UC-NRLF *B 3?T mc, LIBRARY UNIV SJTY Of CAl-.rORNIA LESSONS IN ZULU BY Rev. F. SUTER EIGHTH EDITION MCDOUGALL'S EDUCATIONAL CO., LTD. 30 ROYAL TERRACE, EDINBURGH LOAN STACl^ Si PREFACE. hix It has been my privilege and pleasure for a number of years to teach the Zulu language to the Missionaries of the South Africa General Mission, who have, from time to time, come to South Africa to work among the Zulu speaking peoples. When it first became part of my duty to teach the Zulu language there were not so many Zulu Grammars as at present in existence, and those in use being complained of as difficult, I felt urged to attempt a simpler method, not, however, with the idea of producing a book. The " Lessons " used have become known to a wide circle of friends outside of the S.A.G.M. and their urgent request for publication is the principal reason for their appearance in print. The Lessons have been carefully revised, and the orthography adopted is that of the finding of the Zulu Orthography Conference of May 29th to 31st inclusive, 1907, of which I was secretary, and a copy of the Rules is inserted at the end of this book. It has been my endeavour to give a rule for everything, and to make the Lessons as simple as possible, giving the student only such matter as actually needed. That some degree of success has been gained is attested by the results already accomplished. While copious examples are given I have purposely omitted exercises for translation from English into Zulu, being persuaded that in the study of a new language the mind should be confined to the idiom of the new language so that at the earliest possible stage the student shall be induced to think in the language he is seeking to acquire. I trust that the Lessons may help many others to a know- ledge of the language, especially such as desire to make known the Gospel of the grace of God to the Zulu speaking people. F. SuTER. 160 CONTENTS. PAei CHAPTER I. Letters : Vowels, Consonants, Clicks. ... 7 CHAPTER II. The Noun : Its composition, Number, Kinds, The different Classes with examples and rules. . 9 CHAPTER III. Diminutive of the Noun. . . . . .13 CHAPTER IV. Gender. .......< H CHAPTER V. Cases of Nouns. . . . . . . .16 CHAPTER YI. Pronouns : Nominative Case, Present tense In- definite of Ukubona to see, (4) ; Objective Case, (5) ; Present tense Definite of Ukubona to see, (7); Possessive Forms, (14); Prepositional Forms, (24) ; Emphatic Forms, (27) ; Demonstrative Forms, (34) ; Relative, (40) 22 CHAPTER VII. Indicative Mood of Ukubona, To see. ... 40 Particles ka, Sa, and Se, with certain tenses. . 51 Substantive Verb Ukuba, To be. . . .56 CHAPTER VIIL Prepositions and Conjunctions. . 60 VI LESSONS IN ZULU. CHAPTER IX. PAei Adjectives :- --Position, (2) ; As Epithet, (2) ; As Predicate, (2) ; Monosyllabic, (3) ; How lack of true Adjectives is supplied, (9) ; Com- parison of, (11) ; Quantitative, (14) ; Demonstra- tive, (22) ; Interrogative, (25) ; Numeral, (36) ; Ordinal, (49) 65 CHAPTER X. Forms op Verb : Simple, Neuter Passive, (2) ; Reflexive, (4) ; Reciprocal, (5) ; Causative, (7); Objective, (11); Those having Passive Voice, (19); Combinations of the different forms, (20) ....... 82 CHAPTER XI. The Moods op the Yerb : Subjunctive, (2) ; In- finitive, (6); Imperative, (10); Potential, (23); Optative, (32). Use of Fanele with Subjunctive and Infinitive, (47) ...... Ukuba, to be, in the Subjunctive, Infinitive, Im- perative, Potential and Optative, (62) . . 91 CHAPTER XII. Adverbs: How formed, (1); Of Time, (5); Of Place, (8) ; Demonstrative, (37) ; Interjec- tions, (p. 118) 108 CHAPTER XIII. Auxiliary Yerbs , , .119 CHAPTER XIV. The Yerb "Ukuti" .125 Yocabulart . , . , . , .127 Rules for Writing the Zulu Language . 133 LESSONS IN ZULU CHAPTER I. LETTERS. 1. The twenty-six letters of the English alphabet are used to represent the sounds of the Zulu language. The letters represent the same sounds as in English with the following exceptions : The Vowels, the letters c, q, x, which stand for sounds called "clicks," g, which is always hard as in go, gate, etc., and r, which stands for a harsh guttural sound like g in Dutch. VOWELS. 2. a is pronounced like a in calm. e > e in ledge. i ee in feel. o in flow. u ,, ,, 00 in moon. The vowels with the exception of that in the accented syllable are generally uniform in length of sound. The syllable always ends in a vowel and the accent falls on the penultimate. According to this rule a word of two syllables would take the accent on the first, one of three syllables on the second, one of four syllables on the third, and so on. Ex, fu-nda, learn; lu-ngi-le, he alright] a-ba-ntwa-na, children] a-ma-ko-si-ka-zi, ladies^ queens, CONSONANTS. 3. With the exceptions mentioned above these stand for the same sounds as in English ; but there are many other sounds which are represented by a combination of consonants of which the following are examples : W may be combined with any of the consonants as : bw, cw, dw, fw, gw, etc. M may precede labials as : mb, mf, mp, mv. 7 8 LESSONS IN ZULU. N may precede any consonant except a labial as : no, nd, ng, etc. Sh is the same as in the English words shall, shake, etc. Tsh, = eh in the English words church, chance, enchant, etc. H, following any other consonant indicates that the consonant preceding it is aspirated. G, before a " click " indicates a modification of the sound of the click which is difficult to explain and may be best learned from a Native. It seems unfortunate, however, that this letter should have been chosen for this purpose, as it is a physical impossibility to produce the sound of g before a click. D most nearly represents the sound required, and the effort to pronounce the click with a d sound usually results in the production of the required sound. 4. HI represents the same sound as that of U in Welsh. There is another similar but flatter sound for which dhl stands, and the greatest care must be taken to distinguish between the two as there are words which, though the differ- ence in sound is so slight, the difference in meaning is very wide. Ex. hlala, sit, stay, abide ; dhlala, play ; hlula or ahlula, over- come, conquer ; dhlula, pass by, surpass. These sounds are further modified by prefixing n as nhla, ndhla; and again by affixing w as hlwa^ dhlwa, nhlwa, ndhlwa. THE CLICKS. 5. These sounds can be learned by imitation only. How- ever, the following suggestions may be found helpful : C Represents a sound which is produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth, and, simultaneously, with the act of withdrawing it quickly into its natural position, pronouncing any one of the vowels. The effort to pronounce the vowel with the tongue in the position indicated, usually results in the correct sound being produced. Q. The sound for which this letter stands is produced by LESSONS IN ZULU. 9 placing the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth and repeating the above process. X. The sound which this latter represents is similar to that usually made to urge on a horse, and is produced by placing the side of the tongue against the upper side teeth and repeating the same process. Hx. These letters are used to represent a fourth click which is a peculiar forced sound similar to that heard when calico is being torn. It is very difficult to express and can be acquired only by considerable practice. It occurs in such words as : hxina, act naughtily ; hxinya, choke ; hxela, stand in line, 6. There are no diphthongs in Zulu. 7. There is no Article in Zulu ; but the deficiency is provided for by the use of the pronouns. EXERCISE 1. Read the following syllables : ba, mba, de, ndi, dwa, ndwe, mfu, ga, gwa, nge, ngwe, ho, hlo, nhlo, dhlo, ndhlo, hlwa, dhlwa, nhlwa, ndhla, ja, nje, nji, jwa, ka, nke, nkwi, Iwa, ci, nci, ncwi, ca, qo, nqo, nqwa, qwa, qa, xa, xu, nxa, hxa, hxwa, tshu, tshwa, shi, sho, she, tshe. VOCABULARY 1. Bona, see ; buza, inquire ; buka, look at ; biza, call ) beka. puty put iUf put down ; bheka, look, behold, CHAPTER II. THE NOUN. 1. Every noun in the language is composed of two parts, the root and the prefix. All the nouns may be grouped under three general heads, viz. Personal, Impersonal, and Abstract; and are further divided into nine classes according to the different prefixes; the first two classes being composed mostly of Personal nouns, the next five of names of animals and things, and the last two, with a few exceptions, of Abstract nouns. 10 LESSONS IN ZULU. Each class has its distinctive singular prefix with a corre- sponding plural form except classes 8 and 9 which have no plural. The following examples and explanations should enable the student readily to determine the proper class to which any noun belongs. N.B. As all the pronouns in the language are formed from the prefixes it is of the utmost importance that the student should completely master them before attempting to proceed further. CLASSES OF NOUNS. CLASS 1. 2. Singular prefix umn, plural aba. Should the root of the noun in the singular contain more than one syllable the final vowel of the prefix is dropped. Singula/r. Plural. umuntu, person, (male or abantu, people, umfazi, wife. female). abafazi, wives, umfana, boy. abafana, boys, umntwana, child. abantwana, children. CLASS 2. 3. Singular prefix u, plural o. This class includes all names of persons, also a few Zuluised foreign words. Singular. Plural, ubaba, my or our father. obaba, our fathers, umame, my or our mother. omame, our mothers. ujoMo, thy or your father. oyihlo, your fathers. unyoke, thy or your mother, onyoko, your mothers. CLASS 3. 4. Singular prefix umu plural imi. The same rule applies to this class as to the first. Singular. , Plural. umuti, tree, medicine. imiti, trees, medicines, umfula, a river. imifula, rivers, umunwe, finger. iminwe, fingers. umlomo, mouth. imilomo, mouths. LESSONS IN ZULU. 11 CLASS 4. 5. Singular prefix isi, Plural izi. Singular, Plural, isinkwa, bread, a loaf. izinkwa, loaves, isihlalo, a seat. izihlalo, seats, isizwe, tribe, nation. izizwe, tribes, nations, isibuko, a mirror. izibuko, mirrors, isandhla,* hand. izandhla, hands. * Should the root of the noun in any clavss begin with a vowel, the final vowel of the prefix is then dropped, except Class 9, the second u of the prefix in such case being changed to w. Ex, isando, hammer ; umalusi, shepherd ; umaki, builder ; hut; ukwazi, knowledge ; ukwaba, distribution ; ukwenama, contentment, CLASS 6. 6. Singular prefiLx ili, usually contracted to i, Plural ama. Singular, Plural, ikanda, head. amakanda, heads, iqanda, egg. amaqanda, eggs. izwe, land, country. amazwe, lands, countries, izwi, a word. amazwi, words. itambo, a bone. amatambo, bones. CLASS 6. 7. Singular prefix i, Plural izi. The initial letter of the root of each noun of this class is n except when the following letter is a labial, in which case m is substituted for n. Singular, Plural, intambo, string, rope. izintambo, strings, etc. imbuzi, a goat. izimbuzi, goats. imvu, a sheep. izimvu, sheep, incwadi, a letter, a book. izincwadi, letters, bookg. into, thing. izinto, things. The following nouns of this class form their plural in ama. Note those that drop the initial n of the root in the plural. IS LESSONS IN ZULU. Singular, Plural. intombazana, girl. amantombazana, girls, inkosi, chief, king. amakosi, chiefs, etc. inkosikazi, chief wife, queen, amakosikazi, queens, etc. indoda, man, husband. araadoda, men, husbands. inkonyana, calf. amankonyana, calves. insimu, a garden. amasimu, gardens. CLASS 7. 8. Singular prefix ulu, usually contracted to u. Plural izi. In the Plural, the root of the nouns of this class, except when beginning with 1, assume n as their initial letter. Should, however, the first letter be a labial, m will be substituted for n. Singular, Plural, ukezo, a spoon. izinkezo, spoons, uti, a stick. izinti, sticks. ubambo, a rib. izimbambo, ribs, ulimi, tongue, language, izilimi, tongues. uvemvane, a butterfly, izimvemvane, butterflies. GLASS 8. 9. Nouns of this class are formed from Nouns and Adjectives by prefixing ubu, and express the abstract idea corresponding to the root. ubuntu, humanity. ubuhle, beauty, virtue, ubudoda, manliness. ubude, length, distance, ubukosi, chieftainship, ubumnene, kindness. majesty, glory. ubumnandi, sweetness. ububele, tenderness. CLASS 9. 10. Nouns of this class are formed from verbs by prefixing uku, and express the action of the corresponding verb, and are identical in form with the Infinitive Mood. ukukanya, light, shining, to shine, ukuhamba, the walk, going, to go. ukuvuma, consent, acknowledgment, to consent, ukutanda, love, loving, to love. LESSONS IN ZULU. 13 EXERCISE 2. Give the Plural of the following nouns : Usuku, day ; ingane, infant ; igeja, plov^gh^ hoe ; itshe, stone, rock ; umfundisi, teacher, missionary ; ikaya, h^ome ; itaf ula, table ; inhlizijo, heart ; intaba, mountain \ unyawo, foot ; umlenze, leg ; idolo, knee ; ihashi, horse ; umzimba, body ; indhlu, house ; umuzi, kraal, village, town ; ufakazi, a loitness ; isibane, lamp ; ilanga, the sun, day ; inyanga, the moon, month ; ukamba, a beer pot VOCABULARY 2. Ehe, yes ; yebo, yes (emphatic). Ca or qa, no ; cabo or qabo, no, (emphatic). Manje, now ; konamanje, at once, Namhla or namhlanje, to-day, Lapa, here ; lapo, there, Hleka, laugh; funa, want, seek, Funda, learn; fundisa, tea^h. CHAPTER HI. THE DIMINUTIVE OF THE NOUN. 1. The Diminutive of the noun is formed by dropping the final vowel, except o and u, both of which are changed to w, and affixing ana to express little or small, and anyana, to express very little or small. To express exceeding diminutive- ness the second syllable nya of the latter term is repeated as may be desired. Nouns ending in na, ne and ni affix yana, yanyana, etc. Ex, inja, dog ; injana, a little dog ; injanyana, a very little dog ; inj any any any ana, an exceedingly small dog, umuntu, person. umntwana, child, imvu, a sheep. imvwana, a lamb, unyawo, foot. unyawana, a small foot, isinkwa, a loaf. isinkwana, a small loaf, inkosi, chief, king. inkosana, a petty chief, prince. 14 LESSONS IN ZULU. 2. Should, however, the last syllable of the noun contain b, p, t, m, d, mb, mp, these letters are changed, in addition to the diminutive affix, as follows : b, is changed to tsh. p and t, are )) sh. m, IS ny. d, J. mb, are >> nj. mp, )J ntsh. N.B. After these changes the final vowel of the root is, with a very few exceptions, omitted. EXAMPLES. intatshana, a hill. a. 6. c. d. e. / intaba, mountain, inguho, blanket, dress, impupu, meal, flour, upape, a feather, iqata, a piece of meat, isikati, time, inkomo, cow, umlomo, mouth, incwadi, a book, ikanda, head, itambo, a bone, umtombo, a spring of water, inswempe, a quail, ingutshana, a small blanket, etc. impushana, a little meal, etc. upashana, a small feather, iqasbana, a small piece, etc. isikashana, a short time, inkonyana, a calf. umlonyana, a small mouth, incwajana, a little book. Ikanjana, a little head, itanjana, a little bone, umtonjana, a little spring, etc. inswentsbana, a little quail. N,B. umkouto, a spear y makes umkontsbwaua, a little spear. EXERCISE 3. Give the diminutive of the following words : umf ula, river ; urahlabati, earth, soil ; inyoni, a bird ; isango, gateway ; isibaya, cattle /old; indawo, place; ubuso, the /ace; isicatulo, boot or shoe ; ucakide, a weasel ; indandato, a ring ; idhlambi, a wave. CHAPTER IV. GENDER. 1. There are four genders in Zulu as in English, viz. Masculine, Feminine, Neuter, and Common. Gender, how- ever, is of small importance in Zulu Grammar, the need being dispensed with by the fact that the direct subject of the verb LESSONS IN ZULU. 15 is always a pronoun agreeing with its respective noun. The distinctions made are covered by the following rules : 2. In a few cases the noun is made feminine by afiixing kazi. Ex. inkosi, chief, king. inkosikazi, queen, etc. inkomo, head of cattle, inkomokazi, cow. The word is generally shortened to inkomazi. inkuku, fowl. inkukukazi,orisikukiikazi,hen. 3. Kazi is frequently affixed to a noun and also its adjective to magnify its meaning. Ex. umfazikazi, a great or large woman, itshekazi, a huge rock, ukalokazi, a great mountain ridge, injakazi, a huge dog. inkomokazi emhlopekazi, a large white cow. jmuzikazi omkulukazi, a very large kraal or town. 4. Male and female of persons may be defined by the use of the terms isilisa, male ; and isifazana, female ; preceded by the Possessive Particle agreeing with the noun. (See Chap. V. Sect. 10 for coalescence of vowels.) Ex, umuntu wesilisa, a male person. umuntu wesifazana, a female person. izisebenzi zesilisa n' ezesifazana, male and female servants. 5. Male and female of animals may be defined in the same way by the terms induna, male ; insikazi, female. Ex. ihashi lenduna, a male horse, a stallion. ihashi lensikazi, a female horse, a mare, inja yenduna, a male dog. iDJa yensikazi, a female dog, a bitch. VOCABULARY S. inkabi, an ox, inkunzi, a hull. inqama, a ram. impongo, a he goat, iqude, a cock. umsebenzi, work. indhlela, apa^A, i^at/. indajwo, a place. isikundhla, position. 16 LESSONS IN ZULU. CHAPTER V. OASES OF NOUNS. 1. There are five Cases as follows: Nominative, or case of the subject of the verb ; Objective, or case of the object ; Vocative, the case of address ; Locative, the case of locality ; Genitive or Possessive case, indicating possession or relation. 2. The Vocative Case is formed by simply dropping the initial vowel of the noun, excepting those of Class 2 plural, all of which prefix "b." Monosyllabic roots take the full prefix minus the initial vowel. EXAMPLES Nom. Case, Voc, Case. uMpande, the late chief Mpande. uMpande. inkosi, chief, king. Nkosi ubaba, my father. baba. obaba, my or our fathers. bobaba. omame, our mothers. bomame. uti, a stick. luti. itshe, a stone, rock. litshe. iqwa, snow. liqwa. 3. The Locative Case indicates the place where the subject is, or at, or in which the action is performed, or to, or from which the action proceeds ; and is formed by changing the initial vowel of the noun to e, except that of nouns of class 7 singular which becomes o, and the final vowel in any instance if a or e to eni. ini. > * >> ,, wenL u wini. 4. Also, if the last syllable contains b, p, m, mb or mp, the same changes take place as in the formation of the diminutive of the noun ; (See chap. III. sect. 2) but only when the final vowel of the noun is o or u. After these changes the w in the afiixes weni and wini is dropped. LESSONS IN ZULU. 17 EXAMPLES. Nom. Case, Loc. Case, itafula, table. etafuleni, on the table, intaba, mountain. entabeni, on the mountain, izulu, the sky, heaven. ezulwini, in or on the sky, etc. umuti, tree. emutini, in or on the tree. amanzi, water. emanzini, in the water, intambo, string, rope. entanjeni, on the string, etc. ubisi, milk. obisini, in the milk. intamo, neck. entanyeni, on the neck, impupu, meal, flour. empushini, in the meal, etc. udaka, mud. odakeni, in the mud. ukuko, sleeping mat. okukweni, on the sleeping mat. indhlu makes endhlini or endhlwini. Exceptions : izinkomo, cattle ; ezinkomeni. insimu, garden ; ensimini. 5. Names of places, rivers, etc., unless they be already in the Locative case, form their Locative by changing the initial vowel only. (See sect. 3). Ex, UMngungundlovu, P.M. Burg-, eMngungundhlovu, at P.M. Burg. UMngeni, the UMngeni river ; oMngeni, at the UMngeni. UMdhloti, the UMdhloti river ^ Verulam ; eMdhloti, at etc. UTukela, the Tukela river ; oTnkela, at the UTukela river, UTongati, the UTongati river ; oTongati, at etc, 6. The following nouns form their Locative in the same way. ikanda, head. ekanda, on or in the head, ikaya, home. ekaya, at or in the home, ubala, the open. obala, in the open. imini, the day time. emini, in the day time, ubusuku, night. ebusuku, at, in, during the night, impnmalanga, the East, empumalanga, in the East, intshonalanga, the West, entshonalanga, in the West, inyakato, the North. enyakato, in the North, iningizimu, the South. eningizimu, in the South. L. Z. B 18 LESSONS IN ZULU. 7. To express at, to or from So-and-so's, kwa is prefixed to the name of the person refered to, which then loses its initial u. Whether the meaning be at, to or from, will be gathered from the idea expressed by the verb in the sentence. Ex. Kwa Mqawe, at, to or from XJMqawe's. Kwa Deliweyo, at, to or from UDeliweyo's. Kwa Zulu, at, to or from TJZulu's. Kwa Mapumulo, at, to or from UMapumulo*s. 8. An s is inserted before a Noun in the Locative Case whenever it is preceded by any of the following words : na, and ; nga, by, by means of, through, towards ; njenga, like as ; or by a pronoun Nominative Case, a Possessive particle, or by the verb ba to be. Ex. endhlini na sensimini, in the house and in the garden, u nga semfuleni, he is by the river, njenga sezulwini, like as in heaven. u sendhlini, he is in the house, umuntu wa seMvoti, a person of UMvoti. kwa ba sehlatini loko, that was (happened) in the forest. EXERCISE 4. Put the following words into the Locative and give the English equivalent : TJmgwaqo, road ; isifuba, the chest ; intunja, hole thy^ough, as eye of needle ; isidumbu, corpse ; icibi, poolj lake ; ubumnyama, darkness f blackness ; indhlela, a way, path ; ingane, incwadi, isihlalo, isibaya, isandhla, abantu, umlenze, umfula, inhliziyo, izimbambo, umlomo, ukukanya, ukutanda. Translate : Kwa Gumede. eMtshezi. Kwa Myeza. eMkomazi. Kwa Radebe. eMzinto. Kwa Dumisa. eMtwalume. eFafa. eMfolozi. emanzini. enhliziyweni na semlonyeni. nga sendhlini. nga semanzini. 9. The Possessive Case is indicated by certain Possessive Particles signifying of as expressing the idea of possession or relation. As they are evidently formed from the Pronouns Nom. Case, 3rd Per. we shall need to give these first. They are formed from the uncontracted prefixes of the nouns by omitting the first vowel and the m also of the prefixes umu LESSONS IN ZULU. 19 imi, ama, the remaining portion being the Pronoun 3rd per. Nom. Case. The Pronouns for Class 2 are the same as for Class 1. PRONOUNS, NOMINATIVE CASE, 3rd Person. Sing. Prefix. Pron. Sing. Plur. Prefix. Pron. Plural. 1. umu. u. aba. ba. 2. u. u. 0. ba. 3. umu. u. imi. i. 4. isi. si. izl. zi 5. ili. 11. ama. a. 6. i. 1. izi. zi. 7. ulu. lu. izi. zi. 8. ubu. bu. 9. uku. ku. 10. To form the Possessive Particles, (a) Change u where- ever it occurs to w, and i where standing alone to y, and add a. (b) Substitute a for i in each of the other Pronouns in which it occurs and the result will be the Possessive Particles corresponding to the different classes of nouns. POSSESSIVE PARTICLES. Singular, Class 1. wa. 2. wa. 3. wa. 4. sa. 5. la. 6. ya. ., 7. Iwa. 8. bwa. 9. kwa. Plural, ba. ba. ya. za. a. za. za. 11. The Possessive Particle must always agree with the noun denoting the thing possessed, after which it is placed, and the vowel of the particle will combine with the initial vowel of the noun or pronoun following and denoting the possessor, thus : a and u become o. a and i become e. a and a become a. 20 LESSONS IN ZULtr. Ex. (umuti wa-umntwana) umuti womntwana, the chili's medicine, (icianda la-inkuku) iqanda lenkuku, a fowl's egg. (isinkwa sa - abantwana) isinkwa sabantwana, the children's bread, (izinkomo za-inkosi) izinkomo z^nkosi, the chief's cattle, (ubisi Iwa-imbuzi) ubisi Iwembuzi, goat's milk. 12. When a noun of class 2 singular denotes the possessor ka is used as the possessive particle for all classes singular and plural, and is preceded by the pronoun agreeing with the noun denoting the thing or things possessed, except the vowel pronouns a, i, and u, which are omitted, and the noun following loses its initial vowel. Nouns of class 2 plural follow the rule given in the previous section but no coalescence of vowels takes place. When two or more nouns of different classes are used in the possessive case the particle agreeing with the last one only is used. Ex, umuti ka mama, mother's medicine, izinkomo zi ka baba, father's cattle, abantwana ba ka Nkulunkulu, the children of God. ihasbi 11 ka Kumalo, Kumalo's horse, inja ka yihlo, your father's dog. amazwi ka mame, mother's words, imiti ka yise, his father's trees or medicines, incwadi ka Gibela, Gibela's book. izinkomo za obaba, our fathers' cattle, izinto za oyihlo, your fathers' things amazwe a oyise. their fathers' lands. 13. The possessive of names of Places is somewhat peculiarly expressed. The rule given in section 1 1 is followed but the name of the place in question is put in the Locative with the letter s prefixed. (See sect. 8.) Ex. izwe la seTransvaal, the country of the Transvaal, izintaba za seNatal, the mountains of Natal, umuntu wa seSwazini, a man of Swaziland. LESSONS IN ZULU. 21 A few other words which may be regarded as Adverbs of place follow the same rule. Ex. abantu ba senzansi, coast or down-country people, imiti ya senbla, inland or up-country trees, izilwane za sendhle, animals of the open country, izinyoni za sehlane, wilderness birds. 1 4. Should the name of a place be called after that of the chief or a former resident, the possessive particle is placed before the form given in section 7. Ex. umuntu wa kwa Zulu, a person of Zululand. izinkomo za kwa Zulu, the cattle of Zululand. The same form is used in speaking of anything belonging to the place of the person in question. Ex. mnfana wa kwa Somkele, a boy of Somkele's place, abantu ba kwa Biyela, people of Biyela's place, amahashi a kwa Sikonyane, horses of Sikonyane's place. 15. The possessive particles are used with the Infinitive of the verb to express the object or purpose of the governing noun. Ex. isikati sokufunda, time to or for learning. umfana wokusebenza endhlini, a boy to work in the house, izinkabi zokulima, oxen for ploughing. VOCABULARY 4. Ubuhlungu, pain; izinwele, hair; izinyo, tooth; uboya, wool ; utshani, grass ; ingalo, a7^m ; ihlombe, shoulder ; isihlati, cheek ; ihlati, bush, forest ; utango, fence ; ikala, nose. The words uboya and utshani belong to class 8 although they are concrete nouns, EXERCISE 6. Translate : izinwele zentombazana. uboya bwezimvu. ingalo yendoda. ihlombe lomfana. imilenze yetafula. idolo lehashi. ikala lenja. amazinyo omntwana. izinyo lenkomo. izihlati zabantwana. ubuhlungu bwekanda. utango Iwesibaya. amahlati a seAfrica. utshani bwezwe. Rewrite the exercise, putting the noun denoting the thing possessed into the Locative in each instance. 22 LESSONS IN ZULU. CHAPTER VI. THE PRONOUNS. 1. The Pronoun always agrees with its noun; each Class therefore has its own set of pronouns singular and plural, consequently, they appear at first interminable ; but as they are formed from the prefixes of the nouns, the student who has reached this stage should, with the explanations given, find little difficulty in mastering them, and by the time he has got to the end of this chapter should be able to tabulate them all from a given noun of each class. 2. The Pronouns Nom. Case 3rd Person have already been given (Chap. Y. Sect. 9.). The following are the Personal Pronouns, Nom. Case, 1st and 2nd Persons singular and plural. \8t Person. 2nd Person. Sing. ngi, I. u, thou. Plur. si, we. ni, you. 3. The Nominative to the Verb in the Zulu sentence is always a pronoun^ as e.g.^ John he is working, instead of John is working. The following simple tense of the verb will serve to illus- trate the use of these pronouns : 4. Present Tense Indefinite, Indicative Mood, of ukubona, to see. Singular. Plural. Ngi bona, I see. si bona, we see. u bona, thou seest. ni bona, you see. Class 1 and 2 u bona, he or she sees, ba bona, they see. ,,3 u bona, it sees. i bona, they see. jj ^ S^ >) n >j '^ 1 > i 8 bu Zl n >> a n >> Zl >> >9 Zl 19 n 9 ku I) > LESSONS IN ZULU. 23 VOCABULARY 5. Tanda, love^ like, desire ; zonda, hate : dhla, eat ; puza, drhik ; leta, bring ; iqiniso, truth ; amanga, lies ; inyama, meat, Jlesh ; utshwala, beer \ (8th class) amafu, clouds ; imvula, rain. EXERCISE 6. Translate: Ngi bona umuntu. si tanda izincwadi. abafana ba dhla isinkwa. izinkomo zi dhla utshani. abantu ba tanda utshwala. amahashi a puza amanzi. UNkulunkulu U tanda iqiniso. si zonda amanga. amafu a leta imvula. izinja zi tanda inyama. ubaba u funa isihlalo. izinkomo zi sensimini. umame u lapa endhlini. izimbuzi zi bona inja. amadoda a sesibayeni. abantwana ba semfuleni. abafazi ba sehlatini. izinkwa zi setafuleni. PRONOUNS, OBJECTIVE CASE. 5. These are the same as for the Nominative except 2nd and 3rd Pers. Sing, which are ku and mu respectively ; the latter, however, omits the u before all but monosyllabic verbs, and the vowel pronouns a and u prefix w, and i prefixes y. Table of Pronouns, Objective Case. Personal forms agreeing with Classes 1 and 2. 1st Person. 2nd Person. 3rd Person. Sing. ngi, me. ku, thee. mu, him or he^ Plur, si, us. ni, you. ba, them. Other forms of the 3rd Person agreeing with Classes 3 to 9. Singular, Plural. Class 3. wu, it. yi, them. 4. si, ,, zi, 5. li, wa, 6. yi, zi, ,t 7. lu, zi, 8. bu, 9. ku, 6. The objective forms are placed immediately before the verb root . The following tense of the verb will serve to illustrate the use 1 of these pronouns. 24 LESSONS IN ZULU. 7. Present Tense Definite, of ukubona, to see. This is formed from the Indefinite tense by inserting the auxiliary ya after the pronoun ISTom. Case, thus : ngi ya bona, I see, am seeing or do see. This tense is used in the following circumstances : a. When the object is definite. ngi ya m' bona umfana, I see the boy. ngi ya m' funa, I want him. u ya m' bona lowo mfana na ? do you see that boy *? b. When the action is progressive, and is therefore equivalent to the English progressive present. Si ya funda manje. We are learning now. Abantu ba ya vuna narabla. The people are reaping to-day. Abantwana ba ya dhlala. The children are playing. Amahashi a ya gijima. The horses are running. CONJUGATION. Singular. Plural, . Ngi ya bona, I see, etc. si ya bona, we see, etc. u ya bona, thou seest. ni ya bona, ye or you see. u ya bona, he or she sees, etc. ba ya bona, they see. Classes 3 to 9 Sing, u, si, 11, i, lu, bu, ku, ya bona, it sees. Plur. i, zi, a, zi ya bona, they see. 8. When two or more nouns of difi*erent classes are the subject of the verb, they are represented by the collective or indefinite pronoun ku, as : abafana namantombazana nezinkomo namahasbi nezimbuzi ku butene esibayeni lapa. The boys and girls, cattle, horses and goats are gathered together in the cattle-fold here. 9. The pronoun ku is also used when the thing in question is either actually or ostensibly unknown, or in speaking derisively of a person or thing. Ex. Ku yini na ? What is it ? A ngi ku boni ukuti ku yini na. I do not see what it is. (Lit. I do not it see that it is what.) Biza indoda, ku ng' enzani loku. Call a man, what can this do. LESSONS IN ZTTLTT. 25 10. Ku also expresses there when used to begin sentences in which the subject comes after the verb. Ex. Ku dhlala abantwana lapa, there are children playing here. Ku kona umuntu endhlini, there is a person in the house. Ku kona abantu emnyango, there are people at the door. 11. Na affixed to a sentence is equivalent to a note of interrogation. Ex, Ubaba u ya ngi funa na ? Does father want me ? U ya tanda ukufunda na ? Do you desire to learn ? 12. Ni is the interrogative pronoun what? s^nd is always affixed to the verb, as : u funani ? what do you want ? Ba tini? what do they say? Or to the pronouns agreeing with the various classes of nouns as : umuntu muni ? what person? nmfula muni? what river] isilwane sini? what animal ? etc. N.B. Ni is usually affixed to a noun of Class 6 singular instead of to the pronoun, e.g., intoni? what thing? indhluni ? what house? Inkomoni ? what cow ? etc. Ni is also affixed to a preposition, e.g.y nani ? with what ? ngani *? by or by means of what ? njengani ? like what ? ngangani ? as big as what ? (See Chap. IX. Sec. 48.) Also to a possessive particle, e.g., wani, sani, lani, yani ? etc. of what t VOCABULARY 6. Umbila, maize; teza, gather fire-wood; lima, plough, cultivate ; bumba, mould, as bread, clay, etc. ; umtombo, a spring of tvater, source of river ; isikole, school ; umlungu, white m.an ; bamba, hold, catch ; tenga, buy ; kala, cry ; azi, know; alusa, shepherd, herd; umalusi, a shepherd; fika, arrive. EXERCISE 7. Translate : Ngi ya ku bona, ba ya si bona, ubaba u ya ngi funa. ba ya ba biza. umame u ya ba funa abafana na? izinkomo zi ya puza emtonjeni. si ya wa tanda amazwi encwadi ka Nkulunkulu. abafazi ba ya teza ehlatini. abantwana ba fundani na ? amahashi a ya dhla nga semfuleni. ba dhlani abafana na 1 UNkulunkulu U ya y' azi inhliziyo. ni ya M' azi uNkulunkulu na ? 26 LESSONS IN ZULU. 13. Beside the simple forms for the Nominative and Object- ive Cases, there are also Possessive, Prepositional and Emphatic forms of the Pronouns. 14. Possessive Forms are those used instead of the noun denoting the possessor, and occupy the same position in the sentence, and always in combination with a Possessive Particle. (See Chap. Y. Sects. 10 and 11.) They are as follows ; PERSONAL FORMS. let Person. 2nd Person. Srd Person. Sing, mi, me. ko, thee. ke, him or her. Plur. itu, us. inu, you. bo, them. The other forms for the 3rd person corresponding to classes 3-9 may be formed from the pronouns Objective case by changing the vowel in each instance to o. Singular, Plural, Class 3. wo, it. yo, them 4. 5. 6. ., 7. 8. 9. so, lo, yo, lo, bo, ko, EXAMPLES. zo, wo, zo, zo, Ikanda lami, lako, lake, my, thy, his or her head. Amakanda etu, enu, abo, our, your, their heads. Umlomo wami, wako, wake, my, thy, his or her mouth Imilomo yetu, yenu, yabo, our, your, their mouths. Isandhla sami, sako, sake, my, thy, his or her hand. Izandhla zetu, zenu, zabo, our, your, their hands. Amanzi awo (umfula), water of it, the river. Izinyawo zaso (isilwane), the feet of it, animal. Ikanda lalo (ihashi), the head of it, the horse. Amazinyo ayo (inja), the teeth of it, the dog. Ubumnandi bwalo (ubisi), the sweetness of it, the milk Ukukanya kwalo (ilanga), the light of it, the sun. LESSONS IN ZULU. 27 VOCABULARY 7. Inhlanzi, a fish ; geza, wash ; ubukulu, greatness ; umbala, colour ; induku, a stick ; imali, money \ kepa, hut ; amaxolo, hark of tree ; susa, take away \ amaqabunga, leaves, EXERCISE 8. Translate : Izandhla zami. izinyawo zake. umsebenzi wako. abantwana babo. izinkomo zetu. indawo yenu. izilwane zabo. ukezo Iwake. ukudhla kwetu. isinkwa sake, abantwana benu. ikanda layo. izinyawo zazo. umzimba waso. umbala walo. ukudhla kwayo. Umfana u ya yi funa imali yake. abantu ba ya zi tanda izinkomo zabo. intombazana i ya zi geza izingubo zayo. inkosi i ya li biza ihashi layo. umfana u ya yi tanda incwadi yake na? ehe, u ya yi tanda. abantu ba tanda imali nal 15. The forms kwetu, kwenu, kwabo, are used to express our, your, their hut or house. (Not kraal. Compare Chap. Y. Sect. 14). Ex. Abantwana ba kwetu, the children of our hut, i.e., our mother's hut. Abantwana ba kwenu, the children of your hut. Abantwana ba kwabo, the children of their hut. Izinkomo za kwetu, kwenu, kwabo, the cattle of our, your, their hut. Amasimu a kwetu, kwenu, kwabo, the gardens of our, your, their hut. Indhlu ya kwetu, kwenu, kwabo, our, your, their hut. 16. In speaking of near relationships as : my, thy, his or her father, mother, brother, sister, etc., the plural pronoun is generally used, and, with but few exceptions, the singular possessive particle, whether the noun agreeing with either be in the singular or plural. Ex. ubaba wetu, our father, uyihlo wenu, your father. umame wetu, our mother, unyoko wenu, your mother, nmfo wetu, our brother, abafo wetu, our brothers. udade wetu, wenu, wabo, our, your, their sister. odade wetu, wenu, wabo, our, your, their sisters. 28 LESSONS IN ZULU. But, obaba betu, our fathers, oyihlo benu, your fathers, oyise babo, their fathers. okoko betu, benu, babo, our, your, their forefathers. N.B. The words ubaba, uyihlo, ujase, umame, unyoko, unina, are rarely followed by the possessive particle and pronoun, as the words in themselves indicate whose father or mother is meant. 17. To express the brother of , the sister of , the following idiom is used : Bx, Umfo wabo ka baba, my father's brother. (Lit. brother of them of my father.) Udade wabo ka baba, my father's sister. Umfo wabo ka mame, my mother's brother. Umfo wabo ka Ndoda, uNdoda's brother. Udade wabo ka Ndoda, uNdoda's sister. 18. The word umfo is used also in speaking of an up-grown son, but in such case wabo is omitted. Ex. Umfo ka Mqawe, uMqawe's son. Umfo ka Gumede, uGumede's son. 19. To express my, thy, his wife; our, your, their wives, the word umfazi is contracted to um and combined with the possessive Particle ka and the possessive form of the pronoun, the whole making a noun of class 2. Ex. umkami, my wife ; umkako, thy wife ; umkake, his wife. omketu, our wives ; omkenu, your wives ; omkabo, their wives. 20. The word umntwana is similarly contracted and com- bined with the possessive form of the pronoun without the possessive particle. Ex. umntanami, my child ; umntanako, thy child : umnta- nake, his child ; umntanetu, our child ; umntanenu, your child; umntanabo, their child. 21. It is still further contracted when used with a noun of class 2 singular. Ex, umnta ka baba, my father's child, umnta ka Mkize, uMkize's child, umnta ka Bulosi, uBulosi's child. umnta ka bani ? whose child ] Lt^SSOl^S IN ZULU. 29 N.B. The interrogative pronoun ubani? who? is treated as a noun of class 2, plural, obani ? 22. Umnini, owner, usually makes a compound with the noun or pronoun following and denoting the thing owned : Ex. umninindhlu, the owner of the house, umninimuzi, the owner of the kraal, umninizinkomo, the owner of the cattle, umniniyo, the owner of it (house, indhlu). umnini wo, the owner of it (umuzi). umninizo, the owner of them (izinkomo). 23. To express my, thy, his or her, our, your, their owner, the Emphatic forms of the pronouns are used with umnini. Ex. umnini mina, wena, yena, tina, nina, bona ; my, thy, his or her, our, your, their owner. 24. Prepositional Forms. These, with the exception of the 2nd and 3rd Persons Singular, which are we and ye respectively, and 1st and 2nd Persons Plural, which omit the initial i, and change u to i are the same as the Possessive forms, and are aflSxed to Prepositions in the same way as th former are affixed to possessive particles. PERSONAL FORMS. \8t Person. 2nd Person. 3rd Person. Sing. mi, me. we, thee. ye, him or her. Plur. ti, us. ni, you. bo, them. The other forms for the 3rd Person are the same as the possessives. Ex. nami, with me ; nawe, with you ; naye, with him or her ; njengami, like me ; njengaye, like him or her ; njengabo, like them ; ngami, ngawe, ngaye, by or through me, you, him or her; ngangami, ngangawe, ngangaye, as big as I, you, he or she. 25. The Preposition ku is used with nouns and pronouns which have no Locative form to express the force of the Locative in all its different shades of meaning. (See Chap. VIII. Sect. 11). 30 LESSONS IN ZULU. Ex. kuwe, to thee ; kuye, to him or her ; kubo, to them. N,B. Ku becomes ki before mi, ti, and ni, e.gr., kimi, to me; kiti, ^o us ; kini, to you. 26. With the exception of ku these prepositions combine with the noun following them in the same way as the Possessive Particles combine with the noun. (See Chap. V. Sect 11.) The noun following ku loses its initial vowel. Ex. Nomntwana, and or with a child ; ngomntwana, by or through a child ; njengomntwana, like a child ; ku mntwana, to the child ; ku baba, to father ; ngangendhlovu, as big as an elephant ; ngangentaba, as big as a mountain ; abantwana ba ya dhlala nenja, the children are playing with a dog ; abantu ba ya lima ngezinkabi, the people are ploughing with oxen. VOCABULARY 8. Kuluma, speak ; gula, he sick ; sika, cut ; umese, knife ; limaza, hurt ; baleka, run away, jiee ; bopa, tie, bind ; cabanga, think; cela, ask for; tandaza, pray; lsi,nde\a,, follow. EXERCISE 9. Translate : Kuluma nami. abantwana ba ya kuluma nonina. umfana u ya sebenza noyise. ba ya m' bopa ngentambo. funda njengaye. izimvu zi ya m' landela umalusi wazo. abantwana ba ya cela ukuya ku mfo wabo. ngi ngangawe. umfana u ya bu sika utshani ngomese. Kwa Zulu abesifazana ba ya dhla ngezandhla. intombazana yako i ngangomfana wami. inja i ya zi limaza izimbuzi. izinkabi zake zi ngangezindhlovu. 27. Emphatic Forms. These may be formed by affixing na to the Prepositional forms throughout. PERSONAL FORMS. lat Person. 2nd Person. Srd Person. Sing, mina, I. wena, thou. yena, he or sba Phir tina, we. nina, vou. bona, they. LESSONS IN ZULU, 31 Singular, Plural. Class 3. wona, it. yona, they. 4. sona, zona, 5. lona, ,, wona, > 6. yona, zona, >} 7. lona, zona, 8. bona, 99 9. kona, 28. The Emphatic forms are used, as their designation implies, whenever it is desired to specially emphasise either the subject or object of the verb. They may be used alone, or after a verb, or the preposition ku, or a demonstrative adjective pronoun. Ex. Ngi ya m' bona yena, I see him. U ya ngi bona mina, he sees me. si ya ku bona wena, we see thee. ba ya si bona tina, they see iis. ni fundani nina ? what do you learn 1 woza lapa ki mina, come here to me, 29. It is I, thou, he or she, we, you, they, etc., is expressed by prefixing i to the above forms except wena and yena, which prefix u and mina takes either i or u. Those prefixing u are usually preceded by the euphonic letters ng and those prefixing i by y. Singular. Plural, 1st Per. yimina, or ngumina, It is I. yitina, it is we. 2nd Per. nguwenaj it is thou. yinina, it is you. 3rd Per. nguyena, it is he or she. yibona, it is they. Class 3. yiwona, it is it. yiyona, 4. yisona, >> yizona, 5. yilona. 3riwona, 6. yiyona, >i yizona, 7. yilona, > yizona, 8. yibona. 9. yikona. >> N.B. There is some justification- for the term ** Substantive Particles,*' which ng and y have been designated by some, as thej 32 LESSONS IN ZULU. seem to take the place of the substantive verb when not expressed. Their use, however, I think, is purely euphonic. They are also used with nouns and the relative pronoun, ng always preceding a, e, or u and y preceding i. If, however, the noun be one of class 5 or 7 singular, then the 1 of the prefix is used instead of y. These particles are usually prefixed to the noun or pronoun indicating the agent of the verb in the passive voice. Ex, Ku yiiii loko ? What is that ? The answer might be either of the following : Kn ngumuntu, it is a person. ku ngabantu, it is people, ku ngumuti, it is a tree. ku yimiti, it is trees, ku yisilwane, it is an animal, ku yizilwane, it is animals, ku litshe, it is a stone, ku ngamatshe, it is stones, ku yimbuzi, it is a goat, ku yizimbuzi, it is goats, ku lunwabu, it is a chameleon. ku yizinwabu, it is chameleons, ku ngutshwala, it is beer, ku ngukukanya, it is light. Ngubani igama lako ? What is your name 1 (Lit. It is who name of you 1) nguMboza, it is uMboza. 30. The forms given in the previous section are frequently abbreviated by cutting off the last syllable. These abbreviated forms are used with the proper pronoun preceding, to express / am he, thou art he, they are they, it is it, etc. They are used also to denote the agent of the verb in the passive voice. Ex, Ngi nguye, I am he. u nguye, thou art he. ba yibo, they are they. 11 yilo ihashi lomfo wetu, it is my brother's horse, ku yiko ukukanya kwelanga, it is the light of the sun. i yiyo incwadi ka Nkulunkulu, it is the book of God. ba yibo abantu ba ka Kristo, they are the people of Christ. 31. Akuso, expresses it is not, the participial form of which is kungeso, it not being ; both of which are followed either by a noun or the Emphatic forms of the pronouns. Ex. Akuso umuntu, it is not a person. Akuso mina, wena, yena, tina, nina, bona, etc. It is not I, thou, he or she, we, you, they, etc. 32. Akuso, and kungeso are frequently used with the abbreviated Emphatic forms, but when so used omit the final 0. LESSONS IN ZULU. 33 Ex. Akus'imi, it is not I. kunges'imi, it not being I. Akus'uwe, kunges'uwe, akus'uye, kunges'uye, etc. 33. / am not, etc., is expressed by substituting the proper pronoun for the indefinite ku in the above forms. Ex, A ngis'uye, I am not he. ngi nges'uye, I not being he. A ngis'iyo inkabi, I am not an ox. Ngi nges'iyo inkabi, I not being an ox, etc. The third person singular would be a ka s'uye, he is not he. EXERCISE 10. Translate : A ngis'uye umfo wabo. a bas%o abafo wetu. ku nges'ilo ihashi lami. akus'iko ukudhla. a is'iyo indhlu yabo. akuso yena, ku yimina. akus'iko ukukanya kwelanga. ba yibo abantwana bake, a zis'izo izinto zako. a kas'uye umfana wa kwa Somkele. ba yibo abantu ba kwa Zulu, akus'iyo inkomo ya kwetu. akuso isinkwa setu. ku ngukudhla kwabantwana ba kwabo. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS OR ADJECTIVES. 34. When they are Substitutes for some noun expressed or understood, they are pronouns ; but when they qualify some noun expressed or understood they are adjectives. There are three forms: 1. Those representing "this and these ; " 2, Those representing " that and those ; " 3, Those representing " this or these here ; " or *' that or those yonder." 35. The forms for "this and these" are obtained by prefix- ing la to the full prefixes of the nouns, the a of la combining with the initial vowel of the prefix. (see Chap. Y. Sect 11.) But the prefixes umu, imi, ama, omit urn, im, am, and la combines with the remaining vowel except in the last instance, when w is inserted between the two vowels. Table of forms for " this and these." Singular, PluraL Class 1. la u = lo, this. la-aba = laba, these, 2. la u = lo, n la-aba = laba, ,, 3. la u = lo, }> la i = le, L. Z. 34 LESSONS IN ZULU. Class 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. >> i> >) >i j> Singular. la isi = lesi, this, la ili = leli, la i = le, la ulu = ]olu, la-uba = lobu, l^r-uku =loku, n )j j> jj Plural, la izi = lezi, these. la a = lawa, la izi = lezi, la izi = lezi, i ti >> 36. The forms for "that and those" are made from the above by changing the final vowel to o, except lo and le which affix wo rnd yo respectively," Table of forms for " that and those.** Singular. Plural, a ss 1. lowo, that. labo, 1 the 2. lowo, n labo, 3. lowo, n leyo, 4. leso, >i lezo, 5. lelo, )} lawo, 6. leyo, n lezo, 7. lolo, n lezo, 8. lobo, 9. loko, >} 37. The forms for " this or these here " or " that or those yonder" are obtained by affixing ya to the forms for "this and these," except lo which affixes waya. Ex, lowaya, lesiya, leliya, leya, loluya, lobuya, lokuya. labaya, leya, lawaya, leziya. The noun following a Demonstrative Adjective Pronoun loses its initial vowel ; but nouns of Class 7 singular take the full prefix and drop the initial vowel. Concrete nouns of class 8, as utsbani, utshwala, and frequently also monosyllabic roots of Class 5 follow the same rule. Ex, Lo muntu, this person ; lowo muntu, that person. Lowaya muntu, this here or that yonder person. Laba bantu, these people ; labo bantu, those people. Labaya bantu, these here or those yonder people. Lo muti, this tree; lowo muti, that tree; lowaya muti, yonder tree. Le miti, leyo miti, leya miti, these, those, yonder trees. Lesi silwane, leso silwane, lesiya silwane, LESSONS IN ZULU. 35 this, that, yonder animal. Lolu lusuku, lolo lusuku, loluya lusuku, this, that, yonder day. Leli litshe, lelo litshe, leliya litshe, this, that, yonder stone or rock. EXERCISE 11. Translate : Si ya yi tanda le ncwadi. ba ya zi funa lezi zinto na "? lo mfana u vela kwa Zulu, laba bantwana ba ya tanda ukufunda. amahashi a ka bani lawal zi ya hamba namhla lezi zinkomo. ni ya wu bona lowaya muti entatshaneni leya na 1 lolu luti. imvula ya lelo langa. abantu ba lelo zwe. 38. "This same," "that same," "these same," "those same" etc., is expressed by using the Emphatic forms before the Demonstratives. Ex. Yena lo muntu, this same person. Yena lowo muntu, that same person. Bona laba bantu, these same people. Bona labo bantu, those same people. Wona lowo muti ; sona lesi sibaya ; zona lezo zilwane ; Kona loku kukanya, etc. 39. The Demonstrative Adjective-pronouns may be used in the same way as the Emphatic forms as shown in Section 28, to express "this is," or "it is this" etc., in which case they all assume i as prefix and are preceeded by the euphonic y. Ex, Yilo mfana, it is this or this is the boy. yilowo mfana, it is that or that is the boy. yilowaya mfana, it is this boy here or that boy yonder. And so: yilaba bantu, yilabo bantu, yilabaya bantu, etc., etc. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. 40. There is only one Relative Pronoun in Zulu for all persons, genders, numbers and cases, namely a, which precedes and combines with the pronoun which is the subject of the verb in the active voice, which pronoun, when preceded by the relative a assumes the initial vowel of its corresponding noun as prefix, and with which vowel the relative a coalesces, (cf. chap. V. sect. 11.) The relative will therefore appear aa frequently in the form of e and o as a The pronouns ngi, si, ni, assume i as prefix, possibly borrowed from their Emphatic forms. 36 LESSONS IN ZULU. 41. The verb in the relative clause generally affixes yo to the present, imperfect and perfect tenses, and sometimes the past. 42. The present tense definite indicative omits the auxiliary ya when used with a relative. EXAMPLES. Umuntu bonayo, a person who sees. Ihashi eli gijimayo, a horse that runs or that is running. Leyo mbuzi e sensimini, that goat which is in the garden. Abantu aba sebenzayo, people who work or who are working. Umuntu ngi bonayo, a person who sees me. Incwadi engi yi funayo, the book which I want. Lezo zitsha aba zi letayo, those vessels (dishes)which they are bringing. 43. Should the verb in the relative clause be in the Passive voice, the relative a will combine with the pronoun which is the Subject of that verb. (The passive voice is formed by inserting w before the final vowel of the verb root.) Ex. Umuntu o bonwayo, a person who is seen. Incwadi e tandwayo, a book which is liked. Umfana o fundiswayo, a boy who is being taught. 44. When the nominative to the verb in the relative clause is a personal noun or pronoun third person singular, and the relative is in the objective case, then the relative a alone stands as the nominative to the verb. Ex. Umuntu uGibela a m' bonayo, the person whom Gibela sees. Umuntu a m' bonayo, a person whom he sees. Izwe ubaba a li tengayo, the land which father is buying. Into a yi tandayo, the thing which he likes. Indhlu a hlezi kuyo, the house in which he is sitting. N.B. When the verb in the relative clause is followed by a pre- position, the yo is rarely affixed. 45. If the Relative be in the Possessive i^^'orm, as '*a person whose cattle are many," then the Relative a combines LESSONS IN ZULU. 37 with the pronoun agreeing with the Antecedent, and the noun denoting the thing or things possessed follows with the loss of its initial vowel, the idiom being, " the person who he cattle they many," or "the person who he cattle of him they many," uinuntu zinkomo zingi, or tununtu o zinkomo zake zi ningi. Ex, Indoda e bantwana bade, or indoda e bantwana bayo bade, a man wh )se children are tall, muuzi zindhlu zi ningi, or umuzi o zindhlu zawo zi ningi, a kraal or village whose houses are many. uinfana o kanda li kulu, or umfana o kanda lake 11 kulu, a boy whose head is large. izwe eli zintaba zi nkulu, or izwe all zintaba zalo zi nkulu, a country whose mountains are great. 46. If the Relative occurs in the form of o or e before a verb beginning with a vowel, the semivowels w and y respectively will be prefixed to the verb following the relative. If, however, the relative occurs in the form of a before a verb beginning with a, then the relative is omitted (and in writing should always be indicated by an apostrophe), and the initial letter of the verb is lengthened in consequence. Ex. nguwena o wenze loku na ? Is it you who have done this ] Ngubani o wazi ngaloku ? Who knows about this 1 Into e yehlayo ezulwini, a thing descending from heaven. Lawo madoda ' akayo lapa, those men who are building here. N.B. The Relative when used with the Imperfect, Pluperfect and Ineffective tenses, Indicative, combines with the pronoun of the auxiliary whether expressed, or implied as in the Ist person of the above tenses, (of. Chap. VII. sect. 16.) Ex. 6 be ngi bonayo, which I was seeing. o b' u bonayo, which you were seeing, (sing.) a b' e bonayo, which he was seeing- 47. The Possessive pronouns, mine, thine, his or hers, etc., are formed by prefixing the relative tx) the possessive particle. (All adjectives used as epithets are preceded by the relative.) 38 LESSONS IN ZULU. Ex, Singul ar. Plural. Class 1 and 2. owami, ko, ke, etc. abami, ko, ke, etc. 3. owami, eyami, 4. esami, ezami, 5. elami, awami, 6. eyami, ezami, 7. olwami, ezami, 8. obwami, 9. okwami, Except when used alone these forms usually precede their nouns. Ex. Ezami izinkomo zi mhlope, ezako zi mnyama ; my cattle are white, yours are black. Ukudhla ku ka bani loku ? Okwami. Whose food is this 1 Mine. 48. To express " I am thine," " it is mine, thine, his," etc. the euphonic ng is prefixed to the above forms. Ex. Ngi ngowako, I am thine, or I belong to thee. Li ngelami leli hashi, it is mine this horse, etc. 49. If a noun denoting the Possessor be substituted for the pronoun, and the noun denoting that which is possessed be not expressed, e.g., " the child's," *' the fowl's," " the children's," as in answer to the question "Whose is iti" or "Whose is this?" Substitute the corresponding relative for the noun denoting that which is possessed in each of the examples given under sections 11 and 12 of Chapter Y. 50. " Each " and " every " are expressed by the Demonstra- tive adjectives for " that," used according to the rule given in section 39. Ex, Yilowo muntu u n* eyake indhlela, each or every man has his own way. Yileyo nhliziyo i n'esayo isifo, every heart has its own sickness. N.B. Na expresses the sense of the verb "to have." (of. Chap. VII. sect. 75.) 51. "Whoso," "whosoever," "whichever" are expressed by these same forms followed by the relative. LESSONS IN ZULU. 39 Ex, Yilowo otandayo, whosoever wills, likes, desires. Yilowo okolwayo, whosoever believeth. Keta yileyo nto o yi tandayo, choose whichever thing you like. 52. " Very " as an adjective, is expressed by reduplicating the emphatic form of the pronoun with the relative prefixed, or by prefixing the relative to the forms given in section 30. Ex, Indoda eyonayona, or indoda eyiyo, a very man, a man indeed. Iqiniso elonalona, or all yilo, very truth. Ukukanya okonakona, or oku yiko, very light. 53. "By myself," "thyself," "itself" etc., implying in- dependent action, is expressed by a combination of the pre- position nga and the indefinite possessive particle kwa with the relative inserted between, and finally, the possessive pronoun thus : nga-o-kwa-mi, ngokwami, by which of me, = by myself, of my own accord. Ex, Ngokwami, ngokwako, ngokwake, by my, thy, him or herself. Ngokwawo, ngokwaso, ngokwalo, ngokwayo, etc. Umntwana u ya hamba ngokwake, the child walks by himself. Abafana b' enza ngokwabo be nga tshelwanga muntu, the boys acted of their own accord not having been told by anyone. Lezi zinqola zi hamba ngokwazo, these wagons go by themselves. VOCABULARY . Loba, write ; sondela, draw near ; uhlobo, kind, species ; dhlula, pass by ; tunga, sew j kanya, shine ; za, come ; ya, go to; landela, follow ; bila, boil, EXERCISE 12. Translate : Indhlela aba hamba ngayo. uhlobo I wen j a esi lu tandayo. le ntombazana i ya funda ngokwayo ukutunga. imiti a yi tshalayo. lo mfana u nguye aba m' funayo. ngubani lowo muntu o dhlulayo. izinkabi amadoda a lima ngazo. yile ndhlela izinkomo ezi ya ngayo emanzini. 40 LESSONS IN ZULU. CHAPTER Vn. INDIOATIVE MOOD OF THE VERB "UKUBONA," TO SEE. 1. That the student may be able to make a fuller use of the past lessons, the Indicative Mood of the verb is introduced at this early stage. The other Moods will be dealt with later. The Affirmative and Negative of both the Active and Passive Voices will be given together. 2. With but few exceptions the verb ends in a. The Simple tenses of the Indicative are made Negative by placing a before the pronoun and changing the final vowel of the verb to i, except the Past and Perfect tenses which do not change the final vowel in the Negative. Ka is substituted for the pronoun u 3rd person singular and for a 5th class plural. 3. The Future tense, which seems to be a combination of the auxiliary ya with the Infinitive of the verb, takes the negative in the auxiliary, e.g., a ngi yi ku bona, I shall or will not see. 4. The Participles corresponding to the various tenses are the same as the tenses except that the pronouns 3rd person singular and plural, and that for nouns of class 5 plural, are changed to e, be, and a respectively, e.g,, ngi bona, I seeing ; u bona, thou seeing ; e bona, he or she seeing ; si, ni, be bona, we, you, they seeing ; amantombazana e bona, the girls seeing. The Negative of the participles is formed by inserting nga before the verb and changing the final vowel of the verb to i. 5. The Negative of the Imperfect, Pluperfect and In- effective tenses is formed in the same way as that of the participles. 6. The Passive Voice is formed by inserting w before the final vowel of the verb root throughout, e.g., bona, bonwa, etc. Should, however, any syllable but the First contain b, p, m, mb, the same changes take place as in the formation of the diminutive of the noun, viz., b is changed to tsh; p to sh; m to ny ; and mb, to nj. LESSONS IN ZULU. 41 Verbs of one syllable, and also verbs of two syllables be- ginning with a vowel, insert iw before the final vowel, e.g., ya, go ; yiwa. zwa, hear, feel ; zwiwa. pa, give (as a gift) ; piwa. sho, say, mention ; shiwo. dhia, eat ; dhliwa. ti, say, think; tiwa. Iwa, fight; Iwiwa. enza, do, make; enziwa. azi, know ; aziwa. aka, build ; akiwa. eba, steal ; ebiwa. 7. The present tenses Indefinite and Definite, Active voice, have already been given. The Negative for these two tenses is the same, and is formed as shown in section 2. 8. Present Tense, Negative. Singular. Plural. a ngi boni, I see not or do not a si boni, we see not or do not see. see. a u boni, thou seest not or dost a ni boni, you see not or do not see. not see. a ka boni, he or she sees not a ba boni, they see not or do or does not see. not see. etc. 9. Passive Voice : Present Tense, Indefinite. Singular. Plural, Ngi bonwa, I am seen. Si bonwa, we are seen, u bonwa, thou art seen. ni bonwa, ye are seen, u bonwa, he or she is seen. ba bonwa, they are seen. etc. 10. Present Tense, Definite. Singular. Plural. Ngi ya bonwa, I am seen. Si ya bonwa, we are seen, u ya bonwa, thou art seen. ni ya bonwa, ye are seen, u ya bonwa, he or she is seen, ba ya bonwa, they are seen. etc. 11. Negative. Singular. Plural. a ngi bonwa, I am not seen. a si bonwa, we are not seen, a u bonwa, thou art not seen, a ni bonwa, ye are not seen. a ka bonwa, he or she is not a ba bonwa, they are not seea seen. eta i2 LESSONS IN ZULU. 12. Present Participle, I seeing, etc. /Singular. Plural, Ngi bona, I seeing. si bona, we seeing. u bona, thou seeing. ni bona, ye seeing. e bona, he or she seeing. be bona, they seeing, etc. 13. Negative, not seeing. Singular. Plural. Ngi nga boni, I not seeing. si nga boni, we not seeing, u nga boni, thou not seeing. ni nga boni, ye not seeing, e nga boni, he or she not seeing, be nga boni, they not seeing. etc. 14. Passive Voice, Affirmative. Singular. Plural. Ngi bonwa, I being seen. si bonwa, we being seen, u bonwa, thou being seen. ni bonwa, ye being seen, e bonwa, he or she being seen, be bonwa, they being seen. etc. 15. Negative. Singular. Plural, Ngi nga bonwa, I not being si nga bonwa, we not being seen. seen. u nga bonwa, thou not being ni nga bonwa, ye not being seen. seen. e nga bonwa, he or she not be nga bonwa, they not being being seen. seen. etc. y.B. After a relative pronoun the Participial forms of the negative are always used. VOCABULARY 10. Umsindo, noise ; hlupa, trouble ; kataza, worry ^ annoy j fakaza, witness, Isindsi, Jetch ; n]e, just ; nxa, ij] when. EXERCISE 13. Translate : A si yi boni incwadi o yi shoyo. abantu a ba limi namhla. a ka fundi lo mfana, a ka tandi. inja i ya m! landela umniniyo. a ni m boni umfo wenu na 1 u ya bizwa LESSONS IN ZULU. 43 umfundisi. laba bafana ba ya fundiswa umfo wabo, si bona amadoda e lima nga semfuleni. lawa mantombazana a ka sebenzi a ya dhala nje. si tanda ukuya ehlatini. ku yini loko oku dhliwa izinja *? izinkuku zi ya hlupa emasimini. e ka bani le nja e si landelayo. leyo ntaba o yi bonayo lapaya i kwa Zulu . u ya ngi biza mina na ] Qa a ngi ku bizi. umsindo wani lowo engi wu zwayo ? a ng' azi. a ni zi tandi lezi zinto na ? qa, si ya zi tanda lezo ezi setaf uleni. 16. Imperfect Tense (recent), Was seeing. This tense is formed by combining the perfect of ba with the participle of the verb, e.g.^ ngi be ngi bona, lit. I have been I seeing ; u be u bona, thou hast been thou seeing. But the pronoun of the auxiliary, except when a vowel only, is dropped, and the e of be is also dropped if the pronoun following be a vowel only. Singular, Plural. be ngi bona, I was seeing. be si bona, we were seeing. u b' u bona, thou wast seeing, be ni bona, ye were seeing. u b' e bona, he or she was see- be be bona, they were seeing, ing. etc. 17. Negative. Insert nga before the verb in the affirmative and change the final vowel of the verb to i. Singular. Plural. be ngi nga boni, I was not be si nga boni, we were not seeing. seeing. u b* u nga boni, thou wast not be ni nga boni, ye were not seeing. seeing. u b* e nga boni, he or she was be be nga boni, they were not not seeing. seeing. etc. 18. Passive Voice. Affirmative. Singular, Plural. be ngi bonwa, I was seen. be si bonwa, we were seen, u b' u bonwa, thou wast seen, be ni bonwa, ye were seen. n b' e bonwa, he or she was be be bonwa, they were seen, seen. etc. 44 LESSONS IN ZULU. 19. Negative. Singular. Plural. be ngi nga bonwa, I was not be si nga bonwa, we were not seen. seen. u b' u nga bonwa, thou wast be ni nga bonwa, ye were not not seen. seen, u b* 6 nga bonwa, he or she be be nga bonwa, they were was not seen. not seen. etc. VOCABULARY 11. Bonga, thank, praise ; luto, anything ; amadada, ducks ; shaya, strike ; ngoba, because \ tengisa, sell \ shiya, leave \ ikati, domestic cat ; ntanta, float ; kusasa, morning, EXERCISE 14. Ngubani lowo muntu o b' e ngi funayo. obani labo bantwana a be be dhlalayo lapa kusasa. be si nga ba boni. be be nga tandi ukungena endhlini. izinkomo be zi ya emfuleni nga leso sikati. be si zi buka izinja zi dhlala. be si tanda ukufika tina, kepa u b' e nga tandi yena. abantwana be be hlezi be wa buka amadada e ntanta ecibini. izinja be zi zi hlupa izimbuzi. a si boni luto, nina ni bonani 1 be si bona izinyoni zi hlezi emtini lowaya. 20. Imperfect Tense (remote), Was seeing. This tense is formed by combining the past of ba with the participle of the verb, e.g.^ nga ba ngi bona, wa ba u bona, wa ba e bona, etc., but the auxiliary is not expressed except in the third person singular and after the pronoun a for nouns in ama. However, in both the last instances also, some drop the auxiliary and some substitute y for it, e.g., wa e bona or wa y'e bona. Singula/r. Plural* nga ngi bona,. I was seeing. sa si bona, we were seeing. wa u bona, thou wast seeing, na ni bona, ye were seeing. wa b' e bona, he or she was ba be bona, they were seeing, seeing. Singular, wa u, sa si, la li, ya i, Iwa lu, bwa bu, kwa ku bona. Plural, ya i, za zi, a b'e, za zi, za zi bona. LESSONS IN ZULU. 45 21. Negative, Was not seeing; formed same as preceding tense. Singular, nga ngi nga boni, wa u nga boni, wa b' e nga boni. Plural, sa si nga boni, na ni nga boni, ba be nga boni. Singular, wa u nga, sa si nga, la li nga, ya i nga, Iwa lu nga, bwa bu nga, kwa ku nga boni. Plural, ya i nga, za zi nga, a b' e nga, za zi nga, za zi nga boni. 22. Past Tense, Affirmative, Saw. This tense is used of any time past, and is formed from the present tense indefinite, by (1) changing u wherever it occurs in the pronoun to w and adding a; (2) changing i where standing alone, to y and adding a ; (3) changing i in every other instance to a ; (4) a remains unchanged. Singular. Plural, Nga bona, I saw. sa bona, we saw. wa bona, thou sawest. na bona, ye saw. wa bona, he or she saw. ba bona, they saw. Singular, wa, sa, la, ya, Iwa, bwa, kwa bona. Plural, ya, za, a, za, za bona. 23. Negative, Saw not. Formed by simply prefixing a to the pronoun of the affirmative except 3rd person singular which takes ka before it, and a corresponding with nouns of the 5th class plural is followed by ka. Singular, a nga, a wa, ka wa, a wa, a sa, a la, a ya, a Iwa, a bwa, a kwa bona. Plural, a sa, a na, a ba, a ya, a za, a ka, a za, a za bona. 24. Passive Voice, Affirmative, Was seen. Singular, Nga, wa, wa, etc., bonwa. Plural. Sa, na, ba, etc., bonwa. 25. Negative. Singular, a nga, a wa, a ka, etc., bonwa. Plural, a sa, a na, a ba, etc., bonwa. 26. Perfect Tense, Have seen. The Perfect Tense, which in its primary use is a Present Complete, may be 4:6 LESSONS IN ZULU. formed from the Present Indefinite by changing the final vowel of the verb to lie. This ending, however, is frequently contracted to e, in which case this vowel is lengthened. The Objective form of the verb, ending in ela always makes its Present Complete in this way. Singular, Plural. Ngi bonile, I have seen. si bonile, we have seen, u bonile, thou hast seen. ni bonile, you have seen. u bonile, he or she has seen, ba bonile, they have seen. etc. 27. The Perfect Tense, whether the verb be transitive or intransitive, is used also to express a state, character or quality, as : Umuntu lungileyo, a good or righteous man. Indhlu i bidhlikile, the house is tumbled down, = in a tumbled down condition. Abantu aba hlupekileyo, people who are in a troubled con- dition. Umuti wapukileyo, a broken tree, = in a broken condition Inkomo i file, the cow is dead. Indhlovu i wile, the elephant is fallen. 28. Verbs ending in ala, asa, ata, ama, ana, which are mostly intransitives, form their Perfects, i.e., intransitives of state, by changing the vowel in these endings to e, thus ele, ese, ete, erne, ene. The Present Complete would in each case end in lie. Lala, lie down, go to sleep. lele, be asleep. Kulupala, get fat. kulupele, be fat, stout. Gcwala, get, become full. gcwele, be full. Pakama, lift, get lifted. pakeme, be high, lifted up. Fumana, find, discover. fumene, have found. Hlangana, meet together. hlangene, be met together. Pata, touch, hold, carry. pete, have in hand, carry on. Limala, get hurt. limele, be hurt. 29. The Perfect of a few verbs is formed irregularly, as : hlala, hlalile, Present Complete ; hlezi. Intransitive, suta, get satisfied, satiated) suti. Intransitive, ma, stand, mile, Present Complete ; mi, Intransitive, she, 5ay, mention^ makes shilo, have 9aid, LESSONS IN ZULU. 47 Ex Izinkomo zi lele etshanini, the cattle are lying down in the grass. Be ngi mi emnyango, I was standing at the door. Umfula u gcwele, the river is full. Umfo wetu ulimele, our brother is hurt. Amafu a pakeme namhla, the clouds are high to-day. 30. Perfect Tense, Negative, Have not seen. The Negative of the Present Complete is formed by placing a before the pronoun of the affirmative and affixing nga to the verb. Ka is substituted for the pronoun u 3rd person singular, and also a of 5th Class plural. Singular, a ngi bonanga, a u bonanga, a ka bonanga. Plural, a si bonanga, a ni bonanga, a ba bonanga. etc. 31. The above forms refer rather to the momentary action than to a state or character, which would be expressed by a ngi bonile, a u bonile, a ka bonile, etc. 32. Passive Voice, Have been seen. This is formed from the active by changing the 1 in the final syllable to w, e.g.^ boniwe. Tins also is frequently contracted by dropping the i, bonwe. Singular. Ngi boniwe, u boniwe, u boniwe, etc. Plural, si boniwe, ni boniwe, ba boniwe, etc. 33. Negative, Have not been seen. Singular, a ngi bonwanga, a u bonwanga, a ka bonwanga, etc. Plural, a si bonwanga, a ni bonwanga, a ba bonwanga, etc. The forms a ngi, a u, a ka boniwe, etc., would be used to express a settled state or character. VOCABULARY 12. TJkuna, to rain ; peka, cook ; izinkuni, firewood ; izinyama- zane, bucks (any animal which may be eaten is called inyama- zane) ; buya, return ; umkumbi, ship ; tuma, send ; nika, give ; nikeza, hand (anything to another) ; zingela, hunt ; tuti, also, again. 4:8 LESSONS IN ZULU. EXERCISE 15. Umf undisi u b' e hlezi endhlini e loba. izinkomo zi y' aluswa abafana. amadoda' aka izindhlu, a zingela izinyamazane, a puze utshwala. abesifazana ba lima, ba teze izinkuni, ba peke nkudhla. amantombazana a ye kuteza eblatini. izinkomo zi buyile. abantu ba lowo muzi ba tengisile ngezinkomo nezimbuzi zabo. sa ngena endhlini kepa a sa bona luto. ba hambile abafana, amantombazana a ka hambanga. la li nga ni nga lelo langa nal kwa ku nge siso isikati sokufunda. u w' enzile umsebenzi enga ku nika wona na 1 Yebo ngi w' enzile. 34. Future Tense, Shall or will see. The future tense seems to be formed by combining the present of ya with the infinitive of the verb, the latter losing the initial vowel of the infinitive prefix thus : ngi ya kubona, literally, I go to see. However, to save confusion with the infinitive the ku is written separately from the verb. Singular, Plural, Ngi ya ku bona, I shall or si ya ku bona, we shall or will will see. see. u ya ku bona, thou shalt or ni ya ku bona, you shall or wilt see. will see. u ya ku bona, he or she shall ba ya ku bona, they shall or or will see. will see. etc. 35. The following three contracted forms of this tense are frequently used : 1. The k of ku is dropped throughout, e.g., ngi ya u, u ya u, u ya u, si ya u, ni ya u, ba ya u bona. 2. A further contraction is made by combining the a of the auxiliary ya with the u following . e.^., ngi yo, u yo, u yo, si yo, ni yo, ba yo bona, etc. 3. The previous form is still further contracted by dropping the vowel of the pronoun except u and i when standing alone, which become w and y respec- tively, and dropping the y of yo. Thus the pronoun ends in o . e.g.^ ngo, wo, wo, so, no, bo bona. y.B. This last form is used to express promise or determinatioik. It is sometimes used also as Imperative. LESSONS IN ZULU. 49 36. An immediate future is formed by substituting za for ya in the above tense, the idea being that the action expressed by the verb is more imminent. Similar contractions are made as above indicated e.g., ngi za ku bona, etc., ngi za u bona, ngi zo bona, etc. 37. Future Tense, Negative, Shall or will not see. This is formed from the affirmative by placing a before the pronoun and changing the a of the auxiliary ya to i. And the same changes of the pronouns of the 3rd person singular and 5th class plural are made as in the other tenses. Ex, a ngi yi, a u yi, a ka yi, a si yi, a ni yi, a ba yi ku bona, etc. 38. There is but one form for the Negative of the future tense. The immediate future in the negative drops the vowel of the auxiliary and the verb takes the full infinitive prefix, e.g., a ngi z' ukubona, a u z' ukubona, a ka z' ukubona, etc. 39. Pluperfect or Past Perfect Tense, Had seen. Formed by combining the perfect of ba with the participle of the perfect of the verb. Recent Time. Singular. Plural. Be ngi bonile, I had seen. be si bonile, we had seen, u b' u bonile, thou hadst seen. be ni bonile, you had seen, u b* e bonile, he or she had seen, be be bonile, they had seen. etc. 40. Negative, Had not seen, be ngi nga bonanga, u b' u, u b* e, be si, be ni, be be nga bonanga, etc. Remote time, had seen. Formed by combining the past of ba with the participle of the verb. Nga ngi, wa u, wa b' e, sa si, na ni, ba be bonile, etc. 41. Negative, Had not seen. Nga ngi, wa u, wa b* e, sa si, na ni, ba be nga bonanga, etc. 42. Inefiective Tenses, Would have seen (but). These are formed by combining the imperfect of ya, recent and remote, with the infinitive of the verb, the idea expressed being that L. Z. D 50 LESSONS IN ZULU. it was the intention of the agent to carry into effect the action in question had not some circumstance prevented, e.g., be ngi ya ku fika izolo kepa nga vinjwa umfula u gcwele, I would have arrived yesterday, but I was stopped by the river it being full. 43. Ineffective (recent). Would have seen (but). Singular, be ngi ya ku bona, u b' u ya ku bona, u V e ya ku bona, etc. Plural, be si ya ku bona, be ni ya ku bona, be be ya ku bona, etc. 44. Negative, Would not have seen (but). Formed the same as the negative of the future. Singular, be ngi nga yi, u b^ u nga yi, u V e nga yi ku bona, etc. Plural, be si nga yi, be ni nga yi, be be nga yi ku bona, etc. 45. Passive voice, Would have been seen (but). Singular, be ngi ya, u b' u ya, u V e ya ku bonwa, etc. Plural, be si ya, be ni ya, be be ya ku bonwa, etc. 46. Negative, Would not have been seen. Singular, be ngi nga yi, u b' u nga yi, u b' e nga ku yi bonwa, etc. Plural, be si nga yi, be ni nga yi, be be nga yi ku bonwa, etc. 47. Bemote. Singular, nga ngi ya, wa u ya, wa b' e ya ku bona, etc. Plural, sa si ya, na ni ya, ba be ya ku bona, etc. 48. Negative. Singular, nga ngi nga yi, wa u nga yi, wa b' e nga yi ku bona, etc. Plural, sa si nga yi, na ni nga yi, ba be nga yi ku bona, etc. 49. Passive Voice. Insert w before the final vowel of the verb as in section 45 above. LESSONS IN ZULU. 51 50. The Ineffective tenses may be contracted like the future according to the first two contractions indicated in section 35. These tenses express also " was going to . . /' " was not going to . . ." And if za be substituted for ya the idea would be : " was about to . . ," " was on the point of . . ." but. VOCABULARY 13. Ubutongo, sleep ; papama, awake ; bulala, kill ; temba, or etemba, trust ; kolwa, believe, be satisfied ; izolo, yesterday ; ngomuso, to-morrow ; umusa, grace, mercy ; nini ] when ? indaba, matter, affair, story, etc. EXERCISE 16. Give examples in both the affirmative and negative of the future, pluperfect and ineffective tenses, using the following verbs : na, kuluma, hamba, lima, hlala. 51. Such tenses as the Future Imperfect, I shall be seeing, and the Future Perfect, I shall have seen, are formed by the aid of ba combined with the Participle of the principal verb. Ex. Ngi ya ku ba ngi bonayo, I shall be seeing. A ngi yi ku ba ngi bonayo, I shall not be seeing. Ngi ya ku ba ngi bonile, I shall have seen. A ngi yi ku ba ngi bonile, I shall not have seen. 52. "Not yet," "Before." By inserting the particle ka before the verb in the Negative, the idea of " not yet " is introduced. Before a participle it expresses the idea of " before." Ex. A ngi ka boni, I do not yet see. Be si nga ka dhli, we were not yet eating, or had not yet eaten. Be be nga ka m* boni, they had not yet seen him. Wa fika li nga ka shoni ilanga, he arrived before sun set. Ngi tanda ukuyizwa leyo ndaba ngi nga ka hambi, I wish to hear that matter before I go. A si ka kwazi ukufunda, we do not yet know (how) to road. 52 LESSONS IN ZULtT. A ni ka yi boni indhlela nal do you not yet see the path! Ba fikile abantu na ? qa, a ba ka fiki, have the people arrived 1 no, they have not yet arrived. 53. " Still." The particle Sa inserted before the verb in the Present Indefinite, Participle, Imperfect and Future tenses, and also certain tenses of ba combined with the participle of the principal verb, (affirmative) introduces the idea of "still." Sometimes the sense may be "as" or " while," according to the context. When used with a Negative the sense is then " no more" or "no longer." Ex. Pres. Ind. ngi sa bona, I am still seeing, u, u, si, ni, ba sa bona ; thou, he or she, we, you, they still see. Neg. a ngi, a u, a ka, a si, a ni, a ba sa boni ; I, thou, he or she, we, you, they no longer see. Participle. Ngi, u, e, si, ni, be sa bona, I, thou, he or she, we, you, they still seeing. Neg. Ngi, u, e, si, ni, be nga sa boni, I, thou, he or she, we, you, they no longer seeing. And so : Be ngi sa bona, I was still seeing. Be ngi nga sa boni, I was no longer seeing. Ngi ya ku ba ngi sa bona, I shall still be seeing. A ngi sa yi ku bona, I shall no longer see. etc. 54. Sa is sometimes used with the Perfect tense to express a yet unaltered state or condition : Ex. Ba sa hambile, they are still away. Ngi sa pekile, I am occupied with cooking, i.e., in the act of doing it. Ba sa lele, they are still asleep. Izinkomo zi sa kulupele, the cattle are still in good condition. 55. Sa may be used with the Pluperfect tenses to express a present though uncertain condition as : Be ngi sa pilile, I am still in health. LESSONS IN ZULU. 53 56. Before a Noun, Adjective, Adverb and na used as the verb to have, sa is changed to se. Ex. UYihlo u se kona na ? Is your father still alive ? Ya pela indaba i se mnandi, the subject came to an end it still being pleasant. U se yinsizwa, he is still a young man. Si se ngabantwana, while we were children, = we still being children. Li se namandhla leli hasM lami eli dala, it is still strong this old horse of mine. 57. The Particle se is used with a Participle in the sense of " Now," e.g. se ngi bona, now I see, etc. When the pronoun is a vowel only it is placed both before and after se in the same way as with be in the imperfect tense. This fact would seem to indicate that se is a fragment of some verb. Se may also be used with the past tense. Ex. Se ngi bona, u s' u bona, u s* e bona, now I, thou, he or she sees. Se si bona, se ni bona, se be bona, now we, you, they see. Past Tense, Now I saw it. Se nga bona, se wa bona, se wa bona, se sa bona, se na bona, se ba bona. Perfect Tense, Now I have seen. Se ngi bonile, u s* u bonile, u s* e bonile, se si bonile, se ni bonile, se be bonile, etc. Future, Now I shall or will see. Se ngi za ku bona, u s' u za ku bona, u s' e za ku bona, etc. Se ngi ya ku bona, u s' u ya ku bona, u s' e ya ku bona, etc. 58. When used with the Imperfect, Pluperfect and Ineffec- tive Tenses se indicates the sense of " then." Imperfect (recent). Be se ngi bona, then I was seeing, u b' u s' u bona, thou, etc., u b' e s' e bona, he or she, etc., be se si bona, be se ni bona, be se be bona, etc. Imperfect (remote), Nga se ngi bona, wa se u bona, wa b' e s' e bona, sa se si bona, na se ni bona, ba se be bona, etc. 54 LESSONS IN ZULU. Pluperfect (recent), Be se ngi bonile, then I had, etc, u b* u s' u bonile, u b' e s' e bonile, be se si bonile^ be se ni bonile, be se be bonile, etc. Pluperfect (remote), Nga se ngi bonile, wa se u bonile, wa b' e s' e bonile, sa se si bonile, na se ni bonile, ba se be bonile, etc. Ineffective (recent and remote), would have seen (but). Be se ngi ya ku bona, u b' u s' u ya ku bona, u b' es* e ya ku bona, be se si ya ku bona, be se ni ya ku bona, be se be ya ku bona, etc. Nga se ngi ya ku bona, wa u s' u ya ku bona, wa b' e s' e ya ku bona. Plural, sa se si ya ku bona, then we would have seen, na se ni ya ku bona, then you would have seen. ba se be ya ku bona, then they would have seen. Negative (recent). Singular, be se ngi nga yi ku bona, then I would not have seen, u b'u s'u nga yi ku bona, then thou wouldst not have seen. u b'e s'e nga yi ku bona, then he or she would not have seen. Plural, be se si nga yi ku bona, then we would not have seen. be se ni nga yi ku bona, then you would not have seen. be se be nga yi ku bona, then they would not have seen. Negative (remote). Singular, nga se ngi nga yi ku bona, then I would not have seen. wa u s'u nga yi ku bona, then thou wouldst not have seen. wa b'e s'e nga yi ku bona, then he or she would not have seen. Plural, sa se si nga yi ku bona, then we would not have seen. LESSONS IN ZULU. 55 na se ni nga yi ku bona, then you would not have seen. ba se be nga yi ku bona, then they would not have seen. 59. There are certain verbs as za, come, zwa hear, feel, etc., ma, stand, muka, depart, mba, dig, which always prefix e to the root in all their forms, whenever they happen to be preceded by a, which in such case is elided. Ex. Ngi y* eza, I am coming, ng' eza, I came. But, ngi zile, I have come, ngi ya ku za, I shall come. Si y* emba, we are digging. S* emba umgodi, we dug a hole. But, Be si mba, we were digging. Si mbile, we have dug. Ba y' ezwa, they hear. B' ezwile, they have heard. Ng* ezwa umuntu e kuluma endhlini, I heard a person speaking in the house. But, Ngi zwile, I have heard. A ngi zwa, I do not hear. 60. The meaning of a verb may be intensified or diminished by reduplicating the root if composed of two syllables only ; if of more, then the first two only are reduplicated. The idea being that the action is performed a little or quickly, or very much. Ex. zama, strive ; zamazama, strive very hard or fitfully. Cita, scatter, spill, devastate ; citacita. Hamba, walk, move ; hambahamba, walk, move about. Kuluma, speak , kulukuluma, talk much, chatter. Guqula, turn ; guquguqula, turn vigorously or fitfully. VOCABULARY 14. Qeda, finish, as Sinything one is occupied with ; pela, finish^ come to an end ; hlwayela or hlwanyela, sow \ hlakula, weed ; mhlaumbe, 'perhaps ; jabula, be glad, rejoice. EXERCISE 17. Amadoda a ya sebenza endhlini namhla. izolo a b' e sebenza ensimini. ngomuso a ya kwaka indhlu lapaya. a b' 56 LESSONS IN ZULU. e nga yi kwaka, kepa se si sondela isikati semvula. Inxa se li nile, ba ya ku lima masinyane. Mhlaumbe li za ku na ngomuso. Uma li na ba ya ku jabula, Ba be nga yi ku lima nga lesi sikati, kepa ukudhla kwabo se ku za ku pela. 61. The Substantive Verb Ukuba, to be. This verb is always used in combination with some other verb in the formation of compound tenses in any of the Moods, or with a noun, adjective, adverb, or with na used as the verb " to have " ; but in the present tense, participle and imperfect tense (remote) is not expressed. In the negative participle and imperfect tenses, the particle nga becomes nge before a noun, adjective or adverb, and also before na as verb to have. The following tenses of ba used with kona, present, will serve to illustrate its use. In the negative kona usually drops the last syllable. 62. Present Tense. Singular, Plural. Ngi kona, I am present. si kona, we are present. u kona, thou art present. ni kona, you are present. u kona, he or she is present, ba kona, they are present. etc. 63 Negative. Singular. Plural. a ngi ko, I am not present. a si ko, we are not present. a u ko, thou art not present. a ni ko, you are not present. a ka ko, he or she is not a ba ko, they are not present, present. etc. 64. Imperfect, (recent). Singular. Plural. be ngi kona, I was present. be si kona, we were present, u b* u kona, thou wast present, be ni kona, you were present u b* e kona, he or she was be be kona, they were present, present. etc. LESSONS IN ZULU. 67 65. Negative. Singular. Plural, be ngi nge ko, I was not be si nge ko, we were not present. present. u b* u nge ko, thou wast not be ni nge ko, you were not present. present. a b* e nge ko, he or she was be be nge ko, they were not not present. present. etc. 66. Imperfect, (remote). Singular, Plural, nga ngi kona, sa si kona, wa u kona. na ni kona, wa b' e kona, ba be kona. etc. 67. Negative. Singular, PluraL nga ngi nge ko, sa si nge ko. wa u nge ko. na ni nge ko, wa b' e nge ko, ba be nge ko. etc. 68. Future. Singular. Plural. ngi ya ku ba kona, I shall be si ya ku ba kona, we shall be present. present. u ya ku ba kona, thou wilt ni ya ku ba kona, you will be present. be present. u ya ku ba kona, he or she ba ya ku ba kona, they will will be present. be present. etc. 69. Negative. Singular. Plural, a ngi yi ku ba ko, I shall not a si 3ri ku ba ko, we shall not be present. be present. a u yi ku ba ko, thou wilt not a ni yi ku ba ko, you will not be present. be present. a Ka yi ku ba ko, he or she a ba yi ku ba ko, they will not will not be present. be present. etc. 58 LESSONS IN ZULU. 70. Immediate Future. ngi za ku ba kona or ngi zo ba kona, eta 71. Negative. a ngi z' ukuba ko, etc. 72. Ineffective (recent). Singular. Plural, be ngi ya ku ba kona, I would be si ya ku ba kona, we have been present. would have been present. u b' u ya ku ba kona, thou be ni ya ku ba kona, you wouldst have been present. would have been present. u b' e ya ku ba kona, he or be be ya ku ba kona, they she would have been would have been present, present. etc. 73. Negative^ Would not have been present. Singular. Plural. be ngi nga yi ku ba ko, be si nga yi ku ba ko, u b* u nga yi ku ba ko, be ni nga yi ku ba ko, u b' e nga yi ku ba ko, be be nga yi ku ba ko. etc. 74. Remote, Would have been present. Singular. Plural. nga ngi ya ku ba kona, sa si ya ku ba kona, wa u ya ku ba kona, na ni ya ku ba kona, wa b' 6 ya ku ba kona, ba be ya ku ba kona. etc. 75. Nagative, Would not have been present. Singular. Plural, nga ngi nga yi ku ba ko, sa si nga yi ku ba ko ; wa u nga yi ku ba ko, na ni nga yi ku ba ko ; wa b* e nga yi ku ba ko, ba be nga yi ku ba ko. etc. 76. Na used as verb " to have " combines with the noun or pronoun following ; but in the negative it remains unchanged and the noun following elides its initial voweL LESSONS IN ZULU. 59 Ex. Ngi nencwadi, I have a book. Ngi nencwadi na ? have I a book *? A ngi na ncwadi, I have not a book. A ngi na ncwadi na? have I not a book? Be ngi nencwadi, I had a book. Be ngi nencwadi na ? haxl I a book 1 Be ngi nge na ncwadi, I had not a book. Nga ngi nencwadi, I had a book, (at that time). Nga ngi nge na ncwadi, I had not a book. A ngi banga na ncwadi, I have not had a book. Ngi ya ku ba nencwadi, I shall have a book. A ngi yi ku ba na ncwadi, I shall not have a book. Be ngi ya ku ba nencwadi, I would have had a book. Be ngi nga yi ku ba na ncwadi, I would not have had a book. VOCABULARY 15. Pakamisa, lift up ; ehla, come down, descend ; kona (khona), then ; yikona, it is then ; isintu, the human race ; ukuti, that ; lamba, hunger, EXERCISE 18. 1. "Kepa a ka banjwa muntu, ngoba isikati sake sa si nga ka fiki," 2. " Nxa be ni ng' azi, be ni ya ku M^azi uBaba futi.^' 3. "Nina ni vela ku lo mhlaba, Mina a ngi veli ku io mhlaba." 4. " Ngoba inxa ni nga tembi ukuti ngi nguye.*' 5. " Wa Ves'e ti uJesu, inxa se ni yi pakamisile indodana yesintu, yikona ni ya kwazi ukuti ngi nguye." 6. " A ng'enzi luto ngokwami." 7. " Mina ngi yisinkwa sokupila, ozayo kimina a ka yi ku lamba." 8. " Isinkwa si ka Nkulunkulu si nguye o wehla ezulwini." 9. " Ngi ti kinina, ni ngi bonile, kepa a ni tembi." 10. "UBaba u ya ni nika isinkwa esonasona." 11. "Ukufundisa kwami, a kusiko okwami." 12. " Lo as^uye abaf una ukumbulala na 1 " 60 LESSONS IN ZULU. CHAPTER VIII. PREPOSITIONS. 1. Na, with; ku in, at, to, among, according to the context, nga, with, (by means of) about, toward, around. 2. The following Prepositions are used with the indefinite possessive particle kwa preceding the noun or pronoun governed. If no particular situation is indicated they will be preceded by the preposition nga. Should the noun governed be one of Class 2 singular kwa will be substituted by ku ka. See Chap. 5 Sect. 1 2. Ex, Pezu, above ; (^something else) ngapezu kwa . . . Pansi, below, beneath, down ; ngapansi, underneath. Pakati, within, inside ; ngapakati, on the inside. Pandhle, outside ; ngapandhle, without, on the outside. Pambi, before, in front of; ngapambi, at the front, on the front. Pambili, beyond ; ngapambili, on beyond. Ecaleni or eceleni, at the side of ; ngasecaleni, by the side. Emva, which is a contraction of emuva, behind, at the back of. Ex, Pezu kwendhlu, above the house, n^^apansi kwetafula, underneath the table. Pambi kwendhlu, before the house, ngapambi kwendhlu, at the front of the house. emva kwendhlu, behind the house, ngasemva kwe- ndhlu, at the back of the house, pakati kwendhlu, inside the house, ngapandhle kwendhlu, on the out- side of the house. And so : Pezu kwami, kwako, kwake, kwetu, kwenu, kwabo, above me, thee, him or her, us, you, them. Pambi kwami, before me. pansi kwake, beneath him. Pakati kwami, within me. pakati kwabo, among them. 3. Pezulu, up, up above; ngapezulu, somewhere above, in an upward direction. Seloku, since, generally followed by the past tense of the verb, e.g.^ Seloku nga fika, since I arrived, seloku kwa datshulwa umhlaba, since the world was created. LESSONS IN ZtJLU. 6l 4. Pansi expresses also on the ground, on the floor, e.g.^ Ku beke pansi, put it down, on the ground. Kipani izimpahla enaoleni ni zi beke pansi. Take the goods out of the wagon and put them on the ground. 5. The following prepositions are always followed by na. Eduze, near ; eduze nami, near me. eduze nomfula, near the river, eduze nendhlela, near the path. Enhla, up, as up stream, up country ; upper, as the upper side of the road etc., e.g., enhla nomfula, up river, enhla nezwe, up country, inland, enhla nomgwacio, the upper side of the road. Enzansi, down, as down stream, down country, the coast side, the lower side, e.g. enzansi nomfula, down river, enzansi nezwe, at the coast land. 6. To express the idea of " centre " Pakati is used followed by na as : pakati nendhlu, in the midst of the house, pakati nomgwacio, in the middle of the road, pakati nesiyingi, in the centre of the circle, etc. 7. Other uses of Na. a. As the conjuction "and" connecting subjects. Indoda nomfana, a man and a boy. izinkomo nezi- mvu, cattle and sheep, ezulwini na semhlabeni, in heaven and on earth. Lo mfana na le ntombazana, this boy and this girl. 8. 6. In the sense of "too" and "also." In which case it usually follows the noun referred to. Umfana naye wa hamba, the boy went too, or the boy also went. Inja nayo ya fa, the dog also died. Abantwana nabo ba banga umsindo, the children also made a noise. 9. c. In the sense of " even." S* esaba nokukuluma, we feared even to speak. Be nge na sikati nesokudhla, they not having time even to eat. Nezilwanyanyana nazo zi nomse- beuzi wazo, even the insects also have their work. 62 LESSONS IN ZULU, 10. Na may be prefixed to the noun or corresponding pronoun with the noun following in apposition : Ex. Nezinkomo zake, or n'ezake izinkomo, and his cattle. Nazo zonke izinto, or nezinto zonke, and all things. Nga and njenga follow the same rule. 11. Uses of Ku. ku is used with nouns and pronouns which have no locative form, to express the force of the locative in all its different shades of meaning as: *'to" "from," "in," "at," "among," etc., according to the idea expressed by the preceding verb. Ex, Ku fikile umuntu o vela ku baba, there has arrived a man who comes from father. Ngi ya kuye, I am going to him. Si y' eza kuwe or ku wena, we are coming to you. Ba pumile kuye namhlauje, they have come or gone out from him to-dav. U ya sebenza ku mlungu, he is working at a white man's. Izingubo zami zi ku lelo bokisi, my clothes are in that box. 12. The plural forms kiti, kini, kubo, are used to express our, your, their home, people, tribe, country, etc. Ex, Kiti, our home, kraal, place. Kini, your, etc. Kubo, their, etc. Kupi kini? where is your home? Kupi ku bo 1 where is his or their home ? Abantu ba kiti, our people, of the same family, tribe, etc. Abantwana ba kiti, children of our home, kraal, family, etc. Izinkomo za kiti, cattle belonging to our home. (Compare Chapter VI. Sections 15 and 24.) 13. The above forms are used also in the possessive case. Ex. Umfana wa kiti, a boy of our people, home, etc. Eza kini lezi zinkomo na? Do they belong to your home these cattle ? Ngubani le ntombazana? eya kubo ka Dambvia. Who is this girl ] She is of Dambuza's people. Ku fikile umfana wa kubo ka Nduli. There has arrived a boy of uNduli's people or home. (Compare Chap. VI. sect. 17.) LESSONS IN ZULIT. 83 14. Uses of Nga. a. Prefixed to a preposition, a noun in the locative case, or adverb of place, when no precise situation is indicated. Ex. U velangapi ? = from what direction do you come 1 but, U velapi 1 where do you come from ? Ngalapa, about here, ngalapo, about there, in that direction. U ya ngapi ^ = in what direction are you going ? U ye ngalapo, he has gone in that direction there. Izwe la nga soTongati 11 nomoba omningi, the country about Tongati has much sugar cane. 15. b. To express "day by day," "week by week," etc., the idiom is the same as in English, but a plural noun is used, with nga prefixed to the repeated noun : Ex. Imihla ngemihla, day by day. Amasonto ngamasonto, week by week. Izinyanga ngezinyanga, month by month. Iminyaka ngeminyaka, year by year. 16. And so also: Izikati ngezikati, times by times = different times. Izizwe ngezizwe, tribe by tribe = different tribes. Izinhlobo ngezinhlobo, kind by kind = different kinds. Ex. Ngi bonile kusasa izilwane eziningi izinhlobo ngezinhlobo, I have seen this morning many animals of different kinds. Umuzi wa seTekwini; u gcwele abantu aba yizizwe ngezizwe. The town of Durban is full of people of different nationalities. 17. c. "One by one," "two by two," etc., is expressed by a similar idiom, but the pronoun preceding the first numeral adjective prefixes its corresponding relative. Ex. Abanye ngabanye, one by one, for nouns of Classes 1 and 2. ababili ngababili, two by two, eminye ngeminye, emibili ngemibili, '* " ezinye ngezinye, . ezibili ngezibili, " " amanye ngamanye, - amabili ngamabili, * " ezinye ngezinye, ^ ezimbiU ngezimbili, o ana /. 64 LESSONS IN ZULU. 18. d. Nga also expresses "with" in the sense of "by means of." Ex. Wa m' shaya ngenduku, he struck him with a stick. Impahla ya boshwa ngentambo, the parcel was tied with a string. Ukuhamba ngehashi, to go on horseback. (Lit. to go by means of a horse.) Ukuhamba ngezinyawo, to go on foot. Donsa ngamandhla, pull hard, (with strength). Wa sikwa ngomese, he was cut with a knife. 19. Ngenxa, from nga and inxa, expresses "because of," "on account of," and is always followed by the possessive particle ya. Ex. Ngenxa yami, on my account, because of me. Ngenxa yako, yake, yetu, yenu, yabo, on thy, his or her, our, your, their account. Ngisindile ngenxa kaJesu, I am saved because of Jesus. Ngenxa yomntwana, on account of the child. Ngenxa yokugula, on account of being sick. CONJUNCTIONS. 20. Ukuti that; ukuba, in order that, followed by the Subjunctive. Noma, kuko, kumbe, or either. Nokuba, nakuba, whether, (also Noma). Noko, kantinoko, yet, however, notwithstanding, still, Kodwa, only, excepting that. Kepa, but. Funa, lest, followed by the Subjunctive. Ngoba, ngokuba, for, because. Uma, nxa, inxa, umauxa, if. Ngako, therefore. Kanti, whereas. Also frequently used in asking a question expressive of surprise as : Elako kanti leli cebo 1 And so it is yours this scheme is it 1 6a funa ukwenzani kanti 1 Whatever do they want to do? LESSONS IN ZULU. 65 CHAPTER IX. THE ADJECTIVE 1. There are but few true Adjectives in Zulu, of which the following are examples : Mhlope, white ; used also to express clean, pure, mnyama, black, mpofu, poor, buff, stone colour, bomvu, red. luhlaza, green, lucweba, sky-blue, ngwevu, grey, nsundu, brown, zibadu, speckled, kulu, large, great, ncane, small, little. neinyane, very small, banzi, wide, fushane, fupi, short, de, long, high, kude, distant, ningi, many, much, lukuni, hard. mnandi, sweet, hie, nice, beautiful, bi, bad, evil, ugly. qoto, honest, upright, mnene, kind, dala, old. sha, new, fresh (after n becomes tsha) nzima, heavy, dull, dark, mtoti, pleasant, delicious to taste. 2. The Adjective usually follows its noun, and whether used as an epithet or predicate is always preceded by the pronoun agreeing with the noun qualified. When, however, the adjective is used as an Epithet, as " a white goat," the relative is prefixed to the pronoun, the idiom being "a goat which is white." imbuzi emhlope. But when used as a Predicate, and therefore separated from its noun by the substantive verb expressed or implied, the pronoun agreeing with its noun, stands alone before it, e.g,, izimbuzi zi mhlope, the goats are white, imbuzi i mhlope, the goat is white. Ex, Inja emnyma, a black dog. izinja ezimnyama, black dogs Inja i mnyama, the dog is black, izinja zi mnyama, the dogs are black. Itshe elimMope, a white stone, itshe 11 mhlope, the stone is white. L.Z. E 66 LESSONS IN ZULU. 3. All monosyllabic adjecjjives when qualifying nouns whose prefixes are umu, imi, ama, take mu, mi, ma, as pronouns. The same applies to the adjectives kulu, dala, ningi, fushane, ncane, ncinyane, except when qualifying nouns of classes 1, 2, and 3 singular, in which case they assume m as the initial letter of the root, and follow the rule given in section 2. Ex, Umntwana omuhle, a beautiful child. Unmtwana muMe, the child is beautiful Umuti omkulu, a large tree. Umuti u mkulu, the tree is large. Imiti emide, tall trees, imiti mide, the trees are tall. Isilwane esincane, a small animal. Izilwane zi ncane, the animals are small. 4. When qualifying nouns of class 6 singular and plural and class 7 plural, these same adjectives together with all monosyllabic adjectives prefix n except before a labial in which case m is prefixed. Ex, Indoda emfushaue, a short man. indoda i mfushane, the man is short, inja enhle, a nice dog. inja i nhle, the dog is nice. Izinkabi ezindala. old oxen, izinkabi zi ndala. the oxen are old. Abantu abasha, young people, indhlela entsha, a new path or way. Ukamba olusha, a new beer pot. izinkamba ezintsha, new beer pots. 5. In expressing admiration at the degree to which any particular quality is possessed, the same rule obtains, but the past tense of the substantive verb is implied. Ex. Wa mkulu lo mntwana, what a large child this is ! Wa mude lo muti, what a tall tree ! Ya i nhle le ntombazana, what a nice girl this is ! Za nkulu lezi zinkomo, how large these cattle are ? 6. The Adjective has a diminutive form corresponding to that of the noun ; the idea expressed being perhaps what we understand by the word rather, or the suffix ish. Ex, I mbala muni le ngubo 1 Ngi ti mina i mpofana. What is the colour of this blanket ? I say it is a huffish sort of colour. LESSONS IN ZULU. 67 Izinkomo eziningana, a goodish few cattle. Ukudhla oku yincosanyana, a very little food. The diminutive of bi is bana or banyana; and of de is danyana. 7. The same idea may be expressed by the word nje, only, placed after the adjective. Ex. Indhlu yake i ncane nje, his house is rather small. Le ngubo i ndala nje, this blanket is somewhat old. Ubuso bake bu bomvu nje, his face is reddish. 8. To intensify the meaning of some adjectives certain particles are used which indicate that the thing referred to possesses to a remarkable degree the quality in question. ETi, Ku mnyama kace ! it is black exceedingly. Ku mhlope qwa ! it is snow-white. Ku bomvu hxebu ! it is very red. Indhlu i gcwele swi abantu ! the house is quite full of people. Izwe r omile nke ! the country is exceedingly dry. 9. The lack of true adjectives is supplied as follows : (1) By participles. (2) Yerbs in the infinitive mood with a possessive particle expressing the purpose of the noun. (3) Nouns with the loss of their initial vowel. (4) Nouns with the preposition na expressing possession. Ex, (1) Umuntu olungileyo, a good or righteous man. Imiti e yapukileyo, broken trees. Amanzi acwebileyo, clear water. (2) Isikati sokuqala, the first time. Isikati sokugcina, the last time. Insizwa yokusebenza ensimini, a young man to work in the garden. (3) Ku makaza, it is cold, ku manzi loku, this is wet. Ku ludaka, it is muddy, indawo emakaza, a cold place. Lo mese u bukali, this knife is sharp. Ikanda land 11 buhlungu, my head is painful. 68 liBSSONS IN ZULU. (4) Inkosi i nomusa, the Lord is merciful. Li namandMa leli hasM, it is strong this horse. Abafana abanomsindo, noisy boys. Umuntu onolaka, an angry or wrathful person. 10. When an adjective is specially emphasised it precedes its noun. Ex, U mdala lo muntu, he is old this person. Mide le miti, they are tall these trees. I nkulu kakulu le ndhlu, it is very large this house. Makulu impela lawo matshe, they are large indeed those stones. 11. The Comparative of Adjectives is expressed by the use of kuna (from ku and na) = than ; which is placed before the noun or pronoun denoting the thing compared. Ex, Ngi mkulu kunawe, I am bigger than thou. Indhlu yabo i nkulu kun' eyetu, their house is larger than ours. Lo mfana mude kunomfo wabo, this boy is taller than his brother. Izinkomo zetu zi ningi kun'ezenu, our cattle are more than yours. Lo mntwana muMe kuna lowo, this child is prettier than that. Lo mfana u hlakanipile kuna lowo, this boy is cleverer than that. Sometimes kuna is contracted to ku. 12. The verb dhlula, pass, surpass, excel, exceed, etc., is also used, and the word denoting the quality in respect of which the comparison is made, is put either in the locative or governed by the preposition nga. Ex, Lo muntu u ya ngi dhlula emandhleni or ngamandhla, this person surpasses me in or by strength. Izindhlu zabelungu zi ya zi dhlula ezabantu ngobukulu, the houses of the white people exceed those of the natives in size. Lomfana u ya ba dhlula labo ngokuhlakanipa, this boy excels those in cleverness. LBSSONS IN ZULU. 69 13. The Superlative Degree is expressed by strengthening either of the above forms by means of the adverb kakulu, greatly, exceedingly, also by the use of onke, all. Ex, Izinkomo za kiti zi ningi kakulu kun'ezabo, our cattle are very many more than theirs. IndMovu i nkulu kunazo zonke izilwane, the elephant is the largest of animals. 14. Quantitative Adjectives. Onke, all, the whole. As this adjective begins with a vowel the vowel of the preceding pronoun is dropped, except the vowel pronouns u and i which become w and y respec- tively, and a is dropped. Ex, Sonke (si-onke) we all, all of us. nonke, (ni-onke) you all. bonke, (ba-onke) they all. And so, wonke, yonke, sonke, zonke, lonke, onke, yonke, zonke, lonke, zonke, * bonke, konke. 15. To express the idea of " any " in the sense of some, for which no word exists in Zulu, the noun denoting the thing in question loses its initial vowel : Ex, U bona luto na? do you see anything! Qa a ngi boni luto, no I do not see anything. Ku kona muntu endhlini na? is there anyone in the house 1 Ku kona sinkwa na ? is there any bread ? Ku kona mpupu na 1 is there any meal ? 17 nga kohlisi muntu, do not deceive any maik 16. Tile expresses " certain," as " a certain person," "certain thing," etc. Ex, Umuntu otile, a certain person, into etile, a certain thing. Izwi elitile, a certain word, indawo etile, a certain place. Izinkomo ezitile, certain cattle. * Odwa, only, alone ; follows the same rule ; but following the 1st, 2nd and Srd pers. sing, it becomes edwa, e.g., ngedwa, I only, wedwa, thou only, yedwa, he or she only. 70 LESSONS IN ZULU. 17. The Numerical adjective nye, one, is used to express ^' some/* " other," " another," as follows : Ex, Omunye umuntn, another person, abanye abantu, other people. Ngi pe okunye, give me some, or something. Amanzi a pelile, let' amanye, the water is finished, bring some more. Ezinye izinkomo zi sesibayeni ezinye zi sendhle, some cattle are in the fold, others are in the field. 18. Anele = suffice, (the Perfect of anela) also the adjective ningi, are used to express " enough." Ex. Kwanele, it is enough, sufficient, kuningi, it is much, plenty, baningi, they are many = they are plenty. Kaula manje sokwanele or sokuningi, stop now it is enough. Loku kudhla ku s* anele tina sodwa, this food is sufficient for us only. N.B, The particle se before the sound of u is frequently changed bo so. 19. "Divers," as divers kinds, sorts, is also expressed by reduplicating the root of the plural noun izinhlobo. Ex, Abantu aba zinMobonhlobo, or aba yizinhlobonlilobo, people of divers kinds. Izinkomo ezi zinMobonhlobo, divers kinds of cattle. Imiti ezinMobonblobo, trees of divers kinds. 20. Ingcosana or ingcozana, a few, a little : Ex, Abantu aba yingcosana, a few people. Impupu e yingcosana, a little meal. Amandhla a yingcosana, a little strength. Ukudhla oku yingcosana, a little food. 21. "No" as no one, etc., not any, is expressed by a ku ko, the negative form of kona with the indefinite pronoun ku. LESSONS IN ZULU. 71 Ex, A ku ko muntu, no person, not any person. A ku ko muntu o nga konza amakosi amabili, no man can serve two masters. Or the pronoun agreeing with the thing in question may be substituted for the indefinite ku. 22. Demonstrative Adjectives. Ngaka, this big ; Ngako, that big ; the size being generally indicated in some way. Ex, Umfana wami u ngaka, my boy is this big, or so big. Isandhla sake si vuvukele si ngaka, his hand is swollen it is so big. Ngi ya qala namhlanje ukubona indhlu engako, I begin to-day to see a house so large. = I see for the first time a house so large. Ngakaya, so large as that yonder. 23. Nje, such (as this) Njalo, such (as that). Ex, Umuntu onje, a person such as this. Izwi elinjalo, a word such as that. Izinkabi ezinje, oxen such as these. A ngi funi into enje, I do not want a thing such as this. Ukukuluma okunjalo a ku fanele, such speech is not fitting. Be ngi ya ku tanda indawo enjalo nami. I also would like such a place. 24. Ngakanana, How great, large, immense ! Expressive of admiration. 25. Interrogative Adjectives. Ni? What] follows the rule for monosyllabic adjectives, and may be affixed : (1) to a pronoun, (2) the prepositions na, nga, njenga, nganga, (3) a verb, a possessive particle, and a noun of class 6 singular. 72 LESSONS IN ZULU. Ex, (1) XJmuti muni lo ? what tree is this t Imiti mini leyo ? what trees are those ? Ukufa kuni a nako na ? what sickness has he got ? Amatshe mani lawaya ? what stones are those yonder 1 (2) Nani ? with what 1 ngani ? by what ] why ? njengani ? like what 1 ngangani ? how big 1 as big as what 1 (3) U tini ? what do you say 1 ba funani ? what do they want? Ni celani na ? what are you asking for ? Le ngubo i bizani na? what does this blanket demand 1 = what is the price of it ? (4) Umuntu wani? a person of what 1 = what is his business 1 as : Umuntu wesinkwa, the bread man. umuntu wenyama, the meat man. Umuti wani? medicine of what ? = for what? the head, stomach or what? Inyoni yani? a bird of what? a water bird or a bush bird, or what ? (5) Intoni? what thing? indabani? what matter? inkomoni ? what cow ? indukuni ? what stick ? etc. 26. Ni may be used as a noun in the same way as the Em- phatic, Prepositional and Demonstrative forms of the Pronouns, and when thus used assumes i as prefix. Ex, Ku yini loku ? what is this ? Yini na ? what is it ? = what is the matter ? Ni yini na ? what are ye ? U yini wena na ? what are you ? 27. Yini is frequently used in the sense of "or what," "or not," in which case it usually completes the sentence. Ex, U funa ukugoduka yini? do you want to go home or what? U b' e funa umuti yini ? was he wanting medicine or what? U tanda ukukuluma nami yini? are you wishing to speak with me ? Ba ya ku m' limaza yini ? are they going to hurt him ? LESSONS IN ZULU. 73 28. Pi ? which 1 as : mupi ? bapi ? mipi ? sipi 7 zipi 7 lipi 7 mapi7 etc. Mupi umfana 7 which boy ? U keta map! ku lawa madoda 7 which ones do you choose of these men 1 Ipi eyami ku lezi ziiicwadi7 which is mine of these books) 29. To express "which is iti" "It is which?" "Which is the one 1 " i is prefixed to the above forms except mu and ma which take u and a respectively. The euphonic y precedes i and ng precedes u and a. The pronoun i is repeated with y between. Ex, 1 and 2. ngumupi7 yibapi? 3. ngumupi? yimipi7 4. yisipi7 yizipi7 5. yilipi7 ngamapi7 6. iyipi7 yizipi7 7. 3rilupi7 yizipi? 8. yibupi7 9. yikupi? Ex. Ngumupi umfana o m' fuiiayo7 which is the boy you want?" Yisipi isinkwa o si tengileyo namhla 7 which is the bread that you have bought to-day 1 Yilipi ihashi engi za ku li gibela 7 which is the horse that IshaUridel Ngamapi amatshe a kulumayo ngawo7 which are the stones about which he is speaking ? Yimipi imiti eya tshalwa ngubaba 7 which are the trees that were planted by father 1 30. Pit is also the interrogative Adverb "where?" and as such may follow a pronoun, a possessive particle, a preposition and a verb ; but does not take mu, ma, mi, as pronouns. Ex, (1) Upi umfana 7 where is the boyi Api amantombazana 7 where are the girls t Zipi izinkomo na7 where are the cattle? 74 LESSONS IN ZULU. (2) Umuntu wapi ? a person of where 1 Ezapi lezi zilwane ? they are of where these animals 1 (3) U ya ngapi ? where are you going 1 Ba vela ngapi ? where do they come from 1 Ba vela ezindaweni eziningi, Kwa Zulu, eMampond- weni, eSwazini napi, napi. They come from many places, Zululand, Pondoland, Swaziland, and where and where, = etc. (4r) U sebenzapi ? where do you work 1 Wakepi? where do you live? (Lit. where have you built?) Ba zi bekepi izimpahla zami ? where have they put my goods 1 31. Njani, like what*? what sorti Ex, U njani namhlanje? what are you like to-day I = how are you to-day 1 Umuntu onjani lowo o b' u kuluma naye ? what kind of person is that to whom you were speaking 1 Izwe lakini 11 njani na ? what sort of country is yours 1 32. Ngakanani 7 how big f Ex, Ba ngakanani abantwana bake? how big are your children ] Indhlovu i yisilwane esi ngakanani? how large an animal is the elephant 1 I ngakanani imizi y'aba kwa Zulu ? how large are the kraals of the Zulu people ? 33. Ngaki? how many) follows same rule as Eulu, ningi, dala, etc. Ex, Ni bangaki 7 how many are you ] Ku sebenza amadoda amangaki lapa7 how many men are working here? Zi ngaki izimbuzi ezi seleyo 7 how many goats are left ! U nezinja ezi ngaki 7 how many dogs have you 1 LESSONS IK ZULU. 75 Both "Ngakanani" and "ngaki," may be used negatively as follows : Ku sale impupn engakanani ? a i ngakanani. How much meal is left 1 It is no quantity, = insignificant, a ^ very little. Ba ngaki abalimeleyo engozini e yenzeke namhlaiije ? a ba "bangaki. How many have been hurt in the accident which happened to-day 1 O no number, = but few. 34. Ubani? who? may be used to express "So and so" when the speaker does not wish to mention or cannot call to mind, the name of the person in question. Ex, Ngi zwe nkuti ku ngumfo ka ban! owenze lokn. I have heard that it is the son of So and so who has done this. a bize bonke abafana, uZito, noMboshwayo, noNdhlazi, nobaui, nobani, call all the boys, uZito, etc., and So and so. uSobani may be used if the person in question be a male ; if a female, uNobanL d 35. Ntasike, ntokanje, are equivalents of the English expressions : " What's his name," " What do you call him," it, etc., when the speaker is trying to remember the name. Ex. Ngi m bonile u . . . ntasike namhlanje, u . . . Ntombela. I have seen . . . what's his name to-day, u . . . Ntombela. Kwenzwa ubani loku ? Kwenzwa u . . . ntasike, u . . . Masuku. By whom was this done 1 It was done by . . . what's his name . . . u . . . Masuku. U vela ngapi lo muntn ? U vela e . . . Ntokajeni e . . . Mvoti. Where does this person come from ? He comes from . . . O what's the name . . . from e . . . Mvoti. Into yani le ? Ku yinto ye . . . ntokanje, ye . . . sibhamu. WTiat is this thing of ] It is a thing of . . . what do you call it, of ... a gun, = belonging to a gun. 76 liBSSONS IN ZULU. VOCABULARY 16. Isigqoko, hat ; ibantshi, coat ; izicatulo, bootSf shoes ; amazambane, potatoes ; ubontshisi, beans ; isilonda, sore ; isikumba, skin; isicamelo, pillow; insika, pillar; isivalo, door ; tamba, become soft ; tame, meek, etc., tambile, be soft, EXERCISE 19. Sibi isigqoko sake, ibantshi la lo mfana lide; kepa izicatulo zake zi ncane. tenga amazambane amahle. lolu hlobo Iwesilonda lu buhlungu. intombazana i nesilonda esikulu onyaweni. abantu ba ya tengisa ngezikumba zezimbuzi zabo. izikumba zezimbuzi ezimhlope zihle. abelungn ba ya zi tanda izikumba ezinjalo. izicamelo zabantu zi lukuni, kepa ezabelungu zi tambile, zihle. za nkulu izinsika za le ndhlu. ya nkulu leyo ndhlu eyakiwayo pakati kwomuzL I nezibuko nezivalo eziningi NUMERALS. 36. The ZuIg method of counting is simple but very cumbersome. They count upon the fingers, usually com- mencing with the little finger of the left hand, stretching out as many fingers as the number intended to be expressed up to ten, to indicate which number the palms of the hand are clapped together. The hands would be clapped as many times as ten is contained in the number the speaker desires to express, and the units shown by stretching out as many fingers as are equal to the number. This process is repeated up to a hundred, after which it is a hundred and so many tens and so many, and so on up to 1,000, beyond which they have little grasp of numbers. The following table of cardinal numbers will illustrate this process. 37. 1. Nye. 2. BiU. 3. Tatu. 4. Ne. 5. Isihlanu or nhlanu. 6. Isitupa. 7. Isikombisa or inkota. LESSONS IN ZULU. 77 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. U. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 30. 31. 50. 99. 100. 144. 250. 1,000. 1908. Isishiyagalombili. Isishiyagalolunye. Ishumi. Ishumi nanye, Ishumi nambili, Ishumi nantatu, Ishumi nane, Ishumi nesihlanu, Ishumi nesitupa, or ishumi li nanye. or ,, nambilL or or or or nantatu. nane. nesihlanu. nesitupa. nesikombisa. Ishumi nesikombisa, or Ishumi nesishiyagalombili, or ishumi li nesishi yagalombili. Ishumi nesishiyagalolunye, or ishumi li nesishi- yagalolunye. Amashumi amabili. Amashumi amabili nanye or ananye. Amashumi amatatu. Amashumi amatatu nanye or ananye. Amashumi ayisihlanu. Amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye anesishiyaga- lolunye. [kulu. Ikulu namashumi amane nane, or ikulu li namashumi amane anane. Amakulu amabili namashumi ayisihlanu. Inkulungwane. Inkulungwane namakulu ayisishiyagalolunye anesishiyagalombili. 38. The numbers from 1 to 4 monosyllabic adjectives and for the ningiy etc., given in Sections 3 and 4. class 4, Ishumi and Ikulu are nouns wane is a noun of class 6. follow the rules for adjectives dala, kulu, 5 to 9 are nouns of of class 5. Inkulung- 39. Nye when used numerically follows the rule for the adjective used as a predicate ; but when used distributively, t.e., to express "other," "another," it follows the rule for the adjective used as an epithet. 78 LESSONS IN ZULU. Ex, umuntu munye, one man. omunye mnuntu, another man, etc. Inkomo inye, one cow. enye inkomo, another cow. Inye inkomo emnyama, ezinye zi mhlope, ezinye zi bomvu. One cow is a black one, the others are white and red. 40. BHi when immediately preceded by na, or when qualifying nouns of class 6 singular and plural and class 7 plural, prefixes m. Tatu prefixes n under the same conditions. See Section 4. 41. The pronoun agreeing with the noun indicating what is numbered, is placed both before the tens and units, and should the unit be one, then the pronoun agreeing with the noun in the singular is prefixed to the unit. Ex. abantu aba lishumi na munye, eleven people. Abantu aba lishumi n'ababili, twelve people. Izilwane ezi lishumi na sinye, eleven animals. Izilwane ezi lishumi n'ezibili, n'ezitatu, n'ezine, etc. Twelve, thirteen, fourteen animals : the full statement of which would be : izilwane ezi lishumi nezilwane ezibili, nezilwane ezitatu, nezilwane ezine. Amaqanda a lishumi na linye, eleven eggs. Amaqanda a lishumi n'amabili, n'amatatu, n'amane, etc. Izincwadi ezi lishumi na inye, n'ezimbili, n'ezintatu, n'ezine, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen books. KB, The above forms may be contracted as follows : Ishumi nanye, ishumi uambili, isliumi nantatu, nana, nesililanu, nesitupa, etc. 42. When reference is made to past time, this is indicated by the use of the past tense of the substantive verb ba before the numeral in addition to the past tense of the principal verb. However, the substantive verb may or may not be expressed according to the will of the speaker, the idiom being "it was it one," "they were they two," etc. LESSONS IN ZULU. 79 Ex, Nga tenga izinkomo za ba zimbili, or za zimbili, or za mbili, I bought two cattle. Sa tola amaqanda a ba mabili, we found two eggs. Ba lata izihlalo za ba zitatu, they brought three seats. Ewa fika izinsizwa za ba zintatu, or za zintatu, or za ba ntatu or za ntatu, there arrived three young men. 43. In the present and perfect tenses the substantive verb is not employed. Ex, Ku kona abafana ababili lapa, there are two boys here. Si tengile izimbuzi ezimbili, we have bought two goats. Ba ngaki abantwana bako ? babili kupela. How many are your children ? they are two only or that is all. 44. When reference is made to future time or if the imperative mood be employed, then the subjunctive mood of ba is used before the numeral, the idiom being "let it be one," "let them be two," etc. Ex, Ngi ya cabanga ukuti ngi ya ku Mala izinyanga zi be zimbili, or zi be mbili, I think that I shall stay two months. Si ya ku ku nika izingubo zi be zintatu, or zi be ntatu, we will give you three blankets. Biza umfana a be munye, call one boy. Hamba u tenge izinkwa zi be zibili, or zi be mbili, go and buy two loaves. Feka amaqanda a be mane, boil four eggs. 45. However, in stating that the number will be so many, the simple future tense of the indicative is used. Ex, Si ya ku ba batatu, we shall bo three. Izimvu zi ya ku ba likulu, the sheep will be a hundred. Amahashi a ya ku ba mashumi a yisihlanu, the horses will be fifty. 46. Instead of ngeso linye, with one eye; ngesandhla sinye, with one hand ; ngonyawo lunye, with one foot, the 80 LESSONS IN ZULU. Natives may be heard to say: ngaso linye, ngasandhla sinye, nganyawo lunye. 47. "How long?" "How manyV days, weeks, years. " How old 1 " etc., is expressed as follows : Ex. How long have you been here ? U nesikati esingakanani u lapa ? Lit. thou art with time how great being here ? U nezinsuku ezingaki e gula ? How many days has he been ill ? Lit. He is with how many days being ill 1 Ba nezinyanga ezingaki be hlezi ku leyo ndawo ? How many months have they been staying in that place 1 U neminyaka emingaki ? You are with how many years 1 or Iminyaka yako mingaki? your years are how many ] = How old are you 1 Ni nesikati esingakanani ni si funda iSizulu na 7 How long have you been learning Zulu 1 48. Both the two, all three, all four, etc., are expressed by combining the first syllable of the forms of onke with the pronoun of the noun in question and the numeral, as shown in the following examples : Ex, (tina) sobabili, both we two. (nina) nobabili, both ye two. (bona) bobabili, both of them. And so: sobatatu, nobatatu, bobatatu, all we, you, they three. Imifula yomibili, yomitatu, yomine, both the two, all three, all four rivers. Izihlalo zozibili, zozitatu, both the two, all three seats. Amadoda omabili, omatatu, omane, both the two, all three, all four men. These forms are not usually employed beyond four or five, after which onke is used. VOCABULARY XT. Indodana, son ; (plur. ama) indodakazi (ama), daughter upondo, horn ; ummoya, wind spirit ; pefumula, breathe umpef umulo, soul ; umteto, lawy precept ; libala, linger, delay isifo, sickness ; f uza, resemble ; isimo, form, shape. LESSONS IN ZULU. 81 EXERCISE 20. Amadodana amabili. amadodakazi amane. iminyaka elisliumi na inunye. izihlalo ezi yisihlanu. ba ya funwa bobatatu. izimbuzi za ba lishumi na inye. abantu aba be kona ba be likulu n'abalishumi n'ababili. indhlu i nezivalo ezi yisitupa. mangaki amaqanda lapa] A ngamashumi amatatu. ngi ya ku ku pa izinkuku zi be zintatu. iminyaka yake i ngamashumi amatatu a nesikombisa. OBDINAL NUMBERS. 49. These are the same as the cardinal roots except that ukuqala, the first, the beginning, corresponds to the numeral nye, and bill, tatu, ne, become nouns taking the prefix isi like the other numbers up to nine. The ordinal numbers are always used in the possessive case. Ex. Umuntu wokuqala, the first man. Isikati sesibili, sesitatu, sesine, the second, third, fourth time. Imbo lokuqala, the first song, irubo lesibili, the second song. Indhlu yesihlanu, the fifth house. Irubo lamashumi amatatu a nantatu, the thirty-third song. 50. If the ordinal precedes its noun or if it be used alone as when we say "the first, second, third one," the relative is prefixed to the possessive particle. Ex. Owokuqala (umuntu) owesibli, owesitatu, the first, second, third (person). Esokuqala isihlalo, the first seat, esesibili, esesitatu, etc. Elokuqala irubo, the first song, elesibili, elesitatu, etc. 51. The prefix ubu is frequently substituted for isi in the ordinals isibili, isitatu, isine, isihlanu. Ex, ububiliy ubutatu, ubune, ubuhlanu. L. z. F 82 LESSONS IN ZULU. The days of the week are as follows : Isonto, Sunday. Umsombuluko, Monday, the opening day, from sombuluka, to unroll. Olwesibili or olobuhili, the second (day) Tuesday. Olwesitatu or olobutatu, the third (day) Wednesday. Olwesine or olobune, the fourth (day) Thursday. Olwesihlanu or olobuhlanu, the fifth (day) Friday. Umqibelo, Saturday, the covering up day. V0CABULAR7 18. Fana, he like, similar ; isifanekiso, image, photograph ; umfanekiso, picture, illustration ; f anisa, make like ; imf e, sweet reed ; f eza, finish off, complete ; fihla, hide, conceal ; umfiki, new comer y penya, open, as a book; fudumele, be warm; shisa, hot. EXERCISE 21. Indhlu yesitupa. eleshumi irubo. umfana wesihlanu. eyesine intombazana. usuku Iwesitatu. so ku ngolweshumi usuku namhlanje. be ku fudumele ngolwesihlanu. be li na lapa ngolobubili na 1 irubo lamakulu amatatu anesikombisa. CHAPTER X. FORMS OF VERBS. 1. The Zulu verb has six forms as follows : (1) Simple, consisting of the bare root, and from which the others are derived. Some of these exist in both the simple and derived forms, and some in the derived form only. (2) Neuter Passive. (3) Reflexive. (4) Reciprocal. (5) Causative and (6) Objective. 2. Neuter passive. This is formed in most cases by changing the final vowel of the verb in the simple form to eka, and affixing kala to others. The idea expressed being that the object gets acted upon, also that it is in such condition that the action is at any time possible. Verbs in this form are all Intransitives and when used in the perfect tense express the permanent state, condition or character of the object. LESSONS IN ZULU. 83 Ex, Bona, see ; bonwa, be seen ; bonakala, get seen, also be seeable. Bonakele, be in a state of being visible. Tanda, love ; tandwa, be loved ; tandeka, get loved, be lovable. Bonga, praise ; bongwa, be praised ; bongeka, get praised, be praiseworthy. Funda, learn ; fundwa, learned ; fundeka, get learned, be learnable. Tuma, send ; tunywa, sent ; tumeka, get sent, be send- able. Siza, help ; sizwa, helped ; sizeka or sizakala, get helped, be helpable. Ona, do wrong, spoil, sin ; oniwa, be wronged, spoiled. Onakala, get spoiled, damaged ; onakele, be spoiled, wicked. 3. With a few exceptions Transitive Verbs ending in ula foi-m their Neuter Passive by substituting k for 1 in the last syllable. Ex. Apula, break ; apuka, get broken, be breaking. Apukile, be in a broken condition. Pendula, turn, answer ; penduka, get turned, be turning, repent. Vutulula, shake off as leaves, fruit, etc. Vutuluka, get shaken off as leaves etc. fall off. Tukulula, unloose, tukuluka, get unloosed, become undone. Bungula, take in, beguile, make renegade. Bunguka, become renegade, prodigal. The following are exceptions to the above rule. Vula, open, vuleka, get opened, be openable ; vulekile, be open. Kulula, set free, deliver ; kululeka, get set free, delivered. Kululekile, be set free, delivered. Tulula, pour out, empty ; tululeka, get poured out, emptied. Tululekile, be poured out, in an emptied condition. 84 LESSONS IN ZULU. 4. Reflexive Form, so-called because the action turns back upon the agent, is formed by prefixing zi to the verb root. Ex. Ukubona, to see. Ukuzibona, to see oneself. Ukutanda, to love. Ukuzitanda, to love oneself. Ukufundisa, to teach. Ukuzifundisa, to teach oneself. Ukusola, to reprove. Ukuzisola, to reprove oneself. Laba bafana ba ya zifundisa, these boys teach themselves. Lowe muntu u ya zitanda, that person loves himself. Ngi ya zisola ukwenza kwami, I reproach myself (for) my action. 5. Reciprocal Form. Indicates reciprocity of action, and is formed by affixing na to the verb. Ex. Bonana, see one another, tandana, love one another, sizana, help one another, landelana, follow one another. 6. This form is usually followed by the preposition na and may be used with either a singular or plural pronoun. Ex. Ngi ya tandana nawe, or si ya tandana nawe, we love each other (you and I). Si ya tandana tina, we love one another. Ukusizana kuhle, to help one another is good. Kubi ukukohlisana, it is wicked to deceive one another. A ya zondana lawo madoda, they hate each other th