w

\

^

V

m

^1

^^

^a^^^0 B^Mg hN

^SI^^SfSK^^MtB

^

^»

'^"i=^r'

v*t:^

• ♦^^^

THE

LEPIDOPTERA

OF THE

BRITISH ISLANDS
VOL. IX.

(^•763

THE

LEPI DOPTERA

OF THE

BRITISH ISLANDS

A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE FAMILIES. GENERA, AND

SPECIES INDIGENOUS TO GREAT BRITAIN AND

IRELAND, THEIR PREPARATORY STATES,

HABITS, AND LOCALITIES

CHARLES g". BARRETT, F.E.S.

ONE OF THE EDITORS OF THE " ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE '

VOL. IX.

HETEROCERA

GEOMETRINA— PYRALIDINA

LONDON

LOVELL REEVE AND CO. LIMITED

J^iiblifitifrs to \%t l^omr, CToloiiial, aiiB Enliian fflobfrnmriit*

6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

1904

3^;:-: 41

LEPIDOPTEEA

Divisiox 2. HETEROCERA.

Group 4. GEOMETBINA.

Family 4. LARENTIDiE.

Geuus 27. MESOTYPE.

Antenna simple, ciliated ; palpi very short ; head flattened
and rough in front ; thorax smooth ; abdomen short, cylind-
rical, slender and smooth ; fore wings trigonate, bluntly
pointed, the base very narrow ; hind wings long, rounded
behind, vein 1 normal ; veins 7 and 8 united more than half
way down the~Ml- Female smaller, with more pointed fore
wings. -^

We have but one species.

1. M. lineolata, !<ddff. ; virgata, Staud. Cat. — Expanse
I to 1 inch. Fore wings narrow, rather pointed, pale grey,
or pale grey-brown ; central band very oblique, rather
straight, striped. Hind wings pale smoky-grey barred with
smoky-brown and white.

Antennae of the male rather thick, simple, ciliated, light
brown, darker at the back; palpi minute, pale chocolate;
face prominent, rather rough, pale brown dusted with red-

VOL. i.\. A

a I.EPIDOl'TERA.

brown ; top of the liead and neck-ridge reddish-brown ;
thorax greyish-white, dappled with brown ; abdomen short
and slender, brown dusted with white, anal tuft very short.
Fore wings trigonate ; costa very straight; apex rounded;
hind margin oblique and very little curved ; dorsal margin
slightly rounded up ; colour pale grey abundantly dusted
with grej'-brown ; no basal lini;, but its place occupied by a
basal cloud of grey-brown atoms ; first line very oblique and
straight outwards from the dorsal margin, umbreous or
reddish-brown, preceded by a white stripe, and shading off
outwardly ; second line rather more oblique, faintly curved, yet
not in the least bent back, umbreous or black-brown, shaded
■off inwardl}' ; the space between these forms an obli(jue,
unusually straight, central band, sometimes darkened, but
the margins always broadly dark, and containing the black
discal dot and two very slender parallel brown lines ; outside is
a contiguous white line or stripe margined again by one of
reddish-brown dusting ; from this a slender oblique dark
brown or black streak runs into the apex of the wing ;
•extreme margin edged with slender dark brown streaks ;
cilia silky ash-grey, clouded with grey-brown. Hind wings
elongated, rounded behind, moderately broad ; pale smoky
grey dusted with white, or else smoky- white; usually crossed
by two whiter stripes alternating with brown ones ; margin
distinctly edged by a brown line ; cilia white, shaded with
grey-brown. Female smaller, the body shorter but hardly
thicker ; fore wings smaller, sharply pointed at the apex, the
markings more definite, and the central band often more
uniform in colour ; hind wings narrower, but equally long,
often didindlij banded with brown and white.

Undersides of all the wings purplish-red, shading off to
pale grey along the hind margins; the white stripe outside
the second line of the fore wings distinctly reproduced, and
continued, with a considerable angle, across the hind, but of
a yellowish-white colour. Body purplish-red ; legs dark
jjurple-brown.

LARENTID.E—MESOTYPE. 3

Variable in both sexes, but more particularly in the female,
in the tint of ground colour of the fore wings, and in the
colour and intensity of the central band ; the ground colour
varies to white or creamy-white in one direction, and to dark
grey, grey-brown, and purple-brown in the other ; where it
is some full or dark shade of grey the central band is usually
of the same colour, and the conspicuous markings are the
white stripes at the margins of the band, with sometimes a
slender one also in the band ; where it is a lighter shade of
grey the band often becomes itself conspicuous by the dark-
ness of its margins ; when the ground is brownish-white the
band varies, sometimes almost equally pale with margins
only a little darker, sometimes wholly filled up with dark
grey-brown, or showing every intermediate shade ; when it
is creamy white — especially in the female — the band is apt
to be conspicuous and very pretty ; more rarely specimens
•occur in which the ground colour is dull brownish-purple
and the band yellowish-white, or ground and band purple-
brown, and the stripes white ; or the ground colour is grey,
with the usual dark margins to the band, but its middle ai-ea
pale yellow ; indeed, it is far from easy to indicate in words
the variations and transpositions of colour in its oblique
bands.

On the wing from April till the beginning of June, and as
a second generation in July and August.

Larva slender, uniform in bulk when viewed from above,
but when seen sideways tapering to each extremity ; head
nearly as wide as the second segment, somewhat flattened,
but the lobes having a rounded outline, yellow, freckled with
brown ; general colour variable above, the back being dull
pink, lighter or deeper in tint, warm brown or olive-brown ;
•dorsal line dark brown or blackish-green, sometimes bordered
with yellowish-jDink ; subdorsal line thin, yellowish on seg-
ments two, three, eleven, twelve, and thirteen, on the rest of
a paler tint of the ground colour ; space between the sub-

4 LEPIDOPTERA.

dorsal Hue and the spiracles filled up by two dark stripes of
even width, sometimes separated by a very fine pale thread,
the upper being dull purplish-pink, pinkish-brown or olive-
brown, the lower dull blackish-green or almost dull black ;
just on the lower edge of this dark stripe are the black
spiracles ; all the undersurface is pale yellow, palest imme-
diateh' below the spiracles and having a paler central line ;
legs pale yellow, jjrolegs tinged with dull pink or purplish-
pink ; usual raised dots small and black, and bearing fine
black bristles.

A variety has the yellow lines on the back and sides so
much widened, and the darker lines so narrowed that the
general efFect is as though the back were greenish yellow.

Another is brown with the subdorsal lines bordered above
by dark brown patches at the beginning of each segment,
thus presenting the appearance of a dorsal pattern. (Rev. J.
Hellins.)

May and June, and the second generation in August and
September, on (hdium rcrum (yellow bedstraw), but in con-
finement it will eat G. scuixitUc.

Pita rather short and stout, the thoracic portion full and
much rounded and the wing-covers thickened, glossy, and
hardly sculptured ; limb covers also shining and tightly
packed ; dorsal and abdominal segments a little less glossy,
minutely punctured, the latter rapidly tapering ; anal seg-
ment a little thickened behind ; cremaster rather flattened,
tapering to a strong spike, finely forked at the apex ; dark
red-brown, the abdominal divisions bright light brown.

In a slight cocoon in the earth.

The winter is passed in this state.

The moth sits during the day on a grass stem, or on that of
its food plant, close to the ground, almost only frequenting the
patches of yellow Galium which occupy the level spaces and
sheltered slopes of sea-sandhills. From these resting places
it starts up on the approach of a footsteji, and flits sharply

LARENTID.E—MESOTYPE. 5

:away, to settle in another part of the same patch of bedstraw.
Here it sits with wings erect, and closely pressed to each
■other over the back ; and will even lie down upon its side on
the sand to escape observation. Late in the afternoon and
about sunset it iliea about of its own accord, but never seems
to leave the neighbourhood of its food plant. It is one of
the coast-frequenting species which are still to be found on
the Breck-sands of Norfolk and Suffolk, and may possibly
.have inhabited this locality from the time when it formed a
portion of the coast of a post-glacial sea. Yet this seems
■scarcely so evident as in the cases of some of the coast
NoducB previously mentioned, since this species is not wholly
■a seaside insect, but is known to frequent some of the spots
upon the South Downs in which the (ialimn is abundant, has
formerly been taken in a similar manner on Cambridgeshire
■chalk hills, and quite recently by Mr. W. E. Butler on a
chalk hill at Streatly, on the borders of Berkshire. But
these cases are quite exceptional, and the coast sandhills are
its chosen home ; on them it is found in plenty at Folke-
stone, Deal, and elsewhere in Kent ; in Sussex ; at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight; at Exmouth and Dawlish Warrens,
Devon ; on Burnham Sandhills, Somerset ; on the sandhills
between Yarmouth and Caistor, Norfolk ; the coasts of
Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland; and apparently in
very far smaller numbers in Dorset and Wilts. In Wales it
is found freely upon the Glamorganshire coast, but is, I
think, quite absent from the extensive sandhills of the
further West. In the Northern portion it is common on
those of Flintshire. In Scotland, according to Dr. F. B.
White, it has once been taken in the " Tay " district— pro-
bably Perthshire — but this seems to require confirmation. In
Ireland it has been found on the extensive sands near New-
castle, CO. Down ; and nearly forty years ago I well remember
that the late Mr. Edwin Eirchall found specimens, to his
great surprise, upon ;Mangerton Mountain, Kerry, at an
-elevation of 800 feet above sea level.

6 LEPIDOPTERA.

Abroad it. inhabits most parts of Central Europe, Soiitii
Sweden, Northern Italy, Sicily, Livonia, South Eastern
liussia. South Eastern Turkey, Bithynia, Pontus, and Tar-
tary.

Genus 28. EUBOLIA.

Antennas of the male pectinated ; palpi blunt ; head
lough with raised scales which project forward ; thorax
pough ; abdomen smooth ; fore wings broadly trigonate,
pointed, narrow at the base; hind wings elongated, ample,
vein 1 complete, veins 7 and 8 joined more than half way
down the cell.

Lahv^ elongate, cylindrical but a little swollen beliind ;.
the head round. Feeding on low-growing plants.

PuPiS) subterranean.

We have four species, readily discriminated.

A. Fore wings light brown with deep brown central band.

B. Basal blotch of the colour of the band ; discal spot

absent. K. ecrvinala.

B-. Basal blotch of the ground colour ; discal spot a black

dot. E. mvnsuraria.

A-. Fore wings whitish-grey.

C. Central band rather deeper grey, toothed outwardly.

E. hipionctaria.
C-. Central band straight, oblicjue, formed of two red-
brown stripes. E. palumharia.

1. E. palumbaria, Srhiff. ; plumbaria, Stnucl. Cat.
— Expanse Ij inch. Fore wings trigonate. pointed, ])ale
slate-grey, with two or three slender transverse red-brown
stripes, the third shaded inwardly ; a red-brown streak runs
into the apex. Hind wings smoky-white.

Antennae of the male pectinated throughout with slender,
oblique, ciliated teeth, grey, the shaft glossy ; palpi porrected,.

LARENTID.E—EUBOLtA. T

pointed, pale brown ; head and face white ; thorax slate-
grey ; abdomen ashy-grey faintly barred at the edges of the
segments with white ; lateral and anal tufts rather spread-
ing. Fore wings trigonate, pointed, the base narrow ; costa
very faintly arched at the base and apex, flattened between ;.
apex angulated ; hind margin below it almost straight to the-
middle, more rounded off below; dorsal margin rather full ;
colour shining slate-grey, sometimes tinged behind with
brown, and somewhat glistening ; basal line a very slender
red-brown thread; first line rather thicker and more dis-
tinct, straight and erect, red-brown ; second line of the same
colour or very slightly darker, more oblique and very direct \
shaded broadly inside througliout except at the costa ;
beyond it is an indistinct, much rippled, whitish-grey sub-
terminal line, sometimes shaded at the back with slightly
darker grey than the ground colour; from it, above the
middle, a slender red-brown line runs obliquely into the apex
of the wing; discal spot minute, black; extreme hind
margin edged with a slender red-brown line ; cilia shining
slate-grey. Hind wings rather long, but ample, rounded
behind, pale smoky-grey or smoky-white, indistinctly barred
with a white shade, and occasionally at the back of this with a
faint smoky line ; cilia shining pale grey. Female a little
smaller, the abdomen stouter, the fore wings narrower and.
more pointed, and paler in colonr, often whitish-grey ; the
markings brighter and more distinct ; hind wings very pale,
often white.

Underside of the fore wings smoke-colour, tinged with
rufous along the costa and apex; discal spot smoky-black.
Hind wings smoky-grey, tinged all over with rufous. Body
and legs grey.

There is considerable variation in both sexes in the depth
of the ground colour, to dull brownish-slate colour in one
direction and to bright shining white-grey in the other ; also-
in the depth of colour and breadth of shading of the oblique
second line, with proportionately greater or less distinctness-

« LEPIDOPTERA.

of the other lines ; but perhaps the most remarkable range
of difference is in the breadth of the space between the first
and second lines, this beinu- in some specimens more than one
third of the length of the wing, in others greatly diminished
and tapering toward the costa, till in a specimen in the col-
lection of Mr. S. J. C'apper these two lines coalesce.

On the wing from the end of May till July, apparently in
only one generation.

Larva. The head is slightly narrower than the second
segment, and notched on the crown, it is opaque, rough, and
emits a few bristles, yellow-brown ; body dilated at the sides
by a very consjiicuous skinfold ; it emits from various parts
of its body, more particularly the two extremities, a few
scattered stiff and short bristles ; anal segment blunt ;
yellow-brown or putty colour, varying much in tint, some
specimens being very light and almost unicolorous, while
others are traversed throughout by interrupted stripes of
dingy smok3--brown, either broken into spots or exhibiting a
considerable amount of continuity, but the dorsal surface is
generally decidedly darker than the ventral ; spiracles small,
black ; there is a pale medio-ventral stripe, rather broad,
and intersected throughout by an indistinct but slightly
darker stripe ; it is bordered on each side by a very distinct
darker stripe ; these two darker stripes unite at the base of
the third pair of legs and also between the anal prolegs, thus
enclosing the paler ventral space.

It rests in a perfectly straight and stick -like position on
the twigs of its food-plants, the entire ventral surface being
appressed to the twig ; when removed it retains exactly the
same position, appearing rigid and lifeless, the head prone
and the mouth brought into contact with the legs which are
crowded together ; but if only [disturbed and [not forcibly
removed it will gradually raise its anterior extremity, arch
its back, and bend its head beneath its body until it comes
into contact with the eighth ventral segment. (E. Newman.)

LARENTIlhE—EUBOUA. 9

August till April or May, on broom {Cytims scojxirius)
furze or gorse ( Ulcc europaus) and according to Hof niann on
■Genista ; hybernating when very small and feeding up in
the spring.

Pita shining reddish-brown, the wing-covers with darker
veins. Not further described. In a silken cocoon among
rubbish or the twigs of the food-plant.

The moth hides during the day iu furze bushes, or among
long grass, or thick herbage, near the ground, but is readily
disturbed by the beating stick, or by a passing footstep,
when it will fly to some distance before again hiding itself ;
it then settles head downwards among grass or some similar
shelter. Its natural flight is at dusk, and also at night,
when it will come to a strong light. It is common on
heaths, cliff's, downs, moors, mosses, and even fields where
any furze is allowed to grow among the rough herbage, and
in such situations is to be found throughout England, though
less commonly in the IMidlaud Counties, and throughout
Wales, and most parts of Ireland. In Scotland it is common
in Wigtownshire, Dumbartonshire and elsewhere, so far as
the Clyde A'alley, iu the west ; in Eoxburghshire and Perth-
shire and extends in the east to Moray, which seems to be its
northern boundary. Abroad common throughout Central
Europe, Central and Northern Italy, Corsica, Roumania,
^Southern Russia, Bithynia, and Pontus.

2. E. bipunctaria, Schiff. — Expanse l\ to li inch.
Fore wings broad, whitish-grey, much ripf)led with darker
grey fine scolloped lines and dots ; central band darker grey.
Hind wings smoky- white.

Anteunw of the male densely pectinated with short oblique
teeth, thickly ciliated but lying very close to the shaft,
brownish-grey ; palpi porrected and pointed but rather
•conical, purplish-grey ; face full and oblique, and with the

10 LEPIDOPTERA.

head and neck-ridge greyish-white, dusted with pale brown •;.
thorax rather robust, of the same colour and dusting but
whiter behind ; abdomen similar, with a white edge to each
segment; lateral and anal tufts broad and rather con-
spicuous. Fore wings very broad but pointed ; costa arched
at the base, thence very nearly straight ; apex sharply angu-
lated ; hind margin oblique, gently curved, and a little
expanded ; dorsal margin very slightly rounded ; greyish-
white minutely stippled in oblique lines with grey atoms ;
basal line grey, slender, a little curved but indistinct : first
line oblique, straight to near the costa, where it is bent back ;.
second line somewhat parallel, but more sinuous and indented,
and twice or tlirice tcothed outwardly ; the space between
these two lines, which are grey, forms a central band of
darker grey than the ground colour, yet not very dark, and
rather divided by internal lines parallel to the first and
second, also enclosing two black dots as a discal spot ; hind
marginal region clouded with gre}% which is divided into
stripes by the whiter rippled subterminal lines ; of this the
hollows are, in some specimens, filled with darker grey ;
from this [an oblique shade, often dotted with brown or
reddish-brown, runs into the apex of the wing ; cilia grey
shaded with white. Hind wings long, moderately broad,
rounded behind ; smoky-white or pale smoky-grey, whiter
toward the base, and^very faintly banded with alternate
whiter bands and greyer curved lines ; cilia greyish-white.
Female very similar, but with the body a little shorter and
thicker and much more pointed.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoke-colour; costa
tinged w-ith light brown. Hind wings of the same smoky
tinge. Body greyish-white ; legs grey ; tarsi darker grey.

Usually very constant in colour and markings, except
that local variation takes place according to the geological
formation of the locality, specimens from the chalk districts
being usually much whiter than those from the greyer
mountain limestone of western districts. There is occasional

LARENTID-H—EUBOLIA. ^^

but very rare variation of a more striking character — Mr.
Robert Adkin possesses a magnificent specimen in which
the ground colour is slate-black, the basal blotch and the
narrow central band being the only portions of its fore wings
remaining grey ; it was taken at Box Hill, Surrey ; another,,
also from the South of England, in Mr. H. J. Turner's col-
lection, has the central band very dark, the ground colour
being almost white; and others are on record having the
ground colour quite white, — in one case the central band also
extremely pale.

On the wing from the end of June to August, in a single
generation.

Larva stout, rather flattened, bristly, the sides puckered ;.
head small, rather squared in front, brownish ochreous ;.
body putty-coloured or dull whitish-ochreous, sometimes
with a pinkish or yellowish tinge ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines grey, distinct ; between them is a very fine grey line,,
and below the subdorsal are two lines, side by side and
almost confluent ; usual raised dots and spiracles black ;.
undersurface having two conspicuous stripes, which are dark
grey in the middle of each segment and pale at the incisions,
thus seeming to be a series of pairs of dark grey dashes ;.
these stripes have an outside accompanying pale yellow or
pale brown stripe, paler than the ground colour. (Chas.
Fenu.) Varieties figured by Mr. "W. Buckler have the dorsal
region slate-grey or almost greenish-slate ; and the under-
surface, with a broad spiracular stripe, pale creamy-buff or
pinkish-white.

September till June; on Medicayo lupulina, Hijiiwcvcjns--
coiiiosa, Lotus corniculatiis, Tri/ohuni repens, T. pratense, and
other clovers and trefoils ; feeding at night, and hiding in
the ground at the roots of these plants, by day ; hybernating
while rather small.

Pupa elongate, smooth, dull, but the segmental divisions-
shining ; head slightly projecting ; anal extremity with a.

T2 I.EPIDOPTERA.

hooked spike ; colour dull red. Spun up by a few threads,
loosely, beneath its food plant, on the surface of the ground.
<C. Fenn.)

The moth loves to sit on the earth of grassy slopes, and on
all sorts of rough ground, or the bases of rocks, often shelter-
ing close to a grass tuft; here it remains quite still till
approached, when it starts up and flies wildly to a similar
spot at a few dozen yards distance, and if again disturbed
removes to a greater distance. At dusk it flies of its own
accord. Its favourite haunts are hills and coast cliffs of
chalk, oolite, and limestone, as well as hills of any con-
siderable mixture of calcareous substances. In such situa-
tions it is abundant on the coasts of Kent, Sussex, Hants,
Dorset, and Devon, and also inland in these counties and in
Somerset, Gloucestershire, and Wilts ; more locally or less
plentifully found in East Cornwall, Berks, Oxfordshire,
Bucks, Herts, Surrey, and Essex ; rare in Suffolk, and exces-
sivel}' local in Norfolk and Cambridgeshire; found also in
Herefordshire ; Dovedale, Derbyshire ; said to have been
taken in the year 1845 in Cheshire ; still rather common on
the coast cliSs and limestone hills ofi Yorkshire, Durham, and
Northumberland. In Wales it is common on mountain lime-
stone on and near the coasts of Glamorganshire and Pem-
brokeshire ; but I find no records for Scotland nor Ireland.
Abroad it is found over many parts of Central Europe, in
Spain, Central and Northern Italy, Corsica, the Balkan
States, Turkey, the Ural Mountain district, Bithynia.
Armenia, and Persia.

3. E. Cervinata. Hchlff. — Expanse IHo \\ inch. Fore
wings large, pointed, light red-brown, dusted with darker;
basal blotch and central band red-brown, darker at the
edges. Hind wings long, smoky white, more red-brown at
the hind margin.

AntenniB of the male not very long, pectinated with short
oblique ciliated teeth, brown, the shaft shining ; palpi short.

LARENTIDyE—EUBOLfA. 13.

pur])le-bro\vn; face and head pale chocolate; thorax light
purplish-brown, faintly dusted with white, flatly tufted at
the back ; abdomen tapering, whitish-brown ; lateral and
anal tufts small. Fore wings very broad but pointed and
trigonate ; costa arched at the base and apex, otherwise
nearly straight ; apex sharply angulated and produced ; hind
margin hollowed close below it, then vei-y oblique, long and
slightly crenulated ; dorsal margin very full ; colour light
red-brown ; basal sj^ace occupied by a deeper red-brown
blotch, the outer margin of which is the basal line, and is
faintly edged with a slender white thread ; first line bluntly
and repeatedly angulated, leaden-brown, inwardly edged with
white, and forming the inner margin of a broad liver-brown or
red-brown central band, bj' far the broadest on the costa, and
iuwardly rippled with parallel darker and paler lines; its
outer margin is the second line, oblique, undulating, leaden-
brown, edged outwardly with white ; liind marginal region
and apex broadly shaded with red-brown, intersecting which
are traces of an indistinct rippled white subterminal line-
often, however, consisting only of pale cloudy dots; extreme
hind margin edged by an undulating white line ; at the apex
is a small clouded black spot ; cilia whitish-brown, inter-
sected and clouded with dark brown. Hind wings very long,
broad behind ; hind margin rounded and bluntly crenulated.
smoky brownish-white ; beyond the middle is a faint trans-
verse darker line ; hind margin broadly clouded with purple-
brown, and edged with an undulating white line ; cilia
brown, dusted with white. Female smaller, but the body
stouter ; fore wings more sharply pointed ; the hind margins
of all the wings more distinctly crenulated.

Undersides of all the wings light red-brown ; beyond the
middle of each is a darker transverse line edging a paler
band which shades darker toward the hind margin ; body
and legs red-brown.

A little variable in colour, from red dish -brown to purplish-
brown, rather more so in the darkness of the margins of the

J4 l.KPinOPTERA.

central band, and of the sub-marginal shading. The central
band also differs greatly in width, in some specimens being
nearly or qnite double the breadth of it in others. A very re-
markable specimen in the collection of the Rev. C. F. Thome-
will has this band very narrow and unusually pale, while the
ground colour is reddish-white, darkening a little to the hind
•margin, but the whole surface having a noticeably silky gloss.
On the wing from the end of September till November.

Larv.\ elongate, sides puckered ; head rounded, green or
pale bone-colour, the mouth brown ; general colour dull
jellowish-green, the segmental divisions tinged with yellow ;
there are faint traces of darker dorsal and spiracular lines ;
raised dots whitish, emitting short pale bristles; spiracles
conspicuous, black ; undersurface green with an indistinct
paler central baud ; legs pale bone-colour. (Chas. Fenn.)

Of those figured b}^ Mr. W. Buckler, one is dark green
with a faint pink dorsal line, and the anal flap dull purple;
another of the yellow-green already described, but also having
a slender pink dorsal line.

March or April till June, on mallow (^Malva si/lvestris), and
sometimes on hollyhock (Althan rosea), but Hofmann says on
all the species of Malm, Lavatera and Alcm ; and that when
shaken ofi' or disturbed it rolls itself up into the exact
resemblance of a mallow-seed upon the ground. Plants of
■our common mallow, growing near the sea, although of large
size, are sometimes defoliated by it.

The winter is passed in the egg-state.

Pupa rather short and plump ; shining red-brown ; close
to the surface of the earth, underneath the plant upon which
the larva has fed, indeed easily brought to light by means of
the fingers.

The moth is rather sluggish in the daytime and unwilling
to be disturbed, but hides among its food plants and neigh-
bouring herbage rather close to the ground, and may there

LARENTW.e—EUBOLIA. 15

■sometimes be found and secured ; at late dusk and through
the early portion of the night it flies pretty vigorously, and
if a gas-lamp is at hand flutters and flaps wildly round it for
some time, but ultimately settles down to sit upon the frame
with wings erected over its back. Much attached to waste spots
near public roads, or the suburbs of towns, where mallows
-are apt to flourish ; also to the edges of sea sandhills and sea
cliffs ; common in all the Southern, Eastern, and Western
Counties of England and existing, apparently in smaller
numbers, throughout the Midlands and Northern Counties.
In Wales it must surely be rather scarce, but is recorded
from Anglesey by Lord Boston, in Glamorganshire by Mr.
H. W. Vivian ; and I took it occasionally at Pembroke. In
Scotland it is said to be common in Berwickshire, scarce in
the Edinburgh district, and to be found in Ayrshire and
occasionally in Perthshire, but Dr. Buchannan White gave
its range as e.xtending to the Clyde and to Aberdeenshire.
In Ireland I met with it long ago commonly in the suburbs
of Dublin, and in great abundance at Howth and Sutton on
the neighbouring coast ; also it is known to occur in
Wicklow, Cork, Kerry, Lowth, and Sligo.

Abroad it ranges through France, Holland, Germany, the
South of Spain, the North of Italy, Livonia, Finland,
Southern Russia, Syria, and Bithynia.

[E. mseniata, Scop. — In the Entomologists Annual for
1855 occurs the following entry : " A specimen of this is in
the collection of Mr. C. S. Gregson, who obtained it
from Mr. Reeves of Carlisle many years ago. Mr. Reeves
told Mr. Gregson himself that he took it on one of the
high hills near Barron Wood." In consequence of this
statement the species was included as British in Mr.
■Stainton's " Manual."' In the year 186G Mr. W. Brest of Yorlc
stated that he took on August 19th of that year, by beating
broom, a specimen which had since been found to be of this
species. These are, I believe, the only instances in which the

1 6 LEPIDOl'TKKA.

insect has been reported to be taken in these islands. The-
first-named specimen is in the collection of ilr. Sydney
Webb, but I am not aware what has become of the other.
No further evidence of the existence of the species in these
islands has been forthcoming, and the conclusion seems
inevitable that the specimens in question, if taken here,
must have been in some way introduced. However this may
be I feel certain that the insect has no claim to be considered
a British species. It could not well be overlooked, since it
is a striking and conspicuous insect, almost as large as E.
ccrvinatu, but more like E. 'mcnsuraria, except that the
outer edge of the central band of its fore -wings has a very
strong angle, almost a rectangle. It is a common species in
most parts of Central Europe.]

•k E. mensuraria, Si'hijf. ; limitata, Sluud Cat. —
Expanse \\ incli. Fore wings rich pale yellow-brown or
purplish-brown with a broad red-brown central band.
darkest at its margins, and enclosing a minute round
discal dot. Hind wings smoky white.

Antennas of the male pectinated with short oblique
ciliated teeth, brown, the shaft whitish-brown ; palpi rather
prominent, puqjle-browii ; face strongly tufted with raised
scales, purple-brown ; head of the same colour ; thorax
yellow-brown ; abdomen rather long, light brown, barred
faintly with white ; lateral and anal tufts distinct, the
latter dark brown. Fore wings broad ; the costa gently
rounded, more arched at the base and apex, which last is
bluntly angulated ; hind margin below it perpendicular,
then expanded and rounded off ; dorsal margin also rather
full ; colour rich pale yellow-brown ; basal line an indistinct
curved purplish-brown stripe ; first line also a gently curved
red-brown stripe shaded off outwardly ; second line more
oblique and waved, forming the outer edge of a l)road, rich
red-brown stripe : these two stripes form the margins of a
broad central band, often almost uniform in colour, but

LARENTID.-E—EUBOLIA. 17

commonly having a jjaler shade, varying even to the ground
colour, in the middle portion ; discal spot a small round black
dot; bej-ond the central baud is a slender red-brown line,
quite parallel ; beyond this a red-brown cloud runs obliquely
into the apex of the wing; cilia shining yellow-brown.
Hind wings long, not very broad, rounded behind, pale smoky
yellowish-brown ; beyond the middle is a narrow curved stripe,
or line, of a deeper smoky shade, usually followed by a
shaded white or smoky- white line or stripe, sometimes broad;
hind-marginal area clouded with a more smoky tint ; cilia con-
colorous. Female very similar but rather larger and having
the fore wings a little more pointed ; hind wings decidedly
whiter ; body shorter, more pointed and a little thicker.

Undersides of all the wings golden brown ; more ochreous
along the costa of the fore wings, and, just outside, a faintcen-
tral darker line on all the wings. Body and legs yellow-brown.
Variable in the ground colour to a whiter brown on the
one hand, and to pale purple-brown on the other; more
so in the depth and uuifui'mity of colour in the central
band, as already remarked upon, but seldom going to any
great extreme. Specimens from the north of Scotland are
often dark, but there is less local variation in this species
than might have been exjoected ; there is, however, in the
collection of Mr. S. J. Capper an extraordinary, and so far as
I know, unique, female specimen in which the basal purplish-
brown line is closely followed by a similar line or narrow
stripe, and this by the first line, which thus is placed far
nearer the base than usual ; while the second line is shifted
out from its usual position and forms a narrow purple-brown
stripe very near the hind margin and parallel therewith ; the
greater portion of the area of the fore wings is thus placed
as a central band, of great breadth, and of a very pale tawny-
brown ; its hind wings are almost white, but have also a
narrow brown stripe near the hind margin, which margin is
purple-brown. This specimen was taken near Liverpool
many years ago.

VOL. I.X. r,

l8 LEPIDOPTERA.

On the wiug in July and August.

Lakva ratliei- stout ; head of the same width as the second,
but narrower than the third segment, lobes rounded, but
the face flat and square, there is a slight notch on the crown,
pinkish-grey freckled with black; the body has the sides
swollen into a puckered spiraciilar ridge, which gives it a
rather flattened appearance, both above and below ; the
middle segments are the widest and it tapers a little at each
extremity; segments overlapping so that the divisions are
distinct; skin tough, pinkish-grey tinged with pale slate-
blue ; dorsal line slate-blue ; subdorsal lines pale ochreous-
yellow, narrowly edged above and below with pale brown ;
the swollen ridge along the spiracles pinkish ; s])iracles and
dorsal dots black ; ventral surface pale slate-grey ; down its
middle is a pale ochreous stripe, throughout which extends
a narrow pink line, and between this ventral stripe and the
spiracular region is another pale ochreous stripe, edged on
each side with black, the outer line being broader and more
distinct than the inner; legs and prolegs pinkish-grey.
(G. T. Porritt.)

September to June, on vetches, clover, and grasses.
Curtis says on Bromus arvensis. Hofmann gives, as food,
Lathyrus pratcnsis, Trifolium rcpcns, Lotus corniadatiis, and
Viola hirsuta; feeding at night. It is stated by Mr. J. Arkle,
in the Entoiiiohgist, that it may be beaten out of nettles, also
that it spins a whitish silken cocoon among their leaves ;
but he does not say that the larva actually feeds on nettle.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

The moth frequents grassy places in and near woods, hills,
banks, and fields, wherever rough herbage is allowed to
grow, and often is exceedingly plentiful about road-sides and
hedge-banks. Here it sits during the da\' among the tall
grasses and coarse herbage, head down, but always on the
alert, ready at the approach of any intruder to spring up

LARENTID.-E—COLLIX. ig

and flutter about, yet not at all timid, since it keeps very
nearly about the same spot, just out of reach, "flopping"
about with upraised wings, and far more noticeable for its
fastidiousness as to the stem upon which it shall next alight,
than for any uneasiness about its own safety ; indeed, a
rough flowery bank, with a dozen or more of these moths,
all disturbed at once, fluttering about within a few yards
extent, all quite unable to decide where they shall next settle
down, is rather a lively picture. Its natural time of flight is
in the late dusk and the night, and it will sometimes come
to a light, and to the blossoms of knapweed, ragwort, and
other plants. Late and worn specimens have even been
taken upon ivy-bloom. Found in all parts of England and
Wales, though in Norfolk and some other eastern districts it
is local and rather uncommon ; otherwise, it is one of our
most abundant species. In Scotland it is not so generally
distributed, yet is found in suitable places to the Clyde
valley in the west, but apparently throughout the more
eastern and middle districts, even to Ross and Sutherland-
shire, yet I find no record of its presence in the Isles. In
Ireland it is everywhere common, and in some of the hilly
districts of the north of that country excessively abundant.
Abroad it inhabits the whole of Europe except the extreme
south, being rare in Portugal, and is found in Asia Minor,
Armenia, Tartary, and the mountainous regions of Central
Asia.

Genus 29. COLLIX.

Antennfe simple ; palpi blunt, head rather smooth ; thorax
provided with a thick crest-like tuft at the back ; abdomen
furnished with one or two obscure prostrate tufts ; fore
wings ovate, crenulated behind ; the discal cell less than one-
half the length of the wing ; hind wings rounded, scalloped
at the hind margin.

We have but one species.

20 LEPIDOPTEKA.

1. C. sparsata, Huh. — f]xpanse 1 inch. Fore wings
short and much rounded ; glossy dark umbreous with
rippled blackish lines and black dots toward the base and
the hind margin ; discal spot black. Hind wings scalloped
and crenulated behind, of the same colour.

Antennfe of the male rather thick, simple, ciliated, dark
brown : palpi thickly tufted, black ; head dark brown dusted
with white ; thorax very similar, small and rounded ; abdo-
men brown, slender, but of even thickness ; lateral tufts
minute ; anal tuft short and very blunt. Fore wings short
and blunt ; costa gently rounded to beyond the middle,
thence strongly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin
curved, very little oblique, but the curve running round to
the dorsal margin, on which it is continued; colour glossy
umbreous dusted with black ; basal line curved, obscurely
black, most marked upon the nervures; first line very
obscure, curved, duplicated, and consisting of a series of two
or three black dots on each nervure faintly connected by
black dusting, and enclosing an obscure white line ; second
line indistinct, indicated by a row of small black wedge-
shaped dots, in a curved series, on the nervures, followed by
a parallel similar row, and these closely succeeded by faint
clouds of white dusting ; immediately following is the sub-
terminal line, irregular and indented, formed of white atoms
and faintly edged on either side with black clouding on the
nervures ; above the anal angle this subterminal line forms a
more definite curved whitish streak ; costa spotted with
black, especially so at the origin of each line ; discal spot
black with a whitish edging, placed before the middle of the
wing, at the apex of the very short discal cell : extreme
hind margin edged with short thick black streaks ; cilia pale
umbreous, clouded with white. Hind wings short, rounded,
the hind margin scalloped, and having a deeper hollow just
below the apex ; umbreous, crossed by numerous rippled
whitish-brown lines, and near the dorsal margin by inter-
mediate black strigae : nervures dotted with black ; hind

LARENTID.£—COLLIX. 21

margin edged with black streaks ; cilia wliitish-brown.
Female very similar, but a little larger, and slightly paler ;
the markings rather more distinct.

Underside of the fore wings very pale yellow-brown,
shaded upon the nervures with smoky-black ; discal spot
black, followed by a distinct elbowed smoky-black stripe,
and this by another, more clouded but less angulated ; hind
margin smoky-brown. Hind wings of the same colour ;
central spot very conspicuous, black, placed rather high
up ; beyond the middle are smoky-black stripes as in the
fore wings. Bodj^ and legs yellow-brown, shaded with
umbre.

Only a very little variable in the tone of the ground
colour — browner or more tinged with smoky-black — and in
the distinctness of the markings.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva. Length nearly an inch, and of average propor-
tionate bulk ; head rather flattened above but rounded at
the sides, slightly narrower than the second segment, into
which it can be partially withdrawn ; body cylindrical and
of almost uniform width throughout, tapering only a little in
the first and last three segments ; skin smooth and soft,
having a few short and almost imperceptible hairs ; head
pale brown ; body bright pale green ; a green pulsating
vessel is visible between two whitish lines, forming a dorsal
stripe ; subdorsal lines also white, and there is another
whitish line below them, but some distance above the
spiracles ; spiracular stripe broad, whitish with a very faint
blue tinge ; segmental divisions yellowish ; spiracles black ;
ventral surface almost uniformly pale green. (G. T. Porritt.)
July and August, sometimes in September, on Lysimachia
vulgaris (yellow loosestrife), feeding upon the buds, blossoms,
and leaves, hiding during the day on the undersides of the
leaves, and greatly preferring those plants which are
sheltered under sallow or other bushes.

22 LEPIDOPTERA.

PrPA polished, | inch long, and tolerably plump; thickest
at the ends of the wing cases, and having the eye, antenna,
and wing-covers well defined ; tapering rather suddenly to
the anal tip ; head, thorax, and wing-cases green ; abdominal
segments rather pale brown. (G. T. J'orritt.) In a toler-
ably firm cocoon of silk and earth, in the ground or among
dead leaves.

The moth is a creature of very quiet habits, spending the
day hidden among the coarse rank grasses, sedges, and other
plants which grow into dense masses in, and under, the
sallow bushes, in its favourite fenny haunts. By stooping
down and separating these plants it is possible to disturb it
and induce it to come crawling up into the light, but it is
sluggish, and hardly cares to fly further then to plunge
again into obscurity. A\, dusk it files over and around the
same bushes, especially those which shelter its food plant,
but is then by no means easy to see. It is, however, said to
be procurable at the ilowers of the buckthorn. The larva is
readily found, and it naturally follows that the vast majority
of specimens in collections have been reared in confinement.
Found only in the deepest, wettest fens, or the most marshy
portions of wet woods. Fifty years ago the late Mr.
Frederick Bond found it, pretty commonly, in Burwell, Horn-
sey, and Wicken Fens, Cambridgeshire ; and although the
other two fens have long been destroyed, it is still frequent
at Wicken. Also pretty common in the extensive ranges of
fens bordering the rivers Yare, Bure, Thurn, and Ant in
Norfolk, and in wet woods near Kings Lynn in the same
county. Also to be found in the wettest portions of the
New Forest, Hants ; in similar spots in Dorset ; rarely in
one locality in Cheshire, and more frequently on some bogs
near York, where in 1891 it was even abundant. This
appears to be the extent of its range in these islands.

Abroad it is widely distributed through Central Europe,
Middle and Northern Italy, Dalmatia, Livonia, Finland, and

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 33

South-east Russia ; and it is one of the species which extend
to Japan.

Genus 30. EUPITHECIA.

Antennse simple ; p.'dpi blunt ; head smooth ; thorax
usually furnished with a minute tuft or crest at the back ;
abdomen slender and smooth, rather short ; fore wings blunt,
the apex rounded, the discal cell one half the length of the
wings ; hind wings broad, rounded behind, even at the edges,
veins 7 and 8 joined far down their length.

Larvae usually rather short, without humps or excres-
cences, the vast majority feeding on flowers, seed-vessels, or
seeds.

Pup^ short, evenly rounded, not acutely jjointed ; in rather
tough earthen cocoons.

A table of this large genus of closely allied species is
difficult of accomplishment, but that probably is no reason
why it should not be attempted.

A. Fore wings silvery grey or pale grey.

B. Surface much divided by slender sinuous black lines.

E. vcnosata.
B'-. Costa spotted, four times, with red-brown.

E. consignata.
W. Surface obliquel}' striped with darker grey.

C. Wings narrow, the stripes oblique, much angulated,

dark and shai-ply defined. E. nmuda.

Or. Wings broad, trigonate, the stripes numerous, as
rippled lines, oblique, not sharply angulated.

E. lariciata.

Q3. "VViiigs blunt, the stripes or lines more erect but ill-
defined. E. castigata.

A-. Fore wings having the ground colour white.

D. Having a large blue-black discal blotch.

E. centaureata.

24 I.EPIDOPTERA.

D-. Having a broad dark grey border. E. succenturiata.
!)■'. Cloudily bordered with brownish-grey. E. suhnmhrata.
1)^ Having the costa and hind margin blotched with

reddish-brown. E. irriyu<(ti(.

D'". Having three very oblique broad black-brown or

reddish-brown stripes. E. exteiisaria.

A-'. Fore wings with the ground colour green.

E. The green pale glaucous, the lines dotted with black.

E. debiliata.

W. Yellow-green, having a black > beyond the discal

cell. E. coronata.

E'*. Dark green or green-black, with a darker central

band. E. redangulata.

A.*. Fore wings orange-tawny with a dark brown border.

E. suhfulvata.
A?. Fore wings whitish tawny.

F. Central band blue-black, complete. E. linnriato.
F-. Central baud grey-black much mottled with paler.

E.pulchellata.
A". Fore wings pale brownish buff. E. suhiofata.

A". Fore wings shining whitish drab, discal and two costal

spots black. E. e3:pallidata.

A?. Fore wings with ground colour whitish brown.

G. Wings ample ; discal spot large, deep black ; lines

black and tawny. E. togata.

G-. Wings narrow, apex acutely rounded, discal spot very

small.
H. Two red-brown clouds lie close to the apex.

E. pumilata.
H^. Whole area having obscure, very oblique, parallel

pale brown stripes. E. subrilinta.

H?. Usual lines more erect and distinct, blackened, and

showing black wedges. E. dodoneata.

A". Fore wings reddish umbreous.
I. The transverse dark markings very obscure or

absent.

LARENTTD.-E—EUPirHECIA. 25

•1. Discal spot deep black, other markings very faint.

E. camj)anulatft.
J'-. Discal spot sharply black, lines obscure, costal region

suffused with grey. E. inmpincHata.

J^. Discal spot obscure ; markings dark, much mottled ;

a double white spot above the anal angle.

E. mdgata
J*. Discal spot a black streak, between two black costal

spots.
K. Fore wings rather ample. E. ahsinthiata.

K.- Foi-e wings rather narrow and pointed. E. minutata.
K^. Fore wings rather broadly ovate. E. assiviillata.

I-. Transverse markings conspicuous, streaked and dotted,

winsrs lone. E. ahbrcviata.

A^**. Fore wings dark umbreous or blackish-umbreous.
L. Fore wings short, trigonate, without the discal spot.

E. 2^y[im(iMta.
L'-. Fore wings long and narrow, with very obscure mark-
ings. E. jasioncata.
U. Fore wings moderately ample ; discal spot black, in

a dotted central band. E. helveticata.

A^^ Fore wings pale brown.
M. Base of the abdomen ochreous ; fore wings small,

ovate. E. isogrammata.

N. Fore wings rij)pled with faint brown lines ; discal

spot absent. E. pluvibcolata.

N- Discal spot jiresent, black ; other markings obscure.
0. Fore winsfs much eloncfated and narrow.

E.frcurAnata.
0- Rather broader ; a whitish double loop beyond the

discal spot. E. innotata.

0^ Moderately broad ; nervures dotted with black and

white. E. virgaurcata.

0^ Variable in breadth, having numerous oblique brown

transverse lines. E. satyrata.

A^'". Fore wings grey-brown, thin and shining.

26 LEPWOPTERA.

P. The black discal spot is the only distinct marking.

E. indigata.
P-. Costa also spotted, transverse lines excessively slender.

E. coiistridata.
P''. Tiie transverse lines tliicK, dark brown, thickened on
the costa. E. pusillata.

P*. Discal spot absent. E. vcdcrianata.

P^ Discal spot obscure ; indicating, with two costal spots,
a sort of triangle. E. trisigiiata.

P". Pore winj^s ovate, costa clouded with reddish brown.

E tcnuiata.
A^^. Fore wings dull grey-brown, not thinly scaled.
Q. A round white spot above anal angle, oPten others in
subterminal line. E. alhipundata.

Q-. The first of two oblique black transverse lines crosses
the central spot. E. sobrinata.

QK Three dull umbreous clouds lie along the hind margin.

E. ixiijiiaia.
E. abbreviata and E. dodoncata are much alike, but the fore
wings of the latter are decidedlj- shorter than in the other.

The moths in this genus sit when at rest with fore and
hind wings spread to their utmost width, and laid very flat
upon the surface on which they are reposing ; often when
disturbed they will merely lift the wings a little, run to
another spot, and after a few alternate liftings and depres-
sions of the wings, settle down again.

1. E. togata, Fid). — Expanse 1 to 1^ inch. Fore wings
ample, whitish brown, the discal spot, costal spots and first
and second lines black ; with basal and subterminal red-
brown stripes. Hind wings somewhat similar.

AntennsB of the male short, thick, very minutely ciliated,
black-brown, the back silvery white ; palpi cleaver-shaped and
rather prominent, black-brown ; head brownish-white ; neck
ridge and thorax pale umbreous shaded with white ; abdomen
shining whitish-brown with faint fulvous bars on the anterior

LARENTID.il—EUPITHECIA. 27

segments ; dorsal ridge with a miuute black tuft on the edge
of each segment except the last; lateral and anal tufts rather
compressed. Fore wings broad, ample, and raiher blunt ; costa
arched throughout, but especially at the apex, which is
almost augulated ; hind margin not very oblique, curved and
slightly uneven ; anal angle rather prominent ; dorsal margin
sti-aight ; colour whitish-brown, shaded with fulvous or red-
brown ; basal line black, bluntly angulated outwards, and
followed at a short distance by a faint red-brown band ;
first line slender, obscurely black, much angulated on the
nervures ; immediately beyond it is a black-brown central
stripe, broadest and blackest at the costa and enclosing the
large deep black discal spot, below this very much more
slender; second line rather erect, black-brown, blackened at
the costa and on every nervure, followed by a sinuous rivulet of
the whitish ground colour, which is intersected throughout by
a faint brown thread ; beyond this is a broad shaded reddish-
brown or purplish-brown stripe, and then the hind marginal
area dusted and clouded with tawny and grey-brown, through
which runs a much angulated white subterminal line ;
extreme hind margin edged by thick black streaks which
are separated by whitish dots ; cilia pale brown with darker
clouding and dashes. Hind wings rather broad ; the hind
margin sinuous and somewhat angulated at the apex, middle,
and anal coi'iier, white shaded with brown ; central spot
small, black ; from the base to the anal angle, arising on the
dorsal margin, is a succession of partial rippled brown lines
and stripes, that one which coincides with the second line
of the fore wings being thicker, blacker, and more complete
than the rest, but those following, though fainter, are nearly
complete ; extreme hind margin edged with thick black
streaks ; cilia brownish-white. Female larger, often whiter,
but the markings more emphasised, and the red-brown or
purplish-brown tints more decided, otherwise similar.

Underside of the fore wings white, shaded in the middle
with smoky-grey ; discal sjiot large, black ; second line

28 LEP/DOPTERA.

black and distinct, followed by a parallel smoky-brown
line. Hind wings white ; central sjjot black ; followed by
two complete, equidistant, smoky-brown transverse lines.
Body and legs whitish-brown.

Rather variable in the degree in which the ground colour
is obscured by purplish-brown or red-brown clouding, and in
the distinctness, or faintness, of the transverse lines ; this
last is probably a climatal distinction, Scottish specimens
being more strongly marked than those from the South of
England. There is also great disparity in size, some speci-
mens from the north, occurring in company with those of full
dimensions, being of less than one-half, or even one-third of
that size, but corresponding in a singular manner, in that
respect, with a closelv allied species, known as E. ahidaria,
which occurs on tbe Continent. But for the far longer, more
drooping palpi in the latter species, it would be difficult to
find a distinguishing character.

On the wing in June and July, but occasionally at the
end of May.

Labva very sluggish, short and thick, the skin wrinkled ;
dirty white or dull pink, clouded above with black ; raised
spots black, each with a distinct bristle ; head black ; dorsal
plate very dark brown ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular
lines slender, white, verj- indistinct, sometimes hardly per-
ceptible. When younger more of a dirty brown colour.

July and August in the cones of spruce fir, feeding upon
the unripe seeds ; extruding its excrement through a hole in
the surface of the cone. In the absence of cones it will feed
in the pith of the shoots or in a damaged shoot, and when
young hollows out the buds.

Pdpa bright red-brown, in a tough cocoon in the earth.

An exceedingly local species, only to be found in any reli-
able manner, or in any number, about large spruce firs ; but
apparently of a migratory habit, since single casual speci-

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECTA. 29

mens have been taken in many unexpected places. Usually
it sits during tbe day in the branches of its food-tree, and
may then be beaten out and secured, but its usual natural
flight is at night about the trees. In Scotland it is reported
to hide by day among the lichens upon these trees.

First noticed in this country in the year 1845 at Black
Park, Bucks, and for some years this continued to be its
only known locality with us. This may have arisen from
want of observation elsewhere, but there is good reason for
the belief that it has greatly extended its range in these
islands within a very recent period. Now it is tolerably
common in the jSTew Forest, Hants ; has been taken near
Devizes, Wilts, and once at Savernake Forest in the same
county. One specimen was secured by the Eev. C. T.
Cruttwell by beating a hedge close to the coast at South-
wold, Suffolk; and it has been taken at Brandon,
and at Dovercourt, Essex ; one specimen at Wisbech,
Cambs; one in Yorkshire, and one at Darlington. Durham.
In Scotland it is not scarce in Roxburghshire, where it was
found b}^ 3Ir. Adam Elliot ; rather frequent at Aviemore, in
Inverness-shire ; plentiful at Jloncrieffe Hill and elsewhere
in Perthshire ; and to be found in other places in the
districts of the Tweed, Clyde, and Tay. In Ireland Mr.
Kane considers it to be an introduced species, and says that
it is spreading over an extensive area as a result of the
planting of spruce firs ; Captain Donovan finds it commonly
in the County Coi-k, and it is frequent near Mullingar,
Westmeath ; found also in Monaghan, Kings County, Meath,
Sligo, Galway, Kerry, Roscommon, and Fermanagh, in some
cases only — as in England — singly.

Abroad it ranges over the greater portion of Central and
Northern Europe.

2. E. venosata, Fah. — Expanse § to 1^ inch. Fore
wings pale brownish-grey, silvery-grey, or leaden-grey, laced
with numerous slender black transverse lines which curve.

30 LEPIDOPTERA.

and bend, and join slender lines on tiie nervures. Hind
wings smoky wbitisli-tjroun.

Antennas of the male short, thick, densely ciliated, grey ;
palpi short and blunt, dark brown : face flattened, whitish-
grey ; head and neck-ridge tinged with fulvous ; thorax
smooth, pale grey ; abdomen pointed, brownish-grey, with
slender black bars across the first two segments ; anal tuft
small. Fore wings elongated, the costa a little arched at the
base and ajoex, otherwise nearly straight ; apex bluntly
rounded ; hind margin long and evenly curved : dorsal
margin also a little rounded ; colour pale silvery-grey,
leaden-grey, or brownish-grey ; basal line black, slender but
distinct, once angulated outwards; first line triple, black,
sinuous, and sharply angulated below the middle ; second
line also triple, sinuous, very oblique, angulated at every
uervure ; the interspaces between each of these triple lines
paler than the ground colour ; between the first and second
is an equally black, slender single line, more direct, j-et bent
outwards, so as to touch the elongated perpendicular black
discal spot ; all these lines are thickened and very black on
the costa ; the nervures of the middle area and also bej'ond
the second line blackened ; — these markings, which are
clear and sharp, give the wings a beautifully laced aspect —
extreme margin edged by a black line ; cilia whitish-grey.
Hind wings not elongated, rounded behind, greyish-white ;
the base and the nervures faintly dusted with grey or black ;
from the dorsal margin arise partial, black, much angulated,
transverse lines ; the outer two of which proceed farthest
yet do not fully cross the wing; extreme hind margin edged
by a black line ; cilia white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale grey- brown, with the
costa more ashy-grey ; all the black beginnings of the lines
on the costa distinct, and their continuation faintly traced ;
discal spot long, black. Hind wings greyish-white ; central
spot visible, black, the lines of the upper side more definite.

Extremely liable to local variation. A race found com-

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 31

nionly near Llangollen, and elsewhere on mountainous por-
tions of North Wales, has lost the grey or silver-grev tone of
ground colour, and has become pale brown of a peculiar soft
tone, but with the black transverse lines rather less distinct,
while the whitish stripes of the triple first and second lines
are clearer. In the Isle of Man a rather pale tone of the
normal ground colour obtains. In the Hebrides, with an
intermediate pale grey-brown ground colour, the delicate
black lines become thickened, and of a deeper black, and
very striking ; in the Orkneys the colour is lighter, brighter
brown, even yellow-brown or olive-brown, but the lines not
more than usually black ; and in Shetland, along with a paler,
more drab-brown tone of ground colour, the delicate trans-
verse lines and even their costal commencements become
more and more indistinct, until, in some specimens, they are
quite obliterated, the whole wing is soft smooth pale brown,
the discal spot itself, and the blackening of the nervures,
being hardly observable. Others from the same islands have
the lines blue-black and thickened with black clouding;
while others again, are of a smoky slate colour with obscure
markings. In the AVest of Ireland there is a similar ten-
dency to brown colouring, but without the whitish inter-
stripes ; and Mr. Kane has reared a specimen of a blackish-
brown colour, with the lines obsolete, from a larva found in
Galway.

On the wing in May and June.

Larva short and thick, hinder segments rather the
stouter ; head rounded, black or black-brown ; whole dorsal
region dull leaden-grey, grey-brown, or pale smoky-brown ;
dorsal and subdorsal lines visible in the paler specimens and
of a darker brown, thickened in the middle of each segment :
spiracular region and undersurface dusky greenish-white or
yellowish-white ; legs black. When very young entirely black.

June till the beginning of August on the seeds of SiUnc
inflata, S. maritima, and other species of catchfly; possibly

32 LEPIDOI'TERA.

also, rarely on those of LychnU dioica ; feeding; within the
large capsule, and apparently making this its constant resi-
dence.

Pupa bright red, or shining yellow-brown, the cremaster
darker and furnished with numerous fine bristles ; in a slight
cocoon in the earth. Not more particularly described. In
this condition through the winter, sometimes through two
winters.

The moth hides during the day among, or close to, its
food-plant, always among herbage, and is difficult to find at
that time, refusing to fly, and merely hiding more closely
among the herbage. It is scarcely ever seen while at rest.
It Hies at late dusk, but from its obscure tints is difficult
to see, so that although not at all scarce, it is rarely taken in
any plenty. Its larva, however, is collected with perfect
ease in the seed capsules ; and although much infested with
ichneumons, is the principal means by which the series in
our cabinets are supplied. Its favourite haunts are on the
chalk, and other cretaceous soils, on which its food-plant,
Bilene inflata, is plentiful ; and on the coast rocks, where Silene
maritima occurs in its great musses ; but the former plant
having a wide though more sparing distribution on other
soils, allows the insect to be widely distributed, so that it
seems to occur in almost every English county to Yorkshire
and Westmoreland. In South Wales it is found not uncom-
monly to Pembrokeshirp,and in North Wales on the mountains,
as well as along the coast ; and it seems to be common in the
Isle of Man. In Scotland it is found on the coast iu Kirk-
cudbright, and in Aberdeenshire, Inverness-shire, and Moray,
doubtless wherever there is suitable Silene-clad coast, and
certainly in the Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetland Isles. In
Ireland it is widely distributed — probably everywhere in
suitable spots. Abroad it is lound over the greater portion
of the Continent of Europe, and in Syria, Pontus, and
Bithynia.

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 33

3. E. consignata, Bldi. ; insigniata, Blaud. Cat. —
Expanse ^ inch (22 mm.). Fore wings whitish-grey, faintly
laced with slender lines ; discal spot large, black ; on the
costa are four red-brown blotches. Hind wings brownish-
white.

Antennte short, slender, simple, light brown ; palpi short
and thick, black-brown ; head smooth, silvery-grey ; thorax
dark reddish-brown, with silvery dusting; abdomen red-
brown, with a silvery-grey line down the back and minute
raised tufts at the edges of the segments ; lateral tufts paler ;
anal tuft thick but compressed. Fore wings long, costa very
gently curved ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique
and gently rounded, the curve extending to the dorsal margin,
which also is a little full ; colour pale silvery-grej' ; basal
line erect, black, but obscui-e, enclosing a basal tawny cloud ;
first line very faint, yet double or triple — a mere indication
of reddish-brown lines enclosing an erect white faint stripe ;
before this is a distinct costal tawny or red-brown cloud ;
discal spot an erect deep black streak joined to a reddish-
brown cloud or double blotch, which lies along the middle
area of the costa ; second line double, faint, reddish-brown,
much curved outwardly toward the hind margin ; beyond it
is a conspicuous trigonate red-brown spot on the costa, and
below a dot or two of the same colour ; nervures and dorsal
margin faintly dusted with reddish-brown ; hind margin
shaded with faint grey-brown, and edged by ajoined, parallel,
black and white line ; cilia silvery-grey, dashed with brown.
Hind wings small, the hind margin flatly rounded, white
dusted with brown ; central spot black ; beyond the middle
is a rippled brown double transverse line ; hind margin
edged with black streaks ; cilia greyish-white. Female
quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings silvery-grey with the discal

spot and costal blotches repeated in dull black, and the

nervures and lines faintly indicated. Hind wings white,

shaded with grey, especially around tlie hind margin ; central

VOL. I.X. C

34 LErinul'lLRA.

spot black. Body aud legs brownish-grey, the tarsi black-
brown, barred with white.

Very constant in colour and markings.

On the wing in April and May.

Larva long, slender, tapering slightly towards the head,
which is somewhat broad, green, very slightly marked with
purplish-red ; body somewhat wrinkled, studded with a very
few short whitish hairs ; ground colour grass-green, slightly
tinged with yellow ; segmental divisions yellowish ; dorsal
line very slender, dark purplish-red, enlarged at the base of
each segment into a spear-head shaped blotch ; these dorsal
blotches are bordered with yellow, and become confluent on
the capital and caudal segments ; spiracular line pufted and
rather paler green than the rest of the body, blotched into
purplish-red on a few of the middle segments of the body,
and more or less bordered with straw-colour ; central ventral
Une whitish.

End of May and June ; on apple, feeding on the blossoms
and also upon the leaves. It has been known to feed on
whitethorn ; and Hofmann adds blackthorn and raspberry.
When young it bears a close resemblance to a stamen of an
apple blossom. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

Pdpa apparently undescribed. The Rev. Joseph Greene
says that it is quite unlike that of any other Eupithccia with
which he is acquainted, but much more like that of a TortrLv,
very long and slender, and twisting the abdominal portion in
a very active manner. It has been found under apple bark.

The winter is passed in this state.

The moth frequents orchards, keeping apparently about
the upper branches of apple trees, and is very rarely seen in
the daytime — or even at night, except when, as occasionally
happens, it visits a neighbouring lamj), attracted by the
licrht. It had long been known as a rare species in this
country, when, in 1874, Mrs. Hutchinson, of Grantsfield, near

LARENTin.-E—EUPITHECIA. 35

Leominster, Herefordshire, had the good fortune to see a
specimen sitting in the upper part of one of the apple trees
iu her orchard, which was cleverly secured by her youngest
daughter. It proved most fortunately to be a female, and
began the same day to lay eggs. This occurred on May 4tb,
and continued slowly till the 20th, by which date thirty had
been laid, and some of the first laid had hatched. From
this small beginning resulted not only the larvje from which
the above description was made, but also nearly all the
specimens which now ornament our collections ; the race
having been carried on by Mrs. Hutchinson from year to
year, with but one opportunity for the introduction of a
fresh strain for twenty-two years at least, and probably till
the present time. This large amount of success has been in
part obtained by feeding the larvas, in gauze sleeves or ba^s,
on the trees. During all this time the specimens so reared
have emerged from pupa earlier in the spring than the wild
race. With this exception always a rarity in these Islands,
yet found — besides Herefordshire — in Surrey once ; twice
each in Sussex and Kent ; once in Wilts ; also in Berks,
Somerset, Gloucestershire, Bucks, Worcestershire, Huntino--
donshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Norfolk, generally
singly. This apparent rarity doubtless arises from its habit
of keeping about the tops of the apple-trees ; it may also
account for the absence of any indication of a wider rano-e in
these Islands. Abroad it is known to occur in Belgium,
France, Germany, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Corsica,
Dalmatia, and Central Russia.

4. E. extensaria, i^-rr.— Expanse f to li inch. Fore
wings very long, the apex extended ; white, with three very
oblique parallel broad brown stripes dusted with black,
pointing in the direction of the apex ; costa streaked with
black. Hind wings greyish-white.

Antennae of the male rather thick, simple, densely ciliated,
brown, the back whiter ; palpi short, whitish-brown ; hea<J

36 LEriDOPTERA.

and iieclv-riclge white ; thorax smooth, mixed pale brown
and white ; abdotnen short, rather thicic, asby-wliite with a
series of minute brown tufts down the dorsal ridge, and on
each side of these a line of brown clouds ; lateral and anal
tufts small and compressed. Fore wings long, the apical
portion much produced; costa nearly straight; apex bluntly
rounded ; hind margin very long and oblique, gently curved ;
dorsal margin rather short, also curved ; colour white shaded
with light brown ; all the markings so extremely oblique as
to be with difficulty allotted in the usual formula — near the
base are two, closely following, pale brown lines lying
obliquely outwards but merging into a brown cloud on the
costa; first line parallel with these, double, and forming a
brown stripe, arising on the dorsal margin as two black
streaks, again blackened on the median nervure, and a little
so where bent up to the costa ; beyond is another brown
stripe, almost parallel, of the same width, and blackened on
the nervures ; and beyond this a third, not far from the hind
margin, each of these making a more or less distinct bend
back at the subcostal nervure to meet dashes of brown from
the costa ; the second line scmm to be represented by the white
inter-stripe between the second and third last mentioned,
but it cuts through the third and throws a white dash into
the apex of the wing ; hind margin clouded with brown, in
which is the subterminal line, white and edged inwardly
by smoky-black clouding ; cilia white or greyish-white,
spotted with smoky-black. Hind wings rather elongated,
rounded behind, white faintly clouded with grey but having
beyond the middle a clear white transverse stripe, distinct in
the grey clouding, or even preceded and followed by dark
grey-brown shades ; cilia white, spotted with brown-black.
Female very similar, but often having the markings and
hind wings darker.

Underside of the fore wings light umbreous, with the
nervures darker ; some costal dashes, a very oblique straight
stripe beyond the middle, and the hind margin nearly white ;

LARENTID^-EUPITHECIA. 37

cilia spotted with brown. Hind wings rather darker brown,
with a curved and elbowed transverse white stripe beyond
the middle, and a fainter one close to the hind margin ; cilia
white with brown spots.

A striking and unusually handsome species; not very
variable, but the stripes ranging from very pale brown
almost without black dots or dashes, to slate-grey with
strong black accentuations. Occasional specimens are quite
strikingly white; others having darker stripes, also have
those of the middle of the fore wings drawn nearer together,
so as to form a rather definite central band, rendered more
conspicuous by the paler tint of the remaining markings.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva elongated and not very slender; head rounded,
green, the mouth pinkish-brown ; body bright green ; dorsal
line faintly darker ; subdorsal lines broad, white or greyish-
white ; spiracular line also broad, white, edged beneath with
pinkish-brown ; undersurface green, with a slender middle
white longitudinal line ; legs pinkish-brown ; prolegs green,
swollen and glassy.

End of July till September; on Artemisia maritima (sea-
wormwood), eating the buds, blossoms, and leaves ; feeding
principally at night; remaining during the day closely
twisted in the flower spike among the leaves and blossoms.
Here its colour and markings exhibit a wonderfully close
mimicry of those of its food plant, the white longitudinal
stripe on a green ground exactly resembling the grooves
filled with silky white hairs down the green sprays and foot
stalks of the Artemisia, while the pinkish-brown colour of
the mouth and feet is exactly that of the opening buds^ of
the plant. In connection with this a curious observation
has been made by Mr. G. T. Porritt. Larv!B which he found
on the Norfolk coast, upon this plant, were as described-
green with white lines and pinkish-brown mouth and legs—
these were reared, and from the resulting moths eggs were

38 LEPIDOPTERA.

obtained in large numbers ; tlie produced larva) were fed upon
Artemisia ahivtaninn, the Southernwood, so commonly grown
in gardens, which does not produce bud or blossom in this
country ; and the larvtc — 400 in number — showed no trace
of the pinkish-brown markings of their predecessors. This
change in no way affected the appearance of the moths.

Pl'PA short and compact, rather truncate in front, wing-
and limb-covers smooth and shining ; dorsal and abdominal
segments well marked but not pitted, glossy, the hinder
edges rather more dull ; spiracles distinct, anal segment
swollen ; cremaster very short, flattened and lunate, furnished
with a few strong bristles ; colour chestnut-brown ; cremaster
darker brown ; wing-covers bright green. In a small, com-
pact, ovate cocoon of silk and earth, at the surface of the
ground.

The moth hides during the day among its food plant, but
may be disturbed by the beating stick or by the foot, and
will then fly sharply a short distance, to hide in a similar
place. Its natural flight is doubtless at night, but has not,
I think, been noticed. It has only been known as an inhabi-
tant of these Islands for the last few years. The first specimen
was captured in Yorkshire about the year 1871, and was
recognised and recorded by the late Mr. H. Doubleday.
About the same time another was taken at Spurn Point in
the same county, but was not recognised till eight or ten
years later. These appear to have been the only known
British examples until 1887, when on July 19th Mr. E. A.
Atmore, of King's Lynn, and my eldest sou, being at a spot
on the Norfolk coast in which Artemisia maritima is abundant,
had the good fortune to disturb and capture several specimens.
This was followed by search for larvee later in the season,
and these being fortunately found in some plenty, quite
unmolested by Ichneumon parasites, and extremely docile in
feeding up in confinement, specimens of the moth soon

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 39

found their way into many collections. Subsequently the
larva was found to exist on various parts of the Norfolk
coast, though always confined to very limited areas, usually
of but a few yards extent, although the food plant might be
in plenty for miles. So far as I know, the coasts of these
two counties, Norfolk and Yorkshire, constitute its range in
the British Isles, yet a rumour has been heard of captures
on the shores of the estuary of the Thames, and its discovery
on any part of our eastern coasts would cause little surprise.
There is scarcely any doubt in my own mind that it is a
recent immigrant to our coasts, and its extensive spread is
reasonably probable.

Abroad it is understood to inhabit Lapland, some parts of
Russia, Siberia, Armenia, and the mountainous regions of
Central Asia.

5. E. pulchellata, Skph. — Expanse f inch (23 mm.).
Fore wings elongated, brownish-white shaded with chestnut ;
central band mottled grey and black ; discal spot distinct,
black ; cilia chequered. Hind wings smoky-white with grey
bands.

Antennas of the male slender, short, simple, hardly ciliated,
brown ; palpi small and slender, black-brown; face smooth,
orange-brown ; head, neck-ridge and thorax tawny or yellow-
brown ; abdomen of the same colour, small and tapering, the
segments edged with dull black ; anal tuft small and pointed.
Fore wings elongate ; costa nearly straight to beyond the
middle, thence the curve runs round the apex and hind margin;
dorsal margin straighter ; colour brownish-white or yellowish-
buff, clouded with fulvous ; basal line irregular, curved, black,
edged outside with white ; the basal space dusted with black ;
first line slender, much angulated and curved, black ; imme-
diately beyond, only separated by a whitish line, is a broad
central band of dark smoky browu, pointed up on the costa
and nervures with black or blue-black, also on the latter
with intermediate dots of white ; discal spot, placed in this

4° LEPIDOPTERA.

band, deep black, elongated and erect ; just beyond this and
still within the baud is a slender whitish rivulet line ; second
line composed of dusky atoms placed just beyond the band,
parallel with it and only separated by a white line ; hind
marginal region dusted with grey-black in blotches above
and below the middle, and broadly and beautifully clouded
and blotched with rich fulvous or chestnut, through which
runs a slender irregular yellowish-white subterniinal line;
extreme hind margin edged by short parallel black and
white streaks; cilia brownish-white chequered with black
spots clouded outwardly, llind wings smoky-white, with a
series of partial smoky-brown transverse stripes arising on
the dorsal margin, that at the middle of the wing continued
as a line of smoky-black dots ; those beyond it massed into
a marginal smoky band, interrupted by white dots ; central
spot black ; cilia white spotted with black. Female similar.
Undersides of all the wings glossy smoke-colour ; costa
of the fore wings spotted with black ; discal spot and
two following curved lines smoky-black. Hind wings very
similar. Body and legs whitish-brown, the latter darker in
front.

Variable in the width of the central band of the fore
wings, and in the depth of its colour, it sometimes being
partially broken or clouded with tawny and dusted with
white; there is also some diversity in the shade of tawny
clouding; in Wales both are sometimes very pale. In
Scotland the ground colour alone is sometimes very white,
but, on the other hand, Shetland specimens are greatly
darkened, the central band much shaded with blue-black,
and narrow bands near the base and hind margin similarly
dark.

On the wing at the end of May and in June.

Larva. Head brown, marked with lines of a dingy shade ;
on the collar is a blackish spot ; general colour dull yellowish-
green ; dorsal line broad, continuous, dull, dingy pui-ple ;

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 4'

subdorsal lines of the same colour, narrow, interrupted on
the anal segment ; spiracular line narrow, broken, also dingy
purple ; undersurface whitish-green with a white central
line ; whole body ihickly studded with whitish hairs, and
occasionally suffused with dull, dingy purple.

Or — Gi'ound colour dull yellowish or whitish-green ; dorsal
line dusky green ; subdorsal lines similar ; spiracular line
dull green, very narrow and faint ; segmental divisions
yellowish ; undersurface whitish-green, without markings.

Or — Ground colour pale primrose, slightly suffused with
green ; dorsal line dull faint green, almost invisible on the
posterior segments ; subdorsal lines of the same colour, much
broken, having more the appearance of detached spots ;
spiracular line very faint, pale yellow ; undersurface
whitish.

Or — Ground colour bright yellowish-green ; dorsal line
broad, pale olive ; subdorsal lines narrow, similar in colour ;
spaces between these lines bright yellow ; spiracular line
faint, broken, dusky-green ; undersurface sea-green. (Rev.
H, H. Crewe.)

Some far darker forms are figured by Mr. W. Buckler,
pale yellow-brown, or olive-brown, with the dorsal stripe
very broad, blackish-brown and broken into a squared
blotch on each ses-ment, or narrower and unbroken but barred
with black-brown blotches which pass down the middles of
the segments to the spiracles ; or with the black-brown stripe
merelv constricted from segment to segment. Larv£e found
by Mr. McArthur in the Orkney Isles are described by him
as nearly black.

Latter part of June till the beginning of August ; upon
foxglove {Digitalis 2Jurpvi\c() ; living within the blossom, the
lips of which it unites with silk, so that it is unable to open,
and remains, in appearance, a bud just ready to expand.
Within this the larva devours the pistil, stamens, and unripe
seeds. Its entrance is effected by biting through the side of
the large bud.

42 LEPIDOPTERA.

Pupa rather slender, the tongue-case long, limb-covers
sculptured with cross strije ; wing-covers faintly and irregu-
larly wrinkled or roughened, yet very glossy, the uervures
raised ; dorsal and abdominal segments narrowly pitted, the
smooth margins rather broad ; anal segment fully rounded ;
cremaster conical aud running to a rather long pointed
spike; wing-covers and front portion light gi-een ; dorsal
and abdominal regions light brown ; cremaster deeper
brown. In a soft cocoon of silk and earth, in the ground.

In this condition through the winter ; sometimes through
two winters.

The moth sits during the day on the ground or on stones
or rocks, keeping almost always among its food plant, and is
quite unwilling to Hy at this time. At dusk it flies over the
foxgloves and is then easily captured. It has also been
taken at light. Formerly an inhabitant of the out-
skirts of London, but now not to be found there, and
the foxgloves of the parks show no sign of its presence.
Otherwise to be found wherever these handsome plants
abound throughout England to Yorkshire in the east and to
Cumberland in the west ; probably also throughout Wales,
though I only know of its occurrence in the South. In
Scotland it has a wide range, through the Solway district,
Ayrshire, aud other parts of the Clyde Valley ; Perthshire,
where it attains au elevation of upwards of 600 feet on the
mountains; and from the districts of the Forth and Dee, to
Argyle, Sutherlandshire ; also in the Orkneys and Shetlands.
In Ireland it has probably the distribution of its food plant,
and is known to occur in the County Dublin, in Cork,
Kerry, Galway, Sligo, Monaghan, Fermanagh, Tyrone,
Donegal, and Derry. Its range abroad is small — Spain,
Central and Western France, and Central and East Ger-
many.

6. E. linariata, Schifi. — Expanse finch (18 to 20 mm.).
Fore wings blunt, tawny-white clouded with fawn colour;

LARENTID/E—EUPITHECIA. 43

central band bluish-grey or bluish-black ; discal spot black
but obscure. Hind wings smoky-white, clouded with grey.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, dark brown ; palpi
short, black-brown, face and head purplish-brown ; thorax
tawiiy ; abdomen small, slender, whitish-tawny, with a row
of deep black dots or minute tufts down the dorsal ridge ;
anal tuft compressed. Fore wings but little elongated ;
costa faintly curved, more so towards the apex, which is
rounded ; hind margin also rounded, but the anal angle well
marked ; dorsal margin nearly straight, strongly ciliated ;
creamy pale buff or tawny-white clouded with fawn colour ;
at the base is a black streak along the costa ; the outer edge
of this, with a black dot on the median nervure, and a tawny
dot on the subdorsal, indicate the basal line ; in the middle
of the wing is a strongly marked bluish-black or blue-grey
central band, deep black on the costa and nervures, and the
discal spot the same ; on each side of this band is a slender,
nearly parallel, line of blackish dusting, one forming an
indented first, and the other a curved and rather sinuous
second line ; the pale space before the first line is richly
and broadly clouded with bright fulvous, and the space
beyond the second more narrowly so ; hind-marginal area
clouded or banded with rich tawny-red, in which are two
blackish blotches, one over the anal angle, the other just
above the middle, the nervures also being dashed with black ;
through all this runs a whitish, roughly clouded subter-
minal line ; extreme hind margin edged with black streaks ;
cilia tawny-grey faintly spotted with brown. Hind wings
small, rounded behind, smoky-white, mottled from the dorsal
margin with grey, and along the hind margin with fulvous
and grey ; across the middle is a white band ; hind margin
streaked with black ; cilia smoky-white, faintly spotted
with black. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoke colour, with a
broad yellowish-white baud beyond the middle ; costa spotted
with black ; discal spot also black ; nervures blackened; the

44 I.EPinOPTERA.

white subterminal line just perceptible. Hind wings pale
amoky-grey dusted with black ; central spot black ; a white
band beyond the middle is preceded and succeeded by bands
of black streaks on the nervures and intermediate smoky
clouding. Body and legs pale brown.

Very constant in colour and markings.

May and June ; sometimes a partial second brood appears
late in August or in September.

Larva short and thick, slightly tapering towards the head,
which is nearly black ; yellowish-green with a series of large
dull olive or rust-coloured dorsal spots or bars running the
whole length, and bordered on either side by a dusky olive
line J undersurface dusky; spiracles black; body sprinkled
with short whitish hairs, and here and there studded with
black tubercles. The dorsal markings are often very in-
distinct, and sometimes wanting altogether, the larva being
then uniform yellowish-green. When young it is bright
yellow, with blackish dorsal spots. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

August and September in the flowers of the common
yellow toad-flax, or, as Mr. Crewe calls it, wild snapdragon
{Linaria vulgaris), feeding on the anthers and seed vessel.
It has also been found in gardens feeding on the seeds of
Anti7-rhiii.uiii.

Very easily collected by the simple process of plucking a
bunch of the common yellow toad-flax and taking it home.
The larvee, which are so effectually hidden within the blossoms
as never to be seen without careful search and the breaking
up of the flowers, leave at night when full fed and spin up in
any corner, so that the first intimation that you have collected
the larvae may be — and has been — the sight of the moth,
sitting on the ceiling of the room, its pretty wings laid flat,
and its abdomen slightly curled up.

Pupa reddish-yellow, anal tip blood-red ; thorax and wing-
cases olive-green. In an earthen cocoon. (H. H. Crewe.)
In this state through the winter.

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 45

The moth doubtless hides during the day among its food
plant, but is rarely seen at that time, and perhaps never
induced then to fly. Its natural flight at dusk seems to be
also feeldom observed, and nearly all the specimens in collec-
tions have been reared in confinement. Probably this may
arise from the great ease with which it is fed up and so
obtained ; there can be no reason to suppose that it could
not be collected by watching the patches of its food plant at
late dusk, but it would then be very obscure upon the wing.

It very closely resembles E. pulchellata,hnt is smaller, and
its markings are darker and more sharply defined, the central
band being very perfect.

Apparently common throughout the Southern half of
England with the Eastern and Western Counties, with
possibly the exception of Cornwall, yet this is more probably
an absence of observation. It is less common in the Mid-
lands, but extends to Cheshire and Yorkshire. Doubtless
also throughout Wales, since it has been found at Dolgelly
and Colwyn Bay, and I met with it pretty commonly in
Pembrokeshire. In Scotland there is a single record — at
Inverurie, Aberdeenshire — which, I think, requires confir-
mation. Dr. White did not know it as a Scottish species.
The single record in Ireland — at Howth, Dublin, by Mr.
Petherstonhaugh — may refer to a specimen accidentally
introduced.

Abroad it has a far more considerable range than the last
species, through Central Europe, Spain, Northern Italy,
Corsica, Livonia, some part of Finland, and South-east
Russia.

7. E. centaureata, Schiff. ; oblongata, Stand. Cat. —
Expanse ^ to 1 inch. Fore wings chalky-white ; discal spot
black in a large blue-grey costal blotch. Hind wings white
with grey shading.

Antennae of the male slender, simple, minutely ciliated,
brown ; palpi short aud blaut, black-brown ; head and face

46 LEPIDOPTERA.

purple-brown, with n white circlet round e.ach antenna ;
neck-riilpe brown; thorax white; abdomen ]>rowu thickly
dusted with white, and having down the dorsal ridge a row
of raised tufts, black in front, white behind ; basal segment
and anal tuft chalky-white. Fore wings elongated, narrow,
oosta very flatly curved ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin
long and very oblique, but little curved ; dorsal margin
rather rounded ; chalky-white clouded towards the dorsal and
hind margins with grey ; costa clouded with a series of
smoky-black blotches ; basal line only indicated by a black
dot on the median nervure ; first line only by one or two
faint black streaks; second line more visible, exceedingly
slender, oblique but curved back to the costa and forming
black dots on the nervures ; discal spot deep black, erect,
lunate, joined outwardly to a broad, somewhat kidney-shaped
blotch from the costa to the middle of the wing ; along the
dorsal margin is a series of cloudy black dots ; subterminal
line white, rippled, distinctly visible as it passes through a
yellowish-grey or pale grey hind-marginal cloud ; cilia white
clouded with large greyish spots. Hind wings rather small,
rounded behind, white ; central spot black ; dorsal margin
barred with grey-black streaks ; hind margin faintly dusted
with smoky-brown, in which is a rippled faint white line ;
cilia white dusted faintly with smoke colour. Female
similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-white, with black
clouding along the costal area, and more faintly along the
hind-marginal ; discal spot black. Hind wings white, with
a series of six dotted, shaded, and rippled smoky-black
transverse lines, most distinct on the margins ; central spot
black ; cilia white spotted with black. Body and legs
white, but the tarsi brown.

A little variable in the whiteness of the wings, or in their
being softly clouded with grey or yellow-grey ; also in the
size and darkness of the large reniform blotch ; in rare
instances, occurring principally in the London district and

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 47

in a second generation, this blotch is extended into a smoky-
black transverse band, the lines at the same time becoming
more definite and distinct, and a slender central line making
its appearance. Still more rarely specimens have been found
having this blotch diminished to little more than the discal
spot.

On the wing from May till August, but a partial second
generation seems to be produced occasionally from the eggs
of the Maj' or June specimens, emerging from August to
October.

Larva long, rather slender, tapering towards the head,
skin slightly wrinkled; bright yellowish- or bluish-green,
with a number of dorsal and subdorsal spots and lines of a
darker shade,, the dorsal markings very often forming a series
of disjointed lozenge-shaped marks.

Or — Uniform yellowish or bluish-green, without any spots
or markings whatever.

Or — Greenish or pinkish-white with a chain of deep red,
trident-shaped dorsal spots, connected together by the central
prong, and becoming confluent toward the head ; under-
surface whitish, with a short red line or spot in the middle
of some of the segments.

Or — Mealy green ; the dorsal line very indistinct, darker
green ; evanescent on all but the capital segments, subdorsal
lines scarcely visible, dull green ; spiracular line yellowish-
white ; segmental divisions of the same colour ; undersurface
destitute of markings. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

Mr. Buckler's figures show a still wider diversity — ranging
through various shades of green, yellow, grey, slate-grey,
purple-grey and greyish-white, without markings, with only a
dorsal stripe, purple, purple-black or purple-red ; and with
this and lateral markings of pink, purple or purple-brown.
The head is usually of the ground colour of the body, or
a little paler.

July to September, on the flowers of difierent species of

48 LEPIDOPTERA.

ragwort [Scnecio j'acoha'a, S. vulgarU and S.mirifoUa'),go\(!ieVi-
rod (Solida/jo) both native and cultivated, yarrow, hemp-
agrimony, knapweed, Pimpinclla magna and P. mxifraga,
Silavs j)n(t(:iiKi% Cicuta virosa, Campanula glomerata, Scahiosa
columbaria, Clematis, the seeds of Plantaga major, and the
blossoms of other plants, both wild and in gardens. Very
often to be seen sitting in the middle of the disk of the
flower.

Pl'PA short and thick, wing-covers thickened at the edges,
veined and abundantly sculptured with minute, irregular
incised lines, and not glossy; limb-cases similarly sculp-
tured, lying very close ; eye-covers protruded; dorsal portion
of the thorax dull from minute pitting, and segments, both
dorsal and abdominal, similarly pitted, with the exception of
the hind baud of each, which is smooth ; anal segment rather
embossed; colour pale ochreons-brown; abdominal segments
red-brown ; cremaster darker — a broad thick spike, covered
with rough points and small spines. In a cocoon of silk
and earth, in the ground. In this condition through the
winter.

The moth may be seen at almost any time through the
summer, in the daytime, sitting on posts, fences, rails, or
■walls in gardens, in town or country, its white wings fully
outspread and its abdomen rather curled up, yet it doubtless
escapes ordinary observation from its accurate resemblance
to a bird's dropping. Often it will sit in the same manner
on the stems and leaves of thistles and other coarse plants.
If disturbed it will not fly far, and often will just lift its
wings and run a short distance, to again press itself close to
any surface. At dusk it flies gently, and usually frequents
flowers, especially those of ragwort, wood-sage, or garden
flowers ; later it will come to light, or to the sugar used for
attracting Noduw.

Common in the gardens of the London suburbs, and of
other cities and towns, also tolerably plentiful throughout

LARENTID.H—EUPJTHECIA. 49

the southern half of England, with the Eastern and Western
counties to the Scilly Isles ; rather scarce in the Midlands,
or in some parts of them apparently absent, yet present in
Warwickshire and Derbyshire, and becoming again common
in Yorkshire, Cheshire, and thence throughout the North of
England. Doubtless also in most parts of Wales, though
the only records that I find are that of Mr. Vivian in
Glamorganshire, and my own in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland
it is present in Ayrshire, Eenfrew, and elsewhere in the
Clydesdale district, in Fife and the Edinburgh district, and
in Perthshire. In Ireland generally distributed to Derry.
Abroad it inhabits the whole of Europe, except the boreal
regions, being common at Gibraltar and in Turkey, yet
apparently scarce in Portugal ; also found in Asia Minor,
Armenia, Syria, India, and the mountainous regions of
Central Asia.

8. E. succenturiata, L. — Expanse | to 1 inch. Fore
wings white, all the margins mottled and clouded with grey
or grey-brown ; discal spot round, black. Hind wings white
clouded with smoky-black.

Antennce of the male rather thick, simple, ciliated, dark
brown, faintly barred with white at the back ; palpi short
and blunt, reddish-brown ; eyes very prominent, golden
brown ; head and front of the thorax black-brown, some-
times dnsted with white ; hinder half of the thorax white ;
abdomen brown dusted with white, the basal and anal
segments white ; anal tuft compressed. Fore wings elon-
gated, moderately broad ; costa very faintly curved ; apex
bluntly rounded ; hind margin long and very oblique, curved
in a small degree ; dorsal margin also a little rounded ;
colour white ; along the costa is a series of broad brown-
black clouds, the final one filling the apical space ; along the
hind margin is another such series, almost unbroken, of
smoky-brown clouds, through a portion of which runs a
rippled and angulated white subterminal line ; discal spot

VOL. UC. P

50 LEPIDOPTERA.

distinct, rather rounded, deep black ; ordinary first and
second lines very obscurely and faintly sugsjested by a few
isolated dots and streaks without defined form, except that
in a clouding of brownish-grey which occupies the dorsal
margin they become faintly visible as white lines enclosed
between faint brown ones ; cilia black-brown. Uind wings
small, rounded behind ; white, often shaded with grey, the
dorsal half also dusted with grey, and streaked across the
nervures with grey-black ; hind-marginal region shaded with
grey, in which runs a white angulated line ; cilia grey dashed
with white. Female very similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-white, with a broad
smoky-black hind-marginal band, in which is visible a white
subterminal line ; discal spot and a costal spot beyond it
black. Hind wings white, the central spot black ; a smoky-
black band lying broadly along the hind margin is divided
by a white cloud. Body white ; legs brown.

There is some variation in the extent of grey or grey-
brown clouding upon all the wings, specimens from western
districts having often a faint shade over the greater portion
of the white middle area. In rare instances the grey or
grey-brown mottling is extended from all the margins so
as to cover the middle area, and almost obliterate the white
ground ; such specimens were formerly known under the
name of E. disparata.

On the wing in June, July, and August.

Larva moderately stout, elongated, tapering toward the
head ; dingy, dull dark reddish-brown ; dorsal line dingy
black, connecting a chain of dull black inverted kite-shaped
blotches, which become confluent on the anterior and pos-
terior segments ; subdorsal lines dusky, slender, waved,
uninterruptedjdarker between the dorsal blotches; spiracular
line dirty white, interrupted ; head bordered by a reddish
line; undersurface dusky along the edges, pinkish-white in
the middle, the central ventral line blackish ; back and side?

LARENTIDAZ—EUPITHECTA. 5 1

sprinkled with a few reddish hairs. Varying to pale reddish-
brown, with the dorsal line and blotches dingy olive, and the
subdorsal lines dusky and very indistinct ; or to a dark, dingy
olive ground colour. (Eev. H. H. Crewe.)

September and October on Mugwort {Artemisia vnhjaris),
feeding at night on the upper surface of the leaves, and
leaving the cottony undersurface almost untouched; also
occasionally upon A. maritima (sea vpormwood), tansy, and
even wild camomile. During the day it is seldom to be
found on the upper green leaves of the plant but loves to
hide among the twisted dead leaves below.

Pupa dull brown, with the wing-covers green or olive-
green. In a cocoon of silk and earth, in the ground.
In this condition through the winter.

The moth is seldom seen in the daytime ; doubtless it
hides among its food plant, in the large masses of which it
would be well concealed ; at late dusk it flies over the same
plants, and on into the night, and will come occasionally to
a strong light. It seems decidedly to prefer the coast dis-
tricts, though not confined to them, and has been found in
Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset,
Berks, Middlesex, Oxfordshire, Essex, Gloucestershire, Here-
fordshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cheshire, Lan-
cashire, Yorkshire, and Durham. In Wales Mr. H. W.
Vivian has taken it in Glamorganshire, and I have found it
rarely in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland the only record seems
to be from Ardrossan, in Ayrshire. In Ireland it has been
found on the Dublin coast at Howth, also in the Isle of
Larabay, in Louth, and Armagh. Abroad it has a wide
range, through Central, and (temperate) Northern Europe,
North Italy, Dalmatia, Southern Eussia, Bithynia, and the
mountainous regions of Central Asia.

This species was united with the following by Mr. Stainton
in his "Manual," doubtless because of the existence of dark
forms of both, which seemed to form connecting links. They

$2 LEPIDOPTERA.

had, however, been described as distinct by previous authors,
and the Rev. H. Harper Crewe and the Rev. John Hellins
fully succeeded in proving their distinctness by means of
their larvas.

9. E. subfulvata, Haw. — Expanse ^ to 1 inch. Fore-
wings fulvous or red-brown, margined with umbreous ; discal
spot distinct, black. Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Antennte of the male slender, simple, finely ciliated, dark
brown ; palpi short, black-brown ; eyes black ; head and
neck-ridge dull umbreous ; front of thorax deep dark brown,
hinder portion pale brown, frosted with white ; abdomen
reddish-brown, the dorsal ridge set, like a fine saw, with
minute raised tufts; anal tuft rather long, compressed.
Fore wings hardly elongated ; costa very flatU' arched ; apex
rounded ; hind margin smoothly- curved, and the dorsal
margin also a little rounded ; colour fulvous or red-brown ;
the costa clouded with umbreous cut up by numerous pale
grey-brown streaks which seem to suggest the beginnings of
transverse lines, not otherwise visible ; discal spot black,
rather rounded ; nervures slightly darkened ; hind marginal
area tinged with umbreous, through it, or edging the dark
colour, is a frequently angulated, obscure, white snbterminal
line having on its inner side black dashes on several of the
nervures ; cilia glossy umbreous, faintly dashed with darker.
Hind wings rather broad, rounded behind ; pale smoky-
brown dusted with dark brown upon the dorsal half and also
behind ; central spot very small, black ; near the hind margin
is a rippled white slender line ; cilia smoky-brown, dashed
with darker brown. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings shining smoky-brown, the fore
pair barred along the costa with smoky-black ; discal spot
black; the white snbterminal line faintly visible; on the
hind wings is a large black central spot, beyond which are
two curved smoky-white bands. Body pale brown; legs
dark brown,

LARENTW.£—EUP/THECTA. 53

NoL very variable, but occasional specimens show faint
traces of a slender dark brown basal line, or of this and the
second line or even all the usual lines and a pale angulated
stripe following the second line, but usually these markings
are faint. In rare instances — more frequent in the east of
Scotland — the usually fulvous area is filled in with these
lines and a grey-brown mottling, so that the brighter colour
is almost, or even quite, obliterated. This series of forms is
known under the varietal name of cognata.

On the wing in July and August.

Larva long, tapering but slightly towards the head ;
reddish-brown, with a series of oval dusky olive dorsal spots
confluent towards the head and tail, and connected and
intersected by a dorsal line paler in colour ; subdorsal lines
black, interrupted, dark opposite the dorsal blotches, pale
and almost or quite evanescent between them ; spiracular
lines white ; dorsal region thickly studded with minute
white tubercles and less thickly with whitish hairs ; under-
surface whitish, with a central purplish line running thf)
whole length. A variety has the ground colour pale yellowish -
brown with similar markings. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

This is a redder larva than that of the last species and its
dorsal spots are narrower and more ovate.

September and October, on Achillea millefolium, (milfoil
or yarrow), feeding at night on the flowers, seeds and leaves ;
ordinarily remaining upon the plant by day, lying along the
midrib of a leaf, which it so closely resembles as to become
almost invisible ; or sometimes at full length along a stem.
Occasionally also on flowers of tansy (Tanacctum vulgarc); and
Mr. Prout states that in confinement it will feed willingly on
the blossoms of garden chrysanthemum (C. sinense).

Pupa not very stout, but having the wing-covers thickened
at the margins and also ribbed at the nervures, roughened
with abundant and rather coarse sculpture of incised lines
and pits ; eye-covers not very prominent, smooth ; antenna-

S4 LEPWOPTERA

covfi'S and tliose of the limbs covered with rough sculpture
of cross-ridges and incised lines ; dorsal and abdominal
segments coarsely pitted in the usual broad bands; cremaster
broadly triangular, hollowed beneath and tipped with a
long spike forked at the apex ; red-brown or orange red, the
wing-covers a little paler, the cremaster deeper red. In a
cocoon of silk and earth, in the ground.
In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides during the day among its food plant and
other herbage, but may occasionally be seen sitting upon a
post or paling or some other neighbouring object. It is not
at all disposed tofly much at this time, but moves about in a very
lively manner at late dusk and may then often be seen settled
upon, or flying over, the flowers of ragwort. It also will
come to the attraction of sugar, and rather rarely to light,
settling upon a window. Occasionally to be found in the
suburbs of London — I have taken it myself at Nunhead — and
elsewhere very much more common than is generally
supposed, its secluded habits and the close resemblance of its
larva to its food-plant protecting it from general notice in
either state. It certainly occurs all over England, and in
some districts quite commonly ; also in all probability
throughout Wales, though I have only Mr. Greening's record
for Flintshire, Mr. Vivian's in Glamorganshire, and my own
in Pembrokeshire — where it is common. In Scotland it is
found in Wigtownshire, Berwickshire, Roxburghshire and
other parts of the South, also in Argyleshire, Aberdeenshire,
Kincardineshire and Moray. In Ireland on the Dublin coast
and in Cork County, Wicklow and Louth.

Abroad its range extends through Central Europe, Livonia,
Finland, Northern Italy, Dalmatia, South-Eastern Russia,
and the Central Asian mountain regions.

10. E. subumbrata, i-'chijf.- — Expanse | to | inch
(18 to 23 mm.). Fore wings narrow, white, with numerous

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 5$

transverse slender grey or grey-brown lines ; margins softly
clouded with grey; discal spot a small black dot. Hind
wings white with grey marginal clouding and lines.

Antennas ef the male simple, faintly ciliated, black-brown;
paljji short and blunt, greyish-white clouded with black;
head greyish-white, spotted before and behind the antennae
with black ; neck-ridge and thorax brownish-white, dotted
with grey ; a dark brown shade lying across the back of the
collar; abdomen white, much shaded with f)al6 brownish-
grey ; apical tuft long, pointed. Fore wings narrow and
rather elongated ; costa very gently and flatly curved ; apes
rounded ; hind margin long and gently curved, as also is the
dorsal margin ; white, rippled all over with grey and grey-
brown lines ; basal line oblique, angulated, dark grey, enclos-
ing a grey-brown shade on the costa; first line triple, oblique,
grey, preceded by a parallel grey-brown shade ; after a short
interval commences a series of fine, rather more erect, angu-
lated and much rippled grey lines, the first of which embraces
the black discal spot, and all bend back to the costa ; before
these is often another grey shade ; a soft grey-brown cloud
lies along the costal area ; apical region occupied by a large
slate-grey spot or cloud which after being penetrated deeply
by a white angle, spreads again along the hind margin and
is^there divided by the slender rippled white subterminal line ;
extreme hind margin edged by alternate white dots and black
streaks ; cilia slate-grey. Hind wings rather broad, rounded
behind, white; central spot small, black; dorsal half of the
wing from the base dotted with grey-black ; along the hind
margin are two dotted and clouded lines of the same colour ;
extreme hind mare-ln edsed with short black streaks ; cilia
greyish-white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoke-colour ;
costa shaded, and beyond the middle barred, with darker ;
hind margin broadly clouded with the same colour through
which the white subterminal line is faintly visible. Hind
wings white, dotted and dusted on the nervures and margins

56 LEPIDOPTERA.

witli brown; central spot hhick ; cilia smoky-grey. Body
and legs whitish-brown ; tarsi more smoky-brown.

Only a little variable in the depth of grey or brown-grey
lines and shading.

On the wing in June.

Larva very long and slender, tapering much toward the
head, which with the general ground colour is dull yellowish-
green; dorsal line broad, dark green, narrower at the seg-
mental divisions ; subdorsal lines dusky, very narrow and
indistinct; segmental divisions of the back orange, of the
ventral surface yellow ; spiracular line dusky green ; on each
side of the head and the anal segment is a yellowish line.

Or — Ground colour dirty greenish-brown; dorsal line dusky-
olive ; subdorsal lines of the same colour, narrow ; posterior
segments reddish; in. other respects like the typical form.
(Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

Those figured by jMr. Buckler are equally long aud slender
but otherwise differing — Rich bright green with a very
slender purple-brown dorsal line, the head pale grey, the
other markings obsolete.

Or — Yellow-green with very broad dorsal, and narrower
subdorsal purple-brown stripes.

July to September on the flowers of A^xirgia hisjncla, Grepis
taraxifolia and other low-growing plants. Staudinger and
Hofmann add flowers o{ SaihijMo, Crntnurca, Soli<lar/o, Glohu-
laria, Gentiana, Jasione, Origanum, Hypericum, Chrysanthe-
mum, Euphrasia, Campanula and Pivvpinella.

Pupa short and thick, tapering rapidly behind ; eye-covers
smooth and prominent ; antenna-covers much raised and
strongly cross-ribbed ; limb-covers thickened ; wing-covers
very prominently ribbed, and wrinkled with cross sculpture ;
three of the abdominal segments strongly ridged with a
raised edge, also abundantly dotted with pitted sculpture ;
cremaster proportionately thick and large, armed with a
strong spike ; either wholly red-brown ; or with the wing-

LARENTID^-EVPITHECIA. 57

covers and anteiior portion greeii, the abdominal segments
pale brown, and the ridges and cremaster red-brown. (From
pupae furnished for description by Mr. W. H. Harwood.)
In a cocoon of silk and earth. The winter is passed in this
state.

The moth hides during the day among low-growing
herbage close to tlie ground, but is so readily disturbed on a
snnny afternoon as almost to give the impression of a day-
flying species. It however certainly flies at dusk. Its
favourite haunts are flowery banks and broken ground about
sea-clifis, rough fields and fens ; also open spaces between
woods ; and occasionally it may be found in damp spots on
the margins of heaths. It is certainly a local species,
apparently partial to coast districts, and fond of the warmest
corners of the rough ground which it affects. Found m
Kent — commonly in the Isle of Sheppey — Sussex, Hants,
Dorset, Devon, Berks, Bucks, Gloucestershire, Essex, Suffolk,
and the fens of Cambridgeshire ; rare in Norfolk ; absent to
all appearance from the Midlands and many of the western
districts, again appearing in North Lancashire, Yorkshire,
Durham, and Northumberland. In Wales Mr. Vivian has
found it at Port Talbot, Glamorgan, and I have taken it —
but rarely — in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it is recorded
from Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; and
Argyle, and the Messrs. Gordon have found it not very un-
commonlj' in Wigtownshire. In Ireland it is not scarce in
Cork County, Gal way, Sligo, Fermanagh, and Donegal.
Abroad widely distributed through Central Europe, Livonia,
Finland, and the Central Asian mountain regions.

11. E. irriguata, Hull. — Expanse f to | inch (IS to
22 mm.). Fore wings glossy white ; discal spot black ; basal
band dark brown ; costa and hind margin spotted and clouded
with the same colour. Hind winsTS white, with brown cloud-
ing and a black central dot.

Antennae of the male slender, simple, ciliated, whitish-

58 I.EPIDOPTERA.

blown; paljii small, black-biown, tipped with white; face
prominent, silvery white, head and neck-ridge dusky white ;
thorax black-brown, barred in the middle with white ;
abdomen brown with a row of minute black dorsal tufts and
some white dusting around them ; anal tuft short and com-
pressed. Fore wings narrow ; costa slightly and flatly
arched throughout ; apex narrowly rounded, almost angu-
lated ; hind margin long, oblique, faintly curved ; dorsal
margin straight ; colour white ; base tinged with brown in
which is a black costal cloud ; this extends to a curved brown
transverse stripe, blackened on the costa and nervures, which
precedes the excessively obscure first line of carelessly
arranged brown dots ; in the middle of the wing are four
successive black spots on the costa ; underneath them is the
discal spot, elongated, deep black ; from them proceed three
angulated lines of brown dusting which enclose the discal
spot and become more distinct toward the dorsal margin ;
beyond, on the costa, is a brown blotch connected with a
series of brown clouds of unequal width, which attains the
anal angle, and is bounded on the outside by the white
irregular subterminal line ; another brown blotch occupies
the apex of the wing, and is slenderly continued along the
hind margin and there edged by black streaks ; cilia white,
spotted with black, and clouded with brown. Hind wings
short, the hind margin rather sinuous and tlattened ; colour
white ; central spot small, black ; a large black-brown spot
on the dorsal margin near the base is followed down that
margin by similar dotting and dusting on the nervures ; hind
margin clouded with brown dusting, and edged with black
streaks ; cilia brownish-white, spotted with brown clouds.
Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-white ; costa spotted
with black and white ; discal spot black ; apex and hind
margin rippled with dark smoky clouding, in which appears
a pale subterminal line. Hind wings white, dotted round
the margins with grey ; central spot large, black ; extreme

LARENTID.^—EUPITHECIA. 59

hind margin shaijjly edged with Llack descents. Body and
legs greyish-white, the tarsi black.

There is a little variation in the depth of colour of the
markings ; those from Herefordshire being decidedly darker
than specimens fi'om the South of England.

On the wing at the end of April and in May.

Larva long, slender and tapering slightly toward the head ;
skin rather rough and wrinkled ; ground colour dull yellowish-
green ; dorsal line dull rusty-red, very indistinct except on
the capital and caudal segments, enlarged on the middle
portion of each segment of the middle of the body into a
somewhat conspicuous elliptic blotch ; subdorsal and spira-
cular lines yellowish, the latter verj^ faint ; head rusty-red ;
undersurface greenish, without markings. (Rev. H. H.
Crewe )

End of May and June, on oak and occasionally on beech.

Pl!PA slender, thick-skinned; dark brown, sometimes with
the wing-cases olive-green. In a cocoon under bark or moss,
(C. Dietze.)

In this condition through the winter.

The moth sits during the day on the trunks, or on the
underside of the branches, of oaks, or on fences or hedges
close to oak woods ; from which hiding places it is easily
disturbed, flying to a shoi't distance. Its natural time of
flight is at dusk and at night, but it does not seem often to
be observed at this period. Usually a very scarce species
and extremely local ; more common in the New Forest,
Hants, than, probably, anywhere else in the United King-
dom, but found occasionally in oak woods in Surrey, Sussex,
Dorset, Devon ; in Savernake Forest, Wilts ; in Berks,
Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Suffolk a.nd Norfolk ; doubt-
less also in Essex. In Wales Mr. H. W. Vivian reports one
or two specimens in Glamorganshire ; but I know of no other
localities for it in these Islands.

6o I.F.PIDOPTERA.

Abroad it is found throughout the greater portion of Cen-
tral Europe, Itcaly, Corsica, Dalmatia, and South-East Eussia.

12. E. pusillata, ,SY7njf:— Expanse \ inch (18 mm).
Fore wings glossy whitish-brown, with four oblique, in-
dented, ill-defined brown transverse stripes, and inter-
mediate faint lines ; discal spot large, black. Hind wings
smoky-white.

Antennae of the male slender, simple, minutely ciliated,
dark brown ; palpi also brown, very short and blunt; head
and thorax light umbreous, dusted with black ; abdomen
dull brown dusted with white, a black line down the dorsal
ridge but the tufts hardly perceptible; anal tuft compressed,
purple-brown. Fore wings narrow ; costa very flatly arched ;
apex narrowly rounded ; hind margin moderately oblique
but very little curved ; dorsal margin long, rather filled out ;
colour glossy whitish-brown ; no basal line ; discal spot
placed just before the middle of the wing, large, ovate, black;
across it runs the first line, double, umbreous, blackened on
the costa; immediately beyond it is the second line, parallel,
dark umbreous, edged outside with whiter clouding ; beyond
this is another parallel dark brown stripe ; then the sub-
terminal line, also parallel, ill-defined, brownish-white ; and
a final brown stripe lies along the hind margin, edged
with black streaks ; cilia brown, a paler line lying along
their base. Hind wings rather narrow, a little sinuous at
the hind margin ; pale umbreous, darker behind, where is a
faint transverse paler line ; central spot dull black ; extreme
hind margin edged with black ; cilia shining brownish-
white, clouded with darker. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings whitish-umbreous ; a paler
streak along the costa is barred three times with smoky-
black ; discal spot black. Hind wings dusky white dusted
with brown, having two indistinct curved darker brown
transverse stripes ; central spot black. Body and legs brown.
Usually not variable, but a specimen taken near Ipswich

LARENTID^—EUJ'ITHECIA. 6i

by Mr. H. Miller, and in his collection, is singularly
pretty, the brownish-white ground colour very clear and pale,
and all the markings very sharply defined.
On the wing in May and June.

Laeva long, slender, and tapering considerably toward
the head, which is rounded, red-brown ; general colour
orange-red or dull ochreous-green ; dorsal line dusky-olive
often only apparent on the anterior segments ; subdorsal
lines also dusky-olive ; spiracular lines yellow ; segmental
divisions orange-colour ; central ventral line yellowish. (Rev.
H. H. Crewe.)

June and beginning of July on spruce fir (Pimis ahies).
It does not cling so tightly to its food plant as some of its
allies, and may be beaten out into an inverted umbrella.

Pupa slender and delicate, pale ochreous-yellow ; the eye-
covers black and prominent ; upper edge of wing-cases
bordered by two black spots; lower edge by a slender
blackish line. In a slight earthen cocoon, in the ground
(Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth hides during the day in spruce fir trees, from
which it may be disturbed by the beating stick and readily
captured. Its time of natural flight is late dusk or night.
An exceedingly local species, but sometimes common in its
very restricted localities. Formerly all our specimens, or
nearly so, were obtained in or near the Archbishop of Canter-
bury's park at West Wickham, Kent, but it is now found
equally freely in the New Forest, Hants, and elsewhere in
these two counties ; also in Surrey and Devon ; and rarely
in Wilts and Suffolk. So far as I know this is the extent of
its range in these Islands. Abroad it is found throughout
Central Europe, the temperate portioris of Northern Europe,
Northern Italy and Greece.

62 LEPIDOPTERA.

13. E. nanata, llah. — Expanse | inch (18-20 mm.).
Fore wings long, ])rodnced at the tip, greyish-white with
several well-defined, very oblique, brown-grey or black-grey
transverse stripes ; a white spot is placed above the anal
angle. Hind wings greyish-white.

Antennae of the male slender, simple, ciliated, dark-brown ;
palpi small, blunt, black-brown; eyes deep black; head and
thorax grey-brown ; abdomen similar, with extremely minute
black tufts along the dorsal ridge ; anal tuft compressed,
pale-grey. Fore wings narrow ; costa straight to beyond the
middle, thence arched ; apex rounded ; hind margin very
oblique, gently curved ; dorsal margin also a little rounded ;
colour greyish-white with a brown shading ; basal line
oblique, sharply angulated, black, followed by two somewhat
parallel greyer lines, and a third, more oblique, which turns
back so as to form an angle around the discal black spot ;
immediately beyond this angle is a group of small black costal
streaks, which extend to a rather broad and sharply angu-
lated white stripe faintly intersected with grey ; beyond this
the hind-mai'ginal region is grey-brown distinctly divided
into two stripes by a rippled white subterminal line ; in this
subterminal line, above the anal angle, is a more distinct
white ci'escent or V-spot ; and before the discal spot is, almost
always, a round white spot ; close to the extreme hind margin
is a row of black streaks, edged outside by a grey line ; cilia
grey, intersected and spotted with black. Hind wings rather
elongated but small, flatly rounded behind; pale smoky-grey
faintly bounded beyond the middle with darker, but down the
dorsal region more distinctly with alternate bars of dark grey
and white ; extreme hind margin edged with black streaks ;
cilia dark grey-brown, clouded with grey-black. Female
similar.

Underside of the fore wings glossy smoky-brown ; costa
rather blackened, and a little barred with black ; discal spot
black. Hiad wings dusky white, dusted with black ; central
spot black, followed by two rows of cloudy black dots indi-

LARENTIDjE—EUPITHECIA. 63

catinc bands, and a browner band, intersected or clouded with
white, toward the hind margin. Body and legs grey-brown.

Variable in the depth of colour of the oblique transverse
stripes of the fore wings, and in the presence or absence of a
round white spot in the discal cell. A rather striking form
of the first-named variation is that in which, the other stripes
being obscure, the two nearest the middle of the wing are
dark, placed near together, and so form a distinct and
pretty central band. This phase of variation seems to become
rather frequent in Scotland, I have it from Dumbai-tonshire.
In the north of Ireland, on the other hand, specimens are
found in which all the stripes are nearly or quite obsolete.

On the wing from the end of April till June, and as a
partial second generation at the end of July and in August.

Larva long and very slender, tapering toward the head ;
ground colour of head and body white or greenish-white,
with a chain of pear-shaped red dorsal spots, bordered on either
side by an interrupted line of the same colour, and becoming
confluent on the capital and anal segments ; sides spotted
with red ; a central red line runs the whole length of the
undersurface ; body clothed with a few very short hairs.

A very pretty variety has the ground colour bright green,
with a series of tooth or pear-shaped white dorsal spots inter-
sected by a central horizontal dark green line, becoming
purple at the anal tip ; spiracular line white, broken ; back
sprinkled with a few short black hairs. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

Mr. Buckler further figures it greenish-white with the chain
A dorsal markings black, the subdorsal dashes crimson, and
the spiracular streaks black ; also with these dorsal markings
united by a dorsal dark line, and the colours of the lateral
markings reversed ; and deep green with the dorsal markings
black, the subdorsal lines greenish-yellow, and the spiracular
line broken up into white spots. A very variable and ex-
ceedingly pretty larva.

August and September on Calhina vulgaris (Common

64 LEPIDOPTERA.

Heather), feeding on both flowers and leaves. Possibly also
on Erica, but this seems to be rather uncertain.

PcPA not very stout ; limb-covers strongly ridged but
smooth ; wing-cases rather thickened, the nervures ribbed,
and the interspaces sculptured with abundant minute incised
lines ; dorsal and abdominal segments almost covered with
fine pitting ; anal segment rather swollen, and furnished with
a strong conical cremaster, terminated with a bunch of irre-
gularly twisted and curled bristles ; colour light bright
chestnut, with a narrow band of dark chestnut at the hinder
edge of each abdominal segment ; or in some cases the whole
of the thoracic portion to the ends of the wing-cases, and to
the beginning of the dorsal segments, is dull green or pale
brownish-green. (From pupae furnished by Mr. W. H.
Harwood for description.) In an earthen cocoon. The winter
is passed in this condition.

The moth sits during the day among heather, but is alert
and restless, flying up from the approaching footstep to
settle again a few yards further. In northern districts it
will sometimes rest upon rocks, or the trunks, or even in the
branches, of fir trees growing among the heather. At dusk
it flies of its own accord, keeping nearly always about its
food plant. Plentiful on heaths in almost all parts of
England, apparently less so in some portions of the west.
No doubt also occurring through Wales, though to my surprise
I can find no record there except those of Mr. H. W. Vivian
in Glamorganshire, and Mr. Greening in Denbigh and Flint.
In Scotland it seems to inhabit all mosses throughout the
country, extending to the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland
Isles ; also to be common in bogs, and on mountain heaths, all
over Ireland. Abroad its range seems to be restricted to
Central Europe, Finland, Livonia and Dalmatia.

14. E. indigata, Hub. — Expanse f inch (18-20 mm.).
Fore wings narrow, elongated toward the apex ; thinly

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 6 J.

scaled ; pale brown ; discal spot large, perpendicular,
elongated, black ; costa dotted with black. Hind wings
smokj-white.

Antennte of the male simple, thickly ciliated, dull brown ;
palpi small, drooping, purple-brown; head pale drab ; thorax
thin and weak, pale umbreous dotted with black ; abdomen
very slender, ashy-brown clouded with reddish-brown and
having almost imperceptible black tufts on the dorsal ridge ;
anal tuft compressed, pale brown. Fore wings elongated and
narrow, thin in texture and thinly scaled ; costa very flatly
arched throughout ; apex suddenly, almost acutely, rounded ;
hind margin oblique, gently curved ; dorsal margin rather
filled out and well ciliated ; pale brown faintly shaded with
reddish-brown ; no distinct transverse lines, but on the
costa are usually visible five equidistant blackish cloudy
spots, and sometimes there are faint traces of one or two
lines toward the dorsal margin ; discal spot an upright
black streak, the only distinct marking upon the wing ; cilia
grey-brown. Hind wings small, rounded behind ; dusky
white ; central spot cloudy black ; dorsal margin very faintly
barred three or four times, with brown ; cilia coucolorous.
Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings semitransparent pale smoky-
brown ; nervures dai'ker ; discal spot a brown streak ; above
it, and beyond, are two blackish costal spots. Hind wings
dusky white, twice faintly barred with slender brown lines ;
central spot faintly black.

On the wing in April and May ; in Devon there is said to
be a second generation in August.

Larva long, slender, tapering considerably toward the
head, which is reddish ; ground colour pale greenish-yellow
or yellowish-red ; dorsal line dusky reddish-brown or olive,
frequently very faint or entirely evanescent except on the
thoracic segments ; subdorsal lines pale yellow; spiracular
line pale yellow ; collar reddish-brown ; segmental divisions

VOL. IX. E

66 LEPIDOPTERA.

reddish ; undersurface greenish-yellow ; central ventral line
3'ellow with a reddish brown line on each side. (Rev.
H. H. Crewe.)

June and July on Scotch fir (Finns xylvcstris) ; when
young preferring the inflorescence, afterwards feeding upon
the leaves ; also upon larch ; and in confinement feeding
readily upon juniper and cypress.

Pupa slender, pale red-brown ; dorsal region and the wing
cases, which lean together, darker. (Hofmann.) In a thin
cocoon in the ground or under the bark of a tree. In this
condition during the winter.

The moth sits in the daytime usually upon the trunk of a
fir tree, and often at a considerable height. If disturbed
it flutters hastily awaj- and usually to the ground. It flies
about the trees at late dusk, but as may be expected, is not
often captured at that time. Almost or quite restricted to
woods of Scotch fir, and never noticed in any abundance, yet
to be found in such suitable localities throughout England
from Cornwall to Northumberland. In Wales it has been
taken in Glamorganshire. In Scotland recorded from
Berwickshire, Roxburghshire, Clydesdale, Midlothian, Aber-
deenshire and Kincardineshire, and abundant in Perthshire.
In Ireland it seems to have been noticed only in Galway,
Tyrone and Derry. Abroad its range is not very wide, but it
is found in Holland, Belgium, Germany, Livonia and Finland,
and possibly in Spain.

15. E. constrictata, Grii.; distinctaria, M.S. — Ex-.

pause I to I inch (18-21 m.m.). Fore wings grey-white,
with numerous slender curved grey transverse lines, and
near the hind margin a broader similar stripe, all faint and
delicate ; discal spot a distinct upright black streak. Hind
wings very similar.

Antennte of the male simple, thickly ciliated, dull brown ;
palpi not very short, purplish-black ; face rather oblique.

LARENTTD.e-EUPITHECIA. 67

greyish- white ; head and neck-ridge of the same colour ;
thorax and abdomen pale grey ; the latter with a series of
minute black dots on the dorsal ridge ; anal tuft pointed.
Fore wings blunt, not very narrow except at the base ; costa
gently arched; apex and hind margin rounded; dorsal
margin almost straight ; colour pale brownish-grey ; basal
line rather oblique, curved and slender, dull black ; first line
almost parallel, faintly duplicated, slender, brown ; beyond
it is a triple series of extremely slender rippled, curved, and
bent brown lines closely embracing the discal spot, which is
an erect black streak ; beyond these three lines is a parallel
series of brown dots, closely followed by a slender brown
thread which perhaps is the ordinary second line; this is
edged outside by a stripe of the ground colour, and this
followed by two faintly browner stripes separated by an
excessively indented paler subterminal line ; cilia concolorous.
Hind wings rather broad, rounded behind ; pale smoky
brown, slenderly barred by three pairs of brighter brown,
sinuous cloudy lines; central spot obscurely black; cilia
pale brown. Female similar. The markings in both sexes,
although numerous, are all faint and indistinct.

Underside of the fore wings glossy pale smoky brown;
costa spotted several times with squared smoky black spots ;
discal spot faintly black ; beyond it are three equally faint
slender smoky transverse stripes. Hind wings dusky white,
three times banded with slender brown stripes, and between
these with others, very faint ; discal spot a long black cres-
cent. Body and legs grey-brown.

Usually not variable except a little in the depth of the
ground colour and the distinctness — or indistinctness — of the
markings ; but specimens from the Hebrides are of a more
decidedly grey tint.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva rather long and slender, tapering considerably
toward the head ; ground colour dark green ; dorsal line

68 LEPIDOPTERA.

broad, purplish-red ; spiracular line indistinct, greenish
yellow ; ventral segmental divisions yellow ; down the
middle of the undersurface is a whitish line ; skin wrinkled ;
back studded with numerous very short, stiff, bristly hairs.
(Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

August and September : on the flowers of the wild thyme
{Thymus serpyllum), feeding at night.

Pupa yellowish-green and olive ; enclosed in a slight earthea
cocoon. (Rev. H. H. C.) Not more fully described.
The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth loves the firm settled portions of sea-sand-
hills where wild thjane grows in masses, and similar spots on
limestone or chalk hills and downs, any rough dry ground
indeed in which thyme is plentiful. Here it hides in the
cover of dwarf sallow, or any rough plants which afford
shelter, as well as in the thyme beds, and is easily disturbed,
in hot sunshine, by the footstep or the beating stick, flying
instantly away with swiftness, close to the ground, so that a
quick eye as well as hand is required for its capture. Its
natural flight at dusk is not so frequentlj- noticed. Locally
common in the Isle of Wight, and in Sussex, Dorset, Corn-
wall, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Bucks, the Isle of Man,-
Derbyshire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Westmore-
land, and once taken in Northumberland. In Wales Mr.
Vivian records in the peninsula of Gower, and Mr. Walker at
Colwyn Bay. In Scotland it occurs on the coast of Wig-
townshire, on trap rocks in Ayrshire, and elsewhere in the
Clyde district, in those of the Forth, Tay, and West Ross,
and has been taken b}^ Mr. A. F. Griffiths in the Hebrides.
In Ireland it has a very considerable distribution, particu-
larly on the coast, and is recorded from near Dublin in plenty,
also from Wicklow, Cork, Kerry, Galway, Sligo, Louth. Down,
Tyrone, Armagh and Derry.

Abroad it seems to be little known or not generally recog-
nised; it is reported from Central Germany and Bavaria,.

LARENTID.E—EUPITHECIA. 69

and has been received from Egypt. It must therefore have
a wider range.

16. E. lariciata, Fn\ — Expanse 1 inch. Pore wings
elongated, grey-white, with numerous dark grey or grey-
black, rather oblique and bent, transverse stripes or lines ;
•discal spot rounded, black ; nervures streaked with black.
Hind wings very similar ; white in front.

Antennas of the male simple, minutely ciliated, purple-
brown ; palpi small, rather blunt, black-brown tipped with
pale yellow ; face and head ashy-grey, dusted with black ;
thorax brown, similarly dusted ; abdomen ashy-grey much
dusted with black, and having black tips to the segments on
the dorsal ridge ; anal tuft small and compressed. Fore wings
rather forming a long triangle ; costa very flatly arched ;
apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin also curved, and the
dorsal margin a little filled out ; pale greyish-white dusted
with black ; almost all the abundant markings composed of
black dusting; basal, first, and two succeeding lines all
oblique, parallel, much angulated and bent back near the
costa, and all shaded off inwardly with black dusting, the
fourth of these embraces the discal spot, which is conspicu-
ously black ; beyond this, in a stripe of the pale ground
colour, is a central cloud of very pale fulvous ; it is followed
by an oblique stripe of smoky-black clouds each containing a
black streak, and this by the second line — a dusky slender
thread in a pale stripe ; hind margin more broadly filled by
two, still parallel, stripes of black dusting, separated by the
sinuous, faint, pale subtermiual line ; extreme hind margin
streaked with deep black ; cilia pale grey spotted with black
clouds. Hind wings broad, rounded behind ; the front area
broadly glistening, dusky white ; remaining portion pale
brownish-grey, repeatedly barred from the dorsal margin with
dark grey cloudy stripes, blackened on the nervures ; hind
margin edged with black streaks ; 'cilia smoky grey dashed
with black clouds. Female similar.

70 LEl'IDOPTERA.

Underside of the fore wings shining, pale smoky-grey ;;
discal spot dull black ; on either side of it is a dull black costal
streak, and beyond a longer costal blotch ; from two of these
obscurely black stripes cross the wing ; cilia prettily laced with
black basal crescents. Hind wings dusky -white ; central spot
black ; followed by two curved transverse stripes of black
dots on nervures. Body and legs brownish-grej-.

Onl}^ a little variable in the distinctness of the tranverse
markings. Sir Thomas Moncrieffe states that freshly emerged
specimens often have quite a rosy patch in the middle
of the fore wings, but that it rapidly fades away. A speci-
men taken near Derby, in the collection of Mr. J. Hill, is pale
grey with a dark band round the hind margin ofevery wing.

On the wing in May and the eai'lj" part of J une.

Larva long and rather slender, tapering toward the head ;
which is small, dark green ; general colour bright grass-
green, somewhat darker on the middle of the back ; dorsal
line dark green, but its anal tips reddish, sub-dorsal lines
vifanting, or so faint as to be scarcely visible ; spiracular line
whitish or pale straw colour ; segmental divisions yellowish ;
undersurface whitish, with a dark green central line.

Or — Head and ground colour yellowish-red or reddish-
buff ; dorsal line brownish-olive, occasionally very faint ;
spiracular line pale greenish-yellow ; anal tip of the dorsal
line reddish ; undersurface whitish with a dusky central and
two broad blue lateral lines. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

End of June, and in July, on larch (Piims lario:), in con-
finement feeding also upon spruce fir.

Pupa rather long and slender ; thorax yellowish-olive ; wing
cases deep green ; abdomen yellowish-green, tinged with red;
abdominal divisions and anal tip red. In a slight earthen
cocoon in the ground. (Rev. H. H. C.)

The moth hides during the day in the branches or sometimes
on the trunks of larch trees, or on the undersides of boughs ; in
windy weather hiding in the thickest portions. When beaten

LARENTID.T,—EUPITHECIA. 71

or shaken out it often drops or flutters to the ground. At late
dusk it flies about the trees, but is then not often noticed. It
was discovered here in the year 18G2, and eggs and conse-
quent larva3 were then obtained by the late lamented artist,
Mr. Edward Hopley, from moths taken in Sussex and Surrey.
In 1866 it was found to be common in Yorkshire, and there
were strong reasons for believing that an extensive immigra-
tion of the species had taken place from the Continent, since
in a few years it had so spread over the country that it might
be reckoned upon, almost with certainty, in any large planta-
tion of larch. I have no record for Cornwall, and for Wales
only that of Mr. Vivian in Glamorganshire, but wherever its
food plant is plentiful it seems now to occur from Devon and
Kent to Northumberland and Cumberland ; and in Scotland
in the Edinburgh district, Perthshire, Clydesdale, Aberdeen-
shire, and the Hebrides. It had reached Skye in 1883. In
Ireland it has been found near Dublin, in Wicklow, Louth,
Limerick, Galway, Westmeath, Monaghan, Tyrone, and Sligo,
and is now abundant in Donard Demesne, Mourne Moun-
tains, Down. Mr. Kane is of opinion that it is of recent
introduction to Ireland consequent on the extensive planting
of larch. Abroad its range extends through Central Germany,
Bavaria, Switzerland, Eussia, Armenia, and Tartary.

17. E. castigata, Rav;. — Expanse f inch (18 mm.j. Fore
wings not elongated, brownish-white, with numerous very
faint sinuous transverse smoky-grey lines ; central spot a
black dot ; costa clouded with smoky-black. Hind wings
white, faintly banded with grey.

Antennas of the male simple, ciliated, light brown ; palpi
small, black-brown ; head and thorax grey-brown dusted
with black ; abdomen whitish-grey at the base, middle seg-
ments grey-brown ; anal segment and anal tuft grey. Fore
wings rather broadly rounded ; costa gently arched through-
out ; apex much rounded ; hind margin curved and not very
oblique ; dorsal margin also rather full ; somewhat glossy

72 LEPIDOPTERA.

brownish-white or whitish-grey ; basal line obscnrel}* black ;
first line a rather faint grey oblifjue stripe bent back at the
costa ; in the middle of the wing is a similar but broader
stripe, embracing the short black discal spot and from it bend-
ing back and becoming a black cloud to the costa ; just
beyond this is a parallel similar stripe, also a little blackened
-as it bends back at the costa, in this are several small black
wedges on nervures; the outer edge of this stripe seems to
correspond with the ordinary " second " line, a very slender
grey thread there running through a narrow rivulet of the
ground colour ; hind marginal region nearly filled up with
darker grey except that a clouded and broken white sub-
terminal line intersects it ; below the discal spot is a black
streak on the median nervure ; cilia dark grej' ; all these
markings dull and obscure. Hind wings small, fnlly rounded,
greyish-white ; central spot black ; nervures of the dorsal
half streaked with black ; along the hind margin is a broad
dark grey band ; cilia dark grey. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoke-colour ; discal
spot black ; on each side of it is a pale yellow costal spot, and
along the hind margin a grey shade. Hind wings whitish-
grey ; central spot black ; beyond it is a slender curved
transverse row of blackish streaks. Body and legs grey.

Not apparently very variable in any one locality, but the
ordinary brownish-white ground colour of the southern dis-
tricts alters gradually to greyer-white in the Midlands, and
in the North of England and West of Scotland produces,
along with various shades of pale grey, a fine smoky-black
form, very frequent at Paisley, and now well known, but which
when first met with was a cause of some perplexity. Indeed
the general shape of this species is so accurately that of several
others that in the absence of markings and of the usual
colour, the identification of this curious variety was a matter
of some delicacy. After many efibrts it was finally
accomplished by the late Mr. W. H. Tugwell. Mr. J. E.
Robsou tells me that in rearing this species he finds that

LA RENTID.-E —E UPITHECIA . 73

■those specimens which emerge uniformly black, showing no
trace of markings, rcma'Di black ; but that those specimens in
which the markings are perceptible, however faintly, under
the black shade, on emergence, gradually fade and soon
■become merely dark typical specimens. To all appearance
the melanic tendency in this species is of quite modern
development — probably within the last ten years.

On the wing in May and June and sometimes as a partial
second generation, in August.

Lakva long, slender, and tapering ; ground colour pale or
dusky olive, or reddish-brown; with a chain of dusky lozenge-
shaped dorsal spots, becoming confluent on the anterior and
posterior segments ; segmental divisions reddish ; on the
nndersurface is a central blackish or purplish line running
from the head to the anal tip ; body thickly studded with
minute white tubercles and clothed more sparingly with short
bristly hairs. (Eev. H. H. Crewe.)

August, September and October ; almost omnivorous. Mr.
Crewe says " feeds promiscuously upon almost every descrip-
tion of tree, shrub, and flower." I have found it even in a
capsule of Lijchnis, and on Scdum tclcphium, and it is re-
corded upon brake-fern and the seeds of rush.

Pupa. Thorax and wing cases yellow, the latter more or
less suffused M'ith green ; abdomen slender and tapering,
reddish or greenish-yellow. In an earthen cocoon. (Rev.
H. H. C.)

In this condition through the winter.

The moth especially loves to rest during the day on the
underside of the branch of a tree, especially of a large tree,
and may sometimes be so seen in scores, specimen after
specimen in following order, almost touching each other.
When noticed they will move a little way, one at a time, in a
restless fashion, but will not fly unless reallj^ disturbed.
'Often however it hides in a hedge or any bush, when it may

74 LEPIDOPTEKA.

be beaten out and easily captured. Its natural flight is at
rather late dusk, over bushes and hedges ever^-where. It is
not so common now as formerly in London gardens — indeed
seems to be becoming rather scarce in tbem, but is elsewhere
plentiful all over England, Ireland, and probably Wales ; and
in Scotland in all the more Southern districts, in Perthshire
and the Hebrides ; but in Aberdeenshire is rather scarce, and
does not seem to extend beyond Moray.

Abroad it has a wide range through Central Europe,.
Northern Italy. Grenada, Finland, Livonia, the northern
Balkan States, Tartary, the mountainous regions of Central
Asia, Western China and Japan.

18. E. virgaTireata, Ncv:man; pimpinellata, Gn.
Stn. Manual. — Expanse | inch (23 mm.). Fore wings elon-
gated but blunt, pale grey-brown ; nervures alternately
dotted with black and w-hite ; costa clouded with black ;
discal spot black ; a white spot is above the anal angle.
Hind wings pale brown.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, brown ; palpi rather
projecting, blunt, dark brown ; head and thorax umbreous,.
dotted with darker brown, at the back of the latter is a short
whitish bar ; abdomen brown, with the lateral tufts well
developed, but the dorsal tufts hardly perceptible, the anal
compressed and depressed. Fore wings somewhat ovate ;
costa flatly arched ; apex rounded ; hind margin fully curved,
almost expanded ; dorsal margin also well filled out ; light
umbreous ; the nervures all indicated by short black streaks
and obscure intermediate white dots ; on the costa is a suc-
cession of black-brown cloudy spots, of which one before and
another bej-ond the middle are most distinctly black ; discal
spot between these, somewhat triangular, black ; outside this
is a more distinct series of black streaks or wedges on the
nervures, with following black dots indicating a most
obscure double second line ; subterminal line visible as a
series of faint curved white streaks, the most distinct forming.

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 75.

a spot or crescent just above the anal angle ; hind margin
edged with short black streaks ; cilia umbreous, dashed with
shining pale brown. Hind wings rather small, rounded
behind ; very pale smoky-brown ; the nervures raised in
ridges, and dotted with black, the intermediate membrane
dusted with brown; central spot long, black ; hind margin
streaked with black ; cilia pale brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky-brown ; discal
spot black ; costa from it white, barred with black ; the wing
partially barred by two series of obscure black streaks placed
upon nervures. Hind wings dusky white, dusted with
smoky-brown; central spot black, followed by two curved
transverse lines of smoky-black dots ; hind margin strongly
edged with black streaks. Body and legs pale umbreous.

Usually not vai-iable, but in Midland and Northern hill
districts found darker in varying degrees, until occasional
specimens are smoky-black with blacker nervures, or even
wholly deep black. Such specimens are in the collection of
Dr. P. B. Mason, at Burton-on-Trent ; and a beautiful series
has been reared from Welsh larvas by Mr. H. W. Vivian.

On the wing in May and the early part of June, and as a
second generation in July and August.

Larva rather slender, tapering toward the head, fulvous,
with a series of black dorsal triangular spots becoming con-
fluent towards the head, and faint or altogether evanescent
on the caudal segment ; on either side is a row of conspicuous
slanting whitish or yellovvish stripes forming a sort of margin
to the dorsal spots ; undersurface dusky, reddish in the
middle, and having a dusky central line running the whole
length; body studded with various-sized white tubercles,
and thinly clothed with short hairs. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

From Mr. Buckler's figures this larva is seen to be some-
what broader and stouter than many of its allies, but rather
flattened and tapering ; its head, in each case, of the colour
of the body. This last character varies, some specimens

-76 LEPIDOPTERA.

'being dark purplish-brown, or purplish-grey, or dull green,
but in all cases with the trigoaate dorsal dark stripes, the
oblique stripes yellow or white, and these last margined
beneath with a distinct blackish dash.

June, and as a second generation in August, yeptember, and
"October, on the blossoms of golden-rod {Solidago virgavrea),
ragwort, and millefoil ; Mr. Buckler says also on flowers of
heather.

Pupa very different from those of allied species ; thorax
yellowish-green, with a very accurately and distinctly defined
border, and looking almost as though set in a frame. When
•examined with a glass some singular dark spots and mark-
ings are seen, which give it very much the appearance of a
■skull. The abdomen is yellowish-red, with two indistinct,
interrupted, dorsal, and two, more distinct, subdorsal dusky
lines ; wing cases yellowish-olive streaked with dusky mark-
ings, and haying the nervures very prominent. (Rev. H. H.
Crewe.)

In a slightly spun earthen cocoon.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides during the day among its food-plants and
other low-growing herbage, and may occasionally be disturbed
thence and captured, but it is so obscure in its markings and
appearance that unless quite fine and fresh it can scarcely be
distinguished from some of the allied species. It flies over
the same plants at dusk and is then easily captured, but
since the larva is readily found on composite blossoms, the
Tiiore satisfactoiy plan is to rear it and so avoid the perplex-
ing results of wear and tear. It was formerly known here
under the name of E. piinpindlatn, and was so described by
Mr. Stainton in bis " Manual," but in the year 1859 this
error was discovered and pointed out by the Eev. H. Harper
Crewe, and in consequence it received, in Mr. Newman's
" British Moths," the present name. It is somewhat local,
-though probably more widely distributed than we are at

LARENTID.-E—ECPITHEC/A. 77*

present aware of, from the obscurity of captured specimens,
as already pointed out. Recorded from vSurrey, Sussex,
Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Here--
fordshire, Worcestershire, Norfolk, Derbyshire, Cheshire,
Lancashire, and Yorkshire. In Wales it was rather
common near Pembroke, and in Glamorganshire Mr. Vivian
found it with a fine black varietal form. In Scotland it has
been found in Wigtownshire, by the Messrs. Gordon ; in Ire-
land its distribution is far wider — Dublin County, Wicklow,
Cork, Kerrj% Galway, Sligo, Monaghan, and Armagh ; but
its range abroad is still uncertain — we only know it to occur
, in France and Germany.

19. E. albipunctata, i/(n". ; tripunctata, ff.-<S^.— Ex-
panse f to 1 inch. Fore wings broad and blunt ; brown, faintly
rippled with whitish-brown ; discal spot large, black ;
nervures faintly dusted with black and white ; above the
anal angle is a distinct white spot, and often one or two more
above this. Hind wings pale brown with a white dot over
the anal angle.

Antennffi of the male simple, ciliated, brown ; palpi rather
projecting, dark brown tipped with paler ; head and thorax
pale umbreous, dusted with darker, and having often a faintly
whitish triangular spot at the back of the latter; abdomen
dull brown ; the latei-al tufts visible on a strong ridge ; dorsal
tufts scarcely perceptible ; anal tuft compressed. Fore wings
broad and blunt ; costa decidedly arched ; apex bluntly
rounded ; hind margin curved but not very oblique, the anal
angle fully formed ; dorsal margin rather full ; colour jDale
umbreous, thickly dusted all over with darker ; nervures
obscurely dotted and streaked with black-brown and white ;
costa clouded with numerous small obscure brown shadas ;
discal spot black, short and rather rounded ; lines absent,
except the subterminal, which is white but hai-dly visible
except in detached white dots, and a more conspicuous broad
one above the anal angle; cilia dull brown. Hind wings

78 LEPIDOPTERA.

rather squared behind ; pale uinbreous shading to white in
front, and with the base rather pale ; central spot small,
black ; nervures toward the dorsal half of the wing streaked
with dull black and white, and the intermediate areas dusted
with dark brown ; near the hind margin is a slender obscure
whitish line expanding into a round white dot near the anal
angle ; cilia pale grey-brown, clouded with darker. Female
similar but with a rather stouter body.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-brown ;
costa yellow-brown, barred beyond the middle with three
narrow, and one broad, black-brown clouds ; discal spot
narrow, black ; hind margin edged with black streaks. Hind
wings shining, dusky white ; twice faintly barred beyond the
middle with curved lines of brown streaks ; central spot
black, triangular. Body whitish-brown with a dark brown
anal tuft ; legs also whitish-brown, barred with black-
brown.

Usually not variable to any noticeable extent, but a little
over twenty years ago a unicolorous smoky-black form was
reared at York along with ordinary specimens, and received
the name of var. angdicata. This striking melanic form
seems now to be rather frequent in the north, but not to be
accompanied by intermediate varieties.

On the wing in ^lay and June, and as a second generation
in August.

Larva rather wrinkled, not very robust, tapering toward
the head; general colour pale lemon yellow, more or less
suffused with rich brown ; down the middle of the back is a
series of lily-shaped deep brown spots, bordered on either
side by a slender subdorsal line of the same colour ; on each
side is a row of slanting light yellow stripes and deep brown
blotches ; undersurface greenish-yellow ; central ventral line
deep brown ; subventral lines much broader, of the same
colour ; body studded with numerous small white tubercles.

Or — Ground colour pale 3-ellowish-green ; down the middle

LAREjVTIU.-E—EUPJTHECIA. 79

■of the back is a series of semi-lozenge-shaped dusky brown
spots, connected by the dorsal line of the same colour,
becoming indistinct on the posterior, and confluent on the
anterior segments ; subdorsal lines dusky and indistinct,
followed by a series of dusky blotches ; central ventral
line dusky and interrupted ; the whole body, especially the
back, studded with minute white tubercles and a few short
blackish hairs. The dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral spots and
lines are sometimes almost or entirely wanting, leaving the
larva a uniform pale yellowish-green. (Rev. H. H.
Crewe).

Other forms figured by Mr. Buckler have the general
colour red-brown, purple-brown, grey-green, or full green ;
the head usually agreeing in colour with the body, and
the markings usually very distinct in a far deeper tone of
the ground colour.

End of May, June, and a second generation from the end
of August till October ; on the flowers of Umhdlifcrm ; more
particularly of Angelica sylvestris, and Hcracleum spliondijlmm.
Hofmann adds Cicuta virosa, Laserpifium latifolium and
Peuccdanuin orcoselinum; and the late Mr. D'Orville, of Exeter,
reared a fine series, from the egg, upon flowers of Anthriscus
syhestris, there being no other umbelliferous plant obtainable,
in blossom, at the time at which these eggs hatched.

This case was somewhat peculiar — the moths fi-om pupae
in his possession emerged in April. They paired, aud the
larviB from the resulting eggs fed up so rapidly, on the
Anthnscus, that some were full grown in a fortnight ; the
moths from these did not emerge till the beginning of July,
yet this would allow full time for a third brood in the year.
Mr. N. M. Eichardson has found that it will feed freely upon
the leaves of elder. While at rest, in the daytime it likes to
sit on the under side of one of the secondary umbels of the
great plants usually chosen, where it is only seen by close
scrutiny. Unfortunatelj^ it is excessively subject to the
attack of Ichneumon parasites.

8o LEPIDOPTERA.

Pi'PA short and stout, the head very blunt, thoracic portion
thin-skinned, yellowish-green ; the wing-covers dark green,
and with the limb covers very glossy and almost without
sculpture ; dorsal segments sparingly pitted, yellowish
green ; abdominal segments red-brown, also rather sparingly
pitted, the hinder margin all smooth and edged b}' a fine
suture ; abdominal segment swollen at the base, then conical,
and thecremaster similarly conical, furnished at the tip with
hooked bristles. In a silken cocoon among rubbish on or in
the ground.

The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth doubtless hides among the herbage about its
food plants, but it is very seldom seen, and almost all our
specimens are obtained by rearing.

Although recognised and named by Haworth, it became so-
completely overlooked that no notice was taken of it in Mr.
Stainton's " i\Ianual " ; but in a very few years later — about
1860 — it was re-discovered, being then regarded only as the
species recently named tripnncfaria by Herrich-Schaffer.
Shortly after it was recognised as Haworth"s lost species.
It certainly is widely distributed here, and not very un-
common, tliough so seldom seen. In the larva state it has
been found in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Devon,
Somerset, Berks, Bedfordshire, the Eastern Counties to
Norfolk, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire,
Leicestershire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lanca-
shire, Yorkshire, Durham and Northumberland. In Wales
Mr. Vivian took it at Port Talbot, and I found it in
Pembrokeshire, but not commonly. In Scotland it has been
obtained in ^Midlothian and Aberdeenshire ; in Ireland in
Cork and Sligo ; but in both countries further investigation
as to its wider range is desirable. Abroad its range is not
yet ascertained, and it seems only to be recorded from-
HoUand and Germany.

LARENTID.E—EUPITHECIA. 8i

20. E. pimpinellata, Hiih.; denotata, »SV/(. Manual. —
Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings a little elongated ; rich light
brown shaded toward the costa to grey -brown; and having
numerous slender sinuous transverse brown lines blackened
toward the costa ; discal spot elongated, erect, black ; median
nervure spotted with black ; subtermiual line white. Hind
wings greyish-white.

Antennje of the male simple, ciliated, shining light brown :
palpi shoi't and blunt, dull chocolate ; head and the con-
spicuous neck-ridge whitish-brown dusted with black ; thorax
pale reddish-brown ; the basal two segments of the abdomen
ashy-grey, edged behind with red-brown or dark brown, re-
maining segments reddish-brown, a series of minute black
tufts embellishes the dorsal ridge ; anal tuft rather long,
compressed, ashy-grey shaded with i-ed-brown. Fore wings
rather elongated ; costa flatly arched, more so toward the
apex, which is bluntly rounded ; hind margin smoothly and
evenly curved ; dorsal margin short and a little filled out ;
colour pale reddish-brown much shaded on the costal half
with ashy-grey ; transverse lines numerous, brown, oblique
and somewhat parallel, very slender and faint, but each
arising from a blacker spot on the costa, and every one empha-
sised by a black bar across the median nervure or its lower
branch (vein 2) thus producing a seiies of black dots on these
nervures ; basal line single ; first line duplicated rather widely
apart : then a double central line crosses, and bends back at.
the discal spot — which is large, elongated, and deep black —
this double line and a single one immediately following it are
the blackest on the margin of the wing ; following, but outside
a stripe of the ashy shading, is the second line, obscure and
rather dotted ; some distance from this is the subterminal
line, white, very irregular and repeatedly angulated, but
-complete and not widened into spots; extreme hind margin
edged with very fine black streaks ; cilia shining ashy-grey.
Hind wings broad and rounded behind ; greyish-white, re-
peatedly but faintly barred on the dorsal region with jjale

VOL. IX. F

82 LEPIDOPTERA.

brown, but with black ou the adjacent nervures ; shaded
behind with smoky-grey, through which run two rippled
faint white lines ; central spot a black dot ; cilia shining
greyish-white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-grey ;
discal spot, one above it, and another beyond, on the costal
black ; subterminal line whitish but edged with darker smoke
colour ; some small whitish dashes point in from the hind
margin. Hind wings dusky white, with a strongly angu-
lated transverse smoky-grey stripe near the base, followed by
a faint duplicate ; central spot black ; opjiosite it on the
dorsal margin are one or two smoky-black spots, and toward
the hind margin two curved transverse smoky-grey stripes
most distinct upon the nervures ; hind margin shai'ply edged
with slender black streaks. Body and legs grey-brown.

Not variable, excejit a little in size.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva long, rather slender and tapering toward the head -
green witli three purple dorsal lines, the middle one broad
and distinct, expanding considerabh* on the anal segment ;
the two side ones very indistinct ; spiracular lines and seg-
mental divisions pale j'ellow ; head and prolegs purple ;
undersurface green ; back studded with a few minute white
tubercles, interspersed with, here and there, a black one.

Or — Uniform purple with two lines of a deeper shade on
each side of the back. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.) Mr. Buckler has
figured a nearly uniform pale green variety with a purple
anal tip; and another, pale liurplish-brown, with a darker
dorsal line.

August, September, and the early jDart of October, on
the flowers oi Pimpiiiella saxifraga a,uA P. magna, eating the
blossoms and the upper portion of the pedicels, and often
resting during the day stretched out on the remainder of a
pedicel so as to look quite like a continuation thereof. Said
also to feed occasionally on the flowers oi Angelica sylvestris, and

LARENTIDyE—EUPlTHECIA. 83-.

Hofmatm says on Bnphvrum falcatuni and Pcvccdanvui
mrosdiiudn, on the Continent. It prefers plants growing
on hedge-banks and way-sides, and is sometimes terribly
infested with Ichneumons.

Pupa moderately stout, rounded in front ; wing and limb-
covers rather glossy and almost devoid of sculpture, yellowish-
green ; anterior band of each segment roughly and abundantly
pitted, the edges ridged ; colour red-brown ; anal segment a^
little swollen, cremaster conical, rather elongated, tipped with
fine hooked bristles. Sometimes wholly red-brown. In a
cocoon of silk and earth, in the ground.

In this condition through the winter.

This species also hides, in the moth state, among low-grow-
ing herbage, and is not easily disturbed in the daytime, nor
very often captured at all in the moth state. It flies at late
dusk over its food plant in lanes and at hedge-sides, but
quickly becomes worn and difficult of recognition. Hencfr
the specimens in our collections are principallj' those which
have been reared in confinement. It seems first to have been
noticed in this countrj- in 1851 by the Rev. J. S. Henslow,^
who found and reared larvae in Suffolk, but did not recognise
the species. It has since been found — by the same means — to
have a wide distribution here, to be common in the Eastern
Counties, and to occur in all the Southern and Western
Counties except perhaps Cornwall, reaching even to West-
moreland ; also found in Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Durham.
In Wales I have met with it in Pembrokeshire, but have no
other record, nor does there appear to be any for Scotland,
but in Ireland it is recorded from Killarney, and I have seen
a specimen obtained by Mr. D. C. Campbell in Derry. Abroad
it is found through the greater part of Central Europe, the
South of France, the North of Italy, Livonia, Southern Russia,
and in a rather greyer variety in the mountainous regions of
Central Asia.

84 LEPIDOl'TERA.

21. E. helveticaria, i-V/--.— Expanse :] to | inch (18-22
mm.). Fore wings bright purplish umbreous, with numerous
faint brownish-white transverse lines ; nervures dotted with
black ; costa spotted with the same ; discal spot distinct, black.
Hind wings umbreous.

Antennic of the male sim]ile, thickly ciliated, glossy
brown ; palpi rather prominent, black-brown ; head and
thorax umbreous, dusted with white ; abdomen reddish-
brown, basal segment ashy-gi-ey with a black-brown trans-
verse bar ; from it the dorsal ridge is ashy white, regularly
broken by small black tufts which are tipped with white ; anal
tuft compressed, ashy-brown, tipped with black-brown. Fore
wings somewhat trigonate ; costa nearly straight, except
toward the apex, where it becomes well rounded ; hind margin
also very smoothly curved, and dorsal margin similarly so ;
colour shining light purplish-umbreous thickly dusted with
darker purple-brown ; nervures all blackened, but this inter-
rupted with white at every one of the numei'ous transverse
lines ; basal line and the double or triple first line most
obscure, faintly and partially black with a slight white
edging, arising from black costal dots but hardly noticeable
elsewhere except where they cross the nervures ; beyond
these is a middle, triple series of rather blacker lines more
distinctly edged with white, and blackened at the costa, of
these the first embraces the discal s^jot, which is small, deep
))lack and forms a crescent, the horns of which are cut off by
the white lines ; second line suggested bj" a double series of
black and white dots on nervures, becoming white streaks on
the dorsal margin ; beyond this line the nervures continue
dotted, black and white ; subterminal line white, slender but
rather complete, angulated, and a little thickened, above the
anal angle ; along the extreme hind margin is a row of thick,
almost lunate, black streaks, edged outwardly with dull white ;
cilia smoky-brown. Hind wings rounded behind, smoky
whitish-brown, with a whiter band in the middle, and white
bars across the subdorsal nervure ; central spot black ; hind

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 85;

margin edged with short black streaks ; cilia pale smoky-
brown spotted with darker. Female similar.

Undersides of the fore wings smoky-grey ; costa clouded
with smoky-black, which is broken beyond the middle by pale
bars ; discal spot black, followed by an obscure paler band.
Hind wings whitish-bi'owu, thickly dusted with black, and
four times banded with aggregations of black atoms ; central
spot black. Body and legs brown.

Rather subject to local or climatal variation. Those
from which the above description is taken were from Perth-
shire ; those from the Pentlaud Hills, near Edinburgh, are
often of a lighter purplish-brown, but pass through various
shades to nearly black, always being of a rather small size ;
while a rather large variety from Southern English localities
is of a decidedly lighter umbreous, without any purplish
tinge, and having little or no trace of the white edgings to
the transverse lines. All these forms shade one into the
other in intermediate localities ; but the last-named was at
one time believed to be a distinct species under the name of
E. urccuthata. A race of even more striking forms exists in
Sutherlandshire, having no trace of purple-brown colour, but
being dark <jreii ; in some cases with the pale lines visible —
two complete rippled whitish transverse lines in the central
space and two more immediately outside the second line — or
in other instances these whitish lines are partially or quite
obliterated, the usual " first " and " second " lines becoming
distinct and black, enclosing a central smoky-black band,
down the middle of which is a blacker central line; some-
times also the spaces outside this central band are distinctly
paler — a very striking and remarkable series of forms — in
other specimens there is hardly a trace of dark lines or of
rippled pale ones, and the fore wings are simply dusted with
darker grey, the cilia being dashed with the same. There is
a wonderful jjarallelism between these forms of the present
species and those hereafter to be noticed in the case of
E. sattjrnta.

■86 LEPIDOJ'TEKA.

On the wing from April till June, and a partial second
generation in August and September.

Lakva rugose and rather stout with raised longitudinal
ridges and flattened interspaces ; head fully rounded, pale
yellowish-green, the mouth pale brown ; body bright green ;
dorsal line slender, darker or smoky green ; subdorsal line
white, placed on a raised longitudinal ridge ; half-way down
each side is another conspicuous raised ridge having upon it
a broader white or pale yellow stripe, irregular and rather ill-
defined ; undersurf'ace green, slightly ribbed transversely ;
legs and prolegs green, the latter swollen, the anal pair
especially so. Sluggish, hardly disposed to move in the day-
time, but if thoroughly roused jerking itself violently about.

June and July, and a second, partial, generation in Sep-
tember and October; on juniper; but in confinement it will
eat cypress.

Plta rather slender, the limb and antenna-covers closely
compact and shining, without sculpture; wing-cases also
shining and smooth, all dark green ; dorsal and aljdominal
segments smooth and glossy, hardly showing a trace of
pitting, but the segments ridged : paler green or yellowish-
green ; cremaster light brown, broad and conical, tipped with
fine bristles.

Either spun up among the twigs of its food-plant, or in
the ground in an earthen cocoon. Both methods seem to be
adopted.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides during the day in the bushes of juniper,
but I have no personal knowledge of its habits. It seems to
be curiously sensitive to change of climate, pupas from
Scottish larva3 when brought into the South of England are
verj' apt to produce the moths in January or February
instead of April. It seems to have been discovered about the
jea,T ]8o7 in these Islands, larvie having been found on the

LARENTID.'E—EUPITHECIA. 87

Pentland Hills, by Mr. E. F. Logan, and reared. This locality
still continues to furnish it in plenty, and it is found in
Clydesdale, in Aberdeenshire, Perthshire, and in great abun-
dance in Sutherlandshire. Proljably on all Scottish hills upon
which juniper grows. It is also found very locally in the
North of England, especially at Grange, North Lancashire,
but in England the typical forna is usually replaced by the
variety arccuthata, which has been taken in the larva state
in Surrey, Wilts, and Bucks, though never in any numbers ;
moreover, this form has been found, along with the type, in
the Edinburgh district of Fifeshire. A record of the typical
form, at Killarney, in the south-west of Ireland, by Mr. E.
Birchall, has not since been confirmed.

Abroad it is found in Switzerland, Northern and Western
France, Germany, the North of Italy, Lapland, and Finland.

(E. egenaria, H.-S. — This species was introduced, and
shortly described, in the " Manual," by Mr. Staintou in the
year 1859, with the remark : " Has occurred in Wales and in
the Isle of Wight," and Mr. H. Doubleday told me in 1874
that the original specimen was taken in Wales bj^ Mr.
Buxton. Mr. Stainton jjlaced it in the section " having the
central spot conspicuous, black," the wings brown and cilia
unicolorous, comprising species from E. hcl rrticaria to E.
exigiuUa. Beyond this the description hardly made the
species clear, and for many years the question from those
whose series of Eupithccicc were nearly complete was " What
is cgcnarm ? " To this the answers were usually not satis-
factory. A specimen taken in Essex by Miss Hutchinson,
and afterwards in Dr. Battershell Gill's collection, was referred
to this species (or name), but to this I have not acces?i. One
placed under this name in the fine collection at the Liverpool
Museum is E. innotata. One so placed in another large
collection was found to be E. silcii'ifn, a species as yet un-
known as British ; and the figure by Standfuss seems to
indicate the same species. One or two of the late Z\Ir. Bond's

88 LEPIDOPTERA.

specimens seem to be possibly E. viygaurcata, var., but
smoother, and those in the late Mr. S. Stevens' collection are
;i])parently the var. nrci'vfhntd of E. lulrrtimriri. This also is
the case with those iu Dr. Mason's collection ; and 1 feel no
doubt that Staudinger is right in referring egenaria to this
large variety of ^. Iiclirfirariu ; indeed this is confirmed by
reference to llerrich-Schafler's original figure. {E. cgoiatii,
/eller, appears to be a very different species, from North
America.)

22. E. satyrata, /f/VJ.— Expanse f to -^ inch (18-23
mm.), h'ore wings very pale umbreous with numerous faint
brown rippled transverse lines, often having whiter fainter
lines between, nervures dotted with white and smoky black ;.
discal sjwt small, black. Hind wings whitish-brown.

Antennic of the male simple, thickly ciliated, dull brown ;.
]ialpi rather projecting, blunt, grey-brown ; head and thorax
ashy-brown ; abdomen of the same colour, with a faintly
white edge to each segment, and on the dorsal ridge a minute
raised grey-brown tuft ; anal tuft rather compressed. Fore
wings moderately broad, ashy-brown, all the markings faint ;
the basal and first lines very obscure, the latter double or
triple, most distinct on the costa, sometimes visible otherwise
but often only as a faint dot or two on the nervures ; discal
spot black but small and indistinct ; immediately beyond it
is a series of four faint slender parallel grey-brown lines,
edged outwardlj- with ashj--grey ; then a fifth which is more
dotted, and seems to represent the normal second line, and
is without the pale edging ; all these five are sinuous and
strongly bent back below the costa ; the subterminal line
only exists in detached whitish dots, one of which, above the
anal angle, is more distinct and whiter; cilia ashy-brown.
Often the only indication of the transverse lines is by
dots on the nervures. Hind wings rather broad ; very
pale greyish-brown, with a faint series of whitish commence-
ments of transverse lines down the dorsal mar<iiu ; central

LARENTIDM—EUPITHECIA. 89

spot obscure, smoky-black ; cilia ashy-grey. Female
similar.

Underside pale brown, or ashy-brown ; the fore wings
faintly crossed by two slender brown lines, and one broader ;
hind wings dusted with brown ; central spot minute, black ;
followed by a slender, dotted, curved brown line, and this by
a more distinct brown band. Hind margins all edged with
black lines. Body and legs brown.

Singularly subject to climatal variation. A common and
well known form, which was at one time supposed to be a
distinct species, under the name of -E". ralhuinria, is found in
plenty in Scotland and the north of England, frequenting
heaths, and being in fact very much commoner than the
t}"pical form, which often occurs along with it. In this
variety the fore wings are sharper, more trigonate and
narrower, the colour is pale brown or pale greyish brown,
and the markings are formed more into narrow darker trans-
verse bands. Altogether it looks very like a distinct species,
but intermediates are frequent, especially in the North of
Ireland ; moreover, the Rev. H. H. Crewe reared the more
typical southern form from eggs laid by this variety, the larvfe
having fed upon garden flowers in the South of England. A
still more remarkable climatal variety is that found commonly
in the Shetland Isles, and also at one time recorded as a
distinct species under the name of E. curzoni. This form is
exceedingly jDretty, greyish white with sharp and distinct
lines, often becoming bands, of mottled blackish-grey or
black, the central band often well formed — of two stripes
enclosing a pale one and a small black discal spot — usually
with an additional stripe beyond, but sometimes having the
remainder of the wing pale and this central band alone
conspicuous. Intermediate forms, uniting this perfectly with
the var. callunnria, are found in Perthshire and Sutherland-
shire, and in the North of Ireland.

Perhaps the most remarkable form of this species known,
however, is that specimen which was reared many years ago

90 LEPIDOPTERA.

by the late Mr. Henry Doubleday from a larva found in
Essex, sent by him to M. Guenee, and finally described by
the last-named writer under the name of E. prnioiain. This
specimen, the only one known, is still in Mr. Doubleday's
collection in the Museum at Bethnal Green, and in perfect
condition. It is very large — indeed extraordinarily so for
this species — more than double the size of the var. raUv uaria;
but after most careful and repeated study of it I feel
convinced that it is no more than a very large female of the
present species. It is of a pretty soft yellowish-brown colour
with the transverse rippled lines of a deeper brown. 1 have
seen a specimen under the same name, in another collection,
but it appears to be only the var. arci'itthita of E. lidvetlcarin.
On the wing in May and -June.

Larva slender, tapering considerably toward the head ;
ground colour pale yellowish-green ; segmental divisions pale
yellow ; dorsal line dusky green ; down the middle of the
back is a series of Y-shaped, dusky green blotches, edged
with purplish-brown, and becoming confluent or merged in
the dorsal line on the anterior and posterior segments ; sub-
dorsal lines very slender and indistinct, dusky green ;
spiracular lines yellow ; between the subdorsal and spira-
cular lines is a row of small slanting purplish blotches;
dorsal region studded with very minute yellowish tubercles.

Or — Back greenish-white ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
pink or rose-colour ; down the middle of the back is a series
of large rose-coloured, and rusty-red, goblet-shaped blotches,
becoming faint or merged in the dorsal line on the anterior
and posterior segments ; spiracular line waved, rose-colour ;
subdorsal and spiracular lines connected by a number of
slanting rose-coloured streaks ; undersurface pale sea-green
or greenish-white, with a central white line ; back studded
with numerous small white tubercles.

Or — The whole of the back suffused with rose-colour ;
subdorsal lines yellowish ; dorsal blotches edged with yellow ;

LARENTID.E—EUPITHECIA. 91

spiracular line interrupted with yellow patches; under-
sarface greenish-white; ventral segmental divisions white.
<Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

August and September ; on the flowers of Ccntauna nigra,
Knautia arvensis, Verhascum tluqjsus and other plants of the
same genera, and of Chrysanthemum, Ilelianthemum, Scahiosa,
Gentiana, Hyparicum, Galium,, Hieraciutn, Ajxirgia, Cirsiwm,
lihina iithus, Foh/gonum, Galcopsi><, and many others ; also in
the North upon heath, sallow and Ard<is/i/ph//los uva-ursi.

Pupa. Thorax and wing-cases goldeu-yellow, suffused
with red ; abdominal segments and tip red. In an earthen
■cocoon, in the ground. (H. H. C.)

The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth iu the South frequents open woods and wood-
paths, the rough ground near, and the borders of heaths, but
usually is not very common ; in the North the typical form
still frequents woody situations ; but the var. callunaria is
usually to be found on heaths and moors. It hides among
herbage near the ground and is readily disturbed by a passing
footstep iu sunny weather. At dusk it flies of its own
accord. It is taken, not too commonly, in Kent, Sussex,
Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Cornwall, Bucks. Middlesex, the
Eastern Counties, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcester-
shire, Warwickshire. Leicestershire, Cheshire, Lancashire,
Yorkshire, Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and North-
umberland ; in Wales in Flintshire and Glamorganshire ; in
Scotland, near Edinburgh, in Berwickshire, Roxburghshire,
Wigtounshire, Clydesdale, Argyle, Perthshire, Inverness,
Aberdeenshire, Sutherlandshire, and the Hebrides and
'Orkneys, and iu the extreme form — var. curzoni — in the
Shetlands. In Ireland in typical form or mixed varieties —
the type having been found by Colonel Partridge so far north
^s Enniskillen — in Wicklow, Galway, Dublin, Leitrim. Sligo,
Eermanagh, Donegal, Armagh, Tyrone, Derry, Antrim, and in

92 LEPIDOPTERA.

the Mourne ilountains iu Down — probably iu bogs and on
moors everywhere.

Abroad it inhabits Central Europe and the greater portion
of Northern Europe, including Iceland and Lapland, the North
of Italy, the South of Spain, and Dalmatia ; varying at least-
to var. caUtinnria in the more northern countries.

23. E. plumbeolata, i/«?'-.— E.xpanse § to | inch
(15-19 mm.). Fore wings rather silky, whitish grey-brown
crossed by numerous browner lines ; no discal spot. Hind
wings very similar.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, glossy pale brown ;
palpi extremely small, dark brown ; head and thorax pale
grey-brown ; abdomen paler, more glossy, minutely tufted on
the dorsal ridge ; anal tuft closely compressed. Fore wings
rather ovate ; costa evenly, but very little, arched ; apex
bluntly rounded ; hind margin fully curved ; dorsal margin
stout, and also a little rounded ; surface very silky, pale ashy-
brown ; discal spot absent ; markings all pale brown and faint,
— basal line very slender ; first line also slender but faintly
duplicated, followed by a suggestion of a central band of plain
ground colour, darkened toward the costa hut often con-
stricted in the middle ; bej'ond is a series of closely fitting
parallel browner and paler rippled lines, of which the faintly
darker middle one may represent the ordinarj^ second line ;
hind marginal region broadly shaded with the colour of the
lines, but this is much broken up by the very irregular sub-
terminal paler line ; cilia shining pale grey-brown dashed
with paler. Hind wings rounded behind and rather small ;
colour as in the fore wings, or a very little paler, and in a
similar manner crossed by very obscure rippled lines ; no
central spot ; cilia concolorous. Female closely similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining, very pale greyish-
brown ; discal spot just perceptible, black ; costa faintly
barred with smoky clouds, divided by whiter shades. Hind
wings greyish-white powdered with brown ; central spot a

LA RENTW.-E—E UPITHECIA . 93

■minute black dot ; this is followed by a slendei- transverse
curved brown line ; but the whole wing is more faintly barred
with similar lines. Body and legs grey-brown.

Usually scarcely varying at all, or only a little in the depth
of colour of the transverse lines, but in the collection of
Dr. P. B. Mason is a specimen entirely pale ochreous without
either darker lines or greyer dusting.

On the wing at the end of May and in June.

Larva rather short and thick ; head yellowish, suffused with
purplish-red ; ground colour dull pale yellowish-green ; dorsal
line broad, uninterrupted, dull purplish-red, enlarged in the
middle of each segment into a somewhat pear-shaped blotch ;
subdorsal lines narrow, sinuous, dull purplish-red ; spiracular
lines very faintly yellow ; spiracles black ; dorsal and lateral
regions thinly sprinkled with slender j-ellowish hairs ; under-
surface naked, dull pale greenish-yellow ; the middle line
wanting, the subventral lines narrow, purplish-red. The dorsal
and subdorsal lines are sometimes merged, leaving the back
and sides suffused with purplish-red. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

July and August, on the flowers of Melampyrum iiratense
and M. arvcmc. (Cow-wheat.)

Pupa golden yellow, the abdominal segments and tip red.
In a slight cocoon on the surface of the ground, or in a dry
corolla-tube of the Mclampiiruta. (H. H. C).

In this condition through the winter.

The moth rests during the da}' among its food-plant near
the ground, but is very restless and easily disturbed, so as to
appear often to be flying by day of its own accord. The
natural flight, however, I think only takes place at dusk.
Apparently to be found in all woods and wooded heath lands
in which large patches of its food-plant, the common cow-
wheat, are growing, and known to occur thus in Kent, Sussex,
Surrey, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, Middlesex,
the Eastern Couuties, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire,

94 I.EPIDOPTERA.

Worcestershire ; Staffordshire, where it abounds on the
heathy hills of Cannock Chase ; Warwickshire, Derbyshire,
Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire and the more northern
counties. In Wales Mr. X'ivian records it in Glamorganshire,
and I have taken it in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it is
found in Berwickshire. Ayrshire, Aberdeenshire, Argyle, and
elsewhere in the districts of the Tweed, Solway, Clyde, Tay,
and Dee. In Ireland in Kerry, Cork, Clare, Galway, ]\Iayo,
and near Lough Swilly, Donegal. Abroad its range is
through Central Europe, Livonia, and Finland ; and there
are specimens in the British Museum labelled from Spitz-
bergen.

24. E. isogrammata, y/.-N. ; haworthiata, St.Maiuinl.
— Expanse ^ inch f 11—1 (j mm.). Fore wings rather rounded
or long-ovate, whitish-grey-brown with numerous smoky-
brown or blackish transverse lines ; no discal spot. Hind
wings pale grey-brown. Basal segment of the abdomen
ochreous.

Antenna? of the male simple, rather thickly ciliated, light
brown ; palpi small, very blunt, dark brown : head brownish-
white ; thorax grey-brown ; abdomen strongly tinged at the
base with orange-ochreous, and a little so down the dorsal
region, otherwise ashy-brown ; anal tuft compressed. Fore
wings rather elongate-ovate ; costa very flatly arched; apex
bluntly rounded ; hind margin gently curved, not very
oblique and the anal angle defined ; dorsal margin nearly
straight ; colour pale ashy-brown, transversely striped
throughout with darker brown bands and lines, which
usually are very obscure ; there is, however, often visible,
a basal line followed by a broader band of this dark brown ;
then the first line, triplicated, and followed by another dark
band, narrowest in the middle ; then two more fine lines and
a slender dark band ; beyond which two dotted dark lines
seem to represent the ordinary second line ; hind marginal
region rather darker, completely intersected by a very

LARENTID^—EUPITHECTA. 95

straight but rather rippled whitish-brown subterminal line ;
discal spot not represented; extreme hind margin edged by
a series of thick short black streaks ; cilia glossy gi-ey-brown,
clouded with darker. Hind wings small, rounded behind,
similar to the fore wings in colour, and even more obscurely
barred throughout with dark brown clouding ; central spot
absent ; cilia concolorous. Female quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-brown ;
costa spotted alternately with smoky-black and yellowish-
white ; three edges of transverse smoky cloudings indicate
darker stripes ; hind marginal region mottled with yellowish-
white ; discal spot visible as a; small round black dot. Hind
wings dusky white, banded throughout with brown stripes of
varying widths. Body and legs brown.

Only variable in a small degree in the depth and distinct-
ness of the transverse lines and bands.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva short and thick ; the head dusky, spotted with
olive ; ground colour of the body pale bluish or vellowish-
green with three horizontal dorsal stripes of a darker shade ;
these stripes are very often indistinct and sometimes alto-
gether wanting ; surface sparingly studded with minute
black dots.

July and August ; feeding inside the unopened buds of
Clcmidia citalhtc (Traveller's joy). Its presence may gene-
rally be detected by the blackened appearance of the flower-
buds ; when it has eaten out the inside of one bud it comes
out and bores into a fresh one ; but when nearly full-fed it
often feeds among the stamens of the expanded flower, and
may then be beaten into an unibrella. It also will eat the
stamens of the white garden C/rmatiH, and feeds up very
rapidly. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

Pupa. Thorax and wing-cases green ; abdomen red. In
a very tighth^ spun earthen cocoon, in the ground. (H. H. C).
The winter is passed in this condition.

96 LEPIDOPTERA.

The niotli is active in the daj-time, flying very swiftly iD
hot sunshine about and over its food-plant. By this habit it
becomes so rapidly worn that specimens captured on the
wing are seldom in sufficiently fine condition for the cabinet,
and very often are barely rocognisable except for their small
size.

Found almost exclusively about Clonatin, but following
this plant freely in gardens, in districts in which it is not
found wild. Most plentiful, however, in the chalk districts of
the South of England. Still to be found in the suburbs of
London, and common in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset,
Wilts, Devon, Somerset, Berks, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire,
Herefordshire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire,
also found in Leicestershire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire,
Dei'by shire and North Lancashire, which last appears to be
its northern limit in these Islands. In Wales it occurs in
Glamorganshire and Pembrokeshire ; and in Ireland in
Dublin County, Kerry, Galway, Sligo, Tyrone, and Louth.

Abroad its range is through France, Belgium, Germany,
Switzerland, Northern Italy, and South-Western Russia.

25. E. pygmaeata, Ruh. — Expanse about f inch
(16-19 mm.). Fore wings trigonate, rather pointed; pale
umbreous with numerous obscure whitish transverse lines ;
no discal spot ; a white spot above the anal angle. Hind
wings smoky-brown.

Antenna3 of the male simple, short, ciliated, brown ; palpi
very short and small, dark brown ; eyes reddish-brown ; head
and thorax dull umbreous dusted with white ; abdomen paler
brown, dusted with oclireous ; anal tuft compressed to a
point. Fore wings somewhat trigonate, more nearly pointed
than in allied species ; costa almost straight ; apex suddenly
rounded ; hind margin oblique but very little curved ; dorsal
margin nearly straight ; colour umbreous with a faint gloss
of "olden-brown : nervures dusted with white almost
throughout, the intervals being dark brown ; costa edged

LARENTW.E—EUPITHECIA. 97

witli dark browu : the basal line is indicated by a faint white
costal cloud, and three pairs of more distinct white dots
suggest the origins of the first, central, and second lines
respectively, but these Hues can only be traced by considera-
tion of the white dusting on the nervures ; subtermiual line
hardly indicated, except that it forms a distinct white spot
above the anal angle ; discal spot absent : extreme hind
margin edged by a cloudy white line ; cilia shining pale
browu clouded with darker and showing a white dash near
the white dot of the anal angle. Hind wings rather small,
rounded behind ; grey-brown, crossed b}' several hardly per-
ceptibly whiter lines, but edged behind bj^ a less obscure
white line ; cilia shining pale grey-brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoke-colour; costa
edged with dark brown, but spotted for two-thirds of its
length with small yellow-white clouds ; nervures beyond the
middle dusted with darker colour. Hind wings whitish-
brown, crossed by numei'ous brown lines, those beyond the
middle being the most conspicuous ; hind marginal area
clouded with dark brown ; central spot faintly brown. Body
and legs whitish-brown ; tarsi darker.

Apparently not variable.

On the wing at the end of May and through June, some-
times into July or even August; moreover specimens of a
partial second generation are sometimes met with in the
latter month and in September.

Larva long, very slender, and tapering extremely in front;
ground colour dull pale yellowish-green ; dorsal line pale
olive, connecting a series of very distinct, well defined, urn-
shaped blotches of the same colour, which become conHnent
on the thoracic and anal segments ; subdorsal and spiraeular
lines pale olive, sinuous, distinct, and ratlier broad ; uuder-
surface without markings ; skin rugose, freely studded with
short whitish hairs, (liev. H. H. Crewe.)

June and July, also occasionally in a partial second gene-

VOL. IX. G

g8 LEPIDOPTERA.

ration in September ; on the petals and antliers of SliUnrin
holosfea ; but in confinement will feed also on those of
Ccrastmm tomcHtosum, C. aricnsc, and C. triviah.

PiPA rather short, thoracic portion cylindrical, limb and
wing-covers and thoracic shield all very smooth, glossy, and
devoid of sciili>ture, yellow-green ; dorsal and abdominal
segments also glossy, but finely dotted with small punctures in
the broader anterior bauds ; red-brown ; cremaster short and
thick, armed with minute hooked bristles. In a tough strong
cocoon of root-fibres and earth ; in the ground.

The moth flies in a lively manner, in the afternoon sun-
shine, over the flowers of its food-plant. It loves sunny
spots at the edges of woods or heaths, or a broad space by a
hedge-bank or on a railway bank, where the pretty stitch-
wort grows in large masses ; dancing gaily over and around
it. but instantly disappearing if the sun is obscured, and
hardly to be induced by any means to fly so long as the
weather is cloudy. It used to be considered to be a fen
insect, and indeed was named pfilusfrnrio on its discovery
here in the year 18-30 ; but my own experience does not
confirm this habit ; so far as I have observed, it only inhabits
fennv districts in the same manner as drier localities — where
the Stellaria exists in extensive beds. Records for the
extreme South of England seem to be wanting; but it has
been taken, locally yet plentifully, in Buckinghamshire,
Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Leices-
tershire and Derby.shire ; more rarely in Staffordshire ; also
in Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, Cumberland,
and Northumberland ; but Ifind only one notice for AVales. in
Denl)ighsbire. In Scotland it is not uncommon in Berwick-
shire, the Edinburgh district, Fife. Eoxburghshire, Renfrew
and other parts of Clydesdale. Argyle. and Perthshire : in
Ireland in Dublin County, Cork. Galway, Wicklow and
Louth. Abroad its range seems to be limited to Holland,
Belgium, Livonia, Finland and Lapland.

LAKENTID.-E—EL 'PITHECIA. 99-

2G. E. trisignata, ^.-,S?.— Expanse | to f incli (18-22
ram.). Fore wings somewhat ovate, silky, pale brown, dotted
upon the nervures with rather deeper brown ; discal spot
black ; on either side of it is a dull black spot on the costa.
Hind wings greyish-white.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, brown ; jDalpi small,
rather upraised, reddish-brown: head and thorax smooth,
pale reddish-brown ; abdomen a shade paler ; anal tuft com-
pressed. Fore wings rather blunt ; costa evenly arched :
apex bluntly rounded : hind margin smoothly curved ; dorsal
margin nearly straight ; surface silky and shining, pale
reddish-brown ; costal region and the uervures, to the middle
of the wing, deeper brown, remainder of the latter dotted
with the same ; discal S2:>ot black, not sharply defined ; on
each side of it, on the costa, is a dull black-brown or smok\'-
black spot, the three forming a rather characteristic triangular
group; usual transverse lines scarcely suggested, except that
the subterminal line is faintly white and sinuous : cilia
shining pale grey-brown. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings very glossy ; fore wings pale
smoky-brown, whiter on the middle of the costa, and showing
the three spots of the upjjer side; cilia prettily dashed with black-
brown. Hind wings whitish-brown, once or twice crossed
by faint brown lines; central spot visible, triangular, dull
brown.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva rather short and stout, tapering but slightly toward?
the head, which is black and bent down ; ground colour pale
green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark green, the latter
broader than the former ; spiracu'ar lines waved, whitish ;
segmental divisions yellowish; anal tip of the dorsal line
purple ; dorsal surface wrinkled, and sprinkled with a few
short bristly hairs ; undersurface green, with a central
yellowish line. The black head gives this larva a very distinct
appearance. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

loo LEPIDOPTERA.

September and October, ou Amjdku si/hrstrix, and occa-
sionally upou llrrddiiiin uphuui/ijliiOH ; feeding on the flowers
and seeds ; resting during the day underneath the secondary
umbels.

Pupa rather stout, eye-covers shining and rather prominent ;
limb and antenna-covers compact, the latter slightlj- barred
with channels at the joints ; wing-covers thickened at the
margins, the nervures well indicated, the surface glossy but
minutely wrinkled, pale olive-green and very transparent ;
back of the thorax ornamented with several flattened
tubercles, pale olive ; dorsal and abdominal segments faintly
pitted, but smooth and strongly ridged at the hinder edge,
yellowish-red ; cremaster triangular, tipped with a tuft of
short hooked bristles. In a tough cocoon of silk and earth
or rubbish, in or on the ground.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth is rarely seen at large, or if seen is not recognised,
since its first gloss and freshness become very quickly impaired
by flight. Indeed, its distinguishing characters are scarcely
ever reliably discernible in a captured specimen. Doubtless
it hides among herbage near or among its food-plants. It
was only discovered here by accident about the year 1859,
by the Revs. H. H. Crewe and Joseph Greene, when searching
for another species, and has not since been found in any
large numbers nor to have a wide distribution. The records
are almost, if not quite, invariably of the finding of the larva,
and this has occurred in Sussex, Surrey, Dorset, and Devon
in the South of Euglaud ; also in Herefordshire, Worcester-
shire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Derbyshire. Yorkshire,
and Lancashire. I find no record for Wales, but it is recorded
from Argyleshire in Scotland, and in Ireland it seems to
have been found at Howth, near Dublin, and in Cork County.
Abroad^its range is either small or very little known, appa-
rently extending only to Holland, Germany, and Switzerland.

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. loi

27. E. Valerianata, Huh. ,• viminata, Dhhl, — Expanse
I to J inch (l-j-18 mm.). Fore wings rather elongated;
pale shining brown, minutely stippled with obrcurely browner
transverse lines ; discal spot absent ; subterminal line faintly
white. Hind wings whitish-brown.

Antennje of the male simple, slender, minutely ciliated,
whitish-brown ; palpi narrow, dull brown ; head and thorax
whitish-brown or drab ; abdomen smooth, ashy-brovyn ; anal
tuft compressed. Fore wings narrow at the base, elongated ;
costa gently arched ; apex rounded ; hind margin strongly
rounded ; dorsal margin also rather filled out ; smooth and
glossy, brownish-drab ; nervures minutely dotted with
white ; costa faintly barred with the smoky-brown com-
mencements of all the lines, which otherwise are very faint ;
the basal is only represented by the costal cloud and a dot
on the median nervure ; the first is double, smoky-brown,
enclosing a white thread ; central only just perceptible ; and
the second consists of a chain of faintly white lunules with
a smoky-black edging, both most marked upon the costa ;
subterminal line a succession of equally faint white dots and
lunules, but bending out into the hind margin above the
anal angle ; discal spot a very slender, erect, black streak ;
cilia whitish-grey. Hind wings rather long, rounded behind ;
brownish- white, rather browner towards the dorsal and hind
margins ; cilia concolorous. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings glossy, smoky-drab ; discal
spot faintly black ; beyond it is a whitish costal spot, and
also two extremely faint rippled whitish transverse lines.
Hind wings smoky-white with three or four curved trans-
verse brownish stripes, most marked on the nervures ; the
latter towards the hind margin are blackened ; body and legs
shining greyish-white.

On the wing in ilajr and -June.

Larva rather short but tapering very considerably towards
the head; ground colour bright green, very translucent;.

102 LEPIDOPTERA.

dorsal and subdorsal lines dark oreen. but varying consider-
ably in breadth and intensity of colour ; spiracular line
whitish-green ; segmental divisions yellow ; underside
generally destitute of markiiii^s but occasionally traversed
longitudinally by two slender faint subventral lines rather
darker than the ground colour. When young the general
colour is greenish-white. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

July and August, on the flowers and seeds of Vdhruinri
officiiudu.

Pupa short and thick, wing-covers much thickened, having
the nervnres prominent and the surface between them covered
with cross-wrinkles ; leg and antenna-cases thickened, the
latter barred at the joints ; eyes very prominent ; dorsal and
abdominal segments sparingly pitted and rather glossy, the
hind bands smooth and ridged ; creniaster broad but rather
tapering, tipped with a bunch of fine bristles ; colour yellowish
olive-green ; the segments more olive-red. In a small loosely
constructed cocoon of vegetable debris, on or in the ground.

The winter is i3assed in this condition.

The moth hides during the day among its food-plant, and
flies over it at late dusk, but is seldom seen, and our cabinets
are almost wholly furnished with specimens reared from the
easily collected larvte. It frequents marshes, fens, osier-beds,
and the broad ditches and wet places in which its food, the
tall common Valerian, grows. Therefore somewhat local, but
found in Devon, Dorset, Wilts, Bucks, the New Forest.
Hants; Suffolk, Norfolk, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire,
Derbyshire, Cheshire. Lancashire. Yorkshire, Durham, and
Westmoreland. In ^\'ales Mr. X. il. Richardson found it at
Llangaunoch, but I have no other record for the Princi-
pality ; and none for Scotland. In Ireland it has been met
with in the Counties of Cork, Clare, Galway, and Cavan.
Abroad its range is not large, but extends through Central
Europe and South-eastern Russia.

LARENTID.'E—EUPITHECIA. 103

28. E.fraxinata, C'/rc.v. — Expanse \ inch (22 mm. ). Fore
wings narrow and produced at the apex, pale nmbreous, the
nervures a little darker ; discal spot black ; beyond it are
one or two obscure bent transverse lines. Hind wings
brownish-white.

Antennre of the male simple, minutely ciliated, brown ;
palpi very short, dark brown; head and thorax rough,
umbreous ; abdomen of the same colour, barred with black,
and having a row of minute black tufts on the dorsal ridge ;
anal tuft short and blunt. Fore wings long and narrow ;
costa almost straight to beyond the middle, arched towards
the ajjex, which is acutely rounded and much produced ; hind
margin long and oblique, gently curved ; dorsal margin short
and nearly straight ; dull umbreous dusted with darker ; the
basal, first, and central lines only suggested by faint aggi-e-
gations of this dusting ; but the second line excessively
oblique and bent back to the costa ; subterminal line just
visible, brownish-white, a little more distinct above the anal
angle ; discal si^ot black, rather lunate ; nervures toward the
base and hind margin streaked with brown ; costa nsually
faintly barred with brown or black-brown ; cilia grej'-brown.
Hind wings rather long, rounded behind, greyish-white,
broadly dusted with grey-brown toward the doi-sal margin
and narrowly so behind ; central spot black ; cilia greyish-
white clouded with smoky- black. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-grey, with faint
brown clouds along the costa ; central spot dull black ;
beyond it are two broad but obscure partial transverse
brownish bands ; cilia smoky-brown, clouded with black.
Hind wings smoky-white ; central spot a black dot ; followed
by two i-ippled and angulated grejr- brown transverse
stripes ; extreme hind margin edged with black ; cilia whitish-
grey. Body whitish-brown, tufted behind, and shaded with
smoky-black ; legs pale grey-brown, with darker tarsi.

Usually not variable, but in Leicestershire and elsewhere
in the Midland counties sj^ecimens are sometimes obtained

104 LEPIDOPTERA.

darker in varying degrees, to smoky-black with blacker
nervures, and even to deep black. Such examples are in tbe
collection of Dr. P. B. !Mason at Rnrton-on-Trent.

On the wing at the end of June and in Jnly ; also in a
very partial second generation in September and October.

Lauva long, smooth, slender and rather tapering towards
the head ; ground colour uniform dark green with a waved
yellowish spiractdar line ; segmental divisions yellow ; on the
anal tip is a dark purplish spot ; undersurface whitish and
wrinkled, a dark sfreen central line runnino: its whole length.

Or — With a series of dorsal dusky triangular markings,
becoming very faint or altogether evanescent on the anterior
and posterior segments : on each side is a row of oblique
yellowish stripes tinged with pink.

Or — Deep velvety green, dorsal line wanting : sub-dorsal
lines each represented by a series of yellowish-white spots ;
spiracular line of the same colour ; on the middle of each
segment, between the subdorsal spots and the spiracular
line, is a rather large purple blotch ; undersurface whitish
green, with a central dark green line.

Or — Ground colour dull reddish-purple ; dorsal line dusky
purple, enlarged into an arrow-shaped spot at each segmental
division ; subdorsal line much broken, dull orange : spiracular
line Ijright yellow, orange in the middle, spotted with purple
at the segment.al divisions, and bordered broadly, on the
lower side, with dull purple; dorsal line at the anal tip
reddish ; undersurface greenish or pale yellow with a central
narrow purple line.

Or — Pale yellowish-olive with the undersurface paler ;
dorsal line deep purplish-red, enlarged in the middle of each
segment, paler between, but very dark on the anterior and
anal segments : subdorsal lines dull yellow, j)urple in the
middle of the segments ; spiracular lines yellow, similarly
blotched with purple.

Or-^Uniform bright velvety green ; dorsal line faintly

LA RENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 1 05

purple, subdorsal lines only appearing in detacLed spots in
the middle of the segments ; spiracular lines pale yellow
blotched on the upper side in the same situations ; under-
surface whitish or yellowish with a sleuder central green line.
(Rev. H. H. Crewe.;

August and September; and an occasional, very partial,
second generation in October and November ; on ash ; but
in confinement on Lnvrustinux ; and 1 am assured by Mr.
J. E. Eobson that he has found and reared it upon the
blossoms of Scaliioim.

Pupa long, rather slender and tapering ; thorax and wing-
cases dark olive-sfreen ; abdomen darker, almost black, but
tinged underneath with red. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.) In a slight
cocoon under loose bark, in a deep chink, or under moss on
an ash trunk, or in the earth at its foot.

The moth sits in the daytime on the trunks of ash
trees or among the branches, usually running up high
soon after drying its wings, and is not commonly seen ;
at late dusk it flies, also about the ash trees, but will
come readily to any neighbouring strong light, such as a
gas-lamp. It was tbrmerlj' confused with E. innotata ; and
was described under that name by Stephens and Stainton,
but this error was rectified, and distinctions of both perfect
insects and larvfe very fully pointed out by the Rev. H.
Harper Crewe. It seems to be by no means rare in the
suburbs of London, especially in the Parish of Camberwell,
and is to be found in other parts of Surrey, in Kent, Sussex,
Hants, Dorset, Devon, Wilts, Middlesex, Cambridgeshire,
Suffolk, Xorfolk, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Warwick-
shire, Staftbrdshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Cheshire.
Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham and Northumberland ; and in
Wales Mr. H. W. Vivian has found it in Glamorganshire. In
Scotland it seems to occur only in the south, in the Edinburgh
district, Clydesdale, and in the Solway region ; in Ireland
it is rare, but has been taken in Kerrv, Wicklow, Galwav. and

io6 LEPID-OTTERA.

Sligo. Abroad it seems to have been observed only iu Germany,
or its distribution confused with that of the next species.

2;>. E. innotata, llah. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings
long, narrow, trigonate, pale umbreous : nervures dotted and
streaked with darker brown ; discal spot a perpendicular
black streak ; second line angulated, faintly edged with
white. Hind wings white, clouded with brown.

Antennas of the male simple, minutely ciliated, brown
slenderly ringed throughout with white ; palpi very small,
reddish-brown ; head and thorax rather rough, pale umbreous ;
abdomen paler, dorsal tufts hardly jjerceptible ; anal tuft
compressed. Fore wings elongated ; costa flatly arched ;
apex very acutely rounded, almost pointed ; hind margin
curved, very obliijue : dorsal margin filled out; colour pale
umbreous or greyish-brown, thickly dusted, except in the
discal cell, with dark bi-own ; basal line strongly angulated
but obscui-e, principally indicated by black dots on nervures ;
first line double, dark brown, oblique, but bent back sharply
to the costa. and very indistinct : central line very similar
but duplicated, parallel, the first of the pair embracing the
black discal spot, the other faintly edged on the costa with
whiter brown ; second line also double, hardly dai'ker than
the ground colour, most visiljle by its pair of edgings of
dirty white, whiter on the costa ; subterminal line w'hite,
slender, sinuous, and just below the costa formed into two
deep white loops ; outside it some black streaks on nervures
point to the hind margin ; nervures in the middle of the
wing also partially streaked and sjootted with black ; extreme
hind margin edged with short black streaks ; cilia pale grey,
clouded and intersected with brown. Hind wings rather
broad but short, rounded behind, brownish-white, the dorsal
region broadly shaded with dull brown, wliirh is broken by
transverse whiter lines; hind margin also shaded with smoky-
brown, iu which is a faint series of whiter clouds ; cilia
brownish-white. Female similar.

LARENTID.E—EUPITHECIA. 107

Undersides of all the wings silky, pale grey ; discal spot
of the fore wings black ; costa from the middle barred with
smoky-black, and transverse rows of small smoky-black
clouds lie along the hinder area. Hind wings prettily dotted
in successive transverse lines with smoky-black. Body and
legs OT-evish-brown.

A single specimen of a smoky-black colour has been
obtained at Hartlepool by ]Mr. J. E. Robson ; otherwise it
scarcely varies at all.

On the wing in -July.

Larva. Tapers considerably towards the head ; whole
body rugose, studded with minute tubercles; head dusky
purple ; ground colour pinkish-grey ; dorsal line rusty, or
dull purplish-brown, connecting a series of well defined, top-
shaped, blotches of the same colour, dorsal blotches margined
by a number of white lateral stripes : each segment orna-
mented upon the sides with a large orange-red and dusky-
purple spot ; spiracular lines white ; back and sides more or
less suflused with orange ; undersurface purplish-grey, with
a central dusky purple line margined with white. (Rev.
H. H. Crewe.)

August to October, on the flowers of Artemisia cainpedrh,
A. vulgaris (Mugwort). and A. ahaijnthium (Wormwood),
probably also on those of^l. rnnritima &nd. other species.

Pi'PA. Thorax and wing-cases yellowish-green, base of
the latter almost yellow ; abdomen pale yellowish-red. In
a slight earthen cocoon. (H. H. C.)

In this condition through the winter.

As already explained, the species originally known in this
countrj-, under this name, proved to be distinct, and was
separated under the name of E. fraxinata. The existence of
the present species in these Islands became then problema-
tical, but in the year 1879 Mr. G. T. Porritt took upon the
sandhills at Skegness. Lincolnshire, two specimens, which

io8 LEPIDOPTERA.

on examiuation proved to be genuine E. innotatK. Since
that time a very lew more have been taken, and also a few
larva', but it is still a rare species in these Islands, and
scarcely anything is known as to its habits. Besides
Lincolnshire it has been found in Devon ; in the Wye
district of Kent ; at Shoebaryness, Essex ; on the coasts of
Cheshire and Lancasiiire ; and at Hartlepool, Durham. I
possess no reliable records for Wales, Scotland or Ireland.
Abroad it seems to have an extensive range through Central
Europe, the greater portion of Southern Europe, Finland,
Livonia, Hyrcania, Armenia, and the maintainous regions of
Central Asia.

30. E. subnotata, Huh. — Expanse | to 1 inch. Fore
wings broad and blunt, yellow-brown; discal spot black;
transverse lines faintly blackened hut edged with white.
Hind wings brownish white, clouded with brown.

Antenna=^ of the male rather short, simple, nearlj- naked,
shining jjale brown ; palpi a little projecting, pale drab ;
head and thorax rather rough, whitish-brown ; abdomen
of the same colour, but dusted with black, and having
along the dorsal ridge a series of oblique half-raised
tufts, black in front, white behind ; anal tuft more open
than in most of its allies. Fore wings broad and very blunt ;
costa almost straight to beyond the middle, then arched and
the apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin curved and rather
expanded ; dorsal margin a little filled out ; yellowish-drab ;
basal, first and second lines faintl}- brown but hardly
perceptible, the two latter composed only of scattered
dotting ; there is also about both, but especially the second,
a dusting of white, in this last taking the forai of a partial
transverse band ; snbterminal line white, rather more
distinct, dotted on the nervures, and spread, above the anal
angle, into a double white spot ; discal spot black, not
sharply defined : extreme hind margin edged with black
lines; cilia^shining grey-brown. Hind wings rather broad.

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 109

rounded beliiud. dusky white, thickly dusted with round
brown atoms which become black, nud larger, on the dorsal
half of the wing, and are there sprinkled over brown
clouding broken up by whitish transverse shades ; hind
margin edged with black streaks ; cilia grey -brown. Female
a little lai'ger and stouter, otherwise similar.

Underside of the fore wings ashy-brown, minutely
stipjjled all over with faint cross lines of grey scales ;
discal spot black ; costal and hind margins rather shaded
with light brown. Hind wings dusky white, dusted with
brown ; central spot black ; beyond the middle are two
curved smoky-brown transverse lines. Body and legs
whitish-brown, with smoky clouding on the tarsi.

On the wing in .June, Jul}-, and the beginning of August.

Larva stout and rather short, tapering forwards from the
ninth segment, and very slightly behind, flattened beneath
and transversely wrinkled ; head small, rounded, green or
pale brown ; body dull green, ochreous, or pale brown, with
a broad grey dorsal chain-jaattern ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines grey ; spiracular lines paler. Great variation occurs in
the intensity of the grey markings, especially in the green
larvEe. (Chas. I'^enn.)

August and September on the flowers and seeds of
Chcnopodium album, C. oliduin, Atrlplcc patula, and other
species of goosefoot and orache ; when young upon the buds,
remaining among them during the day but feeding at night,
when more nearly full-grown however often hiding under
the lowest leaves by day.

Plta rather stout, wing-covers thickened, moderately
glossy, but covered with minute confused wrinkling in
irregular lines, rather than sculpture; limb and antenna-
cases closely packed and very similarly roughened ; dorsal
shield thickly covered with line pitting, as also on the broad
anterior portions of the dorsal and abdominal segments ;
hinder edges of these ridged and having each a narrow smooth

no LEPIDOl'TERA.

baud; cremaster conical, tipped witli a pair of very fiim
curved iiair-Iike spikes, and some mimite hooked bristles;
pale yellow-brown, wing-covers sometimes olive-brown or
olive-green, cremaster rather darker. In a slight cocoon of
silk and earth, in the ground.

The moth hides itself during the day among its food-
plant, or sits closely pressed to a rail, post, or paling near at
hand, its abdomen curved conspicuously upwards. It flies at
late dusk about waste places, at road sides, and in neglected
portions of gardens, also in plenty about the masses of
Chciiopodiiiiii and Atriplcr at the edges of salt marshes, the
banks of tidal rivers, and ditches near the coast, and generally
where these plants are plentiful ; coming occasionally to
a neighbouring gas-lamp or other convenient light later in
the night. Still to be found, not uncommonly in gardens in the
London suburbs, and throughout the southern half of England,
most frequently in the Eastern Counties, and on the flatter
sea-coasts ; not common in the Midlands though known to
occur in Leicestershire,. Staffordshire, and Derby.shire ; more
frequent, especially on the coast, in Yorkshire, Cheshire and
Lancashire. In Wales it occurs in Denbighshire, Glamor-
sranshire and Pembrokeshire : in Scotland there is a singrle
record in the extreme south-west ; and in Ireland it is rather
common on the coast near Dublin. Abroad it is found in
France, Holland, (rermanj-, Hungary, Livonia, Finland, and
apparently in tlie north of Palestine.

31. E. campanulata, II.-S. — Expanse t to 1 inch.
Fore wings broad, blunt, glossy, light reddish-brown; discal
spot black ; transverse lines faint and few ; nervures dotted
with brown. Hind wings pale brown.

Antennas of the male rather short, simple, finely ciliated,
light shining brown; palpi blunt, dark reddish-brown,
whiter at the tips : head and neck-ridge umbreous dusted
with darker ; thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen dull brown.
spotted on the sides with black, dorsal ridge furnished with

LARENTJD.-E—EUPITHECIA. 1 1 1

very minute whitish tufts ; canal tuft depressed and drawn
tightly together. Fore wings moderately broad and rounded ;
costa flatly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind mai-giu also
well curved but not very oblique ; dorsal margin rather full ;
colour reddish-brown ; discal spot intensely black, erect and
rather large ; all other markings very faint ; basal, first, and
central lines so slightly indicated as not to be recognisable
except by small brown dots on nervures and blackish streaks
on the costa, but the latter is clouded throughout with
blackish shades and faint lines, among which these are
obscured ; median nervure faintlj- dotted to the middle with
black ; second line like the rest, but rather more distinctly
indicated by a row of minute faint blackish wedges ; sub-
terminal line brownish-white, very irregular and sinuous,
nowhere white or distinct ; hind marginal space oirtside it
shaded with darker brown, and the margin edged with black
streaks : cilia shining grey-brown. Hind wings greyish-
white, but the doisal half and hinder region to the middle
rippled all over with transverse grey-brown lines and clouds.
darkest, and dotted with black, in the dorsal portion ; margin
edged with black streaks ; cilia shining grey-brown. Female
similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky whitish-brown, rather
glossy ; costa whiter ; discal spot black ; beyond are two
transverse rippled brown lines. Hind wings white ; central
spot black ; also followed by two slender curved transverse
brown lines. Body and legs brown.

On the wing in July.

Larva rather short and thick ; head dingy brown or black ;
ground colour light ochreous-brown ; dorsal lines deep brown
or black, intersecting and uniting a chain of very strongly
defined black or deep brown lozenge-shaped spots placed in
the middle of each segment ; subdorsal lines slender and
faint, blackish or deep brown ; spiracular and ventral lines
dingy black or brown : dorsal spots confluent on the anterior

112 LEPIDOPTERA.

and posterior segments ; skiu rough ami wrinkled, sprinkled
with a few whitish hairs. The spots and ground colour vary
considerably in intensity of colouring, fllev. H. H. Crewe.)
August and the beginning of September, on the unripe
seeds and seed capsules of Canrpaniila tracheUimt (nettle-
leaved bell-flower). Mr. Crewe found it also, in his own
garden, on C. jid'niccvfolia, C. media, C. latifoUa, C. coUina,
C. 23cdida, C. carpatica, C. rapunmlus, C. rapunculoidcs, C.
■urticcefolia, and Phiitninia campanuloiiha.

Pupa. Thorax and wing-covers golden-yellow ; abdomen
reddish ; abdominal divisions and tips red. In a slight
earthen cocoon. (H. H. C.)

The winter is passed in this condition.

This moth seems to be of singularly retiring and obscure
habits, and I have not heard of any instance of its being
captured at large in this country ; so far as I know all the
specimens in collections have been reared from larva\ These
are readily found however in the withered blossoms and on the
seed capsules of its food-plant, wherever this grows in plenty,
nsually in chalk districts. In this manner it has been found
in Kent, Sussex, Cornwall, Herts, Bucks, Bedfordshire, Ox-
fordshire, Norfolk, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire,
and Worcestershire; but so far as I know, not in any other
part of the United Kingdom. Abroad it is found in Bavaria
and Western Germany.

32. E. vulgata, Ilaa-. — Expanse ;] to ^ inch. (18-22 mm.).
Fore wings dull brown, mottled with darker brown trans-
verse lines ; discal spot small, black ; subterminal line white,
spreading into a distinct spot above the anal angle. Hind
wings smoky-brown.

Antennre of the male simple, ciliated, purplish-brown ;
palpi small, brown, tipped with purple-brown ; head pale
brown ; neck-ridge and thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen of
the same colour, with a row of black dots down each side and

LARENTIDJE—EUPITHECIA. 1 1 3

a row of raised tufts on the dorsal ridge, black tipped with
white; anal tuft compressed and tipped with yellowish-
white. Fore wings broad and rather blunt ; costa evenly
arched ; apes bluntly rounded ; hind margin regularly curved ;
dorsal margin a little filled out; colour reddish-brown ; discal
spot small, black ; lines faint and obscure but often rather
blackened on the costa, the first curved, the central bent
round the discal spot, but both excessively faint ; the second
rather more noticeable, somewhat erect, bluntly angulated
just below the subcostal nervure ; but about all three is a
faint mottling of cloudy black and paler brown ; subterminal
line distinct, white, very irregular, and spread into a rather
definite spot above the anal angle ; extreme hind margin
edged with black streaks or triangles ; cilia blackish-brown,
dusted with paler. Hind wings rounded behind, and a little
hollowed between the nervures, glistening whitish-brown in
front, shading to dull brown toward the dorsal and hind
margins ; nervures dotted with black and white ; hind
margin edged with black streaks ; cilia grej--brown. Female
similar.

Underside of the fore wings glistening pale grey-brown ;
nervures rather darker ; costa clouded with black-brown, and
having two smoky-black cloudy spots, one before, the other
beyond the black discal spot ; a small cloud of brownish-
white lies at the apex. Hind wings smoky-white, dusted
with brown ; central spot small, black, followed by a slender
brown transverse line ; a small simUar cloudy band lies
along the hind margin. Body and legs brown.

Variable in general colour from light bright brown to dull
blackish umbreous ; also in the distinctness of the markings,
which in occasional specimens present all the usual lines
•with tolerable distinctness, decidedly blackened on the costa,
and in some cases forming a fairly marked central band to
the fore wings.

On the wing in ^laj" and June, and as a second generation
in August.

VOL. L\'. H

114 LEPIDOPTERA.

Lakva slender, taperiug toward the head ; general colour
reddisb-brown or dusky olive ; down the middle of the back
is a chain of dirty green lozenge-shaped spots, becoming con-
fluent on the anterior and anal segments ; spiracular line
waved, pale yellow, occasionally interrupted with black ;
segmental divisions orange ; whole body studded with minute
white tubercles and sparingly clothed with short whitish hairs.
(Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

June and July, and a second generation in August and
September ; on hawthorn, willow, bramble, raspberry, and
whortleberry, feeding on the leaves, which it will even eat when
withered. Also upon ragwort, golden-rod, bladder-campion,
orpine, and other low growing plants, and garden weeds.

Pupa slender and delicate ; head, thorax, and wing-cases
olive-green; abdomen reddish, sharply pointed. In an earthen
cocoon in the ground. (H. H. C.)

The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth is almost constantly in evidence during the
summer, sitting flatly pressed upon doors, window-frames,
walls,fences and palings,oron any other objects about gardens,
houses, and road sides, in the daytime ; or fluttering lazily
out of any bush that is disturbed ; sitting at night on the
glass of a lighted window, or very often, even in numbers, on
that of a gas-lamp ; or buzzing obscurely along hedges and
about bushes in the dusk. It is abundant in London
gardens, and in hedges and gardens everywhere in England,
Wales, and Ireland, and is also found in the southern portion
of Scotland to the Clyde A'allej^ Aberdeen, Moray, and the
Hebrides. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe, Northern
Italy, Corsica, Livonia, Finland and Southern Russia,

33. E. expallidata, Gn. — Expanse | to 1 inch. Fore
wings broad, rounded behind, shining whitish-brown; trans-
verse lines hai-dly perceptible ; discal spot large, ovate,

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 115

black ; on tlie costa are three or four black or smoky-black
bars or spots. Hind wings smoky whitish-brown.

Antennre of the male short, simple, ciliated, light brown ;
palpi small, pointed, dark umbreous ; head and thorax light
reddish-brown ; abdomen of the same colour, but with a
broad baud of dull black, edged with red-brown, across the
hinder half of the basal segment ; anal tuft closely com-
pressed. Fore wings broad ; costa evenly arched, and the
subcostal rib very strong and prominent ; apex rounded ;
hind margin a little expanded and very fully curved ; dorsal
margin full and strongly ciliated ; colour glossy whitish-
brown of a very clear soft tint ; basal line formed by a black
streak on the costa and a dot on the median nervure ; first
line by a broader black costal spot and a dot each on the
median and subdorsal nervures, and dorsal margin : central
line by a smaller black costal spot and faint indications of
dots on the nervures ; it bends so as to enclose the discal
spot, which is erect and deep black ; the second line arises
on the costa as a larger deep black spot, and continues as a
minute black dot on every nervure to the dorsal margin ;,
subterminal line very faintly indicated in whitish dusting ;
cilia shining pale grey-brown, faintly dotted with cloudy
black. Hind wings rather small, rounded behind ; whitish-
brown ; the dorsal region faintly browner, and very indis-
tinctly barred with darker brown commencements of lines ;
central spot obscurely black ; cilia pale grey-brown. Female
very similar but decidedly larger.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale reddish-brown ;
nervures darker ; costa lighter brown but barred with black
before, and very distinctly beyond, the discal spot, which
also is black ; beyond it is a dotted brown transverse line, and
a broader clouded stripe near the hind margin. Hind wings
brownish-white, clouded behind with two browner bands ; cen-
tral spot black ; cilia spotted with black. Body and legs brown.

Apparently only variable in size, and in the paleness of
the white-brown ground colour.

ii6 LEPIDOPTERA.

On the wiujr from tlie end of June till Ausrust.

■"tn"-

Larva liavitig a wrinkled appearance, the body minutely
studded with yellow tubercles and very short hairs ; ground
colour pale canary-yellow ; dorsal line pale brown ; down the
middle of the back is a chain of large deep rich brown tooth-
shaped spots, united at the points, and bordered on either
side by an almost black subdorsal line, these dorsal spots
becoming faint and confluent with the dorsal line on the
anterior and posterior segments, almost obliterated on the
latter ; below the subdorsal lines is a narrow rich brown
line, and a row of oblique stripes of the same colour ;
spiracular line yellowish ; undersurface suffused on either
side with brown, and having a central line of the same colour
running the whole length.

Or — Ground colour grass or yellowish-green ; dorsal spots
brown, perfectly lozenge-shaped, ceasing on the posterior
segments ; subdorsal lines deeper brown than the dorsal
spots, interrupted at the segmental divisions ; spiracular line
yellowish, bordered on the lower side with brown.

Or — Ground colour various shades of green ; all the mark-
ings except the subdorsal lines faint or altogether wanting.

Or — Whole body, with the exception of the dorsal portion
of the posterior segments, suffused with deep rich chocolate-
brown ; remainder canary-j'ellow wil h a pale brown dorsal
line ; on the back of every other segment are two yellow
spots ; on each side two waved j-ellow lines enclosing a brown
line. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

September and October on the flowers of Solidago virgaurea
(golden rod), but in confiuement content to eat blossoms of
various specier, of Michaelmas daisy. Usually to be found
on the scattered plants of golden-rod growing in open woods,
often but a single larva upon each plant.

Pupa ratlier large and thick, the thorax and abdomen
yellow, the latter deeply suffused with blood-red ; wing-cases

LA RENTID.T.—E U PITH EC I A . 117

more or less tinged with green. In a cocoon of silk and
earth, in the ground. (H. H. C.)

The winter is passed in this condition, and it is not unusual
for pupa3 to lie over two winters.

The moth hides among its food-plant in the woods, but is
not readily disturbed in the day-time. At late dusk it flies
over and settles on the blossoms of the golden-rod, and some-
times visits those of ragwort and heather ; but is not very
commonly seen, and appears to be tolerably local. I have
records of its presence in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Dorset,
Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and North
Lancashire. In Wales Mr. H. W. Vivian found it at Porth-
kerry, Glamorganshire, and I met with it sparingly in woods
around Pembroke. It also occurs rarely in Scotland ; the
Rev. C. T. Cruttwell obtained it in Perthshire, and Mr.
Reid reports it in Aberdeenshire. In Ireland it has been
taken on the coast near Dublin, in Wicklow, Louth, West-
meath, Galway, and even Derry. Abroad it seems to have
but a small range, in Belgium and Central and Western
Germany.

34. E. absintliiata, L. — Expanse f to 1 inch. Fore
wings broad, blunt, glossy, pale purjjlish-brown ; transverse
lines hardly perceptible ; discal spot black ; on each side of
it is a black spot on the costa ; a white spot lies above the
anal angle. Hind wings smoky-brown.

Antenna3 of the male simple, ciliated, dull brown; palpi
small, black-brown; head and thorax reddish-brown ; abdo-
men more purple-brown, and almost devoid of dorsal tufts ;
anal tuft much compressed. Fore wings rather ample ; costa
gently curved, more strongly so toward the apex, which is
bluntly rounded, almost angulated ; hind margin fully
rounded; dorsal margin full and strongly ciliated; colour
shining light purple-brown or red-brown ; discal spot large
and black ; nervures very minutely dotted with black ; costa
faintly but repeatedly barred with sinoky-black and having

ii8 LEPIDOPTERA.

two conspicuous deep black spots, one before aud the other
beyond the discal spot ; lines imperceptible to the second,
which is but faintly indicated by pairs of black dots on
nervures ; subterminal line white, faiut but rather regular,
spreading into a broad white spot backed with black, above
the anal angle ; cilia smoky-brown. Hind wings broad,
rounded behind, pale smoky-brown ; the dorsal half rippled
with darker brown, divided by whitish threads; cilia smoky-
brown. Female similar but larger.

Underside of the fore wings glossy smoky-brown ; discal
and costal spots as on the upper side ; beyond are several
paler and darker transverse lines and a smoky hind-
marginal band. Hind wings pale smoky-grey ; central spot
black ; followed by a transverse row of smoky-brown dots,
and this by a similarly coloured hind-marginal band. Body
and legs pale brown.

There is a good deal of variation in size in this species,
possibly from the nature of the food, more probably from some
of the specimens being reared in unfavourable conditions.
Much more rarely there is a tendency to development of the
usual transverse lines, and a rather dark example, which I
possess, shows the first,second,and double central lines, oblique
and strongly bent back to the costa, very clearly. A rather
small form reared upon Scahiosa columharia in Lancashire was
described as a distinct species, under the name of knautiata,
but I am unable to find any real — even varietal — distinction
in it.

On the wing in June and Jul}^

Larva thick and short, tapering but little, bodj^ wrinkled,
thickly studded with minute white tubercles and somewhat
more sparingly with short white hairs ; ground colour either
yellowish-green, deep rose-colour, or dirty reddish-brown ;
down the middle of the back is a series of lozenge-shaped
reddish spots, generally becoming faint or confluent towards
the head and tail. In the green variety these spots are often

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 119

wanting. On eacli side a number of narrow oblique yellow-
stripes form a sort of border to the dorsal spots ; spiracular
line waved, yellow ; segmental divisions yellow.

It would be impossible to give an accurafce description of
the almost endless varieties of this most variable larva ; they
run so closely into each other that it would be an almost
Herculean task to separate them. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

Mr. Buckler has figured the larvee pea-green, whitish-
green, yellow-green, yellow-brown, purple-brown, and dark
brown, sometimes with a pale spiracular stripe.

August till October or November, upon the flowers of
common yellow, and hoary-leaved i-agwort (Scnccio jacobcca
and S. eruci/olia), hemp-agrimony {JEiqMtorium cannabinum),
mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), yarrow (Achillea millefolium'),
golden-rod (Solidago virr/aurca), Aster tripoHum, Ballota
niyra, Origanam, vulgare, and various species of Scabious.

Pupa. Wing-cases bright green with the nervures very
prominent ; thorax yellowish-green ; abdomen i-eddish-
yellow, with a dark green dorsal line. In a tightly spun
earthen cocoon, in the ground. (H. H. C.)

In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides among coarse herbage and wild flowers,
and in the neighbouring bushes, in the daytime, and is rather
easily disturbed by the beating stick. It also flies about
such places at dusk and may be found later at night on the
flowers of composite plants. It is fairly common throughout
the southern half of England to the Scilly Isles, and found
less commonly in the Midlands, and through the more
northern counties to Northumberland. In Wales it is
common in Glamorganshire and Pembrokeshire, and is
doubtless generally distributed, as also is the case in Ireland.
In Scotland it seems to be found in the eastern portion to
Moray and Aberdeenshire, in the middle parts to Perthshire,
and in the west to Clydesdale. Abroad its range is over
the greater portion of Central and Northern Europe,

I20 LEPIDOPTERA.

Northern Italy, South Lapland, Canada, and some parts of
New England. This is in fact the only one of our British
EiipilhiTia- which seems to have been recognised as an
inhabitant of North America.

35. E. minutata, Hiih. — Expanse | to |- inch (18-22
mm.). Fore wings narrow, with the apex elongated ; smooth
pale reddish-brown ; the transverse lines often absent, occa-
sionally visible on the nervures ; discal spot black ; on the
costa are three or four black dots, and at the anal angle a
white spot. Hind wings whitish-brown.

AntennjB of the male short, rather thick, ciliated, pale
brown; palpi slender, dull brown; head and thorax pale
brown and rather smooth ; abdomen more reddish-brown ;
dorsal tufts hardly perceptible ; anal tuft compressed. Fore
wings a little narrow and elongated ; costa very flatly arched ;
apes suddenly rounded, almost angulated ; hind margin
evenly curved ; dorsal margin nearly straight ; very pale
brown with a reddish gloss ; discal spot sharply deep
black ; costal area dusted with white and repeatedly spotted
with cloudy-black ; basal, first, and central lines scarcely
suggested except by connecting them, somewhat arbitrarily,
with the costal spots and with a series of very obscure
dapplings of paler and darker brown along the subdorsal
nervure ; second line rather more visible as a broad faint
stripe of whitish dusting edged and divided by rather darker
brown ; subterminal line white, irregular, and almost broken
up into dots, of which one above the anal angle is duplicated
and more conspicuous ; bind margin edged with dull black
streaks ; cilia shining grey-brown. Hind wings not broad,
rounded behind, grooved or wrinkled between the nervures ;
pale brown with but very faint traces of any markings ;
central spot dull black ; cilia grej'-brown. When, in rare
instances, the transverse lines are visible they are regularly
parallel, and but little oblique, rather straight and stiff, and
bent back to the costa. Female similar.

LARENTIDX—EUPITHECIA. 121

Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-brown ;
costa winter and having a black spot beyond the middle ;
discal spot faintly black ; hind margin broadly clouded with
a more smoky tinge. Hind wings shining smoky- white,
almost silvery ; faintly barred across the middle by a slender
curved brown line, and outside it, more faintly, by one or two
more. Body and legs reddish-brown.

Variable as already shown in the presence, or more fre-
quenth' absence, of the transverse lines, also in the number
and distinctness of the cloudy-black costal markings, of which
often only two are black, and sometimes not one is at all
distinct. In more rare instances the reddish-brown of the
fore wings is unbroken by any distinct marking whatever.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva short and thick ; head dusky-olive, marked with
white ; ground colour dull pink or flesh-tint, with a series of
dusky Y-shaped dorsal spots, connected by a central pink
line, and becoming faint on the anterior, and al most obliterated
on the posterior segments ; sisiracular line j-ellowish, inter-
rupted at intervals by dusky blotches ; undersurface dusky or
pinkish-white ; dorsal portion of each segment studded with
four yellowish tubercles ; and the back also sprinkled with
small white, and a few black, tubercles and short hairs.
(Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

August and September on the blossoms and seeds of
common heather (Callvna vulgaris). Said also to feed on
both sjjecies of Erica, and on various Composita- and other
flowers, but in this respect there may be confusion between
this and the last species.

Plta short and plump, the anterior end very blunt, eye-
covers small, shining ; limb-cases closely packed ; wing-covers
strongly rippled with the usual nervures, smooth between,
but only moderately glossy ; thoracic shield very minutely
but closely wrinkled ; dorsal and abdominal segments finely
pitted, but the hinder edges smooth and strongly ridged ;

122 LEPIDOPTERA.

cremaster stout, conical, tipped with several fine hooked
bristles. Front portion, with the wing-covers, rich yellow,
the latter semi-transparent; abdominal segments reddish-
yellow. In a moderatel}- thick cocoon of silk and earth, in
the ground.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides among heather during the day, and raaj- be
disturbed by the footstep in hotweather, yet is far more readily
met with at dusk flying over the same plant. Apparently
common upon heaths throughout England and Ireland,
probably also Wales, since it is aliundaut in Glamorganshire
and Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it is found in Wigtownshire,
Clydesdale, Perthshire, the Edinburgh district; not commonly
in Aberdeenshire and Moray; and has been taken even in the
Orkneys. Abroad it seems only to have been recognised in
Holland and Central and Western Germany, and its further
range is somewhat doubtful.

36. E. assimilata, Bhhl. — Expanse f to | inch (18-
21 mm.). Fore wings somewhat ovate, glossy pale reddish-
brown ; discal spot large, black : costa spotted with black
clouds ; a large white dot lies close to the anal angle. Hind
wings pale brown.

Antennte of the male simple, ciliated, pale grey-brown ;
palpi slender, leaden brown ; head and thorax dull umbreous ;
abdomen of the same colour L.ut tinged, at the sides, with
red-brown ; along the dorsal ridge is a series of minute raised
tufts ; anal tuft pointed. Fore wings ovate, rather rounded
behind ; costa strongly arched ; apex well rounded ; hind
margin curved and rather full, as also is the dorsal margin ;
colour reddish-brown ; discal spot large, deep black ; basal,
first, and central lines each indicated by a blackish cloud
on the costa, and very faintly continued as an obscure brown
thread rather directly across the wing ; second line rather
more distinct, arising from a more definite costal cloud,
decidedly angulated, and continued as a similarly direct faint

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 123

thread ; subterminal line white at the costa, continued as
an excessively" fine thread which leaves white dots backed
with black-brown in the middle, and at the anal angle a
more conspicuous white double spot ; cilia shining reddish-
brown tipped with greJ^ Hind wings not very broad, rather
siuuousl}'- rounded behind, and grooved or wrinkled between
the nervures ; dull smoky-brown ; central spot minute,
black; dorsal area faintly but repeatedly barred with black-
brown ; along the hind margin from the anal angle are two
or three white dots ; cilia pale smoky-brown, intersected with
darker. Female similar.

Underside of fore wings glossy pale smoky-brown ; discal
spot distinctlj' black ; costa broadly- tinged with smoky-
yellow ; immediately over the discal spot is a black costal
spot, and beyond it two more, each serving as the origin of
a faint transverse shady strijie ; cilia spotted with black
clouds. Hind wings smoky-white ; central spot black,
followed by two transverse smoky-brown stripes or lines of
dots ; cilia spotted with black. Body and legs whitish-
brown ; the tarsi blackened.

Rather variable in the presence or absence of the very
slender transverse lines of the fore wings.

On the wing in May and June and as a second generation
in August.

Larva slender, tapering slightly towai'ds the head ; ground
colour yellowish-green, divisions of the segments yellow ;
dorsal line dark green ; subdorsal lines of the same colour
but very indistinct, occasionally studded at intervals with
black spots ; body thickly sprinkled with small yellowish-
green tubercles, and thinly strewed with short whitish
hairs.

Or — When young uniform pale green, but after the last
change of skin it assumes a series of brown dorsal spots, united
by a central line of the same colour ; groundcolour then dirty
yellowish-green ; subdorsal lines dusky ; dorsal spots merged

T24 LEPIDOPTERA.

in the dorsal line on the anterior and posterior segments ; sides
suffused with dusky reddish-browu and traversed by slender
waved lines of the same colour ; head greenish, with black
markings ; nndersurface pale green ; body covered with
minute white tubercles and sprinkled with a few short white
hairs. The brown suffusion is sometimes wanting, leaving the
larva of an uniform bright green, with a single chain of
brown dorsal lozenges.

When nearly ready to spin up it turns pink, but another
variety assumes a pink ground colour after the last moult ;
the back and nndersurface tinged with green ; the dorsal
line is then dark green bordered on each of the middle seg-
ments by a black dot ; and the divisions of the segments are
tinged with red. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

June and July, and a second generation in September and
October ; on black-currant in gardens, elsewhere on wild
hop {Humidws liqjulus). Sometimes also to be found on
red-currant.

Pupa yellowish-green, in an earthen cocoon. (II. H. C.)
In this condition during the winter.

The moth hides during the day in currant-bushes in
gardens and in hedges where the wild hop grows, and may
be beaten out by day or taken flying about the bushes in th&
evening. It also comes readily to light, and to the flowers
of ragwort at night. Still common in gardens in the out-
skirts of London, and other cities, apparently to be found in
suitable spots throughout England, and probably Wales,^
since it is common in Glamoraranshire and Pembrokeshire.
In Scotland in the Sohvaj' district, and in gardens in Clydes-
dale and Edinburgh, at Aberdeen and in Perthshire and
Ross-shire. In Ireland in the outskirts of Dublin and Cork
and in Galway, Sligo and Tyrone. Abroad it seems only to
be reported from France and Germany.

37. E. jasioneata, Crftve. — Expanse J to ^ inch (18-
22 mm.). Eore wings long and narrow, bl.ickish-brown ;

LA RENTID.e—E L 'PITHECIA . 125

the nervures faintly dotted with bhack and white ; discal
spot small, black; second line just visible ; subterminal line
zigzag, smoky-white. Hind wings smoky-black-brown.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, grey-brown ; palpi
blunt, small, depressed, dark brown ; head and thorax dull
brownish-grey ; abdomen dark brown ; anal tuft compressed.
Fore wings long and narrow ; costa arched at the base,
though very flatly so, apex decidedly rounded ; hind margin
extremely oblique and verjr little curved ; dorsal margin.
rather straight ; colour dull greyish-umbreous, dusted with
black-brown ; discal spot obscureh' black ; all the nervures
faintly dotted alternately with dull black and dull white;
■costa clouded with black which is interrupted by small
whitish clouds ; transverse lines hardly perceptible except
that the second seems to be represented by a double series of
faint clouds divided and edged by blacker clouding ; sub-
terminal line grey-white, very irregular and augulated
throughout ; hind margin streaked with black ; cilia dark
smoky-brown. Hind wings narrow, rounded behind, fur-
rowed between the nervures ; smoky-white dusted with
black -brown, and clouded with short transverse bands of the
same colour on the dorsal and hind-marginal regions ; ex-
treme hind margin edged with short black streaks ; cilia
smoky-grey. Female similar. Somewhat similar to E. casti-
,gata, but the fore wings longer and narrower, also more
rounded at the apex.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale silvery-grey,
shaded by two faint partial smoky stripes beyond the middle.
Hind wings equally shining, silvery-white dusted with dark
brown and crossed by two smoky-brown cloudy stripes ;
central sjjot minute, black. Body and legs dirty whitish-
^rey ; tarsi clouded with black-brown.

On the wing in May and June.

Larva half an inch long ; moderately stout ; very rugose ;
tapering a little forward from ths sixth or seventh segment.

126 LEPIDOFTERA.

behind from the tenth ; head shining dark brown mottled
with darker ; the ground colour of the body varies, in
different examples, from pale whity-brown, to brown, lighter
or darker, warmer or colder ; bej'ond the thoracic segments,
to the ninth inclusive, there is on each segment somewhat of
a barrel-shaped mark of brown, thickly and strongly marked
on each side of the shape with dark brown ; or this may be
described as a bulbous flask shape, the sides of the bulb
thickly defined with dark brown ; a dark brown dorsal stripe
running continuously through all to the anal tip ; on the
tenth, eleventh and twelfth segments the shapes are rudi-
mentary : a fine dark brown subdorsal line runs by either
side of the dorsal shapes, and bears a thick dark brown
mark or blotch close to the widest part of the flask shape,
sometimes uniting with it, but these do not occur after the
ninth segment ; on the side of each segment is an oblique
dark brown cloudy streak downwards from the front towards
the spiracular region ; undersurface whitish cream-colour
with a grey-brown central ventral line ; each raised dot has
a darker brown central dot bearing a short stiif bristle.
Each segment is subdivided by six deep transverse wrinkles,
the first four wider apart than the other two ; the segmental
divisions are very deeply cut, the end of each segment swell-
ing out broader than the beginning of the next ; the surface
of the skin is thickly covered with granular points. (W.
Buckler.)

This larva bears a curiously close resemblance to that of
the very different E. camj)anulata — which however feeds
on a closely allied plant — while it differs very much in pro-
portions as well as in marking from that of E. castigata, for
a variety of which it is sometimes mistaken.

When full grown the attachment of the brown spot on
the subdorsal line to the outer curve of the side of the
barrel-shape, becomes (juito distinct, and there are faint
shades of undulating lines below, while the ridge along
the spiracular region becomes extremely pale.

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 127

August and September, on or rather in, the 3eed-heads of
Jasione montana (sheep scabious), forming a sort of chamber
in the seed-head by eating away the seed flasks, calices and
pedicels, and lying snugly in the cavity, or if on the surface
always having its head buried in the ilower-head or seed-
head, eating out such a cavity. Dr. G. B. LongstafE has
conferred a great benefit on me by searching for this larva
and sending up a good supply from Somerset and Devon,
thereby supplying additional material for its life-history.

The moth doubtless hides during the day among its food-
plant the Sheep scabious, in the dry hilly or sandy spots in
which that plant grows, and flies over it at night, but I
hardly know of the capture of a single specimen, all, or
nearly all, in collections having been reared from larvse
collected in the seed-heads. It was first noticed about the
year 1878, when Mr. Ficklin of Bristol found larva3 in North
Devon, and reared the moths in the following year. After
some consideration and inquiry it was named and described
by the Rev. H. Harper Crewe, who had for so many years
devoted himself to the elucidation of the habits of this
difficult genus. It is an exceedingly local sjoecies, but is
said to occur on the coast of North Wales, though I was
unable to find it in South Wales, where its food -plant is
abundant. I have no certain knowledge of its existence
elsewhere in Great Britain except in the Counties of Devon
and Somerset ; but in Ireland it has been found commonly
in the larva state in the County of Kerry about Yalentia,
Killarney and Kenmare ; and in that portion of Cork which
lies near Dingle and Bantry Bay. In this county, Captain
Donovan and his brother have captured it on the wing upon
the cliffs, and have found the larva commonly. Abroad it
hardly seems yet to have been recognised.

08. E. tenuiata, if^i.— Expanse | inch (14-lG mm.).
Fore wings rather ovate, much rounded at the apex ; pale
umbreous, with a reddish tinge along the costa ; transverse

128 LEPWOPTEKA.

lines obscurely dark brown ; tliscal spot small, black. Hind
wings pale brown.

Anteunffi of the male very short, simple, ciliated, pale
brown ; palpi slender and pointed, light brown ; iiead and
thorax brownish-drab, the latter slender ; abdomen small,
reddish-brown, without dorsal tufts : anal tuft compressed.
Fore wings short, somewliat ovate ; costa strongly arched,
especially so at the base ; apex rounded ; hind margin also
fully rounded but not very oblique ; dorsal margin rather
full ; colour pale umbreous or brownish-drab, with a distinct
reddish-brown shade along the costal region, which is barred
throughout with smoky-brown clouds ; discal spot black,
rather rounded ; before it is a series of three or four parallel
lines of brown dusting, faintly defined and representing the
basal and first lines ; immediately beyond it are three rippled
parallel brown lines, bent back near the costa and represent-
ing the usual centi'al line; then a series of three more,
rougher lines partly consisting of minute wedge-shaped
streaks representing the second line ; and outside all these
a cloudy-brown hind-marginal band, divided by a faint
rippled pale subterminal line — all these lines, nearly parallel
and rather faint, give the impression of a rounded wing
rippled from end to end- — cilia shining whitish-brown.
Hind wings rather small, rounded behind, whitish-brown,
much dusted and dappled with dull brown, in which are
paler spots ; cilia shining pale brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky -brown ; discal
spot a black dot ; costa spotted with smoky-black, and a
band of the same lies before the hind margin. Hind wings
shining whitish-brown with a hind-marginal smoky band.
Body and legs dull brown.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva short and thick ; head black ; ground colour dirty
yellowish-green ; sides and middle of the back slightly tinged
with rose-colour : down the middle of the back is a row of

LARr.NTin.'K-EUPITHECrA. 1 29

very indistinct cluslvy spots becoming confluent in a black
line at the anal segment, and bordered by an interruj^ted
black line ; on each side is a row of oblique tubercular flesh-
coloured stripes ; anterior feet black.

March and April, sometimes till the beginning of May, in
the catkins of sallow {i^aR,- caprcm, S. cinerea, and others),
hiding so completely in the catkins that these may be shaken
off the sallow bush in abundance, and the moths reared
therefrom, without a single larva being observed.

Plpa rather slender, glossy, eye-covers prominent, blackish,
the wing and limb-covers very smooth, pale golden yellow or
yellow-brown, faintly tinged with green ; dorsal and abdo-
mmal segments very minutely and sparinglv pitted on the
anterior portion of each ; the hinder smooth and rather
ridged, the whole more dusky yellow-brown; cremaster
narrowly conical and tipped with minute hooked bristles.
In a slight cocoon among the fallen catkins or other rubbish
on the ground.

The winter is passed in the egg-state.

The moth hides itself in and under sallow-bushes in the
daytime, and may sometimes be disturbed from them by
the beating-stick, though it is very unwilling to move
more often by carefully dividing and investigatino- the
thick growth of coarse grasses and herbage underneath,
it flies at late dusk and may then be captured, since it
keeps round about the same bushes, yet from its activity
at that time, and its very dull colour, is bv no means
easy to box. Not very difficult, however, t'o rear from
the catkins. Very common in the fens of Norfolk and
Cambridgeshire, and apparently to be found in suitable
marshy spots throughout England, from Devon to Northum-
berland ; also found in Monmouthshire and Glamorgan-
shire m Wales. In Scotland in Roxburghshire and oUaer
southern districts, in Dumbartonshire, Aberdeenshire Perth-
shire, Morjy, and intermediate places. In Ireland it is

VOL. IX.

I

I30 I.EPIDOPTERA.

plentiful ill AVicklow, Cork, and Keriy ; and found near
Dublin, and m Loutli, Sligo, Ferniauagli, Armagh, and
Derry. Abroad it occurs in Finland and has a wide distri-
bution through Central Europe.

39. E. subciliata, Gn. — Expanse | inch (15-lG mm.).
Fore wings narrow, rather pointed, pale brown, with numerous
oblique deeper brown transverse stripes, most of them beyond
the discal spot, which is a minute black dot. Hind wings
very pale brown.

Antennaa of the male slender, simple, ciliated, pale
umbreous; palpi slender, pointed, grey-brown; head and
thorax dull brownish-drab; abdomen reddish-brown, streaked
and dotted on the sides with black, and very minutely dotted
upoi! the dorsal ridge with tlie same ; anal tuft closely com-
pressed. Fore wings narrow ; costa very flatly arched,
almost straight ; apex narrowly rounded, almost angulated ;
hind margin rounded and oblique ; dorsal margin a little
filled out ; pale umbreous or brownish-drab ; the costa faintly
spotted with brownish clouds ; discal spot indistinct, minute,
dull black ; the lines most indefinite and obscure, but there
is a series of very oblique parallel lines or shades of brown
atoms from the base to the discal spot, across which a more
perpendicular smoky shade seems to represent the central
line; outside this two similarly oblique and more dotted
lines indicate the usual second line, and these are closely
succeeded by a stripe of the paler ground colour; hind-mar-
ginal area clouded with smoky-brown, through which a pale
brown subterminal line widely meanders ; at the extreme
tip is a shining whiter streak from the costa and often a
similar small apical cloud ; cilia whitish-brown spotted with
dark brown. Hind wings rather broad, the hind margin a
little sinuous; whitish-brown; central spot minute, dull
black ; dorsal region dusted, and once barred, with brown ;
and a smoky-brown band, containing paler clouds, lies along
the hind margin ; cilia long, pale grey-brown, clouded with

LARENTIDA^.—E L 'PITH EC I A . 151

darker. Female a little larger, and the ground colour faintly
tinged with red-brown.

Undersides of all the wings shining pale silvery-o-rey,
tinged toward the costa of the fore wings with brown, and
there also clouded with smoky-black sjoots ; discal and
central spots small, smoky-black ; beyond these on each wino-
are two slender smoky-brown transverse lines. Body and
legs whitish-brown.

On the wing in July and Angust.

Larva about five-eighths of an inch long and rather thick ;
the head has the lobes rounded, is smooth and polished, and
considerably narrower than the second segment ; body plump
and obese in the middle, but attenuated at the extremities ;
the segments transversely wrinkled ; ground colour yellowish-
green, greene.st on the anterior segments ; head dull green;
a broad deep purple stripe, darker at the segmental divisions'
forms the dorsal line, and a pale shade of purple is suffused
rather broadly on each side of it ; subdorsal lines greyish-
white; there is an equally pale waved stripe above" the
spiracles and a pale but greener stripe along them ; ventral
sui-face uniformly dingy green.

Or — Ground colour bright yellowish-green, the head green
tinged with brown ; a dark green pulsating vessel forms
the dorsal line ; subdorsal lines greyish-white ; there is a
similarly coloured waved line above the spiracles, and a pale
green stripe along them; segmental divisions yellowish;
ventral surface uniformly bright green tinged with vellow
(G. T. Porritt.)

April and May, on the blossoms and young leaves of maple
(Acer campestris), but subsisting only upon rhe blossoms so
long as they are available, and from its colouring so exactly
like them as to be practically invisible. Easily obtained by
beating those trees on which the flowers are abundant, over
an umbrella.

PCPA rather slender; limb and antenna covers rather

132 LEPinOPTF.RA.

prominent ; wing covers also tiiickenod, rather smooth and
scarcely sculptured, but showing the wing nervures and not
brightly polished ; dorsal and abdominal segments but faintly
punctured and smooth ; anal segment thickened and rounded ;
cremaster short, conical, furnished with numerous minute
hooked bristles ; pale brown ; abdominal segments more red-
brown, wing covers very transparent dull j-ellow. In a
thin silken cocoon among rubbish on the earth.

The moth sits by day on the undersides of branches of
maple or among the leaves, and if disturbed darts rapidlj-
away, and to the ground. Formerly it was looked upon as a
scarce species, but the Rev. H. Williams, who found it
abundantly near Thetford, assured me subsequently that
wherever in England he had found maple growing to sufH-
cient size for flowering he had also found this moth. We
have it recorded as occurring in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset,
Wilts, Devon, Somerset, Essex, .Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge-
shire, Oxfordshire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Yorkshire and
Durham. In North AY ales in Denbigh ; and in South
Wales at Ciower and Porthkerry, Glamorgan, by Mr. ^'ivian.
So far as I know this is the extent of its range in these
Islands. Abroad it seems to be very little known ; and
recorded only from Germany, Dalmatia, and Norway.

40. E. dodonseata, fru. — Expanse -J inch (18-20 mm.).
Fore wings somewhat pointed but not narrow, whitish-
brown, whiter in the middle ; transverse lines numerous,
brown, much streaked and spotted on the nervures with
black ; discal spot black, united to a previous black horizontal
streak. Hind wings brownish-white.

Antenna? of the male slender, simple, ciliated, dark brown ;
palpi very short, blunt, dull brown ; head and thorax whitish-
brown; abdomen reddish-brown ; anal tuft closely compressed.
Fore wangs rather broad but pointed ; costa decidedly arched ;
apex bluntly rounded, almost angulated ; hind margin gently
curved and not very oblique ; dorsal margin also rather

LARENTID.-E—EUPITHECIA. 133

rouuded ; colour whitish-brown, often with faint reddish-
browu shading, but sometimes nearly white ; basal line black,
slender, rather angulated ; first line connected with it by a
black streak along the median nervure, black, very deeply
angnlated, almost hooked in the middle ; this is closely
followed by a narrow shading of light brown, and this by
two clouded black lines, almost forming a narrow central
band, and partly filled iu with blackish clouding ; close outside
these is the discal spot, deep black and rather elongated ;
second line an angulated smoky-black shade emphasised by
a minute black wedge on every nervure ; of these wedges
two, below the middle of the wing, are long, and point to
two similar black streaks in the central band ; hind marginal
region light brown, dotted with black clouds and divided by
a very irregular white subterminal line ; cilia pale brown,
dashed with smoky-black. Hind wings a little squared, and
sinuous behind, dusky white ; central spot dull black ;
followed by a short row of black wedges lying in brown
shading ; toward the hind mai'gin is a more complete row of
dull black streaks, lying in brown clouding, and followed by
whitish spots ; extreme margin edged with short black
streaks ; cilia dusky white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings silky brownish-white, tinged
along the costa with yellow-brown, and there also faintly
but repeatedly barred with smoky-brown ; discal spot black ;
beyond it are two transverse smoky-brown lines. Hind
wings duskj'-white, shining ; central spot black ; followed by
two transverse curved smoky-brown lines ; cilia shaded to
the tips with smoky-black. Body and legs pale brown.

Usually oul}^ varying a little in the distinctness of the
markings, and in the degree of reddish-brown tint shading
the ground colour ; but the hawthorn-fi-equenting race shows
a decided tendency to white ground colour with more grey-
brown markings, and to absence of any reddish-brown
clouding.

On the wing in May and the beginning of -June.

134 I.EPinOPTi-lRA.

Larva cylindrical, hardly tapering to either extremity;
colour of head and body ochreous-red ; dorsal line very
dusky olive, almost black, interrupted ; down it is a series of
dull black or dusky-olive, arrow-shaped blotches, reduced in
size on the posterior segments, and merged in the dorsal line
on the anterior ; subdorsal lines slender, duskj% bordered
with dull yellow ; spiracular lines alternating between dull
yellow and dusky olive ; between the subdorsal and spiracular
lines is a row of oblique bright yellow stripes, interspersed
with dusky blotches ; segmental divisions orange-red ; body
thickly studded with minute white tubercles, and thinly
clothed with whitish hairs.

Or — Ground colour pale yellowish-green ; dorsal line and
blotches similar to the previous, but of a much paler olive ;
spiracular lines, segmental divisions, and oblique lateral stripes
greenish-yellow.

Or — Ground colour orange-red ; back tinged and suffused
with dull yellowish-green ; dorsal blotches wanting ; dorsal
line reddish-brown or olive, enlarged in the middle of each
median segment ; subdorsal lines of the same colour, slender ;
spiracular line and oblique lateral stripes greenish-yellow, the
latter indistinct. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

June and July, on oak and hawthorn, feeding on the
youngest and most succulent leaves, just expanding. Mr.
G. F. Mathew has quite recently found it to feed freely upon
the blossoms of Qaerciis ilex (evergreen oak).

Pupa rough and wrinkled, dark dusky red, upper edge of
the wing-cases brighter red. In a slight cocoon in the earth
or under loose bark. (II. II. C.)

In this condition through the winter, and often through a
second winter.

The moth loves to sit during the day on the underside of
long horizontal branches of oak, in a wood, or under the side
branches of lurge hawthorns where they grow together in

LARENTID/E—EUPITHECIA. 15S

groups. It is quite easily to be seen as it sits closely pressed
to the surface, and if dislodged, by a sharp blow on the branch,
will flutter to the ground, or drift away on the wind. It flies
at late dusk about the outer twigs of the trees, and on a
clear evening may readily be caught at this time as it visits
them. Eather a local species, formerly common in the
London district, but now jjushed further into the country.
Found in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Wilts, Devon,
East Cornwall, Somerset, Berks, Middlesex, Esses, Suffolk,
Norfolk, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and
i-arely in Yorkshire and Cumberland, In Wales the only
record that I possess is that of Mr. H. W. Vivian at Llan-
trisant, Glamorganshire ; and I find no certain capture in
Scotland. In Ireland it has been taken at Armagh among
hawthorn, also near Dublin, in Wicklow and Sligo.

Abroad known to occur in Western, Central, and Southern
France, Holland, the north of Spain, and Corsica.

41. E. abbreviata, Steph. — Expanse f to ^ inch (18-23
mm.). Fore wings elongated and produced to a blunt apex ;
pale red-brown clouded with umbreous ; transverse lines
numerous, black-brown, edged with short black wedges ;
discal spot small, black, usually joined to a central dark
blotch. Hind wings pale brown, with darker clouding.

AntenuEe of the male simple, ciliated, black-brown ; palpi
blunt, dull brown ; head pale drab ; thorax reddish-brown ;
abdomen purplish-brown ; anal tuft thickened but closely
clasped. Fore wings elongated ; costa considerably arched,
especially so beyond the middle ; apex rounded ; hind margin
very oblique, the curve passing the anal angle and rounding
up the dorsal mai-gin ; light reddish -brown, with a transverse
dusting of white between the nervui-es in the middle area ;
costa faintly barred with dark brown ; discal spot an upright
black streak placed in the white dusting ; before it is an
oblique cloud of black dusting which seems to answer to the
first line, but this and also some previous clouding in the

136 LEPIDOPTERA.

place of tht' basal line, is devoid of definite form ; the same
may be said of some cross-shading in the place of the second
line, visible as a small brown costal cloud ; a smokj-black
cloud outside the discal spot, and similar wedges on the lower
nervures ; all the nervures of the hind marginal region twice
streaked with smoky-black, the interval representing the
snbterminal line, which otherwise is faintly dusted and dotted
with white ; cilia brownish-white, spotted with smoky cloud-
ing. Hind wings a little elongated, whitish-brown dusted
with unibreous ; central spot very small, obscurely black ;
from the dorsal mai'gin four or five indistinct lines of brown
dusting and dots partially cross the wings ; hind margin
edged with dark brown ; cilia dusky white, clouded with
smoky-brown. Female similar but slightly larger, its fore
wings a little more ample, and of a more uniform brown
ground colour.

Undersides of all the wings shining silvery whitish-grey ;
discal and central spots black ; fore wings faintly crossed by
three slender brownish lines ; hind wings by two fainter
lines of brown dots. Body and legs pale brown.

Rather liable to local variation. In the Eastern Counties
showing a tendency to a more dull grey-brown colouring ;
but in Pembrokeshire and also in the South of Ireland
having the ground colour nearly white, the brown shading
almost absent, and the transverse lines and their streaks on
the nervures more definite, forming a very neat and delicate-
looking variety.

On the wing in April and May.

Larva slender, hairy, tapering toward the head ; ground
colour pale yellowish-red ; dorsal line pale olive ; down the
middle of the back is a series of pale olive V-shaped spots,
sometimes bordered with yellow ; spiracular line pale yellow ;
segmental divisions red ; ventral line, when present, pale
yellow. The dorsal spots are often merged in a broad dorsal
stripe. The whole of the markings vary much in intensity

LARENTID.E—EUPITHECIA. 137

of colouring, but are usuallj- faint and indistinct. (Kev
H. H. Crewe.)

June and July, on oak, feeding upon the leaves.

Pupa bright red, the thorax and wing-cases paler than the
rest ; bases of the wing-cases dusky ; abdominal divisions and
the tip deep red. In a slight earthen cocoon, in the ground.
(H. H. C.)

In this condition during the winter.

The moth sits during the day in oak trees, usually on the
underside of a horizontal branch. A sharp blow upon the
branch will generally cause it to flutter away to a short
distance, and then go down to the ground, but if the weather
IS warm it will sometimes fly actively away. Also where the
oak trees are not provided with suitable horizontal branches,
some other tree may be selected, and I have seen quite a
number of the moths congregated under the branches of a
beech, in such circumstances. Almost confined to oak woods,
but in them tolerably common throughout England, and
probably Wales, though my only records are from Glamorgan
and Pembrokeshire. In Scotland found in the Sohvay dis-
trict, Berwickshire, the Edinburgh district, Stirlingshire,
Perthshire and Argyleshire. In Ireland, abundant in Wick-
low, and found in AVaterford. Kerry, Galway, Monaghan.
Sligo, Tyrone, Antrim and Deny— probably wherever there
are oak woods. Abroad its range is through Holland,
France, Central and South-west Germany, Italy and North-
eastern Spain.

42. E. exig-uata, //»V^— Expanse | to | inch (18-
22 mm.). Fore wings rather pointed but broad ; pale grey-
brown or smoky-brown; discal spot large, black; second
line a row of black wedges. Hind wings white, with grey
clouding.

Antenna! of the male shining, sim])le, ciliated, dark grey
with a white gloss; palpi small, dull grey-brown; head and

ijS LEl'IDOPTKRA.

thorax grey, thickly dusted with dark brown ; abdomen
grey-brown, faintly barred near the base with black-brown ;
edges of the segments rough with slightly raised scales, the
dorsal ridge showing them more particularly ; anal tuft short
and thick, but compressed. Fore wings moderately broad ;
costa gently and evenly arched ; apex bluntly rounded,
almost angulated ; hind margin rather long, evenly curved ;
dorsal margin rather full and strongly ciliated ; colour pale
grey-brown ; basal line distinct and very oblique from the
dorsal margin, where it is smoky-brown, angulated in the
middle when this portion is perceptible, more distinct on the
costa, and rather blackened on the nervures ; beyond this are
several parallel, oblique, and but faintly perceptible, trans-
verse grey threads, crossing which is a black streak on the
median nervure, and above it a black dot in the discal cell ;
beyond this dot is the usual discal spot, deep black and
elongated ; and again immediately beyond, a series of deep
black wedge-shaped streaks on the nervures, joined together
by a grey-brown shade into a partial transverse line ; this is
follo\ved by the second line, extremely faint, grey-brown,
dotted with black on the nervures and placed in a rivulet
whiter than the ground colour ; outside this is a squared
brownish cloud on the costa, a black-brown cloud just above
the middle, and another above the anal angle, this last being
divided by the angulated lower end of the faint whitish-grey
subterminal line ; extreme hind margin edged with short
black streaks ; cilia pale brown-grey clouded and barred
with smoky-brown. Hind wings rather long, dull smoky
whitish-brown, darker beyond the middle ; central spot ill-
defined, black ; dorsal area repeatedly barred with smoky-
brown ; cilia dull pale brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoke-coloured; costa rather
paler, barred with smoky black beyond the middle ; discal
spot black ; a smoky-black shade runs down the hind-
marginal area. Hind wings white dusted with grey-
brown ; and barred twice beyond the middle witli i'aint

LARENTID^—EUPITHECIA. 139

similar transverse lines ; central spot black ; cilia smoky-
brown.

Usually only a little variable in the distinctness of tbe
markings, but Mr. H. W. Vivian has one taken in South
Wales in which those of the costal half of the fore wings
are distinct, while the rest are obscure, giving the specimen
a rather singular appearance.

On the wing in May and June.

Larva long, slender, and tapering ; ground colour dark
green ; with a dorsal row of small red lozenge-shaped spots
connected by a dorsal line of the same colour ; spiracular
line red, bordered with yellow ; segmental divisions yellowish ;
in the centre of each dorsal spot is a small yellow dot. The
dorsal spots are often wanting on the anterior segments and
their place supplied by a greenish line. (Rev. H. H.
Crewe.)

September and October on hawthorn, blackthorn, maple,
barberry, currant, ash, alder, sallow, dogwood, mountain
ash, and snowben-y ; feeding on the leaves.

Pupa long, slender, and tapering ; wing-cases dark olive-
gi'een ; thorax and abdomen dusky olive ; abdominal divisions
very conspicuously yellow. (H. H. C.) In a cocoon of silk
and earth, in the ground.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth sits on the trunks and branches of trees, par-
ticularly hawthorn, or on posts, rails or fences, or the stems
of bushes, in the daytime, but if disturbed will fly actively
away. Its natural flight is at late dusk. It was formerly
abundant in the subui-bs of London, but has now become
there scarce ; otherwise moderately common throughout
England, and doubtless Wales, though the only records
seem to be from Glamorgan and Pembroke. In Scotland
found in the Edinburgh district, in Roxburghshire, Lanark
and other parts of Clydesdale, and in Perthshire ; in Ireland

140 LEPIDOI'TEKA.

widely distributed, recorded from Dublin, Wicklow, Kerry,
(ialwaj', Westmeath, Sligo, Monaglian, Fermanagh, and
Tyrone. Abroad its range extends over the greater portion
of Central Europe, also Jjivonia.

43. E. sobrinata, Hnh. — Expanse f to finch (lG-22
mm.). Fore wings rather narrow ; greyish-brown, with a
straight oblique black central line and a similar second line
in which is a patch of black wedges above the middle ; discal
spot narrow, black. Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Antennas of the male simple, ciliated, dark brown ; ])alpi
very small, purplish-brown ; eyes golden-brown ; head and
thorax pale umbreous, dusted with darker, and the latter
tinged on the back with red-brown ; abdomen purple-brown ;
anal tuft compressed. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa flatly
arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; hiud margin very faintly
curved, rather oblique ; dorsal margin nearly sti-aight ;
colour dull umbreous or blackish-brown, sometimes with a
faint reddish flush on the dorsal half ; basal line hardly
perceptible — when present a faint blackish curved shade ;
first line scarcely more distinct, but faint shades of black
dusting on the costa originate three or four obscure brown
lines, oblique and tolerably parallel ; central line very oblique,
tlouble, black, thickened on the nervures, running straight
to the black discal spot, which it touches, and then bending
back a little to the costa ; sometimes forming a sort of
central band from intermediate black shading; just outside
the discal spot is a white edging or clouding ; second line a
rather broad smoky-brown shade, blackened on the nervures,
especially on those situated beyond the discal spot, and its
outer edge tolerably well defined ; following this is a faint
double stripe of whitish dusting ; hind-marginal area shaded
with smoky-brown, in which the subterminal line forms a
series of angulated greyish-white dots ; cilia pale grey-brown
clouded with smoky-brown, but faintly whiter at the tips.
Hiud wings well rounded, dull brown, whiter toward the

LARENTinA^—EUPITHECIA. 141

costal maro-iu ; from the dorsal margin a series of dusted
mnl<reous lines partially crosses the surface ; hind margin
ed»ed with dark brown streaks : cilia paler dull brown.
Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-brown,
rather darker toward the costa, where it is faintlj^ barred
with darker brown ; discal spot obscurely black-brown. Hind
wings smoky-white ; central spot dull black ; before and
beyond it is a series of curved transverse rows of small
smoky-black clouds ; hind margin darker. Body and legs
black-brown.

Variable in the shade of ground colour from light or dark
umbreous to different shades of black-brown ; also in the
definiteuess of the markings, which in some specimens are
quite distinct, in others obscui-e, and again in others suffused
or almost absent. Moreover local or climatal variations are
very striking, specimens from Perthshire, Sutherlandshire,
and other mountainous parts of Scotland are often much
more strikingly marked, blackened, or having the ground
colour white in the middle area of the fore wings, the mark-
ings running into distinct and conspicuous transverse stripes,
and the cilia more distinctly spotted ; or the ground colour
very light brown with the markings more slender and less
definite. Curiously enough this phase of Scottish variation
seems to lead directly to that which is found j'ear by year
near Dover, Kent — a very pretty light form, in which the
ground colour is brownish-white and the markings, though
slender and not very pronounced, are uniformly and dis-
tinctly' present and suggest a rather even and regular banding
of fine lines. This form seems first to have been brougrht
under notice about the year 1861, when the late Mr. H.
Doubleday sent specimens to Guenee and Herrich-Schcefler ;
the former thinking it to be probably a variety of the present
species, the latter that it would prove to be new. Guenee
seems further to have suggested that it might be a variety of
M. uUimaria, and this name has been applied to it in some

142 l.EriDOPTERA.

collections. This province to be inaccurate, the MS. name
of Slevensata, after its original captor, has been suggested,
and is still in use. Its claim to the rank of a distinct species
has been strongly urged, principally on account of its habits,
which are certainly curious. It is usually taken on the hills of
tlie Kent coast about the blossoms of golden-rod and ragwort
and not about the juniper, and has even been found freshly
emerged upon the first-named plant. In examining some fine
specimens taken by Mr. F. J. Hanbury, on ragwort, further
evidence seemed to be furnished by the position of the discal
spot aiccnj from the central line ; but in working through an
immense series of the present species in all its varieties in
the collection of Dr. P. 13. Mason, I found that many speci-
mens of otherwise typical colouring and markings have the
discal spot distinctly separate from this line ; also that many of
the most strongly marked Scotch forms had the ground colour
nearly white, and that these appeared to interchange with
the Stevensata forms in every possible degree. No reliable
separating character could be found by the most careful
search. This result is confirmed by the results of examina-
tion of other large collections. Moreover, Colonel Partridge
tells me that he noticed a tendency in the Dover specimens
when disturbed to fly out to the juniper bushes on the
inaccessible side of the cliff. If this form, when reared,
should appear to he distinct from £. sohrinata, it will be an
exceedingly difficult species to describe, seeing that although
the shade of colour is peculiar, the markings, though differing
in intensity, are accurately the same.

On the wing from July till the beginning of October, but
so far as can he ascertained, in one, slowly emerging, gene-
ration.

Larva rather variable in appearance ; the ground colour is
either dark green or yellowish-red with a series of rust-
coloured dorsal blotches, intersected by a dark green dorsal
line, and bordered on either side by a yellowish line ; these

LARENTin.-E—EUPITHECIA. 143

lolotches generally disappear 011 the posterior segments and
are sometimes wanting altogether; spiracular line waved,
pale yellow or whitish ; on the undersurface is a central
whitish line. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

Among those figured by Mr. Buckler some are bright
green, with the blotches pink, carmine, purple, dull purple,
or absent; the dorsal line in most of these purple; and in
one case a lateral series of purple oblique wedge-shaped
streaks ; others have the ground colour reddish-brown,
pinkish-brown, or drab, with a similar range of dorsal markings
— a very fine series of pretty forms.

March till May or the beginning of June, on juniper. It
clings tightlj" to its food-plant in the day, and is not very
easily beaten out. Not at all confined to this plant in the
wild state, but feeding on it equally well in gardens, shrub-
beries, and other places in which it is cultivated.

Pupa. Head, thorax, and wing-cases dark green ; abdomen
yellowish. In an earthen cocoon, or slight web among the
stalks. (II. H. C.)

The winter is j^assed in the egg-state.

The moth flies about juniper bushes in hot sunshine from
about noon till near sunset, when it settles down, but is on
the wing again at late dusk, and at night will come freely to
light. In the daytime if the sun is obscured and the weather
not cold, it may readily be disturbed from the bushes and so
captured. It used to be quite common in the suburbs of
London, but lately has ceased to be so, though not wholly
absent. Moderately common in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Berks,
and Oxfordshire, on the chalk hills on which the juniper
grows wild ; existing more casually, and more in connection
with cultivated juniper in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire,
Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire,
Staffordshire, Derbj^shire, Yorkshire, South Durham and
Cumberland. In Wales Mr. H. W. Vivian has found it in
the peninsula of Gower, Glamorganshire. In Scotland it is

144 I.Kl'IDOPTF.RA.

iibandant on the I'entlaiul Ilills, the mountains of Perth-
shire, Uraemar, Aberdeenuhiiv, luveruess-ihire, .Sutherland-
shire, and probablj' other mountain districts, occurring more
sparingly in Roxbnrghsliire, Berwickshire, Edinburgh, the
Glasgow district and elsewhere to West Koss and the Orkney
Isles. So far as is known at present it seems in Ireland to
be more confined to cultivated places, but is on record from
Dublin, Down, Antrim, Armagh, and also found among wild
juniper on the mountains near Knockuarea, Sligo. Its range
abroad is wider than that of many of its allies, extending
through Central Europe, Northern Europe except the most
frozen regions, but existing in Iceland ; Northern Italy,
Corsica, North-east Turkey, and the Ural Mountain dis-
tricts.

44. E. debiliata, Huh. — Expanse about | inch (20-23
mm). Fore wings broad and blunt, very pale glaucous-
green ; first and second lines dotted with black, strongly so
on the costa ; discal spot small, black. Hind wings white
clouded with grey and tinged with green.

Antenna; of the male rather short, simple, ciliated, dark
brown, faintly barred at the back with paler; palpi slender,
protruded, black-brown tipped with white ; face and head
white; neck-ridge pale brown; thorax green, spotted with
black ; abdomen silky white, faintly dotted with black
along the dorsal ridge ; anal tuft very blunt. Fore wings
broad and blunt; costa strongly arched; apex very bluntly
rounded, almost angulated ; hind margin curved and a very
little expanded ; dorsal margin strongly ciliated and nearly
straight ; colour very pale glaucous-green ; costal region
faintly shaded with black clouds; basal line angulated azd
curved, slender, black ; first line also dull black, composed of
a costal cloud and a streak or spot on each nervure ; discal
spot black, small and ovate ; second line rather erect but
curved, consisting of a costal black cloud and a series of
black dots on nervures; in the central area is a faint shading

LARENTW^—EUPITHECIA. 145

•of almost imperceptible smoky lines. Hind marginal area
laroadly but very faintly tinged with smoke colour, and
intersected by a much rippled subterminal line of the green
ground colour, but white at the costa ; cilia shining smoky-
white, dotted with faint clouds of smoky-black. Hind wings
not very broad, rounded behind, or with the margin rather
sinuous ; shining dusky white with a greenish tinge and a
dusting of smoky-brown, which is mainly gathered together
into three transverse partial dotted stripes ; cilia smoky-
white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining white ; discal spot
large and black ; nervures, discal-cell, and hind marginal
region shaded with smoky-black ; beyond the middle is a
band of similar black spots lying upon nervures ; subter-
minal line white. Hind wings shining white ; central spot
black, followed by a conspicuous smoky-black, strongly angu-
lated, transverse stripe; hind margin clouded with smoke
■colour, in which is a series of white spots. Body and legs
brownish-white ; front tarsi clouded with black.

Very constant in colour and markings.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva short and rather thick, somewhat translucent ;
head dusky brown or blackish-brown ; body dull yellowish-
-green, suffused with yellow ; dorsal line darker green ; sub-
dorsal lines wanting ; spiracular lines dull yellow ; under-
surface destitute of markings. A dull uninteresting-looking
larva, with but few distinctive characteristics. (Rev. H. H.
^rewe.)

April and May, on Vaccinium myrtillus (whortleberry),
feeding between united leaves.

Pupa pale yellowish-green, with a dorsal line darker green ;
abdominal divisions and tip reddish. In a slight earthen
-cocoon. (H. H. C.)

The winter is passed in the egg state.

^OL. IX. K

146 I.EPIDOPTEKA.

The moth loves to sit on the trunks and branches of
hollies, when these grow among its food-plant, and may be
disturbed by a vigorous application of the beating stick.
When hollies are absent it hides among the whortleberry,
but is not readily induced, in that case, to fly, until its
natural time at dusk. An exceedingly local species, usually
confined to hill districts, and by no means following its food
plant everywhere ; on the other hand, usually common in its
favourite haunts. Plentiful on some of the wilder hills of
Devon and Somerset, and also found in Cornwall and
Worcestershire, and in abundance in Staffordshire ; said to
have been formerly common at Chat Moss, Lancashire — a
locality now destroyed. In Wales Mr. H. W. Vivian found
it near Port Talbot, Glamorganshire, and I took it rarely in
Pembrokeshire. The only record that I find in Scotland is
in Aberdeenshire ; but in Ireland it is abundant at Killarney
and elsewhere in Kerrj-, and in Cork County, and found in
Waterford. Wicklow, and Sligb. Abroad common in the
mountainous portions of Central Germany, Northern Italy,
Livonia, Finland, and in the Ural mountain region.

45. E. coronata, i/((i.— Expanse | to f inch flo-lO
mm.). Fore wings very short and broad ; yellowish-green,
with a distinct black < -mark from the costa at the end of
the discal cell.

Antennae of the male slender, simple, hardly visibly
ciliated, black-brown with paler bars at the back : palpi
slender but rather prominent, pale brownish-green, the tips
white ; head and thorax yellow-green ; abdomen pale brown
with a greenish shade, the basal segment barred with black
marbling, and the second with deeper black spots ; beyond
this is a minute black dot on each side of the dorsal ridge
on every segment ; anal tuft tightly clasped. Fore wings
short and very blunt ; costa decidedly arched ; apex very
bluntly angulated, almost rounded; hind margin rather per- '
pendicular, expanded and well rounded ; dorsal margin also

LAREX/JD.i-S—EL'/'/THEC/A. 147

filled out ; colour pale pea-green or yellow-green ; basal line-
suggested by a small black patch on the dorsal margin, and
two black dots near the costa ; first line much angulated,
rather erect, faintly black, but forming a distinct black dot
on the costa and at every nervure and angle ; central line
only suggested by a few black atoms on nervures ; discal spot
imperceptible ; second line hardly beyond the middle of the
wing, forming a black spot or streak on the costa, another
on the subcostal nervure, and a black distinct > mark out-
side the discal cell, thence faint, showing only a black dot on
each ner^ure ; costa beyond the second line rather blackened
except at the origin of a paler green faintly indicated sub->
terminal line; ciUa shining white, barred with smoky-black..
Hind wings rather long, the hind margin rounded but a
little sinuous ; colour smoky-white, with a very faint indica-
tion of transverse darker bands arising from the dorsal
margin ; cilia smoky-white. Female very similar, but its
hind wings rather more distinctly clouded with transverse,
darker bands.

Undersides of all the wings shining silvery greyish-white,
with two or three faint smoky-grey transverse bands. Body
and legs dusky white, tarsi blackened.

Probably not variable, except a little in size, but the green
colour of the fore wings fadesvery rapidly during life to a
dirty vbIIow. Fortunately, if preserved while quite fresh it
is more constant.

On 'the wing from April till June or even July, and as a
partial second generation in August.

Laeva somewhat different in shape from those of all the
other Eiqnthccice, rather stout, and nearly cylindrical ; body,
when closely examined, very slightly hairy ; excessively
variable in colour ; yellowish-green with three reddish dorsal
line's, the middle one interrupted and sometimes enlarged
into' a chain of lozenge-shaped spots, the two side ones very j
indistinct'. . '

148 LEPIDOPTERA.

Or — Ground colour uniform sea-green ; the dorsal lines and
spots wholly, or almost entirely, wanting.

Or — Ground colour greenish-yellow, with a series of rusty
lozenge-shaped dorsal spots or bars ; the sides and under-
surface more or less sufEused with rust-colour ; segmental
divisions bright yellow.

Or — Ground colour bright yellow, with a series of broad
dull red dorsal bars, intersected and bordered by lines of the
same colour ; sides and undersurface thickly clouded with
red.

Other varieties figured by Mr. W. Buckler are pale purple
or pale grey with the dorsal markings as described, or the
middle series formed into very ornamental sharp dark purple
triangles, and a spiracular series of purple streaks. Alto-
gether an exceedingly pretty as well as variable larva.

June and July, and the second generation from August till
November ; on flowers of Clematis vitalba, Artemisia vulgaris,
Uupatoriumcannahinum, Solidagovirgaurea, Ly thrum salicaria,
Lysimachia vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum. Achillea mille-
folium, Angelica sylvestris, Thymus serpyllum, and other
blossoms, and even on blackberries.

Pupa. It has the abdomen very much curtailed and
sharply pointed ; the eyes black and very promnient ; the
thorax and wing-cases spotted with black, the latter much
ribbed. The spots do not appear for a week or two, during
which period the pupa is uniform pale yellowish-red. In
a rather closely spun cocoon, in the earth. (Rev. H. H.
Crewe.)

The winter is passed in this state.

The moth sits sometimes on fences, posts, or rails, or the

t ranks of trees, in the day-time, but more frequently hides

n thick bushes, and is then rather sluggish. At dusk it

m ay be taken flying about bushes and hedges. It is rather

common throughoutthe southern, eastern and western counties

o Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Bucks, Oxfordshire, Cam-

LARENTID.-E—EUriTHECIA. \\<y

bridgeshire, and Norfolk ; but seems to be almost totally-
absent from tlie Midlands and North, with the exception of
Yorkshire, where it is very local. In Wales it is found in
Glamorganshire and Pembrokeshire ; in Ireland in Dublin,
Wicklow, Cork, Kerry, Monaghan, Sligo, Tyrone, and Derry.
Abroad in many parts of Central Europe, Middle and Northern
Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, South-east Russia ; and in Japan,
from which may be inferred some considerable Asiatic
distribution.

46. E. rectangulata, L. — Expanse | to \ inch (18-23-
mm.). Fore wings short and blunt, dull dark green — vary-
ing from full green to deep black — central band broad,
formed of black lines and green and smoky clouds ; a series
of blackish clouds lies along the hind margin. Hind wings
paler green with numerous smoky transverse lines.

Antennae of the male simple, finely ciliated, reddish-brown ;
palpi slender, dark green ; head and thorax bluish-green ;
abdomen greenish-brown, each segment having a rather
raised edging of scales at its margin ; anal tuft compressed.
Fore wings blunt and broad ; costa Hatly arched ; apex
bluntly rounded ; hind margin not very oblique, smoothly
curved ; dorsal margin straight ; colour dark green ; basal
line very slender, angulated, black ; the first line arises near it
on the dorsal margin as a black streak, forms a black spot each
on the median and subcostal nervures, then bends back as a
black cloud to the costa ; a little further a similarly blackened
and somewhat parallel central line clasps the black discal spot
in its angle ; outside it are two fainter and more direct slender
black lines, and then the usual second line, formed of deep-
black dots on nervures and a perpendicular black streak on
the costa ; this is followed by a rivulet-stripe of the green
ground colour, intersected by a faint dark line, and edged
by a smoky black band, which is interrupted below the costa
and elsewhere thrown much into horizontal streaks and
points ; this again followed by the subterminal line — -green ;.

tjo LEPIDOPTERA.

ant] alonirthe liind margin by a faint blaekisli cloiul containing
two or three short black streaks on nerviires; cilia smoky
black spotted with deep black. Hind wings rather elongate,
a little squared behind, green, with five, single or double, faint
transverse smoky black stripes occupying almost the whole
surface ; cilia shining, smoky white spotted with black.
Female similar, sometimes a little larger and darker.

Underside very pretty ; fore wings shining smoky white,
with a green shade along the costal region, and a white stripe
along the dorsal ; discal spot black, preceded by a slender
black transverse line, and followed by two conspicuous black
stripes, both shaded off inwardly : cilia spotted with white
clouds. Hind wings smoky greenish white, with a silvery
gloss, the deep black central spot and three stripes as in the
fore wings. Body and legs glossy white ; tarsi clouded with
black.

Variation in tliis species is, in one respect, of rather doubt-
ful character. Specimens in which the ground colour is pale
drab, pale brown, or almost white, but with the markings in-
■tact, are not unfrequent. but it is always doubtful whether
they are not those which, originally green, have rapidly
-changed colour through the influence of damp or some other
cause. Others of intermediate shades of pale green may be
more genuine aberrations, j-et even this is doubtful. Such
specimens are not rare out of doors, but they do not seem to
be reared in these pale forms from the pupa. With regard
to an opposite phase of variation the reverse is the case. This
is a striking tendency towards melanism, observable in
London and a few other cities and large towns. This
blackening is sometimes spread over the ordinary markings,
making them darker, but much more over the ground colour,
which then becomes smoky, often with little or no tinge of
green remaining : but in a great proportion of reared specimens
the whole insect — fore and hind wings, thorax and abdomen —
has become smoky-black or silky-black, no trace of ordinary
markings or colour remaining. Sometimes this form is

LA KENTID.E—E UPITHEC/A . 151

further changed in that the anal tuft becomes white. In
the Yorkshire district in which melanism is so prevalent
this species loses the silky black and takes a coarser black
variation. In Scotland the green seems often to be replaced
by brown — if, indeed, this also is not a result of fading —
and from Edinburgh Mr. W. Evans has sent me a form in
which the ground colour being rather pale green, the central
band of the fore wings is filled in with smoky-black, and a
similar but still broader band of the same colour crosses the
hind wings.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva short and thick ; ground colour very pale yellowish-
green ; dorsal line varying mijch in intensity of colouring,
sometimes rusty-red, sometimes dark green, frequently very
indistinct, and sometimes altogether wanting ; spiracular line
rather darker than the ground colour ; segmental divisions
reddish ; whole body very transparent, and the circulation
visible under the dorsal line ; back sprinkled with a few short
hairs. When j'oung darker and having the dorsal stripe
broad, distinct, and rusty-red. (Rev. H. H. Crewe. j

April and May, in the blossoms of apjDle, both cultivated
and wild, and of pear ; drawing the petals together and
feeding within.

The winter is passed in the egg state.

Pupa. Thorax and wing-cases yellow suffused with olive ;
abdomen taf>ering, the lower divisions and tip blood-red.
(H. H. C.) In a slight cocoon under loose bark or moss
on apple trunks, or in the ground.

The moth sits by day on the trunks and branches of apple
trees, or on palings or any other suitable jilace in their
vicinity, and if disturbed flies but to a verj^ short distance.
At dusk it flies about the apple trees, and later will some-
times come to a street-lamp. Very abundant in the suburbs
of London, and most destructive in some seasons to the apple

152 LEPinOPTERA.

crop ; common also throughout England and probably Wales,
though I have records only from Glamorganshire, Pembroke-
shire, Carnarvon and Flint. In Scotland, found in Berwickshire,
Roxburghshire, Edinburgh, Fife, Wigtownshire, Ayrshire,
Argyleshire, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire and Ross-shire, but
scarce iu the more northern of these counties. Widely distri-
buted in Ireland, and doubtless to be found wherever apple trees
are common. Abroad it ranges through Central Europe, the
temperate portions of Northern Europe, Middle and Northern
Italy, Corsica, the Balkan States and Southern Russia.

47. E. pumilata, Huh. ; ruflfasciata, Hav. — Expanse
I to I inch (l-j-l'J mm.). Fore wings narrow and pointed,
whitish-brown shaded with tawny ; first and second lines
black, followed by tawny clouds. Hind wings brownish-
white, rippled with red-ljlack transverse lines,

Antennee of the male simple, slender, most minutely
ciliated, shining dark brown, faintly barred with paler ;
palpi very small, umbreous ; head and thorax pale brown, the
latter shaded across the front with darker brown ; abdomen
light brown, faintly barred with white ; anal tuft compressed
and deflected. Fore wings narrow and very pointed ; costa
flatly curved, hardly arched ; apex shortly and bluntly
rounded, almost pointed ; hind margin oblique, nearly
straight, yet curved oft" below ; dorsal margin filled out and
strongly ciliated ; colour very pale reddish-brown or
brownish-white ; basal line curved, dark brown, enclosing a
reddish-brown patch ; first line oblique, curved, brown, pre-
ceded by a parallel narrow reddish shade and followed by
a narrow brown stripe broadest on the costa ; this last
usually includes one or more black spots or streaks ; second
line black, shaded off" inwardly in the costal half of the wing,
thence brown and indistinct ; closely following it is a white
rivulet intersected by a slender brown thread ; the middle of
the wirrg is also usually whitened ; hind margin faintly
or strongly clouded with red-brown, through which runs-

LARENTIDM-EUPITHECIA. 1 5 J.

a dull white subterminal line ; cilia pale brown, dashed with
white. Hind wings narrow, rounded behind, white with
two black or brown sj^ots on the dorsal margin near the
base, and following them two to four rippled black-brown
partial transverse lines; beyond these are two or three
browner and much angulated lines or stripes ; cilia pale
brown, dashed with white. Female similar, or sometimes
larger and having the markings more distinct.

Underside of the fore wings shining silvery whitish-grey,
very faintly clouded with two darker transverse bands.
Hind wings white with a black central spot ; followed by
two transverse stripes of smoky-black clouds. Body and
legs brown.

Very variable in size, and also in the depth of the ground
colour, and of the markings ; the red-brown clouds in the
outer half of the fore wings sometimes becoming very con-
spicuous. It often happens that specimens of the first gene-
ration are larger and more strikingly marked than those
appearing later in the year.

A form, known on the Continent under the varietal name
of temioestiviis, which is grey-brown or pale brown devoid of
the re(f-brown colouring, does not seem to have been met •
with in these islands

On the wing in April, again in May and June, again ia
July and August, indeed it has been taken in every month
from April to September, and even in November ; but there
is not evidence to show whether in two, three, or even four
generations, or whether in deferred or alternate emergences.

Larva short and stout, tapering slightly towards the head ;
ground colour pale yellowish-olive, reddish-olive, or rusty-
red ; dorsal line dusky-olive, almost black ; down the middle
of the back is a chain of dusky arrow-shaped spots, more or
less distinct, and becoming merged in the dorsal line in the
anterior and posterior segments ; on each side is a broad
ribbon-like stripe, yellowish in the middle, dusky at the-

154 LEPIDOPTERA.

edtres ; the dorsal spots bordered interrnptedly with yellow ;
spiracular line yellowish.

Or — Ground colour yellowish-green, or almost primrose-
yellow; dorsal line olive-green, intersecting and uniting a
series of pear-shaped spots of the same colour ; the latter
becoming merged in the dorsal line in the anterior and
posterior segments ; subdorsal lines olive, two on each side ;
undersurface pale dirty green, with dusky edges. The spots
and lines varj- much in intensitj- of colour, and are some-
times almost entirely wanting, leaving the larva of a uniform
pale yellowish-green. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

May, June, July, September, and probably in other months
in uncertain generations as already stated ; on the blossoms
of furze (JJlcx eun>2)eus), wild clematis, chervil (Anthriscus
sylvestris), holly, and marjoram, also on hawthorn, mountain-
ash, and other species of Sorhus.

Pupa quite slender, wing-covers rather thickened, dark
olive-brown, showing the nervures, in relief, as strong black-
brown ribs ; eyes prominent, black : antenna, limb, and
tongue-covers black on a ground of dark olive-brown ; the
antennse sculptured throughout with incised bars ; dorsal
region olive-brown, raised at the back of the head and
thorax into a decided ridge or swelling ; abdominal segments
small, rather attenuated, paler olive-brown, faintly pitted,
but the hinder edges smoothly banded ; anal segment dark
brown ; cremaster stout, provided at the tip with strong
minute hooked bristles. In a slight cocoon in the earth.

The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth hides during the day, especially in dull weather,
among bramble, or in hedges, bushes, and among coarse
herbage, especially frequenting mountain sides, heaths, and
moors, and is locally abundant. Very easily disturbed and
induced to fly, and on warm sunny days flitting about of its
own accord. To be found in suitable places throughout
the south of England to the Scilly Isles, and the west, being

LEXOC/^A'O.U/l).£— TA XA GRA . 1 55

abundant in Westmoreland ; but in the east, though common
i'l Essex, hardly recorded beyond Suffolk ; ajaparently very
little known in the Midland Counties, the only records being
in Derbyshire, but found also in Yorkshire. In Wales,
where it must surely abound, the only records seem to be from
Glamorganshire, Pembrokeshire, Carnarvon and Flint ; in
Scotland widely distributed about Edinburgh and in Fife ; in
Wigtownshire, Ayrshire, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Inverness,
and Ross ; indeed. Dr. Buchanan AVhite gives its range as
from the Solway to the Hebrides, and from the Tay to
Moray and the Orkneys. Apparently abundant on hills and
mountain heaths and in \vooded valleys all over Ireland.

Abroad it is widely distributed in Southern Europe, in-
finding Spain and Portugal, great part of Western Europe,
Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and Livonia; also in
Bithynia, Pontus, Syria, and Egypt, and abundant in
Morocco.

Family 5. CENOCHROMID^.

Antennffi simple ; palpi small ; head rather rough ; thorax
not crested ; abdomen smooth ; fore wings broad and rather
•short ; hind wings broad, vein 5 fully developed and arising
at or below the middle of the cross-bar ; vein 8 separate from
vein 7, but closely approximating to it before the middle of
the cell.

Genus 1. TAN AGRA.

AntennjB of the male simple, rather thick ; palpi minute ;
head and thorax rather rough ; abdomen smooth ; fore wings
short, broad, and rounded, very smooth ; hind wings elongated,
broad and rounded behind.

We have but one species.

1. T. chserophyllata, L. ; atrata, Staud.Cat. — Expanse
1 to 1^ inch. Wholly smokj'-black, except the apical margin
•of the fore wings, which is pure white.

156 LEI'IDUI'TERA.

Antennas of the male rather thick, simple, finely ciliated^
black, minutely barred at the back with dirty white ; palpi
very short, but thickly set with bristly hairs, deep black ;.
head and thorax black, minutely dusted in front with dark
brown ; abdomen nearly cylindrical, smoky -black ; lateral
tufts small, placed on a thick ridge ; anal tuft short and a
little thickened. Fore wing's broad and very blunt ; costa
but little arched, in its middle portion almost straight ; apex
rounded ; hind margin very little oblique, almost perpendi-
cular and straight, yet fully curved o£E at the anal angle ;
dorsal margin rather rounded, densely ciliated ; the whole
surface silky, smooth uniform smoky-black with the nervures
a little deeper black ; but the extreme margin and cilia of
the apex, and running round to the costa, are narrowly pure
white, the cilia below the apes shading otFinto shining black
with a faint mixture of white. Hind wings rather elongated,
much rounded behind, smooth smoky-black ; cilia more glossy
black. Female rather smaller, having the abdomen shorter
and the fore wings rather more narrow; otherwise similar.

Undersides of all the wiugs, as well as the body and legs,
smoky-black, the apical cilia of the fore wings white as on
the upper side. Not variable, but becoming a little browner
from fading during life.

Oa the wing in June and July, in the latter month more
particularly in the north.

Larva when full grown nearly three-quarters of an inch
in length; cylindrical, stout in proportion, and about
equally thick throughout, rather shining; head rounded,
green ; ground colour of the back green or bluish-green,
becoming on the sides gradually paler toward the spiracular
region ; dorsal line darker green, becoming on the anal
segment dark red, and thicker, forming a very conspicuous-
mark ; subdorsal stripes of a darker green than the ground
colour, and running between two fine lines of whitish-green,
which in some individuals are seen to be very finely edged

(ENOCHROMIDM—TANAGRA. 157

€xternally with darker green ; spiracles red ; below tliem the
green fades into a whitish stripe and is forcibly contrasted
beneath by a darker tint of the green of the back, softening
gradually into a paler green on the ventral surface, where
there are three longitudinal whitish stripes, the middle one
being the widest. (W. Buckler.)

March or April to the beginning of June, on the flowers
of Bu Ilium fiex-uosum (earth nut). So far as I can ascertain
this is its only food in this country ; but it is incredible that
a mistake in the plant should have been made by Linne,
who evidently named the insect from Charophyllum. Bork-
hausen described the larva from the same plant ; and by
Hofmann Anthrisctts sylvcstris is given as its food-plant. It
seems reasonable, therefore, to suppose that in some parts of
the Continent this larva is less dainty in its preferences.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

The winter is passed in the egg state.

The moth flies about in the daytime, especially in the
afternoon, flitting a short distance and then alighting with
wings erect, moving about continually in the sunshine.
Probably it is quiescent at night. It inhabits damp
meadows, always specially frequenting those in which the
earth nut grows, and sometimes in such places is to be
found in multitudes, also visiting any neighbouring clover
fields. Damp spots among hills are also selected, and in
such spots in northern districts it is often abundant, yet is
everywhere exceedingly local. Formerly it was plentiful at
Hampstead, close to London, and is still to be found at
Harrow and Willesden, all in Middlesex ; also in suitable
places in Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Wilts, Devon, Oxfordshire
— especially in meadows near Oxford — Herefordshire,
Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire,
Oheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, Westmoreland,
■Cumberland and Northumberland. In Wales in Flintshire,
Merionethshire, and near Llantrissant, Glamorganshire. In

158 LEPIDOPTERA.

Scotland it is equally common in restricted localities near
Hawick and Edinburgh, in Roxburghshire, Wigtownshire ;
the Clyde ^'alley ; Argyle, with Bute ; Perthshire — abun-
dantly on river banks — Aberdeenshire and Moray. In
Ireland it is abundant in the south, in Waterford and
Kerry, also in Galway ; and is found in Clare, Westmeath,
Fermanagh, Tyrone, 81igo and Donegal, and rarely in Derry.
Abroad it has a wide distribution through Central Europe,
the greater portion of Northern Europe, Northern Italy,
Spain, the Ural mountain regions, Asia Minor and
Armenia.

Getius 2. APLASTA.

Antennte isimple, apparently naked ; palpi short and
blunt ; head and thorax rather rough ; abdomen smooth,
not very slender ; fore wings broad in the male, nari'ower in
the female, rather squared behind ; hind wings ample,
squared at the anal angle.

We have but one species.

1. A. ononaria, Fuessl. — Expanse 1 inch. All the
wings powdered, pale drab or reddish-drab, tinged behind
with purple-red ; fore wings with two, and hind with one,
slender, transverse, purple-red line. '

Antennffi of the male rather thick, short, simple, almost
naked, yellow-brown ; palpi short, thick, beak-like, j^ale
chocolate ; eyes deep black ; face convex, almost globose,"
edged above by a deep channel under the antenna?, pale-
chocolate ; head and neck-ridge pale brown ; thorax slightly
roughened, pale orange-brown ; abdomen short, cylindrical,
dull buff ; lateral tufts small ; anal tuft short and blunt.i
Fore wings broad and somewhat squared behind ; costa'
gently arched ; apex distinctly though bluntly angulated ;
hind margin just below it almost retuse, then expanded and'
but slightly rounded off toward the anal angle, which is'
prominent ; dorsal margin straight, densely ciliated ; colour

CENOCHROMW.^—A PL A S TA . 159 •

dull buff ^'itli a powdered appearance, dusted and shaded
witli reddish-orange ; no basal line ; first line extremely
faint, a mere aggregation of the reddish atoms; second line
more distinct, erect, not indented and but little curved,
orange-red or purplish-red. shaded off outwardly to a sort of
subterminal line of the ground colour, which is equally erect,
and nearly parallel ; outside this the hind-marginal region is
more thickly dusted with rich purplish orange ; cilia pale
buff, shading paler at the tips. Hind wings rather large,
rounded a little behind, but the anal angle squared ; pale
buff at the base, shading to smooth purplish-orange at the
hind margin, and only very faintly banded in the middle by
a shade of the same colour ; cilia pale buff. Female rather
smaller, the wings not so broad and more narrowly
rectangular, and the fore wings somewhat pointed ; body
rather thicker but pointed behind ; colour of the wings
similar, or else deficient of the orange-red or purplish-red
shading.

Undersides of all the wings orange-ochreous ; costa of
the fore wings dusted with brown : discal and central dots
obscurely visible, brown ; beyond the middle of each wing is
a faint smoky-brown transverse stripe ; hind margins and
cilia all tinged with the same colour. Body and legs pale ;
buff. '

There is considerable variation, as already remarked upon,
in tbe amount, or absence, of purple-red dusting on the'
wings of the females. -,

On the wing in May and June, and in a second generation
in July and August.

The Larva is plump, thickest ia the middle, with the .
segments distinctly marked ; velvety or pubescent, colour ^
sea-green ; a dotted black line runs down the back ; on each ,
side above the feet is an undulating yellow line; prolegs of _
the -same colour; head yellowish-brown; body sprinkled
with fine raised dots and grey hairs.

i6o LEPIDOPTERA.

April and the beginning of May, and a second generation
at the end of June, on Ononis spinosa (restharrow).
(Hofmann.)

Pupa greenish-yellow with brown wing covers. In an
-open cocoon of white silk. (Hofmann.)

The moth hides during the day in the thick beds of its
food-plants, the common and spiny restharrow ; and may be
disturbed by the footsteps of any person so fortunate as to
discover a locality in which it exists. Its flight is rather
dull and heavy. Either a very rare inhabitant of the coast
•of Kent or an occasional migrant thereto ; the number of
known British specimens not as yet exceeding six, or seven.
The first was captured upon Folkestone Warren on July 18,
1866, by Mr. Bernard Piffard, and is now in the collection
of the late Mr. H. Doubleday in Bethnal Green Museum.
The others seem to have occurred at intervals, two being
captured by Mr. F. 0. Standish in 1869 ; another was taken
in 1871 by Mr. W. Purdey, all at the same spot, and there
have been, I believe, one or two more. Most of these are
now in the collection of Mr. Sydney Webb, at Dover. So
far as I can ascertain no specimen has been found in these
islands outside the county of Kent.

Abroad its range extends through Germany, Switzerland,
Italy, Spain, Dalmatia, Greece, Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria,
and Cyprus.

Group 5. PYBALIDINA.

A group composed of several families, in some respects
rather distinctly and sharply defined ; in part running in
some degree parallel with the Noctuina and Geometrina, but
elsewhere diverging into a somewhat close relationship with
portions of the Tineina,

Antennas in the vast majority of species threadlike and
simple, though in some genera tufted, knotted, or dilated at

YRAUSTID^. i6i

the base ; eyes naked, and without lashes, generally rather
prominent ; tongue usually present and useful ; labial palpi
almost always distinct, often elongated and porrected; maxil-
lary palpi usually present, often noticeable, and tufted ; head
fairly smooth ; thorax in most species slender, smooth, with-
out crests, but with the shoulder lappets well developed and
long ; abdomen generally slender, devoid of dorsal crests,
but having the lateral tufts perceptible, and the anal tuft
usually rather long. Fore wings either trigonate and rather
pointed ; or cleft and pointed ; or else elongated and narrow ;
vein 5 arising from the lower angle of the cell. Hind wings
usually ample, thin in texture, and folded well beneath the fore
wings when at rest ; but cleft where this is the case with the
fore wings ; usually plain. In these wings is situated the
structural character by which the group is most reliably
recognisable — the nervure nearest the front margin, known
as vein 8, is depressed at a short distance from its base so as
to closely approximate to vein 7, and even in some groups to
combine with it beyond the cell, afterwards again separating
before the hind margin ; the three divisions of vein 1 are
present and usually well developed ; vein 5 almost always
arises from the lower angle of the cell.

Larv^ with sixteen legs.

PuPiE not protruded from the cocoon (if any) on
emergence.

SECTION 1.

Fore wings trigonate — Pyrcditcs.

Family 1. PYRAUSTID^,

Fore v; ngs rather narrowly trigonate, somewhat pointed;
vein la. arising separately from 16. ; v. 7 springing from the
cross-bar. Hind wings with veins 4 and o arising from

VOL. J.X. L

i62 LEPIDOPTERA.

a common angle ; median nervure devoid of long scales^ on
the upper side ; v. S springing from v. 7.

Genus 1. ODONTIA.

Antenna^ simple ; ])alpi pointed, porrected ; tongue absent;
thorax rough with large raised scales; fore wings blunt,
having a distinct tuft of projecting scales on the dorsal
margin; hind wings broad, the cross-bar angulated ; legs
stout, not long nor tufted.

1. O. dentalis, ^ickiff. — Expanse 1 to 1^ inch. Fore
wings pale yellow-brown bordered with white dashes and
mottled with black arrow-heads ; hind wings dull white, with
grey -brown nervures and stripes ; brown in the female.

Antenmi3 of the male simple, finely ciliated, dull yellow ;
palpi porrected, slender, pointed, and, with the head and
thorax, dull pale ochreous; abdomen rather slender, of the
same colour. Fore wings trigonate ; costa nearly straight ;
apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently curved ; dorsal
margin embellished near the base with a large projecting
tuft of long loose scales, mixed pale ochreous and brown ;
wing otherwise pale ochreous, the nervures edged with
brown ; in the middle is a transverse black-brown line
angulated into long points which project like rays, but
not attaining the costa ; beyond the discal cell is a similar
series — almost a bunch — of long points ; in both cases these
are clouded broadly outside with pale brown to near the hind
margin ; cilia long, whitish ochreous ■ deeply crenulated, the
points all dashed with dark brown. Hind wings broad but
rather pointed, the hind margin straightened ; dusky white;
nervures and hind margin shaded with brown, and having a
broad middle transverse shade ; cilia white. Female rather
darker, and having the hind wings much suSused with
brown.

Underside of the fore wings dull brown ; the dorsal margin
pale yellow ; cilia of the same colour, dusted with brown ;

P YRA US TID^— ODONTIA . 163

hind wings dull white, with faint brown streaks. Legs
whitish brown.

Variable in the colour of the markings of the fore wings
from pale ochreous to dark yellow-brown ; also in the degree
of dark clouding of the hind wings, which in a specimen in
the collection of Mr. G. T. Porritt are almost black.

On the wing in July and August, but occasionally from
the end of June till October, apparently in but a single
generation. On the Continent it is said to have two genera-
tions in the year.

Larva. Head small, naiTower than the second segment,
porrected, obscurely triangular, and has a very flat face ;
body obese, somewhat shuttle-shaped ; the skin transversely
folded on the segments ; on the second segment is a broad
dorsal plate, very rough, and divided by a slender median
longitudinal line ; on each side of the same segment are also
two scabrous spots ; another rough place is on the thirteenth
segment ; legs short and horny ; ventral jDrolegs short and
moderately distinct ; anal prolegs close together and very
small ; head and plates black ; body pale yellowish white ;
raised dots black, placed in longitudinal series, and each
bearing a small bristle. (E. Newman.)

May and the early part of June — but probably emerging
from the egg in the autumn and hybernating while small —
on Viper's bugloss (Echiuin vulgarc) feeding on the lower
portion of the stem and the leaf stalks and substance of the
largest basal leaves, causing the latter to wither and become
curled up.

Pupa thin-skinned, a little flattened ; wing covers long,
dull from minute frosting ; dorsal and abdominal regions
smooth and moderately shining ; anal segment rounded and
without visible cremaster; general colour light bright brown.
In a hard firm cocoon of silk and vegetable material in one of
the withered basal leaves of the food plant ; the cocoon so

1 64 LEPIDOPTERA

covered with the downy hairs of the plant as to seem to be a
part thereof.

The moth is of ratlier secluded habits, keeping closely to
the shelter of its food-plant ; though it can be disturbed in
the daytime, when it will fly a short distance to settle again
on grass stems or among herbage, and is very easy of capture.
Its natural time of flight is in the evening. Almost confined
in these Islands to the South coast of England ; formerly
common near Folkstone and Deal in Kent ; and near
Brighton, Eastbourne, Hastings, Pett, and Lewes in Sussex;
still occurring casually in most of these localities but in far
smaller numbers ; formerly also to be found in Devon ; and
quite recently in the Isle of Pnrbeck, Dorset. This, so far as
I know, is the extent of its range with us. Abroad, it has a
considerable distribution through Central and Southern
Europe, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt.

Genus 2. PYRAUSTA.

Antennas simple ; palpi short, tongue present ; head and
thorax smooth; abdomen rather short, banded, smooth : fore
wings trigonate ; hind wings rather broad ; legs untufted,
not long.

1. P. purpuralis, L. — Expanse J to | inch (18-23 mm.)
Fore wings crimson-purple, spotted and banded with orange-
yellow; hind wings black-brown with a purple tinge, banded
and spotted with pale yellow.

Antennae of the male threadlike, bronzy-black ; palpi
slender, rather porrected, dull brown ; head and thorax
golden brown mingled with black ; abdomen slender, dull
black, each segment edged by a pale yellow ring : anal tuft
purple. Fore wings trigonate, the margins nearly straight ;
apex angulated ; rich purple ; at the base is an orange blotch
dusted and edged with black scales ; discal spot small, round,
orange-yellow ; second line an orange-yellow stripe, or series

PYRAUSTID^—PYRAUSTA. 165

of spots — one triangular on the costs, below it one larger and
rather rounded, and a long crescent extends thence to the
dorsal margin ; — beyond this stripe is sometimes a faint yellow
subterminal line ; cilia purple tipped with white. Hind
wings elongated, rounded behind ; dull brown or black-brown,
with a large yellow central spot rather near to the costal
margin ; immediately outside it is a broad transverse band or
stripe of the same colour; usually this is followed by a purple
shade toward the hind margin ; cilia yellowish-white, shaded
or intersected with black. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-black bordered with
purple toward the costa, apex, and hind margin ; dorsal
margin and a cloudy extension from it dusky white ; discal
spot small, pale yellow, followed by a large conspicuous
similar spot and a partial transverse band of the same. Hind
wings rich purple, with the yellow spot and band of the
upper side well marked. Legs yellowish-white ; purple in front.
Usually not very variable beyond the limits above indi-
cated ; but Mr. B. A. Bower possesses a specimen in which
the fore wings are suffused with a curious glaucous or whitish
bloom, very conspicuous on the dark portions and causing the
yellow spots to appear almost of an orange colour. One in
my own collection, taken in the Norfolk Fen district, has the
yellow markings much enlarged. Some specimens from the
West coast of Scotland are not only very brilliantly coloured
but range up to nearly an inch in expanse.

On the wing in May and June, and, apparently as a second
generation, in July, August, and even September.

Larva grey with yellow dorsal and spiracular lines and
pretty-looking white-ringed black raised spots ; head brown.
(Hofmann.)

June and July, and again in the autumn, on the various
species of mint. But Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has found it in
September feeding upon Prunella vulgaris, forming a large
chamber of silk close to the ground and eating the radical
leaves.

i66 LEPIDOPTERA.

Plpa j-ellow-brown. Not more fully described.

A very lively, active creature, inhabiting rough meadows
and pastures, hillsides (especially in chalky places), the rides
and borders of woods, and even marshes and occasionally
fens; Hying actively in the sunshine or sitting upon the
herbage in sunny places, whence it darts swiftly to a distance
if disturbed. It certainly flies occasionally at night, since it
has been known to come to light. Plentiful throughout the
Southern and Western counties of England, and moderately
so in the Eastern ; local in the Midlands and in Yorkshire,
Lancashire, and Durham. Probably to be found throughout
Wales since it is common in Glamorganshire and Pembroke-
shire, and also in Carnarvonshire, Denbigh, and Flint : also
common and widely distributed in Ireland. In Scotland re-
corded from Dumfries, Berwickshire, Fife, Perthshire,
Renfrew, Arran, Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. Abroad
its range extends throughout the Continent of Europe from
Norway to Turkey ; also to Asia Minor, Armenia. Tartary,
and Central Asia.

2. P. ostrinalis, Huh. — Expanse | to \ inch (l.j-
18mm). Very similar in colour and markings to the last
species, but colour darker ; smaller in size and fore wings
shorter and more sharply triangular.

Antennae of the male threadlike, black-brown ; palpi and
head bronzy brown ; thorax bronzy purple ; abdomen black
or dark brown, each segment edged by a yellow-white ring.
Fore wings sharply triangular ; costal and dorsal margins
straight ; apex sharply angulated ; hind margin almost
straight ; colour bright purple, dull purple, purple-brown, or
purple-black ; usually a more or less blackened yellow spot
lies near the base, often joining a black-ringed yellow dot in
the discal cell before the middle ; discal spot a yellow or
white dot ; bej'ond it is an oblique transverse yellow or white
stripe constricted in the middle or broken into spots : cilia
purple-brown. Hind wings rather narrow ; rounded behind;

P YRA USTID.E—P VRA USTA. 167

black or purple-black with a pale yellow or white central spot,
closely followed by a curved transverse band or stripe of the
same colour, broadest toward the costal margin ; outside this
is often a bright jmrple shade ; cilia dirty white. Female
similar.

Underside similar to the upper, but the yellow markings
much larger and more brilliant ; the hind wiups having an
additional narrow yellow stripe near the hind margin. Legs
yellowish white ; purple-brown in front.

Always and everywhere variable as already shown ; and the
fore wings sometimes almost as dark as the hind.

On the wing from May till August, apparently in two
generations ; even emerging sometimes in April in the South.

Larva apparently undescribed, said to feed upon Clino-
podium vidgatr. Thymus scrpyllum, Calamintha aciiios, and
other labiate plants ; in September and October.

Pupa undescribed.

The moth frequents rough fields, hillsides, and grassy
places generally where flowers abound — though it does not
often sic upon flowers, preferring stalks of grass and all sorts
of low-growing plants for this purpose. Very active in the
warm sunshine ; appearing and disappearing almost like a flash,
but darting away merely to circle round and return to nearly
the same spot, and not difficult to capture. Found still in
suitable spots even in the suburbs of London, and commonly
throughout the southern half of England ; more sparingly in
some of the more northern districts to Yorkshire and Durham;
but since it is often mistaken iov P.'purpurali-i, the records are
somewhat vague. In Wales found in Glamorganshire, Pem-
brokeshire, ^Montgomeryshire, Carnarvonshire and Denbigh-
shire, and probably throughout the Principality ; in Scotland
on the various hills of the Clyde district, in Fife, Berwick-
shire and Inverness ; and in Perthshire on the mountains to
an altitude of 2000 feet. Common and generally distributed

i68 LEPIDOPTERA.

ia Ireland. Abroad it is found throughout the Continent of
Europe, Asia Minor, and Central Asia, but is usually regarded
as a variety of P. pnrpuralifi. This view may possibly be
correct, but a long and intimate acquaintance with both forms
has induced in my own mind a belief in their distinctness.
Possibly the discovery and comparison of larvae may some
day settle the point.

3. P. punicealis, Scliiff. ; aurata, Stoud. Cat. — Expanse
I to I inch (l-j-ly mm.). Fore wings brownish purple with
a large orange spot before the apex ; hind wings purple-
black, with a yellow band only.

Antennte of the male threadlike, black-brown ; palpi
rather thick, prominent, yellow-brown ; head and thorax
purple-brown, with superlicial long j-ellow scales ; abdomen
brown-black, each segment edged with white ; anal tuft dull
black. Fore wings trigonate, costa a little arched beyond the
middle ; apex angulated ; hind margin slightly rounded ;
colour rich dark puqile or purple-brown dusted with bronzy
black ; first line represented by two orange dots ; second by
a cluster of faint similar dots above the dorsal margin, and
an orange spot nearer the costa, on which also is a similar
triangular dot; discal spot a minute j^ellow dot; cilia bronzy
black-brown, tipped with white. Hind wings rather
elongated, rounded behind ; deep smoky black with a
purplish tinge : in the middle is a broad transverse orange-
yellow band ; no other markings ; cilia smoky black, tipped
with white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings, from the base to the second
line, yellow with black nervures and two black discal spots ;
second line black ; area beyond it glossy purple, edged with
black ; dorsal area, to the middle of the wing, silvery white.
Hind wings yellow, with the costal margin narrowly, and the
hind margin broadly purple ; a black central spot is followed
by an irregular black transverse stripe. Legs pale yellow,
more purple-browu in front.

P YRA US TID^—P \ 'RA US TA. 169

Variable in the size of the sub-apical orange s]iot of the
fore wings, and in the breadth of the orange-yellow band of
the hind ; occasionally a yellow cloudy shade is visible at
the base of these last. This variation seems to become the
permanent form in some parts of the South of Europe and
in Palestine. In the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond,
now in the possession of Mr. Sydney Webb, is a specimen
having the fore wings black-brown, and the hind black, both
unicolorous, and another in which the fore wings only are
devoid of markings.

On the wing in Maj' and June, and, as a second generation,
in July and August.

Larva a little over five-eighths of an inch in length,
stoutest at segments eight, nine, and ten ; thence tapering
rapidlj' to the tail, more gradually to the head, which is the
smallest segment; colour dull green on the back; dorsal line
the same, only marked off by edgings of yellow ; spiracular
stripe broad and more yellowish, with a faint green line
running through it ; head and second segment pale brown,
freckled with black ; below the spiracles is a double greenish
line ; undersurface pale yellow ; all the usual dots distinct,
shining black, and narrowly ringed with yellow. When full
fed it becomes tinged with pink. There is a variety wholly
pale green with no darker stripes or lines ; and another which
has a pale yellow blotch on the back of the twelfth and
thirteenth segments. (Rev. J. Hellins.)

September and October — and probably another generation
in June or July — on Kcpetu cataria, Orifjanuiii vulgarc,
some of the species of Mentha^ and on Thynms serpyllum ;
feeding on the flowers, under a covering of confused silken
threads. When quite young feeding on the undersiirface of
the leaves.

Pupa cylindrical, slender, the abdomen ending in a
flattened, blunt projection, beset at right angles with some

I70 LEPIDOPTERA.

curled-topped spiues. In a very tough cocoon of pale
brownish silk, spun up in late autumn. (Rev. J. Hellins).
At what time this state is assumed therein remains uncer-
tain, for after rearing some of the moths in ]\Iay 1874, a
living larva was found in one of the other cocoons in the
following month. Mr. Buckler found that pieces of dead
stems of umbelliferous plants were readily accepted for
spinning up in.

This species is mainly confined to chalk districts, and
loves the hillsides and downs, where it flies in a lively
manner in the daytime, usually about thyme, marjoram and
calamint. It was found by Mr. R. McLachlan for several
successive years about mint in his garden at Lewisham, but
otherwise has very seldom been observed in the London
suburbs. On the chalk hills and slopes of Surrey, Sussex,
Kent, Hants and Wilts it is very common, and moderately
so in Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Dorset,
Berks and Oxfordshire ; more locally in Norfolk, Suffolk,
Cambridgeshire, Herefordshire, and Monmouthshire ; and
at Dovedale, Derbyshire ; Yorkshire, and North Lancashire ;
in Durham it is common in Hezleden and Castle Eden denes.
In Wales Mr. H. T. Stainton recorded it at Conway ; and
these localities seem to mark its limits in these Islands.
Yet records occur of its presence in Lanark and Ayrshire
which have not been disproved. On the Continent it has a
wide range through Europe to Portugal, and is common in
Corsica ; also found in Madeira and the Canaries ; the
Barbary States ; Asia ^Minor, Armenia, Persia, Afghanistan,
the Central Asian mountain regions, and Siberia.

4. P. cespitalis, Bchiff. — Expanse f to f inch (15-18
mm.). Pore wings dull olive-brown faintly tinged with
yellow ; hind wings smoky brown with a dull yellow central
stripe, sometimes followed by another, narrower and more
faint. Female darker and more sharply marked.

P YRA US TIDjE—P YRA US TA. 171

Antenna of the male simple, ciliated, black-brown ; palpi
prominent, i-eddish-brown ; head and thorax dull browu or
red-brown ; abdomen slender, smoky brown, each segment
edged slenderlj^ with white ; anal tuft dull pale yellow.
Fore wings trigonate with rather straight margins ; apex
angulated ; colour yellow-brown, olive-brown or reddish-
brown, sometimes dusted with black ; the markings obscure,
often very faint ; first and second lines rej)resented by
indistinct stripes, or portions of stripes, of yellowish cloud-
ing ; discal spot round, dull pale yellow ; cilia very glossy,
of the ground colour, shot with yellow, and tipped with
smoky grey. Hind wings rather broad ; apex fully rounded
and hind margin curved ; smoky brown, sometimes with a
faint yellowish spot on the costal margin ; in the middle of
the wing is a slender, faint, yellow transverse stripe, and often
outside this, a more slender one along the hind margin,
which however is edged with black ; cilia shining, smoky
brown. Female rather smaller; usually of deeper, brighter,
or darker colour ; the fore wings more red-brown, the hind
blacker, but the yellow markings decidedly more distinct.

Underside of the fore wings jDale smoky brown ; in the
discal cell are two whitish spots edged with black ; along
the costa is a pale yellow dash, and a similar cloud edges
the second line ; hind margin dotted with black and preceded
by a dull yellow cloud. Hind wings very pale smoky brown ;
from the base a yellowish white longitudinal stripe, inter-
rupted by a central black-brown spot, runs to the pale trans-
verse band of the upper side, here reproduced, and followed
by another faint yellow band. Legs yellow-brown.

Rather variable in the lines indicated above, especially so
in the female ; also most richly marked in coast districts.
In the collection of Mrs. Bazett at Reading is a specimen
taken at Wokingham, Berks, which has both fore and hind
wings suffused with shining black, and with the pale mark-
ings nearly suppressed.

On the wing in May and June ; in warm spots, in the

172 LEPIDOPTERA.

Soutb sometimes even in April ; also in a second generation
from July to the beginning of September.

Larva five-eighths of an inch long, and fairly stout in
proportion ; head and second segment horny and glossy, the
head the narrower, and having the lobes rounded ; body
cylindrical, but tapering a little toward the extremities ;
segments well defined ; spiracles conspicuous. Colour dull
smoky brownish-black ; head and second segment wainscot-
brown, freckled with darker brown ; dorsal stripe similar,
enclosed between two grey lines ; a dingy ochreous stripe, of
varying intensity in different specimens, extends along the
spiracular region ; raised dots polished, black, finely but
clearly encircled with grey ; spiracles black with minute
white centres ; ventral surface and prolegs rather paler and
browner than the dorsal area ; the anterior legs tipped with
darker brown, and encircled with black at their bases.
When younger tinged with olive. (G. T. Porritt.)

August and September (and probablj- another generation
in June or Jul}-) ; on Plantago Janccolata, P. major, and P.
media, feeding at night on the undersurface of a leaf and
resting during the day in companies, in a web, toward the
base of the leaf, or on the undersurface of one which lies
flatly on the ground. (W. H, B. Fletcher.) Gartner says
that it feeds also on Salvia, and eats into the crown of the
root.

Plpa about one-third of an inch long, plump and glossy ;
thorax, head, and wing-covers dark sienna-brown ; abdominal
divisions dark orange. In a cocoon compactlj" formed of
closely-woven snow-white silk, in a corner. (G. T. Porritt.)

The moth frequents grassy places on heaths and hillsides,
more particularly chalk, oolite, or limestone hills, especially
those along the coast, and may be found in all sorts of dry
sandy places. It is readily disturbed at any time in the day,
but flies most freely about sunset. In such places fairly

PYRAUSTID^—PYRAUSTA. 173

common throughout England, and plentiful in the South as
well as along the coast. In South Wales so abundant that
late in the afternoon I have seen it, on the coast cliffs of
Pembrokeshire, in thousands, every step that I took disturb-
ing a host which would fly in every direction, like rays from
a centre, but almost every specimen settling again within a
few yards. Equally common in Glamorganshire, and perhaps
occurring throughout Wales, since it is found in Carnarvon-
shire and Flintshire. In Scotland, on hillsides in Fife, Perth-
shire, Kosburghshire, Wigtownshire, Arran, Aberdeenshire,
Kincardineshire, 3Ioray, the Orkneys, and in a strongly
coloured form in the Shetland Isles. It seems to frequent
dry pastures throughout Ireland. Abroad it inhabits the
whole Contiueut of Europe except the coldest regions, beino-
common in Turkey, also extending through Asia Minor,
Syria, India, Afghanistan, and Eastern Siberia.

5. P. sanguinalis, Z.— Expanse I to | inch (12-15
mm.). Fore wings narrow, yellow, the costa crimson; a
central light crimson band is forked, or broadened as it
approaches the costa ; a broader similar band lies along the
hind margin. Hind wings pale smoky brown.

Antennas of the male slender, threadlike, black-brown ;
palpi slender, projecting, purple-brown ; head dull yellow j
thorax of the same colour, with a crimson-purple cloud on
each side ; abdomen shining grey-brown. Fore wings
narrowly trigonate, pointed at the apex, and the margins
very straight, the hinder quite oblique ; pale sulphur-yellow,
with the costa crimson to beyond the middle; a central
transverse crimson stripe or band, greatly widened above the
middle, or forked to enclose a dull yellow costal patch, is
followed by another crimson stripe which occupies the hind
margin and apex ; cilia shining yellowish white. Hind wings
rather long, rounded behind, smoke colour, darker toward
the hind margin ; cilia paler. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown, with the

174 LEPIDOPTERA.

apex purple, and a white cloud along the dorsal margin.
Hind wings smoky white, with the apex broadly clouded
with faint crimson. Legs brownish white.

Rather variable in the extent of the yellow ground colour
or of the crimson areas respectively, some individuals
becoming almost wholly suffused with the latter colour. In
size our specimens are uniformly small as compared with
those from abroad.

On the wing in June, July, and August, possibly in two
generations.

Larva. Head small, nearly sphericHl, slightly depressed ;
yellow, the mandibles and ocelli brown, behind the latter are
two black spots ; body fusiform ; second segment, which has
no corneous plate, distinguished by a double ring of circular
black dots, each surmounted by a bristle, as also are the
remaining black raised dots of the body ; greyish-green
tinged with vinous red ; from the third to the twelfth
segment is a distinct broad white dorsal stripe ; spiracular
stripe also white ; spiracles very minute, white surrounded
with brown ; ventral area dingy white and without stripes ;
legs and prolegs of the colour of the body, the latter marked
at their base with a triple black dot. (Milliere.)

September and October on the flowers of the rosemary
(Bo»iitnrina officinalis), and on those of thyme {Thymus
scrpi/llvi/i), living in a silken tube, feeding up rapidlj', but
Iving many months in this condition, in cocoon. There is
some reason to suppose that in another generation it feeds
up in July, and emerges almost immediately, but this is
somewhat conjectural.

Pupa dull j-ellow green; abdomen brown, its extremity
furnished with several fine hooked bristles. In an oval

tough cocoon of paper-like material, among moss on the

ground, usually attached to some solid object. (]\lilli6re.)

P YRA USTID^—P YRA USTA. 175

The moth is a swift and active species, flying in the
sunshine over beds of thj'me, but being most actively notice-
able towards 6 P.M. It seems to settle only upon the thyme
plants. Its one locality in England, where it was discovered
in the year 1849, and which has continued to furnish it in
tolerable plenty until the present time, is on the sandhills of
Wallasey, near New Brighton, Cheshire ; an extensive range
of rather settled sandhills. Although this, its only English
locality, is situated very near to North Wales, I know of only
one instance of its occurrence in the Principality, at Rhyl,
in Flintshire. In Scotland it was found about the year 1860,
by the late Mr. Thomas Chapman and his son, Dr. T. A.
Chapman, on some districts of sea-sand about Troon and
Monkton on the coast of Ayrshire, and there also it still
exists. In Ireland it was found about the same date on
limestone pastures in Galway, and may still be obtained
there in plenty, and in the adjoining county of Clare.
There is also a record bj- the Messrs. Campbell at Magilligan,
CO. Derrj'. These isolated and rather distant localities seem
to Complete its range in these Islands ; but it is well known
all over the Continent of Europe except the coldest regions,
being found commonly even in Corsica and Gibraltar ; and
further extending to Madeira, the Canaries, Northern
Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, and India.

6. P. cingulalis, Schiff. ; cingulata, L.— Expanse J, to
I inch (12-16 mm.) Wings all shining black, except a
central curved yellow stripe upon each ; and the cilia
shining white.

Antennte of the male threadlike, black-brown ; palpi
slender, pointed, black above, brownish-white beneath ;
head reddish-brown ; thorax and abdomen black, the latter
tapering and having a whitish edging to each segment ; anal
tuft shining black. Fore wings brilliantly glossy black, shot
with a purplish gloss ; first line curved, very slender, often
hardly perceptible, pale yellow ; second line a broader and

176 LEPIDOPTERA.

conspicuous yellow-white band, erect and complete ; cilia
white. Hind wings elongated, rounded behind ; black, with
a broad central curved yellow-white band ; cilia white,
preceded bj" a very slender white line. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings shining black, with a dull
yellowish cloud at the base of each, the white stripe of the
upper side very distinctly reproduced ; and a whitish cloud
along the dorsal margin of the fore pair ; cilia vfhite. Body
black ; legs brownish white, clouded with black.

Usually not variable, except a little in size, and in the
very occasional appearance of the first line of the fore wings
as an additional yellow stripe ; but in the collection of the
late !Mr. F. Bond is a specimen in which the marginal
portion of each wing, from the band, is broadly white.

On the wing in May, June, and sometimes July, and as a
second generation, in August.

Larva spindle-shaped ; yellowish grey with glossy black
raised dots on which are small hairs ; head glossy yellow
spotted %vith darker ; dorsal plate similar. (Hofmann.)

September, among the root leaves of Salvia pratcnsis,
usually those which lie flat upon the ground ; these it gnaws
from the underside, leaving the upper epidermis. Its web,
into which it escapes when disturbed, is generally found
near one of the Salvia leaves, among moss and dead leaves ;
in its neighbourhood there are nearly always large heaps of
black excrement. Rarely the larva, which is not very active,
is found on a higher leaf, which then is rather spun together.
It winters in a rather large grey-brown papery cocoon, and
changes to a pupa in the spring. (Carl von Heyden.)

Pupa apparently undescribed.

The moth flies in the sunshine, especialh* late in the after-
noon, about the short herbage, on chalk and limestone hills,
seaclifFs and sandhills, sometimes showing a partiality for
patches of wild thyme, upon which the larva is supposed by

PyRAUSTIDA£—PyRAUSTA. iJT

some to feed. If the weather becomes at all cloudy it is
said to conceal itself at the roots of the grass and herbage.
It shows a curious partiality for the rugged edges of wild
precipices on the mountain limestone, flitting about over the
chasms and settling on the vegetation along the extreme
verge. Here it is tantalisingly easy to see, but in its
ordinary haunts it is by no means distinctly visible when on
the wing, and will sometimes appear suddenly settled within
a yard or two of the collector — or vanish like a thought.
The Rev. Canon Cruttwell tells me that in intensely hot
sunshine it will congregate in bushes of juniper, yew, and
guelder-rose, from which it may be beaten out in numbers.
A local species, but sometimes common in such situations as
are here mentioned, especially on the coast, in Kent, Sussex ;
Guildford, Mickleham, and Box Hill, Surrey ; the Isle of
Wight ; the Isles of Purbeck and Portland, and Lyme Regis,
Dorset; Dartmoor and also Seaton, Devon; Cornwall,
Somerset, Gloucestershii-e ; the chalk districts of Oxfordshire
and Cambridgeshire ; and suitable spots in Cheshire, Lanca-
shire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland and Cumberland. In Wales
it is common on the coasts of Glamorganshire and Pembroke-
shire, at Barmouth and Llandudno in North Wales, also
in Denbigh, Carnarvon, and Flint, and at Holyhead in
Anglesea. In Scotland it used to be found upon Arthur's
Seat, Edinburgh, and is still known to occur in Berwickshire,
Aberdeenshire, Moray, Perthshire and Dumbartonshire. In
Ireland local and scarce, occurring in the Counties of Galway,
Sligo and Down. Abroad it is found throughout Europe
except the coldest portions ; and in Asia Minor and Armenia.

7. P. anguinalis, Hh. ; nigrata, Stand. C'ai.— Expanse
I inch (13 to 15 mm.). Fore wings shining black with a faint
basal, and distinct central, angulated white stripe, and a
similar discal dot. Hind wings also shining black, with a bent
central white stripe.

Antennae of the male threadlike, black ; palpi projecting,

VOL. IX. JM

178 LEPIDOPTERA.

hairy, black ; head, thorax and abdomen also black, the
latter tapering and ringed at the edge of each segment with
white. Fore wings narrowly trigonate, but all the margins
faintly curved ; apex augulated ; colour shining black, dusted
with golden brown ; first line indicated by an oblique white
streak on the dorsal margin ; second line a complete white
stripe, sinuous and angulated in the middle, usually of even
width; discal spot a white dot. Hind wings rounded
behind but with the apex rather elbowed, similarly black ;
having a white spot near the base and a complete angulated
white central stripe ; cilia of all the wings white or greyish-
-white. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings shining black with a purple
gloss ; all the markings as on the upper side, but of a clearer
white ; and in addition a large cloudy white spot on the
dorsal area of the fore wings near the base. Body and legs
black, shaded with silvery white.

On the wing in May and .lune, but occasionally appearing
before the end of April ; another emergence takes place in
August.

Larva. Head and second segment shining olive green, the
lobes of the head marked on the crown with black, and on
the face with fine black freckles; dorsal plate similarly
freckled ; body tapering from the third segment to the head,
and also on the two hinder segments ; beyond the thoracic
portion each segment is subdivided by a deep wrinkle across
the middle of the back, and by one each nearer the ends ;
the two middle portions, bearing the raised dots, very plump ;
general colour dull purple, with these dots black and furnished
each with a fine hair ; spiracles small, round and black ; legs
green ; prolegs translucent and almost colourless. (Adapted
from Mr. Buckler's description.)

August, September and October on thyme and marjoram ;
and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has found it feeding in a web on
Asperula cynanchica.

P I -RA I 'S TID.^—P ] -PA I 'S TA . 1 79

Pl'PA shining dark brown, the anal tip furnished with a
rounded knob, with widely diverging, fine, curly-topped
bristles. In a cocoon of whitish silk, covered with a coarser
outer structure. In any convenient corner. (Mr. Buckler. J

The moth is a lively little creature, fond of flying briskly
in the sunshine about the rough slopes of chalk hills, and
appearing especiall}^ attached to patches of wild thyme.
More local than the last species, and more restricted in its
distribution with us, hardly occurring away from the chalk,
though in favourite spots upon that soil it is tolerably
abundant. This is the case more particularly at Guildford,
Bos Hill, Mickleham and other chalk hills in Surrey; in
Kent, Sussex, Dorset and Wilts ; abundant on Durdham
Downs, Bristol ; and in smaller numbers it is found in
Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Oxfordshire,
Berks, Herts, Cambi'idgeshire, Essex, and near Tuddenham,
Suffolk. The only other locality in which I find it recorded
in Great Britain is in Westmoreland. In Ireland it was
found by the late Mr. E. Birchall in the County Galway. and
Mr. Kane records it from Derry. Abroad it seems to occur
all over the Continent of Europe, though only in dry sjiots ;
and is also found in Pontus and Bithynia.

8. P. octomaculalis, 7V. ; octomaculata, Fnh. ;
funebris, Sfaud. Cat. — Expanse -5 to ^ inch. (16 to 23 mm.).
Shining black, the shoulder-lappets yellow ; two laro'e white
spots each on all the wings, and sometimes on the fore wings
a small additional discal spot.

Antennaj of the male threadlike, glossy black ; palpi
small, projecting, black, edged above with white ; head black
with a fine white line down each side of the face, and an
edging of yellow at the back ; thorax black with long yellow
or white shoulder-lappets ; abdomen black, but the segments
each edged with white ; anal tuft rather long, pointed, deep
black. Fore wings rather elongated, widened behind ; costal
<T,nd hind margins rounded ; ajDex angulated ; shining black

i8o l.EI'IDOl'TERA.

with t«o large wliite spots, one near the base and dorsal
margin, the other beyond it, larger, and nearer the costa ;
cilia black, tipped with white near the anal angle and apex.
Hind wings shining black, also with two large white spots,
one toward the dorsal margin near the base, the other in the
middle ; cilia black, tipped with white. Female similar but
rather smaller ; body shorter.

Undersides of all the wings gloss}' black, with the same
large white spots, but that one lying near the dorsal margin
of the fore wings is continued as a white cloud to the base,
and those on the hind wings are almost united. Body black,
sharply barred with white. Legs white.

Usually not variable, but in some districts, particularly ia
the West, a form having also a small white discal spot on the
fore wings is not uncommon.

In the collection of the late 3Ir. Henry Doubledaj*, in
Bethual Green Museum, is a singular and beautiful specimen.
On its outer, usually black, area, beyond the large outer
white spot on both fore and hind wings is a series of white
streaks, and below these a large sharply defined white spot
above the anal angle, thus furnishing it with a dazzlingly
pretty outer border.

On the wiug in May and -lune, and sometimes to the
beginning of July. OccasiouiiUy — I tliink rarely^there
are indications of a second general ion. for instance, I took
in Surrey a specimen on Septembei- 1, IsGo, and several in
August 1861, but it remains uncertain whether these were
the progeny of the individuals that had been on the wing in
May, or merely produced from delayed pupje. Mr. J. -J.
Walker took specimens in Galway on June 30, which he
referred to a second brood. On the other hand, Mr.
W. K. Jeffrey reared in July the moth of one of his larv.u
of the previous August.

L.VKVA nearly three-quarters of an inch long ; tapering at
both ends ; the head extended in front, somewhat broader at

/' ] -RA i -snDj-:—r j 'ra l'sta. i8i

the mouth thau near the crown ; the segments of the body-
well divided and plump, each crossed by three wrinkles, of
which the middle one is the deepest ; prolegs slender, the
anal pair stretched out behind. Head whity-brown, having
a few light brown freckles ; ocelli black ; dorsal region
broadly delicate light opaque cream-colour, divided by a
narrow dorsal stripe of rich and very deep translucent green,
narrower at each end ; the pale cream-colour extends lower
down the side of the hinder half than on the front half of
each segment, and near the lower margin of this colour is a
fine line of translucent yellowish-green, a little interrupted
toward the end of some of the middle segments ; under this
is a stripe of translucent green broadest on the front half of
each segment, and below on the anterior segments a stripe
of lighter semitransparent green, which melts away into a
still lighter watery opalescent green on the legs and under-
surface ; raised dots inconspicuous but having each a small
central green dot ; spiracles minute, ringed with brownish-
black ; whole surface of the skin glossy.

When fall fed it becomes almost uniformly j-ellow.
(Condensed from Mr. Buckler's description.)

August and September upon Solidrii/n rirgaurea (golden-
rod). Abroad reported to feed also upon Bellidiastrum
Mischelii. Feeding on the underside of one of the lower-
most leaves of the plant, in a slight whitish web.

Pupa moderately stout, with well developed thorax, and
long wing-covers, the abdomen tapering to a prolonged
blunt anal point ; rather warm dark brown, darkest on
the thorax and anal point ; surface of the wing-covers and
lower rings of the abdomen shining. Between leaves, or in
a convenient corner, within a semi-opaque whitish silken
outer cocoon of strong texture, three-quarters of an inch long,
in which is a series of open-work threads, forming a kind of
loose hammock. In this the larva passes the winter un-
changed, and the pupa state is assumed in the spring or early

i82 LEl'IDOPTEh'A.

summer. This, however, is a critical stage — fatal to almost
all larva; fed in confinement.

This moth differs a little in habits from the two preceding
species, not possessing their swiftness nor the dazzling
appearance vehich so greatly conceals their Hight. It flies
over its food plant in the daytime with a sort of spinning
motion which is curious and quite characteristic, and
frequents the open spaces in woods of undergrowth, the
rides of large woods and their borders, and sometimes may
be found on the broken crumbling cliffs of the coast.
Tolerably common in the woods of Kent, Sussex, Surrey,
Hants, Devon, Essex, Suffolk, Herts, Bucks, Oxfordshire,
Herefordshire, Worcestershire. Xoi'th Lancashire, and West-
moreland ; very local in Yorkshire ; and Mr. J. E. Robson
reports the occurrence of two specimens in Northumberland in
1898. In North Wales it is to be found on some of the hill-
sides in Carnarvon and Denbigh ; has been taken in Mont-
gomeryshire, and I have seen it on the sea-cliffs of Pem-
brokeshire. In Scotland it api^ears to be confined to Argyle,
and the Islands of Skye and iluU ; and in Ireland to Galway
and Kerry. Abroad it has a considerable range through
Central and Northern Europe, the South of France, Northern
Italy, Armenia, Bithynia and Tartary,

Cenus :3, BOTYS.

Antennse simple ; palpi pointed, porrected ; head rough
and rather flattened ; thorax thin ; abdomen long and very
slender, not banded ; fore wings long, pointed, narrowly
trigonate ; hind wings rather ample ; the discal cell short
aud the cross-bar curved; legs long, not tufted.

Larvae rather attenuated at each extremity, semitrans-
parent ; feeding usually within rolled leaves.
An attempt at tabulation may be useful :

P \ -RA I 'S TID.-E—BOT YS. iSj-

A. Fore wings bright ochreous-yellow, with slender

transverse lines.

B. Cilia of all the wings pale. B. crocealis.
B'. Cilia of all the wings dark. B. flavalis.
A-. Fore wings bright light yellow.

C. Nervures of fore wings also yellow. B. hyaliuulis.
C-. Nervures of fore wings darker. B.pa.ndalis.
A^. Fore wings dull whitish-yellow. B. rcpnndnlis..
A^. Fore wings tawny-yellow with darker latticed lines.

B. vcrbascalis.
A^ Fore wings creamj"-white.

D. Markings of fore wings in slender lines ; apex of hind

wings blackened. B. lutcalis.

D-. Markings of fore wings obscurely clouded ; hind wings
faintly bordered. B. decrcpitalis.

A^. Fore wings tawny-red with obscure darker spots.

B. femujalis.
A". Fore wings brownish-white with long oblique brown
shades. B.forjicalis.

A**. Fore wings nearly uniform glossy reddish-grey.

B. uliginosalis.
A." Fore wings pale slate-grey with squared darker clouds.

B. asinalis.
A^".. Fore wings glossy grey-brown ; long and narrow.

B. terrealis.
A^^. Fore wings pale grey-brown, shining, rather broad.

B.fuscalis.
A^-. Fore wings dull grey-brown.

D^. Markiogs of fore wings obscurely clouded ; hind wings

dark. B. 2JrunaHs.

D*. Markings of fore wings white spots ; hind wings pale.

B. oliralis.
A^^. Fore wings of male grey ; of female pale ochreous.

B. nuhilalis.
A^*. Fore and hind wings Llackish-brown with whitish
blotches.

1 84 LEPlDOPTKnA.

E. Three pale spots ou the disc of fore wings.

B. xd iithiicalis.
E'-. Two pale spots on disc of fore wings. }!. x/nrhi/dalis.

1. B. nubilalis, Unh.; lupulinalis, '///.: female
silacealis, Huh. — Expanse, male 1 inch, lemale 1 .[ inch.
Fore wings pale hrownisli-grey or olive-grey, with a faint
yellow-white discal spot and transverse stripe : hind wiugs of
the same colour, with a broad whitish band. Female larger.
Fore wings pale ochreons with browner markings.

Antenna3 of the male threadlike, brown ; palpi slender,
porrected, yellow-brown; head of the same colour; thorax
grey-brown ; abdomen long and slender, dark gi-ey-brown,
each segment faintly edged with white. Fore wings rather
elongate; costa arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; bind
margin almost straight ; dull smoky grey-brown ; orbicular
and reniform stigmata obscurely darker, with a yellowish-
white cloud between them ; first line faintly indicated by a
whitish shade which bends suddenly outward and throws an
obscure whitish streak to the second line ; this last is cloudy
white, much rippled, broadened below the costa and again
above the dorsal margin ; cilia grey-brown. Hind wings
ample, rounded behind ; similar in colour to the fore wings ;
having a broad dull white cloudy band placed transversely
beyond the middle ; cilia dull white. Female decidedly
larger ; thorax and abdomen stouter ; fore wings ochreous-
yellow ; the first and second lines more definitelj^ shown,
slender and much indented, brown ; the enclosed middle area
clouded with red-brown ; the spot between the stigmata
distinctly yellow ; before the hind margin is a rippled
reddish-brown band, followed by a yellow marginal stripe.
Hind wings pale smoky brown with a very broad submarginal
pale yellow band, and yellowish-white cilia.

Underside in both sexes an accurate copy of the upper,
.but the darker portion in still darker colouring.
Said to be on the wing in May, June and July.

PYRAUSTID.-E—BOTYS. 185

Larva dirty white with three bright black warts on each
segment ; head black-brown ; dorsal plate yellowish and
black-brown, divided by a white stripe.

May and September in the stems of hop, both wild and
cultivated, hemp, Italian-rye, and millet, feeding on the pith.
(Hof tnann.) Well known on the Continent from the damage
caused bj' it to the millet crop. Schmidt says " the young
caterpillar eats a way for itself immediately into the soft
stem of the plant, where it feeds on the pith, thereby causing
the millet to wither and die. When it has consumed the
pith of one plant, it eats into another, proceeding always
from the ear towards the root ; and thus at the time of
reaping the millet, the caterpillars being near the root,
remain in the stubble. Although the caterpillar is fully
grown in the autumn, it does not become a pupa till the
ensuing spring."

Pupa light brown ; apparently not further described.

There has been little opportunity of observing the habits
of this species here, since it is one of our rarest insects.
From confusion of names it is not easy to make sure of the
species intended by some of the only records, but there are
specimens of British origin in the collection of the late Mr.
H. Doubleday at Bethnal Green Museum, and in that of the
late Mr. P. Bond, now in Mr. Sydney Webb's possession at
Dover. Moreover there is a definite record, confirmed by
Mr. H. T. Staintou, of the capture of two specimens by the
Rev. P. H Newnham at Sandown, Isle of Wight, on July 0,
1853. On July 9, 1874, 1 had myself the good fortune to cap-
ture a male specimen, as it sat in the late evening, attracted
apparentljf by a light, on the outside of a window in Peck-
ham, South London. Another was taken in June 1891,
flying over Silene and other sea-side plants at Hartlepool,
Durham, by ]\Ir. .J. Gardner; and there are records of
•captures at Manchester, and at Padstow, Cornwall. Abroad

i86 LEPTDOPTERA.

it has a wide range, being sometimes quite undesirably
rommon ; through Central and Southern Europe, including
Corsica and Southern Russia ; also in Siberia, Tartary, Asia
Minor and Northern India.

2. B. flavalis, Schiff. — Expanse ^ to 1| inch (22-
28 mm.). Fore wings pointed, shining yellow-ochreous,
margined with dull grey-brown, and having the stigmata and
lines of that colour. Hind wings smoky yellowish-white,
with smoky brown transverse lines.

Antenna' of the male threadlike, bronzy-brown ; palpi
short and broad, but pointed, dark chocolate ; head chocolate-
brown but white at the base of each antenna ; thorax slender,
ochreous-yellow, rather browner in front ; abdomen slender,
pale ochreous. Fore wings elongated ; the apex decided!}'
angulated : costa gently arched ; hind margin slightly
curved ; colour clear smooth shining ochreous yellow, often
with a tawny tinge ; along the extreme costal edge is a
narrow brown line, and the markings are all formed of
blackish-brown dusting — first line oblique, slender ; second
line also slender, bent suddenly outward in the middle, and
then, with a fine curve, up to the costa ; the orbicular and
reniform stigmata both present as ringed spots, and the
claviform as a more flattened ring ; subterminal line sug-
gested by a series of faint clouds ; extreme hind margin
edged by a dark brown line ; cilia pale leaden-brown. Hind
wings rather broad, roiinded behind, smoky pale yellow ;
central spot, and a waved transverse line beyond it, faintlj-
smoky black ; the latter followed by a still more faint parallel
cloud and a darker marginal line ; cilia leaden-brown.
Female similar, or sometimes haviner the fore wings of a more
yellow tint.

Underside of the fore wings very dark, the ground, which
is straw-colour, much obscured by the markings, all of which,
as on the upper side, with the costa, apex, and nervures, are
broadly dark bronzy-brown. Hind wings also obscured with.

PVRAUSTID.-E—norVS. 187-

bronzy-browu clouding, but with the markings as above, the
cilia rather whiter. Body and legs bronzy-brown.

There is a little variation in the depth of the ground colour
and of the markings; occasional sj^ecimens being almost
straw-yellow, with the lines faint. Specimens from the
Continent are often decidedly larger in expanse, as well as
paler in colour.

On the wing in the latter part of July and in August.
Abroad there is said to be a second generation in September.

Larva apparently not certainly known. It is hardly
possible that the statement of Moschler, that he " has found
the larva on nettle ( Urtiea urois) and bred the moth " is
correct. There must surely be some confusion as to species.
Kagonot says " the larva has been supposed to feed on
bedstraw (Galium verum), and certainly the imago affects
dry pasture fields where this plant is common ; no doubt the
larva is polyphagous."

Pupa ajai^rently unknown.

The moth is found on open downs, especially chalk downs,
and dry hill slopes, and with us is excessively local ; some-
times to be found in numbers in very restricted sjiots, where
the country for miles appears to be all equally suitable. In
such favoured places it may be found commonly near Folke-
stone, Faversham, and other parts of Kent ; on the
Downs about Brighton and Lewes, Sussex ; at Freshwater
and Ventnor, Isle of Wight, and elsewhere on the Hants
coast ; and on the coasts of Dorset and Cornwall. This I
think is the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it
is common in Central and Southern Europe, including
Corsica ; and is found in South Sweden, Livonia, Hyrcania,
Pontus, Armenia, and Tartary.

3. B. pandalis, Hiih. — Expanse 1 to 1| inch. Fore
wings glossy pale yellow with rather darker nervures, three

i88 LEPIDOPTERA.

slender pale yellow-brown transverse lines, and discal spot.
Hind wings yellowish-white with two similar lines.

Antennae of the male simple, shining, yellow ; palpi
])oiuted, drooping, yellow-brown ; head and thorax pale
brownish-yellow ; abdomen very slender and long, silvery
yellow-white. Fore wings long, rather narrow ; the costa
straight to the middle, arched beyond ; apex angulated ; hind
margin very obli(|iie ; colour shining pale yellow, with the
nervures and the costal and hind-marginal areas faintly
tinted with brownish-yellow ; the first and second lines
irregular and much waved, the latter very oblique and
curving round a faint discal streak of the same colour ; sub-
terminal line similar, smooth and even, but curving back
below the costa, and with the other lines becoming lost in
the costal shade ; cilia shining pale grejush-yellow. Hind
wings rather short, rounded behind, greyish-white with a
yellow tinge on the borders ; on the front edge near the base
is a faint pale grey spot, in the middle a much rippled
transverse line of the same faint colour, and toward the
hind margin a broader and more even shade ; cilia shining
yellow-white. Female similar, but with the abdomen
shorter.

Underside of fore wings shining pale yellow, broadly
margined and clouded with very pale grey-brown ; hind
wings of the same colour, similarly bordered. Body and
legs pale yellow.

Not variable.

On the wing in the latter half of May and in -June.
Abroad there is said to be a second generation in August.
Mr. Buckler had the curious fortune to rear specimens in
■October and November, other individuals of the same brood
emerging in the following May and June.

Larva seven-eighths of an inch in length, moderately
slender, cylindrical, but tapering a very little at each
•extremity ; segments plump and well defined, w-ith a trans-

PYRAUSTID.E—BOTYS. i89-

verse wriakle across tbe back of each ; head glossy dark
grey with a black mark iu front of each lobe ; dorsal plate
glossy black, divided by a dark grey line down the middle ;
colour of the back and sides down to the spiracles dark
grey tinged with purplish-brown ; the dorsal line still darker ;
on either side of the third and fourth segments are two
faintly paler longitudinal lines ; raised dots large, black and
glossy, each with a fine hair; spiracles small, round and
black ; the surface below them light preenish-grey, or drab,
and the spots there brownish-groy. Ventral prolegs short,
but the anal pair extended behind. (W. Buckler — condensed.)
-July till September, on Tiucviiuii scorodoaia (wood-sagej,
Solidago virgaurea (golden-rod), Origanuvi vulgare (mar-
joram), and Clinopodiuiii vulgare. Colonel Partridge has
found it to feed on Cciitaurca. Eating the leaves, and after
the third moult inhabiting a movable case formed of pieces
cut from the leaves of its food plant or from other leaves —
especially those of bramble. Exceedingly shy, only protrud-
ing its head from this case to feed at night, and when perfectly
undisturbed, but making a fresh case when that in use
becomes withered.

Pupa half an inch long ; rather slender ; back of the
thorax and of the abdominal segments rather keeled ; head-
parts moderately produced ; wing-covers long and well
defined ; the hind part of the abdomen having a flattened
and tapering prolongation and blunt extremity furnished
with minute curly-topped bristles; colour dark purplish-
brown with the lower abdominal divisions golden-brown ;
the wing-covers glistening ; all the rest glossy. (W. Buckler.)

In the last case used bj" the larva, one end being fastened
up. Remaining in this case through the winter as a larva,
changing to pupa in the spring.

Usual]}- a wood-frequenting species, preferring the open
portions, where patches of wood-sage and tufts of golden-rod
grow freely in the open intervals between undergrowth.

igo LEPIDOI'TERA.

Resting through the day among these and other low-growing
plants, but quite easily distnrl)ed and captured. Flying
gently of its own accord at sunset and early twilight.
Formerly common in the woods of the London district,
where it has now become scarce ; still moderately plentiful
and well distributed in those of Surrey, Kent, Sussex, and
Hants ; less so in Dorset and Wilts ; found locally in
Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire,
and Cheshire ; also in Bucks, Cambridgeshire and Suffolk ;
rarely in Norfolk, and very locally in Yorkshire and West-
moreland. I find no record from Scotland, and in Wales
only one in Carnarvonshire ; but in Ireland it is found in
(xalway, Clare, and Fermanagh, though liy no means
commonly. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe, all Northern
Europe except the Arctic portion, Bithynia, and most likely a
more extended range in Asia, since it is well known to occur
in Japan.

4. B. hyaUnaUs, Hiib. — Expanse 1^ to 1| inch. Fore
wings glossy bright light yellow, with a large discal spot and
three slender yellow-brown transverse lines, the second
bending greatly outwards. Hind wings yellow-white with
two slender lines.

Antennas of the male simple, threadlike, shining white ;
palpi slender, porrected, pale chocolate-brown, the inner side
white ; head whitish-yellow ; thorax pale yellow with a tinge
of orange-brown across the front ; abdomen long and slender,
shining whitish-yellow. Fore wings elongated ; costa arched,
especially so beyond the middle ; apex bluntly angulated ;
hind margin faintly curved ; colour shining light yellow ;
first line erect from the dorsal margin, but curved back to
almost the base of the costa ; second line arising in the
middle of the dorsal margin, bends far outward below the
middle, and then with a wide sweep curves up and attains
the costa ; from the first bend of this line a faint similar
shady line seems to cross also to the costa giving the appear-

P 1 -RA USTW.-E—BO T VS. igi

-ance of a central Hue ; this, however, is mainly formed of an
obscure elongated discal streak ; cilia shining yellow, pre-
ceded by a parallel brownish-yellow stripe : all these markings
are somewhat faint. Hind wings broad but rather angulated
at the apex, and the hind Tnargiu flatly rounded ; shining i^ale
yellow, with a faint rippled brownish central line, and a
similar curved line along the hind margin ; cilia shining
pale yellow. Female closely similar, but a very little
stouter.

Undersides of all the wings pearly whitish yellow ; second
and subterminal lines of the fore wings faintly i^urplish-
grey, the orbicular and reniform stigmata visible, rather
rounded, and of the same colour. Hind wings showing only
a very faint middle line. Body and legs yellow.

Not variable.

On the wing at the end of June and in -luly.

Larva thickest at the seventh segment ; head very pale
red with a dark dot on the top of each lobe and another on
each cheek ; dorsal plate paler, with hardly any tinge of red,
having six small dots along its front edge, a double dot on
each side, then a transverse row of eight, varying in size, and
a pair close to the dorsal line, on its hinder margin ; colour
of the body dull opaque white, with perhaps the faintest
tinare of srreen ; dorsal region showing a faint shade of black
from the internal vessel ; undersurface 3"elIowish-white ;
spiracles black ; legs rich brown ; raised dots small and
black, placed on pale indian-ink warts which glitter bril-
liantly. (Condensed from Eev. J. Hellins' descriijtion.)

August till May or the beginning of June, on Centaurra
nigra (knapweed) ; hybernating while small in a tough flat
cocoon of rounded outline, formed of closely woven pale
grey silk, and placed upon a fallen leaf. The very young
larva spins a little silken web at the side of the midrib of
the Centaurea leaf toward the stem, and eats little holes in
the leaves. After hybernation it seems to continue to hide

U)2 LEI'IDOl'TERA.

ill its liiberuaculuin, spinuing short galleries so as tt) reach
the tender leaves, and eating their entire substance.

I'urA long, tapering gradually to the tail, the creinaster
being a long spike with a square end, set with six long curled
spines ; the skin glossy and shining, curiously ornamented
with tufts of hair ; on the back of each segment, just in the
region of the subdorsal lines, there is a pair of tubercles,
each set with a whorl of eight or ten harsh-looking waved
and curled hairs ; three of the anterior segments bear in
addition each a pair of rather long transverse ridges behind
these tubercles, and closely set with shorter curled bristles ;
and on the sides of the two segments next the head there is
a group of three or four small spine-bearing tubercles; below
the spiracles the abdomen is ornamented with tubercles bear-
ing fewer and shorter bristles than those on the back ; general
colour pale chestnut-brown ; the wing-cases and some patches
on the back of the front segments darker brown ; the bristles,
which under a lens look like cocoa-nut fibre, are light brown.
Altogether a most singular pupa. In a cocoon of regular
figure, four-fifths of an inch long, of a very fine gauzy texture,
made of white silk. (Rev. J. Hellins.)

The moth hides duiiu" the day in bushes, amongr herbajre,
or in hedges, and may be trodden up, or disturbed with the
beating stick. It flies of its own accord at early dusk, and
has been found to suck the honey from flowers, including
those of clematis. Its usual haunts are sheltered spots on
chalk hills and downs, and in the openings of beech-woods,
and in such spots it is sometimes common. Of local distri-
bution in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Somerset.
Gloucestershire, Bucks, Oxfordshire, Herts aud Worcester-
shire ; also taken rarely in Norfolk. Except a record (un-
confirmed) of its capture at Dolgelly, North Wales, I know
of no other localities in the United Kingdom. Abroad it is
found in most parts of Central aud Southern Europe,

PYRAUSTID.-E-BOTYS. 193

Finland, South Sweden. Bithynia, Poutus, Tartary, and North
Africa.

5. B. uliginosalis. Stcph.; alpinalis, Stainton's Manual.
—Expanse, male 1 to \\ inch; female f to ^ inch. Fore
wings shining yellow-brown or yellow-grey with a small
faintly indicated dull white cloud at the end of the discal
cell. Hind wings smoky white with a smoky brown hind
border.

Antenna of the male simple, black-brown ; palpi porrected,
but not long, tufted and pointed, pale brown ; head and
thorax light reddish-brown or olive-brown ; abdomen slender,
glossy greyish-white ; anal tuft yellow-brown. Fore wings
long and pointed; costa faintly undulating ; apex angulated ;
hind margin oblique, hardly curved ; colour pale olive-brown'
yellow-grey or yellow-brown, very glossy, without perceptible
markings except a cloudy white dot, or small cloud of white
at the end of the discal cell ; cilia concolorous. Hind wino-s
shining smoky-white; the nervures, and a band of even
width along the hind margin, smoky brown ; sometimes a
similar slender stripe crosses the middle of the wing ; cilia
dusky white. Female smaller ; the fore wings narrowe'r and
more sharply pointed, paler or yellower in colour ; hiud
wings darker ; body shorter.

Underside of the fore wings shining smokv brown, uni-
colorous ; hind wings shining white with smoky marginal
shading and a similar slender central transverse line. Body
and legs grey-brown.

Variable, as already suggested, in the ground colour of the
fore wings from yellowish-drab to pale red-brown ; and a
little so in the degree of smoky shading of the hind wino-s
On the wing in the latter part of June and in July.

Larva "glossy brown-red, with four shining raised dots on
the back of each segment, and a somewhat swollen stripe
along the sides ; head and front feet bright black. ^"

'■July on grasses and low-growing plants" (Freyer)

VOL. IX. ''

194 LEl'IDOPTERA.

Pita apparently undescribetl. Neither larva nor pupa
seems to have been observed here. The egg only had been
seen by Mr. Buckler.

The moth frequents the higher portions of mountains and
considerable hills ; from 1200 to 2UU0 feet altitude. Here
it sits quietly by day among the grass and herbage, but is
alert and rather swift in its motions, rising sharply when
approached and flying a few yards to settle again, but usually
retreating vp the steep slope, so that considerable labour is
often expended in its capture.

It seems to be distinct from the species known as B.alpinalis
abroad, though rather similar, and certainly very closely allied
thereto. The latter has a large and somewhat squared white
spot in the middle of the fore wings, and the hind wings are
of a clearer white. Mr. Stainton apparently regarded the
two forms as mere varieties, but there seems to be no
evidence of the occurrence in these Islands of that known
as alpinalis.

Our insect seems here to be confined to Scottish mountains.
It is common in Perthshire upon Ben Lomond, Ben Nevis,
Schehallion, Craig Cross, and other high hills ; in Aberdeen-
shire on Braemar; and in similar suitable places in Inverness-
shire, Forfarshire, Stirlingshire, Dumbartonshire, and Arg3-le-
shire. Hitherto I have no knowledge of its occurrence on
anv mountain in England or Wales ; and the only record in
Ireland jn-oved.. when the specimen was examined, to
be an obvious error. Abroad it is found throughout the
Alpine region, and on the mountains of Hungary and
Galicia.

t). B. fuscalis, fSVA^j'.— Expanse ^ to 1^ inch (22-28
mm.j. Fore wings silkj', pale olive-grey, each with a faint
transverse whitish line edged with smoky grey. Hind wings
also bordered with darker grey.

Antenuaj of the male simple, shining, dark brown ; palpi
porrected, ]>ointed, dark brown: head and thorax bronzy

PVRA USTID.^—BOTyS. igj

grey-brown ; abdomen slender, shining grey. Fore wint^s
rather widened, costa arched ; apex angiilated ; hind margin
moderately obhcjue, the anal angle well develojied ; colour
pale olive-grey or yellowish-grey, smooth and shining ;
markings faint — the first line upright but rather curved ;
second rippled and strongly bowed outwardly, both dark
grey and the latter edged with paler — a spot in the discal cell
is just perceptibly darker ; cilia concolorous, very glossy.
Hind wings whitish-grey or pale olive-grey with an obscure
cnrved narrow white transverse stripe in the middle, and
another along the hind margin ; cilia grey-white, intersected
by a grey line. Female similar.

Underside shining pale smoky grey, the fore wings with a
faiut discal spot, the hind with an obscure whitish transverse
stripe. Body and legs glossy grey.

There is some variation in the ground colour from smoky-
grey to yellowish-fuscous, and this seems to be in some degree
local ; specimens from the fen districts often showing a
strong tendency in the latter direction, while those from the
North-west of Scotland have a decidedly smoky tint.

On the wing in the latter i^art of May and in June; but in
Scotland in July.

Larva but little more than half an inch long, very slightly
tapering at each end ; segments well defined, each having a
subdividing wrinkle across the back; head rather small,
rounded, the lobes well developed, glossy blackish-brown •
dorsal plate similar, divided by a fine pale line, the margin
next the head remarkably pale ; colour of the back and sides
dark grej'-brown, darkest in front ; spiracular region and
undersurface pale ochreous-drab ; dorsal line darker and
warmer brown than the back ; segmental folds ochreous-
drab ; raised dots shining blackish-brown, on the thirteenth
segment united into a large spot; anal plate brown,
minutely freckled with black-brown ; spiracles small, round,
black ; the raised dots beneath them brown, each bearincr a

ige I.EI'inOPTERA.

fine hair. When quite full fed, the whole larva assumes o.
pink tint. (Condensed from Mr. Buckler's description.)

July and August on Bhinanthus crista-galli (yellow rattle),
MeliimjJiirum j^i'nteiisc, and M. cristatum (cow-wheat) ; feed-
ing on the flowers and tender seed capsules, uniting these to
the stalk by a silken gallery often much covered with frass ;
or else uniting two sepals of a flower together so as to form
a hammock.

Pupa barely three-eighths of an inch in length, moderately
slender ; the wing-covers long ; thorax and three upper
abdominal segments keeled; the sjnraeles forming tumid
eminences on the latter and also on the penultimate seg-
ment ; crem aster a taper, downward curving, flattened point,
slightly bifid and furnished with six minute curled bristles ;
colour light bright mahogany brown ; the tips of the wing-
covers and abdomen darker brown ; and the surface generally
glistening. In a tough semi-opaline silken cocoon spun
up in any angle, and semi-transparent. In this the larva lies
through the winter and assumes the pupa state in the spring.
(W. Buckler.)

The moth hides during the day among its food-plants and
other herbage and grass, in meadows and marshy places
where the yellow-rattle abounds, and also in open woods
among the two species of cow-wheat. It is always lively
and ready to start up at the approach of a footstep, flying a
short distance to settle down in a similar spot, and before
early dusk may be seen fluttering in hundreds over the
herbage. Common in such suitable spots throughout the
United Kingdom, with the exception of the Shetland
Isles ; also in the Central and Northern portions of the
Continent of Europe, Ital}-, the North of Spain, Asia Minor,
Armenia, Siberia, and Tartary.

7. B. terrealis, Tr. — Ex^ianse 1 to 1 i inch. Fore wings
long and very pointed ; shining dark grey-brown, with a

P 1 -RA US Tin^—B o r ) -.v. 1 97

faint transverse darker line beyond the middle, much bent
outwards ; hind wings rather paler, with a similar transverse
line.

Antenna3 of the male simple, bronzy brown, front of the
base white ; palpi porrected, pointed, pale chocolate ; basal
portion of the tongue white ; head chocolate, edged on
either side with silvery white ; thorax slender, pale bronzy
brown ; abdomen very slender, grey-brown ; a whitish ring
edging each segment. Fore wings long and narrow ; the
costa gently arched beyond the middle ; apex sharply
pointed ; hind margin very oblique ; colour dark grey-
brown, shining with a bronzy gloss ; the markings very in-
distinct ; first line erect, obscurely darker brown ; orbicular
and reniform stigmata barely visible, dark brown; second
line of the same colour but edged with paler brown, strongly
bowed outwardly ; cilia concolorous, shining. Hind wings
narrow but prolonged toward the apex ; pale smoky brown,
whitish toward the front margin, nervures faintly paler ;
a slender brown transverse line beyond the middle is fol-
lowed by a darker clouding along the hind margin ; cilia
concolorous, very glossy. Female similar, but with the
abdomen shorter.

Undersides of all the wings shining smoky white ; the
stigmata and second line of the fore wings and the slender
line of the hind wings all perceptibly darker ; the undersurface
of the head, palpi, and thorax white ; of the abdomen and
the legs smoky white.

Not variable.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva about an inch in length and of tolerable bulk in
proiDortion ; head globular and shining, small, about the
same width as the second, but much narrower than the
succeeding segments ; body cylindrical but very markedlj^
attenuated toward the extremities ; segmental divisions
rather deep ; skin glossy and semi-translucent, clothed with

igS LEl'lDOPJERA.

a few scattered short hairs ; head and anal segment pale
yellovvish-brovvu ; mandibles and a few spots ou the lobes
■darker brown ; general colour rich reddish-piuk ; dorsal
stripe broad, deeper in colour anil conspicuous; no other
particular markings, but tiie sides are variegated a little with
a darker shade of the ground colour ; ventral surface a little
paler ; each proleg tipped on the outside with a black
dot. (G. T. Porritt.) This description was made from a
full-grown larva wliich had assumed the full adult colouring.
Other observers describe it as '■pale-green" or "white-
green," and Frejer says that it has light green dorsal and
spiracular stripes, and white raised dots. Doubtless younger
larvae are, in these cases, referred to,

July to September on Solidayo rirgaurea (golden rod),
feeding on the leaves, and living in a loose silken web on
the underside of a leaf; from its ravages the plant some-
tinr-.es becomes mucJi disfigured.

Pt'PA apparently undescribed ; in a strong silken cocoon
of a yellowish-white colour in some corner, or among moss.
In this the larva remains unchanged, having faded to a
creamy white colour, until May, before the pupa-state is
assumed.

A very local species, not to be found in the woods in
which its food-plant is often so common, but usually con-
fined to hill and mountain sides or rocky limestone districts,
extending to 300 feet above sea level. Here it hides
among herbage and the bushes near its food, and may be
disturbed by the beating stick, or trodden up. At dusk it
flies of its own accord. Found very locally in Xorth Devon
and Cornwall ; and in Cheshire, North Lancashire, York-
shire and Westmoreland. Also in various parts of North
Wa'es, as Llauferris, Beddgelert and elsewhere in the
Suowdon district ; in Denbighshire, Flintshire, and rarelj'
on the coast of Pembrokeshire in South Wales. In
Scotland in Kirkcudbrightshire and Argyle, also in Fife,

PYRAUSTID.-E—BOrVS. igg

where it is not very rare ; liut so far as I know it lias no
more extensive range in these Islands. Abroad it is
generally distributed in Central Europe, the temperate
portions of Northern Europe, Eastern Spain, Italy, Dalmatia,
Bithynia, the Central Asian Mountain regions, with
Afghanistan ; and in some portions of North America.

8. B. asinalis, Hub. — Expanse 1 to 1| inch. Fore wings
sharply pointed, pale slate-grey, with faint ringed stigmata
and a darker central band of squared cloudy blotches. Hind
wings greyish-white.

Autenna3 of the male simjile, thickly ciliated, bx-onzy-
brown ; palpi long, blunt, porrected, thickly tufted, mouse-
colour ; head and thorax dull grey-brown, the hinder portion
of the latter whiter ; abdomen long and slender, shining
grey-brown. Fore wings long and rather narrow ; costa
arched; apex decidedly angulated, and hind margin very
oblique ; colour grey-brown or pale brownish-slate ; first line
erect, faintly darker, from it a curious, softly deeper slate-
coloured stripe curves down to the dorsal margin, then up to
themediannervure, there forming a squared blotch ; the undu-
lating and dotted second line, skirting the outer edge of this
blotch, then bends outward and passes round another rather
squared dark blotch at the end of the discal cell ; stigmata
perceptible, pale slate, edged with darker ; cilia shining,
concolorous, faintlj^ intersected by two paler lines. Hind
wings large, the apex angulated and the hind margin some-
what undulating ; smoky whitish-grey with a rather perpen-
dicular slender grey-brown transverse line beyond the middle ;
cilia concolorous. and glossy.

Undersides of the fore wings pale smoky grey ; costa
paler; second line just visibly darker. Hind wings brownish-
white with the grey-brown transverse line more distinct.
Body whitish-brown ; legs whiter, both glossy.

Rather variable in the distinctness of the markings of the
fore wings ; in some specimens these being unicolorous slate-

200 LEPIDOPTERA.

grey ; while iu others, especially Continental examples, the
dark blotches are much intensified, and an additional one
ajipears at the base.

On the wing from May till the Ijeginuing of July, and
usually a second generation from the end of July till
September or even October.

Larva one inch and an eighth in length : middle segments
plump and round but each becomes smaller than its prede-
cessor from the middle to the extremities, giving the body a
strongly attenuated appearance ; head broad but flattened>
the lobes rounded and polished ; divisions of segments con-
spicuous, and each segment crossed by a central transverse
groove ; skin soft and semi-translucent, clothed with a few
short hail's ; anal prolegs extended widely behind the anal
segment. Head straw-colour with darker brown markings ;
general colour dull pinkish-brown (brighter in young speci-
mens), dorsal stripe pale pinkish-yellow, intersected through-
out by a dark olive-brown line ; subdorsal stripes also pinkish-
yellow, broadly bordered above with olive-brown, indeed this
dark colour forms a broad stripe between the dorsal and
subdorsal lines ; spiracles and raised dots distinct, black ;
ventral surface, legs, and prolegs greyish-green. The skin
is so transparent that the movements of the muscles can be
distinctly seen.

July and the beginning of August ; and a second genera-
tion in October; on lluhia percrjrina (madder), eating the
substance of the leaves from the underside, but leaving the
upper skin intact, so that it forms a thin white pellicle, held
iu shape by the strong midrib and margins of the leaf, and
gives the plant a singular appearance, as though disfigured
with an abundance of small white bladders. At the same
time the larva conceals itself in a hammock or movable case
composed of a dead rolled leaf of some other plant —1 have
found it in such a rolled leaf of T'tu-rium scorodonia, but
there is no reason whatever to suppose that it had fed upor

PYRA UST/D.-E—BOTYS. 201

this plant. Mr. N. M. Richardson has found it, in confine-
ment, willing to eat Galium apariuc.

The winter is passed by the larva of this later generation in
its dead-leaf habitation on the ground, and the pupa state is
assumed in the spring.

Pupa slender, bright red ; the antenna and wing-cases
reaching far down the abdomen and ending in a projecting
knob. In a silken web attached to some neighbouring
object. (Rev. J. Hellins.)

The moth hides during the day among its food-plant, in
hedges, along the edges of rocks, or among bushes, and may
be disturbed by the beating-stick, when it shows itself to be
sufficientlj^ active. Sometimes, where the cover is thin, it
will creep into the crevices of rocks. Its time of natural
flight is at dusk, and it will then visit the blossoms of
clematis, or of ivy or heather. Most frequent upon the coast,
but accompanying its food-plant inland, especially upon cal-
careous soils. In such situations found in the Isle of Wight ;
commonly in the Isles of Portland and Purbeck, and near
Lyme Regis lu Dorset ; on Durdham Downs, Clifton and
elsewhere in Somerset ; on the north and south coasts of
Devon ; in Cornwall and Gloucestershire. It seems to occur
all along the South coast of Wales, and has been found in
the Northern portion at Llandudno. Except that a report
of its occurrence on the North-west coast of Ireland may
prove to be correct, this seems to be the extent of its range
in these Islands. Abroad it extends through Southern
Europe to Portugal, and is found in the South of Switzer-
land, in Bithj'nia and the Canaries.

9. B. repandalis, Schiff. — Expanse | inch (22 mm.).
Fore wings yellowish-white with three or four obscure slender
pale j^ellow-brown transverse lines or narrow stripes. Hind
wings white with similar stripes.

Antennas of the male simple, whitish-brown ; palpi thick,

202 LEPinOPTEKA.

porr-'cteil, pale drab ; head and thorax creamy brownish-
white, 3^ello\vish-\vhite beliind ; abdomen of the same colour,
rather short. Fore wings somewhat narrow ; costa very
straight ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin rounded ;
colour creamy yellowish-white, with three faint yellow-brown
lines which are thickened and rather clouded ; the first erect
and nearly straight ; the second arising half way down the
dorsal margin, but bent broadly outwai'd above the middle
of the wing, so as to allow room for a cloudy discal streak of
the same colonr ; third or subterminal line midway between
this and the hind margin, and parallel with the latter, which
also is edged with the same colour; cilia yellow-wiiite. Hind
wings elongated, rounded behind ; white with a faint smoky
tinge ; an obscure yellowish line, or narrow stripe, from the
dorsal margin partly crosses the wing, as does another from
the anal angle ; hind margin tinged with the same colour ;
cilia white. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings yellowish-white with the
nervures faintly darkened ; a smoky brown cloud lies along the
disk of the fore wings, and beyond it a faint brown line; the
hind wings are crossed by a very obscure smoky shade. Body
and legs yellowish-white.

On the wing in July.

Larn A thick, tapering in front ; yellow-white with
numerous, l)lack, single hair-carrying dots ; head honey-
yellow ; dorsal plate of the colour of the body, set with
raised dots.

March till May, and again in July in the leaves of Vcrlas-
cum, inhabiting a felted mixture of the leaf-down of the
plant. (E. Hofmann.) Treitsche says that the larvEe live
gregariously, in the above months, among the leaves of Fi'r-
hascwn thapsus and V. thaiKoidcx, in a mixture of silk and the
down of the plant, or in the flowei--shoots in a little passage
eaten down into the stem. And A. Schmid adds that the
young lirva3 pass the winter in a slight web under the root

P YRA UST/D.£—BO TVS. 203

leaves and young shoots of Verla><cum niynun. Mr. Barney's
larvtB were found feeding in flower heads.

Pupa yellow, in a red-brown cocoon among debris.

This species, so far as I am aware, has never been captured
in the moth state in these Islands. The only instance of its
occurrence known to me is the discovery of a number of
larvEe feeding in the heads of the mulleins in a i-ough field
near Dawlish, Devon, about the year 1876, by the Rev.
Henry Burney. From larvaj there collected Mr. Burney
reared eleven specimens of the moth. These remained un-
noticed for ten years, being supposed to belong to one of our
common species, and it was only in 1886 that their identity
was discovered and announced in the " Entomologist 3
Monthly Magazine," vol. xxii. page 145. There seems to be
a cause for fear that the '• rough field " has passed under the
hands of the builder, yet a close search in the same portion
of South Devon ought to result in the re-discovery of this
species, whicli has a considerable range abroad, through
Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor and the Barbary
States in North Africa.

10. B. verbascalis, <St'7ii^. — -Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings
shining tawny-yellow, clouded with dark brown; with three
transverse black-brown lines, the second excessively angu-
lated and bent outward. Hind wings similar in colour and
markings.

Antennas of the male simple, bronzy brown ; palpi por-
rected, rather blunt, yellow-brown ; head and thorax tawny
brown ; abdomen slender, pale ochreous, with a very narrow
whitish edging to each segment. Fore wings only moderately
elongated ; costa arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind
margin very straight and rather oblique, with the anal angle
well formed ; colour rich tawny yellow clouded with brown
dusting, especially so along the costal area ; first line erect,
once angulated, black-brown; touching it a faint similar ring

204 LEPIDUl'TERA.

indicates tlie or])icular stigma ; second line also black-LrowD,
arising at the middle of the dorsal margin, and suddenly bent
outward halfway up, makes a broad sweep round audbackto
the costa ; at its sudden bend a brown shade rises perpen-
dicularly from it to the costa, partially enclosing a yellow
patch in the discal cell ; subterminal line excessively un-
dulating but faint or often only dotted, of a paler brown ; cilia
shining leaden brown. Hind wings rather short, the apex
angulated and hind margin gently curved ; tawny yellow
shaded with brown ; base dusted with shining brown ;.
beyond, in succession, are three looped and rippled similar
brown transverse lines ; hind margin leaden brown ; cilia
shining leaden white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings dark smoky j'ellow, with two
black lines from the costa and a pale yellow spot in the discal
cell ; dorsal margin broadly shining silky white. Hind wings
paler smoky yellow, with the markings of the upper side
faintly repeated. Body and legs pale yellow-brown, the
front tarsi yellow-white.

( )n the wing in June, July and the beginning of August.

JjARVA nearly an inch long, tapering at each end, segments
well divided ; prolegs slender, the anal pair extended behind
in line with the body ; head pale semi-translucent drab,
finely dotted on the crown with black, the lobes freckled
at the sides with brown, and having a pair of black dots over
the mouth ; second segment of the same pale colour, freckled
at the sides with light brown and having there a conspicuous
elongated black dot ; on the dorsal portion of this segment
is a broad triangle of rich semi-translucent full green, which
is continued as a dorsal stripe of equal breadth to the
eleventh segment, whence it becomes gradually narrower to
the thirteenth, having within it a darker pulsating vessel;
this green stripe is bordered on either side by a rather
narrower stripe of opaque white, ragged and shading off at
its outer edge ; sides rich translucent full green, inclining a.

PVRAUSTJD.-E—BOTVS. 205

little, ia part, to bluish-green ; spiracular stripe yellowish-
white, extending to the anal prolegs, having throughout its
course, on every segment, a concave upper and a straight
lower edge, thickening the stripe at each segmental division,
and thinning it in the middle, just where each round black
spiracle is placed upon it ; undersurface very pale watery-
green with an even paler line under the spiracles ; raised
spots of the colour of the surface on which they occur, but with
a central black dot bearing a fine hair ; the whole skin very
glossy and shining. (Condensed from Mr. Buckler's
description.)

August and September, on Teucrium scorodonia (wood-
sage), hiding in the daytime under a leaf where it has con-
structed a faint covering of white silk, when older sometimes
uniting two leaves slightly together; eating holes in the
leaves from the underside.

Pupa three-eighths of an inch long, moderately slender ;
thorax slightly keeled ; spiracles on the fixed segments of the
abdomen rather prominent and larger than those on the
flexible rings ; wing-covers long ; leg and antenna-covers
longer still ; abdomen tapering, the anal segment rather
blunt, cremaster prolonged and more pointed, furnished with
two minute converging bristles ; colour shining ochreous-
brown. In an oval cocoon about half an inch long, of tough
grey silk covered with sand, in the ground. In this cocoon
the larva lies through the winter, assuming the pupa state in
the spring.

The moth hides during the day among its food-plant, the
wood-sage, usually preferring open patches of the plant on
heaths, or rough ground, or loose sandy woods of larch or
fir; but is seldom to be found where the plant grows upon
hedge-banks, or in dense woods. It keejos quite closely to
these patches, and is not very willing to move in the day,
though a few specimens may usually be trodden up. These,
however, bear but a small proportion to the number that

2of) LEPIDOl'TERA.

iiiny be seen flitting over the plants in the early dusk. Quite
a local sjiecies with us, but tolerably plentiful iu suitable spots
ill Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Herts, Gloucester-
shire, Cambridgeshire, Sufl'olk, and Norfolk. It is reported
to have been taken near Sheffield, Yorkshire, but this re-
quires confirmation. Otherwise it appears to be restricted
to the range above given, so far as these Islands are con-
cerned. Abroad it has a wide distribution — Central Europe,
Northern Spain, Dalmatia, Sicily, Southern and Western
Eussia, Syria, Asia Minor, India and Japan ; Morocco and
other parts of Northern Africa.

1 1 . B. sambucalis, Bchijf'. — Expanse ^ to 1 inch. All
the wings shining dark olive-grey ; the fore wings with
three yellowish-white spots before the second line, and
similar blotches toward the apex ; hind wings similarly
spotted.

Antenn;e of thr male simple, dark lirown ; palpi small.
rather bluntly porrected, tufted, dark brown ; head and
thorax black-brown ; abdomen similar, slender, each seg-
ment faintly edged with pale yellow. Fore wings elongateti
but rather blunt ; costa arched beyond the middle ; apex
squarely angulated ; hind margin gently rounded ; blackish
grey-brown, or olive-grey with a golden gloss ; first line very
obscurely black, nearly erect ; second line bent very widelj'
outward and then curved up, yellowish-white, expanding as
it approaches the costa into a large, somewhat triple, yellow-
white spot ; lying within the curve of the second line is a
still larger, rounded, clear yellow-white spot ; and between
two black dots which represent the orbicular and reniform
stigmata is a rather squared spot of the same pale colour,
having another, smaller, beneath it; hind-marginal region
faintly clouded with yellowish-white, and edged with black
dots ; cilia shining black-brown. Hind wings not elongated
but well rounded ; black-brown with a golden gloss ; in the
middle area are three large whitish spots ; and following

PYRAUSTID.^—BOTYS. 207

these is a dotted yellow curved transverse line ; cilia shining
black-brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings a repetition of the upper, but
rather paler, and the vellow-white markings a little ex-
panded ; in the hind wings these pale markings, with the
addition of a large basal yellowish blotch, almost absorb the
whole area. Body as on the upper side ; legs yellowish-
white.

A little variable in the size of the pale spots on the upper
surfaces. On the wing in June, July and August, in one
generation.

Larva rather spindle-shaped, and having the appearance
as though stretched ; anal prolegs extended ; head also
somewhat so, rounded and flattened, semi-translucent, white,
antennal papillae distinctly noticeable ; general colour whitish-
green ; dorsal stripe dark gi'een, edged on either side with
cloudy white, which, however, is interrupted and shaded to
green on every segment ; below the subdorsal line the whole
surface is paler green, shading still paler below, except that
a faintly darker spot appears at the sides of the third seg-
ment ; raised dots white ; legs, ventral prolegs, and also
the whole extended anal prolegs semi-transparent white.

August and September on elder {^Sambucas clulics and
8. niger), feeding on the leaves ; living extended on their
undersides, where it draws the portion between two side-ribs
into a hollow, in which it remains covered by a broad trans-
parent shining white web.

Pupa light brown ; not moi-e fully described ; in a silken
cocoon among fallen leaves or on the bark of the tree ; the
winter being passed in this cocoon, as a larva, and pupation
taking place in the spring.

The moth sits during the day on the undersides of the
leaves of its food-plant, the common elder, and is easily
shaken or beaten out, when it tiies lazily to a similar hiding-

2o8 I.EPIDOl'TERA

place. In the evening it is a familiar object, Hying gently
in almost every garden. Very common in those of the
suburbs of London, and also to be found in plenty throughout
the Southern, Eastern, Western and Midland Counties of
England ; less common or even rare in the North, and I do
not find any record of its occurrence in Scotland — though it
can scarcely be altogether absent. In Wales I know it to be
plentiful in the Southern Counties but except at Colwyn
Bay have no information as to North Wales. In Ireland it
is widely distributed but is said not to be common. Abroad
it is widely distributed throughout Central Europe, becoming
larger and paler in colour in Swiss Mountain districts ; and
is found in Sicily, Livonia, Finland, Dalmatia, Greece,
Bithynia, Armenia, Siberia, Tartary, and Northern Africa.

12. B. stachydalis, Zinck. — Expanse f to | inch (18-
23 mm.). All the wings shining dark olive-grey or blackish-
brown ; the fore wings having two yellowish-white spots
before the second line, and the apical region dotted with the
same colour ; two similar spots and a row of dots appear on
the hind wings.

Antennae of the male simple, bronzy brown ; palpi con-
spicuously porrected, blunt, dark brown; head and thorax
black-brown ; abdomen grey-brown with a slender whitish
edge to each segment ; anal tuft rather pointed. Fore wings
not elongated ; costa arched beyond the middle ; apex rather
squarely angulated ; hind margin nearly perpendicular, but
cui'ved off below ; black-brown with a faint golden sheen ;
first line hardly perceptibly blacker ; second line much curved
outwards, formed of small whitish dots or crescents edged
with black ; embraced in its larger curve is a yellowish-
white spot of fair size, and between the very obscure blacker
stigmata another, rather squared ; before this a small pale
dot lies in the discal cell ; subterminal line a faint curved
series of whitish dots ; cilia sluuing black-brown. Hind
wings rather ample, rounded behind, but the apex angulated ;

P YRA USTIDM—BOTYS. 209

black-browa with three large dull white spots near the
middle, followed by a curved transverse series of similar
dots ; another series of still smaller dots lies along the hind
margin ; cilia shining black-brown. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings very like the upper, but there
is an additional white spot on the dorsal margin of the fore
wings, and much more white in the basal half of the hind.
Body dark grey, slenderly barred with white ; legs grey and
white.

On the wins; in June, July, and the beginning of August.

Larva spindle-shaped, the anal segment produced, and the
anal jjrolegs extended behind ; head small, rather projecting,
pale brownish-j-ellow ; body greenisli-white with bright
gi'een dorsal and subdorsal stripes uniting in a green bar on
the second segment ; ventral prolegs slender and rather splay ;
raised dots white and the skin very glassy in appearance.
When quite full grown the head becomes faintly brown, the
body pale primrose-yellow and the lines almost transparent.

August to October on Stacliys sylvatica, S. arvcnsis, and
,S. ainhigva (species of woundwort), feeding on the leaves,
eating out wide spaces from the underside, where it forms an
open tube or chamber by partially rolling the soft portion of
the leaf. It spins its silken cocoon in a hollow or rotten
.stick, or a bit of dead stem of the food-plant or of an
umbelliferous plant, and there lies unchanged until the
following May or June.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

The moth has unusually secret and retiring habits. It
spends the day in the midst of a thick tuft of Stacliys close
to the ground, very often in a ditch, or in the thickest tangle
of a mixture of bramble and woundwort, and even when
disturbed keeps fluttering timidly closer into the same
hiding-place, and creeping in among the rubbish and dead
leaves. If driven out of this patch it flies hastily to the

VOL. i.\. O

2IO LEPIDOPTERA.

next. Even at early dusk it is hardly to be seen away from
these plants. First noticed and recorded in this country in
1875, when I took it in Pembrokeshire; but it had simply
been overlooked, since specimens were at once found mixed
with B. Hccmhucnlis in several collections. Attention being
thus drawn to this species, it has since been found locally in
Kent, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, and rarely in Norfolk and
Suffolk. In Pembrokeshire, where it was first noticed, it
proved to be fairly common, but I have no other record for
Wales, nor for any other portion of the United Kingdom,
j^.broad it is widel}- distributed in Central Europe, and inhabits
Northern Spain, Sardinia, Greece, and South Sweden.

13. B. crocealis, Siih. — Expanse I to nearly 1 inch
(21-24 mm.). Pore wings shining rich ochreous-yellow,
with two brownish-yellow transverse lines, the second bend-
ing and curving gently outwards. Hind wings yellowish-
white with faint smok}'' clouding.

Antennas of the male simple, yellow-brown, the back of
the shaft white ; palpi rather long, deeply tufted, pointed ;
yellow ; head and thorax orange-yellow ; abdomen slender,
yellowish-white with grey dusting, and the anal tuft yellow.
Fore wings not elongated ; costa arched ; apex angulated ;
hind margin rather perpendicular, but curved off below ;
colour rich yellow, tinged along the costa with ochreous, and
finely dusted all over with the same ; first line very slender,
nearly erect, but curved above the middle, orange-brown ;
second line of the same colour, erect from the dorsal margin,
but just below the middle bent broadh' outward and then
curved up to the costa ; discal spot an orange-brown
crescent ; cilia shining greyish-yellow. Hind wings rather
long ; apex angulated ; hind margin sinuous ; shining white
with smoky clouding, and a faint ill-defined smoky border ;
cilia white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings dark smoky-yellow, shining
white along the dorsal margin ; the discal spot and second

PVRArSTID.^—BOT)-S. 211

line faintly indicated. Hind wings smoky-white, dorsal
portion white, apex dark ; a faint indication of a smoky line
crosses the middle. Body and legs shining white.

On the wins' from the end of June till August ; in one
generation.

Larva rather plump, sluggish, very pale green with darker
dorsal and subdorsal lines ; head black ; dorsal plate pale
green with a black bar at each side ; spiracles and centres of'
the raised dots black.

October till June, on Inula dijsentcrica (fleabane) and
/. conyza (ploughman's spikenard), feeding on the young
leaves and eating out the heart ; making a chamber by
uniting two young leaves together, or when young by turning
down the edge of a leaf, and hybernating in such turned-
dosvn portions.

Pupa slender, the wing- and leg-covers rather long and
projecting a little in front, their surfaces rather dull but
quite smooth and without sculpture; dorsal surface also dull
and almost without punctures ; abdominal segments more
glossy and very smooth ; cremaster rather long and projecting^
spud-shaped, tipped with minute curled bristles ; whole
surface deep pitchy-brown except the interstices of segments;
and edges of wing-covers, which are ^jaler. In a loose
cocoon between leaves upon its food-plant. The transforma-
tions in this species are not retarded.

The moth sits constantly upon its food-plant during the
day, resting on the underside of a leaf, on a leaf-stalk, or
anywhere upon the beloved plant, hanging back by its slender
legs as though on tiptoe. If disturbed it readily flies, but
only to a short distance, to another plant, but is not much
inclined to conceal itself near the ground. At early dusk it
flits gently about the same patches of plants. Common
throughout the Southern, Western, and Eastern Counties of
England, wherever its food-plants are found, but apparently-

312 LEPIDOPTERA.

very much less so in the Midlands, where the only record
that I find is in StafTordshire. Also occurring in Yorkshire,
Lancashire, Westmoreland, and very rarely in Durham. In
Wales it is pretty common in I'embrokesliire, and doubtless
has a wide distribution. In Scotland the only record that I
find is at Rothesay, Bute. In Ireland, near Dublin, and in
Wicklow and Galway. Abroad it seems to be common
throughout Central and Southern Europe, and to occur in
Bithynia and Armenia.

14. B. ferrug'alis, Huh. — E.vpanse f to | inch
(19-22 mm.). Fore wings narrow, tawny, with dark
brown stigmata and slender transverse lines. Hind wings
pale smoky-brown or smoky-white.

Antenna? of male simple, shining, light-brown ; palpi
long, pointed, almost porrected or else drooping a little, red-
brown ; head and thorax chestnut-red ; abdomen slender,
pale grey-brown, each segment edged with paler ; anal tuft
paleyellow-browu. Fore wings narrow ; costa arched beyond
the middle ; apex angulated ; hind margin oblique, almost
straight ; colour orange-brown ; first line faintly suggested
by small blackish clouds ; immediately beyond is a large
flattened ring of black dusting forming an orbicular stigma ;
reniform stigma deeper black, but much obscured by its in-
clusion in a large smoky black discal spot ; second line an
oblique series of cloudy black dots or crescents between
nervures ; subterminal line a faint shade of similar dots :
cilia shining leaden-brown with a row of black dots along
their base. Hind wings rather long and ample, rounded
behind ; smoky brown with a large paler central blotch,
through which runs an obscure irregular darker line; margin
also darker brown ; extreme hind margin dotted with black ;
cilia shining smoky white- with a yellov\ish line along the
base. Female similar, or often of a paler shade of colour.

Underside of the fore wings smoky brown, with darker
nervures ; also paler spots along the costa and hind n^.argin

FYRAl'STJ/K-E—DO'DS 2ij

and with three or four black spots near the apex of the costa.
Hind wings smoky white with four black dots in the anterior
half and a row of the same along the hind margin; between
are two partial transverse lines of dark dusting. Body
and legs whitish-brown.

Variable in the ground colour of the fore wings, from
dark tawny-brown to pale yellow-brown.

On the wing in .June, July, August, September and
October, even rarely in December. Most irregular in times
of appearance. Usually a few specimens are seen in June,
but in 1880 it was abundant in that month ; usually far more
common in the autumn, at which time in certain years it
appears in multitudes. It is still quite uncertain whether
there are two or even three generations in the year, or even
whether the latest autumn specimens hybernate and re-
ap])ear in June ; but very probably there is only one gene-
ration emerging at intervals.

Larva moderately stout along the middle of the body, and
attenuated at both ends ; head flattened, widest near the
mouth, which is prominent, pale drab, front margins of the
lobes freckled with brown, and a group of similar freckles on
each cheek ; mouth and a transverse streak above it light
brown ; the ocelli black ; dorsal region opaque, cream colour
or very pale yellowish-drab, this colour narrow and faint on
the third or fourth segment, widening and strengthening
along the middle segments, and narrowing towards the end ;
dorsal stripe dark translucent green ; thoracic segments
broadly tinged on the back with similar green ; dorsal
colouring banded on each side by a very hue Hue of dark
translucent green, and this by an opaque whitish line which
originates on the second segment; well relieved below by a
broad stripe of the darker green or greyish-green ; spiracles
creamy-white ; undersurface and legs clear watery-green with
also a faint tinge of flesh colour ; on either side of the second
segment are two velvety black spots, one in front elongate-

214 LEPIDOPTERA.

oval, one behind it small and round ; raised dots green at
the top, bearing a fine h.iir. (Condensed from -Mr. Buckler's
•description.)

September and October, on Ewpatorinm cannabinum (hemp
agrimony), Stack i/s pahtstris (woundwort), burdock, straw-
berry and other plants; noticed abroad on a thistle {CirMiuii
palustre) and on Aster amcllus. Feeding on their leaves and
living on the undersides.

Pl'PA about five-sixteenths of an inch in length ; eyes
prominent ; thorax well developed ; wing-, leg-, and an-
tenna-cases long ; cremaster small, pointed, furnished with
two curled-topped spines crossing each other ; four rows of
minute warts with single hairs pointing forwards are visible
down the back of the thorax and abdomen ; the surface of
the head, thorax, and wing-covers, and the last ring of the
abdomen are brilliantly glossy : the other segments dull ;
■colour black, save in the segmental divisions, which are shining
brown. In a cocoon formed of a portion of a leaf cut out and
drawn round, and lined with silk. (W. Buckler.)

The moth hides during the day in hedges and bushes,
particularly in sallow-bushes growing in marshy places, and
does not seem to attach itself to any particular food- plant. At
dusk it flies freely, and in autumn is exceedingly fond of the
iuice of blackberries, sitting upon them at night to feed, but
dashing wildly at the light when approached with a lantern.

The uncertainty in its times of appearance, and in its
abundance, seems to call for some further remark. The sea-
coast is perhaps its favourite resort, but even there the same
uncertainty prevails. In my own recollection this insect had
been so uncommon at all times of the year, for a number of
years, that when in 1865 it suddenly appeared in abundance
flying out of every hedge in answer to the beating-stick, it
was welcomed as afibrding a good opportunity for filling my
own series and lielping my friends. This occurred in the

PYRAUSTID.^—BOTYS. 215

autumn, particularly in September and October, and it had
then only been found in single casual specimens in the early
summer. Afterwards it was by no means so scarce for
several seasons, and twelve years later it suddenly appeared
in numbers in June — then disappeared, so that on its ap-
pearance again in plenty in August and September a second
brood was announced and believed in, and when another
fresh emergence, of darker specimens, took place in October
and November, it was recognised as a third generation. This
may have been correct, but also may only have consisted of
specimens retarded in cocoon in the larva state ; or, on the
other hand, it is possible tbat immigrations may have taken
place. This last view is supported by the fact that this
species has been taken at sea in the act of migration. The
belief in hybernation seems to arise from the circumstance
that June specimens are usually paler and yellower than
those that appear later in the year, yet they have not a worn
appearance, and when, as in 1877 and in 1880, an abundance
of the moths was taken in June, there had been no correspond-
ing abundance in the preceding autumns. The larva seems to
have been noticed only in the autumn months, and of those
reared a portion have assumed the pupa state and appeared
as moths within a few days, while others have laid over until
the following year, even remaining eleven months in cocoon,
as larva and pupa. In addition to all its other irregularities,
I have known it to be attracted by a strong light in Dcccmhcr.
In the uncertain and irregular manner detailed above,
found in almost all parts of England, most plentifully in the
south, and on the coast to Yorkshire; scarce in Durham,
possibly absent from the other three Northern Counties, yet
found in Scotland, in Fife, Aberdeen, Ayrshire, Wigtown-
shire, and Kirkcudbright. In Wales, in Glamorganshire,
Pembrokeshire, Carnarvonshire and Flintshire ; in Ireland
on the Dublin Coast, at Cork, Monaghan and Tyrone. Abroad
it has a wide range, through Central and Southern Europe,
Syria, Asia Minor, India, Afghanistan, Japan, Madeira, the

2l6 LEPIDOPTERA.

Canaries, the Azores ; Egypt, Morocco aud other parts of
Northern Africa, the Congo State and Natal.

15. B. forficalis, L. — Expanse 1 to l^^inch. Fore wings
rather narrow and pointed ; pale straw-colour with long
oblique palo brown shades and lines. Hind wings dull white
with a faint slender brown transverse line.

Antennie of the male simple, pale brown, back of the shaft
white ; palpi not very long, slightly drooping, tufted and
pointed ; head and thorax pale brownish-drab ; abdomen
long and slender, tapering, whitish-drab. Fore wings long
and pointed ; costa arched beyond the middle ; apex angu-
lated; hind margin veiy oblique and slightly curved; the
usual lines altered into three double red-brown stripes
running very obliquely outward, the middle one proceeding
straight into the apex of the wing and there being blackened ;
discal spot elongated, red-brown, with a whitish streak in
its base ; through this runs the altered first line, the second,
quite parallel, being that which runs to the apex ; the third,
fainter, more slender, and almost ]iarallel, evidently repre-
sents the usual subterminal line ; another pale brown line
lies along the hind margin ; cilia straw-colour. Hind wings
short but broad and fully rounded ; yellowish-white, with
a partial transverse brown line beyond the middle, and a
slender one along the hind margin ; cilia yellowish-white.
Female similar, but with the body shorter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky whitish-brown, browner
along the costa ; discal spot smoky-brown ; beyond it is a
line of black dusting placed in the v.sual position of a second
line, not in that of the upperside. Hind wings yellowish-
white with a comj)lete brown line beyond the middle. Body
and legs yellow-brown.

On the wing in May, June, July, and August, probably in
two generations.

Larva stout, fusiform, slightly hairy; head shining
brownish -green, mouth dark brown ; a brown horny plate

PYRA L'STID.-ii.-~BOTyS. 217

on tiie second segment ; general colour yelluwisli-green, the
dorsal stripe pulsating, darker green ; spiracular stripe rather
broad, pale yellow, edged above with a dark green shade ;
raised spots black, each centred with a white dot emitting a
long pale hair ; a dark green line lies above the legs and
prolegs. (C. Fenn.) Before spinning up it changes to an
almost uniform glossj' pale green, but with the dorsal stripe
narrower and more distinct. (G. T. Porritt.)

September to November (and Kollar says May to July), on
cabbage, horseradish, turnip, hedge-mustard and other
Cruciferis. It has also been found on currant (Eihes), and
was reared by the Eev. Hugh A. Stowell from green peas.
Schmid says, " in July in companies on Sisi/inbriuiii aUiaria,
on the undersides of the leaves, in which it eats holes. Then
in autumn on varieties of the cabbage, especially the cole-
worts ; hybernating unchanged in the leaf-stem or in a
swelling of the stem." It feeds only at night.

Pupa rather stout, anal extremity without projection ; dull
opaque yellow. In a strong silken cocoon on the surface of
the earth. (C. Fenn.)

The moth hides among herbage or bushes in the daytime,
and is not then very willing to fly, but makes its appearance
at early dusk, and is a common inhabitant of every garden
in the London suburbs, and throughout England, Wales,
and Ireland ; also in Scotland to Moray, Perthshire and
Argj'le. Abroad it is found almost all over Europe, to
Turkey, where it is common ; also in Armenia, Central Asia,
the Himalayan and other liill districts of India, and in Japan,
where it is quite normal.

16. B. lutealis, Rau\ — Expanse f to 1 inch (21-25 mm.).
Fore wings rather wide behind, shining creamy-white, with
soft yellow-brown lines and discal rings. Hind wings white,
shaded and tipped with smoky-black.

Antennas of the male simple, ciliated, shining white with

2i8 LEPIDOPTERA.

the cilia brown ; palpi elongated, pointed, pori-ected, dark
brown, the inner side white ; head and thorax brownish-
white ; abdomen sliining silvery-white. Fore wings rather
broadened ; costa flatly arched ; apex angulated ; hind margin
very little oblique, straight but rounded ott' below; creamy-
white with a faint browner tinge toward the costa and
especially along the subcostal nervure ; the markings all
yellow-brown and very delicate ; first line indented and
rather erect but faint ; second line erect from near the anal
angle, then bending sharply inward and out again so as to
form a wide loop, thence direct to the costa ; subterminal
line, just beyond it, faint and rather straight, but towards its
upper end forming an oblique brown streak which runs into
the apex ; orbicular stigma a large ring ; reniform stigma
broad and filled up by a faint tint of the same yellow-brown ;
along the extreme hind margin is a brown line ; cilia creamy-
white. Hind wings broad and ample ; apex angulated ;
hind margin rather sinuous; smoky-white, with a curved
smoke-coloured transverse line beyond the middle ; and a
broader and more obscure similar cloudy band before the
hind margin, which last is edged with a brown line ; cilia
white. Female similar but a little smaller and its body
rather shorter and thicker.

Underside of the fore wings smoke-colour with darker
nervures and whitish cilia. Hind wings smoky-white, much
clouded with darker at the base, in the middle, and toward
the apex ; cilia white. Body and legs creamy-white.

Very little variable, but occasionally a specimen has the
brown colour of the markings distributed over the anterior
wings.

On the wing in July and August.

Lakva three-quarters of an inch long, tapering in front
and a little behind ; segments well defined and plump
beneath, each divided across the back by a deep wrinkle;
head pale, semi-pellucid yellowish-brown, blotched with a

PYRAUSTID.-E—BOTVS. 219

deeper tint of the same ; second segment bright transparent
yellowish-green, and near the end of this two subdorsal
yellowish stripes begin to appear as mere lines, broadening
in the following segments and becoming broad opaque
primrose-yellow stripes, edged above by a narrow, trans-
parent green dorsal stripe, and below by another such stripe,
meltincf off into srreenish-white on the undersurface ; anal
flap sulphur-yellow ; spiracles small and pale ; skin glossy ;
raised dots either of the ground colour, or tipped with green
on the yellow stripe. When quite full-fed it loses its dis-
tinctive colours and becomes uniform light amber-yellow.
(Condensed from Mr. Buckler's description.)

May and June, on thistle, bramble {Ruhus corylifoliua),
Stachijs sylvatica, knapweed, sorrel, coltsfoot, strawberry,
plantain, buttercup, and other low-growing plants ; feeding
under a slight web on the underside of a leaf. There seems
to be no evidence as to the condition in which the winter is
passed — whether in the egg or as a young larva.

Pupa broadest across the thorax, which is well formed ;
wing-covers of moderate length ; leg- and antenna-cases a
little longer and free at the end ; the fixed segments of the
abdomen slightly keeled at the back, and having very large
spiracles, while those on the movable and tapering segments
are of ordinary size ; each segment has five or six transverse
ridges, the most prominent being at the hinder edge ; cre-
master pointed and flattened, furnished with curly-topped
converging spines ; dull black, glistening a little on the
back, and becoming glossy on the two hinder segments. In
a cavity formed by folding down the side of a leaf or joining
two leaves, in an oval cocoon of thin, but strong, white silk.
(W. Buckler.)

The moth flies commonly late in the summer among
rough herbage, especially among thistles, on hill-sides,
coarse pastures, quarries, and rough ground generally, and
looks verv white as it flits about in the early dusk. During

320 I.F.PIDOPTERA.

tlie clay it hides among tlie same plants and is easily disturbed
by the passing footstep, flying but a short distance, and
often settling again upon a grass-culm, from which it
swings loosely at the length of its legs, and then has a very
graceful appearance. Generally distributed throughout
England, and very common in Northern and Western dis-
tricts, less so in the South ; also probably to be found in
most parts of Wales, though the only records seem to be my
own in Pembrokeshire, and the statement by Mr. G. O. Day
that it is " generally common " in North Wales ; in Scot-
land to be found throughout the Lowlands, and in the
valleys of the Highland Counties, extending to Moray,
Perthshire, and Dumbartonshire, and also found in the
Orkneys. In Ireland in the districts north of Dublin and
Gal way, extending to Derry and Donegal. Abroad its
range is a little uncertain, but it is found in Switzerland
and throughout the Alpine districts to the Hartz Mountains ;.
also in Western Russia, the Caucasus, and Mongolia.

17. B. decrepitalis, H.-S. — Expanse f to 1 inch
(18-25 ram.). Fore wings not elongated, brownish-white
clouded with dull pale umbreous ; stigmata and lines
obscure, confused with the pale-brown shading. Hind
wings dusky white with a narrow brown hind-border.

AntennsB of the male simple, pale yellow-brown ; palpi
porrected. rather thin, brown ; head and thorax pale yellow-
brown ; abdomen slender, brownish-white, with a shining
whiter edge to each segment. Fore wings moderately broad ;
costa flatly arched ; apex bluntly augulated ; hind margin
rather oblique, hardly curved ; dorsal margin somewhat full ;
colour pale yellow-brown or whitish-brown ; first lin&
scarcely indicated in darker clouding; second line oblique,
much indented, but direct and very little curved, pale brown \
a brownish cloud occupies the hind-marginal area aud is
darker below the apex : orbicular stigma, when visible, rouud
and faintly brown ; reniform stigma of the same colour, very

P YRA US TW.€—£ OTYS. 221

faint and cloudy ; between them is often a whitish cloud ;
extreme hind margin dotted with brown ; cilia brownish-
white. Hind wings rather elongated ; apex bluntly angulated ;
hind margin sinuous, brownish-white; a faint brown trans-
verse line lies beyond the middle, and a darker cloudy shade
alone the hind margin ; cilia dull white. Female similar but
rather whiter, especially so in the hind wings ; body shorter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-brown, shading more
to yellow-brown at the margins ; at the apex are several
black streaks, and a row of black dots lies along the hind
margin. Hind wings dusky white dusted with brown ; along
the hind margin is a series of black dots. Body and legs
shining brownish-white.

On the wing from May till August, probably in a single
generation.

Larva five -eighths to three-quarters of an inch long and
rather slender ; head polished, broader than the second, but
about as broad as the third segment, pale straw-colour, the
mandibles brown and the ocelli darker brown ; body cylin-
drical and of almost uniform width throughout ; skin
semitransparent ; ground colour pale yellow, but the green
internal parts make it appear at first to be of that colour ;
dorsal stripe a medium shade of green, edged on each side by
a broad whitisli stripe, subdorsal stripes of the same green
colour, followed by a whitish line above the spiracles, and
then by a waved whitish stripe along the spiracular region ;
ventral surface, legs and prolegs green, of the same shade as
the dorsal stripe. After ceasing to feed, and before sj)inniug
up, it becomes bright brownish-yellow, dorsal stripe browner
and the former whitish stripes lemon-yellow. (G. T. Porritt.)

July and August, on Lastrcea spimdosa, Athyrium filix-
fcemina, and f)robably on L. filix-mas, and other ferns. In
confinement Dr. Chapman has induced it to feed also on
Trifolium filiformc. It lives in a slight web on the under-
side of a I'roud. The winter is spent in a strong silken

222 LEriDOI'TERA.

cocoon, in which the change to pupa takes place in the
spring.

Pui'A apparently undescribed.

The habits of this moth are shy and secret ; when dis-
turbed it quickly slips away to another retreat close at hand.
It usually hides in dense tufts of male fern, brake and other
ferns in mountain ravines, or among the thick masses
of neighbouring whortleberry, especially frequenting damp
hollows. Mrs. Fraser found it also hiding in the bushes
of hazel overhanging such spots, and noticed that when dis-
turbed it usually flew to another similar bush. It is said at
times to sit by day upon the bracken and spread its wings
to enjoy the sunshine. Always confined to mountain dis-
tricts, and at present known only to occur in Scotland.
in Perthshire, Argyleshire, Dumbartonshire, Aberdeenshire,
Invernessshire, Argyleshire, and Sutherlandshire. Hitherto
it seems never to have been noticed among the mountains
of England, Wales, or Ireland. Abroad it inhabits the
Alpine districts of Central Europe, the mountains of Silesia,
Norway, Lapland, and North-West Russia.

18. B. olivalis, Scliiff. — Expanse | to 1 inch. (21-25
mm.). Fore wings broad and not pointed ; dark olive-
brown, with white central and costal spots. Hind wings
smoky-white, margined with pale brown.

Antenna^ of the male simple, shining, brownish-white ;
palpi porrected, brown ; head and thorax olive-brown ;
abdomen slender, shining, pale grey-brown. Fore wings
moderately broad ; costa flatly arched ; apex angulated ;
hind margin rather oblique but scarcely curved; colour dull
olive-brown ; the first and second lines hardly perceptibly
darker ; in the middle of the wing is a squared white spot in
the discal cell, and before this a small white dot; beyond it
are two yellowish-white dots on the costa, and beneath them,
in a line with the discal white spots, is another, equally

P YRA USTIDA-:~BO T YS. 223

white, and rather elongated ; another is, in some specimens,
obscurely visible near the base of the dorsal margin ; cilia
shining brown. Hind wings rather angulated at the apex,
rounded behind ; dusky-white, the hinder half shaded with
faint smoky-brown, and a cloudy band of blacker brown
lying along the hind margin ; cilia white, intersected by a
brown line. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings olive-brown ; costa white to
the middle, where is a long squared discal white spot ;
beyond are several white costal streaks ; hind margin edged
by a yellowish-white line in which is a series of black streaks.
Hind wings shining white ; the central spot a slender
crescent, smoky-black, as also is a dot at the end of the
cell ; beyond the middle is a slender curved transverse
smokj^-black line, and along the hind margin a series of
black streaks in a yellowish line. Body and legs shining
white.

Not very variable, but the smaller white spots of the fore
wings are not unfrequently absent.

On the wing from the end of Maj' till July.

Larva nearly an inch long, and of jaroportionate bulk ;
cylindrical, tapering very slightly at the extremities ;
segments plump, but with a depression across the middle ;
skin glossy and semitranslucent ; head shining, the lobes
rounded, grey marbled with black, the mandibles brown ;
general colour pale bluish-grey, sometimes with an under-
ground of pale green ; dorsal line dark green ; and a pale
greyish strijje, almost a ridge, lies along the spiracular region ;
raised dots large, glossy and intensely black ; ventral surface
and prolegs of the same colour as the dorsal area ; legs
black, highly polished ; immediately below the spiracular
stripe is a series of oval black spots, one on each segment ;
yet lower, each placed a little behind, is a similar series of
spots; and lower still one at the base of each leg and
proleg, whilst those segments which have neither legs

2 24 LEI'WOrrERA.

uor prolegs have three similar transverse spots. (G. T.
Porritt.)

Before spinning up it becomes of a pale yellow colour.

April, May, and June, on ground elder, nettle, hop, dog's-
mercury, woundwort, dock, Lycltais dioka,Gcdcohdolun luteuni,
and other herbaceous plants ; drawing together a leaf, or
two leaves, which it joins with silk, and living therein.
There seems to be no evidence as to the condition in which
the winter is passed — whether as a young larva or in the
egg-

Pupa rather slender and attenuated behind ; wing-cases
long and well defined ; eye-covers also distinct, and there is
a sharply defined ridge along the thorax ; colour of these
portions dark chocolate-brown ; of the underside of the
abdomen paler brown ; and of the divisions yellow. In a
silken cocoon between the leaves used as a larval habitation.
(G. T. Porritt.)

The moth usually hides in the hedges and bushes under
which it has fed as a larva, and is easily beaten or shaken
out, when it buzzes away to a similar hiding-place, often
alighting on a leaf, quite visibly, before again entering
the hedge. Exceedingly common throughout England and
Ireland, and doubtless Wales — though there so nearly dis-
regarded that I find only my own record in Pembrokeshire,
and Mr. Day's that it is generally common in North Wales ;
found also in the South of Scotland to Edinburgh and the
Clyde Valley ; but beyond this records appear to be wanting.
Abroad it seems to be restricted to Centi-al Europe, Livonia,
Finland, and Armenia.

19. B. priinalis, Schiff. — Expanse f to 1 inch. Fore
wings broad, blunt, dark grej'-brown with obscurely darker
stigmata and lines. Hind wings pale grey -brown.

Antennas of the male simple, shining, brown ; palpi rather
slender, porrected, dark-brown ; head and collar reddish-

P YRA US T/D.i:—BOT J 'S.

umbreous ; rest of thorax dark brown ; abdomen slender,
glossy grey-brown with rather noticeable lateral tufts. Fore
wings moderately broad ; costa arched ; s.^eyi angnlated ;
liiud margin rather oblique but nearly straight; dorsal
margin filled out ; colour grey-brown or dull umbreous ;
first line scarcely perceptible ; second line indicated by a
series of black dots edged with paler dusting ; orbicular and
reniform stigmata just visible by their darker brown margins ;
cilia glossy brown. Hind wings broad ; angulated at the
apes ; rounded behind ; rather paler brown with an obscurely
black central crescent and marginal dots ; cilia shining
brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-brown, shading paler
toward the base ; costa yellowish-brown, having, from the
middle to the apex five black spots; also two black clouds
in the discal cell. Hind wings brownish-white; central
spot a small black crescent ; beyond the middle is a curved
black transverse line, and along the hind margin a row of
triangular black dots. Body and legs browuish-white.

Kather variable in the distinctness of the markings ; and
in occasional examples the alternate yellowish-brown and
black spotting of the costa beyond the middle is visible on
the upperside of the fore wings. Sometimes the brown
colour of these wings is found to lean more distinctly toward
grey.

On the wing from June till the beginning of August.

Larva seven-eighths of an inch long, tapering a little at
each end; segments plump, and each divided by a deep
wrinkle ; head of an opaline tint ; mouth and tips of the
papillas brown; a blacK mark in the second segment is
somewhat after the form of a dumpy ninepin with a pro-
jecting knob at the end ; dorsal region bright deep transparent
green relieved by two brilliant broad opaque white subdorsal
stripes ; on these the raised dots show half green and half
white, each with a whitish hair ; spiracles minute, round and

VOL. IX. p

226 LF.riDOPTEKA.

cream-coloured, nuited by a visible whitish tracheal thread ;
below these the sides and legs watery translucent grey-green,
very pale, and like the rest of the skin, brilliantly glittering.
(W. Buckler — condensed.)

September and October, till April or May ; on various
species of dead-nettle (Lamium), wound-wort (Stachys), wood-
sage, stinging-nettle, common campion (LyrJniis), marjoram,
dog's-mercury, honeysuckle, elder, bramble, elm, and probably
many other plants, drawing together leaves, and living on
their undersides ; eating the leaves ; passing the winter upon
the plant in a white silken hybernaculum at the edge of a
leaf.

Pupa rather slender, tapering to each extremity ; eye-covers
prominent ; wing, antenna, and leg-covers long ; back of the
abdomen keeled on the four upper segments, and having a
row of minute raised dots on either side ; spiracles prominent,
cremaster furnished with two curly-topped, crossing, spines ;
head, thorax, and wing-covers pitchy black and glossy;
abdomen dull, black above, brown on the sides and below ;
the divisions orange-ochreous. (W. Buckler.) In a silken
cocoon within a folded and joined portion of a leaf.

This moth has one singular propensity. It hides during
the day, constantly, indeed almost exclusively, in bushes and
hedges of hlacktliorn {Prunus sjnnosa) — hence doubtless its
name. There does not appear to exist any record of the
finding of the larva on this plant, yet the attachment of
the moth thereto is notorious and self-evident, and I do
not remember an instance of its being found hiding among
any one of its numerous knovni food-plants. Wherever
blackthorn is found in the hedges it is abundant, easily
disturbedin the day-time, when it constantly returns to the
same dense shelter. Abundant almost throughout England,
Wales, and Ireland, though less common in Durham and
Northumberland ; and found in Scotland in Fife, Perthshire,
Dumbartonshire, the Clyde Valley, Argyleshire, and, curiously

P YRA US TIDM—PIONEA . 227

enough, in the Orknej's. Abroad found throughout Central
Europe, temperate Northern Europe, Northern Italy, Southern
France, and also in India and Japan.

Genus \. PIONEA.

Antennae simple, palpi minute ; tongue present ; face
squared and smooth ; head rough ; thorax smooth ; abdomen
not very long, not banded. Fore wings broad and blunt, the
discal cell narrow. Hind wings broad ; the cell short ; cross-
bar sharply angulated. Legs not very long.

We have two species, readily distinguished.

A. Fore wings yellow ; hind cloudy white.

B. Markings of fore wings reticulated in lines.

P. strainentalis.
B'. Markings of fore wings obscurely clouded.

P. margaritalis.

1. P. margaritalis, Sclrijf.; extimalis, ^'tomL Cat. —
Expanse l^ inch. Fore wings creamy-yellow with two
cloudy red-brown oblique lines ; and, extending in from the
hind margin, a broad lurid-brown cloud. Hind wings smoky-
white with a brown edging.

Antennas of the male simple but rather thick and densely
ciliated, yellow; palpi short and small, rather drooping,
yellow-brown ; head and thorax yellow, faintly tinged with
brown ; abdomen shining, pale greyish-yellow, moderately
slender. Fore wings rather broad ; costa straight to beyond
the middle, then arched ; apex bluntly angulated, almost
rounded ; hind margin very gently curved, and but little
oblique ; creamy-yellow ; first line obscurely clouded, deeply
bent, rust-red ; second line of the same colour, equally
obscure and clouded, very oblique ; beyond it the hind-
marginal region is broadly shaded with purple-brown, a
cloud thereof running inward in the middle ; cilia shining pale
purple. Hind wings broad, rounded behind ; semi-transparent.

228 LEPIDOPTERA.

wiiite. with a faint suioky tinge, and edged with yellow-brown
clouding ; cilia yellowish-white. Female similar, but with the
body a little stouter.

Underside of fore wings shining pale straw-colour, with
a jjurple tinge around the discal cell, and a faint partial
transverse line beyond it; hind margin tinged with purple.
Hind wings shining yellowish-white ; the front edge tinged
with orange. Body and legs straw-colour.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva. Head narrower than the second segment, into
which it can be partially withdrawn, slightly notched on the
crown, rough ; bodj' attenuated behind, segments of the body
divided each by a transverse fold. Head black, mouth and
papillae white ; a narrow ring round the neck pure white, as
also is the dorsal plate ; dorsal stripe yellow, intersected by a
narrow orange-yellow dorsal line ; on each side of this stripe
is a broad purple subdorsal stripe followed by a broad yellow
lateral stripe extending to below the spiracles, which are
black ; ventral surface smoky flesh-colour ; legs and prolegs
of the same colour ; raised dots black ; a black rough plate is
on each side of the second segment ; and a series of black
warts just above the prolegs. (E. Newman — condensed.)

August on tiinaim alha (white mustard), and S. ca-wnsis
(charlock), feeding on the gTeen seed vessels ; living in a
silken tent during the day and coming out at night to feed.
Schmid adds, on SisTjmhriuni officinale and Thlasjn arvcnse
in a transparent web on the flowers and green seeds. When
full grown it descends to the earth and constructs a tough
cocoon of silk and earth, in which it lives unchanged through-
out the winter ; assuming the pupa state in May.

Pita undescribed.

The moth hides during the day among its food plants and
is noticed especially to i'requent those which grow among
standing corn. At dusk it flies about their blossoniF, and has

P 1 7vM US TID.-E—PIONEA . 229

been known to come to light at night. Scarce and excessively
local, usually even rare, with us, but it is said to have been,
in one season, forty years ago, common in Cambridgeshire,
especially around Wicken Fen. This district has since then
been usually its principal haunt though it has been seldom
taken. Formerly it was reported to occur at Deal, and more
recently at Folkestone, both in Kent ; also in the Isle of
Wight ; a single specimen was secured at light at New-
bury, Berks, and one at Mile End, London. Others have
recently occurred at Tuddenham, Suffolk — where Mr. E.
Sparke tells me that it is not rare — at Woodstock, Oxford-
shire ; and in Norfolk ; and now it is found, as Mr. A. E.
Gibbs informs me, in Herts. In many recent years, never-
theless, it has certainly been generally a rare insect ; and I
have no knowledge of its existence in any other portions of
the British Isles than those just mentioned. Abroad it seems
to be found all over Europe, except in the Spanish Penin-
sula and the polar regions ; also in Lydia, Siberia, Tartary,
Japan, and apparently some portions of North America.

2. P. stramentalis, Hub. ; straminalis, StaiuL Cat.
— Expanse 1 to 1^ inch. Fore wings shining straw-yellow,
clouded with brown behind, the nervures, transverse lines,
and edges of stigmata reddish-brown, giving it a latticed
appearance. Hind wings white, edged with brown.

Antennae simple, finely ciliated, brown ; palpi small and
slender, brown, the maxillary pair perceptible, pointed ; face
brownish white ; top of the head spotted with black ; thorax
pale yellow, tinged in front with yellow-brown ; abdomen
slender, dull white. Fore wings broad ; costa arched ; apex
squarely angulated ; hind margin rounded and very full ;
dorsal margin also filled out ; colour straw-yellow ; nervures
all tinged with red-brown, and there is between them some
dusting of the same colour ; first line oblique, slender,
strongly waved, red-brown ; second line similar in colour,
slender, more direct, bent back at the costa; near the hind

2;i.> r PfiDOPTERA

margin is a cloudy stripe composed of reddish-brown or olive-
brown atoms, placed in crescents, and bending awa}' from
tlie margin above the middle to return below the apex ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata faintly ringed with red-
brown ; extreme hind margin edged with a line of the same
colour ; cilia yellow, intersected and dashed with a similar
tint, all these markings combining to i^roduce a prettily
latticed effect. Hind wings broad, angulated at the apex,
and rounded behind ; white with faint grey shading ; along
the hind margin is a distinct brown line, broadened toward
the aj)ex ; near it but within is a slender similar transverse
line ; cilia cloudy white. Female similar.

Undersides of the fore wings whitish-yellow ; nervures
reddish-brown ; costa, second line, discal spot, and a broad
hind-marginal stripe dark brown, the latter ceasing below
the middle. Hind wings shining yellowish-white with a very
delicate curved line of small brown dots beyond the middle
and a similar but more clouded line along the hind margin ;
cilia dashed with the same colour. Body and legs pale
yellow.

On the wing from June till the beginning of August.

Larva seven-eighths of an inch long, thick in proportion
but tapering a little at each end ; anal prolegs extended
behind in a line with the body ; head glossy black ; mouth
green edged with black ; papill;\) colourless ; side margins
of the dorsal plate glossy black ; hair-bearing raised dots
similar ; dorsal area dark green ; sjjiracular strijje bright deep
jrellow ; immediately below it is a pale primrose or whitish
stripe ; spiracles round, yellowish brown with the centres
shining black ; undersurface dingy drab-green ; legs greenish ;
prolegs almost colourless. When full fed it contracts a little,
the dorsal region becomes bright purplish-violet, more shining
than before; but two days later it ceases to eat, the spiracular
dtripes lose their brilliancy, and in a few hours it spins up.
(W. Buckler — condensed.)

P J 'RA CS7 ID^-E — PIONEA . 231

August and the early part of September, on Barharm.
vulgaris, Sinapis (o-rnisis, and other Crucifcrce, especially
those which grow in wet woods ; feeding upon the leaves,
and resting contentedl}', side by side, on the leaf, near to the
stalk, when not eating. A suspicion that it does mischief to
corn by feeding in the stalks proves to be quite erroneous,
and apparently unfounded.

Pupa rather thick, with the wing-cases long ; surface
smooth and glossy; eye-covers and abdomen dark brown;
wing-covers light yellow-brown marked with dark brown,
and having the nervures in high relief ; remaining surfaces
brown; last segment of the abdomen a little prolonged and
rounded off at the tip. In a broad oval cocoon, in which
the larva remains unchanged through the winter, pupating
in the spring. (W. Buckler.)

This is a somewhat gregarious species, widely distributed
yet restricted to small localities, such as wet woods, bushy
marshes, bottoms of wooded valleys, and among tall under-
growth full of grass and herbage. In such places it may
sometimes be found in abundance, not another specimen
occurring, outside the favoured spot, for many miles. Here
it is easily disturbed in the day time, fluttering from one
hiding-place to another. At dusk it flies freely; and later
at night may be attracted by light. Formerly to be found
close to the suburbs of London, whence it seems now to have
departed. Still existing, and sometimes abundant — if only
in one wood in a county — in Kent, Surrey, Susses, Hants
with the Isle of Wight, Berks, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk.
Norfolk, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire ; but so far as I
know not extending beyond these limits in England, nor
recorded from Wales nor Scotland. In Ireland locally abun-
dant in Cork, Kerry, Westmeath, Shgo, Fermanagh, Cavan,
and Tyrone.

Abroad it has an extensive range through Central Europe,
Southern France, Italy, Dalmatia, Livonia, Finland, and

«32 LEPIDOPTERA.

Southern Russia ; also iu North Amei-ica, through New
York State, New England, and Nova Scotia, to Esquinialt.

Genus 5. NASCIA.

Antennae thick, simple ; palpi drooping, slender ; tongue
long; head rough; thorax with long scales; abdomen
moderately thick, tapering. Fore wings broad and blunt ;
cell short ; hind wings broad, with the cell wide, and the
cross-bar angulated. Legs not long, rather thickly covered
with scales.

We have but one species.

\. N. cilialis, Hnh. — Expanse 5 to 1 inch. Fore wings
pale yellow, with all the nervures purple-red, the costal and
hind margins clouded with the same colour, and extreme
hind margin purple-black. Hind wings white.

Antennte simple, ciliated, pale yellow-brown ; palpi slender,
drooping, orange-brown, white above ; head shining white ;
thorax yellow-brown, darker in front ; abdomen tapering,
yellowish-white. Fore wings rather broad ; costa arched ;
apex angulated ; hind margin gently rounded ; colour yellovi' ;
costa broadly shaded with purple-red ; all the nervures of
the same colour, and the hind margin clouded with the same,
but narrowly edged with purple-black or lead-black ; some-
times the usual second line is faintly indicated, purple-red,
and verj' oblique ; cilia glossy white. Hind wings broad ;
rounded behind ; white, with a very faint brownish dusting
between the nervures ; cilia shining white Female similar.

Underside of the fore vyings yellowish-white ; the nervures
leaden-brown ; hind wings white. Body and legs white.

A little variable in the depth of colour of the nervures,
and in the presence or absence of the oblique line.

On the wing in June and July.

Laeva one inch long ; slightly spindle-shaped : the anal
prolegs rather extended behind, and the whole aspect as

P \ 'RA US TID.£—NA SCIA . 233

though drawn out to extreme length ; head rather flattened,
the lobes rounded, pale drab, the dorsal and subdorsal stripes
expressed, the former as a slender edge to each lobe, above, and
the latter as a stripe along its middle ; general colour bright
yellow ; dorsal stripe narrow, dark purple, edged on each
side by a thin white line ; these are closely followed by the
subdorsal stripes, broad, and of a rich crimson-purple, in
which the raised dots are distinctly visible and shining ;
below this the whole lateral surface is bright primrose-yellow,
wrinkled and showing a faint ridge ; undersurface, legs, and
prolegs paler yellow, the latter shaded in front with purple.
(From larvEe furnished for the purpose of this work by Mr.
W. H. B. Fletcher.)

August to October ; on Cladium inariscus, C'arex riparia,
and other sedges. Very sluggish, remaining during the day
on a leaf of the food-plants, closely pressed to it, and out-
stretched ; if disturbed, moving very slowly. !More lively
at night, eating into the edges of the leaf-blades. When
young more active, and if touched disposed to wriggle and
throw itself about. At this time its colour is a far paler
yellow, and the purple-pink stripes are narrow and less
extended.

Pupa 10 mm. long, the wing-cases well marked, those of
the posterior wings projecting beyond those of the anterior ;
the antennal cases curve outwards at their tips round those
of the wings ; the thirteenth segment ends with a long, red,
flattened, horny process which bears four pairs of hooked
spines; head, thorax, limb-cases, and upper abdominal seg-
ments nearly black ; posterior segments yellowish below,
shading into dark brown on the back. In an opaque papery
cocoon in an old reed-stem, in which the larva passes the
winter, assuming the pupa state early in June. (W. H. B.
Fletcher.)

This moth was formerly a very great rarity here. Con-
fined to the fens of Cambridgeshire, the captures were

234 I.EPIDOPTERA.

almost limited to the casual specimens which at rare in-
tervals were disturbed from among the sedges by the footstep,
or by the scythe of the mower ; though Mr. F. Bond is said
to have taken specimens at one time at sugar ; and a very
few have been noticed to fly at sunset in especially favourable
weather. But in the year 1871 Dr. F. D. Wheeler commenced
to use powerful movable lamps, for the attraction of moths
at night, in Wicken Fen, and in that year took twenty-one
specimens. From that time to the present the same method
of capture has been used with success, and it has become
evident that though so seldom seen, the insect must have
long been common in this fen. It was formerly taken,
though rarely, at Yaxley and in other Cambridgeshire fens,
and has been found quite near to Cambridge ; but it has, so
far as I know, no other haunt in these Islands. Abroad it is
found in France, Piedmont, Germany, Lower Austria, and
Livonia, and is reported from Tartary.

Genus G. PERINEPHILE.

Antennas simple, slender; palpi very small ; head flattened,
rather rough ; thorax slender and smooth ; abdomen very
long and thin. Fore wings verj- long, narrow, pointed at
the tips. Hind wings also long, narrow, and pointed. Legs
long.

We have but one species.

L P. lancealis, .S'(.7n'/f:— Expanse 1 to 1] inch. Fore
wings very long and pointed, dusky white, almost wholly
clouded with pale grey-brown ; markings of the same colour.
Hind wings narrow, similarly clouded and marked.

Antennas simple, shining brown ; palpi short and incon-
spicuous, grey-brown ; head and thorax shining, yellowish-
grey, the latter thin and weak ; abdomen very long and
slender, shining grej'-brown ; segments faintly edged with
white. Fore wings of unusual length, narrow ; costa arched ;

PVRAl'ST/P -E-PEPrXEPHrLE. 235

apex sharply angulated ; hind margin extreniel_v oblique,
almost one half the length of the wing ; dorsal margin rather
full ; colour whitish-grey, much clouded, especially near the
margins, with pale brownish-grey ; markings all of the same
colour, not very distinct ; first line erect ; second formed
into crescents between the nervures, widely bent outward in
the middle and edged on the outside with white ; from it
whitish lines run along the nervures through the clouded
hind marginal area ; orbicular and reniform stigmata repre-
sented by dusky dots, between which is placed a rather
squared dull white spot ; cilia shining grey -brown. Hind
wings very narrow, especially shortened toward the anal
angle ; yellowish-grey, broadly clouded behind with pale
grey-brown, and similarly clouded in a less degree from the
base and along the dorsal margin ; a similar, slender, looped
transverse middle line partly encloses a large spot of the
whiter ground colour above it, and is itself edged below with
white ; cilia shining greyish-white. Female very similar yet
having the fore wings and the abdomen decidedly shorter,
and the hind margin of the former consequently more filled
out.

Underside of the fore wings smooth, pale yellowish-grey,
with the markings of the upper side faintly visible, and a
whitish cloud in the bend of the second line. Hind wings
similar, with a central transverse grey line, and much
rippling of the same colour ; all the wings shining. Body
and legs pale yellow-brown.

On the wing from the end of May till -July.

Larva seven-eighths of an inch long, tapering at each end ;
head small, rather flattened, glossy light drab, speckled with
dark brown, and having the papillae tipped with brown ;
segments of the body plump and well defined, deeply divided
on the undersurface, very tumid at the setting on of all the
legs ; second segment glossy green above, the boundary of
a dorsal plate being defined on either side by a series of four

236 LEPIDOPTERA.

black dots decreasing in size from the front ; on the rest of
the back a dark green dorsal stripe, which is attenuated a little
towards each end, is relieved on either side by a broad stripe
of opaque pearly greyish-white, followed by a broader semi-
transparent green stripe, distinct without hardness, margined
below by a threadlike opaque whitish line, which thickens
as it approaches each segmental division : spiracles round,
black ; the undersurface and all the legs have a pale watery
greenish tint ; the raised dots have each a fine silky hair ;
the whole skin is tense, shining, and more or less trans-
lucent.

When it is full fed and about to spin up it becomes of a
beautiful opaque rose-colour on the back, destitute of any line
or stripe, the head alone remaining unaltei-ed in colour or
markings. In a triangular web of whitish silk enclosing a
space of one inch iu length within which is a hammock-like
cocoon of finer silk ; iu some corner. In this the larva
remains quiescent and unchanged through the winter, and
till the end of April. (W. Buckler, condensed.)

August and the beginning of September, on Uiqxttorium
cannabinum. Hof mann adds Scnecio ')iemorcnsis. Feeding on
the leaves, living in a chamber formed by folding down the
top or side of a leaf. Very active when young.

Pupa three-eighths of an inch long, moderately slender ;
wing and antenna-cases long ; cremaster furnished with four
or five minute bristles converging at their extremities;
shining pale brown. In a cocoon as above described. (W.
Buckler.)

This species is local, inhabiting wet woods and marshy
ground where the hemp-agrimony is plentiful, and even lanes
in such districts. It hides usually in the thick masses of
this plant, on which it has fed, and is easily disturbed in the
daytime ; but flies slowly and soon hides itself again, some-
times among tall grass and other herbage. At one time it
could be obtained close to the outskirts of London, but that

F YRA USTW.-E—SPILODES. 237

is no longer the case, though it may still be found in suitable
spots in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants with the Isle of Wight,
Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire,
Herefordshire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Northampton-
shire. Except that Major Robertson reports it, in AVales,
from Pembrokeshire, this seems to be the extent of its
recorded range in these Islands. Abroad it is found in
most parts of Central Europe, with Denmark, Livonia, Italy,
and Northern Spain ; also in Tartary and Japan.

Genus 7. SPILODES.

Antenna simple ; palpi small ; head rough, face prone,
tufted ; thorax not very slender ; abdomen not very long,
tapering to the tip ; fore wings moderately elongated, pointed,
cell narrow ; hind wings ample, cross-bar curved, cell short ;
legs slender, not long.

We have five species, not difficult of recognition.

A. Fore wings dark brown, with a yellow submarginal line.

(S'. sticticalis.
A'. Fore wings sulphur white, with rather darkernervures.

S. palealis.
A?. Fore wings bright yellow, with black markings on the

underside. S. ciacfalis.

A*. All the wings pearly yellow-white, with pale grey

markings. ,S. verficoJis.

A^. All the wings white, with leaden-black borders and

markings. S. urticalis.

1. S. sticticalis, L. — Expanse f to 1 inch (21-25 mm.).
Fore wings dark olive-brown ; a white spot in the discal cell,
and a straight yellow line before the hind margin. Hind wings
smoky brown ; cilia all glossy.

Antennae long, simple, shining, dark brown ; palpi small,
rather drooping, black-brown, white inside ; head and thorax

23S LEPIDOFTERA.

dull brown ; abdomen glossy grey-brown ; anal tuft pale
yellow. Fore wings rather narrowly trigonate ; costa only
arched beyond the middle ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind
margin oblique, very straight ; dorsal margin unusually
straight ; colour dull blackish-brown, or dark olive-brown,
dusted in patches with pale yellow ; stigmata obscurely
blacker ; between them in the discal cell is a squared yellowish-
white spot; second line dull black, slender, angulated inwards
above the dorsal margin, then much curved and broken up
into crescents which are shaded outwardly with the yellowish
dusting, and on the costa edged bj- a yellow spot ; along the
hind margin is a straight slender yellow stripe, regularly
divided by the dark nervures ; cilia shining black-brown.
Hind wings broad, the apex bluntly angulated, and hind
margin rather sinuous ; colour shining smoky-brown ; in the
middle is a faintly darker transverse line, edged outwardly
with paler; and along the hind margin is a blacker line with
pale edging inside ; cilia very shining black-brown. Female
similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale yellow along the costal
and hind-marginal regions ; remainder black-brown ; stigmata
both black ; beyond are two black-brown cloudy stripes cross-
ing the yellow area ; cilia smoky-black. Hind wings pale
smoky-j-ellow, with two angulated black-bi'own transverse
stripes beyond the middle. Body and legs pale yellow.

On the wing in June, and in a partial second generation
from the end of July till the beginning of September.

Larva scarcely an inch long ; slightly tapering toward
each end from the stoutest part, which is at the fifth segment ;
head black and shining ; plate on the second segment either
similar or of the ground-colour — which is dull leaden-grey —
dorsal line sometimes paler, always edged with darker lines,
which run together to form a stripe having a paler line on
either side ; subdorsal lines paler than the ground colour ;
spiracular stripe pale sulphur-yellow, deeper above, paler

PVRA iSTID^—SPILODES. 239

below, and intersected by an interrupted dark grey line ;
raised dots shining and large, centre paler but ringed with
black ; spiracles black ; undersiirface pale olive-grey with
shining raised spots. A variety has the ground-colour pale
grey, with the lines faintly yellow ; giving it a greenish
appearance.

End of June and beginning of July, and a partial second
generation in September, on Artemcsia campcdris, A. vulgaris,
and probably other species of wormwood, eating the upper
surface of a leaf, avoiding the mid- and side-ribs, and leaving
the under surface untouched. Very active, walking rapidly ;
and if disturbed would jump backwards an inch at a time.
(Rev. J. Hellins.)

Pupa in the ground, apparently undescribed, except that
Hofmann says that it is yellow.

The moth sits during the day among short herbage close
to the ground or even on the earth in bare sandy fields.
Alert and active, starting up on the approach of a footstep
and flying swiftly, and near the ground, to a similar spot at
a short distance. Rather indistinct upon the wing from its
almost uniformly dark colour. At dusk it flies voluntarily,
but not wildly, and still keeps near the ground ; but later at
night it certainly roves higher and more generally, since it
is sometimes taken at gas lamps in quite unexpected places.
Occasionally, when the sunshine is bright and the weather
hot, it seems unable to rest quietly during the daj-, and flies
about in a lively manner. A very local species with us,
found most frequently in the district of loose sandy soil
known as the " Breck-sand " in Norfolk, Suffolk, and
Cambridgeshire ; elsewhere it is to be found in suitable
places in Kent, Sussex, the Isle of Wight, Devon, and Essex,
and rarely in Dorset, Middlesex, Gloucestershire, Lancashire,
and Cheshire ; once taken in Durham ; formerly rather
frequent in Yorkshire and in Sherwood Forest, Notts. A
specimen, about which there is no question, was taken

240 LEPIDOI'TERA.

in Gray's Inn Gardens, Holborn, London, by ilrs. Meldola;
and on the Surrey side of the metropolis I myself took a
specimen, forty years ago, at a gas lamp at Dulwich. The
only records that I possess for any other portions of the
United Kingdom are, in Scotland, that of one taken by
Professor Traill at Old Aberdeen ; in Ireland, one at Howth,
near Dublin, by Dr. Percival Wright, and one at Derry by
Messrs. Campbell.

Now while this is still in manuscript a specimen has
reached me, caught last summer, by Mr. W. Evans, at
Luflness, near Edinburgh ; and Mr. John Ross, formerly
of Anstruther, now of Kirkcaldy, has sent me another — one of
twelve specimens — taken by him in Fifeshire in July 1901.

Abroad it seems to be found all over Continental Europe
except the coldest portions, Asia Minor, Armenia, Siberia,
and Tartary ; and in North America, in Wisconsin, Illinois,
and Colorado.

2. S. palealis, Schiff. — Expanse 1^ inch. Fore wings
sulphur-white, with the nervures often faintly pale brown,
frequently also a pale brown cloud lies at the end of the
discal cell. Hind wings silky white.

Antenna) of the male simple, dark brown, back of the
shaft yellow ; palpi small, dull chocolate ; tongue broad and
prominent ; face chocolate-brown ; head and thorax pale
sulphur-yellow, the latter rather thick ; abdomen not very
slender, yellowish-white. Fore wings elongated, narrow at
the base ; costa almost hollowed before the middle, much
arched beyond ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin
straight and oblique, rounded off toward the anal angle ;
colour pale sulphur-yellow or sulphur-white; nervures
narrowly browner ; beyond the middle an ill-defined small
black-brown cloud lies on the junction of nervures at the
lower angle of the discal cell ; cilia yellow-white. Hind
wings not very ample ; bluntly angulated at the apex, some-
what rounded behind ; semi-transparent white with a smoky

PYRAUSTID.^SPILODES. 241

tinge on the nervures and along the hind margin and apex;
cilia pale sulphur. Female similar. In absolutely fresh and
just emerged specimens the fore wings are often devoid of the
brownish colour on the nervures, which then are of the same
sulphur-white.

Underside much more strongly marked ; fore wings pale
sulphur-yellow ; the costa, nervures, discal spot, and a short
bar beyond it all dark brown. Hind wings white with the
subcostal nervure brown, and a cloudy brown spot where it
divides ; hind margin faintly clouded with brown and having
short similar streaks on the nervures. Body and legs yellow-
brown, the latter browner in front.

On the wing in July and August.

Larva rather stout, but fusiform ; head large and broad,
with the labium projecting, and the antenna! papillae distinct ;
lobes shining black, face greenish-white, with black bars in
the middle and over the mouth ; dorsal plate very broad,
black, but having a greenish band spotted with black in
front ; body whitish-gi'een ; dorsal stripe smoky grey,
broadened and narrowed on every segment ; subdorsal stripes
very broad, smoky grey ; all the ordinary raised dots large,
flattened, shining black ; undersurface greenish-white with
rows of similar black dots ; spiracles small black ; anal
segment greyish-white, much spotted with black ; legs and
prolegs black, and a large black spot lies on the outer side of
each of the latter. Much contracted when at rest. (Described
from individuals furnished by Mr. C. W. Watts.)

August and September on the flowers of wild carrot
(jDaucus carota), feeding upon the flower-heads and green
seeds, living in a tough tube of white silk in the flower or
seed-head ; rather sluggish, yet moving if necessary to
another umbel. Abroad it is said to feed also on Peuce-
daniim palmtrc, P. oreosclinum, and Laserintium latifolium,
all umbelliferous plants.

Pupa rather stout, the thorax full and slightly keeled, as
VOL. \x. Q

^42 LEPIDOPTERA.

also is the back of the abdomen ; head, eye, leg and antenna
covers well developed ; tip of abdomen rather blunt with a
few minute points ; rather shining ; colour a light warm
brown. (W. Buckler — condensed.) In a compact oval cocoon
in the earth ; in this the larva remains unchanged through
the winter and till late in the spring. Unfortunately only a
very small proportion of the moths seems to survive and
emerge. One curious trick of this species is that of occasional
companionship in cocoon of two sociable larva3.

I think it uncertain whether this species is a permanent
resident with us. To me its habits seem to be those of an
immigrant which succeeds for a few years in maintaining
itself, and then dies out, to be reintroduced in some future
more favourable year. When present it frequents dry
fields, railway embankments, downs, and sometimes lanes
near the sea-coast, flying about the wild carrot, which is so
plentiful in such places, at early dusk and also in the day-
time, when disturbed by the footstep. Here also at con-
siderable intervals its larva is found, much more plentifully,
yet it is only in some especially favourable season that
the moths show a corresponding increase of numbers. It
seems to have been long known as British, for Haworth
speaks of it as very rare. This continued to be the case till
about 1858 when a great many specimens were obtained in
the Warren and adjoining coast at Folkestone. Two years
later it had spread to Heme Baj-, Deal, and other parts of the
coast of Kent. From that time for some years it spread rather
widely over the county of Kent, and to Sussex, Hants with the
Isle of Wight, where it has been taken at light ; to Devon,
Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire; also casual
specimens were taken in Berkshire, and even in Lancashire,
while one specimen found its way to Brockley in the South
London suburbs. A great falling off occurred after 1877,
and for a time it seemed to have very nearly died out ; but in
1898 it reappeared in Kent, and in the following two years in

P \ -RA USTIDjE—SPIL ODES. 243

Essex, and may still be found in these two counties — indeed
the larva was found in some numbers in 1901. Some of
these were kindly sent me by Mr. 0. W. Watts, have hyber-
nated in my own possession, and have now (1902) happily
emerged. There is also a record of capture last year by ^Ir.
A. E. Gibbs in Herts.

Abroad it has a rather wide distribution through Central
and Southern Continental Europe, South Norway, Corsica,
Madeira, the Canaries, Morocco and other parts of Northern
Africa, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Tartary, Northern India,
China, and Japan.

3. S. cinctalis, Tr. ; verticalis, Staud. Cat. — Expanse
1 to Ij inch. Fore wings rich shining ochreous j'ellow ;
transverse lines and edges of the stigmata deeper ochreous.
Hind wings yellowish-white with faint smoky transverse
lines. Underside very strongly marked in black.

Antennae long, threadlike, pale yellow ; palpi very small,
triangular, pale chocolate; head and thorax yellow ; abdomen
yellowish-white. Fore wings elongated, narrow at the base ;
costa arched throughout ; apex angulated ; hind margin
oblique but very little rounded ; shining silky yellow ; the
markings faintly of a richer yellow ; lirst line erect, second
very oblique, but nearly .straight and ripjjled ; subterminal
line broad and a little more distinct ; orbicular and reniform
stigmata of the same richer yellow, but indistinct ; cilia pale
yellow. Hind wings broad, rounded behind; apex very
bluntly angulated ; yellowish-white with faint indications of
cloudy smoke-coloured transverse stripes in the middle, and
at the hind margin ; cilia pale yellow. Female veiy similar,
yet having the fore wings a very little shorter and more
blunt, and the body thicker.

Undersides of all the wings pale yellow with the nervures
black-brown; the ti-ansverse stripes, and the stigmata, dull
black, and a clouding of the same round the latter ; margins
of all the wings finely scalloped with leaden black. Body

244 LEPIDOPTERA.

barred with smoky black ; legs yellow above, smoky black
beneath.

Ou the wing in June and the beginning of July ; and in
the South a partial second generation in August.

Larva apparently still undescribed. Eagonot says :
■' Schrank found the larva on Sarothcunnus scoparius but
did not describe it. Herr A. Gartner found it at the end of
June spun up in a \ea{ oi Atriplex paf2ola, the moth appearing
early in August. Herr r. Nolcken has bred it from a hand-
some larva feeding on Cirsiam arvcnsc, and gives a good
description." This description is as follows : " Pale green
with three black warts ou each segment. Head pale brownish
dappled with darker nut-brown." But from the well-kuown
habits of the moth it is diJSicult to believe that it feeds on
thistle or on orache, while broom is altogether absent from
the clover fields in which it so constantly lives. I feel little
doubt that it will be found upon clover.

The moth, as just stated, is constantly found in clover
fields, sitting among the clover (and apparently uj^on no
other plants) by day, flying up vigorously if disturbed, and
mounting much higher in the air than is usual in the
Pi/ralidce, travelling to some distance, yet settling again
among the clover. Also to be found ou downs, hillsides, and
rough fields where trefoils abound. At night it will fly to a
strong light, even to a gas-lamp along a road, and I have
taken it at the sugar used as a bait for Noctuce. Although
I have met with it commonly in various districts, this has
never occurred among broom or thistles, but only as just
described. It was formerly found in the suburbs of London,
but has apparently retired or been expelled ; it is still
moderately common throughout the South of England and
the Eastern counties to Norfolk, reaching also Cambridge-
shire, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Here-
fordshire, and Worcestershire. In Wales I have found it
commonly in Pembrokeshire, but have no reliable records,

P \ -RA US TW.E—SPIL ODES. 245

beyond these limits, in the British Isles ; those received being
probably referable to the next species— the present never
being found " among nettles."

Abroad it has a considerable distribution through Central
Europe, South Norway, Sweden, the Pyrenean region, Italy,
Corsica, Russia, Asia Minor, Tartary, Northern India,
Afghanistan, and Japan.

4. S. verticalis, ScMff. ; ruralis, Stand. Cat. — Expanse
IJ to \h inch. All the wings pale yellow, or yellowish-
white, with a bluish pearly lustre ; the transverse lines smoky
brown, all curved, rippled, and bent.

Antenna long, simple, shining yellow ; palpi short and
very blunt, pale chocolate ; head pale reddish-yellow ; thorax
Btraw colour ; abdomen shining yellowish-white. Fore wings
elongated, broad behind ; costa arched beyond the middle ;
apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently curved, rather
oblique ; yellowish-white with a faintly blue and very pearly
gloss ; first line rather straight, nearly erect ; second erect
from the dorsal margin but strongly angulated, then below
the middle bent very widely outward, rippled and curved up
to the costa ; oi'bicular and reniform stigmata small, obscure
and cloudy ; beyond the latter is a series of cloudy dashes ;
all these markings are smoky grey or smoke colour and
rather faint, and a cloud of the same tint lies along the hind
margin ; cilia concolorous, shining. Hind wings of the
colour and pearly gloss of the fore pair with two very
irregular rippled cloudy transverse stripes, and a row of
similar dashes inward from the hind margin ; cilia shining
pale yellow. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings of a white shade of yellow and
similarly pearly ; all the markings faintly represented, except
that the reniform stigma becomes a more distinct black
discal spot. Body and legs pearly pale yellow.

Variable in the tint of ground colour from pale yellow to
pearly white, and more so in a smoky shading which some-

346 LEPIDOPTERA.

times pervades the greater portion of tlie area of all the
wings.

On the wing from the end of June till August.

Larva rounded, tapering to each extremity ; the sides
puckered and wrinkled ; head small, greenish ; the mouth
dark brown or black; body very glossy light green; dorsal
line darker gi-een ; spiracular line yellowish, inconspicuous,
usual spots slightly raised, each emitting a pale hair; anal
prolegs extended backwards. (Chas. Fenn.)

!March till June or Jul}- — but probably from the preceding
autumn — on stinging nettle, rolling up the leaves ; very
active, wriggling backwards when disturbed. When young
the raised dots are dark green, but at each moult they become
paler until they agree accurately in colour with the skin.

PtPA thi-ee-quarters of an inch long, moderately slender ;
head well developed ; thorax somewhat ridged ; wing-covers
long ; flexible rings of the abdomen well cut and gradually
tapered ; cremaster furnished with two curly-topped con-
verging spines crossing each other near their extremities.
Colour pitchy black ; abdominal segments dark ochreous-
brown ; not very glossy except on the head and thorax.
(W. Buckler.)

Between two leaves of nettle, in a chamber lined with
silk. Not more than two or three weeks are passed in this
condition.

This moth may be found, in the South of England, in
almost every bed of nettles, and is often so abundant as to
be a positive nuisance to a collector at dusk. In the day-
time it flutters out of the nettle-bed if one walks through,
but endeavours at once to conceal itself in a similar place,
antl often very close to the ground, also loves to hide in
dense herbage, such as clematis, when this grows close by.
Its peculiarly pearly appearance instantly catches the eye,
and to this species doubtless is due the common name —

PYRAUSTIDjE—SPILODES. 247

Pearl — which is ordinarily given to the group of species to
which it belongs. It is found in the London suburbs, though
not in such numbers as formerly, but is sufficiently plenti-
ful throughout the Midland, Eastern, and Western, as well
as the Southern Counties of England ; less common in the
more Northern districts, apparently not observed in Cumber-
land or Northumberland, and very rare in Westmoreland.
In Wales it exists in southern districts, but not always
commonly ; in the north, perhaps, in plenty, but confused
with the last species ; in Scotland it has been taken in Perth-
shire and near Aberdeen, but is certainly scarce ; in Ireland
it is common in the County Cork, yet with the exception of
a specimen at Sligo, scarcely seems to be known elsewhere.

Abroad it is common throughout Central and Southern
Europe, including Corsica, and is found in Northern and
Western Russia, Asia Minor, Armenia, Tartary, Syria, and
Japan ; and I have received it — rarely — from South Africa.

5. S. urticalis, Schiff. ; urticata, L. — Expanse \\ inch.
Thorax yellow ; all the wings silky white, broadly banded
and spotted with slate-black.

Antennae rather long, simple, dull dark brown ; palpi very
short and blunt, black-brown, head and thorax light yellow ;
abdomen glossy, smoky black, with each segment edged with
yellow ; anal tuft pale yellow. Fore wings rather narrow ;
costa nearly straight three-fourths of its length, then a little
arched; apex angulated; hind margin faintly retuse, then
obliquely rounded ; silky white ; costa slate-black dusted
with yellow ; on the basal portion of the nervures is a thick
yellow frosting, which rather breaks up a slate-black basal
blotch ; first line a broad, sometimes broken, slate-black
irregular bar, beyond this is a large cloudy discal spot of the
same colour ; the second line arises on the discal margin as a
large similar cloudy blotch, attenuated and interrupted as it
bends outwards, it makes a beautiful curve up and broadens
again as it approaches the costa, being also much indented on

248 LEPIDOPTERA.

the way; hind margin occujiied by a broad band of still
blacker slate colour, often divided by pale nervures ; cilia
concolorous with it. Hind wings silky white ; at a short
distance from the base, and near the costal margin is a small
slate-black spot ; beyond the middle an irregular, often
broken, transverse stripe, and along the hind margin another
broader and more even, both these stripes or bands are of the
same dark colour, and both much divided by pale nervures ;
cilia black at the base, tipped with white. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings exactly as on the ujjper sides.
Body yellow, barred with black ; legs slate-grey.

Usually constant in colour and markings ; but occasional —
rare — sjjecimens have been taken in gardens in South London,
in which the two outer bands, on both fore and hind wings,
are united, and even more blackened, until the wings are
quite one-half black. One such was taken a few years
ago by Mr. R. Adkiu at Lewisham, and I took another at
Nunhead — also an intermediate example.

On the wing from June till August.

Larva smooth and semi-transparent, rather shining ; head
black, with three white spots on the face ; body whitish-
ochreous, dark green on the back, with a double, pale green,
whitish, or yellowish dorsal stripe, divided by a green line ;
dorsal plate horny, having a black spot on each side ; the
usual raised dots and spiracles black, very minute.

Or — Uuicolorous bright pink, or pale carmine; under-
surface paler; head black with three pink spots on the face,
the middle one larger and elongated ; the usual black spots
on the dorsal plate.

When young pale bone colour, with a bright green dorsal
line. (Chas. Fenn.)

August till September or October, on nettle (Urtica
dioica), also occasionally on Stacliys sylvatica, Marrubium
mdgare, Mcntltn, and many other Labiate plants, both wild
and cultivated ; living in a drawn-together, or rolled, leaf.

P YRA USTID.i:—MEC YNA. 349

When full fed it leaves its food-plaut and spins a pretty,
transparent, coffin-like cocoon under loose bark or in any
convenient corner, and here remains, as a larva, perfectly
visible, until the following May or June, when the pupa state
is assumed. Bat occasionally it happens that the larva is
brought indoors with herbs for drying, and having formed its
cocoon in a warm portion of the house, its transformations
are forced on, and the moth emerges in January or February.

Pupa light chestnut colour; not more fully described; in
cocoon as mentioned above.

The moth is abundant about beds of nettles and also in
laaes and gardens, and is one of our most familiar insects.
It hides amona: herbage and in hedges and bushes, and is
easily disturbed by day, flying lazily to a similar hiding-place.
At dusk it is conspicuous from its rather hovering horizontal
flight. Found in plenty in the London suburbs and through-
out England except that it becomes scarce in the most
northern counties; also common throughout Wales and
Ireland ; scarce in Scotland though found near Edinburgh
and in Clydesdale Abroad it is common throughout the
Continent of Europe except the coldest portions ; and in
Corsica ; also in Asia Minor, Armenia, Tartary, and Western
China.

Genus 8. MECYNA,

Antennce simple ; palpi pointed, projecting ; tongue large,
head prominently rough ; thorax elongated, rough in front ;
abdomen long, tapering, pointed ; fore wings elongate, tri-
gonate and pointed, discal cell of the usual width ; hind wings
moderately broad, the cell short and broad, cross-bar
angulated ; legs rather short.

We have but one species.

1. M. polygonalis, Hiib. — Expanse 1 to \\ inch. Fore
wings elongated ; purple-brown, with black stigmata, and
pale second line. Hind wings yellow with a black border.

250 LEPIDOPTERA.

Antennae simple, purple-brown ; palpi long, porrected,
pointed, pale chocolate, with a white tuft of scales beneath ;
head and thorax chocolate-brown ; abdomen tajiering', pale
ochreous. Fore wings elongated, very narrow at the base >
costa faintly arched throughout ; apex angulated ; hind
margin a little retuse, then gently curved and very oblique ;
anal angle prominent; dorsal margin somewhat hollowed; pale
purple-brown, shaded with darker; first line hardly perceptibly
blacker, rather oblique ; second line an obscure series of cloudy
blackish dots lying in a paler shade; in the discal cell are
two cloudy black spots, the outer rather squared ; cilia purple-
brown. Hind wings rounded behind ; bright yellow; along the
hind margin is a smoky black band, broadest towards the apex;
cilia pale yellow. Female larger, similar, or with the colour
of the fore wings deeper, and the markings more distinct.

Undersides of all the wings ochreous-yellow shading into
pale purple-brown toward the apex and hind margin ; discal
spot distinct, smoky black. Body and legs yellow.

On the wing in June ; and possibly as a second generation
in August and September.

Larva slightly over one inch in length, of an elongate
fusiform shape, somewhat narrow in proportion to its length ;
head round, rather flattened in front, black, with a few short
white hairs ; second segment small, black, with three pale
lines, the two outer extending to only one-half its length ; the
middle one joins a broad pale dorsal stripe which reaches the
anal segment in small spots ; there is a narrow yellowish-
white, spiracular line, adjoining the upper side of which is
a row of bright yellow blotches; the space between the latter
and the dorsal stripe is black, with, on each segment, three
brighter black warts, each of which emits a rather long white
hair. (Mrs. T. V. Wollaston.)

June and July on Cytitius nigricans, C. laburnum, TJlex
nanus (flowers), and probably other Papilionaceous plants.
Mr. G. F. ^lathew says — as to the Mediterranean region —

P YRA USTW.^—MARGARODES;. 2 5 1

" Larva common and gregarious, feeding on a species of
Cassia " ; and at Gibraltar Mr. J. J. Walker found it similarly,
feeding on Betama..

Pupa apparently undescribed, in a white cocoon under a
stone, or attached to the stem of the plant. (A. Schmidt.)

The moth is said by Mrs. Wollaston to love the grassy
slopes of hills, where sometimes it occurs in abundance.
In this she refers to St. Helena, where it is common. With
us it is so rare that its habits are scarcely observed. In
South Africa my sister takes it at the blossoms of peach and
apricot in the evening.

Excessively rare in these Islands ; first recorded as British
by J. F. Stephens in his " Illustrations " under the name of
diversalis. He says: "The only example I have seen of this
beautiful and distinct species is in the collection of the
British Museum, it was taken near Bristol, in July 1815."
In the year 1856 one was taken in the Isle of Wight and
another in Susses ; in 1869 one by the Eev. A. H. Wratislaw
at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; in 1877 two were taken near
Deal, Kent, by Mr. W. H, Tugwell, both at night, one on a
flower of rush, the other on that of hemp-agrimony. With
the addition of a specimen obtained in Somerset in 1885, this
is the whole number of captures known to me in the British
Isles. There is nothing in them to indicate that it is a con-
stant resident — these captures seem to indicate only a casual
and occasional immigrant. Abroad it has an immense range
including almost all Europe, Palestine, Asia Minor, Syria,
India, Ceylon, Aden, St. Helena, the Canaries, Madeira,
Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, and South Africa ; Mr. E. Meyrick
records it in Australia, and speaks of it as " cosmopolitan."

Genus 9. MARGARODES.

Antennte simple ; palpi broad, flattened at the sides ; head
much flattened above ; thorax smooth ; abdomen shining,

252 LEPIDOPTERA.

elongated, anal tuft spreading. Fore wings long, pointed,
sub-diaphanous, cell small ; hind wings short, with the hind
margin straight ; coll wide ; cross-bar augulated ; legs long
and slender.

We have but one species.

1. M. unionalis, Huh. — Expanse \\ to \\ inch. All
the wings semi-transparent white with a brilliant pearly
lustre ; costa of the fore wings edged with orango-brown.

Antennfe of the male rather long, simple, light brown ;
p:dpi short, pale chocolate ; head and thorax shining white ;
abdomen pearly white, but the anal tuft in part smoky black.
Fore wings long and narrow ; the costa straight to beyond
the middle, then strongly arched ; apex angulated ; hind
margin oblique and very nearly straight ; colour shining
diaphanous white, very pearly, the nervures opacjue ; costa
narrowly edged with light orange-brown ; occasionally a
black dot is visible at the base of the discal cell, and
another at each of its outer corners ; cilia pearly white,
Hind wings broad ; angulated at the apex, hind margin but
little curved and anal angle prominent ; transparent pearly
white with similar cilia. Female hardly differing except that
the anal tuft is wholly white ; body a little stouter.

Undersides of all the wings pearly white with a more
opaque white stripe down the costa of each. Body and
legs white except that the black tuft is visible in the anal
extremity of the male.

On the wing in June and in September and October, but
whether in two generations is doubtful.

Larva yellow-green with green stripes and a yellow-green
head. In autumn on olive. (Milli^re.)

Pupa apparently undescribed.

This moth is so rare with us that very little is known of its
habits. It has been taken at light at night, and also at
flowers. The first known British specimen was obtained at

P YRA USTIDyE—ANTIOASTRA. 253

Torquay, Devon, in the year 1859, and Mr. Stainton recorded
the capture of two more in that year. In 1861 another
occurred, at Torquay ; in 1869 four more, one of them in
Camberwell in the London suburbs, the others in Kent and
the Isle of Wight ; and in 1877 five more — two taken by
Mr. Tugwell at Deal, the others at Torquay, Dartmouth,
Devon, and the Scilly Isles, respectively. In June, 1880, a
specimen was found in the daytime, hanging to a grass blade,
on the sandhills at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, by the late
Mrs. F. D. Wheeler, and this specimen, by the kindness of
Dr. Wheeler, is now in my own collection. The only subse-
quent records within my knowledge are, one in Hants in
1884, and one in Dorset in 1900 ; all being therefore captured
upon the coast and all but one on the South coast of England.
Apparently not known elsewhere in Central Europe ; but
found in Southern Europe including Turkey, Corsica and
Gibraltar ; also in Bithynia, Syria, Southern India, Nepaul ;
Egypt, Tangier and elsewhere in Northern Africa ; the
Canaries, Madeira, Mauritius, and South and Central Africa,
even extending to the Congo.

Genus 10. ANTIGASTRA.

Antennae simple, rather thick ; palpi very broad, flattened
at the sides, tongue thickly scaled ; head, thorax, and abdo-
men smooth, the latter not very long ; fore wings narrowly
trigonate, sharpily pointed, the cell naiTow ; hind wings small,
narrow, thin and weak ; the cross-bar faint, legs very long
and thin.

We have but one species.

1. A. catalaunalis,!);^^^. — Expanse finch. (18 mm.). Fore
wings very narrow and pointed, pale yellow, with all the
nervures, the costa, and the hind margin reddish-buff. Hind
wings yellowish-white.

Antenna; of the male rather thick, simple, reddish-drab ;
palpi of the same colour, short, porrected and pointed,

254 LEPIDOPTERA.

trigonate ; eyes purple-brown ; head reddish-drab ; thorax the
same colour, very slender ; abdomen thin, pale straw colour.
Fore wings narrow, pointed, costa only arched beyond the
middle ; apex sharply pointed ; hind margin just beneath it
retuse, and very gracefully curved off ; colour pale yellow-
drab, with the costa and all the nervures shaded with reddish-
buff or fulvous, and the hind margin edged by a line of the
same colour ; cilia white. Hind wings narrow, with the hind
margin rather flatly rounded ; serai-transparent yellowish-
white with a faint tinge of fulvous round the apical margin,
and the costal area rather opaque ; cilia white. Female
similar.

Undersides of all the wings pale straw colour, and their
middle portions more thickly clothed with scales ; all the
costal margins edged and clouded with fulvous and having
two or three faint brown dots. Bodj' and legs pale yellow,
the hind legs very long.

On the wing in August and September.

Larva light yellow-green, with slender reddish lines and
black raised dots; head small, glossy black; dorsal plate
with two black spots.

In the spring upon Linaria simria (Milliere).

Pupa undescribed.

We have no more rare species than this. A specimen was
taken at Cheshuut, Herts, in September 1867, by Mr. W. C.
Boyd, and is still in his collection. It was captured while
flying at dusk, with an oscillating motion like that of a
house fly, in his father's garden, and is absolutely reliable.
It seems that no means by which it could have been acci-
dentally introduced existed near the place, whereas its food-
plant grew in a neighbouring field. Whether at the time a
sli"-ht immigration of this species took place there is no
evidence to show. It is a delicate little species, extremely
slender and inconspicuous, and very easily overlooked.

P ] -RA US TID.^—DIA SEMI A . 255

Abroad it has a wide distribution through Southern and
Western Europe, Italy, Dalmatia, Austria, Asia Minor, Aden,
Arabia, India, Tropical Africa including the Congo and
Nyassaland ; and also South Africa.

Genus 11. DIASEMIA.

Antenna simple, densely ciliated ; palpi tufted, long and
•drooping ; head rough, thorax smooth ; abdomen very thin ;
fore wings long, narrow, pointed, but the discal cell of the
ordinary form ; hind wings long and pointed, the cell wide
and the cross-bar deeply angulated ; legs very long and
thin.

We have two species, readily discriminated.

A. White second line of fore wings erect. D. litcralis.
A?. White second line of fore wings oblique.

D. ramhurialis.

1. D. literalis, Schijf. ; literata, Stand. Cat. — ^Expanse
I to f inch (15-22 mm.). Fore wings very narrow, dark
brown, streaked with bronzy brown ; stigmata and lines
white, the second line once angulated but erect ; hind
wings blackish brown with angulated white stripes ; cilia
•chequered.

Antennae of the male simple, brown ; palpi slender,
pointed, drooping, dull brown ; head and thorax dark brown,
the shoulder lappets long and paler ; abdomen blackish-
brown, each segment edged with white. Fore wings narrow
costa straight but much arched beyond the middle ; apex
sharply angulated ; hind margin oblique and faintly retuse ;
dull umbreous with bronzy brown shading and the markings
sharply white ; first line an abbreviated stripe from the
dorsal margin to the median nervure, having before it a
white spot, and beyond it another, larger and somewhat
diamond-shaped ; beyond this, but above the median nervure
is a triangular white spot, and beneath it a large whitish

256 LEPIDOPTERA.

blotch, intersected by the brown second lint- ; this last is
nearly erect, but throws out a bend towards the anal angle
and thence lies almost prostrate on the dorsal margin ; cilia
dark umbreous dashed with white. Hind wings long and
rather pointed at the apex ; the hind margin sinuous ; colour
dark umbreous ; basal area shaded with white and having a
round white dot at the costal edge ; in the middle is a white
transverse stripe, and beyond this another, narrower, and
placed in a different direction ; cilia umbreous dashed with
white. Female similar, ground colour rather darker.

Undersides of all the wings rather more dull brown with
all the white markings repeated. Body brown with white
rings. Legs brown above, white below.

Usually not variable, but I possess a specimen, taken in
South Wales, in which the white markings are so enlarged
and spread as to occupy the greater portion of all the wings.

On the wing at the end of May and June, and as a second
generation in August and September.

Larva and pupa unknown.

The moth frequents dry hilly pastures, hillsides and downs,
hiding among the scantiest herbage, flying up from the foot-
step to settle again in the space of a few yards, and hang
o-racefully to a blade of grass, or if there is any wind, to
creep into some slight shelter of a thicker tuft. The time of
o-reatest activity seems to be from 5 to 6 p.m., but doubtless
there is also a night flight, since it comes occasionally to
light, flying apparently some little distance for that purpose.
From its alertness during the day and from its general
appearance it might reasonably be expected to fly naturally
at that time, and possibly this may be the case in the early
morning or the forenoon, but in my own experience it
seemed never to fly by day except when disturbed. Abroad
it is common in dry pastures and vinci/ards. Usually a rare
species with us ; formerly found in the New Forest, Hants ;
and near Sanderstead, Surrey ; but from these places it

PYRAUSTID^—DIASEMIA. 257

has, I thiuk, disappeared. More than forty years ago it was
found near Plymouth, and more recently in other parts of
Devon, also near Bristol, and rarely in Sussex, Dorset, and
Cornwall. In Wales it was taken in Carmarthenshire thirty
years ago, and a few years later I found it in some plenty in
Pembrokeshire, but here after two seasons it became scarce
or else shifted its locality, and I cannot say that it can now be
found with certainty in any one of these localities. On the
other hand, it seems worth while to look for it in any hilly
district, of very poor pasturage, in the South-west.

Abroad it seems to be found all over the Continent of
Europe except the coldest portions also in Bithynia, Southern
and Western China, India, Ceylon, and Japan.

2. D. Ramburialis, Bup. — Expanse about | inch (18-
20 mm.). Fore wings narrow ; grey-black clouded with
black ; discal spot and the oblique second line white ; hind
wings of the same colour, with two white stripes ; all the
wings dusted with white ; cilia chequered.

Antennae of the male simple, dark brown ; palpi very
small, pointed, black-brown ; face and head light brown
edged on either side with white ; collar white ; rest of thorax
black-brown ; abdomen brown. Fore wings very narrow ;
costa faintly arched at the base, more so beyond the middle,
but almost hollowed between ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind
margin hardly curved, but oblique and faintly bent in the
middle ; black brown, dotted with shining white ; first line
faintly suggested by a white clouding ; second line a shining
white stripe, very oblique, divided in the middle, and below
this spread into a white patch with black clouding ; orbicular
stigma round, white; reniform stigma less distinct, broken up
into two or three small whitish dots ; along the hind margin
is a faint line of white dots margined with black ; cilia white
clouded and chequered with black. Hind wings narrow,
with the apex bluntly angulated ; the hind margin sinuous
and not rounded ; black -brown, having at the base a broad

VOL. IX. R

25S .■ LEPIDOPTERA.

silvery-white transverse stripe, and in the middle another,
more distinct, and partly divided by a black line ; Lefore and
beyond this are some elongated white dots, and some similar
clouds and streaks lie along the hind margin ; cilia white,
chequered and interrupted with black. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings smoky-brown, with the white
markings of the upper side more obscurely reproduced.
Body and legs black brown.

On the wing in June and July and probably in a second
generation in October. These are the mouths in which it
has been taken here. Ragonot states that it flies " in April
and August in marshy places."

Lakva and Pupa unknown.

This is one of our most rare species, and cannot be looked
upon otherwise than as a casual immigrant. The first speci-
men noticed in these Islands was taken on June lljth, 1858, by
Mr. Thomas Boyd, flying at dusk in a swamp near Probus,
Cornwall. The second was taken at Lewes, Sussex, on a
bank at the edge of some meadows, in October 1866 by
Mr. G. H. Verrall. A third was found in September 1877
near Ashford, Kent, by Mr. W. R. Jeffreys. He says, " it
was flying in the afternoon in Pyrausta fashion over some
brambles and other dense undergrowth in a wood near the
top of one of our chalk hills ; so dense was the undergrowth
that it was with great difliculty that I used my net.^ In the
following year JJr. R. C. R. Jordan took a specimen at
" sugar " on an apple tree in his gai'den- at Teignmouth,
Devon ; and Mr, W. Purdey captured another at Folkestone,
Kent, "among long grass and rushes in very wet ground in
October." i In September 1880 Mr. R. E. Sahvey secured a
specimen near Dover " by beating hemp agrimony," and in
July 1889, the Rev. C. R. Digby obtained one in a grassy
■hollow at Portland, Dorset. This 1 think completes the
record for these Islands, and it is worthy of notice that these
seven specimens, occurred in five difi'ereut counties — Kent,

PYRAUSTID.E—AGROTERA. 259

Sussex, Dorset, Devon, aud Cornwall — all situate upon the
south coast of England. I have thought it well to give
details in each case, vrhere obtainable, because we have no
opportunity to gain any general knowledge of its habits.

Abroad it has an extensive range — France, Italy, Austria,
and Southern and Western Europe generally ; Bithynia,
Syria, all parts of India, and other portions of tropical
Asia ; South Africa, Nyassaland, Mashonaland ; the United
States of America; Queensland, New South Wales, and
other portions of Australia ; and indeed tropical regions
generally.

Genus 12. AQROTERA.

Antennae simple; palpi short, blunt, triangular; head and
thorax rough with raised scales ; abdomen slender, smooth ;
fore wings rather narrow, pointed, retuse, scalloped behind ;
hind wings long, with undulating hind margin ; the cell
narrow, and the cross-bar oblique ; legs rather long.

We have but one species.

1. A. nemoralis, Scop. — Expanse f to | inch (18-
23 mm.). Fore wings pale purple, darker in the middle ; basal
region yellow; cilia chequered. Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Antennae simple, ciliated, bronzy-yellow, ringed with
brown ; tongue thickly covered in front with scales ; palpi
short, up-curved, chocolate-brown ; head rich chocolate ;
thorax shining white tinged with orange-yellow, and h a vino-
across the middle an orange-brown stripe ; abdomen slender
orange-yellow clouded with white near the base, shading
into dark brown behind. Fore wings rather narrow, apex
sharply angulated ; costa arched ; hind margin sinuous or
scalloped ; from the base to the curved first line light yellow
with faint orange lines ; rest of the wing pale purple-brown
except a yellow line along the costa ; second line just per-
ceptible, very irregular, brown ; cilia bright pearly white
interrupted by squared brown spots. Hind wings rather

a6o LEPIDOPTERA.

elongated, the hind margin very sinuous ; pale smoky-brown
crossed by an exceedingly faint darker line ; cilia pearly
white clouded with smoky brown, and having a dark line
along the base. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale yellow with extensive smoky
clouding in the middle ; second line and cilia as on the upper
side. Hind wings also as above. Body and legs dusky yellow.

Usually not variable, except that specimens of the second
brood are more dull in colour.

On the wing in May and June ; and as a partial second
generation, at the end of July and in August.

Larva three-fourths of an inch in length, slender, head
rather flat and as wide as the second segment ; the body
thickest from the seventh to ninth segments, thence taper-
ing to both head and tail; anal prolegs stretched out
behind : the skin very glossy and glistening, though some-
what wrinkled : colour of the head pale orange-brown ; the
antennal jiapillas paler still and tipped with black ; the mouth
brown ; the ocelli black, and a black spot some distance
behind them on the side of the head ; the back to the
spiracular region is of a rather brownish olive-green;
the dorsal line darker olive-green ; an undulating row of
internal darker blotches runs along, in an interrupted
manner, a little above the spiracles, showing plainly through
the translucent skin ; spiracles very small and inconspicuous,
ringed with brown ; below them the rest of the side and the
undersurface and legs are of a uniform tint of very pale
watery olive-green. (Rev. J. Hellins.)

End of June and in July on hom-beam (Carpinus betulus),
feeding on the leaves, hiding at first on their undersides
under the protection of a few threads of silk ; afterwards
joining two leaves together. In all probability a second
generation feeds in late autumn, but on this point information
is wanting.

Abroad it is said to feed also on oak, beech, and hazle.

P YRA USTIDJE—LEMIODES. 261

Pupa undescribed. In a chamber formed bj' folding over
and spinning down a portion of a leaf while still upon
the tree.

The moth seems to confine itself to woods, where it flies in
the evening, but may be beaten out during the day. Its dis-
covery as a British species seems to have taken place in 1851,
when a few specimens were captured near Henfield, Sussex ;
for twenty years it continued to be considered rare, but in
1873 it was found in plenty in Abbott's Wood, near Hailsham,
Sussex. Here it continued for some years to be common,
but from over-collecting or some other cause became after a
time greatly reduced in numbers, and has, I believe, now been
for some time scarce. Except for a single record in the
adjoining county of Kent, this part of Sussex seems to be the
extent of its range in these Islands, Abroad it is a common
species in Central Europe, Northern Spain, Italy, Southern
Russia, and Bithynia, and extends to China and Japan.

Genus 13. LEMIODES.

Antennse simple but bristly; palpi long and tufted : head
rather rough ; thorax slender ; abdomen moderately long ;
fore wings broad and squared behind, cell also squared
behind ; hind wings broad and fully rounded, the cell
pointed and cross-bar oblique ; legs of moderate length.

We have only one species.

1. L. pulveralis, Hnt. — Expanse f to 1 inch. Fore
wings squared behind ; all the wings pale buff or pale yellow-
brown, transverse lines obscurely darker. Curiously re-
sembling a Deltoid of the Genus Herminia.

Antennae simple, ciliated, shining pale brown ; palpi long^
pointed, porrected, whitish-brown ; head and thorax also of
this colour ; abdomen slender, yellowish-white, dusted with
brown. Fore wings very obtuse, broad and short ; costa very
slightly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin nearly

262 LEPJDOPTERA.

perpendicular and but little rounded off below ; dorsal margin
filled out ; colour very pale drab, shining, dusted with yellow-
brown ; first line rather erect but faint, carved and composed
of brown dusting ; second line a little more distinct, sinuous,
not very oblique, j-ellow-brown ; beyond it is a parallel shade
of yellow-brown atoms ; cilia yellowish-white. Hind wings
broad, rounded behind, the apex bluntly angulated ; shining
pale yellowish-drab, dusted with brown, and having a faint
central brown transverse line ; cilia yellowish-white. Female
similar, or sometimes having the brown transverse lines more
distinct and broadened into faint stripes.

Undersides of all the wings shining pale yellow-drab, with
the faint markings of the upper side repeated. Body and legs
yellow-drab.

On the wing in June and July. It has been reared indoors,
abroad, in a second generation, in September.

Larva. Ground colour grey with violet-red stripes ; six
black, white-rimmed warts on each segment; head marbled,
dark and light brown ; thoracic segment black, divided down
the middle, where it is paler ; anal segment pale brown.
(Herr H. Disque.)

May and June, and a second generation in August and the
beginning of September; on Mciitlm hirsuta, M. aquatica,
and Lyeojnis europeus.

Several attempts have been made here to rear this species
from the egg, bat from some unexplained cause all have
failed; in each case the larvfe have died while quite young
and without assuming distinctive markings.

PiPA undescribed.

The moth frequents marshy places, and on the Continent
is well known to be readily disturbed by day, in such places,
from among the tall reeds, sedges, and marsh plants. In
this country opportunities for observing it have been
limited. It was erroneously recorded as British by J. F.

P YRA USTIDjE—NOMOPHILA . 263:

Stephens, who subsequently discovered that the specimens
were only Botys fuscalis. The first genuine captures appear
to have been made in the Isle of Wight and at Folkestone in
the year 1869, in both instances in very marshy spots near
the sea. In the following years considerable numbers were
secured in these two very restricted localities, and then, as
seems natural, the numbers declined, until one locality
became quite unproductive, and the other was totally washed
away by the sea.

On July 27, 1870, I myself was collecting, with the Rev.
E. N. Bloomfield, along the bank of one of the long drains
in Ranworth Feu, Norfolk, when a specimen of this species
flew up from our feet and was secured. We worked hard
for more without result, and so far as can be ascertained this
is the only specimen which has ever been seen in any portion
of our fen district or in any part of the Eastern Counties,
and the occurrence of this specimen — which is in my cabinet
— is one of the most perplexing exjjeriences that has
happened to me. The only recent captures of which I am
aware are of a few specimens in the Isle of Purbeck in 1899.
and the three subsequent years, recorded by Mr. Eustace R.
Bankes, and of one in Surrey, in 1902, by Mr. R. South ;
and except for the strange capture in Norfolk, its range with
us appears to be strictly limited to the coasts of Kent,
Hants, and Dorset. Abroad it is found over the greater
part of Europe, except the extreme western and northern
portions ; and it also occurs in Armenia.

Genus 14 NOMOPHILA.

Antennas simple ; palpi pointed, drooping ; head rough
with converging scales; thorax smooth; abdomen slender;
fore wings long and very narrow, blunt ; the cell also long
and narrow ; hind wings ample, cell short and pointed ;.
cross-bar curved ; legs long.

We have but one species.

264 LEPIDOl'TERA.

1. N. hybridalis, Huh.\ noctuella, Stand. Cat. — Ex-
panse 1 to 1 J inch. Fore winj^s long and very narrow, but
not pointed ; pale grey-brown with very large black-brown
stigmata ; hind wings ample, smoky brown.

Antennaj of the male simple, shining brown; palpi short,
triangular, reddish-brown, paler inside ; head and thorax
•dull brown ; abdomen dull grey-brown or mouse-colour.
Fore wings very narrow ; costa straight for two-thirds of its
length, thence arched, and the apex almost rounded ; hind
margin short, rather oblique and very little curved ; dorsal
margin gracefully undulating ; colour pale umbreous or
grey-brown, very dull ; transverse lines darker brown,
usually scarcely perceptible, the first erect, much angulated,
throwing out a darker streak at the discal cell, second in-
complete, toothed, and curved ; subterminal line indicated by
a series of faint hollowed clouds of brown dusting ; the only
conspicuous markings are the very large stigmata, the orbicular
is duplicated, forming two black-brown rings which lie across
the wing, the reniform also large, brown with a black
edging, and extended by a lai'ge similar cloudy spot below ;
costa beyond the middle dotted with dark-brown ; hind
margin edged with minute black-brown crescents ; cilia pale
umbreous. Hind wings very large and broad ; the apex
bluntly rounded ; the hind margin also broadly rounded, but
the anal angle prominent; unicolorous smoky-brown; cilia
paler. Female similar, but the two large stigmata often
•even larger and more strongly marked.

Underside of the fore wings very pale smoky-brown ; costa
more yellow-brown, and having several brown dots in its
sub-apical area ; discal spot small, smoky brown. Hind
wings pale smoky brown, shining with a golden gloss.
Body yellow-drab. Legs pale brown.

Variable, as already suggested, in the depth of the mark-
ings—which in some specimens are almost imperceptible —
also in the ground colour, from grey-brown to pale
drab.

P YRA US TID^—NOMOPHILA . 265

On the wing from June till October, but whether in one
or more generations is at present uncertain.

Larva when at rest only three-fourths of an inch long and
tolerably plump; when crawling one inch in length and has
an attenuated appearance ; head a little wider than the
second, but hardly so wide as the third segment, highly
polished, the lobes rounded, and the jaws prominent, varying
from reddish-brown to dark sienna-brown, more or less
marbled with black, and with the mandibles black ; body
attenuated a little toward the extremities, cylindrical, but
the segmental divisions being deeply cut, and each segment
plump and divided, uneven in appearance ; a polished plate
on the second segment is a little browner than the following
segments ; skin semi-translucent and glossy, with a tough
appearance, warm olive-drab ; dorsal line dark olive-drab,
bordered with pale drab and very distinct ; no noticeable
subdorsal or spiracular lines, but there is a whitish waved
stripe below the spiracles — which are black encircled with
grey ; raised dots large, round, black, and polished, each in
a circle of pale drab ; ventral surface uniformly semi-trans,
lucent, dark olive-green.

When young and till just before full growth, much more
slender, and having the head even larger than the third
segment.

These larvae were about the liveliest creatures I ever
reared ; they wriggled backwards and forwards in all atti-
tudes, reminding me more of young eels than anything else,
in both colour and actions mimicking those creatures most
wonderfully. They were, too, very pugnacious, as two
coming in contact immediately showed fight, and bit each
other with their mandibles most unmercifully. (G. T,
Porritt.)

August and September — doubtless also in other months —
on clover, grass, knotgrass, and probably other low-growing
plants, Mr. E. P. Felt supplies some interesting details as

266 LEPIDOPTERA.

to the history of this little-known larva, as observed in
North America. In September he found among the grasa
and clover, in a pasture, several of these larvae ; he says :
" Upon beiug disturbed, they quickly disappear with a
peculiar wriggling, jerking motion, under the grass; they
seem to move with equal facility either forwards or back-
wards ; when not feeding they maj^ be found under a slight
web in the middle of a clump of grass. Later observations
show that thej" live almost wholly upon clover leaves, eating
out the soft parenchyma and leaving the veins ; they will
eat grass if clover is not within reach, and one larva was
observed to seize an Aphid and devour it, though there was
plenty of food within reach. In the autumn, as the cold weather
advances, they begin to spin nests in the axils of the leaves,
where they retire when not feeding, in which frass is allowed
to collect, and around which the remains of partially devoured
leaves are drawn, making a very complete hiding-place.
These nests are lined with a thick layer of silk and are
covered with a thick coating of particles of soil or bits of
dried grass, making a thick warm nest in which the larvas
pass the winter. These hybernating larvffi come forth in the
spring to complete their growth. As they become full-fed
they may be seen wandering around and slowly assembling
under chips and stones, where the}' pupate ; when in pastures
dried cows'-dung seems to be the favourite resort ; ten pupse
were taken from a piece of cow-dung one-fourth the size of
a man's hand. There seem to be three broods in a year,
(Canadian Entom. 1893.)

Pupa five-eighths of an inch long ; glossy and of the usual
shape except that the case containing the head, eyes, and
palpi is considerably narrower and smaller than the thorax;
and there is a very peculiar and conspicuous tubercle on
each side of the front of the thorax. Colour pale yellowish-
brown, the eye-cases, dorsal stripe, and abdominal divisions
dark brown ; the hooked anal point, and the eye-like frontal

PYRALW.S—CLEDEOBIA. 367

tubercles nearly black. In a tough, white, glossy silken
cocoon, in a corner or among the leaves of the food-plant ;
changing to pupa a day or two after finishing the cocoon.
(G. T. Porritt.)

The moth hides during the day among grass in fields, and
especially on coast sands and cliffs, where often it is exces-
sively abundant, starting up at every footstep, and retreating
hastily to a short distance. It flies naturally at dusk and
through the night, and there is reason to believe that it
often migrates or moves about in large numbers at this
time, since the morning will find it occasionally in plenty
when there were few or none the night before. Thus I have
known every bit of a suburban lawn to become suddenly
populous, although it does not usually frequent such situa-
tions by any means so much as the dry fields and hill sides ;
while it especially favours the coast, and becomes there, from
its numbers, absolutely bewildering. In England it is
usually not very common in the Midlands, yet is found
throughout the British Isles to the Shetlands in varying
numbers. Abroad it seems to be spread over tlie temperate,
sub-tropical, and tropical regions of the whole world.

Family 2. PYRALIDiE.

Proboscis present ; maxillary palpi threadlike ; labial
palpi slender ; vein 8 of hind wing not attached to vein 7 ; no
long hairs along the upper surface of the median nervure.

Genus 1. CLEDEOBIA.

Antennte simple but with long cilia ; palpi pointed, long ;
tongue small ; thorax and abdomen smooth and slender ;
fore wings narrow and having a long narrow discal cell ;
hind wings long and pointed, the cell narrow and the
cross-bar deeply angulated ; legs long.

We have but one species.

268 LEPIDOPTERA.

1. C. angustalis, ScMff. — Expanse of male 1 inch, of
female f to f inch. Fore wings narrow, dilated behind ;
costa rather hollowed, and dotted with white ; pale purplish-
brown with a broad darker central band. Hind wings pale
smoky brown. Female with far narrower wings.

Antennae of the male rather short, ciliated with bristles so
long as to resemble pectinations, pale brown ; palpi very
long, porrected, faintly curved downwards, red-brown ; head
and thorax red-brown or drab-brown ; abdomen long, rather
flattened, silky pale brown. Fore wings long and narrow ;
costa unusually straight ; apex angulated ; hind margin
hardly rounded ; texture smooth ; colour dull red-brown or
drab-brown, having in the middle a broad transverse band
of a deeper tone of the same colour, rapidly expanding from
above the dorsal margin till it becomes extremely wide on
the costa, its inner margin representing a much curved first
line, its outer a very oblique second line, closely followed by
a pale stripe ; costa ornamented with about ten very short
oblique white streaks ; cilia pale purple-brown. Hind
wings long and rather narrow ; glossy smoky brown ; cilia
pale purple. Female rather clumsy in appearance ; the
abdomen equally long and decidedly thicker ; fore wings
much narrower, rather more pointed ; pale drab with the
margins only of the broad central band darker ; hind wings
also narrow, brownish-white.

Undersides of all the wings in the male dull purple, each
with a purplish-yellow transverse band beyond the middle ;
of the female pale drab; body in each case of the same
colour ; legs drab, the hind pair very long.

Variable in the male, as already suggested, from red-brown
to brownish-drab ; and in the case of a specimen taken by
Mr. Percy Richards in Richmond Park, to smoky-black ; the
hind wings also a little darker or paler.

On the wing from the end of June till August.

Larva. Length about one inch ; slender, and of almost

PYRAL/D.-E—CLEDEOBIA. 269

uniform width throughout ; head glossy black, with the
lobes rounded ; dorsal plate also glossy, chocolate-brown ;
body cylindrical, segments clearly defined, the third, fourth,
and fifth have several transverse depressions which give
them a wrinkled appearance ; the remaining segments have
each one transverse depression ; the skin altogether has a
tough appearance ; in one form it is dirty smoky black, with
the dorsal line indistinct but perfectly black ; the anal seg-
ment pale brown ; undersurface and prolegs paler smoky
black with a greenish tinge, and the legs black ; in another
the ground colour is pale chocolate-brown strongly suffused
on the anterior segments with dirty smoke-colour ; the
dorsal plate edged in front with brown, and the side tubercles
and spiracles smoke-colour ; the ventral surface and prolegs
pale chocolate-brown, with a greenish tinge ; the legs, with
the thoracic segments, black. (Ct. T. Porritt.)

June (but very probably from the previous autumn) on
Hypnum cupressiforjiie and other mosses growing upon
damp ground, living completely hidden in the moss but
noticeable from patches of excrement thrown above and
kept together by a few silken threads. Herr Anton Schmid
found it in tube-shaped webs under plants of Lotus
oorniculatus, the flowers and leaves having apparently been
eaten.

Pupa from one half to five-eighths of an inch long ; of
ordinary shape and with all the parts clearly defined ; highly
polished, the colour rich brown, the wing-cases bright yellow
margined with brown ; eye-cases and abdominal point dark
chocolate-brown. In a cocoon, shaped somewhat like that
of a Zygsena, formed of firmly spun white silk among the
moss. (G. T. Porritt.)

The male moth is lively in the afternoon on warm days,
flying over the grass of chalk hills and downs, extensive
parks, and especially rough grassy places and salt marshes
along the sea-coast ; and it certainly flies again in the

370 LEPIDOPTERA.

evening. The female is far more sluggish, yet in very hot
still weather may be seen in the same places, flnng in the
, afternoon, or swinging by its long legs from a culm of grass ;
but this is by no means a usual sight ; in ordinary weather it
hides among the grass. Locally abundant in the more chalky
portions of Surrey and Sussex, especially in Richmond and
Arundel Parks and the Box Hill and Mickleham districts, also
in other suitable places in Kent, Sussex, Hants with the Isle
of Wight, Dorset, Devon, and Somerset, and in the Scilly
Isles ; and in more restricted numbers — and localities — in
Essex, Suffolk, and even the borders of Cambridgeshire, but
apparently not in any other part of these Islands. Abroad
it is widely distributed and common throughout Central and
Southern Europe, to Turkey, and Corsica ; and is found in
Sweden and Norway.

Genus 2. PYRALIS.

Antennae simple, slender ; palpi thin, upraised and
pointed ; tongue covered in front with scales ; thorax
smooth ; abdomen tapering ; fore wings trigonate but blunt,
the discal cell elongated ; hind wings moderately broad,
discal cell short, cross-bar deeply angulated ; legs not very
long, the tibioB thickened with broad scales.

We have four species, readily discriminated.

A. Fore wings blotched alternately with purple and
yellow.

B. Hind wings white with smoky marbling.

P. faritmlis.
B^. Hind wings brown with faint white lines.

P. Henigialis.
A-. Fore wings purplish-brown with slender yellow lines.

P. gkmcinalis.
A?. Wings rich crimson or purplish-crimson with yellow-
spots and cilia. P. custatis.

P YRA LW.£—P YRALIS. 271

1. P, farinalis, L. — Expanse 1 to \\ inch. Fore wings
silky, dull yellow or reddish-yellow, with purple blotches at
the base, apex, and anal angle, cut off by white lines ; hind
wings white, with smoky marbling.

Antennae simple, shining purple ; palpi slender, set apart,
pale buff ; head the same colour, tinged above with red-
brown; collar dark purple ; thorax purple ; abdomen very
silky, red-brown with a yellow-brown-blotch on the middle
segments. Fore wings very silky, bluntly trigonate ; costa
rather straight ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin
faintly curved and a little oblique ; base to the first line
■deep purple, or purple-red ; first line white, bent in the
middle ; second line also white, forming a large crescent
from the costa, a rounded outward curve, and returning,
with a short bend, to the dorsal margin just opposite to its
•costal extremity ; central space between these two lines very
broadly yellow or brownish-yellow, sometimes with a chest-
nut suffusion ; space beyond the second line dark purple,
often broken into rounded spots at the apex and anal angle
by a paler cloud ; cilia yellowish-white, intersected and
shaded with smoky black. Hind wings broad, very fully
rounded behind, shining white, abundantly clouded with
broken and rippled bands of pale smoke colour ; margin
■spotted with rather darker smoke colour ; cilia dusky white.
Female similar, rather larger ; the hind wings often more
darkly clouded.

Underside of the fore wings bronzy-yellow along the
•costa, dusky white along the dorsal margin, smoky purple
between ; second line obscurely white ; bej'ond it the whole
apical area is purple-grey. Hind wings smoky white, dusted
with dark brown ; beyond the middle a transverse white line
is broadened, and in pai't extended to the hind margin.
Body purple-brown. Legs pale purple.

■ On the wing from June till September, possibly in two
generations — indeed Mr. F. H. Chittenden gives it as his
■opinion that under favourable conditions (in the United

271 LEPIDOPTERA,

States), there may be four generations in the year. He
states that it was carried through all its stages in abont
eight weeks in the year in which he was writing (1897).
On the other hand Mr. Bnckler found its larva to live over
two winters.

Larva nearly an inch long ; stout and cylindrical ; bead
small and horny, shining chestnut-brown, with the mouth
blackish ; second segment, which is rather long, tapering
rapidly forward, yellowish-brown ; skin most delicately
shagreened, bone-white with the undersurface whiter ; there
is, however, a blackish tinge over the anterior and posterior
segments; dorsal vessel distinguishable by its darker tint;
raised dots small and indistinct, surrounded by small
depressions, and furnished each with a short brown hair ;
spiracles small, round, and margined with black ; anal plate
yellowish-brown ; legs tipped with chestnut-brown ; prolegs
whitish with the circlet of hooks dark brown. (Rev.
J. Hellins.)

August or September till May, on flour, corn, maize, bran,
and meal, and among refuse of these substances, living in
long tubes of silk placed along boarding, or any wall or
other solid substance in contact with the food : apparently
attacking only stored food indoors — not corn when growing,
nor even in the ricks.

Pupa very cylindrical and plump, the wing-cases reaching
only one-half its length ; the tail ending in a blunt knob,
without a spike, but furnished with a group of six curled-
topped spines, arranged in three pairs of different lengths,
the largest pair being straight and the other two curved ;
skin glossy as though varnished ; wing-cases j-ellowish-
brown ; the abdomen more red, and the segmental divisions
still darker ; in a closely fitting cocoon of tough white silk,
well covered on the outside with rubbish. (Rev. J.
Hellins.

P VRALlD.t:—P YRALfS. 273

The moth is found about stables, corn-stores, mills, grain-
warehouses, and in houses generally ; it sits during the day
on shaded walls and in obscure or dark situations, with its
wings widely outspread and flattened to the wall, and the
abdomen curiously curled up over the back ; taking no
notice of any intruder unless actually disturbed, but then
running rapidly away. It has even been found in the corn
stores of mines, more than a quarter of a mile underground.
At dusk it flies, keeping as much as possible away from
notice, and very seldom approaches a light. Extremely
common in England, Wales, and Ireland, also in the south
of Scotland, but more scarce and local in the north of that
country, and apparently not found in the Isles. Abroad
it is abundant throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, North
America to California and Texas, Australia, and New
Zealand, wherever the conditions are suitable; also being
more plentiful in the non-tropical regions.

2. P. lienigialis, Zfll. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings
jDurplish-bufl^, with dark purple basal and apical blotches ;
lines yellowish-white ; hind wings dark brown.

Antenuffi of the male simple, light-brown ; palpi small,
slender, pale red-brown; head and thorax purple-buff'; abdo-
men dull purple-brown. Fore wings rather narrowly trigo-
nate ; costa very faintly ai-ched; apex bluntly angulated ;
hind mai'gin short, little curved, but rather oblique ; surface
shining ; colour purplish-buff or orange-brown ; basal area
dark jjurple to the flrst line, which is gently curved, yellowish-
white ; second line also yellowish-white, forming a con-
spicuous hook or curved triangle from the costa, thence
obscure ; beyond this line the apical region is dark puq^le or
purple-brown, and the hind marginal region blackish-brown;
cilia grey-brown. Hind wings not very broad, rounded
behind ; dark smoky-brown with two faint irregular curved
white lines crossing in different directions ; cilia pale grey-
brown. Female similar.

VOL. IX. s

274 LEPIDOPTERA.

Underside of the foro wings pale smoky-jmrple, with a dull
yellow triangle before the apex. Hind wings rather paler.
Body and legs purple-brown.

On the wing in August and September.

Larva and Pupa apparently unknown.

Very little is known of this rare species. In August 1879
a single specimen was taken, and in August and September
1880 three more, all by Mr. W. Thompson, at Stoney Strat-
ford, Bucks ; and another collector was reported to have
taken three or four more at the same place. All these seem
to have been attracted by light, and those captured by Mr.
Thompson came to the lamps between 11 p.m. and midnight-
Strange to say no further specimens have been recorded
here, and no cause seems to have been assigned for the
presence of this scarce species in this country, yet the
specimens, some of which I have seen, appear to be quite
reliable. Abroad its range is very small, being apparently
confined to Lapland, Finland, and Livonia.

3. P. costalis, Fah.\ flmbrialis, Hchiff. — Expanse -|- to |
inch. (15-23 mm.). Fore wings rich shining crimson-purple
with two yellow costal spots ; hind wings more crimson ; cilia
of both broadly brilliant yellow.

AntennEO of the male simple, short, dull yellow ; palpi
slender and small, rather wide apart and upturned, purplish-
yellow ; head dull yellow ; thorax and abdomen shining
purplish-crimson. Fore wings narrowly trigonate ; costa
straight ; hind margin a little rounded ; apex bluntly angu-
lated ; colour rich shining purplish-crimson ; on the costa are
two large triangular rich yellow spots, from which proceed
the first and second lines, of the same colour but slender and
often exceedingly faint ; extreme hind margin, with the cilia,
conspicuously rich yellow. Hind wings rather short, rounded
behind ; rather brighter purplish-crimson, with two very

P YRA LIDM—P YRA L IS. 27 5

slender sinuous yellow transverse lines ; hind margin and
cilia broadly rich yellow. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings dull crimson-purple, with the
base of the costa, and the second triangular spot, yellow ;
hind wings whitish-purple with faint rippling whiter lines ;
cilia of all broadly yellow. Body and legs yellow, shaded
with purple.

On the wing in June and July, and again from August to
October, apparently as a partial second generation.

Larva. Length | inch ; general colour dark dull brown
with an olivaceous hue. Thoracic joints much wrinkled, the
rest each with two wrinkles. Raised dots lighter than the
body, with a dark central shining spot emitting a dull white
hair. At the extreme outer edge the body is generally
lighter, with a dark irregular impressed longitudinal line,
above which in front, and below it behind, is a small point
also giving rise to a hair. Undersurface lighter than the back,
with a row of dots and hairs on each side. Legs and prolegs
of the same colour, the latter with a spot and hair outside.

When young lighter in colour, and with the head and
dorsal plate paler. (Prof. C. V. Eiley.)

Professor Comstock says of it : " The larva sometimes
abounds in old stacks of clover hay, and especially near the
bottom of such stacks. As the infested hay becomes covered
with a silken web spun by the larva, and by its black gun-
powder-like excrement, much more is spoiled than is eaten
by the insect." Other observers confirm this statement. On
the other hand the moth is said to have been reared from
moss and lichens on the trunks of trees ; and one observer
states that he reared it from a larva feeding in June on
Cohcea icandcns.

That it is destructive to clover hay in stacks seems to be
quite established ; and there is reason to think that the straw
of thatches is sometimes attacked and that in default of
other food dead leaves are not despised.

276 IKPTDOPTKRA.

I'l'PA iindescribed.

The moth sits by day about stables, aud out buildings
which are thatched, on old palings, or among dead sticks
and other lumber ; but especially loves to hide in a dense
hedge in which are entangled abundance of dead leaves. In
such a hedge of elm-bushes I have found it in plenty, sitting
low down in the thickest portions and when beaten out,
hovering lazily close to the hedge and concealing itself again
as quickly as possible. At night it comes readily to gas-
lamps and lighted windows, aud may at once be known,
even from a distance, since it settles down with wings so
widely spread out flat and pushed forward, that it appears to
be two-thirds of a circular disk. I know of no other species
which sits with fore wings so forward. It flies at dusk and
on in the night, and will come sometimes to the sugar spread
for Nodua. Especially attached to suburban gardens aud
lanes, but in London to be found also in squares, even to the
vicinity of the Old British Museum. Also to be found
locally in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Hants ; rarely in Dorset
and Devon ; in Middlesex, Herts, Bucks, Essex, Suffolk,
Norfolk, Cambs, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, even in
Yorkshire, and one specimen has been taken in Newcastle-
on-Tyne. I find no record for Wales, except that it was said
to have been taken forty years ago at Tenby, nor any for
Scotland or Ireland. Abroad it has a wide range, through
Central and Southern Europe, Western Asia ; Northern
Africa, and North America from new York to Georgia and
Missouri.

4. P. glaucinaHs, L. — Expanse I to 1^ inch. Fore
wings silky brownish- purple or purplish-drab with two
yellow transverse lines. Hind wings pale smoky-grey with
a transverse white line.

Antennae simple, pale yellow ; palpi very slender, yellow-
brown ; head and thorax pale ochreous-brown ; abdomen
whitish brown. Fore wings trigonate; the apex bluntly

PVRALTD.'E—PYRALIS. 277

angulated ; costal and hind margins gently rounded ; surface
silky; purplish-brown, or yellowish-brown with a purplish
gloss, especially toward the costa ; first line slender, faintly
curved but erect, pale ochreous ; second line very erect and
almost straight, slender but a little broadened at the costa ;
pale ochreous ; costa between these two lines dotted with the
same colour ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings broad, rounded
behind ; smoky-grey dusted with shining white, and having
two extremely slender sinuous white transverse lines, one
near the base and obscure, the other in the middle ; cilia
smoky-white. Female similar but usually larger.

Undersides of all the wings nearly as on the upper, but
the colour rather more smoky, the second line of the fore
wings obscurely orange yellow, of the hind wings dull black.
Body and legs pale purplish-brown.

On the wing from Jane till September.

Lakva moderately slender, cylindrical, nearly uniform in
bulk throughout, but the hinder segments tapering a little
at the sides ; spiracular region puffed and wrinkled ; seg-
mental divisions deeply cut; colour of the back blackish
bronzy-green, becoming of an olive or ochreous green tint
along the spiracles and on the head, second and thirteenth
segments, undersurface and legs ; the plate on the second
segment is margined in front with blackish-olive; a line
blackish undulating line, apparently caused by a deep wrinkle,
runs below the spiracles ; these are inconspicuous, of the
surrounding colour, and merely outlined with black ; the
tubercular dots are a little raised, each bearing a fine hair ;
the whole surface is shining and bronzy-looking. (W.
Buckler.)

April till June — probably from the preceding autumn —
among dead and decaying leaves and similar vegetable sub-
stances. Lord Walsingham discovered it in the large dense
bunches of twigs, caused by I'hijtoptus, so often found on the
branches of birch-trees, apparently feeding on the entangled

378 LEPIDOPTERA.

dead leaves ; by other observers it has been reared from the
pith of dead raspberry caaes ; and from decayed thatch. It
unites the dihrls of these materials together, forming tubes
of silk in which it lives.

Pupa brown, nearly halt' an iuch long, stoutest at the
thorax ; anal point ended with a short spike. In a cocoon
which at first is soft and very flexible, and of silvery white-
ness, but after a day or two becomes firm and unyielding,
rounded at each end, convex on the upper and under sur-
faces, acutely ridged along the sides. (W. Buckler.) This
cocoon opens at one end to allow the escape of the moth, but
closes again and shows no sign of disturbance, and in the
case of the P]njto'ptu& bunches on birch-trees, lies long in the
same place.

The moth hides during the day among dead sticks, vege-
table refuse, or in thatch, and occasionally may be seen
sitting on an old paling or fence. It flies at dusk and in the
night, and often comes to the sugar spread for Noctuce ; it is
also strongly attracted by light and often to be seen sitting
upon a gas-lamp. When so sitting or when at rest in the
daytime its forewings are deflected over the hind, and not
placed forward as in the last species. Not very scarce in the
subui'bs of London, frequenting the gardens ; and with the
exception of Cornwall, it seems to be found in suitable places
throughout the Southern, Eastern, and Western Counties of
England, and more sparinglj^ in all the Midland Counties,
extending northward to Yorkshire and Lancashire, but
apparently not further north, except that one specimen has
been taken in Durham. Neither is there any evidence for
Wales, though it surely must there be present. In Ireland
a single record for W^icklow is not confirmed, and seems
doubtful. Abroad it has an extensive distribution, through
Central Europe, the temperate portions of Northern Europe,
North Spain, Gibraltar, Italy, Corsica, Southern and Eastern
Russia, Bithynia, Persia, .lapan, and Northern Africa.

P YRALIDjE—A GL OSS a. 279

Genus 3. AGLOSSA,

Antennae simple, yet ciliated so thickly as to seem almost
pectinated; palpi pointed, tufted below; tongue abortive;
head smoothed down in front ; thorax loosely scaled ; abdo-
men tapering ; fore wings blunt, elongate-trigonate, with the
discal cell short ; hind wings broad, cross-bar angulated ;
legs not very long, the front tibite thickened.

We have two species, at once separable by the colour of
their hind wings, which in A. pmgimialis are pale smoky-
brown, in A. cu2n-ealis shining white.

1. A. pinguinalis, L. — Expanse 1 to li inch. Fore
wings rather broad and blunt ; pale grey-brown dusted and
spotted with black. Hind wings pale smoky brown. Whole
surface of a greasy appearance.

Antennae of the male thickly ciliated with distinct bristles,
almost resembling pectinations, blackish-brown ; palpi slender,
porrected, brown ; head pale brown, finely streaked with
darker ; thorax pale brown, the collar and shoulder-lappets
edged with black ; abdomen tapering, shining grey-brown.
Fore wings rather ample ; costa arched beyond the middle ;
apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin smoothly curved ; sur-
face shining with a greasy gloss, pale umbreous or pale
grey-brown, thickly dusted with black atoms ; first line
rather erect, much angulated and clouded, or broken up into
clouded black spots ; the basal space also clouded with black ;
second line black, much angulated and bowed out in the
middle, spotted with black at all the angles, and followed by
a more obscure parallel series of cloudj' spots ; discal spot
black ; hind margin dotted with black ; cilia grey-brown.
Hind wings very broad, rounded behind ; pale smoky brown
dusted with black ; hind margin edged with black cloudy
dots, cilia smoky brown. Female very similar but much
larger, the antenna simple, and abdomen stouter but more
pointed.

28o LEI'inorTKRA.

LFndersides of the wings wholly shiuing pale smokj^ brown.
Body and legs pale yellow-brown.

Very variable in size ; and in some degree so in the
ground colour, paler or darker, or even occasionally having a
red-brown, or olive-brown tinge ; also in the size and depth
of the black angles or spots of the transverse lines. One
form is figured in which these are obliterated, and the dark
colouring massed together along the hind margins. Of
this two specimens exist in the collection of the late Mr. H.
Doubleday in Bethnal Green Museum. In Mr. Sydney
Webb's collection is one of a shiny pale grey without mark-
ing except the discal spot and basal darker band ; and
another wholly reddish-brown.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva when full grown from 25 to 29 mm. in length ;
almost uniformly cylindrical throughout, though rather
stoutest at the third and fourth segments, which have deeply
subdividing wrinkles ; and on each of the following seg-
ments to the twelfth is one deep transverse wrinkle a little
beyond the middle ; segmental divisions well divided, and
the anal flap is plumply rounded oil behind ; above the
spiracles a tumid ridge is very prominent, the uudersurface
being flattened and deeply wrinkled ; the dorsal raised dots
are arranged rather in a square than a trapezoidal figure ;
colour black or black-brown, sometimes a little bronzy ; the
head having a pale bar of grej'ish-drab across the upper lip,
and the papilla; of the same colour ; all the legs drab ;
spiracles black and difficult to discern, undersurface of a
worn bronzy appearance. (W. Buckler, condeused.) When
young more slate-grey with the head and plates black.

August to May or June, hybernating when well grown ; on
bran or any refuse of corn ; also apparently on the dried seeds
and husks of some grasses, such as Hokus lanatus, in stables ;
always carefully concealed in a silken tube which it spins on
the floor, or on any solid surface in contact with its food.

PYRALID.'E—AGLOSSA. z8i

Mr. Buckler took particular trouble to ascertain whether
fatty substances or greasy materials of any kind were eaten ;
and from the evidence obtained, no doubt need exist that
this larva restricts itself wholly to corn dihris, ground corn,
waste grass-seed or dried vegetable refuse of a similar nature.
It appears never to leave its silken covering tube until full
fed, at which time it travels about on walls and among
rubbish of all kinds before settling down to make its cocoon.
Apparently it is at this restless season that it has usually been
noticed.

Pupa about half an inch long, and of the usual form ; the
movable segments of the abdomen are deeply cut, and the
anal segment is furnished at the tip with four fine curly-
topped spines ; surface dull ; colourdark brick-red. In a
cocoon firmly attached to some solid substance ; broad-oval,
composed of greyish silk, and covered externally with pai--
ticles gnawed from the surface of its surroundings, whether
of rubbish, or of mortar, or even of paper. (W. Buckler.)

The moth frequents stables and outhouses, also corn stores
and corn warehouses; sitting during the day ujwn the darker
walls and in obscure corners ; if disturbed running rapidly
to another spot — very fond of hiding behind a corn or bran-
bin. At dusk it flies, keeping still to the darkest corners
and most shadowy places, and looking itself like a moving
shadow ; if noticed, hastily hiding again, and running into
some obscurity. Abundant almost everywhere in England,
Wales, and Ireland, and common in the south of Scotland,
but scarce at Aberdeen and Moray, and apparently not yet
noticed in the Scottish Islands. Abroad it seems to be
plentiful all over the Continent of Europe, and Northern
Asia, also found in Palestine, Persia, Western India, China,
and Northern Africa.

2. A. cuprealis, Hub. — Expanse | to 1| inch. Fore
wings narrow, blunt, very glossy, reddish-drab or purplish-

282 LEPIDOPTERA.

white, much clouded with dark brown ; discal spot and the
two transverse lines paler ; hind wings smoky-white.

Antennas of the male simple but shortly ciliated, purple-
brown ; palpi very slender, porrected, light brown ; head
short and broad, shining dark chocolate ; thorax reddish-
brown blotched with black ; abdomen shining pale red-
brown. Fore wings narrow, elongated ; costa flatly curved ;
apex and hind margin rounded ; surface shining with a
greasy lustre ; reddish-white, or pale reddish-drab, much
clouded with black ; a roughly edged black-brown transverse
band precedes the first line, which is sinuous, and of the
ground colour ; second line similar, much rippled, preceded
by a large black-brown costal blotch, and a still larger
similar blotch on the dorsal margin, or else by a complete
central black-brown band, and followed by broad black-brown
clouding ; hind margin dotted with black ; cilia reddish-
drab. Hind wings broad, rounded behind; smoky white,
edged with a brown line ; cilia smoky white intersected by
a dusky line. Female similar, but larger.

Underside of the fore wings smoky yellowish-brown, with
the second line distinct and broad, pale yellow ; and a similar
dot in the middle of the costa ; hind margin edged with a
brown line. Hind wings as on the upper side, or rather
darker. Body and legs red-brown.

On the wing in July and August.

Larva about an inch long, cylindrical, and even in
bulk, a little tapering in front ; the subspiracular ridge less
prominent than in the last species ; skin brilliantly glossy
all over, but under the microscope it is seen to be very finely
and beautifully shagreened ; head rounded, deep chestnut-
red ; collar deeper red, and edged narrowly in front with
black ; general colour, from the sheen of the surface, diflBcult
to describe, bronzy-invisible-green-black being the combina-
tion of words which suggests itself; the hinder segments
having a rather paler tint, and the anal plate a reddish or

PYRALID^—AGLOSSA. 283

yellowish tint ; there is a double dorsal thread to be seen
under the skin with a lens ; spiracles small, oval, flat, and of
the ground colour ; raised dots hard to detect, slightly darker
than the skin, and each has a fine hair which shines golden
in the sunlight. (W. Buckler, condensed.)

August till May — or the following May — usually feeding
during a large portion of two years — on wheat-husks, the
refuse of wheat stacks and clover ricks, and in old thatch of
sedge {Cladium), always spinning together the refuse and
forming a silken tube ; or making use of a straw, bean-husk,
or folded leaf of Cladmm, as a private retreat; only thriving
when its food is in a somewhat damp condition.

Pupa cylindrical, all the outlines rounded, wing-cases
short and rounded, and the abdomen also rounded at the
end, having there a very short blunt spike furnished with
four curly-topped spines ; the skin rather glossy ; the colour
pale mahogany brown on the back, paler on the under
surface ; the anal tip and spike dark brown. In a tough
cocoon of white silk, the outside of which is stuck all over
with bits of the straw and husk among which it has lived.
(W. Buckler.)

The metropolis of this local species with us seems to be
the district lying around Wicken Fen in Cambridgeshire. It
does not seem to be found at all, or only casually, in the
Fen, but sits on and in old stables, barns, and outhouses, even
in oil-cake stores, at the farms of that district, and has also
been shaken out of thatch. From this locality most of our
cabinets have been supplied. Elsewhere it seems usually to
occur rarely or even singly, but is recorded from Kent, Dorset,
Devon, Berks, Middlesex, Herts, Essex, Suffolk, Cheshire,
and Lancashire. So far as I know this is the extent of its
range in these Islands. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe,
many parts of Southern Europe including the Island of
Corsica; Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, the Canary Isles; North
and South Africa. North and South America, and Australia.

2S4 LEPIDOPTERA.

Family 3. HYDROCAMPID^.

Legs very long and thin ; proboscis present ; maxillaiy
and labial palpi both slender, pushed forward ; vein 7 of the
fore wing arises from the discal cell ; upper side of the
median nervure of the hind wings devoid of long scales.
The species are all very slender and weak in structure.

Genus 1. CATACLYSTA.

Antennte threadlike, naked, ringed, bent near the base,
and upraised ; palpi slender, curled up ; thorax and abdomen
ver}^ thin ; fore wings trigonate, blunt, the discal cell short
and outwardly squared ; hind wings long, having a jewelled-
like edging behind ; legs very long and thin. Sexes differ-
ing in size and markings.

We have but one species.

1. C. lemnalis, Schiff.; lemnata, L. — Expanse of the
male g inch, of female § (15-23 mm.) All the wings of
the male glossy-white, with small black central dots and
faint lines ; of the female, fore wings larger and clouded
with brown, hind wings more distincth" lined ; in both sexes
having a jewelled blue-black hind marginal stripe.

Antenna of the male long, slender, golden-brown, ringed
with white ; palpi small, slender, projecting from below,
white ; face smoothed down, white, as is the top of the head ;
thorax and abdomen very thin and weak, white. Fore wings
narrowly trigonate, very blunt behind ; costa gently arched ;
apex squarely angulated ; hind margin almost perpendicular
and very little curved ; colour porcelain-white ; the extreme
edge of the costa dark brown ; from it arise small, excessively
faint, similar clouds, from two of which proceed still fainter
yellowish lines, apparently suggesting the usual second and
subterminal lines ; discal spot a black dot ; hind margin
edged with yellow-brown ; cilia white, shaded in ]iart with

HYDROCAMPID.-E-CATACL YSTA. 285

yellow. Hind wings rather long and narrow, rounded be-
hind, and especially so where the anal angle should exist •
shining white ; central spot black, elongated, preceded and
followed by faint blackish-brown lines, which are duplicated;
along the hind margin is a black-edged yellow stripe, con-
taining a blue-black stripe, in which is a series of brilliant
silvery-white dots ; cilia white. Female considerably larger,
with the body stouter ; fore wings white, much clouded with
brown, showing vague indications of a double first line, and
also the other lines, which sometimes are very prettily
developed ; hind wings larger, having the markings more
definite, and the jewelled black border larger.

Underside of the fore wings of the male white clouded with
brown, and showing an obscure black discal spot ; the hind
wings white with a blackish central spot ; of the female, pale
brown, with the hind wings white ; body and legs white.

On the wing from June till September, probably in a
single generation.

Larva thickest in the middle, the first five segments
tapering towards the head, which is partially rectractile into
the second segment, shining pale olive-brown, darkest at the
mouth ; second segment long in proportion, while the third
and fourth are short, dorsal plate black, very lustrous,
margined behind with pale olive-green ; tapering also behind
from the tenth segment ; divisions and sub-divisions of the
segments deeply defined ; the whole surface deep sooty
olive-black, soft and velvety, except that the anal tip is a
little browner and less velvety; a black dorsal stripe can
just be discerned; the pufi'ed spiracular region is a little
puckered; and the small circular blackish spiracles are
raised in the least degree above the surrounding surface,
and slightly glistening ; legs well developed, pale olive |
ventral prolegs full and fleshy, but with small feet ; the anal
pair small, the tip rounded and but little sloped. (W.
Buckler, condensed.)

286 I.EPIDOPTERA.

fSeptember till April or May; on duckweed (Lem7ia), frog-
bit {^Hydrocharis morsus-ronce)^ and other water-plants.
Living entirely in the water, cither at the surface or deeper,
in a case formed of leaves of duckweed, or pieces bitten from
the leaves of some other water plant ; readily protruding its
anterior half in order to feed or examine its surroundings;
and when thus visible appearing as though silvered over
from a film of air which covers it. The case is oval, half an
inch long, and not readily noticeable among the floating weed.

Pupa a little more than three-eighths of an inch long ; the
wing, antennae, and leg-cases well developed, the latter pro-
jecting a little, free from the body, which is smooth and
shining, head and thorax rounded off ; anal tip rather blunt,
and having on each side a rather angular projection ; spiracles
flat, circular, button-like ; colour worn shining brown. In
an oval cocoon, thickly and smoothly lined with white silk.
(W. Buckler.) In the larval habitation, or among fresh bits
of leaf in the water ; often upon the surface, where a few
leaves of the Lemna drawn together form little raised
nodules.

The moth hides during the day among vegetation on the
borders of ponds, lakes, rivers, and especially wherever the
water is sufiiciently still for the growth of duckweed. Here
it is readily disturbed by day, and flutters lazily away to a
similar hiding-place, the female being less willing to fly at this
time than the male. At about sunset and onward till dusk
every male is buzzing gently about over the water, and in the
most favoured spots, such as the broad ditches which drain the
fens of Norfolk, quite an extraordinary sight is presented by
the snow-white males flying in thousands over the water, all
at the same elevation over the surface, and all buzzing in
the same gentle manner. Later at night the females fly
higher and more over the country, coming willingly to a
strong light. Common throughout England and Wales, to
Yorkshire and Durham at least, and also all over Ireland ;

HYDROCAMPID.'E—PARAPONYX. 287

very local in Scotland, and apparently not extending further
north than the Clyde Valley and one locality in Perthshire.
Abroad found throughout Central Eui'ope, the temperate
portions of Northern Europe, Italy, and Southern and
Eastern Russia.

Genus 2. PARAPONYX.

Antennse long, notched, bent at the base ; palpi pointed,
curved up, body not very slender ; fore v?ings elongate, rather
narrow ; discal cell also long and narrow ; hind wings some-
what elongated, not very ample, cross-bar angulated ; legs
long. Sexes differing in size and appearance.

We have but one species.

1. P. stratiotalis, Schiff.; stratiotata, L. — Expanse
^ to 1^ inch. Fore wings narrow, brownish-white with dark
brown clouded lines and a white discal spot ; but in the
female entirely clouded with light brown. Hind wings
white with a cloudy stripe.

Antennae of the male simple, light brown, barred with
white ; palpi small and slender, white clouded with brown ;
face white ; top of head, thorax, and abdomen pale golden-
brown with white shading. Fore wings narrowly oblong,
blunt behind; costa almost straight; apex bluntly angulated;
hind margin short, not very oblique, bent and curved off
below the middle ; brownish-white or pale brown ; first line
faintly indicated in obscure brown dusting, but blackened on
the middle nervures ; second line very oblique, umbreous,
edged outside with white ; discal spot a white dot ringed
with black ; subterminal line faint, white with a brown
edging ; cilia glossy pale brown. Hind wings long, the hind
margin flatly rounded ; white, with a sinuous black-brown
stripe beyond the middle, which does not attain to the front
margin ; hind margin narrowly and faintly tinted with pale
brown ; cilia white clouded and dotted with the same.
Female larger, the body decidedly stouter, the fore wings

288 LEPIDOPTERA.

longer and slightly more pointed, light unibreoiis or pale
wainscot-brown ; bind wings broader, the sinuous stripe
more distinct, and often another, more slender, lies nearer
the base.

Underside of the fore wings brownish-white, more tinged
with brown toward the apex, the discal spot and second line
faintly indicated ; hind wings whiter in the male, similar in
the female, showing in a faint degree the markings of the
upper side. Body and legs pale brown.

Variable in the depth of colour of the fore wings, in the
male from pale brown to white, in the female from jjale to
deep umbreous ; also in the distinctness of the markings of
both fore and hind wings.

On the wing from the end of May till the beginning of
September, probably in a single generation.

Larva cylindrical though tapering a little on the four
anterior segments, and also on the two hinder ; the legs and
anal prolegs well developed, the ventral prolegs moderately
so; skin soft and smooth, and furnished with eight rows of
flexible branchiaB composed of tufts of six, or less, slender
fleshy filaments of unequal length, tapering to rather fine
points, all radiating from a short thick basal stem, and occu-
pying the positions of the usual warts or raised dots. To
the unassisted eye they resemble the spines of some butterfly
larva. Head pale brown, the lobes delicately outlined with
dark brown ; the mouth and ocelli blackish-brown ; the
brauchias dirty whitish-grey; body semitranslucent, pale
olivc-ochreous, or whitish-ochreous, generally tinged with
olive, and marked with a few small purplish freckles ; dorsal
stripe broad, dark grey, or brownish, or greenish-grey;
spiracles small, black, each situated on the flat centre of a
swellina' eminence ; a small wart-like tubercle, near the base
of each ventral proleg, bears a single hair-like filament.
(W. Buckler.)

August till May, June, or July ; on Anacharis alsinasfi-uvi,

HYDROCA.\rPin.-E—PARAPONYX. 289

Hydrocharis morsus-rana\ and some of the species of T'ota-
mogcton. Curtis says on Stiritiotrs cdoiihs, and Ilofmann
Trapa nvtans. In a habitation formed of threads of silk
joining together stems or leaves of the water plants and
comiDletely submerged, usually at some depth, in the water.

Of its habits Mr. Buckler says: "Night and day, at
intervals varj-ing from one to three minutes apart, the larva,
holding to its weh by the anal legs, rapidly undulates its
body upwards and forwards with considerable vigour and
energ}-, while the three hinder segments appear motionless ;
this intermittent movement lasts about twenty-one seconds
at a time, and is followed by a period of rest — lunger, that is
for two or three minutes — when the larva is quiet, and shorter
when it is feeding, at such times not exceeding one minute.
That this energetic undulation is connected with the respira-
tion of the larva is evident from the fact that the branchial
filaments are then all in strong action, for instead of radiating
as they do in repose, they become depressed a little, and
point forwards in the direction of the head.

The smaller larvffi ate only the green substance from the
leaves, thus bleaching them ; but the larger ones ate com-
pletely through the leaves, cutting out circular pieces. The
excrement was ejected with such great velocity that it was
carried about an inch outside the opening of the silken
residence."

Pupa half an inch long, rather slender, widest from behind
the thorax, whence the abdomen tapers to the rather blunt
tip ; head rather square ; eyes large and prominent ; wing,
antenna, and leg-cases well developed, the latter extending
free from the eighth to the end of the twelfth segment ; only
the spiracles on the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments are
distinguishable, but these are large, circular, and projecting
considerably, like knobs or warts from the sides ; at first the
pupa is unicolorous, of a delicate yellowish-flesh tint, but as
it approaches maturity the wings appear, of a dark grey-

VOL. IX. T

ago LEPIDOPTERA.

brown and show the darker outlined central spot; the eyes
become dark ; the thorax and legs light brown ; the abdo-
minal segments barred with the same; there is a faint
dorsal line of dusky spots, and a light brown spot on each
side of the three segments before the last ; the spiracles are
light orange-brown, ringed with black at the base. In a
truncated silken cocoon, attached for its whole length, by the
back, to a piece of the stem of the food-plant, and further
moored by strong threads from the upper part to the stem.
(W. Buckler.)

The moth hides during the day among the herbage at the
edges of streams, rivers, fen and marsh drains, ditches, large
shallow ponds, and lakes. It is at this time unwilling to fly,
and if disturbed prefei-s to ilutter down — the female especi-
ally— into the dense herbage. It ilies naturally at rather late
dusk about the water, and on through the night, not then
confining itself to the vicinity of water, but roaming abroad ;
and is much attracted, in both sexes, by light, settling con-
stantly upon any gas-lamps at country roadsides.

Formerly common in the outskirts of Loudon, now much
less so ; common in the Southern and Western Counties of
England, even more plentiful in the Eastern, and to be found
through the Midlands to Yorkshire and Lancashire, but I find
no records from the Northern Counties, or from Scotland —
nor indeed from Wales, though it can scarcely be absent from
the Principalit)'. In Ireland it is wideh' distributed, abun-
dant on the CTrand Canal at Athy, and tolerably common in
Galway and Monaghan. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe,
Northern Spain, Southern France, Italy, Livonia, Finland,
and Southern Russia.

Genus 3. HYDROCAMPA.

Antennas simple ; palpi short, tufted above ; thorax
narrow ; abdomen long and slender ; fore wings elongate,

HYnROCAMPIDJ-:—HYDKOCAI^TPA. 291

trigonate, and rather pointed, the discal cell very narrow ;
hind wings elongated, ample, the cell narrow, and cross-bar
angulated ; legs long and thin.

Larv^ and Vmvs. aquatic.

We have two species, readily discriminated.

A. Wings clear white with golden-brown stripes.

H. stagncdis.

A". Wings clouded with brown, with dai'ker stripes and

white spots. H. in/inphcmlis.

1. H. nymphaealis, I'^chiff. ; nymphaeata, L. — Ex-
panse 1 to Ij inch. Foi'e wings light bronzy brown with
numerous pearly white spots ; hind wings shining white,
with a large central crescent, and before the hind margin a
broad brown band.

Antennae of the male simple, dark brown ; palpi minute,
brown tipped with white ; head white, with a brown line
down the face, and another across the back portion ; thorax
pale brown, or white barred with brown : abdomen slender,
gloss}', brown, each segment shaded and edged with white.
Fore wings elongate, rather refuse ; costa very flatl}^ arched ;
apex angulated ; hind margin curved and a little oblique ;
pale golden brown ; base irregularly clouded with white and
showing no definite first line; in the middle area are three
large white spots edged by slender double brown strigse ; just
beyond them is the second line, undulating and indented,
white ; along the hind margin is a row of small white spots
sometimes joined into a slender stripe, edged outside by a
yellow line ; cilia shining pale brown. Hind wings pearly
white ; crossed near the base by a double golden-brown line;
central spot lunate, golden brown, followed by a broad,
irregular double stripe of the same colour, dusted with darker,
its outer section by far the broader and throwing out several
projections, of which one near the middle touches the hind
marginal stripe ; this last is yellow, edged on either side by a

292 LEPIDOPTERA.

golden-Iji'owu liae ; cilia shining brownish-white. Female
much larger, with the abdomen stouter, shorter, and more
pointed.

Undersides of all the wings as on the upper, except that
the golden-brown ground colour of the fore wings, and the
markings of the hind, are richer and darker. Body and legs
pale golden brown, shaded with white. The hind legs
longer than the body.

Variable in both sexes in depth of the brown colour, or in
clearness of the white spots ; the latter sometimes obscured
by a suffusion of brown colour, or darkened till the fore wings
become almost uniformly brown, and the hind wings still
darker with the spots brown. This last form is more
particularly noticeable in specimens from the Fen districts,
and from the same districts occasional specimens are ob-
tained having both fore and hind wings broadly and irregu-
larly banded with white, the usual central markings being
obliterated. Similar forms are sometimes taken in Ireland.

On the wing from June till September, probably in one
generation.

Larva rather stout in proportion, thickest in the middle
and tapering rather suddenly toward each end ; head small,
light olive-brown, the lobes and mouth darker brown ; dorsal
plate pale olive, shining, margined in fi-ont with a fine black
line, and within it, after an interspace of the pale ground,
there is in the middle a transverse fusiform brownish-black
mark, dorsally divided by a thin pale line; the rest of the
body above light olive-brown with a darker dorsal stripe, and
fainter indications of a subdorsal stripe less dark ; the body
beneath much paler, light buff, very faintly tinged with
olive ; spiracles small, roundish oval, delicately outlined with
reddish-brown ; anterior legs well developed, but the ventral
and anal prolegs mere fleshy swellings, witli a flat process at
the extremity, fringed with fine dark brown hooks; the
whole skin soft and velvety, appearing darker in the depths

H I -DROCAMPID^—HYDROCAMPA. 293

of the segmental divisions, and paler at the folds. (W.
Buckler.)

September till June or July, on Pofamogeton natans, P.
j]ohjgonifoliii.s, P. pusillus, Sparganiurii simplex, Myosotis
palustris, Hjidrocharis morstis-rance, Catabrosa aquatim,
Alisma plantago, Nymphma, and other aquatic plants ;
living in a case composed of portions of its food-plant, and
floating at, or near, the surface of the water. Mr. Buckler
observed that it cut out an oval piece from a leaf and con-
veyed this cut piece under the leaf in order to add a similar
piece on the other side, thus forming the case, and cutting it
completely adrift so as to float freely. When feeding the
case was moored by a silk thread to the food-plant. After
casting a skin the case was discarded leaving the distended
old skin within, and the naked larva proceeded to form a
new shelter.

Pupa half an inch long, the thickest portion being across
the wing covers ; abdomen tapering to the anal tip. which is
bluntly rounded ofi" without any projecting boss or spike, but
having instead a horny wart, cleft and bilobed, furnished
with a few small bristles ; wiug covers long ; antenna and
leg-cases very long, projecting at their ends free from the
abdomen ; wing covers, ventral surface, and anal tip shining
light warm brown ; thorax and back of the abdomen a little
darker and rather reddish-brown, without gloss ; spiracles
large and projecting, like nipples, each on a slight eminence,
shining dark brown, each with a paler ring at the base ; in
a chamber formed by drawing together two leaves of r<par-
ganium or some other water plant, and spinning together a
space situated at an inch or two above the surface of the
water. (W. Buckler.)

The moth hides during the day among coarse herbage at
the margins of rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, fen drains, and
wet ditches — everywhere indeed where aquatic herbage is
in any plenty, and is readily disturbed, flying in a lively

294 LEPIDOPTERA.

manner to some similar hiding-place. At dusk it flies volun-
tarily about the same situations, but does not seem so much
disposed as the last species to roam abroad. Generally distri-
buted, and usually common in suitable situations, throughout
England, Wales, and Ireland, except that records are want-
ing for one or two of the northern counties of England ; yet
found in Scotland in Wigtownshire, Ayrshire, the Glasgow
district of the Clyde Valley, Berwickshire, Midlothian,
Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, and Moray. Abroad it is
common throughout Central Europe, and found in the
south of Sweden and Norway, Livonia, Italy, Southern
and Eastern Russia, Bithynia, Syria, and Tartary.

2. H. stagnalis. On.; stagnata, Don. — Expanse J to
1 inch. All the wings shining porcelain-white, divided into
spaces by double, bronzy, orange-brown, curved stripes.

AntenuEe of the male simple, brown with a silveiy gloss ;
palpi slender, dark brown, white within ; head snowy-white ;
thorax slender, of the same colour, with a brown spot on the
dorsal surface and a similar edging at the back ; abdomen
slender, white, the basal and hinder segments edged with
brown. Fore wings trigonate ; costa nearly straight ; apex
Ijluutly angulated ; hind margin very little oblique and the
anal angle well formed ; colour pearly white, with beautiful
orange-brown or goldeu-brown markings ; the basal line
single, oblique, and curved ; first line a double stripe, hardly
complete, yet throwing out, above the middle, a long point
which joins the second line ; this last is double and broadly
branched, forming a figure somewhat like the letter
Y, which rests on the dorsal margin and there spreads so as
to form a foot. These double stripes are unusually pretty.
Along the hind margin is a goldeu-ljrown stripe, and a
similar line intersects the white cilia. Hind wings rounded,
pearly-white ; central spot comma-shaped, golden brown ;
before it is a similar partial transverse stripe, and beyond the
middle a more complete, partly double one ; hind wings

HYDROCAMPID^E—HYDROCAMPA. 295

edged with a golden-brown stripe ; cilia white. Female
similar, often rather larger.

Undersides of all the wings white, with the markings of
the upper side accurately repeated, though in a fainter tint
of colour. Body and legs white.

Usually very constant in its delicate colour and lovely
markings, but liable distinctly to local races. In the fens of
Norfolk, and sometimes occupying most restricted areas in
these fens, specimens are found having all the markings less
distinct, sometimes all present but faint, or only partially
present, or only in single or double lines instead of stripes,
and decreasing in distinctness till some of the specimens are
pure silky white, wholly destitute of markings.

In Ireland a somewhat similar race is found, but in it the
discal and central spots of the fore wings, and a fine brown
line along their hind margins remain usually quite visible as
the other markings disappear ; and every intermediate shade
of distinctions or obliteration occurs, till at Lough Oughter,
Co. Cavan, the purely white form again appears. When the
partially obliterated form was first found, it was mistaken
for the allied (non-British) species, H. rivulalis.

On the wing from the end of June till August — apparently
in a single generation.

Larva seven-eighths of an inch long ; rather slender,
tapering from the thii-d segment to the head and from the
tenth to the anal extremity ; head small, flattened, and
tapering towards the mouth, translucent pale brown, the
lobes marked with a reticulation of darker brown, and a
similar streak in the middle of each, mouth blackish-brown,
ocelli large and black ; segmental divisions and sub-divisions
moderately well defined; the skin a little puckered aud
dimpled along the sides ; dorsal plate yelloM-, or olive-
yellow, sometimes with a few freckles, and a thin transverse
streak of brown along the hind margin ; rest of the body
deep bright yellow, or olive-yellow, so translucent as to show

2g6 LEPIDOPTERA.

distinctly the iuterual dorsal vessel, and the tracheae with
all their ramifications ; on the more olive-yellow examples
there occur two parallel brown streaks, low on the sides of
the second to fifth segments ; spiracles ringed with brown ;
ventral and anal prolegs well developed.

August till May or June ; on Sjiarganium siinj)lcx, S.
ramosum, Nvphar lutca, and Nipnphcea alba ; Ottmar Hot-
man adds Fotamoffdon, and Linno duckweed (Lemna) ;
mining in the leaves, or when these are young, or too slender,
eating them through, but hiding itself then under frag-
ments connected together with silk. (W. Buckler, con-
densed.)

Pupa three-eighths of an inch long, slender, the head well
produced, the back of the thorax gently rising from it ;
width thence uniform to the end of the wing-covers ; leg-
covers long, projecting, free from the wing-covers, to the
tenth segment ; abdomen regularl}- tapering, and terminating
in a hook, curved downwards ; colour deep bright yellow,
inclining to orange-yellow ; a narrow brown streak obliquely
crosses each eye-piece ; three spiracles on either side are
conspicuously promiueut on circular swellings, paler than
other parts, and are like nipples of brownish-red with rather
darker orifices ; the hinder spiracles flat, brown, and very
obscure. In a slight elongated cocoon composed of two
pieces of leaf, either floating in the water or fastened at
the surface to the side of a growing strong leaf. The cocoon
is of white silk, and apparently quite dry within. (W.
Buckler.)

The habits of the moth are almost precisely tlie same as
those of the last species ; haunting the margins of rivers,
streams, ponds, lakes, broad ditches, and any pieces of water
in which water plants abound ; but it is by no means so
common nor so universally distributed. It is tolerably frequent
throughout England and probably through Wales, since I
have found it in Pembrokeshire, and Mr. Day records it as

HYDROCAMPID.-E—STENIA. 297

" fairly common " in North Wales. In Ireland it is gener-
ally common ; but in Scotland seems to be mainly confined
to Berwickshire, Midlothian, Fife, Ayrshire, Arran, Perth-
shire, and Aberdeen. Abroad distributed over Central
Europe, the temperate parts of Northern Europe, Southern
France, Northern Spain, Italy, Asia Minor, Armenia, Siberia,
and Tartary.

Genus 4. STENIA.

AntennaB simple ; palpi long, projecting, broadly tufted ;
neck long ; thorax and abdomen extremely slender, the
latter elongated ; fore wings narrow at the base, blunt
behind ; hind wings short and broad, with the cell short ;
legs remarkably long and slender.

We have but one species.

1. S, punctalis, &hiff. — Expanse \ to \ inch (18-
23 mm.). Fore wings rather short and blunt ; dull light
brown or i-eddish-brown, with two rather darker transverse
lines and a white discal dot ; hind wings br.^wnish-white.
Abdomen and legs long and thin.

Antenna of the male long, slender, simple, light brown ;
palpi elongated, straight, porrected, light chestnut ; head and
thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen long and very evenlj'
slender, darker brown, but the edges of the segments
faintly paler. Fore wings rather narrow, but short and
very blunt ; costa nearly straight ; apex angulated ; hind
margin almost perpendicular and very little curved ; anal
angle well defined ; colour light reddish-brown ; first and
second lines slender, very sinuous, rather darker brown ;
discal spot small but elongated, white ; cilia shining, pale
brown. Hind wings rather short, rounded behind ; pale
smoky-brown with very faint indications of two incomplete
darker transverse lines ; cilia coucolorous. Female more
yellow-brown, the abdomen much shorter yet very little
thicker, otherwise similar.

2g8 LEPIDOPTERA.

Underside of the fore wings very pale reddish-brown,
shading to dirty white along the dorsal margin ; second
line faintly visible ; discal spot white. Hind wings of the
same colour with the faint transverse lines just visible.
Body and legs light brown.

On the wing at the end of June and in July and August,
but whether in one or two generations is not yet clearly made
out. I made a journey of one hundred miles in August 1902
to search for a second brood in a place in which the insect
had been locally common earlier in the summer, but was un-
able to find a specimen.

Larva slender, stoutest at the eighth segment, with the
back tapering each way, slightly in a curve ; the head
narrower than the second segment, glittering clear reddish-
chestnut ; collar of a much darker brown, reaching on the
back across the whole length of segment 2, but curving for-
ward at the sides, divided by a pale line ; there is a border of
darker brown on each side of this line and for a short way
along the front and back edges ; skin glittering, rather trans-
lucent, of a pale yellowish-stone tint, but all the middle space
of the back shows ashy-grey from the internal vessels, and
through this space runs the darker interrupted pulsating
dorsal vessel ; the segmental folds are also darker ; spiracles
prominent but indistinct, ringed with brown ; usual dots very
tiny, jet black, placed on large shining warts; on each of
segments three and four there is a pair of large roughly
triangular warts near the front edge, and four rounder ones
on each side ; all these are noticeably darker than those on
the other segments, and appear to form a distinguishing
feature. (W. Buckler.)

September till May on the leaves and blossoms of bird's-
foot trefoil and clover, especially when dead and decayed,
also on the dead leaves of knapweed, plantain, grass, and
other herbage close to the ground ; even on the dead tangle
of Zustcm mariiM under stones at high-water mark, but

HVDROCAMPID.-ESTENIA. 2gy

feeding indifferently on living vegetation. It was only after
long and hard searching that Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher dis-
covered the curious habit of this species, of feeding on dead
leaves under stones, even when they are wetted with sea-
water.

Pupa long and slender ; the eye-cases rather prominent ;
the tongue, antenna, and leg-cases soldered together and
attached to the body so far as the end of the wing-cases,
thence free, and reaching quite to the end of the abdomen^
over-reached by the spike only ; this spike is slightly curved,
and furnished with six curly topped spines ; skin smooth,
not shining, yellowish-brown ; the eyes, the tip and rings of
the abdomen, and the tip of the tongue-case, chestnut ; the
spike still darker. In a rather tough cocoon, lined with a
fabric of white silk, and coated externally with leafy rubbish ;
on the ground.

This is a most curiously local species with us. It may be
found on some grassy spot on the slope of a chalk-hill quite
commonly, but only for a few yards of space, and outside
this not for long distances, even miles, but is more frequent
where grass grows among the shingle close to the sea;
indeed it may sometimes be found among herbage at the lasc
of a cliff, and again at the top, in the grassy places. On the
Continent it does not seem to be so very select in its tastes,
but is said by M. Ragonot to frequent pasture-land and hill
slopes. It is attracted by a light if placed in its usual haunts-
Possibly climate has something to do with its selection of
situations, at any rate it is clear that it cannot exist here at
any great distance from the sea, except where some slope of
a chalk hill furnishes exactly what it requires. Its range
with us is therefore restricted to Kent, Sussex, Hants with
the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, both north and south,
Cornwall with the Scilly Isles, and Somerset. Abroad it
occurs over Central and Southern Europe except Holland,
and in Asia Minor, Syria, and Northern Africa.

30O LEPIDOPTERA.

Genus 5. ACENTROPUS.

Antennffi of the male notched in i'ront, of the female
simple; palpi small, blunt, drooping ; head broad ; thorax
smooth, small; abdomen short, suddenly pointed; fore
wings narrow, jjointed, the discal cell long and narrow ; hind
wings narrow, the cell open ; legs short ; whoU}' covered,
very thinly, with small mealy looking scales.

We have but one species.

1. A. niveus, Oliv. — Expanse, male I inch, winged
female J inch (12-19 mm.) Fore wings finely scaled, white,
the costa and nervures tinged with brown. Hind wings
white. Body and legs short.

Antennae of the male simple but notched, rather thick,
dark brown ; palpi almost concealed, droojDing ; face broad,
white ; head and thorax greyish-white, with the appearance
on the latter of a soft bloom ; abdomen short, suddenly
pointed, brownish white. Fore wings narrow and pointed ;
costa straight ; apex sharply angulated ; hind margin very
oblique and but slightly curved; colour dull white or
brownish-white with a mealy look ; costal margin and
nervures tinged with brown ; no other markings ; cilia
white. Hind wings very narrow, hardly wider than the fore
wings, apex rather pointed ; pure white ; cilia of the same
colour. Female, when winged, nearly double the size, but
otherwise similar, abdomen a little thickened ; but often the
wings are absent or aborted.

Underside of the fore wings white, tinged on the costa
and apex with brown. Hind wings white. Body and legs
brownish white, the latter remarkably short.

On the wing from June till September, apparenth' in two
generations.

Larva rather stout but tapering to each extremity, and of
f(uite ordinary form ; hea,d somewhat rounded, the lobes well
defined, pale brown ; dorsal plate of the same colour,

H YD ROC A MPID.^—A CENTROPUS. 301

divided broadly iu the middle ; body pale green or whitish-
yellow, with a broad, ill-defined and cloudy, dorsal smoky-
black stripe, which is interrupted on the eleventh segment
and does not appear on the thirteenth ; no visible lines ;
spiracles small, black ; raised dots very indistinct ; leo-s
smoky-black, prolegs of the colour of the body.

October till May, and a second brood in July ; on
Potamor/don pcctinattcs, P. pcrfoliatus, P. crisjms, P. lucens,
Trwpa nutans, Eydrocharis morsus-raim Ceratophy/lum
(lemersum, and other submerged water plants; living only
under water.

Pupa apparently not described. In a white silken cocoon
in the axil of a leaf of one of its food plants, under water.
Mr. Edwin Brown says that it possesses the usual Lepidop-
terous characters, and that three spiracles on each side are
remarkably prominent.

The moth sits during the day upon weeds close to the
surface of water, under stones at its edge, or especially upon
partially submerged sticks, sometimes congregating thickly
on the undersides of the latter. When so sitting it quite
disregards the necessary immersion caused by drawing the
weeds or sticks through the water towards one, but if
shaken or knocked off will buzz along the surface till it
finds something to cling to. In crossing one of the Norfolk
"broads" or lakes I have been much interested to see the
disturbed males, a dozen at a time, making short zigzag
tacks, as they buzzed over the water in pursuit of the boat
by which they had been disturbed, till they overtook and
climbed up its stern-post and rudder. These were all males,
and subsequent close searching of the floating and surface
weeds, and of the submerged plants, furnished but one
female, and that of the wingless form and moribund.
Possibly the females fall from the plants to the bottom of
the water when disturbed. They seem to be quite at home
in that element. Winged females were formerly taken at

302 LEPIDOPTERA.

Hampstead Ponds and in various other localities, though in
less numbers by far than the other sex ; yet within the last
year or two, in one at least of these localities, the most
careful search for them has been useless, altlioiigh the males
could be found in plenty. The natural time of flight is at
about 8 or 9 P.M. when tlie males may be seen in abundance
keeping close to the surface, and when the winged females,
if present, may be secured, but after dark a more vigorous
flight appears to be indulged in, since a specimen — usually
a male — is now and then found flying, late at night, to some
light situated far from any suitable water. I have even
known such a specimen enter the open window of a well-
lighted room and fly round it in the wildest and most
vigorous manner. Usually found about ponds, canals, slow
rivers, and the open broads of fens ; most plentifully in the
Southern and Eastern Counties ; more scarce in the Midlands
and apparently hardly noticed in the Western counties,
except that northward it has been taken in Westmoreland,
as in many other counties, only at light as I have described.
It is abundant on the Trent in Nottinghamshire, and is found
in Yorkshire. In Scotland it has been taken in two or three
localities in Fife In Wales there appears to be no record ;
but in Ireland it is found on Lough Oughter, Cavan ; Lough
Erne, Fermanagh ; and Lough Neagh, Antrim. Abroad it
is common in Central Europe and in Kussia, but the records
are somewhat tangled with those of, jwssibly, other species.

Although one of the smallest and most insignificant look-
ing of our Pyralites, this species — and indeed genus — is of
peculiar interest from its strong divergence from the rest, in
the direction of relationship with the Order Trichoptera.
The vigorous controversy of thirty years ago, as to whether
it should, or should not, be included among the Lepidoptera,
is still pleasant reading.

ENDOTRICHID.'E-ENDOTRICHA. 303

Family 4. ENDOTRICHIDiE.

Proboscis present ; antennae sim23le ; maxillary and
labical palpi small ; thorax and abdomen slender ; the
shoulder lappets very long and conspicuous ; fore wings
with veins 7 and 8 springing from vein 9 ; hind wings with
veins 7 and 8 joined ; upper side of the median nervure not
fringed.

Genus 1. ENDOTRICHA.

Antenna simple ; palpi pointed, very small ; head
smoothed forward ; thorax and abdomen slender ; shoulder
lappets extended ; anal tuft long ; fore wings narrow,
pointed, and rather retuse ; hind wings somewhat narrow,
hind margin sinuous, cell wide ; legs rather long.

We have but one species.

1. E. flammealis, /S'cA;J.— Expanse f to f inch (18-23
mm.). Fore and hind wings yellowish-purple or pale
yellow-brown ; the two transverse lines white, the space
beyond the second purple-brown ; costa and cilia of the fore
wings dotted with white.

Antenn£e of the male simple, pale brown; palpi short,
erect, the base thickly tufted, dark brown ; head and thorax
pale yellow -brown ; the shoulder lappets lying back in long
tufts which reach the abdomen ; this last is also pale brown,
very slender ; the anal tuft long. Fore wings elongated,
rather retuse ; the apex pointed ; costa a little arched
beyond the middle ; hind and dorsal margins somewhat
rounded ; colour yellowish-purple or pale yellow-brown ;
the base to the first line dusted with brown, the line itself
curved, white ; second line also white, forming an oblique
double curve and edged inwardly with brown dusting ; the
area beyond it bright purple or crimson-purple, except that
in the cilia below the apex is a shining white crescent, rest
of cilia purple, shaded with brown ; discal dot black ; costa

304 LEP/DOPTERA.

dotted with wliite. Hind wings elongated, the hind margin
sinuous; colour pale purple, interrupted in the middle by a
broad j>ale yellow transverse band, in which are parallel
purplish-brown lines ; cilia shining white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings similar to the upper, so far as
the discal spot, costal dots, and second line are concerned,
but more strikingly shown ; middle area smoky-purple ;
dorsal area white ; the cilia as on the upper side. Hind
wings smoky-white with black dusting, the hiud-marginal
region purple ; near the base is a transverse black line, and
in the middle a double one. Body and legs pale purple-
brown.

Rather variable in colour. Specimens taken at Folkestone,
Kent, are sometimes of (|uite a different tone in this
respect, all the usual purple or crimson purple areas on fore
and hind wings being of a silky purple-^?'«y ; on the other
hand some of those taken near London are of very light
yellowish-purple ; and one, in the cabinet of Mr. A. F.
Griffiths, is yellow, the markings remaining normal. Almost
all intermediate dark and light shades occur.

On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of
August.

Larva rather slender to the sixth segment, thence
gradually thickening to the ninth and as gently decreasing
to the end of the eleventh, thence more tapering ; head
narrow, dark brownish-red, body segments divided by tico
deep wrinldes very dose together, which is a distinguishing
character from a very early stage ; dorsal plate blackish-
brown ; body chocolate-brown above, dingj' pink or brownish-
ochreous beneath ; anal plate edged in front and on the
sides with dull black ; legs pale gn^yish-drab ; prolegs
similar, the anal pair extended. (W. Buckler, con-
densed.)

August till ]\Iay ; while young on tender leaves of hazel,
oak, sallow, hornbeam, privet, Lotna major and Ar/rimonia

ENDOTklCHID.E—ENDOrRICHA. 305

eiipatoria ; but when well grown preferring leaves wliicli are
more discoloured and softened with blotches of incipient
decay, ultimately fallen and decaying leaves, among which
it passes the winter. In confinement a confirmed cannibal.

Plta very much of ordinary form ; the head- and eye-covers
well developed ; the thorax, with distinct subdivisions, is
slightly keeled ; the wing-covers slant ofi' toward the ends
of the antenniv? and leg-cases, which are long ; the spiracles
are rather promiueut, especially on the twelfth segment ;
abdominal segment a little punctate, the tip rather pro-
longed, rounded, and furnished with two curly-topped
bristles, surrounded by four others of shorter lengths : colour,
dark mahogany brown, glossy, and approaching to black at
the anal tip. In a cocoon of oval figure, of greyish-drab
silk and earth, or leaf-i'efuse, on the earth, attached to the
underside of a dead leaf. (W. I^uckler.)

The moth hides during the daj^ among stunted bushes,
especially oak bushes, in heathy places, or among bracken
fern, or furze, and other undergrowth on sea-sandhills ; or,-
indeed, about hedges and bushes in waste j)laces generally ;
sometimes — as in the London suburbs — it makes itself at
home in gardens, hiding in the bushes, or even sitting upon
the wooden palings. It is restless, and files willingly
enough when disturbed, but only to seek a similar hiding"
])lace near by. When at rest on a fence its long legs are
extended so that it hangs back at such an angle as to present
an edge to the intruder and to be almost invisible. It flies
naturally at dusk and into the night, and will come occa--
sionally to light. It occurs every year in my own garden,
and is rather common in the outer portions of the southern
suburbs of London, and in all the more Southern Counties, ■
except perhaps Cornwall, also in the Eastern Counties to
Norfolk, and in Middlesex, Herts, Bucks, and Gloucester-
shire. With the exception of a single record in Derbyshire,
it seems to be known no further north ; and in Wales the

VOL. i.x. U

3o6 LEPIDOPTERA.

only records tli;it, I have are that of Mr. Porritt upon Pen-
maenmawr, and my own on the coast of Pembrokeshire.
In Ireland it was taken by the late Mr. E. Birchall in
iJalway. Ahro.-id generally distributed through Central
and Southern l']urope, including Corsica, and in Finland;
also through Asia Minor, Syria, and Northern Africa.

Family 5 SCOPARIID-ffi.

Proboscis present; labial palpi porrected ; maxillary palpi
upraised and noticeable, somewhat fan-shaped; fore wings
narrow, very blunt, vein 7 arising from the angle of the
discal cell ; vein 10 free; veins 7 and 8 of the hind wings
almost joined ; upper side of the median nervure not
fringed.

Genus 1. SCOP ARIA.

Antennas simple; palpi rather long, pointed, the maxillary
tufted above ; scales on the top of the head converging ;
thorax smooth; abdomen slender; fore wings elongate,
rather even in width and somewhat scjuared behind; the
discal cell Ion;,' ; hind wings broad; veins 7 and 8 closely
parallel three-f Mirths of their length, almost joined ; cross-
bar oblique ; I'jrn not very long.

This is a large genus of species very similar in colour, and
of a somewhat uniform pattern of markings ; many of them
80 variable that it. is still a contested point which are reliable
species and which mere varieties. We have, in my own
opinion, fifteeji species, each certainly recognisable, yet by
such fine poieis of difference that tabulation becomes
difficult, and such tabulation as would enable a reader to
discriminate \i\\< m satisfactorily perhaps impossible. Probably
it is, therefore, better not to attempt it.

The larvae o; some of the species are known to feed in
moss; of other.'-, although it has been frequently asserted

SCOP ARIID^—SCOP ARIA. 3^7

tbat they feed in the same manner, no amount of searching
among moss seems to furnish them ; and the comparatively
recent discovery of one species as a roo/-feeder, seems to
point to the possibility in others of some quite different
mode of life.

The pupae, so far as is known, are enclosed in rather
tough silken cocoons, in the substance in which the larva has
been feeding.

1. S. cembrse, Haw. — Expanse \ to 1 inch. Fore wings
elongated, dull brownish-grey ; the two transverse lines
even and rather direct, darker grey ; discal spot absent, or
sometimes X-shaped. Hind wings shining smoky white.

Antennte of the male rather short, simple, ciliated,
brownish-drab ; both pairs of palpi distinctly visible, grey-
drab ; head brownish-white ; thorax not thick, brownish-
drab ; abdomen silky, very pale drab, having lateral tufts.
Fore wings elongated ; costa very flatly arched ; apex
bluntly angulated ; hind margin short, a little oblique and
very little carved ; colour grey-drab or brownish-grey, rather
brown along the costa ; markings black but all obscure ; first
line dusted with grey, nearly erect, and placed in contact
with a short thick horizontal streak — the claviform stigma
— beneath the median nervure ; orbicular stigma indicated
by a black dot, and the reniform by a broad X-mark, often
indistinct ; second line rather direct and not very oblique,
angled inwards a little above the middle, dotted and edged
outwardly by a whitish line or shade ; hind margin faintly
dotted with brown ; cilia grej^-brown with paler dappling.
Hind wings ample, the apex rounded, and hind margin
sinuous ; silky, pale smoky brown ; cilia whiter. Female
similar, but rather larger, and the fore wings slightly broader ;
sometimes also having the markings more distinct. <.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky grey-brown,
with the costa rather paler. Hind wings smoky whit-e.
Body and legs pale drab.

3o8 LEPIDOPTERA.

Variable in the distinctness of tlie markings, and also to
some extent in the ground colour, this last being in some
degree climatal. In Scotland a form having the ground
colour whiter in varjnng degrees — sometimes very vphite —
received the name oi ticotica, and was for a time supposed to
be a distinct species. Abroad another form of typical or
greyer ground colour, but with the markings all distinct and
sharply defined was similarly separated, under the name of
zellcri, but this arose apparently more from want of know-
ledge abroad of the variation of this species than from any
strong opinion. Both forms are intimately combined with
the normal by intermediate gradations. In specimens from
the Orkney Isles a tendency is shown toward olive-brown
eolourinp;.

Ou the wing from June till August.

IiAUVA long and rather slender, tapering but slightly, and
more in front than behind ; segments plump, with the
divisions and the ordinary transverse wrinkles across the
back well marked : hea,d.clear shining brown, with a darker
inouth ; dorsal plate shining pale brown: anal plate also
shining, pale ochreous ; colour translucent white, allowing
the food canal to be seen, especially in the anterior segments,
to which it communicates a black or purple hue ; dorsal
vessel black, visible at intervals ; raised spots large and ilat,
glistening pale ochreous, the hairs dark and bristly ; spiracles
round, black.

April and ilaj', ou the fleshj- root of I'icris hicracioUhs
(vellow succory), feeding on the superficial portion of this
large fleshy root beneath the surface of the ground, some-
times working down to a depth of five or six inches ; scoring
and channellins: the surface, and occasiouallv cutting short
tunnels through it when the root is small and tender.
(Dr. John H. Wood.) There is excellent reason to believe
that it also attacks the I'oots of coltsfoot {TussUago far/ara)
end other fleshy roots of Composite plants.

SCOP ARIID.'E— SCOP ARIA. 309

Pupa without any peculiarity of form, pale red with
•yellowish wing cases. In a cocoon of a short oval shape
with blunt ends, formed of gnawings of root mixed with
particles of soil and attached to the root on which it has fed.
(Dr. Wood.)

The moth is jjarticularly fond of rough stony hill-sides,
and waste places where coltsfoot is plentiful, also of quarries,
field-walls, and rough rocky surfaces. It seldom sits upon
tree trunks, but greatly prefers walls and rocks, sitting with
its head straight up and also a little raised, and the wings
closed tightly down in a narrow triangle — as is the general
habit of this grouj) — though this habit needs to be varied
. when, as occasionally happens, it sits on a flat rock oi* the
. bare stony ground. From any resting-place it is easilj'' dis-
turbed and flies very swiftly off to settle at some distance on
a similar spot. At dusk it flies close to the ground and
. often settles on jDlauts. Later at night it has been known to
come to sugar. Quarries seem to be especially favoured
haunts, and to one such place I paid repeated visits in search
of the larva, arguing to myself that where the insect was so
common it iiimt be found. As I searched only in moss — in
all sorts of situations, but to no jjurpose — my disappointment
was fully and satisfactoril}' explained when Dr. Wood dis-
covered the true food of the creature. Plenty of Picris
grew in that quarry !

In localities such as I have indicated it is found through-
out England, and doubtless Wales, since it is very common in
Pembrokeshii'e ; also in many parts of Scotland, in Perthshire
attaining an elevation of 2500 feet above the sea-level ; and
being recorded from the Edinburgh district, Hawick, Renfrew,
Dumbartonshire, Aberdeen, ]\Ioray, and, as before remarked,
the Orkneys. In Ireland it has been found on the coast near
Dublin, and Cork ; and in Armagh, Antrim, and Derry.

2. S. basistrigalis, Knaggs. — Expanse % to | inch
(18-23 mm.). — Fore wings broad with a much arched costa ;

310 LEPIDOPTERA.

light grey with black markings, the first line produced along
the costa and repeatedly indented ; discal spot 8-shaped.
Hind wings smoky white.

Antenna) of the male rather thick, simple, shining blackish-
brown, faintly barred with white ; labial palpi somewhat
long, drooping, black-brown, pale grey inside ; maxillary
palpi small, pale grey ; head and thorax greyish-white,
dusted with black ; abdomen silvery greyish-white. Fore
wings rather broad, somewhat ovate or bell-shaped, the costa
much arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin almost
straight and scarcely oblique ; colour pale slate-grey, or
greyish-white ; first line very conspicuous, deep black,
repeatedly indented but erect, running a little toward the
base on the costal margin ; to it is united a small short
black claviform stigma, and also, by a cloudy loop, the dot
which represents the orbicular stigma ; reniform stigma
formed like an 8 or the letter X with attached faint grey
rings ; second line slender, dark grey, rather direct but bent
above the middle into a decided angle where it turns back to
the costa ; it is edged outwardl}' by a grey-white line ; out-
side this is a series of grey-black clouds ; hind margin dotted
.with black, the largest dots in the middle ; cilia white dotted
with grey clouds. Hind wings ample, fully rounded behind,
shining smoky white, clear and somewhat transparent ; cilia
white. Female very similar but a little larger, and some-
times with the markings intensified.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky grey ; the costa
paler. Hind wings also shining, smoky white. Body and
legs smoky greyish-white.

Variable in the ground colour from white to dark smoky
grey ; in the intensity of colour of the markings, from grey-
black to deep velvety black ; and in the latter case, often by
the extension of the black colour over the wings and con-
sequent sufi'usion of the markings. In the collection of Mr.
B. A. Bower, along with many specimens which are much
blackened, is one in which this blackening extends only to

SCO PA RIILh-E—SCOPA RIA . 3 "

the second line, the outer area being strikingly greyish-
white.

This species is always recognisable by its broad fore wings,
mach arched costa, and the extension of the black first line
upoa the costa toward the base.

On the wing from the middle of June till the beginning of
August.

Larva and Pupa unknown. Food-plant also unknown ;
Mr. B. A. Bower records his endeavour to obtain eggs, by
placing females in pots of growing moss, but entirely with-
out success.

The moth frequents woods, sitting during the day upon
the trunks of trees, more especially oak trees, with its head
raised and in a perpendicular position ; here the breadth
of the bell-shaped closed wings and its robust build is
very noticeable, and serves to separate it obviously from
the next species. Not very restless, and if disturbed
flying generally to a neighbouring tree, or where possible
sometimes to a rock face. Uncertain in its appearance,
in some seasons plentiful, in others very scarce. Its natural
flight is at dusk, and occasionally it will come to light at
night.

Recognised as a distinct species and described by Dr. H.
Guard Knaggs in the year 186G, having previously been
regarded as a variety of S. amhigualis. Very local but found
in woods, as already stated, in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants,
Devon ; rarely in Cornwall, Somerset, and Gloucestershire ;
more frequently in Berks, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire,
Herefordshire, and Worcestershire ; in Edlington Wood,
Yorkshire, where it abounds in certain years ; around Mor-
peth, Northumberland, and also in Cumberland. I have no
record for Wales or Scotland ; and in Ireland the only one
is in the County Cork. Abroad it seems to be little known ,
but has been recognised in Germany.

312 LEPinOPTERA.

3. S. ambigualis, Tr. — Kxpause J inch (18-20 mm.).
Fore wiugs rather bro.id, arey ; costa gently arched ; first line
rather perjiendicular, with deep black indentations, not pro-
duced on the costa ; second line bluntly angulated, edged
with white ; discal spot X-shaped. Hind wings smoky
white.

Antennae of the male short, simple, dark grey, faintly
barred at the back with white; labial palpi long, rather
slender, bent down, black-brown outwardly, grey within ;
maxillary palpi visible, but small and obscure ; head and
thorax whitish-grey, the collar rather browner ; abdomen
silvery grev. Fore wings rather squared behind ; costa but
little arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin very
little oblique and faintly curved ; colour greyish-white, or
white dusted with grey-brown : first line black-brown, shaded
off behind, slightly carved, but erect, indented in the middle
where it is almost joined by the claviform stigma as a thin
black streak ; second line black, indented but tolerably direct
to above the middle, where it makes a square angle, returning
to the costa ; outside it is a white edging, followed bj^ two
large grey-brown clouds which occupy almost the whole
hind-marginal space ; orbicular stigma represented by a
black dot in the shading of the first line ; reniform stigma
X-shaped, often with a brown cloud in the upper and lower
spaces ; cilia white, dotted with grey-brown. Hind wings
ample, blunt at the apex, rounded behind ; opaque-looking
but silky, smoky white shading to a brown tint near the
hind margin. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky brown ; costa
browner. Hind wings white, with smoky apical clouding.
Body and legs greyish-white.

Not very variable in colour or markings, though speci-
mens are found having a browner tint or in which the mark-
ings are more, or less, distinct. There is considerable varia-
tion, however, in size ; specimens from wooded heaths
situated upon high hills, as at Cannock Chase, Staffordshire,

SCO PA RIIDJE — SCO PA RIA .

and the liigli liills of Perthshire, being distinctly larger than
usual — well marked and handsome forms — while those found
in low-lying bogs and marshes sometimes — as in Norfolk and
also in some parts of Ireland^dwindle to little more than
one half the size, and are sometimes confounded with the
next species.

Oa the wing from May till July.

Larva practically unknown. The late Mr. Buckler re-
ceived eggs from Dr. F. Buchanan White. His note says:
" The young larvte began to hatch on August 20 ; they were
at first very pale drab with brown heads and plates." But
no indication is given further, or as to food, and there is little
doubt that moss was given to them and refused — with fatal
consequences. !M. Ragouot wrote in 1880 : "The larva, still
undescribed, feeds in the beginning of April in moss on tree-
trunks." and this statement is confirmed by Herr Anton
Schmid. Yet it is certain that the moss on tree trunks has
been examined scores of times — I have done it myself —
actually on the very trees upon which the moth is to be
found, in its season, in abundance, and although larvaj of
other Si:opari(v are not scarce, no instance seems to be known
of the rearing of this species, and the actual food, and method
of its feeding, still remain a problem.

Pupa unknown.

The moth may be found sitting upon the trunks of trees
everywhere in woods, on heaths, in hedge-rows, and practi-
cally wherever there are trees, but in especial abundance on
oaks in woods, and on scattered large birch trees growing
upon heathery hills, and is one of our most abundant species.
It is alert and rather shy, flying oif — sometimes in scores — at
the approach of an intruder, to settle again on the same tree,
or another close by, or among heather or herbage. It seems
to fly more naturally at late dusk, but may at all hours be
found on the trees.

314 I.KPIDOPTERA.

Abundant throughout the United Kingdom to the Shetland
Isles ; also all over the Continent of Europe, and Northern
Africa ; and found in Bithynia.

4. S. atomalis, DUd. — Expanse | to | inch. (15-18 mm.).
I<'oro wings narrower and of more even width than in the
last species, and markings rather similar but more com-
pressed ; first line with two attached black streaks, discal
spot filled with black-brown clouding ; hind wings smoky
brown or brownish-white.

Antennae of the male simple, glossy, black-brown, faintly
dotted along the back with white ; labial palpi long, de-
pressed, thickly tufted with scales ; maxillary palpi visible,
grey-white, blackened at the sides ; head and thorax greyish-
white, dusted with black or brown; abdomen glossy whitish
drab. Fore wings narrow but not elongated, blunt behind ;
costa flatly arched ; apex very bluntly angulated ; hind
margin short, faintly rounded ; colour white, dusted all over
with grey or brown-grey ; first line black, erect, almost
straight, but minutely indented, shaded outwardly, united
with the orbicular, and almost with the claviform stigma,
both represented by short black streaks ; reniform stigma a
rather forked horizontal black streak clouded above to the
costa with black ; second line composed of black dusting,
elbowed above the middle and there indented; followed by
a black cloud from the costa, and another from the anal
angle, which almost unite in the hind-marginal area ; beyond
this is a marginal row of faint black dots ; cilia grey-brown.
Hind wings not very ample, flatly rounded behind, pale
smoky brown, rather darker toward the margin ; cilia
shining brownish-white. Female similar, but with the hind
wings darker.

Underside of the fore wings smoky yellow-brown ; costa
■and hind margin yellowish-white. Hind wings smoky
white. Body and legs yellowish-white.

Variable in the ground colour from white to grey or grey-

sec II' A RIin.E—SCOI'ARlA . 315

brown ; and in the intensity of the markings. Those of the
North of England are not usually by any means so strongly
marked as those from Scottish hill and mountain districts —
though these last show considerable diversity in their dark
markings. One in my own collection has the spaces before
the first line and beyond the second uniformly dark grey.
On the wing from July till the beginning of September.

Larva and Pupa quite unknown. The late Dr. Buchanan
White stated that he had been unable to find the larva in
any moss, even in the places in which the moth was most
abundant.

This is a hill and mountain-frequenting species. It usually
avoids trees and exists only on the open portions of the hills
among heather, sitting upon the heather, flying up readily
from the footstep only to return to a similar resting-place.
In England it is only found in the north, the most southern
records being at the Longridge, near Preston, Lancashire,
and the Blackhills, Yorkshire. It is also locally common on
mountains in Cumberland and Westmoreland, but so far as
I know has not yet been noticed in Wales. In Scotland it
is found on the hills of Roxburghshire and Fife ; in Renfrew,
and other hill localities near the Clyde Valley, including
Dumbartonshire; in Perthshire. Aberdeenshire, and Inver-
ness, and doubtless all the suitable hills of the north ; also in
Orkney and Shetland, in the last-named Isles being found all
over the moors. In Ireland it seems to be confined to the
more northern portions^Fermanagh, Sligo, Derry and
Donegal. Its range abroad seems to be quite uncertain ;
specimens sent to Professor Zeller before his death were
pronounced to be a form which he had never seen, rather
similar to S.petrophila, but distinct.

5. S. ulmella, Dak, Knagrjx ; conspicualis, Hghn. —
Expanse J inch (16-19 mm.). Fore wings silky, rather
thinly scaled, narrow at the base, white ; first line smoothly

3i6 I.EPIDOPTEKA.

and evenly curved ; other inarkiugs faiut. Hiud wiugs
white.

AnteniiiC of the male simple, short, shining', dark brown
with whitish dotting; palpi porrected, trigonate, the
maxillary pair proportionately large, dusky white, blackened
at the sides ; head and thorax white dusted with brown ;
abdomen silky greyish-white. Fore wings almost narrowly
ovate, but the base narrow ; costa gently arched ; apex
almost rounded ; hind margin short but curved ; white,
dusted with brown, the markings dark brown, not very
pronounced ; first line concave toward the base, very evenly
curved, but having in the middle a minute tooth from which
projects the claviform stigma ; above this last is a small
brown cloud which almost obscures the separate orbicular
dot ; reniform stigma a faint black X-mark clouded with
brown and having above it a grey-browu shade on the
costa ; second line waved and much indented, making a
rounded bend outward above the middle, and blackened on
the costa ; a faiut brown cloud near the apex and another
near the middle of the hiud margin are followed by dusted
black marginal dots ; cilia gieyish-white. Hind wings
ample, rounded behind, very delicate and thin in texture,
white ; cilia also white. Female similar.

Underside of fore wings shining smoky white ; the costa
and a large cloud before the apex shining yellowish-white.
Hiud wings white. Body and legs smoky white.

This species is altogether of slighter build and more
delicate appearance, with a thinner covering of scales, than
the preceding. Its evenly curved first line is an excellent
means of recognition.

On the wing in July and August.

Larva and 1'upa practically unknown, ilr. Buckler
records that some eggs which he received from Mr. John
Sang hatched in August. He describes the very young
larva — " pale bluish-green with darker greyish dorsal

SCi ^/'A RI I DA-:— SCO PA RIA . i\l

vessel ; a blackish head, and narrow plate across the second
segment." These young larvae " were placed on some potted
moss," and this seems to have )3een the last that was seen of
them.

The moth sits on tree trunks, especially oaks, in woods,
preferring to rest on the portions which are silvered with
grey lichens, which it closely resembles. It is restless and
will move round the tree to avoid the rays of the sun ; also
flies off on the approach of a collector. It seems to have
been first noticed in this country in the year 1841, when Mr.
J. C. Dale took several examples sitting on the trunk of a
wych-elm in Hants, one of which he gave to Mr. Curtis.
The name under which the remaining specimens were placed
in Mr. Dale's collection was not 'pvhlislved till 1867. when
the species was duly described by Dr. Knaggs ; but no
further specimens had then been obtained.

About the year 1871, however, it began to be found in
woods, in Westmoreland, and ten years later it was
announced and described by Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson, under
the name o'i coiwpiaialh. Mr. Hodgkinson at the .«ame time
remarked that ''it may be known from any other Scoparla
by the distinct pale basal area, standing out like a whitish
dot on the tree trunk on which the insect rests. When on
the wing it appears as pale as 8. iKilHdar A few years
latei- Dr. P. B. Mason was able to compare Mr. Dale's
original specimens with a long series of the form called
conspicu(iJ,is, and found them to be identical.

It seems to be exceedingly rare in the south, and the only
instance of such a capture that I know of since Mr. Dale's
discovery is by Mrs. Bazett in Berkshire ; but in woods in
the northern half of England it is by no means uncommon
ia favourable years : occurring freely in Yorkshire, Lanca-
shire, Durham, and Westmoreland, and more spariugh- even
in Herefordshire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Leicester-
shire, and Derbyshire. So far it does not seem to have

«

3i8 LEPIDOPTERA.

been met with in Wales, Scotland, or Ireland, and its range
on the Continent is quite uncertain.

(5. S. dubitalis, Huh. ; pyralella, Hub., Stn. — Expanse
5 to j inch (15-18 mm.j. Fore wings somewhat broad
and squared, shining white, the markings bright brown
•with darker edging in irregular transverse stripes. Hind
wings white.

Antenna; of the male simple, shining black-brown, ob-
etiurely dotted with white : labial palpi rather drooping,
brown-black outside, white within ; maxillary palpi almost
half aa long, white ; head also white ; thorax white dusted
with brown ; abdomen greyish-white. Fore wings broad at
the base, oblong, rather squared behind ; costa most faintly
arched ; apex anj. ni ited : hind margin hardly oblique or
curved; anal angle well formed; colour white dusted with
brown; a basal line is indicated by two fine black streaks
and some brown clouding ; first line a broad nearly erect
stripe, golden brown with black loops and edging, which
unite with, or include, the very faintly ringed orbicular
stigma, and a short black or brown straight streak as the
claviform stigma ; reniform stitjma very large, golden-brown,
constricted, and often edged with a fine black line, throwing
off a brown cloud to the costa, and often a brown shade to the
dorsal margin ; second line a clear white stripe, very direct,
except a small divergence outward above the middle ; beyond
is a golden-brown band of irregular width, edged outwardly
by an incomplete white subterminal line or stripe ; extreme
bind margin yellow-brown with a row of minute black dots ;
cilia pale brown dashed with white. Hind wings broad and
ample, with sinuous hind margin ; silky, smoky white shading
to smoky brown at the apex and hind margin ; cilia ratherpaler.
Female similar or having the ground colour more clearly white.

Underside of the fore wings silky, pale smoky brown.
Hind wings equally silky, smoky white. Body and legs
duskv white.

SCOPARIJDjESCOPARJA. 319

Very variable, especially so upon the coast. In western
districts, and especially on the Irish coast, a form is common
in which a brown tinge or shading obscures the fore wings,
obliterating the brightness of the usual ground colour and
markings. In chalk, oolite, and limestone districts, on the
south coasts of England and Wales, a different range of
variation is abundant, sometimes almost eliminating the
typical forms. In this the ground colour is chalky white,
and unusually conspicuous from the reduction of the brown
clouding and curtailment of markings, or in the change of
the colour of the markings to faint pale brown. In this
range of varieties — known as var. iiigratella — every possible
stage occurs in the partial obliteration of the markings until
a creamj' white or porcelain-white form is reached, upon which
are uo markings at all; or in another direction to where the
space between the first and second lines forms a darker central
band on a white ground. Some beautiful examples of this
last form have been taken on the Dorset coast by Mr. E. R.
Bankes ; and others of the whitest forms at Eastbourne by Mr.
H. F. Fryer. A very curious looking specimen which I met
with on a cliff near Margate has the costal two-thirds of the
central space filled up by a rectangular smoky brown blotch in
which is a white spot, the rest of the fore wings very faintly
shaded. It bears little resemblance to either of the other
known variations.

On the wing from the end of May till July.

Larva and Pupa unknown. Hartmann says " in March
and April in moss and lichen on oak and birch," yet all the
labour which has been lavished in the search for it in moss
has been utterly without result. The late Mr. W. Machin,
however, reared two or three specimens from unnoticed
larvjB or pupae among roots of sorrel {Rumex acctosa), which
had been dug up in the search for the larva of Scsia chrysi-
di/ormis ; and the example of *S. cemhrce encourages a
suspicion that the present species may ultimately prove to be

320 LEI'inOPTERA.

a root-feeder. It is an abundant species, occurring in
thousands on chalk hills, downs, and dry open fields, but is
usually not common in woods ; moreover it does not love to
sit upon tree trunks, but hides among grass and rough
herbage near the ground, or on loose stones and rocks. It
flies up in a lively manner at every footstep in such ])l;ices, and
buzzes about a little while tolerably' swiftly, to settle down
again ; but about sunset begins to fly of its own acconi, and
very soon is to be seen hovering over the grass in multitudes
in every direction. Common everywhere in England, and'
in Scotland to Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, though much
more local in these northern districts ; also found in Wales
to Pembrokeshire and doubtless everywhere. In Ireland it
may be more local, yet is common about Dublin and recorded
from such extreme districts as Cork, Kerry, Donegal, and
Deny. Abroad it is a well known species throughout
Central and Southern Europe, the South of Sweden and
Norway, Finland. Livonia. Dalmatia. Syria. Asia Minor, aiid
Armenia.

7. S. mtirana, ('^irt. — E.xpanse \ inch (Ui-T.) mm.).
Fore wings long, narrow at the base, greyish-white or pale'
olive-grey ; markings grey-black — sinuous, clouded, and
rippled; discal spot an 8-mark with white centres. Hind:
wings grey-white.

Antennre of the male rather long, simple, black-ljrown
dotted with white ; labial palpi elongated, rather drooping,
black-brown, with the upptM- margins white : maxillary palpi
short, white shaded with black; head and thorax greyish-
white, or olive-white, dusted with black ; abdomen glossy
greyish-white. Fore wings elongated, with the base narrow ;
costa well arched ; apex Ijluntly angulated ; hind margin
oblique, genth' curved; dorsal margin rather full ; greyijh-
white or greenish-white, dusted with black ; basal line
suggested by two black spots followed by a dusted band ;
first line black, erect but a little indented, shaded outwardly

SCO PA R/m.-E—SCOP A RIA . 321

with black ; stigmata detacbed — the orbicular a rough black
triangular spot, claviform a somewhat rounded black spot,
reniforni a round vhitr spot with a black ring which throws
off spurs at the base ; second line much broken, formed of
black dusting ; beyond it are clouds of similar black atoms
near the apex, the hind margin, and the anal angle ; these
three clouds, and also the first and second lines, are prettily
edged by fine white lines ; hind margin regularly dotted
with black ; cilia shining silvery white. Hind wings not
very broad, the hind margin sinuous and a little curved ; silky,
smoky white, darker along the hind margin ; cilia whiter.
Female with similar markings often greyer or darker.

Undersides of all the wings glossy pale smoky grey, except
that a yellowish shade lies along the costa of the fore wings.
* Body and legs dusky white.

Not very variable, but in some districts all the specimens
have the grey tint, while in others a more olive or even faint
greenish shade is noticeable ; occasionally also a specimen is
found in which the ground colour is obscured and shaded
with smoky black. There is also some variation in size,
occasional specimens being very small.

On the wing at the end of May and in June, and as a
second generation at the end of July and in August.

Lakva half an inch long; the head very nearly of the
width of the second segment, the lobes rounded ; highly
polished, intensely black; dorsal and anal plates similar;
body cylindrical and of nearly uniform width, tapering only
a very little at the extremities ; segmental divisions well
defined ; ground colour dingy ochreous-brown or sometimes
purplish-brown ; a tine brown line, widening at the seg-
mental divisions, extends through the middle of the dorsal
area, also a wavy brown stripe along the subdorsal, and
another one along the spiracular region ; all these lines
together giving a reticulated appearance to the paler ground
colour; raised dots very dark brown, and shining; spiracles

VuL. l.Y. X

322 LEI'IDOPTERA.

black ; imdersurface of the same colour as tlie njijier. ((!.
T. Porritt.)

February to 51 ay — but probably from the proceeding
autumn — and a second generation in July, on Hypauni
ciipressiforme, JJicranum scoparium, Bryumcapillare, Grirnmia
/i/'lmnala, and other mosses growing upon old walls, dykes,
and rocks.

Pupa of ordinary shape and proportions, highly polished ;
eye, leg, and wing-cases clearly defined though not pro-
minent ; bright brown, with an olive tinge over the front of
the thorax ; oye-cases darker than the ground colour ;
abdominal divisions well defined, chocolate brown, this colour
showing clearly through the lower part of the wing-cases.
In a cavity, lined with .silk, at the roots of the moss. (C. T.
Porritt.)

This moth loves to sit upon mossy walls, and upon rocks
and stones in mountain glens ; and rarely, if ever, is seen
upon a tree. It uLso sits very quietly and may be touched
where it rests without being alarmed if the weather is not
too warm, it principally frequents northern mountain dis-
tricts, but in rare instances has been seen in the south. A
specimen taken at light at Studland, Dorset, must surely
have been migrating; but it is said to occur on hills and
rocks in Devon ; also on the Black ^lountain, Herefordshire,
and casually in Leicestershire ; rarely in Cheshire, and
much more frequently in Yorkshire, North Lancashire,
Westmoreland, Cumberland, Durham, and Noi'thumberland ;
also on the mountains of North AYales. In Scotland it
seems to be generally distributed in suitable hill districts to
Sutherland and Ross, and also to the Hebrides and Orkneys ;
but I find no record for Shetland. In Ireland it appears to
be very uncommon ; Mr. Kane only quotes Mr. Hogau's old
record at Belfast, but this I have been able to confirm by the
capture, after long search, of two specimens on an old damp
wall in the suburbs of that city.

SC01>AKI/DJ£—SC0PA KIA 323

Abroad it seems to frequent all the moimtain ranges of
Central Europe, and Northern Europe to the Polar region,
including Lapland.

8. S. truncicolella, Stn. — Expanse 'l to ; inch (18-22
mm.). Fore wings very narrow at the base, broad behind ;
glossy grey-white ; the Hues clouded and dusted ; the discal
spot an X-mark. Hind wings white.

Antennae of the male simple, dark brown, regularly baiTed
with glossy white ; labial palpi rather drooping, narrow,
black outside, w-hite within ; maxillary palpi small but
similar; head greyish-white ; thorax of the same colour, but
much dusted and clouded with grey ; abdomen silky brownish-
white. Fore wings narrow at the base, rapidly broadened,
and rounded behind ; costa strongly arched ; apex almost
rounded and the curve carried round the hind margin, yet
the anal angle well formed ; white dusted with black-bi'own ;
in the middle of the liase is a horizontal black streak, but
sometimes this extends itself as a much angulated basal
line ; first line black, indented, upright, followed by some
Ijlack dusting; orbicular and claviform stigmata detached,
both elongated black dots ; reniform stigma 8-shaped, the
two rings flattened a little, but often with the margins
incomplete ; second line regularly and plentifully rippled
and indented, black, expanded on the costa to a triangular
spot and edged by a slender parallel white stripe ; in the
white area beyond this are three patches of grey dusting, the
darkest being in the middle ; hind margin closely dotted
with black and edged with white; cilia white with smoky
clouding. Hind wings not very broad, the hind margin
ilatly rounded, and apex somewhat ]TOiuted ; silky smoky
white; cilia of the same colour, but with a pale Hue along
the extreme hind margin. Female rather larger, and having
both fore and hind wings a very little broader, sometimes
also suffused with darker clouding.

Underside very silky ; the fore wings smoky-white, with

324 LEPIDOPTERA.

parallel white and darker hind-marginal lines ; the hind
wings white. Body and legs brownish-white, the front tarsi
dull black, barred with white.

Usually not variable, except a little in the depth of colour
of the markings, and of the grey shade of the ground ; but
a specimen taken in the New I'^orest by Mr. L. B. I'rout,
has the portion of the fore wings between the first and
second lines dusted with black scales, and forming a dark
central band, against the unusually white outer areas.

On the wing from July till the beginning of September.

Lakva nearly three-cjuartevs of an inch long ; head a very
little narrower than the second segment, with lobes rounded,
and the mandibles rather prominent, highly polished, dark
brown ; dorsal plate jshiniug black-brown ; body of nearly
uniform width throughout, tapering only at the anal ex-
tremity, rounded above but rather flatter on the undersurface ;
segments clearly defined, deeply cut ; dingy dark olive-
brown ; a dingy blacl< pulsating vessel shows distinctly at
the dorsal stripe ; the ventral surface of the same colour
as the upper ; skin with rather a tough appearance ; the
raised dots polished, large and prominent ; black ; the hairs
also black and short. Altogether a very dingy looking
creature. (G. T. Porritt.)

September till June, on Dicraninii .scoparviim, Uypnuiii
cuprcssiformc and other mosses growing on stones or on the
earth, forming galleries under and through the moss ; active,
and very lively if removed from the feeding-tunnel.

PurA apparently undescribed ; spun up in the moss.

This species is especially attached to plantations of Scotch,
fir ; appearing later in the season than the other woodland
species, it suddenly causes these still and solemn ranges of
tall bare trunks to be enlivened by the numbers of small
moths which flit from every tree at the approach of an
intruder, flying to the earth or to aJower part of the same or

SCOP ARIID.-E—SCOP ARIA. 335

another trunk. As it sits iu the usual perpendicular posture
its head is raised and pointed in a peculiarly alert manner,
and it is so restless as quickly to spoil itself if confined in a
pill or chip box. Although so greatly attached to fir woods,
it will sit on other ti-ees when these are intermixed. It flies
at late dusk and is then attracted by flowers, especially those
of Knautia arvensis when blossoming in the neighbourhood
of the firs. Locally abundant in the South and East of
England and to be found in suitable jjlaces throughout
the country to Cumberland, though, except that it is scarce
in Durham, I find no records for the north-eastern counties,
■nor for Cornwall ; neither any for Wales except my own in
Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it seems to be rare, j^et is
recorded in Inverness; in Ireland found in AVaterford, Kerry,
Mayo, Tyrone, Armagh, and Donegal. Abroad common in
Central Europe, Italy, and Russia.

9. S. resinea, flaiv. — Expanse l; to ^ inch (15-18 mm.).
Fore wings rather trigonate, white ; first line joined to a
black costal spot ; discal sjaot to a larger one ; and another
lies nearer the apex ; two black clouds lie near the hind
margin. Hind wings grey-white.

Antennas of the male simple, black-brown, with only very
"fine white dotting; labial palpi long, heavily tufted, black
outwardly, white above and within ; maxillary palpi very
small ; head white ; thorax white, spotted with black ;
abdomen silky yellowish-white. Fore wings not elongated,
rather narrow; costa very flatly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ;
hind margin oblique, hardly curved ; anal angle i-ather dis-
tinct ; glossy white with the markings conspicuously black ;
basal line imperfect, running out to a point in the middle,
and followed by a faint band of black dusting; first line
erect but with one or two small projecting points, deep black
and united to a black cloud which includes two blacker dots
representing the orbicular and claviform stigmata ; reniform
stigma almost hidden in a large squared black spot which »x-

326 I.EPIDOPTERA.

tends to the costa, and .it its lower edjjfe throws oft" one or two
black pointH ; second line obscure, a mere series of grey dots
edged by a band of the white ground colour ; this last forms
a cross with another white stripe, which bends so as to pro-
ceed from the ape.x to the hind margin, and to isolate a black
costal spot, and two more such spots, one at the hind margin
the uther at the anal angle ; cilia white, dotted with black.
Hind wings small, llatly rounded behind, greyish-white, cilia
white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoke colour,
more yellowish along the costa and hind margin. Hind
wings dusky white, with two or three cloudy transv-erse faint
strijjes of smoke colour. Body and legs brownish-white, the
front tarsi black, with white bars.

Tolerably constant, its deep black markings on white or
sometimes greyish-white ground forming its most reliable
characteristic, but occasionally the central black spot is e.t-
tended so as almost to form a complete band.

On the wing from the middle of June till August.

Lakva. iiody cylindrical, of moderate bulk, and attenu-
ated slighty at the e.xtremities ; head and dorsal and anal
plates highly polished, very dark bron/.y-brown ; ground
colour greenish-yellow, very similar to that of the lichens on
which it feeds ; raised dots partially joined, bronzy-brown ;
segmental divisions deeply cut ; on each segment is a slight
transverse ridge : when it is crawling the dark green alimen-
tary vessel shows through the divisions as a dorsal stripe, but
there are no perceptible subdorsal or spiracular lines. Ventral
surface and prolegs of the colour of the dorsal area. Legs
ringed with darker. (G. T. I'orritt.)

April till the beginning of June, on lichens and mosses
growing on the trunks of ash, ai)|ile, and sometimes elm-
trees.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

SCO PA RIID.-E—SCOPA RIA . 337

The motli sits during the tlay on the trunk.s of ash-trees<.
or occasionally on apple or elm trunks, and is there very
conspicuous, its deep black spots distinguishing it at once
from all other species : indeed, it is of a particularly pretty
bright appearance. It flies in the evening, and conies
willingly to "sugar"' if placed on the tree-trunks. Eather
a local species, but found in the New Forest, Hants, and in
iSurrey, Sussex, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall. Somerset, Wilts.
ti loucestershire, Herts, Norfolk, Herefordshire, Cheshire,
Tjancashire, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland ; but I find no
record in Wales or Scotland. In Ireland it used to be rather
common near Powerscourt AVaterfall in the County Wicklow,
and is found in the County of Cork, and near Kenmare,
Kerry. Abroad it inhabits most parts of Central Europe,
Denmark, Spain, and Sardinia.

10. S. cratsegella, Hi\h. — Expanse ^ to 4 inch
(16-20 mm.). Fore wings softly shining white, grey-white
or greenish-white ; lines and discal spot thinly marked, but
more or less softly clouded ; two black stigmatic dots clear
of the first line ; hind wings greyish white.

Antenna) of the male simple, brown, broadly barred at the
back with white; labial palpi long and rather broad, brown
outside, white within; maxillarj- palpi short, similar; head
and thorax white dusted with black-brown ; abdomen silky
greyish-white. Fore wings elongated, of moderate breadth ;
costa very flatly arched : apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin
also rounded, not very oblique; anal angle well formed;
white; the basal area more or less dusted with black-brown,
blackest close to the base ; first line very erect and but little
angulated, composed of black atoms set in brown shading -.
orbicular stigma indicated by a separate black dot, claviform
stigma similarly isolated — a dot-like black streak — reniform
stigma or discal spot white edged with black which throws
off black claws beneath ; second line direct but once elbowed,
black-brown, slender, very little indented ; edged by a narrow

32S LEPIDOPTERA.

stripe of white "jfrouiid colour, and tliis followed by three
black-brown clouds which, though clearly separated, almost
occupy the hiiul-maririnal space, while the middle one extends
to a series of coarse black hiud-niargina! dots; cilia white
with smoky clouds. Hind wings tolerably ample, roundi'il
behind, smoky white or jiale smoky grey, rather darkened
along the hind margin. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings glossy, smoky white without
markings. Hodv and legs yellowish-wliite. the front tarsi
barred with black.

Usually very constant in its markings, but in some of its
more sandy localities in Suffolk and ( 'ambridgesliire the
ground colour receives an olive or gieenish tinge, and the
markings become thickened and clouded with black or olive-
black so greatly that an intimate knowledge of the species
and the projiortions of its markings becomes necessary to
enable the collector to recognise it : yet .some of these
darkened forms are very handsome. In its ordinary and
typical form the separated stigmata, and the whiter and
clearer appearance of the middle area of the wing quickly
catch the eye, and a peculiar arrangement of the markings
difficult to put into words, but most distinct to the practised
eye, will always, with the greater breadth of the fore wings,
serve to distinguish it from the next species — its nearest
ally.

On the wing from June till the beginning of August.

Larv.^ moderately plump and nearly cylindrical, but
tapering rather suddenly at each extremity; head shining
black-brown ; dorsal plate rather similar, faintly divided ;
general colour pale brownish-yellow, or greenish-yellow
without markings except the raised dots, which are large,
conspicuous, and very glossy, black, and the spiracles, which
are also black ; anal plate and legs of the colour of the body.

May — but probably feeding from the previous autumn —
on common mosses growincr on tree-trunks, and sometimes

SCOPARHD.^— SCOP ARIA. 329

on old walls and d\'kes, inhabiting a slight tubular web in
the moss.

Vvvk apparently undescribed.

The moth sits upon tree-trunks by day, but usually in
open places rather than woods, and is then easily recognised.
At night it comes occasionally to light. Somewhat local yet
found in the South London suburbs, and almost throughout^
l<]ngland aud iScotland, usually in very small numbers, but in
favoured spots, as near Brandon, Suffolk, abundantly,
l-'robablv scarce in the north of Scotland, thoug-h it is
recorded even from Shetland. Certainly its range is the
less known from its being often confounded with the next
>pecies. In Wales I only know it from Pembrokeshire. In
Ireland it has been taken near Dublin and in Waterford,
Cork, Kerry, and Galway.

Abroad its range seems to extend all over the Continent
of Europe and Asia Minor.

U.S. mercurella, lAiiii ; frequentella, Stn. Manual.
— Expanse \ to \ inch fl •">-!'•' mm. j. i-'ore wings rather
narrow, i-ounded behind, white or grey-white; iirst line
thickly shaded outwardly ; base, discal spot, and hinder
region clouded with black. Hind wings grey-browa or
whitish-grey.

Antennae of the male simple, black-brown, faintly barred
at the back with white : labial palpi not long, rather trigonate,
black outside, greyish-white above and within ; maxillary
jialpi clearly separate, light grey ; head aud thorax greyish-
white, the latter sprinkled with black ; abdomen shining
pale silvery grey. Fore wings rather narrow ; the costa
nearly straight ; ajjex and hind margin rounded, and the
latter very little oblique ; greyish-white or smoky white ;
basal area much clouded with grey or black dusting; first
line erect but slightly curved, with a projection on the costa
toward the base, and a small tooth beneath it in the middle ;

3 JO LEPIDOPTERA.

before it is a narrow wliitc or wUitisli parallel stripe ; outsidti
it some clouding of l)lack atuiiis, which includes the dot and
streak representing the orbicular and claviform stigmata
respectively ; renit'orm stigma formed of two superimposed
incomplete black rings which enclose white or grey spots ;
second line dusky black, sinuous and rather erect, but some-
times only represented on the two margins ; this is followed
by a white stripe which nearly meets anothei' so placed that
a sort of large white cross is formed enclosing two out of
three hind-marginal black clouds; extreme hind margin
dotted with black in white spaces ; cilia white with smoky
dotting. Hind wings ample and rather elongated, rounded
behind ; pale grey-brown or whitish-grey ; cilia rather
whiter. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings silky smoky grey, with a
darker spot at the end of the discal cell. Hind wings greyish-
white. Body and legs white, the front tarsi blackish, with
white bars.

A very striking and beautiful variety, known as var.
I'ortlandica, Dale {plicnoUucn, Stainton) is found rather
commonly, mixed with the more ordinary forms, in the
Isle of Portland, and rarely in other places ; it has the basal
area clear chalky white and a broad oblique band of the same
between the stigmata and the hind-marginal clouds, almost
obliterating the second line. It was long looked upon as a
distinct species ; but has recently been proved by the Dorset
entomologists to be merely an extreme form of variation, of
which every possible intermediate gradation could be found
along with the type. Another variety almost equally distinct in
appearance often occurs in company with the type in southern
woods ; in it the portion of the fore wings between the two
lines is blackened, and the stigmata almost obliterated, so as
to produce a blackish band : in other specimens the blackening
extends widely over the fore wings ; and perhaps the most
reliable character in this species is the even narrowness of
its fore wings, with a rov.ndcd apex.

SCO I 'A R/JIL E— SCO PA RIA . a^^

Ou tbe wing from June till September.

Lakva moderately stout, cylindi ical and of almost uniform
width, tapering only a little at tbe posterior extremity ;
segmental divisions deeply cut ; skin smooth and slightly
glossy ; head polished, the lobes rounded, rather narrower
than the two following segments, dark brown with frontal
streak and mandibles darker sienna-brown ; dorsal plate very
dark sienna-brown, almost black ; anal plate with a slightly
greener tinge ; body dingy straw-colonr, but in j'ounger
examples strongly sutfused with a dirty dark green tinge ;
raised dots polished, olive-brown ; legs black, ringed with
olive ; prolegs and ventral surface of the same colour as the
dorsal area; a very faint narrow brown pulsating vessel indi-
cates the dorsal line ; other lines not indicated. (C4. T.
I'orritt.)

March and April, but probably from the preceding
autumn, on mosses growing upon tree-trunks, rocks, and
stone walls — Hypnum rKpressi/ori/if, Isofhecium myvyum and
other species — probably many other species, since this larva
seems to be found in thick tufts of earthy moss in all sorts of
situations, even on the spreading roots of trees, on the
ground, and on the roofs of houses.

Pi PA light brown : not further described ; in a silken
cocoon under moss.

The moth sits by day on all manner of trees, often where
there is not much trace of the mosses on which it feeds ;
also on rocks and damp walls ; but is very lively and ready
to dart an'ay if disturbed. Not rare in the suburbs of
London and very common in most parts of the country ;
found throughout England, and probably Wales, since it is
common in Pembrokeshire and found iu Carnarvonshire ;
its range in Scotland does not seem to be well ascertained,
but it certainly occurs in Perthshire and Dumbartonshire.
In Ireland it is jjenerallv distributed and common. Abroad

3J2 LE/'/DOPTE/HA.

it is t'otind throughout (Icntral I'lurope, and in Spain,
I'ortugal, Dalmatia. Corsica, (■reec>\ the Taurus mountain
district, and in Northern Africa.

12. S. lineola, CVr^— Expanse ,5 to ^ inch (15-18 nun.)
Fore wings very narrowly oblong, white with much grey
clouding; transverse markings rippled and mossy, black ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata white with black rings.
Hind wings greyish-white.

Antenna3 of the male simple, pale brown, barred at the
back with white ; labial palpi not large, white shaded outside
with brown ; maxillary palpi obscure ; head and thorax white,
dotted with brown ; abdomen shining pale grey, with a white
edge to every segment. Fore wings long and narrow ; costa
faintly arched at the base and apex, straight between ; apex
l^luntly aiigulated ; hind margin rather expanded and rounded ;
ground colour, where visible, white ; all the markings mottled
with fine black mossy dusting; extreme base clouded with
black dusting and minute streaks : first line rather curved
and hollowed, not indented, almost wholly composed of black
dots which spread outwards into a cloudy band ; in this the
orbicular stigma is visible as a clear white dot in a partial
black ring, and also the broadened black clavicular streak ;
the black dusting continues along the costal region, and
beneath it is the reniform stigma — white, partly encircled
with black, and having a broad black base — second line
deeply curved, indented into crescents throughout, and
having in its upper portion short black lateral streaks ;
bordering it is a white stripe which unites in the middle
with a hinder white stripe, producing a distinct cross which
separates the rather small hinder clouds ; of these the one
close to the anal angle is black, the others grey ; hind
margin edged with black dots which throw points inward ;
cilia white, faintly dotted along the base with black. Hind
wings broad and shining, rounded behind, greyish-white ;
cilia white. Female similar.

SCOPARHD.il—SCOPAHIA. 333

Underside of the fore wings smoky grey, clouded witli
darlver. Hind wiugs smoky white, with a broad cloudy
band beyond the middle, and a faint smoky central spot.
Body and legs white.

Hardly variable, except that the clouding and dusting of
the fore wings is sometimes of a browner tinge. Best recog-
nisable by the lung narrow fore wings, their pretty mossed
and mottled aspect, and the round white dots of the stigmata.

( )n the wing fi'om July till September.

L.^UVA half an inch long, of moderate bulk, segments plump,
with deeply cut divisions ; head highly polished, intensely
black, with the lobes rounded, rather smaller than the second
segment, into which it can be partially withdrawn ; ground
colour dark olive-green, throwing into rather sti-iking relief
two whitish-grey or cream-coloured transverse streaks on
each segment, the front streak being broader and larger
than that behind ; on these streaks are placed the intensely
black raised dots, which are large and glossy, and as broad
as the streaks, thus appearing to divide them into sections :
an irregular gi-eyish stripe extends along the spiracular
region, and on each segment below this is a small black spot :
dorsal plate intense glossy black : sjiiracles black ; ventral
area and prolegs dingy dark olive-green, on the outside of
each of the latter is a black spot; anterior legs encircled
with black. (G. T. Porritt.)

April till June or even July — probably from the previous
autumn — on ranmlia. parictina, P. olivacea and other lichens
growing on palings or the branches and twigs of hawthorn,
blackthorn, elm, and other trees, or on stone walls and roofs.

Pupa apparently undescribed and unnoticed.

The moth usually sits on old lichen-covered branches of
elm or apple, and in similar thick bushes of hawthorn or
blackthorn, but not commonly on tree-trunks or walls; yet
may sometimes be found hiding in old thatch ; and when

334 I.El'IDOPTERA.

Iit'aten out will fly sharply into some dense cover. At niglit
it comes occasionally to light; but is not commonly met
with. It is found locally in Kent, Sussex, the Isle of Wight,
Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, and the Eastern Counties ;
l)ut seems to be absent from many of the Western and the
Midlands, and except that it is very local in Yorkshire.
Durham, and Westmoreland, not known in the Northern
Counties. In Scotland, however, it has many localities —
Berwickshire, East l^othian, .Midlothian. Ayrshire, Perth-
shire, Aberdeen, and even Orkney, where near Stromness it
was taken by ^Ir. Cheesuian. In Ireland it has long been
known to occur on the Dublin coast, where the late IJichard
Shield found it on old blackthorns ; more recently it has been
taken in Gahvay and Derrv. Abroad its range seems to be
much restricted, but it is recorded in Central and Western
France and Northern Spain.

13. S. angustea, (SY-y///. ; coarctalis, G'/f. — Expanse ■; to
I inch (15-'2omm.). Fore wings long and narrow, pointed,
brownish-white, the markings dark brown ; orbicular stigma
elongated ; hind margin retuse. Hiud wings silky^, white
or smoky white.

Antenna? of the male simple, shining brown ; labial palpi
porrected, long and broadly tufted ; maxillary palpi more
erect and shorter, tufted ; l)otli dark brown with the inner
portions whiter ; head and thorax drab ; abdomen glossy
whitish brown with the segments edged with white. Fore
wings long, narrow and pointed : costa very flatly arched
throughout; apex decidedly angulated, and hind margin
very oblique, retuse below the apex ; colour brownish-white
or very pale drab; the mai'kings blackish-brown or dull
brown ; at the base is a cloud of brown dusting enclosing a
black streak ; first line very oljlique, cloudy and faintly
notched ; toiieiiing it is the claviforni stigma, a thick black
streak; orbicular stigma ovate, edged with black: reniform
stigma brighter brown, also edged with black', which edging

SCOPARIID.-E— SCOP ARIA. 335

throws off claws from its base ; second line very oblique,
stroEgh' undulated but not very distinct, dull brown, edged
by a white parallel stripe, and this by a slender strijie of
brown clouding which spreads out toward the apex; hind
margin dotted with black : cilia whitish-drab. Hind wings
not very broad : apex rounded : hind margin undulated and
hardly rounded ; silky smoky white, the cilia white. I'Vniale
with rather narrower fore wings, and stout abdomen, often
rather small, and more sharply marked.

Underside of the fore wings shining yellowish-drab,
clouded beyond the middle with smoke colour. Hind wings
smoky white. Body and legs brownish-white.

Very variable in size. Rather so in the depth of the
markings; occasional specimens having the middle area
darkened, or an unusual darkening of the first line and its
attendant clouding. This species may always be recognised
by its narrow and pointed fore wings and their brownish
tint.

On the wing in its more fa\oured localities on the sea-
coast in every month from April to October, probably in two
generations ; but in other localities in one only, lasting from
July till October.

Larva rather slender, cylindrical and of nearly uniform
width, tapering very slightly at the anal extremity ; head ot"
about the same width as the second segment, highly polished,
pale brown ; dorsal plate similarly polished, dark sienna-
brown, often nearly black ; skin smooth and glossy, the
segments deeply divided ; ground colour very dark smoky
grey, with an indistinct greenish tinge ; raised dots smooth
and glossy, of a darker shade of the ground colour, or in
some specimens nearly black ; ventral surface of a pale shade
of the ground colour; the lejs ringed and ti])ped with black.
(G. T. Porritt.)

Octol)er, and feeding through the winter till May on the
South Coast, and again (apparently) in July and August, bnt

336 I.EPinOPTERA.

wlieretbe species is single broodetl. feeding till June or later:
oil Tortilla iiiiiralif, T. rrnihitu and other wall mosses,
especially those which form thick rounded cushions; living
in a silken gallery and eating the solid substance of tht-
moss, yet avoiding the surface.

I'UPA pale brown, in a slight cocoon among the moss.

The moth sits during the day upon mossy walls, and is
sluggish, allowing itself to be boxed as it stands, or if disturbed
Hying only a short distance ; Hying naturally at late dusk,
and then fond of the flowers of Golden-rod (^Sdlidayo cana-
(fcusis) and of ivy-bloom ; also very much attracted by light,
so that it is by no means uncommon to see specimens oi;
every street lamp at night, in suitable localities. Abundant
on the walls of sunken fortifications on the South coast —
where it begins to emerge in Ajjril or -Maj- — and sometimes
common on sea sandhills where the sand is sufficiently con-
solidated to allow of the growth of moss-tufts. ]\Iost plentiful
and most generally distributed on the coast, more local inland,
but to be found in suitable places throughout England and
Scotland, from the Scilly Isles and Kent to the Orkne\"S and
Shetland Isles. I'robably common throughout Wales, but
only recorded from Pembroke, where it was very abundant.
In Ireland common around Dublin and Belfast, also found
in the counties of Cork,. Fermanagh, Armagh, and Derry.
Abroad it is common in Southern Europe, with Corsica ; in
Asia Minor; the Canaries and 3Iadeira, and in Northern
Africa.

14. S. alpina, Sfn. — Expanse f to 1 inch (18-2-3 mm.).
Thorax rather robust ; base of fore wings very narrow,
broadening out with rather straight margins ; but in the
male broadly rounded behind. Markings obscure, and the
lines very faint ; hind wings shining grey-white.

Antenna' of the male simple, glossy, brown ; labial palpi
slender, f»ointed, porrected, daik brown outside, whitish-

SCOPARIJD.-E—SCOPARIA. 337

within ; head and thorax brownish-drab, the latter rather
robust ; abdomen somewhat thick, yellowish-grey. For^
wings elongated, narrow at the base, steadily broadening to a
well-developed outer area ; costa nearly straight till far
beyond the middle, then somewhat arched ; apex bluntly
angulated ; hind margin a very little oblique, hardly curved,
and the anal angle very definite ; shining greyish-white ; the
markings obscure ; first line very erect, but a mere brown
shade almost broken at the claviform stigma, which is short,
thick, and dull black ; orbicular stigma decidedly ovate.
edged with black, from which a streak is thrown off t"
connect it with the reniform ; this last is faintly brown,
with a black ring, from which minute claws stand off at the
base ; second line a series of small brown wedges edged 011
the outside by a whitish stripe, and this by a brown shade or
pair of clouds containing blacker streaks ; hind margin
edged with black dots, from which tiny dashes point inwards;
cilia shining whitish-grey. Hind wings long and very ample,
rounded behind ; shining smokj^ brownish-white or smoke
colour ; cilia concolorous. Female more stiff in appearance.
the thorax thicker, the abdomen still more so, and looking
really clumsy ; the fore wings smaller, narrower, and rather
more grey in colour.

Undersides of all the wings shining smoky yellowish-
white, without markings. Body and legs very pale brown.

Usually only a little variable in the shade of ground
colour, or the distinctness of the markings ; but among
specimens from the Shetland Isles are two beautiful forms —
one having the middle area of the wing as usual, but the
basal and hind marginal areas quite white ; the other normal
except a broad even white stripe before the hind margin.
The sexes are so different that the larger specimens of the
male have long been supposed to represent a distinct species
under the name of gracikdis. This, however, is cleai'ly a
form of the present. There is reason to believe that increased
size is caused in this species by rigour of climate. Very fine

VOL. IX. Y

33S /- EPID OP TERA .

and large specimens were found by Mrs. Fraser in a rocky
hollow near the top of a mountain in which the snow had
then melted for the first time for several years, and in which
it seems possible that the pupa3 had laid over for those
seasons. The best characters in this species, independently
of its stouter body, are the length of its fore wings, their
narrowness at the base, and very gradual widening, and the
gloss}^ grey shade of colour.
On the wing in June and July.

Lak\'A unknown ; except that Mr. Buckler received from
Dr. Buchanan ^Vhite eggs of this species from which were
hatched larva;, which he thus describes: "The young larva
is of a drab colour with shining head, and plates slightly
darker drab on the second and thirteenth segments ; some
faintly darker dots are seen along the back, which emit fine
hairs." It does not aj^i^ear whether these young larva; partook
of any food ; doubtless they quickly died from lack of proper
sustenance.

Pupa unknown.

The moth frequents grassy and mossy places on the higher
hills of Scotland, especially frequenting the ridges ; seldom
found at a lower altitude than 2000 feet, and ascending to
the snow-line or to the summits of the mountains. It may
be disturbed by the footstej), flying up from the grey moss —
Trichostoiimm — and settling again at a short distance. It
does not seem to have been, as yet, observed in England,
Wales, or Ireland. In Scotland it may be found on Schiehallion,
Meol Ghaordie, Ben Lawers, Braemar, and probably on every
high mountain in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, and, as may
reasonably be supposed, in the more northern districts, since
it is found at lower elevations in the Orkney and Shetlantl
Isles. Abroad it seems only to have been recorded from the
juountains of Norwaj'.

I

SCOP ARIID.i:— SCOP ARIA. 339

15. S. pallida, Htcpli. — Expanse f to | inch (15-18 mm.).
Fore wings short, trigonate, bhint, white, with the markings
faint — mere obscure dashes and dusting ; discal spot a black
dot ; second line straight. Hind wings white.

Antenn£e oi' the male simple, shining brown ; labial palpi
rather large, brown outside, whitish within ; maxillary palpi
conspicuous, but short, dusky white ; head and thorax
brownish white ; abdomen slender, silky greyish-white.
Fore wings short, blunt, narrowly trigonate ; costa very
slightly arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin
nearly straight and hardly oblique ; white, faintly dusted or
shaded with pale brown ; a streak of black atoms from the
base runs along the costa, and another from the middle of
the base to the first line ; this last is but faintly perceptible
except that from it proceed three streaks, one on the costa,
another — consisting merely of black atoms — in the discal
cell, and the third below, forming a very small claviform
stigma ; beyond are minute black dashes on the nervures,
and the second line indicated only by a channel of white
ground colour between brown shading and hardly perceptible
black dashes ; the latter form a narrow transverse cloud
pointing to the apex ; hind margin minutely dotted with
black ; cilia white with tiny brown clouds. Hind wings
broad, the hind margin but little rounded ; anal angle
prominent ; shining white with smoky clouding along the
hind margin ; cilia shining white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings dark smoky-brown, very
lossy ; a paler streak from the middle runs along the costa
to the ajiex. Hind wings glistening white. Body and legs
brownish white.

Slightly variable in the ground colour — browner or whiter.
In the browner specimens there is usually a faint subterminal
white shade, and the markings are more noticeable.

This species is easily recognised from its small size, the
triangular shape of its fore wings, and the absence of definite
markings.

&

J40 LEPIDOPTERA.

Oa the wing from the end of Jime till August.

Larva and I'ipa unknown.

The moth frequents fens and marshes, hiding during the
day among the coarse herbage, close to the ground, and is
rarely seen at that time, since it will not ily, but drops down
if disturbed, and can only be discovered by careful parting
of the grass and herbage and the blowing-down of smoke.
But after sunset it flies of its own accord, and may be seen
and taken in multitudes, keeping near to the ground and
threading its way on the wing among the coarse jilants.
Apparently it furnishes no indication of any preference for
moss, grass, or any other plant. Sometimes a shower of rain
earlier in the afternoon will bring it out in full force. Most
abundant in the fens of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge-
shire, but apparently to be found in every wet marsh in the
southern portion of England, with the Eastern Counties ;
also in Herefordshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, and
Yorkshire. Probably overlooked in a great portion of the
Midlands and Northern Counties ; for it exists in a marsh in
Fife, near Edinburgh, and in the Orkneys and Unst, Shet-
land. My only record in Wales is in Pembrokeshire, where
it is common in the smallest marshes. In Ireland it is
found near Dublin, and in Waterford, ilonaghan, Armagh,
Antrim, and Donegal. Abroad distributed through Central
Europe, North and East Spain, and Livonia.

Section 2. PTEROPHORID^.

Proboscis present; maxillarj- palpi imperceptible; labial
paljji short. Fore wings usually shortl}' cleft ; vein 5 absent
or curtailed ; hind wings closely folded or triply cleft ; vein 5
absent ; vein S closely pressed to vein 7 ; abdomen very
slender, long, constricted at the base, thickened behind.

/' TEROPHORID.'E—A GDISTES. 34i

Genus 1. AGDISTES.

AntenntB very short, simple ; palpi small ; tongue well
developed ; abdomen long, slender, rather thickened behind ;
fore wings narrowly lanceolate, not cleft, the cell narrow ;
hind wings also long and narrow, with a ridge of scales under
the median nervure, not cleft ; in repose the fore and hind
wings are rolled together ; legs very long and thin, rot
tufted.

We have but one species.

1. A. bennettii, C'«r<. Expanse 1^ inch (28 mm.). Fore
and hind wings long and extremely narrow, evenly tapering
from the very slender base, pale grey-brown ; the fore pair
having a few black dots, the hind a dark line along the dorsal
margin ; abdomen and legs very long, thin and hair-like.

Antennas of the male very short, simple, brown ; palpi small,
blunt, drooping, light brown ; head and thorax brownish-
drab ; abdomen thickest behind, but very slender, anal tuft
long, pale brown. Fore wings long and very narrow,
especially so at the base ; costa nearly sti-aight, slightly arched
toward the tqj, which is sharply angulated ; hind margin
nearly straight, short, very oblique ; colour dull brown, rather
paler from the base along the co?ta and dorsal margin ; a
black-brown dot lies at the junction of the subcostal and
median nervures, two more beyond it on the median, and a
faint similar cloudy spot near the costa toward the apex ; cilia
dull brown. Hind wings long and narrow : apex pointed ;
hind margin almost straight, and rather sinuous ; very pale
smok)^ grey-brown, the nervures a little darker; a smoky-
brown stripe along the dorsal margin runs to the anal angle ;
cilia light brown. Female similar, but the abdomen thickened
from near the base. The body and legs in both sexes some-
what resemble those of a Tipula.

Underside wholly dull pale brown.

Rather variable in the darker or paler shade of ground

342 LF.PIDOPTERA.

colour in both fore and hiiul wings. lu tbe darkest examples
smoky black dots become visible in the apical and hind
marginal cilia.

On the wing at the end of May and in June, and in a second
generation in July and August.

Lakva tapering a little behind ; head smaller than the
second segment, into which it is withdrawn when at rest,
yellowish-green, the crown and a broad patch therefrom
nearly to the mandibles on each side, i-osy ; a few short
bristles are scattered over the upper portion of the head ;
ground colour of the body green, so thickly sprinkled with
small white dots as to appear whitish-green ; skin consider-
ably roughened and wrinkled on the sides ; the anterior
segments wrinkled on the back ; the second segment has horn-
like points protruding from near its middle in a horizontal
direction ; the tips and bases of these are rosy ; anal segment
violet-brown above, yellowish-green on the sides ; and it has
four bristles projecting along its posterior edge at right
angles with the prolegs ; on the twelfth segment is a rosy
horn ; a yellowish stripe lies along the spiracular region.
(R. South.)

Autumn till May, and in a second generation at the end
of June and beginning of July ; on sea-lavender (Statice
limonium and <S'. binervosa), eating large pieces out of the
leaves.

Pupa long and slender, tapering regularly to the tail, wing
and limb-covers long but reaching oulj- to the tenth segment ;
truncate in front and with a raised knob at the back of the
thorax ; green dusted with white and shaded with violet-
brown ; wing and limb-cases deeper green. Attached to
a small platform of silk, upon the food plant, suspended
by the tail.

The moth sits among its food plant during the day, having
its fore wings rolled round the hind into a cylinder, slightly

PTEROPHORID.-E—CNEMIDOPHORUS. 3=1 3

raised, and thrown forward in such a manner that it resembles-
a letter Y. It flies if disturbed, but only to another part ol
the bed of sea-lavender, again to swing by its loug legs and
assume the curious rolled up form which renders it so difficult
a creature to set out after death. At dusk it flies, much like f.
Tipula, over the Statice, hardly ever leaving it. Eestricted to
the coast, and almost so to salt marshes and those more-
rocky spots which yet are moist enough to allow the food
plant to grow. In snch situations abundant in the Isle of
Wight and other parts of the Hants coast, Kent, Dorset
Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk, also in a salt marsh at the side
of the river Tees in Durham, and it has once been taken near
Redcar, Yorkshire. So far as I know it has not been met
witli in any other portion of the United Kingdom ; and
abroad the only records within my knowledge are in Holland
and France.

Genus 2. CNEMIDOPHORUS.

Antennas simple; palpi short, pointed, thickened in the
middle ; fore wings cleft less than one-third their length,
the segments broad and the hinder hatchet-shaped, the anal
angle sharp ; hind wings cleft into three wide divisions, the
third showing a distinct anal angle ; the fore wings laid
flatly over the hind in repose ; legs not excessively long.

We have only one sjoecies.

]. C. rliododactylus, Fah. — Expanse f to 1 inch. Fort
wings rich tawny with white stripes and cilia ; hind wings
paler red-brown, the third division white, with a chestnut
triangle.

Antennas of the male short, simple, pale brown, regularly
barred at the back with white ; palpi minnte, light brown :
head and thorax yellow-brown, the shoulder-lappets red-
brown ; abdomen red-brown, shaded with white at the base ;
legs white, shaded with larsre red-brown bands and tuftf.

344 LEP/DOPTEJ^A.

Fore wings spreading behind, acuminate, cleft ; costa arched
beyond the middle, apex sharply pointed ; hind margin
decided'y hollowed ; dorsal margin also concave ; rich tawny
or goldeu red-brown, shaded with white fi-om the base along
the costa, and having a white line from the base along the
dorsal margin ; bej'ond the middle is an elbowed white
transverse stripe preceded by a dark red-brown patch ;
extreme hind margin edged with the same colour, which
throws out points into the otherwise silvery-white cilia.
Hind wings — first two divisions broad, pale golden-brown or
pale tawny with similar cilia ; hind lobe short, white with a
broad red-brown triangular spot occupying most of the apical
area. Female similar, with the abdomen thicker.

Underside an almost accurate copy of the colour and
markings of the upper, but a white line crosses the first lobe
of the hind wings. Body red-brown.

On the wing in July and August.

Larva half an inch long, cylindrical and strongly attenu-
ated at the extremities, considerably retractile, and when at
rest has a dumpy appearance ; head small, globnlar, smooth
and shining grey with the cheeks and mandibles shining
black ; segmental divisions strongly marked ; skin soft,
slightly rough in appearance, sparingly though conspicuously
clothed with short hairs, light greenish-yellow or yellowish-
green ; dorsal line conspicuously purple, from the second to
the sixth segment it appears as composed of round purplish
marks joined at the segmental divisions, and rather broad ;
on the remaining segments it is much narrower and more
uniform, but equally distinct ; subdorsal and spiracular lines
yellow, only faintly indicated ; segmental divisions also
yellow ; ventral surface and prolegs uniformly ding)' green
or yellowish, according to the colour of the dorsal surface ;
legs black and shining. (G. T. Porritt.)

May and June — but from what time is uncertain — upon
<log-rose {^Kosa canina'), feeding on the buds and flovers, also

PTEROPHORID.¥.—CNEMIDOPHOR US. J45

sometimes on tbe young shoots, eating into an nuexpanded
bud from the side, and hidden by drawing down a leaf ;
when the blossom is open dj-awing together the petals. It
has also been found among cultivated roses in gardens.

Pupa pale green ; wing cases whitish ; eye, antenna and
leg-cases, also the edging of the wing-cases, smoky black.
(G. T. Porritt.) Attached to the shoot or bunch of buds
on which the larva has fed, hanging loosely from a small
tuft of silk. This pupa is cuiiously sprinkled with fine
hairs or long bristles, especially on the dorsal surface.

The moth is very sluggish and can seldom be induced to
fly in the daylight. If disturbed it falls down into the
thicker parts of its favourite rose-bush, when a verj- quick
eye is requisite for its discovery. It flies at night, and has
been taken at a strong liglit. Formerly known as a rare
British siDecies, to be found occasionally in Kent and Middle-
sex, but about the year 1872 it was discovered to be tolerably
common in some parts of the large woods at Chattenden,
North Kent ; the larva was also found freely, and consider-
able numbers were reared, so that our cabinets became in
some degree supplied. After a few years shocking accounts
were received of the greed of certain collectors, accounts of
the stripping of vast numbers of rose-bushes of every hud,
and of the material collected being carried away by sacksful.
J3y these means the insect seems to have become extermi-
nated in that locality, and is again a comparative rarity,
though still known to exist in a few other localities. So far
as I am aware it is confined, with us, to the counties of
Kent, Middlesex, Herts, and Essex. Abroad it is found
throughout Southern and Central Europe, except Holland,
also in Sweden, Finland, Livonia, Bithynia, and Armenia.

346 LEPJDOPTERA.

Genus 3. PLATYPTILUS.

Antenna' simple, very short ; palpi short but projecting;
forehead furnished with a prominent tuft of scales ; fore
wings cleft to less than one-third of their length, the sections
broad and angulated ; hind wings cleft to the base, the
divisions moderately broad ; anal angle obscure, but the
hinder division having a small spot ; cell aborted ; legs very
long, the tibiiB sometimes thickened behind. ,

We have five species, not difficult of discrimination.

A. Expanse of wings over three-fourths inch.

B. Fore wings ochreous or brownish ochreous.

r. ochrodaclijhis.
W. Fore wings dull pale umbreous. 7'. inodadijlus.

W. Fore wings bright yellowish-white with sharp brown
markings. P. zcttcrsledtii.

B^. Fore wings dull brownish-white with dull brown
markings. P. <jonodactylus.

A-. Expanse of wings under three-fourths inch.

r. fis.scradci.ctt/lus.

1. P. ochrodactylus, Ri/Jl ; diclirodactylus, Muhf. ;
bertrami, luicgiL — Expanse li inch. Fore wings pale
ochreous with elongated deep ochreous clouds; hind wings
pale smoky-brown with a reddish gloss. Legs pale ochreous,
clouded with brown.

Antennte of the male short, very slender, simple, dark-
brown ; palpi porrected, slender, yellow-brown ; head creamy
yellow ; thorax pale buff ; abdomen rather browner, very
slender ; anal tuft pointed. Fore wings long and narrow ;
costa nearly straight except beyond the middle, where it is
arched ; apex sharply angulated, almost hooked ; hind
margin hollowed, cleft to one- fourth the length of the wing ;
rather roughly scaled, pale ochreous, a brown line along the
costa from the base expands beyond the middle to a narrow
brown cloud, and is cut off suddenly by an oblique whitish

P rEROPHORID.-}-:-PLA T 1 'P TIL US. 347

ochreous bar; also from the base a brownish-oclireous
horizontal line extends one-fourth the length of the middle
of the wing, but after a pale interval is continued as a
broader similar cloud to below the pale bar and usually
united to the costal cloud ; the costa before the apex is
narrowly brown, and often the apex itself and a line or cioud
down the hind margin, the latter also shaded inward ; the
whole surface thus being broken up into paler and darker
ochreous shades; cilia white or yellowish-white. Hind
wings cleft to tlie base into three broad fully ciliated fingers
or sections ; pale golden-brown, including the cilia. Legs
very long, whitish-ochreous, regularly clouded from each
joint with ochreous or yellow-brown. Female similar, the
body a little thicker behind.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-red-brown to the
middle, ochreous beyond, the margins faintly spotted with
white. Hind wings pale golden-brown. Body pale-
brown.

Variable in the shade of ground-colour from ochreous-
white to rather rich full ochreous, and in the deeper shades
of clouding. In that along the costa is often a deeper brown
costal streak above the fissure ; and concealed in the brown-
ochreous cloud, a darker spot lies at the fissure's base —
though this last is more obvious in worn specimens. The
legs also vary greatly in the degree of dark clouding at the
joints^ This last character has been relied upon as a means
of dividing this species into two, called respectively P.
dichrodachjlus (the darker), and P. lertrami (the; paler form;,
but although the former seems to be more restricted to
tansy, as a food plant, and the latter to yarrow and
sneezewort, I am unable to find any reliable distinguishing
character between them. On the other hand I find every
possible intermediate shade of variation, the darker being
apparently the more northern forms.

On the wing from the end of June till August.

348 LEPIDOPTERA.

Lakva from one-half to five-eighths of an inch long; head
very pale straw colour, faintly tinged with green, the ocelli
large and intensely black ; mandibles reddish-brown ; dorsal
and anal plates bright green ; ground colour bright pea-
green ; dorsal stripe dark green, slightly brownish in front ;
between it and the spiracular region are two greyish-white
stripes on which small black tubercular spots may be seen ;
spiracles black ; below them is a clearer and more conspicuous
white stripe ; ventral surface uniformly of the same bright
green as the dorsal area ; at the front, and at the base of
each anterior leg, is an intensely black spot ; prolegs finely
margined with black. (G. T. Porritt = P. hcrtrami?)

Mr. Buckler, under the head of P. dirhrodactiilus, thus
describes it. Moderately slender, cylindrical, tapering a
little from the third segment to the head, which is rather
rounded ; tapering also from the eleventh to thirteenth
segments ; the segmental divisions well defined on the back,
deeper on the undersurface ; head very pale brownish-yellow
or greyish-yellow, semi-pellucid and shining, the ocelli large
and black, the mouth blackish-brown ; dorsal plate of the
colour of the head, bearing minute blackish dots ; anal plate
of similar tint ; the rest of the back is either a lively green
or else a subdued transparent light green, with a dark olive-
brown pubescent dorsal line ; a naked stripe of opaque
whitish grey, on which minute black tubercular spots are
visible, follows at a short interval, and below it another thin
greyish stripe ; succeeded bj" a broad lateral stripe of the
ground colour, but so thickly covered by a minute kind of
bristly brown pubescence as to assume an oli\e hue, in the
lower edge of which are the circular brownish-red spiracles
ringed with black ; beneath them runs an inflated and
puckered stripe of opaque greyish-white, relieved below by a
line of the brown pubescence ; under surface and legs of the
green ground colour ; between each pair of the legs, at their
base, are two black spots ; the prolegs tipped with dark

PTEROPHORID^—1'LA TYI'TIL US. 349

brown. These seem to me to be practically descriptions of
the same species of larva.

May and June on Achillea millefolium, A. ptarmica
(Yarrow and Sneezewort), and Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy),
feeding in the heart of a young shoot and eating down into
its solid stem, moving, when necessary, to another. The
condition in which it passes the winter is not yet ascer-
tained.

PrPA slender with a rather long beak in front bent down-
wards at a small angle ; tail pointed ; wing covers of
moderate length, well developed ; the ends of the leg-cases
free of the abdomen ; pale green, light pinkish-grey or dark
reddish-grey ; the beak is white above, blackish at the sides,
on the thorax a blackish-brown dorsal stripe widens, and
then narrows, thence passes down of uniform width to the
tail ; on the thorax it is margined with a white line ; there
is an interrupted blackish-brown subdorsal line, and between
this and the dorsal stripe on each segment are double dark
brown streaks, a little divergent ; these are strongly marked
on the anterior segments, more faintly on the hinder ones ;
below the subdorsal is another brown line, rather inter-
rupted ; lateral line white, bordered beneath by a black
stripe ; the ventral surface of each segment has a broad
squared mark of light brownish grey, and a fine subventral
line of similar tint, much interrupted ; wing cases brownish-
grey, with whitish rays. (W. Buckler.) Attached by the
anal hooks to a stem or leaf of the food plant.

The moth hides by day in the tufts of its food plants,
keeping very closely concealed, and if shaken out is hardly
to be induced to do more than scramble away to another
concealment. At early dusk it flies gently about, and is
readily seen. Common among its food plants in the rough
ground in which they grow, very often in open spaces at the
sides of lanes and roads ; also fields, railway embankments,

350 LEPIDOPTERA.

hill sides, rock}' places, and quarries in all the Southern
and Eastern Counties, particularly those along the coast ;
also found in Somerset, Gloucestershire, Cheshire, Derby-
shire, Yorkshire, Durham, Lancashire and Westmoreland,
vet apparently absent from almost all the .Midlands.
In Wales common in Glamorganshire and I'embroke-
shire, and found in the Isle of Anglesea ; in Scotland,
near Edinburgh, in Roxburghshire, Lanark, Dumbarton-
shire, and Perthshire ; and in Ireland, on the Dublin
coast, in Waterford, Cork, Connemara, and elsewhere in
Galway, Sligo, Cavau, Armagh, Antrim, and Donegal.
Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, the tem-
perate portions of Northern Europe, in Russia and Armenia,
and in Canada and many parts of the United States of
America.

2. P. isodactylus, Zdl. — Expanse f to 1 inch. Fore
wings retuse, dull umbreous-brown with darker cilia ; and
ill-defined darker clouding from the costa to the discal dot.
Hind wings brown.

Antenna; of the male short, simple, glossj' brown ; palpi
short and rather concealed, pale brown ; head and thorax
dull drab ; abdomen browner but pale at the base. Fore
wings very narrow, rather truncate behind ; costa arched
beyond the middle ; apex shortly pointed ; hind margin
retuse, not very oblique, and the ana! angle well marked ;
fissure much concealed by its closely applied edges ; colour
dull umbreous or brownish-drab ; a darker brown line,
dotted faintly with white, lies along the costa, and two or
three faintly darker streaks lie between the nervures before
the middle ; at the base of the fissure are one or two small
black dots, and from this to the costa is a dark brown cloud
which has some appearance of a costal cloudy triangle ;
extreme hind margin dark brown; cilia similar but whitish
at the tips. Hind wings broadly divided into three heavily
fringed sections, pale grey-brown with a glistening golden

PTEROPHORID.-E—PLA T I 'PTIL US. 351

gloss, cilia darker. Female similar but larger, aad the
abdomen much stouter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-umbreous to near the
hind margin, which is broadly ochreous to the apex. Hind
wings glossy grey-brown. Body brown ; legs long and thin,
yellowish-white, with a dark brown cloud from each
joint.

Very variable in size, the specimens emerging in the
autumn little more than one-half the size of those on the
wing in June, and far paler ia colour— often dull drab or
whitish-drab.

On the wing in June and the beginning of July, and as a
second generation in August and September.

Larva three-eighths of an inch in length ; rather thick and
plump, tapering at each end; head small, black; skin
smooth, shining and pellucid, of a watery greenish tint,
showing a dark green dorsal vessel ; subdorsal stripe darker
green ; this is bordered above by an opaque whitish stripe
which lies beneath the skin, and shows partially throucrh its
glossy surface ; another such faint white stripe shows through
along the side, and below is another, somewhat inflated, on
which are the spiracles; dorsal plate black, divided, anal
jilate, legs, and raised dots black. (W. Buckler.)

April and May, and a second generation in July and the
beginning of August, on Sc?iecio aquadms. When young it
eats out the substance of the small shoots near to the buds,
soon after it enters the stem at the axil of a leaf, eatincr out
the side shoot, then jDassing into the main stem, in all cases
eats the pith, and extrudes its excrement through a hole in
the side.

Abroad it is said to feed also on Scnccio ncmoreiisis.

Pupa smooth, the wing and leg-cases meeting in a point low
down the abdomen and in close contact with it ; whitish-
ochreous, the abdomen a little deeper tinted ; striped and
marked with brown on the head and back of the thorax, and

352 LEFIDOPTERA.

on the back with a series of acute brown triangles.
(W. Buckler.) In a chamber of considerable size iu the
larval burrow iu the main stem of the Senecio ; a round hole
in the side serving for the exit of the moth.

The moth hides during the day among coarse herbage, and
especially among ragwort, in marshy places, and is very
sluggish, when disturbed shuffling into the nearest hiding
place ; but before dusk it begins to be very lively, Hying
about such places quite freely ; later at night ascending
to fly abroad over the country, and sometimes to hang upon
a road-side gas-lamp.

Very local, yet plentiful iu its very restricted haunts :
found in marshy places rather than fens iu Xorfolk ; also in
Devon and Dorset ; iu Wales common near Pembroke and
elsewhere on the Pembrokeshire coast, also in Carmarthen-
shire ; but apparently not noticed elsewhere in England or
Wales. Iu Scotland Mr. Stainton recorded it in the Orkneys,
and Mr. A. F. Gi'iffiths found it in a marsh in the Hebrides.
In Ireland it is not scarce in Kerry, Galway, Sligo, among
the hills near Belfast and Carrickfergus, and also in London-
derry. This wide distribution seems to suggest that it may
also exist — though overlooked — in many other marshy spots
in the three Kingdoms. Abroad it seems to be but little
known, yet is recorded from Belgium and Germany.

3. P. gonodactylus, ScMff. ; trigonodactylus, Stn.
— Expanse ^ to 1^ inch (20-28 mm.). Fore wings pointed,
retuse, with very prominent anal angle ; whitish-brown, with
a dull brown costal triangle joining the discal dot. Hinti
wings glossy pale brown.

Antenna- of the male short, simple, pale brown, barred
with white ; palpi rather short, slender, pointed, brown ;
head and thorax grey-drab ; abdomen pale brown dotted
with white, and the base ashy. Fore wings very narrow,
the costa gently arched, ape.x sharplj' pointed ; hind margiii
excavated ; dorsal margin also much hollowed out, and the

PTEROPHORID^—PLATYPTILUS. 353

anal angle very prominent ; pale greyish-drab or whitish-
brown ; before the middle is a brown streak near the dorsal
margin, pointing toward a brown spot near the costa ; just
beyond the middle is a black dot on the dorsal margin, and
beyond it a large brown triangle, the base of which is along
the costa, and which extends half way across the wing just
behind the fissure, where two black dots lie close together ;
along the hind margin is a dark brown line ; cilia white.
Hind wings fully divided into three finger-like sections,
glistening pale purplish-brown, with long cilia of the same
colour, except on the hind margin of the third, where
the cilia ai-e white with a brown dot before the middle.
Legs long and thin, white, repeatedly clouded with brown.
Female very similar, but larger, and the abdomen thicker.

Underside of the fore wings dark purplish-brown to the
fissure, thence pale ochreous with white dashes, margin
black-brown. Hind wings smoky-brown ; body dull brown.

Vai'iable in size, and in the shade of white, or brown,
gi'ound colour.

On the wing at the end of May and in June, and as a
second generation in July and August, or in the north in
the beginning of September,

Larva plump, almost naked ; head shining pale brown or
black ; dorsal plate black ; general colour greyish-white,
or greenish-white ; dorsal line a broad stripe, rosy-red or
purplish-red ; subdorsal and spiracular lines narrower, of the
same colour ; raised dots shining black ; spiracles and legs
black.

April and May on coltsfoot (Tiissilago farfara), eating out
the substance of the bud or flower, or the base of the seed
vessel, and causing the flower stalk to droop ; a second
generation feeds in June in the upper part of the root of
the same plant ; or on the undersurface of the large leathery
leaves, gnawing the parenchyma under the white down, but
not cutting through the leaf.

VOL. IX, Z

354 LEPIDOPTERA.

Pupa naked, beaked, rather angular, slender, surface
dulled, pink or green, or pale grey, with or without pink or
red longitudinal dorsal stripes, and reddish clouding. In the
cavity at the base of a seed-head of coltsfoot, excavated by
the larva, with the terminal pappus drawn together ; or in
the second generation attached to the stem of the plant.
The covers of the antennas and legs are detached, in part, on
the emergence of the moth.

The moth hides during the day among the coltsfoot, well
concealed, and sheltered by the large leaves, and if aroused
is unwilling to move to any distance, scrambling hastily
down among the herbage to the ground ; yet in the late
afternoon is more lively, and towards sunset flies freely about
railway banks, rough fields, and waste places; later at night
leaving the coltsfoot beds, to roam more widely, and very
often to come to a lighted window or a gas lamp. Often a
specimen may be found in the morning in some unexpected
place, away from its natural haunts, as though it had lost its
way. Still common in the suburbs of Loudon, where the
coltsfoot grows on railway banks, or the embankments of
waterworks; and to be found commonly in suitable places
throughout England ; probably also Wales, though the only
records seem to be in Pembrokeshire, and at Penmaenmawr,
Carnarvonshire. In Scotland it occurs in Berwickshire,
Fife, Lanark, Dumbartonshire, and elsewhere in the Clj'de
Valley ; in Perthshire ; and rarely in Aberdeenshire, but
apparently not farther north, nor in the Isles. In Ireland it
is common about Dublin, in Kerry, and in the north near
Belfast and Armagh, and is probably generally distri-
buted.

Abroad it has a more wide distribution than some of the
allied species, being found through Central Europe, the
temperate portions of Northern Europe, including Norway ;
South-east France, Central Italy, Southern and Eastern
Russia, and Bithynia.

PTEKOPHORID.-E—I'LATYPTILUS. 355

4. P. Zetterstedtii, ^^-Z/.— Expanse f to | inch (19-22
mm.). Fore wings sharply pointed ; bright whitish-brown ;
the costal triangle distinct, dark red-brown, sometimes pro-
duced toward the anal angle. Hind wings glossy grey-
brown.

Antennre of the male very short and slender, black- brown
barred with white; palpi small, slender, pointed, brown ;
head and thorax brownish-drab dusted with chocolate ; abdo-
men I'eddish-brown, with the base white. Fore wings
narrow, rather squared behind ; the costa a little arched
beyond the middle ; apex sharply angulated ; hind margin
retuse, shortly divided, oblique, but with a distinct anal
angle ; dorsal margin hollowed ; colour pale brownish-
ochreous or tawny-white, dusted toward the base with white,
and having below this a brown streak on the dorsal margin
which extends to an obscure broken oblique transverse
stripe; beyond this is a chocolate streak near the dorsal
margin having white dusting on either side ; still beyond a
large red-brown or dark chocolate triangle having its base
on the costa, edged outside with pale ochreous, extends to a
black dot just before the fissure ; a slender whitish ochreous
stripe, parallel with the hind margin, precedes a dark mar-
ginal band edged with black ; cilia dusky-white. Hind
wings glistening pale purplish-brown, the cilia of the three
long lobes being of the same colour, but upon the hindmost
portion there is a black spot with some white edging. Legs
long and very slender, white, clouded at the joints with dark
brown. Female similar, but rather more clouded beyond
the triangle with chocolate-brown, and with the fore wings
more widely cleft.

Underside of the fore wings smoky red-brown, with the
pale areas of the upper side sharply indicated. Hind wings
as on the upper side. Body brown.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva and Pupa unknown. The food-plant is probably

356 LEI'IDOPTERA.

golden-rod {Solidacjo), among which the moth is usually
found ; the Continental record, upon Scnecio ncmurcnsia, pro-
bably referring to an allied species.

This species inhabits woods in the south, flying along
their broad grassy paths or open spaces, but is extremely
local, found among golden-rod, but not among any species
of ragwort. It was first taken in this country at Lynmouth,
North Devon, in July 1855 by Mr. Thomas Boyd, and is still
to be found in that district ; shortly afterwards specimens were
taken on the coast of Cornwall, and subsequently one was
obtained at Sydenham, in the southern suburbs of London,
but this casual capture has not been repeated. More recently
it has been found, not rarely, in the woods near Dover, Kent,
and here also it still exists. This, so far as I know, is the
extent of its distribution in these islands. Abroad it has a
considerable range. Professor Zeller told me that he found it
in the Reisensgebirge, the Eastern Alps, and Rhaetia, quite
accompanying L. osteodactylus, a well-known Solidago feeder,
"as if the two species belonged together." It is recorded as
occurring throughout Central Europe, the temperate portions
of Northern Europe, including Norway, the northern half
of Italy, the Taurus Mountain district, and Southern Siberia.

•J. P. tesseradactylus, L. — Expanse | inch (15-17
mm.). Fore wings narrow but short, the anal angle sharp ;
brownish-white, the costal triangle obscurely brown, followed
by two white transverse stripes. Hind wings pale grey-
brown.

Antennfe of the male short, simple, pale grey, barred on
the back with white ; palpi very small, grey ; head and
thorax ashy-grey ; abdomen ashy-white. Fore wings
narrow, not much widened behind ; costa nearly straight ;
apex pointed ; hind margin rather uneven, but not hollowed ;
anal angle sharp ; dorsal margin concave ; colour ashy-
bvown, or pale brown, abundantly dusted with white ; on the
dorsal margin near the base is a longitudinal brown line, and

PTER01>H0RID.i:~PLA TYPTILUS. 357

another lies beyond it on the disK, followed by a second on
the dorsal margin ; the usual costal triangle is obscure and
ill-defined, darker brown, followed by an oblique white trans-
verse stripe, and this by another, narrower, crossing both
lobes ; hind margin edged with black ; cilia dusky white ;
the dorsal cilia also white, but shaded with brown clouds.
Hind wings shining pale greyish-brown, the cilia of all
three lobes of the same colour, and all dusted with dark
brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky brown, with a white
spot beyond the middle of the costa, and a white transverse
band before the hind margin. Hind wings with the legs
and body ashy-brown.

On the wing in June.

Larva cylindrical in the middle, a little smaller at each
end ; head small, black ; thoracic shield black, divided by a
light line ; anal shield dark brown ; body dark ferruginous-
brown ; on the back stand whitish flecks ; raised dots black,
those on the sides bearing long light hairs ; legs dark brown.
(Gartner.)

August till May on CrnaphMlium dioicum, and G. arenarium.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

The moth flies in the late afternoon and evening among
Gnaphalium (cudweed) at road sides and dry banks at the
edges of bogs. It was first met with in these islands in
June 1895 at Clonbrock, Galway, Ireland, by the Hon. R. E.
Dillon and Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane. Mr. Kane now
tells me that he has found it in several localities in Galway
and Clare ; but so far as I know it has not as yet been dis-
covered in any other part of the British Isles, though nearly
ten years earlier it had been indicated by the late Dr. R. C. R.
Jordan as a probable inhabitant of these islands. Abroad it
is widely distributed in Central and Northern Europe, South-

358 LEPIDOPTERA.

East France, Central Italj"-, Dalmatia, and Persia ; and in
North America in New iingland and California.

Genus 4. AMBLYPTILUS.

AntennEe simple ; palpi thick, laterally compressed, ascend-
ing, pointed ; head with a small pyramid of scales on the
forehead ; fore wings cleft about one-fourth of their length,
the sections broad and angulated ; on the dorsal margin
having one or two projecting tufts of scales ; hind wings
deeply divided, the segments slender, the third having a
tooth-like tuft of scales. Legs very long.

We have two species, very similar except in colour.

A. Fore wiugs pale reddish-brown with chocolate-black
markings. A. acanthodactylus.

A^. Fore wings pale greenish-brown with olive-black
markings. A. inmdidadylus.

1. A. acanthodactylus, Hah. — Expanse ^ inch (20-
23 mm.). Fore wings narrow, sharply pointed, their dorsal
margins toothed ; pale reddish-brown with red-black costal
triangle and dots. Hind wings brown-grey.

Antennas of the male simple, short, dark brown dotted
with white ; palpi short, pointed dark chocolate ; head and
thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen brown, prettily marked
with slender, crossing, white lines. Fore wings very narrow,
and only moderately broadened behind ; costa slightly arched
beyond the middle ; apex pointed ; hind margin decidedly
hollowed ; dorsal margin concave, but furnished in the
hollow with one or two small projecting teeth of scales ; pale
reddish-brown, dusted from the base with white, and faintly
barred with the same along the darker brown costa ; at about
one-third of the length of the wing is an oblique, ill-defined,
brown transverse stripe ; beyond the middle a shallow red-
black costal triangle preceded by a brown-black tooth on the
dorsal margin ; beyond the triangle is a yellow-red spot,

PTEROPHORID^-AMBLYPTILUS. 359

followed by a chocolate band which crosses both lobes ; at the
anal angle is a dark chocolate spot or blotch ; apical area
minutely mottled with yellow-brown and white; cilia similar.
Hind wings divided into slender lobes, pale golden-brown
with cilia of the same colour, except that the hind lobe
is spotted along the dorsal margin with black, and has a
black and white tuft. Female similar, hardly stouter.

Underside of the fore wings dark reddish-brown ; costa
dotted with white, and having a white triangle and slender
transverse lines before the apex. Hind wings shining smoky-
brown. Body brown, the legs white, with long brown
cloudings.

On the wing in Juue and July, possibly after hybernation,
and appai'ently as another generation in August and through-
out the autumn, even emerging in October and November,
but whether as a third generation, or only a second, or even
a deferred emergence, is not clearly ascertained.

Larva bristly, cylindrical ; head pale yellow, with the
lobes and ocelli black ; body dusky pale green with a bright
green dorsal line, and paler green subdorsal lines.

September and October on i<tac]ujs sylvatica and ;S'. palustru,
feeding mainly upon the blossoms. This I give separately as
a description which I have taken myself ; but there is great
apparent confusion as to times of appearance, food-plants,
and varieties of the larva. Mr. Porritt has reared larvae
from the same kind of food-plant, but having the ground
colour deep purple, the dorsal stripe smoke-coloured, and
subdorsal and spiracular lines white ; others green, tinged in
front with pink, and having the dorsal and lateral lines as
just stated. As food plants different observers mention
Ononis spinosa and 0. arvcnsis, Mentha, CUnopodium vulgarc,
Geranium rotundifolium, Euphrasia lutea and E. officinalis,
and the buds and blossoms of the scarlet garden geraniums .
and July and the beginning of August as times of feeding.
Mr. Buckler's larvae fed in July.

j6o LEPIDOPTERA.

Pupa pale groen or pale brown, with the wing, leg, and
antenna-covers darker, and a purple-brown tint on all the
angles. Attached by the tail hooks to the Hower spike
between two of the wliorls of flowers, and looking wonderfully
like a withered blossom itself.

The moth hides among herbage during the day, very often
in the summer among restharrow or heather ; later in the
year in hedges and bushes, and is of somewhat perplexing
habits. On the coast and in sandy districts it is thus often
common, hiding in the beds of restharrow and keeping quite
close to that plant ; but in autumn it seems to have forsaken
those spots for the lanes and hedges, and in them it may be
found till winter. It is supposed by some that the late
autumn specimens hybernate and reappear early in June, but
this even seems to be mainly a surmise; the June specimens
are not worn, yet no larvaj have been, apparently, observed
in the spring. In autumn it will come at night to ivy-bloom
and heather-blossom, and to sugar and light. Apparently
to be found throughout England though rather locally, and
most attached to the coast ; quite scarce in the Northern
and Midland Counties. Probably well distributed in Wales,
though I only 'know of its presence in Pembrokeshire. In
Scotland found in Berwickshire, Fife, Aberdeenshire, Perth-
shire and Lanark ; in Ireland in Wicklow, Cork, Kerry,
Sligo, and Fermanagh.

Abroad it seems to be found all over the Continent of
Europe, and in Armenia, Syria, Madeira, the Canaries,
Morocco and other parts of Northern Africa. Professor
Fernald records it in New York State in North America.

2. A. punctidactylus, Hav. ; cosmodactylus,

Stand. Cat. — Expanse | inch (21-23 mm.). Very similar
to the last, but colour pale olive-grey, and the markings
olive-brown or greenish-black. Hind wings smoky brown.

Antennte of the male short, simple, black-brown, faintlj-
barred with white ; palpi small, pointed, dark brown, edged

PTEROPHORIlh-E-AMBL YPTIL US. 361

beneath with white ; a line of whitish scales also extends
round the eyes ; head and thorax dark brown ; abdomen
dark ohve-brown, every segment curiously streaked, longi-
tudinally and obliquely, with white; legs long and thin,
black-brown with a white space following each joint. Fore
wings very narrow and the hinder area only moderately
expanded ; costa nearly straight except toward the apex,
which is sharply pointed ; hind margin hollowed close beneath
the tip, then irregular, and the anal angle well defined ; colour
ohve-brown ; from the base to beyond the middle is a series
ot obscure oblique white transverse lines of dusting broken
into spots and streaks; costa also dotted with white ; beyond
the middle is an olive-black costal triangle, and beneath it a
curved whitish line in the hollow of the dorsal margin, where
also are two olive-black tooth-like tufts of scales ; beyond
the costal triangle is a white spot and some white atoms, and
beyond these a distinct white transverse line crossing both
lobes ; extreme hind margin edged with black-brown ; cilia
white, very short. Hind wings deeply divided, the lobes
angulated behind; glistening pale golden brown, dusted
with dark brown ; cilia of the lobes shining olive-brown
ex-cept that of the dorsal margin of the hind lobe, which is
white, enclosing a projecting black tooth. Female similar,
a little stouter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky red-brown ; dotted on
the costa, and streaked on the hind margin, with white- a
white spot beyond the middle is followed by a transverse
white line. Hind wings dusky grey. Body olive-brown.
_ On the wing m June and the beginning of July, and again
m September, but whether as two generations, or hybernat-
ing and reappearing in the following summer is not clearly
ascertained.

Larva clear purplish-pink; the head dark sienna-brown
almost black ; dorsal stripe smoke colour; sub-dorsal stripel
clear white ; below them is a narrow interrupted white line,

362 LEPIDOPTERA.

and another tinged with pink along the spiracles ; hairs
white ; under surface semi-translucent yellowish-grey ; pro-
legs jjurplish-pink on the outside ; legs dark sienna-brown
with paler rings.

Or — the ground colour is bright pale green ; the markings
the same, except that the white lines are hardly so con-
spicuous ; in some specimens the smoky dorsal line is tinged
with pink, and the ventral surface and prolegs are of the
same bright green as the dorsal area. (G. T. Porritt.)

August and September — and Frey says July — on Stachys
sylvatica and Salvia glutinosa, feeding on the flowers ; also,
upon the Continent, feeding on the seeds of Aipdlegia vulgaris.

Pupa slender, with two somewhat curved and pointed
protuberances on the back ; either green or purple. Attached
by the anal hooks to the food-plant, hanging like a little
slender butterfly-pupa.

The moth is rather secret in its habits, hiding in dense
hedges, or among thick herbage in the daytime, but not
easily disturbed, and not very often seen. It flies at night,
and will come to the flowers of ragwort. Found sparingly
in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, CtIou-
cestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Salop, Cheshire.
Lancashire, and Westmoreland. In Wales only recorded
from Cardiganshire, where it was found by Mr. N. M.
Richardson ; in Scotland singly from Berwickshire, Perth-
shire, and Argyleshire ; in Ireland only at Killarnej', a record
which is not confirmed. Abroad it has a very wide range
through Sweden and Norway, the greater portion of Central
Europe, Sicily, Dalmatia, and liussia, and in North America,
in California and Oregon.

Genus 5. OXYPTILUS.

Antenute short, simple; palpi ascending, thickened in the
middle, compressed at the sides, pointed ; forehead not

/-• terophoridjE— ox yp til us. 36.3

conically tufted ; fore wings cleft quite oue-tbird of their
length, the lobes separate, rather drooping at the tips ; no
sharp anal angle, but one or two small teeth of scales on the
dorsal margin ; hind wings divided iuto three from the base ;
a dark tuft or tooth of scales on the hindmost lobe.

We have four species— probably five^verj' closely allied.

A. ExjDause half an inch. 0. imrvidactylus.
A^. Expanse three-fourths of an inch.

B. Fore wings black-brown ; dark tuft on hind wings

large, on both sides of hind lobe. 0. teucrii.

B-. Fore wings fawn-colour ; dark tuft on hind wings

very small, only on hinder margin. 0. distans.

B'*. Fore wings tawny-brown ; dark tuft on hind wings

medium-sized.

C. Apex of fore wings drooping, broad but narrowly

pointed. 0. hieracii.

C'. Apex of fore wings broadly and horizontally pointed.

0. jnlosdh'.

1. O. parvidactylus, Ha v. Expanse half an inch
(12-16mm.j. Fore wings slender,pale chocolate-brown; apical
margin of the costa, two slender transverse streaks on the
lobes, and a dot at the fissure, all white. Hind wings golden-
brown with smoky cilia and a large black tuft on the hinder
lobe.

Antenna3 of the male simple, dark brown, barred with
white ; palpi slender, pointed, projecting, brown edged with
white; head and thorax chocolate; abdomen golden-brown,
striped at the base longitudinally with white, and having
numerous silvery-white streaks and dots down the sides.
Fore wings narrow with the fissure wide and obvious ; costa
arched beyond the middle ; the apex shai'ply pointed, and a
very little curved downwards ; each lobe a little hollowed
behind and the anal angle obscure ; chocolate-brown with a
golden gloss ; before the fissure is a white dot, and sometimes
another still further back ; crossing both lobes near the base

364 LEPIDOPTERA.

of the fissure is a wliite stripe, very oblique on the front lobe,
broader on the hind ; beyond this is another white transverse
line, narrower, produced along the costa to the apex in the
front lobe, but only visible on the cilia of the hind ; cilia red-
brown interrupted with white; on the dorsal luargin, in the
hollowed portion, are short white cilia in which are two small
black oblique dashes. Hind wings slenderly divided, pale
golden-brown, with the cilia of each lobe smoky-brown, except
the hindmost, where on the dorsal margin is a large black
triangular tuft edged with white and extending nearly to the
tip. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings darker brown than the upper,
with the white markings repeated, two white patches are
very distinct on the anterior lobe of the hind wings. Legs
very long and slender, red-brown, prettily barred with white ;
body very similar.

On the wing in June and the beginning of July.

Larva and Plpa doubtfully described. The late Mr. E.
Sliuttleworth distinctly stated that its food-plant is wild
thyme, but furnished no details ; this statement, in view of
the habits of the sjaecies, seems most probable. iVey, how-
ever, describes it " dirty pale green ; head and dorsal plate
black, the latter divided by a pale line ; raised dots large,
black bearing tufts of bristles," and says that it feeds in the
heart-shoots of Stachys alpina and in the late summer in the
whorls of flowers o{ MaiTubium. Zeller thought that he had
reared it with O.pilosella from Hkracium. Further observa-
tion is desirable.

This moth frequents the slopes of chalk hills and open
downs, also any rough ground in chalk and limestone districts,
and more especially haunts wild thj-me ani marjoram. It
may be disturbed by the foot from its hiding place among
the short herbage, but at sunset flies freelj'of its own accord.
Found locally, yet often plentifully, in Kent, Sussex, Surrey,
Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cam-

I'TEROl 'HORID.-E—OX \ 'P TIL US. 365

bridgeshire, near Scarborough, Yorkshire, at Grange, North
Lancashire, and in Westmoreland and Durham ; but it is not
known to occur in Scotland or Wales. In Ireland Mr.
J. J. F. X. King has taken it commonly- near Athlone, and
Mr. C. W. Watts at Carrickfergus, Antrim ; and it is also
found at Sligo. and in some parts of Cralway, Abroad it is
common all over Europe except in the colder districts ; also
in Asia Minor, Northern Persia, and the mountain districts of
South- West Central Asia.

2. O. distans, Zdl. ; laetus, Zcll. Expanse | to f inch
(15-19 mm.). Fore wings broadened and rather rounded
toward the hind margin ; pale greyish fulvous, with two
cloudy white crescents crossing the lobes, preceded by a
white streak and dot. Hind wings shining reddish-brown ;
the spot on the hind lobe small.

Antennas of the male slender, short, simple, brown, ringed
with white ; palpi slender, horizontal, brown ; head ?,nd front
of thorax fawn-colour, hinder part of the latter brownish-
white ; abdomen pale brown with oblique white streaks and a
white edging to each segment. Fore wings narrow and costa
but little arched beyond the middle ; apex rather bluntly
pointed ; the lobes narrow behind, but showing a definite
hind margin and looking a little rounded ; dull fawn-colour
or pale fulvous dusted with grey or brown; a yellow-white
line from the base runs along the dorsal margin and bends
up into a very faint oblique central whitish cloudy stripe ;
before the fissure is a white cloud ; beyond this two white
stripes, placed somewhat in a curve or crescent, cross both
lobes, the first being broad and cloudy, the second forked on
the hinder lobe and running in two directions into the cilia,
which otherwise are brown ; on the dorsal margin are very
short white cilia interrupted at the anal angle by a black-
brown spot ; apices tipped with dark brown. Hind wings
glistening pale golden-brown ; cilia similar, but on the dorsal
edge of the third lobe interrupted by a dark brown spot. Legs

366 LEPIDOPTERA.

long, light brown streaked with white. Female a very little
larger and rather stouter.

Undersides in all respects similar to the upper.

A little variable in tone of colour and the degree of darker
dusting in the fore wings. Speciiiieus of the second genera-
tion, taken in August are cominonly paler and more smoothly
light fawn colour; those of the June emergence darkijr and
dusted ; these last seem to agree accurately with Professor
Zeller's 0. distans, the paler forms with his (l. /a'tus. Those
found on the south coast of Kent are especially soft in colour.
I think that Professor Zeller ultimately felt doubtful of the
distinctness of his 0. distant and 0. /«'<k.s. They seem to
be no moi"e than faint variations of this one species.

On the wing in June, and a second generation in July and
August.

Larva and Pupa uncertain. Milliere says of the pale form
— Icctus — " Larva spindlesliaped, bone colour, strongly bristly,
with small blackish head and a divided black dorsal plate.
In July on the flowers of Andryala simmta." This is not,
however, a British plant ; and long and close searching, by
myself and others, among the low growing plants in the exact
places where the moth is almost common in its proper season
has been hitherto devoid of result.

The moth frequents open places among low herbage and
abundant wild flowers on the lower slopes of chalk or limestone
hills ; but its favourite haunt in this country is on the
" Breck " sands of the Eastern Counties, where it hides in the
daytime among lucerne, yarrow, Hijpochccris maculata, and all
manner of low-growing plants. At sunset it flies very quietly
about the same places; but is quite easily disturbed and induced
to flit to a short distance in the afternoon, especially in hot
weather. It was discovered in this country in July 1SG8 by
Lord Walsingham on his estate in Norfolk, and the following
year was found in both generations in some numbers on

PTRRQPHORID^—OXYPTILUS. 367

aimilar ground close to Brandon, Suffolk. From that
time to the present, it has been found all over that sandy
region, and to extend from it to some of the more chalky
portions of Norfolk and Suffolk. Elsewhere it is found at
Deal and Dover, Kent, and in North Devon, but this is, I
think, the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is
widely distributed through Central and Southern Europe
including Corsica, also in Asia Minor, the Canaries, and
Northern Africa.

3. O. hieracii, ^«//.— Expanse f inch (17-19 mm.).
Fore wings rather broad behind, with drooping tips ; deep
red-brown with shining white transverse stripes across the
lobes. Hind wings glossy goiden-brown.

Antennas of the male simple, slender, red-brown thickly
dotted with white ; palpi slender, dark brown ; head and
thorax pale red-brown, the latter barred across the back and
the shoulder lappets with yellow-brown ; abdomen light
chestnut with oblique dorsal silvery-white markings. Foi-e
wings very slightly broader and more robust than in the
previous species, costa straight to beyond the middle, then
arched with a big curve so that the apex is obliquely pointed
down; hind margin of each segment deeply hollowed; dorsal
margin also concave, having befoi-e the middle a tooth of
brown scales, red-brown ; at some distance from the base is
a slightly paler red-brown oblique transverse stripe, very
obscure ; before the fissure is a white spot arising on the
costa ; beyond this a yellow-white transverse narrow stripe,
crossing both fissures, is oblique in each, but in different
directions, forming almost a right angle ; much nearer the
apex a narrower and more direct stripe is glistening yellow-
white ; from it a similar streak in the costa runs into the apex ;
cilia yellow-white streaked with red-brown. Hind wings
chocolate-brown with a bright golden gloss ; cilia similar ; on
the hinder lobe the usual black tooth of scales is broad and
bounded on either side by a few white scales. Legs very lono-

368 LEPIDOPTERA.

with the spurs also long, rich chestnut with long white
intervals. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings dull red-brown, the white
stripes on the lobes very distinct but somewhat curtailed.
Hind wings as above, except that in the middle there is a
dull white dot, and at the apex of the anterior lobe a white
horizontal streak. Body golden-brown with parallel rows of
white streaks.

Larva green or dirty yellow, with short knobbed raised
dots, and long white hairs ; on the hinder segments is a
double row of redder or browner longitudinal streaks ; head
honey-yellow. Lives in the heart-shoots of Hieradum, um-
bcllahim, sociably. (Frey.)

Pupa light green with brown triangular markings on the
back. (Frey.)

A good deal of mystery hangs over this species in this
country, and I venture to include it as British with some
misgivings. Thei-e are specimens in the collection of the late
Mr. T. H. Allis in the Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne which I
believe to be correct, but unfortunately the locality in which
they were taken is not now known. Mr. Stainton included it
without doubt in his "Manual," and there gave Birkenhead,
Bristol, Darlington, and Newcastle-on-Tyne as localities ; and
for anything that I know it may still exist in some of these
more northern localities, or on the other hand they may refer
to 0. teucrii, which at the date of that work had not been
separated as a distinct species. Unfortunately all the more
modern supposed examples which have come under my notice
have proved to belong to other species ; and frequent and pro-
longed search among the food-plant has furnished no satis-
factory result. At present, therefore, I can furnish no certain
locality in these Islands. Abroad it seems to be well known,
and found through Central and Southern Europe, Finland.
Livonia, and Armenia.

P TEROPHORID^— OX \ 'P TIL US. 369

4. O. pilosellae, Zdl. — Expanse over § to f inch (1G-Ii»
mm.). Fore wings long, the tips sharph' pointed, very little
curved down ; chestnut with a white band before the middle
and two others across the lobes. Hind wings dark red-
brown with darker cilia and a blunt tooth on the hind
lobe.

Antennae of the male short, simple, brown, closely barred
with white ; palpi slender, sharply pointed, slightly drooping,
dark brown edged with white : face dark chocolate ; head
and thorax dull chocolate dusted with paler ; abdomen
yellow-brown with broad white strijies from the base and
short oblique silvery white streaks down the sides. Fore
wings narrow, the costa rather flatly arched beyond the
middle, apex of each lobe pointed, slightly drooping, and
very graceful ; hind margin of hinder lobes excavated ;
dorsal margin very flatly concave, and hardly toothed ;
colour chestnut or pale chocolate; before the middle is an
oblique white transverse band, sometimes very obscure : base
of the fissure edged by a tawny-white cloud ; beyond this is
a sharply defined yellowish-white stripe crossing both lobes
and not strongly angulated ; beyond this two slender white
streaks form a partial similar stripe, but each throws off
a white streak to the tip of its lobe ; cilia of the front
lobe brown, of the other white. Hind wings long, tri-cleft
to the base, dark golden brown, with much darker smokv-
brown cilia, except that the hinder lobe is furnished with
white dorsal cilia to the tip, but interrupted by a broad
flat triangular brown tuft. Legs exceedingly pretty,
long and very thin, with long spurs, red-brown with short
shining white spaces. Female similar but with a thicker
abdomen.

Undei'side like the ujiper, except that on the first lobe of
the hind wings is a bright white patch.

On the wiug in July and August.

Larv.\ yellowish-white, with tall bri.stly raised dots, and

VOL. IX. 2 A

370 J.EP/VOPTERA.

longer hairs on the hack anil sides of the segments ; liead
pale honey-jellow with the jaws darker.

In May in the heart-shoots of Hicraclum inloscUa.
(Fi-ey.)

Pl'TA slender, bone-yellow ; at the extremities reddish-
brown, suspended to a leaf on the outer portion of the food-
plant. (Frey.)

This moth is excessively local with us, occurring in a few
places on chalk hills and adjacent greensand, but is verj-
little known. Its habits seem to be as in the allied species.
Neither larva nor pupa has been noticed here, although the
pretty Hieraciuvi jnloseUa is abundant, and has often been
carefully examined. Indeed there is much that is unsatis-
factory in our knowledge — or want thereof — in this whole
group. The present species is found near Dover and Maid-
stone, Kent; Micklehaiu and Box Hill, Surrey; Isle of
Portland, Dorset ; and was formerly- found at the Devil's
Ditch, Newmarket, Cambs. This appears to be the extent
of its r-inge in these Islands. Abroad it is tolerably widely
distributed through Central and Northern Europe, South
East France, the Northern half of Italy, the Trans-Caspian
region, and Armenia.

5. O. teucrii, Greening, South; heterodactylus.
Haw? — Expanse | to | inch (15-19 mm.). Fore wings
rather broad behind, the points of the lobes long and
drooping ; glossy blackis^h-brown with black dots round the
lobes, the stripes broad, yellow-white. Hind wings dark
brown with a large black-brown hind tuft.

Antenn;v simple, slender, black-brown, faintly ringed with
white ; palpi very small and slender, horizontal, dark brown,
head and thorax umbreous, dusted with yellow-brown ;
abdomen dark brown, clouded at the base and in some
degree at the sides, with broad white streaks. Fore wings
narrow, but decidedly broadened behind ; costa hollowed to

PTEROPHORID^—OXYPrrLUS. 371

the iniddle, beyond this strongly arched ; apex of both lobes
pointed but drooping; hind margin of the hinder lobe
deeply excavated ; dorsal margin concave ; colour black-
brown abundantly dusted with golden-brown ; just before the
middle is a faint white cloud ; before the fissure a bright
white dot sometimes edged with black ; beyond this is an
oblique silvery-white transverse stripe crossing both lobes
and edged on the anterior margin of each by a hlack minute
dot; beyond this is a more oblique and more slender white
stripe or line, hardly complete, yet produced along the costa
to the apex; hinder cilia mixed brown and white but also
containing black dots, the hollow in the hinder lobe white ;
dorsal cilia short, dusky white, with two small black tufts,
and a broad black patch beneath the anal angle. Hind
wings dark brown, with golden-brown dusting; cilia mainly
darker smoky-brown, except a white dash upon that of the
dorsal edge of the second lobe, and that of the same margin
of the third lobe, which is white, enclosing a large black-
brown patch extending to hoth, sides of the lobe. Legs verv
long and elegant, alternately white and black-brown. Female
similar but with a stouter body.

Underside quite like the upper except that there are two
white clouds on the first lobe of the hind wings. Body
brown, mottled with pale yellow.

On the wing from the end of June to the beginning of
August.

Lakva. Length G lines, attenuated behind ; head smaller
than the second segment, yellowish-green, the crown and
sides mottled with dark violet-brown, and the mandibles
pale reddish-brown ; ground colour green or yellowish with
a green tinge; dorsal line slender, faintly pink; subdorsal
lines broader, pale rosy ; raised dots brown, emitting each a
star-like ray of short white bristles and one moderately long
white hair chequered with brown at the base; spiracles
enclosed each in a violet-brown ring ; prolegs yellowish-

572 I.EPIDOPTF.RA.

green, mottled with dark violet-brown. (R. South —
condensed.)

May to the end of June on Tcucrintn scorodonia (wood-
■-:a<^e), ofnawing a hole in one side of the younj^ shoot of the
plant, so as to cause the shoot to droop to the length of two
or three inches ; then eating out the heart completely, while
concealed and protected by the drooping leaves. When this
is exhausted proceeding to another shoot and treating it in
same manner.

I'lTA dull green, head and wing-cases paler; there are
two dorsal rows of warts with checjuered hairs as in the larva
stage. On the underside of a withered leaf, clod, or stone,
attached by the anal segment. (R. South.)

The moth hides itself during the day in patches of wood-
sage, and can hardly be induced to fly, except in the after-
noon, and then very sparingly ; but at dusk it dances about
in a lively manner, sometimes in plenty, over the same
patches. It prefers these when growing on an open heath,
or extensive gravel pit, or even in a very open wood, and
appears scarcely ever to be found on a hedge-bank, or under
bushes, even though the plant may be there in abundance-
It was discovered in this country about the year 1868, but was
then supposed to be the little-known and rare 0. hicradi,
and under that name the larva was sent to Mr. Buckler to
be figured. The error was discovered and the present name
Efiven in 1860 bv Dr. Jordan — though even then no sufficient
description was attached. A specimen in the collection of
Dr. P. B. Mason, having Haworth's label " Heterodactylus "
upon its pin has led to an opinion that this may be the true
name of the present species — but surely that author's descrip-
tion, " Black, with white spots," is by no means sufficiently
definite.

It is known to occur with us in Kent, Sussex, Surrey,
Hants, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Suffolk,
Norfolk, Staffordshire, Cheshire, and Westmoreland ; but

PTEROPHORID.'E-MIM.^SIOPTILUS:. 37J

abroad is very little known, and only recorded from Ger-
many.

C4enus (J. MIMiESIOPTILUS.

Antenna? simple, short ; palpi also short, blunt ; head and
face smooth ; fore wings cleft to one-third their length, the
segments moderately broad, the anterior pointed, and at the
hinder edge rather angulated, the other more distinctly so ;
tips not di-ooj^ing ; dorsal margin not toothed ; hind wings
fully divided, the middle lobe spoon-shaped, hinder lobe very
narrow and without a dark tuft ; when at rest the fore wings
are a little wrapped round the hind ; legs long and slender
but rather plain.

We have four species, not difficult of recognition.

A. Pore wings chestnut-red or red-brown.

B. A yellow cloud before the fissure. J/. pUnodnctijlus.
W-. Two small black dots before the fissure.

M. ptcrododjih'n.
A'-. Fore wings grey-brown.

C. Edge of the costa before the apex narrowly white.

M. zophodactyh's.
C'. Edge of costa dark brown. M. hipiMididacfylva.

1. M. phaeodactylus, Huh. — Expanse ^ inch (21-23
mm.). — Fore win^s rather broad, the lobes blunt and coarsely
ciliated ; red-brown with a large, crescent-shaped, yellowish
cloud before the fissure. Hind wings darker red-brown.

Antennae slender, simple, red-bi'own faintly ban-ed witli
white ; palpi very small, thread-like, brown ; head, thorax,
and abdomen reddish-brown, the latter whitish-brown at
the base. Fore wings not very narrow, and but little
broader behind, the lobes almost rounded and heavily ciliated ;
costa arched over the anterior lobe ; ape.x bluntl}^ pointed or
almost rounded ; hind margin not excavated ; dorsal margin
only a little concave ; rather silky, red-brow-n ; before the

374 LEPIDOPTERA.

middle is a very faint paler cloud along the dorsal margin ;
before the fissure a large crescent-shaped but ill-defint^l
ochreous cloud ; cilia dark brown. Hind wings broadly sub-
divided, all three lobes alike, golden-brown with cilia hardly
darker ; legs dull brownish-white streaked with white and
dark brown. Female similar but stouter, and usually a
little paler.

On the wing at the end of -lune and in Jul}'.

Larva moderately stout, tapering towards the anal
extremity ; head smaller than the second segment, whitish
tinged with green, crown, sides, and a spot on each lobe
shining black ; mandibles blackish-brown ; body green, seg-
mental divisions paler; dorsal line bluish-green; raised
dots black, each with a moderately long grey hair and a tuft
of whitish bristles ; legs and prolegs semi-transparent, dotted
with grej'. (R. South — condensed.)

May and June on Ononis arvcnsis and 0. siiinoaa (rest-
harrow), feeding on the young leaves at the top of a shoot.
Resting on the leaf, to which from its colour and downy
appearance it bears an accurate resemblance.

Pupa at first light whitish-green, later pale brown ; covered
with thorn-like bristles. (Frey.) Attached by the tail to the
surface of a leaf of the food-plant.

The moth hides during the day in the thick masses of rest-
harrow, flying lazily to a distance of a few feet if disturbed iu
hot sunshine, hardly moving when it is chilly. It flies over
this plant at dusk, either on the slopes of chalk hills, chalky
banks and commons, or in sandy spots on the coast. It is
peal, but sometimes very abundant where it occurs, in Kent,
Sussex, Surrey, Dorset, Devon, Wilts, Berks, Oxfordshire,
Herts, Essex and Cambridgeshire ; found sparingly in one
portion of the Norfolk coast near Hunstanton ; also in Here-
fordshire and ^Vorcestershire, and ^Mr. Arkle records it at the
Leet, Denbighshire ; but I have no knowledge of its existence
elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Abroad it is common

P TEROPHORIDM—MIM.^SIOP TIL US. 375

tlirougliout Central Europe, Sauth East France, Italy, Ijivonia,
Greece, and Southern and Eastern Russia.

2. M. bipunctidactylus, Hav-. ; serotinus, Zell.—
Expanse J to 1 inch. Fore wings narrow, grey-brown or pala
brown, costa dusted with black ; two small black dots before
the fissure and another half way to the base. Hind wings
dull brown with a purplish flush.

AntenntB of the male slender, simple, short, brown ; palpi
shortly triangular, pale brown, whiter above; head and
thorax drab-brown ; abdomen very slender, light brown,
paler still at the base and at the anal tip. Fore wings narrow
the lobes near together ; costa almost straight till very near
the apex, there arched a little ; apex of each lobe narrowly
yet bluntly, angulated ; anal angle also blunt ; grey-brown
or drab-brown, the costa darker but the nervures often dusted
with red-brown ; just before the middle is a black dot in the
discal cell, and immediately before the fissure two more,
placed one over the other ; two or three much smaller
lie ujDon the hind margin ; cilia pale brown mixed with
white. Hind wings, and the cilia of the three lobes, glossy
golden-brown or purplish-brown. Legs very long and thin,
almost hair-like, pale drab, whiter on the inner side. Female
similar.

Underside wholly glistening pale brown, or pale reddish-
brown.

Variable, to pale drab almost without indications of the
markings — which form has been erroneously supposed to be
the species named M. a rid us abroad — and on the other hand
to increased size and a browner colouring, with very small
black dashes in the lobes of the fore wings, or a bordering
of white between them, or both. In chalky districts, and more
particulai'ly in the north-west of England, this tendency
becomes exaggerated, the costa above the fissure is blackened,
so as sometimes to form a flattened dark triangle with the
usual two dots at its apex, these dots are also joined together

376 LEPIDOPTERA.

and the hind marginal dots elongated into streaks. These
forms, which seem especially to be found among ^cahioMi
columbaria, form the variety (or supposed species) called
plagiodadyluft, Stn. which was believed to be distinct, till it
was found that o,raong>iaihiosct, snccixn. in the Fens another form
existed, of the full size of J/. jilc^'J^odndybix, with considerable
variation in colour, and the precise markings of the typical
form. This was found completely to bridge over the differ-
ences, and to unite these forms as one species.

On the wing from June till October; but apjjarently in two
generations.

Larva about five liues in length, of moderate proportions,
neither stout nor slender, tolerably cylindrical, tapering a little
behind: head i-ounded, rather smaller than the second segment,
of a very pale brownish-yellow colour and shining ; body
very pale olive-yellow, with a conspicuous brown dorsal line
attenuated at each end, and with two faint lines along the
side a little deeper in tint than the ground colour ; on the
lowest line are the black spiracles, each on a slight swelling ;
raised dots of the ground colour and furnished with rather
long curved whitish hairs ; the head and other parts of the
body emit short hairs. (W. Buckler.)

Of the second generation Eossler writes " spindle-shaped,
verdigris-green, with a broad dull red dorsal line margined
on both sides with whitish-green as far as the usual position
of the subdorsal line. Head, legs, and sj^iracles brown-
black."

May and .June, and a second generation in August and
even September, on Scahio-sa tiuccina, S. arvcnsis, and S.
culumbaria, the first brood in the young shoots, gnawing a
hole in the side and eating out the interior substance,
thereby causing the slioot to droop, when it is quickly hiilden
by the growing plant ; but in the second generation feeding
upon the flowers. The singular variation in colouring has
been noticed above.

P TER( V'HORID.K—MIM. ESIOI' Til. US. 377

Pupa slender, attached by the tail ; the wing-cases loug,
the tips well produced and projecting a little, though lying
close along the abdomen ; the head and thorax rise a little
on the back to a ridge ; tail pointed ; green, slightly inclin-
ing to olive, the wing-covers darker green ; there are a
purplish-brown dorsal stripe, and two parallel lines of the
same colour, along the subdorsal region. (W. Buckler.)

The moth can hardly be said to hide during the day ;
it hangs on to the plants of scabious, and when disturbed
dances away with a curious tipula-like Hight, its long legs
conspicuous and apparently buoyant, but it only flies a few
yards to a similar resting place on the scabious or on grass ;
constantly to be found in boggy meadows, marshes and open
damp woods among Hcuhioaa succi-m, and on chalky slopes
among >S'. colamharia, the smallest specimens being found
among the former plant in the most open pastures. To be
found, usually in the typical and smaller forms, in suitable
places throughout England, Wales and Ireland, and in
Scotland in Roxburghshire, Midlothian, Fife, Renfrew, Dum-
bartonshire, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, and Moray ; in the
plai/iodacfylus variety in chalk districts, and in the large
umbreous form in the Fens. Abroad, in the typical form
all over Europe except the polar region, occurring in
Lapland ; also in Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, the
Canaries, and Northern Africa ; the variety i^latjiofhictylia
being frequent in the Alpine regions of Europe.

3. M. zophodactylus, Dap. ; loewii, ZcU. — Expanse ■;
to 'I inch (15-18 mm.). Foi'e wings very narrow, not broad
behind, whitish-brown ; a small black dot is before the
fissure and another half-way from this to the base ; extreme
edge of costa >yhite. Hind wings pale brown with a reddish
gloss.

AntenniB of the male simple, dark brown, paler in front ;
palpi very short, bluntly pointed, drab ; head and thorax
whitish-brown ; abdomen dull pale brown with whitish

378 LEPIDOPTERA.

c-loudiiifif on the base. Foi'e wings narrow throiigbout ; the
lobes placed closely together ; costa only gently arched
beyond the middle ; apices of both lobes bluntly pointed ;
pale brown, whiter toward the base, the spaces between the
nervures dusted with white ; part of the costa faintly dotted
with the same, and followed by an extremely narrow white
line edging the curve nearly to the apex ; before the middle
of the wiug is a faint brown dot, and another with some
black dusting before the fissure; cilia mixed, white and grey-
brown. All these markings most obscure. Hind wings and
their cilia pale golden brown.

Underside entirely pale golden brown. Legs long, brown
outside, white within.

Hardly variable, except that often the markings are hardly
visible ; but in the most strongly marked specimens two
black dots are sometimes visible iu the cilia of the anterior
lobe of the fore wings.

On the wing at the end of June and in July ; and as a
second generation in August and September.

Larva less than half an inch in length ; head smaller than
the second segment, the lobes rounded and polished, pale
yellowish-green, the mandibles and ocelli brown ; body
cylindrical, uniform, tapering a little behind, delicate pale
green, strongly tinged with yellow ; segmental divisions
fairly defined ; a tuft of short hairs springs from each raised
dot ; these last are not very distinct ; dorsal stripe dark green
or purple, in different specimens ; subdorsal stripes yellow ;
and there are two other fine but very faint yellow lines, one
above and the other below the spiracles : segmental divisions
also yellow; spiracles black, very narrowly encircled with
white ; ventral surface, legs, and prolegs, uniformly pale
yellowish-green .

Or — Ground colour brownish-yellow ; head also brownish-
yellow, freckled with brown ; dorsal stripe broad, bright
purple ; subdorsal stripes also broad, but of a much less

PTEROPHORin.K—MIM.ESIOPTILUS. 379

distinct dull pale purple, and having a fine white line
running through them ; a narrow purple line edged with
white extends along the spiracular region : ventral surface,
legs and j'i'olegs uniformly pale yellowish-brown. (G. T.
Porritt.)

May and June, and a second generation in the latter part
of July and beginning of August, on Eriitltrma cciUaurium,
JE. pulchclla, and Chlora iKrfoliata, the second generation
feeding on the flowers and seeds, but the earlier gnawing the
leaves. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher finds the young larva; till the
second moult, mining the leaves. Herr Kaltenbuch says that
it hides within the green seed-capsule, eating the contents
and keeping well concealed, but protruding yellowish brown
frass. It was found b}' Herr Anton Schmid feeding on
Gentiana (jei'iiianim.

Pupa slender, very uniform in width, and almost, if not
quite, as long as the full grown larva ; gloss3^ cylindrical, but
with a depression on the thorax and front abdominal seg-
ments ; mouth and top of the thorax prominently and sharply
defined ; the leg-cases extend a loug distance down the front
of the abdomen, but before the end become detached from it ;
ground colour yellow, almost hidden by a suffusion of deep
pink over the surface, which almost forms a stripe from the
head through the abdominal segments ; wing- and leg-cases
dingy olive tinged with pink. (G. T. Porritt. j

The moth is an obscure-looking creature, appearing at fir.st
sight like a faded example of the last species. It is easily
disturbed by day from its hiding place among the food-plants,
and flies voluntarily at dusk, but is not then very visible. A
form hardly differing from it in any degree was described
in 1868 as a distinct species under the name of Hot7;/kinsoni,
but it appears to be nothing more than the first brood of
this species as found in North Lancashire and Westmore-
land.

Rather local, but found in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset,

38o LEPIDOPTERA.

Cornwall, Somerset, Wilts, Herts, Suffolk. Norfolk, Here-
I'ordsliire, Cheshire, Vorksljire, Durham, rarely, and as already
meutiouedia Lancashire and Westmoreland. Iu^ValesI found
it, though not commonly, in Pembrokeshire. So far as I
know this is the extent of its rangfe in these Islands. Abroad
it is distributed through Central and Southern Europe, Asia
Minor and Armenia.

1. M. pterodactylus, L. : fuscus, Jtcf-.Stn. — Expanse
I to 1 inch (22-25 mm.j. Fore wings long and narrow,
red-brown or pale chestnut, dusted with black ; before the
fissure are one or two small black dots. Ilind wiugs grey-
brown with a reddish flush.

Antenna^ of the male simple, brown at tlie back, almost
white in front ; palpi rather trigonate, but the tip produced,
light brown ; head reddish-brown with a white 'line down
each side ; ej-es brown ; thorax red-brown, paler behind ;
abdomen long, dull brown. Fore wings narrow, a little
broader behind, the lobes laid closely together ; costa gently
arched beyond the middle ; apex of each lobe bluntly
pointed ; pale tawny or red-brown, dusted between the
nervures with white ; before the fissure is a black spot or
two black dots; cilia reddish-brown with a white line along
the base. Hind wings glossy purple-brown. Legs very long
and slender, dull brown, white inwardly. Female similar.

Underside of fore wings red-brown without markings ;
hind wings purple-brown.

On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of
August.

Larva not stout ; head small, narrower than the second
segment, polished, rather flat in form, rounded at the
sides, ]iaie yellowish-brown prettily reticulated with intense
black ; ))ody of fairly uniform width but tapering a little at
the extremities, segmental divisions well defined; the skin.
with a soft and half-transparent appearance, is sparingly
clothed with short hairs ; colour either bright grass-green, or

PTEROPHORID.^—MIM^SIOPTIL US. 381

equally bright yellow-green ; dorsal stripe dark green or dark
brown ; subdorsal Hues rather indistinct grej'ish-white ; below
them is a still more indistinct line of the same colour, and a
similarly coloured faint line along the spiracular region ;
segmental divisions of the same pale colour ; ventral surface
of the colour of the upper surface ; the legs reticulated, aud
the prolegs tipped, with black.

May and June on the shoots, buds and flowers of J^rronuu
chamcednjs (Speedwell).

Pupa rather long but slender, the head, wliich is the thickest
part, abru23tly rounded, and having the snout very prominent ;
thorax and abdomen rounded above, rather flattened beneath,
and tapering strongly to the anal point ; eye, leg, aud wing-
cases fairly prominent, the last pi-olouged to a considerable
distance on the abdominal segments ; bright green with the
abdominal divisions pale grey, two indistinct pale lines on the
dorsal area, and several faint purplish spots behind the
thorax, and on the anal segment ; or dingy green with a
distinct purple dorsal stripe, edged on each side with grey ;
the abdominal divisions and the tip of the prolonged wing-
cases also purple. It is capable of considerable movement,
and on being disturbed turns up sharply the thorax and
higher abdominal segments to a right angle with the
remaining segments. (G. T. Porritt.) Attached by the
anal hooks to its food plant, or any convenient neighbouring
object.

The moth is quite common among its food-plant, aud
also generally in hedges, dry fields, and the borders of woods;
readily disturbed by day and flying freely at dusk. Common
throughout the South of England and also in the Eastern
and Western Counties, but except in Leicestershire it seems
to be scarce or absent in the Midlands, though reappearing
freely in Yorkshire, Darham, Cheshire and Lancashire. In
Wales I only know it in Pembrokeshire, yet it is probably
well distributed. In Ireland it seems to be yeuerally

382 I.EPIDOPTERA.

common, and in Scotland to Moray, at least, but it is not
recorded from any of the Isles. Abroad it is found freely
all over the Continent of Europe except the coldest portions,
also in Asia Minor, Armenia, and even North America.

Genus 7. CEDEMATOPHORUS.

Antennte simple, the basal joint tliickened ; palpi slender;
head smooth. I'ore wings cleft one third of their length, the
lobes curved and broad, the apex pointed, aual angle pre-
sent, dorsal margin toothless ; hind wings deeply tri-cleft,
the middle lobe rather spoon shaped ; when at rest the fore
wings wraped round the hind ; legs very long, tibia? thickened
behind.

We have only one species.

1. CE. lithodactylus. Ti-. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore
wings broad behind, drooping at the tips of the lobes ; shining
whitish-drab with faint black dusting ; before the fissure is
a black spot joined to an oblicpie clouded black-brown line
running to the costa ; at each tip is a black dot. Hind
wings glossy golden brown.

Antenna- of the male simple, slender, dark brown barred with
yellow-brown ; palpi small and very slender, red-brown ; head
red-brown; thorax whitish-drab; abdomen pale brown with
the base and a])ex pale drab. Fore wings rather broad behind
and slightly hrjoked ; costa gently arched throughout ; apex
sharply pointed and curved down, and the apex of the lower
lobe more bluntly jjointed ; dorsal margin even and scarcely
concave ; pale drab or smoky-drab, longitudinally faintly
dusted with red-brown and white ; before the fissure is a
black dot lying in a black-brown cloud, which communicates
with an oblitjue black-brown cloudy shade from the costa,
and bends more faintly toward the anal angle ; on the
anterior lobe are two nearlj* opposite red-brown dots, and at
the tips of the lobes are often one or two black dots ; cilia

PTEROPHORin.r.-CEDEMA TOPHORUS. 383

shining pale brown. Hind wings, and the cilia of their lobes
very glossy golden brown. Legs long, pale brown or drab,
clouded with white. Female stouter, often a little darker in
colour, otherwise similar.

Underside wholly glossy golden-brown, except that there
is a faint black streak and some white edging on the costa
of the fore wings, and the tips of the lolies are darkened.
Body pale drab.

Rather variable in colour, usually from a little smoky
suffusion, but the dark cloud from the fissure to the costa is
sometimes obsolete.

On the wing in -July and August.

Larva. Head globular and poli.shed, smaller than the
second segment, into which it can be partially withdrawn,
pale green, the mandibles brown ; body of nearly uniform
width throughout, but tapering slightly behind, bright
yellowish-green ; throughout the entire length is a broad
dorsal pink stripe edged on each side by a narrow purplish
stripe, which is again edged by a fine white line ; rather
thickly clothed with short hairs, those on the dorsal area
dark brown, those on the sides nearly white ; ventral sur-
face uuiformlv pale green. (G. T. Porritt.)

May and -June on Inula dysrntcrica (fleabane), /. conjjza
(ploughman's spikenard), and abroad on /. grvmanica,
I. siilicifolia and /. montana, hiding during 'the day in a
hollow of a leaf or of its petiole, feeding at night, riddling
the leaves with holes or reducing them to skeletons. When
quite young, however, it eats out the youug shoots.

Pupa thickly clothed on the dorsal surface with short
whitish hairs ; green, having on the back a series of pale
green lozenge-shaped marks connected at the abdominal
divisions ; subdorsal region dull purple ; wing-cases pale
wreen with several purplish streaks ; underside of the
abdomen pale green. Very similar to the larva. On the

3S4 LEPIDOPTEKA.

upper surl'iice of a leaf, lying in a hollow, and Lardly to be
distinguished at a glance from a larva. (G. T. Porritt.)

This is rather a sluggish species. It hides during the day
in the thick masses of the Fleabane, or hangs upon the lower
part of the Ploughman's spikenard, a plant of more solitary
growth ; if disturbed scrambles down and creeps among the
herbage, and unless the afternoon is well advanced decidedly
objects to fly. At late dusk it is quite active, flying among
its food-plants.

Rather local, yet common in its favourite haunts in all the
Southern coast counties, also in the Eastern Counties to
Norfolk, and in the Western to Westmoreland, but scarce or
absent in the ^lidlauds, except that it lias been found in
Leicestershire and Staffordshire; also in Yorkshire, but
although formerly existent in Durham it ajipears to have
been almost extirpated. Further north than this it seems to
be unknown, and in Wales I have no record except for
Llandudno and Llanferris in North Wales, and my own in
Pembrokeshire — where Inula cony::a was its favoured food.
In Ireland it has been taken in Cork County, Galway,
Monaghan and Fermanagh. Abroad it ranges through
Central Europe, the temperate portions of Northern
Europe, France, the North of Spain and of Italy, Dalmatia,
Southern and Eastern Russia, and Bithynia.

Genus 8. PTEROPHORUS.

Antennaj simple, rather long, the basal joint thickened ;
palpi short, slender, rounded, pointed ; head smooth ; hind
wings cleft to one-third their length, no anal angle to the
flrst lobe, and that of the hind lobe indistinct. Hind wings
deeply divided, the three lobes long and having long cilia.
Legs long; tibiaj not thickened, liut feet tufted with small
brushes of scales. When at rest the fore wings rolled round
the hind.

We have only one sjiecies.

PTEROPHORID.E-PTEROPHORUS. 385

1. P. monodactylus, L. ; pterodactylus, Stn.
Manual. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings long ; tips hardly
drooping; drab, whitish-drab or pale red-brown; without
markings except a faint black dot before the fissure, and
sometimes some black dusting. Hind wings long, shining
dark brown.

Antennfe simple, slender, reddish-brown, obscurely barred
with paler ; palpi small, slender, rather drooping, pale brown;
head and thorax pale brown, reddish-brown, or whitish-ash
colour; abdomen brown, with a succession of dorsal pale
dashes. Fore wings narrow, long, and rather loosely plumed;
costa very faintly and regularly arched ; apex of each lobe
bluntly pointed, hardly drooping ; colour ashy-brown, grey-
brown or reddish-brown, often with plentiful white dusting ;
there is also some dusting of black atoms and dots, parti-
cularly along the margins ; a small black spot lies before
the fissure ; and a short series of similar liut smaller dots at
the hinder edge of the second lobe ; cilia pale brown. Hind
wings divided into very long lobes, all, with their cilia,
shining golden-brown. Legs very long, pale brown. Female
similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining golden-brown with
the costa white. Hind wings shining grey-brown. Body
brown.

Constantly varying in colour, as already suggested, from
whitish-drab to pale red-brown ; also in some degree in size.
I have a specimen, taken in Wicken Feu, Cambs., which is
hardh' more than one half the usual expanse.

On the wing in August and through the autumn, hyber-
nating, and re-appearing from March till J une, in a single
generation.

Larva about five-eighths of an inch long, and stout in

proportion ; head rather small, narrower than the second

segment, polished, pale yellow, the mandibles light brown ;

body uniform, tapering a little behind, bright yellowish-

VOL, IX. 2 B

jS-J LEPIDOPTERA.

green, more decidedly green on the back ; dorsal stripe a
fine but clear yellowish-white line ; there is a much broader
stripe of the same colour along the spiracular region, and
the space between it and the spiracles is freckled with streaks
and spots of the same colour ; spiracles black ; hairs grey :
ventral surface, legs, and prolega pale green ; each raised
dot emits a tuft of short but rather strong hairs.

July and August on Coiivolvulu'i scpima, and C. arvejisix,
eating the young shoots. Mr. South found several feeding
upon Convolvulus tricolo?; and fed them afterwards upon
Ipomaa jmiyurea. Mr. Porritt finds it constantly in hill
districts from which the species of Convolvulus are absent,
feeding upon Vaccinium mi/rtilh's (bilberry) and Cal/iino
vidgaris (ling) ; and in North America it is found to feed
upon Chcnopodiam and Atnplex.

Pupa at first green, afterwards pale dingy brown ; more or
less suffused with reddish-brown along the back ; dorsal and
lateral Hues interrupted, blackish-brown ; raised dots and
hairs as in the larva, except that some of the dorsal series
are blackish ; head flattened, marked with brown and thickly
covered with short hairs ; wing cases j'ellowish-green faintly
streaked with brown. Attached by the anal hooks to the
stem of the food-plant or other neighbouring object. (P.
South.)

The moth sits during the day among herbage on a hedge-
bank, or in a hedge, or any bushes, sometimes also on a post
or paling, where, with fore wings rolled round the hind and
the long legs laid closely to the long body, it forms as neai
and cleanly-cut a little sign-post, or cross of two singli-
fingers from an upright, as can well be conceived. In sucli
a form and place of security, it may often be seen — even
here in the London suburbs — when the fierce winds of
October or even November have driven it out of its more
ordinary concealment in the bushes or among the weed>.

PTEROPHORID^—LEIOPTILUS. 3S7

At dusk it flies vigorously and generally ; often coming to
the light of a gas-lamp, more rarely to that of a window ;
and also is very commonly to be seen feeding on the honey
of an ivy blossom, or at sugar spread for Noctua:, or over-
ripe blackberries. After hybernation it is equally tempted
by the sweetness of the sallow-bloom, but frequents it more
especially on cool moon-lit evening?, and not so much on
those warmer and darker nights on which it is so greatly
frequented by Xoduce. Apparently common throughout the
United Kingdom to the Orkneys, though less so in the north
of Scotland ; but in Southern districts very plentiful. Also
throughout the Continent of Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia,
Persia, the trans-Caucasian region, the Canaries, Madeira.
Xorthern Africa, and North America from Maine to
California.

Genus 9. LEIOPTILUS.

Antennae simple, the basal joint slightly thickened ; palpi
short, slender, pointed ; head smooth ; fore wings rather
short, cleft to one-third of their length, the segments rather
broad, but not angulated behind; hind wings deeply divided,
but the segments or lobes slender ; no dark tuft on the
hindmost. Legs long, slender, the tibiae not thickened
nor the feet tufted. Wings usually laid tolerably flatly in
repose.

We have five species, readily discriminated.

A. Fore wings glossy pale drab or yellow-drab.

B. Two black streaks on the costa before the apex.

L. lienigianu>i.
B-. A black spot on the costa near the discal dot.

L. microdactylus.
B*. No black mark on the costa. Z. tephradactylus.

A-. Fore wings shining pale yellow without markings.

L. osteodactylus.
A^. Fore wings black-brown with pale fascise.

L. hrachydactylus.

388 LEPIDOPTERA.

1. L. lienigianus, ZcU. — Expanse } to | inch (18-22
mm.) ■ Fore wings short, the lobes rather broad ; shining
pale drab, dusted with brown ; a curved black streak lies
before the fissure, and beyond it two black dashes on the
costa ; hind wings shining whitish-brown.

Antennas of the male slender, simple, pale drab, annulated
with white ; palpi minute, threadlike, pale brown ; head,
thorax, and abdomen whitish -drab. Fore wings rather
short, the two lobes broad, bluntly pointed, without anal
angle ; costa only arched beyond the middle, and the apex a
little bent over; dorsal margin not concave ; colour pale drab
or brownish-white, more ashj^ toward the base, otherwise
dusted with brown ; before the fissure is a black cloudy
crescent, and half-way between this and the base some-
times a black dot ; on the costa on the anterior lobe are two
black streaks or dashes, and the apex of both lobes is faintly
blackened ; cilia dark brown. Hind wings moderately short,
divided to the base, the third lobe short ; glossy grey-brown ;
cilia of the same or darker colour. Legs shining white-
Female similar, but a little stouter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky drab, the costa paler,
and the markings as on the upper side ; hind wings glossy
pale grey. Body pale drab.

On the wing from the middle of June till August.

Larva three-eighths of an inch long ; head a little smaller
than the second segment, and rather rounded, shining
greyish-brown, blotched with black-brown on the lobes and
between them ; body cylindrical though tapering a little
behind, pale glaucous green ; dorsal stripe broad, darker
bluish-green, divided by a fine thread of the ground colour ;
sub-dorsal line thin, yellow;ish-vvhite, and just above it is a
whitish-grey parallel streak ; all these regularly interrupted
at the segmental divisions, which are somewhat yellow ;
spiracles white, ringed with brown ; there is a white wart on
the hinder part of the side of the third and fourth segments ;

P TEROPHORIDJE—LEIOP TIL US. 389

raised dots white, each bearing a little fascicle of about four
silky white hairs, curved and finely pointed ; ventral surface
and legs a little paler than the rest of the ground colour.
(W. Buckler.)

October till May or June; on Artemisia vulgaris {rawg-
wort), eating only the parenchyma of the leaves. When
young it gnaws oblong blotches near the tips of the upper
leaves, leaving the cuticle of the upper side entire and care-
fully rolling back the downy skin of the underside to the
edge of the blotch. When about one-fourth grown it moves
to a lower leaf which it draws together, uniting the tips
underneath and carefully sewing together the edges of the
segments so as to make a secure little tent, inside which it
feeds as before, only makiug larger blotches side by side
between the ribs of the leaf, until the greater portion of the
substance is devoured, when it deserts this habitation and
makes another lower down ; and so on, constructing four or
five tents before becoming full grown. When several larvte
feed upon an isolated plant its growth is checked, and every
leaf takes something the appearance of a bladder, giving it a
very singular aspect.

Pupa exceedingly bristly, all the tufts of hairs of the larva
fully reproduced, colour pale green, with a faint yellow
dorsal line, and some oblique brownish shading on the back ;
wing covers green ; antennje and leg covers tinged with
brown ; spiracles black. Attached by the anal hooks to a
silken pad or carpet on a stem, dead leaf, or other object,
but not hanging — rather in the position of a living larva —
level upon the surface. Most curiously active, having
strongly developed the power possessed by many pupae in
this group of violently throwing back the thorax if disturbed.
In the case of this species, a touch upon the back of the
abdomen of the pupa is instantly responded to by a blow
delivered backwards by the thoracic portion. So bristly is
this pupa that it cannot well be distinguished by the naked
eye from a larva.

390 l.EFIDOPTERA.

The moth is a slugf^ish and lazy creature. It hides during
the day in the thick masses of its food plant, or in the weeds
beneath, and is very difficult to disturb, even when aroused,
creeping out with great unwillingness. It flies in the late
dusk, and will occasionallj- come at night to the light of a
gas-lamp ; but it is by no means a conspicuous species at anj-
stage. Extremely local, perhaps more frequent in Norfolk
than anywhere else with us ; but found also in Suflblk, Kent,
(Surrey, Devon, and the Isle of Wight. This, I think, is the
extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad its distribution
is not very wide — Central Europe, Central Italy, and
Livonia.

2. L. tephradactylus, 5'«&.— Expanse f to | inch
(18-22 mm.). Fore wings short, broad behind, glossy pale
drab, dusted with black ; two minute dots lie before the
fissure, but there are no other noticeable markings. Hind
winofs shiningr whitish-drab.

Antennte of the male rather long, simple, pale drab ; palpi
very small, pale brown ; head and thorax whitish-drab ;
abdomen whitish-brown. Fore wings short, the two lobes
broad and both bluntly pointed ; costa faintly arched, but
more so towards the apex ; dorsal margin not hollowed ;
whitish-drab, with very faint longitudinal shades of dusky
dusting mixed with a little dusting of black ; just before the
middle is the faint indicatlou of a blackish dot; and just
before the fissure a pair, a little more distinct ; there are also
indications of faiut dark dots on the lobes ; cilia grey brown,
or smok3'-brown. Hind wings well divided, the lobes rather
broad, pale silvery-grey, the cilia more tinged with brown.
Legs whitish-brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale drab, with browner
lines along the nervures, and a smoky tinge along the hind
margin. Hind wings pale silverj^-grey. Body pale drab or
pale yellowish-brown.

On the wing from the end of ^M ;iy till July.

PTEROPHORID.-E—LEIOPTIL US. 391

Larva about half an inch in length, head polished, about
the same width as the second, but narrower than the third
segment, pale yellow ; body rather flattened beneath, and
also a little on the back, grass green ; there is an interrupted
grey line along each side of the dorsal ridge, and a fj^int
indication of a similarly coloured sub-dorsal line; raised dots
greyish-white, as also are the hairs ; segmental divisions pale
yellow ; ventral surface uniformly grass green. (G. T.
Porritt.)

September till May on SuUclago virgaurca (golden-rod),
feeding upon the leaves, in which it eats holes.

Pupa half an inch long, compact and of moderate bulk ;
a distinct depression extends down the dorsal surface from
the head to the anal extremity ; abdominal divisions and eye
and leg-cases well defined ; colour dingy dull green, the sides
thickly sprinkled with smoke colour; and a smoky stripe
through the wing-cases : the abundant hairs grey. Not
suspended, but lying flat along a leaf or stalk attached only
by the anal extremity. (G. T. Porritt.)

The moth frequents especially the open parts of woods
where golden-rod is common, and is easily disturbed from
among it and neighbouring herbage in the afternoon. Its
natural flight is rather late in the diisk and well into the
night. It is known to occur, and sometimes commonly, in
such places in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Dorset, Devon,
Cornwall, Somerset, Essex, and Herefordshire ; and very
locally in Derbyshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire and Westmore-
land. In Wales I only know of it in woods in Pembroke-
shire and at Bangor ; in Scotland in Dumbartonshire, and.
curiously enough, in the Isle of Skye ; in Ireland Mr. Kane
records it in Clare, Galway, and Sligo. Abroad it is common
in Central Europe, also in the more temperate portions of
Northern Europe, including Norway, and in Northern Italy,
and Southern and Eastern Russia.

392 LEPIDOPTERA.

3. li. osteodactylus, ZiU. — Expanse \ to \ inch (15-20
mm.). Fore wings narrow throughout ; pale sulphur-yellow
with a minute dark dot before the fissure. Hind wings
shining whitish drab, with darker cilia.

Antennae of the male short, simple, yellowish-white ; palj)i
very slender, almost threadlike, similar in colour; head and
thorax pale sulphur-yellow ; abdomen yellowish-white. Fore
wings slender with a slightly drooping tip ; costa arched
beyond the middle ; apex of each lobe pointed, the anterior
longer and curved over; dorsal margin not hollowed ; colour
smooth shining pale sulphur-yellow without markings except
a very minute dark dot at the base of the fissure ; cilia glossy
pale grey-brown. Hind wings rather short, divided, the
lobes narrow but glossy, pale golden-grey, the cilia more
smoky in shade but equally glossy. Legs extremely slender,
sulphur colour. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky yellow, sulphur colour
along the costa ; hind wings shining pale smoky grey.

On the wing in July and the beginning of August.

Larva whity-brown with a greenish tinge and thickly
sprinkled with minute black dots ; dorsal stripe and sub-
dorsal line pale rosy pink ; raised dots inconspicuous, from
those on the dorsal area a single pale brown hair of moderate
length arises, those on the third to fifth segments curve
forward, those on the posterior segments curve backward ;
along the lateral area there is one dot with a moderately long
hair, on each segment; spiracles black ; prolegs pale brown.

September and October, then hybernating full grown in a
case in the seed-head and spinning up in April ; on Solidago
virgaurca (golden-rod), feeding on the flowers and seed-heads.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

The moth hides, like its congeners, in the daytime among
its food-plant, and may be disturbed therefrom late in the
afternoon ; it flies naturally rather late at dusk and in the

PTEROPHORIDA-:~LEIOP TIL US. 393

night, and will come occasionally to light. I have found it
on the slopes of an underclifl, but its usual haunts seem to
be hill-sides and open woods, and it is found iu both North
and South Devon, Somerset, Sussex, Suffolk, Herefordshire,
Yorkshire, North Lancashire, Westmoreland and Cumber-
land ; in Scotland in Dumbartonshire ; in Wales on the
coast of Pembrokeshire, and at Llanferris and the Leet in
Denbighshire ; but, so far as is known, not in Ireland.
Abroad it inhabits Northern Europe to Norway, Central
Europe, France, Italy and Portugal.

4. L. microdactylus, Huh. — Expanse I to j; inch.
(12-10 mm.). Forewings pale brownish-yellow, with the
tips darker ; a black dot on the fissure is followed by another
above. Hind wings shining drab.

Antennte of the male simple, whitish-brown ; palpi short,
threadlike, purple-brown; head and thorax shining yellowish-
white ; abdomen very slender, pale 3'ellow. Fore wings
short, the lobes rather separated and pointed, pale primrose
yellow, slightly dusted with brown ; a black dot is situated
just before the fissure, a larger one just beyond it on the
costa, and the two lobes are dotted and shaded on the upper
margins with black-brown ; cilia pale golden-brown. Hind
wings short, the lobes narrow, glistening pale grey-brown
or whitish-brown ; the cilia browner ; legs yellow. Female
similar, but usually a little larger.

Underside of the fore wiugs smoky yellow-brown, with a
white edge to the i^iiddle of the costa and beyond a blackish
spot. Hind wings shining grey-brown. Body pale yellow.

Variable in size and in the ground colour, from j'ellowish
white to pale yellow-brown.

On the wing from June till early in August, in two
generations.

Lakva slightly bristly ; head pale brown, jaws darker,
dorsal plate not visible ; body white, with a broad faint band

394 I.EPIDOPTERA.

of black dots across the back of each segment ; spiracles
black ; anal segment white.

September and October, and another generation in •Inly.

On Hupatorium cannahinum (hemp-agrimony) in the
highest portion of the stem, especially at the axils of the
bunch of flower-stalks, eating out the pith, and extruding
frass through a round hole in the side ; sometimes also at
the second and third joint lower down ; occasionally two
feeding one above the other.

J'UPA a quarter of an inch long, rather slender, thorax
rounded and well defined ; having a few bristly hairs ; head
and eye covers rather prominent ; wing covers long ; leg
cases reaching to the last abdominal segment but one, but
free from it; on the abdomen are sub-dorsal, lateral, and
sub-spiracular rows of hooks in pairs ; whole surface glisten-
ing bronzy-green. In the stem of the food plant, in a small
cleared space, the head uppermost, the tail steadied by a
few silken threads from the frass beneath. (W. J^uckler.)

The moth buzzes quietly about the plants of hemp-agri-
monj'' in the early dusk and may be shaken out earlier, but
it is a very fi-agile species, and at no time makes any very
vigorous movement. Common where it occurs, generally in
marshy places, in Kent, Sussex, Dorset, Devon, Somerset,
Wilts, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Herts, Cambridgeshire
(in the fens), Suffolk, Norfolk (in fens), North Lancashire,
Yorkshire, and Durham, In Wales, in both Glamorganshire
and Pembrokeshire ; in Scotland only noticed in the extreme
south — in Berwickshire by ]\lr. W. G. Guthrie, and in Rox-
burghshire by JMr. A. E. Elliot; recorded in Ireland, in
Galway, and Sligo, b}- ilr. Kane. Abroad it is well distri-
buted through Central Europe, Sweden, ilid-Italy, Sardinia,
North Spain, Livonia, Dulmatia, Pontus, and Bithynia.

5. L. brachydactylus. — Expanse j to | inch (lG-22
mm.). Wings all rather short, with broad lobes; black-

PTEROPHORID.-E—LER W TIL i S. 395

brown, with broken, cloudy, reddish white transverse stripes,
and a white spot at the anal angle of the fore wings.

Antennae of the male slender, black-brown ; palpi minute,
brown ; head and thorax bronzy black-brown ; abdomen dull
brown, longitudinally streaked, on each side, with white.
Fore wings rather short, the lobes broad and hooked ; costa
strongly arched ; apex drooping but sharply angulated,
second lobe more bluntly so ; bronzy black-brown ; with
whitish-yellow-browu opposite spots on the costal and dorsal
margins beyond the middle, and again at the base of the
fissure, where they almost unite as an angulated transverse
stripe ; a white streak runs into the apex of the first lobe,
and there is a white dash on the long cilia of the second.
Hind wings fully divided, the lobes rather broad ; bronzy-
brown with a yellowish cloud on the cilia of the second lobe,
and a long, similar cloud on those of the third ; cilia other-
wise darker bronzy-brown. Legs long and very thin, white
with black-brown bands and clouding. Female similar,
usually- rather larger.

Underside a repetition of the upper in colour and
markings.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva narrowly fusiform ; head yellowish-brown, body
green, with the dorsal line darker green ; sub-dorsal line
also dark green, but so wavy as almost to look like separate
spots in each segment ; spiracles black ; there are two
rows of lateral tubercles, each having a few dusky hairs.
(Dr. Jordan.)

May and June on Prciuditliis 2nirpurea, on the undersides
of the leaves, eating holes in them. (Frey.) This plant is
not known as British, but is very closely allied to the species
of Lactuca, and Dr. Jordan's larv» ate Laduca mural is
freely.

Pupa whitish-grey, dusted with black over the front
portion, the thorax, and the wing cases. (Frey.)

396 LEPIDOPTERA.

This species is one of our rarest, and scarcely anything is
known of it in this country. It was included as British in
his Manual, by the late Mr. H. T. Stainton, on the evidence
of a specimen taken in Norfolk by Mr. Farr more than half a
century ago. This specimen has been long in the collection of
the late Mr. Jenner Weir. Mr. George Bird has obliged me
with a note on this matter found by him in the diary of the
late Mr. Farr, of Yarmouth, as follows : " June 17, 1842, took
two specimens of Pterophorus trkhodactijbis in a wood by Sir
John Leathes's boathouse, at Herringfleet ; beaten out of
alder bushes by me and Charles Paget." There is little
doubt in my own mind that this entry referred to the present
species, since Pt. trichodad ijl us is not known to have occurred
with us. If so, the destination of the second specimen is
unknown ; ^Ir. Bird, who possesses Mr. Farr's collection,
has not ever had it. Another British specimen is i-ecorded
as captured at Glen Tilt, Aberdeenshire, in 1874, by Sir
Thomas Moncrieff; this was confirmed more recently by
Mr. Stainton, and Dr. F. B. White states that another was
captured in the same locality. Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson had a
specimen said to have been taken by a working collector iu
Cumberland ; and Mr. N. V. Sidgwick informs me of the
capture of several specimens in Gloucestershire. This
appears to be all the evidence available of its existence
in these islands. Abroad it is found throughout Central
Europe, and in Denmark, Sweden, Livonia, the northern
half of Italy, Dalmatia, and Armenia.

Genus 10. TRICHOPTYLUS.

AntennEe rather long, simple ; palpi extremely slender, of
moderate length, depressed ; head rounded ; fore wings cleft
one half their length, and minutely toothed with scales on
the dorsal margin, hind wings tri-cleft to the base ; hinder
lobe without white scales or dark tuft. Wings excessively
fragile, legs long, thickened a little at the joints.

PTEROPHORIDJE—TRICHOPTYLUS. 397

We have only one species. It singularly resembles those
of the genus Oxyptilus. It has usually been included in the
last — Lcioptilus — but has been separated by Lord Walsing-
ham, under the present name, with a number of closely
allied North American, and other exotic species.

1. T.paludum, Zi//. — Expanse i to | inch (12-15 mm.).
Fore wings slender and weak, chestnut-brown with two white
stripes crossing the lobes and a white dot at the fissure.
Hind wings red-brown, the third lobe without a tuft.

Antennae of the male rather long, simple, brown ; palpi
very slender, drooping, dull white ; head reddish-brown ;
thorax similar but shot with silvery-white. Abdomen
slender, brown, much clouded and streaked with silvery-
white. Fore wings short, rather broad behind and hooked •
costa arched ; tips of the lobes rather drooping and pointed •
light red-brown, shaded along the costa to the middle with
silvery-white ; opposite this on the dorsal margin is a black
dot edged with silvery-white ; a black dot at the base of the
fissure has before and beyond it a white cloud ; crossing the
two lobes are two broad white stripes extending to the cilia
and having between them small black dots and streaks ;
ciHa otherwise red-brown. Hind wings with their cilia
golden-brown. Legs very pretty, reddish-brown, broadly
and repeatedly banded with white, rather thickened at the
joints. Female similar.

Undersides of all the wings golden-brown ; the white
markings in the cilia of the fore wings bright and distinct ;
some white shading is also under the hind wings. Body pale
brown with white lines.

Variable in size, Yorkshire specimens being much larger
than those taken elsewhere.

On the wing in June and as a second generation in
August.

Larva and Pupa quite unknown.

398 LEPIDOPTERA.

The moth hides during the day among the low growing
herbage — stunted heather, bog-asphodel, cranberrj', and
short grasses and sedges — on the boggy portions of heaths or
the edges of fens, but flies up if disturbed by a passing foot-
step, to hide again at a few feet distance. It flies naturally
at sunset and after. It is said to be unusually regardless of
weather and to fly willingly on windy nights. Formerly it
was common in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon-
shire— Burwell Fen, Whittlesea ilere. Holme Fen — but
apparently not in Wicken Fen, for since the draining of the
former fens it seems to have died out of that district ; and
so far as I can ascertain it has never been seen in those of
Norfolk. It is now a scarce species, but a few have been
captured from time to time near Arundel, Sussex; in
Wolmer Forest and at Lyndhurst, Hants ; and at Bloxworth
Corfe and Studlaud, Dorset ; more recently Mr. G. T. Porritt
has discovered it at Thorne Moor, Yorkshire. With the
exception of an old report of several specimens from a small
moss a few miles from Crewe, Cheshire, these are apparently
all its known localities in these Islands. Abroad it is found
among the mountains of France, in Holland, Northern
Germany, Switzerland, Catalonia, Livonia, and Finland.

Genus 11. ACIPTILUS,

Antennae simple but the basal joint thickened; palpi
short, slender, the final joint depressed ; fore wings cleft to
near the middle, the segments almost linear, slender, set well
apart and without lateral angles, or tufts ; hind wings also
cleft in long linear sections broadly ciliated but without
tufts. Wings rather lax and drooping at the tips. Legs
very long. Abdomen rather short.

We have five species — readily discriminated.

A. Fore wings white.

B. Fore wings slightly dotted witli black.

A. (jalactoclactyluii.

PTEROPHORID.-E—ACIPTILUS. 399

B-. Fore wings crossed by broken cloudy stripes.

A. spilodadijlm.
B^. Fore wings spotless. A. pcntadadylus.

A". Fore wings pale drab or whity-brown.
C. Costa of fore wings faintly streaked with smoky brown.

A. haliodadylus.
C-. Costa wholly smoky brown. A. tetradadylus.

1. A. galactodactylus, Huh. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore
wings broad, the tips drooping ; shining white with a few
small black dots and streaks ; cilia, white, with faint smoky
dashes. Hind wings spreading, white.

Antennae of the male rather long, simple, brownish white ;
palpi minute, threadlike, white ; head and thorax snowy
white ; abdomen rather short, brownish-white. Fore wings
not very narrow, the lobes spread rather widely behind, but
bent at the tips ; the costa somewhat straight ; dorsal margin
rather concave ; apices pointed ; colour snowy-white ; a
black or brown dot lies on the disk before the middle and
another blacker in the middle ; two divergent minute black
brown streaks at the base of the fissure ; one each on the
costal and dorsal margins beyond, and another on each lobe
still further toward the tips ; cilia white, clouded and
streaked with smoky brown. Hind wings rather broad, the
lobes set well apart; silky white, with the cilia quite the
same colour. Legs white. Female similar, but with a
stouter body.

Underside of the fore wings white but tinged from the
base to the fissure with yellow-brown, the minute brown dots
and streaks of the upper side repeated ; hind wings white ;
body the same.

On the wing in June and the early part of July.

Lakva slightly flattened on the back, more so beneath ;
attenuated behind, and also from the third segment foi'ward :
the head has the lobes rounded and polished, pale green, the
mandibles brown ; body pale green, the raised dots large and

40O LEPIDOPTERA.

prominent, each of them furnished with a tuft of moderately
long hairs ; along the dorsal region are two rather distinct
grey lines, and between them the still more faint grey dorsal
line ; one indistinct row of grey spots is substituted for the
sub-dorsal line ; and the spiracular line is greenish-grey ;
hairs grey, those from the sides standing out horizontally
and slightly curved ; ventral surface uniformly pale green.
(G. T. Porritt.)

March till May; on burdock (Ai'dium lappa), feeding on
the undersides of the leaves, eating out holes and carefully
rolling back the white down of the leaf, while it devours the
parenchyma. Seldom eats from the edge of the leaf; as it
gets older removes to a younger leaf.

Pupa rounded on the dorsal area ; flattened beneath ; head
bluntly rounded off"; the leg and wing cases extend half-way
down the abdomen, but are detached therefrom ; ground
colour bright green ; two distinct white stripes extend from
the thorax to the ti2i of the abdomen ; outside these
stripes, on each side of the first two abdominal segments, are
two conspicuous black spots, and similar spots are fainth'
indicated on the other segments; the hairs are as in the
larva.

On the underside of a leaf or on a stem, or other con-
venient object ; attached only by the anal hooks, but lying
close to the leaf or other object.

This is a sluggish species, very unwilling to fly when
disturbed from among its food-plant, but hiding among the
long grass and herbage. Even at dusk it is not often seen
on the wing, and our cabinets are almost entirely supjilied
by specimens reared from larva; found on the burdock leaves.
Rather a local insect, and mainly confined to open woods, but
found in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Wilts. Dorset, Devon.
Somerset, Berks, Oxfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, Suttblk,
Norfolk, Hunts, Cambs, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and

PTEROPHORID.'E—ACIPTILUS. 401

Woi'cestershire. In Wales it has been found in Glamorgan-
shire ; and in Ireland Mr. Kane records it from Kenmare,
Kerry. So far as can be ascertained, this is the extent
of its distribution in these Islands. Abroad it inhabits
Germany, Lower Austria, Hungaiy, Southern Russia, and
Armenia.

2. A. spilodactylus, Curt. — Exjianse | to nearly 1
inch (21-2-i mm.). Fore wings broad, the anterior tip a
little upraised ; white, dusted and clouded with smoky
brown before the fissure and on the lobes. Hind wings
smoky white.

Antennas of the male not long, simple, brownish-white ;
palpi slender, whitish-brown ; head and thorax creamy
white, or faintlj- tinged with brown ; abdomen white
streaked with brown. Fore wings broad behind, the tips of
the lobes strongly divergent ; costa nearly straight ; the tips
bluntly pointed and the lower lobe deflected ; chalky white ;
the extreme edge of the costa smoky black, and the basal area
rather shaded with smoky bi'owu ; a smoke-coloured streak
from each margin, with a similar intermediate spot, form an
incomplete angulated band before the fissure ; other smoky
dashes run along the nervures, cloud the cilia of each lobe,
and indicate a second angulated transverse band ; cilia
otherwise white. Hind wings broad, the lobes set well
apart, golden brown, the cilia white, much clouded with
smoky grey ; legs white. Female similar, stouter.

Undersides of the wings golden-brown, with white streaks
to the middle, thence white with smoky clouding. Body
smoky white.

On the wing in July and August, but Mr. Buckler reared
it in September and October, as probably a partial second
generation.

Larva tapering a little from the third segment to the
head, and a very little at the three hinder segments ; head
rounded, small, whitish-brown, freckled a little on the face

VOL. IX. 2 c

402 LEPIDOPTERA.

with dark brown ; segments plump and deeply cut ; second
segment rather long, light yellow-green, very minutely
freckled with raised dark brown dots ; body pale glaucons-
green, rather darker on the back than on the sides ; a thin
faint whitish dorsal line is just visible; besides the ordinary
raised dots, there are along the sides three rows of minute
blunt cones, pale green tipped with dark bi-own, and each
having five or six radiating curved whitish bristles ; spiracles
minute, round, green, ringed with dark red ; the raised dots
on either side of them have nine or ten bristly hairs each.
(W. Buckler.) This larva is exceedingh^ like the surface on
which it rests, its hairs closelj' resembling the white pubes-
cence of the plant.

May to June or July, but apparently feeding from tlie
previous autumn, on Marr\ibinm vulr/arc (White horehound),
feeding on the young leaves. Mr. South says that it rests on
the upper surface of the leaf in damp or dull weather, but
hides beneath it when the sun shines.

PuP.\ green with whitish warts and hairs, the wing-cases
paler green, thickly studded with short whitish bristles along
the edges. Attached by the anal hooks to the upper surface
of a leaf of the food-plant. (R. South.) Also closely
resembling the hairy whiteness of the plant.

The moth is sluggish in the daytime, hiding closely
among its food-plant, but flies at night. It is exceedingly
local — as is its food-plant — and confined mainly to chalk
districts. It is not, however, limited to those localities in
which the plant grows fiid, but equally aftects it in gardens
on the same soil. It is found in Kent, Sussex, Hants, with
the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Somerset, Suffolk, Herts, and
Bewdley Forest, Worcestershire. This seems to be the extent
of its distribution in these Islands. Abroad it is spread
abroad over Central and Southern Europe and Northern
Africa.

P TEROPHORID.-E—A CIP TIL i 'S. 403

3. A. baliodactylus, Zdl. — Expanse i to 1 inch (21-
25 mm.). Fore wings narrow, the lobes also narrow and
divergent, the apex straight or upraised ; pale brownish-
sulphur ; on the costa are short brown clouds ; cilia brown.
Hind wings pale bronzy brown.

Antennae of the male simple, pale yellow, tinged in front
with brown ; palpi small, slender, drooping, yellow-brown ;
head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-yellow or whitey-brown.
Fore wings narrow, but the lobes widely diverging behind ;
costa nearly straight, the apices pointed, the front one some-
times pointing a little forward, the other drooping ; pale
suli^hur-yellow, the front lobe tinged with yellow-brown and
the costa edged, in interrupted streaks, with darker brown ;
of these streaks one runs along the anterior lobe into the
apex ; cilia yellowish- white, with smoky clouding toward the
apices of the lobes. Hind wings shining pale golden-
brown, with similar cilia. Legs pale sulphur. Female
similar.

Undersides of all the wings pale golden-brown ; the lobes
more yellow beyond the middle, but the cilia darker. Body
pale sulphur.

On the wing from the end of June till August.

Larva seven lines in length ; tapering towards the anal
extremity ; head smaller than the second segment, yellowish-
green with a small black spot on each cheek, and brown
mandibles ; ground colour dingy green ; segmental divisions
and dorsal line yellowish-green ; dorsal raised dots whitish,
with whitish hairs ; those of the sides are provided, so far as
the foremost on every segment is concerned, with an addi-
tional longer hair ; prologs transparent yellowish-green.
(R. South.)

May and June on marjoram (fM^rfnuo)? vulgare), eating the
young leaves at night. Mr. South says that it bites into
the stems and causes them to droop.

Pupa dingy green, with a broad obscure red-brown dorsal

404 LEPIDOPTERA.

stripe ; or the whole dorsal area suffused with red-brown ;
wing-cases pale green ; antenna-cases either brownish-green
or red-brown ; raised dots with their tufts of hairs as in the
larva. Upon the food-plant, attached by its anal hooks.
(R. South.)

The moth hides among its food-plant, the marjoram, by
day, flying over it at dusk. It is local, confined to chalk
downs, hills, and waste places in chalk districts, but in them
not everywhere to be found. It occurs, however, pretty
generally on ground such as I have mentioned in Kent,
Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Somerset, and Gloucester-
shire. Mr. Atmore has just discovered it in Norfolk; and
it is difficult to imagine it absent from some of the inter-
mediate counties. Yet, with the exception of a very
doubtful record at Sligo, in the West of Ireland, this is the
extent of its known range in these Islands. Abroad it is
extensively distributed through Central and Southern Europe,
Belgium, Livonia, Bithyuia, and the Taurus mountain district
in Asiatic Turkey.

4. A. tetradactylus, L. — Expanse | to I inch (18-23
mm.). Fore wings narrow, the fissure deep, the tips of the
lobes widely divergent, and the apex pointed forwards ;
brownish-sulphur, costa and cilia dark brown. Hind wings
drab, but with dark cilia.

Antennse of the male simple, shining dark brown ; palpi
minute, threadlike, black-brown ; head reddish-drab ; thorax
pale yellow-drab ; abdomen yellowish-white. Fore wings
rather short but very narrow, the tips widely apart, the first
lobe curved forward, the other back ; whitish-drab with a
brown tinge in the costal half ; extreme edge of the costa
uniformly black-brown ; no definite markings ; cilia smoky
brown, very dark toward the tips. Hind wings well divided
into very narrow lobes, which are golden-brown, but the
cilia, which are long and conspicuous, smoky brown with a
faint golden gloss. Legs pale yellow. Female rather

PTEROPHORID^—ACIPTILUS. 405

smaller but stouter, the fore wings paler, often pale sulpliur-
yellow ; the hind wings also paler.

Underside of the fore wings smoky brown except the
shafts of the lobes, which are pale yellow ; the lirst and third
lobes of the hind wings also pale yellow, the second smoky
brown ; the cilia of all dark smoky brown. Body pale
yellow.

On the wing from June till August.

Larva half an inch in length, thickest in the middle,
attenuated at the extremities, rounded above, flatter beneath ;
head small and glossy, considerably narrower than the second
segment, yellowish-green, the mandibles and a spot on each
side of them brown ; ground colour bright pea-green ; dorsal
stripe broad, of a considerably darker shade of green and
powdered on each side with greyish-white ; sub-dorsal stripes
of the same dark green colour, but not so conspicuous ;
spiracular stripes rather broad, yellowish-grey ; a tuft of
short white hairs springs from each raised dot; segmental
divisions white ; ventral surface, legs and prolegs bright
pea-green. (G. T. Porritt.)

May and June on wild thyme (Thijmus serpyllum').

Pupa green with numerous bristles ; the wing-covers pale
brown along the edges. (Hofmann.)

The moth hides itself among thj^me and other low-growing
herbage during the day, and is readily disturbed by the
footstep in the afternoon, flying naturally and freely at sun-
set. It frequents open fields and waste places as well as hill-
sides, in chalky places and limestone districts, also following
its food-plant into soils which contain enough of the calcareous
nature to allow it to thrive ; consequently it is more widely
distributed than some of the chalk-loving species. We have
it in suitable spots throughout the Southern Counties from
Kent to Somerset ; also in Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire,
Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Herefordshire, Worcester-

4o6 LEPIDOPTERA.

shire, Yorkshire, North Lancashire, Durham, and Westmore-
land, and there is a single record in Leicestershire. Also
locally in North Wales, but I never saw it in the limestone
districts of South Wales. In Scotland it becomes in some
degree a mountain insect, and is found in Berwickshire,
Roxburghshire, and Midlothian ; also at liraemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; in Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; and in Renfrew. In
Ireland it is common in suitable places, and is recorded from
Kerry, Clare, Galway, Louth, and Down. Abroad it is spread
all over Europe except the Arctic portion, including the
greater part of Scandinavia ; also Armenia, Bithynia, the
Taurus ilountain district, the Trans-Caspian region, and the
Canary Isles.

5. A. pentadactylus, L. — Expanse 1^ inch. Fore
wings long, deeply fissured, the tips drooping ; whole insect
shining snow white.

AntenniB of the male simple, brownish-white, palpi thread-
like, white ; head, thorax and abdomen snow-white, but the
scales of the abdomen are large and loose and often get dis-
placed, showing the skin beneath to be bright green. Fore
wings long, broadly spreading behind, the two tips of lobes
drooping and pointed ; the costa much arched ; cilia very
long and full ; whoU}' shining snow-white. Hind wings
long, divided to the base, all three lobes slender but broadly
and strongly ciliated, also shining snow-white. Legs long
and slender, equally white. Female quite similar.

Underside also wholly shining .snow-white.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva very bristly, the hairs at each extremity four times
as long as those of the rest of the body ; head shining yellow
or green ; body somewhat cylindrical, though a little thicker
in the middle, light green, with a darker green dorsal stripe ;
subdorsal lines white, but interrupted on every segment by a
yellow bar across the back ; raised dots black ; the hairs grey.

July or August through the autumn, hybernating while

PTEROPHORIDM—A CIP TIL I S. 407

very small, and feeiling up from April to June ; on bind-
weed (f'oncol ruins sepiiun and C. arvcnsis), eating the tender
leaves upon the young shoots.

Pupa very similar to the larva, equally bristly except that
the long hairs are wanting; green with a triple row of shortly
elongated chocolate-brown spots down the back. Attached
by the anal hooks to a pad of silk under a leaf, not by any
means always that of the food-plant ; or under or on any
other convenient substance ; lying close to the surface, but
able to strike vigorously backward with its thorax if inter-
fered with.

This is the most brilliant and attractive in appearance of
all the group to which it belongs, indeed its extreme purity
and lightness as it flutters from any patch of weeds, when
kicked or trodden out, and moves exactly like a bit of jsure
white svvansdown drifting over the grass, or the garden path,
is always a source of delight and amusement to tlie keen
observer who sees it for the first time. Especially attached
to neglected gardens and weedy hedges, where it abounds
among the common and mischievous bindweed ; and common
throughout the Southern, Eastern, Western, and Midland
counties of England to Yorkshire and Durham, becoming
very local in Lancashire and apparently absent farther north.
In Wales it is found in Glamorganshire and Denbighshire ;
and in Ireland in the neighbourhood of Dublin, in Wicklow,
Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Clare, Galway, and Sligo,
but by no means commonly- — often, indeed, only singly.
Abroad it has a range over almost all Europe, except the
polar region, and including the island of Corsica ; also
Armenia, Bithynia and Eastern Siberia.

Section 3. ORNEODID^.

Tongue present ; palpi slender and short ; fore and hind
wings each divided into six feather-like lobes ; vein 5 absent

408 UiPIDOPTERA.

in both ; vein 8 separate from vein 7 in the hind wings.
Abdomen very slender, rather short.

Genus 1. ORNEODES.

Palpi distinctly showing the third joint; second joint
tufted ; fore wings having the plumes laid rather closely
together ; those of the hind wings more loose. Legs long
and rather slender.

We have but one species.

1. O. polydactyla, Huh. ; hexadactyla, Staml. Cat.,
i. ? — Expanse ^ inch (11-17 mm.). Fore wings six-cleft to
near the base ; pale yellowish-brown with broad dark gre}--
brown stripes crossing the divisions. Hind wings more
widelj- six-cleft, dotted with pale brown.

Antennae of the male very slender, simple, brown ; palpi
slender, projecting, thickly tufted, brown outside, white
within ; third joint obliquely placed and pointed, dark
brown ; head and thorax grej'-brown dusted with black ;
abdomen rather flattened, pale brown. Fore wings divided
almost to the base into six narrow plumes laid rather closely
side by side ; the costa very straight and the hind margin
gently curved ; very pale yellowish-drab, the costal lobe
regularly spotted with brown ; from the fourth of these spots
a broad brown band crosses the wing, and from the sixth
another ; remainder of the wings clouded and dashed with
brown, in its outer half having numerous little brown
crescents and darker dots in the pale areas ; at the hind
margin a round black dot tips every lobe ; cilia pale brown-
ish-drab. Hind wings divided from the base into six lobes
— the whole forming an ojien fan-shape — glistening whitish-
drab, every lobe regularly dotted with dark brown in pale
crescents. Cilia of all the wings rather short, but extending
up both sides of the lobes, and very evenly placed, pale drab.
Legs long, shining yellowish-white with brown clouding.
Female similar.

ORNEODID^—ORNEODES. 409

Underside quite like the upper, yet a little paler. Body
pale brown.

Usually not variable ; but in the south of Scotland a form
is found, by Mr. Adam Elliot, little more than one half the
usual size.

On the wing from August through the autumn, then
hybernating, and reappearing in the spring, till May or
even June.

Larva. Length 4 lines ; somewhat leech-like, both ex-
tremities pointed ; anterior segments retractile ; head
smaller than the second segment, pale pinkish -brown,
spotted with darker brown ; mandibles dark brown ; ground
colour reddish-pink or saliuon-colour, becoming paler when
nearly full fed, and finally, just before pupation, yellowish-
white ; no raised dots, but a few short bristles are scattered
over the body.

June and July in the buds and flowers of honeysuckle
{Lonicera pcricli/mcnum). Dr. Chapman says that its food
consists mainly of the pollen of the flower, but that it also
eats the filaments of the stamens and styles of the pistils,
and will gnaw the inner surface of the corolla ; from time to
time it emerges from one flower, sometimes having devoured
only its pollen, and enters another by a small round hole.

Pupa. In general proportions and outline very like that of
a Noctua ; pale brown and somewhat delicate ; its terminal
armature consists of a double bunch of hooks, ten or twelve
in number, with slender shafts ; the spiracles are large and
well developed ; dorsal head-plates very large. In a slight
but tough cocoon on or under the surface of the earth.
(Dr. Chapman.)

The moth hides during the day in hedges or bushes, or
under any shelter over which the honeysuckle may be grow-
ing, and is easily disturbed. It seems rather fond of build-
ings, creeps into them to hybernate under beams, on ceilings,

410 LEPIDOPTERA.

or in any dark corner, and often may be found commonly in
outhouses. Its hybernation is, however, not very complete,
for, except in sharp frost, it is always lively and restless.
Pairing takes place in the spring. Common in the London
suburbs about cultivated honeysuckles on the walls ; abundant
throughout the South of England and also in the Eastern,
Western, and Midland Counties, but becoming local in
Cheshire, Yorkshire, Durham, and Cumberland. Common
in Wales and throughout Ireland ; in Scotland it is found
in Roxburghshire as already remarked, in the Clyde
Valley, and in Perthshire ; occasionally in Midlothian, more
frequently in Aberdeenshire and Moray. Abroad it has a
wide range, through the whole of Europe except the Arctic
region ; Asia Minor and Armenia ; while in North America
it is found in Canada, including Manitoba, also in California,
Oregon, Colorado, and Missouri.

Section 1. rilYClTID^.

Proboscis present ; antenna; of the male often either
thickened, flattened, or swollen and tufted near the base ;
maxillary palpi noticeable ; fore wings undivided, elongated,
narrow, usually blunt behind; vein 11 absent; hind wings
ample, having upon the upper side of the median nervure, a
row of stiff hairs or hair-scales, more or less erect ; veins
7 and 8 closely approximating; abdomen cylindrical, not
elongated.

Genus 1. PHYCITA.

Antennte of the male simple, except that the second joint
is thickened and broadened into an oval plate; palpi slender,
upcurved ; thorax and abdomen rather robust ; fore wings
moderately narrow and elongated, blunt behind; hind wings
ample ; legs robust, not very long.

We have one species.

PHVCITIDA^—PHVCITA. 4"

1. P. spissicella, F. ; roborella, Zk. — Expanse 1 to 1^
inch. Antennffi of the male conspicuously thickened or
knotted near the base ; fore wings elongate, reddish-grej-
with red-brown clouding ; a distinct red-brown dorsal blotch
lies before the first line. Hind wings smoky brown.

Antennae of the male simple, thickened, brown, the basal
joint short, the second expanded into an oval flattened knot,
hollowed and blackened at the back ; palpi slender, pointed,
projecting, brown ; head and thorax purplish-brown ; abdo-
men rather thick, glistening, pale-brown faintly barred with
white. Fore wings elongated, rather narrow but becoming
a little wider behind ; costa very gently arched ; apex bluntly
angulated ; hind margin a little rounded but hardly oblique ;
pale brown clouded with red-brown ; basal space tinged with
red ; first line far from the base, rather oblique, black, pre-
ceded by a large cloudy red-black triangular spot on the
dorsal margin, edged with white ; second line erect but a
little sinuous, red-black, edged outwardly with white ; at the
end of the discal cell are several divergent black streaks on
nervures, surrounding a white streak ; extreme hind margin
edged with short black lines ; cilia glossy pale brown. Hind
wings ample, rounded behind, uniformly smoky brown with
a golden gloss ; cilia shining but paler. Female having simple
antennas devoid of any excrescence ; the fore wings a little
broader, and often darker, otherwise similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky brown, with a
black cloud on the costa near the apex ; hind wings pale
smoky brown. Body and legs light brown.

On the wing from the end of June till August, in one
generation.

Larva one inch in length ; back and sides dark purplish-
brown ; dorsal line thin, of the same colour, edged with paler
freckles ; three other, still finer, lines of pale freckles follow
on either side ; head and second segment glistening dark
purplish-brown, the former with a paler streak across the

412 LEPIDOPTERA.

upper lip, the latter with a paler front margin ; antennal
papilla? pale brown with dark purple-brown tips ; spiracular
region and ventral surface light pinkish-brown with a paler
freckling ; spiracles outlined with dull black ; raised dots
minute, black ; legs glistening dark jiurple-brown. (W.
Buckler — condensed.)

May and the beginning of June on oak, living upon the
leaves and twigs under the protection of a silken web or tent.
Rather an active larva, and may easily be shaken or beaten
out of its habitation, with a stick, into a net or umbrella.

Pupa without any peculiarity of form, the head, prothorax,
and thorax most distinctly defined ; wing-covers long, not
shining ; anal tip rounded and furnished with several minute
curly-topped bristles ; dark mahogany -brown, last four seg-
ments of the abdomen rather paler and shining. In a cocoon
of silk covered with earth, in the ground, or under a felled
log, or other suitable object.

The moth hides during the day in oak-trees, among the
leaves, often of the lower branches, and may easily be dis-
turbed ; yet if the weather is not warm and still and the day
somewhat advanced, it drops to the ground like a bit of
bark. If, however, circumstances are propitious, it flies to
a similar hiding-place elsewhere. At dusk and in the night
it flies vigorously about the trees, but has been known to
come to heather-bloom, or to the sugar spread to attract
Noctuas, or even to a well placed light. It frequents woods,
large oak woods especially, but does not entirely avoid other
well-timbered districts, and is very common in the Isle of
Wight and the New Forest, Hants ; moderately so in suit-
able places throughout the South of England and the Eastern
and Western Counties, to Yorkshire and Cheshire — becoming
in the latter much more local — but seems to be scarce in
the Midlands ; once reared by Mr. Sang from larvje found
in Durham, and not noticed in the other northernmost
counties of England, nor in Scotland nor Wales. In Ireland

PH YCI TID.-E—D/OR YCTRIA . 4 ' 3

Mr. Kane records it from Kerry and Galway. Abroad its
range is through Central Europe, Italy, Spain, Greece, Central
and Western Eussia, and Armenia.

Genus 2. DIORYCTRIA.

Antennae simple but rather notched, first joint thickened,
second (in the male) furnished with a raised ridge or knob
on the upper side ; palpi short, blunt, upraised ; fore wings
elongate, rather narrow ; a ridged tuft lies along the upper
side of the subcostal nervure ; hind wings ample, normal.

We have three species, two of which are very similar :

A. Fore wings shining whitish-grey, clouded with darker

grey-

B. Markings grey-black. B. decurieUa.
B". Markings deep black, and a pale reddish cloud before

the first line. D. splcndidclla.

A". Fore wings purple-brown with the costa grey.

D. jmlumbclla.

1. D. decuriella, Hb. ; abietella, Zinch. — ^ Expanse
I to 1\ inch. Fore wings elongate, blunt, pale grey clouded
with darker; transverse lines and discal spot white, edged
with grey-black. Hind wings smoky white.

Antennte simple, the basal joint swollen and bent, the
second rather spread and flattened, dark brown ; palpi
slender, pointed, curved up, grey-brown ; head and thorax
silvery grey, dotted with dark-grey ; abdomen pale silvery
grey Fore wings elongated, narrow, broader behind ; costa
flatly arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin
straight and nearly perpendicular ; shining pale grey dusted
and clouded with darker grey ; an erect white shade with
a cloudy black edging suggests a basal line ; first line
angulated but erect, thick, black, edged internally with
white ; second line also erect, but much indented, white,
closely edged on either side by equally erect indented grey-

414 LEI'inoPTERA.

black lines ; discal spot white ; hind margin narrowlj^ edged
with black; cilia shining whitish-grey. Hind wings ample,
the apex a little angulated, and hind margin flatly rounded ;
shining smoky white ; cilia whiter. Female similar, but with
the antennfe threadlike.

Underside nq:?^ glossy ; fore wings pale smoky grey ; hind
wings white. Body and legs whitish-brown.

On the wing from the end of June till August.

Larva five-eighths of an inch in length, active, cylindrical
but tapering slightly behind ; dull grey or dull greyish-
white, with the narrow dorsal, and broad subdorsal lines
dark smoky grey ; spots similar, with abundant fine hairs ;
intestinal canal dark green, giving a greenish tinge to the
body ; head shining brownish-black ; thoracic plate dark
brown, usually grey towards its anterior edge ; anal plate,
ventral surface and legs horn-colour. (E. A. Atmore.)

August and September to April and May ; in the previous
years young shoots of Pinus si/lccstris (Scotch fir), eating out
the pith and partially filling the passage with excrement,
but having a round hole for exit at the end of the tunnel ;
occasionalljr feeding in the young green shoots, or even
hollowing out a very young cone.

This description does not agree with some of those
previously given, but these others I am satisfied refer to the
next species. Mr. Atmore has devoted much time, in
several seasons, to working out this larva, with results
which to me appear fully satisfactory. Moreover, I have
myself reared this species from larva3 exactly such as he
describes. It has also been reared by ^Ir. 11. Adkin from
the pine shoots on which were the nodules of Retinia
resinella.

Pupa apparently undescribed. It is said to be found in
rotten firwood, dead fir stuni])s. and under moss on the
arround beneath.

PHYCITW.-E—DIORVCrKIA. 415

The moth sits in fir-trees in the daytime, and may
occasionally be beaten out, but probably does not always fly,
and when it does, only obliquely down, to hide on the
ground. At dusk it is sufficiently active flying round the
trees, and will come to flowers such as those of scabious and
ragwort if they happen to grow very near to the firs ; later
at night it is attracted by a strong light. Not a very common
species, but widely distributed and found, where fir is plenti-
ful, in Kent, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Bucks,
Suffolk, Norfolk, and rarely in Yorkshire, Lancashire,
Cheshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. I have no
record for Wales, and those in Ireland seem to be quite
uncertain; but in Scotland it has been reared from larvae
found in the Clyde Valley and Ross-shire, and taken rarely
in Aberdeenshire, Moray, Perthshire, the Isle of Skye, and
the Outer Hebrides. Abroad it is found throughout Central
and Northern Europe, the North of Italy, and Southern
Eussia ; also in Japan ; but the reports from North America
appear doubtful, since Piniiicstis renicn/ella, Grote, appears
to belong to the next species.

2. D. splendidella, ff. -S'. ; sylvestrella, A'tee.— Ex-
panse 1 to 1^ inch. Fore wings elongated, rather broadly
rounded behind, silvery grey; markings deep black with
white edging ; second line not erect but angulated and in-
dented ; a broad reddish-grey cloud lies before the deep black
first line. Hind wings smoky grey.

Antennffi of the male simple, but the basal joint thick,
and the second ridged with a strong black thickening, other-
wise shining black-brown; palpi closely appressed to the
face, curved up, black; top of the head shining white;
thorax dark grey ; abdomen pale grey, dusted with black.
Fore wiugs elongated, blunt behind ; costa arched, especially
so beyond the middle ; apex almost rounded ; hind margin
curved and very little oblique ; colour shining greyish-white,
dusted with black; basal area occupied by two greyish-

41 6 LEPIDOPTERA.

white, and two broader red-black transverse clouds placed
alternately ; first line far from the base, thick, deep black,
erect and indented, edged inwardly with white ; second
line less erect, much indented and having a projecting
angle above the middle, deep black, edged outwardly
with white; central space much dusted with black, contain-
ing a white discal spot, and obli(|uely beneath it a large
black cloud ; beyond the white edging of the second line is
a parallel cloudy stripe of black dusting; extreme hind
margin edged with short, squared, black streaks ; cilia
shining grey. Hind wings ample, apex angulated ; hind
margin gently curved ; shining pale smoky grey ; cilia
smoky white. Female similar, but with filiform antennae.

Underside of the fore wings shining dark smoke colour ;
on the costa two white dashes enclose a black spot. Hind
wings smoky white, with a broad whiter stripe in the hinder
area and the hind margin blackened. Legs and body
blackish-grey, but the extreme anal tip ochreous-grey.

On the wing at the end of June and in July.

Larva half an inch long, stoutest at the thoracic segments,
tapering at the last two ; head broad, rather flattened, shining
pitchy-black ; paler on the top of the lobes, and brown
beneath ; dorsal plate shining black ; body dull, but of a
rich red-brown or chocolate colour ; undersurface a little
paler ; raised dots small, shining black, each with a rather
long fine hair ; spiracles minute, in faint black rings ; on
the back of the twelfth segment is a faint ochreous patch ;
anal segment paler, with a dark brown subdorsal stripe ;
legs of the ground colour. (W. Buckler, under the name of
dbietella.)

August till ^lay, in cones of spruce fir {Pinus abies)^
feeding in them when quite small and green, hybernating
in them, probably moving from one to another, and feeding
up within when the last infested cone is of full size; ex-
truding frass through a round hole in the side.

PHYCITID/E—DIORYCTRIA 417

Pupa apparently undescribed. This state is not, I think,
assumed in the fir cone in which the larva has fed.

But little is known among us as to the habits of this
species, indeed it is itself not very generally recognised.
In 1877 and 1878 the habits of its larva were carefully
worked out in Herefordshire by Dr. J. H. Wood and
Mr. Buckler, under the name of ahietel/a, and ten years
later the details were published by the late Mr. H. T.
Stainton, with the remark that they seemed to be referable
to the present species. That is undoubtedly the case — two
of Dr. Wood's specimens are now before me. In 1887 a
larva was obtained in Norfolk in a j'oung green cone of
Pinus abics, by Lord Walsingham, when collecting those of
Cateremna terebrella, and the moth duly emerged in the
following June. Before this — in 1885 — attention had been
drawn in the Entomoloijistii Monthly Magazine to this species
by the late M. E. L. Eagonot, though without knowledge of
its existence as British ; and some suggestions are there
made with reference to its larva and habits ; yet, reluctant
though I am to dispute the accuracy of so high an authority
upon the present group, it seems impossible to escape from
the conclusion that he transposed the larvtc of the two
species.

In June 1888 the Rev. C. T. Cruttwell drove me over to
Southwold, on the coast of Suffolk, and there, close to the
sea, in a district devoid of fir-trees of any kind, we secured
six specimens of this species — one by beating a hedge,
and the rest hiding under the edges and chinks of some
wooden buildings. Every inquiry was made as to possible
means for their introduction to this particular spot, but
without result, and the only feasible explanation seemed to
be that a small partial migration had taken place. A similar
explanation seems to account for the capture by Mr. J.
Gardner of a specimen flying over flowers at Hartlepool,
Durham. The insect is now becoming common in the New
VOL. i.x. 2d

4i8 LEPIDOPTERA.

Forest, Hants, and has been taken, besides the Eastern
Counties already mentioned, in Sussex and Dorset, as well
as in Herefordshire, where it has been found flying about
the fir trees in the evening, and the larva repeatedly secured.
In Ireland it has been reared at Timoleague, Co. Cork, by
Mr. R. E. Donovan ; but I have no knowledge of it else-
where in these Islands. Abroad it is said to be extensively
distributed through Central Europe, the South of France,
and the North of Spain ; also in India and Japan, and under
the name of Pinipestis renicnlrUa in North America.

3. D. palumbella, Fal. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings
elongate, rather rounded behind ; pnrple-brown with pale
grey shading along the costa ; transverse lines black edged
with purple-red ; discal dot black. Hind wings smoky
brownish-white.

Antennse of the male simple, but thickened and flattened
near the base, brown ; palpi short and thick, ascending, dark
brown ; head and thorax hoary purple-brown ; abdomen
silky pale grey-brown. Fore wings elongated, rather
narrow ; costa very flatly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ;
hind margin rather rounded ; colour purple-brown with a
broad cloud of hoary grey along the middle of the costa ;
first line placed far from the base, erect but angulated and
indented, edged internally by an orange-red stripe, which
again is edged by a black line ; second line black, waved
and forming a sharp angle near the dorsal margin ; this line
is edged outside by a light red cloud ; discal spot an erect
deep black streak expanded at its base ; a small black cloud
lies on the costa before the apex and is followed by a hoary
grey cloud ; extreme hind margin edged with black ; cilia
shining greyish-white. Hind wings broad, rounded behind,
shining pale smoky-brown, margin darker ; cilia brownish-
white. Female very similar, but the antennae quite simple.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky-brown, with a
darker spot on the costa near the apex. Hind wings shining

PH 1 ■CITID. E—DTOR \ XTRL4. 419

smoky-white with a brown margin. Body and legs brownish-
white.

On the wing from June till August.

Larva, when young — after the second moult — dorsal
surface deep heather-green, having a blackish dorsal line
finely edged with paler ; subdorsal line black, followed by a
blackish-green stripe, and beneath this by a broad spiracular
stripe of the colour of the back, and edged above and below
each hy a paler line ; head green with black markings on
each lobe ; dorsal plate glossy green with dark lines.
(W. Buckler.)

The larvas from which this incomplete description was
taken were hatched from the eggs, and fed upon heather in
the autumn, but did not survive the winter ; and the larva
seems to be rarely observed here. It is said to feed from
August till May, on Calluna vulgaris and Urica cinerea. But
Herr von Hornig says that it is dark red-brown with olive-
coloured pale-bordered lines, and red-brown longitudinal
stripes, having upon the fourth segment two black spots ;
head round, glossy black ; dorsal plate similar, large. Upon
Poll/gala chamccbioxiis, singly, close to the earth, in a slight
web upon the stems; and Herr Anton Schmid says upon
Thymus among the lower shoots ; by which one is tempted
to believe that its history is not perfectly known on the
Continent either !

Pupa apparently undescribed — in a thick white cocoon in
the earth.

This moth is found with us only upon heaths, and seems
always to sit upon the heather. Since Polygala mdgaris often
grows among heather it is possible that it may sometimes
serve this species as a food-plant, but all experience seems
to point to the heather (Calhina) or one of the other common
heaths {Erica). Yet it is singular that the larva should be
so difficult to obtain. The moth is not very local, occurring-

420 LEPIDOPTERA.

upon most large heaths, and sometimes in plenty ; easily to
be aroused in the daytime on hot afternoons, and swift in its
motions; but far more active in the late dusk and at night.
It is found in Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Somerset,
Berks, Gloucestershire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk,
Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Westmore-
land, Durham, and Northumberland, and is common on the
mosses in some of these more northern counties. In Scot-
land it seems to be very scarce, but Dr. F. B. White assured
me of its existence in the south-west. In Wales it seems to
be unknown or unnoticed, except that Dr. Freer took a
specimen — which I have seen — in the Isle of Anglesea ; and
in Ireland I know of only a single capture — at Howth, near
Dublin. Abroad it is widely distributed through Central
and Southern Europe, Western Russia, Western Asia.
Ceylon, and Northern Africa.

Genus 3. NEPHOPTERYX.

Antennas with the basal and second joints thickened in the
male, the latter joint having a strong ridge of raised scales
at the back ; palpi rather short, curved up, thick and bluntly
jjointed ; head rough ; thorax moderately smooth ; fore
wings elongated, the discal cell narrow ; hind wings ample.

We have now two species, readily recognised, the ground
colour in N. gcnistcUa being very pale brown ; in N. simildla
glossy slate-black.

L N. geuistella, Dup. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings
elongate, pale brown ; two slender transverse lines, a discal
dot, and a larger spot before the first line, black. Hind
wings shining smoky-white.

Antennte of the male thickened at the base and second
joint, the latter edged with a black tuft of scales ; remainder
simple, pale brown, barred with whitish-brown ; palpi rather
broad, but pointed, upraised, whitish-brown ; head and thorax

PH J XITID.E -NEPHOPTER YX. 42 1

whitish-drab ; abdomen glossy brownish-white. Fore wings
elongate, narrow ; costa nearly straight, but arched a little
toward the apex ; this last is very bluntly angulated, almost
rounded; hind margin short and faintly curved ; colour very
pale brown, or brownish-drab, with small scattered white
clouds, first line slender, black, erect but bent back above
the middle, edged inwardly with light red-bi-own, and this
again bounded by a small black cloud; second line rather
thicker, black, oblique and strongly undulating ; edging the
discal cell is a horizontal white streak which clasps a small
black discal dot ; around this are scattered black atoms ; this
second line is edged outwardly by a faint jjarallel tawny
stripe ; and the hind margin by rough black dots ; cilia
whitish-brown. Hind wings broad, rounded behind, shining
smoky-white ; cilia nearly white. Female similar, but with
filiform antennae.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky-brown to the
second line, which is dull black ; and the area beyond pale
brown. Hind wings smoky yellowish-white. Body and
legs pale brown.

On the wing at the end of July and in August.

Larva nearly three-fourths of an inch long ; the head full
and rounded at the sides, pale drab thickly covei-ed with
black-brown spots and curved blotches, but above the mouth
is a transverse white band ; second and third segments a
little larger ; thence even in size to the tenth, and from this
tapering a little to the thirteenth ; colour pale drab ; dorsal
line blackish-brown, narrowly edged by the ground colour ;
then a ragged-edged stripe of reddish-drab ; along the sub-
dorsal region is a broad blackish-brown stripe ; undersurface
reddish-drab, slightly inclining to grey ; on the sides of the
third and twelfth segments, situated in the broad dark stripe,
is an ocellated spot, whitish-grey with a black centre, bearing
a tine pale hair, longer than those from the ordinary raised
dots ; spiracles ringed with black ; legs reddish-brown ;

422 LEPIDOPTERA.

prolegs spotted and tipped with dark-brown. (AV. Buckler —
condensed.)

August or September till May or June ; on furze ( Ulex
turopeus) feeding in the young shoots, buds, and blossoms,
and lying concealed in a silken tube, from wbicli it some-
times emerges to sun itself ; also hybernating in the tube.
Later the tubes are somewhat concealed by numerous silken
threads passing from twig to twig in a confused manner.

Pupa apparently undescribed. In the larval silken habi-
tation.

This moth furnishes a remarkable instance of deceptive
resemblance. As it sits on the end of a broken bit of furze
it looks precisely like a short bit of the dead stick of that
plant ; the deception being heightened by the rough scales
of the head, which stand out exactly like the broken fibres of
a snapped-oS" twig.

The first certain notice of this species here was in 1871,
when fifteen specimens were captured, during lieavy rain, in
the Isle of Wight, by Mr. W. E. Davis — doubtless beaten out
of furze-bushes, though nothing is said as to the method of
capture — these were recorded under the name of Pcmpelia
alharicUa, and in another periodical under that of Fhycis
davisellus, N. sp. (without description) ; and it was not until
1875 that it was i-ecognised as a species well known on the
Continent under the present name and several others. In
all probability it is also the insect recorded in the year 1859
by the Eev. 0. Pickard-Cam bridge, as captured in Dorset-
shire, and stated by him to be Plu/cis contubcrnella, Hiib.,
but in the absence of any description of that insect this
must remain doubtful. It is of little importance, since
contuhcrneUa is now sunk as a sjmonym of palumbclla, and
palumbclla is a species hardly likely to be put forward as a
novelty in 1859 !

From the date mentioned above (1871) this insect has,
almost every year, been taken on the South Coast, and

PHYCITID^—NEPHOPTERYX. 423

sometimes in numbers, but it seems very closely restricted to
the neighbourhood of the sea, and is there constantly kept in
check by the practice of cutting and burning the furze. Its
principal haunt is along the shores of the Solent, and the
coast next the New Forest, both in Hants ; and in the Isle
of Wight ; also found in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, but
very probably it extends further along the coast. It seems
certainly to be absent from other portions of the British
Isles. Abroad it is also commonly a coast-frequenting
species, but is found in Central and Southern France, Spain,
and Corsica.

2. N. similella, Zinck. — Fore wings silky grey-black or
slate-black ; first line a curved yellow-white stripe ; second
obscure. Hind wings pale grey.

Antennae of the male simple, but the basal segments
thickened, and the second thickly tufted, black ; palpi rather
short, curved up, grey-black, as are the head and thorax ;
abdomen rather slender, glossy grey, faintly barred with
white. Fore wings narrow at the base, rather expanding ;
costa gently and regularly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ;
hind margin rather oblique and but little curved ; very
smooth and shining, srrey-black or slate-black ; the first line
broad and conspicuous, yellow-white, either straight or faintly
curved, broadest on the dorsal margin, but much obscured
or obliterated as it reaches the costa ; second line very faint,
cloudj- white, rippled and much waved ; no other markings ;
cilia shining, slate-black. Hind wings moderately broad,
rounded behind, glossy, smoky-grey, more glistening toward
the front margin ; faintly edged by a slender white line ;
cilia shining grey.

On the wing in May, June and July.

Larva somewhat tapering in front and behind, smooth,
shining with a greasy gloss, and studded with fine single
hairs ; body uniformly black ; head similar, smaller ; mouth
and dorsal plate brownish.

424 LEPIDOPTERA.

July and August in a confused web, on oak.
Pupa somewhat slender, red-brown. (Heyden.)

A single specimen, somewhat damaged, captured by Mr.
Bernard Piffard in the New Forest, Hants, toward the end
of June I'JOI, was sent up at the end of that season for
identification. Mr. Piffard informs me that he saw, but did
not secure, another specimen at the same place in the present
season (1902). Another, taken also in the New Forest, by
Mr. C. Gulliver, is in the collection of Mr. C. W. Dale.
These are the only British specimens of which I hav'e anj-
knowledge. Abroad its distribution seems to extend to
France, Holland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Livonia, and
Central Italy.

Genus 4. SALEBRIA.

Antennae, in the male, with the basal joint thick and
ridged above, the second joint still more broadly expanded,
having a ridge on the upper side, and being somewhat bent
back ; palpi broad, blunt, ascending ; fore wings moderately
narrow, elongated, blunt; hind wings ample, the cell broad.
Legs not very long.

We have six species.

A. Fore wings dark purplish-gi-ey, base light red.

S. hostilis.
A^. Fore wings bright or dull purple-red.

B. A black bar across the middle of the wing. S.formosn.
W. Obscure slender white threads irregularly crossing the

wing. S. dbductcUa.

A?. Fore wings glossy black.

C. First line oblique, obscurely white, no tufts. S.fusca.
G-. First line perpendicular, preceded by a tufted bar of

upraised black scales. &• betulce.

A*. Forewings light crimson, shading to yellow.

;S'. caj-nella.

PHYCITID^—SALEBRIA. 425

1. S. hostilis, Steph. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings
rather broadly elongate, blunt, shining, reddish-grey dusted
with black ; base dull red bounded bj' two black transverse
stripes. Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Antennse of the male simple but thickly ciliated, second
joint thickened and the expansion edged by a divided black
ridge ; palpi short, pointed, turned up against the face,
black-brown ; head whitish-drab ; thorax very pale purplish-
red ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings elongated, obtuse,
rather narrow at the base but quickly broader ; costa flatly
arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin very little
oblique and nearly straight ; colour grey-brown or reddish-
grey, thickly dusted with black ; basal area dull red to a
thick black perpendicular bar which precedes the first line
and is only separated from it by a narrow reddish parallel
shade ; that line is also parallel, slender, black and a very
little sinuous ; second line almost erect, much indented,
grey-white, bordered on each side with cloudy black ; two
black dots placed perpendicularly represent the discal spot ;
hinder area much dusted with black and edged with the
same ; cilia glossy pale grey, Hind wings ample ; apex
bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently curved and sinuous ;
pale smoky-bi-own ; cilia rather whiter. Female similar, but
antennjB quite simple.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, with a
yellow dash along the costa beyond the middle, interrupted
by a smoky-black spot — the beginning of a transverse smoky
line. Hind wings shining smoky-white. Body and legs
brownish-white.

There is considerable variation in the depth of the rust
colour of the basal patch of the fore wings, and in rare
instances it is totally wanting.

On the wing at the end of May and in June.

Lakva three-quarters of an inch long ; head broad, as wide
as the second segment ; body moderately slender, tapering a

426 LEPIDOPTERA.

little at the last three segments ; head shining black-brown
with a broad ochreous stripe on the crown of each lobe and a
streak about the mouth ; papillae black, finely ringed with
white; body dingy blackish olive-brown or chocolate-brown,
darkest on the anal flap, rather glistening on the second seg-
ment, dull on the rest of the body ; two fine black lines on
the collar change thence to a plain dorsal stripe, rather
darker than the ground colour, to the last segmeut, where it
is black ; continuous from either lobe of the head is a broad
ochreous stripe on the second segment, opening out beyond
into two subdorsal lines which after passing the thoracic
segments become dingy faint greyish-ochreous ; midway
along the side is a faint extra line, and on the third segment
begins a dirty white sub-spiracular stripe; raised dots small,
blackish-brown, each with a fine hair ; ocellated spots of the
third and twelfth segments ringed with black and having a
minute black centre bearing an extra long hair ; legs
black ; prolegs of the ground colour. (W. liiickler —
condensed.)

July to September or October, but not hybernating ; on
aspen (^Pojmius tremula), feeding on the leaves, but occupy-
ing two or three together, in a habitation formed of a dead
leaf which has been used by some earlier-feeding larva, and
fixed by spinning strands of silk to adjacent green leaves.
(Dr. Wood.)

Pupa of ordinary form, very compact, the limb and
antenna-covers closely levelled ; wing covers rather flat,
very dull in texture, light brown, remaining surfaces very
little sculptured or punctured, shining chestnut-brown ; anal
segment thickened, cremaster a mere flat knob with two or
three projecting booked bristles. In a tough silken cocoon
in the corner of a fallen dead leaf or on any other suitable
object, but away from the larval habitation. The winter is
passed in this state.

The moth is very little known; but it hides during the

PHYCITID.^-SALEBRIA. 4^7

day in aspen trees, and has been captured by beating them.
It was originally noticed and described in this country by
Mr. J. E. Stephens, in his " Illustrations," but had apparently
not been again observed for many years, and had become
confused with a quite distinct species — adelphcUa, Fisch —
when in the year 1879 it was rediscovered, almost
simultaneously, by Dr. J. H. Wood at Tarrington, Here-
fordshire, and Mr. W. H. Harvvood, near Colchester, Essex,
and its identity and distinctness fully established. It may
still be found in both those localities, and has been met with
in Worcestershire and also in Kent and Surrey, but continues
to be excessively local in this country, and quite unknown in
the other portions of the United Kingdom. Abroad it is
recorded from France, Denmark, Germany and Austria.

2. S. betulee, Goze. — Expanse | to 1 inch. Fore wings
elongate with rounded costa ; shining grey-black, with faint
whitish transverse lines ; before the first is a large blotch of
erect, deep black scales. Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Antennas of the male elbowed at the first joint, thickened
at the second, and there edged by a short black ridge, black-
brown ; palpi short and very blunt, curved up closely to the
face, deep black ; head and thorax grey-black or deep black;
abdomen paler grey-black, shining, the apical tuft dusted
with white, and each segment edged with the same. Fore
wings elongated, not very narrow ; costa arched from the
base ; apex squared ; hind margin almost perpendicular, but
faintly rounded ; colour glossy slate-black ; at a short dis-
tance a large perpendicularly placed blotch of upraised, deep
black, scales precedes the first line, but has itself a faint
white edging next the base ; first line slender and faint, dull
white edged with black, and placed obliquely outwards from
the costa ; second line obscurely white, somewhat erect but
sinuous, and really composed only of white dusting ; discal
spots obscurely black in a cloud of wliltish dusting ; hind
margin black dusted with white ; cilia shining grey. Hind

428 LEl'lDOPTERA.

wings ample, the apex angulated and the hind margin
sinuous ; glossy pale smoky-brown ; cilia still more glossy
whitish-grey. Female similar, but with thread-like antenna*.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoke colour, with
the costa paler ; hind wings shining smoky-white. Body and
legs pale grey-brown, but the tip of the abdomen beneath is
ochreous.

Hardly variable, but in the far north, and especially in
Iceland, the ground colour tends more to silvery grey, with
the markings as usual.

On the wing iu June aud Julj\

Larva about three-quarters of an inch long and rather
slender ; head a little narrower than the second segment, its
lobes rounded ; black and glossy, prettily marbled on the
lobes with clear white, and having a white streak above the
mandibles ; skin soft and velvety, very sparingly clothed
with short hairs ; ground colour dull velvety black; two
clear, bright, lemon-yellow stripes extend thi-ough the middle
of the dorsal area running parallel from the second to the
twelfth segment, where they unite, and form one stripe
through that and the thirteenth, on this last and on the
second their colour is almost white ; an indistinct and in-
terrupted series of small white dots, from about the second
to the ninth segment indicates each subdorsal line ; spiracular
stripes clear bright lemon-yellow ; and below each is a broad
interrupted white stripe ; spiracles black ; ventral surface
aud prolegs uniformly dull black ; legs also black but highly
polished. (G. T. Porritt.)

May and June on birch ; always resting on the upper
side of a leaf and drawing it together with fine silken threads,
into a curve, but so open that the pretty larva is quite visible
from above. It eats the upper surface and parenchyma of
the leaf and then moves to another which it draws together
in the same manner. Sometimes several leaves are attached
together with the threads.

PHYCiriDM—SALEBRIA. 429

Pupa nearly half an inch long, having a rather iDointed
appearance, caused by the abdomen tapering rapidly to the
last segment, which ends in a rather sharp point ; all the
parts prominently defined ; the surface highly polished ;
black. (G. T. Porritt.)

In a chamber formed of spun-together leaves. In this
state a fortnight or three weeks.

The moth sits in the day in birch bushes, and may occa-
sionally be beaten out and captured, but in all probability it
usually drops to the ground without opening its wings ; and
its black colour renders it practically invisible at dusk, but
it will come to a strong light at night. Still the vast majority
of specimens in collections are obtained by rearing the pretty
larvtB, which are so easily collected. It is a local species,
preferring the birch bushes which gi-ow scattered about sandy
heaths ; and in such places is sometimes common. Found
in Kent, Sussex, Sui-rey, Hants, Wilts, Somerset, Herts,
Essex, Sufiblk, Norfolk, Warwickshire, Staffordshire,
Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Cheshire,
Lancashire, South Yorkshire, and once in Durham. This
appears to be the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad
it is found throughout Central and Northern Europe.

3. S. fusca, Haw. ; carbonariella, F. v. ii.— Expanse
I to 1 inch. Fore wings elongate, costa very little arched ;
shining grey-black ; discal spot blacker ; transverse lines
very faint. Hind wings shining smoky brownish-white.

Antennte of the male simple, but the second joint spreads
out into a cup-like thickening, black; palpi upraised, thick
and blunt, black with pale dusting ; head and thorax glossy
leaden-black ; abdomen similar but with a faint whitish
edging to each segment. Fore wings elongated, rather
narrow ; costa very flatly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ;
hind margin also a little rounded ; colour grey-black, irre-
gularly and minutely dusted with white ; first line very
oblique outward from the costa, faintly white ; second line

430 LEPIDOPTERA.

rather oblique in the opposite direction, angnlateil and
sinuous, faintly whitish-grey, but edged on either side with
black ; two black dots surrounded with whitish dusting
represent the discal spot ; hind margin black faintly dotted
and dusted with white ; cilia glossy leaden-black. Hind wings
ample ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin gently so ; pale
smoke-colour with a yellowish gloss ; cilia shading to white
at the tips. Female similar, but with threadlike antennae.

Undersides of all the wings smoke colour with a leaden
gloss. Body and legs smoky-black.

The white or grey-white colour of the lines and dusting is
often obscured and the wings wholly shin^'-black.

On the wing from June till August or even September,
and in a forward season it has been known to appear before
the end of May ; but apparently in onl\- one generation.

Larva very incompletely known. Mr. G. T. Porritt
obtained eggs from captured females and fed the resulting
larvffi upon sallow leaves — for which they forsook the heath
and ling {Erica and Calluna) which had been supplied as
the probable food plants — and reared them to near full
growth, when they settled down to hybernate, and in the
spring had totally disappeared ; neither could more be
obtained on the heaths upon which the moths had been
taken. Therefore it is uncertain whether Mr. Porritt's
description is that of the full-grown larva — Length three-
quarters of an inch ; dull black tinged with very dark olive ;
dorsal line black ; head, dorsal plate, and raised dots black
and polished ; ventral surface and prolegs dull dark olive-
green ; legs black. — When very young these larvae mined
between the skins of the sallow leaves, eating the paren-
chyma, but after the first moult they spun leaves together,
and ate their soft portions, yet no sallow at all grow on
the heaths where the moths were plentiful ; and as this is
usually the case, it seems clear that we have more to learn
about this species. Heinemann suggests as food the leaves

PHYCITID^—SALEBRIA. 431

of birch ; Wocke, whortleberry ; neither of which is satis-
factory. Probably it is in the larva state from August till
May.

Pupa apparently unknown.

The habits of this moth are curious, and, indeed, in some
degree puzzling. It frequents heaths, usually large heaths,
hiding during the day in the thick masses of Calluna and
Erica, and is not very easily disturbed from such a hiding
place, so that it seems rather uncommon ; but if any portion
of the heath has been burned oiT and charred sticks of
heather and furze remain standing in any plenty, all the
moths of this species seem to congregate there to sit upon
the black tops of the burnt sticks. I have often walked
into such a sjaot and seen them rise from the sticks, often
two or three at a time, and by scores, towering into the air
and flying wildly some distance before descending again to
a similar resting-place. The coal-black appearance of the
moth harmonises exquisitely with the colour of the burnt
sticks, so that, provided it remained still, hardly a speci-
men could be seen ; but this is by no means the case, its
activity under these circumstances seems to contrast most
curiously with its behaviour when hiding among the un-
injured heather. Its natural flight is at night, and it has
been known to visit a strong light. It seems to occur on all
extensive heaths throughout England, and more commonly
on those of midland and northern districts than in the
south ; in Durham even recorded, by Mr. J. E. Robson, on
sea sandhills ; also probably found throughout Wales, though
it seems to be recorded only in Flintshire ; and Mr. Kane
reports it generally distributed and common in Ireland. In
Scotland it is known in Roxburghshire, Fife, Perthshire,
Aberdeenshire, Inverness, and in the Outer Hebrides, and
exhibits the same preference for burnt heaths. Abroad it
has a wide distribution through Central and Northern
Europe, including Iceland ; also Catalonia, Northern Italy,

432 LEPJDOPTERA.

Russia, Bithynia, Syria, and even some parts of North
America.

4. S. formosa, Haiv. — Expanse f to | inch (18-23
mm.). Fore wings sillcy pale red-brown ; a broad, rather
oblique, clouded black bar crosses near the middle of the
wing, and encloses the displaced white first line ; second
line shortly following it, distinct. Hind wings shining pale
smoky-brown.

Antennte of the male simple, but the second joint flattened
into a broad, hollow — almost cup-shaped — knob, black-
brown ; palpi short, blunt, curved up closely to the face,
brown ; head and thorax purple-red ; abdomen glossy pale
brown, the edge of each segment paler. Fore wings rather
narrow and elongated ; costa gently arched ; apex squarely
angulated ; hind margin almost straight and hardly oblique ;
colour bright light purple-brown, dusted with white, with a
deeper purple space on the dorsal half from the base to the
first line, the costal portion of the same shaded with white ;
first line placed near the middle of the wing, erect, slightly
sinuous, double, deep black, but enclosing a white line, and
itself enclosed in a broad clouded black or red-black band ;
second line slender, dull white closely edged on each side
with red or red-black ; discal spot a nearly erect black
crescent, or streak, thickened at each end ; hind marginal
region dusted with grey-white, and edged with short black
streaks ; cilia shining smoky-brown. Hind wings ample,
much rounded behind, shining smoky-brown ; cilia paler.
Female similar, but the anteunje thread-like throughout.

Undersides of all the wings glistening smoky-brown ; costa
of the fore wings pale brown. Body dull brown. Legs
darker, dusted on the inner sides with white.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva about five-eighths of an inch long ; head a little
narrower than the second segment but as wide as the third,
rounded at the lobes, dark velvety green, with indistinct

PH 1 C/TID.E—SA LEBRIA. 433

grey freckles ; body cylindrical and nearly uniform , wrinkled
and velvety, dark green ; dorsal line double, slender, grey ;
interrupted ; subdorsal lines similar, followed by two more
above the spiracles, and another along them ; dorsal plate
smooth and rather horny and polished ; ventral surface
dark green, powdered with white at the segmental divisions.
(G. T. Porritt — condensed.)

July to September or even October ; on elm, especially
frequenting elm-6«s7(e.s ; under a white web on the upper
side of the midrib of an elm leaf, the leaf remaining flatly
open and not distorted or sf)un together. In confinement
found also to feed on birch.

Pupa rather slender, limb covers tolerably compact, wing
covers large and long, the whole of this portion tolerably
smooth and without noticeable sculpture, deep green ; dorsal
region faintly punctured, brownish-green ; segments of the
back and abdomen much sculptured into fine pits, each having
a smooth hoop at the back, light chestnut with a faint
green tinge ; anal segment black brown ; cremaster short
and squared, armed with a minute bunch of bristles. In a
soft silken cocoon, in the earth, or in rotten wood.

The moth conceals itself in thick hedges of elm, and if
beaten out seems almost always to fall to the ground and
hide itself ; but flies at dusk and till rather late at night,
and comes readily to light, indeed it used to be a frequent
visitor to gas lamps in the southern suburbs of London.
Otherwise it is rarely captured, and the large majority of
specimens in cabinets have been reared from the larva state.
It now appears to have become rare in these suburbs, and
elsewhere is exceedingly local, but may be found in suitable
places in Kent, Surrey, Hants, Herts, Cambs, Essex, Norfolk,
and Suffolk. These counties seem to indicate its ransre in
the United Kingdom. Abroad it is found throughout
Central Europe, Dalmatia, Russia, Pontus, Armenia, and
Persia.

VOL. LX. 2 E

434 LEPIDOPTERA.

5. S. obductella, Fnh. — Expanse | to 1 inch. Fore
wings elongate, pale red-brown or purple-red, the lines
represented by vague white clouding and dusting, which is
continued between them ; hind wings silky pale yellowish-
brown.

Antennic of the male simple, but the second joint expanded
and edged above with a ridge of black scales, red-brown ;
palpi small, bluntly pointed, purple-brown ; head and thorax
purplish-red ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings narrow,
elongated; costa scarcely arched; apex squarely angulated ;
hind margin faintly oblique and a little rounded ; dull red-
brown or puqjlish-red ; first line white, irregular and diffused,
but including two black dots on nervures ; second line indi-
cated by a series of white dusted dashes, on one of which,
near the dorsal margin, is a black dot ; two elongated black
dots, one over the other, suggest the discal spot ; the middle
area is loosely dusted with white ; hind margin obscurely
edged with black ; cilia shining grey -brown. Hind wings
ample ; the apex pointed, and hind margin rounded ; smoky-
brown, the cilia rather paler but intersected by a brown line.
Female similar, with the usual difference in the antenna?.

Underside of the fore wings smoky yellow-brown ; of tlu-
hind wings more yellowish, but very glossj-. Body and legs
pale brown.

In some specimens the dorsal area is more tinged witli
ochreous, and a narrow creamy-brown line runs along the
costa.

On the wing in -Inly and August.

Larva pale green, with ill-defined grey-brown longitudinal
stripes, and small deep black raised dots, edged with paler.
Head and dorsal plate dull black ; anal plate with a trianguhir
brown spot. (Hofmann.)

May and June on McnfJia ariTusis, Orif/anum vidf/crr,
Calamintha and Clinopodmn, feeding between joined to-
gether leaves.

PHVCITID.^—SALEBRIA. 435

Pupa light brown, in a white web. (Hofmann.)

This is a species of which we know, in this country, nest
to nothing. A specimen was taken in the afternoon of
August 31, 1888, by Mr. Sydney Webb, on the side of a hill
just outside Dover ; and another was secured by Mr. W.
Purdey in the Warren at Folkestone. About these there is
no question. Other specimens are asserted to have been
taken about the year 1870, one account says in Kent,
another in Norfolk, and great and reasonable doubt was
felt as to their nativity ; but the only caiain records are, as
above, from Kent.

Abroad it is common and widely distributed through
Central and Southern Europe, Livonia, Southern and
Eastern Russia, Bithynia, Armenia, and Syria.

6. S. carnella, Z., semirubella, maud. Crt^.— Expanse
1 inch (24-27 mm.). Fore wings elongate, blunt, purplish-
crimson, shading into pale yellow at the dorsal margin, and
sometimes with a white stripe along the costa. Hind wings
pale smoky-brown or smoky-white.

Antennae of the male thick, simple, but with an expansion
on the upper side of the second joint, yellow-brown tinged
in front with purple; palpi broad but pointed, rather
prominent, pale purple, more yellowish-white inside ; head
pale drab ; thorax ochreous, tinged on either side with
purple ; abdomen very pale brown. Fore wings rather
broad, but elongated ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly or
squarely angulated ; hind margin faintly rounded, colour
rich purple-crimson shading off broadly to ochreous in the
dorsal area ; without markings ; cilia pale purple. Hind
wings ample, rounded behind, pale smoky-brown, vei-j
glossy ; cilia pale purple. Female with threadlike antennaj,
otherwise similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky -grey, shading whiter
toward the dorsal margin ; cilia tinged with purple. Hind

436 LEPIDOPTERA.

winiijs smoky-white, witli a purple tinge toward the apex.
13ody and le<^s yellow-brown.

A frequent variety, in both sexes, has a narrow pure white
stripe, very distinctly, running along the costa of the fore
wings ; and sometimes this is edged by a darker shade of
crimson-purple.

On the wing in July, August, and the beginning of
September.

Lakva nearly an inch long, head and second segment deep
dull black ; papillae pinkish-grey tipped with black; mouth
grey with a black streak midway across the upper lip ;
dorsal line black, and from it to the spiracles on either side,
are four black, and five green, ragged-edged lines, making a
total of nineteen lines from one spiracular region to the
other, as it approaches full growth the green lines become
more indistinct or even pale drab or dirty white on the
thoracic segments ; undersurface dingy green, with a ventral
black line ; a black ring is round each ventral proleg. (W.
Buckler.)

August till June or July on Zo/».s- vornicidatuft. and
Tri/olium repcns, sometimes several in company, drawing
together the young shoots with fine silken threads.
Hybernating while still small.

Pupa moderately stout, broadest across the thorax and
wing covers, rounded above and sloped suddenly toward
the head ; wing covers long and close to the body ; anal tip
rounded and furnished with two widely separated thorny
points ; dark mahogany brown, darkest on the back of the
abdomen, the tip black ; wing covers and under parts lighter
brown ; the whole surface shining. (W. Buckler. j

The moth is restricted to chalk districts, and hides among
the short herbage on ojien downs, whence it may sometimes
be disturbed in the daytime, but will then only fl}' in the
sunshine. Its natural fiight is at night, and it will come to

PHYCITID^—PEMPF.LIA. 437

light and also to the sugar used to attract noctvce. An ex-
ceedingly local species, found in Kent, Sussex, the Isle of
Wight ; the Isles of Portland and Pnrbeck in Dorset ; near
Exmouth, and Torquay, Devon; formerly in Herts; and
once taken in Norfolk. This list of localities is so meagre
that one is tempted to think it somewhere overlooked. These,
however, are all the records that I possess, and I have never
taken the insect myself. In Ireland Mr. Kane records its
capture at Dursey Island, Kerry. Abroad its range extends
all over Europe, except the arctic portion, also Western
Asia, Tartary, India, China, and Japan.

Genus 5, PEMPELIA.

Antennae slender, simple, but in the male the second joint
elbowed and furnished at the back with a tuft of scales ;
palpi blunt and thick, curved up ; fore wings narrow, and
with the cell very narrow ; hind wings ample, vein 5 absent.

Our two species are readily separated by the form of the
second line, which in P. ornatella is very oblique and only a
little waved ; while in P. dilutelia it is more upright, decidedly
angulated, and repeatedly indented.

1. P. ornatella, Sdiiff. — Expanse J to 1 inch (19-
25 mm.). Fore wings rich yellow-brown, with red, brown,
and white clouding toward the costa ; first and second lines
both oblique, though in opposite directions ; both direct.
Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Antennas of the male thickened at the base, the second
joint twisted and having a tuft of scales in the hollow :
brown faintly barred with white ; palpi rather flattened,
upraised but blunt, ashy-brown ; head and thorax pale
reddish-brown ; abdomen leaden-brown ; fore wings elon-
gated, rather narrow ; costa nearly straight, but arched
toward the apex, which is bluntly angulated ; hind margin
gentlj- curved; colour pale yellow-brown or clay-brown,

438 LEPIDOPTERA.

sprinkled along the nervures and very strongly along the
costa with white dots and cbuding in which are dark brown
atoms ; this is broken by the first line, sitnate far from the
base and consisting of three cloudy dark brown spots edged
inside distinctly with white ; second line very oblic|ae and
rather sinuous, but without indentations, yellowish-white,
edged on both sides with dark brown ; two black dots in
some white clouding indicate the discal spot ; hind margin
dotted with dark brown in a white cloud ; cilia shining grey.
Hind wings ample, rounded behind; shiuing smoky-brown ;
cilia concolorous. Female with simple anteunte, otherwise
similar.

Under side of the fore wings shining dark smoke-colour,
blacker toward the costa, and there divided by an oblique
yellowish-white streak ; dorsal margin whitish. Hind
wings shining pale smoky-brown, with darker nervures.
Body pale grey-brown ; legs brown.

On the wing in -Tuly and August.

Larva. — Hofmann says that it lives in May upon
Tlujwiis scrpyUinn (wild tliymej, but gives no particulars.
It has hitherto eluded our search, and this may not be
the correct food-plant. Mr. Sydney AVebb says: "I have
bred it from tube-like webs found among or close to the
roots of cistus and thyme, especially the latter, but I made
no note of the appearance of the larva, and after thirty years
would not attempt to recall it from memory.'"

Pupa unknown.

This moth is almost confined, with us, to the south coast,
and to a few of our more southern chalk hills and downs.
Here it hides among the large clumps of soft grass, and the
short herbage of the turf, starting up when almost trodden
upon, to fly to a short distance. It Hies of its own will about
half an hour before dusk on warm evenings. It is exceed-
ingly local, and the only localities known to me are in Kent,

PHYCITID.E—PEMPELIA. 439

Surrey, Sussex, the Isle of Wight, Berks, and Oxfordshire,
and (rarely) in Devonshire. Abroad it is found throughout
Central Europe, Italy, Aragon, Southern Russia, Asia
Minor, Syria, Armenia, and the Western Himalayahs.

2. P. dilutella, Steph. ; adoi'iiatella, Ti\ ; suborna-
tella, Du'p. — Expanse -| to | inch (15-22 mm.). Fore
wings purple-brown, dusted with white ; lines whitish,
oppositely oblique, the second angulated and much in-
dented ; often a white stripe before the Srst line, and white
clouds on the costa. Hind wings smoky-brown.

Antennas of the male thickened at the base, the second
joint flattened and twisted, edged with a tuft of scales,
reddish-brown ; palpi short and upraised, very blunt, choco-
late-brown ; head and thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen grey-
brown, with the edges of the segments paler. Fore wings
elongated, narrow ; costa very flatW arched ; apex angu-
lated ; hind margin oblique, hardly curved ; colour purple-
brown or yellow-brown, clouded with white, and dusted with
darker purple-brown ; first line far from the base, erect,
formed of detached purple or purjile-black cloudy spots,
edged broadly, on the inner side, with white ; second line
moderately oblique, with a projecting angle in the middle,
and otherwise indented throughout, white, enclosed by
purple-brown or purple- black parallel shades ; two black
dots represent the discal spot, and are surrounded by a
large white costal cloud ; hind margin clouded with white,
in which is a row of black dots ; cilia purplish-grey. Hind
wings ample, rounded behind, shining smoky-brown, with
the nervures a little darker ; extreme hind margin edged
by two faint brown lines ; cilia brownish-white. Female
very similar, but with thread-like antenna?.

Underside of the fore wings shining dark smoky-brown,
with a yellowish dot on the costa before the apex. Hind
wings shining smoke-colour, whiter behind. Body dark
grey-brown ; anal tuft ochreous.

440 f.F.r/DOPTERA.

Exceeding]}- variable, and in local forms, or race?, which,
however, shade imperceptibly into one another. The speci-
mens usually found on chalk hills inland have the purple-
brown colour but little clouded with white, the white bar
before the first line, the white cloudinj,' along the middle of
the costa, and the hinder white cloud, being in them often
absent, leaving the surface purple-brown, with only very
slight indications of paler transverse lines ; while those from
the rocks of the sea coast, especially away from the chalk,
show the whiter cloudings in varying degrees and often
very brightly, and are altogether handsomer and more
striking looking insects. This last form was introduced,
in 1866, to our lists as a distinct species, under Dupouchel's
name of suhornatella, while, both having previously been
included in dilutdlii, Steph., the name of adornatrlln, Tr.,
was resuscitated for the other supposed species. Now that
it is known that both shade imperceptibly into one another,
and that the food-plant and habits are identical, the present
name has been resumed.

On the wing from June till the beginning of September,
apparently in a single generation, of slow emergence.

Larva five-eighths of an inch long ; head and second seg-
ment black, slightly glistening; body dull greenish-grey,
more yellowish upon the back ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
narrow, dark greenish-grey ; third, fourth, and fifth seg-
ments much wrinkled upon the back ; raised dots shining
black ; legs black.

May to June or July, but possibly from the preceding
autumn, on wild thyme (^Thymus sei'pyllum), living in a long
loose tube of thin silk, almost like spider's web, on the
ground, among the jirostrate branches of the plant ; feeding
on the leaves. Very partial to plants growing on a rock or
on hard stony soil, and I found it constantly associated
with yellow ants (Formica flava), its tube completely mixed
with their nests, (fehris, and excavations. Apparently it was
absolutely secure from any injury by them.

o

PHYCITID.K—EPISCHNIA. 441

Pupa moderately stout ; Tviug covers long and closely
packed ; eye-covers large ; the abdomen tapering, but
ending in a blunt tip with a few excessively minute curly-
topped bristles ; glossy light reddish-ochreous-brown ; eyes
and tip of the abdomen black ; a dark blotch on either side
of the back; wing covers rather pale. In a silken cocoou
on the ground among the leaves of its food-plant.

The moth hides during the day upon the ground among
short grass or the close herbage of rocks, downs, or chalk
hills ; in the afternoon it will readily fly up from the foot-
step, rising to some height in the air and then dashing
swiftly away, to settle at some distance in a similar place.
Most common on chalk hills ; but widely distributed also on
the oolite, in limestone districts, and along the cliffs of the
sea-coast ; found in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, the Isle of Wight,
Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, Oxford-
shire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire,
Cheshire, Somersetshire, and Durham. In Wales in Pem-
brokeshire and also in Anglesea ; rather common in the Isle
of Man ; in Scotland near Edinburgh, in Perthshire, Kirk-
cudbright, and Wigtownshire ; in Ireland on the coast of
Dublin, in Galway, and rarely in Down. Abroad it is
common throughout Central Europe, especially upon the
mountains, also in Corsica, Livonia, Bulgaria, and Russia.

Genns 6. EPISCHNIA.

Antennfe simple, the basal joint, in the male, long and
thick ; second joint elbowed, but not perceptibly thickened ;
palpi rather slender, porrected, pointed ; tongue long ; fore
wings narrow, discal cell also narrow. Hind wings mode-
rately ample, the cell open, and vein 5 absent.

This genus includes, abroad, a number of closely allied
species, but we have only two, and those not very similar—

4Ai LEPIDOPTERA.

E. bankesiella is a ratlier large species, the fore wings
silvery grey, and the hind white ; E. farrella is smaller, fore
wings yellow-brown, with a white costal stripe, the hind
smoky-browD.

1. E. bankesiella, Richardson. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore
wings elongate, broad, rounded behind, pale slate, or whitish-
grey, with the nervures irregularly streaked with grey -black.
Hind wings shining white.

Antennas of the male simple, the basal joint thickened
and elongated, the second channelled and slightly twisted,
pale brown ; palpi large, thickly tufted, apical joint bent
down, whitish-grey ; head whitish-grey, with a darker line
down the middle of the face ; thorax very pale grey, mixed
with white ; abdomen whitish-brown. Fore wings elon-
gated, not very narrow ; costa arched, especially so beyond
the middle ; apex decidedly rounded ; hind margin rather
oblique and gently curved ; whitish-grey, streaked all over
with short longitudinal dai'ker gi'ey lines, and dusted with
the same colour ; first line suggested by one or two long
white angles at some distance from the base and attached to
two grej'-black streaks on nervures ; second line scarcely
indicated by a blackish dash near the anal angle, and others
on the nervures a little darker than the rest ; there is also a
dusted blackish dash at each outer angle of the discal cell ;
nervures toward the hind margin rather more distinctly
streaked with black dusting ; cilia greyish-white. Hind
wings of moderate size; margin flatly curved behind ; shining
white with, usually, a faint smoky tint from the base ; cilia
white. Female similar, with threadlike antennte.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-grey, edge of the
costa and the cilia white. Hind wings faint smokj'-white,
with the cilia white. Body and legs very pale grey.

Mr. Richardson reports that it is now found to be variable,
some specimens being so pale as almost to be creani-colonred,
but with the usual grey markings on the nervures : and that,

PH \ -CITIDJE—EPISCHNIA . 443

on tlie other baud, he has one example with the usual first
and second lines quite distinct and dark.

On the wing in July, but in early seasons before the end
of June; and on one such occasion Mr. Richardson has
reared a specimen of a partial second generation in Sep-
tember.

Larva about an inch in length, tapering a little toward
each end, but especially to the head, which is less than
one-half the breadth of the middle segments, and rather flat-
tened, also somewhat polished, pale brown ; the ground colour
varies a little in tint, and may be described as putty-coloured,
with a tinge of green, especially between the segments ; dorsal
and anal plates very similar, but a little more polished, also
more distinctly marked, the longitudinal lines rather broken
up into dots ; these lines are dark purplish-brown, and con-
sist of a dorsal line (a little darker than the rest) and five
slightly wavy lines on each side at equal distances from
each other ; of these the fourth contains the si^iracles, and
the fifth lies along the skinfold below ; there is also a
medio-ventral line, and the prolegs and under surface are
more or less marked with the same colour ; spiracles and
raised dots ringed with dark brown ; bristles pale brown ;
booklets dark brown. (N. M. Richardson.)

August till May, on Inula crithmoidcs (golden samphire),
feeding on the young shoots and the leaves ; hiding in a sort
of nest of silken web, within which it forms a silken tube as
a habitation, and thickens this for hybernation.

In the spring it seeks fresh food, and forms another
nest. (N. M. R.)

Pita about five lines long and very smooth and neat, the
limbs closely compacted together ; the antenna and wing
cases extend to the end of the ninth segment, leaving the
remaining four segments free ; anal segment rather blunt,
and has about six small, short, hooked, wire-like processes;

444 LEPIDOPTERA.

colour chestnut-brown, the wing-cases greenish, or entirely
brown. (X. M. \\.)

I am indebted for all that I know about this species, and
for specimens, to Mr. N. ^[. Eichardson. He discovered it
at the Isle cf Portland in the 3-ear 1887, and has taken a few
specimens, with Mrs. Richardson's assistance, every year
since tliat time, a few on the wing at night, but the majority
at rest upon flowers, also at night. After some difticulty
they also discovered the larva and food-plant. Within
the ] ist year or two the insect has extended its range — or a
new locality for it has been discovered, by Mr. E. R. Bankes
— on the coast of the Isle of Purbeck in the same County of
Dorset ; but, so far as is at present known, it has not been
found in any other locality in the whole world. It is nearly
allied to — - though clearly distinct specifically from — E.
iUofilla, Z., found in Southern Europe, and commonly in
South Africa ; E. prodromclhi, Hh., found in Central and
Southern Europe, and in Asia ; and to the rare E. aderis,
Stgr., a French species, unknown to me.

2. E. farrella, CVrt. ; boisduvalliella, (?«. — Expanse

5 inch (17-2U mm.). Fore wings elongated, narrow, pale
drab, darker toward the costa, where also is a silvery-white
longitudinal stripe ; discal dot black. Hind wings pale
smoky-brown.

Antennas of the male simple, but the basal joint thickened,
and the second bent and channelled, red-brown ; palpi thick,
porrected, greyish-white ; head pale grey-brown, with a white
line down the inner- side of each eye ; thorax reddish-drab;
abdomen whitish-lirown. Fore wings narrow ; costa nearly
straight ; ape.x bluntly rounded ; hind margin almost
straight and rather oblique ; pale yellow-brown or drab,
shading toward reddish-brown above the middle, where it is
cut off by a shiny white sub-costal stripe from the base to the
apex ; this stripe is so straight that it departs from the costal
margin a little in that portion which is slightly arched, the

PHYCITIDM—EPISCHNIA. 445

cut off bend being red-brown ; near the dorsal margin,
before the middle, ai-e usually two faint smoky-black dots
placed side by side ; the discal spot is indicated by a more
distinct black dot ; cilia shining pale drab. Hind wings
not large, rounded behind ; glossy pale smoky-brown ; cilia
concolorous, shining. Female similar, with quite simple
antennas.

Underside of the fore wings shining, uniform, smoky
reddish-drab. Hind wings smoky-white. Body and legs
brownish-white.

Rather variable in size ; and it is somewhat remarkable
that the few specimens originally taken in this country,
over sixty years ago, are decidedly larger than those found
in recent years.

On the wing from the end of May till July ; abroad it is
said to appear in two generations — in May and August.

Larva 9 mm. in length; upper surface red, .slightly
tinged with green, the dorsal region a little darker, having
on each side three or four fine lines, faintly marked and
slightly reddish, much confused and interrupted at the
divisions of the segments; undersurface yellowish-green,
brighter than the upper; head shining pale red; mouth
reddish-black ; thoracic plate large, shining, a little paler
than the head; spiracles large, black; the first two larger
still, the last two smaller, than all the rest ; anal plate
wanting. (M. Lafaury.)

August and September, in the seed pods of Lotus cornicLO-
latus, Ononis arvensis, Anthi/Uis indmraria, and Astra-
galus ; entering the pod at the apex, eating out the seeds,
and leaving it at the lower end to enter a fresh pod. Hyber-
nating when full fed in a round ball of silk and sand ;
leaving this hybernaculum in the spring to crawl about and
spin up, in some suitable corner, in an oval silken cocoon, of
a pure white, covered with grains of sand.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

446 LEPIDOPTERA.

The moth with iis frequenta sea-sandhills, flying about
sunset, close to the ground, among the short sandhill herb-
age, on warm suuuy evenings. Excessively local, and appa-
rently confined, so far as this country is concerned, to the
coast of Norfolk and Suffolk. The first specimens known
here seem to have been captured about the year 1840 at the
lighthouse, Lowestoft, by the late Mr. H. F. Farr. Shortly
afterwards he left that district, and no more specimens seem
to have been met with until 1880, when a few were taken on
the north coast of Norfolk by Mr. E. A. Atmore. He also
has taken it in subsequent years, and in 1884 saw it in some
numbers. I have myself searched for it on the same coast
but without result, and have no knowledge of any more
recent captures. Except a doubtful record of a specimen at
Deal, Kent, no other locality for this species is known in the
British Isles. Other supposed records appear in all cases to
refer to a well-known variety of AncrasUa lotclla in which
the costa is dull white.

Abroad the present species is found in sandy districts in
the South and AVest of France, in Holland, Belgium, North
and West Germany, Hungary, the Trans-Caspian districts.
Northern Africa, and even in North America.

Genus 7. HYPOCHALCIA.

Antennas of the male not pectinated, thickened to one
half their length, the basal joint more thickened, and the
second flattened and elbowed ; palpi long, pointed and con-
spicuously porrected ; tongue small, covered in front with
scales ; thorax not slender ; fore wings rather broad, more
so behind, but the cell narrow ; hind wings verj' ample.
Female much smaller.

We have but one species — several others are found on the
Continent of Kurope.

1. H. aheneUa, Scliiff. — Expanse I to l{ inch. Fore
wings elongated but broad, and rather squared behind.

PHVCITID.E—HYPOCHALCIA. 447

glossy, yet of a very dull greasy brown, sometimes tinged
with red or red-brown ; transverse lines very obscure. Hind
wings smoky purple-brown. Female darker, much smaller.

Antenn;« of the male simple but much thickened, the
basal joint still more so, and the second twisted and bent,
bronzy-brown ; palpi very long, porrected and nearly straight,
brown ; head and thorax dull reddish-brown, the latter
rather robust ; abdomen grej'-brown. Fore wings elongated,
broad behind, and very evenly increasing in breadth from
the base ; costa almost sti'aight ; apex bluntly rounded ;
hind margin smoothly curved and a little oblique ; colour
yellow-drab, brown-drab, or reddish-drab; first line obscure,
almost an erect faint purplish-red cloud; second line more
oblique and a little angulated above the middle but cloudy
and faint, of the same colour; beyond it is a still fainter
transverse similar cloud ; cilia yellow-drab. Hind wings
very broad and ample, the hind margin sinuous yet rounded ;
dark smoky-brown ; cilia brownish-white.

Underside reddish-drab, shading to yellowish-white toward
the dorsal margin. Hind wings smoky-white with a reddish
tinge in front. Body and legs brown.

Female much smaller, often not more than one half the
expanse of wings, but the thorax and abdomen rather thicker,
the fore wings narrower and rather more shining ; the two
lines usually broader and more distinct, either brown or
purple ; the hind wings, and the underside, decidedly darker
or greyer.

Variable in both sexes in the fore wings to whitish -grey
on the one hand, to deep dark purple-brown on the other ;
the hind wings paler or darker in accordance there-
with.

On the wing from .June till the beginning of August.

Larva and pupa apparently undescribed. Herr A.
Schmidt says that the larva feeds in May on Hdia atkcnriim
vulijurc and Artciiiisia cariqjcdris, in a tubular silken passage

448 LEPIDOPTERA.

beneath the radical leaves ; living in sandy regions. In this
country some other food-plant is surely selected.

The moth sits during the day on, or close to, the ground,
frequenting dry rough slopes, and stony places where herb-
age is scanty, railway banks, the bottoms of open quarries,
and the slopes of chalk hills, but is so timid that it is impos-
sible to see what so obscure looking an insect is resting upon,
before it starts wildly up and flies a considerable distance,
to drop again to the ground, often turning back to near the
original spot. Perhaps from their close growth to the ground
and the good cover that they afford, the patches of Ifieracium
pilosella seem to be more jiarticularly chosen for its hiding
places. In the South of Scotland Mr. Adam Klliot lias
found it show a similar preference for wild thyme. The
female is less wild and may occasionally be seen when at
rest; it sits cross-ways upon grass and not at all in the
manner of the Cramb'ulo:, its appearance is then more metallic
than when preserved. A very local species, but found in
Kent, Sussex, Surrey, the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon,
Cornwall, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, O.xfordshire, riloucester-
shire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Noi-foUi ; formerly in
South Yorkshire and Westmoreland, and has been taken in
Durham. In Wales I found it, rarely, in Pembrokeshire ; in
Scotland it occurs, uncommonly, in Roxburghshire. Fife,
and Perthshire ; but I have found no record in Ireland.

Abroad its range extends through Central ]']urope, the
temperate portions of Northern Europe, Italy, Dahnatia,
Southern Russia, Asia Minor, and Armenia.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Vol. I. Cpage 15-j). — Vanessa Huntera, Fah. With
respect to the specimen recorded as having been taken by
Miss C. L. Pole-Carew near Torpoint.Devon, Lord Waldegrave
now informs me that it was taken by Miss Pole-Carew (now
Mrs. F. Loring) in the garden of Antony House, near Tor-
point, in Cornwall (not Devon), on September 20, 1876, and
that it is now in his own collection, having been given to his
lordship by Mrs. Loring in 1002.

Vol. IV. (page 367).— Xylophasia Zollikoferi, Frr.—
A second specimen of this rare European species was taken in
September 1871 by Mr. Tait at Inverurie, near Aberdeen.
It was sent to the late ]\lr. Henry Doubleday, who possessed
the original example, and was determined by him. Nothing
is known to indicate that this specimen was other than a
genuine migrant.

In the past year (2nd September, 1903) Mr. T. Ashton
Lofthouse took a specimen at sugar in his garden at Lin-
thorpe, Middlesborough, Yorkshire, which is before me. It
is very nearly of the size of Agrntis savcia, and at first glance
strongly reminds one of that species, but its fore wings are
broader and more blunt at the apex ; moreover, its third
pair of legs is far smaller, shorter, and with shorter spurs,
altogether very different from those of any Agrofis. Its
autennte are quite simple, long and slender, its thorax very
robust, ashy-brown, abdomen also stout, greyish-white, with

VOL. IX. 2 K

450 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

the tufta whiter, fore wiugs broaJ, bluut, ashy-brown or
grey-brown, almost devoid of markings, except that the
place usually occupied by the base of the reniform stigma
contains an obscure darker grey-brown spot, lying on the
outer angle of the nervures forming the discal cell, but ill-
defined and almost formless; beyond it is a row of very faint
minute blackish dots. Ilind wings rather ample, white or
greyish-white with brown nervures, those of the middle of
the wings conspicuous, and increasing its resemblance to an
Af/nitis ; cilia very short, white.

Mr. Lofthouse has allowed this .'^jjeciuien to be figured for
the purpose of this work.

It appears reasonable that now, after being taken in
three different years, this should be included among recog-
nised British species. It is a rare species on the Continent,
but found in Turkey and the East,

Vol.V.(page 155). — Leucanial-album, L. — This species
now seems to have made its way to this country, though it
is still doubtful whether it has established itself. Mr.
Eustace R. Bankes has captured n female specimen in South
Devon, and he mentions the occurrence of one or two other
specimens. It is a very pretty species, and widely distributed
abroad.

Vol. V. (p. 158). — Leucania loreyi, iJ/ip. — This exces-
sively rare species (in this country) has been taken at
Torquay, also in South Devon, by Mr. Alfred E. Holdaway,
who has allowed me to examine the specimen. The capture
of one or two other specimens this year is recorded.

(The same rich district — South Devon — has this year
furnished a specimen of Ophiusa siolida, Fab., a South
European species which does not appear ever to have been
noticed before in these Islands. This specimen was taken
at sugar near Dartmouth, by Mr. J. Jager, on September 23,
1903. It is in fine condition, and Mr. Jager states that he

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 451

found it among its food-plant, bramble, and is of opinion
that it was bred upon the spot. No doubt whatever
attaches to this capture, but it may be well to wait for
further evidence before publishing it as a native species.)

(The same difficulty attaches to the pretty Gcomdra moth,
Thalcra finilrialis, Scop., of which a specimen was taken
by Mr. Charles Capper, sitting upon grass upon Beachy
Head, Sussex, on the 7th August, 1903. This beautiful
species, which closely resembles Hcmitlica thymiaria, but
has pectinated antennae in the male, is widely distributed
in the southern half of Europe, and may prove to have a
home with us. There is no indication of its having been
introduced in any accidental manner, yet it seems also in
this case advisable to pause for more information before
including the species in the British list.)

/^^/

INDEX

•

PAGE

I'AflE

PAGK

Acentropus .

300

Cnemidophorns

343

asioueata

124

nivens

300

rhododactvlus

343

ariceata .

69

Aciptilns

398

CoUix .

19

linariata .

42

baliodactvlus

403

sparsata

20

minutata .

120

galactodactvlus

399

Diasemia

255

uanata

62

pentadactylus

406

literalis .

255

pimpinellata

81

spilodactylus

401

ramburialis

257

plmnbeolata

92

tetradactylns

404

Dioryctria .

413

pulchellata

39

Agdistes

341

decuriella .

'^'l

pumilata .

'g

bennettii .

341

palnmbella

418

pusillata .

Aglossa

279

splendidella

415

pygmaeata

96

cnpreaJis .

2Sj

ESDOTBICHIDJE

303

reotangalata

149

pinguinalis

279

Endotricha .

303

satyrata

88

Agrotera

259

flammealis

303

sobrinata .

140

nemoralis .

259

Episcbnia

441

subciliata .

130

Amblyptilus

358

bankesiella

442

subfulvata

52

acanthodactylus

358

farrella

444

sabnotata

108

pnnctidactylus

360

Eubolia

6

subumbrata

54

Antigastra .

253

bipuDctaria

9

snccenturiata

49

catalaunalis

253

cervinata .

12

tenuiata .

127

Aplasia

158

(^maeniata)

>5

togata

26

ononaria .

158

mensuraria

16

trisignata

99

Botys .

182

palumbaria

6

valerianata

lOI

asinalis

199

Eapithecia .

23

venosata .

29

crocealis .

210

abbreviata

>3S

%irgaureata

74

decrepitalis

220

absynthiata

117

vnlgata

112

ferrngalis .

212

albipunctata

77

Hydbocampid^

284

flavalis

186

assimillata

122

Hydrocampa

290

forficalis .

216

campanuJata

no

nymphsalis

291

fnscalis

194

castigata .

71

stagnalis .

294

hyalinalis

190

centaureata

45

Hypochalcia

446

lutealis

217

consignata

33

ahenella .

446

nubilalis .

184

constrictata

. 66

Leioptilus

387

olivalis

222

coronata .

146

brachydactylus

394

pandalis

187

debiliata .

144

lienigianus

388

prunalis .

224

dodoneata

132

microdactylus

■ 393

repandalis

201

(egenaria)

87

osteodactylns

392

sambncidis

206

exigoata .

137

tephradactylus

390

stachydalis

208

expallidata

114

Lemiodes

261

terrealis

196

extensaria

35

pnlveralis .

261

uliginosalis

193

fraxinata .

103

Margarodes

251

verbascalis

203

helveticata

84

unionalis

252

Cataclysta .

2S4

indigata .

. 64

ilecyna

• 249

lemnalis .

2S4

innotata .

106

po'lygonalis

249

Cledeobia

267

irriguata .

57

llesotype

I

angustalis

. 268

isogrammala

94

Uneolata .

I

454

INDEX.

PAGE

PAQE

PAOB

Mimeesioptilus

373

Phycita

410

carnella .

435

bipunctidactylus 375

spissicella

411

formosa .

432

phiEoilactyhis

373

Pionea .

227

fusca

429

pterodactylus

380

margaritalis

227

hostilis

425

zophodactylus

377

stramentalis

229

obductella

434

Nascia

232

Platyptilus .

346

SCOPARIIDiK

306

cilialis

232

gonodactylus

352

Sooparia

306

Nephopteryx

420

isodactyliis

350

alpina

336

genistella .

420

ochrodactylus

34(J

ambigualis

312

similella

423

tesseradactyhis

356

angustea .

334

Nomophila .

263

zetterstedtii

355

atomalis .

314

liybridalis

264

PTEROPHORID/E

340

basistrigalis

309

Odontia

162

Pf erophorus .

iH

cembnc

307

dentalis .

162

monodactylus

3S5

crata:geUa

327

QCdematopliorus

3S2

Pyralidina

160

dubitalis .

3>8

lithodactylus

3S2

PYRALIDiE .

267

lineola

332

CEnociiiiomid^.

15s

Pyralis .

270

mercurella

329

Obneodid-t;

407

costalis

274

murana

320

Orneodes

408

farinalis .

271

pallida

339

polydactyla

40S

glaucinalis

276

resinea

325

Oxyptilus .

362

lienigialis .

273

truncicolella

323

distans

365

PYRAUSTIDiE

161

nlmella

31S

hieracii

367

Pybalitbs .

161

Spilodes

237

parvidactylus

363

Pyrausta

164

cinctalis .

243

pilosella: .

369

anguinalis

177

palealis

240

teucrii

370

cespitalis .

170

sticticalis .

237

Paraponyx .

287

cingulalis .

17s

urticalis .

247

stratiotalis

287

octomaculalis

179

verticalis .

245

Pempelia

437

ostrinalis .

166

Stenia .

297

dilutella .

439

punicealis .

168

punctalis .

297

ornatella .

437

purpuralis

164

Tanagra

'55

Perinephile .

234

sanguinalis

'73

ch.-iropbTllata

15s

lancealis .

234

Salebria

424

Triolioptilus

396

PHYCITID^ .

410

betulse

427

paludum .

397

Printed by Ballantvnk, Hanson <Sh Co.
London ^ Edinburgh

PLATE CCCLXXVII.

YiLi. 1. Mesotype lineolata, male,
Irt.
lb.
Ic.
Id
le

V-
1^.
Ih.

li

ly.

lA;. .. ., larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

male, var.

;) J)

Mr.

S. J. Capper.

female, var.

:> 51

Ml

. Sydney Webb

PLATE 377

^

E.C.;tYi^ht deLelHth

IfiroenLDroolwi.Ddy iSoiiLl4liT^p

T. R^ewe 5( '.""? London

PLATE GCCLXXVIII.

Fig. J. Eubolia palumbaria, male.

la.

female.

16.

var.

Ic.

•1 ?' ?'

Id.

, male, var.

le.

„ „ Mr. G. T. Porritt.

1/ ..

, female, var. ]\lr. S. .T. Capper.

'i-g-

1 )1 >) )S »>

u. ..

, „ „ Mr. Sydney Webb

li.

male

y. -

, larva, Mr. W. Hnckler.

PLATE 378.

■S.'^

\M ''

P..C.rjUaht. dd et lith

"Vincint Brooks jDary A SonL+^ljr^

I,!R<ievc A. C^ I.cindon.

PLATE CCCLXXIX.

¥ni. 1. Eubolia bipimctaria, male, chalk districts.

la.

99

5»

female „ „

lb.

?»

»*

male, limestone.

Ic.

99

»J

female ,,

Id.

9*

))

male, var. Mr. Sydney Webb-

le.

9)

9)

)» » ») "

1/

>»

»

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

)»

cervinata

male.

2a.

>)

..

female.

2b.

>>

.,

male, var.

2c.

)l

t9

„ „ Rev. C. R Thornewill.

2d.

99

IJ

larva, IMr. W. Buckier.

PLA.TE373

H-C-IGngK*- dcl,et.3W^„

"Wr-cent Ei-c clis J) ay t S Oiv LV* Im

L He eve C l:on.doji.

PLATE CCCLXXX.

Fig. 1. Eubolia mensuraria, male.
la. „ ., female.

lb.
le.
Id.

male, var.
female, var.

„ ,, Mr. S. J. Capper,
larva, Mr. "W. Buckler.

2. Collix sparsata, male.

2a.
26.

female.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

■PLATE 380

-S,.C:Wny^ aiotlitK.

^-■'?^

^ hi'

Vj«entBroo]<!.,D!r,-a^3o:-.Lt'i-fa5

I, Reeve & r°Lon<lor.

PLATE CCCLXXXI.

Fig. 1. Eupithecia togata, male, Perthshire.
Irt. „ „ female „

1&. „ „ var.

Ic.
Id.
le.
1/.
h/.
lA.
2

2a. ,:

2b.

South of England,
larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

consignata, male.

female.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 381

VJ
h ^

■<44i>

E C.Hjiight, dal.elJuh

■V

'Ancem, Rrooks DayA. SonlL^Iir.p

L Rec/e 5t C c London,

PIATE CCCLXXXII.

Fit;. 1. Eupitliecia venosata, male

In.
U.
Ic.
]d.
le.
\f-
].'/•
Ih.
It.

1/-.

female.

var. Mr. Sydney AVebb.
„ North Wales, Mr. Sydney Webb.

!> !I

,, Forres, N.B.
male var. Isle of Lewis,
female „ „ ,,

var. Orkney, Mr. F. J. Hanbnry.

,, Shetland.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATil 382,

m^'

'S^J^:

^7

^'

''^Srlr

tf

" %

E.C.l&u|ht delethtK

^

"ViiicentB rooks Bay &.SonLtf Sq)

I- Reeve 8^ C°Lor.dor.

PLATE CCCLXXXIII.

Fiu

1.

I"]iipithecia extensaria,

male.

1«.

»» it

f'otiialo

lb.

»» »»

»)

h:

>> »

)»

\,/.

?? J)

male

\r.

II >>

1*

V-

)! "

■■

I.'/-

)> "

female

1//..

)> "

)j

H.

)» »»

»»

1/.

)) !'

»>

U.

» >'

larva,

var.

female „ Mr. E. A. Atmore.

larva, Miss Violet Barrett.

PLATE 383

'V^,..

t %.J>

.<^

,6

E.C.Knuiht dnl «l hi>.

''fl7io«nl,Broo'^,D«i- &.Son L'.'^Iinu

PLATE CCCLXXXIV.

Fig. 1. Bupithecia pulchellata, male (enlarged).

1«.

)»

female ,,

lb.

J)

var. „

Ic. ,

ft

„ „ Mr. Sidn

Id.

)>

)) j> j»

le.

.,

,, ,, Yorkshire

1/

))

;j ? J )'

ig.

n

larva, Mr. W. Buckler

2.

, linariata,

male (enlarged).

2a.

J)

female „

26.

jj

var.

2c.

5>

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

srLK'^t. 334

>^^
^

s^rjiv

V

CJm^-.t, del. etlrir.

. ir£ent3T«»s Dsr StSor.!-*?-^

. Hfiev-««^COT

PLATE CCCLXXXV.

Fig. 1. Eupithecia centaureata.

1«.

5)

var.

16.

J>

,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

JJ

succenturiata.

2a.

J'

„ var. Mr. S. J. Capper.

26.

)J

„ „ Mr. Sydney Webb,

2c.

J}

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

)>

subfulvata.

3a.

»l

,, var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

36.

ri

it j» )) J)

3c.

91

j» )» )> >>

3d.

3>

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PIATt 386

??r*^

I fix/

gd

w

^

F..C.K"m|ht dd.et.luK.

■<^ic«irt Brooi«,Dav £:-SonLt*In3>

L. ■Reeve &.C9LcfTxdoT\

PLATE CCCLXXXVI.

Fig. 1. Eupithecia aubumbrata, male.

la.

It

„ female.

lb.

19

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

»>

irriguata.

2a.

»>

„ var.

2b.

>»

,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

»♦

pusillata, male, Mr. Sydney Webb.

3a.

»J

„ female.

36.

»J

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

>l

indigata, male.

4a.
ib.

,, female.

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 386

li

2^

.^h

EC Kmglil dol.etiOi

Vincent Bi'ool<s,l)ay SLSoTiLt^Ijtip

T. Reove &. 0?Londo..

PLATE CCCLXXXVII.

Pig. 1. Eupithecia nanata, male.

la.

„ female.

lb.

„ var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

Ic.

j»

„ „ Mr. S. J. Capper.

Id.

>>

It >J u n

U.

)>

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

)j

constrictata.

2a.

jj

var.

2b.

,,

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler

3.

n

virgaureata.

3a.

}i

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PIATE 387

E-CKrasSBti AhO-..

wfW

">&-xsnt3rooJtsD^-& Scrvl^isg)

J. -^e^is &C°lan-3ars,

PLATE CCCLXXXVIII.

Fig. 1. Eupithecia lariciata.

la.

it

var.

16.

»

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

»)

castigata.

2a.

J>

„ var.

26.

»>

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

J)

albipnnctata.

3a.

J>

var.

36.

9)

„ larva, Mr. W. Bockler.

4.

J3

pimpinellata.

4a.

9)

„ var. Mr. Sidney Webb,

46.

>»

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLALTE 388

-" %

^iraght d«i ot-hUi.

iy-Vf;<i.ir.l^inji

\, R««v«j fit C?Lfmdou.

PLATE CCCLXXXIX.

Fk;. 1. Enpitlieciii lielveticata.

\a.

»)

)5

var. arceutliata.

\b.

j»

»»

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

»j

satyrata.

2a.

>•

>>

var. calhinai'ia.

21).

)>

»j

„ Ciirzoni.

2c.

»>

>'

,, „ Mr. F.J. Haubury

2d.

;»

??

var. i\Ir. Sydney Webb.

2c.

»»

>)

larva. :Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

>j

pliimbeolata.

3«.

J>

>■•

larva, i\Ir. W. Buckler.

4.

)5

isogrammata.

'kt.

)5

: J

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 389

W

"^

w

^.C.Kni^it del,e^lith

Wnc©ntBrooU»,i5rfy &Syji \i^:\m^

r. Rewo 2cC?J.o:tda!

PLATE OCCXC.

Fiti. 1. l']ii])itlu'ci.i ]nyiii;i';ita.

^^ ,, ,, larviu Mr. W. JUickler.

2. „ trisi<j:natii.

2a. „ „ larva. Mr. \\'. l^uckler.

o. ,, valerianata.

oi>. „ ,, larva, ^[r. ^V. Miickler.

4. „ I'raxinata.

4ff. ,, „ larva, Mr. W . Huckler.

5. „ innotata.

b(i. „ ,, larva, Mr. ^\'. Ihickler.

(). ,, siibnotata, male.

(if^ ,, ,, female.

()/'. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. liuckler.

7. ,. canipaniilata.

7a. ,, „ larva, Mv. AV. Buckler,

^-LATE 390

^?ip

**^

wP^^

•^

/k

.^

it- i

*;

TlS-^-«'

yZCrerii^Kl d«»lnl.Utl».

r.l?e«ve i C^ London.

PLATE CCCXCI.

Fu;. 1. Kupithecia vulgata. male.

h'.

„ female.

lb.

j»

var.

Ic.

,,

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

j»

expallidata.

2a.

ji

larva, i\Ir. \V. lUickler.

3.

,,

absj'iitliiata.

3a.

»)

,, var.

3b.

)>

„ larva, Mr. \V. Buckler.

4.

»»

minutata.

4«.

j»

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

5.

'>

assiniillata.

5a.

1)

,, var. ]\lr. Sidney Wel)b.

5&.

)»

„ larva, Mr. AV. Buckler.

PLATE 381

"Wlw

^^flM

?m

\

>■' -/«

K.C.KJu|ht deletliat.

■S5rj»nLRrot.Co»,p».' S: GoiiT.tS-Imp

I.R«eve &. C9Loi\doi»

PLATE CCCXCII.

Fxi. J.

Ku])ithecia

jasioneata. Mr. Sydney Webb.

hi.

)j

„ larva, ]\Ir. W. Buckler.

2.

I)

teuuiata.

2«.

)»

larva, Mr. W. ]5iicidei-.

3.

)i

subciliata.

3a.

))

larva, :\lr. \V. J'.Mckler.

4.

);

dodonreata — Oak.

4a.

>)

„ — Hawthorn.

46.

J»

,, larva, ^Mr. W. Buckler.

5.

)»

abbreviata, male.

5«.

»)

,, female.

56.

)»

,, var. Pembrokeshire.

5c.

>>

„ larva. Mr. W. Buckler.

:.AT>.-S?2

^ir

1»»>,

v/.^,

WfV

<c^^^

'^-IXris^tiL ^3^«~=3

r^ rt-^^ics^^^^i 2

PLATE CCCXCIII.

Fig. 1. Eupithecia exiguata.

la.

)»

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

., sobrinata.

2a.

" jj

var. Scotland.

2b.

>> !J

j> J)

2c.

" J»

„ Stevensata.

2d.

-' :>

,, ilr. Sydney Webb

2e.

)' u

larva, :\[r. W. Buckler.

3.

„ debiliata.

3a.

5> )»

var. Mr. F. C. Woodforde.

36.

y Ji

larva, .Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

.. coronata.

4a.

?> ■'

larva, 31 r. W. Buckler.

PLATE 393

E C.l^ghL del eLlilh

^%

ara-

Vmcen't Broole.Day&SonLt-^-ljnp

L Reeve 6.0° London

PLATE CCCXCIV.

Fig. 1. Eupithecia rectangulata.

la. „ ,, var.

Ih. ,, „ „ Mr. S. J. Capper.

Ic. ,, ,, ,, London.

Id. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2. „ pumilata, male.
2a. ,, ,, female.
2b. „ „ var.

2r. ,, ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3. Tauagra cba3roi)byllata, male.
3ff. .. .. female.

3/*. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4. Aplasta ononaria.

PLATE. 394

I-

^

.■!«-

E.C.Wughl dul etliOv

3'.'

L Reeve S.C9London

"^fincenl, Bt-o ois IJ ay Et Son.Lt4-lTnp

PLATE CCCXCV.

Fk;. 1. Odontia dentalis, male.
la. „ „ female.

It. .. .. larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2. Pyrausta purpuralis, male.

2ft.

,. ,, female.

2b.

var.

3.

„ ostrinalis, male.

3«.

„ ,. female.

4.

,, pnnicealis, male.

ia.

,. ,, female.

4&.

,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler,

5.

sanguinalis, Lancashire.

5ft.

,, ,. West of Ireland.

PLAIE 395

^^

^ ,>-

l»

» st

~>inc«n 5ro c>s,Dsif i Sen lJ:^fc=5!

L Reeve ~^L>cT--iiari

PLATE CCCXCVI.

Fig. 1. Pyrausta cespitalis, male.

III.

„ female.

u.

larva, Mr. W. IJnckler.

■2.

cingulalis, male.

2a.

,, female.

3.

anguinalis, male.

3a.

,, female.

3b.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

oetomaculalis, male.

4a.

,, female.

4h.

„ male, var.

4c.

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler

PLATE 396

7

^

3?-

^

E.C.Khi6Kt del etiitK

?.Khighl

"ViJvoBnlt Bro oks^ ay &. S on Lt^lmp

I. Reeve 5l C . London

PLATE CCCXCVII.

Fig. 1. Botys nubilalis, male.

la.

„ „ female.

2.

,, flavalis, male.

2«.

female.

3.

,, pandalis, male.

3a. ,

„ female.

Sb. ,

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

, hyalinalis, male.

4a.

„ „ female.

4b. ,

, ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler

PLATE 397

'■%^\

E C MT^kt del el litK

Vmcent Brooks,!) ay & SonL-e'-fep

LReevB 4. C° London

PLATE CCCXCVIII.

Fig. 1. Eotys uliginosalis, male.

1«- „ „ „ var.

li. ,. „ female.

^(^- .) >• ,, var.

2. „ fuscalis, male.
2«. ,, ,, female.

2b. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3. „ terrealis, male.
3a. „ ,, female.

3b. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 338

/c

E.C.Kught del etlitk

"^^centBro oks,D ay & Son. Lt?-Imp

L Reeve &. C°Londo/\

PLATE CCCXCIX.

Fig. 1.

Botys asinalis, male.

la.

!)

„ female.

lb.

»J

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

')

repandalis.

3.

,,

verbascalis, male.

3a.

)>

„ female.

36.

)»

„ var.

3c.

')

larva. Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

,,

sambucalis, male.

4a.

n

,, female.

4&.

j»

larva, Mr. VV. Buckler.

PLATE 399

3?

-I a

ECHhight del etlith

"\^centBrooksJ)ay.SLSonLi4Inip

L Reave dt Clondon

PLATE coca

Fk. L Btitws stadbry^dds, mate.

Ik , ^ hw»,Mr. W.

±?. _ ^ isn, Hx. W. B«Uer.

^ - ^ ^

Si _ _ Iam,l[r.W.

PLATE 400

^CL

3^

EC.Kiight delethth

X Reeve & C°london

Wncent Brool<s^air&SonLt*Inip

PLATE CCCCI.

Fig. 1. Botys forficalis.

1«.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

lutealis, male.

2a.

, „ female.

2b.

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

, decrepitalis, male.

3a.

, „ female.

4.

, olivalis.

4a.

,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

5.

. prunalis, male.

ha.

, „ female.

bb.

, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 401

W^ ''3

^^fH^M*^

2?^

1w

E.C.J&i|kl. delellith.

Ifijicent Br ooks ,D^ 5-S on Lt*-inp

L Ree-:/-e & C";9Loiidon-

PLATE CCCCII.

Fig. 1. Pionea margari talis, male.
1«. „ „ female.

16.

2.

2a.

2h.

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler,

stramentalis, male.
,, female.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3. Nascia cilialis, male.
3a. ,. ., female.

Sb.

Miss Violet Barrett, from
larva -] larva furnished by Mr. W.
i H. B. Fletcher, -J. P.

/

•J. Ferinephile lancealis, male.

4a. ,, „ female.

46. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 402.

E.G-Knight. del.etlilh

Vincer\X,'Bvoo\isDs}/&.Son.Li4-lmp

L Reeve &l C°. London.

PLATE CCCCIII.

Pig. 1. Spilodes sticticalis, male.

la.

>)

„ female.

Ih.

)j

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

)j

palealis, male.

2«.

)j

„ female.

2b.

>>

var.

Miss Violet Barrett, from
„ larva- larva furnished by Mr.
. C W. Watts.

2c,

>)

3.

»>

cinctalis, male.

3a.

IT

„ female.

4.

)>

verticalis.

4a.

j;

,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 403

2b

E CKni^Tt, dele::, "ai^-i

''fijicero-Bro cks J3 ay ASonit^Irr^)

L Heeire 3t C? iLandon.

PLATE CCCCIV.

Fig. 1. Spilodes urticalis, male.
la. ,, „ female.

Ih. „ „ var. London.

Ic. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2. Mecyna polygonalis, male.
2a. ,, „ female.

3. Margarodes unionalis, male.

(Yarmouth, Nor-
off. „ ,, female -\ „

I folk, Dr. Wheeler.

4. Antigastra catalaunalis, Mr. W. C. Boyd.

PLATE 404

lb

2»

E C Kiig^t, ai et ith

'^^centBraolspay&Scr.Lt'^IjTip.

L Rsove &- C° London-

PLATE CCCOV.

Fiti. 1. Diasemia literalis. male.
Id. ,, ^ female.

:2. rambaiialis.

3. -igrotera neiuoralis. male.
3a. ., ,, female.

36. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4. Lemiodes pnlveralis. male.
-Irt. ,. ., female.

5. Nomophila hjbridalis, male.
ba, ,, ,, female.
oft. ,, „ male, var.

Of. .. „ larva, Mr. E. P. Felt.

PLATE 405

t^:

h^ /

V Vl

_\

E.C.T&u^t del etli^

'^cwit Bro ole^o^ &Son Lt^L kip

L Rfi«ve &.G 9 London

PLATE CCCCVI.

l''n,i. 1. Cledeobia angustalis, male.
\(i. ,, ,, female.

III. „ ,. male, var.

Ic. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler

2. I'yralis tariiialis. male.
2«. „ „ female.
2li. „ ,, male, var.

2c. ,, ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3. ,, lienigip.lis.

4. ,. costalis, male.
4a. ,, „ female.

PLATE 406

^

E.CKvi|Kt del el hfh.

MTLCentBroo]<s^ffy&SonLt^Ijnp

LReeve StCLondon

PLATE CCCCVII.

Fia. 1. P\ Talis fjflaucinalisi. male.
l(t. „ „ female.

II'. „ ,. larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2. Aglossa pinguinalis, male.

■2(1.

female.

'2b. „ ,, larva, Mv. \\ . Buckler.

8. ,. cuprealis, male.

■i". „ „ female.

oh. „ .. larva. Mr. \V. Buckler.

4. Gataclysta lemnalis, male.

4rt. ,, ,. female.

4b. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler

PLATE ^O?

3"

E d^u^tdfiletiilh

"^Snce At Broohs Day &. SanLt^Iinp

LReeve &.G?London

PLATE CCCCVIII.

Fig. 1. I'araponyx stratiotalis, male.
lt(. ,, ,, female.

Ih. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2. Hydrocampa nymphffialis, male.
2a.
2b.
2c.
2d.
2«.
3.

3a. „

36.

Sd. „ „ „ Ireland, Mr. G. T. Porritt.

3e. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

»

female.

J)

var.

)1

i)

)>

larva, Mr. W. Buckler

'J

larva-case. „ „

stagnalis,

male.

»)

female

jj

var. Norfolk Feus.

PLATE 405

"A

^^rr

V ■-■:

>fe^|^

E CKu|hteldet)ith

Vmcent Bro oks Dap^ & SoaLt^Imp

L Reef e & C "London

PLATE CCCCIX.

f'iG. 1. Stenia pnnctalis. male.

Ifi. ,, „ female.

III. .. „ larva. Mr. W. BuckltT.

2. Acentropas niveus, male.

2". ,. ,. female.

■J>h. „ „ larva, Mr. W. linckler.

'4. Endotricha Hammealis, male.

■ia. „ „ female.

3i. „ „ var.

ric. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4. .Scoparia cembrae, male.

4a. ., ,, female.

4J). „ „ var.

4r. ,. „ ,, Zelleri.

it

2

PLATE Mg

il0

,«,

V:

E.Cl&ii#\Kiel,DUith

L Reeve a.C° Londor,

"VuicenlBrooVSjD ay flcSon Lt"^ Imp

pla'I'p: ccccx.

l'"ig. J . Scopai'ia basistrigalis, male.

]>l.

»•

female.

\h.

)5

„ var.

2.

))

ambigualis, male.

2a.

»J

,, female.

2b.

Ji

„ var. — marshes,

3.

>!

atomalis, male.

3«.

♦ »

„ female.

4.

I''

ulmella, male.

■ia.

)'

female.

5.

»?

dubitalis.

ba.

5»

var.

bb.

»»

„ var. ingratella.

Of.

?)

„ white var.

PLA

si

^^cen^Brooks Day &SoaIit^IiTip

L Reeve (ScC^London

PLATE CCCCXI.

Flii. 1. Sooparia mnrana. male.

la.

,,

female.

2.

.,

trancicolella. male.

•In.

-.

female

3.

Ti

resinea.

4.

?•

cratjegflla.

4>i.

..

var.

U.

,.

larva, Mr. \V. Buckler.

5.

•>

inereurella, male.

■MI.

,,

female.

oh.

JT

,, var.

or.

>»

,, „- portiandica, male.

od.

-J

,, female.

ot.

??

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

EC.Knight ddetlitK.

:^

La.e2veS.C?Londor..

PLATE CCCCXll.

1.

Sc"

i>ji:iii;i

linetiLi

1, male.

la.

»'

»T

t'enialf .

lb.

?*

»»

huvii. Air. W. Buckler.

2.

y^

iingustea, male.

2a.

,.

))

female.

2b.

JJ

»i

var.

2i:

,,

„

larva. Mr. W. liiickler.

3.

?• '

illpiuH,

male, Mr. K. .1. Morton.

3ff.

»•

»»

female

Hb.

.,

IT

var.

He.

»i

»»

male, var. gracilalis. lent ijy Mi
J. Morton, captured l>y M

■. Keiinetfi
rs. Ki-asei-.

4.

f'

|i!illi(lfi

,, male.

4«.

>)

,,

female.

Ab.

i»

var.

PLATE 412

■>*

E.C.Knight dea, otlifli

L Reeve 5c.C°Lcoidon,.

Viju:enlBroo)<s4)ay ASorvLl'^bixp

FLATK (vccx I II.

Fi(i. 1. Agdi.stis Ijeuiiettii. male.

1". ,. ., t'eliiiile.

ll>. ,. „ larva, .Mr. \V. I'.iickler.

2. CiieiniilophDrus rhododactylus, nuili'.

-a. „ „ female.

-'''. ., „ larva, Mr. W. i!ucl<ler,

'■]. Platyptiliis ocliroilactyhis, male.

'in. ,, „ female.

36. ,, ,, vai-. (lichrodactylus.

:3c. ., „ larva. .Mr. W. P.iifkler.

'i. .. i-^oilactyhis, mali-.

4f/,. ,, ,, female.

46. ,, „ second generation.

4c. „ ,, larva. Mr. W. I5nckler.

PLATE 413

If

"^

/I

I

3*

* \ K

E.C,I£=^= i^jr.i--

'i^

:eee»t*.C?I

PLATE COCCXIV.

Fiii. 1. I'latyptilus <ronoclactyliis, male.

\ii. .. .. female.

2. zetterstedtii.

:'(. ,, tesseradactylus.

I. .Xinhlyptihi.s acantliodactylns.

\,t, ., ,. larva. Mr. \V. i'nickler.

."). ,. punctidactylus.

:„i, „ ,, larva. Mr. \\'. Itiickler.

ti. O.xyptilus parvidactyhis.

7. ,. distans. male.

7". ,. ,, t'eiiiale.

^^

yl\

^:^^^
^^^

7'\

5«

'i\\

PLA'I'K {'('{'('W

I'm. L ( >xy|>tilii> hieracii.
-• .. pilosfllii'.

^- V tPiK-rii. iiuilr.

''"■ .. .. I'emalf.

■^''- ■• .. larva, Mr. \V. liuckler.

I. Miiii:i'si(i|itiliis |)lm'odact_\ Ills, male.
4"- „ „ fell. ah'.

'^■'''- - „ larva. Mr. W. I'.uekler.

■J- .. Iiii)iiiictiilaet\ Ills.

'"■*■ •• •■ var. i)lan-i(„lai-t_vliis.

'"*"• " ., var. from f^aiicasliire.

•^*''- " >. larvii. Mr. \V. I'-nckler.

PLATE 415

.C.J&nj^dd-ctitK,

I. Reeve St C9 Lankan.

PLATE CCCCXVI.

J-'l(i, I. .Miiii;i'si(i])tiliis /.(i|)lii>(Iactylus.

2. ,. i)tero(lactylus (fusciisj.

'.]. (EdeiMat()])lii)nis lithoilactylus. male.

;}a. „ „ female.

:Vi. .. ., larva. Mr. W. Buckler.

k J'teropliorus innnoilactylus.
4rt. „ „ var.

."). l^eioptiliis lieuiijianus.

Tm. „ ., larva. Mr. W. Hnckler.

6. ,. tf-iiliradaetyliis.

6a. .. ,, larva, Mr. \V. Buckler.

PLATE 416

E.ClGu^M, (islet btK

Yir\cerA'Bvo6UsX>ay e^SonLi^hrsp

iReeve ScCo LcEi^dOTi..

PLATE CCCCXVII.

Fk;. 1. Ijeioptiltis osteodactylus, male.

1«.

i»

„ t'emale.

16.

n

larva, Mr. W. IJuckler.

2.

yt

microdactylus, male.

•2a.

»j

„ female.

2b.

))

„ var.

2c.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

..

brachydactylus, male.

3«.

,, female.

4. Trichoptilus paludum.

PLATE 417

if^^S^

ECKru^htdeletUtX

^fini:er±3rodl<sIlay& SorLLt^Iirg)

"L Hee\-p A-C ° Londnn.

PLATE CCCCXVIII.

Flci. 1. Aciptilus galactodactylus, male.

\a.

„ female.

n.

larva. Mr. W. Biicklei

2.

, spilodactylus, male.

2a.

, ,, female.

26.

var.

25.

,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

, baliodactylus, male.

3a.

, ,. female.

Sb.

■ >> var.

3c.

, ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 418

'^ -/. ' ^

I'K

E C TSri^ daLotlifh.

'AnccntBroQlcDay&.Sot\£l*-Bl5)

L t^eeve iC*?Lond£m.

PLATE CCCCXIX.

Fic. 1. Aciptilus tetradactylus, male,
la. ,, „ female.

16- „ „ var.

2. ,, pentadactylus, male.
2a. „ ,. female.

2&. „ ,. larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3. Orneodes polydactyla, male.
3a. ,, ,, female.
86. „ ,, var.

3c. ,, ,, small var. Scotland.

3rf. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PI ATE 418

/

..^

/ w

n

EC.Kni^Xt dd.etitK

VjyiosnfcBro olo,D ay &. Sanit^IrtB;

LRfiffvc ».C°Land{m.

PLATE CCCCXX.

Fig. 1. l^hycita spissicella, male.
la. ,, ,, fetnale.

16. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

Ir. ,, ,, Part head of male, showing thickened antenna.

2. Dioryctria fleciiriella, male.
2(1. ,, ,. female.

3. ,, splendidella, male.
3a. „ ,, female.

Sb. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4. ,, palumbella, male.
4a. ,, ,, female.

PLATE 420.

E-C-Km^hi. delet,lith

36

Vincent St'oo'^s Xlfcy- A Son. Ijt^-iraj

!■ "Reave &.C*LQnjdan.

PLATE GCCCXXI.

Via. 1. Nejiliopteryx tjeiiistella, male.
1". „ „ female.

II'. „ ,, larva, .Mr. \V. IJiicldcr.

2. „ similella.

3. 8alebria lio.stilis, male.
3a. ,, ,, female.

36. .. ,. larva, Mr. \V. I'.uckler.

4. ,. betnla^, male.
4a. ,, ,. female.

4&. „ „ larva, .Mr. W. Biiekler.

PLATE 4-Zl

E.C.Km^t del.eulilh.

%u!entBrt>ol<s,l)ny & Sonil.* Imp

LKeeve & C? London.

PLATK CCCCXXIl.

Fn,. 1. Salebvia fnsca, male.

1((.

female.

2.

')

formosa. male.

2tf.

„ female.

2ft.

))

., larva. .Mr

. \V.

Huekh-r

3.

..

ohdiicfeila.

3«.

var.

4.

»'

carnella. male.

4a.

»>

,, female.

4h.

i»

var.

4r.

) •

„ larva. .Mr

. \v.

r.uckler

^^

PLATE 422

!«

E C Kiug^ht deletlitK

"\5n.cejit'Brool(sX)ay&.SoTi,Lt*^In^

1. Reeve 3(.C?LoruloJv

pLxVrp] ccccxxiii

Fl(i. 1. I'enipelia ornntella, inalf.

ht.

,.

female.

2.

,.

dil

iitella.

male.

■2a.

,.

female.

2b.

7?

>•

vai-. adomatella. male. Surrey.

'It.

»7

female, Gloucestershire.

2d.

);

IT

var. snbornateila, male. Sonfli Wales,

2c.

rj

11

female ..

¥•

J)

,,

., Scotland.

2//.

»

,, Ireland.

2//.

1?

»)

larva, j\Ir. ^\'. Huckler.

PLATE 423

t?

^

z9

E.CKni^ delatlilli

\iki!enj Brool<E,Ba/&SarvXt^Irap

LiReoVB ScCLojidoa

PLA'I'K (:('(,'CXXIV.

"hi. 1. Episclini:; hanlcesiclla. male, Mr. N. M. Richarilson.
1". .. ,, tVnialc „ ,,

1^. „ ,, at rest, Afrs. Richardson.

Ic. .. „ larva

2. „ iarrrlla.

3. lly])oclinlcia alienella. male.
•3rt. .. ., female.
•3?>. .. ,. male, var.

1' Li'ucania l-allmiii.

5. Xylophasia zollikof'eri.

f'LATE 424

IWr

3^

E-CKhi^ del.ctlith.

'VincentBrooksX)Ky5tSoTxLt^'IiT>p

!■ ReovB SlC? London.

J. %•

ATKIN;
ONCASl

'/36.STRAt