' iW'l^, A'' -■♦*-^- *m LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS VOL. X. V 10 THE LE PI DOPTERA OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES INDIGENOUS TO GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, THEIR PREPARATORY STATES. HABITS. AND LOCALITIES CHARLES G. BARRETT, F.E.S. VOL. X. HETEROCERA PVRALIDINA— TORTRICIXA '. LONDON / LOVELL REeW AHJ^^p.', LIMITED ^PiiblistirrB to tfie Bomt, CToIoiilal,' ana' insiau Coumimriits 6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVEXT GARDEN, W.C. 1905 343s^a. APR 9-1952 LEPIDOPTEEA DiYisiox 2. HETEROCERA. Group 5. PYEALIDINA. Family 4. PHYCITID^. Genus 8. CATEREMNA. Antenna of the male simple, rather thick throughout, basal joint dilated ; palpi very slender, short, curved up ; tongue thickened with scales in front ; abdomen shining ; fore wings moderately broad, cell not narrow ; hind wings ample, but vein 5 absent ; legs short. We have but one species. 1. C. terebrella, Zimh. — Expanse f to 1 inch (18-25 mm.). Fore wings rather broad, very glossy, grey-black with a reddish tinge ; two transverse lines, a large central cloud, and a marginal line, white. Hind wings shining smoky-white or smoky-brown. Antennae of the male simple, the basal joint thickened, second rather bent, dark brown faintly ringed with white ; palpi slender, upturned, black-brown ; head pale grev ; thorax black-brown with a strong silvery sheen; abdomen mottled with grey and black-brown, the edges of the seg- VOL. .X. A 2 LEPinOPTERA. ments whiter. Fore wings rather broad ; costa strongly arched beyond the middle ; apex obtusely anguiated ; hind margin but slightly oblique, hardly rounded; dorsal margin very straight; shining black-brown with a reddish or pur- plish gloss, and much dusted with white ; first line oblique, broken in the middle, broadly white ; second line sinuous but erect, narrow and obscurely white, but more distinct at the costa ; just before it, toward the costa, is a large patch or cloud of white dusting, which encloses two perpendicu- larly placed black dots representing the discal spot ; often this white cloud is extended, and sometimes it reaches quite across the wing to the dorsal margin ; hind margin dusted with white, especially so toward the apex, and edged with black dots; cilia shining dark grey. Hind wings broad, rounded behind, very glossy, smokj'-grey or smoky-brown, the nervures darker ; cilia of the same colour but tipped with white. Female similar, but with thread-like antennae.- Underside of the fore wings shining dark smoke-colour, -^vith a white costal spot before the apex. Hind wings equally shining, slightly paler. Body dark brown. Variable in size, and also in the extent of whibe clouding and dusting. On the wing from the end of May till the beginning of August. Larva. — Head pale brown ; second segment with an un- divided plate, slightly palar, its anterior edge straight, the posterior convex ; on each side on the same segment is a small reniform chitinous spot ; remaining segments semi- transparent, greyish-white ; dorsal vessel dark grey ; anal plate pale brown ; raised dots also pale brown, chitinous, bearing a single hair. (Lord Walsingham.) Apparently feeding throughout the year — found in green cones which were already considerably distorted, in July nnd onward, and in the fallen cones in winter, becoming full fed in May or June— therefore in all probability nearly PHVCrriD.E—CRVPTOBLABES. 3 two years in the larva state ; in the cones of various species of spruce fir — I'uim ahic.s, Aides douglasii, and others ; eating the seeds, and ultimately the interior woody portions of the cones. Pupa very slender and small in proportion, light brown. In a slight cocoon within the large excavation made by the larva in a dwarfed and distorted spruce cone. When rearing this species I noticed that it had a curious habit of emerging duriiKj fhunderstonns, these being, as is well known, frequent in the Eastern Counties. Otherwise its habits are here but little known, it has, however, been taken flying among spruce firs. It was discovered in these islands by Lord Walsingham in the year 188G, at Merton, Norfolk, and its larva also discovered. Subsequently it was found to frequent spruces in woods in the north of Norfolk, and in this district it is still obtained, though sparingly ; so far as I know it has not yet been observed elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Possibly it may be a recent immigrant from the Continent ! It is widely distributed in Central Europe, Central Italy, and Northern and Western Eussia. Genus 'J. CRYPTOBLABES. Antennje simple, basal joint thickened in the male, and second rather bent ; palpi slender, elongated, curved up ; fore wings narrow, the cell, however, not very narrow ; hind wings also rather so, the cross-bar on the upper side ridged with longer scales ; vein o present. Legs short. We have but one species. L C. bistriga, Haiv. — Expanse I inch (lG-19 mm.). Fore wings narrow, purple-grey, more purple in the middle ; the two transverse lines are far apart, oppositely oblique, and broadly white. Hind wings shining smoky-grey. Antennas of the male simple, but the basal joint thickened 4 LEPIDOPTERA. aud the second slightly so, piirple-browu ; palpi slender, curled up close to the face, brown, with the front white •,. head and thorax leaden-brown ; abdomen leaden-grej'. Fore wings narrow, especially so at the base ; costa arched; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin rounded, oblique ; dorsal margin rather concave ; colour shining dark purple : lirst line oblique, white, and usually the preceding basal area is more or less tinged with white ; second line oblique in the opposite direction, slender, rippled, white ; before the hind margin is a faint line of white dusting ; cilia shining smoky-grey. Hind wings not broad ; flatly rounded behind ; shining smokj'-grey ; cilia of the same colour. Female similar, but with thread-like antennae. Underside very glossy ; fore wings smoky -grey with a faint purplish tinge toward the costa ; hind wings as on the upper side. Body dull brown. A very delicate-looking little species ! On the wing from the end of June till August. L.\i{\A nearly five-eighths of an inch in length, moderately slender and nearly cylindrical ; the segments well divided, aud subdivided by a transverse wrinkle on each ; spiracular region much puckered ; prolegs well developed, placed some- what under the body; head light brown; colour of the dorsal region also light brown, marbled with a rather deeper tint of brown ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal lines blackish- brown, followed by a line of the light brown colour; then by a broad strijie of blackish-brown ; and beneath this by a broad band of cream colour having a brown line running through the middle of it ; undersurface and legs drab, which deepens under the thoracic segments to blackish-brown ; spiracles light brown, indistinct ; raised dots black, each with a fine hair; an ocellated brown spot with a black centre and a long hair on either side of the third and twelfth segments. (W. Buckler — condensed.) September, on oak, beech, alder, birch, lime, and probably pnvcrrin.E—ACROBAsis. 5 •other deciduous trees; lading itself within a folded leaf, eating the substance between the veins into holes, and so skeletonising the leaf, after which it removes to another, usually drawing the upper surfaces to within a quarter of an inch of each other by means of lightly spun silken threads and webbing. Pui'A slender and of the ordinary shape ; the surface of the abdominal rings slightly punctated, though smooth at the divisions; the tip ending with two curly-topped spines; the spiracles minute but rather prominent and black ; remaining surface shining dark reddish-brown. In a brown cocoon on or in the ground. (W. Buckler.) The winter Ls passed in cocoon, but whether as larva or pupa is not clearly ascertained. The moth loves to hide in trees and in very tali bushes, sometimes in hedges, especially in dense bushes such as blackthorn. It is by no means commonly to be taken, yet is very widely distributed in woods and open-timbered country, being recorded from all the southern, eastern, and south- western counties of England to Worcestershire and Cheshire ; TOiuch more rarely from the Midlands, but apparently to be found in suitable spots throughout to Yorkshire and Cum- berland ; yet I find no record in Scotland or Ireland, and in Wales only my own in Pembrokeshire, where it was rare. Abroad it is generally distributed and common in Central Europe, and is found in Dalmatia and Russia. Genus lU. ACROBASIS. Antennae simple, but the second joint rather bent, and a large tuft of scales is at the inner side of the basal joint in the male ; palpi slender, up-curved ; fore wings elongated, not very narrow, discal cell somewhat trigonate ; hind wings ample, with the cell short and the cross-bar angulated ; legs moderately long. 6 LEPIDOl'TERA. We have four species, closely allied, and difficult of tabulation. K. Fore wings smooth and even. B. Fore wings purple-brown, base nearly white. A. conHOciella. B-. Fore wings rich red, base orange-red. A. tumidella. A". Fore wings with raised tufts at the first line. B'. Fore wings reddish-buff or creamy-red, broad behind. vl. ruhrotihiiila. W. Fore wings piirplish-grey, with black-brown clouding- narrow. A. vcrrwella, 1. A. consociella, Rah. — Expanse J to | inch (18-23 mm.) Fore wings elongate, not narrow, purple-brown with red or purple clouding ; basal region ashy-white or brownish- white, edged by a thick black first line. Hind wings glossy^ smoky-brown. Antenna3 of the male simple, basal joint tufted, second elbowed and a little swollen, dark brown ; palpi small but pointed aud turned up, brown ; head and thorax whitish- brown with a purple tinge ; abdomen grey -brown, the segments edged with ashy-white. Fore wings elongated, not very narrow ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin faintly rounded and very little oblique ; colour purple-brown dusted with ashy-white; first line nearly erect, black, placed somewhat in ci-escents, edged inwardly by a straight, rather oblique, white stripe or cloud, which shades off toward the base ; second line oblique, sinuous, and much indented, purplish-white edged on both sides with purple or purple-black ; discal spot represented by two almost perpendicularly placed black dots in a cloud of ashy-white dusting ; hind marginal area dusted with ashy-white, in which is a row of purple-black marginal dots ; cilia shining pale purple-grey. Hind wings ample, rounded behind ; shining smoky-brown ; cilia paler. Female similar, but with thread-like antennas. PHYC/TW.-E—ACROBAS/S. J Underside of the fore wings shining smoke colour, the costa having a yelloiver tinge, which is cut across by a. blackish line, and this last edged on the costa with pale yellow. Hind wings smoky-white. Body whitish-brown. Rather liable to local variation ; specimens of a very rich dark purple form have been obtained in Suffolk ; and ia South Wales I found a local race decidedly larger in expanse of wing, and of a richer, more crimson, or crimson- gre}' colour. This last bears a close resemblance to A.Soda- lella, Zell ; and at the time I was disposed to refer it to that form or species, but now am convinced to the contrary, and satisfied that it is only a local form of the species under con- sideration. On the wing from the end of June till August, and rarely in a partial second generation in October. Larva five-eighths of an inch long and rather slender ; head and dorsal plate pale brown with a black dot in the front of each lobe of the head ; ground colour greenish-grey ; dorsal and sub-dorsal stripes smok}--olive colour, the latter followed by a stripe apparently paler than the ground colour, with a smokj'-olive stripe below it, and on the lower edge of the latter the black spiracles ; segments and sub-dividing folds deeply cut. (W. Buckler.) September till June, on oak, drawing together the leaves, sometimes the surfaces of two together, sometimes forming a bunch with a good deal of silk in tubes and loose threads ; eating the substance of the leaves but leaving the skin, with its silken attachments. Occasionally it feeds up in the autumn and emerges as a second brood — but whether in this case a second larval generation is produced is uncertain — otherwise feeding \x\i in spring after hybernation among the leaves. PriPA light brown ; in a silken cocoon, covered with th& dry excrement, and affixed to one of the gnawed leaves. 8 LEPIDOPTERA. The moth hides during the day in oak bushes and the thickly leaved branches of oak trees, and may occasionally be beaten out, though in this case it commonly falls to the ground. It flies at dusk and far into the night ; will come to sugar placed on the trunks of oaks to attract Noctujo, or to a strong light, and is not an infrequent visitor to suburban gas lamps, where it sits quietly upon the glass. Formerly common in London suburbs, though now apparently absent ; usually confined to woods, but tolerably common throughout the Southern and Eastern counties of England, and occurring in the Western counties to Lancashire ; also fonnd locally in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland ; but, so far as I know, not in Scotland. In Wales it is not scarce in the few large woods in Pembrokeshire, and probably elsewhere ; and in Ireland is found in county Cork. Abroad it is common in Central Europe and some parts of Southern Europe, in Livonia, and the Caucasian regions. 2. A. tumidella, Zh. — Expanse f to \ inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings rather broadly elongate, the base rufous ; first line white, edged with deep black, and followed by rich red clouding, which also borders the second line. Hind wings dark smoky-brown. Antennas of the male thick, simple, but with tufted basal joint, and the second thickened and elbowed, pale brown, barred at the back with white ; palpi slender, pointed, curved- up, brown ; head bi-ownish-white or reddish-white ; thorax yellowish-red ; abdomen grej'-brown, the segments broadly edged with dull white. Eore wings elongated, rather broad; the costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind mar- gin nearly straight and a little oblique ; colour of the basal area rufous or orange-red to the first line ; the latter is very conspicuous, a double stripe of pure white inwardly, and then of intense black, rather oblique and very faintly curved ; from this black bar a large rich crimson-red cloud extends to the middle of the wing, shading off into a pale purplish-grey PH 1 -CITin.E—A CROBA SIS. y central transverse cloud, in which are two black discal dots ; second line rather inconspicuous, reddish-white, elbowed inwards near both costal and dorsal margins, broadly and rather smoothly bowed between, inwardly bordered by a smoky cloud, outwardly by a rich red stripe; beyond this the hind margin is shining smoky-grey, with a double black marginal line ; cilia smoky grey. Hind wings ample, rounded behind, shining smoky-brown with the nervures darker ; cilia a little paler and very glossy. Female similar, with threadlike antennas. Underside of the fore wings shining dark smoke-colour ; costa dull yellow with a black sf)ot beyond the middle. Hind wings pale smoke-colour. Body glistening whitish- brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva spindle-shaped, naked, purple, with numerous dotted white longitudinal lines, and a broad, light brown, white- marbled spiracular stripe ; head and dorsal plate glossy nut- brown, marbled with black. (Zincken.) May and June on oak ; feeding in a drawn-together mass of leaves at the end of a branch, living in a tubular web, joining the leaves roughly together, and gnawing their surfaces. Pupa apparently undescribed. Zincken says that it pupates in the earth. The moth hides during the day among the densely growing masses of leaves on large oak bushes and the branches of oak trees, and may be dislodged by the beating-stick, and captured if the day is warm enough to induce it to fly. At night it is strongly attracted by gas lamps, and will also come to the sugar prepared for Nodum, yet is very restless and apt to 'Aj ofl'. Its brilliant and beautiful colouring has a rich appearance under the lantern light, and its hasty dis- appearance is by no means gratifying to the unfortunate 10 LEI'inOPTERA. collector. Almost confined to woods and districts in which oak is plentiful and luxuriant ; very common in those of Kent, Surrey, and the New Forest, Hants ; in abundance on the borders of Oxfordshire ; also fairly common in Sussex, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, Hertfordshire, the Eastern Counties, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Wor- cestershire, and rare in Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Durham. In Wales it has been taken in Flintshire and Pembrokeshire ; but I find no record for Scotland or Ireland. Abroad it is common in Central Europe, Southern France, Northern Spain, and Livonia. 3. A. verrucella, Huh. — Expanse over | inch (20 mm.). Fore wings narrow, purple-grey ; basal space whitish-buff with a basal red dot ; outside the black first line are two small tufts of red raised scales. Hind wings, smoky golden- brown. Antenna; of the male simple, the basal joint having a small pointed tuft, the second curved and thickened, red- brown ; palpi slender, ascending, of the same colour, but in- wardly paler; head reddish-white; collar purple-red with a dull white edging ; thorax and abdomen purple-brown, the latter glistening and having a paler edging to each segment. Fore wings elongate, not wide, and hardly broader behind ; costa nearly straight; apex bluntly angulated; hind margin gently I'ounded ; colour pale purple-grey, dusted with brown and black ; at the extreme base is a rich red dot above the median nervure ; remainder of the basal space very pale buff, shading into white at the first line ; this is thick, black, nearly erect and straight ; immediately outside it is a faint rufous cloud in which are two obscure tufts of red upraised scales ; the black scales of the first line itself also are rather uptilted and rough ; outside this is a large purplish-brown cloud, followed by the two discal black dots, roughly formed ; second line oblique and obscure, bent inward at a short distance from both costal and dorsal margins, but the inter- FH 1 -CITIDAi-A CRO BASIS. 1 1 mediate portion bowed well outward, and upon this bow three times toothed, these teeth being- most distinct on an interior edging of cloudy black ; hind margin smoky purplish-grey, with r faint row of black dots closely followed by a similar marginal line; cilia glossy, concolorous. Hind wings moderately ample, rounded behind, shining smoky-brown, the cilia rather whiter and brilliantly glossy. Female similar, but the antennre quite simple. Underside of the fore wings golden smoky-brown ; a large rufous patch at the apex is divided by a black line ; hind wings very similar, both edged by a dark brown marginal line. Body and legs pale golden-brown. On the wing in July and the beginning of August. Larva and pupa not certainly known. The moth frequents old oak trees, flying about them at dusk, and coming to sugar on their trunks later at night, but is- very little known here, and indeed seems hardly to be recog- nised anywhere. The remarks of the late M. E. L. Kagonot, in the twenty-second volume of the Entoviologisf's Monthhj Magazine, upon the species of this group, though evidently worked out with great care, do not altogether make the dis- tinction clear, and he does not appear to have at all recognised the present species, which, as it seems to me, is clearly Hiibner's insect. It was discovered in this country in the year 18.5« by my late colleague, Mr. Robert McLachlan— who fully condoned his subsequent desertion of the Lepic/opkra, by world-wide work among the Xeumptcm and Trichoptcra—B.hout oak trees in the immediate neighbourhood of Forest Hill, in the out- skirts of London, and close upon the boundary of the counties of Kent and Surrey. Here he took specimens in some numbers in different years, and to him I am indebted for those lent for use in this work. Subsequently others were obtained by the late Mr. Howard Vaughan, but I do not find 12 LEPinOPTERA. certain evidence of tlie occurreuce of the species in any other part of the British Isles, and although it certainly exists iu Central Europe, the records are too much confused with those of the allied species to furnish accurate information. 4. A. rubrotibiella, /'. II. — Exjianse | inch (21-23 mm.). I'ore wings rather broadly squared behind, shining, pale red or reddish-buff; first line white and red or red- black, with raised scales. Antenna? of the male simple, basal joint thickened and tufted, second thickened and twisted, pale brown, barred with yellowish-white ; palpi slender, closely curved up, pale brown or brownish-white ; face brownish-white ; head pale yellow-brown ; thorax more purple-brown ; abdomen yellow- ish-brown. Fore wings elongated, but broad and dilated behind ; costa almost straight ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin perpendicular and very straight, so as to form a widely squared anal angle; the base pale reddish -bn£F with deeper red clouding at the costa ; first line rather far from the base, oblique, straight, white, with an outer edging of rich red or red-black, of which the scales are roughened and uplifted ; discal dots as in the other species, but very obscurely black ; second line faint, wavy, very erect, reddish-white, edged inside by a faint smoky cloud ; outside by a smoky- chocolate cloud toward the apex ; hinder area clouded with pale ochreous ; cilia shining purplish-grey. Hind wings large, rounded behind ; glossy, pale smoky-brown with the nervures darker, edged behind with a double darker line, enclosing a pale yellow line ; cilia brownish white, very glossy. Female similar, with quite simple antennte. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown ; the apical region and costa pale orange-purple. Hind wings smoky-white with a purple tinge over the front area. Body yellow-brown ; legs shining yellowish-white, more reddish in front. On the wing at the end of .July and beginning of August. PHYCITIDA-l—RHODOPH.KA. 13 I tliinif that we have uo definite knowledge of the larva or pupa. Sorhageu says that the larva feeds along with that of A. roiuiocidla, in a silken tube on oak leaves ; and similar statements are made by others ; but it is not clear that this species was intended. Certainly more full information is desirable. An excessively rare species here ; nearly all the references belonging to the previous. I have a specimen in fine con- dition, which was taken in a salt-marsh near Portsmouth, Hants, many years ago, by Mr. Henry MoncreafF, and which agrees most accurately with German specimens ; two more were taken in Suffolk by Dr. Wheeler, but these I have not seen recently, and am not absolutely certain that they repre- sent the present species. This is the extent of the present knowledge of the species in these Islands— further observa- tions are most desirable ! Abroad it is a well known and widely distributed species, in Central and Southern Europe. Genus 1 ] . RHODOPHiEA. Antenna} of the male simple, without basal thickening or tuft, but bent back ; palpi small, very slender, up-curved, the maxillary filiform but hardly perceptible ; fore wings elon- gated, moderately broad, the cell rather narrow from arching of the median nervure ; hind wings ample, the cell small and pointed ; veins 7 and 8 coalescing. We have three species, rather similar. A. First line of fore wings perpendicular, white. R. marmorea. A'. First line rather oblique, branched, enclosing a red dorsal triangle. e. advcnella. A?. First line more oblique, single, the wing clouded with silvery grey. ^. mavella. 1. R. advenella, Z^.— Expanse f to | inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings elongated but rather broad, shining 14 l.EPIDOPTERA. purple-grey, shaded with purple-brown; firstlinebranched, dull white, enclosing a dorsal red triangular patch ; second line faint, sinuous, in a red cloud. Hind wings pale smoky-brown. Antenuie of the male simple, bent back at the base, but not noticeably thickened, yellow-brown ; palpi very slender, curved up. pointed, black-brown ; head and collar rust-red ; thorax glistening purple-grey ; abdomen blackish-grey with a faint yellowish edging to each segment. Fore wings elongated, not narrosv ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin curved, and slightly oblique ; colour purple-brown, much dusted in the middle area with ashy-white ; basal area purplish-grey ; first line apparently branched just below the costa into two white lines which ■enclose a bright purple-red spot, in the form of an isosceles triangle, resting on the dorf;al margin ; outside this a broad •cloud of pearly-grey or bluish-white proceeds obliquely to the costa and encloses two faint black discal dots ; second line oblique, sinuous, silvery-grey, running through a large purple-brown cloud, which at the hind margin shades off to silvery-grey ; cilia extremely glossy, grey, with a black basal line. Hind wings rather broad and short, flatly rounded behind, shining pale smoky-brown ; the nervures blacker, and ciiia a little paler. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining leaden black ; hind wings of the same colour or a little paler. Body as on the upper side, but the anal tuft ochreous. A little variable in the depth of colour and I'ichness of the markings, and in rare instances having the silvei^-grey shading obliterated by rich purple-red colouring. I have such an example from .South Wales. On the wing in July and August. L.\KVA cylindrical, moderately stout, light pea-green with bright purplish-pink .subdorsal stripes ; head pale brown ; eyes darker ; dorsal and anal plates green, the purple-pink stripes continued upon the dorsal plate. PHYCITID.-E—RHODOPH.^A. 15 May and June, on the flowers of hawthorn and mountain- ash ; residing in a sliglit open web or open series of threads of silk among the slender flower-stalks. PrPA chestnut-brown ; in a tough cocoon attached to a dead leaf or other object, on or in the earth. In this con- dition about one mouth. The moth hides during the day in hawthorn bushes, and if beaten out usually drops to the ground ; at dusk it flies along the hedges of the same tree, and comes readily to the light of a gas lamp ; also is partial to the taste of sugar smeared on tree trunks to attract XoducK. Except where the hawthorn is so cut back as not to be allowed to bloom, this species seems to be found throughout the South of England, and rather more commonly in the Eastern Coun- ties ; also in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and rarely in Staffordshire ; very locally in Yorkshire and even in South Durham ; but apparently is absent from many of the Mid- land and Northern Counties. In Wales Major Robertson has found it in Glamorganshire, and it also occurs in Pem- brokeshire. In Scotland my only record is in Kirkcud- bright ; and it does not appear to have been found in Ireland. Abroad its range is through Central Europe, Italy, Dalmatia, Livonia, Finland, Norway, Southern Russia, and Asia Minor. R. marmorea, Hav ; epelydella, ZclL, fitavil. Ccd. — Expanse finch (16-19 mm.). — Fore wings rather broad, rich purple-red ; first line erect, white ; in the middle is a paler cloud from the costa. Hind wings smoky-brown. Antennas of the male simple, the basal joint elbowed, and the second slightly twisted, pale brown ; palpi curved up, slender, red-brown ; head and thorax purple-red ; abdomen pale brown, each segment faintly edged with white. Fore wings rather shoi-t, broad behind ; costa arched beyond the middle ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin very gently If' LEPIDOPTERA. curved ; colour rich purple-red, dusted with white ; basal area very full, purple-red to the first line, which is erect, straight, white, but hardly attains the costa ; second line not very oblique, meandering and indented, greyish-white, clouded above the middle with red, and lying in an area of the richest, purple-red ; space between these two lines shaded with black, and broadly dusted and clouded with ashy-white, in which is placed the discal spot in the form of a faint black crescent, or of two separate obscure black dots; hind mar- ginal region grey-brown with white dusting ; cilia shining grey. Hind wings ample, rounded behind, smoky-brown ; cilia concolorous. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining smoke colour ; a slender pale line before the apex is yellow at the costa. Hind wings shining, pale smoke colour. Body pale brown. On the wing from June till August. LiiiVA moderately slender ; head rounded, rather less than the second segment, shining, dingy rusty-red, with a black crescent on each lobe ; dorsal plate of the same colour but blotched with black; general colour, dull dark chocolate- brown ; raised dots very small, shining, each bearing a single hair ; on each side of the third and twelfth segments is an ocellated spot of a flesh colour with a minute black centre, also bearing a hair ; spiracles small, cii'cular, flesh colour ; legs marked with black ; prolegs flesh colour with dark brown hooks. (W. Buckler — condensed.) April to the beginning of June, on blackthorn {Frunus spiiiosa), preferring the more stunted bushes, inhabiting a tubular web on the topmost twigs, where it draws together the leaves and feeds thereon, being also rather disposed to shelter itself in any small tufts of wool left on the twig by a nibbling sheep. I'l'PA moderately stout, deep reddish-brown ; the abdomen terminating in a knob, furnished with three extremely minute, curved-tipped bristles. In a cocoon of brownish- PHYC1TIDA£—RH0D0PH^A. 17 grey silk, attached to the end of the web iu which the larva had lived, and to the stem and leaves of its food, the outside covered with leaf-gnawinofs and frass. (W. Buckler.) The moth hides in thick bushes of blackthorn (sloe), either in hedges or on open rough ground, and may some- times be obtained by beating these bushes late in the day. At dusk it flies freely about them, and after dark will come to a light, sometimes to a roadside gas-lamp. Usually not a very common species and rather local, but found in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants — especially in the New Forest — Dorset, Devon, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Herts, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and also in North Lan- cashii'e and Westmoreland. In Wales, I found it in Pembrokeshire, and it has been met with by Mr. Porritt at Great Orme's Head in Carnarvonshire ; but it does not seem to have been noticed in Scotland or Ireland. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, except Holland ; also in Central Italy and Dalmatia. 3. R. suavella, Zk. — Expanse \ to \ inch (18-23 mm.) — Fore wings broadly elongate ; purple-brown, with large ashy-grey shades from the costa ; first line very oblique, edged by a black triangular cloud on the costa. Hind wings glossy, pale smoky-brown. AntenniB of the male simple, the second joint rather twiisted, black-brown, faintly barred at the back with white ; palpi slender, curved up, pale chocolate ; head greyish-drab ; thorax puq:)le-brown ; abdomen glistening grey-brown with a whitish edging to each segment. Fore wings elongated but rather broad and blunt ; costa very flatly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently rounded, hardlj^ oblique ; very shining, purplish-grey, dusted with white and brown ; basal area pale purple-red, dusted toward the costa with white; first line decidedly oblique, rather far from the base, white, edged outwardly by a large brown and grey- VOL. .\. B ,8 LEPIDOPTERA. brown cloud with a purple gloss, which occupies most part of the middle area of the wing ; discal spot represented by two obscure black dots placed in a large cloud of white atoms from the costa ; second line sinuous, white, edged on both sides with purple or toward the costa with purple-black, and this last colour forms a costal cloud reaching to the apex ; hind marginal area grey, dusted with purple and edged with black streaks ; cilia shining grey. Hind wings mode- rately ample ; the hind margin rather flatly rounded ; shining smoky-white, margined behind by a double dark line; cilia smoky-white. Female similar, the antenna? thread-like. Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoke colour, with a tiny oblique yellowish streak on the costa before the apex. Hind wings smoky-white, edged by a brown line. Body as on the upper side. On the wing in July and August. Larva cylindrical, slender; head rounded and its surface roughened, dark brown, base of the papilla) and a transverse stre'ak above the mouth brownish-grey, the surface glisten- ing ; dorsal and anal plates both black and shining ; body deep chocolate-brown— when younger more olive-brown— the skin smooth, but without gloss ; legs spotted with black ; proleg3 semitransparent ; the four ocellated spots brownish- grey with a black centre ; spiracles round, of the ground colour; ventral prolegs placed much beneath the body. (W. Buckler — condensed.) April to Juj^e on blackthorn (sloe), especially frequenting the small bushes growing on open downs and sheep-walks, which it sometimes denudes of leaves ; apparently welcoming the tufts of wool left by sheep, as a means of concealment, yet spinning together the leaves, and carrying the silken tubes down the sprays to the main stem, and even to the ground, carefully fixing pellets of excrement on the out- side of the galleries. Occasionally also on hawthorn bushes on chalk hills, twisting its silken gallery for several PHYCiriD.ii—MyELOIS. 19 inches round a twig, and working down in the same manner. Pupa moderately plump ; the wing cases long ; the abdomen bluntlj' tipped, and terminating with seven minute bristles curled at their extremities ; deep mahogany brown and very glossy ; the abdominal divisions darker brown. In a cocoon of grey silk among the twigs of its food-plant. (W. Buckler.) Or frequently in the earth. The moth is rather secret in its habits and is rarely seen in the daytime. Doubtless it hides among blackthorn, and at night it flies strongly, and will visit gas-lamps at a con- siderable distance. The great majority of specimens in our collections are, however, reared — the larvas being somewhat readily traced by the webbing of silk which they spin down the stems of their favourite stunted sloe or hawthorn bushes. Decidedly a local and even rather uncommon species here, but frequent in the New Forest and Isle of Wight ; also found in Kent, Surrey, Dorset, Cornwall, Somerset, Berks, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Herts, Gloucestershire, and Hereford- shire. So far as is known this is the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is found in many parts of Central and Southern Europe ; and in Armenia, and Asia Minor. Genus 12. MYELOIS. Antennas simple, hardly thickened, but bent back near the base ; palpi slender and curved up ; tongue broadly thickened with scales in front ; thorax and abdomen rather stout, the latter pointed behind ; fore wings elongate, broad behind, cell long and narrow ; hind wings ample with long ■tufts from the base ; vein 5 absent. We have three species — very diverse : A. Fore wings snow-white with black dots. M. cribrdla. A-. Fore wings shining straw-colour. M. cirrigcrella. A^. Fore wings slate gre}\ M. ccratoniw. 20 LEPinOPTERA. 1. M. cribrella, Z/it^. ; cribrum, !HERA . 29. segment as far as the transverse wrinkle ; raised dots and their hairs very minute ; ocellated spot, on each side of the third and twelfth segments, ringed with chestnut-brown, and having a flesh-coloured centre with a longer hair j spiracles small and round, ringed with brown ; legs shining chestnut-brown. (W. Buckler — condensed.) May to July — but the full period of feeding appears to be unknown — on ash (Fraxinus ejrclsior), feeding on the inner bark of the trunk, where it is healthy and growing, and not in decayed bark. Pl'PA rather slender, the abdomen tapering off gradually to a rounded tip without any projections ; colour glossy light reddish-brown or brownish-ochreous on the wing- covers; darker on the thorax iind abdomen. In a semi- transparent cocoon of white silk in a chamber of the ash- bark among the frass of the mine. This moth emerges from pupa about (3 or 7 r.ii., and raay then be found sitting upon the bark of ash trunks. At dusk it flies about the trees, and most likely takes refuge in the branches and upper parts, since it is not often to be found on the trunks in the day time. At night it will come occasionally to the sugar used to attract Noctncr ; and is even more readilj^ attracted by a strong light, such as a gas-lamp. In London it was formerly plentiful around the Zoological Gardens, in the Regent's Park ; and may still be found in the various parks, and also in the suburbs. Probably often overlooked, but known to occur in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herts, Cambridgeshire^ Norfolk, Suffolk, Herefordshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire. Abroad it seems to be scarce, but is found in some parts of Central Europe, Southern France, Sicily, and Denmark. 2. E. cinerosella, Zcll. ; artemesiella, Stn. Manual. — Expanse f to 1 inch (18-24 mm.). Fore wings elongated. 30 LEPJDOPTERA. not very narrow, shiainj^ brownish-drab, the two lines brown, undulating, placed far back, clouded with pale red. liiud wings smoky whitish-brown. Antenna3 of the male thickened and bent at the base, simple, brown ; palpi slender, pointed, upturned, pale brown; head, thorax, and abdomen reddish-drab. Fore ■wings elongated, rather broad behind ; costa gently arched ; apex and hind margin rather evenly rounded ; colour pale brownish-buff; costa from the base to the first line yellowish- white ; immediately beneath this a dull red-brown shade from the middle of the first passes to the second line ; first line rather far from the base, oblique outwarcU from the dorsal mai'gin, rather angulated, pale bluff, edged outwardly with a dusting of blackish-browa , second line pale buff, deeply waved and angulated, enclosed between shades of black-brown dusting ; discal spot a faint black dot or pair of the same; from the second line a reddish-brown shade passes to the apex ; extreme hind margin edged with black dots; cilia pale grey-brown. Hind wings ample, flatly rounded behind, pale smoky-brown or smoky-white ; cilia paler. Female similar, rather stouter, often altogether larger. Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-buff; hind wings smoky-white. Body and legs brown. On the wing from June till August. Lakva half an inch long, plump, fat-looking, cylindrical ; head small, shining dark brownish-red with the mouth blacker; dorsal plate brownish-red in front, dark brown at the back, divided by the dorsal line ; body pale greyish Hesh-colour, nearly white ; with the slightest pale greyish- brown dorsal line ; sides dimpled and the spiracular region a little inflated; the ocellated spot on the sides of the third and twelfth segment ringed with pale greyish-brown ; raised dots minute, grey-brown, each with a similar hair ; legs grey-brown ; prolegs tipped with dark ))rown hoops. (W. Buckler — condensed.) PHYCITID.^—G YMNANCVLA. August or September till May ; on wormwood (Artemisia ahsynthium), also sometimes on A. campcstris and A. viari- tima ; feeding in the old tough root-stocks, burrowing under the bark and piercing the solid stems with passages, when approaching full growth eating into the pith of old stems. Very much infested with parasitic Ii-hiirumons,hy which the vast majority are destroyed. Pita slender, abdomen tapering but little, wing covers long, smooth ; eye and antenna cases distinctly raised and prominent, smooth and shining; anal segment blunt, furnished with several lateral points, but the cremaster hardly protruded, and armed with most minute bristles. In a cocoon of white silk in the larval burrow, which has been extended into the middle of an old stem. The moth doubtless hides among wormwood in the day- time, but is rarely or never seen at that time, and certainly does not respond to the beating-stick, except perhaps bj' falling to the gi'ound. It flies at late dusk and will come at night to a strong light ; but almost all the specimens in collections have been reared from the larva or pupa state. Probably overlooked in some districts, but known to occur in the Isle of Wight, and in Devon, Dorset, Norfolk, Cambridge- shire, Gloucestershire, and even Derbyshire ; and in South Wales in Pembrokeshire ; but so far as is yet known, not elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Abroad it is found in Moravia, and other parts of Germany, Dalmatia, and Russia. Genus 15. GYMNANCYLA. AntenniB simple, in the male the basal joint barrel- shaped, thickened and strongly bent ; palpi blunt, rather short but porrected, provided at the base with a tuft of erectible hairs ; fore wings elongated, rather dilated behind ; hind wings ample, vein 5 absent. We have only a single species. 32 LEPIDOPTERA. 1. G. canella, Huh. — ^Expanse | to 1 inch f21-2.j niin.^. Fore wings whitish-drab or pale yellow-drab, dusted with black and shaded with red ; three dark dots indicate the first line and two black ones the discal spot. Hind wings brownish-white. Antennas of the male simple, but the basal joint thickened and elongated, bent and a little thickened beyond, pale brown ; palpi large and bi-oad, rather porrected, and having at the base expansive tufts of hairs, pale drab; head and thorax both rather broad, yellow-drab ; abdomen a little thickened, pale yellow-brown. Fore wings elongated, blunt ; costa faintly hollowed in the middle, arched toward the apex, which is very bluntly angulated ; hind margin slightly rounded but hardly oblique ; colour whitish-drab or reddish- drab, faintly dusted with black ; along the costa is usually a broad stripe of white dusting, narrowed off at the base and apex ; first line oblique, but onij- indicated by two, or some- times three, black or brown dots upon nervures ; second line very oblique, undulating but not indented, whitish drab edged with pale salmon colour; discal spot indicated by two small black dots in the white or drab area ; hind margin faintly dotted with black; cilia greyish-white. Hind wings not very ample, the hind margin but little rounded ; shining smoky-white ; cilia yellowish-white. Female similar but stouter ; the anteunaj threadlike ; the hind wings faintly shaded with brown. Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-drab ; hind wings shining white. Body and legs pale yellow- brown. On the wing from June till August or September. ]j.\RV.A cylindrical ; head slightly narrower than the second segment, highly polished, grey, more or less marked with intense black ; dorsal area of the body varying from pale pea-green to dark green — and some of the darker larva? having the cheeks, and part of the face, perfectly black ;. PHYCiriD.E—GYMNANCyLA. 35 dorsal stripe clearly defined, either of a shade of green^ darker than the ground colour, or else purplish-brown [ subdorsal lines faintly grey; raised dots minute, black- ocellated spots large, white, encircled with black ; spiracles minute, brown ; ventral surface uniformly of a paler shade of the ground colour. (G. T. Porritt.) August, September, and sometimes October, on Bahola kali (saltwort), feeding on the shoots and seeds, under a silken web ; but when young burrowing into the shoots, and giving their tips a withered appearance. Abroad said to feed also on Salicomia hcrhacea and Atnpla: hortensis. Pupa about two-fifths of an inch long, evenly rounded broadest at the thorax, and tapering gradually to the anal point ; the whole surface semi-translucent and polished, and all the parts well defined ; eye, leg, and wing cases bright green ; thorax and abdominal segments yellow ; abdominal divisions brown ; and a distinct green "line, which shows through the translucent covering, extends through the dorsal area. (G. T. Porritt.) In an ovate cocoon of silk mixed with grains of sand, lying loose in the sand tlirough the winter, and indeed for ten months of the year. The moth is not often captured, its colour and faint markings render it so accurately like the sea-sand, prostrate on which its usual food-plant grows, that a keen eye is required to distinguish it ; but the larva is not hard to find, or to rear, and most of our cabinet examples are obtained in' this manner. So far as this country is concerned it seems t& be restricted to the sea-side, and there to the loose sands a little above high-water mark ; and to be found only in the Southern and Eastern Counties ; but it must surely be, in some suitable localities, overlooked. Common in Hayl'ing Island and other parts of the coast of Hants, and found in similar situations in Kent, Sussex, Dorset, Essex, and Suffolk, but so far as can be ascertained not known elsewhere in these VOL. X. p 34 LEPIDOPTERA. Islands. Abroad it is known to occur in some parts of Central Europe, and in Southern Russia. Genus 16. HETEROGRAPHIS. Antenna; simple, thickened toward the base in the male, and tapering off; palpi ascending, straight and pointed ; fore wings elongated, narrow, but the cell moderately broad ; hind wings not very broad, but the space between veins 1 and 2 very wide, and the median fringed on the upper surface with long hair scales. We have only one species. 1. H. oblitella, Zt//.— Expanse \ to \ inch (15-18 mm.). Fore wings narrow, whitish-drab, with, near the base, a broad faint yellow-grey transverse band ; the two lines white, edged with black dots ; discal dot usually single, black. Hind wings smoky-white. Antennje of the male simple, a little thickened at the base and then curved, black-brown, barred with white ; palpi rather long, erect, the second joint conspicuous, white, more brownish outside ; head and thorax pale grej'ish drab ; abdomen silky grey-white. Fore wings very narrow, the costa most flatly arched, more rounded toward the apex, which is bluntly angulated ; hind margin very faintly curved, and hardly oblique ; colour brownish-white, much dusted with grey ; first line obscure and irregular, white, partially edged on both sides with black dusting and dots, which are rather roughly scaled ; before this is a parallel broad faint yellow- grey band, dusted on the nervures with darker grey ; second line white, very little oblique, and rather direct, but in- dented on the inner side, and in some degree on the outer b}' cloudy black dots and shades ; discal spot a faint blackish dot or pair of dots ; hind mai-gin edged with faint black dots ; cilia cloudy white. Hind wings not very broad ; hind PHVCITID.'E—AI.ISPA. 35 margin Hatly curved ; shining smoky-white ; cilia white. Female ven' similar. Undersides of all the wings shining smoky white ; body and legs yellowish white. M. Ragonot says that it is very variable, generally pale grey ; but sometimes so suffused with fuscous scales — the female especially — that the wings become quite of a uniform blackish-brown colour. On the wing from June till August. Larva and Pupa unknown. One of our rarest species — yet so obscure in its appearance and its habits, that it may yet become well known to us. The first recorded was taken on the coast of the Isle of Wight in the year 1876 b}^ Mr. J. B. Blackburn; more recently Mr. W. Warren has placed on record the capture of another, in the Isle of Wight, about the year 1874-5. This specimen he found resting upon a blossom of Inula dysci- ■terica. If I understand Mr. Warren correctly he has since taken a second specimen in the same locality. Beyond these captures we have no knowledge of the existence of the species in these Islands. Abroad its range is very wide, through Southern Europe, South and West Germany, Hungary and Lower Austria ; also through Western Asia, Northern Africa, Madeira, and many parts of North America. Genus 17. ALISPA. Antennas simple, the basal joint in the male elongated and thickened, the second joint forming a knob, and bent acutely away, the thickening still continued beyond ; palpi very small and slender, flattened at the sides, ascending ; fore wings very narrow, tufted with raised scales ; hind wings not very ample, the hinder nervures distinct. We have only one species. 36 LEPIDOPTERA. 1. A. Angustella, //»/'. — Expanse \ inch (17-20 mm.). Fore ^vings very narrow, glossy brownish-drab with an erect black blotch of raised scales before the first line, and a series of black streaks and angles beyond. Hind wings white. Antenna? of the male thick at the base, the second joint also thickened and then bent into a curve, simple, brown ; palpi rather long, projecting and then bent up, light brown ; head and thorax pale brown or grey -brown ; abdomen pale purplish-brown. Fore wings elongated, narrow, the costa nearly straight ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin faintly curved ; pale brownish-drab ; with numerous short scattered thin black streaks, mostlj- along nervures ; at a short distance from the base a perpendicular bar of uptilted black scales reaches from the dorsal margin nearly to the costal ; this is preceded by a very fine erect black line, and followed bj' the usual first line, double, waved, indented, and composed of black atoms ; second line hardly perceptible^ yet indicated by an arrangement of the dark streaks already mentioned ; hind margin faintly dotted with black ; cilia gi'ey-brown. Hind wings moderately ample, rounded behind,^ white, tinged toward the hind margin with smoky-brown ; cilia white. Female similar, with threadlike antennae. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, shining ; hind wings also shining, white, with a brown front margin. Body pale brown. Not variable, but when freshly emerged the fore wings have a delicate tint of pink, which soon fades after death, or flight. On the wing from May till July, and specimens of a very partial second generation have been reared in September and October. Larva half an inch long, and of moderate proportionate bulk ; head highly polished, a little narrower than the second segment, brown with darker brown markings ; body cylin- drical, the skin soft, dull dingy green ; a dark green PHVCITID.E—ALISPA. 27 pulsating vessel forms the dorsal stripe ; ou each side and upon each segment, between the dorsal stripe and the spiracular region, is a large rust-coloured max'k — in some specimens a double mark, it being divided transversely in the middle — there is also a less conspicuous series of rust- coloured marks in the spiracular region ; dorsal plate polished, of the ground colour, with a smoky mark divided by the dorsal stripe, in the middle, behind ; on each side of this plate is a rather large, intensely black spot ; anal plate darker than the ground colour; spiracles minute, black; ventral surface pale green. (G. T. Porritt.) August to October, in the berries of spindle (Hi'Ojn/nivs niropiii>i), hollowing them completely out, moving when necessary to a fresh berry, sometimes uniting two or more together, leaving a small round hole through which the frass is extruded. Pupa apparently undescribed ; in a strong papery silken cocoon in the earth or in rotten wood. Usuallj' the larva remains unchanged through the winter in this cocoon, and assumes the pupa state in the spring or early summer ; but in hot seasons some individuals pnpate at once, and produce the partial second generation. This moth is said to hide among its food-plant, and very rarely to be captured in the day, but I have no personal knowledge of it. In 1875 the late Mr. W. Machin recorded it near Hampstead sitting on the trunks of chestnut-trees. It doubtless flies at night, but even this seems scarcely to have been observed. Almost all the specimens in our collec- tions have been reared from gathered berries. Exceedingly local and uncertain, but it has been found — sometimes in plenty, in the larva state — in Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, Herts, and recently by Mrs. Bazett in Oxfordshire ; and is recorded also in Devon, Gloucestershire and Hereford- shire. This apparently is the extent of its range in these 38 LEl'IDOPTERA. Islands. Abroad it is tolerably common in Central Europe and in Dalmatia. Genus 18. HOM^OSOMA. Antennffi simple, bent at the second joint ; palpi short, slender, ascending ; fore wings elongated, narrow, thinly scaled, the cell long and narrow ; hind wings ample, but veins h and 8 absent, or not separate from others, the cross- bar direct. We have five species, rather closely allied — four of them so closely that size and shape are more reliable factors for dis- tinguishing them than markings. A. Fore wings yellow-brown with transverse darker bars. H. siniirlla. A*. Fore wings greyish-white with white costa and dotted markings. B. Expanse of wings upwards of three-fourths of an inch, C. Costal white stripe narrow ; dotted lines nearly parallel. H. nebulrUa. C'-. Costal white stripe broad; dotted lines oppositely oblique. H. hincBvella. B-. Expanse under three-fourths of an inch. D. Fore wings broad. H. crdncclla. D-. Fore wings narrow. H. nimhclla, 1. H. sinuella, Fah. — Expanse J to | iach. (18-23 mm.). Fore wings yellow-brown or reddish-drab with two or three transverse red or black bands. Hind wings dark smoky- brown. Antennaj of the male simple but ciliated and thickened, bent back sharply at the first joint, pale brown ; paipi long, pointed, and curved upwards, reddish-brown ; a projecting pointed tuft on the face, light chestnut ; top of head, thorax, and abdomen reddish-drab. Fore wings very narrow, costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique. PHVCITID^—HOM^USOMA. 3> straight but short ; anal angle distinct ; colour yellow-brown or reddish-drab, more tinged with red along the costa ; first line erect, rather thick, indented or even faintly angulated, red, red-black, or brown-black, blacker on the nervures ; second line of the same colour, thick and cloudy, more oblique, broadened into a band as it approaches the costa, and obscuring an elongated black or red discal dot ; along the hind margin is a cloudy red or red-black stripe, which, however, is often very faint ; cilia yellow-drab. Hind wings long, pointed at the apex, flatly rounded behind, shining dark smoky-brown ; cilia rather long, white, with a smoky- black basal line. Female a little larger, stouter, the anteunm threadlike, otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings glossy dark smoky-brown ; dorsal margin whiter, cilia paler. Hind wings shining dark smoke-colour. Body and legs yellow-brown. Constantly varying in the depth of the ground colour, as already indicated, from yellow drab to red-brown or dark olive-brown, and in that of the transverse stripes, from red to black ; much more rarely an extension of black colour takes jjlace from the transverse stripes, one specimen in my own collection having the basal area to the first line blackened, while others have the middle area between the first and second stripes filled in, or partially so, with dark brown and black. On the wing from June till August. Larva short and thick, but it nearly doubles its length when crawling, thoiagh the hinder part is stiil thick and some- times very " baggy " ; segments deeply divided and having transverse folds on the skin ; colour dull porcelain-white with a faint bluish tinge ; subdoisal lines and also the spiracles indicated by depressed dots; head deeplj^ lobed, light chestnut, the jaws brown ; dorsal plate pale brown, dotted along its hinder edge with black ; anal plate pale brown ; legs black. After hybernation much shrunken ; short. 40 I.EPIDOPTERA. thick, and very sluggish ; dull white ; the third to fifth segments rather more transparent ; dorsal vessel visible ; head and dorsal plate light brown, the latter darker at the edges ; anal plate and legs as before ; while in cocoon it becomes tinged with yellow. August and September in the thick solid root-stocks of I'Uininiio lanceol(d(( (rib-wort plantain), eating large cavities in the solid flesh of the root-stock. Although full fed in the autumn, it hybernates in the cavitj- and there spins its cocoon, but this takes place at any time from October to March. Pi:PA light chestnut brown, paler on the back. Not more fully described. In a silken cocoon, at lirst nearlj^ white, but which gradually darkens to sooty-black, in the cavity made by the larva. The larva, however, lies long in this cocoon, and the present state is not assumed till late in the spring. The moth hides during the day close to the ground among the herbage, but towards sunset runs up the stems of grass, or the long flower stalks of the plantains, and flies at the smallest disturbance, with a widely zigzag flight, for a con- siderable distance. Its action when so running up the stalks is very curious, since the first pair of legs being long and very robust, bends rather outwards at the knees, and gives it a swaggering action, which is very effective. It flies from sunset till night of its own accord, and Mr. A. E. Gibbs tells me that he has taken it at sugar. It is most plentiful on the cliffs of the sea-coast, particularly chalk or limestone cliffs, but may also be found, very locally, on inland chalk hills, railway-banks, cjuarries, and even some heaths. Found in Kent, Sussex, the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Essex and Suffolk. In Wales common!}' in Pembrokeshire; and recorded in Ireland, by the late ilr. Edwin Birchall, on the coast near Dublin. Abroad it is PH ! -CITID. E—Hi_ \MJ-: t )SOA/A . 4 1 widely distributed in Central and Southern ?]urope, includ- ing Corsica, and in Western Asia. 2. H. nebulella, ffub. — Expanse | to 1 inch. (20-25 mm.). Fore wings shining yellowish-white dusted with grey, and having a faint double discal dot ; first and second lines both represented by faint black dots lying in a nearly parallel direction. Hind wings white. Antennaj of the male simple, but at the base finely ciliated, whitish-brown ; palpi slender, up-curved, dark-brown ; head and neck silvery white ; thorax and abdomen brownish- white, the latter rather broadened. Fore wings very long, narrow, shining ; costa faintly arched at the base and apex, straight between ; apex suddenly rounded ; hind margin very short, faintly curved ; colour very pale buff or yellowish- white, whiter along the costa, the surface very smooth and glossy; first line leaning a little outward, composed of two or three cloudy black-brown dots on nervures ; second line very straight and rather oblique in nearly the same direction as the first, composed of minute black-brown dashes or pointed dots with a white outer edging ; discal spot repre- sented by two ovate black dots placed one over the other, but one of which is often faint or absent ; hind margin dusted with black-brown ; cilia cloudy white. Hind wings ample, the apex pointed, and hind margin very little curved ; shining smoky white ; cilia white. Female similar. I'nderside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-brown, paler towards all the margins ; hind wings silky, smoky- white. Body and legs yellowish-white. Rather variable in marking, the dots of the first line being sometimes thickened and clouded ; in other instances all the markings are extremely faint. On the wing from the end of June till August ; and in ■confinement specimens of a second generation may occa- sionally be obtained in September or October. Larva stout, cylindrical ; head smaller than the second 42 LEPWOPTERA. segment, brown, the mandibles darker sieuna-brown ; dorsal plate sea-green edged behind with smoke-colour ; ground colour dingy greenisli-yellow ; dorsal stripe broad, dingy purple ; subdorsal stripes of the same colour but still broader, and there is an equally broad stripe of the same colour along the spiracular region, interrupted at the segmental divisions, through this runs a waved line of the ground colour ; spiracles black; ventral surface dingy greenish-yellow, variegated with purple marks; the legs barred with black. (G. T. Porritt.) August and September in the flower and seed-heads of thistles — (Carduus ni'tiais and Cnicus lanceolati's), feeding upon the seeds and causing a ragged appearance in the blossom or seed-head from the detachment of the florets and the pappus. The stemless thistle (Cniciis acaulis) is also recorded as a food ; and continental authors mention various other composite plants, about which further investi- gation seems desirable. Mr. A. Thurnall now tells me that he has reared a number of specimens from larvae found feeding in seed-heads of rskgvfort (i^i'nccio jacohcca) in a locality from which thistles were absent. There seems to be na doubt as to this food-plant. Pupa undescribed, in the earth or among rubbish on the ground in a loose smoky-black cocoon. Apparently passing the winter in this cocoon as a larva, and changing in the spring, but in rare instances completing its transformations in the previous autumn. The moth loves open rough fields, disused quarries, old chalk pits, and rough ground in chalky districts. It hides during the day in thick herbage among thistles, or upon them, and is not then easily induced to fly, unless in hot sunshine, when it buzzes about for short distances, but late on a warm sunny afternoon or just after sunset will start up from the feet of the intruder and fly with a wide and wild dashing zigzag flight to some distance, starting up again PHVCITIDA^—HOM^OSOMA. 45 when approached. In cooler weather it may occasionally be boxed upon the thistle. At dusk it flies of its own accord in the same wide zigzags, or visits the blossoms of ragwort and thistle ; later at night being readily attracted by light. An abundant species in Norfolk and Suffolk ; also found, usually more sparingly, in Kent, Sussex, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Wilts, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Oxfordshire, Herts, Cambridgeshire and ^'orkshire ; also in Wales, where Dr. Freer has taken it in Anglesea ; but apparently not in other portions of the United Kingdom. Abi'oad it is common throughout Central and Southern Europe, and found in Finland, Russia, Pontus, and Persia. o. H. binaevella, Hiih. ; eluviella, (.'/(. — Expanse I to 1 inch (20-25 mm.). Fore wings brownish-white, broadly white along the costa ; first line and discal spot each marked b}' two sharp black dots ; second line obscure. Hind wings smoky-white. Antennae of the male simple, bent back, brownish-white faintly barred with brown ; palpi slender, up-curved, black- brown ; tongue white ; head and thorax dull greyish-white ; abdomen of the same colour, rather broad ; anal tuft tinged with yellow. Fore wings elongate, narrow, but a little broader behind ; costa faintly arched at the base and also at the apex, which is suddenly rounded ; hind margin short and but little rounded ; colour pale bufl'or brownish-white ; but with a stripe of clear white along the costal region one- third the width of the wing, sometimes to one-half; first line indicated by a deep black dot in the white area, and another, more elongated, on the sub-dorsal nervure, the direc- tion of the line being slightly oblique backwards ; second line very far back, more obscure and very oblique — a row of small cloudy black dashes — discal spot represented by two ovate deep black dots placed one over the other ; hind margin minutely dotted with black ; cilia whitish bufi". Hind wings ample, flatly rounded behind, smoky-white 44 LF.PIDOPTERA. edged by a brown line ; cilia shining white with a yellowish line at the base. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining dark smoke colour ; hind wings equally shining, rather paler. Body and legs yellowish-white. \^arying a little in the shade of ground colour and in the distinctness of the dots : Jlr. C. A. Watts has found very strongly marked specimens in the middle of Kent. On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of August. Lakva stout, tapering at each extremity, the legs small and placed much beneath the body ; segmental divisions and transverse wrinkles deeply cut ; head shining reddish- brown ; dorsal plate of the same colour, with a pale central line and blackish spots on either side ; the anal segment has a shining brown plate on the anal tip and a similar trans- verse patch in front of it ; ground colour of the back and sides a whitish tiesh tint, of the undersurface bluish or greenish- white ; dorsal stripe pink ; on each side is a broad pink stripe ; below this the black spiracles, and beneath each of them a small pink dash ; raised dots minute, brown. (W. Buckler — condensed.) When younger the body is tinged with green. August and September, in the flower and seed-heads of Cardvus lanccolatas and occasionally of V. tcHuiflorvs ; eating the seeds and hollowing out a large chamber in the basal portion of the flower-head. PuPArather slender, the head somewhat projecting, wing and limb-covers well defined, very smooth and shining; segments also smooth and glossy ; anal segment thick and rounded, cremaster also thick and round, having a few minute bristles ; colour bright light chestnut, segments deeper brown. In a loose dull dark brown cocoon, among any rubbish or in the ■earth ; in this as a larva through the winter. The moth sits during the day upon thistles, and is then — PH YCITID.t:— HOM.-EOSOMA. 4; as has been pointed out by ilr. Robert Adkin — much pro- tected from the eye by its singular resemblance when at rest to the seeds of certain tall grasses which hang over and lie upon the thistles at the same time. At dusk it is readily seen in flight from its white colour, and is often to be found sitting upon thistle blossoms and other composite flowers. Partial to chalky and sandy districts, but not wholly re- stricted to them ; also rather attached to the sea coast ; found throughout the southern and eastern counties of England, and in Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, and even Westmoreland. It was rather scarce in Pembrokeshire, but found also at Llangollen, in North Wales ; in Scotland it has been taken in Fife by Mr. W. Evans ; and in Ireland at Timoleague, Cork, by the Messrs. Donovan. Abroad it is widely distributed through Central and Southern Europe, Livonia, Finland, and also Armenia, and other parts of Asia. 4. H. cretacella, 7.V.S.S/. ; senecionis, Vaiifjh. — Expanse I inch (17-20 mm.). Fore wings rather short and broad, whitish-brown, white along the costa ; lines faintlj^ dotted, the second parallel with the hind margin ; two discal dots. Hind wings smoky-white. Antennae of the male simjjle, slender, rather bent, brown : palpi also slender, up-curved, dark brown; head white: thorax rather broad, brownish-white ; abdomen glossy, very pale brown, the anal tuft yellowish-white. Fore wings rather shorter and broader than in the allied species ; costa faintly arched ; apex suddenly rounded ; hind margin curved ; colour very pale bufl', or brownish-white, with a faint shade of purplish-brown down the middle, and the costal region white with a faint dark dusting ; the costa also slightly blackened at the base ; first line indicated by two or three obscure dusted black dots, and nearly erect ; second line very straight and moderately oblique, parallel with the hind margin, and composed of short black dashes ; discal spot 46 I.EPIDOPTERA. represented by a pair of perpendicularly-placed black dots ; a few faint and minute black dots lie along the hind margin ; ■cilia shining pale buff. Hind wings moderately ample, the hind margin curved, shining, smoky-white ; cilia rather whiter. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, very glossy, darkest toward the costa. Hind wings very silky, smoky white. Body and legs pale grey. On the wing from May till July or August. Larva obese ; head small, narrower than the second seg- ment ; shining black or dark sienna brown ; dorsal and anal plates similar ; ground colour dark olive-green, with a faint purple tinge ou the dorsal area ; dorsal line darker ; spiracles black ; ventral surface uniformly olive green ; some speci- mens more decidedly green than others ; legs of the colour of the head, but indistinctly ringed with white. (G. T. Porritt.) Jul}' till September in the flowers of ragwort, drawing them together by means of a tubular web in which it resides ; when young eating the young shoots and excavating the axils of the leaves, under the protection of a good deal of web and much excrement. Mr. Eustace Bankes has reared it from larv£e found, in Scotland, in the flowers of tansy. Pupa apparently uudescribed. The moth doubtless hides during the day among ragwort, but is rarely seen at that time ; it flies at dark and frequents the ragwort flowers, and will come at night to a light — some- times to a gas-lamp at the road-side. Still probably often overlooked from its resemblance to allied species, but cer- tainly local, since its almost universally abundant food- plant is only in very restricted localities, disfigured by the action of its larvae ; where, however, this takes place the disfigurement is usually great and its cause plentiful. Apparently overlooked in these Islands till the year 1870, HHYCITID.'E- HOM.-EOSOMA. 47 •when it was recorded and described by the late Mr. Howard Vaughan, under the name of H. scnccionis. Its full range is «till uncertain, but it is known to be common in Kent, Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk ; it has been found in Gloucester- shire, Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson used to obtain it in the north of Lancashire, and Mr. J. E. Robson records it as formerly common near Hartlepool, Durham. In iScotland it is cer- tainly found in Perthshire ; and in Ireland casual specimens have been taken by Mr. C. W. Watts on the coasts of Down and Derry. Abroad it inhabits Central and Western Ger- many, Holland, Finland, Livonia, and Siberia. 5. H. nimbella, Zrll ; saxicola, Vaugh. — Expanse | to f inch (15-19 mm.). Fore wings narrow ; brownish- white, whiter along the costal region ; lines and discal spots faintly dotted. Hind wings shining white. Antennae of the male simple, slightly bent back, pale brown ; palpi slender, curved up, deep chocolate ; head and thorax narrow, pale brownish drab ; abdomen slender, brownish-white. Fore wings narrow, the costa arched at the base and apex, which last is rounded ; hind margin also rounded and very short ; colour brownish-white or pale i)rownish-drab ; the costal region bi"oadly white, and the median and subdorsal nervures dusted with white ; first line •obscure, represented by three blackish dots on nervures, and rather angulated ; second line even more obscure, very •oblique, and consisting of a row of faint black dots ; two short black streaks, or dots one over the other, represent the discal spot ; hind margin faintly dotted with black ; cilia pale drab tipped with white, and intersected by three whitish lines. Hind wings rather ample, apex almost pointed ; flatly rounded behind ; shining white, with a smoky tinge ; •cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky-browu ; hind wings equally glossy, smoky-white. Body and legs whitish-brown. 48 LEPIDOPTERA. Variable in size ; moreover, the ordinary form abroad seems to have more dusting of black scales, especially over the costal area, which consequently is not so white, nor the general appearance quite so silky. On the wing from June till August. Lakva obese, cylindrical, almost uniform in width ; head small, narrower than the second segment, its lobes rounded, dark brown, darkest on the upper part of the lobes, polished ; dorsal plate also polished, yellow-brown, with a distinct, intensely black border behind ; ground colour yellowish- wreen, varying in shade; markings all purple and con- spicuously defined; dorsal stripe rather irregular; in the sub-dorsal region is a pretty series of large round marks, one on each segment, sometimes forming rings ; below these along the spiracular region are other marks, usually three on each segment — one situate over two others — ventral surface and pi-olegs very pale green, legs glossy black. (G. T. Porritt.) Augtist to October on wild camomile — Antlnnnls, Matvi- cfiriii, and Fi/rethriim inodonrm, feeding across the flower- disk, on which it causes the florets to appear rough, eating the seeds ; also feeding in flower heads of Aster, Hicrariam umhdlatam, and according to A. Schmid on G^miphdium, Senecio, Chrymcoinu, Ciirliiia, Solidngo, and other composites, to which Zeller adds Jusionr. riiontaim. Hire it appears greatly to prefer the " camomiles." Pupa slender, light brown : iqiparently not more fully described. In a thick cocoon of greenish-grey silk, in which it passes the winter as a larva, pupating in the spring. The moth bides among the thick growth of its food- plants, and is not to be aroused in the day-time, unless the sunshine is bright and hot, in which case it will fly a short distance to hide again ; Init very soon alter sunset, and PHYCITIU.E—EPHESTIA. 49 through the dusk it flies freely, of its own accord, over the same plants. Common on some parts of the sea-coast, especially where, on the firmer portions of the sandhills, Aiithcmis and its allies grow in large tangled patches ; but not restricted to such spots, and even to be found — though not plentifully — in the suburbs of London. Found — often commonly — in Kent, Sussex, the Isle of "Wight and Hayling Island, Hants, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucester- shire, Herts, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Durham, and the Isle of Man ; in Wales in Pem- brokeshire ; in Scotland on the coasts of Wigtown and Kirk- cudbright, and rarely in the Edinburgh district ; and in Ireland plentifully on the coasts of Dublin, Wicklow and Sligo. Abroad it is common all over the Continent of Europe, except the Arctic jjortions ; also in Armenia, Syria, Palestine, and the Canaries. Genus 19. EPHESTIA. Antenna of the male simple but thickened a little and bent slightly back after the first joint ; palpi small, slender, ascending ; fore wings long and narrow, the base very narrow, and the discal ceil narrowed and elongated ; under the costal margin is a narrow lappet usuall}^ furnished with a tuft of long hair-scales ; hind wings ample, veins 5 and 8 absent, the cross bar sharply angulated. We have six species, rather closely allied and similar. A. Fore wings not elongated nor very narrow. B. Ground colour light brown. E. scmirufn. B-. Ground colour brownish-grey. E. tlutdla. A-. Fore wings elongated, very narrow at the base. B^. Ground colour dull yellow-brown, first line erect. E. culiiritcUa . B*. Ground colour slate-grey. C. First line black, conspicuously indented. E. ccdidella. C". First line faint, erect, dark grey. E. ficulella. VOL. X. D 50 LEPIDOPTERA. C^. An obscure slate-grey line runs obliquely through tlie- uiiddle of wing. E. kUhn'uila.. 1. E. calidella, On. ; flcella, Doiajl. — Expanse f to | inch (18-23 nun.). Rather robust ; fore wings long, very narrow at the base, brownish-grey ; Srst line erect, broadly black, deeply indented ; hind wings white. Antenna3 of the male simple, the basal joint thickened and rather tufted, brown faintly barred with grey ; palpi small, slender, curved up and closel}' appressed, pale chocolate ; head light brown ; thorax rather robust, pale brown dusted with grey ; abdomen very pale brown. Fore wings long and narrow, very narrow at the base; costa arched beyond the middle ; apex and hind margin rounded ; colour pale brownish-grey, dusted with darker grey ; first line placed far from the base, erect, deeply and repeatedly indented,, black or grey-black and rather broad, but edged inwardly by a yellow-grey line, and followed by a broad central grey band, which extends to the second line ; the latter verj^ obscure, undulating, grey with a paler outer edging ; discal spot a pale brown dot ; hind margin dotted with black ; cilia yellow-brown. Hind wings rather ample, long and somewhat pointed, flatly rounded behind ; shining smoky- white with a pale ochreous tuft at the base, and with a faint brown shade along the hind margin ; cilia smoky-white. Female similar but rather stouter. Underside of the fore wings shining smoky-brown ; of the hind wings silk}^-white. Body and legs yellow-brown. Slightly variable in the depth of colour, and of markings, from greater tendency towards brown, or slate-grey. In the collection of the late Mr. H. Doubleday in Bethnal Green Museum are specimens almost grey-black, and Mr. Sydney Webb has others similar in the collection of the late Mr. Bond. On the wing in August and September, sometimes October. PHYCITIDM—EPHESTIA. 5: Lakva. Head small, a little narrower than the second segment, polished, brown, mandibles and the shining dorsal plate darker sienna-brown ; body obese, cylindrical, a little flattened beneath, tapering at each extremity, the skin smooth and glossy, greyish-white, strongly tinged with pink ; the pulsating dorsal vessel shows through the skin as a darker grey dorsal stripe ; no other stripes ; raised dots brown and conspicuous; ventral surface, legs and prolegs yellowish-white. January to May and June, probably feeding through the winter, on cork in warehouses ; also on figs, currants, raisins, and almonds, when stored. Pupa apjiarently undescribed. This insect is almost confined to large warehouses of im- ported goods ; although it has been known as British for over half a century, it has scarcely ever been taken here except near to, or in, such warehouses ; and there can be little or no doubt that at some period it was imported from abroad, though whence there is no evidence to show. Although it has been reared from dried fruits, I found it to be very scarce in the extensive dried fruit warehouses which I was allowed to examine in the Port of London ; but on the one occasion on which a warehouse devoted to cork was examined, although so late in the season that few of the living moths were found, the remains of dead yet recognisable specimens in windows and spiders' webs were in such abundance as strongly to confirm the evidence obtained by the late Mr. F. Bond, as to cork being the usual food of this species. Probably the large majority of specimens in our collections have been obtained from this favoured centre in the Eastern portion of the City of London ; but Mr. Webb records its occurrence at Dover, Mr. Fletcher in Hants, and Mr. Melville at Prestwich, Lancashire. It is also said to have occurred at Leeds and York, and even in shops at Glasgow. Abroad it 52 LEPIDOPTEKA. is well known throughout Southern Europe, France, Northern and Eastern Germany, Austria, Syria and the Canaries. 2. E. ficulella (E. M. M., 11, p. 271).— Expanse g to | inch (15-19 mm.). Fore wings very narrow at the base, broader behind, slate-grey ; first line erect, darker grey, not distinct ; a tuft of long hair-scales lies on the underside. Hind wings white. Antennse of the male simple, brown ; palpi slender, up- raised, pointed, chocolate-brown ; head and thorax glossy pale grey, the latter narrow ; abdomen very pale brown, the anal tuft ochreous. Fore wings long, very narrow at the base, somewhat broader behind ; costa arched, especially so beyond the middle ; apex and hind margin decidedly rounded ; colour pale slate-grey dusted with darker grej' ; first line erect but indistinct, formed of darker slate-grey dots on the nervures ; this is edged towards the base by a shade paler than the ground colour ; second line faintly darker grej-, hardly perceptible, but deeply indented below the costa ; discal spot indicated by one or two obscure grey-black dots ; hind margin faintly dotted with dark grey, cilia slate-grey. Hind wings ample, rounded behind, shining pearly white, with a faint slender pale brown line along the hind margin ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining grey ; in the male having a costal lappet furnished with a tuft of long hair- scales lying lengthwise ; hind wings shining white. Body and legs pale brownish-slate. On the wing in July and August, and apparently as a second generation in October. Larva about half an inch long ; head highly polished, the lobes rounded, and the mandibles prominent, dark sienna- brown ; body cylindrical, tapering in front, pale flesh-pink, varying in depth in different examples ; dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines distinct, equal in width, pink ; another, PHVC/T/D.-E—EPHESTIA. 55 narrower line, lies below the spiracles ; dorsal and anal plates black-brown ; spii-acles minute, dark brown ; dots large, raised, and polished, very dark brown, or nearly- black; ventral surface greyish-white with a faint pink tinge ; legs and prolegs tipped with brown. ((4. T. Porritt.) November till May or June, and apparently a second generation in September, on dried figs, cotton-cake, and oil- cake. Probably on various imported dried fruits. Pupa apparently uudescribed. This species is also restricted mainly to warehouses of im- ported dried fruits, and oil and cotton-cake, to oil mills, and stores of similar materials. Sometimes, however, it is met with in houses and places to which it must have been con- vej^ed from such stores. It was separated and described under this name in 1875, but had doubtless long been known as a supposed variety of the preceding species. Evidently it was at some period introduced from abroad, and probably from America. Of this Mr. E. A. Atmore has put upon record some interesting evidence. He says : " On February 6, 1884, I was informed that numbers of small moths were flying about a schooner which had just put into our docks (at King's Lynn) with a cargo of decorticated cotton-cake from Galveston, Texas. Next day I visited the vessel ; the moths were there, not in hundreds only, but in thousands. I found that whilst traversing the Atlantic a gale had been encountered, and water had found its way into the hold and wetted the cargo, causing it to heat. This heat had apparently caused the moths to emerge much earlier than would otherwise have been the case. As the process of unloading was being proceeded with, the cotton-cake, packed in bags, was removed, and numbers of the moths continually flew through the hatchways into the open air. They did not fly far, but settled down and soon became benumbed by the cold outside. Upon examining the bags I found 54 LEPIDOPTERA. them covered with cocoons, most of which were empty. The moths were of this species, and E. passulella " {vaMritdUC). It probably has no natural outdoor range in these Islands. It has been found in abundance' in warehouses in London, Liverpool, Norwich and elsewhere, and has been noticed in Hants, Dorset and Cambridgeshire. Abroad it seems to be common throughout Southern and Central Europe, Syria, Northern Africa, with the Canaries ; also in North America and Australia. o. E.kuhniella,^c'//. — Expanse f to 1 inch (19-25 mm.). Fore wings long, verjr narrow at the base ; slate-grey ; first line dark grey ; angulated ; from this on the dorsal margin a faint dark slate-grey line passes obliquely through the wing to near the ape.x. Hind wings white. Antennae of the male simple, slender, but little bent, black- brown ; palpi small, upturned, dark grey ; head and thorax whitish-grey , the latter narrow and rather weak ; abdomen rather slender, shining grey, the segments edged with white. Fore wings long, the base especially narrow, but widening before the middle, and thence of even width ; costa geutly arched ; apex bluntly'* rounded, almost angulated ; hind margin rounded but short ; colour light slate-grev : first line darker slate, erect, much indented, edged inwardly by a faintly paler line ; second line placed far back, very erect, but only an almost imperceptible series of grey cloudj- dashes ; discal spot indicated by two faint dark grej- dots placed one over the other ; right across them a faint, oblique, dark grey line passes from the dorsal margin at the first line to the second at the costa ; hind marginal area faintly dashed with dark grey and edged with black dots ; cilia slate-grey. Hind wings ample, produced to a point at the apex, hardly rounded behind ; silky white, very faintly edged ■with brown ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining, smoky grey-brown ; PH ) ■C/T/D.E—EPf/ES TIA . 5 5 hind wings silky white ; cilia ot' botli strikingly glossy. Bodj* and legs grey-brown. On the wing in April, July, September, and October — indeed at intervals, in repeated generations, throughout the year, one generation lingering on till the next appears. L-A-KVA moderately plump, cylindrical ; head shining chestnut-brown ; dorsal and anal plates rather paler shining brown ; body pinkish-white or yellowish-white, with a large, cloudy brown, internal vessel showing in the ninth segment ; no longitudinal lines ; legs and prolegs, and also the raised dots, of the colour of the body, sjiiracles round, dark brown, rather large. Apparently throughout the year in successive generations, on wheaten flour, rice-flour, and meal, spinning silken tubes in odd corners of mills and granaries or flour stores, on the beams where the flour-dust settles, and in any other recess ; also feeding on dried maize (Indian cornj eating into the , softer portion of each grain by means of a hole bitten into its side, and quite at home in a sample of this food lying in a shop window. Pupa long and slender ; the antenna-cases long, almost projecting beyond the wings, and with the limb-covers closely appressed ; wing-covers smooth and even ; all this portion shining pitchy-brown ; abdominal segments ridged and deeply divided, glossy red-brown ; anal segment similar, rounded, and furnished with a few hoohed bristles. In a tough silken cocoon attached to any sc'id object among its food. This species is found more especially in flour-mills, but also in flour and maize warehouses and shops, and has become a very serious pest; about the year 1877 it seems to have made its first appearance in Europe, being then found at Halle, in Germany, by Dr. Kiihn of that place — after whom it was named by Prof. Zeller. Whence it. 56 LEPIDOPTERA. arrived in Germany was quite unknown, except that the mill in which it was first found was used for grinding American wheat. But Prof. Chittenden states that in North America it is also only known as a recently introduced pest, and is there called the "Mediterranean flour-moth." It seems to have spread widely in both hemispheres, and in or before 1887 it reached this country, being found feeding in a mixture of wheat-meal and ground rice, in a baker's premises at Ston}^ Stratford, Bucks, by Mr. William Thompson. Since that time it has been found in London in multitudes, and seems to occur in mills almost throughout England, and in Scotland to Aberdeen. In Ireland it has been noticed at Cork, and doubtless will soon be at home also in that country. The records from abroad, besides the extensive distribution in Europe and North America already adverted to, include Sj'ria, Northei-n Africa and Central America. 4. E. cahiritella, ZAI. ; passulella, Ban: ; cautella, Stand, cat. — Expanse | to f inch (15-20 mm.). Fore wings narrow, dull brown or grey-buff ; first line erect, obscure, straight, grey-brown ; under the costa is a broad tuft of scales. Hind wings shining white. Antennas of the male slender, simple, bent back, dull pale brown ; palpi thin, curved up, dull brown ; head and thorax yellow-brown ; abdomen whitish-brown. Fore^wings narrow -^ costa very faintly arched ; apes bluntly angulated ; hind margin rounded but short ; colour dull yellow-brown or grey-buff', dusted with brown and rather glistening; first line cloudy, erect, formed of faint grey-brown dots and clouds ; second line hardly perceptible, of the ground colour edged on both sides by faint brownish cloudy dots ; discal spot represented bj- two hardly visible browner dots ; cilia pale golden-brown. Hind wings rather small, rounded behind, semi-transparent pearly-white : cilia concolorous. PHYCITID.-E—EPHESTIA. '^tJ Female a little larger and stouter, the first liue more marked, the antennae threadlike, otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings shining pale yellow-brown ; at the base of the costa is a small lappet with a broad tuft of scales. Hind wings pearly white. Body and legs pale brown. On the wing from April till June, and in a partial second generation from August to October. Larva slender, cylindrical ; the legs much under the body ; head glossy reddish-brown ; dorsal plate shining, black and brown, with a margin of pale skin between it and the head ; body brownish pink, changing beyond the thoracic segments to faint flesh colour, or even to a pale tint of drab ; dorsal line brownish-pink, dividing the dorsal plate ; raised dots small, shining, dark brown ; anal plate somewhat heart- shaped, dark brown ; a row of dark brown spots is along each side, and others are beneath ; on either side of the second segment is a black-brown, shield-like, glossy spot in front of the spiracles, and another on the outside of each anal proleg ; the ocellated spots on the third and twelfth segments black, with a white centre ; the skin generally is soft, smooth, and glistening. (W. Buckler — condensed.) September till April, and probably a second generation in July ; on cotton-cake, locust beans, malt, dried fruits, and even chocolate ; living under a dense web of whitish-grey silk, making passages among the food. Pupa of ordinary form with prominent eye-pieces and rather long wing-covers ; the tip of the abdomen ending in an excessively small round tliorny boss ; colour shining dark bronzy-brown. (W. Buckler.) In an oval cocoon of i^early- grey silk, covered with frass, among the food. This species also is an inhabitant of dried fruit warehouses, oil mills, stores for cotton-cake and locust beans, and occa- sionally of shops for the sale of such articles. It was observed in this country in 1873, if not earlier, and was separated and SS LEriDOPTERA. described under the name of jvm.'nihlhi in 1875. Two years later it was suddenly found in one of the great oil mills, where it had not been before seen, apparently accompanying a cargo of cotton-cake from America. But its real origin is quite problematical. It is very abundant in the London wai'ehouses and docks, and in those of Liverpool and other ports ; where it sits on the walls, beams, and window frames during the day and buzzes gently about at dusk, as do all these species. At present it is known to be found in the larger towns in Kent, Surrey, Hants, AVilts, Middlesex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Lancashire, but this is not likely to be the full extent of its range with us. Still there seems at present to be no record of its presence in Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Abroad it has an immense distribution, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Arabia, Western and Southern Asia, Egypt, the Cape Colony, and apparently all Africa, America, and the West Indies, Australia, and Java. 5. E, elutella, Hiih. — Expanse § to I inch (15-K» mm.). Fore wings shorter and broader than in preceding species, with rounded costa, grev-brown, rather shining; first line very oblique ; the second double, oppositely oblique ; two discal dots. Hind wings silky greyish-white. Antennas of the male simple, strongly bent back, grey ; palpi pointed, upcurved, dark brown ; head and thorax dull grey ; abdomen rather glossy, greyish-white, the anal tuft paler. Fore wings not very long, nor especially narrow at the base, broadened behind ; costa arched throughout ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin curved ; colour smooth pale grey or brownish-grey, rather paler toward the dorsal margin ; first line decidedly oblique outwards from the costa, direct but with several small indentations, dark grey with an inner edging of grey-white ; second line moderately oblique in the ojjposite direction, sinuous, greyish-white, edged on each side with dark grey ; discal spot represented hj a pair of obscure dark grey dots ; hind margin slenderly edged with i; H YCITI n.-E—EP HESTIA . 59 ilark o-rev ; cilia of tlie ground colour. Hind wiugs rather short, flatly rounded behind, shining smoky-white ; cilia similar. Female often rather darker, or browner, differing very little. Underside of the fore wings shining leaden-grey ; hind wings shining white. Variable in colour through all shades of grey-brown to pale brown, and to shining whitish-grey, and to forms in which the costal half of the fore wings is grey and the dorsal half brown or whitish-brown — this being in all probability the form which was named scmirn/a by Hmrorth, though not that of Stainton — also to blackish-grey with the first and second lines unusually distinct— a form which has been supposed to be another species under the name of Eoxbdrghii — or to unicolorous blackish-grey; indeed, the fluctuations are so. numerous and so indefinite that in order to safely discriminate the species, a close and intimate knowledge of the shape and •proportions of the wings, and of the position and inclination of the first line, are very requisite. On the wing from .June till October, perhaps in several, overlapping, generations. Larv.\ three-eighths of an inch long, cylindrical, not very stout ; head shining reddish-brown ; dorsal and anal plates similar, the dorsal divided in the middle by a pink line ; body pale flesh-colour without gloss ; raised dots minute yet distinct, reddish-brown ; ocellated spots blackish-brown with a white centre. (VV. Buckler — condensed.) September and October till May, and, indeed, to all appear- ance, throughout the year ; on currants, figs, and other dried fruits, corn, dog-biscuit, seeds, nuts, and almost all vegetable dried substances, even on chocolate, capsicum (both whole and ground), turkey-rhubarb, and other vegetable drugs. There is reason to believe that at times it feeds in multitudes on the seed of grasses in hay-ricks. Pupa not stout, the anal segment rather rounded, luile 6o LEPIDOPTRRA. brown in colour, the liead darker brown. In a whitish silken hammock a little longer than itself. (W. Buckler.)' The larva forms this cocoon usually in the late autumn, and lies therein unchanged till ^larch or April. This is almost the most abundant and most universally distributed of our warehouse-frequenting moths, and is not by any means of recent introduction. It has been well known here for as long as any notice has been taken of our smaller lepidoptera — indeed two or three of its varieties were described by Haworth (1803) as distinct species. It not only abounds along with the species already noticed, but is often plentiful in every grocer's store in town and country, finding its way occasionally into every private house, there to be seen late in the evening flying backwards and forwards about the rooms, and passing itself off as a rather large "clothes-moth." Often it increases in numbers in a ware- house in which goods are long stored so as to become a destructive pest. In August, 1876, in a large room in a warehouse in York, which was in great part filled with chicory-root, the surface of the heap was found to be covered by a great sheet of web, the residence of thousands of these larvffi. This web was so closely spun together as to resemble fine soft kid, and so substantial that it was exhibited in London. This insect is abundant in suitable places throughout England and Ireland, and doubtless Wales, though my only records are at Pembroke and Pembroke Dock ; apparently rare in Scotland, and Mr. A. A. Dalgleish records the occur- rence of ont specimen in Glasgow ! Abroad it is common all over the continent of Europe ; Palestine, and Western Asia ; Madeira, the Canaries, Madagascar, and South Africa ; and in North and South America, and Australia. 6. E. semirufa, Stninton. — Expanse f inch (18-19 mm.). Fore wings rather broad from the base, drab or yellow-drab,^ shaded with red-grey ; lines black-brown, oblique. Hind wings shining whitish-brown. I'HVC/TW.E—El'J/ESTIA. 6i Antennte of the male simjjle, rather bent, ])ale brown ; palpi very slender, a little curved up, brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen brownish-drab, the anal tuft paler. Fore wings not very elongate, fairly broad from the base; costa very flatly arched throughout ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently rounded ; colour glossy brownish-drab, or yellow-drab, dusted with brown ; first line placed far from the base of the wing, oblique, straight except for very slight indentations, red-brown ; second line oppositely oblique, sinuous, whitish-brown, edged on either side by a cloudy brown line or stripe ; enclosed central space small ; discal spot indicated by two small black-brown dots ; extreme hind margin faintly dotted with black ; cilia pale brown. Hind wings rather ample, gently rounded behind, shining brownish- white, with jjearly reflections ; at the base are two tufts of pale yellow hair-scales ; cilia white. Female more tinged with red at the base on the margins, the second line more bent, and the hind margin of the hind wings a little browner. Underside of the fore wings having a small costal lappet in the male, pale smoky-brown ; of hind wings shining smoky-white. Body and legs pale brown. On the wing in June and also in September, whether in one or two generations is not yet clearly ascertained. Lakva cylindrical, of moderate proportions, tapering but slightly at either extremity; head pale brown or amber- colour ; dorsal and anal plates black, the former divided hj a pale line ; body white, tinged on the upper surface with pale smoke-colour ; spots small, black but distinct, the trapezoidals arranged almost in a straight line, one behind the other. (Dr. J. H Wood.) September to November — in confinement upon nut-kernels — probably at large on the dead and dried berries of ivy, or else on the dead leaves and rubbish which collect in the masses of that plant, but of this little is Icnown. 62 LEPIDOPTERA. I'l'PA apparently undescribed. The larva spins up iu late autumn, but does not assume the pupa-state till Maj-. An exceedinglj- local species, of the habits of which very little is known ; about forty — or perhaps fifty — years ago the late Dr. R. C. R. Jordan took it freely at Teignmouth, Devon, by beating tiie masses of old ivy on the town walls. He assured me that it was alwaj-s constant and reliable in its characters, and that he could at that time have taken, had he been so disposed, hundreds of specimens. He suj^posed it to feed on the pith or substance of the old ivj' sticks. Visiting the place twenty-five years ago he found many of the old walls pulled down and much of the ivy destroyed ; moreover, a search among that still remaining was barren of results. In the year 1886 Dr. J. H. Wood captured a female specimen at light, close to some old ivy, and from it obtained eggs, the resulting larviB being here described. This was at his home, Tarrington, Herefordshire. Other records are in Middlesex ; at Mickleham Downs, Surrey ; Lyndhurst, Hants ; rarely in Dorset ; and at Redland, Bristol, Somerset ; but I am not aware of any locality in which it can be, xoiili certainty, found now ; and it does not seem to have been, at any time, captured and recognised out of England. Genus 20. PLODIA. Antenna of the male thickened from the base, but tapering, simple ; palpi bluntly porrected ; face furnished with a tuft of scales lying along the palpi ; fore wings elongated, narrow, with the cell narrow ; hind wings ample, the cross-bar angulated ; veins 5 and 8 absent. We have only one species. 1. P. interpuncteUa, Huh. — Expanse | to | inch (15-18 mm.j. Fore wings narrow, rounded behind, pale j'ellow to near the middle, remainder dark ])urple or dark crimson. Hind wings dirty white. PHYCrnD.€.—PLOD lA. 63 Anteunaj of the male stout, particularly so toward the base, shining purple-brown ; palpi horizontal, porrected, purple-black ; head and thorax purple-brown, with a some- what metallic gloss ; abdomen glistening whitish-brown. Fore wings not very long but narrow ; costa arched ; apex rounded ; hind margin gently curved ; colour from the base nearly to the middle pale yellow ; then abruptly edged by a nearly perpendicular black shade, which seems to represent a displaced first line ; remainder dark purple, purple-crirnson or purple-black, or shading from the larter to either of the former ; discal spot faint, triangular, paler purple ; closely followed by a still more obscure, oblique, straight purple- black second line ; a black line edges the apex and hind margin ; cilia shining dark purple. Hind wings pointed at the apex, flatly rounded behind ; shining white, faintly streaked and shaded with brown on the nervures; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining pale bronzy-purple. Hind wings shining white, shaded with brown. Body and legs purple-brown. Variation, as already shown, is mainly in the colour of the outer half of the fore wings, from bright light purplish- red to dark purple-brown or purple-black. On the wing from July to October, probably in two gene- rations— though there seems to be a continuous emergence, and in the United States it is supjiosed that five jor six generations succeed each other in the year. Larva cylindrical; head polished, sienna-brown; the lobes rounded ; mandibles prominent, dark-brown ; dorsal plate also polished, semicircular, sienna-brown ; body almost uniformly very pale straw-colour, the alimentary vessel showing through the skin, forming a darker dorsal stripe ; the skin has a flabby translucent appearance ; tips of pro- legs dark-brown ; there are no other noticeable markings. (G. T. Porritt.) 64 LEPIDOPTERA. September to Juue — and following broods quite un- certainly— on figs and other dried fruits ; malt, maize, meal, almonds, walnuts, and other species of nuts, locust beans, pineapple, carraway-seeds, and even yeast-cakes ; spinning silken tubes and loose web all about the food, for concealment. Even devouring dead insects when other food fails, and sometimes causing disappointment to the entomologiyt, since larvte I'apidly hatched from eggs auto- maticallj' expelled by the females when dead upon the setting boards, will devour the bodies of their dead parents, as well as other species, and leave on the boards nothing but the wings. Pupa slender, very glossy and without percejitible sculp- ture; anal segment rather thick and bluntly rounded off; cremaster hardly perceptible, except for a few short hooked bristles ; colour light yellow-brown. In a slight grej-ish- white silken cocoon among the larva-food, or in any corner. Another of the devourers of stored grain, seeds, and fruits, perhaps at some rather distant period introduced, since it usually frequents only considerable warehouses, stores, malt- houses, oil-mills, and similar buildings, and has no out-of- door haunts. When sitting in its usual manner with closed wings on a wall or boarding it tias a singular likeness to a grain of black oats, the abrupt change of colour along with its shining surface giving the appearance of the usual reflec- tion of light on the shining oat-grain. The first notice of its occurrence in these Islands seems to have been by my late friend and guide. Mr. H. T. Stainton, in the year 1847, when a single specimen was taken by Mr. Edwin Shepherd in his own house in London. It is now very abundant in the London warehouses, and is found in suitable situations in Kent, Devon, Berks, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Derbyshire, Lancashire — especially in the Liverpool and Manchester warehouses — and in Yorkshire ; also at Darlington and A XERA S rilD. -E—A XERA S TIA. 65 Hartlepool, Durham, aud ^lorpeth, Xorthuuilierland ; but I find no records in Scotland or Wales. In Ireland it is well known in Dublin and Belfast. Abroad throu^■hollt Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, South Africa, the Canaries, North and South America, the West Indies, Hawaii, Australia, and Java. Family J. ANER ASTIID JE. Proboscis absent or atrophied ; antenna of the male bent near the base ; maxillary palpi rudimentary ; labial palpi porrected; fore wings narrow; hind wings devoid of vein 5, and with veins 7 and 8 joined half way ; the upper side of the median uervure ciliated. Genus 1. ANERASTIA. Antenn;\3 of the male simple, but the basal joint large, and the second bent ; fore wings long and narrow, with a narrow cell ; hind wings ample, veins o and -1 joined far down, on the upper side tufts of hair-scales arise from the bases of the median aud sub-dorsal nervures ; body slender ; legs rather short. We have only one species. 1. A. lotella, Hi'h. — Expanse i to 1 inch (20-2.j mm.). Fore wings elongated, narrow, yellow-buft' or reddish-drab, sometimes with darker dusted longitudinal stripes, often with a dull white costal strijie. Hind wings smoky-white. Antennae of the male simple, curved above the base, drab or reddish drab ; palpi rather large, sword-shaped, pointed forward and curved a little down, reddish-drab ; on the face is a curious rounded and i-inged horny knob ; head and thorax drab or red-drab ; abdomen pale reddish-ochreous. Fore wings elongated, of even width ; costa very flatly arched : apex and hind margin bluntly rounded ; pale buff, drab, grey-drab or reddish-drab, the nervures sometimes VOL. .\. E 66 LKl'lDOPTRRA. shaded with paler drab or white and dusted with black ; discal spot indicated l;y two small dots formed of black dusting — sometimes obliterated— no indication of the usual transverse lines ; cilia pale buff'. Hind wings ample, rounded behind, smoky white and glossy : cilia shining silky-white. I'Vmale smaller, the body stouter, but the fore wings shorter and narrower : the hind wings a little darker ; otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings glossy, drab or reddish-drab ; the nervures raised into wrinkles ; hind wings shining white. Body and legs whitish-drab. Variable as indicated above, from smooth unicolorous yellowish-buff to red-buff and grey-drab; or with a shade of red-buff through the length of the fore wing in the middle, or shades along the larger nervures ; but the most striking and noticeable form is that in which a broad dull white stripe runs the whole length of the costal margin. This occurs in all the varying shades of colour, but is perhaps most frei(uent, as well as most striking, in the grey-drab forms ; and is in these and others often accompanied by a decided darkening or increasing of the red or grey or yellow-buff colour imme- diately below, so as to form a strong dark border to this white stripe. This is the form which seems sometimes to liave been mistaken for iiy*vV/t/(/« f(ir,rll« (hoisch'vaHuJh'). Another variety found on the Kast coast bvMr. tl. F. ilathew lias very distinct blarl. dusting on the nervures, or at the margin of the white costal stripe. On the wing from June till August. Lak\a moderately stout, cylindrical, head much smaller than the second segment, within which it is often partially withdrawn, pale reddish-brown ; colour of the body pale orange-yellow ; dorsal line faintly red ; and there are two equally faint r'ed squared bars on the back of each segment, extending to the subdorsal region ; dorsal and anal plates, and the spiracles and raised dots, of the ground colour ; ANERASTHD^E-ANERASTrA 67 all the legs rather small in proportion, thouirhiff. — Expanse ij inch (l-j-]7mm). Fore wings shoit, almost squared behind ; dull brown, with two, duplicated and angulated, darker brown transverse lines. Hind wings smoky brown. Female whiter. Antennas of the male simple, thick, ciliated, dark brown ; labial palpi very long, bent down a little toward the tips and thickly clothed with brown scales ; maxillary palpi darkt-r, shortly hatchet-shaped ; head and thorax brown ; abdomen very slender, bronzy-brown. Fore wings short, truncate ; costa faintly arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin straight, almost perpendicular ; anal angle squared ; colour bronzy-brown, dusted with reddish-brown ; in the middle of the wing is a strongly elbowed transverse line of reddish-brown dusting, and bevond it another — CRAMBID.'E—PLAryTES. 71 these representing the usual lirst and second lines, but dis- placed— the outer faintly edged with whitish-brown ; toward the apex is a costal red-brown cloud ; along the hind margin a black-brown line, edged inwardly above the middle with white, below by three black dots ; cilia brilliant bronzy- brown. Hind wings rather narrowly trigonate, with I'ounded angles, and the hind margin sinnoiis; pale smoky brown, darker at the hind margin ; cilia long, shining whitish- brown. Female diflerent, its antenn;e ringed with white ; palpi, head, and thorax creamy-white ; fore wings white, clouded along the costa and hind margin with pale brown ; the transverse lines white with pale brown edgings, and showing most distinctly as oblique white costal streaks ; hind wings paler grey-brown. Undei-side of the fore wings in the male pale brown; hind wings paler ; body and legs brown ; the female all white with a little brown shading. On the wing in June and July. Lakva about half an inch long, slender, the head highly polished, the lobes rounded, yellow or yellowish-brown, the mandibles darker brown, freckles on the lobes of the same colour ; ground colour varying from flesh-pink to greyish- brown, or dingy olive-green ; dorsal and anal plates, raised dots, and spiracles, of a darker shade of the ground colour ; legs ringed with this darker shade ; no other markings. (G. T. Porritt — condensed, j April and May, feeding on tlie loots of stiff grasses, and probably of the smaller sedges — but names of food plants not ascertained, preferring roots which grow under stones in sandy soil. Pita undesci-ibed. A very local species, occurring principally on sandy heaths and other sandy places, or on chalk and limestone hills, and exceedingly abundant where it occurs. Hiding in the day 72 LEl'IDOPTERA. amonpr grasses and low growing sedges, and Hying out in dozens at the footstep — except that the female is more sluggish, and although it has been known to Hy in plenty at midday after a shower of rain, is usually only to be found at that time by close search in the tufts close to the ground — I have found it especially to fre({uent the tnfts of Cori:i areno.rin. At dusk both sexes fly freely over the grasses in the same favoui'ed spots. Most abundant near the coast, though not usually frequenting the coast sandhills so much as the grassy hollows and hill slopes. In such places plentiful in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants with the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall with the Scilly Isles ; Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk. Beyond these counties I have no certain infor- mation. Abroad it is found in many parts of Central and Southern Europe, the south of Sweden and Norway. Livonia. and Armenia. Genus -l. CRAMBUS. Antennje rather thick, flattened, minutely serrated but appearing simple ; palpi thrice the lengtli of the head, porrected, bristly, the maxillary pair triangularly scaled ; face rounded uj) ; fore wings elongated, the tip usually squarely angulated or even pointed ; hind wings ample, the cell open, median and subdorsal nervures fringed on the upper side. We have in all twenty-seven species, not all easy- to tabulate. But this is an attempt. A. Fore wings sharply angulated. the apex jH-oduced. ('. cljtinclhis. A-. Fore wings sharph" angulated, the apex shortly pointed. r>. Fore wiugs with numerous rich dark-brown streaks. B-. Fore wiugs brown with a longitudinal white stripe and apical streaks. C. Colour rather dull, stripe slender, forked, divided, apical streaks slender. C. pnifcllvfi. CRAMBID.-E—CRAMBUS. 73 C". Colour rich orange-brown with dark lines, stripe forked and divided. C. ihimetellus. C-'. Colour rich brown, stripe forked, not divided. ''. hamellus. C*. Stripe divided but not forked. D. Colour dark brown, stripe narrow, sharply divided, apex streaked. C. crkcllus. D-. Colour rich brown with black lines : stripe narrow, faintly divided, apex streaked. C. sylvellv.s. D-'. Colour pale bi'own, the stripe long and broad, divided. C. piiscuflbis. D*. Colour pale In-own, stripe short and broad, clouded, divided. C. I'liijinoscllus. A•^ Forewings bluntly angulated at the apex, not pointed. E. Colour rich brown, no stripe, but a white streak above the anal angle. V. rcrellus. £-. Colour rich brown or orange, with a longitudinal white or pearly stripe. F. The strij^e narrow, undivided, faintly sjn-eading beyond the middle. C.furca.tellun. F-. The stripe broad, undivided, strongly spreading beyond the middle. C. iiifirijoritdlvs. F-'. The stripe narrow, straight from base to hind cilia, undivided. ' '. latisfrius. F"*. The Eti'ipe very broad, pearly, obliquely divided across the middle. ' '. 'innetcUus. F'. The stripe broad, pearly, obliquely divided across, twice. ( '. 'litl/cf/t^S. E". Colour pale lu'own or tlull brown, with an ill-defined longitudinal stripe. F'''. The stripe narrow, straight, finishing on two nervnres. C. sriasrih's. t^. The stripe narrow, slightly bent, spreading behind on to several nervures. ' '. tristcllus. E*. Colour brilliant pearly-white, with or without bronzj' stripes. U. pcrkllus. 74 LEPinOPTERA. E\ Colour (lull brown ; no middle white stripe. G. The markings numerous, short rich brown streaks running into cross stripes, C. fascdinelltts. G-. The markings form very oblique parallel transverse lines in dark shading. C. iiKjuinatelliis. iP. The markings are almost imperceptible oblique lines on very dull ground. C contaruiadlus. (i*. The first line curves into a slender dark streak from the base. C. mlincllus. E''. Fore wings silky brown or yi-llow-brown, with a brilliant golden hind-marginal line. G''. The markings are two deeply angulated transverse lines. C. (/enicalcus. G". No markings, often darker shading toward the costa. ('. cidnielluii. G". A slender right-angled transverse line near the hind margin. C. hortclius. G'^. Nervures all golden striped, similar transverse lines or bands. C. cratenihis. G''. Dull dark brown stripes between all the nervures, and two transverse lines. C. chrysonuchdltos. 1. C. alpinellus, JIi'h.—ExYtanse J inch (17-20 mm.). Fore wings narrow, very pointed, almost hooked, dull umbreous; a white stripe from the base through the middle is twice interrupted by wavy brown transverse lines. Hind wings smoky-brown. AntenuEe of the male simple, slender, dark brown ; palpi long, almost straight, coarsely scaled, brown, dusted above with white ; head and thorax white ; abdomen slender, whitish-brown. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa gently arched, more distinctly so a little before the apex, which is produced into a long point; hind margin deeply hollowed just below it, then gently curved off at the anal angle; colour dull umbreous or pale brown ; a white longitudinal stripe from the base is twice interrupted beyond the middle CRAM B JD.E— CHAM HL 'S. 75 by sharply angiilated brown streaks forming portions of two very oblique brown zigzag lines or stripes, bent back and edged with white to the costa, and more faintly to the dorsal margin ; beyond these the longitudinal white stripe is ex- panded, and it reaches the hind margin, which otherwise is edged with minute black dots ; cilia shining brown. Hind wings ample, rounded behind ; pale smoky brown ; cilia concolorous. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky grey, with a white streak along the costa before the apex ; hind wings smoky white. Body and legs greyish-brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva and Pupa unknown. The moth hides during the day among Amiiuiphila and other grasses on the sea-sandhills, which here are its only resorts, and is usually unwilling to move, though shai-p and swift in its zigzag flight when actually aroused. My most instructive experience of it was on the coast at Hunstanton, Norfolk, in August, 1888 ; I had captured, with much trampling and beating of the grass-tufts, during some hours, three specimens, when a sudden and sharp thunder-shower came on. Immediately upon the cessation of the rain, one of these little moths started up close to me, and in the course of an hour or two 1 had secured a score of specimens. Excejifc on this occasion it hardly ever occurred more than singly. At dusk it flies of its own accord, but is not easily seen in flight, though it may be taken at the flowers of ragwort. It was first noticed in these Islands in 1871, when Mr. Moncreaff took several specimens on the sandy coast near Portsmouth, and in subsequent years it was found to Ije fairly common in that district. In recording it Dr. H. G. Ivnaggs naively remai'ks : " It is never found in Alpine dis- tricts— hence, I presume, its name." Still a very local species with us, found at Portsea, Southsea and Hayling Island, Hants; the Isle of iPurbeck, Dorset; Deal, Kent; antl 76 LEI'IDOI'TERA. Yai'inoiitb, C'aistor, and Hunstanton, Norfolk ; but so far as I know, not elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Abroad it frequents sandy districts inland, as well as on the coast, in Central and South-west Europe, Denmark, and Livonia ; also in Algeria and other parts of Northern Africa. 2. C. falsellus, ^i-hiff. — Expanse ^ to |inch (ly-2o mm.). Fore wings hardly pointed, white, dusted and shaded with chocolate, and the nervures and transverse lines richly red- brown ; discal stripe and following spot pearly white. Hind wings smoky-white. Antennpe simple, slender, dark brown ; palpi moderately long, porrected, pointed and faintly curved down, white ; the maxillary pair tufted with spreading hairs, black at the base, white above ; head white ; thorax white in the middle area, the shoulder-lappets pale yellow-brown ; abdomen slender, brownish-white. Fore wings elongated, moderately narrow ; costa straight from the base, gently arched beyond the middle ; apex angulated, faintly projecting : hind mar- gin straight ; colour white, with the nervures closely streaked with rich golden-brown ; from the base a pearly-white longi- tudinal stripe, forked near its apex, extends to about the middle of the wing ; immediately beyond it a thickening of the brown streaks makes a sort of angulated transverse band, bounded outwardly by a similar band of the white ground colour much broken by the dark lines; of these, three in the middle are blackened ; toward the apex is a small sharply defined pearly-white spot, and another, larger, lies above the anal angle ; hind margin edged by a double black line ; cilia golden-brown spotted with white. Hind wings ample, rounded behind, pale smoky brown. Female often whiter from more slender brown lines, otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown, with pearly dashes toward the apex. Hind wings smoky white. l?ody and legs whitish-brown. On the wing in Julv and August. CRAMBID.-E—CRAMliUH. 77 Lakva cyliutlrical, rather taperiug to the hinder end ; head glossj' reddish-brown ; dorsal plate similar, unusually narrow ; body pale grey, rather more brownish-grey on the anterior portion ; the internal vessels and parts of the body show- dark brownish-grey through the transparent skin ; raised dots glossy but hardly darker, each with a central brown dot, bearing a line hair ; anal plate light brown ; spiracles minute, black: undersurface and prolegs light ochreous grey with a pink tinge, legs reddish-brown. (W. Buckler — condensed.) September to June, on mosses growing upon old walls and rocks — Barhvia nmralis, Tortula intermedia, and T. iiuiralu , feeding on the inner substance, residing in a silk- lined tube or gallery within the tuft of moss. Pita y'V of an inch long ; wing covers long ; ends of the leg covers a little free from the abdomen ; anal tip rather bluntly rounded off ; glossy light brown, dark brown at the tip. (AV. Buckler.^' In the tube occu2jied by the larva. The moth sits upon old stone walls, or rocks, or hides in thatch, or dense trees such as hollies or yews, during the day, but flies in the evening, and will come at night to a strong light. Apparently never plentiful in any one spot, though very widely distributed; formerly to be found in the suburbs of London, from which it has disappeared : still fairlv frecjuent in suitable spots in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Wilts, Herts, Bedfordshire, Gloucestershire, Here- fordshire, Worcestershire, Leicestershire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cheshire, Lancashire and We.stmoreland ; in Wales in Brecknockshire, and near Tenby in Pembroke- shire ; in Scotland near Edinburgh, and in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire; but I find no record for Ireland. Abroad it is known throughout Central and Norf-hern Europe, Southern Prance, Italy, Dalmatia, and Asia Min)r. 78 LEriDOl'TtkA. 3. C. Verellus, /:"( //(/.. — Expanse % iucli (ll-1t> mm.). Fore wiugs short and rather blunt ; pale brown with white streaks from the base and beyond the middle, and black streaks on uervures in the middle and along the hind margin. Hind wings dull white. Antenna^ short, thick, simple, pale brown ; palpi long, thick, straight and tapering, white above, brown below ; the maxillary pair short and indistinct ; head white ; thorax Ijrownish-white. browner on the shoulder lappets ; abdomen silky-white. Fore wings short and blunt, rather narrow ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique, hardly curved; anal angle obtuae; colour pale yellow-brown, dusted between the nervures with black- brown and black ; from the base a white dash runs halfway along the costa, another more shortly on the median nervure, and a third occupies great part of the dorsal margin ; at the end of the discal cell is a soi-t of crescent of black dusting ; beyond this, halfway to the anal angle, a wedge-shaped white dash edged with a brown line ; this last seems to represent a partial and broken second line, which )>ecomes more distinct where it turns back to the costa here are two or thj-ee oblique brown and white streaks ; a white spot lies at the apex, and others along the hind margin, which also is lined and dotted with black; cilia shining daric brown with whitish dashes. Hind wings white, with a faint smoky tinge ; cilia white. Underside of the fore wings dusk}' white, tinged with brown toward the costa, and having dark brown cilia ; hind wings white, body and legs whitish-brown. On the wing in July and August. Lak\a undescribed. It is said to feed in moss upon the •branches of old apple, plum, and poplar trees. Pt'PA unknown. The moth is excessively rare in these Islauds and its CRA MIUn.K - CKA MB US. 79 liabita are scarceh- known. It lias been talcen about old fruit trees; and abroad Dr. Kossler says that it frequents fii- woods. It was first recognised here in the year 1S72, when a specimen was captured at Folkestone, Kent, bj- I\Ir. Chas. A. Briggs. Two or three more have been taken in subse- quent years in the same locality; and ]\Ir. A. F. (Griffiths has obtained four among fruit trees at Cambridge. One taken in a garden at Bognor, Sussex, in 18UU. completes the record of captures within my knowledge in these islands. Abroad it does not seem to be anywhere common ; but is found in some portions of Central Europe, also in Sweden, Finland, Dalmatia, and Bithj'nia. ■i. C. pratellus, L. — Expanse 'l to | inch (18-23 mm.). Fore wings rather blunt, yellow-brown or umbreous ; the white stripe shortly forked, very narrow, followed by a white wedge, then by a bent transverse line and a white apical dot ; hind wings smoky-ljrown. Female pearly white, with the markings slightly outlined. Antenna' of the male simple, dull brown ; palpi slender, porrected, pointed, brown, the maxillary pair very short and triangular ; head and the slender thorax and abdomen dull brown ; fore wings narrow, not very long ; costa gently arched; apex shortly pointed; hind margin just below it faintly indented, then filled out and rounded off ; colour pale yellow-brown, with darker nervures ; longitudinal pearly white stripe narrow, but shortly forked beyond the middle and then pointed ; just beyond it is a similar short wedge- shaped streak or spot ; close beyond this is an elbowed trans- verse line, white edged with black-brown; before this, from the ccsta, are usually two sharply pointed white streaks and a white shade running along the costa toward the base, but these are not always visible ; just within the apex of the wing is a triangular white spot, and below it a row of marginal black- dots ; cilia white, shading ott' to brown, and shot with a bright golden gloss. Hind wings ample, rounded behind ; smoky 8o LEPIDOPTERA. brown, darker ou the uervures and bind inarj^in ; cilia whitish brown. In the female the head, thorax, and abdomen are white or dusky-white, fore wings white or very pale yellow-brown, but the white stripe and other white markings so extended that the darker portions become mere brown lines ; and the cilia of all the wings white, though the hind wings have still a smoky tint. Underside of the fore wings of the ground colour of the upper, but without markings; the hind margin j)aler — in the female white — hind wings of both smoky white. Body and legs of the colour of the fore wings. Usually constant in colour in the male, but on the Scot- tish hills the fore wings become darker brown, and the markings, except the central stripe, very faint or absent; the female is more variable in colour generally, and in Ireland sometimes is found pure white except for a faint gloss of markings. On the wing in May and June, but in northern districts in July. Larva five-eighths of an inch long; head slightly narrower than the second segment, its lobes rounded, bright brown, highly polished, marbled with sienna-brown. and the mandibles of the same colour ; dorsal plate shining light brown ; body cylindrical, but slightly iiattened beneath ; dingy greyish- olive ; raised dots all polished, large and prominent, dark smoky-olive ; ventral surface and prolegs uniformlv of the ground colour of the dorsal surface ; legs polished black. (G. T. Porritt.) August till April ou grasses, living in silken galleries among the grass-stems on the ground ; eating the grass- stems close to the roots, especially beneath the surface of the earth. Apparently on all the common grasses — Hofmann specifies Aii-a jicxaosa, and says that the long silken tubes of the larva are covered with e.xcrement and CRAMBID^—CRAMBUS. 8i grains of eartli — hybernating in these tubes when nearly full grown. Pupa three-eighths of an inch long ; glossy, fairly plump, and with all the organs well defined ; bright yellow-brown : the abdominal divisions darker brown, and the eye-cases and anal point nearly black. In a firm silken cocoon among the roots of the grass or against some neighbouring object, but just below the surface of the soil. (G. T. P.) The moth sits in the daytime, like the rest of the genus, with wings closely clasped round it, head down, upon grasses: but is at all times alert, flying uji on the least disturbance, to settle again at a short distance, on another grass-stem, and always with head straight downwards — a position which moths of this group will assume even when sitting upon the smooth glass of a gas-lamp. It flies at dusk and at night, but keeps generally pretty close to the grass. One of the most abundant of our species, and to be found everywhere- — in fields, lanes, roadsides, woods, hills and valleys, moun- tains, marshes and fens — wherever grass grows, but not greatly liking the harder harsher grasses of sea-sandhills. Everywhere abundant throughout the British Isles, including the Shetlands. Abroad common in all parts of Central and Northern Europe, and found in the north of Italy, Portugal, Dalmatia, Armenia, and Siberia. 5. C. dumetellus, Huh. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings elongated, rather pointed, rich golden brown, with a pearly white stripe along the costa, and another, longer, forked and divided, along the disk, followed by the elbowed line and an apical white triangle. Hind wings pale smoky-brown. Antennas of the male simjsle, dark brown with, on the upper side, a pale brown line ; palpi long and slender, faintly depressed, pale golden-brown ; head drab ; thorax yellow- brown ; abdomen slender, whitish-brown. Fore wings elongated, pointed ; costa nearly' straight ; apex sharply VOL. -x. K 82 LEPinOPTERA. angulated and slightly projecting; hind margin, immedi- ately below it, straight and oblique to a slight depression, then it expands and is rounded off: colour golden yellow- brown, rather paler along the dorsal margin ; the longitu- dinal stripe not very broad, brilliantly pearly-white, slightly forked just beyond the middle of its lower edge, wedge- shaped at the end ; closely beyond it, and only separated by a black-brown oblique streak, is a small pearly white blotch ; below this are several lines of black dusting on the nervures; another white stripe from the base, but very narrow, lies along the costa to the middle : beyond this are two oblique wedge-shaped pearly white streaks, pointing downward, the first having beneath it a slender longitudinal silvery white dash, the second becoming, with a decided elbow, a transverse line, brown, edged with silvery white ; from this elbow a white wedge-shaped spot runs into the apex of the wing ; lower hind-marginal space pale purplish-grey dusted with golden-brown ; cilia white against the apical white spot, purplish-grey below, but intensely glossy, and edged with a golden sheen. Hind wings very ample, rounded behind, smoky pale purplish-brown : cilia paler. Female similar, or more whitish -golden-brown. Underside of the fore wings smoky purplish-brown ; apex and hind margin silvery yellowish-white. Hind wings smoky pale purplish-brown. Body and legs pale golden- brown. Not variable to any extent, except that specimens from the south of England are brighter and of a lighter yellow- brown than those from the north, and than those which I have seen from abroad. ()u the wing in June and the beginning of July. Larva five-eighths of an inch long, moderately stout ; head shining dark brown ; dorsal and anal plates shining warm dark brown ; body dull smooth vandyke-brown ; raised dots large, shining, dark vandyke-brown. the front pair on CRAMBWjE—CRAMBUS. 83 the thirteenth segment joined into one transverse spot; each tlot with a dark hair ; dorsal line slender, ilesh-colour. When younger light salmon-colour banded across each seg- ment with pink ; the head and dorsal plate dark chestnut brown. (W. Buckler — condensed.) July to ilay on the roots and root-stems of grasses growing in dry pastures. Inhabiting a cylindrical gallery of silk, very smooth and white within, and covered on the out- side, with dried particles of grass and frass. (V(. B.) Pupa undescribed ; in a cocoon less than three-eighths of an inch in length, oval, of brownish-grey silk, formed at the end of the larval gallery. (W. B.) This moth is especially attached to dry hill-sides, and dry slopes at the edges of woods, also to the drier, more settled, sandy hills at the coast ; evidently loving sunny spots ; hiding during the day among the short grass, but Hying up and away rather swiftly if distui-bed. Very local with us, but widely distributed, and to be found in suitable spots in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire. In Wales I found it on the coast near Pembroke. In Scotland it is recorded from Fife, Perthshire, Aberdeen- shire, Moray, and Inverness ; and in Ireland in Tyi'one and Sligo. Abroad it has a wide range over Central and North- ern Europe, Italy, Dalmatia, Southern and Eastern Russia ; and in North America in Texas and Colorado, and the slopes of the Rocky Mountains. (). C. ericellus, Hi'ih. — -Expanse § to 1 inch. Fore wings elongated, glistening, brown, darkest at the costa and on the nervures ; median stripe narrow, even, silvery-white followed by a similar spot, also a bent dark line and white apical spot ; dorsal margin narrowly white. Hind wings smoky pale brown. 84 LEPIDOPTERA. Antenna; of the male rather thick, simple, dark brown ; palpi straight, similar iu colour ; maxillary pair small; head dull brown ; thorax bronzy-brown ; abdomen glossy mouse- colour. Fore wings elongated ; costa very faintly arched, almost straight; apex squared or faintly pointed; hind margin nearly straight and rather perpendicular ; colour dark golden-brown, darker toward the costa ; longitudinal stripe single and without fork, but pointed and cut off from a quite similar extension which is on a very slightly lower level ; above and below this the parallel black-brown lines are quite visible on the nervures ; along the dorsal margin is usually a narrow white stripe ; beyond the extended median white stripe is a curved and bent transverse line of silvery dusting edged by brown lines, and just before it a faint partially parallel streak from the costa ; a white wedge- shaped spot at the apex is cut oif from the hind margin by a black line, and below this are five marginal black dots ; cilia dusky greyish-white. Hind wings ample, rounded behind ; smoky brown, darker toward the margin ; cilia dusky white. Female similar or paler. Underside of the fore wings smoky brown, whiter along the hind margin. Hind wings white with the anterior nervures brown. Body and legs brown. On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of August. Larva and Plpa unknown. This species is found with us only on heaths and moors iu mountain districts. Mr. Herbert Goss has found it flying plentifully at an altitude of 2000 to 230u feet above seu- level. It sits upon the heather and the plants which grow among it, and rises readily at the footstep of an intruder iu the daytime. At dusk it flies of its own accord. In this country it seems as yet only to have been found in Cunibei- land — on Horton, Great Gable, and mountains in the Kes- wick district. It may very rea^o;iably be expected also to CKA MBID.'E—CRA MB L S. 85 occur in Westmoreland and on the mountains of North Wales, but as yet there is no record therefrom. In Scotland it is common in Perthshire, Argyleshire, Koss, Inverness, and Sutherlandshire, and is also to be found in Skj-e and other parts of the Hebrides, and in the Orkneys. Abroad on the mountains of Central and Northern Europe. 7. C.sylvellus, Huh.; adippellus, Tr. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings elongated, rather broad, rich golden-brown with darker nervures; the pearly-white middle stripe extending almo.st throughout the wing, bat divided beyond the middle, unbranched. Hind wings sraolcy-white. Antenna? of the male simple, dark brown ; palpi long, bronzy-brcwn, whiter within ; head and thorax bronzy- brown ; abdomen shining greyish-white. Fore wings very even in width, moderately broad ; costa faintly arched ; apex almost squarely angulated, but a little pointed ; hind margin slightly hollowed ; anal angle prominent ; pale golden-brown with darker longitudinal bronzy-brown lines; central longi- tudinal stripe ipearly-white, rather broad, unbranched, cut ofi' by a slender brown dividing line beyond the middle, then continued to very near the hind margin, where it touches the angulated transverse line — golden-brown with a darker edging ; costa beyond the middle pearly-white crossed by two oblique golden-brown streaks ; close to the ajjex is a pearlj-white triangular spot ; extreme hind margin white, partially dusted with grey, edged by a short black line above, and a row of black dots below ; cilia brilliant bronzy whitish- brown. Hind wings ample, the margin partially straight, smoky white ; the cilia white. Female similar, rather stouter. Underside of the fore wings shining smoke-colour, whiter along the hind margin. Hind wings shining smokj- white, with whiter cilia. Body and legs whitish-brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva and Pita unknown. Mr. Porritt had eggs from 86 LEPIDOPTERA. which the young larva hatched, and were then wliite with the head red ; but they seem to have refused food of any kind. This species inliabits marshes, boggy meadows, and the wider open stretches of fen covered with coarse grass- sedges, and rank herbage ; and is not very readily induced to fly in the day time. After sunset, however, it becomes lively, and ma}- be captured in numbers in its few localities. These are in the fens of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, the bogs of the New Forest and Wolmer Forest, Hants, in Dorset, Essex, and Cumberland. "With the exception of a statement that it was found at Killarney. Ireland, by the late Peter Bouchard, I find no other records in the United Kingdom. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe, Northern Europe, and the North of Italy. 8. C. hamellus, Thiuih. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings broad behind, but elongated ; golden brown, the longitudinal pearly white stripe sharply branched, beneath, just beyond the middle. Hind wings smoky white. Antennje of the male simple, brown ; palpi long, slender, bronzy-brown ; head and middle of the thorax dull bro^'U ; shoulder lappets more golden - brown : abdomen silky brownish-white. Fore wings elongated, not narrow ; costa almost straight ; apex sharply angulated and very little produced ; hind margin refuse, then straight and slightly oblique ; soft smooth golden-brown ; the longitudinal stripe pearly white, extending more than three-fourths the length of the wings and pointed at the end, sharply forked on its under side, but undivided ; from it beyond the fork spring two or three cloudy brown streaks ; beyond this is a single, elbowed, brown transverse line, obscurely edged with white toward the costa, and followed in the hind marginal area by a series of slender white streaks, and clouds which enclose a rich golden-brown triangle before the apex ; extreme hind margin dotted with black : cilia pale bronzy-brown. Hind CRAMBID.E— CRA Mil US. 87 wings ample, rounded behind, smoky-brown, with paler cilia Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining bronzy-brown, with the apex whitish. Hind wings shining smokj' brown. Body and legs whitish-brown. On the wing in July and August, sometimes even into September. Larva and Pupa unknown. Rather a sluggish species. It is common on some of the more extensive heaths, and sits on the stiff hard grasses in the paths and open spots, or occasionally on the heath {Eric(i) itself, but unless the sun is shining warmly is not disposed to fly. In places where large masses of coarse grass are scattered about the heaths it will sit among the thick grass, and then is more easily disturbed and captured. After dusk at night it creeps u^j, and sits on the rushes, stiff grasses, and heather, and from its bright glossy sheen becomes con- spicuous under the light of a lantern. Its natural flight seems to be late at night. Found in the heaths of Surrey^ Hants, Dorset, Devon, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, near Scarborough, Yorkshire, and Hartlepool, Durham. In Scotland several specimens were recorded as captured at Donald's Wood, near Paisley, by Isiv. J. Dunsmore, some years ago, and these, which are now at Glasgow, are correctly named. This is the ouXj record for Scotland, so far as I know ; there appears to be none for Wales ; and in Ireland only the statement that Bouchard took it at Killarney. There is room here — and reason — for further research. Abroad this species is distributed through Central and Northern Europe, South-west France, Central Italy, Siberia, and some parts of North America. *J. C. pascuellus, JAnu. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings long and pointed, pale golden-brown, dorsal margin white, 88 LEPIDOPTERA. longitudinal pearly stripe unbranched, but its end cut off and drooping ; apex streaked with white. Hind wings white. Antennae of the male simple, bronzy-brown ; palpi long, slender, white above, dark brown beneath ; head and middle of the thorax white ; shoulder lappets rich golden-brown ; abdomen dusky white. Fore wings elongated, pointed at the tip ; costa very gently arched ; apex acutely angulated, rather produced ; hind margin just below it retuse, and thence straightly oblique to a depression, then rounded out, and curved at the anal angle ; colour rich golden yellow-brown ; the longitudinal stripe pearly white, rather broad, unbranched, the tip pointed and then cut off by an oblique streak from a continuation which is narrower and somewhat drooping ; along the dorsal margin is a similar but less definite stripe ; beyond these stripes is an elbowed transverse line of golden- brown bordered towai-d the costa on both sides with white ; beyond it the apex is streaked with pearl}' white, sharply edged by a black marginal line ; below are a few elongated black marginal dots ; cilia shining white, shaded in the middle with brilliant golden-brown. Hind wings ample, broadly rounded behind ; white, faintly shaded with smoky clouding, especially so toward the apex ; cilia white. Female similar, sometimes rather paler. Underside of the fore wings shining smoky brown, with a bionzy tinge, but whiter along the dorsal and hind margins. Hind wings shining smoky white. On the wing in June and the early part of July. Larva scarcelj' known. I'rofessor Fernald sajs that when hatched from the egg " the head is black, with the labrum yellowish, the dorsal plate dark brown, the bodj- straw- colour, with fine reddish blotches, giving it a pinkish cast. When two weeks old the body becomes of a mottled dark brown." Probably it feeds on the roots or stems of grasses growing in rather damp ground. CRAM lUD/E—CR AMBUS. 89 Pupa unknown. This species is specialJy attaclied to damp meadows and marshy spots either in open woods or along the neighbour- hood of streams, and indeed is generally distributed in damp places. Here it sits on the soft grasses — head downwards as usual — and flies up at once if disturbed. It is one of the most delicately beautiful species of the group, from the exquisitely bronzy tint of its brown colour. Abundant in suitable places throughout England, except perhaps in the ilidlands and extreme north, where it seems to be local ; probably also in Wales, where I found it commonly in Pembrokeshire, and Mr. Day records it in Carnarvonshire and Flintshire. In Scotland it certainly is not universally comiuon, but appears to be so in Wigtownshire and else- where in the west to the Clyde valley ; in the east it is found rarely in Midlothian and Aberdeenshire; Dr. White obtained it in Inverness-shire and Perthshire, but considered it un- common ; and luore recently it has been taken plentifully in damp grassy places in Unst, Shetland. In Ireland it is generally distributed, but scarce in the north. Abroad it inhabits all the Continent of Europe except some of the warmest southern portions, and is common in Iceland ; also found in Armenia and Tartary. In North America it is recorded as occurring in JMassachusetts, and also in California and Texas. 10. Culiginosellus, /?'//. — Expanse-Jinch (lS-20mm.). Fore wings short and broad but pointed at the tips ; pale golden-brown ; longitudinal pearly white stripe broad, toward the base joined to the costa, in the middle shaded with brown. Hind wings white. Antennis of the male simple, dark brown ; palpi very straight, white above, brown beneath ; head and the middle of the thorax white ; shoulder-lappets yellow-brown ; abdo- men shining white, but at the base tinged with yellow- brown. Fore wings short and broad ; costa gently arched ; 90 I.RPIDOPTERA. apex sbarply but shortly angulatecl ; hiud margin u.^arly perpendicular and straight, but curved off at the anal angle ; pale yellow-brown with bronzy-brown lines along some of the nervures ; longitudinal pearly white stripe broad and short, in contact with the costa for half its length ; obliquely intersected by a faint shade of yellow-brown, wedge-shaped at the tij) ; obliquely cut off from it by a narrow brown line is an elongated pearly white blotch or continuation ; above this is a smaller similar spot on the costa, followed by an oblique white line which is continued, with a blunt angle, as the transverse line, but less distinctly white ; beyond is an ajjical triangular white spot, cut off by a short black mar- ginal line, beneath which is a line of black dots ; cilia shining white, shaded with pale brown. Hind wings also short and broad, fully rounded behind, silky white ; cilia white. Female similar, or with more white in the ground colour, and often having a white stripe along the dorsal margin. Underside of the fore wings shining smoky brown with the hind margin whiter. Hind wings white, shaded in the middle with smoky brown. Body and legs pale brown. On the wing from the end of June till August. Larva and I'ipa unknown. This species frequents the borders of the wettest bogs and marshes — places in which the sundew and the bog asphodel will grow freely — and is very local, sometimes confined to a spot a few square yards in extent. It hides among short rough grass, in the heather, or even upon the Sphagnum which grows in such places ; also it abounds in some portions of the fens. It flies readily in the afternoon if disturbed, and at sunset becomes very restless and lively, flying very near the ground, but conspicuous from the whiteness of its hind wings. Found in such places as I have described in Kent, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Devon, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cam- bridgeshire, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire ; also in CRAMBID.-E— CRAM BUS. gi Wyre Forest, Worcestershire ; but this appears to be the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is found in the marshes of Central Europe and Livonia. 11. C. latistrius, Hmv. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings rather narrow, soft yellow-brown ; longitudinal stripe even in width, pearly white, extending unbroken, and without branch, from the base to the hind marginal cilia. Hind wings smoky white. Antennte of the male simple, dull brown ; palpi very sti'aight and prominent, brown mixed with white ; head and front of thorax white ; remainder of thorax pale bronzy- brown ; abdomen ashy-white ; fore wings elongated, narrow- blunt behind; costa slightly arched; a])ex sqnarely angu- lated ; hind margin shoi-t, gently rounded ; colour golden- brown, shading paler on the dorsal margin ; longitudinal stripe pearlj'-white, rather narrow and very even in width, continued throughout from the base to the cilia ; edged a little with black along its upper margin and more faintly so below ; no transverse line ; extreme hind margin dotted with black ; cilia shining smoky brown, except that portion which continues the white stripe. Hind wings ample ; the apex a little produced, and the hind margin sinuous ; smoky white, more smoky brown along the front edge; cilia white. Female similar, a very little smaller. Undersides of the fore wings shining pale yellow-browu much clouded in the middle with smoke-colour. Hind wings shining smoky white. Body and legs brownish-white. On the wing from the end of July till September. Larva and Pupa undescribed, but Mr. Buckler has figured the cocoon from which he reared a specimen. It is long and rather narrow, formed of silk completely covered with grains of sand. Usually a heath-frequenting species, hiding during the day among heather, but sitting at night on small sedges and <)2 LEPIDOl'TERA. coarse grasses in the more open spots ; also frequenting sea- sandhills, and the rough grasses which grow in sandy districts inland. Easily disturbed in the afternoon and ilying actively at dusk. Very local and not usually to be Ibund in very considerable numljers even in its chosen haunts ; bnt frequenting such suitable spots in Kent, Surrey, Hants with the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall ; also in Suffolk, Norfolk, and the coasts of Lincolnshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire. In Scotland it is not rare on the coast sands of Ayrshire and of Arran, and is found rarely in i'erthshire. This appears to be the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad its distribution seems to be limited to Holland, Western France, Northern Spain, and Livonia. 12. C. furcateUus, Zitt. — Expanse { inch (21-23 mm.). Eore wings bluntly pointed, dull dark yellow-brown ; longi- tudinal stripe dull white, rather expanded and repeatedly indented beyond the middle. Hind wings smoky brown. Antenna? of the male simple, black-brown ; palpi not very long, depressed, chocolate-brown ; head and thorax of the same colour ; abdomen pale grey-brown. Fore wings bluntly pointed, and not very long ; costa straight ; apex angulated, but not sharply so; hind margin nearly straight and oblique; colour dull chocolate-brown, slightly paler along the costal edge ; longitudinal stripe slender, shining white, its lower side rather expanded beyond the middle of the wing, and there minutely but regularly indented, so as to form four minute finger-like points ; no other markings ; cilia shining pale grey-brown. Hind wings broad, apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin rounded ; dark smoky brown ; cilia a little paler. Female variable, sometimes quite similar, often smaller, and paler or darker in colour. Underside of the fore wings very pale smoky brown, darker along the discal cell. Hind wings pale smoky grey. Body grey-brown, legs pale brown. On the wing in July and August. CRA ^rBID.'E—CRA MB US. 93 Larva and Pupa unknown ; except that ^Ir. Buckler obtained from the egg young larvae " of a pinkish-brown, with very dark brown shining head and plate behind it, and with excessively minute brown dots and fine hairs ; rather active for so small a creature.' It does not appear that these young larvfe were observed to feed. Perhaps it may be desirable to add that larva? believed to be of this species were found on the top of a mountain in Scotland, by Mrs. Fraser, in the autumn of 1881. These were described by Mr. Hodgkinson " pale whitish-yellow, with very few hairs on the body, the head very small, shining, the colour pale ash ; no spots visible. Lying snugly ensconced at the roots of a club-moss." This description does not appear to have been confirmed by the emergence of any moth. This species seems to be restricted in these Islands to the tops of mountains, where grass is growing, and to the higher grassy slopes. Mrs. Fraser says : " AVhen close to the hill-top I found aCrambus flying, one thati had never seen before; itwas entirely confined to the summit of the hill and to the ground sloping down, perhaps twenty-five or thirty feet from the top. There were several rocky points, and immediately below and surrounding these, dry springy turf, very short grass, and tufts of mountain blaeberry. The moth took quick short flights, and invariably settled on the ground, never once on the grass. Most likely this habit of alighting on the ground is for the purpose of concealment ; at rest on the peaty brown soil, with little fragments of the dry whitened herbage of the past season scattered about, C furcatclluH was almost invisible. It was not inclined to rise often on the wing unless disturbed." This was on a Perthshire mountain ; in England it is only known to occur on Skiddaw and other mountains in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and North Lan- cashire ; in Wales upon Snowdon ; and, as Dr. J. W. Ellis states, on any elevation in that district above 1,500 feet ; and in Scotland on the high hills of Perthshire, Aberdeen- 0+ l.EPIDOPTERA. shire, Uoss, Inverness, Sutherland, and the Jlebrides. Abroad it is found on the Alps, on the mountains of Norway, and in Lapland. 13. C. margaritellus, Hv.h. — Expanse I inch (21- 2o mm.). Fore wings elongated but broad, orange-brown or pale chestnut, dorsal region paler ; pearly-white longi- tudinal stripe broadly expanded beyond the middle. Hind wings smoky brown. Antenna' of the male slender, simple, dark brown barred with white; i)alpi long, jioriected. rough, white on the uppe)' surface, brown beneath ; head and middle of thorax white ; sides of thorax pale yellow-brown ; abdomen shining ashy- brown. Fore wings i-ather broad, blunt ; costa a little arched beyond the middle : apex squarely angulated ; hind margin almost straight, and very little oblique; colour reddish- orange-brown shading to pale yellow-brown on the dorsal margin ; longitudinal stripe unbroken and unbranched, narrow at the base, bnt ranch broadened behind, and almost cleaver-shaped beyond the middle, extending to near the hind margin ; it is edged on the upper side by a black or black-brown line; no other markings; cilia shining brownish- grey, intersected by a brown line. Hind wings ample, rounded behind, pale smoke colour, darker at the apex and hind margin; cilia smoky white. Female stouter; the body shoi'ter. and the wings smaller, and more yellow in colour. Underside of the fore wings shining smoky brown ; of the hind wings glossy smoky white, with whiter cilia. Body and legs brown. There is a slight local variation in the colour of the fore wings ; English specimens being often of a more j-ellow-brown colour, Scotch with a brighter red tendency. The latter form appears to be that best known on the Continent. On the wing from June till August. L.\uv.\ and 1\ iw unknown. CRA MB/!). !■:— CRAMP. L 'S. 9 5 The moth sits upon grasses during the daj- in its favourite haunts, the boggy portions of heaths, and those portions of " mosses " from which turfs have been cut, as well as in damp grassy places in woods, and is readily disturbed on still days and in the afternoon, flying to a short distance, to settle again on a grass-blade. At sunset it begins its natural flight, and this continues till dusk. Not known to occur in the South of England. Haifa century ago it was plentiful in Sutton Park, Warwickshire, and excessively abundant on Chat Moss 'and other mosses of Lancashire and Cheshire ; still to be found in these counties where its natural habitat is not destroyed by cultivation, and also in the neighbour- hood of Cannock Chase, Staffordshire ; common on mosses in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, and found in Durham in 1874. In Wales Mr. Percy Kichards has found it at Llanberis, and Mr. R. Newistead at Colwyn Baj- ; in Scotland it occurs, sometimes abundantly, in Berwickshire, Midlothian, Dumbartonshire, Argyleshire, Perthshire, Aber- deenshire, Moray, Inverness, Ross, and in the Outer Hebrides; in Ireland in Galway, Sligo, and Fermanagh. Abroad it inhabits the Central and Northern portions of the Continent of Europe, and Northern Italy. 14. C. pinetellus, /,. pinellus, St/'ud. Caf. — Expanse I to 1 inch. (21-2G mm.). Fore wings rather broad, rich orange-red ; stripe very broad, pearly-white, sharply divided just beyond the middle. Hind wings smoky white. Antennfe of the male simple, light brown ; palpi rather slender, pointed, white above, brown beneath ; the maxillary pair distinctly white ; head and middle of thorax snow-white, sides of the latter dark ochreous ; abdomen pale leaden- brown. Fore wings blunt, rather broad ; costa gently arched beyond the middle ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin straight, hardly oblique, the anal angle well marked ; colour rich orange-red, more' orange-yellow toward the dorsal margin ; the longitudinal stripe narrow at the base, and 96 LEPIDOI'TERA. regularly widening, pearly-white with a dark edging, and so cut off obliquely with dark brown just beyond the middle as to form a long triangle followed by a large rhomboid ; from the distinct black edge of the latter a cloud of black dusting is thrown off toward the hind margin ; this la>it is edged with a black line, and with black dots, or minute crescents, at the tips of the nervures ; cilia shining golden black- brown. Hind wings ample, rounded behind, smoky brown ; the nervures a little darker; cilia shining whitish-brown. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale chestnut, or yellow- brown, with a smoky clouding. Hind wings smoky white, with a slender faint smoky transverse line before the hind margin. Body and legs white. On the wing in July and August ; also somftimes in September, possibly as a partial second generation. Lakva slender, cylindrical, almost uniform in size through- out ; the skin of a dingj^ reddish-slate colour, is smooth, but not shining ; head, dorsal, and anal plates, and raised dots, jet black and very highly polished, each of the latter furnished with a fine blackish hair ; spiracles small, round, and black. (W. Buckler.) August till June on Aira c(c--iintom and other grasses, also on Ei-iophoruiii caginatum ; feeding on the lower )iortions of the grass stalks, living in small silken tubes, placed vertically among grasses in the dense tufts. Pupa moderately stout, the wing cases long in proportion, the skin smooth and polished ; of a cinnamon-ljrown colour. Within a sheath of grass in a neat little chamber, smoothly lined with white silk, and covered outside with particles of gnawed grass. (W. B.) This moth differs from the allied species in that it seems rarely to sit on, or among, grasses ; and also in living in very small numbers, scattered about, rather than in multitudes CRAMBIDJE—CRAMRUS. . 97 ia any one place. It sits during the day in bushes, shrubs, low trees such as hollies and yews, or very often in the hedges of lanes, or those bordering woods, and is ordinarily disturbed by the beating-stick when this is used for collecting species of other groups. Dr. Buchanan AVhite says, how- ever, that in Scotland it does not fly so readily in the daytime as other species, and is there best collected by searching at night with a lantern upon dry banks. Eather a common species in all the southern, eastern, and western Counties of England, and in the southern Midlands, apparently scarce elsewhere in the Midlands, but occurring at Cannock Chase, Staffordshire ; also in Cheshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Yorkshire. Probably distributed through many parts of Wales, since it is recorded from Denbighshire and I found it not uncommonly in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it seems scarce, jet is recorded from near Edinburgh and elsewhere in Midlothian, Lanarkshire, Dumbartonshire, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Inverness, Moray, and Eoss-shire. In Ireland the records are few and wide apart — Cork and Kerry, Antrim and Tj-rone. Abroad it ranges through Northern and Central Europe, Italy, the North of Spain, the Balkan States, Bithj^nia, Pontus, and Armenia. 15. C. myellus, Hiih. — Expanse | to 1 inch (22^25 mm.). Fore wings rather broad, rich orange-red, with the dorsal margin paler; stripe pearly white, very narrow at the base, in- creasing gradually in width, and cut into three portions, the third very narrow. Hind wings faintly smoky white. Antennaj of the male simple, reddish-brown, faintly barred toward the tips with white ; palpi moderately long, white above, brown beneath, the maxillary pair distinctly white ; head and middle of thorax snowy white, sides of the latter pale yellow-brown ; abdomen glistening ashj^-white. Fore wings rather broad, the costa very gently arched ; apex squared ; hind margin curved, but verj- little oblique, and the anal angle fully formed ; colour chestnut-red, shading VOL. X. (f gS LEPIDOPTERA. to orange-red on the costa, and to orange-j-ellow on the dorsal margin ; longitudinal stripe pearly white, narrow at the base, and ver^y slowly broadening, obliquely cut oti'in the middle by a rather broad black-red bar, and again toward the hind margin by a red-brown bar, so as to form three sections, the third a mere white streak ; just beyond this is a row of black marginal dots ; cilia shining grey-brown, intersected with darker. Hind wings ample; the hind margin rounded, but rather indented below the apex ; shining white, with a faint smoky tint ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale orange-5-ellow, with a large central smoky cloud. Hind wings white, with a faint smoke-coloured transverse submarginal stripe. Body and legs white. On the wing from the end of June till August. Larva and Plpa not with any certainty known. This species is said to sit upon grasses by day, and to be easily induced to fly ; but I have no personal knowledge of it. First recognized and recorded in these Islands in the year 18GS, a specimen having been taken, sitting on grass, near Aberdeen by Mr. N. E. Brown ; a second specimen was then recognized as having been taken some years earlier, in Scotland, by ilr. Thomas Boyd. Soon afterwards it was taken in Perthshire, and seems gradually in subsequent years to have increased somew^hat in numbers, but so far as I am aware is still confined to the mountain valleys of those two counties, about Braemar and Glen Tilt, and only taken there in very small numbers. Abroad it is found principally in mountain districts in Central and Northern Europe, Italy, and Armenia ; and in North America has been taken in Nova Scotia and in Maine. IG. C.perlelluSj.S'rt)/). — Expanse | to 1^ inch (20-28 mm.). Fore wings rather broadly elongate, pearly j-ellowish-white, CRAMBID^E—CRAMBUS. 99 very glossy, with or without darker bronzy stripes between the nervures. Hind wings white, or smoky white. Antennas of the male simple, shining, white or whitish- brown ; palpi long, similar in colour ; head, thorax, and abdomen silky j-ellowish-white or bi"onzy-white. Fore wings elongated, not narrow, very blunt ; costa faintly arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin slightly curved and short ; colour shining pearly-white, silky-white, or yellowish- white, without central stripe or other markings ; cilia con- colorous. Hind wings ample, rounded behind ; shining silky-white with smoky shading ; cilia pure white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining smoky brown ; cilia white. Hind wings smoky white. Body and legs pearly- white. Variable both generally and locally. Along with the type form, and sometimes in almost equal numbers, is one having longitudinal stripes of bronzy-grey or bronzy-yellow between the nervures of the fore wings, these stripes being in some individuals narrow or tapering, but more frequently broad and having the ground colour reduced to narrow lines along the principal nervures, while other specimens become wholly bronzy-yellow. With these changes in colour of the fore wings that of the thorax and head corresponds. On the moors and mosses of the north of England and in Scotland a further change takes place, the specimens being uniformly rather smaller, more regularly striped with darker bronzy colour, the stripes more numerous, and the smaller nervures in the outer portion of the fore wings only lined with white ; the head and thorax some darker shade of bronzy -grey. This form has long been known under the name of imrringfoncUus, supposed to be a distinct species ; and still aj^jjears as such in many collections ; but all intermediate possible varieties are found — especially in the Eastern Counties — and there can, I think, be no doubt that this form is merely a variety of the present species. In the hill districts and on the mountains 100 LEPIDOPTERA. of the uortli of Scotland a further change is found, the white ground colour being obliterated, and the head, thorax, and fore wings becoming of a uniform dark bronzy-yellow or bronzy- brown, presenting the exact form known in Alpine districts abroad under the varietal name of ro-stcl/ii>i. These well-marked forms are attended by supplementary variations, — on the coast of Lancashire is one of small size, a most beautifully peai'ly appearance and almost greenish lustre, without any trace of markings ; another, occurring in the north of Ireland, is uni- coloi'ous bronzy-///'(7/, while associated with it are ordinary large, pearly, typical specimens — indeed, it becomes neces- sary to see the mixed and intermediate forms from northern, eastern and western localities to obtain anything like a full appreciation of the capacity of this species for variation. On the wing from the end of June till August. Lak\a three-quarters of an inch long, stout, cylindrical, skin semitransparent ; segments well defined, each having a subdividing transverse wrinkle in the middle; head polished, pale yellowish-brown slightly freckled with dark brown, or in occasional specimens darker brown ; in all cases the man- dibles are dark sienna-brown ; dorsal plate polished, rather browner than the ground colour ; the latter is greyish-stone colour, some specimens having a brownish tinge ; the greenish alimentary canal shows through as a dorsal stripe ; raised dots shining, of a darker shade of the ground colour, each con- tains a black spot from which springs a single short hair ; spiracles intensely black ; ventral surface of a paler shade than the dorsal area ; legs ringed and tipped, and prolegs slightly fringed, with dark sienna-brown. (G. T. Porritt.) August or September till May or June, on grasses — Aira, Fcstuca, and others — apparently all grasses, but showing a preference for the harder, coarser species ; living in silken galleries at the bottom of the grass stems ; when near full growth inhabiting a tubular gallery two inches long, firmly attached to the grass in an upright position, the lower end CRAMniD.'E— CRAM BUS. loi touching the ground, fabricated of grey silk covered with particles of moss, frass, and grains of earth. Mr. Porritt says that throughout it feeds and lives in pi'ecisely the same manner as does that of ('. JVarruii/to/ic/li's, that the larvae closely agree, and that the rearing of the present form con- firms the opinion which he has long held that the latter is nothing more than a variety of the present species. Pl'PA of ordinary shape, with rather long wing-covers and leg and antenna-cases ; abdomen tapering and ending in a short truncate cremaster ; spiracles rather prominent ; colour shining pale yellowish-brown, changing to darii brown. In an oval cocoon of materials similar to those of the larval gallery, but more tough, and sunk partly into the ground. The moth sits bj' day on the stems of coarse rank grasses bj' preference, but on grasses generally, head downwards as usual, and is sufficiently active, flying vigorously about among the grasses if disturbed, but soon settling again. At night it flies freely and will come to light, sitting quietly on the gas lamps in public roads. It especially loves rough places where the coarser grasses abound, but also frequents damp meadows and pasture fields, marshes, mosses, and hill- sides, in its various forms — separate or mixed — throughout the United Kingdom, even to the Shetland Isles. Abroad it is distributed all over the Continent of Europe, Central and Western Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, Cashmir ; and in North America from Labrador throughout Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and Lower Canada, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Illinois, and California. 17. C. selasellus,//('6.— Expanse I to 1 inch(21-2.jmm.j. Fore wings rather broadened, soft pale ochreous-brown; longi- tudinal stripe narrow, straight, glossy white, broken up by the nervures toward the end, and sharj^ly edged above with black-brown. Hind wings pale smoky brown. 102 LEPIDOPTERA. Antennas of the male simple, light iDrown ; palpi long, slender, and pointed, drab dusted with brown ; head and thorax pale ochreous ; abdomen silky pale yellow-brown. Fore wings moderately elongated, very blunt ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly and squarely angulated ; hind margin straight and almost perpendicular ; anal angle also nearly squared ; colour very soft dull ochreous or yellow-brown, shading paler toward the hind and dorsal margins ; longi- tudinal stripe narrow — extremely so at the base — straight, shining white, breaking up beyond the middle of the wing into two fainter white streaks on uervures, its upper side edged with black-brown dusting ; hind margin edged with minute black dots ; cilia pale ochreous. Hind wings very wide, rather angulated at the apex, and having the hind margin less curved than is usual, tlie anal angle being full ; smoky white or very jDale smoky brown, with streaks of paler shading ; cilia smoky white. Female similar, sometimes a little smaller. Underside of the fore wings smoky bronzy-ochreous, paler toward the margins. Hind wings pale smoky brown. Body and legs pale brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva stout, the head glossy black, dorsal plate also glossy, black-brown, divided in the middle by a pale line; anal plate light brown ; colour of the body warm brown, melting gradually into rather lighter olivaceous, or ochreous-brown, on the sides and undersurface ; dorsal vessel visible, faintly darker ; raised dots warm brown, darkest on the back, each bearing a fine dark hair ; spiracles round, black, ringed with pale ochreous. (W. Buckler — condensed.) May and June, doubtless from the preceding autumn, upon the species of Poa and other grasses, especially those which grow in wet places ; in a green frass-covered tube or gallery on the ground among the grass-stems, sometimes also attached to a stone. Sorhagen says Poa inaritima, Ear- CRAMBID.'E—CRAMBUS. 103 deuni )iui i-'dimnm, Spartina stricta, &c. ; Gartner — Fesluca ovina. Pupa apparently undescribed. This species frequents marshes either in meadows or in woods, or even at the edges of salt marshes on the sea-shore, sometimes satisfying itself with a wet hollow only a few yards in extent. It sits rather closely down among the grass, but will i3y for a short distance if trodden up in the afternoon, yet is scarcely so active as some of its allies. Its natural flight is after sunset, and it will come to a light at night. Rather local, but to be found in suitable spots in all the Southern Counties of England to Berks and Herts ; in the Eastern to Lincolnshire ; and in the Western even to Lancashire ; yet apparently not existing at all in the Mid- lands, and northward only in Yorkshire and at Monk Hezleden, Durham. In Wales I found it in Pembrokeshire, and have little doubt that it only requires looking for else- where. In Ireland it occurs in Cork, Sligo, Armagh, Tyrone, and Antrim ; but apparently nowhere in vScotland. Abroad its range is through Central Europe, the temperate portions of Northern Europe, North Italy, South-East Russia, and Tartary. 18. C. tristellus, Fah. — Expanse 1 to 1^ inch. Fore wings elongated, rather pointed at the tip ; pale brown, brownish-ochreous, or dull yellow-brown; stripe when visible pale yellow or white, very narrow, from the middle of the wing spread on to the nervures. Hind wings smoky brown. Antennaj of the male simple, pale brown, faintly barred with white ; palpi slender, pointed, yellow-brown dusted with dark brown ; head and thorax yellow-brown or brown ; abdomen whitish-brown. Fore wings not very narrow ; costa gently arched ; apex rather acutely angulated ; hind margin oblique, almost straight ; colour usually yellow-brown or brownish-ochreous ; the longitudinal stripe narrow, nearly I04 I.EPIDOPTF.RA. straight, pale yellow or wliite, beyond the middle of the wings opening out loosely into lines on and between the uervures so as to make a sort of triangle of slender fingers running into the hind margin ; crossing these fingers is usually a faint slender angulated brown line ; ordinarily the dorsal margin has an ill-defined yellow-brown stripe or clouding ; and this is sometimes edged above with darker brown clouding, more frequently such clouding lies above the middle stripe, and also separates the "fingers" at its termination ; cilia rather shining, yellow-brown. Hind wings ample, apex rather elongated but rounded, and hind margin partially sinuous ; shining smoky brown ; cilia more tinged with dull yellow. Female usually paler in colour, with the fore wings more narrow, and decidedly more pointed, their hind margin more oblique. Underside of the fore wings pale ochreous, much clouded through the middle with smoke-colour. Hind wings smoky white. Exceedingly variable — the colour ranging through evei-y shade of yellow-brown, brownish-ochreous, and dull umbreous, and the longitudinal stripe from pale ochreous and yellowish- white to shining, strongly contrasting, pearly-white, or on the other hand to total obliteration ; indeed, so eccentric are some of the varieties that a very intimate knowledge of the group is necessary for their identification ; and even then it remains open to dispute ; such is a form in which the fore wings are uniformly dark umbreous without a trace of stripe or marking, but the hind wings verj' dark smoky brown ; and another in which the hind wings are white and the fore wings very nearly so. One specimen, taken in the Orkneys by Mr. E. M. Cheesman, is of a soft bright yellow-brown, with two distinctly visible angulated transverse lines. On the wing from July till September. Larva three-quarters of an inch long ; head, dorsal plate and raised dots glossy black ; body smooth, dull light fawn CRAM niDM^CR AMBUS. 105 colour or light brown ; spiracles small, rouud, and black. When younger pinkish-grey or reddish-grey, with the under- surface a little paler, the dorsal plate dingy brown, faintly divided by a grey line. (W. Buckler — condensed.) October till June on grasses — Mr. Buckler fed his larva^ upon Aim jlcxuo&a, but there is no reason to suppose that this is the exclusive, or even a favoured, food plant — inhabiting silken galleries covered with frass, at the bases of the grass steins, in the tufts ; these galleries are placed in a vertical position, the lower end over half an inch above the earth, made of strong grey silk, and very smooth within. Pupa nearly half an inch in length, rather slender, with long wing-covers ; smooth and shining ; of a light brown colour. (W. B.) In a silken cocoon in light soil among the upper parts of the grass roots. This species is almost everywhere abundant, in town and country, among grass, sitting on the grass stems, flying sharply off when disturbed, with a quick darting motion, often from side to side, looking rather large, and deceptive as to its species, as it flies, but settling instantly and turning with head down in the unmistakable fashion of a Cramhus. At night it will come eagerly to a strong light. The female is far from being equally lively, and is even comparatively seldom seen, darting down to hide among the grass close to the ground, while the males are abundantly in evidence all about every field and wayside. Plentiful — often far too much so — throughout the United Kingdom, except that it seems to be absent from the Shetland Isles and the Outer Hebrides. Abroad it is common all over the Continent of Europe except the Arctic portion, and is found in Armenia and Siberia. 19. C. fascelinellus. Huh. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings rather broad behind ; brownish drab, with paler nervures and with two, or even three, curved transverse lines io6 LEPIDOPTERA. of short black streaks ; often there are elongated black streaks or lines of brown or black dusting between the whiter nervures. Hind wings dusky wiiite. Antennae of the male simple, thickly ciliated, light brown : palpi long, very prominent, pale drab ; the maxillary paii- visible as a similar spreading tuft ; head and thorax pale drab ; abdomen rather long, silky whitish-brown. Fore wings narrow at the base, evenly spreading, and rather broad behind ; costa straight or nearly so ; apex angulated : hind margin very faintly curved ; colour pale brownish-drab or yellow-brow^n ; principal nervures paler or white to the middle, where is an oblique transverse stripe of brown or black-brown dusting, often produced strongly toward the base below the median nervure ; beyond is a second oblique transverse line of similar dusting, followed by whitish cloud- ing, or the nervures are continued whiter between the brown dusted ground colour ; cilia pale brown dashed with white. Hind wings broad, rounded behind ; silky smoky white, with still whiter cilia. Female rather stouter, often darker in colour, and strongly streaked with the dark brown dusting ; otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings shining pale drab ; of the hind wings shining white. Body and legs whitish-brown. Variable in the ground colour from drab to brown, in the degree of dark dusting or streaks between the nervures, and in the whiteness of the latter, which often is merged into the ground colour. On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of August. L.iRVA three-fourths of an inch in length, moderately stout and cylindrical; the segments plump and well defined ; head shining brown ; mouth dark brown ; dorsal plate semi- circular, polished, brown, margined behind with darker brown, and bisected by a central dividing grey line; ground colour delicate shining pearly grey, the front of each seg- C KAM lU n.K—CRAM B L 'S. 107 iner.t broadly banded with darker grey, which melts into the pale ground colour near the spiracles ; segmental folds whitish ; a slight indication of a grey dorsal line appears on the middle of each segment from the fifth to the twelfth : raised dots blackish-brown and most conspicuous, those on the third and fourth segments paler than the rest ; anal plate small, brown ; legs and prolegs pale grey ; the last tipped with brown. (W. Buckler — condensed.) August till ^lay or June on Ti-iticum juncenin, Aim mnescens, and other sand-loving grasses, feeding on the root stems, living in a large loose-looking tube of silk and sand beneath the surface and attached to the grass roots, one large portion forming a sort of bag which is stuffed with the frass of gnawed particles of grass. Pt'PA half an inch long, very pale shining brown, rather slender, the wing covers long in proportion to its size. In a tough cocoon of silk covered with sand, three times as long as the pupa, attached to the tube in which the larva lived but placed perpendicularly to it, under the surface of the sand. An exceedingly sluggish species, attached here to coast sandhills only, and having the curious habit of sitting on the sand during the day, either in any small hollow such as a foot-mark, or on the sheltered side of a tuft of grass, such &ii A ira cani'swns, "^ith. its head pushed between the small grass-blades. Here it may usually be boxed without the smallest difficulty, seeing that only an occasional specimen will attempt to fly, and the best position to take for securing it is upon one's knees, since its colour and markings greatly resemble the sand, and thereby protect it from the eye. Unfortunately every specimen becomes very much faded in a few hours — probably from the rays of the sun shining directly upon it, and it then looks like a bit of grass-sheath. It flies at dark, but apparently very little and only closely over the same sandy spots. Most frequent with us upon the sandhills of the Norfolk loS LEPIDOPTERA. coast — near (Jreat Yarmoutli, Hunstautou, and elsewhere ; occurring also on the coasts of Suffolk and Essex, but not, apparently, anywhere else in the United Kingdom. Abroad, though frequenting sandy districts, it does not seem to be restricted to the coast, but is found in suitable places throughout Central Europe, Southern and Western France, South Sweden, Livonia, South-west Russia, Pontus, and Northern Africa. 20. C. inquinatellus, Miiff. — Expanse \ to 1 inch (21-24 mm.). Fore wings glossy umbreous or pale brown ; stripe ill-defined, pale ochreous, crossed by two oblique dark brown lines or stripes. Hind wings dusky white. Antennte of the male slender, simple, ciliated, light brown ; palpi thin, dull brown, the maxillary pair small, whitish-brown; head and thorax pale drab ; abdomen silky brownish-drab. Fore wings elongated, rather blunt ; costa very slightly arched ; apex squarely angulated ; dorsal margin gently rounded ; colour shining yellowish-drab or yellow-white, more or less dusted and streaked between the nervures with dark umbreous ; at the lower angle of the discal cell is a black or black-brown wedge-shaped streak pointing inward ; often this is connected with an obscure, oblique, transverse cloudy brown line ; beyond it is another, more oblique, black, cloudy streak often extending into a second line of dark brown crossing the pale nervures ; both lines cross the longitudinal stripe, which is of the pale ground colour and defined by the stripes of umbreous clouding ; cilia very glossy, pale brown. Hind wings broad, rounded behind, silky pale smoke-colour or smoky white ; cilia whiter and glossy. Female similar in markings and ground colour, but often paler from absence of the umbreous clouding. Underside of the fore wings shining pale smoky brown, with yellowish streaks along the costa and nervures. Hind wings smoky white. Body and legs shining grey-brown. CRA MIUDAL— CRA MB US. 1 09 Variable in the extent of umbreous clouding, which some- times almost obliterates the central stripe. On the other hand a specimen in the collection of Professor R. Meldola is of a smooth yellowish-white, having only the faintest possible indications of the usual markings ; and one captured by Mr. W. Purdey at Folkestone has the longitudinal stripe between the transverse lines broadly vWdc. On the wing from -Inly till September. Larva three-quarters of an inch long and fairly stout in proportion ; head narrower than the second segment, the lobes full and rounded, highly polished, dark sienna-brown, the depth of colour varying in different specimens ; dorsal plate highly polished, paler ; body cylindrical, wrinkled, dull purplish-brown varying to dingy greyish-green, but the purple-tinted forms predominate ; the dark pulsating alimen- tary canal forms the dorsal line ; raised dots large and promi- nent, darker and glossy ; spiracles very small, black ; ventral surface and prolegs of the ground colour of the dorsal area : legs dark sienna-brown, paler at the base. (Ct. T. Porritt.) April and ilay — probably from the preceding autumn — on the stems of common grasses, residing in a slight silken gallery near the roots on the surface of the soil ; feeding only at night. (G. T. P.) Schmidt says on Festura ovina. Plta api5arently undescribed. This species affects rough dry fields and hill slopes, and is very common on grassy heaths and sandy places, sitting on grass stems. Hying readily and quickly when disturbed, but settling again on the grass, head downward, at once. At dusk it flies freely and will come to the light of a roadside lamp, or to " sugar " on the trunk of a tree. A common species throughout the southern and eastern counties of England, and in the west extending to Lancashire, but apparently absent from lai-ge portions of the Midlands, yet found on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, and in Leicester- no LEl'IDOPTERA. shire ; also in Yorkshire, but apparently not noticed in the other northern English counties. In Wales it has been taken in Carnarvonshire and Denbighshire, and I found it commonly in Pembrokeshire ; in Scotland it is common in Perthshire, and has been taken in Kirkcudbright, and by Mr. Cheesman in Orkney ; in Ireland the only record appears to be from the County of Cork. Abroad its range extends over the greater part of Europe, including the Island of Corsica ; also Western Asia. 21. C. contaminellus, Htlh. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings narrow, rather retuse, dull brown-drab, with a very obscure oblique darker brown line in the middle, and a more perpendicular one toward the hind margin. Hind wings dull smoky white. Antennas of the male simple, thickly ciliated, light brown ; labial palpi slender, the maxillary short spreading tufts, pale brown ; head and thorax brownish-drab ; abdomen silky grey-brown. Fore wings blunt, very even in width ; costa arched at the base, thence almost straight ; apex angulated, but the hind margin retuse and scarcely curved, except at the anal angle ; colour dull drab, shaded toward the costal and dorsal margins with a dusting of dull umbreous ; usual longitudinal stripe only occasionally visible from this darker marginal clouding ; in the middle of the wing is a just perceptible, cloudy, umbreous, oblique transverse line, and nearer the hind margin another, less oblique, but repeatedly indented ; cilia dull brownish-drab. Hind wings i-ather broad, rounded behind ; silky smoky white ; cilia rather whiter. Female similar, or darker in colour. Underside of the fore wings shining smoky drab, paler toward the apex. Hind wings shining smoky white. Body and legs drab-brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva and pupa apparently unknown, except that Mr. A. CRA MBID.E— CRA ME US. 1 1 1 Thurnall obtained young larvte from eggs, and they fed in tufts of Aira cespitosa while young, making little upright covers of gnawed grass stems, among the bottoms of the tufts ; but they died in the winter. This species was confounded with the following until about fifteen years ago, and many of the published records actually refer to the latter. The pi-esent species seems to be very local, and most frequently found upon the coast, yet has long been known to occur at Blackheath in the outskirts of London. Of its habits I have little or no personal know- ledge. Besides the metropolitan locality just mentioned — in the County of Kent — it is known to occur at Deal on the coast of the same county, also in Sussex; near Shoebury- ness, Essex ; Felixstowe and Lowestoft, Suffolk ; on the Norfolk coast near Lynn ; and in Lancashire ; but probably it has a more general range on our coasts. In Scotland Dr. F. Buchanan White found it near Edinburgh, but I know of no certain records for other parts of the United Kingdom. Its range abroad is given as all Europe, except the polar region ; also Bithynia and Syria, but it is by no means clear that some of the records may not belong to the next species. 22. C. salinellus, Ttt. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings elongated, faintly retuse behind, brownish-drab or pale brown, with a black longitudinal stripe meeting the first of two slender brown transverse lines. Hind wings smoky white. AntennaB of the male simple, thickly ciliated, brown ; palpi long, pointed, brownish-drab; the maxillary pair triangular; head and thorax also brownish-drab ; abdomen silky grey- brown, not very slender. Fore wings elongated, blunt ; costa slightly arched at the base and beyond the middle ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin retuse, then filled out and even expanded, but curved off to the anal angle ; colour pale yellow-brown, the middle area shaded broadly with 112 LEPIDOPTERA. oclireous ; from the base, lying under the median nervure, is a black dusted line or narrow stripe which joins an oblique slender brown transverse line, curved back almost into a loop ; beyond this is a slender angulated brown transverse line, clouded and thickened below the middle ; extreme hind margin dotted with black ; cilia shining whitish-di-ab. Hind wings ample, the apex rather produced ; rounded behind ; smoky white ; the cilia white. Female very similar, but having a larger, stouter body. Underside of the fore wings shining pale drab, much clouded with smoky colouring in the middle. Hind wings smoky white. Body and legs pale brown. Rather variable in the distinctness of the black longi- tudinal line, and when this is darkest, in the presence of supplementary black dashes, especially on the middle trans- verse line, which is in some specimens composed of such short dashes. On the wing in June, July, and August. Larva three-fourths of an inch long, moderately slender, segments well defined, and sub-divided by a transverse wrinkle ; head rounded, greyish-brown marked with blackish- brown ; dorsal plate similar, both shining; body pale dull earthy-grey with a rather darker dorsal line ; raised dots glossy light brown ; each having within it a black dot bearing a fine hair ; anal plate shining brown with a few darker dots, prolegs tipped with brown hooks. ( W. Buckler — condensed.) May and June — probably from the previous autumn — on Foa maritivia,P. Borrcri,Lcpturusfiliformis, and other grasses- which grow at the margins, and on the drier portions, of sea salt marshes, residing in a tubular gallery, covered with frass, upon the ground, or sometimes under a stone. Plta of ordinary form, but the wing-covers rather long, and the abdomen tapers to u rather blunt, rounded-off tip : glossy warm brown, the abdominal tip blackish-brown. In CRA MBIDJE— CRA MB US. 1 1 3 an oval cocoon smoothly lined with brownish-grey silk and externally coated with fine earth and frass. (W. B.) This species appears to be quite confined to the coast, and nearly so to salt marshes and their drier margins and sur- roundings. So far as I know it is not especially fond of sitting upon grass, but will hide itself in any sheltered nook or under a bank. It flies naturally at about sunset, and is then readily captured. It has been long known under the name which now appears to belong rather to the last species, and all the older records — including that of its larva — are under that name. It certainly occurs on the coasts of Kent, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cheshire and Lancashire, and rarely in Gloucestershire. In Wales it is rare, but I once took it on the margin of Milford Haven, in Pembrokeshire. Except that it is said to have been found commonly on Musselburgh race-course near Edinburgh, I find no other reliable records in these Islands ; and abroad it is so greatly mixed with C. contaminellus that the only record to be depended upon seems to be one in Germany. 23. C. geniculeus, Haiu. — Expanse I inch (20-22 mm._). Fore wings shining pale bi'own or yellow-brown, with two much angulated slender dark brown transverse lines, both of which cross a whitish discal shade ; cilia brilliantly glossy. Hind wings smoky white. Antennas of the male simple, ciliated, brown ; palpi drab, dusted outside with brown, the maxillary pair pointed ; head pale drab ; thorax brownish-drab ; abdomen silky brownish-white. Fore wings moderately elongated, slightly produced at the tip ; costa gently arched ; apex rather sharply angulated; hind margin oblique and nearly straight ; colour yellow-drab, or yellow-brown, much dusted with darker brown except in the middle area, along which is an interrupted stripe of the clear ground colour; this last is broken in the middle by a black wedge, which is part of a ti-ansverse brown line, deeply angulated between this and the costa, but VOL. X. II 114 LEPIDOPTERA. very obscure towards its other extremity ; beyond is another transverse slender line, black-brown or pale brown, sharply angulated (or knee'd, hence the naniej, edged outwardly by a yellow-white line, which again is edged with dark brown ; hind margin dashed with dark brown on the nervures ; cilia brilliantly glossy, golden-brown. Hind wings very broad, the margin straightened below the apex, then rounded ; shining pale smoky brown or smoky white ; cilia paler. Female rather smaller, similar, or else of a paler tint. Underside of the fore wings very glossy, pale smoky brown \yith a darker middle shade. Hind wings smoky white. Body and legs pale brown. Variable in the tint of ground colour and in the depth of darker shading, from whitish-drab to purplish-grey-brown ; and very so in the distinctness of the transverse lines. On the wing from July till September. Lakv.a moderately stout, cylindrical ; head full and rounded, rather narrower than the second segment ; shining black with the margins of the lobes reddish-grey, a trans- verse grey streak just above the mouth, and the papillee paler grey ; dorsal plate broad, semi-lunar, shining black, divided by a grey line ; body reddish-grey or light brownish- grey, darkest on the thoracic segments, paler, and tinged with ochreous, behind, palest on the undersurface ; a dark dorsal line is visible through the dull skin ; raised dots dark brown ; those on the hinder segments and the anal plate of a warmer brown ; spiracles small, round and black. (W. Buckler — condensed.) September till June, on the ordinary grasses growing in dry pastures; living in a silken gallery among the bases of the grass stems, on, or even under, the surface of the earth ; or often under stones. Pupa rather slender ; the head obtusely pointed downward in front ; the thorax convex ; eye, leg, and wing-covers very CRAMBlD.il-CRAMHUS . 115 distinct, and also the antenna-cases, which take a sweeping curve round the eye to the end of the wing ; abdomen tapering to its rather blunt extremity ; the free abdominal segments deeply divided ; colour light brownish-ochreous much freckled with rather dark brown on head, thorax, and wings ; these last being rayed and margined with still darker brown ; eyes and anal segment equally dark brown ; and the whole surface shining. (W. B.) The moth is lively and active in the daytime, sitting on grasses, but flying in a zigzag fashion the moment that an intruder approaches, and especially restless in the sunshine. Just after sunset it takes its natural flight, and after dark comes eagerlj- to a strong light. Always found in drj- places, sea sandhills, dry pastures, hillsides, and sandy waysides. In such places often abundant. To be found in the suburbs of London, and throughout England, except some portions of the Midland Counties, yet most frequent in coast districts. Doubtless also throughout Wales, since it is found in Car- narvonshire, Denbighshire, and Pembrokeshire. In Scotland in the Isle of May, Fife, and elsewhere near Edinburgh, Wigtownshire, Ayrshire, Argyleshire, and Perthshire; and in Ireland on the Dublin coast, Cork, Kerry, Sligo, Donegal, Derry, and Down, always in coast districts. Abroad it is generally distributed in Central Europe, and the greater portion of Southern Europe, occurring also in Pontus, Syria, and Bithynia. 24. C. chrysonuchellus, /S'cojj. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings broad and blunt, bronzy-brown, with a narrow white stripe along the median, which spreads into white lines on the other nervures, and is broken by a thick erect brown transverse line ; cilia brilliantly glossy. Hind wings smoky brown. Antennte of the male simple, leather thick, bronzy-brown ; palpi long and slender, very straight, reddish-brown, the maxillary pair small ; head chocolate-brown ; thorax brownish- ii6 LEPIDOPTERA. drab with a brouzy gloss; abdomen olive-brown, the segments faintly edged with white. Fore wings elongated but decidedly broad ; costa very gently arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin straight and almost perpendicular to near the anal angle; bronzy-brown, with the median and all the hinder nervures white dusted with brown, and minutely with black ; just beyond the middle is a thick, erect, reddish-brown transverse line, rather bent back near the costa ; near the hind margin is a more slender, curved red-brown transverse line, edgedoutwardlywithdull white; cilia red-brown, but so covered with an intense golden gloss as to obscure the colour. Hind wings very ample, rounded behind, pale smoky brown, darker along the hind margin; cilia dull white. Female similar, or paler. Underside of the fore wings smokj' black, the nervures rather paler, the hind margin broadly j-ellowish-white, and the dorsal margin somewhat whitened. Hind wings smoky white. Body and legs bronzj'-brown. Usually not variable ; but a specimen taken near Brighton by Mr. A. C. Vine is very strikingly white, the usual streaks spreading so as to occupy much of the ground colour. On the wing in May and June. Lauva dull brown, with darker raised dots bearing each a single dark hair; head honey-yellow, set with solitary hairs; dorsal plate of the body-colour, narrow, deep set, and divided by lighter colour. (Gartner.) Mr. Buckler says that the newly hatched larva is greenish-grey with black-brown head and dorsal plate, and the three hinder segments very pale. July till May on Fcstuca ovina and other grasses growing in chalk soil, feeding in a silken tube at the roots. Mr. Buckler's larvae from eggs do not seem to have advanced beyond infancy. Pupa undescribed ; in a cocoon in the larva-tube, which is attached to the lowest shoots of the grass stems. (Partner.) CRAMBID.-E—CRAMB US. 117 This species is, with us, found only on chalk downs, and other chalky localities. It sits among the grass during the day, and may be disturbed and induced to fly in the after- noon ; its natural time of flight being, like that of other species, at dusk. A very local species, but found in places such as are above indicated in Kent, Sussex, the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Wilts, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herts, Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Norfolk ; also recorded from near Bodmin, Cornwall ; but I find no records from any other portions of the United Kingdom. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, also in Italy, Dalmatia, Turkey, the Crimea, Bithynia, Armenia, Mongolia, and the mountainous regions of Central Asia. 25. C. craterellus, Scop. ; rorellus, L. ; cassenti- niellus, Zdl. — Expanse f to 1 inch (19-25 mm.). Fore wings broad and blunt, yellowish -white, with golden-brown stripes between the nervures, which are crossed by two erect golden-brown lines ; cilia brilliantly golden. Hind wings smoky brown. Antennas of the male simple, bronzy-brown ; palpi un- usually long, rather bent, red-brown ; head and thorax pale yellow-brown, with a bronzy sheen ; abdomen greyish-drab. Fore wings not very long, even in width, not narrow : costa very faintly arched ; apex bluntly squared ; hind margin perpendicular and nearly straight ; anal angle almost squared ; colour creamy-white, or yellowish-white, with a silky gloss ; all the nervures, and also the discal cell, longi- tudinally, and distinctly, striped throughout with bright bronzy-brown or golden-j^ellow ; in the middle is an erect, slightly bent, golden-brown transverse line, and at two-thirds the distance to the hind margin another; cilia pale brown, with a brilliant golden gloss. Hind wings broad, rounded behind ; smoky brown ; cilia whiter. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky yellow, with a blacker cloud on the costa beytDnd the middle, and the hind margin iiS l.EPIDOPTERA. pale yellow. Hind wiugs smoky wiiite. Body and legs p.ile brouzy-brown. Usually not variable, but occasional specimens have the whole space from the base to the central line smoothly golden-brown, with the nervures faintly darker. On the wing at the end of ilay and in .1 une. Larva and I'upa unknown. This species is so exceedingly rare with us that nothing appears to be known as to its habits, llagonot says that, abroad, it inhabits dry fields and pasture lands. The locali- ties given by Mr. Stainton in his Manual are Brighton, Lewes, Alkham, and Bristol. A specimen taken by ^Mr. Hemmings on the downs near Brighton is also recorded in the Entomologist's Annua/ for 1855. Another was taken by the late Mr. Joseph Sidebotham at Folkestone in 1860. In 1868 another was obtained at the same place, and two more at Sheerness. These seem to be all the definite records here of the occurrence of this species, and, with the single exception near Bristol, these are all on or near the coasts of Kent aud •Sussex. Three specimens are still to be seen, in the collec- tion of the late Mr. Frederick Bond, in the possession of Mr. Sydney Webb, and one in that of the late Mr. Henry Doubleday in Bethnal Green Museum. Abroad it is found throughout the greater part of Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, Syria and Northern Africa. 26. C. culmellus, Z.— Expanse J to J inch (15-19 mm.). Fore wings narrow, but short and blunt, ochreous or pale yelJow-drab, with brown or smoky clouding along the costal half. Hind wings smoky white. Antennse of the male slender, simple, pale drab ; palpi long and very slender, pale brown, the maxillary pair short and brush-like ; head and thorax whitish-drab ; the latter browner in front ; abdomen silky grey-brown, the basal segment tinged with yellow-brown. Fore wings rather CRAMBID^—CRA MBVS. 1 1 9 shorter than in the other species ; costa very ilatly arched ; apex angulated ; hind margin straight and rather oblique ; colour creamy-white or pale yellow-drab, strongl}- tinged with yellow-brown or smoky brown in the costal area ; the nervures in the remaining portion often dusted or streaked with the same darker shade ; no other markings ; cilia pale brown with a brilliant golden gloss. Hind wings rather short but broad, rounded behind ; smoky white ; cilia whiter. Female a little smaller, but the body stouter, and the fore wings more pointed. Underside of the fore wings smoky drab, more yellow toward the apex. Hind wings smoky white. Body pale brown ; legs whitish-drab. On the wing in July and August. LARVAhalf an inch long, moderately stout ; head cinnamon- brown, mouth darker brown, and each lobe on the crown margined with a short black-brown streak ; plates and raised dots cinnamon-brown, shining ; boiy light flesh-colour ; spiracles minute, round, and black ; the dorsal plate has a few minute black-brown dots and a larger pair on the hind margin ; each of the raised dots bears two smaller dark brown dots, each furnished with a fine hair. (W. Buclclei' — condensed.) September till June, on Frdiica oviiia and other grasses, inhabiting a small upright silken gallery, connected with other such galleries among the stems of the grasses close to the ground. Pupa rather plump ; head and thorax moderately produced ; the former tapering very slightly towards the widest part of the body at the ends of the long wing-covers ; thence the abdomen tapers a little more ; tip rounded off and ending with a rather prominent boss ; colour shining light brown, the lower part of the wing-covers paler, brownish-yellow ; the terminal boss dark bnrvn. In a cocoon of oval shape, I20 LEPIDOPTERA. smoothly lined with pale grey silk, .and externally covered witli frass, or particles of moss, or both. This is perhaps the most universally abundant species of the whole group, inhabiting — apparently — every yard of our grass land, whether in meadows, pastures, road sides, or hills, or even to the tops of the mountains. It is, when out, in evidence every moment, the male constantly starting up at one's feet to settle on another grass stalk at a short distance, ready to tiy again, and again, as often as followed ; the female — in the daytime — flying once, to another grass tuft, but when again disturbed, plunging suddenly downward into the thickest portion of the tuft, there to hide; but flying freely in the dusk of the evening. After dark the male will come in numbers to a strong light. I cannot hear of any portion of the United Kingdom in which it is not abundant, even to the Shetland Islands. Abroad it is found all over the Continent of Europe, being plentiful even in Norway ; also found throughout Asia Minor, Armenia, and Eastern Siberia. 27. C. hortuellus, />.— Expanse f to | inch (18-23 mm.). Fore wings pale brown or bronzy brown, nei^vures darker, before the hind margin is an elbowed red-brown transverse line ; cilia brilliantly glossy. Hind wings smoky brown. Antenna? of the male simple, thickly ciliated, brown ; palpi slender, strongly porrected, dark brown, the maxillary pair visible as loose tufts of scales ; head and thorax glossy dark brown ; abdomen dark grey-brown. Fore wings elongated but rather broad ; costa nearly straight ; apex squarely angulated ; bind margin almost perpendicular, straight to near the anal angle ; colour pale umbreous or yellow-brown, with a bronzy gloss ; between all the nervures, and in the discal cell, finely marked with longitudinal bronzy brown lines; toward the hind margin is a slender dark brown transverse line, straight to above the middle, then sharply CRAMBID^—CRAMBUS. 121 angnlated hack to the costa; this line is edged outside with silvery scales ; beyond it is a similar oblique streak across the apex ; cilia pale grey-brown, with a brilliant golden gloss. Hind wings broad, rounded behind, smoky grey, with whiter cilia. Female much paler, the fore wings often yellowish-white or brownish-white, and narrower in shape. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown, darker along the costa, more yellowish-brown behind ; cilia glisten- ing. Hind wings smoky white. Kather variable in depth of colour and in the distinctness, or even absence, of the longitudinal bronzy-brown lines. A form of occasional occurrence has a very slender and oblique central brown transverse line. Oq the wing in Juno and July. Larva half an inch long, and of average proportions, the head has the lobes rounded and is very highly polished, pale yellowish- brown in some specimens, in others very dark sienna-brown ; dorsal plate of some shade of brown ; body rounded above but flattened beneath, of tolerably even width, the skin glossy, and the segmental divisions well defined, dingy purplish-brown with a semi-translucent appearance, without markings, but the raised dots brown or black, and spiracles black. (G. T. Porritt.) Autumn till April or Maj- on grass, living in a silken gallery at the roots. Fischer says that it hybernates under moss or stones ; but it seems to be generally reputed on the Continent to feed on moss. In North America Professor Fernald says, "Food grass, cranberry, and sheep-sorrel." Pupa nearly uniform, pale honey-yellow, more pallid beneath ; the wings, excepting at base, with a very slight olivaceous tinge ; all the thoracic, and the first two abdo- minal segments, as well as the wings and legs, finely edged at the margins with dark chestnut, darkest near the head ; spiracles fuscous; cremaster blackish or blackish-fuscous. (Scudder.) 122 LEPIDOPTERA. This species, tliougli bai'dly so abuudaut as tlie last, is yet to be found, aud usually in plenty, among grass everywhere. It has even been seen flying in dozens around an electric- light at night, in the middle of London. It flies like other species the moment that it is disturbed, in the daytime, settling again, and turning head downwards, on any grass- stem ; and in the early summer is rather an intrusive nuisance, since from its dark colour and its various manners of flight it is often to be mistaken for some more desirable species. Common throughout England, Wales, and Ireland, though perhaps less so in Cornwall ; local in the West of Scotland, aud more so in Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, and the North, yet not uncommon in the Shetland Islands. In the Orkneys and Outer Hebrides it may have been overlooked, but I find, for them, no records. Abroad it has an extensive range, through Central and Northern Europe, the north of Spain, South-east llussia, Armenia, Eastern Siberia; and in North America in Maine, Massachusetts, New York State, and California. Genus 1. CALAMOTROPHA. Antennaj simple, not long, downy at the base; labial palpi thrice the length of the head, sharply pointed, por- rected ; maxillary palpi short, loosely tufted ; face rather roughened with twisted scales ; fore wings elongated, broadly oblong, squared behind ; hind wings ample, the cell open ; median and subdorsal nervures fringed on their upper side. We have only one species. 1. C. paludella, Huh. — Expanse 1 to ly inch. Fore wings elongated, broadly oblong, squared behind ; shining brownish-white or pale drab with an oblique dotted black- brown transverse line beyond the middle, and faint grey- brown lines on the nervures. Hind wings shining, pure white. CRAMBin.-E—CALAMOTROPHA. 123 Antennas of the male rather short, simple but very minutely notched, pale brown in front, white at the back, and downy with white scales at the base ; palpi long, pointed, porrected or sometimes a little bent down, pale brown above, white beneath, the maxillary pair showing as loose tufts; head and thorax white faintly shaded with brown ; abdomen silky white. Fore wings broad, squared behind ; costa nearlj' straight ; apex squarely angulated, as also is the anal angle in a less degree, the hind margin being nearly straight ; colour whitish-drab or whitish- brown, with the nervures faintly and narrowly streaked with darker brown, a blackish dot marks the base of the discal cell, and one, or perhaps two, more, the position of the usual discal spot, but all these are uncertain and often absent ; beyond the middle is an oblique series of brown or black dots representing the ordinary '■ second line," often faint or even obsolete; cilia glossy whitish-brown. Hind wings very broad and ample, rounded behind ; shining snowy white, with the margin and nervures toward the apex faintly tinged with pale brown ; cilia shining white. Female similar, or with the fore wings whiter, usually rather larger and stouter. Underside of the fore wings whitish-brown, of the hind wings white, without markings. Body and legs white. Rather variable in the colour of the fore wings, which shade in gradual degrees towards white, often having the faint lines and the dots more or less obliterated ; but occa- sionally pure white specimens have these dots distinctly and conspicuously black. Very fine examples of this form are in the collection of Mr. Sydney Webb. They were obtained in Wicken Fen by the late Mr. F. Bond. On the wing in July and the beginning of August. Lakva one inch long ; having a porcelain-like gloss ; the dorsal line visible from beneath the skin, and similar dots on the front and sides ; head small, brownish. 124 LEPIDOPTERA. June and •luly, on the outside of stiff' leaves of Ttipho Intifolia, where it eats itself out a straight gallery anionj,' the leaf-cells, down to the root. (Pastor Mussehl.) Pupa elongated, claj'-yellow ; in the larva cavity. (Pastoi- Mussehl.) The preparatory states do not seem to have been observed in this country. So far as I know this moth is never seen at large in the daytime. It is exceedingly local and rather scarce, inhabit- ing only the larger fens, and in them only the wettes-t portions, and the margins of the broads and rivers ; it flies at night, often over the water of the rivers or fen-drains, and is very conspicuous in flight from the whiteness of its hind wings. I have myself only captured it toward midnight, when it will come, in hesitating fashion, near to a strong light. It appears to have been first taken in those Islands in 1854, when a specimen was secured at Horning Fen, Norfolk, by i\Ir. Buxton ; this was recorded under the name of Chilo oUusrllutt in the Entouioloijist's Annual, 1856. The name was shortly afterwards corrected by M. Guenee. From that time to the present it has been taken in small numbers in that locality or the neighbouring Ranworth Fen, also at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire ; and by Mr. Eedle when employed by Lord Walsingham, at the riverside, Lakonheath, Suffolk. So far as is known it is confined, with us, to these three counties. Abroad it is distributed, in suitable spots, through Holland, North Germany, Lower Austria, Hungary, Galicia, Roumania, and Southern Russia. Genus 5. CHILO. Antennae simple, slender, short ; tongue very small ; labial palpi pointed, porrected, thin, more than thrice the length of the head; maxillary palpi also elongated; scales on the forehead projecting into a ridge ; fore wings of the male broad, oblong, retuse ; of the female longer, pointed ; CRAMRID.-E—CHILO. 125 subcostal cell broad, the discal cell narrow at the base; hind wings broad, retuse, the cell open ; median nervine strongly ciliated on the upper side. We have but one species. 1. C. phragmitellus, Huh. — Expanse 1 to li inch. Fore wings of the male rather broadly elongated, retuse, ])ale or dark brown, with a single black discal dot; hind wings dusky white. Fore wings of the female more elon- gated, acuminate, pale drab ; hind wings clear white. Antennae of the male short, simple, reddish-brown ; palpi extremely long and slender, faintly curved at the tip, light brown ; head and thorax pale brown or reddish-brown ; abdomen rather silky, yellow-brown. Fore wings elongated, broad and truncate ; costa arched ; apex rather sharply angulated and retuse ; the hind margin below hollowed and then squarely filled out, but rounded off at the anal angle ; dorsal margin somewhat rounded out; brownish-drab or very pale reddish-brown, often with a deeper brown shade from the base down the middle, when this is present having a still darker streak along the discal cell, and running into the apex ; the hinder nervures often slenderly darkened ; discal spot a small round black dot ; no other distinct markings ; hind margin faintly dotted with black ; cilia of the colour of the wing. Hind wings broad, the apex pro- duced and angulated ; rounded behind ; dull white or brownish-white, yet with a silky gloss ; cilia white. Female very different, the fore wings proportionately larger and much more pointed, the hind margin far more oblique; colour pale wainscot or whitish-brown. Hind wings also more pointed, white. Underside of the fore wings, in the male, 'dirty brown, paler along the costa. Hind wings dirty brown in front, shading off to white behind. Body and legs pale brown. lu the female fore wings silky pale drab ; hind wings white. Variable in the colour of the fore wings of the male, which 126 LEVIDOPTERA. become sometimes dark umbreons, with or without a still darker longitudinal middle cloud ; sometimes nearly white ; ia the female, iu occasional specimens, a cloudy brown streak runs into the apex. On the wing from June till August. Larva three-fourths of au inch long, cylindrical, tapering a very little behind ; the segmental divisions deej^ly cut ; each segment with only one sub-dividing and deep wrinkle ; head brownish-grey or pinkish-grey with an ochreous tinge, having the large ocelli and the mouth brownish ; dorsal plate semicircular, pinkish grey-brown ; anal plate similar : ground colour of the back f)inkish-grey or pinkish-brown, the sides flesh-colour, and the undersurface white; dorsal line very thin, dark greyish-brown or pinkish-grey ; sub- dorsal stripe similar but a little paler ; spiracular lines a little thinner and still paler, blotchy on the thoracic seg- ments; sub-spiracular line thinner still, and of the same pinkish-grey colour ; raised dots small, dark brown, each having a fine bristle of the same colour; spiracles black. (W. Buckler.) September till April, May, or even June : in the lower poi'tions of the stems and in the root-stock of the reed (Ai-vndo pAyw/m/<«), feeding on the knots and internal substance, and often living below the surface of the water in which its food-plant grows. Pupa three-fourths of an inch long ; moderately slender, of nearly uniform bulk, tapering only at the last two abdo- minal segments ; anal extremity blunt and fringed with a circle of small hooks ; colour pale ochreous-brown, with but little polish. (W. B.) In a silken cocoon usually formed in a last year's reed-stem, and near to the surface of the water. The moth hides during the day among reeds, and other coarse fen plants; the form and colouring of both sexes CRAMBID.-E—CHILO. izy assimilating most accurately witli tliose of the sheaths and dried leaves. The male flies freely in the later dusk, and at night, and comes willingly to a strong light. The female has a curious habit, occasionally, of flying about sunset, when it is very conspicuous ; but certainly its main flight is late at night. Its home is in the fens, but it also frequents the banks of rivers where reeds grow abundantly, and almost any very wet situations in which this is the case, in Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Kent. Sussex, Hants, Berks, Herts, and Hunts, and occurs very locally in Cheshire, Lancashire, Durham, and Yorkshire. Formerly it was found in Hammersmith marshes in the London suburbs, but these marshes have long disappeared. No records seem to exist for other portions of these Islands. Abroad it inhabits Central Euroj^e, South Sweden, Western Eussia, and the Trans-Caspian region. [C. eicatriceUus, Hub. — A species of about the same size as the last, with broad, retuse, light brown or dark brown fore wings, having a broad white or yellowish-white stripe along the costa ; and the hind wings white. Its larva, which is dirty white, with yellow head and dorsal plate, and an interrupted blood-red dorsal stripe ; feeds in the lower shoots of Scirpiis lacustris, A single specimen of this fine species was exhibited as British at the meeting of the Entomological Society of London in September 1852, by the late Mr. Edwin Shepherd. It was stated to have been taken '' flying near Dover " and on the same authority was recorded in the Entomologist's Ainiual for 1855 and in Stawton's Manual. Moreover, the specimen is still in existence, a female in fine condition, in the collection of Dr. P. B. Mason at Burton-on-Trent. But, taking into consideration that no verification by the actual raptor seems ever to have been given, nor even is there any knowledge as to who the captor was, nor his reliability, nor of the actual specific place of capture ; and also that no 128 LEPIDOPTERA. subsequent capture of the species is on record, although during the subsequent half-century many Entomologists, including residents at Dover, have searched for it, there does not seem to me sufficient evidence to warrant its inclusion in the British fauna. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe and South-east Eussia.] Genus 6. SCHCENOBIUS. Antenna3 simple, roughly ciliated ; palpi pointed, porrected, very long and conspicuous : maxillary pair pointed, tongue nudeveloped ; fore wings long and narrow, blunt in the male, s-harply angulated in the female; hind wings long and rather narrow, rounded at the tip ; cell closed, and the cross-bar oblique; median nervure hardly feathered, but somewhat swollen. We have three species, awkward for tabulation from the disparity in the sexes. This attempt avoids the obvious sexual characters of sliapc and size. A. Fore wings light red-brown or yellow-brown, a complete pale costal stripe on both sexes. S. mucronellus. :\?. Fore wings pale yellow-brown or ochreous, a dark brown oblique dash runs into the apex, in both sexes. S. forficcllus. A^ Fore wings dull pale brown with mottled umbreous markings. S. gigantellus, male. A*. Fore wings pale wainscot - brown, usually without markings. »S'. gigantrllus, female. 1. S. gigantellus, (Sc/tij^'. — Expanse of male IJ; inch, of female 1^ to If inch. Fore wings of the male elongated, rounded behind, pale dull brown with obscure umbreous dots, and similar shading toward the costa ; of the female much larger and more pointed, pale wainscot-brown. Hind wings white with brown shades and dashes, or pure white. Antennas of the male simple, rather short, dark brown. CRAMnW.E—SCHCENOBIUS. 1 29 faintly barred with white ; palpi very long, porrected, slender, straight, pale brown ; head and thorax dull pale brown ; abdomen whitish-brown. Fore wings long and rather narrow ; costa very slightly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin curved very fully round the anal angle, the curve continued on the dorsal margin ; colour dull j^ale brown, dusted with grey-brown or dull umbreous, faintly streaked longitudinally with darker brown lines between the nervures, and clouded with the same toward the costa; two or three, or more, carelessly scattered umbreous dots lie between the base and the discal spot, which also is similar but a little more distinct ; beyond it is a very oblique transverse line of small smoky brown clouds, placed not far from the hind margin ; beyond this line the nervures are streaked with whitish- brown ; cilia shining pale brown, rather short. Hind wings also long and narrow ; very flatly rounded behind ; white, faintly tinted with brown toward the apex, and having a transverse row of smoky brown cloudy dots, or dashes, before the hind margin; cilia short, white. Female very different, often more than double the size ; thorax and abdomen stouter, and the latter longer ; fore wings much broader as well as longer, and running to a long point at the apex, with an extremely oblique hind margin rounded off about the anal angle ; pale reddish-brown or wainscot-brown, usual]}' devoid of markings, or with a longitudinal darker brown shade above the middle. Hind wings long and large, though not very broad, pure white. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown, with the hind margin yellow-brown, and the discal spot j'ellowish- white ; hind wings white, the male showing the slender transverse line as on the upper side. Bod}' pale brown, legs brownish-white. Variable in both sexes in the colour and shading of the fore wings ; in the male to pale reddish-brown, with a rich dark umbreous, or black -brown, ill-defined longitudinal stripe below the costa, from one-third to one-half the breadth of VOL. X. 1 I JO LEPIDOI'TERA. the wing, the ordinary dots being still blacker ; or to a whitish ground with a partial similar stripe ; in the female the area corresponding to this longitudinal stripe is some- times shaded with brown, but occasionally has also a con- nected series of dark brown spots and clouds. On the wing from June till August. Larva claj'-yellow, with the folds across the segments glistening grey ; head and dorsal plate glossy brownish- yellow, the latter often dotted with darker ; mouth black- brown, and a similar crooked stripe on the side. (When fed in confinement it often becomes of an olive-green colour.) Raised dots brown and very small ; prolegs small, dotted with dark brown. May and June in the yowag shoots oi A rundo phrcirjmitrs (reed), which it often destroys beneath the surface of the water. (Treitschke.) Moritz adds that in order to move from one stem of reed to another it separates a piece of stem of about its own length, closes it at each end, and floats in this upon the water until it reaches a suitable reed stem to which it fastens its vessel before boring into the stem to feed in the interior. I'UPA smooth, straw-yellow. (Treitschke.) In a long tubular cocoon in the reed stem in which the larva fed, placed just below the hole gnawed for egress. Inside this tube it moves backwards or forwards with great rapidity. This species is confined, with us, to the larger fens, and sides of rivers where reed is plentiful. It flies at dusk and after dark, usually over the more inaccessible portions, and often over the water ; but is never seen, so far as I am aware, on the wing by day — nor is its retreat at that time known further than the certainty that it must be among the large reeds, to the sheaths and dried leaves of which both sexes bear a close, and most pi-otective, resemblance. Formerly found, so long as they existed, in the fens of Huntingdon- CKAMIUD^—SCHCENOBIUS. 1 3 1 shire ; still in those of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, but exti'emely local; and in wet ditches along the coast of Essex. It is also recorded from near Shoreham, Sussex ; Hertfordshire; and from Burton-on-Trent, Leicestershire; but not in the other portions of the United Kingdom. Abroad in suitable places through Central Europe, Sweden, Finland, Southern Russia, the trans-Caspian region, and Eastern China. 2. S. forficellus, Thunh. — Expanse of the male 1 to 1^ inch, of female 1 to If inch. Fore wings elongated, mode- rately narrow, blunt behind ; straw-colour with brown cloud- ing toward thecosta, and a cloudy brown streak running into the apex ; female fore wings more pointed, bright ochreous, hind wings of both white. Antenna? of the male slender, rather coarsely ciliated, whitish-brown ; palpii very long, slender, nearly straight, pale brown, yellow-brown above ; head and thorax yellow- brown ; abdomen long, slender, thickened beyond the middle, whitish-drab. Fore wings rather narrow, costa gentlj' and evenly arched ; apex angulated ; hind margin retuse and nearly straight; straw colour, or pale yellowish-brown; a faint black-brown dot lies near the base of the median nervure, and two more indicate the position of the first line ; discal spot a more distinct black dot, and obliquely below it is another, placed near the dorsal margin ; beyond these a faint — or distinct — brown, or black, streak runs from the middle obliquely right into the apex of the wing ; cilia whitish-brown. Hind wings narrow, flatly rounded behind, white, faintly shaded, in the middle and toward the apex, with brown ; cilia white. Female a little stouter, and the fore wings decidedly longer, running to a long point at the apex, and having the hind margin obliquely hollowed ; pale ochreous, or pale red-brown, without markings, except the discal dot, which is faintly brown ; hind wings long and pointed, pure white. 132 LEPIDOPTERA. Underside of fore wings pale smoky brown ; of the hind wings white shaded with brown — pure white in the female. Variable in both sexes in the presence or absence of a broad, longitudinal, umbreous stripe from the base to the end of the discal cell, or beyond ; where this is well marked the oblique apical dash is usually equally distinct ; in its absence the latter becomes more or less faint. An unusual variety from the New Forest, in the collection of Mr. A. F. Griffiths, is uniformly dark brown. On the wing from June till September. Larva grey -green, the hinder portion whitish-green ; dorsal stripe dark green ; head black ; a pale angle and black dots on the dorsal plate, which is divided by a whitish line ; anal plate with two crescents, notched at the sides ; feet yellowish. (Treitschke.) Young larvaj, hatched from eggs sent to Mr. W. Buckler, are described by him "dark greyish-brown, with black head and black plate on the second segment." These young larvEe seem to have perished, and no description more recent than that of Treitschke, quoted above, seems to be available. Autumn till May or June, on Tou aqiudica, Arundo jnhragmites and various Carices ; Treitschke says in Carcx rolling the leaf together, in Arundo and Poa in the tender shoots, when these are emptied biting off a portion to serve as a case to be used in floating itself from one plant to another. Pupa yellowish-white, tender skinned, cylindrical, with brown eyes, long wing-covers, and elongated hind segments. (Treitschke.) In a tough cocoon in the larva-case. The moth especially frequents ditches which are much crowded up with water-plants, reeds, and coarse grasses, and hides among them during the day. At dusk it flies in a lazy fashion along these ditches, or the margins of rivers, and even ponds, and may readily be attracted hy the light of a CRAMBIDAi—SCHCENOBIUS. 1 33 lantern, both sexes acknowledging the atti-action, though not in an equal degree, the males coming in the greater numbers. Formerly to be found in the outer suburbs of London ; still tolerably common throughout the Southern, Eastern and Western Counties of England, and in some parts of the Midlands, to Yorkshire and Lancashire, but apparently not further north. In Wales it seems scarcely to have been noticed, except rarely in Pembrokeshire. In Ire- land it is recorded from the Counties of Dublin, Cork, Kerry, Galway, Mayo, Sligo, and Donegal. Abroad it is of general occurrence through Central Europe, the Northern half of Italy, and in the North, the West, and the South-east of Russia. 3. S. mucronellus, Miiff. — Expanse | to 1 inch (20-25 mm.). Fore wings narro^v, pale red-brown, with a yellowish-white stripe along the costa, and a dark red-brown stripe edging it beneath ; hind wings white. Female with paler, narrower, and more pointed fore wings. Antenna) of the male simple, rather short, pale brown ; palpi very long, straight, porrected, pointed, light brown ; head and thorax red-brown ; abdomen whitish-brown. Fore wings elongated, rather narrow ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique, nearly straight ; colour pale reddish-brow-n ; along the costa is a broad yellowish-white stripe from base to apex, edged beneath by a darker red-brown or black-brown stripe, w'hich shades off below into the ground colour ; in the dorsal area there are often faint brown lines on the nervures ; extreme hind margin dotted with black ; cilia pale brown. Hind wings rather narrow, with the hind margin flatly curved, silky white ; cilia white. Female different, the fore wings narrower and more pointed and falcate, and the hind margin very oblique ; colour usually rather paler, but the stripes as in the male. Hind wings more narrow and pointed ; white. Less longf, white in both sexes. 134 LEPWOPTERA. Uuderaide of the fore wings smoky reddish-brown, with the costa dull yellow. Hind wings white, shaded with smoky brown. In the female the fore wings are nearly white. Body brownish-white. On the wing in June and July, and specimens of — appa- rently— -a partial second generation have been taken near the end of August. Larva five-eighths of an inch long, slender, the head smaller than the second segment, polished, reddish-brown, with the mouth, ocelli, and a lateral streak black ; dorsal plate shiny reddish-brown, with a darker front margin, and a cream-coloured partial dividing line, which has on either side a short brown curved mark on the hind margin ; the cream colour extends I'ound the edge of this plate except in front ; colour of the body above dingy olive-brown ; darker on the lateral fold ; undersurface and legs paler ; dorsal stripe faintly darker brown. When first hatched, dingy blackish-green, with black head and dorsal plate. (W. Buckler — condensed.) July, also apparently from September till the spring, in two generations ; but this is not fully worked out. On (Jurex — the species not stated — inhabiting the stems above the root. Heinemann says that it feeds in reed-stems. Pupa apparently undescribed. This species is rarely, if ever, seen in the daytime, when doubtless it hides in the thick growth of the feu near the ground. On one or two occasions I found it fluttering up from among the shorter growth of reed, Schcenus, and Juncus, at from six till eight p.m., and continuing, with the same weak fluttering action, to buzz about these plants in large numbers ; but as the surface of the fen was then ankle-deep in water, they were probably disturbed before their natural hour of flight. This, under ordinary circumstances, is at early dusk, and the flight is then also gentle and weak, over OALLERIID.E—uALLERIA. 13; weedy ditches and drains, as well as in fens ; and as it becomes dark both sexes are strongly attracted by light, even that of a lantern carried in the hand. Rather widely distributed, yet only to be found in any plenty in the fens of Norfolk, SuSblk, and Cambridgeshire ; also found near Witley, Surrey, by Mr. J. E. Eastwood ; and very locally in Sussex, Kent, Berks, and Leicestershire ; rarely in Lanca- shire and Cheshire, and once only in Staffordshire. In Wales I find no record ; but in Scotland it has been taken rarely in Kirkcudbright, Renfrew, and Argyleshire ; and in Ireland Mr. Kane has obtained one specimen in Tyrone. In the case of a record from Galway, the captor kindly allowed me to examine the specimen, which proved to be a female S.forfi- cellus. Abroad its range is through Central Europe, Sweden, North, West, and South-east Russia, Bulgaria, and Bithynia. Family 7. GALLERIID-ffi. Antenna; simple, tongue short, maxillary palpi slender, threadlike, labial palpi short; thorax and abdomen rather stout ; fore wings hardly elongated, broad, blunt or rounded behind ; v. 5 close to v. 4 or joined to it. Hind wings rather elongated and pointed at the apex ; v. 5 close to, or joined to V. 4. Genus 1. GALLERIA. Antenna simple, the basal joint thick and tufted ; palpi depressed, and almost concealed in the male, more visible in the female ; tongue very small ; scales of the head laid for- ward to a blunt edge ; thorax and abdomen very stout ; fore wings broad, deeply excavated behind; the discal cell in the male very large ; subcostal nervure ridged with hairs ; hind wings ample but pointed, the cell open ; median nervure ciliated above. We have onlj' one species. ij6 LEPIDOPTERA. 1. G. mellonella, Z. ; cereana, L. — Expanse 1.J to li inch. Thorax and abdomen stout ; fore wings evenly broad but elongated and sharply retuse, with hollow hind margin and prominent anal angle ; male brownish-drab with second line and dorsal margin red-brown; female purple-brown with small yellow clouds. Hind wings smoky white or smoky brown. Antenna3 of the male simple, slender, red-brown, the basal joint tufted ; palpi short, concealed under a thick broad thatch, or ridge of scales, in front of the head ; this last is smoothed forward, brownish-drab ; thorax broad and thick, pale brown ; abdomen stout and short yet tapering, brown. Fore wings elongated but evenly broad ; costa decidedly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin hollowed, but above the anal angle filled out and prominent ; dorsal margin rather fall ; colour brownish drab ; along the middle of the costa is a curved chocolate line, and beyond it the nervures and the apical portion are streaked with chocolate; the dorsal area, one-third across the wing, is occupied by numerous lines, broken into short streaks, of rich chocolate, which thicken near the margin, and also enclose toward the middle a row of curiously undulating raised tufts of scales ; the second line is distinctly noticeable, as a series of short chocolate streaks, placed rather far back, and a very much fainter curved line of the same is just visible in the middle; cilia drab dashed with chocolate. Hind wings rather narrow, ilatly rounded behind, smoky brown, often paler at the base ; cilia brownish-white. Female larger, the palpi longer, the hind margin of the fore wings scarcely excavated, almost perpendicular; colour very dark purple-red, with paler clouds toward the dorsal region ; cilia dark purple-brown. Hind wings brownish-white, with brown margins and white cilia. Undersides of all the wings pale brown with a curved transverse stripe of darker brown before the hind margin ; of the female fore wings purple-brown, hind wings white with the stripe less distinct. GALLERIIDAL—GALLERIA . 1 37 Usually not variable, but when starved spinning up at almost any age, and then producing very small moths. On the wing in June and July, and a second generation in September and October. Larva plump, soft, smooth, with well-divided segments, and tapering slightly at each extremity ; dull pale grey- brown above ; dull pale yellow beneath ; without markings ; the raised dots invisible, and the hairs very short and delicate ; head dark chestnut, month dark brown ; dorsal plate small, dark chestnut, broadly divided ; anal plate small, yellow-brown. The usual time of occurrence of the larva is not clearly understood ; I have had larvfc in the beginning of June and again in August, producing thus two broods of moths in one year ; Mr. Buckler's larvaj fed in the autumn, and remained in cocoon, as larvas, through the winter, and this last is, I think, the usual habit. On honeycomb, pre- ferring that of the previous year — old comb in fact — burrowing through and through the waxen cells, lining its burrow with silk, and utterly destroj'ing this portion of the comb. The Rev. H. Williams points out this singular preference for old wax, and shows that if the new comb were similarly liable to its destructive attack, the brood would be completely killed out, and the hives rendered useless. The larva is of rather unpleasant appearance, resembling in some degree, in colour, the Tipula-X^xaa so mischievous in our grass lands ; if removed from its tube by any means, or if the wax be exhausted, it exhibits the most remarkable swiftness in running in search of food, and this at all ages — even directly it is out of the egg. Pupa reddish-brown, the antenna and wing cases very distinctly visible ; a sharp serrated dorsal ridge runs so far as the fourth segment from the tail and is continued uninterruptedly to the apex, where it ends in four hooks directed downwards ; the anterior portion of this ridge is double. There are four stifE setie on each segment directed 138 LEPinOPTERA. clowuwavds, apparently to assist the pupa in moving. (E. I'arfitt.) In a stout strong silken cocoon among the wax on which the larva has fed. Usually a large number of cocoons are massed together. The moth is not often seen. It flies at night about old bee-hives, but apparently is more at home on its feet. The speed with which it runs over and among the honeycomb is wonderful, even exceeding the swiftness of the larva, and rendering it a by no means easy insect to capture, though it will not save itself b}^ flyiug away from the comb. Probably this e.itraordinary activity secures it from any attack by the bees, even while in the hive — indeed, no bee could catch it. A widely distributed species, yet very often overlooked ; recorded in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Berks, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire and Herts ; also iu Yorkshire, but while no records ap)pear for intermediate counties, there is no reason to believe it absent from them. In Wales it has been found near Tenby, but here also it is doubtless well distributed. In Ii'eland it is common, but apparently is not known in Scotland. Abroad it is widely distributed, extending throughout Europe, Western Asia, South Africa and Madeira ; also North and Central America — to which continent it is said to have been introduced about a century ago. Genus 2. APHOMIA. Antennas simple, normal ; palpi very short iu the male and concealed by long scales ; in the female longer and more distinct ; tongue minute ; abdomen a little flattened, but with the thorax, moderately slender ; fore wings elongated but broad, iu the male having the bases of the costal and sub- costal nervures thickened and hollowed beneath, and the discal cell so enormously extended as to occupy great part GA LLERIin.E—APHOMIA. 1 39 of the wing, but iu the female of ordinary proportions ; hind wings ample, but without the cross-bar or vein 5. Sexes not alike. We have only one species. 1. A. sociella, Z.;colonella,Z. — Expanse IJto Ifinch. Male, fore wings broad but contracted behind, hoary brown toward the base, tawny and then olive-brown toward the apex ; first and second lines oblique, cloudy, red-brown and black-brown; hind wings dusky white. Female, fore wings broader, not contracted, reddish-brown with olive marginal clouding and a black discal spot ; hind wings smoky brown. Antennas of the male simple, whitish-brown, with a cylindrical white tuft at the base ; palpi short, thick, brown- ish-white, almost concealed beneath a thick roof of white head-scales ; thorax also white, abdomen pale brown. Fore wings rather elongated but broad and blunt; the nervures at the base of the costa thickened or raised into small swellings, and the discal cell so magnified as to occupy great part of the wing; costa arched ; apex very bluntly angulated ; hind margin rather contracted and a little oblique ; white at the base, shading througli whitish drab, and pale and darker purplish-red or olive-red, to olive-green toward the costa, apex, and hind margin ; first line a series of three purple loops or long angles placed rather obliquely ; second line very far back, angulated toward the hind margin and bending back to the costa — a mere purple thread, rather toothed near the anal angle — along the costa, in the middle portion, is a black line, and this is faintly and partially continued in the subcostal nervure to the base of the wing, hind margin edged with short black streaks; whole surface silky, or almost greasy-looking; cilia dull purplish-olive. Hind wings broad, the apex rather jaroduced and the hind margin, below it indented, smoky brownish-white. Female larger, the fore wings broader, rather longer, devoid of the swelling at the base and the contraction behind; colour pale olive-brown. 140 LF.PIDOPTERA. more reddish iu tlie luiddle ; first line placed less oblicjuely and the loops or angles formed of black dusting ; second line much nearer the middle of the wing, arranged in numerous sharp black points, edged outwardly with pale brown ; discal spot round, black ; before it is a minute black dot. Hind wings rather painted, shining smoky brown ; darker toward the apex and hind margin ; cilia smoky white. The male when freshly emerged is usually much more olive-green from the middle of the fore wings outwards, but rapidly changes or fades to the purple tinge. The female similarly is greenish-brown before the first line and beyond the second, or even throughout, but this colour rapidly gives place to reddish-brown and thence to the ordinary colour, these changes taking place during life. If specimens of either sex are killed very soon after emergence, and kept dry, the fading is much less rapid. Underside of the fore wings of the male pale smoky drab, with a black costal spot toward the apex and black clouds near the hind margin. Hind wings smoky white with the commencement of a black transverse band near the apex. Female rather similar but more blackened. On the wing from June till August. Lakva moderately stout, rather broad, and even in breadth from the second to the twelfth segment, the head and anal segment a little narrower ; divisions and cross- wrinkles of the segments all dee^j and distinct. Head full and rounded, bright light chestnut, the mouth rather darker ; dorsal plate reddish horn-colour, and very broad ; body honey-yellow, the dorsal region faintly clouded with smoke colour, which is deeper in the divisions ; dorsal line only indicated as a very faint slender line on the anterior seg- ments ; anal plate small, pale horn-colour, no perceptible raised dots, but on each body-segment are two pairs of minute brown dots having a rather sunken appearance ; undersurface, legs and prolegs dull yellow, the circlets of the GALLERIID.F.-APHOMIA. 141 prolegs pale brown ; skin generally tough and leathery, and very sparingly clothed with small hairs. July and August, in and feeding upon, the nests of humble- bees, and occasionally of wasps. Mr. W. F. L. Sladen, of Dover, has furnished me with much information concerning this species. He says: "It will attack the nests of all the species of Bombus, but it is singular that it never thrives in those of B. lapidarius, which is one of the commonest species in this neighbourhood. Of the other species, those that live on the surface of the ground are preferred, no doubt because their nests are more easily discovered than those in holes. The nests are attacked between the middle of June and August, and the moth searches for them at night. When young the larv^ of the moth do not damage the comb much, especially if the colony of bees is a strong one. When the droppings, the old cells, and the other refuse have all been devoured thej^ will attack the bee-brood, until the entire nest is riddled with their silk-lined tunnels, and nothing is left but frag- ments of cocoons and nest material strung together with tough web. I have frequently taken nests of i>. dcrhamcUus in this state, containing two or three workers and the old queen, which had fallen into a drowsy state, and seemed quite incapable of helping themselves. " In August or September the larv£e spin their long tough cocoons, not changing to pupae until the following June. At the end of that month the moth usually emerges and searches for a fresh nest in which to lay its eggs. When the nest attacked is below the surface of the ground, the larvas often spin a web to the mouth of the hole, and climbing up by this, spin their cocoons on the surface of the ground. I send you a cluster of cocoons spun in this way in a heap of straw, close to the mouth of the hole of a nest of Bovibns lioriornm, which was about eighteen inches from the surfac?. This cluster was about one-fourth of that which I found out- 142 LEriDOPTERA. side tlie hole, and there was a number of cocoons inside as well. A cluster of cocoons the size of a cricket-ball is not very large, taking into consideration the size of the nest. The comb of Bomhus tcrrcdria is often seven or eight inches in diameter ; it would almost supply food for a mass as large as a football ! I have had a good deal of trouble in my humble-bees' nests with this moth. In 1893 it got access to some nests which I kept for observation in the walls of an outhouse, and as I failed to destroy all the cocoons in the winter, an enormous brood was produced in the following year, destroying all the nests I had there." The liev. C. R. Digby found larviB spun up under willow bark, and others under a board in a stone-flagged yard, and reared the present species from both. The Rev. H. Williams, of Croxton, found larvas in a wasjj's nest, feeding on the papery walls of the nest, and not on the comb. Pupa thin skinned and soft, wing and limb cases very dull with minute sculpture, pale brown ; segmental divisions also without gloss, rather darker brown, the hind margin of each segment somewhat raised, pale chestnut ; cremasterof thesame colour, broad at the base, tapering off to a long blunt point. In a tough, stringy, dull brown cocoon closely attached to others, and all laid side by side, so as to form a tough ball, or cluster of cocoons, to the number of several hundreds. Mr. W. P. Blackburn-Maze sent me such a cluster, which had been found close to a group of no less than six wasps' nests in a garden, and from which at least two hundred and sixty-five moths had been reared. The winter is passed as shown above in cocoon, in the larva state. The moth hides itself during the day in the thickest herb- age, often close to the ground, and is not easily disturbed at that time. At late dusk it becomes active and flies freely about lanes, banks, fields, and wherever the humble-bees and wasps build their nests. Later at night it will come to a strong light. Thoutih, from its retiring habits, not usuallv seen in GA[.LERTIDA':-MEfJSSOnLAPTES. 143 any numbers, it is apparently abundant throughout the Southern half of England, becoming less common in the North, and even rare in Durham and Northumberland, while I find no record for Cumberland or Westmoreland. Never- theless, it is more plentiful in some parts of Scotland, espe- cially in Aberdeenshire; being also found in Midlothian, Roxburghshire, Ayrshire, and Perthshire; and it was taken by Mr. Cheesmau in the Orkney Isles. In Wales it has been found in Denbighshire, Glamorganshire, and Pem- brokeshire ; in Ireland more particularly in the northern portions— Fermanagh, Armagh, Down, Antrim, and Derry. Abroad its range extends throughout Europe and Northern Asia Minor, and it is widely distributed in North America. Genus o. MELISSOBLAPTES. AntennjB simple, thick at the base ; palpi depressed and concealed by projecting scales in the male, longer in the female ; tongue rudimentary ; head furnished with a thick projecting blunt mass of scales ; thorax moderately stout ; abdomen tapering; fore wings oblong, expanded between the basal nervures, rounded behind, having a tuft of scales in the discal ceil. Hind wings ample, the cell open, and vein 5 absent. We have only one species. 1. M. bipunctanus, Cz/ri-.— Expanse 1 to \). inch. Bead and thorax almost white ; fore wings elongate^ mode- rately broad, brownish white, faintly reddish toward the costa, second line just perceptible ; two blackish spots are in the discal cell. Hind wings shining silky white, tinged behind with brown. Antennas of the male simple, thick toward the base, mealy-white ; palpi very short and concealed bv a thatch of long scales which projects from the face, brownish-white ; head creamy-white; thorax robust, and abdomen rather 144 LF.PIDOPTERA. thick but tapering, of the same colour. Fore wings elon- gated of tolerably even breadth, somewhat swollen and hollow beneath at the base of the costa — which is very flatly arched — apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin short and rounded ; colour whitish-drab, shaded broadly along the costa with a tint of reddish-drab ; first line only perceptible as a reddish thread, nearly upright; second line oblique but strongly bent back in the middle, and formed of minute blackish-brown, or reddish, dusting below, and of fainter red-brown dusting above ; discal spot ovate, black brown, usually with a pale centre ; before it is a similar dark spot in the place of the orbicular etigma ; extreme hind margin dotted with brown-black ; cilia glistening pale drab. Hind wings elongated, not very broad, shining silky white or brown- ish-white, shading faintly browner to the apex and hind margin ; cilia white and glistening. Female larger, often double the size ; the palpi visible, pointed and drooping ; abdomen longer and stouter, with a produced and sharply pointed ovipositer ; wings similar but much larger. Underside of the fore wings creamy white ; of the hind wings shining white. Slightly, perhaps locally, variable in the tint of colour of the fore wings, specimens from the east coast being tinged with grey. In the imago state in July and August. Larva and Plta not certainly known. In this connection it may be well to quote the late M. Kagonot's observations : " This insect has been confused to a great extent with ancllus, S.Y., on account of the similarity in colour ; it has, however, narrower fore wings, the costa much less rounded ; the wings bear a more uniform colour, ancllus being more varied and mottled ; the safest way to distinguish the two species is by the neuration. Zeller founded his genus Melissohlnptes on hipundnnns, for that species has only seven veins to the hind wings, whilst itii'-llus has eight ; besides in (7.1 L L F.RriD.-E—MELISSOBLAP TES. 145 tlie foro wings of hipundanus vein 9 arises from tlie common stem of 7 and 8, which are forked, whilst in micllua vein 7 originates from the common stem of 8 and 9. As the ueuration of both sexes is identical in each species, I con- sider that andlns is gencricalhj distinct from hipvnd.anus, and propose for the former the generic appellation of Horniyia, in honour of my friend Mr. J. von Hornig of Vienna, a distinguished Entomologist." (^ITonm/ia a-nelbis, S.V., is not known as a British insect, bnt the foregoing remarks are necessary in view of what follows.) " The larva of hipundanus has not been satisfactorily identified, as no doubt it has always been confounded with that of cncHus. We are still in the dark respecting the habits of even the latter species ; Zincken supposed that it lived in nests of humble-bees, but could not verify the fact. Zeller in the ' Stettiner ent. Zeitung' for 18G8, p. 413, wrote that he had discovered, in the month of July, numbei-s of tubular galleries, placed perpendicularly in the soil of a sandy locality, or horizontally ou the surface of the ground, which was sparingly covered with patches of Hicracium piloseUa, Trifolium rcpens, and various grasses. Some of these galleries were tenanted by larv«, others by pupfe, but he could not discover the food-plant of the larva. He tried the latter with dead flies, and thought that the bodies of some had been nibbled ; he also noticed that a larva had devoured one of the pufte, but he did not feel justified in affirming that the larva at large would live on animal food, and re- marked that the silken tubes had no vestiges of insects mixed with them. Zeller bred several of the insects, and although he called them hipundanus, he thought that they might have been considered as anellus, and that perhaps it was a mistake to consider the latter distinct from hipundanus, " Biittner confirms Zeller's observations, and states that he bred large specimens of hipundanus from larvae fed on dead insects. " J. von Hornig submitted to me " (E. L. R.) " a number of VOL. X. K 146 iJL/'JDOl'TERA. anc/lns, S.v., bred froui waspb' nests ( Vfs])f( s)//re.stris and Polislcs (/allica), and mentioned tliat the insect was usually bred from these nests at Vienna. " On the other hand, M. Milliere states that he has bred ancllus from larvas fed on the flowers of laula hcknmm- M. Chretien informed me that he had received, in the summer, ova from M. Millifere, and had reared the larvee on flowers of various plants ; he obtained large specimens of the imago in the autumn." So far as I cau ascertain, this tangle is not yet cleared up, but the balance of evidence seems to indicate a vegetable pabulum for the (non-British) andlus, S.v., and the con- tents of the nests of wasjis and bees, as the food of the present species. Mr. Hardin?, wlio collected for sale for many years at Deal, affirms that it feeds on the roots o? Ainmnphila arcnaria, but furnishes no evidence whatever thereof ; and he probably confused it, in this respect, with Ancradia lotclla. Having no personal acquaintance with this species in the liviag state, I find it necessary to rely on the observa- tions of others. It seems certain that it has rarely, if ever, been observed upon the wing. Mr. II. J. Harding wrote (1867): " If the evenings are still and warm they run up the stems of this grass {Ammophila arenaria) to near the top, where the males remain with wings half expanded ; the females keep their wings closed ; at any disturbance they drop to the ground, but never attempt to fly ; in fact, I do not remember ever seeing one fly." Mr. W. H. Tugwell says : " This obacnre species was to be found almost every evening running up and down the grass and rush-stems ; it rarely seems to fly, but with half-opened wings scuttles about the tufts of grass." Mr. Sydney Webb tells me that he found it on the sand hills in pairs and singly ; and Mr. A. E. Gibbs states that he found it at night sitting upon the posts and lower rail of a fence upon the sandhills, where, from its GALLERIID.-E—CORCYRA. 147 pale colour, it was very conspicuous in tlie lantern-light. He also took it once in the clay time, sitting on an old shed in the same sandy district, but never saw it on the wing. Its principal locality, with us, is the extensive range of coast sandhills at Deal, Kent, and here it seems rather par- tial to the damper portions. It has also been taken in the Isle of Wight, and within the last year or two in some nun-;- barson coast sands near Felixstowe, Suffolk. So far as I am aware, this is the extent of its range in these Islands, though it may reasonably be expected to occur on other of our Southern and Eastern coast sandhills. Abroad the records seem quite uncertain. That in Staudiuger's List, "Central Europe and Livonia," may refer to this species, or to andlus ; and it is certainly the latter species which is found in Egypt and South Africa. Genus i. CORCYRA. Antennfe simple, but having large tufts of scales at the base ; palpi short and concealed by thick rough projecting head-scales ; fore wings long-ovate ; subcostal nervure double, thickened, and forming a horny cell beneath the base ; hind wings moderately ample, devoid of the cross-bar and of vein 5. Sexes similar except in size. We have but one species. 1. C. cephalonica, Stn. — Expanse j to 1 inch. Head rough, white ; fore wings elongate-ovate, whitish-grey or brownish-grey ; costa and nervures dark grey ; hind wings shining smoky white. Antenna of the male simple, slender, grey-white, with a large white basal tuft of scales ; palpi very short, concealed under a flat, spreading, projecting tuft of pure white head- scales ; thorax rather round, grey-white ; abdomen pale brown, slender. Fore wings long-ovate, ridged and hollowed beneath in a remarkable manner, but on the upper side smooth and even ; costa gently arched ; apex rounded ; hind I4S LErinOPTERA. margin strongly curved, and below so oblique as to leave no anal angle; colour whitish-grey, becoming white along the dorsal margin ; the costa, nervures, and discal-cell all longi- tudiually streaked with dark grey lines, the darkest line being upon the subcostal nervure ; no transverse lines ; hind margin dotted with black ; cilia white. Hind wings narrow and running almost to a point at the apex ; silky smoky- brown ; cilia concolorous. Female very similar, but larger, often of double the size ; palpi visible, white, descending ; hind wings whiter. Underside of the fore wings shining pale brownish-grey; of the hind wings white or smoky white ; body pale brown ; legs nearly white. Varying a little in the colour of the fore wings, from brownish-grey to ashy-grey and to pale brown ; in that of the hind wings from shining white to smoky brown. In the imago state in September and October, and possihhj an earlier generation in July. L.\RVA practically undescribed. Mr. Buckler describes the newly-hatched larva " pale creamy-whitish opaque colour, having a pale shining yellowish-brown head and dorsal plate," but beyond this stage does not appear to have reared it. While this is still in manuscript, larva3 have been fur- nished by Mr. C. W. Simmons, found by him in a dock warehouse in East London ; with moths — one alive — which he has reared from the same batch, " larva very sluggish, tolerably plump but cylindrical ; the head shining brown, well protected by stiff hairs ; dorsal plate broad, paler brown, rather hairy ; anal plate similar, but small ; body segments well defined, fatty white, rather shining, and thinl}' covered with tufts of fine bristles which are small and white ; spiracles small, black ; legs and prolegs semi-transparent, white." In a tube or passage roughly made of morsels of broken GALLERIID.E - CORC 1 'AVi . 1 49 rice nuited with white silk and attached to the inside of a sack or other vessel iu which the broken or crushed rice, on which it feeds, is stored. When removed from the tube it slowly seeks to conceal itself, and to maintain its footing by a few silk threads ; also hanging by such a thread if allowed to fall. October until (probably) June or July ; ou dried imported fruits, especially currants, and also on rice. Plta undescribed. This is quite evidently an introduced species, though it is not at ail certain when it lirst appeared in this country, nor what is the region of its origin. Its generic and specific names seem rather to point to the home of its favourite _/boi'/, the dried currant, than to its own original country. It was first noticed here in or about the year 1865, when two specimens were reared from larva3 found among dried cui-rants at York, by Mr. Hind. Subsequently others were obtaiued in the same place by the late Mr. T. H. Allis, of whom 1 received one — still in ray possession. About the year 1870, specimeas began to be observed — though rarely — in the streets of London ; and in 1875, when, by the kindness of a friend, I obtained admission to some of the largest dried fruit warehouses ia the City of London, I had the gratifica- tion of finding it in plenty. Here it was to be seen sitting oil the walls, joists, and window frames, with its wings clasped tightly down, and its head stiffly raised in a slanting position by the equally stiffly straightened legs, so that very often it was difficult to make out, except by actual touch, whether the specimen visible was not a mere raised splinter of wood. When touched and disturbed it would dart down in a zigzag flight, and almost instantly settle again in ■a similar position. At dark the males would run about, quivering their wings in a peculiar manner, and doubtless it would lly at night, but of this there was no opportunity for observation. With the exception that Mr. E. A. Atmorc 150 LEPJDOPTEKA. found two specimens in the dock warehouses at King's Lynn, in ] 887, I know of no other localities for it in the United Kingdom. Abroad it appears to have been introduced into North-Western Germany ; and other localities given for it are Crete, Sicily, Bithynia, Southern India, and Central Africa. Genus 5. ACHROIA. Antenuaj simjale, the basal joint rather thickened ; palpi small, projecting, but rather depressed ; tongue hai'dij- per- ceptible ; head smoothed forward ; fore wings ovate ; costal cell very large ; discal cell narrow; hind wings not broad, the cross-bar present, oblique ; vein 5 absent ; tibiaj of the first pair of legs flattened. We have only one species. 1. A. grisella, Fah. ; alveariella, D.L. — Expanse -i to f inch (15-23 m.m.). Fore wings ovate, shining grey-brown, without markings. Hind wings shining brownish-white. Face yellow. Antennas of the male simple, slender, placed widely apart, olive-brown, with a darker basal tuft ; palpi rather short, depressed ; set far apart, yellow-brown ; face broad and flat, yellow ; the head so closely compressed as to appear as face only ; thorax shining olive-brown ; abdomen slender, pale brown. Fore wings narrowly ovate ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin fully curved right round the anal angle ; colour shining olive-brown, without markings ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings narrow and small, veiy flatly rounded behind, and almost pointed at the apex ; silky browuish-white ; cilia olive-brown. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining smooth olive-brown : hind wings paler. On the wing in June and July, and, as a second generation, in October. GALLERIID.K^A CHKOIA. 1 5 1 Laiu'a — length about five-eighths of au iuch; head polished, dark brown, the lobes rounded and slightly narrower than the second segment ; body cylindrical, of almost uniform width throughout, but tapering a little toward the anal segment ; there is a polished plate, dark brown behind, paler in front, on the'hinder half of the second segment ; skia soft and semi-translucent, the segmental divisions well defined; ground colour of upper and undersides greyish-white, through which the internal working of the muscles shows of a purple shade ; a dark purplish pulsating vessel forms the dorsal line ; spiracles minute, very dark brown. When it is at rest the segmental divisions appear white from over- lapping of the skin, but this is not observable when it is crawling. (G. T. Porritt). August and September, and another generation, probably feeding throughout the winter, certainly from January to May ; on wax in bee-hives, especially in old hives. A very active larva, throwing itself into violent contortions at the slightest annoyance. PCPA pale brown, enclosed in a white cocoon ; usually secreted under the outside ligaments near the entrance to a hive. (Thos. Fyles.) This moth is exceedingly active on its fcd^ running over and under the comb with such swiftness that it is quite secure from the attack of any bee. At dusk it flies about the hives and is seldom seen far away from them ; indeed it actually buzzes at the entrance quite like a bee. It is very destructive in an old hive, the preference being given to wax which is not too new ; and the comb is so completely riddled sometimes with the silk-lined galleries of its larva3 that the bees desert the hive utterly. The moth is best obtained by securing the comb from such a deserted hive and shutting it up in a close box; the larva3 will then feed up and the moths emerge in plenty. It seems scarcely ever 15^ LEPIDUPTKh'A. to be observed, unless closely searclied for in suit able [jlaces, yet inhabits all tlie Sonthern Counties of England, from Kent to the Scilly Isles, the Eastern Counties to Norfolk, the Western to Lancashire, and the Midland to Derbyshire and Yorkshire; but I find only one recoid in Wales, in Flintshire. In Scotland it seems to be very scarce, but has been noticed by Mr. Adam Elliot in Roxburghshire ; also by Sir Thomas Moncrieffe, near Moncrit-ffe Hill, Perthshire. In Ireland Mr. Kane finds it to be so generally common that he refrains from furnishing localities. Abroad it is common throughout Central and Sonthern Europe, Sweden, Western Russia, Persia, India, and some parts of North America. Group G. TOliTPJCINA. A somewhat extensive group, amounting in these Islands to nearly three hundred and fifty species, and widely distri- buted over the temperate portions of both the old and new worlds ; also consisting of species so closely allied that the task of dividing it into niaaageable families and genera is by no means easy. Not apparently very closely allied to anj^ other group, but in some respects forming a sort of parallel to the Noctuina. Antenna in the majority of species simple and threadlike, but in a few genera notched, and in a very few species shortly pectinated, but not thickened, knotted, dilated, nor tufted. Eyes naked, prominent, without lashes ; palpi nearly always short, straight, pointed, and slightly porrected ; tongue hardly longer than the palpi ; thorax rather rounded, short and stout, often crested at the back. Eorewings of moderate breadth, usually truncate or obtuse behind, but in a f\w species having the apex produced, pointed or hooked. Hind wings rather short but broad, silkj^, and without mai-kings. Abdomen short and blunt, but tufted in the male ; legs short and strong, with short claws. A remarkabU' and curious cliaractt-r. hardly known to TORTRICINA. 153 exist t'lsewhere among Lepidoplera except in a few butter- flies, is iu the present group ratlier extensively developed, and has been used as a valuable structural character for pur- poses of classification. It is, however, a character belonging exclusively to the male sex, and is distributed in a singularlj' arbitrary manner. It is known as the costal fold ; a small portion of the costal margin from the base being extended, dilated, and folded back, exactly in the manner of the lapels of a gentleman's coat. In some species the fold is broad, and causes an interruption in the symmetry of the costal margin ; in others it is narrow and verjr straight, and even becomes, in some species, so obscure as only to be seen by the aid of a lens. Eut should it by any accident be disturbed and raised, it is most conspicuous, and is seen to have nothing of the colour of the upper side of the wings on its under surface, but to have instead a shining greyish or white gloss, and instead of the short scales of the upper side, to be fui-- nislied with pale hairs laid longitudinally. It is placed always quite outside the subcostal nervure. This character, if used to separate a family, has the effect of cutting squarely across other reliable characters, and of dividing small groups which to the ordinary judgment appear to be most closely allied together, and I have thought it best to use this costal fold merely as a useful (jeneric character. The^;/rt)i, of mnrkiiujs, hitherto so useful in descriptions, has in this group partly disappeared, or has been trans- formedo The basal line, moved outwards, is now usually no definite line at all, but the margin of a large basal blotch. Similarly the first and second lines have become simply the inner and outer margins of a more or less distinct central baud, and at the costal origin of the subterminal line is now com- monly a flattened subovate costal spot, from which often an irregular thread lies along the hind margin. Of the stig- mata, or central or discal-spot, there usually is seen no trace, though iu a few species a spot lies in the apex of the discal 154 LEPIDOPTERA. cell. Costal dots and streaks, on the contrarj-, are frequent in this group, and a large dorsal spot hardly less so. Often above the anal angle is a large ovoid or rounded blotch, con- taining a rounded disk and black streaks. Larv^ with sixteen feet ; often very active, moving back- wards and forwards with equal swiftness and facility. Pup^ rather stout, blunt in front ; in a slight cocoon, frequently in the place where the larva has fed; pushed out of the cocoon almost to full length on emergence of the moth. Family 1. TORTRICID^. Fore wings broad, rather squared ; when closed usually more or less bell-shaped, and placed flatly, the dorsal margins coinciding; ocelloid patch absent. Genus 1. TORTRIX. Antenna3 rather thick, notched ; jialpi short and pointed ; thorax rather rough ; fore wings of the male with a distinct fold on the costa toward the base, costa beyond it ridged ; nervures on the underside strongly thickened ; anal tuft rather large. Colour and markings variable — tabulation therefore diffi- cult and vague. A. Apex of the fore wings projecting. B. Fore wings dull red-brown or chestnut. T. podana. B-. Fore wings rich velvety red-brown, reticulated. T. 2nceanci.. B^. Fore wings red-brown ; male with silvery frosting, female with costal sijots. T. dccrctana. B^. Fore wings pale olive-brown, with velvety red-brown markings. T. cmtcajana. &. Fore wings j-ellow-browu, with rich red-brown mark- ings. T. xylosteana. TOR TRICID^i:— TUk TRIX. 1 5 5 W. Fore wings dull brown ; the wings short and broad. T. rusana. A". Apex of fore wings blunt, not projecting. B*^. Fore wings soft shining/ yellow-brown or reddish-brown. T. la/auri/ana. B*. Fore wings shining olive-brown, markings darker. T. sorhiana. W. Fore wings shining ochreous, with red-brown costal spots. T costana. B'". Fore wings pale primrose, with faint brown clouds. T. semialhana. 1. T. piceana, L. — E.xpanse of male f inch, of female 1 inch (18-25 m.ni.) Chestnut-bi'own, much mottled with rich velvety chestnut-red. Hind wings dull reddish-brown or black-broivD. Antennas of the male simple, brown ; palpi, head, and thorax chestnut-brown ; abdomen mouse-colour, with broad anal tuft. Fore wings broad, truncate, produced at the apex ; costa flatly arched at the base, broadly folded, chest- nut-brown or pale purplish-chestnut, all the markings broad, rich velvety chestnut-red or purple-red; basal blotch very broad, its upper area hoary ; central band oblique, thi-owing ofi" a sharji point on the outside, which extends to meet a small erect streak ; hinder area filled by a large cloud of the same rich colour ; these markings edged with slenler white lines ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings soft dull brown with a golden or reddish tinge toward the apex ; cilia brown. Female larger, without fold, reddish-brown with deeper red- brown (not velvety) markings, rather confused and forming a broad reticulation over the fore wings. Hind wings brown, with an orange cloud toward the apex. Undersides of all the wings of the male pale leaden-browu, with the apex more tawny ; of the female reddish-orange, with red-brown reticulations. Usually not very variable, but occasional specimens have 156 LEl'inOPTERA. both ground colour and markings much palei'. A male example of ordinary colour, takon in 1S95, in Surrey, by Mr. A. Dennis, is without antennte, its liead shaped very much like that of its larva, being large, smooth, shining and horny, and showing the jaws slightly crossed at their tips, yet soldered into a solid mask. I know of no way of accounting for this extraordinary monstrosity. When alive it was active and eager to fly, yet was found on the ground, aad most probably was unable to direct its flight. This specimen is in my own collection. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva yellow-green with chestnut-brown head, yellow dorsal-plate, and black anterior feet. In May and June between drawn-together needles of spruce and silver firs and juniper. (Hofmann.) Also on Scotch fir (^Pinus si/lvcstris), on which only it seems to have been found hei'C. Mr. South says that it usually feeds on the spun-together leaves of the lateral branches of large trees, and is exceedingly active and difficult to secure, slipping out at the back of its domicile when disturbed. Schmidt says that it sometimes feeds in preference on juniper, making a thick white web among the leaves. Pupa red-brown. In the larval habitation. The moth hides during the day among the leaves (needles) of large fir trees, from which it may be dislodged with a long stick, flying then heavily to another branch or to the ground. At the earliest dnsk it begins to fly actively over the fir trees. For many years a single specimen taken in the New Forest, Hants, long ago by the late Mi\ Stone, and long in the collection of the late Mr. Edwin Shepherd, was the only known British example of this very handsome species. In the year 18G8 I had the good fortune to take a specimen in Woolmer Forest, Hants, by beating a fir tree, and for twenty years these two, both females, remained the only specimens representing it in these Islands. IJut in 1888 TO/^ TA'/C/n.E— TOR TRLX. , 57 Mr. S. J. ("apppi- found specimens among ths captures of Mr. 0. Gulliver in the New Forest, and here it was soon found to be by no means rare, occurring also in the fir woods of Surrey. As to whether it had recently migrated to this country, or had lingered on almost unnoticed for half a century, there is unfortunately no evidence ; but it is now to be found, besides Hants and Surrey, in Dorset, Berks, and Oxfordshire, but so far as is known, not elsewhere in these Islands. Abroad it is a very abundant species, sometimes most destructive in the pine forests, and is found throughout Central Europe, Northern Italy, Sardinia, Scandinavia, and Northern Asia. 1'. T. podana, Scop. Hcin. ; pyrastrana, Hh. Gn. ; ful- vana, WUk. Si. .1/.— Espanse of male f , of female 1 inch (18-25 mm.). Fore wings dull red-brown, darker in the middle; the wing apex strongly produced; hind wings smoky grey-brown ; the apical half in the female suffused with orange-red. Antennaj of the male threadlike, brown; palpi, head and thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen paler. Eore wings broad, truncate, with the apex strongly produced ; costa much arched to the middle, beyond it faintly hollowed ; colour red-brown or light chestnut; the costal fold broad, beneath it from the middle of the base is a discoloured pale brown patch edged below by an elongated chocolate-red spot ; central band velvety chocolate, very broad upon the costa, curving obliquely to the anal angle; a similar, divided, velvety cloud lies along the hind margin. Hind wincrs rather short, rounded behind, dull smoky grey-bi-own, often tmged with orange-brown toward the apex ; cilia all con- colorous. Female stouter and much larger, without fold, more evenly pale brown in colour, without velvety gloss, but the edges of the stripes more clearly marked as slender hair-like lines, which enclose darker clouds toward the costal and dorsal margins. Hind wings smoky brown, shaded from the middle 15S I.F.PIDOPTERA. to the apex with ricli orange-brown, and often latticeil with fine brown lines. Variable in both sexes in the shade of brown of the fore wings ; more especially so in London and some other large towns, where a form having the fore wings almost uni- colorous, black or purple-black in both sexes, has become moderately common. On the wing in June and July. Larva three-fourths of nn inch long, stout but rather attenuated at the hinder end ; hairs fine, rather long; colour yellowish green, each segment more pea-green behind ; head shining brown, with the jaws darker; dorsal plate black with a white collar ; anal plate green. When younger more grey- green, and having the raised dots black. May and June on hawthorn, blackthorn, oak, rose, apricot, bramble and raspberry. Even on leaves 'of vine and flowers of Azalea. Sorhagen states that it feeds on the leaves of nearly all trees, including conifers. Pupa broad across the thorax, the organs closely applied, but the antenna cases beaded ; glossy red-brown, the abdo- minal portion rapidly tapering and much more dull, the segments sharply ridged behind and edged with spines ; cremaster elongated, flattened and furnished with curved hooks. In a silken web between the leaves of its food- plant. The moth hides during the day in hedges and bushes, as well as in trees, and is readily disturbed. At early dusk it flies swiftly of its own accord. The males have been observed to assemble in numbers about a freshly emerged female. Common throughout England, and apparently in all parts of Wales. In Scotland apparently of western distribution ; recorded from Ayrshire, Lanark, Renfrew, and Arran, also from Perthshire. In Ireland found in Cork County, Dublin, Sligo, and Tyrone. Abroad it has an extensive distribution 7'( ; A- T RIGID. -E~TOR TRIX. , 5 q thmiigli Central Europe, Northern Italy, Sardinia, Sweden, Dalmatia, Greece, Asia Minor, Eastern Siberia, and Japan. 3. T. decretana, r/.— Expanse of male f, of female I inch (18-22 ni.m.). Fore wings of male bright purple-red, of female dull reddish-brown, each with two darker costal triangular spots. Antennte of the male simple, red-brown ; palpi, head and thorax dull red-brown ; abdomen whitish-brown. Fore wine's truncate, the apex produced, costa strongly arched to the middle; bright chestnut-red or purple-red, paler behind; costal fold narrow ; all the space beneath it, except a deep chestnut basal blotch, delicately outlined and tinted with silver-grey to the dorsal margin ; central band rich velvety red-brown, very oblique, constricted in the middle so as to form a costal triangle, and again close to the dorsal margin ; this is followed on the costa by another dark red-brown triangular spot ; hinder area plain ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings silky white shaded with dull brown ; cilia dusky white, Female larger ; fore wings broader, without fold and with more produced apex; dull chestnut-brown, much reticu- lated with darker brown, and having the two costal triangles distinct, of a darker brown ; hind wings as in the male. Undersides of the fore wings in the male leaden-brown, with the costa and hind margin fulvous; of hind wino^s greyish-white tipped with fulvous ; in the female fore wings whitish fuscous, with a black line on the hinder cilia ; hind wings white, reticulated with fulvous. Variable in the male in the depth of colour, the rich dark colour of the markings being, in some specimens, extended widely over the fore wings, while in others it is almost absent, all being then of the colour of the females. On the wing in July and August. Larva active, of moderate thickness, tapering slightly toward the anal extremity, and somewhat flattened beneath, dorsal region yellowish-brown or greenish-brown, a little i6o I.F.PIDOPTERA. paier between the segments; s]iiracLil.iv region paler, with a still paler line below ; head shining brown, jaws black ; dorsal plate shining brown or dark brown, its anterior mar- gin white, and sometimes edged with white behind ; anal plate green or yellowish-green ; hairs of moderate length ; spots paler than the ground colour, generally sm;ill Lnd inconspicuous. (Mr. E. A. Atniore.) May to the beginning of July, on Mijrica f/alc, drawing togetlier the leaves of a terminal shoot, very often includ- ing an old seed-husk. Abroad it is said to feed also on birch, hazel, and Vacciniuin vlif/iiiosum. Pupa blackish, with the wing-covers tinged with brown. In a slight web in the larval habitation. The moth hides among its food plant by day, and is then difticnlt to disturb, but the males become active at sunset and II V with great swiftness over the same plants ; the females commencing to fly a little later in the dusk, but being very swift and powerful on the wing. In this country it seems only to have been found among sweet-gale. It was first met with here about the year ] 881, by Mr. E. A. Atuiore, who reared it with other Tortrices from the sweet-gale grow- ing upon boggy heaths in the neighbourhood of King's Lynn, Norfolk. There it continued to occur pretty freely for some years, but now has. as I understand, become scarce. Pro- bably this is a mere fluctuation consequent on its being much infested with ichneumon parasites, and I hope that it will again increase in numbers ; but its close restriction to sweet- gale here, even in places where there is plenty of birch, seems remarkable. Abroad it is found commonly thi'oughout Central Europe, also in Livonia and in North-west Russia. 4. T. crataegana, Ifli. ; roborana, Hb.Wilk. — Expanse of male ^, of female ^ inch. Fore wings dull pale brown, TORTRICID.-E—rORTRIX. i6i with a broad chocolate-brown central band, and an erect club-shaped spot near the base. Antennae of the male simple, brown ; palpi, head, and thorax dull brown ; abdomen paler. Fore wings broad, trun- cate, broadened behind; costal fold long, and the costa beyond it rolled back ; colour pale brown, with the markings rich velvety chocolate-brown ; near the base is an erect knobbed dorsal spot or blotch ; beyond it a very broad central band, angulated on its outer side, oblique, but scarcely attaining the costa ; from above this a broad costal spot throws off a similar narrow stripe, cutting off the apical area ; cilia pale brown, dusted with smoky black. Hind wings uniformly dull smoky brown, with similar cilia. Female larger ; fore wings without fold, of a coarser apjaear- ance, and of a more dull brown ; the central band narrowly extended to the costa, and the sub-apical streak to the anal angle. Hind wings smoky brown. Underside of all the wings very dull grey-brown with a faint tawny tinge towards the apex, this last in the female being stronger and more extended. On the wing at the end of .June and in July. Larva apparently undescribed, yet known to feed on oak, birch, and other deciduous trees ; I have reared it from sallow; and Sorhagen records as food, hawthorn, blackthorn, aspen and other trees. Feeding in April, May, and the beginning of June. PlPA broad, rather flattened across the back ; segments rapidly tapering; pitchj--brown or red-brown, wing-covers frosted, but the nervures beyond the middle glossy ; abdomen dull, segments with rows of points ; cremaster flattened and elongated, finished ofl' with hooked bristles. In the larval habitation. The moth sits during the day in oaks, and other of its food trees; and if beaten out dashes swiftly away to VOL. X. L l62 LEPIDOPTERA. another tree, and often hides itself at a good height. At sunset it flies wildly and swiftly of its own accord about the trees, and is not very easy to secure. Almost confined to woods, and in this country to oak woods. Not usually a plentiful species, yet found in all such woods in the South, and more sparingly throughout the country to Yorkshire. Mr. J. E. Robson has taken it in Durham, and believes it to occur in Northumberland ; yet I have no record from Scot- land or Wales, and in Ireland only that of the late Mr. E. Birchall, at Killarney. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, Northern Italy, Livonia, and Greece, also in China, and Japan. 5. T. xylosteana, Linn. — Expanse f to \ inch (15- 22 m.m.). Fore wings bright silvery-brown, much marbled with chocolate or bright chestnut markings, with shining edges ; the central band forked at the costa. Antennae of the male notched, brown; palpi, head, and thorax orange-brown, abdomen mouse-colour. Costa of the fore wings rolled back from the base two-thirds of its length, but only a short portion folded ; truncate behind, and the apex blunt ; colour sllvei-y-brown or silvery-drab ; basal blotch tinged with chocolate, and its outer edge visible as an erect rich chocolate-red blotch or streak ; central band chocolate-red, very broad at the costa, where it is forked and encloses a silvery -brown spot, its inner margin straight and oblique, its outer margin indented by a deep angle ; apical region crossed by two oblique tawny lines ; cilia brownish- drab. Hind wings dull brown, their cilia whitish-brown. Female larger and stouter, usually darker in colour, its fore wings longer, their markings broader and darker, and usually having a black spot at the apex; costa plain; hind wings glossy dark brown. Very variable in colour, darker or paler, the marldngs fluctuating in the same degree, and producing exceedingly prettjr forms. A specimen taken at Deal by Mr. Sorrell has TOR TRICID/E— TOR TRIX. 1 63 only faint traces of the markings along the margins, the general area merely smeared with pale brown. Underside very plain ; fore wings pale smoky-brown, with a yellowish dash in the middle of the costa, and the apex pale tawny-brown. Hind wings white with smoky clouding and a pale tawny apex. On the wing in June and July. Larva plump, tapering to each extremity, whitish-grey, sometimes tinged with bluish-green. Head and plates shining black, the dorsal plate with a white collar, and some- times edged with white behind ; legs black ; prologs pale green, dotted with black. When younger pale slate-colour with black dots on the third and fourth segments, and the dots behind these faintly white ; rather pugnacious, when touched discharging a reddish fluid from its mouth with a threatening action. May and June, polyphagous on leaf-trees, rolling up the leaves. Pupa pitchy black ; wing and limb covers smooth ; seg- ments furnished with two rows of distinct teeth ; cremaater strong, beak-like, furnished at the tip with fine curved bristles. In the larval habitation. The moth hides in trees and shrubs during the day, in woods, hedges, and gardens, and is very readily disturbed, flying promptly to some similar hiding place. Abundant in the South, and apparently somewhat common throughout England and Wales. In Scotland it is found in Dumbarton- shire and the Clyde district generally, in Perthshire, and Midlothian ; in Ireland in the Counties of Dublin, Cork, Wicklow, and Antrim. Abroad it is common throughout Central and Southern Europe, Scandinavia, the Caucasus and Taurus Mountain districts, and in Japan. 6. T. rosana, Linn. ; laevigana, (?».— Expanse f to | inch (15-18 m,m.). Fore wings rather short, truncate, glossy 1 64 LEPIDOPTERA. pale ))rown with au ill-defiiiccl broad dark brown central band ; female darker, with very obscure markings, its hind wings smoky brown, tipped with orange-yellow. Antenna? of the male threadlike, dark umbreous ; palpi, head, and thorax dull brown. Fore wings short and broad, squared and truncate behind ; costa rolled back from the base to beyond the middle, but only quite folded at the extreme base ; colour drab-brown or pale umbreous ; the markings tawny bi'own, dark brown, or deep purplish- umbreous ; basal blotch obscure, usually only indicated by a " small spot at its outer margin ; central band very broad, hardly oblique, its inner margin sinuous, its outer deeply excavated, often it is even divided by a space of paler ground-colour into two large cloudy blotches, or it includes a pale costal blotch ; one or more dark brown broken lines lie across from the costa toward the anal angle ; cilia light brown. Hind wings smoky white ; cilia white tinged with fulvous. Female larger, its fore wings without fold rather more elongate, evenly broad and truncate, umbreous or dark , olive-brown with an abundant reticulation of fine brown cross- lines, some of which seem to indicate the margins of the other- wise invisible markings. Hind wings smoky brown with a reddish-orange tinge towards the apex ; cilia concolorous. Variable, especially in the male, in the depth of ground- colour, and the distinctness of the markings; large and strongly marked specimens are common in the east of Scotland. On the wing in June and July. Larva cylindrical, pale green, head shining black ; dorsal plate greenish in front, the hinder half black ; anal plate green — or else with the head and both plates light brown. May and June, polyphagous on deciduous trees and bushes ; and sometimes on herbaceous plants — even found feeding on flowers of Ccntranthus ruber, and apparently upon anything on which it may happen to fall. Spinning TORTR/C/D.-E—TORTRIX. 16; together quite a considerable bunch of leaves on a young shoot, and winding it thickly round with white silk. Pupa not very stout, tapering behind ; rich dark brown ; wing- and limb-covers smooth ; segments furnished with two rows of spines, and with the interstices paler ; cremaster beak- like, rather long, with hooked bristles at the tip. In a cocoon in the larval habitation. The moth hides itself in any ti"ee, bush or hedge, and is easily disturbed by the beating-stick, but flies naturally before dusk. Abundant everywhere in the United Kingdom. Abroad found throughout Europe and Asia Minor, and in North America in the State of New York. 7. T. sorbiaua, Huh. — Expanse male ^, female \\ inch (21-28 ni.ni.J Fore wings rather long, pointed, dull yellow- brown with broad olive-brown markings. Male and female similar. Antennas of the male simple, brown ; palpi and head umbreous ; thorax rather lighter ; abdomen grey-brown. Fore wings very broad, squared behind or faintly refuse ; the costal fold a mere roll-back of the margin with the portion close to the base folded ; dull yellowish-brown ; the markings moi'e olive-brown, but not darkly so ; basal blotch large and complete, its outer edge straight, oblique, and starting from the end of the costal fold ; central band arising from a spot in the middle of the costa, expanding behind widely in the middle, but its front edge oblique, straight and complete ; above it is a large similar sjDot, half-circular, upon the costa ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings broad, dull smoky brown, with paler cilia. Female similar but much larger, the fore wings longer, and having the apex more produced, but without a fold, hind wings glossj-, darker brown, apical cilia tinged with red-brown. Underside of the fore wings dull smoky brown with one or two yellowish streaks along the costa ; hind wings smoky l66 LEPIDOPTERA. white. Female with all the wings tinged with fulvous at the margins and apex. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva stout and very active, thickest in the middle and with swollen segments ; colour dark olive-green tinged above with smokj- -black ; spots white, with white hairs ; head flattened, black; dorsal plate olive-brown, spotted with black, divided down the middle, and having a white collar ; anal prolegs pale green ; feet black. May and June, on oak, hazel, and birch, rolling up the leaves. Also said to feed sometimes on apple, mountain ash, elm, cherry, and even on elder and whortleberry. PlPA in the larval habitation. The moth principally frequents woods, and hides during the day in trees and bushes, but is not at that time very willing to fly. After sunset it becomes exceedingly lively, and flies in the wildest and most frantic manner about the rides and broad wood-paths, open spaces, or the borders of Woods. Abundant in large woods throughout the South of England, and occurring in such places throughout the country to Lancashire, Yorkshire and the south of Durham, also in Wales ; but, so far as I know, not recorded from Scotland or Ireland. Found also throughout Central and Southern Europe, Sweden, Asia Minor and Jajjan. 8. T. lafauryana, Rcujonot. — Expanse | to | inch (18-22 m.m.). Fore wings broad and rather short, with rounded costa, and very silky, ochreous, or reddish-orange colouring. Antennae simple, reddish-brown, palpi similar ; head and thorax orange-brown or golden-brown ; abdomen grey- brown. Fore wings broad, almost ovate, the costa rolled back from the base to beyond the middle, the middle portion of this folded ; colour orange-brown or yellow-brown; mark- ings very obscure ; basal line faint, oblique, and somewhat TORTRICID.H-TORTRIX. 167 straight ; central band oblique, very little darker than the ground colour, but having a darker cloud each at the costal and dorsal margins ; before the apex is a semicircular costal spot; the whole surface silky; cilia glossy, concolorous. Hind wings greyish-white ; cilia white, shaded with tawny. Female more robust and a little larger; fore wings without fold, more even in width and more squared behind; red-brown, reddish-drab, or pale drab ; almost without markings, or else with the latter indicated by faint lines; cilia concolorous. Hind wings white, with a smoky tinge, and shining white cilia. Variable in both sexes from pale straw-colour or honey- colour to red-brown. Underside of the fore wings smoky brown or smoky drab, with a reddish margin. Hind wings yellowish-white. On the wing in -July and August. Larva not very active ; cylindrical, but slightly attenuated at both ends ; segments distinctly divided ; colour pea- green, more yellowish-green between the segments, and with a darker green dorsal line; spots paler than the ground colour, rather inconspicuous ; hairs moderately long, about four or five on each segment ; head dull yellowish -green, jaws brown, eyes black ; dorsal and anal plates of a darker green than the ground colour ; about the ninth segment there is an ochreous- brown internal dorsal vessel ; legs green. June and the beginning of July on Mijrica gale (Sweet gale), drawing together three or four of the younger ter- minal leaves, and feeding principally on the tips. (E. A, Atmore.) Pupa black ; sometimes in the larval habitation ; more frequently spun up among dead leaves, moss, or rubbish on the ground. (E. A. Atmore.) The moth, in this country, sits during the day among its food-plant, the Sweet gale, the male on the alert to fly away i68 LEPIDOPTERA. to another bush when disturbed, but the female is very sluggish, readily drops to the ground, and cannot be induced then to fly. At sunset the male flies about the same plants on the heaths in a liveh- manner, though not with the energj- shown by some species ; the female flies a little later towards dusk, and more swiftly. Discovered on the heaths near King's Lj^nn, Norfolk, by Mr, E. A. Atmore in 1880, and still to be found in that district, though I do not know of its occurrence in any other part of the United Kingdom. It is a species only comparatively recently recognised anyvlierc, having been first found by M. E. L. Ragonot, in the " Landes " of France, about the year 187li. and since that time noticed in Holland and North Germany. 9. T. semialbana, Gn. — Expanse g inch (15 m.m.). Fore wings pale yellow, with a brown cloud above the anal angle. Antennas of the male yellowish-white ; palpi, head and thorax pale yellow-brown ; abdomen paler brown, the anal tuft nearly white. Fore wings not very broad ; costa arched, its margin raised in a ridge from the base and slightly folded ; colour pale yellow-brown ; the markings cloudy pale chestnut ; basal blotch obscure and only visible as a cloud on the dorsal half of the base ; central band also obscure, oblique, rather sharply margined inwardlj-, but outwardly spreading into an ill-defined cloud ; beyond it one or two faint lines cross the sub-apical region ; cilia yellow- brown. Hind wings white, with white cilia. Female a little larger, but very similar, the fore wings without fold, the hind wings faintly tinged with smoky clouding. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown ; of the hind wings white. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva dirty grey-green, with paler raised dots ; head and dorsal plate honey-brown, somewhat glassy, the former with brown raised dots, the latter with a black dot in the middle TORTRICID.-E— TORTR!.\ . 169 and one en each side ; a black spot on tlie anal plate. (Zeller.) April and May, on honeysuckle, maple, and rose, and Schmidt says on C'hdidonmm majm. Pupa undescribed, in the larval habitation. I have no personal knowledge of this species when alive. Mr. Machin used to tell me that he took it among maple. Mr. Purdey (more recently) says merely that "it is very secluded in its habits, and when disturbed simply falls upon the upper side of a leaf.'' It was to be found in lanes about Darenth, Greenhithe, and Dartford. Kent, niid at Mickleham, Surrey, before the year 1860, but then became very scarce, and the latest capture of which I know in either of those localities was in 1873; but twenty years later it was re- discovered near Folkestone, Kent, by Mr. W. Purdey, who took a good series ; and it is believed still to linger in that district ; but the extent of its range in this country seems never to have been more than Kent, Surrey, and Hants. Abroad it is found in most parts of Central and Southern Europe, Corsica, Sweden, Asia Minor, Tartary, China, and iu India. lu. T. costana, Fah. ; spectrana, Gn.; latiorana, Will-. var. — Expanse of male |, of female ^ inch (18-22 m.m.). Fore wings straw-coloured or reddish-yellow, with a very oblique narrow brown central stripe, followed by a brown costal spot. Antennae of the male simijle, brown ; palpi, head, and thcJrax pale brown ; abdomen slender, whitish-brown. Fore wings very broad ; costa strongly arched, neatly folded upon the arch, and beyond this upraised and thickened ; colour pale brownish-drab, dusted and faiutly reticulated with brown ; markings pale umbreous^the basal blotch small and only faintly indicated ; central band rather narrow and distinct on the costa, but expanding below and spreading away 170 LEPIDOPTERA. toward tlie anal angle, where it is less distinct ; beyond is a long flat costal spot running into the apex ; cilia yellow- brown. Hind wings white, with white cilia. Female larger; fore wings longer but less broad, not folded ; ground colour more tawny, with the markings most distinct upon the costa. Hind wings and cilia white. Underside of the fore wings dull smoky brown with pale yellow dashes on the costa. Hind wings smoky white. Variable in size, especially so in the male, specimens of the second generation being often very small. The male is also liable occasionally to the suffusion of umbreous over its fore wings, and the female, more rarely, to a suffusion or clouding of reddish-brown or tawny. Another form, which seems to be confined to salt marshes, is almost or quite devoid of markings, and was at one time supposed to be distinct, the name given it being latiorana. This form seems only to have been found in the salt marshes of the Eastern counties. On the wing at the end of June and in July and the beginning of August, also a second generation in September and October. Larva not very active, nearly cylindi-ical, but tapering a little at each end ; dorsal region dark smoky olive-green, but below the spiracles gi'eenish-white ; spots whitish, distinct, furnished with short hairs ; head and dorsal plate black ; anal plate greenish-grey. May and June, and a second generation in August ; in the tops of meadow-sweet ((§ji/UY' v.bnaricC),Einlohvnin hirsutvm, Comctrum palustre, and many other herbaceous plants in fens and marshes ; on sea-lavender, sea-wormwood and other sea- side plants ; and probably on almost all the herbaceous plants to be found in wet places. Wilkinson says " on reeds and grasses " ; and Sorhagen specifies even Iris pscudacorus, ScirptLs palustris, and Xasturtium 2Mhistre. Pupa dull black, in the larval habitation, in a loose white TORTRICID.-E—PANDEMIS. 1 7 1 cocoon. The moth hides during the day among the tall foliage of marshes, fens, moist woods and boggy heaths, and is very difficult to disturb, slipping away from plant to plant till it hides close to the mud. At early dusk it comes up and flies gently about the same places, the female appearing a little later than the male. The latter continues to move about all night, and will come at any hour of the darkness to a strong light. To be found iu suitable places throughout England, but especially in fees and near the coast ; in Wales frequent in Pembrokeshire, and doubtless elsewhere; in Scotland ex- tending to Edinburgh and the Clyde Valley; in Ireland recorded from Cork, Sligo and Enniskillen. Abroad it is well distributed through Central Europe, Sweden, Livonia and Southern Russia. Genus 2. PANDEMIS. AntennEB rather thick at the base, then slender ; palpi not very long, pointed or beaked; thorax smooth; fore wings without the basal fold, but the costal edge up-curved or ridged ; nervures of the underside thickened and ridged. Tabulation difficult, and somewhat vague. A. Apex of fore wings pointed, or angulated. B. Fore wings red-brown or liver coloured. P. Jieparana. B-. Fore wings yellow or ochreous with red latticing. /-". corylana. W. Fore wings dull pale brown with umbreous markings. P. dumcfana. Bl Fore wings ochreous with red-brown markings — variable. P. rihcana. A'. Apex of fore wings blunt. B''. Fore wings shining olive-brown ; markings darker. P. diversana. B°. Fore wings shining cinnamon-red : face of male white. P. cinnamommna. 172 LEPIDOPTERA. 1. P. corylana, Fah. — Expanse of male 4, of female I iuch (18-21 m.m.). Fore wings ochreous yellow ; nervures, edges of the bands, and the hind margin, slenderly dark red. Antennaj of the male brownish-white ; palpi white above, pale yellow-brown below ; face roughly white ; head and thorax pale yellow-brown ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings broad, strongly arched near the base, not folded, truncate behind and the apex pointed ; colour pale ochreous-yellow, with all the nervures slenderly red-brown and the whole surface reticulated by similar cross lines ; basal blotch large, only indicated by its margin — a slender, oblique and nearly straight, dark red line — central band almost parallel, in- dicated by two lines equally slender, dark red ; beyond this is a streak of the same colour from the costa, often continued among the reticulations to the anal angle ; cilia dark red. Hind wings smoky white, with similar cilia. Female a little larger, the face yellow-brown and the colour of the fore wings usually rather deeper. Hind wings smoke colour with the apical portion whiter. Usually extremely constant in colour and markings, but in western districts a varietj' sometimes occurs having hardly a trace of the usual markings, but the margins edged with darker red-brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva grass-green with a darker dorsal vessel ; head spot- less, pale green with an olive tinge above ; dorsal plate grass- green with two small V-like marks in front, two others cres- cent-shaped near the sides, two dots in front of the centre and six more behind ; anal segment opaque, grass-green, coarsely dotted and terminated by a coronet of eight rays. (Wilk.) June and July, on oak, hazel, birch, beech, sloe, elm, lime, mountain ash, wild cherrj-, peach, dogwood, and bramble, folding a leaf longitudinally. PCPA pale brown clouded on the thorax with chestnut. In the larval habitation. TORTRICID.E—PAXDEMIS. 173 The moth hides during the day in bushes and trees, usually in the more open parts of woods, and is readily beaten out, but not very active in escaping. At dusk it flies of its own accord, and is apparently willing to move about throughout the night, indeed it will come to the sugar placed on trees to attract Noducc at almost any hour if the weather is warm and windy. Frequent in all woods in the South of England, and occasionally abundant ; also in those of the Eastern and Western counties, and extending northwards to Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumberland, and Durham, but I find no record in Wales. In Scotland found in Roxburghshire, Fife, Aberdeenshire, Perthshire, and the Clyde district ; common in the South of Ireland, and taken near Enniskillen. Abroad it is common in Central Europe and in Italy, Dalmatia, and the Scandinavian Peninsula. 2. P. ribeana, Hb. — Expanse f to ^ inch (18-22 m.m.). Very variable ; fore wings yellow-drab to dull umbreous ; central band darker, expanded in the middle ; hind wings dark smoky-brown. Antenna of the male simple, olive-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax light brown or yellow-brown ; abdomen dusky-brown. Fore wings broad ; costa strongly arched at the base, not folded, the margin curved up for half its length ; apex squared ; colour 3-ellow-drab or yellow-brown, sometimes with an olive tint ; the markings margined with red-brown or deep brown, often filled up wholly, or in part, with some shade of brown or smoky brown ; basal blotch large, its margin erect or faintly sinuous ; central band oblique, moderately broad, most so in the middle, and thinning toward the costa ; beyond it is a partly round costal spot, sometimes conspicuous; the broad area below this is either plain or reticulated with dark brown ; cilia dark brown. Hind wings silky smokj' brown, with similar cilia. Female larger, very similar. Underside of the fore wings dull smokv brown with the 174 LEPIDOPTERA. costal and liiud margins broadly paler ; hind wings smoky yellowish-white. Very variable in the ground colour, from yellowish-ochreous to reddish-brown or umbreous, also in the degree in which the markings are filled in with darker colour. One form, in which the central band is filled up with blackish-brown, and this colour is spread in a rather irregular clouding over the middle area, is called by some entomologists a distinct species, under the name of ccrasana, Duip. On the wing in June and July. Larva cylindrical, rather slender, pale green, with a straight deep green dorsal line, and the divisions of the segments very pale ; sides paler green than the back ; spots shining, yellowish-white ; head very light green, with four wedge-shaped black dots on its hinder edge, and some brown lateral dots ; plates green. Variable, sometimes the raised dots are black ; in other cases, when full grown, the black dots of the head disappear. May and June on fruit trees of all kinds, also on birch, oak, lime, poplar, sallow, and other trees, rolling the leaves and feeding within. Pupa rather broad across the thorax, which is short ; abdomen tapering but little, except toward the apex; wing- covers dull; eye and limb-covers more shining ; these portions dark red-brown ; abdomen lighter red-brown ; round each segment is a row of points ; cremaster projecting, broad, flat and squared, with hooked bristles in the middle and on each side. In a cocoon of whitish silk, in the larval habitation. The moth hides usually in bushes, shrubs, and trees, espe- cially in gardens, orchards, hedges, and open woodlands, and is common everywhere, usually abundant, throughout the United Kingdom. Abroad it has a wide range through Central Europe, Scandinavia, Italy, Dalmatia, Asia Minor, North east India, Eastern Siberia, China, Japan, and the Korea. TORJRICID.-E-PANDEMIS. 175 3. P. cinnamomeana, Tr. — Expanse | to 1 inch (15- 25 m.m.). Fore wings glossy cinnamon-brown with parallel oblique darker cinnamon bands ; face of male whiter. AntennjB of the male pale brown, the shaft white ; upper portion of the palpi and the whole of the face pure white ; back of the head and the thorax chestnut-brown ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings rather elongate, moderately broad ; costal edge not folded, but uplifted to beyond the middle ; costal cell deeply hollowed ; colour shining cinnamon-brown with the markings of a deeper shade of the same ; basal blotch large, its margin oblique, straight ; central band parallel on the inner side, and a little hollowed below the costa on the outer ; before the apex is a conspicuous semi- circular costal spot ; cilia ciunamon-brown. Hind wings and their cilia light smoky brown. Female larger, the face and antennae cinnamon-brown, fore wings a deeper tinge of the same with darker markings ; hind wings dark smoky brown, cilia yellow-brown. Underside of the fore wings dull smoky brown with narrow yellowish costal clouds ; hind wings smoky brown. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva green, darker above than beneath ; head yellow ; dorsal plate with a black mark round its hinder margin. May and June on maple, larch, birch, mountain ash, whortleberry, plum and cherry; in a habitation of spun- together leaves. Pupa glossy chestnut-brown, paler beneath. Sijun up in the larval habitation. The moth is rather fond of hiding in large trees, often in oak or beech trees or the larger larches, and may readily be disturbed by striking the branches, when it will dart from side to side till it reaches the ground. Often to be found on steep hill sides among scattered trees. Occasionally it shows a preference for sitting upon the fronds of tall brake-fern. In 176 LEPIDOPrERA. rough woody ilistricts throughout the Southern counties of England to the ^lidlands, though never very abundant; also occurring in Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Herefordshire, AVor- cestershire, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire and Durham ; but I have no record for Scotland nor Ireland, and in Wales only in Monmouthshire. Abroad it is to be found over the greater part of Central Europe, and in Sweden and Western Russia. 4. P. heparana, HcMff. — Expanse {^ to 1 inch (15-25 m.m.). Palpi long, poi'rected ; fore wings elongated, truncate, dark liver-brown or red-brown ; markings oblique, darker. AntennjB of the male simple, dark brown ; palpi rather long, pointed, porrected and conspicuous, purple-brown ; head and thorax of the same colour; abdomen light smoky brown. Fore wings rather elongate, not folded, the costa strongly arched toward the base, almost hollowed before the apex, which is blunt ; light or dark liver-brown with deej^er liver-coloured markings ; basal blotch erect, its margin angu- lated on the median nervure ; central band oblique, broad, but constricted a little above and below, and having a slight projecting angle on each side, in the middle ; beyond is a flattened spot on the costa ; hind marginal region rather re- ticulated ; cilia liver-brown. Hind wings dark smoke colour, cilia a little paler. Female larger, with larger fore wings, of which the apex is more produced, otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky dark red, paler on the costa, more reddish toward the apex. Hind wings dull smoky brown with the apex tawny. Variable in the shade of colour of the fore wings to umbreous, grey-brown or even blackish-brown. On the wing at the end of June or in July. Larva cylindrical, active, bright pea-green with slightly darker dorsal line, and sometimes bluish-green subdorsal lines ; under parts pale green ; spots invisible ; head variable, pale green, pale yellow, or very light brown, and when full-fed TOR TRICID.E—PAXIIEMIS. 177 dotted behind with black ; plates green, the dorsal having two black dots behind. Jnne, on sallow, dewberrj^, birch, beech, oak and many other trees and shrubs. Pupa dark brown or brown-black, blacker in front. In the larval habitation. The moth sits about in trees and bushes, like its allies, and is easiljr disturbed in the daytime ; flying of its own accord towards evening. I have found it late at night sitting u])on the leaves of tall reeds. Common throughout England and South Scotland to the Edinburgh district, Perthshire and the Clyde Valley ; also in Wales. In Ireland recorded from Dublin, Wicklow, and Cork, also from Sligo, Donegal, and Derry ; therefore probably everywhere. Abroad common throughout Central Europe, Scandinavia, Spain, Italy, Dalmatia, South-east Russia, and even in Japan. 5. P. dumetana, Tr. — Expanse 'I inch (18mm.) Fore wings broad and short, blunt, light brown with obli(|ue umbreous stripes, hind wings white. Antennaj of the male simple, dark brown ; palpi, head and thorax dull pale brown ; abdomen brownish-drab. Fore wings broad, the costa greatly arched, and its edge upraised fully half its length, but not folded ; apex squarely angulated; dull pale brown with the markings dull umbreous; basal blotch very large and erect, sharply margined : central band oblique from mid-costa to anal angle, broad and even ; near the apex is a flattened costal spot, and from this to the anal angle one or two delicate lines ; cilia brown. Hind wings white with a smoky tint, cilia white. Female very similar,, hardly larger. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown, hind mai-gin and costa pale tawny with faint traces from above of the mia-kings. Hind wings yellowish-white. VOL. .x. M 178 LEPIDOPTEKA. Usually verj' constant, but a varietj- has been known of a nuicolorous brown. On the wing in July. Lakva very active, grass-green with the subdorsal stripes paler, and a dorsal cloudy brown spot. June and the beginning of July on Si/nijjJiijtum (Corafrey), Zysiinachia, Knautia arvensis, Cnitaurea scaliosa, C. nigra, Malva syhcs- tris, Hubus cccsins, Serophularia aquatica, Mentha aquatica, M. rotimdifolia and various other plants. Pupa apparently undescribed. The moth flies naturally from sunset to dark, and may even be taken at a light at night. Its most favoui-ed locality with us is Wicken Fen in Cambridgeshire, where it is common ; but it is, I believe, totally absent from the fens of Norfolk — certainly from all those of which I have any knowledge — yet is found in some drier chalk localities, as near Lewes, Worthing, and Shoreham, Sussex, and at Wye, Kent. Formerly it was found at Monkswood, Hunts, and very probably it exists there still, but so far as is known its range in these islands is limited to Cambs, Hunts, Sussex, and Kent. Abroad it has a wide distribution through Central Europe, Dalmatia, Livonia, Southern Russia, North-west India, Japan, and the Korea. 6. P. diversana, Hh. ; transitana, Gn. WUk. Ex- panse I to I inch (L5-22 ram.). — Fore wings glossy, rather blunt, not broad ; pale brown with oblique olive-brown bands. Antennte of the male dark brown ; palpi and head light- brown or reddish-brown ; thorax and abdomen pale brown. Fore wings even in width, not broad ; costa not folded, but the edge upraised to beyond the middle ; apex blunt ; silky, pale brown or yellowish-brown ; markings deeper brown, olive-brown or red-brown, but not well defined ; basal blotch large, but mainly indicated by its slightly curved oblique TORTRICIDJE—PANnEMIS. 179 dark margin ; central band indistinct, its inner margin oblique, forming a stripe either broken or complete, thickest below the middle, its outer margin a much more erect and narrow stripe ; apical and hind marginal area plain or very faintly reticulated ; cilia light brown. Hind wings dull smoky brown ; cilia rather whiter. Female very similar, slightly larger, and often a little darker. Underside of the fore wings dull smoky-brown ; hind wings smoky-white. Sometimes Tortrix rosaiia. is mistaken for this species, but the present, besides having the costa without fold, has nari'ower fore wings, their apex rounder ; and hind wings wholly dark coloured, but their cilia paler. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva variable, green or grey-green, with, or without, a darker dorsal line ; raised dots yellow, or black bordered with yellow ; head and dorsal plate red-brown or dark brown. (Hofmann.) August to May and June, hybernatiug while small, on elm, willow, birch, aspen, sallow, poplar, buckthorn, hawthorn, apple, blackthorn, alder, fruit trees, and even lilac and honey- suckle ; rolling up the leaf. Pupa undescribed ; in the larval habitation. I have no special knowledge of this species in the living state, but it is said to ily over bushes and small trees at dusk. Wilkinson's statement that it is not an uncommon insect seems to have been erroneous. Mr. Stainton informed me that he " uncc (in July 1851) found it in abundance under elm,' but this seems to have been a solitary instance. It has been found, however, in Kent, vSurrey, Middlesex, Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Hereford- shire, Herts, Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk, but generally in very restricted localities. I think that this is the extent of 1 So LEPIDOP TERA . its range iu these islands. Abroad it is distributed through Central Europe, Sweden, Northern Italy, and Asia Minor. Genus 3. LOZOTiENIA. AntenuiV slender ; palpi slender but thickened and blunt at the tip ; shape of the fore wings rather affected in the male by a short fold at the base of the costa ; nervures ridged on the under sides. We have but two species — A. Fore wings cinnamon-brown ; very short. L. unifasciana. A-. Fore wings ashy-grey. L. imifsculana. 1. Li. unifasciana, Dup. — Expanse | to J inch (15-18 mm.). A small species, cinnamon-brown or chestnut-brown ; male with faint obscure markings, but a deep costal fold ; female without markings. Antennte and palpi of the male reddish-brown ; head and thorax yellow-brown ; abdomen dull red-brown. Fore wings short and broad ; costa strongly arched, but the arch broken by a deep fold at the base, which is continued narrowly to over the middle; general colour shiny cinnamon-brown or reddish-brown, shaded with ochreous and tinged along the costa with chestnut ; markings pale chestnut, faint and indistinct, basal blotch scarcely indicated excejDt that just beyond its outer margin is a spot upon the dorsal margin ; central baud faint, oblique, indicated principally bjr its inner edge, cloudy beyond ; on the costa towards the apex is a faint dash of the same colour ; cilia pale brown. Hind wings and cilia pale smotj* brown. Female scarcely larger yet dissimilar ; fore wings without a fold, but the costa well and evenly arched ; bright chestnut-red or fulvous-red with- out markings. Hind wings dark smoky brown. Underside of the fore wings, in both sexes, dull smoky brown : of the hind more smoke-colour. TOR TRICID.-E—L OZO T.ENIA . 1 8 1 Ou the wing at the end of -Jime and through -luly. LxiKVA apparently undescribed. It is stated — I think by every author who has written upon the subject — to feed in the spring upon privet (Ziz/ustruin vuhjare), but no details seem to be given, and I have searched closelj- on privet, where the moth occurs plentifully, without result. Yet I am assured that it feeds in the young shoots, and spins up between the leaves. Pupa glossy blackish-brown ; wing covers showing the lines of the nervures; segments smooth but swollen into smooth ridges or rounded hoops, cremaster rather long, beak-like, hooked behind. Between the leaves where the larva has fed ; its cocoon made with very little silk. This little species is one of our most familiar objects in the summer; it abounds in the gardens even in the suburbs of London, and is always ready on the smallest disturbance to fly round in a vigorous buzzing manner before dashing into another shelter, always among bushes or hedges, or about ivy walls, and especially frequenting privet hedges. Plentiful throughout the South and East of England iu lanes and hedges as well as in gardens, and common throughout the country to Yorkshire, Durham, and Lancashire at least. Not so plentiful in Wales, but found in Glamorganshire. In Scotland in the Clyde district, also extending to Aberdeen and Moray, but rare in mountain regions. Widely distributed in Ireland; recorded from Cork, Wicklow, Armagh, Antrim, Derry, and Donegal. Abroad found throughout the greater part of Southern and Western Europe, Russia, Asia Minor, and Northern Africa. 2. L. musculana, Huh. ; trifasciana, Haiv. — Expanse I to J inch (l-j-18 mm.). — Fore wings ovate, ashy grey, with a very broad umbreous central band, followed hy a similar apical cloud. i82 LEPinOPTERA. Autenna\ palpi, liead aiul thorax of the male grey-brown ; abdomen dull brown, anal tuft ocbreous. Fore wings much arched at the costa, having a fold at a short distance from the base, and beyond it the costa rolled back ; silvery-grey or ashy-grey with the markings deep dark brown ; basal blotch faintly indicated by an obscure curved marginal line ; central band very broad and rather oblique, the front edge well defined, but the hinder clouded and expanded; beyond is a sub-apical cloudy costal spot from which an oblique line passes to the hind margin ; cilia white mixed with pale brown. Hind wings pale smoky brown or lead colour, cilia whiter. Female larger and stouter, but similar. Underside of the fore wings lead-colour with white dots on the costa ; hind wings white, dotted with pale lead-grey. Variable in the ground-colour, from white to grey-brown. In extreme specimens from the Shetland Isles the markings are sharply contrasted and somewhat broken. On the wing in May and June, in Shetland even in July. Larva black-green with white raised dots ; head shining honey-yellow ; dorsal plate grey-brown with black dots. (Hofmann.) August to October, hybernating when full grown between joined leaves ; on sallow, hazel, birch, bramble, oak, and other trees, and low-growing plants, assuming the pupa state in April. Plta black-brown, in a silken cocoon between spun- together leaves. The moth hides during the day among bushes, and is readih" disturbed, but sometimes abounds on open moors. Usually, however, its haunts are lanes and open woods, especially among oaks, and here it flies wildly over trees from 4 P.M. till dusk, and into the night ; coming then willingly to sugar spread to attract Noctuiv. rORrRICID.E—PTYCHOLOMA. ICS3 Common throughout these Islauds ; also in all parts of Europe, and Siberia ; and found in Oregon, North America. Genus 1. PTYCHOLOMA. Antennas short and thick ; palpi blunt, very small ; thorax glistening ; fore wings broadly and thickly folded at the base of the costa. 1. P. lecheana, Linn. — Expanse -| to | inch (18-21 mm.). Fore wings wholly glistening bronzy-brown with a darker central bar ; hind wings black with white cilia. Antennae of the male black-brown ; palpi small, yellow- brown ; head black-brown with a yellow-brown collar ; thorax and abdomen bronzy-brown. Fore wings having the costa strongly folded back to the middle, apex bluntly angulated ; bronzy-greenish-brown, more yellow toward the base ; central band ill-deiined, bronzy-black-brown, margined on either side by a silverj^ line ; cilia brouzy-bro\vn. Hind wings brownish- black, cilia tipped with white. Female larger, without the fold but the fore wings broader ; bronzy-orange-brown with faint lustrous lines in the middle. Hind wings black-brown. Undersides of all the wings dull smoky brown ; cilia whitish ; in the female the hind wings are tipped with tawny. On the wing in June and July, in the north in August. Larva yellow-green ; the back from the second segment grey-green with broad dark longitudinal stripes and yellow raised dots; head brown dotted with greenish-black; dorsal plate bordered with black. (Hofmann.) August to May, on sallow, willow, poplar, maple, oak, elm, sycamore, ash, and other trees, and on garden shrubs, feeding in spring on the young shoots. PurA deep pitchy black ; wing and limb-covers smooth • segments thickened and twice riduid, the front ridge set with 184 I.EPIDOPTERA. short iuconspicuous teetb ; creuiaster short and thick, fur- nished with hooked bristles. In a thick snow-white cocoon, in a folded leaf. This moth when at rest bears a singular resemblance to the fallen capsule of a leat'-bud, such as lie about in multitudes at the time of its appearance. It sits in bushes and trees, more especially in woods, and also flies wildly over the trees throughout the afternoon and evening. It is common everywhere in England and Wales, and very abundant in the South. In Scotland it attains the districts of the Forth and the Clyde, and also Perthshire ; in Ireland it is recorded from Coi'k, Kerrj% and Enniskillen. Abroad its I'ange extends throughout Central Europe, Italy, Greece, Scandinavia, Russia, and Armenia. Genus 5. CENECTRA. Antennaa rather short and thick ; palpi unusually long, tapering, and porrected ; thorax smooth ; fore wings without fold. 1. CE. pilleriana, /SVA?//. — Expanse \ to \ inch (15-18 mm.). — Palpi singularly prominent, pointed ; fore wings silky yellow-brown, with curved brown bands. Hind wings pale smoky brown. Antennee of the male light brown; palpi conspicuously long, porrected, pointed, yellow-brown ; head and thorax the same colour ; abdomen dull brown. Fore wings moderately broad, without a fold, but the costal cell deeply hollowed and the edge raised ; costa moderatelj^ arched ; apex squared ; silk\% creamy yellow-brown, with the markings fulvous or pale brown ; basal blotch obscurely suggested and clouded ; central band curved, very oblique, and followed by another, which is even more curved and equally broad, also bends back and thickens so as to form the usual costal spot : beyond is a similar stripe running from the apex round the hind TORTKICID.li—CENECTRA. 185 margin. Hind wings rather squared, smoky brown, cilia yellow-brown. Female, fore wings more narrow and pointed, unicolourous red-brown. Hind wings smoky brown. On boggy heaths a permanent variety is found, having the ground colour and markings paler, and less rich in tone ; and with the female also paler. On the wing in July. Larva variable, rather slendei-, cylindrical, or when full- grown, slightly flattened, active, very pale green, with a narrow, darker green dorsal line ; raised dots small, whitish, each with a very delicate hair ; head and dorsal plate jet black, anal plate yellow. Or dorsal region grey, ventral region greenish, the raised dots large and distinctly white, and the dorsal plate brown, bordered on both sides with black. Autumn till May in rolled leaves of Statice limonium. Aster tripolium, FlanUajo marithna, Narthedum ossifmyum, Stacliys, Salvia, Clematis, Artemisia, and herbaceous plants generally. In this country it seems first to have been reared from Iris fcetidissima, not a usual food plant. Abroad it especially frequents the vine, feeding on the leaves and doing much mischief. Pupa brown, spun up among leaves of its food plant. The male is said to fly about at sunset on still evenings, and the specimens captured are principally males ; the female seems to be very sluggish. First observed on the coast at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, among herbage near the sea, more recently in the boggy portions of heaths in the New Forest) Hants, and in Dorset. It has also been taken at Torquay, Devon, and in Cornwall. So far as is known these four counties form the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is common, and in some places destructive, through Central and Southern Europe, South Sweden, Asia Minor, Persia, Japan, China ; and in North America, in California and Texas. 1 86 LEPIDOPTERA. Genus G. LOPHODERUS. Antennas thick ; palpi small, slender ; thorax llatly tufted at the back ; fore wings without the costal fold, the nervures beneath smooth ; hind wings heavily ciliated on the front margin. We have three species, readily recognised. A. Fore wings tawny-yellow, dusted with rust-red. L. ministrana. B. Fore wings white, with rich brown bars. L. ciactana. C. Fore wings red-brown, with silvery-white bars. L. politana. 1. Li. ministrana, Linn. — Expanse ^ inch. (18 mm.). Fore wings tawny yellow, dusted and blotched with rust-red. Antenna, palpi, and head of the male dark brown ; thorax red-brown; abdomen pale grey. Fore wings somewhat ovate ; costa fully arched but not folded ; apex blunt ; colour tawny yellow or ashy yellow ; from the base to beyond the middle three-fourths of the width from the dorsal margin is richly clouded with red dusting, which at the outside edge of this takes the form of a deeper dorsal cloud ; all this area bordered by a glistening clouding of silvery scales ; apex and hind margin filled up by a similar red cloud of dusting and having in the middle a small point projecting inwards ; cilia rust-red. Hind wings pale smoky brown ; cilia dusky white. Female similar, or with the red dusting paler or more suffused. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, the margins tinged with yellow, the cilia red; hind wings yellowish- white. Variable in the degree and extent of the red dusting ; in the North and the Midlands, especially in hill districts, this is increased until in many specimens the yellow colouring is obscured or obliterated, the whole fore wings becoming rust- red or red-brown interspersed with irregular silvery shades. TOR TRJCID.'E—L OPHODER US. 187 lu this form the hind wings of the female are sometimes white, faintly bordered with brown. This dark race is known as wAv'w^ij ferriifjinm, an intermediate form is known as var. suhfasciaim. On the wing in May and June. Larva green, with similar raised dots on a visible dark internal dorsal vessel ; head chestnut-brown ; dorsal plate similar. From August to May or even June, between drawn- together leaves of birch, alder, buckthorn, service, ash, hazel, and mountain ash, in a tubular passage open at both ends ; or after hybernating, in the drawn-together shoots. Pupa dull brown, abdomen paler. In the larval habi- tation. The moth is common in woods throughout the United Kingdom, flying freely high up about the trees between sun- set and dusk, and is one of those species which, when the wings are closed and arched, so curiously simulate the fallen capsule of a leaf-bud lying loosely upon a leaf. It is per- haps more abundant in Scotland, in suitable localities, even than in the South, but not found in any numbers away from woods. In Ireland it seems only to have been noticed in the county Derry. The dark vai'iety is always attached to hills, and their woody glens more especially, and sometimes is almost absent even from far northern localities. Abroad it is found throughout Central and Northern Europe, including Norway, and in Siberia ; also in North America, in Maine, New York State, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Nova Scotia. 2. L.politana, ir«K\; lepidana//.,S'.; sylvana, Tr.Gn. — Expanse h to | inch (12-16 mm.). Eore wings dark red- brown, with two very oblique narrow silvery-grey bands. AnLenna3 ciliated, black-brown ; palpi dark brown ; head black-brown, dotted with white ; thorax red-brown ; abdo- iS8 LEP/DOPTERA. meu silvery-white. Fore wings rather narrow, blunt ; costa flatly arched, without fold ; dai'k red-brown, with a silvery- white narrow stripe between the oblique basal blotch and the central band ; beyond the latter is another silvery-white stripe from the costa curving off toward the apex, where it joins some white dusting, often passing on to the anal angle ; cilia brown, intersected with silvery-white. Hind wings narrow, smoky white ; cilia paler. Female similar bat with the silvery white markings broader. On the wing in July and August, and in a second genera- tion in October, and after hybernation in April and May. The individuals of the summer generation are large and often more yellow in colour. Larva green with paler raised dots, which are scarcely visible to the naked eye ; head and legs pale green. (Hof- mann.) June and July, and a second brood in September, on heather, whortleberry, sweet gale, wild basil and other low- growing plants, even columbine ; but most attached to heathy laud. Pl'PA apparentlj- undescribed. The moth seems with us to be confined to heaths and mosses, hiding during the day in the thick masses of heather, or even sitting upon it — where from the suitability of its markings, the moth looks precisely like the dry withered flower spike. The second brood seems most active after hybernation. It creeps up from the heath towards sunset, or earlier on warm aftei-noons, and flies about for a short time or sits on the tops in the sunshine. Generally distri- buted and often common, on heaths, moors, and mosses throughout the country, probably all over the three king- doms, but records are insuflicient. Abroad it is found over the greater part of Europe, and in Bithynia ; also in North rORTRICin.E—LOPHODEIWS. iSg America, in Canada, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and the State of New York. 3. L. cinctana, SrMff. — Expanse ij |to \ inch. (15-18 m.m.). — Fore wings white with chocolate bands ; hind wings pure white. Antennas and palpi of the male red- brown ; head and thorax bronzy-brown ; abdomen blackish at the base, white behind. Fore wings rhomboid, rather elongated, the apex blunt ; costa nearly straight ; colour bright clear white, with a faint chocolate dusting ; markings chocolate colour ; basal blotch not large, very distinct, its edge nearly pei'fiendicular ; central bond rather narrow, oblique, having a small projec- tion on its outer margin below the middle ; beyond it is a large costal spot, preceded by two dots, and below this several series of paler dots or streaks along the hind marginal area ; cilia white. Hind wings snowy-white with a faint brownish stippling. Female similar, a very little smaller. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, shading paler towards the dorsal margin ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings white with smoky dusting. On the wing in July. Larva apparently undescribed. Dr. Rossler says that it lives on Anthyllis vulneraria, inhabiting a tubular silken gallery. Mr, Sydnej' Webb thinks that it feeds on Lotus. Other observers state wormwood or broom. Pupa i;ndescribed. This very pretty species is excessively local with us, and only known to occur on the coast of Kent. In the j-ear 1857 a few specimens were taken at Alkham, near Dover, " on the sloping bank of a field." The captor, the Rev. C. S. Tress Beale, said, " it flits over the tops of grasses when disturbed, but soon settles again ; whilst flying it appears conspicuouslj'' white." It has been taken in the same locality in many subsequent years, and Mr. Sydney Webb has found it in the igo LEPIDOPTERA. Dover district, but it still remains one of our most local insects. I have never seen it alive. Abroad it is found over the greater part of Central Europe, Northern Italy, Sweden, Livonia, South-east Russia and Bithynia. Genus 7. IDIOGRAPHIS. Antenna) slender ; palpi rather long, drooping, beak-like; thorax rather rough ; fore wings deeply folded one-third the length of the costa ; nervures thickened ; hind margin of hind wings waved, almost elbowed. 1. I. inopiana, Ihm-. ; centrana, H. S., Rein.—Ex-ptmse J inch (18 mm.). Fore wings broad, wrinkled, shining drab ; hind wings whitish ; palpi pointing down. Antennte dull drab ; palpi long, drooping, though por- rected, brownish drab ; head, thorax, and abdomen of the same colour. Fore wings rather ibroad ; costa broadly folded from the base fully halfway to the middle ; all the principal nervures thickened, leaving hollows between them ; glossy pale drab thickly dusted with brown and without definite markings, but a conspicuous rectangular wrinkle lies before the anal angle; cilia concolorous. Hind wings broad, rather angular behind, smoky white, with white cilia. Female somewhat similar, but the fore wings browner, more even in width, aiid without fold or wrinkle. Hind wings shining, pale smoke colour. Underside of the fore wings smoky pale brown ; hind wings white. Usually not variable, but the female is occasionally more definitely brown, and in rare instances nearly black. On the wing in June and -Tuly. L.\UVA apparently undescribed. A short description is given by Baron von Noleken, under this name, of a larva feeding on the rootlets of Artemisia campcstris, but I am pot satisfied that it belongs to this species. Mr. Thurnall TORTRICID.-E—IDIOGRAPHrS. igi states that it passes the winter in, or close to, the roots of Inula djjsenterica (fleabane), and this, I am convinced, is the case. He reared several sjoecimens from a pot in which he had planted these roots. The moth frequents the common fleabane but has curious concealed habits. During the day an occasional specimen may sometimes be seen sitting upon a leaf of this plant, but at early dusk plenty may be found at the same sp)ots, apparently coming from the earth and flying about among the fleabane. The female may then also be found, but much more rarely, scarcely ever flying, but sitting upon the leaves. So far as I know, it is never seen except among this plant {Inula dysentericn). Occasionally a female may be discovered from the crowd of males fluttering around her upon the ground. A local sj^ecies, but sometimes abundant in damp places in all parts of the south of England to Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Herefordshire ; also found in Cheshire and Lancashire, near Scarborough, Yorkshire, and in Durham. In Wales the only known locality seems to be in Pembrokeshire, where I found it in plenty. In Scotland the only record is in the Clyde district, by Mr. J. J. F. X, King; and in Ireland, at Armagh, by the Eev. W. F. John- son. Abroad it is found in Central Europe and the temperate portion of Northern Europe, in Piedmont, Croatia, Siberia, and .Japan ; and iu North America, in New York State, Maine, and California. Genus 8. HETEROGNOMON. Antennas slender ; palpi set well apart, slender, pointed, the second joint tufted; thorax flatly crested at the back. Fore wings not folded, rather squared ; costa not raised ; hind wings with the margin undulating, and rather hollowed beneath the apex. 192 LEPIDOPTERA. We have four species, readily recognised. A. Fore wings unicolorous. B. Fore wings gi-eeu. H. viridana. B^. Fore wings yellow. H. iderana. W. Fore wings olive-brown or reddish-brown. II. cihurnana. A'-. Fore wings pale umbreons, with two brown spots. //. forstcrana. 3. H. forsterana, Fah.\ adjunctana,?'/'. (?/(.— E.xpanse of male | to 1 inch, female 1 J inch (21—28 m.m.). Fore wings very broad ; pale grey-brown with two round brown spots near the costa, and usually one above the anal angle. Antennas, palpi, and head dark umbi-eous ; thorax grev- brown; abdomen pale grey-brown, the anal tuft broad, mouse-colour. Fore wings unusually broad : costa strongly ai'ched, not folded, but its edge a little uplifted near the base ; apex bluntly rounded ; colour glossy grej'ish-umbreous with two i-ounded or partly-rounded dark-brown spots on the costal margin, and beneath them an unibreous shade or rounded spot, edged by a slender bi'own line, representing an ill-defiued central band ; cilia coucolorous. Hind wings ample, leaden-brown ; cilia I'ather whiter. Female usually larger ; the fore wings more elongated and pointed, othei-wise similar, Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown, with the costal sjiots repeated, and between them a marginal dash of pale brown. Hind wings pale smokj- brown. There is some slight variation in the ground colour in specimens from the Eastern Counties, it being commonly more grey. Examples from Scotland are commonly smaller, sometimes very much so. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva aa inch long, plump, not very active, nearl}- cylin- drical ; dirty pale green, more grey on the back, with indis- tinct shining green raised dots ; or dull whitish-green, with the dorsal region slate-grey and the spots dull white ; head black ; eyes brown ; dorsal plate pale yellowish-brown, with two ri)lalpi blunt, moderately long ; thorax flatly tufted at the back ; fore wings without fold ; apex of hind wings rather pointed. We have seven species, readily recognised : A. Fore wings yellow. B. Fore wings with two straight clouded fascaa from the costa, often obscure. B. laiflimjiana. W. Fore wings delicately marbled and bordered with red. D. herqinanniana. &. Fore wings thickly reticulated with reddish-brown lines. D. forskalemia. A?. Fore wings chestnut with a white costal spot. D. holmiana. A^. Fore wings pointed, red-brown, with a broad angulated band. I), contaminana. A^. Fore wings soft reddish-brown, with a yellow dorsal spot. D. conwayana. A^. Fore wings black with yellow tip, and raised scales. B. hifasciana. 1. D. loeflingiana, Z.— Expanse § to J inch (15-18 mm.). Fore wings yellow, with two stripes of clouding, pale or dark igS LEPIDOPTERA. in the middle ; hind wings pale smoky brown, or smoky white. Antennae leaden-yellow ; palpi, head and thorax light ochreous-yellow ; abdomen dull smoky brown. Fore wings short and rather broad, devoid of fold ; costa regularly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; colour dull yellow, crossed through- out 'by obscure cloudy brownish-yellow lines ; two pairs of red-brown lines arise on the costa, ordinarily unite and form four loops and continuing as two yellow-umbreous or dull brown clouds across the wing, either very faint and obscure or well defined, or lost in a large blackish cloud ; hind margin edged by a rusty leaden line ; cilia yellow. Hind wings pale smoky brown, with brownish cilia. Female very similar, but a little stouter. Variation is on the lines already given. The forms always apparently occurring mixed together. The dark form is called var. pJvmhana. Underside of the fore wings smoky brown, tinged with yellow at the margins ; of hind wings smoky white. On the wing from June till August, and possibly in Southern localities in a partial second generation in Sep- tember. Larva pale green with black spots ; the sides yellowish ; head and dorsal plate black, the latter paler in front. (Wilkinson.) May on oak, hornbeam and maple, rolling the leaves. Pupa reddish-brown. In a dull white cocoon in the larval habitation. The moth is very abundant in the oak woods of the South of England, and may be beaten out of the oaks quite freely at any time, sometimes in clouds. It flies naturally at dusk. To be found among oaks in lanes and roadsides as well as ■woods throughout England and Wales, yet much less com- monly in the north ; also in Scotland to Aberdeen, Perthshire, TORTRICID.-E—DICTYOPTER YX. 199 the Clyde district, and even in Orkney ; in Ireland recorded from Cork, Galway, and Belfast. Abroad it is widely dis- tributed throughout Central and Southern Europe, Sweden, Asia Minor, and the region of the Caucasus. 2. D. bergmanniana, L. — Expanse \ inch (12-14 mm.). Fore wings bright j-ellow, edged and marbled with rust-red ; hind wings smoky brown. Antennaj yellow-brown ; palpi orange-yellow, paler within ; head and thorax light bright yellow ; abdomen slender, blackish-brown. Fore wings somewhat ovate, yet bluntly and squarely angulated behind ; costa moderately arched, not folded ; colour rich yellow, marbled with orange or rust- red, especially so at the margins ; basal, first and second lines shining silvery -gi-ey, somewhat equidistant, most dis- tinct upon the costa, each edged with red-brown, and the last rather oblique ; in the dark reddish clouding of the hind margin is a series of cloudy silvery-grey dots ; cilia yellow. Hind wings and their cilia dark smoky brown. Female quite similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky purple-brown, shaded with yellow at the margins. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva cylindrical, when young pale greenish-grey, paler beneath, sometimes even bluish when verj' young ; head and both plates black and shining. When older it becomes yellow, sometimes very bright yellow, and the anal plate yellow with a brown spot. May and June on rose, especially on cultivated roses in gardens ; when young folding a leaflet neatly in the middle and living within, later in the shoots, drawing the leaves together or even twisting them over like a hood. This especially is seen in small roses such as Bosaspinosissima. Pupa small, very compact, brownish-yellow or pale brown. Spun up among the twisted rose leaves, or in a fold in the larval habitation. 20O LEPIDOPTERA. The moth sits in rose bushes during the day and is easily disturbed, yet tiies for a very short distance and will even settle on one's clothes. Late in the afternoon it flies of its own accord. Exceedingly plentiful in the South, and to be found throuj/hout these Islands somewhat commonly. Abroad all over Central and Northern Europe, North Italy, Dalmatia, and in North America at Vancouver. 3. D. bifasciana, Hiih. ; audouinana, Dwp., Wilh. — Fore wings black with yellow tip and marginal spots ; hind wings smoky black. Antennae simple, brown ; palpi small, divergent, pale brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown. Fore wings rather short and broad ; costa not folded, flatly arched ; apex angulated; nervures thickened; colour black-brown, much rippled with bluish silvery lines ; on the dorsal margin near the base is a pale yellow spot, and another, smaller, beyond it on the costal margin ; beyond this one, two or three more yellow dots, and the entire apical and hind marginal area nnrrowly clouded with yellow, and across the wing are two or three lustrous blue lines, having between them minute tufts of lustrous raised scales ; cilia con- colorous. Hind wings with their cilia smoky black. Female similar. Undersides of all the wings smoky dark brown. On the wing in June. Larva and pupa unknown, but the food plant appears to be oak, among which the moth is nearly always found ; indeed on one occasion this moth was reared from a gall of Cyidps lignkola, gathered with others from oak bushes. A rare species, taken occasionally flying after sunset at the edges of woods, and even more rarely on fences. It has been recog- nised as British since the year 1S46, but still very little is known about it. It has been taken — always rarely — in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Somerset, Essex, Bucks and Herts, but, as far as I know, not elsewhere in the United TORTRICID.^—DICTYOPTER YX. 201 Kingdom. Abroad it is distributed over Central aud Western Europe, Lower Austria, Styria, Galicia, aud Northern Italy. 4. D. conwayana, Fnh. — Expanse i to | inch (12-16 mm.), Soft reddish fulvous, marbled with yellow and dark red, and having a yellow dorsal spot ; hind wings dark smoky brown. AntenniB rather short, brown or yellow-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax yellow-brown mottled with darker ; abdo- men dull brown. Fore wings not broad ; the costa well marked, not folded ; rich soft yellow-brown, fulvous or chest- nut brown, slightly spangled with silvery scales ; on the dorsal margin before the middle is a yellow blotch, shai-ply defined and rather squared ; while an obscure yellowish shade opposite upon the costa seems to mark the space between the basal blotch and central band ; beyond the middle a much fainter costal blotch seems to define the latter ; cilia jellow with brown shades. Hind wings narrow, smoky brown ; cilia similar. Female a little larger, and tending more toward yellow colouring; hind wings smoky brown. Variable in the depth of red-brown or dark brown marbling and shading. On the wing in June and July. Larva thick, cylindrical, smooth, yellowish-white, with a visible intestinal canal ; head small, heart-shaped, glossy brownish-yellow ; dorsal plate rather broad and of the same colour ; anal plate small and with the feet yellowish, (v Heyden.) September till October or November, in the berries of privet or the seeds of ash ; also said to feed in the seeds of barberry. When full fed leaving these seeds to pass the winter in the ground in a roundish, thin, flat white cocoon, assuming the pupa state early in the winter. The moth in this country is more especially attached to 202 LEPIDOPTERA. the ash, and may at any time easily be disturbed iji plenty from that tree, to which it quickly returns. Also to be found where privet is allowed free growth. Often it flies in a lively manner in the sunshine in warm weather, and about dusk is extremely active, flying high over bushes and trees. Abundant in the South of England ; less so in the Mid- lands, but to be found iu suitable places throughout England, Wales, and Ireland ; in Scotland throughout the Lowlands, though in some places local or scarce. Abroad it is common throughout Europe, except the polar region, and is found in Bithynia. 5. D. holmiana, L. — Expanse i inch (12 mm,). Fore wings rich chestnut with a triangular white costal spot ; hind wings leaden-brown. Antenna leaden brown ; palpi and head smoky red-brown ; thorax chestnut ; abdomen grey-brown. Fore wings not broad ; costa gently arched, not folded ; apex angulated ; rich chestnut-red, shading a little paler toward the dorsal margin; on the costa, just beyond the middle, is a large trigonate white spot, its apex slightly bent back ; hind mar- ginal region faintlj^ tinged with a leaden gloss ; cilia whitish- orange. Hind wings and cilia dark leaden-brown. Female quite similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown ; the white triangular spot reproduced ; cilia yellow-white. Hind wings smoky brown. On the wing from June till August. Larva yellow, without markings ; head red-brown ; dorsal plate black ; on the eighth segment is a wart-like protu- berance. May and June, upon hawthorn, blackthorn, pear, plum, and sometimes rose, spinning together two leaves at their margins and residing between. Pupa orange-yellow. Spun up on a folded leaf. TORTRICIDJE—DICTYOPTER 1 W. 203 The moth is particularly attached to large thick hedges of ha\\'thoru or blackthorn, and sits on a leaf rather low down, often indeed close to the ground on the hedge bank, but flies out readily when disturbed, to return at once to the hedge. Found also in orchards and gardens and the edges of woods, but most fi-equently at road sides. Not usually a plentiful species, yet fairly common in many places in the South, and, except in some parts of the Midlands, to be found throughout England, though scarce in Northumberland ; and in Wales to Pembrokeshire. In Scotland recorded from the Edinburgh district, Perthshire, Renfrew, Dumbarton, and Argyle ; and in Ireland from Belfast, Derry, and Sligo. Abroad it is widely distributed through Central Europe, Italy, Livonia, Sweden, Norway, and Asia Minor. 6. D. forskaleana, L. — Expanse, i to | inch (12-16 mm.). Fore wings pale yellow reticulated with fine red-brown lines, having a black dot or large blotch on the dorsal margin. Antennte and palpi yellow-drab ; head, thorax, and abdo- men pale yellow. Fore wings rather short, broadly ovate ; costa flatly arched, without fold ; apex very bluntly angu- lated ; pale yellow i-eticulated all over with fine orange-red lines crossing the verj^ similar nervures ; upon the middle of the dorsal margin is a large oblique black-brown cloud which leans toward the hind margin — but in some specimens this cloud is merely represented by a black dot ; either before or joining this cloud is often an angulated central line; extreme hind margin black or red-black ; cilia yellow. Hind wings yellowish -white ; cilia white. Female quite similar, or some- times rather larger. Underside of the fore wings pale yellow, shading to yellow- white toward the dorsal margin ; hind wings yellowish-white. On the wing in June and July. Larva semi-transparent, pale yellow, brighter at the extremities ; head pale yellowish-green, immaculate and 204 LEPIDOPTERA. shining ; dorsal plate slightly greener ; raised dots white- yellow, very minute. May and June on maple and sycamore, in loaves longi- tudinally rolled. Kosslin says that it first feeds on the flowers. Pupa pale yellow — of the same colour as the larva and imago — wing-covers of a somewhat richer tint. Between the halves of a folded leaf of the food plant in a shining white silken cocoon. The moth is of a somewhat sluggish temperament ; sits during the day often upon a leaf of maple or sycamore, from which it may be boxed, or if disturbed flies down in a curve but a very short distance. Not uncommon in gardens in the London suburbs among sycamore. Moderately common throughout the Southern counties of England, though more particularly frequenting maple ; apparently rare in the Midlands, but frequent in the Eastern and Western counties, and in Yorkshire. Lancashire, Cumber- land, Durham, and Northumberland, yet I find no satis- factory record for Scotland or Ireland. In Wales I have taken it in Pembrokeshire. Abroad it is found through the greater part of Central Europe, and also in Livonia, Scandi- navia, Italy, and Greece. 7. D. contaminaua, Huh. — Expanse f to | inch (IS- IS mm.). Fore wings pointed, red-brown or yellow-brown, with a broadly angulated darker band beyond the middle, divided on the costa. AntennfE jrejlow-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax reddish- yellow or orange-red ; abdomen grey-brown. Fore wings rather elongated ; costa moderately arched, not folded ; apex pointed, bright yellow, ochreous, tawny, red-brown, or blackish-brown, the brighter forms, especially the yellow, reticulated with fine red-brown lines ; basal line dark red- brown worked into the reticulations and outwardly bowed ; TORTRICID^E—DICTYOPTER YX. 205 central band broad and irregularly dividing on the costa, where is an enclosed paler blotch, bnt extending widely before and beyond it, and forming a well-marked angle on its way to the dorsal margin ; hind margin edited with red-brown ; cilia pale brown or yellow, bnt with a leaden gloss. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female quite similar. Underside of the fore wings pale yellow, marbled witli purplish-brown ; hind wings silky white. Variation seems to be equally abundant almost every- where, from yellow and light red forms, with reticulations and sharply defined markings, to dark red-brown in varying shades, in which the markings are rendered indistinct, and even to black-brown. On the wing from the end of July till September or even October. Larva when full-grown sluggish and rather plump, slightly flattened, yellowish-green, or when younger bright green ; head and dorsal plate black, changing with ao-e to brown and yellow-brown ; anal jilate at all ages green. End of May to beginning of July, on hawthorn, black- thorn, mountain ash, wild apple, pear, plum, and even oak and apricot ; usually in the terminal shoots, drawino' the leaves together and feeding within. Occasionally it is found to attack the young fruit of apricot, eating out the substance when the fruit is as large as a' marble, and then becoming a serious pest. Pupa slender, red-brown ; thorax shining and smooth ; segments dull, each with two coarse ridges set with numerous fine points. In a silken cocoon in the larval habitation, or elsewhere among leaves. One of our most abundant autumn insects. Found in every hedge, and usually in plenty, and to be beaten out with ease everywhere, flying swiftly out and back to the hedge or bank at once. Abundant throughout England and 206 LEPIDOPTEKA. in South Wales ; also found in all the Lowland districts of Scotland even to the Orkneys, but apparently not on the mountains and moors. In Ireland recorded from the Dublin district, Waterford, Cork, Sligo, Armagh and i?elfast. Abroad it is common throughout Central Europe, Piedmont, Finland, Livonia, Sweden, and Norway, and also found in Pontus. Genus lU. BATODES. Antennas notched and thickly ciliated ; palpi very short and blunt, but slender ; thorax strongly tufted at the back ; fore wings folded, the fold very broad and rounded oif ; hind wings ribbed beneath. Female without costal fold, and very diiferent. 1. B. angustiorana, Haw. — Expanse \ to J inch (12-15 mm.). Male velvety dark brown, with a broad dorsal yellow hemispherical spot ; female rich chestnut-red with a white costal spot. Antennte of the male dark brown ; palpi and head black- brown ; thorax deep golden brown ; abdomen black-brown. Fore wings moderately broad ; costa regularly arched and furnished from the base with a short broad fold, which is readily raised and often projects a little ; apex bluntly angu- lated ; rich dark red-brown mixed with black ; on the dorsal margin, near the base, is a large hemispherical dull yellow spot, and nearl}' opposite to it, on the costa, a smalleroblique angulated similar spot, which forms the commencement of a faint and broken pale central band, very oblique ; beyond this a drab stripe lies across the apex ; cilia chestnut-brown. Hind wings smoky black, with pale cilia. Female quite different, larger and more beautiful, and having some resem- blance to Tortric xi/lostmna ; fore wings lai'ger, rich chestnut or tawny-brown with velvety shades ; the large dorsal spot faint, but the central band more distinct and whiter upon the costa. Hind wings and cilia dark smoky brown. Underside of the fore wings black-brown, with a j'el- rORTRICID^—BATODES. 07 lowish-white streak, aud some similar dots ou the costa. Hind wings smoky black. On the wing in July and August. Larva cylindrical, slender, active; pale yellow, tinged behind with red, and having a greenish dorsal region ; head and dorsal plate light brown, both darker on the posterior edge. May and June ou privet, yew, larch, apricot aud other fruit trees, oak, and sometimes on herbaceous plants. I have reared it even upon dog's mercury. Sorhagen says that it also feeds on laurel, Snii/ax aspart, and even on small Coni- feras. Sometimes it gains access to greenhouses and attacks the vines, eating out the pulp of the young grapes and doing great mischief. Pupa rather short, ta]ieriug sharply behind ; rich chestnut- brown ; wing-covers dull, with the nervures faintly visible ; limb-covers glossy ; segments furnished with two toothed ridges; cremaster short and blunt, furnished with hooked bristles. In a soft white silken cocoon, under a turned- down leaf. The male is exceedingly lively aud active in the sunshine, flying about privet hedges and over yew-trees and bushes '; the female sits in the same trees, but is readily induced to fly by the beating-stick. At dusk both sexes are again on the wing, and will come to the sugar laid upon tree-trunks to attract Noctuas. In dull weather both sexes sit on palino-s and tree-trunks as well as in the trees. Abundant in gar- dens, shrubberies, and roadsides, as well as in the borders of woods throughout the Southern half of England, and not scarce in Wales and in the remainder to Yorkshire and Lancashire, though rare in Durham and Northumberland ; also to be found in Scotland, in Roxburghshire, the Edin- burgh district, and the t!lyde Valley with Dumbartonshire ; in Ireland recorded from Kerry, and also from around Belfast 2o8 LEPIDOPTERA. and Enniskillen. Apparently less common abroad thau witli us, but occurring in some part of Southern, Central, and Western Europe ; also in Asia Minor and in the Barbary States of Northern Africa. Genus 11. CLEPSIS. Antennas notched and thickly ciliated ; palpi thick, blunt, rather porrected ; thorax smooth, thin ; abdomen with rather long anal tuft ; fore wings without fold, smooth beneath. 1. C. rusticana, Tr. — Expanse i inch (12-14 mm.). Unicolorous drab or smoky drab ; female more yellowish ; hind wings smoky brown. Antenna^ notched, ciliated, brown ; palpi, head, and thorax yellow-brown ; abdomen olive-brown. Fore wings narrow ; costa scarcely arched, not folded; apex bluntly angulated; hind margin oblique ; pale drab, yellowish-drab, or smokj' drab, with a faint marbling of olive-yellow in obscure lines, without distinct markings ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings pale smoky brown ; cilia rather lighter. Female rather smaller, with the fore wings more narrow and pointed ; uniformly pale yellow or whitish ochreous ; the hind wings white. Underside of the fore wings smoky drab, the margins more yellow ; hind wings smoky white. Female very similar. Usually not variable, but I have seen a variety, nearly white, from Scotland. On tiie wing in iMay and June. Lakva apparently never noticed here, except that Mr. J. E. Kobson tells me that Mr. J. Sang found the larva at Eggles- ton, Durham, in Ma\^ 1881, but left no details. V. Hornig records that it is " dirty greenish-yellow, with a pale brown head" feeding in "spun-together leaves oi Lotus, Dori/r- nium, and Gcntiana amarcUa in September," and " inhabit- ing mountain districts." The last statement seems to be in slight contradiction to its habits with us. Schmid says TORTRICID.E—AMPHYSA. 209 tbat it feeds on bilberry and Oiiohriicliia sutiva ; and Goeze adds Convallaria. Pita said to lie, in a whitish cocoon, on the ground. A creature of rather curious shy habits, if possible, when noticed, creeping away to hide itself among grass and herbage, and only flying with freedom when the sunshine is warm. Sometimes, however, it is tempted out to fly freely in the afternoon, but instantly disappears if the weather becomes cloudy, and cannot well be trodden up or beaten out. A local species with us and usually confined to damp grassy places in woods, rocky fields, marshes, or fens, but also not rare on hillsides among Vaccinium ; or further north in hill-mosses, flying over Aira caspitosa and Erio- pliorum. Taken very locally in Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Gloucestershire; the fens of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Norfolk ; the Black Mountain, Herefordshire ; Wor- cestershire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland ; also in Wales to Pembrokeshire. In Scotland very widely distributed and found even in Orkney and Shetland. In Ireland it is recorded from Antrim, Fermanagh, Galway, and Kerry. Abroad it is widely dis- tributed in Central and Northern Europe the North of Italy, Corsica and Armenia. Genus 12. AMPHYSA. Antennaj of the male shortly pectinated ; palpi drooping, thickened or clubbed ; fore wings not folded, the apex rather pointed; hind wings ridged beneath. This genus is conspicuous on account of the pectination of the antennaj of the males. We have only two species : A. Fore wings orange-yellow banded with crimson. A. gcrningana. A'-. Fore wings ashy-white, with oblique black-brown bands. A. prodromcuia. VOL. X. 0 210 LEPIDOPTERA. 1. A. gerningana, Hvhlff. ; gerningiana, WUk. — Expanse \ to f inch (12-18 mm.). Fore wings orange- yellow, central band and apical area purple-red ; hind wings pale smoky brown. AntennEe of the male pectinated, dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax dark purple; abdomen dull brown. Fore wings not broad ; costa flatly arched, not folded ; apex acute ; basal area bright yellow or orange-yellow ; central band extremely oblique, straight, dark rich purple, shading off outwardly a little, yet the purple colour is continued to the hind margin, and a deeper purple spot placed on the costa before the apex ; cilia dark purple. Female quite similar, but with the antennaj thread-like, and the fore wings a little more narrow and sharply pointed. Underside of the fore wings smoky purple-brown with paler dashes in the middle of the costa. Hind wings smokj- grey, thickly dusted in front with purjDle. On the wing from the end of May till August. Larva browuish-green, not very dark ; head honey-yellow with blackish markings and a large black spot on either side ; anal plate irregularly edged with black ; anal prolegs with a black spot. (Hoffmann.) Gartner says that it has lighter raised dots with black centres. May and June on Vaccinmm- vitin-idma and V. uligino&um, Helianthemum and Plantago media. Sorhagen adds Lotus corniculatus, Scahiosa columbm-ia, Potcntilla tormcntiUa and other plants among the root-leaves, or in a habitation of spun-together leaves in the flower spike. Pupa yellowish-brown. In a white cocoon under the The male flies actively by day in the sunshine, especially in the late afternoon, over heather, but the female is far more sluggish, flving later in the evening, and never being con- spicuous on the wing. Its home is on mountain heaths and TORTRICIDM—AMPHYSA . air the mosses of the north ; and I think that its most southern reliable locality is on the Black Mountain, Herefordshire ; but it is common in Yorkshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland, and abundant in Northumberland and Durham. A record in Kent by the late Mr. Walter Weston, and of two specimens at Paul, Cornwall, by Mr. W. E. Bailey cannot well be ignored, but they are hard to understand. In Wales it is found on the mountains to Pembrokeshire ; and in Scotland at above 600 feet ; also in Ireland on the Wicklow mountains, near Sligo and in Armagh. Abroad it is common on the mountains of Central and Southern Europe, also in Sweden, Asia Minor, and Tartary. 2. A. prodromana, Hiih.; walkerana, Cvrt. — Ex- panse h to I inch (12-15 mm.). Dark grey or white with two very oblique black-brown transverse stripes joined over the anal angle. AntennEe of the male pectinated, dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax of the same colour ; abdomen black-brown, white behind. Fore wings rather narrow; costa not folded but somewhat flattened ; apex bluntly angulated ; pale greyish umbreous or reddish-umbreous, dusted with white ; basal area black-brown without markings ; central baud oblique and well defined, narrow on the costa, broad on the dorsal margin and anal angle, where it joins a more narrow hind marginal band ; apical region dotted and clouded with red- dish-brown ; cilia similarly clouded. Hind wings dark smoky brown ; cilia hardlj- paler. Female — antenna3 simple, body thicker ; fore wings rather narrow and more pointed, white, with a basal spot, and the two joined oblique trans- verse bands, rich brown. Hind wings smoky white. Underside of the fore wings dark grey or lead colour ; costa clouded with yellow-white. Hind wings white with a large smoky black shade. On the wing from the middle of March to the beginning of May. 212 LEPIDOPTERA. Larva rather slender, dull pea-green ; head light ochreous with a black dot on either side ; dorsal plate broad, dark green ; si^iracular region and raised dots paler ; anal legs pale green. Jnne till August, on PofcntiUa tormcntilla, P. anserina, Smyrnmm olusatrum, Mentha sylvestris, Valeriana, and many other herbaceous plants, preferring the flowers ; also on Mijrica gale and sallow. The male moth flies in the sunshine both in the morning and afternoon, but especially at midday, the female at the same time sitting on the tops of heather or other herbage close by. It, however, often seems to prefer open land near the moun- tain heaths, and the broad rough roads and paths leading to them, to the moors themselves, and here the larva is con- stantly to be found. The moth is said to settle down about 4 P.M., and it is not clearly understood that there is any later flight. Locally plentiful on and near moors in Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Durham and Northum- berland, and on coast sandhills in the two latter counties. In Wales recorded from Carnarvonshire ; in Scotland in the Edinburgh district, Fife, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Dumbartonshire, Lanark, Renfrew, and the Shetland Isles ; in Ireland in Antrim, Armagh, Sligo, and Enniskillen. Abroad it i.s found in the hill districts of Central Europe, Sweden, Livonia, and Finland. Genus L3. DICHELIA. Antennas notched, thick ; palpi short, thickly tufted ; costa of fore wings not folded, but the edge slightly rolled back; hind wings rather smooth beneath. I. D. grotiana, Fab. — Expanse | inch (IG mm.). Fore wings shining orange-j'ellow with a broad oblique central brown band and a similar apical spot. TORTRICID.^—DICHELIA. 215 AntenHEe simple in the male, brown, ciliated with white hairs ; palpi, head, and thorax ochreous ; abdomen smoky brown ; anal tuft tinged with ochreous. Fore wings rather broad ; costa strongly arched but not folded, its edge to the middle slightly curved up ; rich ochreous ; basal blotch indi- cated by faint perpendicular brown lines ; central band com- plete, oblique, brown, broadest toward the dorsal margin, and there rounded ; before the apex is a large brown costal spot, from which reddish-brown perpendicular lines pass to the anal angle ; cilia jaale ochreous. Hind wings black- brown ; cilia hardly paler. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings dark smoky brown, the mar- gins tinged with yellow. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing in July and August. Laeva apparently unknown. It is indeed a well-known puzzle, and no one seems as yet to have any satisfactory clue to the mystery of its habits. The moth affords, apparently, no clue to the food-plant of its larva. In some districts it seems to sit only on horn- beam or maple, in others only in large hawthorns ; and op the only occasion on which I took it in any numbers, the situation was a hillside with a scattered growth of oaKS, and every specimen that I saw was beaten out of an oak tree. When beaten out it flies usually to the ground, but is lively toward dusk and flies well into the night ; coming occa- sionally to sugar. Usually found about woods or their out- skirts, and found locally in all the eastern and southern counties of England, from the Scilly Islet to Oxfordshire and Norfolk, and in the west to Westmoreland ; almost absent from the Midlands, yet has been found in Northamptonshire and Yorkshire, and rarely in Durham. I find no record for Scotland, but in Ireland it has been taken in the Wicklow mountains, Cork, Athlone, Sligo and Derry. Abroad it inhabits Central and Southern Europe, South Scandinavia, Asia Minor, Japan, Corea, and China. 214 LEPWOPTERA. (D. gnomana, CI. — Thirty years ago some evidence was adduced leading to a belief that at one time this species had been taken in the British Isles, and it was provisionally accepted as British. But no further evidence has been received, nor any spocitnen captured ; and since it is a species not at all likely to have died out had it ever been present, it seems now undesirable to retain it in our lists.) Genus 14. TERAS. Antennas notched ; palpi set well apart, slender, thicker in the middle, pointed ; costa of the fore wings not folded, but largely excavated in the middle area ; nervures of hind wings not ridged beneath. 1. T. caudana, /'rtZ*.— Expanse f to | inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings nut-brown, red-brown or yellow, and reticulated, often with a very broad darker band beyond the middle ; costa deeply excavated. Antennas brown ; palpi and head reddish-brown ; thorax and abdomen dull brown. Fore wings broad, without a fold, but the costal cell dilated and arched, and the middle portion deeplj- excavated to near the apex of the wing, which is pointed and faintly arcuate ; dull nut-brown, stippled all over with transverse rows of minute black dots ; discal spot brown, faintly indicated, crossed by a darker brown shade, which often forms the inner edge of a broad transverse brown band ; cilia brown. Hind wings smoky white with •white cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-brown ; hind wings white. Variable in definite and recurrent forms ; the ground colour yellow with distinct slender reticulations of fine lines, and the transverse band extremely broad, almost filling the hinder area, and of a deep purplish brown ; or ground colour orange-red, with less distinct reticulations and a similar TORTRICID.E—LEP TOGRAMMA. 2 1 5 band, though usually not so broad or else broken into stripes, one of them Y-shaped. These forms occur constantly with the type, but in far less numbers. In Scotland another variation is found, nearly unicolorous purplish-brown, with faint shady indications of the darker markings. This variety is confined to hill districts. Variation also takes place in the depth of the costal excavation. On the wing from July till Sejitember. Larva verdigris-green, with raised dots of the same colour ; divisions of the segments yellowish ; head pale honey-yellow ; dorsal plate and feet light green. (Hofmann.) May and June on sallow, birch, hazel, aspen, poplar, and alder, folding the leaves, drawing the shoots together, or turning down the edge of a leaf. Pupa stout, light" brown or red-brown, wing and limb covers shining : segments dull ; cremaster broad and hooked. In the larval habitation, or under moss on tree trunks, or spun-together fallen leaves. The moth is especially attached to well-grown hedges where sallow is plentiful. Here it hides in the bushes by day, but is easily beaten out, when it will often make a sort of flat flutter like a bit of leaf falling to the ground, but also is often quite active in flying away. Common in hedges and woods in the south, and to be found throughout the United Kingdom, though not always in plenty. Abroad it is com- mon throughout Central and Northern Europe, and North America. Genus 15. LEPTOGRAMMA. Antennas slender, notched ; palpi rather short but por- rected ; thorax tufted at the back ; fore wings arched and expanded near the base, the arch of the costa roughened with erected scales, and beyond ciliated ; surface generally 2i6 LEPIDOPTERA. rough with minute tufts of raised scales; hind wings smooth and glossy. We have three species : A. Fore wings green. L. literana. A-. Fore wings grey-brown or creamy-white. L. hoscana. A'^ Fore wings bluish- white. L. 'invccum. 1. L. literana, L. — Expanse f to | inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings bright green, with abundant minute tufts of raised scales in transverse lines. Aatennfe simple, leaden-black ; palpi porrected, pale green above, white beneath ; head and thorax rough, green dusted with black ; abdomen slender, pale grey. Fore wings broad, squared behind ; the costa strongly arched, not folded but roughened with projecting scales toward the base ; green abundantly dusted with black, or with white and black, or having among the dusting sharply pointed black streaks along the disk, or others from the costa, or having these black longitudinal streaks sharply defined upon the green colour without dusting, or the black dusting mingled in the middle with rust-red ; cilia green, often dotted with black, Hind wings smoky white, with whiter cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings lead-black ; costal cilia irregu- larly spotted with white ; hind marginal cilia white with black dots. Hind wings smoky white ; nervures dusted with lead-colour. Very variable, as indicated above, j-et it is difficult to convey an idea of the loveliness of the ornamentation, of frosting of whiter colour, or of the short black marks inter- spersed among the rows of uplifted scales ; all the phases of marking blending one into the other in different specimens ; so that the names that have been bestowed on the different extreme forms lose much of their signification. Occasionally, though, rust-red markings extend almost throughout tlie fore wings, or still more rarely leaden markings take their place ; but the most striking and interesting specioien that TOR TR/CID.-E—LEP TOGRAMMA. 1 1 7 Las come under my notice is of a grey-white, with the usual abundant black dotting, but no trace whatever of green. It was taken by a lady at Bungay, Suffolk. On the wing from July to October and after hybernation in April and May. Larva and Pipa apparently unknown ; but there can be little doubt that the former feeds on oak, though Kaltenbach says '• in May and June on birch." The moth sits by day on the trunks of trees. In the summer and autumn it loves to squeeze itself closely to the surface of an oak trunk or apple trunk among the lichens, where it is so closely concealed by its resemblance to them that it can only be discovered by blowing sharply with the breath upon the trunk. To see the wings lift up from the surface where apparently there svas nothing living is a very curious sight. But in the spring it seems to fly more about and may sometime.'? be seen sittiug upon any bare tree by the roadside. Eather common in the New Forest and other large woods in the South of England, and apparently to be found in woods throughout England and Wales except a few of the Midland counties ; very rare in the Northern counties. In Scotland found occasionally in the Edinburgh district, Perthshire. Roxburghshire and the Clyde valley ; but in Ire- land it seems to be confined to the counties of Cork and Kerry. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, Italy, Sardinia, Sweden, Norway, Asia Llinor and Northern Asia. 2. L.boscaiia,/'"/;. ; scabrana, ,%/79/i.; parisiana, G/i. — Expanse g to f inch (14-18 mm.). Fore wings white with three brown spots in a flat triangle near the costa ; second brood grey ; hind wings smoky pale brown. Antennf?" simple, grey ; palpi, head and thorax white abdomen yellow-brown. Fore wings moderately broad costa not folded but the basal portion strongly arched and roughened to the middle with projecting scales 2l8 LEPIDOPTERA. general surface also rouglieuecrwith dots of uplifted scales; creamy-white faintly clouded in the middle with fulvous; in the place of the usual discal spot is a flattened brown spot placed below and between two more such spots, the three forming a brown flattened triangle beneath the costa ; hind margin faintly dotted with brown ; cilia white. Hind wings smoky white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale drab, of the hind wings white. The second generation, known as var. sco.hrana, has all the white portions slate-grey, with the subcostal spots less dis- tinctly marked, but the hind margin dotted with black. It is much more plentiful than the summer generation. On the wing in July and as a second generation from September to November, and it is believed to appear again in the spring. The late Mr. D'Orville, of Exeter, states that it may be found through the winter concealed under fallen leaves, and Mr. West seems to have obtained eggs from spring examples. Larva pale green ; head, legs and dorsal plate black. (W. West.) June and a second generation in August and early in September ; on elm, between united leaves gnawing im- partially the upper and under surfaces. Abroad it is said also to feed upon pear and apple. Pupa small, shining pale red-brown ; the anal segment blunt. In a silken cocoon among leaves. Fond of hiding during the day in thick elm hedges as well as in the trees ; rather apt to drop or flutter to the ground when beaten out. The second brood was long believed to be a distinct species ; to which its very strikingly different appearance strongly contributed, though the close similiarity of the larva; and their identical mode of feeding seemed to contradict this ; and it was not till 1877 that Mr. W. West, of Greenwich, contrived to induce females of the summer TOR TRICIDjE—LE P TO CRA MM A . 219 brood to lay eggs — whicli looked like spots of dirt or green glue-like patches — in a bottle, and from these reared the second brood, and thus set the question at rest. It is singu- lar that the grey second generation is always very much the more common. It conceals itself cleverly by sitting on the elm twigs with its wings wrapped round the bark, and from its colour is wonderfully protected. A rather local species ; former!}' common near London, and still to be found in Kent, Surrey, Hants — both Isle of Wight and the New Forest — Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Essex, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Cambridgeshire and York- shire. This, I think, is the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it has a wide distribution through Central and Southern Europe, the Scandinavian Peninsula, Asia Minor, Japan, and in North America, New York State, Pennsylvania and Virginia. 3. L. niveana, Fnh. ; treveriana, ScMff; scotana, Gn. — Expanse f to | inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings shining bluish-white with a flattened triangle of three brown spots towards the middle of the costa, and before this another brownish costal spot ; hind wings smoky white. Antennfe pale brown, dusted with white ; palpi, head, and thorax greyish-white ; abdomen pale grey-brown. Fore wings much arched at the base of the costa, also expanded and the edge roughened ; apex squared ; surface rough with a few raised tufts placed in lines ; clear bluish-white faintly dusted with black atoms and flecked with small grey-brown clouds which seem to suggest basal first and second lines, yet only in a fragmentary manner ; usually there are two rather obscure brown spots on the middle of the costa and another below them, so as to form a flattened triangle, before which is a fainter costal spot ; hind margin dusted with brown ; cilia white. Hind wings smoky white ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining lead-colonr ; costa 220 LEPIDOPTERA. spotted throughout with white; hinder cilia white ; hind wings smoky white, reticulated in front with faint brown lines. There seems to be little variation in this species, but occasional specimens have a reddish spot on the dorsal margin near the base. On the wing in Septem1)er and October, and after hyber- nation in April. Larva apparently undescribed. June and July on birch. The moth is to be found in its northern haunts sitting upon the trunks of birch trees in mild weather at any time from September till April. Its only known localities with us are in Scotland, and so far as I can ascertain are confined to Perthshire, Moray, and Aberdeenshire. Abroad it has a rather extensive range in hill districts through Central Europe, Northern Italy, Livonia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and South and East Russia ; in North America it is recorded from the Ontario district of Canada. Genus IG. PERONEA. Antenna^ thread-like, slender ; palpi rather long, porrected straight from the face ; abdomen rather broad and flattened ; fore wings without fold, shape graceful, costa much arched from the base ; apex pointed : disk ornamented with one or more tufts or buttons of raised scales ; hind wings ample, smooth. We have twenty species, several of which are variable in so extraordinary a degree that any attempt at tabulation of them is practically useless. Labva plump and often a little flattened. On the leaves of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, usually drawing together the shoots and younger leaves. L P. cristana, L. — Expanse f to | inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings elongated, costa steeply arched at the base. TORTRIC/D.£—PEROi\'EA. 221 hollowed in the middle ; a conspicuous tuft of erected scales in the middle of the disk. Antennas slender, blackish-browu ; palpi uplifted and con- spicuously porrected, pale brown or white above, darker brown beneath ; head and thorax brown, white, yellow, orange, or otherwise in some degree of agreement with the fore wings; abdomen rather flattened, pale brown. Fore wings very gracefully shaped, moderately broad, the costa dilated and very highly arched at the base, faintly hollowed in a long curve in the middle, and again slightly arched towards the apex, which last is somewhat pointed ; hind margin beneath it faintly retuse ; dorsal margin straight and full toward the base ; on the disk immediately before the middle is a tuft or button of conspicuous raised scales placed perpendicularly ; colour of the wings excessively variable — brown, brown-black, purple-brown, chestnut, orange-red, or any intermediate shade, either uuicolorous, or in the darker shades having a white or orange stripe along the entire dorsal margin, or an orange-red or chestnut similar stripe from the base through the middle of the wing, or else along the costal margin ; or mottled and blotched with white stripes below the costa ; or broadly blotched from the base with snow-white and spotted or dotted throughout with the same ; or with an elbowed stripe of paler colour across the basal area ; or any possible combination of these colours and markings ; the discal tuft or button black or white, brown or orange, either agre?ing with the general colour or strangely contrasting therewith ; toward the hind margin is usually a partial line of black dots, or sometimes white, these often furnished with minute raised scales. Hind wings ample, pale smoke colour, but silky. Female similar, apparently in all modifications. Underside of the fore wings shining lead colour, faintly dotted with white on the costa toward the apex. Hind wings smoky white. To attempt to describe the variations in colour and mark- 222 LEPIDOPTERA ings of this protean species would bo to occupy a large portion of the space of the present volume. I have made a faint attempt above to indicate the main directions of what may be called typical forms. Very many of them have long been named and described, at first as supposed new species, more recently as recognisable varieties, and the latest effort in this direction — by Mr. J. Adolphus Clark — has raised the number of such named varieties of this one species to sixty- five. Some of the forms are of singular beauty, more especially those with extensive snow-white spotting and dusting on the disk. On the wing from August to November, and a very small proportion hybernate and appear again in April and May. Larva " dirty gi-een ; between united leaves of hawthorn in July." (W. Machin, 1874.) "I have again reared this species from larvae found between united leaves of haw- thorn." (1(1. 1875.) "The larva feeds in rolled-up leaves of hawthorn, usually preferring old and mossy trees." (W. Weston.) These seem to be the most definite records of the rearing of this species upon which I can lay my hands. Hartmann says upon Primus spinosa. Sorhagen confirms this, and adds Ulnms, Scdix and Carpinus, of which the last- named is the most probable. June and July. It is very remarkable that so little is known of the earlier stages of so well-known a moth. The moth sits by day in trees and bushes, more particu- larly in hawthorn when growing as trees, or occasionally in hedges ; some collectors say also in blackthorns, and the collectors who used, forty years ago, to find it freely in the (now destroyed) Hainault forest, took it, as I understand, mainly from hornbeam. Occasionally it is found in orchards. It is readily beaten out in the day, but flies hastily to the ground or some other hiding place; and certainly flies naturally at night since it istakenoccasionallj- at light. Very ii-regular in its ^appearances and extremely local. Its prin- TORTRICID^—PERONEA. 223 cipal locality now seems to be the New Forest, Hants; but it is found sparingly in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambs, Northampton- skire, Wilts, Berks, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worces- tershire and even Yorkshire, but I know of no case of its occuri'ence in Wales. There is a single record in Scotland — by the late Dr. F. B. White, in Perthshire ; and a single specimen of one of the chestnut varieties has been taken in Ireland near Cork. Abroad it is found over the greater part of Central Europe, Northern Italy, Pontus, and Japan. 2. P. umbrana, Huh. — Expanse | inch (18-20 mm.). Costa of fore wings high-shouldered ; on the disk is an oblique complete costal black-brown stripe, having on its surface two or three raised tufts. Antennaj pale brown ; paljDi, head, and thorax umbreous ; abdomen reddish-brown. Fore wings broad ; costa strongly and steeply arched at the base ; apex bluntly angulated ; glossy brown or red-brown faintly marbled with darker in meandering lines from the costa ; from the middle of the base a black or brown-black thick streak runs through to the apex, this streak throwing off fine lines near the hind margin, and being ornamented with two or three tufts of raised scales at intervals ; two or three smaller raised tufts lie near the dorsal margin ; cilia pale brown. Hind wings broad, white or smoky white, cilia concolorous. Female very similar. Underside of fore wings leaden-grej? ; costa spotted with dull white ; hind wings white. On the wing from August to October, and after hyberna- tion in March and April. Lakva light green, head, dorsal plate and anterior feet black. (Zeller.) .June and July upon hornbeam, hawthorn, dogwood, mountain ash, bird-cherry, sallow and alder. This moth is scarce and but little known in this country. 224 LEPIDOPTERA. It has been beaten out of blackthoru and has been captured at ivy-bloom in autumn, and at sallow-bloom in the spring. It appears to have been formerly more frequent and to have been found in some numbers in the New Forest and Whittle- bury Forest, from which places recent records are rare. It has occurred, generally rarely, in Surrey, Susses, Hants, Dorset, Essex, Northamptonshire. Herefordshire, and there exist records, unconfirmed, for North Lancashire and West- moreland. This is, I think, the full extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is found through Central Euroj^e, Sweden and Finland. 3. P. hastiana, L. — Expanse '\ to f inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings elongated, gracefully shaped ; costa steeply arched at the base, not hollowed, the arch roughly scaled at the edge ; central raised button minute. Autennse of the male reddish-brown, simple ; palpi por- rected, dark brown, paler above ; head and thorax brown ; abdomen j-ellow-brown. Fore wings moderately broad ; costa very highly arched from the base and there rough with costal raised scales ; not hollowed in the middle, bluntly angulated at the apex, and the hind margin full ; excessively variable in colour and in markings, but without any large button of raised scales ; though a very small one or even two are some- times visible in the middle area, and others still more minute are scattered round ; colour umbreous or some other shade of brown, purple-brown, slate-brown, red-brown, drab or pale drab, often with an oblique baud of pale grey, white, or some other light colour near the base ; or a broad, longitudiual, costal stripe, or dorsal stripe, or stripe through the middle of the wing, of white, yellow, orange, or yellow-brown ; or other- wise with longitudinal brown lines on a paler brown ground, or almost any other combination or arrangement of the same colours or patterns. Hind wings shining amoky white- Female similar in all variations. Underside of the fore wings shining lead-colour ; costa TORTRICID.-E—PERONEA. 225 spotted alternately brown and white. Hind wings leaden- white. This species is perhaps even more variable in its markings than P. cristuna ; less restricted to certain patterns, but show- ing every possible intermediate shade of variation, so that it is barely within human power to furnish a varietal name to each different form, and only between twenty and thirty are so distinguished. On the wing from August till November, and after hyber- nation in March and April, and iu another generation, in far smaller numbers and also smaller specimens, in June and July. Larva when full grown entirely pale green, generally with a whitish efflorescence which is specially visible between the segments, but the head and plates often have a brownish tinge ; when young yellow-green or bluish-green with black head and plates; when half grown pale green or dusky green, the whitish efflorescence beginning to appear ; head brown, plates green or the anal plate yellow. The speci- mens of the summer brood, however, have sometimes, when full grown, a black head and plates. May, and a second generation from July to September, on sallow of various species, drawing together two leaves or folding them, or else joining together the leaves of a young shoot, or fastening them to the stem ; when common dis- figuring the bushes. Other species of plants are recorded as food, but in my own experience some species of sallow is always chosen ; and there is some small confusion about the food of closely allied species. Pupa slender, black-brown ; in a silken cocoon among dead leaves and rubbish on the ground, or in moss; ap- parently always leaving the larval habitation before spinning up. The moth has curiously obscure and secret habits. With VOL. X. P 226 LEPIDOPTERA. the exception of an occasional hybernated specimen seen on the wing- at dusk in the spring, it is rarely captured. In a district in which the larva is to be found in the sallow shoots in every hedge, and reared with ease in hundreds, it is rare to see a single specimen of the moth. Dr. Wheeler has, however, noticed, in one of the feus, that if the thick grass, moss, and herbage is drawn away from the base of a sallow- bush, the moths may be found in moderate numbers sitting upon the sallow stems with wings clasped closely to them. Doubtless it flies freely at night, since it is taken at light in the fens. Especial attention should be given to the fact that, contrary to the rule in very many insects, the first or summer brood is very weak and poor, the larvae, and con- sequently the moths, in very small numbers, and the latter constantly of small size and comparatively insignificant appearance ; while the second or autumn and hybernating brood is composed of specimens of full size and beauty, and seem to contain all the striking varieties. It feeds up at all times in the autumn, and will emerge at any time up to December, remaining after emergence perfectly still for weeks, or even months, for hybernation, it not disturbed. Very abundant in fens, and common, wherever sallow is plentiful; throughout England, also in Wales ; in all suitable parts of Scotland to Sutherlandshire and the Orkneys ; aud all over Ireland. Abroad it abounds almost throughout Europe, in Siberia, and in most parts of North America. 4. P. maccaua, Tr. — Expanse f to ^ inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings rather long, very silky, grey with red-brown blotches or clouds from the costa ; and almost without raised tufts. Antenna3 purple-brown ; palpi and head black-brown ; thorax brown shaded with white ; abdomen small, brown with a dark yellow anal tuft. Fore wings moderately broad ; costa flatly arched ; surface very silky and without notice- ably raised tufts; silvery-grey or silvery-white, dusted and TORTRICID.'E—PERONEA. 22, mottlei with purple-brown; basalblotch large, but incom- plete toward the dorsal margin, purple-brown ; first line the inner edge of a central band, which is oblique, deep red, but shading away toward the dorsal margin ; before the hind margin are some round purple-black clouds; cilia silvery- grey clouded with purple. Hind wings glossy, smoky white, tinged with purple towards the apex ; cilia dull white. Female similar, but often rather smaller. Underside of the fore wings polished lead-colour ; costn clouded with white dots ; hind wings leaden white. Variable, though less so than the allied species ; the ground colour takes various shades of ashy-grey, some very beautiful, and the costal markings different tones of brown or black-brown. On the wing in September and October. Lakva undescribed. June and July on Vaccinium and Sedum pcdustre. Very little seems to be known of the early stages. This species is now known to inhabit hill districts of the north, but its first record in these islands was in Epping Forest, where it was said to have been taken by Mr. Bentley. There is no reason to believe that it now exists in the south, and it is hard to realise that some error has not been made. Mr. Wilkinson states that it occurs near Manchester, though rarely, and Mr. J. E. Robsou records it in Northumberland. In Scottish mountain districts it is well known to occur among whortleberry, and it has been known to come to the sugar spread to attract JVoctuce. It is certainly to be found in Roxburghshire, East Lothian, and elsewhere in the Edinburgh district, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, and Inver- ness. There is also a record of its occurrence in Donegal, Ireland, by the late Mr. E. Birchall, which is probably correct, but has not been confirmed. Abroad it is found in mountain regions in Bohemia, North Germany, and 228 LEPIDOPTERA, various iiarts of Nortlieru I'airope, witli leeLind, and is said to occur also in North America, iu Elaine and in Oregon. 5. P. logiaua, Sdiil}. ; tristana, Huh. — Expanse 5 inch (14—16 mm.). Fore wings some shade of brown, with a broad darker costal trinagle before the apex, and a cluster of raised dots, often black, before the middle. Antennfe, palpi, head, and thorax brown or purple-brown ; abdomen grey-brown ; anal tuft ochreous. Fore wings short and moderately broad ; costa very strongly arched at the base and a little so throughout ; apex blunt, colour reddish- brown, reddish-grey, purple-brown, yellow-brown, or even white ; a cluster of small raised dots, often black, lies not far from the base ; a very broad flattened triangle extends from the arch of the costa to the apex of the wing, and is either of a darker shade of the ground colour or of some dark con- trasting colour ; very often a distinct black or dark brown dot lies near the base of the dorsal margin ; cilia brown, clouded with red-brown. Hind wings smoky white, with the apical region darker, cilia whitish. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings polished leaden-brown ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings leaden-white. Variable in colour as already shown, but usually some shade of purple-brown, brown-drab, or red-brown. The most conspicuous and beautiful form has the ground colour of beautiful satiny- or silvery-white, with the costal triangle purple-brown. On the wing iu June and July, and as a second and more abundant generation from September to November, and after hybernation in March and April. Larva active, rather flattened, the segments deeply divided; head pale yellow, mouth darker; body semi-trans- parent, very pale yellow, with a large distinct dull green or brown internal dorsal vessel ; plates both nearly colourless. TORI RICID.-E—PERONEA. 229 Maj- and a second generation ia August and September, on Vihurnuui lantana (mealy guelder-rose) and V. 02nilus, drawing together the leaves and eating the parenchyma and under surface, but scraping away the downy hairs. Pupa furnished with two oblique rows of short tufts of bristles on each hinder abdominal segment. (Hofmann.) Spun up among leaves and gnawed refuse of the larval habitation. Often not emerging till November. The moth hides during the day among bushes, especially among Viburnum, and if beaten out flies very sharph^ into some other hiding place. It is more active in the spring than before hybernation, and in my experience the summer brood is less plentiful than the other. Most frequent in woods in chalky localities, or in those places in which there is a large calcarious element in the soil. Found in all the Southern Counties of England, in Norfolk, the Western Counties, and Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland ; also in North Wales ; in Scotland in Roxburghshire, Renfrew, Dumbarton, Argyle, and Moray : and said by Wilkinson to occur at Belfast, in Ireland. Abroad it is found in Sweden and Lapland, the greater portion of Central and Southern Europe, including Portugal ; and in North America in New York State, Massachussetts, and Pennsylvania. G. P. mixtana, jy/Vi.— Expanse \ to § inch (12-lG mm.). Fore wings narrow, blunt, texture coarse, red-brown, with black and white mottling. Antennae pnrple-red ; palpi, head, and thorax rough, similar ; shoulder lappets raised ; abdomen black-brown, with a yellow anal tuft. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa scarcely arched, more nearly straight ; apex very bluntly angulated ; purple-brown, purple-red or red-brown, shaded or dusted with red, or with white ; also having faintly irregular indi- cations of markings, which seem to represent the usual basal and central bands or parts thereof ; sometimes with a dark 230 LEPIDOI'TERA. brown or black discal spot and dorsal blotches ; in other cases almost without markings ; but usually the hinder area is decorated with two or three rows of black or brown dots of uplifted scales. Hind wings shining smoky white, with similar cilia. Female rather stouter and a little smaller, nsnally more ornate — rich red, with white cloudings in broken stripes. Underside of the fore wings sliiniug pale leaden-brown. Hind wings leaden-white, extremely variable, as suggested nbove, and in some degree liable to racial forms. Specimens from the Hebrides are of a light pink colour ; those from the mainland of Scotland often very bright from mixture of snow-white clouding ; those of the South of England tend mo-e to unicolorous purple-red. On the wing from September to November, and after hybernation in March and April, in one generation. Larva active, cylindrical, rather slender ; yellowish-green with a green dorsal vessel ; head yellowish-brown, dorsal and anal plates bright green. June till August on heather {CuUuna rulgarU), occasion- ally on Empetniin nigrum and the different species of Erica, drawing together terminal shoots and forming a silken chamber among them. Pupa dark brown ; in a slight cocoon in the larval habi- tation, or among moss or rubbish on the ground ; in this case in an earthen cocoon. The moth is of sedentarj^ and obscure habits. It hides through the day among heather, and even, especially in winter, may be found sitting on the dry ground under these plants, but after hybernation is more lively, and will come out and sit on the tops of the heather in the afternoon sun- shine, when it bears a wonderful resemblance to a dried shoot of the previous summer's bloom. At this time the male flies a little in the sunshine. TORTRICID.H—PERONEA. 231 Not very commoQ in the South of England, but apparently to be found on all heaths here, and in the Eastern, Western, and Midland districts, becoming more plentiful in the North, and also in Wales and throughout Scotland. In Ireland re- corded from Wicklow, Derry, Antrim, and Sligo, and probably generally distributed. Abroad, found throughout Central Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. 7. P. permutana, Dup. ; permutatana, H.-H. — Ex- panse i to I inch. (12-16 mm.j. Fore wings cream-colour with a black dorsal spot, and a broad, curved, central, chest- nut band, shaded behind. Antennae dark brown ; palpi and head purple-black ; thorax pale purplish-drab, with a consjjicuous crest at the back, tipped with purple-black ; abdomen pale brown, drab behind. Fore wings moderately broad ; costa strongly arched from the base, faintly hollowed before the apex, which is a little expanded and bluntly angulated ; space before the first line yellow-drab or cream-colour; in it is an erect blue-black spot on the dorsal margin, on which is a button of raised black scales ; first line curved, dark red, bearing small black raised dots ; hinder area with cilia purple-red divided by a paler band, and reticulated on the margins and before the apex with deeper red lines. Hind wings and their cilia smokj' white. Female smaller but similar. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-brown. Hind wings yellowish-white. On the wing in August and September. Larva plump, slightly flattened; dull yellowish-drab; head bright light brown ; dorsal plate yellow-brown ; and plate light horn-colour. June to August on Bosa spinosissuiKi (burnet-rosejin i>puu- together shoots. Plpa dull dark brown; in a white silken cocoon among the leaves of the rose. 232 LEFIDOPTE/iA. The motb is veiy slu/tum), but this seems a very doubtful record. The present species feeds on willow and sallow but seems not to have been described. The late Mr. Machin told me that he found it in plenty, in May, in some marshes feeding be- tween united leaves of osier ; and that from these he reared two hundred specimens, without mixture of any other species. It is a common species in hedgerows among sallow, and is readily disturbed in the daytime by the beating-stick, flying swiftly to another bush ; but at dusk fljang freely about the same places. Common in such situations throughout the United Kingdom, and in the South abundant. Abroad it is found througiiout Central Europe, Northern Italy and Nor- way ; in North America in Maine. 14. P. comparana, Rub. — Expanse | to | inch (15- 21 mm.). Eeddish-drab or pale tawny with a dark red or black costal triangular blotch. Antennae red-brown ; palpi slender, very divergent and with the head and thorax light chestnut ; abdomen pale grey- brown ; anal tuft ochreous. Fore wings not very broad, costa strongly arched at the base ; apex blunt ; pale red-brown or pale tawny with a small black cloudy spot near the base of the dorsal margin ; on the costa is a large flattened triangular black, black-brown, or red-black blotch, having near its middle rORTRlCID.-E—PERONEA. 241 a chestnut spot ; near the apex of this triangular spot is a dot of raised brown scales, and beneath it another ; cilia pale chestnut. Hind wings smokj^ white ; cilia white with a chestnut shading. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining pale brown with yellowish costal dots. Hind wings yellowish-white. Variable in the ground colour of the fore wings from reddish drab to deep dark red ; and in that of the blotch, as already pointed out, from black to red, also liable occasionallj^ to suffusion of the colour of the blotch over the ground colour. On the wing from July till September. Larva apparently undescribed. Mr. A. Thurnall has reared it from blackthorn and also from a species of willow. Wilkinson gives as food-plants " sallow and willow " ; Sor- hagen adds Buhus idceus, Comarum palustrc and Vaccinium ■myrtillun. By many entomologists this is considered to be merely a variety of the last, and for this there is much apparent reason, since they are usually to be found at precisely the same time, and in the same localities. There seems to me to be some little difference in the shape of the fore wings, the pre- sent species having them a little broader and more blunt than the other. It is important also to notice that the white edging which precedes the costal blotch in /'. schdkriana is never seen in the present species. It inhabits lanes and the borders of woods, and hides more especially in hedges whence it is readily beaten out, and in- clined to fly vigorously away. Common almost all over England except perhaps in some of the Midland counties ; but in Wales I have only found it in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland common throughout the Lowlands, but hardly re- corded from the hill districts. In Ireland found near Dublin, Cork, Armagh, and Enniskillen.and in Connemara. Abroad VOL. X. Q 24a LEPIDOPTERA. its range is uncertain ; but it is said to be common through- out Central Europe. 15. P. caledoniana, >^tiph. — E.xpanse i to \ inch (12- 18 mm.). Fore wings narrow dark red-brown or purple- brown, with a faint flattened darker purple-brown costal triangle. Antennse thick, notched, dull bi-own ; palpi, head, and thorax red-brown : abdomen very slender, grey-brown, anal tuft fulvous. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa flatly afched ; apex bluntly angulated ; rough in texture and dull ; dark red-brown or purple-brown, dotted, dusted, or faintly marbled with darker red-brown ; on the dorsal margin near the base is a small black or dark brown spot ; on the costa before the apex a broad, flattened, very faint dark red-brown blotch, hinder area rather reticulated with dark red-brown lines ; cilia pale reddish-brown. Hind wings smoky grey with cilia of the same colour. Female similar or very little darker. Underside of the fore wings glossy leaden-brown, with faintly paler costal dots. Hinds wings shining leaden- white. Not very variable, the main fluctuation being between dark red and dull brown. On the wing ia August and September. Larva green with the dorsal region darker, especially in front ; head fulvous, shining, with two lateral black spots> mouth chestnut, dorsal plate shining green. (J. Peers.) June and July ; on sweet gale, screwing together the terminal shoots, also on Vaccinium nnjrtillus and perhaps Alchemilla. Pupa reddish with paler wing-cases ; in screwed-up shoots of sweet-gale. The apex of the puparium is flat or com- pressed, truncate and somewhat bent under, terminating at each corner in a short bent hornlike process. (J. Peers.) TORTRICID.-E—PERONEA. 243 Tho moth flies iti the afternoon over sweet-gale, whortle- berry, dwarf sallow, and heather, in abundance, in cloudy weather as well as during sunshine, if the temperature is high ; and is especially attached to mountain mosses and boggy moors, sometimes on the steep slopes of the hills and ascending to 1500 feet above the sea at least. Mr. E. Bankes records it as occurring in Dorsetshire, and Mr. W. Weston as rare in Kent. I have no personal knowledge of it in the south ; but it is common on the Black Mountain in Here- fordshire, and most abundant at Tan-y-bwlch. North Wales ; also in Cheshire, Somersetshire, Yorkshire, Durham, Cumber- land, and Northumberland. In Scotland it seems to abound on all suitable hills, moors, and mosses to Orkney. In Ireland it is reported from Antrim, Derry, and Connemara. I find no record of its occurrence outside the British Isles. 16. P. comariana, Zdl.; proteana, H.-,s.; poten- tillana, Cooke. — Expanse i to f inch. (12-18 mm.). Fore wings narrow, silky, grey-drab or grey-brown, with a con- spicuous black-brown costal triangular spot. Antennse simple, red-brown or dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax red-brown or umbreous; abdomen dull brown. Fore wings narrow, somewhat approaching to ovate ; apex bluntly angulated ; colour grey-drab, grey-brown, reddish- grey or even fulvous ; the basal blotch merely suggested by a small brown streak from the dorsal margin near the base ; on the costa, from above this to near the apex, is a wide, rough, brown black blotch in the form of a flattened solid triangle ; remaining surface fainth- reticulated with obscure lines and dots ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings and their cilia glossy smoky-brown. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings polished pale lead-colour, faintly spotted along the costa with white. Hind wings smoky-white. Variable in the ground colour from ashy-grey to reddish- 244 LEPIDOPTKRA. brown, and in the colour of the costal blotch from black to umbreous. On the wing in June and July, and in a second generation in August, September, and October. Larva. Body a whitish-green, greyish-green or whitish- yellow ; head semi-transparent and spotted with pale brown ; dorsal plate of the same colour, edged at the back with black ; anal plate and legs greyish-green ; sometimes having faint grey dorsal and subdorsal lines, (v. Noleken.) May, and a second generation at the end of July and in August, on Comayum jMltistrr and Fragaria vcsco, also on cultivated strawberry in gardens, rolling up the leaves and feeding within. A species of obscure habits, and not very thoroughly known. It seems first to have been noticed as a distinct species in Lancashire in the year 1858, when it was found in multitudes in gardens flying over the strawberry beds, and the distinction from the allied species — romparana — of being douMc-hrooded was noticed. It has since been found very locally in swampy spots on heaths, and in bogs, and marshes among Comarum pahistre; but flies for so very short a time — on some afternoons only for twenty minutes — and is so closel}* concealed through the day among low-growing plants in wet places, that singularlj- little is known of its distribution. It is known, however, to occur in Kent, Dorset, Suffolk, and Norfolk, as well as in Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Durham ; and in South Wales in a coast marsh in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it is found in Dumbartonshire and other parts of the Clyde district, and also in Aberdeenshire ; and in Ireland at Ai-magh, Mayo, and near Limerick. Abroad it has been noticed in Belgium, North Germany, and Livonia. 1 7. P. lorquiniana, Dup. ; uliginosana, Westw. — l"'.:cpanse | to J inch. (15-22 mm.). Fore wings truncate, TORTRICID.E—PERONEA. 245 straw-colour, with well marked nervures, and a few black dots on the disk and hind margin. AntennEB, palpi, head, and thorax pale yellow-brown ; abdomen dull brown ; anal tuft yellow-brown. Fore wings not very broad ; costa decidedly arched at the base ; apex blunt ; yellow-drab or straw colour, or pale wainscot-brown ; the nervures all prominent ; without markings except a few black dots in the discal cell and a few along the hind margin ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings silky white with white cilia. Female a little smaller ; fore wings slightly more pointed ; often having a longitudinal brown shade or stripe through the fore wings from base to apex, or else a black discal spot. In the first generation this discal black spot is found in both sexes. Underside of the fore wings pale drab ; hind wings white dusted with black. Only variable in respect of the presence or absence of the longitudinal brown stripe, or the discal black spot. On the wing in June and July, and as a second generation from August to November. Larva moderately active, rather long, cylindrical, seg- ments deepl}' divided, yellowish-green, with a darker green internal dorsal vessel and subdorsal lines ; head faintly brown ; plates both shining green. When younger pale pea- green. May, June, and August ; on Lythruni salicaria, the second generation feeding upon the flowers and residing in the blossom spikes ; the first brood among the young shoots. This moth is of a sluggish disposition and hides itself during the day among herbage in its swampy localities, but late at night flies about and sits upon and around its food plant. It is also strongly attracted by light. An excessively local species with us, quite restricted, I believe, to the fens, and most frequently met with in Wicken Fen, Cambs. First found fifty years ago at Whittlesea Mere, in the same 246 LEPIDOPTERA. county, a locality long destroyed, and at that time also existing iu Hunts. In the year 1878, a few specimens were taken in the Fens of Norfolk by Dr. Wheeler and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, apparently indicating an extension of the range of this species. So far as I know these are its haunts in the British Islands. Abroad its known range seems to be limited to the North of France and North-west Germany. IS. P, ferrugana, Tr. — Expanse ^ to \ inch (15- lU m.m.). Fore wings truncate, bright chestnut-red or red-brown, irregularly marbled or dusted with purple- brown. Auteanfe black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax bright chestnut ; abdomen silvery black ; anal tuft ochreous. Fore wings elongated but rather squared behind and truncate : the costa flatly arched and rough with projecting scales ; apex angulated ; hind margin retuse and rather expanded below ; colour bright chestnut-red, or red-brown with an orange tint, clouded, or marbled or dotted with purple-red : beyond the middle is a hollow purple-red triangle on the costa which does not reach nearly to the apex ; this triangle is often faint, obscui-e, or even obsolete, on the other hand, it is often extended in a transverse cloud from its apex to the dorsal margin, and gives off similar clouds or small blotches towards the apex and hind margin of the wing ; cilia soft red-brown often whiter toward the tips. Hind wings glossy white, often with a smoky tinge ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining lead colour ; costa dappled with pale yellow. Hind wings white. Individuals of the early summer brood are often paier in colour, even whitish-drab with very faint markings, or only dotted with brown, but both broods are liable to great varia- tion in the presence or absence of the costal triangle and its attendant cloudings. On the wing in June and July, and in a more plentiful TORTRICID^—PERONEA. 247 second generation from August to October and after hyber- nation from February till April. Lauva pale green with a darker dorsal vessel ; head jet black, somewhat rugose and shining ; dorsal plate black, narrowly pale on its anterior margin, with a slender dorsal division ; spots raised and shining but concolorous. Some- times the head is rich brown and the dorsal plate broadly pale in front, or it has crescent shaped black marks behind. (Wilkinson.) May and the beginning of June, and a second generation from Jul}' till September ; on birch, oak, beech, aspen, alder, and pear ; rolling up a leaf, or joining several together, and feeding within. Pupating in the larval habitation. The moth is common in and near woods among birch and oak and is readily beaten out and induced to flutter down in the daytime. It remains out till very late in the autumn and even well into a mild winter. It loves to hybernate among thick masses of dead leaves, and in the bunches of twigs which sometimes grow thickly where a tree has been damaged. Here it may be found throughout the winter. My own experience in this respect is confirmed by Mr. Wm. Evans of Edinburgh, who writes : " I shake it out of withered leaves and rubbish constanth' when hunting for spiders in February and March." Through the spring also it may be beaten out of bunches of dead leaves. Common in suitable places throughout England, Wales, and Scotland to the Hebrides — indeed more plentiful in northern districts than in the south. In Ireland recorded from Wicklow, Cork, Kerry, Connemara, and Enniskillen. Abroad it is found all over the continent of Europe, and in North America, in Maine, Massachusetts, New York State, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Missouri. 19. P. shepherdana, fslcph. — Expanse i to f inch (12-16 mm.). Fore wings not broad, somewhat truncate, dark 248 LEPIDOPTERA. red-brown reticulated with darker ; a small cluster oi' dots of raised scales on the disk before a dark red-brown triangular blotch. Antennas, palpi, head, and thorax red-brown ; abdomen silky pale yellow-brown. Fore wings not very broad, costa arched, apex angulated and produced ; hind margin slightly retuse ; red-brown, thickly reticulated with fine darker red- brown lines ; usual first line very distiuct, and the basal and second lines distinguishable among the reticulations ; on the first line is a small cluster of raised scales, and smaller ones are scattered on the other lines ; a faintly darker open costal triangle extends two-thirds across the wing and includes a black-brown discal spot ; cilia concolorous. Hind wings white or dusky white. Female decidedly smaller, with stouter body and narrower wings. If a little faded or worn the ground colour is paler and the reticulations become much more distinct. Underside of the fore wings light leaden-brown ; costa dotted with light brown. Hind wings dusky white. On the wing in July and August. Larva not active, cylindrical, sliglitly narrower at each end ; pea-green, tinged on the back with darker ; internal dorsal vessel visible ; head yellowish-brown with lighter brown mouth ; raised dots hardly perceptible ; plates pea- green, the dorsal having the hinder margin and the anal the front margin dotted with black ; feet dull green. Or very pale yellow or dull white with the entire dorsal region dull grey ; raised spots large pale yellow ; head very light brown ; plates dull pale yellow. Or pale yellow with the dorsal region olive-green ; raised dots paler and shining ; head very pale brown ; plates and legs pale yellow. June; on Spircen ulmaria (meadow-sweet), spinning to- gether the leaves of the young shoots and feeding within, often gnawing the young mid-rib so as to cause the tip of a leaf TORTRICID.-E—PERONEA. 249 to dry up. Mr. Wilkinson states that it has been reared from the flower heads of hemp agrimony, but I know that its usual food is the meadow-sweet. Its mischief to the growing shoots of that plant is constantly visible in the Fens. Pupa light brown in a loose cocoon among rubbish on the ground, or under the turned-down edge of a dead leaf. The moth hides itself during the day among the dense herbage of the Fens, and may be found by the tiresome process of parting this herbage down to near the muddy soil. Then the moths crawl lazily out, but are not very active, just skip from one grass-blade to another and quickly dive again into the thick herbage. Late at night they come out in plenty to fly about the Fen, and flock to a strong light if placed low down near the herbage. It has been found occasionally in marshy places in Essex, Herts, Berks, and Sufiblk, and is said to have been reared from larvas found in Lancashire; but its ordinary haunts are the Fens of Norfolk and Cambs, and here it is comparatively plentiful. In Scot- land it has been obtained in East Lothian by Mr. W. Evans, but this is, I think, the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is known to exist in France and Germany, but further records are wanting. 20. P. aspersana, Huh. — Expanse }, to f inch (12- 15 mm.). Fore wings narrow, truncate, bright orange- chestnut, dusted with red-brown, and having a red-brown partial band bej-ond the middle. Antennae, palpi, and head dark red-brown ; thorax brighter and shaded with yellow ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa flatly arched ; apex pointed and rather retuse ; before the middle is a small tuft of slightly upraised scales on the disk ; colour rich orange-chestnut with yellow shading, and faint reddish reticulation ; near the base of the dorsal margin is often an erect reddish streak or spot ; on the costa from before the middle to the apex is a large 350 LEPIDOPTERA. cloudy red-brown blotch of a ragged or broken triangular form ; hind-marginal line red-brown ; cilia reddish ochreous. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female decidedly smaller, yet stouter, the fore wings more narrowed and suffused with red-brown. Underside of the fore wings light leaden-brown, the margins dappled with orange. Hind wings smoky white. Rather variable in the depth of the ground colour, and in the extent of the red-brown markings and clouding. On the wing in July and August. Larva slender, cylindrical, active, yellowish-green, or bluish-green, with the under parts yellowish ; head and plates light brown, the latter sometimes black-margined, or else shining green. May and June; on Potentilla tormcntilla, P. reptans, F. anserina, Spircea ulmaria, S. filipendula, Poteriuni snnguisorha, Rosa spinosissima, Comarum palustre, Alchemilla vulgaris, and Helianthnnum vulgare, folding the leaflets together, or drawing together the leaves, and feeding within. Pupating in the larval habitation. The moth is very plentiful on the chalk hills of the south of England and equally so on the mountains of Wales ; but perhaps more so still in Fen districts, where its larva feeds on meadow-sweet, about a fortnight earlier than that of P. shephenlana . Quite lively in the day-time and easily disturbed, also flying freely at night and readily attracted by a strong light. Not usuall}- a wood-frequenting species, but in localities such as already mentioned to be found, often abundantly, throughout the United Kingdom, and especially common on the hills of Wales. Abroad plentiful throughout Central Europe, Dalmatia, Sweden, and even Iceland. Genus 17. CAPUA. Antennae notched and thickly ciliated ; palpi divergent, slender ; costa of the fore wings deeply folded at the base ; TORTRICIDAL— CAPUA. 251 hind wings rather pointed and liaving a large tnft of fine hair- scales at the base of the median nervure. 1. C. favillaceana, Hub. ; ochraceana, Btcfh. Wilk. — Expanse j to J inch (15-19 mm. J. Fore wings dull drab mottled with brown markings from the costa ; head and face paler. AntenniB notched, ciliated, light brown ; palpi, head, and thorax whitish drab ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings broadly and conspicuously folded at the base of the costa, which otherwise is arched, blunt and almost squared behind ; pale drab dusted with brown-drab, paler at the base ; middle area filled by a large cloud of brown dusting without distinct margins or definite markings, but often having the appear- ance of a dark cloudy band ; hinder area faintly reticulated with brown ; cilia pale brown. Hind wings rather pointed, brownish- white ; cilia a little paler. Female, from absence of the fold, has the fore wings more uniform in width, which gives it a rather different appearance ; more uniformly brownish-drab, and with faint lines indicating cross-bands from the costa ; otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-brown ; costa tinged with ochreons. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing at the end of May and in June. Larva undescribed and unknown to me. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher obtained eggs by sleeving out a female moth upon hazel, and reared the progeny. Wilkinson gives hornbeam as the food, and others add mountain ash, alder, dewberry, and whortleberry. The male flies in the afternoon sunshine about and over the trees in woods, and both sexes are upon the wing after sunset about bushes. At other times it is easily disturbed by the beating stick from the trees, or trampled up from among whortleberry. Appears to be confined to woods and wooded heaths, such as Cannock Chase, where it is common. 252 LEPIDOPTERA. Not everywhere plentiful, but apparently existing in all such suitable places in England and probably Wales, where it is fairly common in the South. In Scotland it is known to occur in Perthshire, Dumbartonshire, and Argyle ; and in Ireland in the woods of the Wicklow Mountains, near Cork and in Kerry. Abroad it is generally' distributed through Central Europe and in Sweden and Dalmatia. Family 2. CNEPHASIDiE. Fore wings broad and ample, somewhat ovate ; laid closely and horizontally together when at rest ; ocellus absent. Genus 1. ABLABIA. Antennee simple, slender ; palpi divergent, slender, por- rected ; fore wings without the costal fold, glossy ; hind wings furnished with a fine tuft of hair-scales in the middle of the base. . We have two species — very different : A. Fore wings shining creamy drab. A. osscana. A^ Pore wings bright silvery white. A. nrgcntana. 1. A. osseana, Scop.; pratana, Hub. Wilk. — Expanse I to ^ inch (16-22 mm.). Fore wings shining buff or pale brown, with obscure black or brown dots down the middle. Antennae simple dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax pale dull brown ; abdomen dark brown ; and tuft ochreous. Fore wings elongated and narrow, costa nearly straight : apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique ; pale creamy drab, longitudinally shaded with light brown along the nervures, and dusted and dotted with brown or black down the middle, often having a brown disoal cloud or pair of dark dots ; cilia drab. Hind wings long, pale smoky brown or emoky white; cilia white. Female smaller, sometimes much so, the fore wings more pointed and greyer in colour. CNEPHA SID.S—A BLA lUA . 253 Underside of the fore wings dark smoky brown, with a paler hind margin. Hind wings smoky yellowish-white. ^'ariable in shades of colour of the fore wings, and in the presence or absence of markings ; in the Shetland Isles the colour of the fore wings varies through every shade of brown and red-brown to black. On the wing in Juh' and August, and, in the far north, even in September. Larva uudescribed and not certainly known. The few hints given as to its habits by authors do not agree, but there is little doubt that it feeds on low-growing plants, or grass. Abundant on chalk hills, pastures, and in the north on mountains : even to be found in the suburbs of London, and fairly common in grassy places throughout the British Isles to Shetland. Abroad it is widely distributed through Central and Northern Europe, North Italj-, the mountains of Dalmatia, South-east Russia, North-east Siberia, Iceland and Lapland, and in North America, in Labrador. 2. A. argentana, C/mrl- ; gouana, Gn. — Expanse 1 inch (25 mm.). Fore wings shining silvery white, without markings. Antenna* notched, light brown, the notches whiter; palpi dirty white ; head and thorax silvery-white ; abdomen yellowish-white. Fore wings long, rather narrow ; apex bluntly pointed, the median nervure thickened ; uniformly bright silvery-white to the cilia, and without any trace of markings. Hind wings ample ; silvery yellowish-white, with cilia of the same tint. Female a little smaller and with a thicker body, otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden black ; cilia white. Hind wings leaden brownish-white. On the wing at the end of June and in Julv. Lahva aqd food totally unknown. 2 54 LEPIDOPTERA. First noticed as British in the year 1875 by Dr. F. Buchanan-White, who, with Sir Thomas Moncrieffe, took specimens on the side of a mountain near Athole, Perth- shire. Soon after it was found to inhabit Glen Tilt in the same county, and it has since been found in some plenty iii the mountainous districts of the middle of Scotland, though the published records are few. It is weak on the wing, and flies in grassy places, near the ground, having when alive very greatly the appearance of a Crambus ; indeed, its like- ness to Crambus 2}e)iellus is such as strongly to suggest pro- tective resemblance. This has been illustrated in a strange manner recently, for Mr. Arthur Cottam captured, between Norwich and Cromer in Norfolk in July 1902, eight speci- mens flying along with that species which when examined are distinctlj' and certainly A. argentana. Since these speci- mens were recognised, Mr. Cottam has endeavoured to find the insect again in the same place, but without success, and the capture of this mountain species in Norfolk remains inexplicable, unless some one should have possibly obtained eggs and thrown them out here. With this exception the mountain districts already mentioned remain its only home in these Islands. Abroad it has a wide range in mountain districts through Central and Northern Europe, North Italy. Bithynia, North-east Siberia, North-west India, Japan, and in North America, California, and Nevada. Genus 2. SPHALEROPTERA. Antenna' simple, thickened; palpi porrected yet divergent, moderately thick ; fore wings without a fold, elongated, smooth-looking; in the middle of the base of the hind wings is a small tuft of hair-scales ; sexes very different. 1. S. ictericana, .&<«-.; longana, Haw. ? ; loewiana, Hdn. — ExDanse f to ^ inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings of the male shining pale ochreous, without markings; of the female marbled with irregular brown markings. CNEFHASW/E—SPHALEROFTERA. 255 AntennaB of the male simple, yellow-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax brownish-ochreous ; abdomen dusky yellow- white. Fore wings elongate, without fold, but the costa faintly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; glossy, smooth ochreous, or brownish-ochreous without markings ; cilia paler. Female larger in expanse of wings and stouter, and having yellow-brow a markings; the outer edge of a large basal blotch sharply augulated; a very oblique central band with step-like notches on its inner side, and a cloudy streak pointing inwards from the apex of the wing. Hind wings shining smoky-white with white cilia. Underside of fore wings leaden-brown, with ochreous margins. Hind wings yellowish-white. The male varies somewhat in the shade of colour of its fore wings ; the female still more in the degree of darkness of its markings. Very rarely a specimen of the latter sex- has been found of a grey colour like the allied SciapMlce. On the wing in June, July, and August. Lakva moderately long aud slender, slightly attenuated at each end ; pale yellowish-green with broad longitudinal dorsal and sub-dorsal greenish-grey lines ; spiracles black ; head pale brown with a black spot on either side ; dorsal and anal plates pale brown. End of May and June, in the blossoms of Hypochai-is radicata and Chrysnnthtmnm leucanthcmum especially, but polyphagus and found in those of Anthemis arvensis, Aster tripolium, Scnccio, Lychnis, Ranunculus, and Staticc; drawing together florets, anthers, or petals, and feeding within. Pupa light brown, spun up in any hiding-place or among leaves. It has been known to insinuate itself into dry cap- sules of Saxifraga to spin up, and the Rev. C. T. Cruttwell secured a si^ecimen which had for this purpose contrived to enter an empty case of Talceporia pseitdo-homhyceUn. The moth sits during the day among grass and herbage, 256 LEPIDOFTERA. in furze and in bracken fern, and the male is readily dis- turbed by the footstep, especially in the afternoon sunshine. Towards dusk it flies of its own accord and the female may then be taken. Individuals of this sex may be found, not rarely, sitting upon tree-trunks and palings. Plentiful in many parts of the coast and in chalky districts ; formerly to be found in the southern suburbs of London, though now apparently absent ; still locally common throughout the Southern and Eastern Counties to Herts, Oxfordshire, and Norfolk ; also in Gloucestershire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire ; but I do not know of its occur- rence in Wales. In Scotland it has been found rarely in the east near Aberdeen and Inverurie ; in Ireland in Kerry, Sligo, and Antrim. Abroad distributed through Holland, North-west Germany, Southern Spain, Sardinia, Greece, the Canaries, and Asia Minor. Genus 3. SCIAPHILA. Antennae thickened, simple ; palpi porrected but diver- gent, moderately thick ; fore wings devoid of the costal fold, elongated, often rather glistening ; a small tuft of fine hair-scales occupies the middle of the base of the hind wings. Sexes fairly similar. The species in this genus are singularly difticult and un- satisfactory of definition from the utter instability of the markings and shades of colour ; consequenth- authorities differ widely as to which forms may be considered to be fixed species and which only permanent varieties. I do not presume to say that the following series of species is con- clusive, it is only the result forced upon my own mind by constant observation and study of them for many years. An attempt at a table of the species maj- be of some use. A. Fore wings ver}' long and narrow, hind margin very oblique, markings conspicuous. B. Ground colour white. S. hella.na. CNEPHASIDJE—SCIAPHILA. 257 B-. Ground colour grey or slate colour. S. colquhounanu. A". Fore wings elongated and narrow, costa slightly arched, markings confused. C. Male soft pale slate-grej"; female white. S. conspcr^ima. C". Sexes alike, grey, markings black and strong. S. communiiiiii. C^. Sexes alike, pale grey, markings slender, obscure. )S'. suhjcdanu. A''. Fore wing elongated, broad, robust ; female sometimes large. »S'. chrysanthcana. A*. Fore wings broad with much arched costa, very silky. »S. incanrinc (siiUKiini). A?. Fore wings elongated, somewhat ovate. S. pascindui. A**. Fore wings elongated, broad, costa gently arched. D. Colour white with black markings. >S'. octomuculuna. D^. Colour grey with dark grey markings. S. virgaureana. AJ. Fore wings short, rather broad ; sexes similar. S. nbrasana. A*. Fore wings short, ovate ; sexes slightly differing. S. imhilana. 1. S. bellana, Curt.; penziana, Hub. — Expanse | to I inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings long, white, with oblique jagged black stripes. Antennae whitish-brown ; jialpi, head, and thorax white ; abdomen yellowish-white. Fore wings elongated, rather narrow ; costa nearly straight, without a fold ; apex rounded : snow white dusted with black and the markings black, near the base is a nearly perpendicnlar transverse stripe which throws out a strong elbow with a projecting point ; central baud very oblique, narrow, irregular, and deeply notched, often broken and partially obliterated ; apical area spotted on and belovv the costa with black so as to form a partial third oblique stripe ; cilia smoky-white. Hind wings ample clear white. Female similar. VOL. X. R 258 LEPIDOPTERA. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky hlack : costa regularly spotted with white. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva ratlier stout ; dark dull brown ; bead dark tan colour ; dorsal plate black ; raised dots and feet black. (Gregson.) May and early June : on sheep's fescue grass, usually upon rocks, and inhabiting a silken gulley at the root of the grass. PrPA robust, dark brown, in the white tubular web in which it has lived, often between the grass root and a stone. (Hodgkinson.) The moth, of which I have no knowledge in the living state, is said to be sluggish and unwilling to fly in the day time, at which time it loves to sit on the perpendicular face of a limestone rock. Mr. Home tells me that he found it sitting on palings at 2000 feet above sea level on the hills about Braemar. Confined with us to northern districts, not very scarce in North Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumber- land ; also in North Wales, and Anglesea. In Scotland in the Edinburgh district, Kirkcudbright, the Clyde district, Perthshire, and Aberdeenshire : but I find no record in L-eland. Abroad it is said to inhabit the Alps, the Hartz Mountains, also the mountains of Siberia and of the north of Europe ; but Dr. Wocke was of opinion that the insect from those localities, known a&S.'pcnziana, Huh., was distinct from ours. This was confirmed by specimens of *S'. penziana sent from the Alps. 2. S. colquhounana, Stn. — Expanse f to 1 inch (18-26 mm.). Fore wings long and narrow, grey or slate- grey, with oblique darker notched bands. Antennae black-brown ; palpi and head white or grey ; thorax dusky w^hite or grey dusted with black ; abdomen dusky white ; anal tuft pale ochreous. Fore wings long and CNEPHASTDm—SCIAPHILA. 259 ratlier narrow, broader near t.he base than in the last species ; apex rounded ; grey or whitish grey or pale slate-grey dusted with black ; outer margin of the basal blotch a thick forked grey-black stripe not reaching the dorsal margin ; central band narrow, oblique, black, repeatedly indented within ; beyond it on the costa are several dark grey dots, and a large similar cloud lies near the hind margin ; cilia dusky white, dusted with grey. Hind wings smoky white. Female very similar, but the body stouter and rather flattened. Underside of the fore wings dark smoke-colour, faintly but regularly dotted on the costa with white or pale grey. Hind wings white. Varying in both sexes into every shade of darker ground colour to uniform slate-black. Some of very rich dark colour were obtained recently in the Shetland Is:le.«, and sent by Mr. J. J. F. X. King. " On the wing in July and August. Larva smoky grey-brown ; head dark red-brown ; man- dibles and dorsal plate black ; skin puckered on the sides and transversely folded on the back ; raised dots black, each emitting a short bristle ; anal plate wrinkled, black. (R. South.; June ; in the root-crowns of Armcria maritima (and ?). Mr. McArthur states that it feeds also in the root-crowns of Plantago maritima ; but Colonel Partridge tells me that it hides among roots of thrift (^Armcria), its presence indicated by a slight web among the leaves, and the evidence of other observers points clearly to this as its food. Captain Donovan says explicitly " on rocks by the sea the larva; feed on Armcria vidr/aris (maritima) in long silken tubes entwined among the leaves and stems of the plant." Pita in the larval tube, in a cbiuk or split of the rock. The moth hides itself in the daytime among herbage on the ground either on hill sides or near the coast, and when 26o LEl'lDOPTERA. disturbed by tlie footstep Hies swiftly to a similar liiilin<>: place at some distance. Its natural flight seems to be after dark, and it will come to light late at night. I find no record in England or Wales, but it is found at the Isle of Man; also in Scotland at Ardrossan, on the Kincardineshire coast, and at Unst, Shetland. In Ireland, at the Hill of Howth, near Dublin, in Cork. Kerry, and the Blaskets, and other islands. Abi-oad 1 lind no records, but this may arise from the c'irouuistanci> that by many entomologists it is bi'lieved to be a varii'ty of tiie last species. This opinion has much to recommend it, yet I do not so far think it proved to be correct. Both are extremely striking and handsome ins?cts, and well woi-thy of the expenditure of some time in working out. o. S. octomaculana, IIkv. — -Expanse J to \ inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings ovate, white with black spots or bauds. Antennae dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax white, thickly dusted with black-brown, except at the back of the latter ; abdomen pale yellowish-brown. Fore wings rather broad, almost ovate, snow-white with black or brown-black markings ; close to the base is a black dorsal dot followed by an angulated stripe from the costa ; central baud not very broad, and twice constricted, so as almost to form three blotches ; beyond are a broken spot on the costa near to the apex and two lines of round black dots near the hind margin ; cilia brownish-white. Hind wings ample, smoky white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings very pale smoky-brown, shading off to white in the dorsal area : costa and hind margin spotted with white. Hind wings white with the apex faintly brown. Very constant in colour and markings, but 1 have seen a specimen in which the foi'e wings were wholly suffused with grey-black, and the marking and dots blacker. This CNF.I'HASin.-V.—SClA I'll I LA. 261 specimen was reared in ^'orkshlre, in the district so famous for nielanic specimens of other species. On the win^ from July to September. Lauva smoky lilack, more liliiish-o-reen on the back. ]ialer between the segments; raised dots large, shining lilack; head pale brown, blackish at the hinder edge ; plates black. When younger pale silvery-grey, the back slightly darker, and pale yellow beneath. It curls up in a curious manner when disturbed. •Jnne ; on Ccntiui.rca ni/irx, Muntdgo lanrrulatd ; also many other low-growing plants such as Chenopodium, Sonchus, Ghrysaniliemii 11} , and Riinunntlua, rolling a leaf into a tube open at each end so that it rapidly esca])es when disturbed. Tl'i'A black-bi'own, s))nn uj) in a neightjouring Itaf or flower. The moth hides during the day among rough iierbage, or sits upon a stone wall, but flies at night, and will come freely to sugar spread to attract Noctute. Not known to occur at all in the South : scarce in Cheshire and Lancashire ; more frequent in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Durham, and Northumberland; and recorded by Wilkinson in North Wales. In Scotland much more plentil'iil, in Mast Lothian, ^[idlotliian, Fife, and elsewhere in the Kdiiibiirgh district; I Vrthsliiie, Stirlingshire, Roxburghshire, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, and the Clyde district generally ; Aberdeen. Kin- cardine, and Moray. I find no record in Ireland, and it seems to be nrd^nown outside Great Britain. 4. S. conspersana, DoikjL; perterana, '//^ — Kxpanse I to ^ inch (16-22 mm.). — Fore winos long and narrow ; male soft slate-grey, female dusky white with black-brown bands. Antenntu dai-k grey-bi'own ; ixdjji, head, and thorax slate- grey ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings much elongated, costa nearly straight, apex rounded ; pale slate-grey with 262 LEPIVOPTERA. the markings a darker shade of the same ; basal blotch represented only by its margin — a broad baud sharply angulated in the middle ; central band narrow, placed far back, several times angulated and almost broken : along the hind margin is a series of dark brown dots ; cilia grey. Hind wings ample, smokj^ brown, cilia paler. Female rather larger, stouter, and the wings a little broader, varying in colour from white to grey and grey-brnwii and the markings distinctly black-brown. Underside of fore wings blackish-brown with a paler edging, of hind wings white. Variable in size and in the shade of ground-colour in both sexes. A permanent local variety found in chalky portions of the coast of Kent has an extraordinary tendency toward chalky colouring, sometimes with the usual markings, but less distinct, in other cases creamy-white or chalky -white, without markings. On the other hand the limestone districts of the west coast furnish specimens of rather large size and great richness of markings, especially in the female. On the wing from -June till August. L.\RVA sluggish, stout, tapering to each extremity ; pale greenish-grey, yellowish beneath, semi-transparent : I'aised dots small, black ; head and both plates yellowish-brown. June; on Chrysanthemum Itiicanthemvni, Apargia hisjnda, Hypochccris radicatn, and other composite flowers, drawing together the ray-florets of the blossoms, and bending them over so as to conceal itself, then eating out the disk-florets and immature seeds beneath ; also upon the young shoots oF Tcucrium scorodonia and Scnccio s/jvaliditi:, drawing together the terminal leaves and eating out the heart. Pdpa blackish-brown, spun up anywhere else than in the lai'val habitation. The larva possesses in an inordinate degree the instinct of escape from confinement when full fed and desirous of spinning up. After numbers had de- .^troyed themselves in unavailing struggles to squeeze under CNEPHASID^—SCIAPHILA. 263 the tightly ried down cover of the vessel iu which they had fed up, I found that if the cover was left loosely tied so that they could get out they would spin up in any bits of gauze or rag thrown loosely upon, or by the side of, the vessel, and so could be reared with ease and success. The moth sits during the day among the grass and herbage upon the slopes and tops of sea-cliffs and adjoining fields, and when disturbed by the footstejj in the sunshine the male will start up and dash awaj" with a zigzag flight to a similar hiding-place at a short distance. After sunset both sexes become livelj' and fly of their own accord. Most frequent in the neighbourhood of the sea, yet to be found in chalky places further inland. Inhabiting all the English coast counties, and inland to be found in Surrey, Berks, Oxfordshire, Herts and Cambs, also in Somerset and Gloucestershire ; on the Welsh coast rather plentiful ; but in Scotland only recorded from Aberdeenshire and the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. In Ireland common on the Dublin coast, near Cork, Waterford, Galway, Sligo, Tyrone, Donegal, and Antrim. Abroad it does not seem to be well known, but ]\Ir. E. Meyrick records its existence iu Germany. 5. S. communana, if.-X — Expanse | inch (18-20 mm). Fore wings long, narrow, even iu width, grey with dark grey bands and dots. Antennae dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax light grey- brown dusted with darker ; abdomen black-brown shading to ochreous at the anal tuft. Fore wings long and rather narrow ; costa flatly arched ; apex rounded ; hind margin also rounded and not vei*y oblique ; pale grey dusted and rippled with dark grey-brown ; markings blackish-grey or black ; basal blotch roughly indicated by a bi'oad abbreviated strijje at its outer margin ; central band oblique, its inner margin sinuous and once angulated, its outer margin shading off and throwing a black-brown cloud toward the apex ot 264 LEPIDOPTERA. the wing; liind margin and cilia clouded witli grey-biown. Hind wings and their cilia smoky brown. Female similar, fore wings a very little broader. Underside of the fore wings smoky brown with pale brown costal dots. Hind wings smoky white. Mr. A. Thurnall has just secured a most lovely variety, of which the ground-colour is clear white and the marking black and e::ceedingly sharp and distinct. On the wing in June and July. Larva and Pupa unknown to me. Not at all a well-known species here. Said to hide in shrubs during the day, or to sit upon tree-trunks. Flying at night and occasionally coming to a strong light. Apparently first noticed here about the year 1868, when specimens were exhibited at the Meeting of the Entomo- logical Society (April 4, 1869) by the late Mr. F. Bond. These were taken at Wicken Fen, in the County of Cam- bridge. This and the adjoining County of Huntingdon seem still to be its principal localities, though casual captures are reported in Oxfordshire, Hants, and Suffolk, and Mr. A. Thurnall has just obtained it on tlie chalk downs of Surrey. Its range abroad is uncertain, the records being mixed with those of other forms, but the late Mr. E. L. Ragonot informed me that it was common near Paris sitting upon tree-trunks, and noticeable from the length of its wings. (). S. chrysantheana, Dui). ; alteruella, JF/rt-. — Expanse f to | inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings broad, dull grey, with grey-black notched bands. Antennae, palpi, head, and thorax dull grey- brown ; abdomen silky pale brown. Fore wings broad, apex bluntly rounded ; dull greyish umbreous with obscure darker grey- brown markings ; basal blotch incomplete — a broad bar from the costa bent into a knee upon the median nervure ; central band narrow, irregular, represented mainly by its CM'.PHASID.TL—SCIAPHILA. 265 front margin whicli is twice deeply carved and an<;ulated between, also shaded off outside ; apical area clouded and shaded with the same, and dotted with black ; uiDon these markings are placed minute jet black dots of upraised scales ; cilia pale umbreous. Hind wings and their cilia pale smoky brown. Female similar, a little larger or smaller, with the wings faintly more pointed. Underside of the fore wings pale umbreous ; of hind wings smoky white. On the wing from the end of June till August. Larva. Herr Mann says that it has a black head and dorsal plate, and white railed dots, and feeds on Chrysan- themum. ^[r. A. Thurnall tells me that he reared several specimens from coltsfoot (^Tussilacjo farfara). He says "I found the larvfe in the first week in June spinning, or rather puckering a portion of the underside of the leaves and some- times turning over one of the lobes of a leaf." Other entomologists are satisfied that it feeds upon thistle (C'arduus arvensis). Other food plants recorded are comfrey (Sym- phytum ojjjcianlr), InvJn roni/::ii and the flowers of Anthemis arvensis. Pupa uudescribed. The moth sits during the day among low-growing herbage in rough fields, fens, marsh3- places, and chalk-pits, and if disturbed by the footstep starts briskly up to fly to a similar hiding-place. At early dusk it flies vigorously of its own accord, and continues on the wing during the night, when it will visit a strong light if available. Not anywhere abundant, yet to be found in almost every English county to Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Durham, but I have no certain record for Wales. In Scotland it has been taken in Fife and in Perthshire ; aud in Ireland in Connemara and Cavan. Abroad it inhabits Southern Europe, Austria-Hungary, Bavaria, Silesia, Switzei'land, Asia Minor, and Japan. 266 LEPIDOPTERA. [S. sinuaua, Stqjli. The type, which is iu tiie National Collection, appears to be an aberration of -S'. clirii^iantheana. R. S.] 7. S. pascuana, Hub. ; pasivana, Huh. (error). — Ex- panse § to 4 inch (16-20 mm.). Fore wings rather elongate- ovate, smooth and of greasy appearance, slate-grej', often uni-colorous. Antennte grey-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax slate-grey ; abdomen bi'ownish-grey, the anal tuft tinged with ochreous. Fore wings very narrowly ovate and elongated ; the apex and hind margin rounded ; brownish-slate colour or greasy brown-grey, the markings often only just indicated on the dark ground, when visible the basal blotch large, angulated outwardl}' ; central band oblique, of moderate width, its margins waved ; apical and hinder area gently shaded with darker clouding and containing a few obscure black dots ; cilia grey. Hind wings smoky brown ; cilia hardly paler. Female of the same expanse of wing but the fore wings a little broader, and the markings more strongly expressed. Underside of the fore wings uniform leaden-grey. Hind wings smoky brown. This species seems to have a very singular local and per- manent variety in which the usual brownish-slate colour is replaced by yellowish-brown, either without markings or as already described, but in darker yellow-brown. This form seems to be confined to salt marshes, and is more particu- larly plentiful in those towards the mouth of the Thames. On the wing from June till August. Larva rather stout, tapering very slightly from the middle ; semi-transparent, pale greenish-grey ; spots black ; head very pale brown ; dorsal and anal plates even paler, and indistinct. May, June, and the beginning of J uly on Anthanis arvcnsis, Hyjjochceris radicaia, Chrysanthemum Icucanthcvmm, Achillea millefolium, and other composite flowers ; also on those of CJVEPHA S/D^E—SC/A FHILA. 267 Manunculus bulbosus ; and in Geriuauy said by Sorhapen to choose those of the " stravvflower " or everlasting (Xc/'aw- themum anmium) ; feeding in the lower portion of the blossom and drawing the tlorets together over it. The moth loves open fields and meadows abounding with course plants, among which it sometimes hides through the day, but it is also fond of reposing at that time in thick hawthorn hedges, from which it is readily beaten out and induced to fly. The marsh variety seems to affect low- growing plants only, perhajDs from necessity-. It flies sharply and soon hides again ; but in the evening flies freely of its own accord. Not universally common yet plentiful in restricted localities, and to all appearance to be found in almost every English county, even occurring in the outskirts of London. In Wales I have found it in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it occurs in the Clyde district ; and in Ireland Wilkinson records it near Dublin. Abroad it is known to exist over the greater part of Central and South-Eastern Europe, and in Syria and Bithynia. 8. S. incanana, ^S'fejjA, ; sinuana, WilJc, Sta., Barr. — Expanse | to | inch (15-18 mm.). Fore wings broad, very silk}', the first transverse stripe is curved and runs to a point before the dorsal margin. Antennas grey-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax white dashed with grey ; abdomen brown. Fore wings broad, somewhat ovate, costa strongly arched; apex bluntly rounded ; smooth shining, silky pale slate-grey with darker slate-grey or brown-grey markings ; the outer margin of the usual basal blotch forms a conspicuous stripe, broad on the costa, its outer edge curved so that it bends in to a point near the dorsal margin (and this marking seems to be singu- larly constant) ; central band extremely broad on the costa, contracting in the middle, and narrow to the dorsal margin, but nowhere very distinct ; beyond it the apical and hind marginal area dusted and lined with dark grey dots ; cilia 268 LEPIDOPTF.RA. shining grey. Hind wings and their cilia smoky hrnwn. Feraale similar. Underside of the fore wings smoke-colour ; costa faintly dotted with yellow. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing from -Tniie till the beginning of August. L.\RVA. Head highly polished, orange-ochreous ; dorsal plate highly polished, varying in colour from black, though orange-ochreous, to pale ochreous, margined with black on each side and divided in the middle ; body smooth, shining, semi-transparent, dirty pale smoke-grej' tinged with green ; dorsal vessel visible as a conspicuous green line ; anal plate varying from biackish-brown to dirty pale ochreous ; warts and spiracles shining black, placed in polished smoky spots; legs black, shining ; prologs semi-transparent, watery white. (E. R. Bankes, condensed.) May ; on Scilla nutans (wild hyacinth, or bluebell), feeding on the flowers and unripe seeds and inhabiting a loose silken eb among them. Pita, head, and thorax brownish-orange, wing-covers darker ; abdominal segments still darker and furnished with two parallel rows of raised spikes : cremaster formed of two stout spikes with recurved tips; ventral surface pale brownish-orange. (E. R. Bankes, condensed.) The moth is said to sit during the day in trees and bushes, or occasionally on a tree trunk, in places where the common bluebell is abundant ; but it is certainly very scarce in these Islands ; yet it is recorded as occurring in all the English counties south of London, and in Essex, Suffolk, Somerset, Herefordshire, Leicestershire, and rather frequently in South Yorkshire. Also found in Scotland at Rannoch, Perthshire, ai'd in Argyleshire ; but so far as I know not in Wales or Ireland. Abroad it occurs in Austria. Germany, Switzerland, Styria, Livonia, and Finland. CNEPHA SIDJE—SCIA PHI LA . 269 9. S. virgaureana, 7'; . ; wahlbomiana, L. (?). — Expanse ^ to \ iuch (l.J-18 mm.). Fore wines moderately broad, not elongated; pale grey abundantly darkened with dark grey bands and black dotting. Antennte black-browu, dotted with paler ; palpi and head brownish-drab ; thorax grey-brown ; abdomen pale brown with an ochreous anal tuft. Fore wings moderately broad, nearly ov^ate ; cosLa flatly arched ; apex rounded ; grej'-white, thickly dusted with black dots ; markings much confused and obscured by these dots, but the basal blotch though imperfect is dark grey and extends almost to the central band, or throws a brauch to it ; this last is oblique, cloudy black-brown, and it throws off a similar cloud toward the apex, crossed by a dappled line ; cilia j)ale grey. Hind wings and their cilia dark smoky brown. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown with a yellow gloss ; costa dotted with pale yellovr. Hind wings smoky brownish-white. Always variable in the extent and intensity of the markings as well as of the black dots. In some parts of Scotland black specimens may be found having deeper black dots. There is also considerable variation in size, and this species seems to form the basis of a considerable mixture, known abroad under the name of >S'. vxtMhomiana. On the wing from June till August. Larva plump, pale bluish- or greyish-green, more yellow beneath, dots small but distinct especially across the anterior segments ; head pale brown ; dorsal plate pale brown with black dots or a black bar ; anal j^late green, with black dots. Variable especially in the colour of the raised dots, which are sometimes paler than the ground-colour, in other cases darker. May and June; on almost any herbaceous plant, drawing the leaves together or folding them, and apparently having no special taste, though preferring the young leaves of 270 LEPIDOPTERA. a fresh shoot ; often also upon blossoms such as buttercup or ox-eye daisj". When disturbed it has a curious habit of drawing itself up so as to be very thick in the middle. Mr. Stainton records that, when very young, this larva feeds between the skins of the leaf, devouring the paren- chyma, and simulating the habits of the mining Tineina. Pupa chestnut-brown; wing-covers dark brown. The moth sits by day in bushes, on the branches of trees, on tree-trunks and fences, and in thick hawthorn hedges especially, and flies out in a very lively manner if disturbed, yet only to return quickly to a similar hiding-place. Common everywhere in England and Wales, sometimes very abundant; also throughout the Lowlands of Scotland, but becoming scarce toward Aberdeen ; probably everywhere in Ireland but not in equal abundance. Abroad it abounds through Central Europe, and is found in Siberia and Syria. 10. S. subjectana (/«. ; incertana, Tr. (?). — Expanse g inch (14-16 mm.). Fore wings narrow, not elongated ; greyish-white with slender grey-brown markings. Antennas grey-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax very dull brown; abdomen more yellow-brown. Fore wings rather narrow, not long ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly pointed; hind margin oblique ; pale brown-grey, faintly dusted with darker ; markings darker grey-brown ; basal blotch rather large, its margin augulated outwardly ; central band narrow, oblique, indented, and slightly blackened at the margins ; apical area clouded with similar blotches ; cilia brown-grey. Hind wings and their cilia pale smoky brown. Female similar, very slightly larger. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown, with a few whitish costal spots toward the apex. Hind wings smoky white with whiter cilia. Less variable than some other species, yet fhictiiaiing in the depth and distinctness of the markings. CNEPHASID.-E—SCIAPHILA. 271 On the wing in June and July. Larva sluggish, dull dark olive-green, raised dots small, white, each with a black centre carrying a fine hair ; head bright light brown, black at the sides; dorsal plate whitish in front, then black with a waved margin ; anal plate large, round, rough, and black. May and June ; on Flantago, R>unex, Alsine, Ranunculus, Lotui; and other vetches, Chri/santhemvm and other Compo- sites, and, in fact, all kinds of herbaceous plants, feeding on the leaves and especially twisting up tender shoots ; mining the leaves when very young ; rolling itself up if disturbed. Pupa dull black : among any rubbish. This is one of our most abundant species. It hides in hedges, probably every hedge in the country, sits upon fences and the trunks of trees, and inhabits woods in multi- tudes. It is swift in its movements, and the beating stick will turn out actual clouds of specimens to dart to another hiding-place. Apparently abundant throughout the British Isles except the most northern portion, yet plentiful as far north as Perthshire at least. Abroad it inhabits all Central Europe and also CTreece, but its range seems not to extend further. 11. S. abrasana, Hup. — Expanse § inch (15 mm.). Fore wings short and broad, uniform dark olive-grey. Antennte rather long, slender, dark brown ; palpi, head; and thoi'ax dull brown ; abdomen similar, with an ochreous anal tuft. Fore wings short, rather broad; costa arched; apex rounded, smooth, unicolorous dark olive-brown or olive- grey ; cilia of the same colour ; wings without markings. Hind wings and their cilia smoky brown. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown ; of the hind smoky white. On the wing from June to August. Lakva and I'ipa apparently unkuovvn. 272 LEPIDOPTERA. A very rare species in this country and oue of which next to nothing is known. A few specimens, wliich seem to be correct, were taken near Bristol thirty years ago, and others, mostly single specimens, are recorded from Wilts, Dorset, Herefordshire (among Genista tincforia and G. anglica), Lancashire, Durham, and Cumberland. I have no other records. Abroad it is found to inhabit Austria-Hungary. Switzerland, Greece, Asia Minor, and Central Asia. 12. S. nubilana, Huh. — Expanse i to f inch (12-15 mm.) Fore wings short and broad, male unicolorous, dark smoky brown ; female dark grey with black dots and dark bands. Antennse of the male pale brown, dotted with dark brown; palpi, head, and thorax blnckish-brown ; abdomen smoky black, the anal tuft mixed with ochreous. Fore wings short and broad ; costa strongly arched ; apex and hind margin rounded ; smoky black or very dark smok}- brown without markings ; cilia the same. Hind wings and their cilia smoky black. Female stouter, fore wings broad but slightly longer; dark grey, thickly dotted with black, but the basal blotch and central band uniformly brown-black. Hind wings as in the male. Undersides of both wholly sooty-black. On the wing in June and July. Larva active, elongated, light bright green with the in- cisions of the segments whitish ; dorsal internal vessel visibly dark green, divided by a narrower white dorsal line ; head honey-yellow ; dorsal plate green dotted with black ; anal plate green ; legs und prolegs whitish-green. May and the beginning of June ; in the shoots of hawthorn, sometimes also in those of blackthorn and apple ; drawing the leaves together and feeding in the heart ; probably passing the winter in the larva-state, assuming the pupa-state in June in the same habitation. CNEPHASID^E—CHEIMA TOP HI LA. 273 The moth is extremely fond of hiding in a hawthorn hedge, even in the most closely-clipped hedges in the outskirts of towns, and is very active and lively when beaten out, yet quickly hides itself in the same bushes. The male flies of its own accord over the hedges at sunset, the female more towards dusk. Abundant in such hedges in the London suburbs, throughout the South of England, and in the Eastern and Western Counties ; occurring also in the Mid- lauds and to Yorkshire, but, so far as I know, not further north; nor have I any record in Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Abroad it is found throughout Central and South-eastern Europe, in Sweden and Pontus. Genus 1. CHEIMATOPHILA. Antenuaj slender ; palpi very short and small, abdomen hairy ; fore wings of male without the costal fold, of thin texture ; a slender tuft of hair-scales at the base of the hind wings. 1. C. hyemana, i/«&. ; tortricella, 7/»A. 9. — Expanse f inch (18-20 mm.). Fore wings thin, shining, elongated ; male silvery-brown or silvery-white with a broad red-brown central band ; female rather darker, the wings more ovate. Antennas of the male ciliated, dull black ; palpi and head blackish-brown ; thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen short, dark brown, covered with yellowish-white hairs. Fore wings elongated ; costa neatly straight yet curved to the apex which is bluntly rounded ; hind margin very oblique and rather long; silvery-yellowish-white or pale silvery-brown; bas.1l blotch light brown with a darker projecting outer angle; central band broad, bright brown or reddish-brown, its inner margin straight and rather oblique, and the costal portion dotted with creamy-white; before the apex is a pale chestnut costal spot and below some delicate similar curved lines ; cilia dusky drab. Hind wings pale smoky-brown with paler cilia. Fore wings of the female broader and more of a long- VOL. X. s 274 LEPinOPTERA. ovate, pale slate-grey; markings obscurelj- the same grey- brown. Hind wings rather darker. Underside of the fore wings light smokj^ brown; apical and hind-marginal areas dotted with pale yellow. Hind wings smoky white. Usually' not very variable, but in I^embrokeshire male specimens of a lovely creamy-white ground-colour are not rare, flying with normal examples. On the wing in February and Marcli, and in the north in April. Larva rather sluggish, short, and stumpy ; dorsal region dull red, more greenish between the segments and yellowish- white beneath ; raised spots large, white, with a black centre from which arises a small hair; head dull yellowish-brown, dorsal plate similar, with a white front edging and black margins at the sides ; dorsal line distinctly white, and below are fainter subdorsal lines. June and -July; on oak, hawthorn, and lime, living under a turned-down portion of a leaf feeding on the adjacent parts of the leaf. Sorhagen says also on birch, blackthorn, hazel, and hornbeam. Pupa dark red-brown, with double rows of dorsal spikes on each segment, and four upon the cremaster ; in a tough cocoon of earth and silk in the ground. In this condition through the autumn and winter. The male is exceedingly active in the day time, flying briskly in the woods in the sunshine, and giving the country a lively appearance in the earliest spring, but sits quietly on the branches of the trees when the weather is dull; even then it will fly when disturbed if the temperature is not very low. The female is much more sluggish, and when beaten out of a tree usually drops to the ground. Not wholly confined to woods but may sometimes be seen in roads and lanes were oaks are common. At night it may be found, the female CNEPHA Sn).-E^ OLINDIA . 275 especially, sittiug upon the trunks of trees. Comuuni iu woods throughout England and Wales and the Lowlands of Scotland, extending to Perthshire. It is exceeding curious tbat the only record which I cau find for Ireland is at Lambay Island in Dublin Bay. Abroad it occurs throughout Central and Southern Europe, and in Sweden and Livonia. Genus 5. OLINDIA. Autennaa thick, ciliated ; palpi divergent, very small ; fore wings short, without a fold ; hind wings with a slender basal tuft. Sexes dissimilar. We have two species, very different. A. Fore wings white with brown markings in both sexes. — 0. hyhridnna. A". Fore wings black-brown with a central white band; broken in the male. (). idraana. I. O. hybridana,i7'V/(. ; curvifasciana, Stcph. 6 ; recti- fasciana. Haw. ? . Male | inch (15 mm.), female h inch (12 mm.). Fore wings short, ovate, creamy-white with light brown bands, the central band angulated in the male, straight and thickened in the female. Antenuse of the male dark brown ; palpi and head smoky brown ; thorax pale brown, dotted with darker ; abdomen dull brown. Fore wings somewhat ovate, narrow ; costa flatly ai'ched ; apex bluntly rounded ; creamy-white dusted with yellowish-brown ; markings yellow-brown dusted with black ; basal blotch rather small but complete, its margin angulated outwai'dly; central band narrow, nearly perpen- dicular but with faint elbow in the middle ; outside this is a a spot on the dorsal margin, and beyond it a larger blotch or stripe across the apex ; costa spotted with the same colour; cilia white dotted with brown. Hind wings pale smoke- colour ; cilia white. Female stouter but decidedly smaller ; the central band broader, not elbowed, but thickened in the middle. 276 LEPIDOPTERA. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-brown, the margins paler. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing in June and July. Larva and food unknown or uncertain. Mr. A. Thurnall reared a specimen of the moth from a pupa found spun up in a composite flower, but found no evidence as to what the larva had fed on. The late Mr. W. Weston stated that he had " occasionally bred this species from pupte beaten from whitethorn in May."' The moth especially frequents elm bushes growing in hedges, and often is abundant in them ; also sometimes common about blackthorn and other bushes. Easily beaten out of a hedge, but not very active, settling again immedi- ately in the hedge, or at its foot, and often conspicuously visible. Common in such hedges in roads and lanes through- out the South of England to Oxfordshire and in the Eastern and Western counties, and often very plentiful ; apparently not found in a large portion of the Midlands ; re-ap- pearing in Staffordshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland ; and in Scotland in Ayr. Renfrew, and Arran ; but I find no record in Wales. In L-eland it has been taken in Dublin, Down, and Connemara. In consequence of a confusion between this name and albulana, Tr., its range abroad is not definitely known, but it is said to be an inhabitant of South-central Europe and of Bithynia. 2. O. ulmana, Huh. — Expanse, male i inch, female | inch (12-15 nun.). Fore wings rich shining brownish-black with a creamy-white central band, divided in the male, broadly complete in the female. Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, dark brown : palpi, head, and thorax dark olive-brown ; abdomen black-brown. Fore wings somewhat ovate ; costa arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; glossy brownish-black, with faint yellow-brown CNEPHASflh-E—OLLVD/A. 277 marbling ; just before the middle is a creamy white transverse stripe, iisuallj' broken, and just below the fracture broadened out into exterior angles, but it usually reaches the dorsal margin, and sometimes is complete; apical and hind-marginal region faiutlj- marbled with shining blue lines; costa dotted with white ; cilia pale brown. Hind wings smoky black, paler toward the base ; cilia smoky white. Female larger and stouter, the fore wings broader, and the transverse white stripe complete and broadened ; niarblings more distinct ; otherwise similar. Underside of fore wings smoky brown, with two white costal dots and the transverse strijDe of the upper side faintly visible. Hind wings smoky-brown. Usually not vei-y variable, but occasional specimens have the transverse band reduced to a small spot, or to a mush- room-shaped marking, or even obliterated in the male ; while in rare instances the same band is orange coloured or yellow- brown in the female. On the wing at the end of June and in July. Larva apparently undescribed. Dr. Breyer states that it feeds on Ranunculus ficaria in the early spring, folding down a piece of the leaf on the underside as a habitation and gnaw- ing a neighbouring leaf. Schmid says on Galeobdolon luteum, Chrtisosplenixun oppomtifolium, Mcrcurialis pcrennis, Oxalis acetoscUu, and Anemone hepatica, in folded leaf-edges. Other writers instance AquUcgia vulgaris, Vaccinium nujrtillus, and probably low-growing plants generally. The moth however does not prefer to hide among her- baceous f)lants, but frequents bushes, especially of hazel, alder, and blackthorn, and often hides among the dead sticks beneath them or in the hedge-banks of hollow lanes; in yew trees and similar thick cover, aiid is readily to be disturbed, returning at once to the same cover. The male flies in the afternoon sunshine ; the female towards dusk of its own accord. Rather a local species and not abundant, yet 278 LEPIDOPTERA. occurring- in all our southern counties to Osford«liire; also in the Eastern and Western counties to Norfolk, and to West- moreland ; also found in Durham ; but scarcely observed in the Midlands except in Warwickshire and Derbyshire ; and also in Yorkshire. Not observed in Wales, and in Scotland only in the south — Berwickshire, ]\Iidlothian, and the Clyde valley — except a single example in Kincardineshire, and now another taken by Mr. A. E. Gibbs in Perthshire. In Ireland it is recorded in Galway, Mayo, and Down. Abroad it is found throughout the greater portion of Central Europe, Sweden, North Italy, Livonia, and Corsica. Family o. LOZOPERIDiE. Fore wings somewhat trigonate, oblique, and roof-shaped when at rest ; markings disposed parallel with the hind margin ; ocellus of fore wings absent. Genus 1. CONOHYLIS. Antennas short, thick, tapering ; palpi short, blunt, drooping ; fore wings somewhat trigonate with a very narrow even fold along the basal portion of the costa ; hind wings without the basal tuft of hair-scales. 1. C. maculosana, Hav:. — Expanse h inch (12 mm.). Head and thorax black, fore wings white dusted and banded with grey-black, and tipped with chestnut. Antennje of the male thick, densely ciliated, brown-black ; palpi squared ; head rough, and, with the thorax, dull black ; abdomen black, with very slender white rings. Fore wings narrowly trigonate ; costa very narrowly folded from the base and straight ; apex rather suddenly rounded ; hind margin oblique ; white or creamy-white, dusted and clouded with black; central band erect, ill-defined, but broad, black mixed with brown ; apical region clouded with tiny trans- verse stripes of rich brown and black ; cilia white clouded /, OZOPERID.'E— CONCH \ 'LIS. 279 with black-browu. Hind wings Smoky white with white cilia, or else partially white. Female similar but without the costal fold and having the hind wings wholly smoky black. Underside of the fore wings smokj' black with a whitish dash in the discal cell, and another at the anal angle ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings smoky white. Usually not variable but iu certain districts, as, on the coast of Sussex, the I'emales have the thorax and fore wings tinged with rusty red. On the wing in May and early iu -June in the south, in June iu the north, in one generation ouly. Larva white; head pale brown; dorsal and anal plates black ; doi'sal and spiracular lines pale rust-colour and well marked ; below the spiracular are two other rust-coloured lines, the lower one running along the base of the legs and prolegs ; raised dots pale rust-colour. July and the beginning of August; on bluebell {^Agvophis nutans), feeding within a seed-vessel ; usually finding sufficient food in a single capsule, but, if not, removing to another, and concealing the hole of entrance with silk. It leaves the seed-head when full grown, and goes to a piece of rotten or soft wood or a dead oak-gall or dry umbelliferous stem, bores its way in, swallowing the gnawings, and there assumes the pujia state. The moth frequents open vvoodlands where the common bluebell is plentiful, and the male flies swiftly iu the sun- shine, in the morning as well as in the afternoon ; at this time the whiteness of its hind wings and underside gives it a conspicuously white appearance. Often abundant in suit- able places throughout the southern and eastern counties of England, also in Herefordshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lanca- shire, Yorkshire, Durham, and Oumberlaud. In Wales my onh' record is in Pembrokeshire ; in Scotland in the Edin- burgh and Clyde districts, and Aberdeenshire ; and in 28o LEPIDOPTERA. Ireland Howth, near Dublin, and Sligo. Abroad its range seems to be small — Southern France, Northern Germany, and Spain. Genus 2. EUPCECILIA Anteunse faintly notched, rather thick ; palpi short, blunt, drooping, thickly tufted ; face oblique, rather smooth; fore wings trigonate, without fold, roof-like when at rest. Hind wings smooth, not tufted. We have twenty-three species, not easy to tabulate : A. Fore wings white. B. Face white, markings black. E. dvhitmm. B^. Face white, markings rosy brown. E. hyhridella. B"-. Face white, markings dappled with grey. E. pallidana. B^. Face black. E. atricapitana . W. Face white or yellow-white, markings dark brown. E. notulann. A'-. Fore wings rich yellow. C. Central band broad, black. E. ambiguel/a. C^. Central band narrow, black. E. curvistrigana. C^. Central band broad, black-brown. E. gilvicomana. C*. Central band and hind margin red-brown. E. siihroscana. A^. Fore wings pale yellow. C*. Central band broad, grey-bUack. E. nana. C^ Central band narrow, chestnut-brown. E. manniana. C. Central band narrow, ill-defined, grey-brown. E. angvdaiia. A*. Fore wings dull pale ochreous. E. ojfinitana. A^. Fore wings silky pale ochreons. D. Markings shining reddish-brown. E. invusrhUana. D'-. Markings shining chocolate. E. gcymana. A**. Fore wings brownish yellow, markings broad, red-brown E. 7-upicola. A". Fore wings dull olive-bi'o\vn. E. reetisann. A*. Fore wings dull brownish- white with a dark brown central band. E. cdismana. LO/.OPERin.-E—ECPCECILIA. 281 A". Fore wings brilliant crimson, white at the base. E. fliiviciliana. A^". Fore wings brownish-crimson, dull yellow at the base. E. roscana. E. Fore wings brownish-crimson, dull grey at the base E. degreyana. A^'. Fore wings whitish-grey, markings and apex red-brown, E. ciliel/a. F. Fore wings whitish-grey, markings slender, rosy grey. E. implicitana- F-. Fore wings whitish-grey, markings slender, red-brown. E. eri(jerana. 1. E. atricapitana, Stcph. — Expanse | to | inch (12- 16 mm.). Head and thorax black ; fore wings white or pinkish-white, central band grey-black. Antennis notched, ciliated, white, dark beneath : palpi, head, and thorax black or black-brown ; abdomen honey- brown. Fore wings rather broad, oblong, costa nearly straight ; apex rounded ; colonr delicate pink, fading rapidly, even in life, to white ; base clouded with dull black dashes, central band black, narrow, but complete, roughly edged on both sides ; before and beyond it are some small black dots on the dorsal margin ; a slender black undulating stripe from the costa before the apex is followed by other black markings which occupy the apex and cilia. Hind wings smoky white with darker markings and paler cilia. Female stouter, fore wings deeper pink; the hind wings blacker; otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings brown-black with large white costal dots. Hind wings dusky white. Not very variable, but I think that the male has sometimes white fore wings even on emergence from the pupa and that this is not always a result of fading. On the wing in May and June, and as a second generation from the end of July till the beginning of September. Larva short and thick, thickest ton-ards the head and 282 LEPIDOPTERA. rather attciiLiatecl behind, soniewliat wrinkled and exces- sively sluggish ; dull pale yellow, faintlj' tinged with red on the back ; spiracles brown ; head light brown ; plates faiutly brownish, the dorsal plate having a brown bar across its posterior margin; prolegs very small and inconspicuous. July, and a second generation in October, hybernatiiig in the feeding burrow and assuming the pupa-state in the same jjlace in April. On ragwort {^Senccio jacohcea), feeding within the growing stems upon the pith and stopping the growth of the central shoot so that it thickens and bunches its leaves together, while side shoots grow up past it. With us, I believe, on this plant only. Pupa light chestnut, in a cocoon of white silk, in the larval liabitation. The moth sits in the daytime upon ragwort either upon the growing plants or on the old withered stems of the previous year, greatly preferring the sea-coast, though it is not wholly absent from chalky districts, and in some of them even common. The male flies at sunset and the female a little later ; both remain on the wing at night and may be attrncted by a strong light. Both may also lie disturbed and induced to fly by dajr about the food-plant. Moderately common on the coast from Kent to Dorset, and to Norfolk ; also on that of Yorkshire and Durham in the east, and of Somerset, Cheshire, Lancashire, and Westmoi eland in the west, but the only inland counties in which I find it recorded are Surrey and Cambs. Taken fifty years ago in North Wales, and more i-ecently on the Pembrokeshire coast, in numbers. In Scotland recorded from Roxburghshire, the Edinburgh district including Fife, Perthshire, and Dum- bartonshire. In Ireland common on the Dublin coast and near Cork, moderately so near Sligo, and in Antrim and Donegal. Abroad found in France, Holland, North Cermany, Moravia, and Sweden. I.O/.OPERIDM-EUFCECU.IA. 283 2. E. pallidana, Z- //. ; albicapitana, Cuohf. — Expanse f to i inch (10-12 mm.). Face dull wbite; fore wings narrow and rather pointed, white with nnmerous grey clouds and a black central band. Antennae notched, ciliated, dark brown ; palpi white, dark brown beneath; head and front of the thorax creamy white, back of the latter blue-black ; abdomen black-brown barred with dusky white. Fore wings narrowly trigonate, the costa without a fold and very straight ; apex narrowly rounded, almost pointed; white with numerous pale slate-grey clouds; basal blotch spotted on the margins with black and bordered by an angalated shade ; central band suggested by a large blue-black dorsal spot or blotch and a similar median and costal dot ; apical area dotted at the edges and faintly lined with blue-black ; cilia mixed white and black. Hind wings pale smoky brown with paler cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings shining leaden-black with minute whitish costal dots. Hind wings leaden-white. On the wing in June. Larva shoi't and obese, stoutish in the middle, narrower toward the head and tail, beautiful rosy pink with a greenish tinge ; head and dorsal jalate varying from brown to blackish-brown, the latter darkest beliiud; central portion of the anal jjlate of the same colour, spots indistinct, bristles iaconspicuous ; ventral surface yellowish-white tinged with green ; legs and prolegs yellowish-white with a slender black streak in front of each. (Mr. E. R. Bankes.) July and the beginning of August; in the flower- and seed- heads of Jasione montana (sheep-scabious), eating the seeds and hiding itself in the umbel. The moth hides on hill-sides, chalk-slopes, sea-cliffs, and coast sandhills among the sheep-scabious, but concealing itself in thick furze bushes and other close cover ; sometimes flying when disturbed, in the sunshine, but moving iibout briskly and freely at sunset. Almost confined to the coast and there 284 LEPIDOPTERA. rather local. Originally recognised as a good species from specimens taken on the cliffs at the Hill of Howth near Dublin. Previously confounded with E. duhitana. To be found on the coasts of Kent, Sussex, Dorset, and Cornwall, and more inland, on the chalk, in Surrey; also near Yarmouth, Norfolk, in Cheshire, and in the Isle of Man. In Wales in Pembrokeshire ; in Scotland in Ayrshire ; and in Ireland on the Dublin coast, as already remarked, and in Cork and Derry. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe, Piedmont, Sweden, Livouia, and Bithynia. 3. E. dubitana, /r»/).— Expanse § to I inch (10-12 mm.). Face and palpi white ; fore wings white with black markings and apex. Antennre dark brown, thickly ciliated ; palpi and face white or yellowish-white; thorax and abdomen sooty-black. Fore wings rather narrow, the costaand nervures thickened ; creamy-white ; basal blotch small, black ; central band re- presented by a squared dorsal black blotch and a small costal black spot ; costa minutely dotted with black ; apex and hiud margin clouded with blue-black, cilia the same. Hind wings smoky white or jjale smoke-colour, with cilia the same. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky-black, rather glossy ; tip of the costa dotted with white. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing in ^lay and June, and as a second generation in August. Larva not active ; very plump, glossy, with delicate hairs whitish till full fed, then tinged with pink ; head pale chestnut : plates both honey-yellow, the dorsal being divided and also edged behind with black ; raised dots, legs, and prolegs of the colour of the bodj'. When quite young its whitish colour is tinged with grey ; the dorsal vessel darker and the dorsal plate blacker. June and July, and a second generation in September, on LOZOPERW.K—EUPLECILIA. 285 Grcpis tci-tornm^ Hicracium murormn, H. umhrl latum, ISolidaf/o rirgaurea, IScnaio jacoho'.n, and other composite plauts, in the seed heads, eating out the green seeds. Pupa light yellow-browu, spun up in any convenient corner. In confinement spinning freel}' in crushed blotting- pa])er. This pretty species is always somewhat local, yet in favoured spots sometimes abundant: it loves to hide during the day in rough coarse herbage such as among thistles, is particularly attached to railvvaj-banks, and may often be seen buzzing about them close to suburban railway stations in the outskirts of London. Probably sometimes in all our southern counties, but recorded only from Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Somerset, Cornwall ; also Gloucestershire, Oxford- shire, Middlesex, Herts, Essex, Cam bs, Norfolk (abundant^, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland ; but I have no record in Wales, and in Ireland only in Antrim ; in Scotland it is found in the Edinburgh distrint, fretjuents the banks of the Paisiey canal, and is iound in l^erthshire. Abroad it ranges through Northern and Central Europe, Spain, Pied- mont, South-Ea&t Russia, the Caucasus ; and in North America, Nova Scotia. 4. E. hybridella. Hub. ; carduaua, Zell., Hcin. — Ex- panse i to f inch (12-lG mm.). Head white ; fore wings white, marbled with tawny-brown and flushed with pink. Antennee pale brown ; palpi yellow-brown ; head and thorax white ; abdomen pale brown ; legs white. Fore wings bright white with faint pink and tawny cloudings and minute costal dots ; central band represented by nearly erect orange-brown blotch on the dorsal margin, which is edged with black dusting ; opposite to it is a small smoky- black spot on the costa ; before the apex are two or three black dots enveloped in pink and pale brown shading ; cilia light brown mixed with white. Hind wings smoky white. 286 LEPIDOPTERA. margins a little darker ; cilia smoky-white. Female similar but a little darker. Underside of the fore wings light olive-brown, with fine white costal dots. Hind wings smoky white, stippled with slender brown cross lines in front. On the wing from June till August. Larva short and stumpy, thickest in the middle, mode- rately active, very restless and impatient of confinement ; pale pink, more whitish beneath ; internal dorsal vessel visible ; head light brown ; jaws black ; dorsal plate pale yellow, with a line of four dots across it ; anal plate light brown. July, August, and September ; in the flower and seed heads of Pio'is hiemcioides, eating out the green seeds, and when a seed-head is exhausted removing to another, yet without leaving any very obvious traces of its removal. When full fed, which quickly occurs, leaving the seed-head to spin a tough cocoon elsewhere, iu which it remains unchanged through the winter, and until the following May. The names of other composite plants have been given as its food, but I think usually under a misapprehension, yet Mr. A. Thurnall has reared it from the allied Helminthia echioides. Pupa apparently uudescribed. An exceedingly pretty but rather a sluggish species, hiding among its food-plant and other herbage during the day and then unwilling to fly ; also choosing a sheltered spot to hide in. At sunset, however, it is lively enough and flies about freely. Partial to rough, hilly, and rocky ground on chalk, and limestone, hills, and quarries, but decidedly local. To be found in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Isle of VVight, Dorset, Somerset, Essex, Cambs, Gloucestershire, Hereford- shire, Leicestershire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire, though in very restricted localities. In Wales, common in some quarries L 0/.OPERID.t:~EV Pa-ICILIA . 287 in Pembrokeshire. I kuow of no other records in these Islands. Abroad it is comnion in Central and South-East Europe, the north of Spain, Livonia, Armenia, and Asia, Minor. 5. E. ambiguella, Huh. ; ambiguana, Wilh. — Expanse \ inch (12 mm.). Fore wings rich creamy-yellow with a broad black transverse band. Antennee light brown ; palpi and head yellowish-white ; thorax rich yellow, abdomen reddish-brown. Fore wings rather narrow but with the hinder area expanded, and the apex rounded ; costa nearly straight; yellow, clouded with richer cream-yellow, and having a black central band, which is very conspicuous, broad on the costa, narrow on the dorsal margin, edged on both sides with whitish-j-ellow ; cilia creamy-yellow. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female similar with rather darker hind wings. Underside of the fore wings smoky brown, hind margin yellow. Hind wings smoky white with faint cross stippling on the nervures. On the wing at the end of May and in June, in a single generation. Larva plump, sluggish, thickest iu the middle ; dirt\- pale brownish-yellow, dorsal vessel hardly perceptible ; raised dots large, shining, and prominent, slightly darker than the body but apparently without hairs; head and dorsal plate shining jet black ; anal plate light brown ; legs black ; prolegs pale. July and August ; on the berries of Ehammis frmigula (berry-bearing alder), eating out the pulp of the berries, and also the interior portions of the hard seeds. When a berry is exhausted joining it by means of a silken tube to another, and when that is consumed to a third, but sometimes con- tinuing to reside in the original berry. When full-grown leaving this habitation and descending to the ground, where it cuts a portion out of a dead leaf of oak, bracken, or 288 LEPIDOPTERA. perhaps of the food-plant, and fashions it into a rough cell in which to hybernate ; attaching it to the stem of the Bhamnus, or to some other firm object, and therein assuming the pupa-state. The time of this last transformation appears to be variable, but to occur sometime in the winter or spring. Additional food-plants are said to be red currant {Ribcs rubrum) ; snowberry {Syinphoricarp2ts racemosus), in the berries ; and Dianthns carthusianorum, in the seed beads. But a more interesting and extraordinary circumstance is that on the Continent of Europe this species is notorious and universally hated as a vine-pest, and, moreover, as occurring in three generations in the year, the first brood of larvae drawing together and feeding on the vine blossoms, the second on the unripe grapes, and the third on the ripe grapes, which they render disgusting by extruding excrement from the berry. In this country, so far as I know, it has never been known to attack the vine, neither has any instance of its producing more than one brood in the season been observed. Sorhagen gives, as additional food plants, the flower shoots and berries of ivy, lilac, dogwood, guelder-rose, maple, privet, and honeysuckle ; the first brood assuming the pupa-state in a white cocoon in the flower spike, the second generation on the bark of a branch or among the bast with which it is tied up. Pupa apparently undescribed. The moth with us passes the day in the bushes of Rhamnus frangula, and if beaten out or otherwise disturbed flies vigorously away ; at sunset it buzzes about over the bushes and settles upon the blossoms and is very easily captured. An exceedingly local and somewhat rare species in this country. My own captures and observations were made in the woods around Haslemere, Surrey ; many years later the confirmatory observations of Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher in the New Forest, Hants ; other localities are in Kent, Sussex, Dorset, in England, and in Wales Llantrissant, LOZOPERID.-E—EUPCECILIA. 2S9 Glamcrganshife. This appears to be the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is found all over Europe except the coldest regions, and in Asia Minor, India, and Japan. 6. E. angustana, Tr. ; cruentana, Frol. 1 — Expanse \ to f inch (10-16 mm.). Hind and fore wings creamy-yellow or creamy-white, dappled with yellow-grey ; central band narrow, roughly defined. Antennae whitish-brown ; palpi and head creamy-white ; thorax light brown ; abdomen dark brown ; anal tuft white. Fore wings elongated, not broad ; costa rather straight, apex blantly angulated ; creamy-white sprinkled witli cloudlets of creamy-yellow; central band erect, ill-defined, blue-black mixed with olive-brown; hind-marginal area, cilia, and apex clouded with the same. Hind wings white with a smoky edging ; cilia white. Female similar, with smoky-brown hind wings. Underside of the fore wings dark smoky brown with j^ellowish streaks along the costa. Hind wings smoky white. A smaller and whiter form, which appears in August, is known as a second generation, but it occurs in localities quite distinct from those of the first. In the Shetland Isles is found a very pretty form, of this species certaiahj, yet looking exceedingly distinct — its fore wings tawny-red or tawny-brown, rather darker in the middle, this darker shade preceded and followed by whiter spaces, but usually without any distinct markings — is known as var. thulcana, and was described as a distinct species in the year 1880. Intermediate specimens connect it with the present species. On the wing in June and the beginning of July, and, as a distinct emergence, in August. Larva " thick, short, and stumpy, of a reddish-white or flesh colour ; very active and apt to Wi-iggle out and drop to VOL. .X. T 290 LEPJDOP VERA . the t^round " when the flower-head is cut. Oti common yarrow (^AchiUca niillc/olium), growing by the side of a cornfield and a long way from any heath (Rev. H. Bnrney). The late Mi'. J. Wilkinson of Scarborough says : '• I bred it freely fi'om seed-heads of riantayo major, F. laiweolata, and P. mnritima ; the larva is of a deep pink tinge and remains in the seed-heads through the winter, changing to pupfe in ^larch or April. Gartner says "Not unlike that of Dxhit/ni't, the anterior edge of the dorsal plate not whitish but dark brown like the head ; the raised dots not so distinct. In August among the seeds of Plantayo media in an ascending web." Schmid says in the flowers of Orif/ani'vi and Achillea, Pita short, shining dark brown. (Gartner.) It will be seen that although the moth is sufficiently common, very little is really known about its larva and history. The above slight details are preserved here in the hope that the whole subject may soon be fully dealt with. There is nothing as yet showing the faintest connection Tjetween the larger, richly-coloured form which appears in June, is not too plentiful, and inhabits the borders of woods, open woody places, meadows, hill-sides, and even occasionally road-sides, but not heaths, and the smaller and whiter form, which in August makes its appearance on all extensive heaths, swarming among and sitting upon the heath, and flying over it late in the afternoon in multitudes, yet never showing itself in the ordinary haunts of the June form. It is therefore difficult to imagine the August form to be the produce of that emerging in June and rice versa. Yet between these no distinctive character can be found, unless size is to be reckoned on. And of the larva, all the information in hand seems to refer to the June form, while the food-plant and habits of the other remain a mystery. There seems here, at present, to be a dilemma. Do two species exist, single brooded, and emerging at different periods, but pos- sessing no distinctive characters ? Or is this a case of L ( )ZOPERID.-E—E UPUiCILlA . 291 separate races of a single species, emerging at diflerent times, and altogetlier disconnected ? The existing records do not separate the two forms, but in their separate suitable localities one or both are found throughout the British Isles, abundantly in the South and elsewhere, even to Shetland, the Hebrides, and the Orkneys. Abroad common in Central Europe, Northern Italy, Sweden, and Bithynia. ^ 7. E. curvistrigana, If 7//.. —Expanse J inch (12 mm.). Fore wings broad and rounded deep yellow with orange- yellow clouding, and a cnnrd black central band. Antennas brown; palpi and head yellow-brown; thorax orange-brown ; abdomen yellow-brown. Fore wings some- what ovate, the apex much rounded and the costa arched ; yellow, thickly clouded with orange-yellow; central band broad, black, its inner margin decidedly curved, the hollow side lying toward the base of the wing, otherwise nearly perpendicular, but its colour extended along the costa toward the base ; apical area filled by an oblique orange- brown cloud, and beyond this with black dusting ; cilia also dusted with black. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings dark smoky brown with a few yellow costal dots near the apex. Hind wings smoky white dusted with brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva not active, short and stumpy, thickest in the middle ; pale yellowish pink, with a grey internal dorsal vessel ; hairs very delicate ; spiracles pink ; head light brown ; eyes and jaws blackish ; plates pale umber. August and September; in the flowers of golden-rod (Solidm/o virgaurm) eating out the unripe seeds, and passing from flower to flower, sometimes uniting them slightly with silk, spinning up among rubbish in the ground and remaining unchanged within the cocoon when full grown till the following May or -June. Abroad feeding also in the flowers and seeds of Prenaiithes muralis. 292 LEPIDOPTERA. The moth hides (.luring the day among thick herbage, and especially in furze bushes growing among the golden-rud. whence it may be beaten out, but is unwilling to fly, and quickly scrambles back into its shelter, or else falls to the ground and hides under any rubbish. At sunset it flies of its own accord, but always seems rather scarce. It frequents woody places and hills where its food-plant is common, even sometimes quite to the sea-shore, yet is local, and seems only to have been here recognised in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Herefordshire, and Cambridgeshire ; and in Wales in Pembrokeshire. Abroad its range is known to extend through Southern France, Germany, Austria, Livonia, and South Sweden. 8. E. gilvicomana, Zcll. — Expanse \ inch (12 mm.). Head yellow ; fore wings pale yellow, with a broad, blackish, central band, and a similar band along the hind margin. Antenna3 ciliated, dull brown ; palpi, head, and thorax pale yellow ; abdomen black-brown. Fore wings slightly trigonate ; but costa arched and apex blunt ; hind margin rounded ; pale yellow, dappled with deeper yellow ; central band broad, ill-defined, erect, black-brown dappled with deep black ; apical and hind marginal area occupied by a large similar ovate blotch ; cilia grey. Hind wings, with their cilia, smoky black. Female similar. Undersides of all the wings dark smoke-colour. On the wing in June and July. Larva according to Heinemann upon Chcnopodhim — apparently not described. Sorhagen says upon Laj^sana and Prcnanthes ini.rpurec and P. imirolis. A considerable number of specimens of this pretty species were taken in the year 1879 by the late Mr. F. 0. Standish. it is supposed in Gloucestershire where he then resided, but no indication was given by him of their locality, he merely LOZOPERIDyE—EUPCECIL/A. 293 stating tliat he had captured them while flying over mixed herbage and grass. From his decease in the following year all hope of information on this point seems to have dis- appeared, and so far as I know no more specimens have been found here ; but there is, I think, no suspicion of the genuineness of the large number obtained by him, and now scattered into many collections. Abroad it is an inhabitant of Southern France, Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, South Sweden, and Livonia. 9. E. notulana, Zill. — Expanse § to i inch. (0-12 mm.). Head snow-white ; fore wings white with a broad brown central band, faintly curved. Antennae pale brown ; palpi and head snow-white ; thorax brownish-white ; abdomen pale brown. Fore wings short, rather broad behind ; costa arched ; apex squared ; white, faintly dusted with olive-brown ; central band broad, irre- gular, ill-defined, slightly oblique and curved, dark brown ; beyond it are some pale olive-brown clouds, the largest of which unites with a pale olive-brown stripe across the apical area ; cilia dusky white. Hind wings and their cilia brownish-white. Female similar, rather larger Underside of the fore wings shining brown ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings smoky white. There is variation in the colour of the central baud, which sometimes is of a very rich velvety brown, while in other specimens its dark colouring is almost obliterated, or partially so, leaving dark spots or a partial band. On the wing in June and July. Larva smooth, stout, nearly cylindrical, but with the segments slightly swollen in front ; inactive, naked, pale yellowish-green, greener when young ; dorsal vessel visibly brownish ; raised dots indistinct, grey ; head and the divided dorsal plate shining black ; anal segment and plate pale brown. September and October ; in stems of Mentlia hirsuta and 294 LEPIDOPTERA. Liicoppscurojxxns, entering at a joint and eating out the pitli, working upwards and leaving the lower portion of the burrow tightly i^acked with excrement. Hibernating within the stem and generally spining up therein, but occasionally deserting it. Mr. H. Doubleday reared a number of speci- mens from stems of Inula (Ji/scntcrica, yet it ordinarily seems to neglect this plant. Sorhagen instances additional food- plants — Mentha si/lvcstri.% M. aquatica, M. palustris. PfPA delicate light brown, not glossy, segments faintly double-ridged with minute bristles ; cremaster short and blunt and rounded oft, furnished with three minute points. In a slight, silk-lined cocoon among the solid frass in the stem. A verj- sluggish species, hiding among its food-plants, and if disturbed usually dropping ijuietly down among the grass or lower herbage and rarely flying except on very favourable — that is warm and still — evenings, when it will fly from 6 P.M. to sunset quietlj^ very near the ground, always keeping close to these plants. Sometimes plentiful in the fens of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, though so seldom seen ; also about ditches or marshy places in Kent, Hants with the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, Essex, Suffolk, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Cheshire. I know of no other localities in these Islands. Abroad it is known to occur in Germany and Italy and in Norway. It is an obscure species, and, I think, a source of much confusion. 10. E. manniana, F.-Il. ; luridana, Gvegson. — Ex- panse I inch (10 mm.). Fore wings pale yellow with a narrow chestnut-brown central band, sometimes forked at the costa. Antennas pale brown, ciliated with minute white bristles ; palpi and head creamy-white ; thorax j'ellow-brown, abdomen pale brown. Fore wings short and rather blunt ; costa but little arched ; creamy-white or pale yellow ; basal blotch LOZOPERID^—EUPCECHJA. 295 visible as a faint reddish cloud ; central band oblique and faintly curved, sharply defined, chestnut-brown or orange- brown ; outside it is a faint, similar dorsal triangle, and beyond a distinct orange-brown costal spot, which throws off a faint stripe across the apex of the wing ; cilia yellowish- white. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown, more yellow along the costa. Hind wings glossy white. On the wing from the end of May to the beginning of July. Larva. I think that this is still quite unknown. The larva described under this name by Steudel is, in my opinion, that of E. alismana; that by v. Heyden, E. notulana. The species reared from Butonius vymhellahis by Dr. Rosenhauer still seems uncertain, but the present species shows no indication whatever of connection with that plant. A rare species in this country, and one of which little is known. Several specimens were taken in Westmoreland in the year 1869 by Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson, and named, by Mr. C. S. Gregson, Argi/rolepia luridnna; in 1874 the species was found, not very rarely, by Mr. E. Meyrick, about Hungerford, Wilts. Mr. Me3'rick found it about dry places — in a wood-drive; on a common ; about flowery banks, and at light at night — also noticed to rest upon Ccntaurea, though a subsequent search upon this plant revealed no trace of a larva. Casual specimens have occurred in Surrey, Sussex, Dorset, and Devon, and also in Durham, but I know of no other records in these Islands. Abroad it is reported to be found through Central and South-East Europe, Italy, and Central and Western Asia. 11. E. mussehliana, Tr. — Expanse | to h inch (9-12 mm.). Head yellowish-white; forewings very silky, pale sgfi LEPIDOPTERA. ochreous with oblique reddish-brown central band and apical area. Antennas ciliated, whitish-brown ; pal]ii and head 3'ellowish-white ; thorax yellow-brown ; abdomen brown. Fore wings rather narrow and very glossy. Costa straight ; apes squarely angulated ; hind margin rather expanded ; yellowish-white or silvery-white ; basal blotch suggested by two small faintly brown clouds ; central band very oblique, rather narrow but complete, pale reddish-brown ; area beyond much clouded with the same colour ; cilia pale yellow. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female verjr similar, a little larger, with hind wings and their cilia smoky grey. Underside of fore wings glistening, smoky yellow-brown. Hind wings smoky white. May and June, and a second generation in July and August. Larv.a. The history of this larva is involved in obscurity. Herr Kaltenbach stated that he had reared the present species from Sagittaria sajjittifulia ; and Herr von Stange that he had reared it from BiUomus icmbellatus. It is reasonable to conclude that the same species might feed on these closely allied plants, but what species that is I have no idea. Neither plant occurred in the district of South Wales in which I found the moth, nor is the latter known even to have occurred in any place suitable for the growth of these water-plants. Professor Zeller suggested Liiiurii catharticum, which certainly was common enough in the district ; but abundant and frequent examination of the plant, including its seed capsules, produced no result. The statement that it has been reared from Alisma probably refers to E. alismana (this has been proved by examination of specimens) ; and that which refers it to Pediculnris palustris anve\j belongs to the closely allied E. gcijcriana. This species occurs in rough poor pastures on moderate LOZOPERID.-E—EUPCECIL/A. 297 slopes of hill sides, where the herbage is short, and thin, and grass very poor, often among scattered fleabana and small sedges, the clay soil retaining moisture enough to allow tliem to live. Here it hides among the shortest herbage, settling near the ground on the grass, dwarf Carcx, Genista tindoria, and other plants quite indifferently ; if disturbed by the footstep in the sunshine it will start up and fly a short distance, but at sunset it is lively and flies freely. The original captures of this species with us seem to have been by Weaver, in Devon, but of these I find no direct record, and the species was supposed to have been lost, when I discovered it in Pembrokeshire. After that it was found in Kent; and by Mr. N. M. Richardson in Carmarthenshire ; and Mr. Kuss, of Sligo, Ireland, captured five specimens in a moist field close to his house. This is the extent of our knowledge of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is widely distributed over Central and Northern Germany, the North of Italy and of Spain, Austriji. Hungary, North-west Russiii, Sweden and Asia Elinor. 12. E. geyeriana, if.-,S'.— Expanse g to ^ in. (9-12 mm.). Head pale yellowish-brown ; fore wings silky or silvery pale ochreous, with chocolate-brown markings. Antennaj ciliated, brown ; palpi and head brownish- yellow ; abdomen pale grey brown. Fore wings rather narrow, especially so at the base ; apex and hind margin rounded ; silvery pale ochreous, shining ; near the base is a large dull ochreous cloud ; central band a little oblique, broad, sharply defined, red-brown or chocolate-brown, which often throws off a streak toward the apex ; beyond it is a similar triangular dorsal spot, and a large cloud filling the apical and hind marginal area, except a narrow pale streak across the apex ; cilia pale yellow-brown. Hind wings, with their cilia, pale smoky brown. Female similar, but a little darker. Underside of the fore wings dark smoky brown ; costa 298 LEPIDOPTERA. dotted with yellow ; cilia pale yellow. Hind wings smoky white. Variable in size and in the depth of colour of the chocolate markings. On the wing in May and June, and, as a second generation, in July and August. Larva stumpy, sluggish ; head polished, dark greyish- brown, nearly black, with a reddish tinge about the jaws ; dorsal plate, like the head, mottled with a lighter shade of the same colour; dorsal line light brown; colour light grey- brown, dorsal vessel rather darker brown ; raised dots large and conspicuous, black-brown, becoming lighter behind, each with a black centre, from which springs an incon- spicuous hair ; legs dark greyish-brown ; edges of spiracles black ; prolegs of the ground colour with black hooklets, (N. M. Richardson.) July and August on Pcdicvlarh palusiris, feeding upon the seeds and seed-capsules. Pupa in a rather substantial cocoon of white silk, on or just beneath the surface of the earth. The moth hides during the day in thick herbage about the patches of Pcdicufaris, in fens and the wette.st parts of boggy heaths, and is difficult to disturb, hiding closely in the undergrowth ; but on warm still evenings it will flit quietly about the large plants of the red-rattle for a few minutes. It is very shy and consequently but little known. Common in suitable spots in the fens of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire and on the boggy heaths of Dorset. But it must surely be more generally distributed, since Mrs. A. Fraser showed me some years ago a specimen which she had taken in a swampy spot on the bank of the river Leith in Scotland. Its range abroad is very little known, but seems to include North Germanv and Livonia. LOZi >PF.RID^E—EUPa-:CILIA. 299 13. E. alismana. llnijonot; udana, G-n.?\ griseana, Hav.! — Expanse § to h inch (9-12 mm.). Head brownish white ; fore wings rather broad, blunt, dull brownish-white with an umbreous central band. Antenna; dull purplish-brown ; palpi and head dull ochreous ; thorax cloudy ochreous; abdomen grey-brown. Fore wings broad, rather blunt ; costa nearly straight ; ajie.x squared ; pale olive-ochreousor brownish-white much dap])led with faintly darker clouds ; one of these appears as a sharply angulated basal blotch ; central band moderately broad, not very oblique, dull olive-brown ; towards the apex is a small similar costal spot — or two dots — attached to olive-ochreous clouds ; cilia dull pale-ochreous. Hind wings smokj- purplish-brown, cilia pale. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings dark smoky brown ; costa dotted with yellow ; cilia pale yellow. Hind wings smoky- white. Variable in size, otherwise pretty constant. On the wing from June till August, in a single generation emerging at intervals for three months. Larva moderately plumjD and rather thickest in the middle ; dull yellowish-pink, or pinkish-brown, greyer towards the head ; dorsal line faintly greyish-brown ; raised dots shining, hardly visible ; hairs very minute ; head and divided dorsal plate brightly black-brown ; and plate pale brown. September and October, on Alismu planttujo; feeding within the flower stem, down into the main stem of the i^lant, eating the pith and leaving its frass scattered irregularly along the burrow. Here it spins a slight cocoon of grey silk, after gnawing the stem nearly through for emergence and completes its transformation within the burrow. PrPA slender ; wing and limb covers shining pitchy- brown ; abdomen more dull brown; segments with rows of 300 LEPIDOPTERA. line bristles ; cremaster blunt and flattened, bristling with hooked hairs. The moth is not very active ; it hides by day among Alisma (water plantain) and neighbouring herbage, but as this frequently grows in water it must fly when disturbed. Like its allies it is briskly upon the wing at sunset. Some- what common in fens and wet ditches, and about ponds in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex, Dorset, Cornwall, Somer- set, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Lancashire, and probably in manj inter- mediate counties. In Wales in Pembrokeshire rarely, but I have no records for other portions of these Islands. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, but the confusion of records and of names is somewhat serious, and interferes with any definite knowledge of its distribution. 14.. E. vectisana, Wcstvj. Expanse |- inch (lO mm.). Head yellow-brown; fore wings pale or dark olive-brown with a dull deeper brown central band, often obscured. AntenntB ciliated, dark lead -brown ; palpi and head pale ochreous ; thorax brown ; abdomen dark brown with an ochreous anal tuft. Fore wings narrow and small with a rather rounded apex ; usually dark olive-brown without definite markings, but in paler sjiecimeus pale-olive or bi-ownish-white, with a faint!}' curved and rather even central band which is erect, diffused, and dusted, olive- brown; all the ai'ea beyond reticulated with olive-brown lines ; cilia brownish-white. Hind wings purplish-brown with rather pale cilia. Female in both varieties similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown ; of hind wings smoky white. The insect described above, as dark olive-brown without definite markings, is the usual form in these Islands ; the paler and more distinctly marked variety (which with us is found more particularly in Wicken fen, Cambridgeshire, agrees well with Continental examples, which however used LOZOPERID/E—EUPCECILIA. 301 to be considered a small variety of E. (leiicriana. Of this variety some large examples, well marked, and obtained hj Mr. Eustace Bankes, seem to be identical with the specimens which still exist in the Collection of the late J. F. Stephens in the British Museum under the name oi griseana. That it is the original (jriscana of Haworth is perhaps less certain. On the wing in May and June, and as a second generation in July and August. LARV.i. Head polished, brownish-amber ; ocelli black, polished; dorsal plate shiny greenish-amber; body stout in the middle, narrower at each extremity, pale apple-green, lightly tinged on the back with pink ; dorsal vessel visible as a darker dorsal line ; raised dots black, polished, very small ; anal plate pale greenish-amber ; hairs short and inconspicuous ; legs pale amber, prolegs pale apple-green. (E. R. Bankes, condensed.) June and September on Triglochin maritivuun, burrowing into the shoots just above the crown of the plant ; eating out the pith, working downward and sometimes burrowing into the crown itself ; moving readily from shoot to shoot. This larva appears to have been first found on the Durham coast before 1869, but the food-plant was then mistaken for Plantago maritima. Pita short and stout ; head and thoracic segments smooth, polished, dark orange-brown ; wing and limb covers brownish-ochreous ; abdominal segments dull, but of the same colour; cremaster furnished with recurved spikelets. (E. E. Bankes, condensed.) This species with us usually inhabits salt marshes on the coast, and often is, in them, exceedingly abundant. It hides among the short herbage close to the ground and can scarcely be induced to take wing in the daytime ; but at sunset and through the dusk is, in mild evenings, on the wing in multitudes. 1 have not met with it inland, but 302 LEPIDOPTERA. have no doubt tliat, its habits in fens and marshes are quite similar. There can be little or no doubt that in these situations — as in Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, Hackney Marshes, and Doncaster — its larva feeds in the shoots of Trigloclmi palustre. Probably to be found in every salt marsh on the English and Welsh coast ; recorded from the Isle of Wight and Devon to Lancashire and Durham, and in i*embrokeshire, but 1 find no record in Scotland or Ireland ; and abroad onlj' in Holland and Germany. 15. E. affinitana, Jhn;//. ; canceUana, Zdl. Expanse X inch (12 mm.). Head, thorax, and fore wings pale ochreous ; central band oblique, incomplete, very narrow, reddish-ochreous. Antennse strongly ciliated, pale brown ; palpi and head creamy-white; thorax pale buff; abdomen brown, the anal tuft paler. Fore wings elongated, rather narrow ; costa gently arched, apex bluntly rounded, hind margin oblique ; pale buff or pale ochreous with faint silvery clouding ; central band narrow, oblique, well defined near the dorsal margin but faint or broken near the costa, reddish ochreous ; towards the apex and hind margin are a few dots of the same ; cilia bulf. Hind wings with their cilia smoky brown. Female very similar but sometimes rather darker in colour. Underside of the fore wings olive-brown, with dull yellow dashes on the costa. Hind wings smoky white. Usually not variable, but occasional specimens have a somewhat more leaden tinge. On the wing in May and June and as a partial second generation in July and August. Larva stumpy, sluggish, dirty white, faintly tinged on the back with grey, through which the dorsal line is per- ceptible ; spiracular line also faintly grey ; head brown ; dorsal plate black ; anal plate pale brown. July and September on Asier tripoliuni, feeding in the LOZOPERID.E—El 'PlECIIJA. 303 flowers and seed heads ; liybernating and pupating in the stems. Before the flowers appear it lias been known to feed on the leaves, living under turned down edges. This species is attached to salt marshes where Aster tripolium is common, and favours specially certain spots of small extent ; hiding during the day close to the ground, but starting up and flying sharply away, if disturbed during bright sunshine. Occasionally, however, it may be found actively on the wing, without apparent cause, in the afternoon, but its usual time of natural flight is about sunset, when it flits quietly about near the ground in its favourite haunts. Probably this species occurs, like the last, in all coast salt marshes of any extent, but usually in much smaller numbers ; it, however, is recorded only in those of Kent, Sussex, the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Somerset, Essex, Suffolk, Lancashire and Durham ; and in Wales in Pembrokeshire. I find no further records in these Islands. Abroad it is known to inhabit the South of France, German^-, and Sicily. 16. E. rupicola, Curt.; i)halcrat.cuia, H.-S. — Expanse ^ inch (12-14 mm.). Fore wings broad, obtuse, yellow-drab at the base, red-brown behind, and having a red-brown central band. Antenna; thickly ciliated, brown ; palpi, head, and thorax dull yellow-brown ; abdomen dark brown. Fore wings short and broad, very blunt behind ; costa very slightly arched ; apex rounded; hind margin almost perpendicular; yellow- drab or pale brownish-drab ; central band nearly erect, bj'oad and clubbed, dull red-brown ; beyond it almost the entire hinder area is filled, except along the costa, with red- brown ; cilia dull drab. Hind wings broad, black -brown; cilia smoky-white. Female very similar, a little larger and stouter. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown ; of hind wings smoky white. Variable in the ground colour of the wings, from presence 304 L EPID OP TERA . or aljsence of clavker clouding; or from tlie deptli of colour of the apical cloud and its extension qnite to tlie central band, or becoming intensified to dark brown or even black- brown. On the wing from June till August, in a single generation. Larva apparently undescribed. It is believed to feed on the flowers of Eupatormni caimabiiium in September, and on becoming full-fed to descend to the ground and spin up in a short broken bit of the old stem of this plant. A number of such broken pieces picked from the ground by Mr. W. Warren furnished him with numerous larvae, many of them ichneumoned, but some living, from wliich he reared the moths. The moth hides during the day in the clumps of Uupatorium, and if disturbed falls down, unless the sunshine is bright aud warm, in which case it will fly a short distance. In a particularly warm tituation it will occa- sionally fly of its own accord in the afternoon sunshine, and at sunset it becomes lively and buzzes about among its food- plants, but from the roughness of the latter it quickly becomes worn, and loses all its beauty. In southern and eastern districts it inhabits fens and marshes, but in the moist climate of the west, where the hemp agrimony grows in the hedges, the moth is often to be found in lanes and waysides. To be found in almost, or quite, all our Southern and Eastern counties ; and in Gloucestershire, Hereford- shire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire. Cheshire, Lancashire, South Durham and Westmoreland; and in Wales commonly in Pembrokeshire ; but I have no further records in the United Kingdom. Abroad it inhabits a great part of Central and Southern Europe and Livonia. 17. E. roseana, Hni'-. — Expanse h inch (12 mm.). Head white, fore wings brownish-crimson witli the basal ."irea dull yellow ; central band slender, rosy-brown. LOZOPERID^—EUPtECILIA. 305 Anteuure light broivo ; palpi and head white ; thorax white, dusted with rose-pink ; abdomen gre_y-brown. Fore wings narrowly trigonate, costa nearlj- straight ; hind margin very oblique, sharply angulated ; bright rose-pink or brownish-crimson, dappled or shaded with dull yellow in the basal area ; central band pinkish-tawny, narrow, and not attaining the costa ; anal angle and cilia dappled with tawny. Hind wings and their cilia smoky-white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown ; costa tinged with pink ; cilia white, tipped with pink and dusky-brown. Hind wings smoky-white. On the wing in May and the beginning of June and in another generation in July and August. Larva short, plumj:), and lively ; pale green mottled with dirty white, especially between the segments ; head brown, jaws blackish ; dorsal plate green with a narrow black bar across the front ; anal plate pale green. September to November, and possibly another brood in June, though this does not seem to be established ; in the flowers and seed heads of Dipsacus s;/lvestns (teazle), eating transversely through the seeds, devouring their interior, and forming a tough silken tunnel from seed to seed through the membranous divisions of the seed-head, but never entering the central chamber. Plpa light ; bright ovange-brown ; wing and limb covers brightly shining, abdomen thickly set with fine short bristles, anal segment bluntly rounded. In a tough cocoon in the seed-head of Dipsacus in which the larva has fed ; the moth emerging at the side, among the bristly points. This beautiful little species abounds where teazles grow plentifully in chalky ground or in any calcareous soil, and gives the place a very lively appearance as they dance over VOL. X. u 306 LEPIDOPTERA. the plantK in the afteruoou sunshine. At other times they sit on the same or neighbouring plants, but are easily disturbed. Mr. H. F. Fryer jjoints out a remarkable provi- sion for their security, in the circumstance that each moth as it sits upon one of the spines of the teazle head pre- cisely resembles the inner part of the spinous receptacle in its brilliaut pink colour. Mr. C. W. Watts tells us in addi- tion that it loves to settle on the fading leaves of Hypericum which have reached the same bright colour. Formerlj* common in the Hammersmith Marshes, which are now part of London and covered with houses ; to be found and often abundantly in all the extreme southern counties of England except Cornwall, and in Essex, Herts, Cambs., Leicester- shire, Derbyshire and Lancashire. Probably this is the full extent of its range in these Islands, but there is a record, which requires confirmation, at Sligo in Ireland. Abroad it is spread over the greater part of Central Europe, the North of Spain, the mountains of Italy, and of the Taurun, and in Finland. 18. E. degreyana, Mc LachJ. — Expanse J inch (12 mm.). Head white or rosy-white ; fore wings crimson-grey ; greyish- white at the base. Antenna3 simple, brown ; palpi pale brown ; head and thorax white or rosy- white : abdomen dark brown ; anal tuft yellovrish-white. Fore wings elongate and narrowly trigonate ; basal portion ijreyish-white or rosj'-white ;; central band slender, rather constricted, very oblique, tawny or red-brown, attaining the subcostal nervure ; costa and apical area brighter ro.?y ; cilia tawny. Hind wings and their cilia white or smoky-white. Female similar, but the hind wings and their cilia pale smoke-colour. Underside of the fore wings shining leaden-black, cilia tawny. Hind wings white. On the wing in May and June, and in a second generation in July and August, but it is not certainly ascertained LOZOPERIDyE—EUP(EC/L/A. 307 whether specimens found at the end of August constitute a third generation, or are only late examples of the second. Lakva active, pale yellow ; head brown ; dorsal plate pale yellow like the body, but with two black or brown spots on the hinder edge ; anal plate imperceptible ; raised dots small and obscure. (W. Warren.) June, July, August and September, in the seed capsules ot' Liiiaria vnUjaris. (W. Warren). But Lord Walsingham has more than once reared this species from seed-heads of Plantarjo lanccolata, among which the moth usually flies ; on the other hand Mr. E. A. Atmore confirms Mr. Warren, and has reared a lot of fine specimens from Lliiaria flowers. To heighten the difliculty it appears that the larva on Linaria leaves the seed capsule and enters the ground to pupate ; while that on Plantago lanceolata spins up and becomes a pupa in the seed-head. Lord Walsingham says, " In this neighbourhood the insect may be relied upon to appear within three years after any piece of heath or cultivated land in the light sandy soil has been broken up and enclosed, whether planted with trees or left unculti- vated. It continues to frequent such places for three years or more, but disappears when the vegetation becomes thicker, even before the Plantago has been completely smothered out. It flies just before sunset, and there are certainly two distinct broods, roughly speaking one in the first week in June, the other the first week in August. I have met with specimens which I could not separate as belonging to any distinct species among patches of Linaria, as well as at a distance from any Linaria, but whenever I have found it among Linaria, Plantago has always been present in some abundance." My own experience of the insect coincides closely ; but though I have often searched for the larva on Plantago it has always been without success. I have, however, often seen the moth settle upon this plant, always placing itself across the spikes. Its flight before 3o8 LEPinOPTERA. sunset is continued into the night, since it comes occasionally to light. This species was not recognised as distinct till the year 1868, when it was described by Mr. E. ]\IcLachlan from specimens collected in Norfolk by Lord Walsingham (then the Hon. Thomas de Grey), after whom it was named. It continues to be locally common, though sporadic, in the light lands of Norfolk and the adjoining counties of Suffolk and Cambridge, and has been taken in Somerset. This is, I think, the extent of its known range in these Islands, and it does not seem to have been recognised abroad. 10. E. flaviciliana, Wilh. — Expanse \ tofW inch (12-11. ram.). Head and base of forewings white ; central band dark crimson, outer area brilliant rose-pink. Antennfe white above, pale brown beneath ; palpi, head, and thorax creamy white, with a faint pink tinge ; abdomen whitish brovyn. Forewings elongated and rather pointed, costa nearly straight ; apex sharply rounded, elongated ; hind margin rather full; base white except a pink tinge toward the costa, dorsal region white ; central band narrow oblique, dark crimson losing itself toward the costa in a large rose-pink cloud of great brilliancy, which occupies the rest of the wing to the apex and anal angle ; cilia orange- brown. Hind wings, and their cilia, smoky white. Female similar, but with hind wings a little darker. Underside of the forewings smoky brown ; costa and hinder cilia tawny. Hind wings smokj* white. On the wing in July and the beginning of August. Larva plump but active, of varying colour, sometimes wholly dull green, or green with more or less of a pinkish tinge, reddish-brown, or dirty brown ; the head and plates brown. When young blackish-brown, with a black head. August to October in the flower and seed-heads of KnmUia arvensis (field scabious) feeding on the seeds, mating out the insides of one seed-vessel and then passing to LOZOPERIDM—EUPCECILIA. 309 another, spinning several together and living therein. But occasionall}-, by the hastj' contraction of the shell of the seed-vessel a larva, gets caught and killed. When full-fed leaving these seed-heads and spining up among rubbish- (W. Warren.) The moth tlies at sunset about the scabious, but is exceed- ingly local and seldom found away from chalky soils, nor very often seen by day. Oar records are on the chalk hills of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, with the Isle of Wight, Essex and Oxfordshire. Except that I found it myself very rarely in Pembrokeshire I know of no other locality for it in the United Kingdom ; and abroad it seems to be unknown, or entirely overlooked, for Heinemann treats its name as a synonym of E. cpilinana, a very different species. Probably it and E. dcgreijana are passed by as varieties of E. ruscaiut, yet from the brilliancy of its white and rose-pink colour it is difficult to understand how this can be the case. 20. E. subroseana, Hav\ — Expanse i to § inch (12-16 mm.). Head and fore wings j^ellowish -white, central band and hinder area red-brown. AntennEe dark brown ; palpi, head and thorax creamy yellow ; abdomen black-brown. Fore wings rather broad, or somewhat ovate ; the costa very slightlj' arched, and the apex and hind margin rounded ; basal area yellowish-white tinged on the costa with olive-brown; central band nearly erect but curved a little outwards, red-brown or orange- brown ; beyond, with a small yellow-white interval, is a minute red-brown dorsal spot ; beyond this the whole area is thickly dusted with red-brown forming a cloud which fills the apical space to the anal angle, except that on the costa are yellow dots ; cilia reddish-brown. Hind wings smoke colour with paler cilia. Female similar. Undersides of fore and hind wings dull leaden-brown. On the wing in June, July and the beginning of August, in a single generation. 310 LEPIDOPTERA. Larva deep yellow with light brown head. September, ou golden rod (Solidndo i'ir(jaurc(i), feeding in the seed and flower heads, leaving them when full-fed to spin up elsewhere ; remaining in the larva state until ilay or the beginning of June. (B. A. Bower.) This is an exceedingly local species with us. Its range of distribution was unfortunately long misunderstood from the error of Wilkinson, who supposed the northern forms of E. cilidla to be this species. It is apparently confined to the open woods of the South of England, and is by far the most •frequent in Kent, where it has been taken and reared in numbers by Mr. B. A. Bower. It loves the grassy openings and sides of woods, and occurs also in Surrey, Hants, Essex and Somer.set. So far as is known this is the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is reported from Germany, but surely must be overlooked elsewhere. 21. E. implicitana, Worke; heydeniana, H.-S. — Expanse f to h inch (9-13 mm.). Fore wings thinly scaled, whitish-grey ; markings slender rosy grey. Antennas slender, light brown ; palpi and head creamy white ; thorax pale drab ; abdomen black-brown. Fore wings not narrow, their texture fine and silky ; costa nearly straight; apex bluntlj' angulated ; hind margin not very oblique ; whitish-grey or creamy-white often with a jDinkish flush ; costal region dusted with orange-brown ; central band rather erect but curved out, broad, rich olive brown, greyish-brown or rosy grey ; hinder area faintly dusted with olive or pink atoms ; cilia very short, dusky white. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female similar, rather stouter. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown, of the hind wings leaden-white. Individuals of the second and third broods often a little •smaller and having the fore wings paler and more shaded -with pinkish •buff. LOZOPERJD.'E—EUPa-lCILIA. 311 May to .September, apparently in three successive genera- tions. Larva active and restless ; pale yellow or dull white with the dorsal vessel faintly visible, except in the ninth segment where it is broad and distinct ; head light brown, margined with black at the back ; jaws dark brown ; dorsal plate very pale horn colour with two black dots on the posterior margin; anal jalate horn colour ; feet grey. As it reaches full growth it becomes tinged with pink. June, August, and October to April or May; in three genera- tions on Pijrcthniiii iiiodori!,i/i(corn feverfewj, burrowing in the stems and shoots and eating the pith between two joints or in the later broods feeding in the flower or seed-head. Also in Anthcmls rotuhi, Matricaria chaiiwraiUa, and So/ir/arfo ■virgaurra. Assuming the pupa state in the larval habita- tion. It is a curious circumstance that in woods the golden- rod seems to be exclusively chosen, while on railway-banks and such exposed situations the species cf chamomile are conspicuously favoured. This species is easilj' disturbed and induced to fly in the •daytime, especially in the afternoon. It does not sit exclu- sively on its food-plants, but takes readily to any cover close by ; at sunset flies freely of its own accord and continues into the night coming sometimes to a strong light. Par- ticularly fond of railway banks, where among chamomile it is often abundant. First noticed as British, under the name of E. hejidcniawt, in the "Entomologists' Annual''' for 1869, by my colleague, Mr. R. McLachlan. Since that time it has, I think, very greatly increased here in numbers, and in range of localities. It is not scarce in the outskirts of London especially on rail- way banks, and has even been found in waste land at the back ■of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. Elsewhere frequent in Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Berks, Essex, Oxfordshire, Somerset, 312 LEPIDOPTERA. Gloucestershire, and Herefordshire. The only other record that I find in the British Isles is near Belfast in Ireland, where it was taken by Mr. Watts. Abroad it inhabits the greater portion of Central Europe, Galicia, and Dalniatia. 22. E. ciliella, Hvh. ; ruficiliana, Hav. — Expanse f to f inch (9-16 mm.). Fore wings narrow and sharp, witli straight costa and oblique hind margins ; grey-white or reddish-white with a dark red-brown central band. Antennas dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax brownish- white ; abdomen dark brown with a yellow anal tuft. Fore wings long and narrow, costa straight, apex sharply angu- lated, hind margin oblique ; pale tawny, more silvery-white or grej'-white toward the base ; central band moderately broad, parallel with the hind margin and scarcely reaching the costa, dark red-brown ; followed by a small similar triangular spot on the dorsal margin ; cilia long, tawny. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female similar but with darker hind wings. Underside of the fore wings smoky brown with yellow cilia. Hind wings smoky white. Variable in size, specimens from Scottish bogs being often large as well as strongly marked, while others from the same district are small and insignificant. On a barren boggy heath in Norfolk, flying among heather and wild gentian, I have found another vai'iety, smaller than the type, having the fore wings irrorated with grey scales, and the central band and hinder area mort^ darkly and richly coloured than usual. So i pretty and peculiar a form that it seemed as though it mvd be another species, yet without definite sijecific characters to separate it from the present. On the wing in May and June and in the North in July. Larva plump, sluggish, shining, shortly tapering at the anal extremity ; white with hardly visible spots ; head and dorsal plate shining jet black; anal plate very small, pale LOZOPERID^—EUPCECILIA. 313 brown ; in tbe ninth segment is a distinct redclisli-brown internal dorsal blotch. When full-grown it becomes tinged with pink. Jul}- and August, on cowslip {Priimda vcris) in the seed capsules, eating the seeds, but leaving them when full-fed to pupate in rotten sticks or hollow stems. Hoffmann says upon Primuhi farinosa and other species of Frimula, and Antirrliinam, in the calyx and capsule, which it spins together into a mass. Sorhagen quotes me as giving Kartliccinm ossifra(jum and Anafjallis tcnellu as food-plants, but this is erroneus. Pupa light brown, with darker brown wing covei'S. This condition is assumed in the spring, after the larva has hybernated in a rotten stick or dead stem. This species is widespread with us, yet exceedingly local, and is moreover so puzzling in its habits that it is difficult to believe that all the forms constitute only one species. In the South it seems principally to frequent chalky districts and to feed on the seeds of cowslip, and in its favourite localities may be taken commonly flying at sunset and toward dusk in the fields where that plant is abundant ; but, as already men- tioned, it flies in Norfolk commonly on barren heaths where no Primula, nor any nearly allied plant, except AncujaUis foicUa, is to be found, and rests constantly among the heather. Eecorded as occurring 'near Guildford, Surrey ; also in Sussex, the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Somerset, Glouces- tershire, Wilts, Berks, Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Herefordshire, Salop, Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland, and Westmoreland where it still frequents cowslip ; throughout Scotland to Sutherlandshire and to the Orkneys and Shetlands, where it ■ma)/ feed upon Primula farinosa, but where all observations show it to frequent heather, especially in boggy places. Apparently scattered over the northern half of Ireland ; but in Wales only recorded at Sketty Park, Glamorganshire. 314 LEPIDOPTERA. Abroad it is found throughout Central and Northern Europe, including Lapland, and also in the South of France. 23. E. erigerana. ir/.s//(.,*anthemidana, Wilk.,Stn. — Expanse \ inch (12 mm.). Head and thorax white; fore wings white, dusted with olive-brown ; central band olive- brown or reddish-brown. Antenna pale brown ; palpi, head, and thorax white ; abdomen greyish-white. Fore wings narrow ; costa straight, apex rounded, hind margin oblique ; white, dusted at the base, along the costa, and beyond the middle with dull olive- brown ; central band olive-brown or reddish-oiive, rather narrow, extending by means of a dark shade to the costa ; apical region dusted with olive-brown; cilia white, with olive- brown dusting. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-brown ; of the hind wings leaden-white. On the wing in ^lay and June, and in a second generation in July and August. Larva small, ivory white, with a brown head. June and the beginning of July and a second generation in August and September, in the flower and seed-heads and the second brood in the central shoot oi Uriyeronacris, eating out all llie immature seeds from a seed-head and drawing together some of the florets above, or in the shoot stunting its growth ; the earlier generation assuming the pupa state in this habitation. Scarcely any external trace is shown while the larva is feeding. Also now found on the recently introduced Erigeron canadensis. Pita glossy pale brown, very delicate; abdomen frosted on the anterior portion of each segment with faint rough- ness ; cremaster very buntly rounded, furnished with hooked * Changed to salulicola. Wlsm. (Ent. IVIo. Mag. 1110(1, p. 1'.I4).— R. S. LOZOPERID.-E—EUI'CECIL/A. 315 bristles. In a slight cocoou iu the middle of a flower-head of Er'ujcron. The moth is rather hardy, disregarding cold, and buzzing about the Erigcron in plenty between sunset and dark, its numbers sometimes almost filling the air like midges. Exceedingly local, but abundant iu some parts of Norfolk and Suffolk ; also found in Essex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Oxfordshire ; but I know of no other localities for it in the United Kingdom, and it does not seem as yet to have been noticed abroad. This species appears to have been recog- nised as British by Wilkinson (1859), and noticed as occur- ring about Charlton, Kent, and was called by him E. ■antlinnidana. Curt. Some controversy took place on the subject of this name from time to time, especially after Lord Walsingham discovered the moth iu plenty in Norfolk : and at his instance Mr. E. Meyrick took specimens with him when he went to Australia, for comjjarison with Curtis's type supposed to exist in the Museum at Melbourne. No such specimens, however, proved to be there ; and as all the evidence tended to show this to be a distinct species. Lord Walsingham conferred ujjon it in 1891 the name which stands at the head of this article. No name could, in my opinion, be more suitable ; and I am fully convinced that the original anthcmidana of Curtis was a second or third brood specimen — probably female, of E. implicitana. 21. E. nana, ifrnc— Expanse § to h inch (10-13 mm.). Head yellow ; fore wings very narrow, pale yellow ; cen- tral band broad, grey-black ; a black streak before the apex. Antennte slender, dark brown ; palpi and head yellow or yellow-brown ; thorax and abdomen black-brown. Fore wings narrow; costa but faintly curved; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin curved, short ; cream3^-yellow, base dusted with black ; central band very broad, irregular, ill- defined, composed of a thick dull black or grey-black dusting ; on the costa toward the apex are one or two blackish dots, and beneath them a streak or cloud of similar dusting; cilia 3i6 LEPIDOPTERA. creamy-yellow. Hiud wings and their cilia smoky white. Female similar ; hind wings rather darker. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, with yellow cilia and costal dots. Hind wings smoky white- On the wing in May and June, in a single generation. Larva unknown, but suspected to feed in the catkins of birch. Mr. A. Thuruall has reared the moth from dead stems of marsh-thistle lying under a birch tree. It is strange that the larva of this species should be still unknown. It is not improbable that it feeds out of reach, since the moth is constantly found about l(ii-(je birch trees, and by no means so often in birch-bushes. It flies freely by day when disturbed, but often settles in the branches ; at dusk it buzzes commonly round them. In the case of very old birches where trunks are deeply fissured and extremely rugged, this little moth will often rest on one of the most rough jDrojecting portions and there simulate with extra- ordinary accuracy the excrement of some small bird which might have dropped there. Very common, yet local, found in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Glouces- tershire, Herefordshire, Herts, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and abundantly in Staffordshire ; also in Leicestershire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorks, Durham, Northumberland and Cumberland ; but I find no record in Wales. In Scotland it occurs in Perthshire, and in the Edinburgh and Clyde districts ; and in Ireland in Wicklow. Abroad its range extends through Central and Northern Europe, the north of Italy and of Spain, Dalmatia and the western part of Asia Minor ; and its existence in Nova Scotia, in North America, is reported. Genus 3. LOZOPERA. AutennEe slender, finely serrated ; palpi thick, rather elongated, pointed, and divergently porrected ; face sloping ; fore wings narrowly trigonate ; without the costal fold ; /. OZOPERin.-E—LOZl WERA . 317 hind wings smooth, the hind liiargin much curved, and hollowed before the anal angle. We have seven species, readily discriminated : A, Fore wings bright silvery-white with pale tawny bands. L. (lipolMln. A', Fore wings yellow with slender red-brown stripes. B, Transverse stripes two in number, the first not reaching the costa. Z. dUmvhina. B- Two transverse stripes, both complete, very straight. L. franciUnno-. W, Two transverse stripes, both complete curved and irregular. Z. hmtricdht. B^, Two transverse stripes, both broken into sections. L. smcathmanniana. A^ Fore wings broad, dusky yellow, with ill defined, incom- plete, darker bands. C, Central band not broad, extending to the sub-costal nerve. X. sframincn. C^ Central band broad, nearly upright curtailed ; another partly visible termed the costa. L. alfcrnana. 1. L. diplotella, i7»7).— Expanse I to % inch (12-16 mm.). Fore wings silverj'-vvhite with four yellow-tawny parallel, oblique, transverse stripes. Antenna whitish-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax ]iale buff clouded with fulvous; abdomen black-brown with abundant white scales. Fore wings elongated, rather narrow, costa nearly straight, apex bluntly angulated ; silvery-white with four oblique, transverse, pale tawny bands, the outer line somewhat branched; cilia silvery- white. Hind wings smoky white with a silvery gloss ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden black ; cilia white. Hind wings leaden-white with white cilia. On the wing in -July and August. Larva variable ; yellow-brown to amber-brown with a 3i8 LEPIDOPTERA. shining bltack bead, each segment divided by an oblique wrinkle ; anal flaj) with a small brownish shield-like plate. (Cart.) September and October, in the flowers and seeds of AchiUcn miUcfolium, making a silken gallery straight across the seed-head, passing the winter therein and spinning up in spring in the same place. Pi TA rather stout, red-brown, with yellowish-brown wiug- covers. In the larval habitation, but sometimes the larva leaves this, and spins up among rubbish. This species seems always to have been scarce here, yet forty or fifty years ago was found in Surrey in some numbers, especially at Guildford, Croydon and Box Hill ; more recently on the coast near Worthing and Brighton, Sussex ; and near Southend, Essex ; at Folkestone and Charlton, Kent ; and in the Isle of Wight. These appear to be all its known localities iu these Islands, and from them there has been no record for some years. Abroad it is found almost all over Central and Southern Europe, also in Rithynia. 2. Li. dilucidana, Steph. — Expanse ^ inch (12 mm.) Very slender and delicate ; fore wings narrow, pale yellow with one and a half slender, oblicpe, transverse, chocolate stripes. Antennae pale brown ; palpi, head, and thorax pale primrose-yellow, abdomen slender, pale brown with a pale yellow anal tuft. Fore wings narrow, costa faintly arched, apex angulated; primrose-yellow with two slender, very oblique, pale chocolate transverse stripes, the first extending from the dorsal margin only to the median nervure, the other complete and rather straight; cilia yellowish-white. Hind wings and their cilia white. Female similar, a little stouter and sometimes having opposite to the lir^t stripe a brown dot on the costa. LOZOPERID^—I.OZOPERA. 319 Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-yellow with yellow-white cilia. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing in Jul}- and August. Larva of average stoutness, tapering to each extremity ; head shining jet black ; second segment narrow, shining, yellowish-white, bordered behind with two black dashes ; body yellowish-white; spiracles darker, rather inconspicuous, anal segment darker than the remainder of the bodj*; prolegs black. (W. G. Sheldon.) August and Sejjtember in the seeds of wild parsnip {Pastinaca sativa), eating out the interior of a seed, and then passing to another and another, uniting all bj- a silken tnbe. When full fed (usually before the end of September) it leaves the seed-head, descends the stem, and burrows into its substance, apparently gnawing its way down through the pith without eating any portion thereof, making itself a winter habitation in the pith, and remaining there till June, when it assumes the pupa state, after preparing a hole in the wall of the stem for emergence. From these holes the empty pupa skins may be seen projecting after the moths have escaped. The moth sits upon wild parsnip, either on the umbels or the stems and leaves, and if shaken off flies quickly to another plant ; but about sunset buzzes quietly about the plants of its own accord. Like its food-plant, confined to chalky or other calcareous soils, but with a special partiality for chalk- Locally common in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, the Isle of Wight, the Scilly Isles, Dorset, Wilts, Berks, Oxford- shire, Cambs, Essex, Suffolk, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Lancashire, and South Yorkshire. This seems to be the limit of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is known to occur on the coast of Germany, in Sicily, and in South Sweden. ■>. L. francillana, Fah. ; francillonana, Iflsm. ; flagellana, H.-S. {non-Dup.'). — Expanse j; inch (15 mm.) 320 LEPlDOPrERA. Fore wings pale yellow, with two complete and very slender oblique, chocolate, transverse stripes. Antenna) yellow-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax pale primrose ; abdomen brown. Fore wings narrow, elongated ; costa nearly straight; apex bluntly rounded, hind margin oblique ; pale yellow, with two slender and very oblique red- brown transverse stripes, the first constricted near the dorsal margin, but both complete and well defined ; cilia pale yellow. Hind wings narrow, rather pointed, smoky white ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-brown ; costa edged with yellow ; cilia white. Hind wings leaden-white with white cilia. From the end of June till August or even September in one generation. Larva short, plump, cylindrical, dirty yellowish-white ; head black ; dorsal plate faintly brown, with two dark brown spots at the hinder edge ; anal plate small, faintly brownish, with a dark spot in the middle. September and October on Daucus carota (wild carrot) and Ferula communis, when young entering the seed-head and devouring the substance of the seeds, later entering the stems, burrowing down through the pith, which it eats, sometimes to the root of the plant, then returning, still eating the pith, and leaving its tunnel full of excrement, and finally making a chamber in the stem in which to assume the pupa state. Pupa light lirown, not more fully described. This very pretty species is especially attached to tlie coast, more particularly on chalk, oolite, and limestone soils, and is often common about seaside rocks and hills, hiding among herbage generally, but especially among wild carrot, and tlying up actively whenever disturbed ; also common inland upon chalk downs, and especially quarries and broken ground; Hying naturally at sunset and later. Tolerably common on LOZOPERID^E—LOZOPERA. 321 the south coast from Keut to Devon and inland in Surrey. Berks, Wilts, Oxfordshire, Cambs, Herefordshire, and Wor- cestershire, also in Essex, Suffolk, and Lancashire. In Scotland it has been found in Roxburghshire, and near Hawick ; and in Ireland on the Hill of Howth, near Dublin, where it is common. Abroad its range seems not to be known, it being constantly confounded with other species ; but it is believed to occur in South Germany ; and Dr. Chapman has found it at He St. Marguerite on the coast of France. ■1. L. beatricella, IFlsm. — Expanse |- inch (15 mm.). Fore wings pale yellow, with well-defined chocolate trans- verse stripes which are curved. Antennte notched, thickly ciliated, brown ; palpi, head. and thorax ochreous-yellow ; abdomen grey-brown, with a pale yellow anal tuft. Fore wings somewhat narrow, but the costa arched, more especially so toward the apex, which is rounded ; hind margin not very oblique ; soft delicate primrose-yellow ; on the base of the costa is a short chocolate streak ; beyond this are two transverse curved chocolate stripes or bands, not very narrow, nor very oblique, rather irregular, almost forming spots, and both constricted near the costa ; cilia yellowish-white. Hind wings and their cilia pale smoke colour. Female a little larger and with darker hind wings, otherwise similar. Underside of the . fore wings shining pale lead-colour : cilia yellowish white. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing at the end of -June and in Julj-. Larva dirty white ; head shining black ; plates of the colour of the body, the dorsal with two black dots, the anal with one. (W. Purdey.) Feeding in the stem of wild parsnip (Pastinaca satica). This is a species of quite recent discovery. It was described and named by Lord Walsingham in the year 1898 ; VOL. X. X 322 LEPIDOPTERA. a good series of specimens having been reared from larvif found in 1879 or 1880 at Leiston, Suffolk, by the Hon. Mrs. Carpenter. In the same year — 1898 — Mr. W. Purdey of Folkestone discovered the insect there — on the coast of Kent. He says, " I watched this species very closelj' for nearly a fortnight in the middle of July. It was on the wing from about 8 P.M. till dark, flying over alder and privet bushes, possibly attracted by the blossoms of the latter. It struck me as being quite distinct from the other species and having different habits." So far as I know, these two counties — Suffolk and Kent — are as yet its only known localities in the whole world ; and the sudden appearance of so well marked a species, totally new, in localities which for many years have been exhaustively worked is, to sa3- the least, remarkable. 5. L. smeathmanniana, Fah. — Expanse \ to f inch (12-15 mm.j. Fore wings pale yellow, with two narrow transverse stripes both broken into sections. Antennte brown ; palpi, head, and thorax pale yellow ; abdomen black-brown dusted with pale yellow. Fore wings rather narrowly triangular ; costa nearly straight ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique and nearly straight ; primrose-yellow, clouded with pale buff and having two very oblique, fragmentary, transverse pale chocolate stripes, the first broken at the medium nervure, but faced by a spot on the costa, the second similarly abbreviated but faced by a paler costal spot ; cilia yellowish white. Hind wings smoky- white, darker toward the outer margin, cilia paler. Female very similar, a little stouter, and with the markings slightly more distinct. Underside of the fore wings leadenblack ; cilia yellowish white, with a neat intersecting leaden line ; hind wings leaden-white. On the wing in May and June, and in a second generation in August. Larva short, plump, thickest in the middle ; head shining LOZOPERID.-E—LOZOPERA. 323 pitchy-black ; dorsal plate broad, rounded behind, pitchy- brown ; body dull pale pinkish green or olive-green, all the segments ridged in front ; anal plate black-brown ; legs black ; anal prolegs of the body colour and extended behind. July, and a second generation in Sejjtember and October, in the flowei'-head or seed-head of Achillea milh^olium (yarrow), drawing together the seed-vessels or flowers in the umbel or corymb, eating out the seeds and keeping itself concealed by a tube of silk and seed-refuse. Leaving the seed-head when full-fed to spin up elsewhere. On the Continent it is found also to feed in heads of Anthcmis cotula, and the moth has been found here flying commonly over that plant. It is also said to feed in heads of Centaurea and other Composite plants. Pupa shining black with the abdominal segments dull red-brown, smooth, and without spikes ; cremaster blunt and rounded, with fine bristles. In a thin cocoon of silk, among rubbish. The moth loves rough ground on hill-sides, bare open spaces and railway-banks, and sits quietly in such spots on twigs of milfoil or other plants, flying quickly away when disturbed to settle again a few yards further. Its habits are somewhat irregular and uncertain. Forty years ago it was rather common in the suburbs of London, frequenting fields, lanes, and open building ground ; after a time it disappeared, and was scarcely seen in the district for many years, so that it was regarded as a somewhat rare insect. Then it began to be captured, and sent up for examination from distant counties of England, and at last from Scotland ; and after this gradually returned to its old haunts, so that within the last few years it has again become at home in the Loudon suburbs, especially on the railway banks. In this uncertain and desultory manner it is, or has been, found in all the southern and eastern counties of England, to Oxfordshire and Norfolk, and in Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire ; also in 324 LEI'IDOPTERA. Scotland in Lanark, Dumbartonshire, Ayrshire and Renfrew ; but I have no records from Wales or Ireland, or from the English Midlands. Abroad it is common throughout Central and Northern Europe, the South of France, Italy, Dalmatia, Bithynia, and in North America in Labrador, California and Maine. 6. L. straminea, Hav. ; tischerana, 7V. — Expanse I to \ inch (15-lS mm.). Fore wings trigonate ; dusky yellow ; central band light brown, not broad, extending more than halfway across the wing. Antennae bristly, pale brown ; jjalpi and head yellowish white; thorax and abdomen pale 3"ellow-brown. Fore wings somewhat triangular, the apex bluntly angulated, and hind margin very oblique ; pale ochreous, dappled almost all over with faint buff clouds; costa spotted with pale brown; on the dorsal margin just before the middle is a nearly erect pale brown stripe incomplete bat faced on the costa by a similar cloud, and faintly dotted with darker brown ; beyond the discal cell are, usually, one or more dark brown dots ; cilia pale ochreous. Hind wings smoky white, paler toward the base ; cilia white. Female similar, but the hind wings smokj' brown with white cilia. Underside of the fore wings glossy lead-colour, with the costa toward the apex, and the cilia pale yellow. Hind wings white with a pale smoky tinge. On the wing from May to July, and as a second generation in August and September. Larva very sluggish and plump, thickest in the middle, rather shining ; very pale yellow, or almost white, with a faintly grey internal dorsal vessel ; head deeply lobed at the back, black ; dorsal plate brown ; narrowed at the sides and divided into triangles ; anal plate light brown, legs black. July and second generation in September on Ccntaurca nigra, inhabiting the base of the flower or seed-head, among the pith, but feeding upon the seeds. When full fed it LOZOPERID^—LOZOPERA. 325 leaves the seed-head to spin up elsewhere, occasionally in the root, more frequently in the earth. This moth is common among C'fntaurca nigra, sitting in it (luring the daj-, and when disturbed flj'ing briskly to another plant; buzzing about its flower-heads at sunset, and then seeming to have a very white or hoary head and thorax ; flying also at night, and coming willingly to a strong light. Common even in the London suburbs, but more so on the coast, and tolerably plentiful in all our southern and eastern counties, also in the western counties to Cumberland, and found in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Durham and Northumber- land. In Wales abundant in Pembrokeshire ; apparently in all parts of the Lowlands of Scotland with Perthshire and Arran ; but more local in Ireland, Recorded from Island Magee, Antrim, Howth, Cork and Sligo. Abroad found throughout Central and Southern Europe, Sweden, Asia Minor, Armenia, Sj-ria and Central Asia. 7. L. alternana, Stq)]t. ; gigantana, Ga. — Expanse I to I inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings pale ochreous yellow, with dotted costa and two incomplete red-bro\Yn oblique stripes. Antennas simple, yellowish-brown ,- palpi, head, and thorax pale bufi"; abdomen whitish-brown. Fore wings elongate, rather broad at the base ; costal and dorsal margins straight ; apex suddenly rounded, and hind margin oblique ; dull pale ochreous or creamy yellow ; costa dotted throughout with yellow-brown ; central band yellowish-fulvous, cloudy, dotted with dark brown and extending so far as the subcostal nervure ; beyond it is a fainter cloudy stripe of the same colour from the costa to the middle of the wing, touching a faint similar cloud toward the anal angle ; cilia creamy yellow. Hind wings white or smoky white ; cilia white. Female similar, but with darker hind wings. Underside of the fore wind's dark leaden brown with the 326 LEPIDOPTERA. apex and cilia broadly pale yellow. Hind wiugs silky white. On the wing from the end of Jul}- till September, in one generation only. Larva short, obese and very sluggish ; pale yellow, raised dots black ; head chestnut-brown ; dorsal plate black- brown, divided by a yellow line ; anal plate very small, dark brown. June and early in July on Ccntaurca scahiosa, living in the buds, eating out the green seeds and immature florets, indeed the whole contents of the large rounded bud, and filling the vacant space with a tough silken case in which the larva resides. These larvtB were sent me, many years ago, by the late Mr. Howard Vaughan. I supplied fresh buds, but these were disregarded, those in which the larvaj reached me proved sufficient, and in them the pupa state was assumed. Pl'PA dark chestnut ; thrust out of the larval habitation on emergence of the moth. This fine insect is one of the most local species and confined to the south-east corner of England — at least this is certain, that wherever it has been announced in other districts the specimens, so far as ray experience goes, have proved to belong to the previous species. It flies, like its congeners, at sunset and dusk among the plants of Ccntaurca scabiosa, which grow so abundantly and in such luxuriance about Deal, Dover, Folkestone, and elsewhere on the cost of Kent, about Southend, Essex, and doubtless on the coast of Sussex. Abroad Mr, E. Meyrick has noticed it in Switzer- land; but it does not appear to be generally recognised. Genus 1. ARGYROLEPIA. Antennaj slender ; palpi elongated, porrected, bluntly tufted, depressed; fore wings broad; without costal fold, dorsal margin rounded ; vein 1 of hind wings thickened. LOZOPERID.-E—ARGYROLEPIA. 327 We have nine species, readily recognisable : A. Colour creamy yellow. B. Central band broad, brown, usually broken. A. hadiana. B'-. Central band narrow, red-brown, usually complete. A. cnicana. A-. Colour rich orange with a black central band. A. ceneana. A^. Colour orange-red with squared pale yellow spaces. A. tesserana. A^. Colour rich ochreous with a reddish, crossed, central band. A. maritimana. A:'. Colour greyish ochreous with slender red-brown stripe. A. -cphyrava. A''. Colour reddish yellow. C. Marking chocolate very distinct and oblique. A. bauinannianii. C'-. Markings pale chocolate, upright, not sharply defined. A. sulhaumannicma . A'. Colour black-brown, with the base yellow. A. schrcibcrsiana. 1 . A. badiana, Hb. ; rubigana, ]Iei7i. — Expanse, f to I inch (15-19 mm.). Fore wings ovate, shining yellow, central band broad, chocolate, usually broken and clubbed, followed by sub-apical brown costal spot. AntennfB simple, yellow-brown ; palpi, head and thorax pale yellow ; abdomen dark brown. Fore wings rather short and broad, costa arched, apex bluntly rounded, hind mar- gin but little oblique ; creamy yellow with numerous faint olive-brown clouds ; central band represented by a large up- right dark chocolate, clubbed, costal blotch, constricted in the middle, and faced by a similar costal cloud ; beyond it is a small costal spot of the same colour near the apex ; cilia whitish-yellow. Hind wings with their cilia smoky grey-black. Female similar, rather larger. 328 LEPIDOPTERA. Underside of the fore wings smoky black with two yellow costal dots; cilia yellowisli-white. Hind wings pale lead- colour. On the wing from the end of June till August. Larva stout, tapering behind ; pale yellow with a faint greenish tinge ; raised dots brown ; head flat, heart-shaped, brilliant black-brown ; dorsal plate similar, both covered with hairs (Sorhagen) ; feeding in Sei^tember in seeds of burdock (Aniium lajJ^Jn), eating round the inside of the seed-head, emptying the seeds, and not, apparently, entering the stem ; when full fed spinning up on the ground among rubbish. The moth is rather sluggish and of retiring habits. It sits during the day among the burdock plants, on some neighbouring fence, or among thick herbage, and is not easily roused then to fly ; but is on the wing towards dusk, and into the night, and will come to a strong light. To be found, though often locally, throughout the South of England and the Eastern Counties, and in the west to Cumberland ; scarce!}' noticed in the Midlands, but reappearing in York- shire and Durham. Also throughout Scotland to Moray, Argyle, and Perthshire, but apparently not in the more northern districts, or in the Isles ; and I find no record for Wales or Ireland. Abroad it is not very well known, but has been found in some parts of Central Europe, and in Sweden, Finland, the Caucasus, Southern Siberia, and Japan. 2. A. cnicana, Dhld. — Expanse j; inch (15-16 mm.). Fore wings narrowly ovate, pale yellow, central band pale chocolate, narrow, usually complete ; beyond is a subapical brown sjjot on the costa, and a smaller one before the anal angle. Antennaa simple, pale yellow-brown; palpi, head, and thorax yellowish-white ; abdomen pale silvery grey. Fore LOZOPERin.H—ARGYROLEPlA. 329 wiags moderately broad, not long; costa decidedly arched, apex and hind margin rounded ; pale primrose yellow, at the base of the costa is a faint chocolate shade ; central band rather narrow and a very little oblique, yet nearly erect, pale chocolate, indented above the middle ; beyond is a pale chocolate spot on the costa before the apex, and a smaller one before the anal angle ; cilia pale yellow. Hind wings and their cilia smoky white. Female similar, but with darker hind wings. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown, margins tinged with ^^ellow. Hind wings smoky white. Oa the wing from the end of May till July. Larva shining pale yellow with a faintly greenish tinge, raised dots brown ; head heart-shaped ; the hinder edge of the dorsal plate glossy black, rest of that plate pale yellow ; anal plate smoky greenish-grey ; dorsal vessel darker ; legs shining dark brown, ringed with jDaler ; j>rolegs of the body colour. (Sorhagen.) August and September in the heads of thistles (C'irshim ulcraccum and C. 2Kdustris), feeding on the seeds, afterwards boring into the stem, remaining there through the winter, and pupating in the pith. The moth seems always to frequent marshy spots, espe- cially those in and near woods, and usually is found near to the tall marsh thistle ; it flies willingly by day if disturbed, and is usually caught at that time, but flies naturallj^ in the evening, and will come to a light. Not anywhere abundant, but widely distributed, and to be found in suitable places throughout England to Northumberland and Cumberland, and in Scotland to the Shetland Isles. In Wales it has been taken in Glamorganshire, and in Ireland near Dublin and Belfast. Abroad it is apt to be confounded with the last species, but is reported from Germany and from Lapland, and is probablj' more widely distributed. 330 LEPIDOPTERA. o. A. tesserana, Srhiff.; aleella. Stand. Cat. — Expanse ^ to g inch (12-lG mm.). Fore wings not broad, verj- blunt, orange-red with four large squared pale yellow spots. AntenmB ciliated, simple, black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax orange-red or reddish-yellow ; abdomen dull black. Fore wings not broad, very blunt, the hind margin rounded and hardly oblique ; dull orange-red or terra-cotta, v/ith two large yellow spots on the dorsal margin, the outer triangular, and two more, rather smaller, and placed obliquely beyond, on the costa, the four occupying the greater part of the wing; cilia yellow, intersected by a red line. Hind wings broad, smoky brown ; cilia whiter. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, with yellow cilia ; a white costal dot, and a white dash along the dorsal margin. Hind wings leaden-white. Extremely variable ; the two dorsal spots are sometimes obscured or even entirely absent ; often all the four spots are so enlarged that the ground colour remains only as an edging of lines, or there are, in addition, leaden lines ; sometimes the colours are reversed, the ground becoming yellow and the spots red ; or, on the other hand, the red is wholly absent. On the wing from May till August, doubtless in two generations. Larva perhaps not described. Mr. Thurnall lias reared a good number from larva? collected the previous autumn in roots of Helminth'm cchioidcs and Picris hicracioides on a rail- way bank. But Gartner describes very carefully a larva which he found feeding in the heads of Centanrca ochrolcuca, which pupated in the ground. It seems doubtful whether this can belong to the same species. The moth loves rough stonj- ground, railway banks, quarries, hill-sides and fields of coarse vegetation, as well as open parts of woods, and is widely distributed. It flies /- OZOPERID.-E—ARG YROLEPIA . 33 1 briskly in the sunshine, and is a very pretty object as it settles suddenly in a sunny spot just before one's eyes. Found occasionally in the suburbs of London, and very common in suitable places, particularly upon the chalk, and on the coasts, throughout the eastern southern counties and to Oxfordshire, also in the west to Gloucestershire, Monmouth- shire, and Herefordshire, and formerly recorded by the late Mr. T. Wilkinson on the coast of Yorkshire ; in Wales I have found it in Pembrokeshire, but find no records for Ireland. In Scotland it occurs in Renfrew, and Argyle, including Arran. Abroad it has a considerable range, including all Central and Southern Europe, Sweden, Finland, Livonia, Armenia, Asia Minor, and Northern Persia. 4. A. baumanniana, ScMff. ; hartmanniana, Stand. Cat. — Expanse male f to f inch (18-22 mm.) ; female -J- inch (16 mm.). Fore wings long, pale dull yellow, with rich red- brown, oblique and jagged markings, which are dark and well defined. Antennas ciliated, black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax red-brown, shaded with paler ; abdomen blackish-brown. Fore wings elongated, costa very flatly arched, apex bluntly rounded, hind margin oblique and rather straight ; dull pale ochreous dusted with red-brown and silvery white ; basal blotch red-brown divided by white, but ill-defined and cloudy; central band rich red-brown or chocolate, divided, the lower portion very oblique ; beyond is a large similar costal cloud, and some small ones lie above the anal angle ; these markings rich and sharply distinct; cilia dull yellow, spotted with red-brown. Hind wings ample, dark smoky brown ; cilia whiter. Female rather smaller, but stouter, and with the markings darker. Underside of the fore wings smoky leaden-black ; costa beyond the middle dotted with yellow. Hind wings leaden white. Somewhat variable in size ; specimens from the Hebrides 332 L EPID OPTERA . are almost as small as the next species, but retain the sharp- ness of markings and brightness of colour. On the wing in May and June in one generation onlj'. Lakva apparently undescribed. Herr Stange states that it feeds in the root-stock of Scabiosa ochroleuca from the autumn till the spring. AVith us there is little doubt that Scahio>>a succisa is the substitute food. The moth especially frequents the damper portions of open woods in which the common '• Devil's-bit scabious " (>S'rai/o.srt succisa) grows commonly ; hiding among rushes and long grass as well as among the scabious, and sometimes follows that plant on to open ground — even sea-cliffs — but does not always occur in the rough moist meadows and pastures in which the scabious abounds. Consequently it is only recently that its connection with that plant has been noticed. It hides among and near it in the daytime, and may be dis- turbed by the footstep in sunshine, but flies more freely towards sunset. Rather a local species, but to be found in suitable places, in the southern counties from Kent to Dorset, in the eastern to Norfolk, in the western to West- moreland ; also in Wilts, Cambs, Herts, and in Yorkshire, and Mr. Robson records it not uncommonly in Durham and Northumberland ; in Wales in Glamorganshire and Pem- brokeshire ; apparently throughout Scotland to the Orkneys ; and in Ireland in most of the coast counties. Abroad it is found throughout Central and Northern Europe except the Polar regions, in Spain, Northern Italy, Dalmatla, Roumania, Asia Minor, and Armenia. 5. A. subbaumanuiana, Wilk. — Expanse i to ■; inch (10-16 mm.). Fore w'ings blunt, reddish-yellow, with jagged and broken, ill-defined, chocolate-brown transverse markings. Antennse ciliated, black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax densely tufted with scales, pale chocolate ; abdomen blackish brown. Fore wings rather short, not broad ; costa nearly f.OZOPEKWA^—ARG VROLEP/A. 333 straight, apex bluntly angulated ; pale tawny-yellow or reddisli-j'ellow ; markings dull chocolate, basal blotch cloudy and very ill-defined ; central band narrow, slender, erect, broken above the middle, bordered on either side with white; beyond are opposite spots on the two margins, and between them two rows of faint white dots : cilia pale brown. Hind wings smoky brown with whiter cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, dappled, especi- ally along the costa, with drab dots. Hind wings, with the cilia, smoky white dusted with grej-. On the wing in May and June, and sometimes in the South a very partial second generation in July and August. Larva and food plant unknown. A very local species, found only upon chalky ground, and much attached to rough slopes, chalk pits, and similar places, almost always among Scabiosa columbaria ; easily disturbed, and flying briskly during the day in sunny weather, yet flying of its own accord only about sunset and early dusk. Most frequent in the chalky portions of the Eastern counties and in the Southern counties from Kent to Somerset, Berks, Herts, and Oxfordshire ; also in Gloucestershire and Here- fordshire, taken in one locality in Yorkshire and once in Durham. Except that it has been taken by Mr. A. F. Grifiiths in Sutherlandshire in the North of Scotland,! have no record of its occurrence out of England, but think that abroad it is looked upon as a small form of the previous species. G. A. schreibersiana, Frol. — Expanse finch (15 mm.). Base of fore wings brilliant yellow ; remainder golden black-brown with a large yellow costal spot. Antenna' ciliated, yellow-brown ; palpi and head yellow ; thorax dull ochreous ; abdomen black-brown. Fore wings somewhat ovate, costa arched, apex and hind margin rounded ; creamy yellow, especially so at the base ; central J34 LEPIDOPTERA. Ixand broad but indented close to the costa, very broad on tlie dorsal margin, golden brown, mottled with blue and black ; hind marginal area and apex filled up with small black and brown clouds in rows; cilia yellow, barred with black. Hind wings and their cilia smoky black. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky black dappled and dotted, especially on the costa with yellow. Hind wings smoky black, dappled towards the apex with yellowish white. On the wing in June. Larva apparently undescribed. Herrich-Schaffer says that it feeds on Pninus imdiis, first on the leaves, then on the twigs i other collectors abroad say on elm and poplar, burrowing in the autumn into the bark of trees. This species has long been known as British, occurring rarely in the fen district of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon- shire, where several specimens have been taken, more especially by the late Mr. F. Bond. About the year 1880 it was re-discovered by the Rev. G. H. Raynor, in Cambridge- shire, sitting upon the trunks of elms {Uimus subcrosa) and poplars, from which trees its empty pupa-skins could be seen projecting. In this district it continued to be found, in the same manner, for several years, but I know of no very recent records. Except of a single specimen taken in Suffolk, I have no knowledge of its presence in the British Isles beyond those two counties of England. Abroad it is widely distributed in Central and iSouthern Europe, and also found in Bithynia. 7. A. eeueaua, Hah. — Expanse {; inch (15-17 mm.). Fore wings rich orange-yellow, with two broad transverse blue-black bands. Antennte thickly ciliated, black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax orange-yellow ; abdomen black. Fore wings very L OZOPEIUD/B—ARG YROLEPIA . .535 even in width and rather narrow, apex blunt, hind margin hardly oblique ; rich orange-yellow, costa minutely dotted with black ; central band broad, nearly erect, composed of horizontal rows of black and blue-black dots ; hind marginal area clouded with deep black, on which are placed perpen- dicular rows of blue dots ; cilia orange-yellow. Hind wings smoky black with yellowish white cilia. Female similar, a little larger. Underside of fore wings leaden-black, dusted with yellow; costa broadly orange-yellow with minute black streaks ; dorsal margin paler ; cilia yellow. Hind wings smoky black dusted with yellow ; cilia pale yellow. Abdo- men yellow beneath. On the wing from May till July. Larva white with a brown head (G. Elisha). On ragwort (Scnecio jacohcea) feeding in the root stocks, and spinning up immediately above, where it partially gnaws through the substance, causing it readily to break off (A. Thurnall.) Here it lies through the winter and assumes the pupa state in the spring. The moth hides during the day in the plants of ragwort and surrounding herbage, and then is not readily dis- tui'bed ; but after sunset it creeps up and sits upon the plants so quietly that it may be boxed, or will fly short distances from one plant to another, but not in a very lively manner. Later it flies more freely, but always seems to keep near the ground. A local species, fond of railway banks and rough ground on which ragwort is plentiful. Before 1850 it was taken in plenty at Willesden in Middlesex, and since that time has been found, though not in any abundance in Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex, but so far as I know not in any other part of the United Kingdom. Abroad it inhabits France, Western Germany, Switzerland, and Northern Italy. 336 LEPIDOPTERA. 8. A. zephyrana, Tr. ; dubrisaua, Cud. — Expanse § to § inch (9-10 rnm.j. Fore winga very pale yellow, thickly dusted with brown and silvery white dots. Antenna9 yellow-brown ; palpi, head and thorax dull ochreous ; abdomen dull black, dusted with white. Fore wings narrow, costa nearly straight, apex rounded, yet the hind margin very oblique ; pale ochreous-yellow, marbled with silvery -white dotting, which is placed mainly in trans- verse bands, but very indistinct ; these white dots are mixed with brown atoms and more or less edged with black dusting; cilia pale drab. Hind wings smoky white, cilia white. Female similar, but with darker hind wings. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, with four yellowish-white dots on the costa. Hind wings white, dappled with smoky brown. A pretty variety is found in the Isle of Wight — primrose yellow with the dark dots and dusting very faint excejJt a dark costal dot — sometimes this form is decidedly larger than the type. On the wing in May and June, and as a second generation in July and August. Larva broadest at the second and third segment, tapering to the anal extremity, segments deeply divided and ridged ; yellow, the raised dots barely visible, and hairs minute ; head rather broad, pale brown, with a brown line in front of each lobe, enclosing the mouth, which is dark brown ; plates shining pale yellow. September to April, and in a second generation in June and July, in the stems of wild carrot {Daucus carota), eating the pith and filling the vacant space with frass, continuing in the dead stems through the winter and working back through the frass, to spin up there in a slightly brown cocoon in April. Abroad said to feed in stems of Eryiujium campesire, Gnaphaliuni arenariuni, and Rhododendron hirsutum. Pupa pale yellow-brown, wing and limb covers thick, LOZOPERID.-E—ARGYROLEPTA. 337 brilliantly glossy ; abdomen dull pale yellow, with a frosted appearance. In the stem, forcing its way through a round hole prepared by the larva, and often dropping down on the emergence of the moth. Especially attached to railway-banks, but found also in rough fields near woods ; and partial to calcareous soils. A lively species, flying often in the sunshine, and especially late in the afternoon ; also flying freely at sunset. Rather a local species, but found in the southern counties from Kent to Dorset and in Surrey, Berks, and Wilts not uncom- monly ; rarely in Somerset, Gloucestershire, and Worcester- shire ; also locally in Oxfordshire, Cambs, Herts, Essex, and Suffolk, but so far as I know this is the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is common throughout Central and Southern Europe, and in Asia Minor and Armenia. 9. A. maritiinana, (hi. — Expanse | to \ inch (15-19 mm.), lore wings bright yellow, dusted with chocolate-red ; central band slender, branched outwardly, chocolate-red. Antennae sti'ongly ciliated, black-brown, pale yellow at the back ; palpi, head, and thorax dull ochreous, dusted with brown ; abdomen grey-brown, faintly barred with greyish white. Fore wings moderately broad ; costa very straight except toward the apex, which is rounded, hind margin rather full ; pale ochi-eous dusted with chocolate-red and faintly with white ; costa dotted throughout with dark red- brown, a few similar dots in the basal area ; central band rather slender, not sharply defined, angulated, yet broken up into small clouds of red-brown dusting; beyond is another broken transverse series, almost appearing as branches of the central band ; around the hinder area lie a few similar dots ; cilia pale yellow, dashed with dark-brown. Hind wings smoky black much dappled with white and shading towards white at the base ; cilia white. Female similar, the hind wings less white at the base. VOL. X. Y 338 LEPIDOPTERA. Underside of the fore wings smoky black ; costa pale yellow ; cilia yellowish white. Hind wings white. On the wing at the end of May and in June, and as a second generation in July and August. Larva semi-transparent yellowish white ; spiracles black ; head brown ; body rather plump, and with well-marked divisions to the segments. August to October, and after hybernation to the end of March feeding in the stems of Enjwjitnn maritimum, eating out the pith, and on arriving at a knot eating its way out to re-enter the stem just below, at last entering the root-stock and feeding on the pipe-like underground runners. (G. Elisha.) Ajjparently an earlier generation feeds in June and July. Pupa red-brown, in a silken cocoon in the root-stock of the food-plant. The moth is excessively sluggish, sitting on the plants of Eri/?igiu7n, or on the sand close by, during the day, but is scarcely ever seen to fly. Exceedingly local ; confined to the sea-sandhills on which the sea-holly grows, and at present only known to occur on the coasts of Kent and Essex ; and abroad on that of France. Genus 5. DAPSILIA, Antennae slender ; palpi parallel, but set widely apart and strongly porrected ; fore wings narrow, without costal fold, very delicate ; vein one of hind wing thickened. We have but one species. 1. D. rutilana. Hub. — Expanse ij inch (10 mm.). Fore wings narrow, silky, deep j'ellow with four transverse dark red bands. Antennae rather long, black ; palpi, head, and thorax red- brown ; abdomen grey-black. Fore wings narrow ; costa LOZOPERID^—DAPSILIA. 339 nearly straight ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique ; silky bright yellow, with four oblique dark red transverse stripes, the first a basal blotch, the second and fourth nearly straight, but the third forked above the anal angle ; cilia pale red. Hind wings small, smoky -black with cilia of the same colour. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings dull smoky-brown, with two thin yellow streaks along the costa. Hind wings dark smoke colour. On the wing in July and August. Larva sluggish ; yellow with a pale green dorsal vessel ; head hazle-brown ; dorsal plate paler brown ; anal plate grey. (Wilkinson.) March to June on juniper, in a small web spun over the young twigs, residing in a silken tube lined with excrement. (Von Hey den.) Pupa in the larval habitation. An extremely local species, found among juniper in the chalk hills and downs of the South of England. Very easily overlooked, since if beaten out of the juniper if flies but a short distance, close to the ground, and from its colouring is difficult to see upon the wing. Towards sunset it flits from twig to twig and is then more noticeable. Its only localities in this country, as recorded, seem to be the county of Surrey — -Croydon, Mickleham, Caterham and Sanderstead — and it is almost certainly absent from the other portions of the United Kingdom. Abroad it is fairly common in Central and Northern Europe, Carniola, and Dalmatia ; and in North America in Maine, and New York State. Genus 6. XANTHOSETIA. Antennas simple, slender ; palpi drooping but porrected, pointed, slender ; face very oblique ; fore wings broad, costa 340 LEPIDOPTERA. not folded, the disk bent beyond the middle in a sort of rectangular hollow ; hind wings with vein one thickened. We have two species, easily separated. A. Fore wings deep yellow, with a large, hollow, red- brown triangle filling the hind area. X. zwfjaiia. A'. Fore wings pale yellow, with an open brown rectangle beyond the middle. X. lucmana. 1. X. zoegana, Zi/iw.— Expanse | to f inch (15-19 mm.). Face very oblique, yellow ; fore wings deep yellow with a round brown dot at the riiiddle of the dorsal margin and a large chocolate-coloured triangular loop at the hinder area. Antennaj ciliated, yellow-brown, palpi and head purple brown with the face yellow ; thorax yellow with purple margin, abdomen light brown. Fore wings rather elongated, costa gently arched, apex angulated, hind margin oblique ; rich yellow ; the base of the costa, a round subdorsal dot close to the middle, and a broad conspicuous somewhat triangular complete loop, occupying the hinder area, all pale chocolate ; cilia of the same colour. Hind wings smoky brown with pale cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky-brown; costa more tawny ; a pale line lies along the hind margin. Hind wings smoky-white. An occasional variety has the whole of the fore wings tinged, more or less, with tawny or chocolate-brown. This is known as Ytar. fcmigana. Otherwise there is little varia- tion except in size. On the wing in May and June, and probably as a second generation from July to September. Larva apparently but little known. Hofmannsays that it is naked and colourless. Machin states that it feeds commonly on roots of Centaurea nhjra. Others mention C. jcuru and C. paiiiculata. Heinemann says in the roots of S(:abios(t colvmharia in June ; but there is clearly much more to be Worked out. LOZOPERID.-E—XANTHOSE TIA . 34 1 Pupa somewhat slender, cylindrical, brown, shining. (Hofmann.) In the root in which the larva has fed. The moth is usually found here among C'cntcmrca nigra in meadows, pastures, hillsides and waste ground generally ; but is not usually abundant. It flies swifty when disturbed in the daytime to some adjacent plant, but is on the wing of its own accord from sunset to dusk and also at night, being attracted occasionally to light. Not absent from the suburbs of London, but more common in chalk-pits, quarries, and other I'ough places in the country ; scarce in the Midlands, but apparently to be found throughout England and the south of Scotland to Perthshire and generally distributed in Ireland ; but in Wales I only know of it in Pembrokeshire. Abroad it is found all over Europe, except the extreme north and south ; also in Asia Minor. 2. X. hamana, L. — Expanse | to | inch (15-22 mm.). Fore wings primi'ose-yellow with an open brown rectangle beyond the middle, and some scattered similar streaks. Antennce ciliated, yellowish brown ; palpi, head, and thorax pale yellow ; abdomen leaden grey with a yellowish anal tuft. Fore wings elongated, costa arched, apex and hind margin rounded ; primrose-yellow ; beyond the middle is a faint right-angled, or elbowed, tawny shade or stripe, which cuts ofl' the hinder area of the wing and coincides with a hollow or wrinkle in the wing ; this marking is the only reliable one, but often a streak passes from it to the costa, or sometimes is prolonged upon the costa, and frequently the basal area is marked off by another angulated line of the same colour ; or detached streaks or dashes of the same are scattered on the wings ; cilia pale yellow. Hind wings dark smoky brown, with white cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden-brown ; cilia yellow. Hind wings leaden white. Variable, as already shown, in the markings, especially in the number and form of additional dots and dashes; also there 342 LEPIDOPTERA. is much difference in the depth of the yellow ground colour, even in specimens having only the normal angulated line. On the wing from May till September, but whether in more than one generation is uncertain. Larva not certainly known. From the habits of the moth it seems probable that the larva feeds in the roots of thistles or allied plants, but as yet this is mere surmise. The moth is found commonly, among rough herbage, almost everywhere ; and occasionally in abundance in clover fields, but its partiality for thistles and knapweed is some- what conspicuous. It is always alert and flies swiftly if disturbed at any time in the day, but is more restless and active towards dusk. In flight the darkness of its under surface gives it a somewhat peculiar appearance, which is enhanced by its singular action of shooting straight forward for some distance when on the wing. Common throughout England and Ireland, and probably Wales, though the records there are only for the southern counties. In Scotland it seems to be confined mainly to the Lowlands. Abroad it is distributed almost all over Europe and Asia Minor, and found in Northern Persia and the district of the Caucasus. Genus 7. PHTHEOCHROA. Antennae long, slender ; palpi long, depressed, beaklike ; face oblique, rough ; fore wings without a fold, surface roughened with raised scales. We have two species, readily distinguished. A. Fore wings grey, roughened with conspicuous tufts of raised scales. F. rwjomnn. B. Fore wings white with a dark central band, raised scales minute and obscure. P. sodalmna. 1. P. rugosana, IffV^.— Expanse | inch (18-20 mm.). Head white ; fore wings grey with numerous conspicuous tufts and lines of raised scales. LOZOPERIDJZ—PHTHEOCHROA. 343 Antennse very long, light brown ; palpi slender, porrected, pointed, snow-white ; head and middle of the thorax white, sides of the latter brown and black ; abdomen slender, black- brown, first segment barred, and the remainder edged witli white. Fore wings elongated, not very narrow ; costa gently arched, apex bluntly angulated, hind margin oblique ; whitish-grey, dotted and irrorated with black, also having many elongated spots, or streaks, defined by a slender black edging ; on the costa are three white spots, in the middle of the wing a cluster of five large raised tufts or buttons of black and tawny scales, and around them the irregular faint central band ; beyond this the wing is roughened bj^ other raised tufts of scales ; cilia grey, dashed with black. Hind wings rather pointed, smokj--white dappled with minute smoke- coloured lines ; cilia smoky-grey. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky-brown, mottled with faint markings ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings more darkly clouded and mottled. On the wing from May till the beginning of July. Larva restless, not very active, somewhat cylindrical, with wrinkled and rather swollen segments ; pale yellowish-green, with delicate hairs arising from barely visible spots ; head chestnut-brown, edged behind with black ; dorsal and anal plates and feet green. June till August in the spun-together flowers and imma- ture berries of Bryonia dioica, eating out the pulp and the seeds and leaving only the skins of the berries spun together- In August it leaves the berries and gnaws the stem, joining to it a leaf with papery white silk, then goes to the earth, where it spins up and hybernates. Milliere states that it feeds also on Echalium clatcrium in the South of France. Pupa light brown ; in the earth. The moth often sits, in the afternoon, upon a leaf of bryony, where it looks very much like a bird's-dropping. Towards dusk it flies quietly about the same plant, par- 344 LEPIDOPTERA. ticularly along hedges, atid when on the wing has an unex- pectedly pale appearance. Rather common in the southern counties from Kent to Dorset ; in the eastern to Norfolk ; and in the west in Somerset, Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire ; also found in Berks, Herts, Oxfordshire, and Leicestershire, and locally in Yorkshire and South Durham ; but I have no knowledge of its presence in any other portion of the United Kingdom. Abroad it is common in most parts of Central and Southern Europe, and in Northern Africa. 2. P. sodaliana, Eav:. ; amandana, E.B. — Expanse § inch (15-16 mm.). Head thickly tufted, white ; fore wings snow-white dotted with black ; with a broken black and tawny central band and an apical chocolate spot. Antennae brown ; palpi, head, and thorax white, and the head excessively tufted ; abdomen dark grey, each segment with a white edging. Fore wings not long, moderately broad ; costa having at the base a faint imitation of a fold, apex and hind margin rounded ; bright white, base and costa dotted with black ; central band a broad ill-defined black and tawny dorsal blotch, faced by a similar costal spot; beyond it a rich chocolate apical spot, below it a perpen- dicular black streak, some grey and chocolate streaks of raised scales, and some black dots in a large grey and buff cloud like an ocellus ; cilia pale brown clouded with black. Hind wings white dajjpled with faint cloudy grey lines. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky-white, with square smoky-black costal dots, and similar clouds beyond the middle. Hind wings dusky white dappled with grey lines. On the wing in May, June, and Julj*. Larva moderately active, short, plump, transversely wrinkled ; light glossy green with the whole dorsal region mottled with pale purple, somewhat brighter behind ; raised dots whitish green with white hairs ; head light brown ; SERICORID.E—BRA CH YT/ENIA. 34 5 dorsal plate black, anal plate light green ; internal dorsal vessel brown ; legs black, prolegs green. July and August, in the berries of Ehamnus catJiarticus (buckthorn), eating out the substance of the hard seeds, and covering the hole of entrance v^ith silk, uniting the berries together and passing from one to another. The attacked berries turn purple before the rest. On leaving them the larva spins up in bark, or in confinement, in cork ; and lies in the cocoon for hybernation ; changing to pupa in the spring. This beautiful species is exceedingly local with us, occurring more particularly on the chalk of some of the more southern counties. Its best known locality seems to be around Croj^- don, Surrey ; but it has been taken near Knigsbury, Middle- sex, in Kent, Sussex, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire, and by Mr. Threlfall at Witherslack, Westmoreland. I know of no other localities in these Islands. Abroad it is found in Germany, South Switzerland, Hungary, Styria. Livonia, Dalmatia, and Roumania. Family!. SERICORID^. Fore wings elongate and moderately broad, somewhat even in width, usually clasped closely and perpendicularly to the sides when at rest ; apex somewhat squared or sharply augulated ; ocellus often indicated. Genus 1. BRACHYT^NIA. Antennte short, thick, ciliated ; palpi short, thick in the middle, third joint small, nipple-like ; face not oblique ; thorax having a crest or tuft of scales at the back ; fore wings without fold, broad, the dorsal margin rounded up, and having a small tooth of scales projecting from a curve near the base ; hind wings with a fine tuft of hair-scales on the median nervure. 346 LEFIDOPTKRA. We have three species — rather closely allied. A. Fore wings grey, witii large black-brown costal spot. B. scmifa.sciana. A-. Fore wings white-brown, with blacii-brown costal spot. B. hartinanniana. A?. Fore wings bright white, with x-shaped black costal spot. B. vooffinno. 1. B. semifasciana, Haw. — Expanse | to J inch (16- 19 mm.). Fore wings broad, grej'-brown, with rather darker basal blotch, and a large black-brown costal spot beyond the middle. Antennce black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax dark grey- brown ; the thoracic back-tufts tinged with chestnut ; ab- domen dark-brown. Fore wings short and rather broad, costa strongly arched, apex squared, hind margin perpen- dicular and nearly straight ; pale slate-grey or brownish grej-, basal blotch rather darker and edged by a dark grey stripe from the costa ; central band suggested by a large, dark brown-grey blotch or spot beyond the middle of the costa, its costal edge blackened ; opposite to it is sometimes a dark cloud ; beyond it are three brown costal dots ; cilia grey. Hind wings and their cilia smoky brown. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, with faint pale brown costal dots. Hind wings smoky white. A little variable in depth of the ground colour and markings. On the wing from the end of June till August. Larva rather plump and slightly flattened ; pea-green with darker green dorsal and subdorsal lines ; head yellowish green ; dorsal and anal plates green ; usually covered with a whitish efflorescence, especially visible in the segmental divisions. May and June on Sa/ix caprcca and other sallows, drawing SERICORID.-E—BRA CHVT.-ENIA . 347 together the terminal leaves ; often found on stunted plants upon hedge-banks. Pupa blackish brown, in a cocoon of white silk between leaves. The moth usually hides during the day in stunted sallow bushes, from which it is easily beaten out. Its natural flight is at dusk, when it keeps about the same bushes on hedges and hedge banks, and often sits on their leaves ; later at night it will come to light, or to the sugar spread to attract noctufe. Sometimes found also among osiers in damp places ; but not an abundant species ; found in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Middlesex, Herts, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambs, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland. In Wales in Pembrokeshire and Glamor- ganshire ; but I have no record for Scotland. In Ireland it has been taken by Canon Cruttwell in Connemara. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, and in Sweden and Finland. 2. B. hartmanniana, L. ; scriptana, Rub. — Expanse I to I inch (16-19 mm.). Eoi'e wings dull white, dusted with black, and clouded with grey ; with a large black-brown costal blotch. AntenniB dark brown ; palpi, head, and thorax grey-brown ; thoracic crest double, black-brown ; abdomen pale grey- brown. Fore wings short and broad ; costa arched, apex blunt, bind margin perpendicular very little curved ; greyish white or brownish white much dappled with pale grey cloud- ing ; edge of the basal blotch indicated by one — or two- — faint beaked spots surrounded by black-brown clouding ; central band rather oblique, broad, divided in the middle, costal portion a distinct black-brown blotch, dorsal portion more cloudy ; apex of the wing crossed by a row of black dots and some faint cloudy lines ; cilia white dappled with 348 LEPIDOPTERA. grey. Hind wings pale smoky brown, witli white cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings smok\' brown ; costa paler. Hind wings smoky white. On the wing in July and the beginning of August. Larva delicate light green, with somewhat whitish incisions, and a faintly darker dorsal line ; raised dots light green ; head pale green, its outer edge with two brown markings. June and July on willow {Salix alba), between the higher leaves, spun together. (Zeller.) The moth loves to sit by day on the branches and trunks of willows, and on fences near them, but is not very willing to fly at that time, and unless the weather is quite hot may sometimes be boxed with perfect ease as it sits ; at other times gets into the interstices of bark and runs up them, or flies to the top of the tree. Sometimes common upon the willows growing by the river Lea and along ditch sides, near London. It is rarely seen in flight, and in the even- ing probably keeps near the tops of the trees. Its favourite haunts seem to be around London — in Essex, Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, and Herts; — but it has been found also in Devon, Cambs, near Scarborough, Yorkshire ; and commonly in Herefordshire ; but I know of no other locality in these Islands. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, Northern Europe except the coldest portions, and Northern Italy ; and in North America in Maine, Massachusetts, and New York State. 3. B. woodiana, Z)'a)r.' — Expanse | inch (IG mm.). Fore wings bright white with black mottling and a large somewhat x-shaped black spot from the costa bej^ond the middle. Antenufe reddish brown ; palpi, head, and collar black- brown ; shoulder-lappets and thorax white, dotted with black ; crest black-brown ; abdomen yellowish brown. Fore wings short, rather broad, costa slightly arched, apex bluntly SERICORIDJE—BRA CI I \ -T.-ENIA . 349 augulated, hind margin rather oblique ; bright clear white dappled with faintly blackish clouding ; basal blotch a large dark grey cloud, cut off towards the costa, where are two or three deep black dots ; central band blue-black mingled with grey so that the black portion towards the costa has a rough x-like form, the band is constricted below this, and cloudy to the dorsal margin ; costa beyond the band dotted with grey-black ; hind marginal region faintly rippled with grey lines ; cilia white, clouded with grey. Hind wings smoky white or pale smoky brown with a purplish tinge ; cilia paler. Female a little stouter and larger, otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden brown ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings pale leaden brown. On the wing in July and ^.ugust. Larva rather slender, somewhat attenuated behind, less so in front, with a bristly look from the unusual prominence of the hairs ; pure deep green ; head shining black, mouth brown ; dorsal plate shining black with a narrow green dividing line, anal plate black or spotted with black ; raised dots small, blackish green, emitting short white hairs ; legs black or dark grey. (Dr. J. H. Wood.) April to June on Viscum album (mistletoe), at first mining the leaf, then spreading its burrow and clearing out the whole substance of the leaf, leaving the skins thereof so that a leaf appears to be a mere bladder of skin. If necessary removing to another leaf and commencing the same process towards its tip. This is one of the very few known instances in which a Tortrix larva is a leaf-miner during its whole larval state. Pupa yellowish brown or reddish brown ; having short wing cases and a long tapering mobile abdomen. On a cocoon of white silk placed in open network in any interstice under bark or lichen. (Dr. Wood.) The moth sits during the day on the trunks of apple trees J 50 LEPIDOPTERA. on which the mistletoe grows, but if disturbed darts at once to the ground. So far as it is at present known found almost exclusiveljr in orchards. It was first noticed in the year 1878 by Dr. J. H. Wood on apple-trunks in Hereford- shire, and in 1892 its larva was discovered in the same orchard by that keen observer. Although easily reared, and not difficult to capture, I do not find that it has as yet been recognised in any other part of these Islands or abroad ; yet Professor Zeller informed me that except in the colour of the hind wings it agrees verj^ accurately with a North-American species — B. alheolana. Genus 2. PCECILOCHROMA. Antennas thick, simple ; palpi short, middle joint thick, apical joint very small ; thorax thick, crested at the back ; abdomen short, with a small anal tuft. Fore wings without a fold, rather elongated, of full dark colours with a large pale blotch on the dorsal margin. Hind wings with a tuft of hairs on the median nervure. We have four species, two extremely variable. A. Fore wings broad, marbled with brown, red-brown and black. P. 2)i'ofiin(Jrnia. A-. Fore wings narrow and long, marbled with grey. F. orrultana. A-l Fore wings intermediate in length. B. Marbled with grey, olive-green and black. P. corticnna. B-. Marbled with red-brown ; a black streak runs toward the apex. P. signatana. 1. P. profundana, Fuh. — Expanse ^ to f inch (15- 19 mm.). Fore wings broad, very variable ; marbled, red- brown, brown, or black-brovTn, often with a conspicuous white dorsal blotch. Antenna? brown ; palpi, head, and thorax ochreous brown; crest double, chestnut ; abdomen light brown. Fore wings broad and rather elongated ; costa arched, a])ex bluntly SERICORID^—PCECILOCHROMA. J51 anu;ulated, hind margin straight and a little oblique ; pale umbreous or pale i-eddish brown ; basal blotch dark brown or black-brown, its margin oblique and angulated, immediately following it is a conspicuous dorsal blotch — white, orange- brown, or brownish-white ; central band narrow, oblique, deeply indented, dark olive-brown or black-brown, followed by a large olive-brown cloud, a black dot in the apex, and some faint brown costal streaks ; cilia brown. Hind wings, and their cilia, smoky-brown. Female similar, equally variable. Underside leaden brown, costal and hind margins dotted with pale brown. Hind wings pale smoky brown. The extensive variation of this handsome species is in part indicated above. In other forms the basal blotch is oblite- rated, or partly so, or merged in the general ground colour — which generally is umbreous, but sometimes dark brown or black — while occasional varieties are found of a beautifully irrorated orange-red, or a dull pale grey brown. On the wing in July and August. Larva active, cylindrical but rather tapering at each extremity, and with well-divided segments ; shining dark green or bottle-green, with faintly marked black raised dots and stray hairs ; head pale horo-colour ; plates green. June and the beginning of July on oak, in rolled-up leaves; often also in oak-apple — fresh galls of Cynics terriiinalis — also abroad on hawthorn and bird-cheriy. The moth sits by day in the branches of oak, from which it is readily disturbed hy the beating-stick, or on the trunk, from which it may be dislodged by a sharp blow, or may be blown off with the breath ; in either case it flies sharply and vigorously away, unless detained by the net. At sunset; it flies swiftly along the paths and borders of woods, and around oak trees and blackthorns. Common in woods, especially in the South, and to be found in suitable places throughout England to Yorkshire and Lancashire, 352 LEPIDOPTERA. but apparently not further north. In Wales I have found it in woods in Pembrokeshire, but rarely ; and in Ireland it seems only to be recorded from the county of Cork. Abroad it is distributed through Central Europe, the North of Spain, Sardinia, Central and North Italy, Scandinavia, and Armenia. 2. P. corticana, SrMfi. — Expanse | inch (IG mm.). Fore wings not broad, olive-brown or brownish green, usually with a sharp, irregularly-shaped white dorsal blotch. Antennae olive-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax dark olive- brown ; abdomen grey-brown. Fore wings not broad ; costa gently arched, apex bluntly angulated, hind margin gently curved ; dull olive-green, dotted and clouded with black or grey, costa regularly dotted with black ; in the middle of the dorsal margin is an oblique curved ]ialer, or white, blotch edged with black or dark green, apex mottled with the same ; cilia olive-green. Hind wings, with their cilia smoky brown. Female similar. Undei'side of the fore wings smoky brown ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings smoky white. Both sexes variable in every shade between pale brownish green, pale grey, and deep black ; also having the dorsal blotch very often pure white. On the wing through July and August. Larva cylindrical, rather sluggish ; dull pale yellowish brown, or bone colour; rather darker towards the head, and having a conspicuous square reddish brown internal blotch in the ninth segment ; raised dots small, black ; hairs rather long ; head light shining brown ; plates bone-colour ; feet black. May and June, upon oak, usually in a rolled leaf, but often also in the fresh soft oak-apple galls (galls of Cynips tcr- minalis) and also in the currant-shaped galls of the oak- catkin (galls of CyniiK qucrcuh-pcduncuU), feeding upon the SERICORIDM—PCECILOCHROMA. 353 soft innei' substance of the gall. Spinning up in the larval habitation. This moth is the most abundant of the Tortrices, which sit by day upon the trunks of oaks in woods, and often is so plentiful that it flies off in clouds in the face of an inquisitive collector ; but it also frequents the lower branches, and is sometinaes the greatest nuisance, from its numbers, with which he has to contend. At dusk it often flies in myriads around the branches of the same trees. Most plentiful in the southern and eastern counties of England, but sufBciently common throughout this country and South Wales; also in the South of Scotland, though I find no record for the district north of Aberdeen and Perthshire. In Ireland the records include Cork and Antrim, and it probably occurs every- where ; also found in abundance throughout the Continent of Europe, except in the polar region. o. P. occultana, Dougl. ; pinicolana, Zdl. ; diniana, iSfcu'i/. Cut. — Expanse | inch (18 mm.). Fore wings long and narrow ; pale grey, with dark slate-grey dorsal blotch and central band. Antenna3 dark brown, barred with paler : palpi, head, and thorax pale grey; abdomen grey-brown. Fore wings long and rather narrow, costa flatly curved, apex bluutlj^ angu- lated, hind margin oblique ; pale grey with hoary dusting ; basal blotch large, dark slate colour or grey-black, sharply angulated on its outer side ; closely followed by a large grey-white dorsal blotch, having a rounded margin ; this is edged on the outer side by a narrow, oblique, black-brown central stripe or band ; apical area filled with slate-grey clouding ; cilia grey. Hind wings with their cilia smoky brown. Female similar or having the front edge of the dorsal blotch more sharply marked. Underside of the fore wings glossy leaden-brown ; costa dotted with white. Hind wings leaden-white. Decidedlj- variable in the dejDth and distinctness of the VOL. X. v. 354 I.EPIDOPTERA. niarldiins : in the iiortli the groiiml colour is occasionalU- almost wliite. On the wing from .lune till August, in one generation. Lauva sluggish, nearly cylindrical, but with the hinder segments rather attenuated ; slate-grey, the divisions paler ; raised dots large, black, and ver}- prominent ; head flat and rather broad, jet black, as also are the plates and feet. May and June, on larch, drawing together the needle-like leaves into a bundle united around a silken tube, and eating down the leaves from the tip to the same extent all round until the bunch becomes extremely short, when it attacks another tuft of leaves. Sometimes also on Scotch fir, spin- ning together the brown scales at the base of the leaves, eating the latter from the tips down ; also occasionally on silver fir. Where common it greatlj^ disfigures the larches, the infested tufts becoming of a red-brown colour. Pita light brown or chestnut, wing and limb covers glossy ; segments dull, each with two ridges of spines ; cremaster short and blunt, furnished with cui'ved spines ; in a silken cocoon on the ground among the fallen needles. The moth sits during the day on larch trees, from which it may easily be beaten out; and induced to fly; and may sometimes be swept off the dead twigs. At dusk it flies over the same trees of its own accord ; and later at night will come to a strong light. Apparently it was discovered in this country about 1846, and was then very rare; now it has found its way, wherever there is larch, all over England and the south of Scotland to Perthshire, becoming, in some northern localities, very common ; but in Ireland I have only a record in Antrim ; and I cannot find that it has been noticed in Wales — where it must occur. Abroad it is common in Northern Europe and the Alpine districts of Central Europe, also in Siberia : and in North America in New York State, and Wisconsin. SERICORIDJE—PCECILOCHROMA. 355 4. P. signatana, DowjL ; kroesmanniana, Hcln. — Expanse ^ incli ( lii mm.). Fore wings browoish-drab, with orange-brown basal blotch and central band, and a black streak from the latter running towards the apex of the wing. Antennas slender, notched, brown ; palpi, head, and thorax brownish-drab ; abdomen yellow-brown. Fore wings not narrow, costa fairly arched, apex bluntly angulated, hind margin rather oblique ; brownish-drab or whitish-brown ; costa dotted with dark brown ; basal blotch large, oblique, angulated outwardly, rich brown ; central band similar in colour, ragged, rather narrow ; a black streak runs through it above l;he middle and is continued toward the apex of the wing ; above this are four pairs of white costal dots ; cilia pale brown. Hind "wings pale smoky brown ; cilia whiter. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings glossy, smoky brown : costa dotted with yellow. Hind wings glossy pale leaden-grey. On the wing in June and July. Lakva fat, white with a black head. (J. B. Hodgkiuson.) April and May on blackthorn, especially the bushes grow- ing on hedge-banks ; also said to feed on bird-cheny. The moth hides during the day in sloe-bushes, from which it maj' be beaten out in the afternoon ; but is rather local, and secret in its habits. At dusk it Hies freely over the same bushes. To be found, though not very commonly, in the New Forest, Hants, and in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Dorset, Wilts, Berks, Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Hereford- shii-e, Essex, Cambs, Cheshire, North Lancashire and West- moreland ; in Wales in Glamorganshire and Pembrokeshire ; and in Scotland in Lanark. So far as I know this is the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it inhabits all Central Europe except Holland, also Livonia, Finland, and Jiadeira. 356 I.EPIDOPTERA. Genus 8. ANTITHESIA. Antennas thick, simple ; palpi short, middle joint long and thick, apical joint very small ; thorax robust, crested at the back ; abdomen slender with small dorsal tufts. Fore wings without a fold ; distinctly elongated, broad, markings indis- tinct, costal and dorsal regions strongly contrasted in colour ; hind wings with a tuft of hair scales on the median nervure. We have but one species. 1. A. salicella. L. — Expanse J to | inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings long, somewhat squared ; without definite mark- ings ; costal region black, mottled with brown and blue ; dorsal region white. Antenn£e thick, notched, light brown, ashy-grey at the back ; palj^i small, white ; head black and white mixed ; thorax white spotted and dotted with black; abdomen grey- white. Fore wings elongate, squared and very blunt ; costa flatly arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin per- pendicular, then gently curved oft'; basal and dorsal area broadly white, dusted with brown ; costal and hinder area marbled with brown-black and blue-black ; the middle area white dusted with black, and having not far from the base a wedge-shaped black point from the dark, running into the white, area; at the base of the dorsal margin is a deep black spot, and another lies at the anal angle ; cilia brown-black. Hind wings large, and, with their cilia, smoky black. Female similar. On the wing in June, July, and August, in a single generation. JjARVA active, stoutest in the middle ; dull red-brown ; head small, heart-shaped, black and shining ; dorsal plate black, dull brown in front ; anal plate large, round, rough, black ; raised dots shining black ; legs dull brown, bases of the joints black. (Wilkinson.) SERICORID.^—PENTHINA . 357 May and Jane on willow and sallow, folding the leaves with white silk. Pupa, head, thorax, and wing-cases black ; limb-covers shining chocolate-brown ; abdomen deep brown, each seg- ment paler behind ; cremaster armed with yellowish hooks. (Wilkinson.) The moth sits during the day upon the trunks of pollard, willows, and sallows, occasionally even on poplars, and will often sit on a fence under a sallow bush ; in the afternoon sunshine it loves to rest upon the leaves of sallows and occa- sionally poplars, and if beaten out dashes wildly backwards and forwards to the ground. At dusk it flies vigorously over the same bushes and trees. When at rest it has a singularlj' close resemblance to the excitement of a bird. Rather a local species ; somewhat frequent in restricted localities around London — in Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, and Essex — also found in Sussex, Dorset, Berks, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, O.\:fordshire, Herts, Cambs., Suffolk, Norfolk, Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Durham. I know of no other localities in the United Kingdom. Abroad it is found throughout Centi'al and Northern Europe, the south of France, Central and Northern Italy, Dalmatia, and portions of Siberia. Genus 1. PENTHINA. Antenna? simple, short ; palpi short, thick, blunt, thickened in the middle, third joint nipple-like ; thorax thick, crested at the back ; abdomen rather short ; fore wings somewhat rhomboid, usually sharply and obliquely divided between two colours ; costa not folded ; hind wings with a tuft of hair-scales on the median nervure. A large group of very similar species — difficult to tabu- late. 358 I.RPIDOPTERA. A. Fore wiiifjs cloiuletl, black or black-brown, but outer third white. B. Two large white and shaded clouds in the basal dai'k area. 1'. picana. B-. A large white costal spot iu tlie basal dark area. P. sororculana. B'. White area large, most delicately rippled with faint grey lines. /*. hctulmtana. B^. White area large, apex black and clouded. P. pj-Hniana. B''. White area rather small ; a grey-brown spot below the apex ; wings broad. P. rnpreana. B". White area clouded with tawny grey. /'. rm-irfjcma. B''. White area small, clouded with grey, with costal black spots; wings narrow. P. staintoninim. W. White area tinged with pink, with costal black spots. /'. .vniriana. A-. Fore wings black-brown, outer third salmon colour. P. ochroh'ucana. A^. Fore wings black with pink blotches, outer third rich pink. /'. dunidiana. C. Thorax stout, fore wings broad, dark area with au obscui-e paler band. J', (jcntianana. C'-. Thorax rather thick, fore wings ovate ; dark even with a paler obscure band. P. sellana. C*. Thorax slender, wings narrow ; outer third with a large dark marginal cloud. P. marf/inana. A*. Entire fore wings dark, l)ut apical third a shade paler; wings narrow. /'. carhoiwna. A.". Wings dark with black central band ; wings ovate. P. fvlvjmia. A". Wings very black, with a pink costal spot. P. podremana. A". Wings black brown, with a large dull yellow dorsal blotch. P. iii;/rin)dana. 1. P. capreana, Hub. — Expanse :] to i inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings basal, two-thirds black-brown ; apical SEiaCORin.il—PENTHIXA. J59 third white rippled with grey, a grey-brown spot below the apex, and facing it a sharp white hook-mark in the margin of the brown-black ai-ea. AntenniB dai-k brown ; pali>i, head and thorax black- brown ; crest dull chestnut ; abdomen smoky brown with a pale ochreous anal tuft. Fore wings unusually broad, costa very strongly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin straight and nearly perpendicular; two-thirds of the area from the base mottled brown-black, its outer margin oblique, irregular, and excavated, a white hook-mark especially penetrating it just above the middle ; at the rising of the costal arch is a faint white cloud ; hinder third part of the wing white, edged with squared grey dots, and containing an oblique spot formed of black dots, and some parallel delicate grey cloudy lines ; cilia white, clouded with grey. Hind wings and their cilia smoky brown. Female similar, but larger. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden-brown ; costa toward the tip faintly dotted with white. Hind wings leaden-white. Easily distinguished from the closely allied species by the great breadth of its fore wings. On the wing iu -June and July. Larva of a beautiful transparent light green. (W. Machin.) April and May on Halu: m^jrca, feeding in the young shoots, and selecting those high upon the bush, drawing two young leaves together, and being so exceedingh" lively that almost at the smallest disturbance it will wriggle out and fall to the ground. The moth sits in the higher portions of the large sallow bushes, and when disturbed by the beating-stick will fall to the earth with scarcely a flutter; or if the weather is warm will fly down, tacking sharply from side to side. At dusk it ilies vigorously about and over the same bushes, at all 36o LEPlDOrrERA. times preferring those which grow on the edges of woods, or the neighbouring hedges, or else in marshes ; it continues on the wing rather late. A local and not very common species ; found throughout the southern and eastern counties of England and in i\tiddlesex, Herts, Hunts, Herefordshire, Warwicksliire, and Westmoreland ; also at Tintern, Mon- mouthshire. 1 know of no further localities in the United Kingdom ; but abroad it is recorded from a great part of North and North Central Europe, the Alps, and South-west Germany ; also from -Japan and Labradoi'. 2. P. picana, Fvod ; corticana, llaw. — Expanse \ to i inch (18-21 mm.). Fore wings moderately broad; apical third white with grey lines in the apex, basal two-thirds black, but containing two large, basal, dusky white clouds. Antenna; dark brown, with a whitish gloss ; palpi and head dull black-brown ; thorax black and white, mingled ; crest black, abdomen black-brown, the segments edged with grey. Fore wings blunt, the costa strongly arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin straight, almost jierpen- dicular ; apical third of the wing white, thinly dusted ontlie hind margin with grey-black ; basal blotch roiighly indicated by scattered black angulated dots, w^hich lie in two large whitish basal clouds ; central band broad and almost ei'ect, black mixed with dark grey, its outer edge oblique and pierced in the middle by a beak-like extension of the white outer tint ; apical area faintly dotted with grey and having three or four black dots near the hind margin ; cilia grey- white. Hind wings smoky brown, with paler cilia. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings pale smoky grey, broadly dappled on the costa and cilia with dull white. Hind wings smokj' white. On the wing in -hine and rluly. Lauv.\ apparently undescribeil. SERICORID^—l'ENTHINA. 3O1 In the beginning of May it rolls up leaves of bircb and feeds therein ; also spins up to change to pupa in the leaf. CW. Machin.j The moth sits during the day among the leaves, or on the trunks, of birch trees and bushes, and from the brightness of the white portions of its wings is very conspicuous ; except when it elects to sit upon a bit of the white paper-like bark of the tree, when it is equally well coixniled. If disturbed it flies rather violently to another tree. At dusk it flies around the birch tree.s. but rather too high to be easily distinguished. Rather frequent among birch on commons in the eastern and southern counties of England, and in ^Middlesex, Somerset, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Che- shire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Durham ; albO in Mon- mouthshire, but not recorded, I think, elsewhere in Wales. In Scotland it is found in Perthshire, Stirlingshire, Koss- .shire, Dumbartonshire, and elsewhere in the Clyde districts : but I have no record for Ireland. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe, Northern Italy, and Finland. 3. P. betulaetana, Hmr. — Expanse § to I inch ("15-22 mm.). Fore wings for two-thirds their length black-brown, remainder pure white with numerous delicate grey lines ; division very oblique and nearly straight. Antenna? reddish-lirown : palpi and head black-brown : thorax similar, but dusted with white : crest large, black, tipped with chestnut ; abdomen grey-brown ; anal tuft pale brown. Fore wings rather broad ; costa arched ; apex squared ; hind margin nearly pei-pendicular : mottled black- brown from the base to beyond the middle, where this colour is obliquely and rather straightly cut off, but enclosing some white loops near the dorsal margin : remaining third snow- white dappled with delicate curved lines of faint cloudy grey dots, and having often in the middle a faint rosy cloud ; cilia dull grey. Hind wings dark brown with a lighter brown glo.ss ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of ,U'.- LE/'/VOrrEK.A. the lore wiiijrs black-brown, the costa from the middle, ami the hintl margin, biwuiJly dotted or shaded with white. Hind wings smoky white. The faint shade of pink sometimes seen on the white area of the fore wings is merely a remnant of more extended suffusion of the same colour, or of brownish pink, with which many specimens are moiv fully tinted on emergence fron^ the pupa. On the wing iu July and August ; and occasionally, as a very partial second generation, iu October. Larva cylindtical. but a little attenuated at each ex- tremity, smooth, shining, and rather plump, active; bright green, the folds between the segments more yellow ; raised dots distinct, yellow ; dorsal line narrow, grey-green, as are two snbdoi-sal lines ; hejxd small, yellowish- green ; plates pale given. May and June, in rolled and twisted leaves of birch. Pita in the larval habitation. The moth rests during the day in birch trees, aud especially in birch bushes, on heaths, on the edges of woods. AAhen disturbed by the beating-stick it dashes away and tlies about in a zigzag manner to another tree or bush. At early dnsk it Hies sti-ongly over the bushes and ti-ees, and will come to sugar smeared on their trunks to attract Noctuiv. Es|>ecially attached To the birches which grow scattenjd on heaths and hill -sides, and apparently to l>e found in such suitable places throughout England : aud in Scotland to Perihsliire, Dum- bartonshire aud Moray ; but I have no r^cotxi for Wales. In Ireland found in Wicklow. l\>wn. Armagh, Deny, and Slig\.>. Abroad ihrongh the greater jvirt of Central tmd Northern Earope, and in North Italy. 4. P. sororculana. Z-tt : prselongana, Oil — Expanse g to ^ inch ^^l 0-1*1 wui.). Fore wings narrow; for two- thirds from the base black-brown with a white costal spot i SERICOKIDM—PENTHINA. 363 reinaiiuler white shaded with lines of 'gv^\ cloudiug, sliowiiig a white hook into the dark area, and liaviug some black cloud- ing and dots at the apex. Antenna) and palpi dark lirowii ; head and thorax black- brown faintly dusted with wliile ; abdomen grey-browu. Fore wings elongated and rather narrow : costa but little arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin almost per- pendicular; two-thirds of the wing from the base black mixed with black-brown, but the space between the usual basal blotch and central baud indicated by a white spot on the costa, and a white cloud below it ; margin of this dark area very oblique, and having just above the middle a small white indentation, which is often hooked : remaining area white with faint lines of minute grey clouds, which become distinct and dark as they approach the apex, whore are two or three jet black dots ; cilia black-brown dusted with white. Hind wings pale smok}* brown with white cilia. Female similar, usually a little larger. Underside of the fore wings jiale smoky brown with pale yellow dots on the costa and hind margin, and one at the discal cell. Hind wings creamy-white. Occasionally in Scotland the apical portion of the fore wings is much blackened, and the general colour so intensi- fied as to suggest that this may be the original of the form, named by Curtis, Grccillana. On the wing in May and June, and sometimes as a partial second generation in August and September. Lakva hardly described. Ur. Chapman says : " It is a very active green larva, feeding on birch, between leaves flatly united, in August, Se])tembor and October. The birches in the gullies high up the hills are always the most productive." The late Mr. Machin says : " It spins up between two united leaves and lies in pupa during the winter." I'li'A very dull and rough ; nervures of the wing covers more glossy ; uniform red-brown ; a strongly raised row of 364 LEP/DOPTERA. short spines on every .ibdominal segment, followed by a ridge of more minute points ; creniaster broad and short, with numerous minute hooked bristles. The moth hides during the day among birch bushes, its habits being as in the last species ; but it is scarce in the South, and only becomes common on the hills of Scotland, where it occurs up to 600 feet, especially in the high valleys. It is recorded as a scarce species in all the English southern coast counties from Kent to Somerset, but not in Devon or Cornwall ; also rare in Surrey and Berks ; in the eastern counties to Norfolk ; scarce in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, AVestmoreland and Cum- berland, and more plentiful in Durham and Northumberland ; in Scotland abundant on the hills of the Clyde district and Perthshire, also in Stirlingshire and the Edinburgh dis- trict ; in Argyle, Aberdeenshire, Kincardineshire, Ross and Sutherland ; and in Ireland at Killarnej^ ; but I find no record in Wales. Abroad it is common throughout Northern Europe and the northern portion of Central Europe, also in Iceland, and in Southern Siberia. 5. P. pruniana, //^vi.— Expanse i' inch (16-18 mm.). Fore wings short and broad ; basal three-fifths black-brown with a pale dorsal cloud ; remainder dull white, with apex black and hind margin grey. Antenna^ black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax dark brown dusted with black ; abdomen grey-brown. Fore wings broad and rather short : costa well arched ; apex squared ; hind margin nearly perjiendicular ; rather more than one half the area of the wing from the base, black-brown, with a whitish cloud upon the dorsal margin ; edge of this dark space some- what erect and curved, verj' little indented ; remainder creamy-white enclosing a small brown cloud ; costa dotted with black ; apex and hind margin spotted and clouded with dull black; cilia black dusted with white. Hind wings SERICORIDAL -PEN THIN A . 365 broad, and with their cilia smoky brown. Female similar, but often a little smaller and blackei". Underside of the fore wings pale smoky brown ; costa and hind margin dotted or dusted with white. Hind wings leaden-white. Usually not variable, but upon hills in the Midlands it has sometimes the pale portion of the fore wings unusually white ; while in Scotland the dark portions are often much blackened. Very rarely a creamy-white variety has been noticed ; Mr. Thurnall records one such in Essex. On the wing from the end of May till July. Larva sluggish, short and plump ; bright green, raised dots distinct, shining black, furnished with short hairs; head and dorsal plate shining black ; anal plate either black or green. April to June on blackthorn, eating out the heart of a young shoot, and living within the drawn-together terminal leaves. When full grown it abandons this shoot and twists or folds a leaf — often of some other plant growing beneath — into a small neat chamber fastened at the edges with white silk. Treitschke states that it feeds on all the species of Primus, Cratccfjiis and FiOmi. With us it seems to confine itself to blackthorn, plum, and occasionally hawthorn. Pupa dull black; abdomen well furnished with spines; in the neatlj- formed chamber already I'eferred to. A lively, active insect, hiding during the day either in or under blackthorn bushes, especially those growing in hedges — perhaps in almost every such bush or hedge in England, Ireland and Wales — in Scotland apparently occurring throughout the Lowlands, though not everywhere common, and, I think, not recorded beyond Aberdeen. Common throughout Central and Southern Europe, and in Sweden ; also Asia Minor, and Persia. 3<56 I.KPIDOPTERA. (J. P. ochrolevicana, Ilnh. — l-X-panse ■; incli (18- 20 mm.). Fore wings — basal two-thirds black-brovs'n, con- taiuiug a broad faintly paler band : remainder of the wing pale ochreons. Antenna^, palpi, head, and thorax blackish-brown ; abdo- men grey-brown : anal tuft ochreons. Fore wings moderately broad : costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique, straight; basal two-thirds of the wing brown black, often Vt-ith a faintly paler broad band of ochreons mottling, which indicates the interval between the basal blotch and the central band ; remaining third soft pale ochreons or salmon colour, its margin minutely dotted with grey-brown ; cilia ochreons, much dusted with grey. Hind wings ])ale smoky brown with whitish cilia. Female similar, but with darker hind wings. Underside of the fore wings smoky black, dotted and dusted behind with pale yellow. Hind wings smoky white. llather variable in the depth of the ochreons colouring, and also in the colour of the ape.x and hind margin, which sometimes are clouded with blaclc. On the wing in June and .Inly. Larva dark olive, the raised dots hardly darkei' ; head and legs black ; dorsal plate black, edged in front with olive- brown, with a narrow paler middle line ; anal plate green ; anal segment minutely spotted with black. (Rev. E. Horton.) April, May and the beginning of June on wild rose {Rosa canina) and other species of rose, sometimes on cultivated varieties in large gardens ; between joined-together leaves. Pupa black, upper edge of abdominal segments serrated. (Rev. E. Horton.) Spun up in the larval habitation. The moth hides during the day in rose bushes, especially those growing in hedges, and is easily induced to fly to another bush ; where often it will sit on the upper side of a SERICORID.-E—PENTHIXA. 367 leaf, looking very pretty. It flies naturally at dusk about the roses iu gardens, and still more about those growing at the sides of country lanes and roads, but is not absent from the gardens of the London suburbs, and comes willinelv to the attraction of a strong light. A plentiful species throiigiiout the southern and eastern counties of England to Oxfordshire and Bucks, Herts and Norfolk ; also found in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire ; but so far as I know not further north ; and I have no record for AVales. In Ireland it has been taken near Dublin and Cork, and rarely at Enuiskillen. Abroad it is frequent in Central Europe, Central and Northern Italy, the north of Spain, Asia Minor, and Armenia. 7. P. variegana, 11,0,.; cynosbatella, ].. WIW.; cynosbana, D. Z.— Expanse j to | inch (15-18 mm.). Fore wings broad, rather blunt behind; rather more than half black-brown, the remainder dull white clouded with grey, and having a round black dot or two outside the dark area. Antennte black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax grey- black ; crest more grey ; abdomen black-brown. Fore wino-s broad and blunt ; costa arched ; apex almost squared ; hind margin straight and faintly oblique ; rather more than one- half the area from the base mottled with black-brown and dark slate-grey, the portion between the usual basal blotch and central band more blue-grey; outside the irreo-ular margin of this space are two black dots in the middle often with other dots, less distinct, between them; outer area dull white shaded with rather large smoky grej- clouds ; costa faintly dotted with black ; cilia mixed, grey and white. Hind wings and their cilia smoky brown. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings dull smoky brown. Hind wings smoky white. Usually not variable, but a very singular variation — or albinism — which occurs rarely in many species of Tortrices, 368 I.El'IDOPTERA. seems to be more t'ref(uent, and more iinu'keil, in this tli.an in any other. It consists in the obliteration of all the usual markings, and the substitution of cloudinj^s of dirtj- grey on a blue-white ground ; and was described by Haworth as a distinct species, under the name luiljifcntnu. On the wing in June and July. Larva cylindrical, rather sluggish, very dark green ; raised dots small, black, head and both plates black. April to June, on hawthorn and blackthorn, drawing to- gether a leaf or two. Also on cherry, plum, apple, and other fruit trees, P//;'!4,sy«^)0?U(v(, mountain ash ; bird-cherry, sweet gale, birch, alder, sallow, and ash. Pita black, spun up in the larval habitation. The moth frequents hedges, fruit trees, and siirubberies, and is common throughout the United Kingdom, and in Central and Southern Europe, Sweden. Livonia, Finland. Russia, Asia Minor, and Armenia. 8- P. sauciana. Huh. — Hxpanse ;5 inch (1-j mm.). Fore wings somewhat ovate ; basal two-thirds bluisli-black, its margin nearly upright and penetrated by a sharp white hook; hinder area white with a blue-black apex and costal dots. AntenuEe black ; palpi, head and thorax black-brown ; abdomen sooty Ijlack. Fore wings slightly ovate, not very narrow ; costa gently arched ; apex almost squared ; two- thirds of the wing from the base bluish-black with a rather upright margin, in the middle of which is a sharply incised white hook-mark ; outer area pure white at the first, then usually clouded with black towards the hind margin, and the apical portion occupied by transverse black clouding ; cilia brown-black, but at the anal angle white. Hind wings dark smoky brown; cilia dull white, with a dark basal line. Female similar. Underside of the fore wings leaden-black, sprinkled on SERICORIDJE—PENTHINA. 369 the costa and hinder area with dull white dots. Hind wings leaden brown. On the wing in June and July. Larva apparently undescribed. ilay and June, on bilberry ( VacrAiimm myrtillus), drawing together the young shoots and feeding on the leaves. Assuming the pupa state in the larval habitation. The moth is always found among bilberry (whortleberry) on hills : it sits on the plant in the daytime, and when the weather is warm flies swiftly in the sunshine through the afternoon. Usually a northern species, but it is fairly common on the hills of Surrey and Kent, where its food- plant covers the ground. There must be other localities in the South, but except that of Canon Cruttwell, at Porlock, Somerset, I find no other records till we arrive at the Black Mountain, Herefordshire ; thence it is common on the hills of Derbyshire and Staffordshire, and in Cheshire, Lancashire, and the moors of Yorkshire. In Wales it must surely occur, but I have no record. In Scotland it is common on the mountains of Perthshire and Ross-shire, and less common in Aberdeenshire. In Ireland, found in Antrim and Kerry, and probably in intei'mediate suitable spots. Abroad it is found in Holland, in North and Central Germany, Switzer- land, Central and North Italy, Galicia, Livonia, and Scandinavia. 9. P. staintoniana, Bon: — Expanse ;^ inch (Ij-16 mm.). Fore wings rather narrow, dull black, two-thirds of their length, with two white, somewhat hooked, indentations ; remainder dull white, with a brown or black cloudy streak before the apex. Anter.r.ffi thick, dull black; palpi, head, and thorax brown- black ; abdomen sooty black, with a paler anal tuft. Fore wings rather narrow, costa flatly arched, apex bluntly angulated, rather squared ; hind margin nearly straight ; VOL. X. 2 A 370 I-El'lDOl'TERA. basal two-tliirds of the wiug mottled Mack-brown, with the space between the basal blotch and the central band faintly dusted with bluish white ; outer edpe of this dark area per- pendicular from the costii, but oblique below, having two faint, more or less hooked, indentations; hinder area creamy white faintly clouded with grey lines, and enclosing one or more black dots, forming a blackish streak below the apex ; cilia black mixed with white. Hind wings smoky brown > cilia the same but shaded with white. Female similar. On the wing in -June. Lakna unknown. This species is thought by some to be a mountain variety of P. savciana, but of this I am not satisfied. The late Thomas Eedle when collecting in Scotland in the year 1872 took a number of specimens on the mountains of Perthshire, always at a great elevation, and " among Arctostaphi/los uvu- ursi flying late in the afternoon in a quick jerking manner, darting straight forward, and when pursued dropping down among the heath and bearberry, where it hides itself and cannot be induced to rise again. It flies in June. The larva probably feeds on the bearberry in the spring." Mr. Eedle went on to point out a difference in its mode of flight from that of F. sauciana, which was flying at the same time in a lively manner in the sunshine. More recent observers have taken it among Vaccinium mip'ti/lus, at 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea-level. The only locality which I know for this species is on these Perthshire mountains. It has not, I think, been noticed abroad. 10. P. dimidiana, tSodof; ochromelana, Git. — Expanse I to J inch(12-15 mm). Fore wings rich jsink or pinkish brown ; basal blotch and central band almost united in the middle, black or grey-black. Antenna' reddish black ; pnljii. head, and thorax dull lilack ; abdomen yellow-browu. Pore wings rather blunt. SERICORrD.-E—PENT/Ih\A. 371 costa gently arched, apex bluntly anwulated, liintl margin almost straig-ht ; soft delicate pink ; basal blotch dark slate- grey, large and oblique, its outer edge rugged and dotted with black : central band mottled, slate-black and dark brown, broad on the dorsal margin, and often united with the basal blotch by dark clouding aloogthe median nervure : outside this is a round black dot; hinder area faintly mottled with pale brown clouds ; cilia smoky pink. Hind wings and their cilia smoky brown. Female similar or a little more brilliant in colour. Underside of the fore wings leaden brown ; costa and hind margin shaded paler. Hind wings leaden white. The delicate pink colour readily fades towards white during life, from exposure to sun and moisture. On the wing in June. Larva short, stout and wrinkled; slightly tapering at the extremities, but otherwise cylindrical ; not active ; dark smoky grey or smoky black ; raised dots large, jet black. with rather long bi'istles ; head, plates, and feet shining black. August and September on Myricu gnlc (bog myrtle or sweet gale) joining together the edges of the leaves on a shoot so as to make a i-ound balloon-shaped habitation ; eating out the heart of the shoot and gnawing the upper surface of the joined leaves. This balloon-shaped habitation is exactly like that formed by the larva of MclanipiK liastvto upon the same bushes, but is far more plentiful than it, there being sometimes in Scotland a larva upon every plant. The late Mr. H. Doubleday informed me that it used to be found feeding upon sallow in Epping Forest. The winter is passed in the pupa state. Usually a northern species, yet found rarely in the south ; the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher both record it in Sussex ; the late Mr. Parfitt in Devon ; and, as just remarked, Mi. Doubleday in Essex. 1 know of no other J72 J-EPIDOPTERA. southern localities ; but it is commoa in Yoi'lishire, North Lancashire, Westmoreland, J)urliani, Cuiiiberland, and Northuniberlaud ; also in AVales in Merionethshire. ^lucli more plentiful in Scotland in Arg-yleshire and Arran, also in Dumbartonshire, and elsewhere in the Clyde valley, I'erth- shire, the Edinburgh district, and Aberdeenshire. In Ireland found near Enniskiilen and at Killarney. Abroad it inhabits Central Europe, Scandinavia, Jlussia, and Pontus ; and in North America is found in ^lissouri. 11. P. marginana, Hnn\; oblongana. ILiu-. 5 ; similana, WIU.-. var. — Expanse h to J inch ('12-15 mm.), i'ore wings narrow ; basal two-thirds brown-black, faintly tlivided by a paler band ; hinder area yellowish white or dull white, with a dotted blackish cloud running in from the apex. Antennaj simple, hoary black ; palpi, head, and thorax black-brown; abdomen grey-brown; anal tuft yellowish- white. Fore wings narrow; costa nearly straight; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin a little oblique; bassd blotch mottled, blue-black aud dark brown, with a ragged margin; central band broad, black-brown, with a white dot near its outer edge; intermediate space obscurely whitish, almost filled by a blue-grey cloud ; hinder third dull white or yellow-white with a large black-brown apical cloud, and similar cloudy lines beneath it, also black dots on the costa ; cilia mingled black and white. Hind wings white, with a cloudy smoky brown margin of varying width ; cilia white. Female similar or darker, and with dark brown hind wings. Underside of the fore wings leaden black, with yellow- white costal dots. Hind wings smoky^ white. Variable in size, the smaller specimens appavently being known as similuiin Wilkinson. On the wing from ilay till August, or even September, but apparently in but one generation. SERICORW.'E—PEATJUNA . 373 Larva nearly cj-lindrical, but the segments plump and much wrinkled ; pale amber colour, raised dots minute, black, with short white hairs ; head and dorsal plate large and strong, deep black ; anal plate round, dark brown. September and October, and after hybernation, sometimes till May or even June, in the seed-spike of Stacltys hetonicc, eating out the seeds and inhabiting an empty calyx, remain- ing therein, in an active condition, through the winter. Also feeding occasionally in seed-heads of teazle [Dipsams si/ivestriH) and Scahiosa succisa. Hofmann adds seeds of Galco]}sis and Euphrasia odontitis in mountain districts. Pita light brown ; in the larval habitation. A widely distributed yet local species ; in deep woods and marshy fields ; in the eastern counties common in the Fens and on boggy heaths, and in the west abundant in some of the damp pastures ; flying readily, if disturbed, in the sun- shine, and more plentifully of its own accord at sunset. In suitable places throughout England, commoulj' in very restricted localities ; in Wales found in Pembrokeshire ; in Scotland in Renfrew, Argyle, Arran, Perthshire, Sutherland- shire ; and in the Outer Hebrides and the Orkneys ; in Ire- land in Counties Cork and Galway. Abroad it is widely distributed in Central and Southern Eui'ope, Turcomania, Syria, and Algeria. 12. P. sellana, Huh. — Expanse | inch (15-17 mm.) Fore wings ovate, with rounded costa : basal two- thirds black - brown, almost divided by a faint paler band ; outer third dull white with a large black-brown apical cloud. AntennEB dark brown ; palpi and head dull brown ; thorox black-brown, mottled with dull white ; abdomen grey-orown. Fore wings rather narrowly ovate ; costa gently arched ; apex and hind margin rounded ; ground colonr dull white or brownish white; basal blotch and central band both broad, mottled, black-brown, united in the middle by a similar line 374 I.ErinOPTERA. above and beneath which is a cloudy blaclc-browu space edged with white ; beyond the central baud is an in-egular band of the ground colour, sometimes almost divided by a projection from a black-brown blotch or cloud which almost fills the apical and hind marginal area; cilia black-brown. Hind wings and their cilia smokj- brown. Female similar. Undersides of all the wings pale leaden brown, with a reddish gloss. On the wing from I\Iay to the beginning of July. Lakva apparently undescribed and doubtfully known. The late Mr. H. Doubleday informed me that it feeds in seed-heads of C'nitaurea nirjra ; Init Mr. W. Warren has seen the moth apparently depositing its eggs on leaves of Flantcujo lameolatn, and Hofmaun states that he has reared it from the seeds of Fcdicularis. The moth is an obscure-looking insect and readily over- looked ; it frequents dry banks, particularly railway banks, sea cliffs, dvj stony hill-sides, quarries and chalky places, flying up from the ground very swiftly at the approach of a footstep, to alight again close to the ground a little farther on. It is found on the southern and eastern coast-counties from Kent to Cornwall and to Norfolk; and in Cambs, Herts, Surrey, Middlesex, and Oxfordshire, also in North Lancashire ; and in Wales in Pembrokeshire, but I find no other records in Great Britain, though a far wider range is probable. This is strongly illustrated by the fact that although no previous locality was recorded in Ireland, the llev. C. T. Cruttwell found it on a recent visit to Conne- mara. Abroad it hardly seems to be recognised. 13. P. gentianana, Tr.; gentiana, Stnwl. Vat. — Ex- panse J inch (18-20 mm.). Thorax robust ; basal two-thirds of the fore wings bluish black, enclosing tawny brown clouds; hinder area reddisJi white with hiud margin grev. SERICORID.-E—PENrHlNA. 375 Antennffi black-brown ; palpi and head black-brown dusted with brown ; thorax thick, black mixed with brownish white ; abdomen rather stout, dark smoky brown. Fore wings some- what broad ; costa arched ; apex squarely angulated ; hind margin almost perpendicular; costa regularlj- spotted with black-brown ; basal blotch much mottled- — blue-black and tawny brown ; central band more brown ; both ragged at the margins, and apparently united by a large bluish black cloud, having at its base a streaked dull white spot ; hinder area creamy white or reddish white, clouded toward the apex with grey, and pale tawny, cloud}^ lines ; cilia creamy white clouded with blue-grey. Hind wings rather glistening, smoky brown with paler cilia. Female similar but larger. Underside of the fore wings pale leaden brown with yellowish dots along the costa and hind margin. Hind wings leaden-brown with a golden gloss. On the wing iVom June to August in a single generation. Larva active, plump, white ; head and dorsal plate black : anal plate brown. September and October, and through the winter till June, in the seed-heads of teazle {Dipsacus si/lvcdris) ; inhabiting the middle sjjace within the seed-head which is filled with pith ; apparently feeding upon this pith, and partiallj^ filling the chamber with excrement ; here when becoming full fed, it surrounds itself with a silken shroud, in which it ultimately assumes the pupa state ; boring a round hole in the side of the chamber leading to the seeds. There seems little doubt that the seeds also are eaten. Said also to infest Dijjsacus fidlonum. Pupa red-brown ; wing and limb-covers smooth and glossy ; segments dull, each ringed with a close series of short stift' firm bi'istles ; cremaster short, hardly projecting from the rounded anal segment, but furnished with several short points. In the larval habitation, in a soft white cocoon. 376 LEriDOPTERA. The moth sits after emergence upon the seeil-head oi' its food-plant, between the spines, with head pointing inward ; here from the colours and shading of the wings and their slightly projection, it bears a most singular and striking resemblance to the drojiping of a bird ; this has recently been pointed out by ^Ir. II. Fortescue Fryer. It has a strong objection to flying in the day-time, and indeed is seldom ciiptured upon the wing; nearly all the specimens in collec- tions having been reared from the, easily collected, teazle- heads. It is a very local species, by no means to be found whereever its food-plant grows, but very fond of chalky places, and to be found in restricted localities, in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, the Isle of Wight, Wilts, Cornwall, Somerset, Glou- cestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Berks, Oxford- shire, Herts, Essex, Cambs and Yorkshire. This appears to be the extent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it extends over the greater part of Central Eun-pe, Central and Northern Italy, Dalmatia and Bithyuia. \\. P. postremana, /'Vi;/. ; penthinana, anal angle is a creamy yellow cloud ; cilia black-brown dusted with pale yellow. Hind wings smoky brown, with a paler cloud toward the base ; cilia white. Female similar. Underside of the fore winu's leaden black, with A-ellowish SEIilCORIDM—PENTHINA. 377 costal clots, and a whitish spot towards the anal angle. Hind wings yellowish white with a cloudy lead-black bordei'. On the wing from May to July. Lak\a cj-lindrical, plump, rather wrinkled, colour pale primrose-yellow; raised dots of the same coloui', shining, furnished with minute hairs; head and dorsal plate shining black ; anal plate small, brown. August and September, on wild balsam {Lapcitkns noli- ini-tan{fere) in the thick solid stem, feeding on the cellular substance, and hollowing the lower portion of the stem quite down to the root, so as to form a chamber in which it lives, and UJ3 and down which it moves freely. Spinning up in this chamber and remaining in the stem through the winter and till June, when it may be reared from the withered old stems. Discovered in these Islands in 1873, when the late Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson found larvae in stems of wild balsam, in the north of England. From the dried stems of this extremely local plant he and others have reared it in some numbers, but I find no record of its capture on the wing, nor of its occur- rence with us anywhere except in the county of Westmore- land and in North Lancashire. Abroad it is fairly common in Germany, Austria, Galicia, Livonia, Sicily and Sweden. 15. P. carbonana, Dhld.; fuligana, Huh. (?) — Expanse i inch (12 mm.). Fore wings narrow, broadest behind, dusky white or bluish black, with the basal blotch and central band deep black. Antennte black ; palpi, head, and thorax brown-black : abdomen dark brown. Fore wings rather narrow but in- creasing slightly in width to the hind margin ; costa nearly straight, apex bluntly angulated, anal angle prominent, thus the hinder area is much squared ; grey-black or bluish black ; basal blotch deep black ; central band obscurely deep black, much notched and clouded at the margins ; apical and 3-8 LEPIDOPTERA. hinder area sometimes nearly black, in other cases dull white, spotted and streaked with golden brown ; cilia dark brown. Hind wiugs and cilia dark smoky brown. Female similar. Undersides of all the wings dark smoky brown. On the wing in June and July. Lakva long and slender, much wrinkled and with deeply divided segments; delicate pale green with the internal dorsal vessel distinctly visible, red-brown, and showing as a double bar; head bright chestnut; dorsal and anal plates greenish. September and October and till the spring, in stems of Starltiji pcdudri'i; eating out the pith, and leaving the hollowed space partly filled with excrement, but not so much so as to interfere with the movements, up and down, of the larva. Plta slender, bright brown ; wing and limb covers shining, segments less so. yet not dull, each with a sharj) ridge of close fine bristles pointing backward ; crem aster short and blunt, furnished with minute hooked bristles ; in a silken cocoon j ust beneath one of the joints of the stem of the food- plant, or of another plant of the same species ; emergence takes place through a small hole made by the larva in the joint. This species frequents fens and marshes, where its food- plant grows. Hardly recognised as a distinct species until the year 1878, when its larva was found in Wicken Fen, Cambs, by Lord Walsiugham — who kindly furnished the specimens from which the above descriptions of larva and pupa were taken — since then taken frequently in the same Fen, and in other wet localities in Sussex, Dorset, Gloucester- shire, Herts, Essex, Suffolk, and Herefordshire ; possible also in Yorkshire. Abroad it seems only to have been recognised in Holland. SERICORW.-E- PENTHINA . 379 16. P. fuligana, H\ib.; ustulana, Hmr. — Expanse \ to j; inch (12-l.j mm.). Fore wings short, ovate, black-brown ; central band dull black much notched at the margins, but obscure. Antennas, palpi, head, and thorax dull black ; abdomen brownish black. Fore wings narrowl}^ ovate, costa gently arched, apex bluntly rounded, hind margin a little curved ; brown-black, the central band deeper black and much notched at the margins yet obscure ; costa dotted with deep black, apical area filled with fine streaks of the same ; but in some examples this outer area is mottled with tawny and pale grey ; cilia black mised with grey. Hind wings and their cilia dark smoky brown. Female similar, but rather larger, the faint markings often more distinct. Undersides of all the wings dark leaden brown. When perfectly fine this species has a scorched appearance from a delicate marbling of obscure chestnut scales. Ou the wing in -June and July. Larva dirty white, tinged with yellowish green. September to Maj- iu Ajiuja orptans (common bugle), feeding at first in the rootstock just above the surface of the ground and afterwards mining up the stalks of the leaves. In plants that are protected by furze bushes or in some similar manner. (Mr. G. W. Bird.) Pupa either in the empty mine, or outside among the leaves of the food-plant. The moths emerged in the middle of June. (/'/.) The moth is attached to railway embankments, and the dry banks on vv'hich the bugle grows. Its flight is quick when disturbed from the low-growing herbage which it frequents, and its wings are so dark that it becomes difficult to see upon the wing. From this cause it may be somewhat overlooked, but it is known to occur in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset, Wilts, Berks, Oxfordshire, Essex, Sufiblk, Norfolk, Hants, 3So LEPIDOPTERA. Leicestershire, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland ; and in Wales in Pembrokeshire. The only other record that I possess for these Islands is Perthshire, where it seems to have been taken by the late Dr. F. B. W. White ; but abroad it is recorded from Holland, German_y, Galicia. Northern Italy, Xorthern Spain, and Bithynia. 17. P. nigricostana, Hav.\ remyana, II.-X. — Ex- panse ^ to _^ inch (12-lG mm.). Fore wings sooty-black, with bluish-silverj- lines ; on the dorsal margin is a large rounded ochreous blotch. Antennas black-brown ; palpi, head, and thorax dull black, abdomen sooty-brown. Fore wings rather elongated ; costa gently arched ; apex very blunt, sooty-black, faintly rippled with bluish-silvery lines ; costa dotted with deeper black ; in the middle of the dorsal margin is a large cloudy and ill- defined dull yellow blotch, extending more than half-way across the wing and I'ounded above ; cilia bluish-black. Hind wings and their cilia smoky brown. Female similar, slightly larger. Undersides of all the wings dark smoky brown, with a faint golden gloss. On the wing at the end of ^lay and in -June. Larva long and thin, attenuated behind ; pale lemon - yellow; head pale brown. When young tinged with green. August to October, and after hybernation — full grown — till April. " The larva, on hatching, at once eats its way down the flower stalk into the main stem, packing the space behind it very closely with frass. In October it may be found, nearly full-fed, at diflerent heights in the stem ; as winter approaches it descends, and in December is generally just above the level of the ground, and here it is to be found again in February ; in the interval, however, it seems to eat its way underground by mining the roots. By April it has climbed up to tlie top of the plant through the old 'frass,' and into dried tlower stems ; and hero the pupa may be S/£R/C( ^RID.Ji—PE.\T///.XA. 3S1 found /('s^ hdoir a joint, ia the stem, fastened by a few threads but otherwise quite unprotected." (W. AVarren.j Pupa light brown ; wing covers glossy ; segments ridged •uid set w-ith short thick spines or bristles. The moth hides during the day among the common Stachi/s, in the hedges and on banks at the borders of woods; towards sunset it may be seen sitting on the leaves, but flutters down to the ground on the least disturbance ; at sun- set it begins to fly, and till dusk dashes swiftly over bushes and hedges as well as over its food-plant. Locally common in the Southern Counties of England from Kent to Dorset, Wells and Somerset ; also to Berks, I\Iiddlesex, and Herts : and in Essex, Cambs.. Norfolk, Gloucestershire, and Here- fordshire ; also found occasionally in Leicestershire, Derby- shire, Worcestershire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire, and once in Durham by Mr. Sang, but not yet recorded from the other portions of the United Kingdom. Abroad it is found over rhe greater part of Central Europe and in the north of Spain; also in North America in Maine, Massachusetts, New York State. Pennsvlvania. and Ontario. INDKX. I'AOi: PAUK I'AC.K Ablabia 252 Calaniotroplia 122 Ciambiis argentana . 253 pahidella 122 .vylveHus 85 gouana -53 Capua . 250 trislelhis . 103 osseana 252 favillaceacn 25' uliginoseilus 89 pralana 252 ochraceana 251 Verelliis . 78 Achroia 150 Cateiemna . I Crypt oblabes 3 alveariella . ■5° terebrella , I bistriga 3 grisella '50 Clieiuiatoi)bila 273 Dapsilia 338 Acrobasis 5 hyeniana . 273 rutilana 33S consociella (•) tortricella 273 Diclielia 212 rubrotibiella 12 Chilo . 124 gnomana 214 tumidella , 8 phragmitellu> . 125 grotiana . 212 verruoella . 10 cicatricellus 127 Dictyopteryx 197 All spa . 35 Clepsis . 208 andouinaiui 200 angustella 36 rusticana 20S bergmanniana 199 Amphysa 209 Cnephasid-t; 252 bifasciai'a 200 gerningana 210 C'onchylis 278 contaminara 204 gerningiatja 210 maculosana 27S conwayana 201 piociromana 211 Coicyra 147 forskaieana 203 walkerana 211 cephelonica ■47 holmiaiia 202 Anerastia <^S Cramhid.i; 68 Icellingiaiia 197 lotella 65 Ciambiis 72 Ephestja 49 Aniouastitd-i: 65 adippellus 85 ca hint el la $(> Antithesia . 356 alpinellus - 74 calidella 50 salicella 356 cassentiniellus . 117 cautella 56 Ap!iomia ■3S chrysonuchellus "5 elutella 58 colonella 139 contaminellus . 1 10 ficella 50 sociella 1 39 crateiellus '17 ficulella 52 Argyrolepia . 326 culmellus , iiS kiihniella 54 ;ineana 334 dumetellus Si passulella $(> aleella 330 ericelliis . 83 seminifa . 60 badiana 327 falsi-llus . 76 Kroitene 68 baumanniana 33' fascelinelliis '05 ocellea 68 cnicaca 32S furcatelhis 92 Eupdcilia 2S0 dubrisaiia 336 geniculeus 113 iiftinitana . 302 liartmanniaiia 331 hamelliis . 86 albicapitana 283 niantaruana 337 hortuellus 120 alismana 290 rubigana . 327 inquinalellus 108 ambigiiana 287 schreibersjaiia 333 latistrius . 91 ambiguella 287 subbaumannian I 332 margaiitelliis 94 angustana 2S9 tes-seraiia . 330 myelins 97 anthemidana 314 zephyrana 336 pasciielhis 87 atricapitana 2S1 liatodes 206 perlellus . 98 canoellana 302 argusliorana 206 pinellus 95 cardiiana 285 Erachyta;nia 345 pinetellus 95 ciliella 312 havtmanniaiia 347 pratellus 79 cruentana . 2S9 scriptaiia . 347 rordUis 117 curvistrigana 291 semifasciana 346 salinellus I II degreyara 306 woodiana . 348 selasellus lOI dubitana . 2S4 INDEX. >:v.K i'.u;i: I'A'iK Eupoecilia Leptogramma Penthina erigerana . 3H parisiana . 217 cynosbana 367 flaviciliana 30S scabrana 217 cynosbatella 367 geyeriana . ■ 297 SCO tan a 219 dimidiana. 370 gilvicomana 292 treveriana 219 fuligana , 377 griseana 299 Lophoderus 186 fuligana 379 heydeniana 310 cinctana . 189 gentiana . 374 hybridella • 2S5 lepidana . 187 gentianana 374 implicitana 3'o ministrana 186 marginana 372 luridana 294 politana . 187 nigricostana 380 manniana • 294 sylvana iS7 oblongana 372 mussebliana • 295 Lozopera 31''' ochroleucana 366 Dana . 315 alternana 325 ocbroraelana 370 cotalana • 293 beatricella 321 penthinana 376 pallidana . 283 dilucidana 31'* picana 360 roseana 304 diplotella 317 postremana 376 nificiliana . • 312 flagellana 319 prtclongana 362 rupicola . • 303 francillana 319 pruniana . 364 suljroseana • 309 francilloDana 319 remyana . 380 udana 299 gigantana . 325 saaciana . 368 vectisana . • 300 smeathmanniana 322 sellana 373 Euzophera . 27 straminca . 324 similana 372 artemesiella 29 tischerana 324 sororculana 362 cinerosella • 29 LoZOPKIilD.K 278 staintoniana 369 pinguis 27 Lozot^nia 180 ustulana . 379 Gallerja • 135 musculana 181 variegana 367 cereana . 136 trifasciana 181 Peronea 220 mellonella . 136 unifasciana i8o abildgaardana 232 Gallkeiid.k 135 Meliesoblaptes 143 aspersana . 249 Gymnancyla 3" bipunctanus 143 antumnana 235 canella • 32 Myelois 19 caledoniana 242 Heterognomon 191 ceratonia; . 23 comariana 243 adjunctana 192 cirrigerella 22 comparana 240 flavana 194 cribrella . 20 cristana . 220 forsterana . 192 cribrum 20 favillaceana 236 . icterana 194 Nyctegretes . 25 ferrugana . 246 paleana • 194 achatinella 25 hastiana 224 %-iburniana 196 (Enectra 184 lipsiana 234 viridana . • J93 pilleriana . 384 logiaiia 22S Heterograpbis 34 Olindia . 275 lorqniniana 244 oblitella . 34 cnrvifasciana 27s maccana . 226 Hom.-tosoma ■ 3S bybridana 27s mixtana 229 binn^vella . 43 rectifasciana . 275 permutana 231 cretacella 45 nlmana 276 permutatana 231 eluviella . 43 I'andemis 171 perfilexana 238 nebnlella 41 cinnamomiean; . 175 potentillana 243 nimbella . 47 coryiana . 172 proteana . 243 saxicola 47 diversana . 178 rafana 235 senecioni.- 45 dnmetana , 177 Bchalleriana 239 sinuella • 3S heparana . 176 shepherdana 247 Idiographi.s . 190 ribeana 173 sponsana . 236 centrana 190 transitana . 178 tristana 228 inopiana 190 Penthina 357 nligioosana 244 Leptogramma • 215 betuhetana 361 nmbrana . 223 boscana 217 capreana , 358 variegana . 232 literana . 216 carbonana 377 Phtheocbroa 342 niveana . 219 corticana . 360 rugosana . 342 INDEX. I'AfiK I'AGE PAGE J'hlheochroa Sciaphila 256 Teras . 214 sodaliana . 344 abrasana 271 caudana . 214 amandana 344 alternella . 264 I'latytes 70 bellana 257 TOETRICID.I-; '54 cerussellus 70 chrysantheana 264 TORTIUCINA 152 Plodia . 62 colquhounana 258 Tortrix costana crata>gana decretana . interpunctella 62 communana 263 154 169 160 159 Pii cilochroma 35° conspersana 261 corticana . diniana 352 353 incanana . incertana . 267 270 kncsmanniana 355 nubilana . 272 fulvana . 157 occultana 353 octomaciilana 260 lavigana . 1^)3 pinicolana 353 pascuana . 266 lafauryana 1 65 169 profundana 350 pasivana . 260 latiorana . sipnatana . 355 penziana . 257 piceana . podana 155 Ptycholoma . I S3 perterana . 261 ■57 iecheana . 1S3 sinuana 267 pyrastrana 157 I{hodoph;Ba . 13 subjectana 270 roborana . 160 163 advenella . 13 virgaureana 269 rosana epeiydella . marmorea . suavella . 15 15 17 wahlbomiana Skricorid.u 269 345 semialbana sorbiana . spectrani . 16S 165 169 SclKonobius . 128 Sphaleroptera 254 xylosteana 162 forficellus . 131 ictericana . 254 Xanthosetia . 339 gigantellus 12S loewiana . 254 hamana . 341 mucronellus 133 longana . 254 zcEgana 340 I>iinted by Eam.amvm: .5^ Co. J Tavistock Street, London PLATE CCCCXXV. i. 1. Cateremna terebrella, male. la. ,, ,, female. 2. Cryptoblabes bistriga, male. 2a. ,, „ female 2b. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 3. Acrobasis ; consociella, male. 3a. „ ,. female. 3b. ,, ,, western var. 3c. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 4. ,, verrucella, male. 4ft. „ female. PLATE 425 ■V E.Cl{j^ideletli(K ■\fewaniBrc'oks^ay &Sonltt^In^ L.Reeve &. C ? London PLA'J'E CCCCXXVI. Flu. 1. Acrobasis tuinidella, male, la. ,. ,, female. lb, .. „ var. If. 2. ., rubrotibiella. 3. Rhodophtca adveneila, male. 8rt. „ ,, female. 4. ,, iiiarmorea, male. 4a. ,, ,, female. 4,b. ., , larva, Mr. W. ]5uckler. -F'LAH, 4-i:e W0 ..i^j i C.Mrn^ del«fKflv '>£rir«ntBroolffli,DiP^at3onut*Imp PLATE CCCCXXVII. Fig. , 1. Rhodophaea suavella, male. Irt. female. U. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 2. Myelois cribrella, male. •2a. „ „ female. ■2b. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 3. „ cirrigerella. 4. „ ceratoniiB, male. 4a. „ „ female. 5. Nyctegi-etes achatiuella, male. 5a. „ „ female. 5&. var. 427 .■■fe W^ E.ClfrQglil deletliJK "WTiEentBri)dk5l)ay6cSaRl.l!»Inip L Reeve &.C9LoT>iioi PLATE CCCCXXVITT FiCi. 1. Euzophera pinguis, male. 1«. ,, „ female. 1&. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 2. „ cinerosella, male. 2a. ,, ,, female. 2h. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler 3. Gymnancyla canella, male. 3a. ,, „ female. 3&. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 4 Heterograi^his oblitella. i!^ *^^ PLATE 428 H ^' ^^m 26 E.C.lfei^dsletlith Vincent Brooks DaD^ & Son- LC^In^ l-Beem i^CXmio! PLATE CCCCXXIX. Fig. 1. Alispa angustella, male. la. ,, ,, female. lb. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 2. Homasosoma sinuella, male. 2^. ,, „ „ var. i!&. „ ,, female. 2c. ,, ,, „ var. 2d. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 3. ,, nebulella. 3a. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 4. ,, binsevella. 4a. ,, ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler. ^jgf0 PLATE 429 i^^Q*# E.CJltii|M dflelHtK "WjicaniBrootePay&SoAXL^Imp 1. R,-..v<,.i'-",'T.,„-Jo PLATE CCCCXXX. Fig. 1. Homa30soma cretacella. la. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 2. ,, nimbella. 2a. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 3. Ephestia calidella, male, ort. ,, ,, female. Sb. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 4. ,, ficulella. 5. ,, kubniella, male. 6a. ,, ,, female. 6. ,, cabiritella, male. 6a. „ ,, female. 6b. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 0^.&i\^ £J3JGMght daLeUilK. \6ncentBroolc:J3ay&.S(mLt*In5. JUR^eve &. C ? Loj^dcJi. PLATE CCCCXXXI. Fig. 1. Epliestia elutella, male. la. ,, ,, dwarf male. 16. ,, „ female. Ic. ,, „ ,, var. Id. ,, ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 2. ,, semirufa. 3. Plodia interpimctella, male. 3rt. ,, ,, female. 3&. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 4. Anerastia lotella, male. •la. „ ., ,, var. 46. „ „ „ „ 4c. ,, ,, female. 4d. .. .. larva. Mr. W. Buckler. PLATE 431 ««!P% «"i>??»w:**t. E.C.l&u^ daletlitK '63\c^sr\l. Brooks Dav£tSan.Ll*'-rjrcp L ReevH &.C9Lortdoj\ PLATE CCCCXXXII. 1. Eromene ocellea. 2. Platytes cerusellus, male. 2«. „ „ female. ■2b. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler ■3. Crambus verellus. 4. ,, alpinellns. 5, >) falsellus, male. ba. ,, „ var. 5&. ,, „ female. 5r. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler. PLATE 432 E.C.Km^ aiil.itlilh ■VincaKlBroolciJJay&SonLtSfc^ LR«ev» & C? Lojtaoii. PLATE CCCCXXXIII. Fig . 1. \n. 1&. 2. 2a. Crair ibus ])ratellus, male. ., female. ,, male, var. dumetellus, male. ,. female. 2b. ., ., larva, Mr, , W. Buckler. 3. ,, ericellus, male. 3«. „ ,, female. ■1. " sylvellus, male, female. PLATE 433 E.CJ{ra|htdel8lht}v ■^fcioenl Brools^Jar & San U* bnp L Fle^^s**: 8(.C° London PLATE CCCCXXXIV. Pk; . 1. Cratubus hamellus, male. la. ,, female. 2. ., pascuellus, male. 2a. ,. female. 3. ,. uliginosellus, male. 3a. ,, ,, female. 4. ,, latistrius, male. 4«. ,, „ female. 5. furcatellus, male. 5rt. J, iemo.le. PLATE 434 E.C.Kni^hl del el KD\ IflnccJitBrooJsDaySiSonl.t^JiHp X.Recve &. C?laruion PLATE CCCCXXXV. Fig. 1. Crambias margarltellus, male. Irt. ,. ,, female. 2. .. jDinetellus, male. 2a. ,, „ female. 2h. ,. „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 3. ,, myelins. ■ 4. .. selaselliis, male. 4«. ,. ,, female. 41. ,. „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. i^i^it. 435- F.-CKru^taeU 'Ancervt Bro ole .Day &. San L^* In^ L. Reeve &. C *? Luivdoji. PLATE CCCCXXXVI. Fkj. 1. Crambus perlellus. la. 1 7 var. lb. If. " " var. warringtonellus. Id. ,, ,, „ le. )) J) „ rostellus. V- larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 2. „ tristellus male. ■2a. ., ,, female. ■2b. ,, ,, male, var. 2c. ,, „ » .> ■2d. „ ,, •> !> 2e. I) )) larva, Mr. W. Buckler. /^ PLATE 4:36 E C.KnigKt deletlitK ^^nccm,B^ooJ^s,Day &Son.Lt^Inqp I Reeve 5'.C°-1.:^ PLATE CCCCXXXVII. Fui. 1. Crambus fascelinellus, male. la. ,. „ female. lb. ,, ,, male, var. Ic. . „ „ ., 1(7. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 2. ,, inquinatellus, male. 2a. „ ,, female. 2b. ,, ,, male, var. 2v. ,. „ „ .. 2d. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. JEC.iiu^QactliO-v '/mceiit Bro oils D av & Sw. LC? Imp L-Riseve &. C? London. PLATE CCCCXXXVIII. Fig. 1. Cram bus contaminellus, male. la. ,. „ female. 2. salinellus, male. 2« „ ,, female. 26. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler. 3. ,, chrysonucliellus, male. 3a. ,, female 3h. ,, „ male. var. 4. craterellus. 4a. >> ,; var. PLATE 438 & E-C.Xra^ del., finccntBrooI' ,, female. 36. ,, !, >. var 4. Dictyoptei •yx Iccfliugiana. 4«. „ ,, var. 5. „ bergmauiiiaiia. 6. „ bifasciana. 7. „ conwayana. 7a. ., „ var. PLATE 443 ''^- W\^ ^m "m^ w0 E C. Ifcight dfil A Eth. \&u:ent'Br(jote.Day&SoaLt^inp LReevB StC?Limdo PLATE CCCCL. Fk;. 1. Dictyopteryx holmiana. 2. „ forskaleana. 2a. „ ,, var. 3. „ contaminana. 3«. ,, ., var. 36. ,, ., var. 4. Batodes angiistioraua, male. 4«. „ ,, female. 5. Olepsis rusticana, male. 5r'. ,, ,, female. (). Amphysa gerningana. 7. ,, prodromana, male 7rt. „ ,, female. tKi ^^^ E.C.Ku^t ielel Wtl L Reeve &.C"LcBvion. VmcejitBcooks Day &. SoiiXt^Inf PLATE CCCCLI. Fig. 1. Dichelia grotiana, 2. Teras caudana. 2a. ,, ,, var. 2&. „ ,. var. 2r- var. 3. Leptogramma literana. •dn. 4a. 5a. var. var. boscana. var. scabraua. '■■' ■ ^ ^^m^'V.^^,^ \ E. C.Whighl deletluh VmcentBroiJsflay&.Sor.Lt'^IitJ) X"Hfie-/e & C° LaivdoTv PLATE CCCCLII. [•'iG. 1. Peronea cristana. Iff. 1 7. •' •' Ic. Id. " " le. " 1/- ,. „ h- „ \h. , „ 2_ ,, um brana 2fl. , „ PLATE 452. J E.Cl&D^v dfiletMK L.'Rs'jv^ &C? London. PLATE CCCCLIU. Fui. 1. Peronea hastiaiia. \tl. \;iv ii). ,, ,, „ le. ,. .. ,. Id. ,. .. ,. le. 2. ,. maccana. 3. logiana. 3rt. var. 36. r- ,- M 4. mixtana. 4a. „ var PLATE 4.53 3^ £C.I5u;|Kt disLetJitK VmcentBr o olffil)60^& SarUA'H»gj I. Reeve .^ C° LajuloTL PLATE CCCCLIV Fiu. 1. I'eroiiea permutana. 2_ variegana. ■la. >> v: 2b. 11 >! 2c. 3. lipsiana. 4. nifana. 4«. , ,, var. 5. , sponsana. ba. ,, va 6. , perplexana. (ja. , ,. PLATE 4&1- E C Jfiughs. del, et laX ■VSnEontBrootep^tSoJirflmp '. Fvccv*: 5, C^'^cr7^dcn. PLATE CCCCLV Fi(i. 1. Peronea schalleriana. 1«. 2. , comparana. 3. , caledoniana. 4. comariana. 4a. „ ,, V 0. lorquiniana. 5a. > bh. ., 6. ferrngana. 6rt. , ,. VO van. latifasciaua. E.C IGo^ daletmh "Vmcent.Bi:oote,Day4 Sanii^irnp PLATE ('('(JOLVl Fl<;. 1. Peronea shepherdaim, male. 1« .. ,, female. 2. ., aspersana. male. 2a. .. .. female. 3. Capua fnvillareana, male. i^fi. .. female. 4. Ablahia osseana, male. 4a. .. .. female. 5. .. artrentana. (). Sphaleropfera ictericana. male. 6a. ,, „ female ml^^ E-CKu^t delet'litK ■VSrcanzBLo oks.BayStSonLt^ £qj; LifaevB {tCJXoMon. PLATE CCCCLVII. Fig. 1. Sciaphila bellana, 2. 5 colquhounaua. 2a. , „ var. 3. octomaculana. 4. , conspersana, male. 4a. ,. female. 46. , ,, male, var 5. , commuuana. 6. , chrysantbeana. 7- pascnana. 7a. , ,, var. 8. incanana (sinuana). '^^.^^^ ^.l.^- ^ 'r'* yi3M ^ii^P m^t^ ^^^M ^^y wP^ 1PP5, E.C.Jfiiight dcletiitK LRoove &-C*? London. Tflncara Brooks DsTASoni^liio PLATE CCCCLVIII. Fig. 1. Sciaphila virgaureaua. 2. ,, subjectaua. 3. „ abrasaiia. 4. „ uiibilaua, male. 4a. ,, „ female. 5. Cheimatophila tortricella, male. 5rt. ,. ., female. 6. Olindia hybridaiia. male. On. „ „ female. 7. „ ulmaua, male. 7 a. „ ., female. .-1^1 it 'ib6 W0 ■Xf ^m E.C-:tCmAt.,^^,elJit>. A£r.centBrooks^^8c3on. Ll4iinp l*.Ro«vc 5i C°l-o3\loii PLATE (JCCCLIX. . 1. c oncliylis iiuuMilosiina. 2. E iipd'cilia ;itric!i])itana. 3. pallidniin. 4. (liil)itanii. 5. liybridella. 6. ambififiiella. 7. anpiistaii!). 7a. var. thuleana 8. cm'vistri,t>ana. 0. gilvicomana. 10. notnlana. 11. iiiaiiniaiia. % i: ^ '«^A EC.lfeiAl, dal othUi. yino«ntBroiil