much curved acute claws, paronychia and pulvillus. Tyrr.—T. Haquinus (Drupadi, Horsf.). TAXILA FASCIATA (Plate 404, figs. 1, la, $, 1b, c, 2). Taxila fasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1878, p. 832, pl. 52, fig. 1, @. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 318 (1886). Grose-Smith, Rhop, Exot. Dic. pl. figs. 6,7, 2 (1901). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Dark rich ochreous-brown. Forewing with the apical area very slightly suffused with ochreous-red and traversed by an oblique subapical short obscure greyish fascia. Unnderside bright red. Forewing with the base of costa to below the subcostal, and also the posterior border, pale ochreous ; a well-defined bluish-grey oblique bar within the cell, an angled bar beyond the cell, a short streak above the latter and broken by the subcostal, a short streak in the base of upper and lower median interspace, and a less-defined inner spot in base of the submedian interspace, followed by an outer-discal transverse series of small spots, the lower four of which are dentate, the upper ones—disposed obliquely- inward to the costa—are larger, broader, confluent, and violet-white, these latter thus forming a short subapical oblique macular fascia; beyond is a submarginal slender interrupted line, becoming obsolescent apically ; the cell and discal marks are each black-bordered, the outer-discal series being black-bordered only on their inner edge, and the submarginal line on its outer edge. Hindwing with a pale ochreous subbasal streak; a black-bordered bluish-grey bar across middle of the cell, a medial-discal irregular series of similar bars, and a less prominent outer-discal row of paler dentate marks with a contiguous inner series of blackish dentate marks ; followed by a prominent submarginal whitish interrupted line edged outwardly by a black line. Female. Upperside dusky ochreous-red. Forewing with a more or less ill-defined N 2 92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. blackish inner-bordered dull grey bar beyond the cell, two similar discal spots placed in the median interspaces, a curved outer-discal series bordered outwardly from the upper median branch by an oblique subapical broad white fascia; followed by a sub- marginal interrupted whitish line. Hindwing with an ill-defined discal series of blackish inner-bordered dull grey spots, an outer-discal row, and then a submarginal interrupted whitish line. Underside paler red than in the male; with similar markings, except that the forewing has the broad subapical white fascia as on the upperside. Expanse, ¢ 1,8; to 2, ¢ 2 to 25 inches. Hasirar.—Burma ; Upper and Lower Tenasserim. Disrrinution.—The type specimens were taken at Ahsown, Upper Tenasserim. “There is a male in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained by Dr. J. Anderson in the Mergui Archipelago in December ; both sexes from Tavoy. Major Marshall has a male taken in the Thoungyeen forests in February and May, and one in the Donat Range, all by Captain C. T. Bingham” (Butt. Ind. ii. 318). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in East Pegu in March and April (P. Z. S. 1891, 287). Col. C. H. EH. Adamson records it ‘as common in Northera Burma in April, May and June ” (List, 1897, 28). A male from Houngdraw, Tenasserim, taken in November, and a female from the Karen Hills, taken in December, are in the British Museum. We possess a male from the Thoungyeen Valley, taken in January by Captain Bingham. Both sexes, from the Ataran Valley, Middle Tenasserim, taken by Mr. T. A. Hauxwell, are in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection. TAXILA THUISTO (Plate 404, figs. 3, 38a, ¢,3b,c¢, 2). Taxila Thuisto, Wewitson, Exotic Butt. ii. Tax. pl. 1, figs. 5,6, 2 (1861). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 347. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 8317 (1886). Abisara Thutsto, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1870, p. 362. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 191, wootcut, ¢ ? (1883). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings uniformly very dark indigo-blue or black; cilia black. In some specimens the subapical pale spots of the underside of the forewing show faintly through the deep black ground-colour. Underside. Deep bright-red. Lorewing with the apex paler red ; base of the costa, and the posterior border below the median vein greyish-brown ; a glossy cobalt-blue slender straight obliqgne longitudinal streak extending within the cell below the subcostal, an inner- discal recurved streak which commences at the base of first subcostal interspace, passing outside the middle discocellular veinlet, thence across lower end of the cell to base of the lower median interspace ; a medial-discal transverse row of six small spots of which the one between the upper and lower radials is the largest, and rounded; fol- lowed by an outer-discal row of six somewhat larger spots of which the three upper are NEMEOBIIN A, 93 largest and somewhat elongated, the upper one being slender; beyond is a sub- marginal row of three linear lower streaks and three upper small spots; all these markings are black-bordered in their interspaces between the veins. Hindwing with the outer border somewhat greyish-brown; crossed by a black-bordered cobalt-blue subbasal oblique streak, an inner-discal series of spots, a medial-discal and an outer- discal series of lunules, followed by a submarginal row of linear spots. Female. Upperside dusky rufous. Forewing with a black slender discocellular bar, an inner-discal transverse row of black spots, a medial-discal curved row of black-bordered bluish-white spots, of which the five upper are largest and the three lower are dentate or sometimes obsolescent, followed by a submarginal row of black- bordered linear spots. Hindwing with an inner-discal row of blackish spots, an outer- discal curved row of bluish-white lunules which are inwardly broadly and outwardly narrowly black-bordered, followed by a submarginal row of black-bordered bluish-white linear streaks. Underside paler rufous; with black-bordered but paler glossy-blue markings, similar to those in the male, except that on the forewing the outer-discal row of spots are large and white, as on the upperside. Expause, ¢ 1,4, $ 1,% inch. Hasirat.—Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Singapore ; Sumatra; Borneo. Disrripution.—Col. C. H. HE. Adamson has a female taken in the upper Ataran Valley in October, and records ‘‘ three females caught on the Salween River, above Moulmein, in July and August, and one at Natchoung, Upper Tenasseriim, in October ” (List, 1897, 28). A male and female, labelled “‘ Naga Hills,’’ and a male from Moulmein are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. ‘ A single male is recorded, from Tavoy, which has the silvery spot of the submarginal series in the subcostal inter- space on the underside of the forewing, showing through on the upperside” (J. A. S. Beng, 1887, 427). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it in “ Mergui, March, and on Kisseraing Island in January” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 38). A male from the Ataran Valley, Tenasserim, taken in January by Col. C. T. Bingham, one from Donat Range taken in November, and both sexes from the Karen Hills taken in December, are in the British Museum. It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. TAXILA BURNII (Plate 404, figs. 2, 2a, 2). Tazxila Burnii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1895, p. 266, pl. N, figs. 9, 2. Twaco.—* Female. Upperside. Both wings light ferruginous, with all the markings of the underside showing through more or less by transparency. Forewing with the outer-discal or submarginal series of diffused or irrorated rounde 1 whitish 94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. spots arranged ina slightly outwardly-curved line across the wing, from the costa to the first median nervule, more prominent anteriorly, obsolete posteriorly ; a similar mar- ginal linear series, each spot on both sides outwardly defined with black. Hindwing with the marginal series of spots as in the forewing, but the two anteriormost spots divided by the discoidal nervule larger than the others. Underside. Both wings a little paler than above, rather more ochreous in shade. Forewing with the inner margin as far as the submedian nervure whitish ; the discocellular nervules narrowly defined by a dark ferruginous line ; an inner-discal macular white fascia, the anterior portion of which from the costa to the third median nervule is formed of spots divided only by the crossing veins and arranged in one straight line, followed by three spots placed in echelon in the median and submedian interspaces, these three spots forming an inwardly-oblique straight line; an outer-discal curved series of white spots arranged regularly across the wing from the third subcostal nervule to the submedian nervure ; a marginal, narrow, almost continuous, series of white spots, prominently defined on both sides by a fine black line. Hindwing with an inner-discal series of white spots very similar to that on the forewing, but the anterior portion ending on the third median nervule is wider; followed by an indistinct castaneous macular fascia, which is continued somewhat indistinctly on to the dise of the forewing ; two marginal apical large rounded black spots divided by the discoidal nervule, each spot bears outwardly a large white area, inwardly each spot bears a few white scales ; in the median, sub- median, and internal interspaces are large conical outline silvery-white spots, the base of the cone is on the margin, the apex is towards the base cf the wing, the spot in the internal interspace the smallest and oval in shape. Cilia of both wings dusky, just touched inwardly with whitish; antennz above black, beneath prominently annulated with white, the base of club also white; thorax and abdomen above con- colorous with the wings, beneath white; legs with the femur white, the tibia and tarsus ochreous.” Expanse, ? 1,% inch. Hasirat.—Upper Burma. We have not seen any example of this butterfly, which, according to Mr. de Nicéville, “is a very aberrant species, and seems to form a link, as far as the markings go, between the known species of the genus V'awila and the typical group of the genus Abisara (A. Echerius).” Distrinution.—The type specimen, a female,was “‘taken in April at Loi Maw, 5000 feet elevation, in the Kachin Hills, Upper Burma, by Lieut. J. N. Burn, R.E.”’ (de Nicéville J.c.). Inpo-Matay Spgcirs.—Tavila Haquinus (Pap. Haquinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. in. 1. p. 55 (1793). Abisara Haquinus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 137 (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 190, pl. 18, fig. 13, 9 (1883). Syn. Emesis NEMEOBIINA. 95 Drupadi, Horsfield, Catai. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 2, figs. 3, 8a,¢ 2(1828). Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 7, fig. 2,5(1836). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Singapore ; Java; Borneo.—Taaila Zemara (Abisara Zemara, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1870, p- 363. Habitat. Sarawak; Labuan; Borneo.—Tavila Palawanicus, Staudinger, Iris, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 91. Habitat. Palawan. Genus Laxita, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 546. Abisara (part), Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 188 (1883).—Zazita Tanita (‘T. Tanita, Hewits. Exot. Butt. u. Tax. pl. 1, text (1861). Butler, lc. p. 546. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 192, pl. 18, fig. 14,?(1883). T. Orphna, Doubleday and Westw. Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 422, pl. 69, figs. 6, 7, ¢ ¢ (1851). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—Lavita Orphna (E. Orphna, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép.i. pl. 21, fig. 4 (1836). Hewits. Exot. Butt. ii. Taz. pl. 1, fig. 7 (1861). Habitat. Borneo.—Lazita Damajanti (Ab. Damajanti, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. iv. p. 397 (1860). Distant, l.c. p. 192. T. Tanita, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 87. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—JLavita Telesia (aie Telesia, Hewits. l.c. ii. Taz. pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 (1861). Habitat. Borneo.—Lazita Lyclene, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1894, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 10, d. Syn. A. Telesia, Distant, l.c. p. 449, pl. 40, figs. 2, 3,d %. Staudinger, l.c. i. pl. 87,¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Lazita Laocoon, de Nicéville, l.c. 1894, p- 19, pl. 2, fig. 6,?. Halitat. Malay Peninsula.—Lawita Lola, de Nicéville, lc. p. 20, pl. 2, figs. 7,9,d%. Habitat. S.E. Borneo.—Lavits Lyncestis, de Nicéville, lc. p. 21, pl. 2, fig.8,d. Hatitat. Malay Peninsula.—Lavita Teneta (T. Teneta, Hewits. Exot. Butt. u. Taz. pl. 1, figs. 3,4 (1861). Habitat. Sarawak ; Borneo.—Lavita Hewitsoni (I. Hewitsoni, Rober, Ent. Nachr. 1895, p. 150. Habitat. Borneo. Genus ZEMEROS. Zemeros, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. 1. pl. 21, fig, 5 (1836). Westwood, Gen. D, Lep, ii. p. 418 (1851). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 187 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii, p. 307 (1886). Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 231 (1892). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 289 (1893), Hamanumida (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 18 (1816). Imaco.— Wings short, broad. Forewing triangular ; costal margin arched very slightly towards the end, apex slightly acute; outer margin oblique, irregularly scalloped, and slightly convex, but most so in the female; posterior margin short ; costal vein reaching middle of the margin and bent upward near its end; first and second subcostal branches emitted near together a little before end of the cell, third branch at about two-fifths beyond, fourth at three-fifths and ending before the apex ; cell not extending to quite half the wing; upper discocellular obsolete, middle and lower discocellulars of about equal length, slender, each slightly concave; upper radial emitted in a line with the subcostal, lower radia] from angle of discocellulars ; 96 LEPIPOV'TERA INDICA, middle median emitted from immediately before lower end of the cell. MHindwing very short, broad, irregularly-oval or somewhat quadrate ; anterior margin abruptly lobate at the base; exterior margin irregularly scalloped and somewhat angularly produced at end of upper median veinlet ; anal angle obtusely pointed; cell very short and broad; precostal vein rather long, curved outward, emitted opposite juncture of the subcostal; first subcostal branch starting from above or at a little beyond eud of the cell; discocellulars somewhat oblique, each slightly concave, of equal length; two upper median veinlets emitted from lower end of the cell; lower median at one-third before end of the cell. Body small; thorax moderately stout ; frontal tuft dense; eyes naked ; palpi very small, not visible from above, flattened laterally, almost horizontal, rather thickly clothed beneath with short hairs, apical joint not visible ; antennee slender, club rather short, tip obtuse; forelegs of male very small, densely clothed with hairs; forelegs of female long, slender, well clothed with scales, tarsal joints concealed, terminal joint with two small delicate, very slender claws, short paronychia, and pulvillus. Tyre.—Z. Flegyas [Allica]. ZEMEROS FLEGYAS. Wet-season brood (Plate 405, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). Papilio Flegyas, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 280, fig. E, F, ¢ (1780). Zemeros Flegyas, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 2, p. 1 (1847). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 419, pl. 69, fig. 5, g (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 242 (1857). Buuler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 186 (1869). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii, p. 308, pl. 24, fig. 115, g (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 238, pl. 87 (1888). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p- 296 (1893). Zemeros Phlegyas, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 134. Papilio Allica, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 52 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. i, p. 244, 9 (1793). Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 37, fig. 2, 2 (1800), Hamanumida Allica, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 18 (1816). Erycina Allica, Godart, Encyc. Méth, ix. p. 566 (1823). Zemeros indicus, Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 333. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark brownish ochreous-red. Cilia black alternated with white. Both wings crossed by four series of small white spots which are longitudinally bordered between the veins by black streaks, as follows :— Forewing with a short narrow bar across middle of the cell and a longer bar below it in the submedian interspace ; an inner-discal row of somewhat triangular spots, of which series the one in the upper median interspace is out of line and much nearer the outer margin; an outer-discal row of smaller spots, of which the two upper only are distinct, the lower being lunular and more or less slightly defined or NEMEOBIINA2. 97 obsolescent ; followed by a submarginal row of distinct short lunular spots. /Hind- wing with a narrow bar across middle of the cell, and one, or two very small spots generally present below it in the submedian and internal interspaces; an inner- discal curved series of somewhat triangular spots, the one in the upper median interspace being outwardly placed ; an outer-discal row of slightly-defined lunate spots ; followed by a submarginal row of distinct short lunular spots. Underside paler; all the white spots, as on upperside, more prominent, and with the longi- tudinal bordering black streaks much reduced. Female. Upperside slightly paler; all the white markings the same, but slightly more prominent. Underside as in the male; all the white markings more distinct. Lixpanse,-o 1; to 144,91,4 to 18, inch. Dry-season brood (Plate 405, figs. 1, d, e, f, g,3 2). Zemeros Confucius, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1878, p. 701. Male. Upperside dark vinaceous-brown. Both wings with less-defined whitish, or obscure sullied brownish-white spots, and with much less apparent intervening longitudinal blackish borders, which latter are generally more or less obsolescent or in some quite obsolete; on the furewing the outer-discal spots are represented by two upper whitish spots somewhat larger than in the wet form, or by three, and sometimes four upper still larger but more sullied spots, the lower spots of this series being more or less diffused and obscure, or obsolete; on the hindwing the outer-discal series is also more or less diffused and obsolescent or obsolete; the submarginal spots being very small. Underside darker reddish-brown or browner than in wet form; the white spots with black border either more or less prominent as in the wet form, or the basal and outer series are smaller and obscure; the outer- discal series, as described on the upperside, the two or three anterior spots being prominently white and larger than on the upperside. Female. Upperside paler and brighter brownish ochreous-red than in wet form ; the sullied white spots as in male, the outer-discal series on the forewing being also composed of two upper spots, sometimes three, or four, and the lower more broadly diffused and obscure ; the outer-discal series on the hindwing also being broadly diffused. Underside paler than in wet form; with the markings as in male. Expanse, ¢ 1,4 to 1,%, ¢ 1,% to 1,% inch. Larva.—* Adult. Length 75 of an inch. Ovate, extremely flattened, in- conspicuous. Colour pale green, head and anal segment slightly lighter; all the segments laterally rounded, covered with a whitish down, especially at the sides; an indistinct double longitudinal dorsal darker-green line throughout, enclosing a VOL. Vs Web. 10th, 1902. 0 98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. minute orange spot on the seventh and eleventh segments ; middle segments more than twice as broad as they are long; legs pale green, set well beneath the animal, and rather close together. Full grown at the end of March. Feeds on Masa Montana. The larva when about to change into the pupal state, attaches itself to a patch of silky-web, by the last segment, to the underside of a leaf of the food- plant, with the head towards the apex, and is girt about the middle with another web.” Pura.—* Length *55 to +70 of an inch. Fusiform, broadest in the middle, tapering towards both ends, with the anterior end truncate-rounded, distinctly broader than the posterior; the whole pupa flattened, and of very slight depth even in the thickest part; the divisions between the segments well-marked ; posterior segment bluntly rounded; head also rounded and divided in the middle at the apex into two lobes by a shallow notch, the sides of which are parallel to one another and at right angles to the bottom; colour bright yellowish-green throughout, marked above with rich emerald-green narrow lines arranged in an arabesque-like pattern on the two outer-thirds ; a series of round spots along middle of the back on the abdomen only, and a subdorsal line on either side interrupted at the segmental constrictions. Under surface pale yellowish-green throughout, entirely unmarked. Owing to the extremely depressed form of the pupa, the wing-cases are almost entirely invisible from above, they show only by a very narrow emerald-green line on each side of the thorax and two anterior abdominal segments. The whole surface of the pupa is entirely smooth, without any hairs or shagreening whatever ”’ (G. C. Dudgeon, Proe. As. Soc. Bengal, 1890, 138). Hasrrar.—W. and HE. Himalayas; Assam; Silhet; Cachar; Burma; Tenas- serim; ? Malay Peninsula; Penang; Siam; W. and C. China; Hong Kong; Hainan. Disrripution.n—We have examined, and verified, specimens of the wet-season taken in form from Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan, Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong November, Bhamo, Mandalay, Rangoon—taken in July, Siam (type of Allica), W. and C. China; and of the dry-season form from Masuri, Sikkim—taken in March, and Bhotan in April and May—by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, Khasia Hills, Toungoo, Moulmein, Thoungyeen—taken in February, Hast Pezu—taken in March and April by Mr. Doherty, Beeling, Tenasserim taken in March and April by taken by Dr. J. Anderson, Penang (Coll. taken by J. J. Walker, R.N., and from Hainan (type of Capt. Watson, Mergui Archipelago Moore), Hong Kong Confucius). ** This is a widely distributed species, occurring in the Himalayas, from Masuri and eastwards as far as Upper Assam, in Silhet, Cachar, and Tenasserim”’ (Butt. Ind. 11, 308). NEMEOBIINZA. 99 Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in ‘Eastern Kumaon at Askot and the lower Kali, 2000 to 5060 feet elevation” (J. As. Soc. Beng, 1886, 134). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon obtained and reared the larva at Badamtan near Darjiling, the butterfly swarming in the District (Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1890, 138). ‘It is excessively common in Sikkim from 1000 to 6000 feet, almost throughout the year. The larva feeding on several species of Masa” (L. de Nicéville, Sikk. Gaz. 1894, 149). Col. C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasia Hills (Tr. Ent. Soe. 1893, 291). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as being “found generally throughout Burma, and is sometimes found near Bhamo in great quantities in August and September. It is found throughout the year, and is subject to great variation in the extent of the white markings on the upper side” (Lists, 1889, 1897, pp. 20, 28). Dr. N. Manders found it ‘abundant throughout the Shan States ” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it in the Islands of the Mergui Archipelago from November to March (Proce. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 38). Cramer’s figure (l.c.), representing a wet-season male, is recorded from China, and Fabricius’s type of Allica, from Siam, is a wet-season female. Mr. J. H. Leech obtained it in W. and ©. China. Mr. L. de Nicéville says “it occurs right across China to near Ningpo on the East Coast” (Sikk. Gaz. 1894, 149). Mr. J. J. Walker found it “ very common in Hong Kong, especially in April and May, but stray specimens occur throughout the winter months. It frequents sunny paths and roadsides, and has a_ rapid flight, settling on leaves with wings extended and slightly raised” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 459). Maayan Spectes.—Zemeros Javana (Syn. Z. Phlegyas, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p.3833. Z. Allica, Boisd. Spée. Gen. Lép. pl. 21, fig. 5, o (wet). Diry-season form. Male. Upperside distinguishable from N. Indian, Burmese and Chinese, dry form of Flegyas, on both wings, in the outer-discal series of pale spots being diffused and obscurely apparent across each wing. Female also with the same series of spots distinctly defined but sullied ochreous or ochreous-white, those on the forewing being larger and dentate, and extend uniformly across the wing on both the upper and underside. Expanse, ¢ ? 1,4 inch. Hulitat. Java. Specimens of both sexes of this species, taken in Java, by the late Dr. T. Horsfield, are in the British Museum and our own collection. A female also from Java, taken by Wallace, is in Mr. F. Godman’s collection. Zemeros sparsus, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 332. Habitat. Nias.— Zemeros retiarius, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool. i. p. 505 (1895); Rhop. Exot. Dic. pl. 2, figs. 8,9 (1901). Habitat. Sumbawa; Lombok.—Zemeros strigatus, Pagen- stecker, Jahrb. Nassau, ver Nat. 1896, p. 149, pl. 3, fig. 5. Habitat. Sumba.— Zemeros albipunctata, Butler, Cist. Entom. i. p. 236 (1874); Trans. Linn. Soe. one 100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Zool. 1877, p. 545, pl. 69, fig. 10, d. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 187; ply 18; ie. 12: 2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo. Genus Barisana.—Differs from Zemeros in the forewing being somewhat longer and narrower, and less triangular, the outer margin less irregular, especially in the female; the cell narrower, and the discocellulars inwardly-oblique. Hindwing obtusely oval, the exterior margin obliquely convex and almost even, the anal angle rounded ; cell somewhat broader at the base, discocellulars less oblique, the sub- costals and two upper median branches emitted at some distance from end of the cell; palpi a little longer, its apical joint visible and conical; antennal club elongated, slender.—Burisana Emesoides (Zemeros Emesoides, Felder, Ent. Monat. iv. p. 396 (1860); Reis. Novara, Lep. ii. p. 289, pl. 86, figs. 9-11 (1865). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 188, pl. 18, figs. 3, 4, d 2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Penin- sula; Sumatra; Banka; Borneo. Genus STIBOGES. Stiboges, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 308. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 193 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 815 (1886). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 11. p. 233 (1892). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 295 (1893). Imaco.— Forewing elongatedly-triangular ; costa arched at base and towards the end, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex in the middle, slightly uneven, posterior margin short, angle obtuse; costal vein extend- ing abruptly upward to the margin beyond the middle ; cell extending to more than half length of the wing; first and second subcostal branches short, emitted before end of the cell, third at about one-third beyond, fourth at two-thirds and ending at the apex ; upper discocellular obsolete, middle and lower discocellular concave, of equal length ; upper radial emitted in a line with the subcostal ; middle median emitted at some distance before lower end of the cell; submedianveinrecurved. Hindwing short bluntly-oval; exterior margin very obliquely-convex, shghtly uneven, anal angle obtuse; precostal vein short, straight; costal vein very short, terminating on the costa at about one-third from the base; cell large, broad ; sub- costal branch emitted at some distance beyond end of the cell; discocellulars oblique, upper rather short, lower long and straight, radial from their angle; middle median branch emitted at some distance before lower end of the cell, lower median at more than half. Body slender; eyes prominent, naked ; palpi very small and slender; forelegs of male very short, finely hairy ; forelegs of female also short, slender, smoothly scaled, terminal joint longest, armed with claws, paronychia and pulvillus ; antennee slender, articulations prominent, club short and spatulate. Tyree.—S. Nymphidia. NEMEOBINZ.. 101 STIBOGES NYMPHIDIA (Plate 405, figs. 2, 2a, g, 9). Stiboges Nymphidia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 309, pl. 22, fig. 1, g. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 193, pl. 24, fig. 11, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 316, pl. 24, fig. 119, 2 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 295 (1893). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 239, pl. 87, ¢ (1888). Ivaco.—Male and female. Upperside pure white ; cilia black alternated with white. Male. Forewing with a bluish-black broad costal and outer marginal band, which is irregularly sinuated internally; a submarginal series of white spots, of which the two upper are largest, the next two minute, the lower being obscure ; followed by a marginal row of four or five slender spots. Hindwing with a very short basal and a broad outer marginal bluish-black band, the latter undulated internally and bearing a submarginal pale denticulated line which sometimes slightly show a whitish point between the veins, followed by a marginal row of slerder white lunules. Underside, as above; the dark borders being brownish-black ; white outer markings as on upperside. Female. Upper and underside as in male, except that on the forewing the white inner area is broader anteriorly, and the submarginal row of spots distinct ; and on the hindwing there is also a submarginal row of distinct white spots. Under- side as on upperside. Hxpanse, ¢ 1,4, to 1;%, ¢ 1% to 1,4 inch. Hasitat.—Bhotan; Naga and Khasia Hills; Burma; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; W.and C. China. Disrripution.—Mr. L. de Nicéville (/.c.) records ‘‘a male from the Khasia Hills anda female from the Naga Hills, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and a single female example, taken by Mr. A. V. Knyvett’s native collector, in Buxa, Bhotan, in June.’ It is also noted, by the same author, to “ occur, but not commonly, in Bhotan, during the summer and autumn” (Sikkim Gaz., 1894, 149). A male, from the Naga Hills, taken by Col. Godwin-Austen, is in the Hewitson collection. A female, taken at Momeit, Upper Burma, at about 2000 feet elevation, by Mr. W. Doherty, and others from Perak, are recorded by Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z.S 1891, 288). A male, taken by Dr. Forbes in Sumatra, is in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collec- tion, and a male, also from Sumatra, in Col. C. Swinhoe’s collection. Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as having been found, by Dr. L. Martin, in N.H. Sumatra, only in the Central Plateau, and is rare even there, six specimens only being obtained in thirteen years” (Journ. As, Soc. Beng. 1895, 440). Mr. J. H. Leech has examples from Moupin, W. China, and from Omei Shan, C, China. Autiep Species.—Stiboges calycoides, Fruhstorfer, Entom. Nachr, 1897, p. 62. Habitat. Java. 102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Family PAPILIONIDZ. Equites, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 458 (1758) ; id. xii. pt. 2, p. 744 (1767); Mus. Ulr. pp. 182, 200 (1764). Miiller, Linn. Nat. Syst. v. 1, p. 565 (1774). Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linn. p. 162 (1781). Papilionides (part), Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. iii. p. 387 (1802) ; id. iv. pp. 187, 193 (1809). Samouelle, Ent. Comp. p. 234 (1819). Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amer. Butt. p. 37 (1872). Papilionida, (part), Leach, Edin. Eneycl. ix. p. 127 (1815). Tutt, Brit. Butt. pp. 86, 215 (1896). Papilionide (part), Swainson, Phil. Mag. Ser. 2, i. p. 187 (1827): id. Cab. Cycl. p. 86 (1840). Stephens, Illust. Haust. i. p. 5 (1827). Westwood, Intro. Ins. ii. p. 347 (1840). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 1 (1850). Stainton, Man. Brit. Lep. i. p. 12 (1857). Bates, Journ. Ent. i. p. 219 (1861); id. ii. p. 177 (1864). Felder, Acta C. R. Soc, Zool. et Bot. p. 289 (1864). Marsh. et de Nicév. Butt. India, etc. i. p. 18 (1882). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 283 (1885). Seudder, Butt. U. S. ii. p. 1026 (1889). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 117 (1881) ; id. Lep. Indica, i, p. 3 (1890). Papilionides, Boisduval, Spee. Gen. Lep. pp. 168, 317 (1836). Westw. Introd. Ins. ii. p. 348 (1840). Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins, ii. p. 325 (1845). Papilionide, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 1 (1846). Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 1 (1856). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 110. Lang, Eur. Butt. i. p. 5 (1884). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 38 (1892). Jordan, Nov. Zool. v. p. 383 (1896). Grote, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, pp. 339, 341. Equitina, Herr. Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 7 (1864). Equitide, Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Libr. Butt. ii. p. 234 (1896). Archontes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 82 (1816). CHARACTERS OF THE PAPILIONIDS. Imuaco.—Of large or moderate size. Discoidal cells always closed. Forewing sub-triangular or triangular; subcostal vein either four or five branched; lower radial so positioned as to appear like a fourth branch of the median vein ; median vein three branched ; median and sub-median vein connected by a short cross veinlet near their base in the Papilionine and Leptocircine ; submedian with a lower basal short branch or spur extending towards the posterior margin. Hindwing subtriangular, or rounded exteriorly, sometimes posteriorly prolonged and the exterior margin with a broad spatular tail, or slender lengthened tail, or tails, more often scalloped or dentated ; abdominal margin excised, never forming a channel or cutter for the reception of the abdomen; in some males of the Papilionine and in the male of Leptocircine, the abdominal margin is plaited or folded over on the upper surface and there enclosing an androconial tuft of hairs ; precostal vein prominent ; aa interno-basal costal cell always present, though varying in its general shape,* being formed by the peculiar basal conformation of the costal, subcostal and median vein, in conjunction with an interno-costal veinlet; submedian vein either rather short or ending at the anal angle; internal vein always absent. Body rather stout ; * See J. Watson, Mem. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. 1899, pp. 18-17. PARNASSIINA. 105 abdomen elongated, anal clasps large and valve-like in the Papilioninz ; head rather large, front nearly square ; eyes prominent; palpi generally short, scaled or hairy ; antenne generally rather long, club elongated; six perfect legs in both sexes ; forelegs similar to the other pairs; tarsal claws all simple (except in Leptocircus, in which they are sometimes bifid) without pulvilli or other appendages; tibia of forelegs furnished with a stout lateral spur (epiphysis) about the middle of the inner side. Kec.—Dome-shaped, flattened at the base, slightly rugose; more oblate and reticulate in the Parnassiine. Larva.—Adult. Stout; subcylindrical or cylindrical, smooth or granulated, sometimes humped towards the head, not hairy or bristly, but occasionally furnished with rows of fleshy tubercles. Prothoracic segment furnished upon the dorsum with two retractile tentacula (osmateria), which are extended when the animal is irritated or alarmed, and then exhale a strong aromatic scent. Pura.—Attached by the tail, generally in an upright position, and secured by a silken girth round the middle of the body; subfolliculate in the Parnassiinx ; head bifid, square, subtruncate, or rounded, never pointed. Sub-family PARNASSIINA, Heliconii (part), Linneeus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 465 (1758) ; dd. xii. 1, 2, p. 754 (1767) ; id. Faun. Suecica, p. 268 (1761). Parnassii (part), Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. v. p. 2256 (1789). Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p- 181 (1793). Turton, Linn, Syst. Nat. iii. pt. 2, p. 43 (1806). Parnassit, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. H. Nat. p. 590 (1798). Latreille, Hist. Nat. Cr. et Ins. iii, p. 395 (1802). Wallengren, Lep. Seand. pp. 5, 164 (1853). Parnassine, Swainson, Cab, Cycl. pp. 87, 90 (1840). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 136. Parnassiide, Elwes, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 18. Parnassidi, Scudder, Butt. U. 8. ii. p. 1224 (1889). Tutt, Brit. Butt. p. 84 (1896). Parnassiide (part), Grote, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 339. Parnasstine, Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. ii. p. 256 (1896), Jordan, Nov. Zool. v. p. 385 (1898). CHARACTERS OF THE PARNASSIINA. Imaco.—Wings semidiaphanous. Forewing subtriangular, rounded exteriorly ; subcostal vein four branched: no connecting basal veinlet between the median and submedian veins. Hindwing ovate; with a more or less developed interno-basal veinlet forming a basal costal cell. ody short, stout, hairy in the male ; female with a corneous anal pouch, produced during coition. Eac.—Oblate ; reticulated. Larva.—Cylindrical, slightly tuberculate, pubescent; prothoracic segment 104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. furnished with a Y-shaped retractile tentacle (osmateria), which exhales a strong aromatic scent when the animal is alarmed. Pupa.—Subeylindrically conical, subfolliculate, being loosely enclosed among leaves in a slight silken web, supported also by some transverse threads. Genus PARNASSIUS. Parnassius (part), Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. v. p. 2256 (1789). Farnassius, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Cr. et Ins. xiv. p. 110 (1805) ; id. Consid. Gen. Cr. et Ins. p. 440 (1810); Encye. Méth. ix. p. 9 (1819). Cuvier, Rég. Anim. iii. p. 950 (1817). Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. iv. p. 32 (1817). Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. p. 394 (1836). Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 26 (1847). Felder, Acta C. R. Soe. Z. et Bot. 1864, p. 327, Austaut, Les Parnas. p. 16 (1889). Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 48, pl. 3 (1892). Leech, Butt. China, etc. ii. p. 491 (1893), Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. il. p. 236 (1896). Doritis, (part), Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag, vi. p. 283 (1807). Parnassis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 90 (1816). Therius, Dalm. in Billberg’s Enum, Ins. p. 75 (1820). Imaco.—Wings semidiaphanous; rather broad. Male. Forewing subtriangular, rounded exteriorly ; costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin; cell extending to half length of the wing; subcostal vein four branched, first branch emitted at about one-third before end of the cell, second at a short distance before the end and terminating at the apex, third and fourth at nearly half distance beyond end of the cell; upper discocellular veinlet absent; the upper radial being emitted beyond end of the cell, middle discocellular extending obliquely inward, concave, long, lower discocellular short, straight, and inwardly oblique; lower radial so positioned as to appear like a fourth median branch; median branches equidistant apart ; submedian vein slightly recurved, and with a lower basal short branch extending to the posterior margin. Hindwing broad, ovate ; costal margin much lobed at the base, exterior margin very convex, abdominal margin long, curved inwardly, not channelled ; precostal vein stout and straight, truncate at the tip; costal vein much arched from the base, and with a weakly-developed interno-basal veinlet forming a basal costal cell; discoidal cell extending to about half the wing; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; upper discocellular veinlet longest, radial from the angle ; median veinlets equidistant apart, lower emitted at one-third before end of the cell; submedian vein rather short, straight. Body short, stout, very hairy in the male; abdomen of the female furnished with a small horny anal pouch, stated to be produced during coition; head small, front hairy ; palpi porrect, scaled above, clothed beneath with long hairs; antenne short, rather stout, with a stout cylindrical club, shaft laxly clothed with narrow scales. Legs rather short, coarsely scaled above; femora beneath hairy; tarsi longer than the PARNASSIIN 42. 105 tibie, five-jointed, each joint with a row of short lateral spines, basal joint equal in length to the others together, fore tibiee with a short flat spur (epiphysis) on the inner side, and two terminal slender spines; middle and hind tibie also with two terminal spines; all the tarsi with two terminal long sharp approximated claws on fifth joint, the inner claw shortest, base of the claws with a horny projection beneath. Ece.—Oblate ; reticulated. Larva.—Cylindrical, slightly tuberculate, pubescent; retractile tentacle (osma- teria) Y-shaped. Feeds on Sedum, Saxifrages and Fumitories. Pura.—Subeylindrically conical; subfolliculate, being loosely enclosed among leaves in a slight silken web, supported also by some transverse threads. The species of Parnassiine, occurring in our area, are almost exclusively confined to the higher outer ranges of the Northern Himalaya Mountains. The commonest of our species (P. Hardwickii) is found in its known local haunts of the N.W. Himalayas from about 7500 to 15,000 feet elevation, and, according to the observations of Capt. A. M. Lang ‘there appear to be two broods of this species— early spring and late autumn’”’* (P.Z.S. 1865, 48). Capt. Graham Young also states that it is ‘‘ undoubtedly double-brooded—the second brood appearing in August and September, and a few even in October in favourable seasons; some of these hybernate, reappearing in March along with the spring brood—which has hybernated in the pupa—of this fact I have no doubt. When coming over the Rhotang Pass about October 10th I saw numbers of the larve of Hardwichkii on the low herbage, and have no doubt myself but that some of this species hybernate as butterflies, but by far the greater number in the pupa. That this insect is double-brooded no one who knows its habits disputes” (P. Z. 8. 1886, 38). PARNASSIUS JACQUEMONTII (Plate 406, figs. 1, 1a, b, c, 3, 1, de, 2). Parnassius Jacquemontii, Boisduval, Spee. Gén. Lép. i. p. 400, ¢ only (1836). Blanchard, Jacq. Voy. Ind. Ins. p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 4, nec fig. 3 (1844). Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. iv. p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 5, ¢ (1879); id. xiv. p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 11, g (1891). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 596. Parnassius Himalayensis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 30. Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. xiv. p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 12, 18, g 9 (1891). Imaco.—Male. Upperside yellowish-white; fringe of both wings very slightly intersected with black at end of the veins, in some apparently entirely white; antenn black, basally annulated with grey. Forewing with the base, costal and * In the W. Himalayas the dry hot-season extends from April to June, the rainy-season commencing at end of June—ceasing about the end of August, and the cold-season sets in about the middle of November. VOL. V. P 106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. posterior margin and the vein-borders, on the disc, from the cell more or less numerously speckled with black scales; a broad deep black bar across middle of the cell and a similar discocellular bar, the latter not always reaching the first subcostal branch; beyond are two upper-discal obliquely-superposed black spots, which are more or less connected by intervening black scales, these two spots being either entirely black or centred more or less with either pale or bright red, in some specimens the lower spot only is red centred; below is a similar spot above the submedian vein, which latter is also either entirely black or red centred ; beyond is a submarginal more or less well-defined black-scaled sinuous transverse band, followed by a broader and paler marginal uniform band extending to the extreme edge. Hindwing with the base and abdominal margin deeply black scaled, in most specimens these scales also extend more or less round the end of the cell, in some they terminate in the lower median interspace; above the anal angle is a single, or more generally, a duplex patch of black scales, the lower patch being generally red-centred; a subbasal, a costal, and a discal, more or less irregularly-rounded black-bordered spot, of either pale ochreous or bright-red, the two latter spots generally being white pupilled; beyond is a submarginal series of black lunules, which are either narrow or broad and dentate, followed by a paler marginal uniform band. Underside duller yellowish-white, glossy ; black markings similar to those of the upperside but much less defined. Forewing with the two upper and the lower discal spot more or less centred with red. Hindwing with the costal, and a discal red spot, as on the upperside, but each are very slightly edged with a few black scales, the two latter generally being white-pupilled; there are also either two, or more generally three, subanal red spots, the second one being the largest and is often white-pupilled, also, there is a basal series of four similar edged red spots. Female. Upperside similar to the male. orewing with the discal area generally more numerously speckled with black scales, the two upper discal and the lower spot being brighter red-centred. Hindwing with the basal, costal, discal, and the two anal spots larger, more prominent, and brighter red, of the latter the upper one is sometimes entirely black; the submarginal black dentate lunules in some specimens are broader and confluent. Underside similar to the male; the red spots larger, as on upperside, and brighter red. Anal pouch small, with a sharp curved keel at the base, ovally scoop-shaped anteriorly and convex beneath. Expanse, d 2 2, to 3 inches. Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas. Distrisurion and Hasits.—Capt. A. M. Lang writes (Epist. Nov. 18, 1874): «This species does not appear until, passing up the Sutlej, we emerge from Kunawur into Hungrung—the lower course of the Spiti, and Gughe in Chinese Tibet, 14,000 to 18,000 feet elevation. Hungrung Pass and Kongma Pass above PARNASSIINE. 107 Shipki, ground not often trodden by Europeans.” ‘It replaces Hardiwickii on the high Passes of Upper Kunawur, Spiti, and Tibet. I first saw it on the Kongma Pass, leading from Kunawur into the Chinese province of Gughe in Tibet. This Pass is 16,000 feet elevation, but [ ascended up its flank another 2000 feet, and here I saw this Parnassius coursing rapidly up and down the frozen snow-beds, where beaches, as it were, of boulders and stones cropped out. What could tempt it there, I know not, for I saw not a Sedum, Saxifrage, nor any other vegetation. I met with this species again at high elevations in similar regions along the confines of Kunawur and Tibet. It does not occur, apparently, with Hardwickii” (id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 408). Major H. B. Hellard records its capture on the **Rupin Pass, North side, in September” (MS. Notes). Rev. J. H. Hocking took it at the “head of the Kulu Valley and the slopes of the Rhotang Pass, 10,000 to 13,000 feet elevation” (P. Z.S. 1882, 257). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at “Pala, Thidikhar, and Taglakhar, in Chinese Tibet, N.E. Kumaon, at 13,000 to 16,000 feet elevation.” Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as “not so common as Hardwickii, and occurs at higher elevations nearer the snows, further in the interior. We have specimens taken in the Nila Valley and Nila Pass, and from the Nilung Pass, in July and August, at elevations from 12,000 to 15,000 feet” (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, 596). Specimens of both sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection, taken at Kokser, Lahoul, and Spiti in August, by Capt. McArthur. Others from Dugi Pass and Keyling, 12,000 feet, taken in August and September by Capt. Thompson. PARNASSIUS CHITRALENSIS (Plate 406, figs. 2, 2a, 3). Marr.—Upperside white ; fringe of the forewing very broadly alternated with black, of the hindwing entirely white. Forewing with the base, costa, and posterior margin sparsely black scaled ; the ordinary cell and discocellular bar deep black, the inner-discal transverse sinuous band ill-defined and sparsely black speckled, its two upper spots blacker bordered and centred with either rich bright scarlet or pale vermilion, its lower spot either entirely black or centred with pale vermilion ; medial-discal band more defined, narrow and sinuous; the outer marginal band paler and uniformly extending to the extreme edge. Hindwing with the basal area dark black ; the black-edged subbasal and the costal spot small and oval, the discal spot being narrow transversely, reniform, its black edge being slightly dentate inward and pointed outward, each centred with either rich bright scarlet or pale vermilion.; the subanal broken black bar slightiy centred with either one, or two, pale red spots, or are entirely black ; submarginal row of black dentate lunules, the paler outer band extending to extreme margin. F'emMALE.—Similar to the male. Pia 108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hxpanse, ¢ 2 234; to 23% inches. Hasrrat.—Chitral, N.W. of Kashmir. Described from three males in the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith. Specimens of both sexes, taken by Capt. G. H. Colomb in July and August, 1891, in the Shishi Kuh Valley, Chitral, at from 9000 to 14,000 feet elevation, are also in the British Museum. PARNASSIUS NIRIUS (Plate 407, fig. 1, d, la, 2). Mate and Fematr.—Upperside white ; fringe alternated with black. Mare.—Forewing with the cell bars and discal spots black, the two upper discal spots narrow and very slightly centred with pale red; submarginal sinuous band continuous, the marginal band broad and extending uniformly to the extreme outer edge, as in Jacquemontit, the intervening white lunular spaces being small; the median veinlets slightly bordered with black scales on the disc. Hindwing with the basal, costal, and discal spot small, ovate, and centred with pale red ; submarginal lunules narrow; marginal band broadly diffused. Fema.e. Similar to the male. Forewing. Upper discal spot red centred ; marginal bands broad, the submarginal diffusedly speckled inwardly between the veins, the marginal extending uniformly to the extreme outer edge. Hindwing with the basal, costal, and discal spot bright red; the submarginal lunules and diffused marginal band as in the male, Hxpanse, d 2,%, 9 23’ inches. Hanitar.—Ladak. The male type specimen (our fig. 1) is in the Felder Collection in the possession of the Hon. W. Rothschild, and was taken by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka at Niri Lumdo, in Karnag, Ladak, at 12,000 to 13,000 feet elevation. This specimen is probably one of the males referred to by Herr Honrath, in his description of P. Rhodius (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1882, 178), as being in the Coll. Felder. The female type (fig. la) is from Skoro La, taken by Mr. Leech in July, 1887, and is in the possession of Mr. F. Godman. Papilio Doubledayi, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond, xxv. p. 42 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 840. Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. iv. p. 45 (1879). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 336, pl. 33, fig. 4, 2 (1885). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 253 (1895). Papilio (Menelaides) Doubledayi, Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 435. Menelaides Doubledayi, Moore, Journ, Linn. Soc, Lond. Zool. 1886, p. 51. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing very long and narrow; fuliginous-black, outer veins bordered with short pale fuliginous-grey streaks, and similar pale streaks extending within the cell from base to the end. Hindwing rich dark bluish-black ; with a large central vein-divided white or ochreous-white patch, extending across fully the apical half of the cell, within the basal interspaces of the outer veins and between the median and submedian below the cell, the portions between the medians narrow, the upper or costal portion being either broad or narrow, the cell-area traversed by two longitudinal faint blackish lines; the abdominal margin and its fringe of hairs being fuliginous-brown ; beyond are three upper-submarginal whitish lunules, the lower being sometimes, and occasionally all three, crimson-tinted, followed by a lower-submarginal bright crimson short lunule in the middle median interspace, this latter being sometimes absent; a marginal spot at end of the middle PAPILIONINE. 185 median, and a recurved lunule from the lower anal angle. Underside. Forewing paler ; the vein streaks also paler. Hindiring as on upperside. Thorax above and below black ; palpi black; frontal tuft, collar, sides of thorax beneath, and abdomen crimson; abdomen above and beneath with black segmental bands and lateral spots ; antenn and legs black. Female. Upperside duller coloured. Forew/iy shorter and broader; outer vein streaks somewhat narrower. /Hiidwing with the central white patch somewhat smaller, the two short outer-median portions more or less obsolescent ; outer lunules paler, the lower anal lunule partly white. Underside similar to the upper. ody pale red. Expanse, d 5 to 54, ? 44 inches. Hasirar.—Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula. Distripurion.—‘* Not uncommon near Rangoon and Moulmein in October and November. Taken also in June. Males much more common than the female”? (Col. C. H. E. Adamson, List, p. 47). Mr. Ossian Limborg obtained it ‘‘ on the road from Moulmein to Meetan, Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8S. 1878, 840). Signor L. Fea took it at Moolayet in March. Col. C. T. Bingham found it at Thoungyen in December, on the Donat Range in January, and at Rangoon from August to December. Mr. H. J. Elwes records it from “Tavoy, Tenasserim”’ (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 455). It also occurs at Perak, Malay Peninsula. LOSARIA CACHARENSIS (Plate 439, fig. 1, la, @, 1b, 2). Papilio Cacharensis, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 544. Papilio Doubledayt, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 8. Papilio (Menelaides) Doubledayi, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. Papilio Doubleday, subsp. Cacharensis, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 253 (1895). 377. Iuaco.—Smaller than Doubledayi. Male. Upperside. Forewing shorter, paler ; the black cell-lines more slender, and the black vein-streaks narrower. Hindwing with the central white patch composed of smaller, shorter and wider-separated portions, the cell portion being restricted to about one-third the apical area; the three upper submarginal lunules smaller, the lower or fourth submarginal lunule, the marginal spot and the recurved lunule at the lower anal angle, either pale ochreous or crimson. Front of head, collar, sides of thorax beneath, and abdomen pale ochreous or pale crimson. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the cell and vein streaks as in male. Hindwing with the central white patch composed of wider-separated portions, the cell portion being restricted to a short streak ; the outer lunules paler, the recurved lower anal lunule partly white. Underside as in the upper. VOL. V. BD 186 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Haprrat.—Cachar; Assam. Distrigurion.—Mr. J. Wood-Mason records “ five males taken at Sileuri, Irangmara, and Doorband, Cachar, from May to July. It has a musk-scented body ” (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 377). Mr. W. Rothschild has it from Dullabcherra, Cachar. LOSARIA SAMBILANGA. Papilio Doubledayi, var. Sambilanga, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 263. Papilio Doubledayi. subsp. Sambilanga, Rothschild, Nov. Zool, 11. p. 254 (1895). Imaco.—* Intermediate between Doubledayi and Rhodifer. The tail is black in Doubledayi. OF£ the discal semicircle of whitish spots on the hindwing, that on the abdominal margin is very short, those between the middle median and the radial are generally absent above and quite rudimentary below. The anal orange spot is large, the marginal one at the end of the middle median is joined with the submarginal one between the two upper medians, both above and below, very much as in [thodifer. The female is similar, but the wings are wider and the tails much shorter and broader.” Hasirat.—Great Nicobar Island. Disrrisurion.—Mr, Doherty states that it is ‘‘ rather common on Great Nicobar [sland ”’ (/.c.). We have not seen specimens of this species. LOSARIA RHODIFER (Plate 440, fig. 1, ¢, la, 2). Papilio Rhodifer, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. xiii. p. 57 (1876). Moore, Proe. Zocl. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 592. Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. iv. p. 45 (1879). Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 240; de Nic¢ville, 7). 1881, p. 253. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1. p. 6, fig. 3, g (1884). Haase, Untersuch. iib. Mim. p. 26, pl. 6, fig. 40 (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 254 (1895). TImaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing long and narrow ; fuliginous-black, with pale fuliginous-grey short broad streaks bordering the outer veins and longitudinal streaks within the cell. Hindwing black; abdominal margin brown; with a central white vein-divided patch extending across half the cell to near its apex, and within the basal interspaces of the outer veins to the submedian interspace below the cell, the portion in the lower median interspace being small and narrow, that in the middle median minute or absent, very rarely one is also present in the upper median interspace ; beyond are three submarginal whitish lunules, the upper one being much the smallest or obsolescent, and then two lower marginal larger lobed-lunules extending upward from the inner angles, the two latter being pale crimson and slightly speckled anteriorly with white and black scales, and posteriorly with pale PAPILIONIN 25. 187 crimson scales; tip of tail with a large paler crimson spot. Underside. Morewing paler ; vein streaks also paler. Hindiing similar to the upperside. Thorax black ; abdomen pale crimson, with black basal bands and lateral spots; front of head, palpi, collar, and sides of thorax beneath pale crimson ; antenne and legs black. Female. Upperside. Forewing broader than in male; pale streaks similar. Hindwing with the central white patch as in the male; the three upper submarginal lunules somewhat larger, the lower partly speckled with crimson scales, these scales also extending to the outer angle, the two lower marginal] lobed-lunules and the tip of tail bright crimsen. Underside similar to the upperside, except that there is a very small white-speckled spot also present in the costal interspace. Expanse, 3 5 to 54, 2 4% to 5 inches. Habirat.—Andaman Isles, Distrisution.—Mr. F. A. Roepstorff obtamed it at Port Blair, 8. Andamans. Inpo-Matayan Sprcies.—Losaria Coon (Papilio Coon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 10 (1793). Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 24, fig. 1 (1798). Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. N. C. (1832), p. 146, pl. 14, fig. 3. Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 2 (1835). Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 201 (1836). Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. p. 421, pl. 2, fig. 1 (1840). Chenu’s Encye. H. N. Pap. pl. 14, fig. 1 (1851). Roths- child, Nov. Zool. 11. p. 252 (1895). Syn. Pap. Hypenor, Godart, Ene. Meth. i p- 65 (1819), Achillides Hypenor, Hiibner. Samm. Exot. Schmett. in. pl. 2 figs, i, 2 (1834-41). Habitat. Java.—Losaria Patiana (Pap. Coon aber. Patianus, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 309. Habitat. N. Java.—Losaria Palembangana (Pap. Palembanganus, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 421 (1896), Habitat. Sumatra.—Losaria Deliana (Pap. Doubledayi, cai. Delhanus, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach. 1895, p. 196. Rothschild, /.c. p. 254. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1895, p. 511. Habitat. Sumatra. Genus Banicnina. Forewing elongated, triangular; costa arched, apex convex, Xe 2 Ds exterior margin very oblique, posterior margin short. //iidiiiy short, not prolonged posteriorly, exterior margin scalloped, with a long basally attenuated spatular-tipt tail; abdominal fold when opened displaying an elongated patch of white scales extending from the base to anal angle, and long erectile white hairs along edge of the submedian vein. Abdomen with prominent anal valves ; hind tibia incrassated towards the middle. Type. B. Neptuna.—Balignina Neptuna (Papilio Neptunus, Guérin, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43; id. Delessert’s Voy. Ind. ii. p. 69 (1848). Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. 1865, p. 42. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 3835, pl. 33, fig. 5 2, 6 2 (1885). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 255 (1895). Syn. P. Saturnus, Guerin, Deless. /.c. pl. 19 (1848). Pap. Thetys, Guénee, Lep. Mus. Genéve, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 5 (1878). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—Sulignina Sumatrana (Pap. Neptunus, var. Sumatranus, Hagen, Ivis, 1894, p. 21. Rothschild, /.c. p. 225. Pap. Bb 2 188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. (Men.) Sumatranus, de Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 511. Habitat. Sumatra.—Balignina Fehvi (Pap. Neptunus, var. Fehri, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1891, p. 432. Rothschild, /.c. p. 255. Hubitat. Nias. Genus SAINIA. Sainia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1882, p. 260. Papilio (part), Doubleday and Hewitson. Papilio (sect. 65, subsect. D, part), Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 324, 372. Papilio (group xi.), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 331 (1895). Inaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, triangular; costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very oblique and slightly concave in the midde, uneven, posterior margin short. Hindwing moderately short anteriorly, somewhat prolonged posteriorly, exterior margin slightly convex and scalloped anteriorly, somewhat truncate and less scalloped posteriorly, anal angle lobed ; basal area hairy ; abdominal margin with a narrow grooved-fold along submedian vein; cell long, broad at the end; costal vein and subcostal veinlets long. Female similar in shape to the male. Both sexes tailless. ody short and slender; antennz slender ; anal valves narrow, obtusely pointed at the tip. Larva.—Head small; anterior segments increasing in size to the fourth and thence of same thickness to near end; on second and last segment is a pair of short blunt tubercles ; fourth segment surmounted by a rough transverse ridge. Pora.—Unknown. Typr.—S. Protenor. SAINIA PROTENOR (Plate 444, fig. 1, larva, la, b, ¢, le,d, 2). Papilio Protenor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p.77, pl, 49, fig. A,B, $ (1775). Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. 1, p. 43 (i779). Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 7 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 4 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 13 (1793). Jablonsky and Herbst, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 5, pl. 7. fig. 1, 2 (1784). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 188, pl. 33, fig. 2(1792). Godart, Encyc. Méth. ix. p. 30 (1819). Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 198 (1836). De Haan,Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. p, 25 (1840). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep.i. p. 10 (1846). Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1847, p. 49. Gray, Catal. Lep. B. M. i. p. 14 (1852). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 98 (1857); id. Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865, pp. 487, 756. Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, p. 101. Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, p. 324. Obeithiir, Etud. Ent. iv. p. 37 (1879); id. xvii. p. 2 (1893). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 9, pl. 5,¢ (1884). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1888, p. 428. Leech, Butt. of China, ii. p. 545 (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 3381 (1895). Ttiades Protenor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89 (1816). Sainia Protenor, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 260. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 312. Papilio (Sainia) Protenor, Doherty, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1886, p. 137. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1898, p. 592, pl. W, fig. 23, larva. Papilio Lacmedon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, 1, p. 12 (1798). Donovan, Ins. of China, pl. 25, 9 (1798). PAPILIONINE. 189 Imaco.—Male. Forewing fuliginous or greyish-black, with a black or blue-black longitudinal streak between the veins and similar streaks within the cell; cilia alternately edged with white. Hiidiring blue-black, with a broad longitudinal greyish- white scaled streak below the costal vein; outer discal area more or less irrorated with scattered minute blue scales ; an ocellated crimson spot with black centre at the anal angle, the crimson being outwardly edged with bluish-grey scales ; cilia alternately edged with white. Underside. Forewing greyish-fuliginous, the black streaks prominent. Hindwing black; with a large, duller crimson violet-scaled ocellated anal patch which extends irregularly inward to or near the middle median, and is posteriorly coalescent with a large lower anal ocellus with black centre ; beyond, are either two upper marginal dull crimson incomplete ocelli speckled with bluish-white scales, or a series of five lunules, the three lower being placed more submarginally inward and decreasing in size posteriorly ; a few minute blue scales are scattered inwardly contiguous to the latter lunules. Female. Upperside. Both wings paler. Hindiring with the upper discal area or the entire wing to the base irrorated with minute bluish-grey scales; a large anal dull crimson violet-speckled irregular-shaped ocellated patch, and lower anal ocellus, very similar to that on the underside of the male; a small crimson sub- marginal lunule is also sometimes present between the lower and middle median veinlet. Underside paler. /Hindwing with similar markings to the male; the anal irregular patch and lower anal ocellus being larger and coalescent, the former some- times extending outward to near the upper median, and is also occasionally followed by a slender lunule beyond the upper median veinlet. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen, legs and antenne black; collar and vertex with a few white-tipt scales. Expanse, d 34 to 5, 2 44 to 5 inches. Larva.—Head small, anterior segments increasing in size to the fourth and thence of nearly same thickness to near the end; second and last segment each with a pair of short blunt tubercles; colour green, with a yellow collar, and brown lichenoid markings. Pupa.—Unknown. Hasrrat.—W. and KE. Himalayas; Assam; Khasia Hills; Burma; C. and W. China; Tonkin; Hong Kong. DistRisorion aND Hasirs.—*‘ This is by no means an uncommon species in the warm glens of the Masuri Hills, N.\W. Himalaya, and it is common in the Dhun. Its flight is somewhat heavy and unsteady ” (Capt. T. Hutton, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1847, 49). ‘A considerable number seen together, in the Masuri Hills, floating and flapping their wings lazily, and then settling on the blossoms in waste marshy ground over- grown with Composite (thistles). I have also seen a number congregated with Pap. 190 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Polyctov on the damp sandy margins of streams in the Hills—on these occasions, if disturbed, they disperse, only to collect in groups again. Elevation 4000 to 7000 feet’ (Capt. A. M. Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864,101). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as * very common, in the low valleys about Masuri, in company with Pap. Polyctor, from March to October. Specimens of the spring brood, which fly in March and April, are very small as compared with those of the rainy season. The larva feeds on Zanthorylum alatuin (Order Rutacez) ; it is green, with a yellow collar, and brown lichen-like markings. Some pup are coloured like rough bark, others are uniformly green” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soe. 1898, 592). Mr. W. Doherty found it in “ Kumaon generally, from 2000 to 6000 feet elevation, though not very common” (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 137). Mr. H. J. Elwes says, ‘‘ Mr. O. Moller records this species as occurring in Sikkim from 2000 to 3000 feet, from April until October, but it occurs at much higher elevations in the N.W. Himalaya, and in the Khasias I have seen it up to at least 6000 feet. It is not, however, so common in Sikkim as in some other parts of the Himalaya, and the female is decidedly rare. I have never taken it myself in Sikkim ” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 428). Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as “ somewhat rare in Sikkim, and occurs from 2000 to 5000 feet elevation throughout the warm months” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 172). Col. C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasia Hills (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 312). Col. C. H. E. Adamson took “ two specimens at T'sinbo, north of Bhamo, Burma, in May” (List, 1897, 46). We possess specimens from Simla, N.W. Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim, and Looshai. The British Museum has examples from Kumaon; taken in May by Col. J. C. Pilcher; Nepal; Bhotan, taken in August by Mr. G, C. Dudgeon; Sibsagar, Assam, and the Khasia Hills. It is also recorded from Central and Western China, Tonkin, and Hong Kong. Of our illustrations on Plate 444, fig. 1 represents the larva—copied from Mr. Mackinnon’s drawing ; fig. la and 1d, from a Nepal male and female; fig. 1b and le, male and female from Sikkim. CHINA AND JAPAN Spectes.—Sainia Foriiosana (Pap. Protenor subsp. Formosana, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. v. p. 602 (1898). Habitat. Formosa.—Satiia Demetrius (Pap. Demetrius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 196, pl. 385, fig. KE, F (1782). Jablonsky and Herbst, Nat. Schmett. ii. pp. 223, 289, pl. 20, fig. 1 (1784). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 128, pl. 32, fig. 2 (1792). Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep.i. p. 199 (18386). De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. p. 25, pl. 6, fig. 1 d,2 ? (1840). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 4, pl. 3, fig. 1 (1886). Leech, Butt. China and Japan, 1. p. 546 (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 332 (1895). Syn. Pap. Carpenteri, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 318. Habitat. Japan; C. and E. China, Loo-Choo Islands.—Sainia Macilenta (Pap. Macilentus, Janson, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 158, pl. 5, fig. 1(1877). Pryer, Rhop. Nipon. p. 4, pl. 3, fig. 2, 2 (1886). Leech, l.c. p. 547 (1893). Syn. Pap. PAPILIONIN. 19 Scevola, Oberthiir, Etud. nt. iv. p. 37, pl. 6, fig. 1 (1879). Pap. tractipennis, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p.139. Habitat. Japan. Genus PANOSMIOPSIS. Papilio, sabgen. Panosmiopsis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1886, p. 374. Papilio (part), Doubleday and Hewitson. Papilio (sect. 65, subsect. D, part), Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 324, 372. Papilio (group xii.), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 383 (1895). TImaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, triangular, narrower than in Sadia, posterior margin shorter. Hindiwing shorter anteriorly, more prolonged posteriorly, exterior margin less convex ; cell more pointed at the apex; tailless. A ‘sexual mark,”’ composed of a large impressed-patch of scales, is present on the underside of the hindwing, placed between the radial and lower subcostal veinlet. Female. Forewing similar to the male. Hindiving more prolonged, more deeply scalloped, and with a broad short tail. Larva anp Porpa.—Unknown. Type.—P. Rhetenor. PANOSMIOPSIS RHETENOR (Plate 445, fig. 1, la, ¢, lb, 2). Papilio Rhetenor, Westwood, Areana Entom. i. p. 59, pl. 16, fig. 1, la, ¢ (1842). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 10 (1846). Kollar, in Hiigel’s Reise Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 403 (1844). Gray, Catal. Lep. B. M. i. p. 15 (1852). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 98 (1857) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 756. Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, p. 324. Ober- thiir, Etud. Ent. iv. p. 87 (1879). Wood-Mason, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 104, ¢ 2. Stau- dinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 9 (1884). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 428, ¢ 32. Manders, id. 1890, p. 535. Leech, Butt. of China, ii. p. 549 (1893). Haase, Untersuch, iib. Mim. p. 53, pl. 5, fig. 33, 9, 34, 9(1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 335 (1895). Papilio (Panosmiopsis) Rhetenor, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 374. de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, p. 171, ¢ 9. Sainia Rhetenor, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 312. Papilio Tcarius, Westwood, Cabinet of Orient. Entom. p. 5, pl. 2, 2 (1848). Papilio Alemenor, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, p. 324; id. Reise Novara, Lep. i. p. 129, pl. 20, fig. d,¢(1865). Haase, Untersuch. iib. Mim. p. 44, fig. 6, 9 (1893). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewiiy rich bluish-grey black, darkest basally ; with a blue-black longitudinal streak between the veins and similar streaks within the cell ; the intervening pale longitudinal streaks between the lower median and posterior angle are, in most specimens, either sparsely speckled with greyish-white scales, or densely speckled and prominent ; a more or less apparent crimson-scaled streak at base of the cell, this streak ascending narrowly along base of the subcostal, 192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. or broadly across the cell to below base of the median vein, in some a few only of these crimson scales are visible; cilia alternately edged with white. Hindwing rich blue- black, or olivescent-black ; the upper discal area more or less sparsely irrorated with minute blue scales; with a more or less complete irregular-shaped white ocellus centred with a round black spot at the anal angle, this ocellus is variable in size, or rarely almost obsolescent, it is generally speckled anteriorly with crimson scales and occasionally posteriorly with black scales, and in some specimens this ocellus is followed in the lower median interspaces by a single submarginal lunule or an opposed pair (upper and lower) of white lunules, these latter sometimes being joined and then form a ring; cilia alternately edged with white. Underside. Forewing paler; with a crimson patch at base of the cell and costa. Hindiving black; witha “ sexual mark ” composed of a discal dinpressed-patch of duller scales situated between the radial and lower subcostal veinlet; between the costal vein and the lower subcostal are two outer clusters of blue scales ; the base and a band along abdominal border from the submedian to the middle median crimson, intersected by black veins, the latter portion speckled with white scales, the median interspace bearing three black spots, the lowest sometimes posteriorly with a white tip, two much smaller black spots, or occasionally one only, above the anal angle ; beyond, in the upper median interspace is generally a small submarginal crimson lunate-spot, or a well-formed lunule or two opposed lunate spots, and, more rarely, also two similar small spots in the lower subcostal interspace. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with a crimson streak along upper base of the cell. Hindwing with a broad short spatular tail; a broad white vein-intersected discal patch extending from within the cell to above the lower subcostal and to the middle median, this patch being anteriorly more or less edged with black scales ; below is a large irregular-shaped crimson anal ocellus speckled posteriorly with white scales and centred with a black spot, followed by three inner-submarginal crimson lunules varying in size, and sometimes also an upper small spot, and then bya marginal corresponding series of broad crimson lunules, the two lowest of which are much the largest and irregular in shape. Underside paler. Forewing with the base of the cell and costa crimson. Hindiwing with the crimson base and abdominal border simlar to the male, the latter being more broken and irregular, and the lower black spot larger; the black spot in the next or upper median interspace generally larger, and either entirely or partially encompassed by the crimson border, the two upper pair of crimson lunules being small. Head, thorax and abdomen above black ; front of thorax and vertex white spotted; body beneath fuliginous-black ; antenne and legs black. Expanse, ¢ 43 to 54, 2 43 to 5} inches. Larva aNd Popa.—Unknown. PAPILIONINA, 193 Hasitat.—Nepal ; Sikkim; Bhotan; Assam; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Burma ; Shan States; C. and W. China. Disrrisurion.—A female from Nepal, from Gen. G. Ramsay’s collection is in our possession, and another in the British Museum. Mr. H. J. Elwes records it from Sikkim, “males being found not uncommonly in the lower valleys, and up to 5000 or 6000 feet, from April to October. The female is rare” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 429). Mr. L. de Nicéville says, ‘* both sexes are rare in Sikkim, the female especially so. It occurs from April to October, and from the level of the Terai up to 6000 feet” (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 171). Mr. G. C. Dudgeon took males in Bhotan, in July. Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained it in Assam. Mr. J. Wood-Mason records ‘* two females, captured on Nemotha Peak, Cachar, in September, which were flying in company with Pap. Dasarada” (Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 374). Col. C. Swinhoe received “a number of both sexes from the Khasia Hills” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 812). A male, labelled “ Barrackpur,” near Calcutta, taken by the late Gen. Hearsey, is in the British Museum. Col. C. H. E. Adamson obtained both sexes in the Arakan Hills, in April, and males in the Taoo plateau, Upper Tenasserim, in March. Both sexes have also been taken at Moolai, Upper Tenasserim. Mr. L. de Nicéville records “ males only, taken by Mr. T. A. Hauxwell in the Daunat Range, Upper Tenasserim, in February ” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8.1899, 535). Capt. Longe, R.E., obtained “a single male at 2000 feet, on the Manipur River, in February, and Dr. Graves captured a male at 5000 feet during the rains” (Journ. Bombay N. H.8. 1897, 671). Dr. N. Manders records it as “‘ apparently an uncommon species in the Shan States, as I have only taken it at Fort Stedman in October” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 535). Cuinesz Specres.—Panosmiopsis Elwesi (Papilio Elwesi, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 118, pl. 7, fig. 1,d; ib. Butt. of China, i. p. 550 (1893). Watson, Entom. News, p. 279, pl. 12, ? (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. 11. p. 335 (1895). Habitat. OC, China. Genus ILIADES. Tliades, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 147 (1881). Papilio (part), Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 5 (1846). Papilio (sect. 65, subseet. A, B, C), Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. pp. 323, 371, 372 (1864). Papilio (group x.), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 312 (1895). Imaco.—Wines large. Forewing elongatedly-triangular; costa much arched, exterior margin very oblique, posterior margin short; cell long and broad; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third and second at one-fifth before end of the cell, third branch from its end, fifth at one-third from below the fourth ; discocellulars of equal length, upper slightly oblique, radial from their angle; median branches at VOL. V. Cec 194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. nearly equal distances apart ; a transverse short veinlet connecting the median and submedian vein near the base, and a short basal veinlet curving from below the submedian. Hindwing broad; exterior margin convex and scalloped; cell extend- ing to half the wing; first subcostal branch at one-half before end of the cell ; upper discocellular oblique, lower bent inward, radial from their angle; lower median veinlet at one-half before end of the cell; submedian vein much curved in the middle. Body stout ; abdomen moderately short; hind tibia slender, with rows of short fine spines; antenne with a slender club. Sexes dissimilar ; inodorous. Female. Dimorphic in the shape of the hindwing, which is either tailless, or with a spatulate tail at end of the upper median veinlet. Larva.—Elongated ; anterior segments scutellated; the 35rd, 4th and 5th ment thickened ; head attenuated; an ocellated spot on each side of the 4th se segment, and a slight fleshy tubercle on the anal segment. oO =) o eg Pora.—Thick ; curved backwards and prolonged at the apex; head obtusely bifid; thorax broad, somewhat dorsally convex and pointed in front; abdominal segments very slightly tuberculate dorsally; wing-cases laterally dilated and angular in the middle. Tyer.—I. Memnon. ILIADES AGENOR (Plates 416, 447, 448, 449). Papilio Agenor, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, 9 (1758) ; id. Mus, Lud. Ulr. p. 194, 2 (1764) ; id. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 747, 2 (1767). Clerck, Icones Ins. i. pl. 15, upper fig. 9 (1759). Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. i, 2, pl. 87, fig. 2, ¢ (1767). Miller, Naturs. v. 1, p. 570, pl. 17, fig. 2, ¢ (1774). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 446, 2 (1775). Cramer, Pap, Exot. i. p. 52, pl. 32, fig. A, B, 2 (1775). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 20, pl. 8, fig. 3, 9 (1784). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 8, fig. 1, @ (1785), ib. pl. 26, fig. 1, 9 (1792). Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 24, fig. 2, 2 (1798). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 339, pl. 29, fig. 1, 2 (1885). Iliades Agenor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89, 9 (1816). Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1893, p. ol2; oe. Papilio Agenor, Aurivillius, Kong]. Sv. Vet. Acad. Hand]. xix. 5, p. 18, g ¢ (1882). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 8, ¢ 2 (1884). Papilio (Iliades) Agenor, de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p.172, ¢ ¢. Papilio Memnon Agenor, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 316, g 2 (1895). Papilio Androgeos, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 142, pl. 91, fig. A, B, ¢ (1776). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 757, ¢ 2; id 1878, p. 84, 6 9. Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 47, 3. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 53. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 428. Papilio (Iliades) Androgeos, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 373. Papilio Protenor, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 120, pl. 29, fig. 2, ¢ (1792). Papilio Alcanor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, p. 107, pl. 166, fig. A, 9 (1779). Esper, Aus. Sch. p. 184, pl. 34, fig. 2, 9 (1795). Achillides Alcanor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816). PAPILIONINA. 195 Papilio Achates, Cramer, I.c., ii. p. 130, pl. 182, fig. A, B, 2 (1779). Esper, 7.c. p. 116, pl. 28, fig. 1, 2 (1792). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 342, pl. 28, fig. 3, 4,5, g 2 (1885), nee Sulzer. Iliades Achates, Moore, Journ. Linn, Soc. Lond. Zool. 1886, p. 50, ¢ 2. Papilio Alphenor, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 4, 2 (1781). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 205, pl. 10, fig. 1, 2 (1784), mec Cramer. Iliades Mestor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89, ¢ (1816). Papilio Mestor, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1877, p. 553, ¢ 2. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 341, pl. 28, fig. 2, 3, fig. 7, 9 (1885). Papilio Esperi, Butler, le. p. 553, pl. 68, fig. 7, 2 (1877). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 341, pl. 28, fig. 1, g, fig. 6, 9 (1885). Holland, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1887, p. 122. Papilio Phenix, Distant, /.c. p. 340, pl. 27, B, fig. 7, 2 (1885). Papilio Ciliz, Distant, l.c. p. 340, pl. 29, fig. 4, ¢, 5, 9 (1885). Papilio Androgeos var. Depelchini, Robbe, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. p. 125 (1892), ¢. Papilio Memnon Agenor aber. Depelchini, Rothschild, lc. p. 319, ¢ 2. Papilio Memnon Agenor aber. primigenius, Rothschild, lc. p. 8319, ¢ (1895). Papilio Memnon Agenor aber. Butlerianus, et Distantianus, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p.320, 9 (1895). Form 1 (Plate 446, fig. 1, g, la, b, 9). Papilio Androgeos var. Depelchini, Robbe, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1892, p. 125, @. Pap. Mem. Agenor aber. Depelchini, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 319, ¢ 2 (1895). Male. Upperside. Forewing bluish-black, with slightly-defined dark greyish- blue cell and vein-streaks, the latter from the upper median very sparsely outwardly- speckled with greyish-white scales ; a red basal cell streak in type specimen. Hind- wing with the exterior margin acutely scalloped, the angle at end of upper median produced into a short-pointed tooth; colour blue-black, with a dark olivescent gloss ; costal border purpurescent tinged; a very few bluish-grey scales present, and these are widely and most irregularly scattered. Underside. Forewing bluish-black ; cell and vein-streaks prominent and bluish- grey; base of cell scarlet. Hindwing deep black ; edges of the veins and bordering of slightly-defined outer-marginal spots beyond the middle median veinlet greyish- black ; basal intersected-patch scarlet ; anal black spot and the two spots in adjoin- ing median interspace scarlet-bordered, the next marginal spot has also a scarlet upper border. Female. Upperside. Forewing black, basal area darkest; base of cell and a small streak below it scarlet ; cell and vein-streaks uniformly olivescent-fuliginous. Hindwing with pointed tooth at end of the upper median, but not always developed ; dark olivescent greyish-black, the base and dise with a bronzy metallic gloss; the discal area very sparsely sprinkled with a few blue scales; lower marginal blackish spots of the underside slightly apparent; anal black spot partly red-bordered. Underside. Forewing much paler; cell and vein-streaks greyish-white; base of cell scarlet. Hindwing black, basal dark area speckled with olive-grey scales, the vein edges and outer-bordering of marginal and submarginal spots greyish black, the Crer2 196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. inner-bordering of the latter being ochreous-white with a few blue scales crossing the sub-marginal spots; the anal and two next spots in lower median interspace scarlet-bordered, the submedian interspace above the former being thickly white scaled ; basal intersected patch scarlet. Expanse, ¢ 5,?5 to 54 inches. The above description and our figures 1 ¢, and la ?, on Plate 446, are from Sikkim specimens, taken in August by Mr. Otto Méiler, now in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection at Tring ; figure 1b is from a Sikkim female in our own possession. The type specimen described by Robbe was taken at Kurseong, Sikkim. Form 2 (Plate 447, fig. 1, la, g, lb, ¢, 2). Papilio Androgeos, Cramer, Pap Exot. i. p. 142, pl. 91, fig. A, B (1776), g. Iliades Mestor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89 (1816) ¢. Papilio Mestor, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 553, ¢ 2. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 341, pl. 28, fig. 2, ¢, fig. 7, 9 (1885). Pap. Mem. Agenor aber. Butlerianus, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 320 (1895) 9. Papilio Esper, Butler, l.c. p. 553, pl. 68, fig. 7,9. Distant, l.c. p. 341, fig, 1, g, fig. 6, 2. Male (fig. 1, la). Upperside blue-black, or olivescent bluish-black ; cilia alter- nated with white. Forewing with greyish-blue scaled longitudinal streaks entirely bordering the outer veins to the margin, and less-defined similar streaks within the cell; base of the cell either without, or with a slender scarlet scaled streak, or frequently with a prominent narrow, or more rarely a broad scarlet patch is present. Hindwing with greyish-blue scaled broad streaks between the outer veins, extending to near the margin ; a few similar coloured scales are also scattered within apex of the cell; occasionally a marginal row of blacker oval spots than the ground colour are somewhat apparent, of which the anal spot rarely show a few outer-bordering red scales. Underside. Forewing with broader and paler bluish-grey streaks, and a broad scarlet basal cell-patch. Hindwing darker blue-black or purpurescent-black, the outer border and edges of the outer veins generally paler or sometimes greyish- black ; base of wing with a vein intersected scarlet patch ; a marginal series of more or less apparent or well-defined black oval spots, and a submarginal similar series of conical spots, of which latter the anal spot is small and generally oval; the anal spot in both series is bordered or ringed with ochreous-red or scarlet, and the next one, and sometimes the second, of both rows are also red-bordered, and occasionally the fourth of the inner row; in specimens where the two series of black spots are less apparent beyond the red-bordered anal pair, their division is generally indicated by a bordering series of blue scales; the red borders of the anal spots are also sometimes sprinkled with blue scales. Body, legs, and antennz black; front of thorax and head white-spotted. PAPILIONINZA., 197 Female (fig. 1b, c). Upperside black, the basal area darkest; basal cell- patch and a small streak below it scarlet; cell-streaks and anterior vein-borders fuliginous-grey or blackish-grey, the lower vein borders more or less, or entirely, white; more rarely the anterior vein borders are whitish and then form a subapical patch. Hindwing tailless. Purpurescent-black or bluish-black ; with greyish-blue scaled-streaks between the outer veins, as in the male ; a scarlet-bordered black spot at the anal angle, with the submedian interspace above it sometimes white. Under- side. Forewing paler than the upperside ; base of cell scarlet. Hindwing purpures- cent or bluish-black; basal intersected patch scarlet; the borders of tbe more or less slightly-defined black marginal and submarginal spots paler, and the black anal and the two spots in the next interspace scarlet-bordered, the submedian-interspace above the former being white, and sometimes also the adjoining median-interspace is white and slightly black-scaled, the upper borders of the inner series of black spots, when defined, are more or less lunularly sprinkled with blue scales. Expanse, g¢ 44 to 6, 9 4% to 54 inches. We possess males of this form (Andrvgeos) from Sikkim; Jaintia Hills ; Chitta- gong Hills, taken in October; Thoungeen and Tounghoo, Burma; and Mergui, Lower Tenasserim ; and of the female (Butlerianus) from Bhamo, Burma, taken in November by Signor L. Fea. Males, taken in Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, in March and April, by Capt. E. Y. Watson, are in the British Museum. Of our illustrations on Plate 447, fig. 1 is from a Jaintia Hill male, fig. la from an KE. Bengal male; fig. lb, a Darjiling female, and fig. le from a Jainta Hill female. Form 3 (Plate 448, fig. 1, @, fig. bo , 2a, 2). Papilio Phenix, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 340, pl. 27, B, fig. 7 (1885) 2. Pap. Memnon Agenor aber. Phenix, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii, p. 319 (1895) ?. Papilio Ciliz, Distant, l.c. p. 340, pl. 29, fig. 5, 2. Pap. Mem. Agenor aber. primigenius, Rothschild, /.c. p. 319 (1895) 3. Male (primigenius—fig. 1). Upperside rich dark blue-black. Forewing with the scarlet streak at base of cell slender; outer vein-streaks blue-grey scaled, cell streaks less apparent. Hindwing with very prominent pale bluish-grey vein-streaks, the intervening black streak sharply defined ; four lower outer-marginal ovate black spots encircled with bluish-white, the first spot anal. Underside. Forewing rich blue-black ; the vein and cell streaks dark grey ; basal cell-patch scarlet. Hindwing intense black; basal patch scarlet ; with an anal, two lower submarginal, and three corresponding marginal completely grey-bordered black spots, the border of the anal and next spot being also slightly speckled with scarlet scales; the upper marginal spots incipient and partly grey-bordered, the upper submarginals lunularly 198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. indicated by blue scales. In a second specimen (from Cherra Punji) the borders of the anal and two next submarginal spots and of the first marginal spot is thickly red-scaled. Expanse, ¢ 43 to 54 inches. Female (Phenix—fig. 2, 2a). Upperside. Forewing black; base of cell and a small streak below it scarlet ; cell and vein streaks fuliginous-grey or olivescent- fuliginous, the latter sometimes palest posteriorly. Hindwing tailless ; blue-black or olivescent bronze-black basally; with an anal and a lower marginal row of deep black spots, the latter being either almost quadrate, or elongated and partly coalesced with the outer black lunules; the lower discal area below the cell, from the lower subcostal veinlet to the abdominal margin is white traversed by black veins, the border of the anal and marginal spots being more or less thickly scarlet scaled ; the upper discal area from within apex of the cell is either more or less distinctly blue- grey scaled, or but very few scales are present. Underside. Forewing black ; cell and vein streaks paler; basal cell patch red. Hindwing intense black; basal patch red ; marginal black spots and lower discal white area similar to the upperside, the anal spots being red-bordered, the anterior spots, when present, are grey-bordered and the upper one inwardly red-bordered. Expanse, ? 53 to 5$ inches. The type specimens of primigenius—the male we assign to this form—were obtained in the Khasia Hills, in April, 1889, by the Rev. W. A. Hamilton’s native collectors, and are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. We have specimens of the female (Phenix) from the Khasias, Sikkim, and Burma. Col. C. Swinhoe has the female from the Jaintia Hills. Of our illustrations on Plate 448, fig. 1 represents the type male, named primi- genius, from the Khasias ; fig. 2 the female (Phaniz) is also from a Khasia specimen, and fig, 2a from a Sikkim specimen. Form 4 (Plate 449, fig. 1, la, 2). Papilio Agenorv, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, 9 (1758); id. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 194, 9 (1764) ; id. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 747, 2 (1767). Clerck, Icones Ins. i. pl. 15, fig. swpr. 9 (1759). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 446, 2 (1775). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 52, pl. 32, fig. A, B, 2 (1775). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 20, pl. 8, fig. 3, 2 (1784). Esper, Aus. Schmett. p. 108, pl. 26, fig. 1, 2 (1792). Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 24, fig. 2, 2 (1798). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 339, pl. 29, fig. 1, 9 (1885). Tliades Agenor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89, 9 (1816). Female. Upperside. Forewing black ; basal cell patch scarlet ; cell and vein- streaks olivescent-fuliginous or greyish-fuliginous. Hindwing tailless, but in some specimens with a short pointed tooth at end of upper median veinlet ; olivescent- PAPILIONINA, 199 black or bluish-black basally and speckled with blue scales, the marginal spots deeper black ; discal area—and sometimes slightly including apex of the cell—pure white or pale ochreous-white, the anal spot and first marginal spot being generally outwardly-bordered with ochreous, the others with grey speckled outer borders, and sometimes all these borders are pale ochreous. Underside. Forewing with paler cell and vein-streaks ; basal cell patch scarlet. Hindwing bluish-black, not blue- speckled basally ; marginal spots with more defined grey outer-borders ; basal patch scarlet. Expanse, ¢ 5 to 6 inches. Examples of this form of female, from Moulmein, Tavoy, Upper Tenasserim, taken in July, and others from Hong Kong, are in the British Museum. Mr. H. Grose-Smith has it from the Daunat Range, Burma. Of our illustrations on Plate 449, fig. 1 is from a specimen taken in the Daunat Range, Burma, and fig. la also from a Burmese example. Form 5 (Plate 449, fig. 2, 2a, 3). Payilio Alcanor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 107, pl. 166, fig. A, 9 (1779). Esper, Aus. Schmett. p. 134 pl. 34, fig. 2, 9 (1794). Achillides Alcanor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816) 2. Papilio Mem. Agenor aber, Alcanor, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 320 (1895) 2. Papilio Agencr, Clerck, Icon, Ins. i. pl. 15, fig. inf’ 2 (1759). Papilio Achates, Cramer (nee Sulzer), /.c. ii. p. 130, pl. 182, fig. A, B, 9 (1779). Esper, Le, p. 116, pl. 28, fig. 1, 9 (1792). Butler, Trans. Linn, Soe. Zool. i. p. 553, ¢ 9 (1877). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 342, pl. 28, fig. 3, 4, 3, 5, 9 (1885). Iliades Achates, Moore, Journ, As, Soe. Bengal, 1889, p. 50, d 2. Papilio Alphenor, Fabricius (nec Cramer), Spec. Ins. ii. p. 4, 2 (1781). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett, ii. p- 205, pl. 16, fig. 1, 9 (1784). Pap. Mem. Agenor aber. Distantianus, Rothschild, J.c. ii. p. 320 (1895) 9. ’ Female. Upperside. Forewing black ; basal cell-patch scarlet ; cell and vein- streaks fuliginous, sometimes with whitish subapical area as in Hsperi. Hindwing tailed ; black or blue-black, in some greyish-black basally ; with the fourth, third, or fully half of the cell, and a series of either four, five, or six adjoining discal elongate white patches, each disposed between the veins from the lower median upwards—occasionally, but very rarely, the cell patch is very small and the two central discal patches only are present ; the submedian interspace is frequently also white basally ; the discal patches are scarlet speckled outwardly ; the borders of the anal rounded black spot, and the broad outer marginal lunules are also scarlet ; the upper discal area and outer borders of the white discal patches, and also the entire submedian interspace when its white streak is absent, is more or less speckled with blue scales. Underside. Forewing paler; basal cell-patch scarlet; cell and vein- 200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. streaks fuliginous-grey. Hindwing intense black or blue-black ; the outer vein borders paler; basal patch scarlet; white apex of the cell, discal patches, anal spot and marginal lunules, as on the upperside, the red borders somewhat paler, and the upper lunules and their ciliz being white or greyish-white, or these lunules are slightly red speckled. Abdomen with broad yellow-ochreous lateral bands. Expanse, ? 53 to 6 inches. Specimens of this form of female from the Khasia and Jaintia Hills; Shillong, Assam; Nepal; and Kyaikto, Tenasserim, the latter, taken in February, are in the British Museum. We have it from Nepal, taken by Gen. G. Ramsay; Rangoon and Tounghoo, Burma. The lower figure on Plate 15 of Clerck’s Icones, evidently represents this form, with the tails broken off. Distripution.—This is ‘a very common species in Sikkim, and is found from April to December, from the Terai up to 5000 feet. The female is polymorphic, but three distinct forms may be defined, though each is more or less variable. The first form is tailless, and is more like the male; the second is also tailless, but has a large white patch on the hindwing; the third is tailed, and is marked with white spots on the dise of the hindwing. The second form of female is alone rare, the third form is the commonest of the three forms” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 172). Mr. H. J. Elwes also records it as being ‘‘ common in the lower valleys. of Sikkim, and is found as high as 4000 to 5000 feet, from April until December. The common form of female is tailed, with a considerable amount of white in and beyond the cell of the hindwing; but tailless females are also found, without any white markings, and others with a broad white patch on the hinder margin of the forewing” (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, 428). Col. C. Swinhoe records it as apparently very common in the Khasia Hills, in all its varieties”? (Tr. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1893, 312). Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained ‘“‘ forty-two males, six females (figured by Distant as female of Mestor, Hiibn.), one female (Agenor, Cram.), eight females (Alcanorv and Achates, Cram.), in the forests and gardens in and around Silcuri, Irangmara, the Doarband Pass, Hasooria, and Rupacherra, in Cachar, where it was almost always to be seen from April 5rd to August i0th. On one occasion all four forms were seen on the wing together in a group, having evidently just emerged from the chrysalis state, and a specimen of each was taken. All the forms of this species are inodorous” (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 373). Capt. EH. Y. Watson, during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, took ‘ one male (form Ciliz) at Tilin, in March, one male and two females (form Mesto) at Tilin, in November and March” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 53). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records “the forms of female Agenor and .Achates as being common throughout Burma. The form Mestor having been taken only in the Bhamo District. The male is a very rapid flyer, while the females are heavy, sluggish flyers and easily captured” (List, PAPILIONIN 4s. 201 1897, 47). Capt. E. Y. Watson found it “common in Rangoon, and Beeling, Upper Tenasserim”’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1888, 26). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it in * Mergui in December and March; at Thaing, King Island, in February, and on Elphinstone Island in March” (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 56). It also occurs in Siam; Malay Peninsula; Hainan; Hong Kong; Formosa; 8. China. The larva of this butterfly does not appear to have yet been found in India or Burma. The larva of the allied species (I. Memnon) feeds on Citrus (Order Rutacez). ILIADES MAYO (Plate 450, fig. 1, la, 3; 1b, 9). Papilio Mayo, Atkinson, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 736, pl. 63, fig. 1, ¢. Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 592. Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. iv. p. 34 (1879). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 237, @; zd. 1881, p. 252, ¢ 2. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 8 (1884). Haase, Untersuch. tib. Mim. p. 55, pl. 6, fig. 38, 9, 39, d (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 322, g 2 (1895). Papilio Charicles, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 556. 9; id. Exot. Butt. v. Pap. pl. 14, fig. 45, 9 (1875). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings rich purpurescent blue-black; cilia alternated slightly with white. Forewing generally with a more or less slightly- defined submarginal row of very short longitudinal ochreous-grey scaled streaks between the outer veins. Hindwing with a short tooth at end of the upper median veinlet ; a transverse curved discal conspicuous cobalt-blue band, which is narrowest and broken at the costal end and extends to the abdominal margin above the anal angle, the band varying in width posteriorly from five-tenths to seven-tenths of an inch in its widest part, and is intersected by the black veins, its inner edges being curved and the outer edges sinuous. Underside. Forewing paler purpurescent blue-black ; the crimson streak at base of the cell either slightly defined or absent ; the submarginal short longitudinal streaks between the veins distinct and bluish- grey. Hindwing deep black; the crimson basal spots small and either slightly defined or distinct; with a transverse-discal curved row of blue-grey scaled lunules, the lower sometimes being more or less speckled with scarlet scales; an anal black spot either partly grey or scarlet bordered, and generally one, or two, lower- submarginal scarlet lunules. Head and thorax black; abdomen fuliginous-black ; front of thorax white spotted; legs black above, greyish-white beneath ; antennz black. Female. Upperside. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing fuliginous-black ; with a large crimson basal cell patch; longitudinal cell-streaks fuliginous, outer vein-streaks paler fuliginous, broad, short, and extending from the median vein to one-third the outer margin. Hindwing intense black; with a large white cell-patch, three outer contiguous upper-discal smaller white spots, the upper one smallest, and VOL. VY. pd 202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. three short white streaks below the cell; outer-margin with broad scarlet spots, the upper lunular, the lower irregular shaped, the scarlet of the subanal sometimes extending upward in the lower median interspace and there enclosing a lengthened constricted black streak, which latter is either entire or broken; the submedian interspace from the angle for some distance upward is also scarlet and encloses a small black oval spot above the abdominal angle; end of the tail scarlet, the tip being white-scaled. Underside. Forewing pale olivescent-fuliginous ; cell patch scarlet; cell-streaks olivescent-grey, vein-streaks, as in upperside, paler olivescent- erey and almost white posteriorly. Hindwing intense black; cell-spots scarlet; apex of cell and discal white markings, scarlet outer bordering, and tail tip, as on the upperside. Abdomen fuliginous-browp, paler laterally, and with pale ochreous- yellow apical segmental bands beneath. Expanse, d 5 to 53,? 5 to 6 inches. Hasitar.—S. Andamans. Disrrisution.—The type specimens of both sexes were obtained at Port Blair, S. Andamans, by the native coilector, Moti Ram; other specimens were also obtained by Mr. F. de Roepstorff. ILIADES POLYMNESTOROIDES (Plate 451, fig. 1, ¢, 2, 2). Male. Upperside rich blue-black; cilia very slenderly alternated -with white. Forewing with a transverse outer-discal row of short longitudinal pale greyish-blue scaled outer-vein streaks, these streaks being restricted uniformly towards the exterior margin, and decrease in width upward to the costa. Hindwing with a discal band formed of prominently defined pale greyish-blue scaled vein-streaks, these streaks decreasing to a point outwardly and do not reach the margin. Underside blue-black ; base of both wings with the normal scarlet patch. Forewing with the vein-streaks paler, broader and longer than on the upperside, but uniformly terminate at some distance from the outer margin; cell streaks less defined. Hindwing with prominently grey-bordered submarginal and marginal black spots, the anal borders shghtly tinged with red. Female. Upperside. Forewing black, the basal area darkest; base of cell and a minute streak below it scarlet ; vein borders and cell streaks pale fuliginous-grey. Hindwing greyish-black basally, the outer area fuliginous-grey, traversed by a marginal and submarginal series of greyish-black conical spots, the discal area and apex of cell being densely irrorated with greyish-blue scales. Underside. Forewing with greyish-white vein and cell-streaks ; base of cell scarlet. Hindwing black, base scarlet; marginal and submarginal black spots broadly greyish-white bordered. PAPILIONINA. 203 Expanse, ¢ 5, 2 6 inches. Hapirat.—N, EH. India. Disrripution.—T he type specimen of the male (fig. 1) was taken in the Jaintia Hills, Assam, by Col. Swinhoe’s native collectors, and is now in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild at Tring. The female (fig. 2) was taken by Mr. James Rothney, in Barrackpur Park, near Calcutta, in March, 1886, and is now in our own collection. ILIADES POLYMNESTOR (Plate 452, fig. 1 larva and pupa, la, 3, 1b, 2). Papilio Polymnestor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 83, pl. 53, fig. A, B, g (1775). Goeze, Ent. Beytr. lil. 1, p. 83(1779). Fabricius, Spee. Ins, ii. p. 9 (1781). Jabionsky, Nat. Schmett. il. p. 11, pl. 7, fig. 3, 4 (1784). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 77, pl. 19, fig. 1 (1785). Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 20, fig. 2, 2 (1800). Godart, Eney. Méth. ix. p. 29 (1819). Lucas, Lep. Exot. p, 21, pl. 12, fig. 1 (1835). Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 191 (1836). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 10 (1846). Chenu, Ency. Hist. Nat. Pap. pl. 3, fig. 2 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 101, pl. 3, fig. 1, la larva and pupa (1857); id. P. Z.S. 1865, p. 756. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 256 (1669). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 8 (1884). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 51. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1888, p. 430, Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soe. 1890, p. 366. Betham, ib. lc. 1892, p. 325. Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 324 (1895). Iliades Polymnestor, Hiibner, Verz. bek, Schmett. p. 88 (1816). Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144. Papilio (Iliades) Polymnestor, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1885, p. 51, Ferguson, Journ. Bomtay N. H. Soc. 1891, p. 446. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich blue-black; cilia alternated with white. ore- wing with a transverse discal pale bluish-grey scaled interrupted band composed of short longitudinal streaks between the veins, these streaks being most intense and widest posteriorly, and decreasing both in width and length anteriorly, where they obsolescently terminate at the lower subcostal branch. Hindwing with the outer area, from a fourth, or third, of the apex of the cell, pale greyish-blue, crossed by a curved discal series of seven black spots, situated between the veins, these spots being either oval or broadly conical; followed by a submarginal similar row of spots and then a marginal row of angled spots, these latter being at the vein ends decreasing anteriorly in width, and sometimes there partly coalesce with the opposite submarginal spot. Underside duller blue-black. Forewing with a crimson basal cell streak; discal vein-streaks extending anteriorly to the costa, these being dull ochreous-grey anteriorly and bluish-grey posteriorly. Hindwing with crimson basal patches ; the outer discal area, from beyond the cell, dull ochreous-grey, traversed by the discal, submarginal, and marginal black spots, as on upperside, Female. Upperside. Forewing duller black, in some fuliginous-black, with the cell streaks and that between the veins black; the discal streaks paler bluish-grey ; base cf cell sometimes sparsely speckled with crimson scales. Hindwing similar to pd 2 204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the male; the outer area slightly paler bluish-grey. Underside paler than male, duller black. Forewing with crimson basal streak, the cell and vein-streaks paler than on upperside. Hindwing with basal crimson spots; outer area similar to male, but paler. Body, legs, and antenne black ; femora beneath greyish. Expanse, $ 53 to 53, ? 6 to 64 inches. Larva aNp Popa.—(See Plate 452, fie. 1.) Hasirar.—South, Central, and Eastern India; Sikkim; Burma. Distrisution, Haxirs, &c.—‘* Common in the Kanara District of Bombay, wherever the country is sufficiently wooded, most so about September to October. The favourite food of the larva being a Wild Lime, which occurs in all the forests ” (Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, 580). ‘* We noticed this butterfly at Matheran, in March, laying its eggs on a Lime tree in the garden. In Karwa, we reared a great many in September and October, on a common wild orange (Atalantia sp.); another favourite food appeared to be Garcinia NXanthochymus. In form, colour, and markings the larva is very similar to that of P. Polytes and P. Erithonius, but the enlargement on the 4th and 5th segments is much exaggerated, especially after the last moult. In the pupa, the headease and its two projecting points are more elongated” (ib. l.c. 1890, 376). “The food- plants of the larva, according to the observations of Messrs. Davidson, Aitken and Bell, are Paramigyna monophylla and Atalantia monophylla; Order Rutacez” (de Nicéville, J. As. Beng. 1900, 258). Col. C. Swinhoe obtained this butterfly on Matheran, Parbutti Hill, Poona, Bombay, in November” (P. Z. S. 1885, 144). It is ‘fairly common in the neighbourhood of Koonoor, but avoids the sunlight, and flutters softly about in the deep gloom of the most secluded groves of Fig and Mango trees. Whén feeding they are so absorbed that they may be taken between the thumb and finger without much difficulty” (E. L. Arnold, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1880, 137). Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it on the “ Nilgiris, from 2000 to 7000 feet” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1838, 364). Mr. 8. N. Ward writes, ‘‘ Found at all heights from. the top of the Nilgiris and Shevaroys to the coast. It is commonest during the monsoon, but I have seen it in first locality in April’? (MS. Notes). Mr. H. S. Ferguson found it ‘common in Travancore, more so in the low country than in the Hills”? (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 445). Lieut. E. Y. Watson took it im ‘‘ Madras, in June” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1890, 268). Mr. W. C. Taylor records it as ‘‘ rather common at Khorda, in Orissa” (List, 1888, 16). Mr. Betham obtained it in the Central Provinces (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1892, 325). Mr. W. S. Atkinson records it as **not uncommon in the Plains of Southern Bengal, west of the Ganges ; but does not reach the Hills’ (MS. Notes). Mr. L. de Nicéville says it ‘‘occurs in the neighbourhood of Caleutta throughout the hot weather, first appearing at the end of March. I have bred the larva on Pomelo (Citrus decumana)” (J. As. Soc. Beng. PAPILIONIN. 205 1885, 51). Mr. H. J. Elwes records “‘a single specimen of the female taken in Sikkim in 1887, by Mr. O. Méiler’s collectors—probably a straggler from the Plains” (‘fr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 430). Mr. HE. Blyth, writing from Paphoon, on the Yunzalin River, a tributary to the Salween, Burma, says, ‘‘I twice saw this fine butterfly (Polymnestor), which I had hitherto only seen from Lower Bengal”’ (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1861, 392). ILIADES PARINDA (Plate 453, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, 8, 1b, ¢, 2). Iliades Parinda, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 148, pl. 60, fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, c, larva and pupa (1881). Papilio Polymnestor Parinda, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 330 (1895). Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to [. Polymuestor. Forewing with the pale bluish-grey band somewhat broader posteriorly. Hindwing with the pale bluish-grey outer area usually extending from across middle of the cell. Underside similar to Polymnestor. Forewing with the outer vein-streaks more distinctly ochreous anteriorly. Hindwing with the outer discal area more distinctly ochreous. Female. Upperside. Forewing fuliginous-black ; with the cell and outer vein streaks pale greyish-ochreous, the latter palest or ochreous-white hindward, being longer and broader than in same sex of Polymunestor, those from the middle median upward are united at their base, and extend inward to the cell; basal cell patch crimson. Hindwing similar to the male, except that the outer area is paler, and inwardly more or less tinged or clouded with pale ochreous. Underside. Basal patches dark crimson. Forewing with the cell-streaks and the vein-streaks pale greyish-ochreous, the latter longer and extend inward to the ce!l from the lower median. /Zindwing with the outer area, from within apex of the cell, more uniformly tinted with pale ochreous than on the upperside. Expanse, 55 to 6 inches. Larva.—Smooth, glossy-green ; with a whitish lateral lower band from sixth to anal segment, a broad similar coloured band obliquely ascending the eighth and ninth, and a similar band on the tenth segment; anterior shield edged with white, its posterior dorsal end bordered by a transverse blackish-marked crest, a similar crest also across the fourth segment ending on each side in a large ocellated spot. Feeds on Citrus decumana. Poupa.—Green or olive-brown. Distripetion AND Hanirs,— An abundant species in the Jow country and lower hill districts in Ceylon. The females are much rarer than the males. Itis a very conspicuous insect on the wing. The larva feeds on Rutacee, especially on the plants of the genus Citrus’? (Dr. N. Manders, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1899, 222). Mr. 206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. F. M. Mackwood states that it is ‘found all over the island, predominating in the low country. March and April the principal time for emergence from chrysalis. Very difficult to capture perfect.” Capt. F. J. Hutchison says, ‘‘ Western Central and Southern provinces of the island, both Plains and Hills, in forest and open eround. Taken at Colombo from April to end of December ; elsewhere at various times. It has a slow majestic flight; flaps the wings a great deal. Is quite fearless and easily caught hovering over flowers.” Capt. H. Wade obtained it at “ Kandy and Galle.” Sir J. E. Tennent (Nat. Hist. Ceyl. 425) says the butterfly “ darts rapidly through the air, alighting on the ruddy foliage of the Hibiscus, or the dark green foliage of the Citrus, on which it deposits its eggs. The larva has a hump on the fourth or fifth segment, and from this hump, on being irritated, it protrudes a horn of an orange colour, bifurcate at the extremity, and covered with a pungent mucilaginous secretion, and strikes it upon the offending object with unerring aim” (Lep. Ceylon 1. 149). Inpo-Matayan Spuctes.—Iliades Memnon (Papilio Memnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, d (1758). Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. p. 142, pl. 91, fig. C, d ee Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 141, pl. 12, fig. 5, ¢ (1776). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. i. p. 210, pl. 6, fig. 2, 3, ¢ (1783). Roemer, Gen. Ins. Linné, p. 17, pl. 12, fig. 5, * (1789). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 86, pl. 20, fig. 8, ¢ (1790). Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 29 (1819). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. pl. 8, fig. 3, 3a, larva and pupa (1828). Swainson, Zool. Illust. iii. pl. 95 (1833). Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 192 (1836). De Haan, Verh. N. G. Ned. pl. 8, fig. 2, 38, 2 (1840). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 10 (1846). Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. p. 46, pl. 1, fig. 1, g, 2, 3, 4, ? (1865). Piepers, Tijd. v. Ent. 1888, p. 380, pl. 8, fig. 5, larva. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 515, d %. Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p- 812 (1895). Iliades Memnon, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89, d (1816). Syn. Pap. atrovenatus, Goeze, Ent. Beyt. iii. 1, p. 44 3 (1799). Seba Thes. iv. pl. 16, fig. 10, 11, ¢ (1765). Pap. Achates, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 141, pl. 12, fig. 2, 2 (1776). Cramer, l.c. iii. p. 84, pl. 243, fig. A, 2 (1782). Jablonsky, l.c. 1. p. 179, pl. 15, fig. 1, ¢ (1784). Roemer, l.c. p. 68, pl. 12, fig. 2, ?. Pap. Laomedon,; Cramer, I.c. i. p. 78, pl. 50, fig. A, B, 2 (1776). Pap. Anceus, Cram. lc. p. 44, pl. 222, fig. A, B, 2 (1792). Jablonsky, lc. ii. p. 15, pl. 8, fig. 1, (1784). Esper, LG. p. ae pl. 35, fig. 1, (1788). Pap. Achatiades, Esper, l.c. p. 118, pl. 18, fir. 2, 2; - 29, fig. 1, ? (1786). Pap. Arbates, Zink.-Som. Nov. Act. Acad. N. C. xv. p. 151, d (1831). Pap. Memnon vary. Javanus et Hrebinus, Haase, Untersuch. ub. Mim. p. 67, ¢ (1894). Pap. Mem. aber. Sericatus, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 497, 3. Note—Dr. L. Martin records having ‘frequently bred Pap. Memnon, and obtained all four forms of the female from eggs laid by one mother. In another case four eggs deposited by a tailed female of form 4, did not yield a fio 831 2 PAPILIONINZ.. 207 single tailed descendant like herself’? (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, 516). Habitat. Java; Sumatra; Nias; NatunaIsles; Borneo.—Iliades Oceani (Pap. Liades Oceani, Doherty, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1891, p. 31, d ¢. Pap. Memnon Oceani, Roths- child, Nov. Zool. i. p. 315. Habitat, Engano Island.—Iliades Thunbergii (Pap. Thunbergii, Siebold, Hist. Nat. Japon, p. 16, d (1824). Habitat. 8S. Japan. Iliades Pryeri (Pap. Mem. subsp. Pryeri, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 321, 3 ? (1895). Pap. Memnon, var. De Haan, Verh. Nat. Ned. p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 1, ¢ (1840). Pryer, Rhop. Nip. pl. 2, fig. 1, ? (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, &c., p. 545, d $ (1893). Rothschild, l.c. p. 321 (1895). Habitat. Loo Choo Islands.—Iliades Lowit (Pap. Lowi, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 358, pl. 33, fig. 6, d. Rothschild, l.c. p. 321 (1895). Habitat. Palawan; Philippines.—Iliades Rumanzovia (Pap. Rumanzoyia, Eschscholtz, Kotzebue’s Reise, 31. p. 204, pl. 2, fig. 4a, b, 2 (1821). Thon, Nat. Schmett. p. 17, pl. 5, fig. 6, 7, ¢ (1837). Semper, Phil. Tagf. p. 279, pl. B, fig. 9 (1892). Rothschild, l.c. p. 322, ¢ ? (1895). Syn. Pap. Krusensternia, Esch. lc. p- 205, pl. 3, fig. 5a, b, d (1821). Tliades Emalthion, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. ii. pl. 117, ¢ (1822). Pap. Emalthion, Gray, Catal. Lep. B. M.i. p. 14, pl. 5, fig. 4 ? (1852). Pap. Floridor, Godart. Ene. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 809, ¢ ¢ (1823). Pap. Descombesii, Roger, Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord. i. (1826). Pap. Semperinus, Haase, Unters. ib. Mim. p. 55, 2 (1893). Habitat. Philippme, Sulu, Sangir, and Talaut Isles.—Iliades Lampsacus (Pap. Lampsacus, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 190 (1836). De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 2 (1840). Rothschild, l.c. p. 330 (1895). Habitat. Java—lliades Forbesi (Pap. Forbesi, Grose-Smith, Ann. N. H. 18838, p. 234; id- Rhop. Exot. i. Pap. pl. 1, fig. 1, 2, d (1885). Martin, Tijd. v. Ned. Ind. 1893, p. 4, d ?. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 517, d ¢. Rothschild, J.c. p. 331 (1895). Habitat. Sumatra.—Iliades Acheron (Pap. Acheron, Grose-Smith, Ann. N. H. 1887, p. 432, 3; id. Rhop. Exot. i. Pap. pl. 9, fig. 1, 2, d (1888). Rothschild, J.c. p. 321 (1895). Habitat. N. Borneo. Genus CHARUS. Charus, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 149 (1881). Papilio (part), Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. 1. p. 5 (1846). Papilio (sect. 60, subsect. B), Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. pp. 319, 367 (1864). Papilio (group 6), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 282 (1895). Imaco.—Forewing shorter, broader, and more regularly triangular than in Iliades ; costa much arched in the middle; cell much broader; exterior margin very slightly scalloped ; outer area of upperside in the male clothed with very fine short hairs so densely as to conceal the scales beneath. Hindwing comparatively shorter and more triangular in shape, being less produced hindward; exterior margin more 208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. deeply scalloped ; tailed in both sexes ; basal area of upperside very hairy. Antennal club shorter ; hind tibia slender, with rows of short fine spines. Sexes similar. Larva anp Popa.—Similar to [liades. Tyrr.—cC. Helenus. CHARUS HELENUS (Plate 454, fig. 1, la, b, 3, le, 9). Papilio Helenus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 459 (1758); id. xii. p. 745 (1767). Clerck, Icones Ins. i. pl. 18, fig. 2(1759). Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 185 (1764). Houtt. Nat. Hist. i. 2, p. 191, pl. 8°, fig. 1 (1767). Miiller, Naturs. v. p. 567, pl. 17, fig. 1 (1774). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 443 (1775). Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 90, pl. 153, fig. A, B (1777). Esper, Aus]. Schmett. p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 2 (1784), Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 166, pl. 14, fig. 4, g (1784). Godart, Eneye. Méth. ix. p. 68 (1819). Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 211 (1836). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 11 (1846). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 101 (1857) ; td. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1865, p. 757; id. 1878, p 840, Butler, Tr. Linn, Soc. Lond. Zool. i. p. 553 (1877-9). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 59. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1881, p. 873; Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 429. Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand]. 1882, p. 10. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1. p- 7 (1884). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 343, pl. 29, fig. 3, g (1885). Manders, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 536. Leech, Butt. of China, ii. p. 548 (1893). Oberthiir, Etud. Hut. xvii. p. 4 (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 284 (1895). Achillides Helenus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816). Charus Helenus, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 51. Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 312. ‘ Papilio (Charus) Helenus, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 157. Elwes and de Nicéville, ib. 1886, p. 486. Watson, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, p. 54. de Nieéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, p. 172. Papilio Helenus, aber. rufatus, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 286 (1895). Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich brownish-black; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with slender longitudinal streaks of golden-yellow scales within the cell, and hairy-scaled broad streaks between the outer veins; lower base of the wing also sparsely speckled with golden-yellow scales. Hindwing with a cream-white upper discal patch composed of three portions, a short almost quadrate portion in the costal interspace, and two lower large elongate portions in the subcostal interspaces, a few white or grey scales also being present below the lower portion; at the anal angle is a dark purple-red circlet which generally partly encloses a round black spot, followed by a lower submarginal series of three, sometimes four, more or less apparent purple-red incurved lunules, the first or lower one sometimes forming a circle round a black spot; in some specimens the lower lunule is obsolescent, in others all the latter are obsolete. Underside paler. Forewing with prominent ereyish-white scaled slender cell-streaks and bread outer vein-streaks. Hindwing with the upper basal area speckled with greyish-white scales, and three similar scaled slender longitudinal streaks within the cell, the base of the median and PAPILIONINGL. 209 submedian vein also being white scaled; upper discal white patch composed of three smaller portions than on the upperside; anal ocellus and a complete series of submarginal lunules dark red; an inner subanal confluent lunule also present in the lower median interspace ; the anal and subanal lunules being speckled with violet- blue scales ; beyond is a marginal row of more or less defined red-and-white scaled lunules. Female. Upperside and underside similar to the male, except that the base of the hindwing is paler. Body brownish-black ; collar, front of head and palpi white-spotted; tegule white fringed ; legs and antenne black. Expanse, ¢ 4 to 53, $ 5 to 54 inches. Hasitat.—W. and E. Himalayas; Khasias; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Hong Kong; S. China; Hainan. Distrisution.—In the Western Himalaya Mr. P. W. Mackinnon took “a single specimen of the male in the Dehra Dun, in April, this being the most westerly point from which it has been recorded ” (J. Bombay N. H.8. 1898, 592). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the *‘ Kali Valley, Divalisera, Kumaon, at 2000 feet elevation; scarce.” Gen. G. Ramsay obtained it in Nepal (J. As. S. Bengal, 1886,137). Mr. H. J. Elwes found it “ one of the commonest species of Papilio in Sikkim at all elevations up to 5000 or 6000 feet, but most numerous in the low valleys from April to October” (Tr. Ent. Soc, 1888, 429). Mr. de Nicéville also records it as ‘found in Sikkim throughout the summer, commonly at the lower elevations and as high as 6000 feet ” (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 172). Col. C. Swinhoe says it is “‘ apparently a rare species in the Khasia Hills, two examples from Shillong only, been received” (Tr. Ent. Soe. 1893, 312). Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained fourteen males and three females in the forests around Sileuri, Cachar, from May 7th to August 20th” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 375). Col. C. H. E. Adamson says it is ‘common in Burma wherever there is forest land’? (List, 1897, 47). Capt. E. Y. Watson found it not “ uncommon during the dry-season, January to June, in the Chin Hills, Burma, up to 4000 feet elevation” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1897, 651). Signor L. Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, at Bhamo, in October, and at Meteleo in August and September. Dr. N. Manders found it “abundant in the Shan States, but difficult to secure in good condition, as it has a habit of flying in and out of bushes and soon tatters” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 536). Mr. O. Limborg obtained it at Hatseiga, and on the road from Moolai to Moolat, at 4000 feet elevation ” (P. Z. 8S. 1578, 840). ‘* Several males were taken at Ponsekai, Tavoy, and a few in the Hills on the Siam frontier ” (J. As. S. Beng. 1886, 436). Dr. J. Anderson took it on “ Owen Island, Mergui Archipelago, in January ” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 51). In Hong Kong, Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., found it ‘a very common butterfly, of which stragglers are met with in December and January, VOL. V. Ee 210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and fresh examples were observed in February. The flight is strong, undulating, and very erratic, and it is by no means easy to secure in good condition. The larva is found not rarely on the leaves of various Aurantiaceze”’ (Tr, Ent. Soc. 1895, 469). CHARUS DAKSHA (Plate 455, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, J, 1b, 2). Pupilio (Charus) Daksha, Moore, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 363. Papilio Daksha, Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, p. 580, pl. 6, fig. 3, 3a, larva and pupa. Papilio Helenus Daksha, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 286 (1895). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1900, p. 258. Papilio Helenus, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 3, fig. 2, 2a, Jarva and pupa (1857). Swinhoe, P, Z. S. 1885, p. 145. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 367, Papilio (Charus) Helenus, Ferguson, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, p. 447. Imaco.—Male and female differs from C. Helenws in the shorter and more triangular form of the forewings. Male. Upperside. Hindwing with the three portions of the upper discal creamy-white patch much wider, the upper portion being twice the width of that in Helenus, the lower portion extending to the discocellular veinlet, and generally also along its edge within the cell, the lower por- tion also haying a cluster of greyish-white scales decreasingly extending to near the lower median veinlet ; anal and the submarginal red lunules similar, the anal with an upper bordering of blae scales. Underside. Forewing with the greyish-white outer yein-streaks shorter than in Helenus, crossing the discal area midway between end of the cell and the exterior margin, Hindwing with the discal white patch wider; and generally there are two lower-discal additional red lunules present between the subanal and the white patch. Female. Upperside somewhat paler than in the male. Underside also paler. Forewing with the pale vein-streaks inwardly more distinct. Hindwing similar to the male. Expanse, ¢ 43 to 5, ? 5 to 52 inches, Haxitar.—South India. Larva AND Pupa.—(See Plate 455, fig. 1.) DistripuTion, Etc.—‘‘ This butterfly may be met with in the Kanara District of Bombay, wherever the country is sufficiently wooded, in the same situations as Polymnestor, and at any time of the year, but is not nearly so numerous” (Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H.S. 1896, 580). “* We got one larva of this butterfly on the Tirphal (Zanthoxylum Rhetsa), a horribly thorny tree, leafless in the dry season. The larva has the 4th and 5th segments even more tumid than in Polymnestor, forming a broad and high hump, nearly flat on the top, and bounded before and behind by rugged ridges of a whitish or pale grey colour, chequered with fine brown PAPILIONINA. 211 lines, the anterior ridge ending in a large black and white ocellus on each side. The pupa was distinguishable from that of Polymnestor chiefly by the two projecting points on the head being somewhat curved upwards” (ib. l.c. 1890, 367). The larva also *‘ feeds on Citrus decumana and Citrus medica” (de Nicéville, J. As. S. Bengal, 1900, 258). Mr. 8. N. Ward, in his MS. Notes, writes, “ It is found from the top of the Nilgiris and Shevaroys to the coast on both sides, chiefly after the monsoon. It likes the forest and may be seen early over the trees low down on the mountain passes. Like Polymnestor it is fond of hovering about watery and muddy places. The larva feeds on the Orange and Lime, but is exceedingly difficult to find.” It is “common on the Nilgiris from 1000 to 7000 feet elevation. The larva feeds on Orange, and has the power of protruding two pink horns from the head with a delicious scent. It will always do this if taken up by a pair of scissors, or by the beak of a bird” (G. F. Hampson, l.c. 363). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson records it as **common in the Travancore Hills from 2000 feet upwards” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 446). Col. C. Swinhoe look it in Poona, Bombay (P. Z. 8. 1885, 145). Our illustrations of the larva and pupa on Plate 455 are from the late Mr. 8. N. Ward’s original drawings. CHARUS MOOREANUS. Papilio Helenus Mooreanus, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 286 (1895). Charus Helenus, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 149, pl. 58, fig. 3, ¢ (1881). Imaco.—Upperside brownish-black. Forewing with sparsely irrorated golden- yellow scaled streaks within the cell and between the outer veins. Hindwing with a broad pale yellow upper-discal patch, which has an irregular outer border; an indistinct crimson slender lunule above anal angle, and other lower-submarginal lunules, these latter being more distinct in the female; a few yellow scales on the disc below the patch. Underside. Hindwing with the discal white patch as above, and a complete series of seven subdiscal blue lunules, of which the three anterior stand at the outer edge of the white discal patch, and the two posterior are situated within the anal and subanal rufous spots. Expanse, 43 to 53 inches. Hasirat.— Ceylon. Disrripution.—Mr. F, M. Mackwood says this butterfly is ‘* found principally in open glades, and roadways in the jungle, from about 2000 to 4000 feet elevation. Capt. Wade took it at Kandy, Ambogamma and in the Kottowa forest. It frequents high jungle only, in suitable country; not uncommon” (Lep. Ceylon, i, 149). Dr. N. Manders records it as ‘fa very common insect in Ceylon, at all elevations, but especially so in the low country ” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1899, 222). Ee 2 bo — bo LEPIDOPTERA INDICA CHARUS ISWARA (Plate 458, fig. 1, g, la, 2). Papilio Iswara, White, Entom. i. p, 280 (1842). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep.i. p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 1 (1846). Gray, Catal. Lep. B. M. i. p. 19 (1852). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 101 (1857). Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges, Wien. p. 320 (1864). Wallaee, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 51. Butler, ib. 1877, p. 553. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 344, pl. 30, fig. 1, g, 2, ¢ (1885). Hagen, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 154; 7b. Iris, 1894, p. 21. Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 288 (1895). Charus Iswara, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1886, p. 51. Iuaco.—Male. Upperside rich brownish-black ; cilia slightly alternated with white. Forewing with slender longitudinal golden-yellow scaled cell streaks and hairy-scaled broader outer vein-streaks, the latter palest posteriorly ; lower base of the wing also golden-yellow scaled. Hindwing with a large broad creamy-white upper-discal patch composed of four portions ; the outer edge of the lower portion not sharply-defined, but thickly white scaled, and with a decreasing cluster of similar scales extending from its lower edge; an incuryed anal and a lower marginal lunule dark crimson. Underside. Forewing duller coloured, bluish-black; cell streaks prominent and bluish-grey; vein streaks short, broad, bluish-grey and uniformly restricted midway across the wing. Hindwing blue-black ; upper basal area speckled with grey scales; cell streaks and base of the veins grey-scaled; the upper-discal white patch as above, but not so broad, and followed by two lower small more-or-less- defined white or greyish-white scaled lunular spots placed in the median interspaces ; a large dark red anal incomplete ocellus and a red lower marginal complete ocellus, the former being inwardly bordered with blue scales, and followed by three lower- diseal blue-scaled lunules; outer margin with a slender white cilial-lunule between the veins, the upper being somewhat wider. Female. Upperside. Forewing brownish-black, the cell and vein-streaks paler, the latter more distinct, and fuliginous-grey posteriorly. Hindwing with similar large discal white patch as in male, but with its anterior portion shorter, the lower decreasing cluster of white scales prominent ; a large dark crimson anal and a lower marginal ocellate-spot. Underside. Forewing paler; similar tothemale. Hindwing also similar to the male, except that the two lower-discal white-scaled lunules are larger, and the red anal and lower marginal ocellate-spot complete, their black centre being smaller. Body brownish-black ; front of thorax and head white spotted; abdomen with a lateral row of white dots and longitudinal whitish scaled streaks. Expanse, ¢ 5 to 53, ? 53 inches. Havitar.—Lower Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Banka; Billiton. Distrisution.—Within our area, specimens were obtained by Dr, J. Anderson in PAPILIONIN 2. 213 **Mergui, in December, and on Kisserang Island in January” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 51). Of our illustrations on Plate 456, fig. 1 is from a Mergui male, and fig. la from ~ g a Malacca female. Ixpo-Matay Sprcres.—Charus Niconicolens (Papilio Niconicolens, Butler, Aun. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 139. Pap. Helenus Niconicolens, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. i. 287 (1895). Habitat. S. Japan; Loo Choo Isles.—Charus Palawanicus (Pap. Helenus var. Palawanicus, Staudinger, Iris, i. p. 278 (1888); ii. p. 12 (1889). Rothschild, J.c. p. 287 (1895). Pap. Helenus vav., Enganius, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 31. Habitat. Java; Sumatra; Nias; Engano; Borneo; Palawan.—Charus Hystaspes (Pap. Hystaspes, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1862, p- 283; Reise Novara, Lep. i. p. 105, pl. 15, fig. C (1865). Semper, Phil. Tagf. p- 274 (1892). Syn. Pap. Varasi, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 465. Habitat. Philippines.—Charus Araspes (Pap. Araspes, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1859, p. 321; Reise, Nov. Lep. i. p. 108, pl. 15, fig. A (1865). Semper, Phil. Tagf. p. 275. Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p.421. Habitat. Borneo.— Charus Iswaroides (Pap. Iswaroides, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 304. Habitat. Battak Mountains, Sumatra. Genus SADENGIA. Papilio (group 7), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 290 (1895), Imaco.—Closely allied to Charus. Forewing triangular ; costa arched towards the end, exterior margin slightly scalloped ; outer area of the upperside not clothed with fine short hairs above the scales, as is the case in U. Helenus and its allied forms. Hindwing comparatively broader and shorter; tail shorter. Type.—sS. Nephelus. SADENGIA CHAON (Plate 457, fig. 1, la, b,e, ¢, 1d, 2). Papilio Chaon, Westwood, Arcana Ent. ii. p. 97, pl. 72, fig. 1, la, g (1845). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 11 (1846). Gray, Catal. Lep. B. M. i. p. 18 (1852); Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 102 (1857). Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 320, 367. Moore, P.Z.S. 1865, p. 757. Druce, P.Z.8. 1874, p. 109. Eiwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 429. Manders, 7d. 1890, p. 536. Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. xvii. p. 4 (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 291 (1895). Paptiio (Charus) Chaon, Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 436. de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 172. Charus Chaon, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 312. Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black. Forewing with slender longitudinal golden-yellow scaled streaks within the cell, and broad streaks between the outer 214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. veins uniformly extending from the base ; a short white cilial lunular point between the veins, the apical one being sometimes elongated. Hindwing with a large creamy- white upper-discal patch usually composed of four portions, of which the upper portion is much the shortest, and, generally, the lower portion has an attached very small more or less whitish speckled spot ; in some specimens there are golden-yellow scales scattered longitudinally between the outer interspaces of the median branches, and, in others, the outer marginal and lower discal area are sparsely speckled with similar scales. Cilia alternated slenderly with white. Underside paler. Forewing with grey-scaled cell streaks and golden-yellow scaled outer vein streaks, these latter streaks either uniformly occupying the outer interspaces, or, in some, are more or less restricted to the apical area, with their inner ends slightly more defined and greyish- scaled—thus slightly indicating the presence of a subapical oblique fascia; a bluish- white constricted spot is always present obliquely placed in the submedian interspace near the posterior angle, below which is a more or less white-speckled smaller spot ; cilial white points prominent. Hindwing with the upper and lower basal area and the cell streaks, or the whole dark area of the wing except the tail sparsely irrorated with golden-yellow or greyish scales; upper discal patch white, of which the four portions, as above, are sometimes smaller, these being followed by three very much smaller lower-discal spots, which latter are either quadrate, bluntly conical, or lunular in shape, placed in the median and submedian interspaces, and thus form a transverse discal interrupted band, these three last spots are either white, or the third, and in some the second and third are yellowish-ochreous, and occasionally, but very rarely, these three lower-diseal small spots are absent; beyond is a sub- marginal row of six yellowish-ochreous lunules and an anal lunule; cilial lunules prominently white. Head and thorax black; collar and head white spotted ; abdomen fuliginous-black with a white lateral continuous streak and a sublateral row of dots; legs black, femora white beneath; antennz black. Female. Upperside paler, dark sepia-brown ; cell and vein-streaks paler, the anterior streaks having their base slightly greyish-white scaled outside end of the cell, and thus form an ill-defined subapical oblique fascia; the posterior streaks are also more or less slightly greyish-white scaled; marginal cilial white pomts and elongated apical cilia as in the male. Hindwing with the dark outer area in some specimens very sparsely irrorated with golden-yellow scales; upper-discal patch similar to the male, composed of five portions, very pale yellow, the upper portion being shorter ; cilia slenderly alternated with white. Underside. Forewing similar to the male, except that, on the forewing, the subapical greyish-white fascia is more defined than on the upperside, the white spots at the posterior angle and the marginal points are larger; and, on the h indwing, the anal and submarginal yellowish-ochreous lunules are broader, the marginal cilial lunules are also somewhat PAPILIONINA. 215 broader and tinged with yellowish-ochreous. Addoiven with lateral white streaks and white spots beneath. Expanse, d 3} to 43, 2 5 to 54 inches, Hasitat.—Nepal ; Sikkim; Assam; Cachar; Khasias; Burma; Shan States ; Siam; Tonkin. Distrinution.—We possess a male from Nepal, taken by the late Gen. G. Ramsay. Mr. H. J. Elwes says it is ‘ not uncommon in the low valleys of Sikkim, and is often seen flying up and down the course of the rivers, in company with Helenus and many other species, from April on till October” (‘lr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 429). Col. C. Swinhoe records it ‘*common in the Khasia Hills” (Tr. Ent. Soe. 1898, 312). Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained three males at Irangmara, Cachar, from July 25th to August 6th” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 375). Col. C. H. E. Adamson says it is ‘‘ widely spread throughout Burma, except in the hot plains” (List, 1897, 47). Capt. E. Y. Watson found it in the “ Chin Hills, occurring rarely, in company with Helenus, during the dry season, January to June” (J. Bombay N. H. §. 1897, 671). Mr. Elwes records ‘‘ two males from Ponsekai, Tavoy” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 456). Dr. N. Manders found it “not so common, in the Shan States, as Helenus, but occurring in the same localities’ (Tr. Hut. Soe. 1890, 536). Of our illustrations on Plate 457, fig. 1 and la are from Pegu males, 1b, Burma male, 1c, Nepal male, and ld, female from Sikkim. SADENGIA PREXASPES (Plate 458, fig. 1, la, ¢, 1b, ¢, 2). Papilio Prexaspes, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, p. 320; id. Reise Novara Lep. i. p. 107, pl. 10, fig. D (1865). Butler, Trans. Linon. Soc. Lond. Zool. i. p. 553 (1877). Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. iv. p. 46 (1879). Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 254, 2. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 345, pl. 29, fig. 2, J (1885). Papilio fuscus Prexaspes, Rothschild, Noy. Zool. ii. p. 297 (1895). Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuligiuous-black ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing irrorated from the base with golden-yellow scales forming longitudinal cell and outer vein streaks; and with a posterior small broken-ciuster of whitish scales before the angle. Hindwing with an upper-discal large creamy-white or pale yellow patch divided by the black veins, composed of four portions, and a lower contiguous very small cluster of similar coloured scales in the upper median interspace, the third portion sometimes extending to within apex of the cell ; lower-discal area traversed by more or less very sparsely irrorated with lunularly-disposed golden-yellow scales, those above the anal angle being pale blue. Underside paler, Furewing with the irrorated cell-streaks slender, the vein-streaks being restricted medially across the outer area, decreasing in length and more or less obsolescent, or obsolete hindward, where there 216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. is a broken grey-scaled spot before the angle. Hindwing with the basal area, including the cell, irrorated with golden-yellow scales ; upper-discal patch whiter than above, the lower or fourth portion followed by three bluish-white lunular spots, of which the inner one is broadest, thus forming a transverse discal band, each portion of which is outwardly-bordered by a contiguous blue-scaled lunule ; beyond is a submarginal row of ochreous lunules, the lower three of which are sometimes almost obliterated, a similar coloured lunule is also present above the anal angle. ody fuliginous ; front of thorax and head black, spotted with bluish-white; abdomen with a lateral continuous white streak; legs and antennz black ; femora white beneath. Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the outer area more densely irrorated with golden-yellow scales between the veins than in the male, thus forming more- defined streaks, their inner ends from near the costa across the disc being somewhat paler and slightly greyish anteriorly, and posteriorly ending in a golden-yellow scaled spot before the angle, thus indicating an obscurely-defined transverse discal fascia. Hindwing similar to the male. Underside. Forewing paler; cell streaks slender ; with a distinctly defined outwardly-recurved transverse-discal greyish-white fascia, which commences broadly beyond the cell near the costa and there radiating outward with pale golden-yellow scales between the veins, decreasing in width and nearly obliterated posteriorly, where if joins the greyish-white scaled spot before the angle. Hindwing similar to the male. Abdomen black at the sides and beneath, with a lateral and sublateral continuous white streak interspaced with a row of white dots, and a broader white longitudinal streak beneath. Expanse, ¢ 33 to 44, ? 4 to 43 inches. Hasirat.—S8. Andamans ; Cocos Island; Malay Peninsula ; Borneo. Distrisution.—Mr. J. Wood-Mason records ‘‘ seven males and two females, from Port Blair, 8. Andamans, taken by Mr. F. de Roepstorft”’ (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, 254). Col. C. H. E. Adamson has a single male from Cocos Island. Our illustration on Plate 458, figs. 1, la, b,c, are from Andaman male and female. SADENGIA PITMANI (Plate 459, fig. 1, la, 3). Papilio (Laertias) Pitmani, Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 434, pl. 20, fire ded. Papilio Pitmani, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. i. p. 685 (1894) ; zd. II. p. 343 (1895). Male. Upperside fuliginous-black; cilia alternated with white. Forewing irrorated with golden scales, those within the cell forming longitudinal streaks; two small clusters of these scales being more distinct near the posterior angle. Hindwing PAPILIONINZ. 217 with a transverse medial-discal creamy-white macular band composed of either six, or seven, portions, the upper one shortest, the three next longest, of which the fourth is narrowest, the fifth, sixth, and seventh decreasingly smaller, the sixth and seventh being slightly tinged with ochreous and sprinkled with brown scales; in some specimens the seventh spot is indicated only by a few ochreous scales, and in others, a small deep ochreous spot is present above the anal angle; lower outer- discal area with a few scattered golden-yellow scales. Underside duller fuliginous- black. Forewing with the golden irrorations restricted to the cell-streaks, and outwardly, either to the apical area, or transversely decreasing hindward; two posterior greyish-white scaled quadrate spots before the angle, and in some specimens two or three smaller similar spots in the interspaces above. Hindiwing with the basal area irrorated with golden-yellow scales ; the discal macular band, as above, pure white throughout ; followed by a submarginal series of seven lunules, which are partly ochreous and white, beyond which are white cilial lunules on the margin, Body faliginous-black ; front of thorax and head black, spotted with white ; abdomen with a lateral white streak ; antenne and legs black; fore femora white beneath. Expanse, d 34 to 3? inches. Hapirat.—Tenasserim. Disrrisution.—‘‘ Four males are recorded from Ponsekai, Tavoy ”’ (de Nicéville, Lc. 434). Our illustrations on Plate 459, fig. 1, la are from two males, taken at Ponsekai, Tavoy. SADENGIA NOBLEI (Plate 459, fig. 2, 2a, ¢). Papilio Noblei, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 287, pl. 13, fig. 2, J; id. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 335. Fruhstorfer, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. Iris, 1901, p. 268, 2 ; 2. Beri. Ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 172, ¢ 2. Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p, 284 (1895). Papilio Henricus, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. xvi. p. 3, pl. 4, fig. 39, g. Male. Upperside fuliginous-black. Forewing with four slightly-apparent longitudinal cell-streaks composed of scattered ochreous scales ; outer area not hairy- scaled ; cilia black. Hindwing with a large upper-discal cream-coloured tripartite patch extending from the costal vein to the radial, of which the middle portion has its lower inner-end extending slightly within the cell; a dark red semicircle enclosing a black spot at the anal angle; cilia alternated with white. Underside. Morewing paler fuliginous-black; cell-streaks grey ; outer veins speckled with grey scales at their extreme ends, and also at the ends of their intervening folds; a very few grey scales scattered over the discal area. Hindwing pale fuliginous-black basally, black exteriorly ; upper discal patch as above; beyond which is a submarginal series of yellowish-ochreous lunules extending from the costa to upper median, a similar vot. ¥. September 19th, 1902. F f 218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. lunule in the lower median interspace, an almost complete ring-spot at the anal angle, and above the latter an elongated pale greyish streak ; a few blue scales are scattered on the lower-discal area between the submedian and radial. Expanse, 6, 4 inches. Haprrat.—Burma; Tonkin. Distripution.—* Two males were taken in the Karen Hills, Lower Burma, in February and March” (de Nicéville, J.c. 287). Our description is from a male in Mr. Grose-Smith’s collection, taken by Mr. T, A. Hauxwell at Tounghoo, Upper ‘enasserim, in March. Mr. de Nicéville records it from the ‘* Katha District, Upper Burma” (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1899, 335). Both sexes were taken by Mr. H. Fruhstorfer in Middle Tonkin, who says ‘‘it is very shy, the males settle on moist sandy sheltered river banks, where they suck eagerly, but are terrified at the faintest rustle and dart suddenly upwards, to vanish among the highest branches of the trees, from whence they will not again emerge for half, or frequently a whole hour. The females never consort with the males upon the sand, but seek some secluded Lantana bush, where they opportunely encounter the males” (/.c. p. 268). Inpo-Matay Spectrs.—Sadengia Nephelus (Pap. Nephelus, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 210, 1836). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. i. p. 290 (1895). Habitat. Celebes ; Java.—Sadengia Saturnus (Pap. Saturnus, Guérin, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 7, pl. 4, ¢ (1884). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 345, pl. 30, fig. 8, d, 4, 5, $ (1885). Pap. Nephelus Saturnus, Rothschild, J.c. p. 290 (1895). Pap. Neptunus, Guérin, Deless. Voy. pl. 18 (1843). Pap. albolineatus, Forbes, Nat. Wand. E. Arch. p. 275 (1885); Waterhouse, Aid. i. pl. 166, fig. 1 (1886). Habitat. Malacca; Sumatra; Borneo.—Sadengia Uranus (Pap. Uranus, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 271, d 9. Pap. Nephelus Uranus, Rothschild, lc. p. 291 (1895). Habitat. Nias.—Sadengia Nubilus (Pap. Nubilus, Staudinger, Iris, 1895, p. 344. Rothschild, lc. p. 291 (1895). Habitat. N. Borneo.—Sadengia Diophantus (Pap. Diophantus, Grose-Smith, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1883, p. 234, ?; Rhop. Exot. Pap. p. J, pl. 1, fig. 3, 4, ¢ (1887). Hagen, Iris, 1894, p. 22. Rothschild, l.c. p. 292 (1895). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 515. Habitat. Sumatra.—Sadengia Chaonulus (Pap. Chaon, subsp. Chaonulus, Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 1902, p. 73. Habitat. Hainan —Sadengia Hipponous (Pap. Hipponous, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1862, p. 283 $2; id. Nov. Reise Lep. i. p. 104, pl. 15, fig. B, 2. Rothschild, l.c. p. 342). Habitat, Philippines. Genus ARAMINTA. Araminta, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 50; Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Lep. ii. p. 292 (1896). Papilio (part), Doubleday and Hewitson. bo an =) PAPILIONIN 4. Papilio (Demolion group), Wallace, Trans. Linn, Soc. xxv. p. 59 (1865). Papilio (seet. 59), Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 318, 566. Papilio (group 6, part), Rothschild, Nov, Zool. ii. p. 282 (1895). Imaco.—Forewing elongately-triangular ; costa arched, exterior margin very oblique and almost even; cell long, very broad; the basal and outer dark area of the male clothed with very fine short hairs, so densely, as to conceal the scales beneath, those of the outer area being arranged somewhat in longitudinal patches. Hindwing short, broad, triangular ; exterior margin scalloped and furnished with a lengthened spatular tail ; cell more than half length of the wing, Antenne with a lengthened slender club. Sexes similar. Larva.—Similar to that of O. Frithonius; anterior segments scutellated ; furnished with two tentacular processes on the second, and two short fleshy processes on the ninth, and anal seement. Pura.—Curved abruptly backwards; head bifid; thorax with a lengthened curved acute thoracic process. ARAMINTA DEMOLION (Plate 460, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, J, 1c, ? ). Papilio Demolion, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 140, pl. 89, fig. A, B (1776). Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. 1, p- 79 (1779). Jablonsky and Herbst, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 199, pl. 49, fig. 1, 2 (1788). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 13 (1846). Gray, Catal. Lep. B. M. I. p. 25 (1852). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 105, pl. 3, fig. 5, 5a, larva and pupa (1857). Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 138, 366. Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc, Lond. xxv. p. 59 (1865), Butler, Catal. Lep. Fabr. B. M. p. 253 (1869). Druce, P. Z. 8. Lond. 1874, p. 108. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 7 (1884). Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 37 (1884). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 349, pl. 27B, fig. 3, g (1885). Pryer, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 273. Staudinger, Iris, i. p. 277 (1888). Hagen, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 154; td. Iris, vii. p. 26 (1894). Rothschild, Noy. Zool. ii. p. 282 (1895). Araminta Demolion, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond. Zool. 1886, p. 50. Papilio (Araminta) Demolion, de Nicéville, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 513. Papilio Cresphontes, Fabricius (nee Cramer), Spec. Ins. ii. p. 19 (1781). Horstfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, pl. 3, fig. 4, 4a, larva and pupa (1828). Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 23, pl. 15, fig. 1 (1835). Boisduval, Spee. Gén. Lep. i. p. 220 (1836). Chenu, Ency. d'Hist. Nat. Pap. pl. 1, fig. 1 (1851). Heraclides Cresphontes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816). Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside fuliginous-black. Forewing with the basal area very sparsely irrorated with yellow scales; with an oblique transverse discal macular band, composed of a linear series of nine pale sulphur-yellow spots, extending from the posterior margin and decreasing in size to the apex ; the anterior six are rounded and separated by the veins, the lower three being more quadrate in Ff 2 220 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. shape and conjoined; cilia black. Hindwing with a transverse subbasal broader pale sulphur-yellow continuous band, extending from the costa to abdominal margin, its inner edge being almost even, the outer edge extending across the cell at some distance from its apex, and above which the edge is outwardly twice acutely angled ; beyond is a submarginal series of six pale sulphur-yellow lunules, of which the two upper are much the smallest and either conical or rounded in shape; at the anal angle is a parti-coloured reddish-ochreous half-circlet enclosing a black spot, the ochreous tint being brightest in the female; above the latter is a small cluster of bluish-grey scales; cilia slenderly alternated with white. Underside. Forewing greyish-black, lower basal area clothed with pale yellowish-grey scales and fine short hairs; cell-streaks prominent, pale grey; transverse discal macular band, as on upperside, much paler yellow ; outer veins edged with grey scales at their tips and with an intervening short grey marginal streak between the veins ; the veins to near their ends pale vellow. Hindwing with the basal area greyish-black and densely covered with pale yellowish-grey scales ; the transverse band, as on upperside, much paler yellow; apex of cell, and outer-discal area deep black between the veins ; crossed by a medial-discal curved row of six bluish-grey lunules, and a submarginal bordering series of broad pale yellow lunules, of which latter the anterior and the anal ringlet and also the discal edges of the veins are tinged with bright ochreous. joy above fuliginous-black, beneath pale yellow; collar, head, and front yellow spotted ; legs black, femora beneath pale yellow ; antenne black. Expanse, d ? 34 to 43 inches. Larva.—Similar to that of O. Evithonius. Anterior segments scutellated ; furnished with two tentacular processes on the second segment, and two short fleshy processes on the ninth and anal segment. Pura.—Curved abruptly backwards; head bifid; thorax with a lengthened curved acute thoracic process. Hasrrat.—Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Nias; Java; Borneo; Palawan. Distripution.—‘* Not uncommon about Tavoy in the autumn months. One specimen caught in Tounggya Sekkam, Upper Tenasserim, in February” (Coli. C. H. E. Adamson, List, 1897, 48). We possess a female from Tavoy, taken in January by Mr. Tucker. Mr. T. A. Hauxwell obtained it in the Salween Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in November. A specimen from Moulmein is in the British Museum. Dr. J. Anderson took it in ‘“‘ Mergui, in December” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 50). Mr. H. Druce records it from ‘‘ Chentaboon, Siam ” (P. Z. 8. 1874, 108). Dr. L. Martin writes, “* In N.E. Sumatra it flies from March to July in the forests of the outer Hills, from Selesseh to South Bekantschan. Is rather rare in our area. The males have a quick and restless flight and frequent flowers, on which they do PAPILIONIN ££. 221 not settle, but abstract the honey while hovering. The larva feeds on Citrus” (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, 513). Of our illustrations on Plate 460, fig. 1 is from Dr. Horsfield’s Java drawings of the larva and pupa; fig. la, b isa male from the Salween Valley, and fig. lea female from Tavoy. ARAMINTA LIOMEDON (Plate 461, fig. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, J, 1c, 2). Papilio Liomedon, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 575. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 864. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 367, pl. D, figs. 1, 2, 38, larva and pupa, Ferguson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 446. Papilio Demolion Liomedon, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 283 (1895). Iuaco.—Male and female. Upperside similar to 4. Deinolion, but differs, on the forewing, in all the spots, composing the transverse discal pale sulphur- yellow band, being distinctly separated from one another, and are somewhat smaller in the female. On the hindwing the pale sulphur-yellow band is placed farther from the base, with its outer edge extending beyond the cell; the submarginal lunules are somewhat larger and have more acute outer points. Underside similar to Demolion, but with the same differences in the band, on both wings, as on the upperside, and on the hindwing the discal black patches between the veins are shorter. Expanse, 3 4, ? 34 inches. Larva and Pupa.—(See Plate 461.) Hasirat.—South India. Lire Hisrory.—* On the 2nd of August we were on the very peak of Goodhally Hill, when one of us noticed a P. Liomedon flying suspiciously round a tree in very thick jungle. This was a tempting butterfly, but: with a painful effort of self-control the net was laid down and the butterfly patiently tracked until, after wearisome vacillation, it settled on a tender shoot of Acronychia laurifolia. It remained settled for a long time, and then flew off altogether, leaving ten eggs, laid one on top of the other, as shown on the plate. On the 7th of August the caterpillars emerged, and, to minimize risk, were divided between three glass tubes, tightly corked. On August 10th a gust of wind blew one of the tubes off the table and three of the caterpillars perished, but the remaining seven throve and were in due time transferred to a branch standing in a bottle of water. The mouth of the bottle was plugged with cotton wool, but two of them forced their way in and committed suicide. By a prompt use of the means recommended by the Humane Society for the restoration ot persons apparently drowned, one was revived, but continued weakly, and was soon 222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. after killed by ants. Five passed successfully through all dangers and became beautiful specimens, one female and four males. All through their lives these larvee continued gregarious, dispersing occasionally to feed, but always returning to rest side by side on the upper surface of a leaf. The following dates may be interesting. Eggs laid, 2nd August ; hatched, 7th August; skins cast (and eaten), 12th August ; again, 17th; and again, 20th to 22nd August. The most advanced cast its skin again on the 28th of August, became a pupa on the 2nd of September, and emerged on the 15th of September. The others followed within two days. At first the larva were of an oily-yellow colour, and bore many pairs of spiny points, but these disappeared with age, and after the last moult there were only the short fleshy processes on the second and last segment which characterize the group, and one additional curved pair on the ninth segment. The colour after the last moult was a clear slaty-blue, changing eventually to a greenish tint, with light brown markings very much the same as those which characterize the rest of the Hrithonius group. The pupa was more abruptly bent back from the middle of the thorax than that of Pap. Hrithonius, and adorned on the thorax with a sword-shaped horn, fully three-eighths of an imch long, and always bent a little either to the right or left. The colour, of the pupa, was brown, or green and yellow, according to situation”’ (J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 367). Disrrinution.—‘* This is not a rare butterfly in Kanara, but more local than most species, owing perhaps to the larva feeding exclusively (so far as we know) on Acronychia laurifolia, a tree which is almost confined to the tops of wooded hills. We have met with the butterfly chiefly from August to October” (J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, 581). The late Mr. 8. N. Ward writes, *T found this butterfly only about Calicut, and reared the larva”’ (MS. Notes). The food-plants of the larva are Hvodia Roxburghiana and Acronychia laurifolia, both of the Order Rutacee” (J. R. D. Bell, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1900, 258). Mr. G. F. Hampson records ‘* two specimens obtained in September on the Western Slopes of the Nilgiris, at 2500 feet elevation’? (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888, 364). Mr. H. S. Ferguson records ‘six specimens taken in Travancore. Seen oftener in the low country than on the Hills, and of those taken, all but one were more or less damaged ”’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 446). Of our illustrations on Plate 461, fig. | represents the larva and pupa copied from Mr. Ward's original drawings; fig. la, b from a Karwar male, and fig. le from a female reared at Calicut by Mr. Ward. Puitirrine Spectes.—Araminta Antonio (Papilio Antonio, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. v. Pap. pl. 14, fig. 46, ¢ (1875). Haase, Untersuch. iib. Mim. p. 39 (1893). Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 284 (1895). Pap. (Araminta) Antonio, Semper, Phil. Tagfalt. p. 274, pl. 47, fig. 4, d (1892). Habitat. Mindanao. PAPILIONINZ. 223 Genus LAERTIAS. Laertias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 150 (1881). Papilio (sect. 60, subsect. a), Felder, Verh. Z, B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 318, 366. Papilio (group H), Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxv. p. 51 (1865). Papilio (group 18), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 341 (1895). Imaco.—Wings short, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex rounded. Hindwing convex and scalloped externally, with a more or less developed spatular tail, in both sexes, from the upper median veinlet. Cell in both wings broad. Body short ; antennal club moderately stout. Sexes, in the normal form, similar. Female polymorphic ; second and third form mimics of other Papilionine. Larva.—Smooth, glossy; attenuated posteriorly; anterior segments swollen and scutellated ; twelfth segment with a pair of small pointed tubercles; front of second segment projecting, truncated, and, when irritated, it thence exserts a blood-red retractile branched tentacle emitting an offensive odour. Pupa.—Curved anteriorly backward ; head flattened and bifid in front; thorax conically pointed in front and tuberculate laterally ; wing cases laterally dilated and slightly tuberculate ; abdominal segments with slight dorsal tubercles. Typs.—L. Pammon. LAERTIAS PAMMON (Plate 462, 465, 464). Papilio Pammon,* Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, ¢ (1758); Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 746, go (1764); Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 745 - (1767). Clerck, Ivones Ins. i. pl. 14, fig. 2, § (1764). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 445, ¢ (7s 5). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 2, 2 (1785). Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 272, ¢ 2 (1836). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 11 (1846), Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soe. ae ,, p. 49 (1847). Lang. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, p. 101. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, PP. 487, 756, id. 1878, pp. 696, 840. Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soe. xxv. 1865, p. 51, pl. 2, fig. 1 g,3 2. de Nicéville Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 52. Princeps Heroicus pe eee Hiibner, § aa Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 109, fig. 1, 2 (1806-16). Laertias Pammon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 g¢ (1816). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1882, p- 259. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 145; zd. 1886, p. 433. Papilio Polytes, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460 (1758), 2 2ud form; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 186, 9 (1764); Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 746, 9 (1767). Clerck, Icones Ins. i. pl. 14, fig. 1, @ (1764). Fabricius, Syst. Entom. p. 443 (1775). Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 141, pl. 12, fig. 38, @ (1776). Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. p. 129, pl. 265, fig. C, @ (1782). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p 185, pl. 15, fig. 2, 9 ; dd. pl. 20, tig. 3, 4, 2 (1775). Esper, Aus]. Schmett. p. 50, pl. 12, fig. 1, 2 (1786). Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. v. p. 49, (1847). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 487, 756, ¢. Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, p. 101, 9. Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1865, p. 51, pl. 2, fig. 5, 2. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 253, ¢ ¢ (1869). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. * We use Pammon as the proper name for this butterfly in preference to that of Pulytes—both names appearing on the same page in Syst. Nat. Pammon applies to both sexes of the normal form of the species, and Pulytes to that of one of the subsequently-developed mimetic forms of the female. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 1874, p. 108, ¢ 9%. Butler, Tr. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 552, ¢ 9. Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1882, p. 11, 9, p.18, gd. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 7, d 2 (1884). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 347, pl. 33, fig. 7, 9, 8,9, 9, 1st form, fig. 10, 2nd form, 9 (1885). Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 429, ¢ 2. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soe. 1890, p. 366, larva and pupa. Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 343, ¢ 9 (1895). Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 174. Menelaides Polytes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816) ¢. Papilio (Laertias) Polytes, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 512, ¢ 2. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 187, ¢ 9. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 363, Jd ¢. Luertias Polytes, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 51, g ¢. Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, S1g4g7 26 Papilio Romuius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 67, pl. 43, fig. A (1776), 9, 8rd form. Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 145 (1784). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 105, pl. 25, fig. 2, 9 (1785-98). Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 2, 2 (1781). Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D, Lep. i. p. 10 (1846). Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1865, p. 52, pl. 2, fig. 6. Chaumette, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1865, p. 37. Meneluides Romulus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816). Laertias Romulus, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 150, pl. 59, fic. 1, la, 6 9, b, c, 2nd and 3rd form, 9 (1881). Papilio Mutius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 3, 9 (1793). Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 70 (1819). Papilio Cyrus, Fabricius, Ent, Syst. iii. 1, p. 7, 9 1st form (1793). Laertias Cyrus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816), Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 96, fig. 1, 2, 2 1st form (1820-26). Papilio Astyanax, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iil. 1, p. 13, 2 3rd form (1793). Donovan, Ins, of India, pl. 19, fig. 1 (1800). Papilio Stichius, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 112, 2 2nd form (1806-16). Papilio Pammon, var. Nikobarus, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1862, p. 463; id. 1864, p. 319, dQ lst form. Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 592. Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 237. de Nicéville, i¢7. 1881, p. 253, zd. 1882, p. 18. Papilio Polytes, var. Ceylanicus, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien, 1864, pp. 319, 367, ¢ 9. Normal Form. (Plate 462, fig. 1, larva and pupa, fig. la, 3, 1b, 2). Papilio Pammon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, ¢ (1758); id. ed. xii. p. 746, ¢ (1767). Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 189, g (1764). Clerck, Icones Ins. i. pl. 14, fig. 2, g§ (1764). Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 445, g (1775). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 2 (1785). Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 272, 3 2 (1836). Hutton, Tr. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1847, p. 49. Lang, Ent, Mo. Mag. 1864, p- 101. Moore, P.Z.S. 1865, pp. 487, 756; id. 1878, pp. 696, 840. Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. 1865, p. 51, pl. 2, fig. 1 g, 3 ¢. Prineeps Hervicus Pammon, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 1. pl. 109, fig. 1, 2 (1806-16.) Laertias Pammon, Hiibn. Verz. bek, Schmett. p. 84 (1816). Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 259, ¢ ?. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 145, larva and pupa; id, 1886, p. 433, ¢ 9. Papilio Cyrus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 7 (1798). Laertias Cyrus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816) ; Samm], Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 96, fig. 1, 2 (1820-26). Papilio Nicobarus, Felder, Verz. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 318, 367. Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 592. Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 237. de Nicéville, zd. 1881, p. 253; id. 1882, p. 18. or PAPILIONINA, 22% Papilio Polytes, var. Ceylanicus, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. 1864, pp. 319, 367, dQ. Laertias Romulus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 150, pl. 59, fig. 1, la, ¢ 2, (1881). Papilio Polytes, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 347, pl. 33, fig. 7, 8,9, ¢ 2 (1885), nec fig. 10. Auri- villius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand]. 1882, p. 13, ¢. Imaco.—Male and female similar. Male. Upperside fuliginous-blick. Forewing with very shightly-defined golden-yellow scaled slender longitudinal cell streaks and similar wider outer-vein streaks; an outer marginal series of small creamy-white spots, including the cilia, placed between the veins, and decreasing in size upward to the apex. Héindwing with a transverse discal recurved series of seven variable short cream-white spots, divided by the veins, the lowest spot generally having a few outer-bordering blue scales, and occasionally an incipient small subanal red lunule ; cilia alternated with white. Underside paler. Forewing with the cell and outer vein scaled-streaks as above, the latter restricted to the apical area; marginal spots as above. Hindwing with the basal area very sparsely irrorated with greyish-white scales ; the transverse discal series of white spots as above, these latter sometimes with a few scattered outer bordering blue-grey scales, or, the two lower spots only with a lunular cluster of these scales; followed by a submarginal series of small more or less ochreous lunulate spots, and a brighter ochreous lunule above the anal angle; and then a marginal series of white cilial lunules. Body, legs, and antenne black; front of thorax and head white spotted; abdomen with a lateral slender longitudinal white streak, and dots beneath ; fore femora whitish beneath. Female. Similar to male. Upperside paler. Forewing with similar scaled streaks and marginal spots, the latter being creamy-yellow. Hindwing with the transverse discal cream-white band generally composed of somewhat longer spots, the lowest outwardly bordered by scattered blue scales and a distinct red subanal lunule, which latter is sometimes ocellate; beyond, generally, is a submarginal series of narrow reddish more or less defined lunules. Underside paler. Forewing similar to the male. Hindwing with the discal band as on the upperside, the subanal and the submarginal lunules all prominent and red, the marginal white cilial lunules also present. Expanse, d 34 to 44, 2 3} to 43 inches. Second form of ? (Plate 463, fig. 1, la, b, ¢, d, e, 2). Papilio Polytes, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, 9 (1758); id. ed. xii. p. 746, 2 (1767). Mus. Lud. Ul. p. 186 (1764). Clerck, Icones Ins. i. pl. 14, fig. 1, 9 (1764). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 443 (1775). Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 141, pl. 12, fig. 8, 9(1776). Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, p. 129, pl. 265, fig. C, 9(1782). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p. 185, pl. 15, fig. 2, 2; dd. pl. 20, fig. 8, 4 9 (1784). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 50, pl. 12, fig. 1, 9(1786). Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. p. 51, pl. 2, fig. 3, 9,1865. Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand]. 1882, p. 11. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 347, pl. 33, fig. 10 (1885). VOL. V. cast LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ro bo a Menelaides Polytes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816). Papilio Stichius, Hiibner, Samm], Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 112 (1806-16). Laertias Romulus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 150, pl. 59, fig. 1, b (1881). Imaco.—Mimice of M. Aristolochiex. Upperside fuliginous-black. Forewing with pale fuliginous slender cell streaks and broad outer vein-bordering streaks, the former being palest anteriorly, the latter extending from the cell and terminating uniformly at some distance from the outer margin; cilia slenderly alternated with white. Hindwing with the outer-discal dark area more or less slightly irrorated with blue scales ; a medial-discal white patch, composed, generally, of four elongated portions extending somewhat transversely from beyond the cell, or, in a curved series varying in size from its end, and with an additional smaller fifth portion placed within apex of the cell; in some specimens there are only two central white portions, in others sometimes three discal portions, the outer one of the latter then being generally much the smallest ; rarely, a fifth whitish inner portion is present in the submedian interspace, generally the latter interspace and sometimes also the lower part only of the adjoining portion in the lower median interspace is dark-red irrorated with blue scales ; in those specimens where the two central white portions only are present, the adjoining outer portion of the patch and both ends of the central portions are red, the lower median and submedian red portion being then continued hindwards to the corresponding submarginal lunule ; beyond is a row of red submarginal lunules, which are either narrow and angular or broadly lunular, followed by a marginal row of slender red cilial lunules between the veins, the cilia itself being white. Underside paler than the upperside. Forewing with the cell-end streaks and the outer vein bordering streaks also much paler, and either fuliginous- erey or ochreous-grey. Hindwing with the markings as on upperside; the basal area also irrcrated with grey scales; the submarginal lunules being somewhat broader, lighter red, and more or less irrorated with pale blue scales. Expanse, 33 to 43 inches. Third form of > (Plate 464, fig. 1, la, b, c,d, 2). Papilio Romulus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 67, pl. 43, fig. A, 2 (1776). Jablonsky, Nat. Schmett. ii. p- 145 (1784). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 105, pl. 25, fig. 2, 9(1785). Fabricius, Spee. Ins, ii. p- 2, 9(1781).. Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. p. 52, pl. 2, fig. 6, 1865. Papilio Astyanax, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 13 (1793). Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 19, fig. (1800). Papilio Mutius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 3 (1793). Laertias Romulus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 150, pl. 59, fig. 1, e. (1881). Ivaco.—Mimic of M. Hector.—Upperside. Fuliginous-black, or black. Forewing with the portions of the cell-streaks obliquely before its end, the outer vein-streaks PAPILIONINA. 227 basally from the third median veinlet to the posterior angle, and the base of the anterior streaks to the second subcostal being greyish-white or pale ochreous-white, thus forming similar placed oblique-fascize to those in forewing of M. Hector. Hindwing with a dark purplish-red small, or large, apical cell spot, five, or rarely four, small oval or elongated contiguous discal spots, and a submarginal series of broad lunular spots, and then a marginal series of narrow ochreous-red cilial lunules ; the upper two, or three, of the submarginal and marginal series sometimes being ochreous-white; these markings and the dark outer discal area also being more or less irrorated with blue scales ; in some specimens these markings are light-red and the marginal lunules almost white, and, occasionally, the discal series are much elongated and then partly coalesce with the submarginal lunules. Underside paler. Forewing with the white cell and vein streaks as on upperside. Hindwing with markings as on the upperside. Expanse, 35 to 45 inches. Hasrrat.—India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim; Mereui Archipelago; Nicobar and Andaman Isles ; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Tonkin; Sumatra. Lire Hisrory.—Larva.—‘ March 3rd. After 3rd change, # inch long. Ground colour, olive green, closely mottled and punctured with pale yellowish green. Dorsal line faint, dark green and interrupted, inflated into a triangular patch, bordered by pale yellowish, or cream on each incision. From the 6th tothe 9th segments on the back, a very distinct and broad V-like patch of clear cream colour or milky, the point of which commencing precisely on the centre of the 9th segment, and extending the two branches—one on either side—as far as the stigmata on the 6th segment. On the 12th and 11th segments a similar coloured broad patch in the shape of a well defined U, the base of which is at base of 12th segment, the arms extending on either side of larva. == - io - 5 F ! 4 J \ 416 Pl 4 i su oe. PUAT n Ltt img PLAI8 PU 419 PL#20 wa PL422. y Ss a 4 F soy LEAR ccc esNa neo SSAC BNE sp, q <5 DEREOEEATTIDROLOE rower PL 423 i i 7 t - i | f ~ ar +? Ye = = i - . os i - f i : ‘ 7 Te - - a PU AZT Ltt] re delet lith PL425 N.Fitch del, et htt L. 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