MAR JACOB

BAR-HEBRMJS

ox

SYRIAC ACCENTS,

A LETTER

MAR JACOB, BISHOP OF EDESSA,

SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY;

A TRACT BY THE SAME AUTHOR,

A DISCOURSE BY GREGORY BAR HEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

NOW EDITED, IN THE ORIGINAL SYRIAC, FROM MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND NOTES,

GEORGE PHILLIPS, D.D.,

PRESIDENT OF QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

fofjicl) are afctirti gtypcntrices.

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE,

14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVEXT GARDEN, LONDON; AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.

1869.

w. M. WATTS, 80, GRAY'S INN ROAD.

PREFACE.

THE two MSS. of Mar Jacob, Bishop of Edessa, on Grammar, which are edited and translated in the following pages, form part of a Volume of the Nitrian Collection in the British Museum, marked Additional 12,178, and are said to be of the 10th century.

The first is a Letter on Syriac Orthography, addressed to Mar George, Bishop of Sarug. More than thirty years ago, a Latin Translation, with the Syriac Text, of a considerable part of this Letter, and that the most important part, comprising in fact all of it, which really treats of Orthography, was published in Rosen and ForshalTs Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the British Museum. The remainder of the Letter is almost entirely taken up with scolding copyists.

The next is a Tract, which in the beginning speaks very briefly of genders, persons, tenses and sounds. It then proceeds with the consideration of Syriac Accents, the subject about which the rest, nearly the whole of the Tract, is occupied. Jacob must have been a very early writer on the Accents, for it is supposed, that they were not introduced till the end of the fifth, or the beginning of the sixth century. If so, the system had not been origi- nated more than a hundred and thirty or forty years before Jacob's time. But although an early, he was certainly not the earliest writer on the sub-

2095210

IV PREFACE.

ject, for the accentuation system seems in his clay to have been pretty well matured. There is also, following this Tract, a Letter on this subject, the beginning of which seems to be wanting, and which I believe is of more ancient date than that of the Tract of Jacob. This Letter I have given, as it is in the MS., with a Translation, in Appendix I. The name of the Author is not mentioned, but I have in the Appendix brought forward reasons, satisfactory to my mind, to show that the Letter must have been, if not the earliest, certainly one of the earliest treatises on the Accents, and that it was written as early as and probably before, the time of Thomas the Deacon, i.e. in the 6th century. The system must then have been in an early stage of development, for the number of Accents mentioned therein, is smaller than that found in the Tract of Jacob, and further, compound ones are designedly not treated of, because the Author says, their system up to that period was unsettled, and there existed no writing on the subject. Compound Accents, however, are treated of by Jacob, and I have no doubt that in his time, the system was tolerably settled and complete, for six hundred years after Jacob, precisely the same compound Accents in number and in name are treated of by Bar Hebrseus in his larger Grammar. This remark indeed is applicable to the simple Accents ; except that two or three additional ones are named by Bar Hebrseus, as having been introduced by the Eastern Syrians, and used only by them. We may hence infer that the system of Accents continued substan- tially unaltered from the time of Jacob to that of Bar Hcbrseus; indeed, that it never afterwards

PREFACE. V

underwent any material change. Some of tliem are used, as are some of the Hebrew accents, for pausal purposes ; but by far the greater part of them are employed to indicate, whether a syllable be long or short, to mark the rise and fall of the voice, and in fact to perform strictly the office of Accents. Ewald has stated as his opinion, that these Accents are more ancient than the Hebrew, and that the former sus^ested the introduction of the

O O

latter. His words are, " Dass diese (die hebraische Accentuation) aus der altern und cinfachen syrischcn Accentuation sich liervor gebildet hat, schien mir schon langst, so bald ich jeiies syrische system kennen gelernt hatte, sehr wahrscheinlich, und wird sich bei nahcrer Ansicht immer mehr bestaticrcn.

O

So sehr auch die hebraische noch viel feincr und gcnauer ausgcbildet ist : in ihrem "Wesen und Geist, in ihrem Zweck und Ziel, ja auch in der Stellung und Gestalt der wichtigsten und sichtbar altestcn. Zcichen hat sic doch die grosste Aclmlichkeit mit der syrischen." Abhandlungen, Erster Thcil, S. 130. Assuming his view to be correct, the Syriac accents may serve to throw light on the theory of Hebrew Accentuation.

Viewed historically, these Accents are interest- ing. They were introduced at a time, when the vowel punctuation, if indeed it had then any ex- istence, was certainly in a very imperfect state of development, and were designed for a two-fold purpose. First, they were used to regulate the voice in the reading of the Scriptures in churches and in chaunting, and hence we find them some- times called by Bar Ilcbrarus rdsiwcvA >jui, metrical siyns. The second purpose of these points was to

VI PREFACE.

serve as a Commentary on the Scriptures, in pas- sages where the sense would be otherwise doubtful. Bar HebraBUS says, that they are often necessary for determining the sense of a passage. In the first section of the chapter of the larger Grammar, which is edited in this work, he quotes two ex- amples in confirmation of his statement, for which see p. 34 of the translation.

My original intention was not to edit more on the Accents than the Tract of Jacob ; but when I examined the MS., I found that it was of itself per- fectly useless to the student for the purpose of teaching him the Theory of Syriac Accents. Eor first there is a list of Accents given ; following it, is a repetition of the list, but to the name of each Accent there is a passage of Scripture appended, containing its mark. Now as this mark consists of one or two points, and as points perform many and diverse offices in Syriac MSS. and printed books, it is impossible for the student to distinguish the mark of the Accent from the other points, which are found in the word or the expression. Besides, the marks of the Accents themselves are often not rightly placed, and sometimes are not placed at all, through the blundering of the copyist. In the Vatican MS., of which some lithographs have been just issued at Paris, in respect to the position of the forty-one marks that are named, I have counted not fewer than seventeen errors. In the British Museum MS., which I have edited, there are five. I therefore repeat, that Jacob's Tract is thoroughly useless, unless it be accompanied by a Commentary. I am happy to say that I am able to present to the student, two Commentaries in this work, which

PREFACE. Vll

have never before been printed, viz. the Discourse of Bar Hebrseus, and the Letter in Appendix I., already spoken of. In each of these Commentaries, is mentioned in words, in every instance, where the Accent should be put.a I have on the autho- rity of these, stated in the foot notes to the Trans- lation of Jacob's Tract, where each Accent should be, so as to remove all doubt that might otherwise exist in the mind of the student. Indeed in the Translations of these documents with the Notes, he will, I trust, find a distinct, consistent and com- plete theory.

There has been no European writer, so far as I know, who has ever written on Syriac Accents except Ewald. The pausal accents, indeed, are mentioned in Syriac Grammars, and in that of Dr. Adelbert Merx, which is now in the course of pub- lication, the names of some of the others are given, occupying about half a page, but the accents them- selves are not treated of. The three Treatises, which I have translated in the following pages, and which are the first Translations that have ever been made of them in a Western language, comprise the earliest and latest productions extant on the system of the accents by native writers.

The copy of Bar HebraBus's larger Grammar, from which I have transcribed the Discourse edited in

a I beg to say here to the reader, that he must look to the letter- press for learning the system of Accents, and not to the points of the Syriac Text, which through the carelessness of copyists arc some- times inaccurate. I considered the right and honest thing to be to present to him the Syriac Text, as it is in the MSS., with its imperfections.

Vlll PREFACE.

the following pages, is a MS. in the British Museum, numbered in Rosen and ForshalTs Cata- logue 720 I. This copy I have compared with the two more ancient ones in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.

There is in the British Museum, another copy of the Letter and Tract of Jacob marked in the same Catalogue 7183. It is said to be of the 12th cen- tury, and is probably taken from the Nitrian MS. here edited. I have noticed the principal various readings, and have placed them at the foot of each page of the Syriac Text, as the readings of Codex b.

I cannot close this Preface without thanking my friend Dr, W. Wright, of the British Museum, which I do now most sincerely, for his kind and valuable help in correcting the proof-sheets.

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

THE Epistle of the holy and wise in divine things, Mar Jacob, bishop of Edessa, to the pious and holy Mar George, bishop of Sarug, and through him to all the scribes, who may meet with this book.

Jacob, poor in the Lord, to the pious and honoured of God, our spiritual brother, one in mind and in the office of the ministry, Mar George, greeting.

I have seen that this is no little reproach, O thou lover of God — for I judge that I may intimate to thee that which I have seen, and through thee also to many others, who may meet with this writing — that in all those arts, which are for the use of men in this life, the artists, i.e. the makers and teachers of them, understand them much better than those, who only use them, when they are finished. But this great and primary art (of writing], and, as I think, high above all arts, that which, contrary to these, un- fortunately befalls it is, that they who become acquainted with it, when it is completed, know it accurately and fully, its faults and the corrections of them and all the methods, which are useful for its construction, more than its artists, those who perform and make it, more, I say, than such as those I am about to speak of.

Understand, all ye who read these things, that with respect to the art of carpentry, those carpenters, who perform the work, understand it, and are versed in the faults and in those blemishes, which are in it, and are sagacious in correcting them, more than those who make use of it when its parts are finished. I am speaking of a waggon, or a table,

b

2 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

or a chest, or a seat, or of other useful things of those, which are constructed by it (the art).9- So also it will appear with respect to workmanship in gold, silver, iron, &c., and also with respect to pottery. I say, that they, the workmen, skilful in making vessels of iron, the rudder of a ploughshare, the mallet, the axe and the hook, know more than those, who make use of them. Similarly it is seen that makers of vessels, viz. potters, know how to construct conveniently and very usefully the jar, and the bucket, and the pot, and other earthen vessels, better than the rest of men, who only buy and make use of them. Also with respect to all arts, these remarks apply. The makers of bows understand them better than the archers; architects more than the dwellers in the buildings ; those who fixb ships more than the navigators ; shoe- makers more than those who wear the shoes, and tailors more than those who wear the clothes.

But with respect to the great and high art of constructing books, that is called writing, they who make use of the writing, when it is finished, i. e. the readers, they who read these books, which are constructed by it (the art), know it accurately, both those things, which are useful in it, and the blemishes, which are in it, and their corrections, more than the writers themselves, who made it (the book). It is not a reproach, which all arts share with this art. I judge, that it is not a

a The argument is that a carpenter is a better judge of a waggon, table, &c., than those who only make use of them, after they are made.

b Adjust the parts of a ship, build it.

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 6

little one, and that it doeth not a little detriment. It is right that, as the art is great, and honoured and the first of all arts, the performance of it should also be the most honoured of all useful arts ; so also they who learn it, and labour at it, should be of those who are skilful, and penetrating and excelling in mind above many, and not of those who are so in any degree whatever.0 But I perceive that here also it (the art) is greatly discredited. There are those who, much inferior to others, being only as the multitude in mind and natural penetration, enter upon and learn it (the art), and work at it and make books, but they know not what they see, nor what they write, concerning those matters they, the scribes, read. It is not for the purpose of their erring more, that these remarks have been brought forward; but that they may receive them readily and learn and be corrected. Let them hasten to come wisely and discreetly to understand that we know many things in this art of copying (writing) ; we, who read, more than they who copy (write). For they, indeed, anxious to complete the number of quarter- nions of leaves according to distances,4 either dimi- nish the lines or expand the letters of the writing. They either lengthen or shorten ; or they compress because of the red.6 They either add letters and

c Dr. Payne Smith in his TJiesaurus Syriacus p. 149 under *^»r^ says that ocpl ^Sur^ means lv /AO/HO> TLVL, or quocunque Tnodo, and he quotes several passages from different authors in which this expression occurs.

d According to distances, i.e. the distances of the lines from each other, so that a certain number of lines may fill the page.

e TJiey compress because of tJie red. The red refers to the expres- sion which is added to the end of a book or a chapter, and is

4 MAR JACOB ON SYEIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

take away letters ; or they expand a member into two, and divide it where it is not suitable ; or they blend inconveniently two into one. But we who read, ardently desire that the reason and sense of those things, which are written, should be preserved, and be carefully kept free for those who may meet with the writings ; although the red at the end of the lines may have to be assigned to a place beyond the intention of the scribes. This they are instructed of; but they do it not.f But that the design of those things which we have mentioned may be known to them, behold, I lay before them a few cautions, in order that they may be very careful of our purpose, although it may be that they will despise it, learning that it is more expedient .that a line redundant or deficient be brought forth, although there be some- thing to disturb the reason and injure the sense.

1st. I prohibit all those, who may copy the books, which I have translated or composed, from changing of their own accord anything of those which they have undertaken to copy, either in the writings, or in the points, whatsoever they may find; if even a manifest error be found, for every man is liable to error, ourselves, the scribe, who hath received the book from us, those who compare copy with copy, the eye of the reader which errs and deviates from correct vision. Let them not

usually found in MSS. written with red ink. The engagement of the copyist having been to copy a book or a chapter for a certain sum of money, his object was, to get to the red as soon as possible, and with that purpose in view he was reckless as to the accuracy of his copy, and cared not as to what liberties he took with the text.

f They do not put the red farther off, although they know that it is required for the preservation of the sense, &c.

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 5

afterwards introduce again those letters which we have cut off from nouns and verbs, and from other parts of speech ; not, if the nouns be from the Hebrews, nor if they be from the Greeks and Romans. They shall not write ^jxsaAt. according to their custom for my ^o-ssKxAoj., Solomon. I well know what I have written. They shall not put for me Ax-i-ft-a without a yud, for which I put. Neither the noun r£z»i , nor nor any words which are derived from this noun r£t»i, shall they write without a yud. They shall not introduce for us on in the noun r£*znc\i , the Romans ; nor in that of >=acn 3 Rome, their city : nor in that of «floa.icucxa> , Synod; nor in

H H V

that of rdAflo*iir<L& Happijaui, freedom or confidence,

y

nor in other nouns such as these, because of ancient custom. They shall not write ^.i ,cn, which are separate, and are significant of something, together in the form ^rucn, which, blended, signify a particle of time. Let them also understand that, when they are separate, tca requires a point above it, but when blended and made significant of time, it does not require any point whatever. Let them not in any place confound the particle r^.i u \rt. But let them understand where we have written

together, and where we have written separate. Let them know where we have written rs/\t*K> blended, and where we have written ^r^and have not blended it with that which is adduced

after it. They shall not write ^ in ^uku2t&&r<, nor in those words which are derived from this same verb ; because I have been entreated by a man and I

6 MAR JACOB ON SYEIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

have received his request and $usa*a&&K', I have acquiesced to make a distinction, as to that which signifies request ,g viz. obedience, and in it ^ is not placed. They shall not write yud in the noun, viz. the

o

word for the day, which we call JLSJ&K', yesterday, or l=73<kr=rj, three days ago. But they shall under-

I /T\

stand that in the passive verb >Jc*)^r^ the yud is

V

required; also in that which we call \znb\i< or >\=a^i.rc'. They shall understand with respect to

O n\

these matters, where we write K'AuH-=>, creatures,

o i 'o

and not K'AuH-a, streets. They shall understand

o '

where it is needful for them to put the points to these words, that they may distinguish between

, streets, and those rfAu»H-=> , which are

o o y

created, and also K'Au'ia , exterior* They will also

* Q O s* O y

understand why with these we mention rrf4\cui_=»,

/i\ O

exterior part. They shall not write .0** e0^ together,

O V D ^ —> O

nor jju» ^io , nor ^i*» ^1^9, nor ^LM ^ \ -i, nor

o

^u> jjAa , nor others such as these ; so that they

may be distinguished from those nouns, which we

y y v y y y

enunciate; ^ub—, ^in, ^UJL±Q, ^ii-», ^um, and

from the verbs of the prseterite tense. The noun

g There must be some word or words omitted in the MS. here ; for r^oxfloiSt means request, and not obedience. Ebdokns, however who has adopted Jacob's distinction, makes the matter quite clear,

He says that jaajA^\^K' signifies •^SfcAxx.r*', he obeyed, and oo ^ y

in*a, receiving a request.

o oy

h In the MS. we have the words K'^ucv,^ *zn ^=c\o>, denot- o oy o o o y

ing that the sense of r^Au VD is the opposite of that of

o interior.

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

, a fighter, must be distinguished, in writing it,from the verb r^K* jL.Av^io3, 1 am fighting,

y c± m

and from others which are like it in sound. i*"y , ye /* yo * yo <* yo /* * -j

^iin , ^iin , ^ii-q , ,-uin / They shall not take away any of those letters, which are written by us in those nouns, which are Greek or Hebrew, and they shall not add to them; viz. .ttufti

and many others, cs 0.1*^1 n^ajniicua Constantine,

PX y p x o x y

tocuflor^iK'^K' Athanasius, cccu^cv.L^s^K' Amphilo-

XX X

EvayyeXiaraL 01" »JBudl«^»3 Sia0iJKT]) or other S Such as

these, which I am not able now to remember.

0 X X >. I

Let them not reject the noun K'A\cuoo.TaL*cn, by

u • • * t/

changing it, because they do not know what it is, viz. that it denotes >cn .1* ><TJ, identity of something.

Neither let them reject r<Lȣ\ir<&, which signifies

V ' <-J

X

the second time. Neither r^^ul*.! , a property, nor K'&cuAft.i , a property, was known a hundred years ago to the Syriac language, and is certainly not found among the Syrian Doctors, viz. Mar Ephraim,

1 These words which are singular nouns with the pronominal affix of the 1st. pers. plur. should evidently follow the word enun- ciate above; then should follow "and from the verbs of the prseterite

y y tense," and then should come the examples f1-^3^ > etc.

1 Amphilochius was Bishop of Iconium in the fourth century. He attended the first general council at Constantinople A.D. 381, and also the councils held A.D. 385 and 394. He was the friend of Gregory Naziamcn and Basil.

8 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

Mar Jacob, Mar Isaac, or Mar Xenaja, nor in any of those books, which in those times were translated from the Greek ; neither was K'&CUJ-.K', quality, known, nor the noun r<lu»or<', ovaia. But instead of

OD<> x 0 DD x

rc'AuLn, they said r<«u:tufL»; instead of K'&CUI^K',

X

quality or species, r£it ; instead of r^floarf, they put

O x

either rt\\** or K^aAur*', or, as the multitude, they

"^ x » c>\

said r^AuK'. Let them not blend with *7iK\, the

word .osaK', which is at the end of discourses. With

X

these I should have had many other things to have taken notice of in this my writing, if they had kept in my memory, for admonition to the Scribes, to those who by custom write, of their own accord, whatsoever is agreeable to them, thinking that they are not to blame for this.

What have I to say concerning those marks, which they make as they please in the beginning of books or discourses, and similarly at the end of them; also concerning the changes, additions and abbreviations ? With respect to the position of the points also, every man takes authority to himself to place them as he pleases. A very few words I judge I may add here, if they would acquiesce to receive and attend to them. Before these, however, I will mention a certain example from nature, which is nothing but deformity, odiousness, and ugliness, that a natural and living body should be deprived of those members which have been given to it by nature. For example, that it (the body) should have one eye, or one ear, or one horn, or a hand or foot of four digits only. Again there is something absurd and ugly, when the face or the head of a man

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

or beast is found to have three ears, or three eyes, or any other redundant member, besides those which nature in general has granted. For a hand or foot in which are six digits is not pleasing ; nor a mouth in which are superfluous teeth, and dog teeth, which move and go forth beyond it ; nor lips, which are long and pouting. This also is ugly, that members should be changed and put out of those places, which have been fixed by nature. It is not becoming to have the eye in the chin, nor the ear in the region of the eyes of a man ; nor the fingers in the knees or the elbows ; nor the nails in the legs, nor in the backs of the middle part of the arms or in the shoulders. But this is the beauty of nature, that there be in it neither superfluity nor defect. Every one of the members should be made fit for the place, which has been prepared and rendered convenient for it by nature, the workman, which God the creator has created.

Similarly it may be seen with respect to the placing of the points, which are distinguishing and explanatory of the various things which are placed in this Mesopotamia!!, or Edessene, or, to speak more distinctly, Syriac Book ; not in abundance or superfluity, nor where a member has no need to be distinguished from another which is similar to it in the letters, is it right that points should be placed ; nor that they should be thick, and like to hands and feet in each of which there are six digits. Neither should they be deficient or fewer than the portion by which a member may, if possible, be distinguished from the others, which are like it ; because that as superfluity, it has been observed, is not becoming, so also deficiency is not becoming.

10 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

It is right that they be also put in places, which are convenient for them, and not where there is a vacant place, whether it be suitable or unsuitable. For the sake of argument, I attempt to suppose something, which is not significant of that which I wish to teach. A lady works occasionally1 and then

she commands the men servants and maid servants

i

to work very hard.2 kl know that the noun K'Av^.-w does not require Olaph at the beginning of it; because that this my K^Uk-.iA would be judged to be K'^.x* r*\ not knowledge or ignorance. Because that I am not a child ; but I consider myself to be a producer of inventions, for that nature hath brought to me all those things which are needful to instruct and confirm me ; I must, therefore, know against what letter, and whether above it, or below it, I may make the places of the points. These are sufficient at present, for the information of the scribes, lovers of God, who are right minded, ac- quiescing, and receiving correction, and for thee, my pious brother.

This thing I request, I say. With respect to this my writing, which is intended for thy piety ;

1 Lit. She does one or two works.

2 Lit. To do many works.

k The meaning of this sentence is probably something like the following. A mistress wants to inculcate industry in her servants. The mode by which, she endeavours to effect this purpose is this : she works occasionally herself, and then she commands her servants to work very hard, as if her own example were an argument for supporting her command. This, to \ise Jacob's language, would not be significant of what she proposed to inculcate, and would be like a copyist placing a point in a vacant place whether suitable or not.

MAR JACO15 ON SVKIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 11

command the scribes copying it to place it before the middle book of the work of the Epithronian1 discourses. Concerning those points which are bound111 in the book which has been mentioned,— most of which I myself have collated, and have bound, first, because of love to you, and second in order that my design may be known, — leave them in it as they are, and erase not one of them from it ; so that a copy is written by which the scribe sees both those points which are bound, and those which are put in the place of them. Let them (the scribes] understand my design, concerning those points, in this my letter to thee.11 Afterwards I request thee, my brother, to seal it with thy ring, and with my letter before it; when thou writest to the Abbot Mar Julian, and salutest him from my humble self, send to him the letter and the middle book ; so that he first may copy it, and also consider the disposition of those points, both those which are bound, and those which are in the place of them, also those illustrations, that were composed by me, which the scribe has not well placed, nor are they in suitable places. I require that you also intimate to him my love, for the pious, the elect one spoken of, and that also he

I The, L»</i,i. Ejiithi-ohii of Severus of Antiocli, which were translated into Syriac by Jacob.

111 Points which are bound, are, according to Asscmani, those, about which lie (Jacob) lias placed with the pen a diacritic circle. His words arc the following : "Colligata vocat puncta, <|ucis circu- luni duicriticum calanio apposuerat ;" Bibliutheca Urientalis, Tom. L, p. 47-S.

II Those points, which Jacob had substituted in the jflacc of those that were bound, and also lhc bound ones.

12 MAE- JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY.

may learn of my will, that I wish to undertake to write for his tranquillity. Lastly, he is there who knows what he sees more than others who may meet with those things which have been mentioned. Mayst thou be preserved sound in our Lord, O pious brother, praying for my humble self and seeking for me mercies from God. Amen.

The end of the Epistle of Mar Jacob to the Scribes.

MAR JACOB ON PERSONS AND TENSES/1

THESE things then, it is right for a man to keep in contemplation, respecting persons, genders, tenses, sounds, and names of accents ; for the Syrians give names to points, when they are placed on words. They are simple and compound. There are forty seven variations of accents. There are three persons ; first, second and third. There are two genders ; masculine and feminine. There arc three tenses, preterite, present and future. There are sounds, which are thick and pure. Every word or member, where the sound is thick or broad, takes a point above. Where the sound is narrow or pure, it takes the point below. If it be intermediate, between narrow and broad, and there are two other words, which are like it in the writing, it takes two points, one above and the other below, and this is called r?\ i\°y-*> ; bridliny ; K'TJ? , K'cuL . Also the names of accents ; there is a proper name to each one of the points, and they have measure.

CHAPTER I.

PERSONS.

m y

THERE are three persons : e.g. first, K'.TOT^, I will

O V

confess; second, K'.^OK', confess f/iou ; and third,

1 This Tract is said here to he <m Persons tiiid Tenses ; but the greater part of it treats of rdzxi accents.

MAR JACOB ON GENDERS.

o H

'JOIX', a firebrand* But this K'.iorV has for the vowel.

CHAPTER II.

GENDERS.

THERE are two genders, masculine and feminine.

/»X /l\ /T^ /1\

Masc. ^.1=1^. , I have made, £xln^, / have formed,

/TV /t\ ^ /I\

AxLirt', I have eaten.c Pern, &.ns , she has made,

y * y *

AJ \ i \^ s^<? ^$s formed, Ax-L^K*, 6^<? ^&s eaten.

Genders and persons being united in consequence of the equality of the writings (i.e. the conso- nants of each word being the same ) , they are dis- tinguished from each other by the points ; thus :

/t\ /i\ <n y

£\_=>i_n , I have approached, £u=i_n , / have

/i\

caused to approach, ^v=io, thou hast approached,

y masc. £\=io , thou hast caused to approach, masc.

y * <* y y

Axraio , she has approached, ^x=aio, she has caused to approach. Again, I know also of another dis- tinction between the masc. and fern, genders, when they are equal in the consonants or the sounds. In like consonants, the points distinguish ;

i O = O

as when we write in the masc. .-uu*. , doing

b Jacob brings forward this example of a third person. Afa'e- brand, when referred to by a pronoun, would be it. It seems to have been his object to fix on a word having the same letters for each person, and the person to be distinguished only by the pointing.

e We should have called the first person common. But as there are only two genders in Syriac, and as the masc. is more worthy than the fern., Jacob calls these examples masc.

MAR JACOB ON GENDERS. 15

writing, ^TSBK' saying, without the placing of the

two points, which are called re'rd^ao , many ; or

v y

when we write in the fern. ^.va^. , do ye, .-ta^v-L ,

y /* w v

write ye, ^'•USJK', say ye, with the placing of

w

K'rdi^S . Again, there are others, which are equal and similar (to the foregoing) and signify a certain

y O

person, singular or plural; as, ^»^L,our works;

y D y m

Joauk, our books, r»H-sar<', our lambs, the same as

* ° saying ^JL».I r^.TaiL, ouncorks, ^Ju.i r£s&*±, our books,

/i\ m

^L.i r^'isnrf, our lambs. These are equal (to the preceding participial and imperative forms) in the writing ; but distinguished in the sound, by the points which are upon them. There are also those distinguished in the consonants ; but equal in the sound ; i.e. he who hears, distinguishes them by the sense, or he who reads, by the sight. They are such

as these : •icniK' )QCUJ , arise, shine (imper. sing, masc.) y y

>»>cuj, arise, shine (imper. sing, fern.), y y

, arise, shine (imper. plu. masc.), ^L

go with so and so, (imper. sing, masc.), >sa^. >Xt, go with me (imper. sing fern.), AcoA <xAt , go thither

(imper. plu. masc.), ^\ At , go thou (imper. sing.

fern.).

CHAPTER III.

TENSES.

TENSES are such as : the prseterite with a point

y

below ; as, among a multitude such as, any, , he did,

y y *

i»<Vj he commanded, vaK", he said, and such as these:

o o

the present, icith a point above ; as, .TS^. , doing, .vi

16 MAR JACOB ON TENSES AND SOUNDS.

o commanding, i±?3K', saying, and such as these : the

o o o

future, as, a -is , .m«\ , TJSOK' .

CHAPTER IV.

SOUNDS.

SOUNDS which are broad are

y m my y y

i^.'i&K', AA&torc', .liA.i , and such as these, i.e. those

y y which keep the place of persons, genders and tenses

DO y

together.6 With a point above are also, Klujsii., o o y o y oo o o

M t?a ^i 7 *- r^i 7 s K'.-i.ai. . With a point

« oy e= y

below are r^-\\ r^Hris*. rfii^iT,, . We have also

m m /? i y y y o m a:

. K'&rf

t^l^

. JLirf . A \rf

£> ^ m X m P ^

. r^j * ,(Y> . rc'.T . r^.T^ . rf.'T-a . K'irdri

o y o y

. r^i 1 1 n . rtf'i •> nf> .f These are also named both in the singular and the plural, being

distinguished by the points or the letters ; such as,

\..

. K'cnAn:'

o y

y

.crnciz. . rdJL.i . orxuh .

P ^

4^, and such as these.

d The copyist has here through carelessness copied the examples just mentioned of the present tense, as examples also of the future. In the MS., which I have called codex »a , the examples of the future are omitted.

e Jacob is probably speaking of words, which in themselves indicate the person, gender and tense, respectively belonging to them.

f These examples consist of groups of words, each word of the group having the same letters, but with sounds, coarse or fine or intermediate, according to the sense of that word.

MAR JACOB ON SYEIAC ACCENTS. 17

CHAPTER V.

METRICAL POINTS, OR ACCENTS.

METRICAL Points are those with which accuracy of meaning is especially sought for; because that they contain the elegance and polish of measure in this language, as has been previously mentioned.11 They are simple and compound. Simple, when they take one point only of those that are named, besides the necessary distinctions, which are placed in the passage, that is to say, r^iK, only, r£^.at only, &c. ; compound, when their passages take on them two of the points, which are named, as

It is possible to show that all or many of them may

h Here seems to be an allusion to the last words of the in- troductory remarks of this Tract : viz. ^_oooX OUK* they have measure.

1 r^LikJSiflo is to be here understood as attached to

and r<L»ovuOT, as well as to r<l^ot, making three separate examples of compound signs.

d

18 MAR JACOB ON SY11IAC ACCENTS.

be compounded with one another; if not all of them, yet once and twice, and more.j

Points with their names* are the following. above, . r£»£u>£\, beneath, :KI*OI., equals, rd»<xx., variation of : r£»cxz., namely, r^du^z.^.i rd»ir. loosening of the discourse, .. jnn<\:i rci^roi, tlie ndL^cni which divides, rdacutoSk, section, r^it-isa, toeeping, or , drooping, ndA*^ *&L»»ax., variation 0 variation of

commanding, rc"*7i i ut., simple, r^ona>&, reproof, , interrogating, jionfr rc^.io jxao&.i rc^cbi, ai, which divides, and that which does not

divide, r^\crn rfAxA^, Mra? rtL^eb'i, rCLaJUaJsa

praiser, viz. that which is called in Greek

i.e. £/£<? accent on the penultimate;

givmg happiness, r^oii, calling, ndi_.cu*.^3, indicating, praying, r£*sa*3£y*, supplicating, r<lAr«laL»j,k , making to descend, rdii^ai^ca, admiring, n*g3, discontinuing, rei>.-i ».u>*g3, uniting, ^Lucxx. , variation of P^.V-M^J , is as it went forth

from the Greek Language;1 r^ioi^, tearing away,

J The sense of this remark T apprehend to be, that a sign may be compounded with others, once, twice, or more, e.g. r£fic&£\ is found compounded with r^&u^JL^.i rd»ii., with r^Lilrdxia,

r^*OJL, &c. Other signs are also found in several different com- binations.

* The points are frequently not put with their names, the copyist through ignorance or carelessness having omitted them. They will, however, be found in the description which follows.

k This sign has already appeared in the list.

1 I.e. In the sign r^.-u.MJSa one Greek word is translated by two Syriac words ; but in tlie variation there are two words in Greek as well as in Svriac.

MAll JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 19

or drawing out, rfioi^.^Ujcxx., variation o

, resistance, rd^-ot , motion, r<Lk±7ia>, a prop, ,°A»cxg., variation of 'tV 'V7i<Y>; nslasajtocv rd^_c\i, and r^sznso ; rc*i\-r?acv pdasaao , r^Lsznao and

and

and r£_ncuflo_^ ; rd_socx_o , standing, with the letters, r<Li^-aoa±73 , turning back, or

circling (?}, a variation of it by letters or by lines ;m

^ i s T.^\ >T_l. )o_^. rdJia^^j rdfit2_^^ with >TJC.

Variations of the names of signs with passages (of Scripture) are the following : .• P^ i\s. ,• r*^» • **^ ^.CObi cn^o.iA^.i of the generation of Jesus Christ.0

the former book have I written, O Theophilus.v

n» Nestorians sometimes put a small line over a letter as a sign. Jacob perhaps calls the sign by this name because it is a line. Bar Hebncus, however, says he does not know it.

n Jacob says in the beginning of this Chapter, that there are forty-seven names of signs ; but in this list he has mentioned only forty-one. This may be accounted for in this way. It may be that he has not recorded all the signs which were known in his day. Some of the compound signs may have been omitted. There are indeed two or three of these signs, which are mentioned by Bar Hebrscus, but are not noticed in this tract. The list given by Thomas the Deacon contains only seventeen names. See Ap- pendix II.

1 Matthew i. 1.

0 The mark of this sign is .* as, .*

* Acts i. 1.

i1 The mark of this sign is . as .

20 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

the Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth.*

rd»cix. .sluccr. , variation of r£*ox. , ^33.1 r^'i -i \ \^4 : ^ ^ ^ , giants, who were of old.T This is r<l»ijL.

Every point, which is at the end of a sentence, its name is rdnacn^ , except .. jxfla&.i

£0 yow a// ye passing the way.8

K'orAr<' . ^oenirsK', the God of father Abraham, the God of my father Isaac

3 Gen. vi. 5.

i The mark of this sign is : as :

4 Gen. vi. 4.

«• Tlie variation of rd*c\JL does not appear to be distinguished from r^LkCXX. by the mark, but according to Bar Hebrseus, by the elongation of the sound in pronouncing it, and it is put at the end of the protasis, when the apodosis follows with KloCVPn ^ .

5 Lam. i 12.

8 The mark of this sign is put after r^uioK', and, therefore, we learn that its form is ( •• ). Jacob, however, sometimes puts it thus ". Bar Hebreeus says, " its mark is two points in a straight line below." By below, I suppose he means, below or under the expression, which bears the name of this sign. In the example he has cited, the two points are not in a straight line, which according to the above rule they ought to be, but in an oblique one. This apparent discrepancy is only a blunder of the copyist, for in a MS. I have seen of the sixth century in the British Museum, the two points are put horizontally, thus ** ; and so they are in the two copies of the r^lmsq ^.i r^Lrj^A in the Bodleian Library.

6 Gen. xxxii. 9.

*• The mark of this sign is the same as that of

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 21

.•pg'iW .°A»cxx. ^ / iJirf »_OA\ K'aco^ re'cviu* \±*. ,7 all joy be to you brethren"

£ . KMK" Aordi-,8 brother Saul." T<LiAu> jacxaij0 the bride- groom shall go forth from his chamber.™ rt'-yiiMT, ^ . driicu^^ua ^n K^xL^o , and the bride from her closet?

, Alas, shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord?

1 James i. 2.

u The mark of r<* iW. ..^LuClx. is the same as that of KlA^., but is distinguished from it, according to Bar Hebrseus, by the length of its sound, &c.

8 Acts ix. 11.

v The same as r^»ovuo\ in its mark. See Bar Hebrreus for the mode by which one sign is distinguished from the other.

<J Joel. ii. 16.

w The mark is a point over the J of J3 O^i . See Appendix I.

1 The mark of r*/*ai t.u.r. is the same as that of rtLocuaoa . It is said of Klocuia^ (see p. 20) " that every point which is at the end of a sentence is r^Ln <XQo£>. except r<lsqi.i.>T. . The word r^lsa^^v^ used in the Syriac, in the case of r^aciflo^ means a sentence, and in the case of Klsn.*»>t. , a member of a sentence, or a clause. Bar Hebrccus says that r£zn. »* T , may be each of the three first radical signs Kl>vs., rd»^xjj^ , or rd»cLr. , as to its pausal value. It has no r^lsa^i , i.e. it has not the second point of any one of these three signs, and therefore it is called r^SLujJL, simple, or single.

10 Lam. ii. 20.

has for its mark two points, which are placed obliquely (see Appendix I.) over the last letter of the member of those found placed in the middle, the tenour of the sentence being that of chiding. A further explanation of this sign is given by Bar llubrtuus.

22 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

«x£ iiar*' .icuo-^r^ rd\ j^ic

/ not visit for these tilings, saith the

Lord?*

^ rdA '^OuaA Avt.saK' red12 say to you, go not* •!*£ . ,T i \ *q

so clothed.13

Jer. v. 9.

is here compounded in z with KL»OX. and in a with The r^fia^o\ shows that each expression is ad- monitory, and hence the sign is useful in denning the sense. 12 2 Kings ii. 18. 13 Matth. vi. 30.

b We have come here to a decayed place in the MS. and the writing is altogether obliterated. Happily the blank may be made good by means of Codex .n . I have made the following extract from it to supply the defect in our copy.

k.i , do not groan one against another, brethren, that ye be not condemned.0

s hear, 0 Lai&h, and answer, 0 Anathoth.d

" 4a 16

0 my son, and 0 son of my womb, and 0 son of my vows.*

TK'.t ? Judah is a lion's whelp?

14 James v. 9.

« The mark of this sign is ".

« Isaiah, x. 30.

d It will be observed that the sign " after Jtil does not divide,

for it is followed by >1^G . 16 Prov. xxxi. 2.

e Bar Hebrteus calls this sign also rt^co'i K'ouw, and quotes this example. 17 Gen. xlix. 9.

f This example is given in Appendix I. as that of

MAR- JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 23

'.i ocn CUcn

this is he of whom I said that he cometh after me.

-£0 ^ . r£»VS3 ^AcvJL jaQ-iT. j_»oo^w >jjA*

smSj forgive our iniquities, O Lord?

blessed is he, who fearetk the

,A oiJ ,20 call me Nathan; come Mwfo me aK ye ZAa£ are wearied ; K'cb,22 6e/ieW eAe lamb of God.1

and r^lfloLoSa is mentioned as another name for the sign ^acru , because it is said that those beatitudes, which are in the Gospel, "were given by the Lord of all, to those doing good, with praise. Gen. xlix. 9 is stated to be the only example of this sign, and whether it be called K'lOl^ or K*l Q7\ ntq , there is no doubt whatever respecting its mark and the position of it. The mark is a point over the penultimate of K'.iooo* . The accent is acute, and is called in Greek Trapo^vTovos, i.e. next to the last syllable, which is called o^vrovof.

18 The example is probably from the 51st Psalm, although not exactly the same as what we now have in the Syriac version.

g The mark of this sign is a point over the first letter of with Kl»^u»A> at the end of . r£*T£a . See Appendix I. under r^iteu&^a and

i» Ps. cxii. 1.

h The mark of this sign is a point over the first letter of the first

word ; as >oncuaO4^. See Appendix I., paragraph -=L» .

20 1 Kings i. 32. 21 Matth. xi. 28. 22 John i. 29.

1 The mark of this sign is a point over the first letter of the calling word. For confirmation of this, see also paragraph ."*» . The third example, viz. rfcoAp^.i cnTi^rc' K'cb , is one of r^UCUj£a and not of rtiaTD. The next example of pdl*C\.ACgj is found in our copy, and is that with which the MS. r** recom- mences.

24 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

J beseech

Thee, o Lord.1

rdilr^xjsi ^ vvojjK' Aoacn aA*n?;24 where is Abel

thy brother?*

. rt^iia >i , ^ ^m? be sorrow like unto my sorrow, which the Lord hath done to me.1

searched out, how are his

secret things sought up ! p3 K'oasiAA oaco Kii^*rc'27 r^Ax. , how suddenly have they become an astonish- ment /m

23 Luke ix. 38.

j This example is used in Appendix I. for r^liA ^n , and the

example there given for r^lOfti^^q is that which in this tract is employed for the sign rdi*A ^2a . The truth is, that both signs are intended to mark prayer. The difference, so far as it can be inferred from what is said of each sign in the Appendix is, that rdlA <-£»3 marks prayer to God only ; while r^Xfioi££a indicates prayer not only to God, but also to man, as that of the prodigal son to his father on his return. The mark according to Bar Hebreeus, is the same for both, viz. a point over the beginning of the protasis &c.

24 Gen. iv. 9.

k The mark of this sign is a point over the asking word.

25 Lam. i. 12.

1 The murk of this sign is a point below the beginning of the clause, as the point under ^. re* in the example given above. Bar Hebrseus says that K'ovaxl^a expresses humility, gentleness, and contrition of heart.

26 Obad. i. 6.

27 This example I cannot find in the Syriac Scriptures.

m The mark of this sign (see Appendix I.) is a point below the beginning of the first member, as rdl^»PC' in the example above ; but Bar Hebrocus makes the mark one or two points above.

30

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 25

rdil^ass J*< rc'-u-U. K'caW i^.cnaAurc',28 for God

is true?

rdjjaoor^rj PC'CVJL. equal in substance ;

omnipotent ; rc'&cuso r^l immortal.0 Z. •>*<• r^A.i ^aua . rd\-i»»~> ^.i.iv^a29

in corruption, raised in incorruption. p

cScXflordrj rc'^xordL-j rdrao-Ja rc'icnrjb , «'# watching, in fasting, in labour, in bonds.*

28 Rom. iii 4.

n The mark of this sign is the same as that for according to Appendix I.; but not according to Bar Hebreeus. Further on in this tract it is stated that the sign r^iiu-nra is the contrary of r^L^.Ql motion or progress, and therefore the mark is required to be put wherever the progress is expected, but not had. The English of this remark I apprehend to be, that •wherever there is a sudden change or interruption of the subject,

this change or interruption is called by the name See ex. above and John iii. 7.

0 These examples are expressed by one word in Greek. Its mark (see Appendix I.) is a point below the last letter of the first member, and another point below the first letter of the second member. K'oxooxK' n OVMO\X ^^Q±OX£OJ ^u PC'VOCU.I

rdJVurc' r^v-ocucx . r£*sa:i-xi

Bar Hebrseus says the mark is a point after the first member.

29 1 Cor, xv. 42.

p The mark of this sign is, according to Bar Hebrreus, a point- after the first member. He says, r<li-±a.'va r^a.Tcn I^XTD .

30 2 Cor. vi. 5.

q The mark of this sign is similar to that of r^lCVn0^ . See Bar Hebrreus.

26 MAft JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

31

**i V * , ye observe days, and months, and times, and y ears. r

\*X • \ *^2

r<ll_» <^»k. £iQ *»or<!3 C^ink*.! ^ JVJ^..1O\ rtflsaCV.* ocora

kO^xinc' >r> ^oAxirc'o , in that day ye shall know that

»_^ ^ — •— _^ ^ * «/ «/

/ am «^ my father, and ye are in me. a

r£*m , that which was said today in this mountain, the Lord shall appear. r<^.ot ^ r^-Li-Sicca • rdloi-no , and beryl and sapphire. *

34

righteous shall dwell in the land, but sinners shall be rooted from it.*

,35

neither death, nor life

31 Gal. iv. 10.

r Here the, members are joined by Van. The sign seems to be read with the mark of KliaAn or r<*Vglflp .

32 John xiv. 20.

8 The mark of this sign (see Appendix I.) is a point. It seems that this sign is called by Bar Hebrseus r<lL» ^. jaXwCOL. The same example, viz. John xiv. 20, is quoted by him as one of .M »cix. r^-U^. . The mark also, he says, is a point like r£sao\i , which corresponds accurately with what is said in the Appendix to which reference has been made in the beginning of this note. In the example cited, the mark is after ^nKlrs , thus '

33 Gen. xxii. 14.

I The mark of the sign «L^.Ql is similar to that of

34 Prov. ii. 21, 22.

II The mark of this sign is a point below the final letter of a word, or it may be said to be the same in mark as omitting the upper point.

35 Rom. viii. 38.

v The mark of this sign is as that of

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 27

. rdA-a-jji^a, an evil seed, children that are cor- r up tors.

re'ocn

in the beginning was the word.'1"

io rd^o».c\ r<LiAr£aLai ^ »co *v\^cvAt , 0 death, where is thy victory

ji Ofi<S '

H ' r<&cui*:n ccajji , /o^e righteous- ness, ye judges of the earth?

r^.-sncv-n »^ ril^.iK' jAr^ a T 1. ,» K'cno . K'V-wO , 4C

and he saw, and behold the face of the earth was dry ; i.ui.i cb^Auir^ K'caA-rs.i cntV ->o ,41

^ sons of Bilhah, the handmaid of Rachel, were Dan and Naphtali?

36 Is. i. 4. 37 John i. 1.

w We have in this example r^A5a.Q9 under ox of OUJL»T=D and the mark of r^LuJ^aSQ is after r<"au2a .

38 1 Cor. xv. 55.

* The accent r^llr^T*a is over r^*i»tx*; that of r<L^.c\\ after vv of *v\ 0\CUM and the points ja.,tt7 ^.1 r^J^oni at the

end of r^o\CO9\

39 Wisdom i. 4.

y Here we have cx^iui for K'lCXa^ , 'r^aiCXau.it for

"orxiXk.H for jaOft^ r^l.i r<l^cni and .r^^.ir^.1 for

40 Gen. viii. 13. 41 Gen. xxxv. 25.

1 The mark of this sign is the same as that of (<LoCuaa& . Bar Hebrseus says, that it is distinguished from r^Ur^lz. <\t*»°t in that the clause which comes next, is connected by the letter

OK'O . What constitutes rdl»p<ix. CVflaSi is fully explained by him in the discourse here edited.

28 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

r^iauiosa or r^i^cn^a ^ . A\rqK>o

give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak?

A variation of it by letters, KL^-iK* .s -ai T b\ 42

wsncxski cr»-\J53r^=39 , the earth shall hear the word of

my mouth?

Another variation by lines, K'-C^a v^*r^ >-a»i-a 43

*i°Acu, my doctrine shall drop as the rain?

With respect to the letters, when the point is below,

it is that of .iln ; above, of jc*i .

r&\ i s T,& >TJL. >Uk. rdflaj\^ £*• : r^K* rtd.T^. 44

. ^jv=rdl K'-U-rdA oix*»s»3K'o, lest I come and smite the earth with destruction*

It is thought that because of the proximity of the place, or because of the suitability of the expres- sions and the similitude of the points, it is possible for a man to change the order of the reading of the points. But this distinction must be added.0

There may be many r<L»ox. after one another; but or r£»cvt- .<\\»a3L, is only one accent in the discourse, and r^mmx. is after it, and not

42 Deut. xxxii. 1.

a It is not stated by Jacob, what may be the mark of this accent. Bar Hebrseus confesses that he does not know the sign, nor had he ever heard it in his time. See his discourse, where he quotes the authority of a learned Greek.

43 Deut. xxxii. 2. ** Mai. iv. 6.

b In the list of signs in this tract, K*ou^Z.^ iTJt. is mentioned as another name for r^»CXX. .MuQJL. . In the example we have r<Lfla^o> and r^'avi^jt.o* ill. together after o\o>r<'.

c Here is another decayed place in the MS. The blank thus caused is filled up by the following extract from Codex »=» .

MAE JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 29

and rdL^-ot differ in that reLi*-. s. is alone in the expression, whilst r^L^.o\ is put with r&snso . Again there are points which are similar to one another,

The r^L*£u*^ are constantly being brought forth in discourse, tx'iftnvaa is said to him who is great ; such as, . vL^. pOLMi^r^ >i^w v^X±30 r^Llr beseech Thee, O Lord, have mercy on me ; . ^cvA.ns. A\cA <x\-o> j-isn ^jvaj-sa ,45 I beseech you, my lords, turn to your servant? ~*t.^ -*-* indicates oppression, or causes to weep from fear, as that which is said by Jacob the patriarch; >ar^.l cnorAr*' . )ocoi_=>r<'

vvcx^cn . >\

vv.-ci, O Goc? of my father

Abraham, O God of my father Isaac, the Lord who hath said to me, return to the land of thy birth, and I will deal well with thee.

It is needful that there be one order of reading of and r** *'^ ,°t\»Clx. . But the reading is distinguished in two ways. One is, that they put »<LJb». .°uuCUE. in the place of j^tv**^ KiA.t K^cni . It is put because of the length of the expression on which it is put. The second is, because it is possible that two or three t^AiL, may be placed after one another; this rlA^. ^AjjOJt- has K^OJLJJJC. before it and Kl^nmJL after it. So also r<l*Av»»A\ .°k\t»CVA. has KlSQtULX. before it and after it, and it is read interrogatively. Similarly KL»OJL and T^LtQJt. .^VnCXX. .

45 Gen. xix. 2.

d r<LiflOA^j33 , like r<*l*\ ^a , is farther distinguished by a point at the head of the first word.

46 Gen. xxxii. 9.

30 MAft JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

Also of

r£z»c\ »=>cru, •** * • V -** ; r£iAr/T*?3 is mentioned in two ways; either he who asks is desirous to learn, or he asks temptingly. He who asks to learn ; as that which is said by the disciples to our Saviour, ^oau ^Acn ,Av»jrV,47 when shall these things be ? Isaac to his father, . rdauJao K'icu K"CO 48 K'&AsN K'isoK'oA^rV, behold the fire and the wood ; where is the lamb for a burnt offering? He who asks to tempt or try ; as that which is said by the Lord, ^ajrc' Aur*' re^.nj',49 Where art thouAdam? vyajjK' A_i_=j<n cxa^rx'a,50 and where is Abel thy brother? v\x»r^ni rtlico cusa,51 what is this, which

is in thy hand ?

rcr_ucu*s*j , as he who points with the finger, accor-

ding to that which is said; K'oAK'.t miznrt K'cb52

r^*ai\s i cnAvL^ AAZ..I oco, behold the lamb of God,

which taketh away the sin of the world ; also, cucb 53

K&K' jiAua.t AvisaK':! ocn, this is he of whom I said

that he cometh after me.

rejoin ^ . pc^t-ii <to^ui >1 oib ,54 call me Nathan

^•x ^ -— »_

the prophet; r&r£\ ^_aAi^ c&\?5 come all ye wearied; o'A\,56 come ye blessed of my father.

gather the arrows, which I cast.

r^iA^sj , such as that which is said by the priests

to God in prayer, ^uacu* rdaow, pardon our crimes ;

47 Matt. xxiv. 3. BO Gen. iv. 9. w John i. 30. 56 Matth. xxv. 14.

48 Gen. xxii. 7. 51 Ex. iv. 2. 54 1 Kings i. 35. 57 1 Sam. xx. 36.

49 Gen. iii. 9. 52 John i. 29. 55 Matth. xi. 28.

MAR JACOB ON SYB1AC ACCENTS. 31

»A, blot out our sins; ^b\o\uo jacuii-. forgive our iniquities ; &c.

r<L=jcv^ ^aoru is in the word by which happiness is conveyed, K'iny^ ,cncu3cO^,58 blessed is the man. There is also rdai^^ with K'Au^jc.Ax >i-Jt., thus:

^jvardi rd^-TrdX orujASWK'a : K&K' rell.Vk.,59 lest I

come and smite the earth with destruction; .^ocuio00 iop-> A«A : r^i^aai , and they shall be a wonder to all Jlesh.

varies from K'^UJOSJO and rf\ \\-\~n . , looking to the greatness of the thing, admires it, thus: rdLiAx. ^n rtcnznbi\ oooa r^j^.rc', hwv suddenly have they become for an astonishment ! cnAv i T^*73 t^JLia cuaax. >^oi>r<' rO^L*rc',61 how is Esau searched out, and how are his secret things sought up !Q

rtf&ujLisa one will read without being suddenly and quickly excited; the word on which r*^ »> i *a is placed, will be read slowly.

is the contrary of rcl^.o\, and, therefore, is put everywhere when motion is thought to be required, (but is not had.1) It is also put against r^ilr<lt2?3, where the two erect point sg

58 Ps. i. 1. 59 Mai. iv. 6. eo ps. ixvi. 34.

ei Obad. i. 6.

e Jacob in the last two pages has been recapitulating some of the names of r^T il , arranging them in groups according to the similarity of the marks and their positions, as is done more fully in Appendix I. We have first a group of three signs, then one of six, and here one of three.

f ,-«.«v»* AuK* rd\ *3k . Bar Hebrseus.

8 By the two erect points, r^L»CVi. is to be understood, and not the two points of the accent K^sacvji , for that would not at all

32 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

are mentioned. But it is the contrary, KL^-ot and tVyyiftt being put, i.e. f<LiA^=Lsa will stand by the sign K&^X.<^ , when we mention neither rd^ot nor rdAsoflo in the sentence.

rdncxaa^ and rd^ixjjjt- differ in that with respect to every point which is put at the end of a sentence, it is named rdacuto^; but r^aujjjc. , we say of this sign, it is private, because that it is in the sentence by itself, without another point, i.e. without r£*&u*&i. reS\v, &c.

.fiQff"! r^l.ia f>t»°>.i rd^eni . There is KI^CM with it constantly, upon the member which is before rd^eoi, as, >J.T=LS*.CXI_ >VMO "r£»\za ' icu* , look, O Lord, and see my subjection; "r£-*izn *>1^. }a_**i, have mercy on me, O Lord.

Again, with respect to the sounds, which indicate .1 1 s fx* ^-isarx' txliK', with all others which are similar, and after these i^ojK', have points below.1

agree with the context ; also the mark of r^Lsn CUa is not two points, but one, and further on rX'ou^JC.ovi r<L»ix. is mentioned, the same as KL»di. «^ljjCVJE., which possesses the same mark as nd»cvjE. . The meaning is that "r^l \ \yi. m will stand against by rtb\ i V.T..^\.I r^»i-r., when Ki^.o\ and are not put.

1 I think that this and the following remarks belong to the introduction or the 1st Chapter of this tract. It is probable that the copyist may have omitted these sentences in their proper place, and so added them at the end of the tract. A similar omission is to be found in the letter. See note h p. 7. Why I consider that these sentences are out of place here is, 1st, that r<la.i \y3fl occurs in the last of them, and this is the name of the intermediate vowel sound mentioned in the introduction. 2nd,

MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 33

Those sounds, which indicate AAK*, i^K*, &c., have points above.

Those sounds, which denote ixiK' 0 Lord God, have two points i.e. have

that these remarks are headed r^Vb oxxnA concerning sounds, as if vowel sounds were the subject of the remarks.

The object of these remarks seems to be to state the punctuation proper for each of the three persons. For the 1st and 3rd persons the author has selected verbs for his examples ; but for the 2nii, the noun >JO.1K', which, although the points are omitted by the copyist, should have Kli.l^^2fl , viz. ^G.lK', i.e. a point above and a point below. I suspect that av»ja\A ^±8, and A^ \ ^n should change places ; for the examples of the 1st person should have the point above, as it actually appears in the text, and the examples of the 3rd person should have the point below, according to the received theory ; although the copyist has somehow managed to put it above.

THE BOOK OP RAYS,

BY

GREGORY BAR HEBR^EUS.

THE FOURTH DISCOURSE, SIXTH CHAPTER, ON THE GREAT POINTS, FIVE SECTIONS.

THE FIRST SECTION.

ON THE NECESSITY OF METRICAL SIGNS.3

BECAUSE in all speech, the hearer is able from the hearing of one real word, without addition to it, by connection of nouns, verbs and con- junctions, to acquire the different senses, but by a vocal variation only, Syrian Scribes have been industrious in composing structures, directing their speech, and have ordained point marks for metri- cal signs; so that there is an appropriate sign indicating the various sounds of every one of them. After this manner, those who speak barbarously may become at once (lit. at sight) known, from hearing the speaking, or from the reading.

A RAY.

That placing the points of metrical signs is neces- sary, may be known from this : he who reads, .^uiTrq AU1 }uA &VJL=> ^=00 : .IAO.I.I cri2k.it

did not Christ spring from the seed of David, and from

a A summary of these sections is to be found in the 2nd. Vol. of the Zeitschrift filr die Kunde des Morgenlandes, by Ewald.

BAR HEBR.EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 35

Bethlehem?* if he did not see the mark of with*'re'Gcn r£\ , andr<l*ax. with : .T.O.I and with . p^mT^q, might think that the Messiah was not horn of the seed of David and of Bethlehem. Revelation also is, not whether He was horn, hut whether the Scripture required him to he horn of David and at Bethlehem. So also, he who reads

is it comely for a woman to pray unto God with her head uncovered?^ except he saw r<Hsas.b\ with rc'&Aurc', and r<L.<ku£\, with . rc'crAK', he would not know whether the blessed Apostle requested a woman to pray with her head uncovered, or forbade. The Scriptures abound with many other such passages.

A RAY.

THESE vocal marks, composed of great points, are named metrical signs; because that as to every logical speech there is an appropriate measure esti- mated by the sign and indicated by it, so also to every one of these point marks for every logical speech, there is an appropriate measure estimated in regard to the sign and known by it.

Observation. In the invention of the marks of metrical signs, the Greek and our Syriac Lite- rature are especially distinguished. Hence, with respect to other books, which are deprived of them, they lift up the head, as being shorn. Because that these signs are of the kind of musical sounds, it would not indeed be possible for the ear to find their species from rumour and from the tradition of

'"' John vii. 42. t 1 Cor. xi. 13.

36 BAB HEBR^TJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

the teacher to the learner not flowing from the tongue ; nor to comprehend them.

THE SECOND SECTION.

ON the number of the metrical signs and their names with their marks.a

The "Western Syrians have forty marks, as metri- cal signs. Pour radical, and they are, above, . re^Aw^t beneath, : rd.at. equals, section, and thirty six branches, which germinate from them. These are either simple or compound. There are twenty-eight simple signs, : tx'tW ^Laax. variation of rdA^., . r£»£u>£\ ,°iAucxi. variation of ,<\\ »»Q-x. variation of rd»cxJL, the rcni which divides, r^u^ass

weeping, K'.icuaA commanding, . r^^ • ^ «- simple, reproof, r£-iAr£aLS3 interrogating, KL^cni "«"°^ re^.t, the rtf^cbi which does not divide

and that which does divide, rd^cni K&\l£\ three i£a\xLSs thepraiser, rdrso^ ^>cni giving hap-

piness, r£»cvui calling, r^L»cut£8 indicating, praying, rdiAix^sa supplicating, K'&u&.i^a making to descend, r^-isa.i^so admiring, ***\ \ 7 *»• contmumg, rdi .10*^3 uniting, rda.ii » rq ^ variation of Kla.ii i»*a, re'ioi^ tearing away or drawing out, K'iai^ .°V\»CUL. variation of r^.cv\ motion, rf\*nn> a prop, r£±±zn-a> variation of relAsoflo ; reL&^ifiDO re^.oi , rd^.o\ and

and

a The marks of many of the signs, through the ignorance or carelessness of the copyist, are not put with their names. They appear, however, in the description which follows.

BAR HEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 37

r£^.o\O r^Arc'T-g, rdArdksa and and juaoA.i r^^cni; r^X.i rd^cnia K^.ot and r*^^ ri'A.i rd^eni and a with the letters, •*** *<\™-^ turning back, r^iA^orisi j^Luoz. , variation of KliAAca^n ;

with t<^i\T,^ >iz..

A RAY.

THE mark of the sign rdAx. is two points, one under b the end of the clause, and the other hefore the end, above, thus .•

The mark of r£»&vu& is two points, one under the end of the clause, and the other before the end, below, thus *.

The mark of rd*ox., which is also named r^^oi , is two points equal in position, thus :

The mark of rdocuao^ is one point under the end of the sentence, thus .

The marks of these four acquire the denominations from the position of their points.

Observation. From the marks of these roots, the marks of their branches are composed. These may be distinctly known by examples of each one of them. Know, 0 reader, that Doctors perceive a vocal sign to be bound up in its mark, according to the logical purpose of every clause. 33ut it is thought by me that they have not accurately com-

b It seems to have been the custom of at least some Syrians to write from the top of the page to the bottom, beginning at the left hand. Hence A\CU>^, under, would accurately express the position of this point of

38 BAR HEBR/EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

prehended, and, therefore, because knowledge such as this was difficult to be learned, they cut off opinion.0 By the excision, they decreed and declared that it was not by human intelligence the measures were put in the Holy Scriptures, but as it appeared1 they were inspired by the Holy Ghost, by whom was the placing of them. This thing is, there- fore, confessed by those teaching it, that they are not to take the Holy Scriptures as immutable, as did the ancients. This is a very lofty notion and to which human power is unable to attain. But with respect to the signs, which the marks bind, let them be understood as they appear ; and as they have heard from their masters, let persons learn to call these sounds.

Observation. In some places it is a possible matter to bring forth a logical reason for the signs. In the Old Testament, Av» . rc'colrf K'VS &ui_x»i-=i 1 r<l&»ire' &uo r£»jsxt. , in the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Because that He, the lofty one, descended for the creation of heaven, the name is put with rd»£u>^, the noun relisax. with », the ally of rd»&v»>^ . In the New Testament we have .• rcSn T*q «^.ojt».i co^o.i i \ ».i r£=>&v^ 2 >aeovnre'.i <ni_= e.i_»a.n cni_=j, the book of the gene- ration of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. Because that Christ the son enters into the family not by David emitting in the flesh, the noun

1 Gen. i. 1. 2 Matth. i. 1.

0 I.e. private judgment.

d Lit., according to that which has been seen. c The rdaaAvi of '.1*0.1 is omitted in the Text.

BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 39

is bound with r^i\^ , and the name David with K^a^i, the ally of P^I\S . There are expressions suitable for two species of points, as in the Edessene

copies of the prophet Isaiah, rcLtKla^aa freL^<i\s

/i\

rdLaJj£a grd*I=3, a seed causing shame, children corrupting, upon rdx.r^ -\~n is put t<-znb\\, and under K"ii-», re^saao ; but in the copies of Soba r^cni is on r^k-ii and •** -^ .

I was acquainted at the same time with two old men at •^.y.W Melitene. There was a deliberation respecting the phrase rtlicn K^ali. cxr^a . One, who was Michael, placed rdJcn rdsaix. cusn, with rc"<k*xr=o, as that he had received from his master and our master George. But the other, who was Basil, placed rdaco txlsiix. oxaj , with rdAr^xsa , as he had received from his master Constantine. And so every scribe measures according to what seems good to him.

THE THIRD SECTION.

ON the suitableness of the positions of the four radical signs.

is put, when the first clause is finished by and the second clause being long, it is therefore inserted between its members; as and when thou prayest (\rd* >-ifni vyrf r^aco^ red , be not as the hypo-

rdocU-i, icho love to stand in the assem-

3 Isaiah i. 4.

r The K^coi of r^J^-it, the copyist has not put in the Text. K The rd^cni of rd-iAra , is also left out by the copyist. In the Bodleian MS. the mark upon Kl^.it and rc*»)-i is " * Matth. vi. 5.

40 BAR HEBR^TJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

blies, and in the corners of the streets to pray

:», that they may be seen

of men (. rdocuao^). It is also put in a long question; as, .• .VM rd=i^- crA Au.rc'.i rfi-3-^ ..^CL what man of you hath a sheep (.T^I\S,), .• K^vax-.i r£sjcu= K'iajiri, and if it fall in the ditch on the Sabbath day (.-r^s ), . cnX >nn-qcv IUJK' r^lr*' #^£ A<? taketh and raiseth it (. Kixjcuaaa). It is also put when many different thoughts come together. Theologus.11 KliAflo^K' r^sa r/i «^ trc'.i ^_o_^.i^.i .•K'iA\K' >i n\ rdfloiAxjLi , that ye may know how a stranger may nourish the sons of the country (.-KlAx.), .• r^icun KLti*:t»i\o , and a villager citi- zens, (/rdA^), .• >im~t r^.i oeb ^im tvrn.i ^^cuoolo mirthful those who are mirthful

domestic (: r^-iA.^.) those who exceed in wealth.

V* /

A RAY.

r£»&u»£* is put at the end of the first clause, when the second ends with rdncuao& ; as, cni&va o&K'o7 . ^ajr^ >japK'o . r^rtlx^flo rc*Vi% , and many multi- tudes came after him (. nd»&v»>^), and he healed them (. p^flcuaa^). But if the second be long, it will end with ncL^ox and rd^nob and rdocunsi; as, rd*d\M^ . rtlx*;i^ cn^cu cxaiao, and the pharisees drew near to him (r<i*Avi*&), r£^.ot *^fiaa^go, and

e Matth. xii. 11. h Gregory Nazianzen.

7 Matth. xii. 15.

BAR HEBR.EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 41

tempted (r/ s o\ ) , eoA cvocn , him (r£**znJx> ), . ^isjK'a, and said (. cuto^). There are passages, where two . rtL»£x_u£\ may be put before as, pa.vocvA jz-Sirt . r£ji&uu&i . rd^i<L=

d_»^u»^ . y. l i s ^

. vv OjjK'.i en li\ ^ r^ \ ^ cxn&^A vA , tliou

hypocrite (r^*AvuA\), first cast out the beam from thine eye (rd.£xjj&), and then thou shalt see plainly to cast out the mote from the eye of thy brother. (nd-pg m<\). There are passages, where there are

three; as, vvcuiK* vy \ %

va_=3icto {=nb\ j3C\_ni. . A A\O

vuncvo »=}a

there thou rememberest that thy brother hath

against thee any quarrel (. r^£u>&), leave there thy offering upon the altar (.r£-Au»A\), and go, first, be reconciled to thy brother (.p£*£vj*A\), and then come, offer thy gift (. cun^). There are now found by Doctors more than three r£*£u»£\ coming one after another.

A RAY.

r£»ox. are placed at the end of the first clause, when it is long, then comes r£»£u>&\, and then ofia& ; as,

rAJr</ . rrl»CXT- : ^ocruA^A <^.T-=L^- KlA 'nC'.l-D-i K'OCn ^UiA . r<L.^\jj A\ . 1 "^ ^ r<^A

if I had not done in their eyes

7 Matth. xix. 3. 8 Matth. vii. 5.

9 Matth. v. 23, 24. 10 John xv. 24.

0

42 BAR HEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

(: r£*cu.), those things which no other man hath done

(. r£»&u»&\), they had not had sin (cuaa). There are passages, where, after two r*L»cLx., there follows

then cuao&; as, : r^\\nte K'^K'.I ^i rdin11 A\c\X ^n ^G£\ rdire' i.i frq reLW.i even . r£*c\JL. <^CX\ ^39.1 C\CO K'ii-Z..! rduOl . rdkO-X.

. >\Si, .icnonij ocn, but when there is come the Comforter (: r^cut.), ^/i^m / send unto you from my Father (: rd»ajL.), ^e Spirit of truth, who from my Father proceedeth (,rti»Au>&), He shall testify of me (r^cuaa^). There are passages, where many reL.ci.je. follow one another, then then cujo^; as, r<L»cxz. : K'crAr?

r<L>az. : r^i^vap.i

cn.i-i.c\ CTXJL.VO

.K'eaAr<'.l

called them gods (: r^»cijL), awe? the Scripture cannot be broken (: rd»ar.), w^ow ^6 Father hath sanctified and sent into the world (: r£»cijt.) ; ye say, Thou blasphemest (rd»cijt.), because I said unto you that I am the Son of God (.r*L*Au»&) ; and if I do not the works of my Father, believe me not (CUJQ^).

Observation. r£*ox. are placed as the legs of sandals,1 when there are many in the protasis,

11 John xv. 26. 12 John x. 35, 36, 37.

1 This expression is designed to represent the case when many members of a sentence come together, each bearing the mark of

BAR HEBRJEUS ON STRIAC ACCENTS. 43

which "being terminated by r<L.<kjj<^, the apodosis ending with 0.0221. Theologus,

rc'Avi»_o.v=3.i .IM.\A

^AcnX .

omit, if you please, all the others (:r£*cut.), Moses (rd-cLx.), Aaron himself (r£ax.), the Judges (rd*cxx.), Samuel (rd.ai.), David (rd*cxr.), Joshua (rd.cvx.), Elisha (rd.ax.), #/ie congre- gation of the prophets (P£*OJL), JbM (rd*ajt.), Tllias (re^cu.), ^e twelve disciples (r^cit); lastly, those iclio were after them, who icith much toil and labour icent forth, each one of them in his time, to the (sacerdotal) office (p£.o_x.) ; all these we pass by ; Paul only is at the head of the discourse.

A RAY.

Every point which is placed at the end of the apodosis is rduisa Q r»°v, Posuqo proper rd^.±Ji.Qo going before; as, ^a jUr* K'V-w . rdi rt'N**! <Y> rc'crArf18 cunSk .^jaa^vso, God (r^Asajjo) wo man hath seen at any time (CUJOA); or r^^vjj^ going before; as,

13 John i. 18. " John v. 23.

44 BAR HEBEJETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

i-.i, he who honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father ', who sent him (r£aa m°>)' This sign also, where it is connected by a con- junction, occurs now and then after rf *\ s ; as,

', for there is not a man, who doeth miracles in my name (r^i\^ ), and can lightly speak evil of me ( ^<**°Q Occasionally cuaa follows also

*/ \ / V

rd*cvi., but rdAsojto is between; as,

cuarA, £^s is from the Lord (rd^clt.), <wc? ^ & « marvel in our eyes (Q m«\). These are accurate

cv <vi<\ , borrowed posugo3 is that which falls in the beginning of a sentence, then follows ;, and after it is cuaa& proper ; as, ^ooAoj^ 1T

Pauly an

Apostle of Jesus Christ (CU^A), by the command- ment of God our Saviour (rd»Av»*&), and of Christ our hope (cuaoa proper). Several k rcilyrdx. follow each other, then r&&u>^, then

as,

Q tti°> . rfin^r^o a*., 5n'w^ ^^^o the Lord ye sons of the mighty (lit. of the males) (euaaa), bring unto the Lord glory and honour (cuat^). This whole

i5 Mark ix. 39. 16 Ps. cxviii. 23. 17 1 Tim. i. 1.

1 Lit. one to how many.

18 Ps. xxix. 1.

k Lit. more than one.

BAR HEBE^ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 45

Psalm is divided by rdl^'rdx. r<Lncu&A ; lastly; v\vo-l rd.i±3Q . r<L,(kx)^ . cosns\ rc/\n» AAu r<L»i-2a

.rtiuisa cuaoA . onJso^A , the Lord will give power to his people (r<L»Au»£\), and the Lord will bless his people (r^iisa cvjao^). There are passages, where instead of this rd.£\-M&>, ••». W. enters; as,

.•uo.i.i <k-i_=j.i r£jk.i\ ^a i «y* -« "« , Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ (cv_ao_a), called and sent }, who was separated to the Gospel of God }, which He had promised of old by His prophets in the Holy Scriptures (rc'iK ), concerning His Son, who was born in the flesh of the seed of the house of David (cuaaa) .

Observation. When the protasis is long, it is divided by rd*d_x., finishing with rd»&ujj&; then follows the apodosis. But if the apodosis be long, r^iVs are put in the middle between its members ; then follows The Acts; )tQs ^IT. : i n\ tv> .va^.i K'aono20

A_..1

oocn ^^-7^ . rclA^ .• onmK' jao .' orA ^1*71 » OffQ ^^-j-in oocn

. K'i-iAx. K*TJo^x^33i rdl^iop.i Kl^.iAx=j , and

it came to pass that ivhen Simon Peter and John went up together to the temple (rd»ax.), at the time

w Rom. i. 1. 20 Acts iii. 1, 2.

46 BAH IIEBRyEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

of prayer, being the ninth hour (rd*Av»&), and behold a certain man lame from his mother's womb (rc**\s ), whom men took, who were accustomed to bring and place him (r^i\s ) at the gate of the Temple, which is called beautiful (cvjaoa>). But if the apodosisbe not very long, one relAx. only is put in the middle of it. Theologus;

ocn

vy K

J3ut time which is measured to us by the course of

the sun (rd»ax.), this to eternals is for ever (r that which is extended to those who are existing ) is a certain motion, a temporary duration . These four radical signs are gathered together in these apostolical and instructive expres- sions.

THE FOUBTH SECTION.

ON THE SIMPLE BRANCH SIGNS.

FIRST. r£*Lh. «&Lj<xx., variation q/'rc/i\v , is distin- guished from rc'iW. by the length of its sound. It is placed after the protasis, cuao& following in the apodo- sis ; then he who speaks returns to the thought. James the Apostle. ^Ljoz. .• Kiir*' ^OA\ r^cvcp^ K'O.UJ

, all joy be to

21 James i. 1, 2.

BAR HEBILEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 47

you, brethren (r/i\s ^Lucxx.), when ye enter into many and divers temptations (cuaoa); for ye know that the trial of faith (KL»£U»&) worketh for you patience (. cuaoa).

r<L,<k_w<^ ,°>\ »c\x., variation of r£-»&uu^, is distin- guished from. rcL»<kw<^ by its additional confirmation; and therefore the Eastern Syrians add a third point to it, and they call it K"<&\Xd\.i Kl»£v»*& . The Acts.

>CDCV.\ ^ tifloo . cp^\C\A Atr^ r<j_j_ljj ^».1*cn 2i ,°A»>QA. . KuK* Aorti. . orA i^aK'o

, then Ananias went to him, and put a hand upon him, and said to him, Brother Saul (rdaAu»A\ ,<x.\Mriv-) , our Lord Jesus hath sent me, &c. The Gospel. .vA

r^>Q *TI T,, «wt/ verily I say unto thee .&LUOX.), ^«^ ^o?* shalt not depart from thence, until thou shalt have paid the last fa-r thing. r<L»cu. ^Lucvjt., variation o/"r<L.cLi., is distinguished from r£»cxx. by the length of the sound, and is put at the end of the protasis, when the apodosis with a_m_a follows, and there is not a return of the thought, and therefore it is called rd»i_x., loosening. Pen- tateuch. ,°>\»<xi- : >A^. sai K'-iai ^ocrA >.t\"»o 24

. C(.Sn <\

Z/or<? to them the Giants of old (rd»ox. men of renown (cym^). Paul. : CVT^T o cOu>.io 25 ,°>\ ucx-r. : ^>cruoi-=iA.i

'•" Acts ix. 17. a3 Matth. v. 20.

4/1 Gen. vi. 4. ^ Horn. i. 25.

48 BAB HEBR.EUS ON SYBIAC ACCENTS.

and they feared and served the creatures more than their creator (rd*or. ^LUOJL), to whom be praises and blessings (rdx»-x.) for ever and ever, Amen (. CUM^). This Pauline example is called of r£i»*., because that in it rdix. follows

i establishes the flow of the protasis, and possesses the convenience of aofi°> ,k but it is distin- guished from it by rdso&i before it. Its mark is two points in a straight line below, and it is called ftfri^.i rd^crn, because with rd^coi is joined cv tti<\ ; nevertheless another clause follows not tardily but quickly. Jeremiah. .La.

ovwc\, not to you all ye passing the way

cun^cv jioffi^.i), understand and see. oZa^ indeed is not in some of the copies after ptlwiaK'; but that is not

0 V

correct. Some put1 OO^TAI rd^eni before rdjjicvrf. r*^^ rdl.i rd!^coi . Its sense and also its mark are as those which are before it ; but it is distinguished in that the second member follows the first without

-'

as,

orA

do not grieve one another brethren , i.e. ofti^ is not coupled with it)

k This sign has the force of CU£&, because the expression after which it is put may be said to be independent and complete in itself.

perhaps the same as the Greek d 26 Lam. i. 12. " James v. 9.

BAR HEBIUSTJS ON STRIAC ACCENTS. 49

that ye be not judged. . r^i\\\^"r^ii>-i >i*aa*» O foolish Galatians.

The Eastern Syrians recognise a third and its mark is three points as a triangle. They use it for r^v^n <v>, where they require additional assurance, and they call it cn^i^.t KL^cni from the form of its figure, and also K^vA&n rd^cni ; as, vv&cv-ii^ vyK* .'. K'crAr^ .-^ pa*»i,29 have mercy on me, O God, according to thy goodness. ^OA\ o\\30 . >i\s\.i K'ioA • ~*\{\ >±zn , depart from me ye cursed into everlasting fire. rf\\*i -i*?q . It is also called rdj^&flosa , because

that it is with a drooping and inclining figure, and affliction is poured forth. Its mark with us is but with the Eastern Syrians Ki»<k_w<^ and it is distinguished from r£_»&uu^ by a mournful sound, which is either by a kind of suppli- cation, or by a kind of lamentation. Of the first,

the Pentateuch. cnooAr*' . rsaK'o ,JQ n s / >X«-c\ 31 cncoArC' . acniorc' >=r<'.i , and

Jacob prayed and said, O God of my father Abraham, O God of my father Isaac. Then after other mournful expressions he adds, jcrja.-wW ^sa >J-A . cni_=73 reliK' AAJJ.I.I A^n Jjjrf ccv7 1 ^ i , deliver me from the hand of Esau my brother, for I am afraid of him. Of the second, Jeremiah.

OOD

sa, though them dottiest thyself with scarlet, though thou deckcst thyself with ornaments

''* Gal. iii. 1. 29 Ps. li. 1. ^ Matth. xxv. 41.

31 Gen. xxxii. 9. 32 Jer. iv. 30.

h

50 BAIl HEBE^)US ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

of gold, though thou colourest thy eyes with paint, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair. K'.icuiat . Its mark is one point at the head of the commanding word ; as, K'ocna &u2*ucp.i **\*-r* \\32 go, as thou hast believed, be it unto thee.

n V'«\\ rcis-.icun »._cu\^A> r£\* , 33 give not that which is holy to dogs. Know that a point such as this is put without a command, and is called by the name K'.iaaa; but from the mark only, and not from the sense. Paul.

. T*** • ^ i »i i Of? » . K^ T V n

^.<y» . <\A»Ax«rri r£\ ^ocal'oarjr^A.T , despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things,, foolish, who are disobedient to their parents.

ndioj-MJL. . This sign acquires a sound not its own, but it is found in that of the three radical signs, with r<!saA\i cut off, at the end of a short protasis, even if the apodosis be long. In r^»\s ; as, r^lxjii^ja35 i, and the son of man that thou didst visit

him. In rdL»Au»»& ; as, K'aco vca±8 ^rtll-at oca=> 3G rfb\ -i -r ^».ar*, at that time Jesus

walked on the sabbath day in the corn-fields. In r£»ax.; as, \\ t y^g rd\ COT^I : ^un^ r^'i»*p<d 37 . causal , He saved others, himself he cannot save. It is called rdsniuT. because of the amputation of

is called by the Eastern Syrians being compared with rd^a&i , which is ^t^.y«gi ; they also call it rdxu, and it is serviceable for perplexed matters. Its mark is two

32 Matth. viii. 13. 33 Matth. vii. 7. M Rom. i. 30.

35 Ps. \iii. 5. 3G Matth. xii. 1. 37 Matth. xxvii. 42.

BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 51

points, which are put obliquely under the word on the fore side, not on the end of the word, nor the beginning, nor the middle of it. This sign is found either in a kind of deliberating, chiding

question;

do ye, indeed, speak righteousness ? or in an in- terrogation, to which follows a chiding ; ^OA!A rc'co .•ix-o . r*L^.ir<lr3 ^o^ur*' ^ALsosa ndAcuL, behold all of you speak iniquity in the earth, &c. ; or in a kind of caustic question ; as, v^&czn 1^. *A**?Vfe rc^i-i^38 rc/\i\vn , tJie honour of Israel is slain upon thy high places; or in a kind of wailing; Jeremiah, '-^r^3J

rdij ^lir^J

shall the

icomen eat their fruit ? and children be beaten ? the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord? rdaa^ is joined with K'&^JL.^ ,-U. ; as,

until I come (r£jao^&) and smite the earth with destruction.

\.ri.tq ; as, rf.iacn* r^.irC'.i r£*iaX ,41 Judah

tt7

is a lion's whelp. In Greek it is called -n-

that is, before the last syllable, for that it

has three points relasaflo, r<^*)$n, and the third is

rdiflolnsn.* The > of K'.TOCO* is pronounced mutter-

ingly. The Greeks put in the place of this point

r-lAjaAjjsa, a little line. Some of us put it on this

word only, i.e. on K'.icvcn* .

s? Ps. Iviii. L ^2 Sam. i. 19. ^ Lam. ii. 20. 40 Mai. iv. 6. " Gen. xlix. 9.

* If these three points were named in the order of collocation, they would be, first rdsai\i, second r^afloVosa, and third

38, so These examples should change places with each other.

52 BAR HEBR^US ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

*aco*; as, orA jia&xx.K'.'i ^ol >cr>cu3CX^ blessed is he whose iniquity is forgiven ; irdjj.i pA cx=acx^, blessed is he who looketh on the poor. Its mark is one point at the head of the first syllable, and its accent is ^i^jtsa .m According to the opinion of Thomas of Harkel, rc*i nn\ n*a and r£=>c\ .a en* are one; and this is correct, for they are equal in the sign, although in r^iofi\n*33 , the point is mentioned afterwards upon

that which is the praising noun, hut in upon the protasis in the beginning of the sentence. Ki oio; as, ^aajxo K'rda Kb rd^'i^so rc£K!\ >^oX cv&43 come to me, ye that are wearied and laden, and I will give you rest. Of this again the mark is one point at the head of the calling word, which is pro- tracted by its accent.

as, ocn cxjcn . K'coApe'.i cni.saK' rfcb ** ,i<K=>.t ,cnc\\v ^iiJaK'.i , behold the lamb of God! This is He of whom I said, that he cometh after me. Of this sign also the mark is one point, distin- guished by its sound, from that which is without it. KixA^a . Its mark is one point, before the head, and two behind11 in a straight line at the end of the protasis; but upon the clauses, which follow, the one point only is put; as, . n^^n T->I

42 Ps. xxxii. 1, 2.

m This word and r^i— CU occurring just before are forms

derived from the root i ^i, for the sense of which see Castell.

43 Matth. xi. 28. 44 John i. 29, 30.

n When the writing is from the top to the bottom, a point to the left of a letter may be said to be before, pQ.TO, and when it is to the right to be behind,

45 Matth. vi. 9, 10.

BAR HEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 53

.vO*=- K'aooJ . vva^sa Kr . vcsut.

Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name, Thy kingdom come, Thy icill be done. p^icfuvw . Its mark is similar to that of rd^A^»j ; as, rdsolx. ^X *\$\ r<* via , Thou, 0 Lord, wilt keep us in peace. When the protasis is long, rcisoAn follows, and at the conjunction of the apodosis, is rd»&vu£i ; as, . .{."Si^. *<^.T=L2k.i . p^sa^xi ' <s\£uX£L»:n eal3k vv-i

vvivia.vw ^n VV^VSOMCV vvi^pi v\<x^cni

. .TO vvicv^ pscv polx.ioK', O Lord, according to

all Thy righteousness, wUicli Thou hast done to us, let Thine anger and Thy wrath be turned aicay from Thy city Jerusalem, and from Thy holy moun- tain.

rdAr^T^a . Of this also the mark is one point, at the head before ; and it is joined, among many, to cu-sa,

and Kl^r^; as, '' 47

and Rebecca lighted off the camel, and she said to the servant, wlio is this man, who comethin the field to meet us? : cn.va^A r^L»v» i-ssK' r^jjsa ii^K'a .i^*£0a ,48 and he made obeisance and said, what saith my lord unto his servant? . &UK* rc'vn*^ ^n ,49 from whence art

tllOU? aLx»*»A VNIWK' C^X-CLSaA ^OiM.l r^\ KllA^rV50

r^livwi.i cn» i T*a\\ how loast thou not afraid to stretch forth thy hand to destroy the Lord's anointed. A i ncn OOP r^A-.nc',51 where is Abel thy

M Dan. ix. 1C. 47 Gen. xxiv. Gi, Go. 4b Josh. v. 14. 49 2 Sam. i. 13. M 2 Sam. i. 1-4. 51 Gen. iv. 9.

54 BAB, HEBE2EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

brother? W^&JP*' K'ijat) »_co r£A~»iV,52 where is

Sarah thy wife-?

r<£un»j. It is derived from humility, gentleness and contrition of heart. The holy Jacob has said : "it is proper to read the word, upon which is K^xjjuisj , not suddenly and with much emotion, but protractedly." Its mark is one point, at the head of the word behind, and as with many, it is placed before reL»&vu£\ . Isaiah. *i-=i:i *cn\i r£±acu p^soAi 53 . cox.i r<* ^T.Q .Qknto . «^.ii±xi\ K'i^K', doth the ploughman plough all day to sow ? doth he open and break the clods of his ground ? ^o^l iiaK&K' rdAo54 .t K'&uxti ^93 , and was it not said to you from the beginning? But re*&vMui±a and rd»Au**& follow one another in a solitary noun ; as, ,&znrt . *^i» 55 AUK* &&.i v\ Auu* , Lord, when saw I Thee

.i v\

hungry, 8fC. There are passages where r^i\\ follows next to K'^uxisa . The Pentateuch. »iVs-> <-v>c\iA

, the Lord shall look upon you and judge, for ye have made our savour to be abhorred in the eyes of Pharaoh and in the eyes of his servants, to put a sword in their hands to destroy us. There are passages where ndocxcaSi follows next. Jer.

understand \and see, if there is sorrow as my sorrow, which the Lord hath done to me. Its mark is similar to that of

53 Gen. xviii. 9. 53 Is. xxviii. 24. 54 Is. xl. 21.

55 Matth. xxv. 37. 5t5 Ex. v. 21. 57 Lam. i. 12.

BAR HEBR.ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 55

but it is distinguished from it, in that it has position at the head of the word; as, how have the mighty fallen !

how hath the Lord

-

obscured in His anger the daughter of Zion I There

are passages where r^iW follows next; as,

.K'ii^y. r^L^jpo^ r«iii.c\

how is the fine gold despised, and the beautiful

colour changed ! But some of us make its mark one

point, as that of rd-iAr^jc-sa . Then it acquires a

distinction by the accent, not by the mark.

"^ ^"^ from A—cua a cessation of motion,?

where it is thought that there is motion, although not obtained; as, ^o^ rdAd.i vA ^iwK'.i -v=>3.i^^ rei\ 61 . ju-i.i pa o.iL&czA , marvel not that I say unto you, it is needful for you to be born again. Here the necessity of motion is apparent, of re* As or r£*&u*^ or some other, for the apodosis is not yet completed ; but motion ceases, because that it (the apodosis) is presented to the mind, very lofty, elevated, and too far removed by the protasis, to be plainly understood; as, . rd^i-t-o r^-i TJ rd^-a^.l i&r*' 'rdjjcvi 62, the wind bloweth ichere it willeth, &c. rc^j.ti»*ja is put when there is one word only in Greek, but two in Syriac. Its mark is one point after the first member,p and by it, the member is woven

58 2 Sam. i. 19. 59 Lara. ii. 1. 60 Lam. iv. 1.

° Motion seems here to mean, continuance of the subject. It ceases at the end of John iii. 7, for the reason above stated, and is therefore put instead of rtMv or some other minor

point.

61 J0hn iii. 7. 62 John iii. 8.

P I.e. the first member of the expression.

5G BAR HEBR^ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

with the other, and therefore Thomas calls it as, . r£*_jtoor^=» . rc'cuc. equal in substance, .^^\ »*> A \ -i omnipotent, r*b\c\ »rg . rdX immortal, rt'.'uL . r£\ unbegotten, t*fA_<v\._tfAt.y*gi . rdl unchangeable. rcli:t-ju_*x-r*j ^.Ljjcuz. , ^£ variation of p^J.iujusa . Its mark is the same as that of r^i.i i »*a , but it is distinguished from it in the mind, namely, that in Greek, as in Syriac, its expression has two mem- bers; as, .pdl_a.jj rd\.i ,^'**r •" rc*\ri.»jL3 . ^-i-s^iiv^a, sown in corruption, raised in incorruption. rfioi^ joins single disjointed members, attracted to one another, and its mark is one point, similar to that of p^.ian<\, before the moveable letter, which is at the head of every member. Paul.

***

O^-=3

V V

. riljjai ^ojx^va . K'^u^-.'urj . T>ut in every tiling we approve ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in prison, in stripes, in bonds, in tumults, in labour, in watching, in fasting, by pureness, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness. So far we have K'noi-^j from here and beyond, although the mem- bers are joined together, r^ioi^ ceases, and P^.IO.^,

whose mark is a line above, is introduced, especially

\ — \

by the Eastern Syrians ; as, pdacuxa . .1

63 1 Cor. xv. 42. 64 2 Cor. vi. 4—6.

BAR HEBRyEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 57

.i , by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, by the word of truth. rfnoT^ «&Lu<xz., variation o/'K'icv'te^, is similar in that it joins single disjointed members, which are bound to one another by the letter Vau ; but it is read with r^lsa&i and r^mm ; as, •r^jj'i.a 'r^acu65 . ^_c\Ay>r<' <-»i\3 rdiiJLo 'r^_=3\o , days and months and times and years ye observe.

Its mark is similar to that of

but it is put in close proximity to KL»CUL. . Isaiah.

66

K^ci*?! s \o

, except the Lord of Hosts had left us a remnant, ice should have been as Sodom, and ice should have been like wito Gomorrah. The Gospel. K^TT-to r£sa^ Clears .1 ;Acsar<' A

: K'acn r^J-*. **i_=a\±»3 K^i ie T. . rc'oco

: K'cvcn K'CVOO

time, when he was bound loith fetters and chains, he broke the chains, and the fetters he cut off, and no (man) was able to bind him.

r£ju^2>t. .MncoL., variation o/'rdi*^*. .Q Its mark is one point, like rto»^i ; and it is distinguished from K'jLt^h. by the feebleness of the sound. As with many, it falls in close proximity to r£»d\-M^ ; as,

55 Gal. iv. 10. ™ Is. i. 9. "7 Mark v. 4.

C3 Ezek. xxiii. 31. This sign is called rcll-*^^. by Jacob and in Appendix i.

58 BAR HEBR^ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

because that thou hast walked in the way

\

of thy sister, I will deliver her cup into thy hands.

60

K'cno

^^r<* eon*, and behold a voice from heaven, which said, This is my beloved son in whom I am icell pleased. But it falls also before n^A^. in close

proximity; as, '^r^Ls r^Jp^.l ^02^.1^ r<Lincu 000=3 '°

X V * * ^fc>-— . ^^

ye shall know that I am in my Father, and, ye are in me, and I in you.

nd^_o\ , by the Eastern Syrians is named rdsa^xi , and in the intonation it possesses the power (use) of half of r^i\s , and its mark is one point on the fore side; as, •pc'.uV^.sq .rtr^j^Lso rclxJLA cni^xa C

.iocrx» j£»o, and many multitudes icent after Him, from Galilee (r£^.o\), and from Decapolis, and from Jerusalem (r£-^.ot), and from Judah.

It possesses the power (use) of half of in softness of sound. Its mark is one point behind ; as, oco KV.fr>ioA.i . rcLfisn-cb r£±zn.

>co, not by heaven (r£_xsa_ft>) , for it is God's throne, neither by earth (p^Lajauao), for U is Sis footstool, neither by Jerusalem (~'*^\f")jfor it is the city of the great king. And so, oisar^ oAt 73

c\ .

69 Matth. iii. 17. 70 John xiv. 20. 71 Matth. iv. 25. 72 Matth. v. 34, 35. 73 Matth. xi. 4, 5, 6.

BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 59

go, say to John every tiling which you have seen and heard (cux^); that the blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, tlie deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor are preached to (simple r<l.Au»&), and blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me. But if a verb with .1 follows a noun in such as these, not r^scuao hut follows; as, . rc*i \ s

cux_nx.o, That the multitude ) wondered, when they saw the dumb speaking, the maimed made whole (rdJL^.), the lame ivalkiny (r<^i\s ), the blind seeing (cuaa^); and they glorified the God of Israel.

r^«^nnf> ^lucxi., variation ofr^sznso, is distinguished from rdAsuao by the extension of the single and simple sound (rd^.o\);t but is not as r£*Au»A\ double of the sound. Its mark is as the mark of rdSLSofio; as, txAo .r£*ncl\»J3 rclio .relii r^lo .r^^ccja red75

rrllo .^ala.i r^Xa .K!\JU» rdXa ^

r<l\c\

neither death, nor Ufe, nor angels, nor prmcipalities,

74 Matth. xv. 31.

T r^^-O\ is motion ; here it seems to mean the motion of the sound. Bar Hebrseus is speaking of an extension of the motion of the sound, i.e. an extension of the sound.

75 Kom. viii. 38, 39.

60 BAR HEBR^TJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature shall be able to separate me from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.

n£s73cua is distinguished from r£\*r&L. . c\oi& in that the clause which follows it, is united to it by the letter Vau; as, . rd^iK* >&i* aT-T. K'cna •K'WJO 76

cna

fc*i On s o

dvxru rtLjjiira, and he saw, and behold the face of the earth was dry (r^sacxa), and in the second month, in the twenty -seventh day of the month, the earth was dried.

and the sons of Bilhah, the handmaid of Rachel, Dan andNaphtali (rdsacus); and the sons of Zilpah, the handmaid of Leah, Gad and Asher. reLx^&oora . I wished to hear the reading of this sign from a distinguished old man in Melitene. He confessed, "I do not know it, nor have I heard it in my time. But formerly a pious man learned it from a Greek, and he called it rdiaua-iixss. But now, as concerns the various sounds of its expressions, the sign is not known in our regions even by the Greeks." An example of it is, "rc*i ^ T, &cy78

vwrc

Give ear, 0 ye heavens, and I will speak, and hear, 0 earth, the word of my mouth. My doctrine shall drop as the rain, and my speech shall descend as the dew.

70 Gen. viii. 13, H. 77 Gen. xxxv. 25, 26.

78 Deut. xxxii. ], 2.

BAR HEBILEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 61

The pious man taught that the measure of the first expression was r/i *t ^onuso, of the second ,O>\MCXX. by letters, and the third J&!MOZ. by lines. But we, not knowing tliese, eall the first expression by r °"* rd\.i r^ooi , the second by rdLreit. . cuaoa , and the third by n£»£vM&.

Observation. With the Eastern Syrians there is

o o another sign, which they call r<\. °> \ ; because one

proclaiming its sign, thrusts forth as much in the reading as he can of strength of voice and shoutinor.

o o o

And this is either r^uii* proper, when it is not fitting that the sign should be disregarded; or rdL»r<lx. borrowed, when the reader stays for those, who are wishing for his strength. But

proper is constantly joined to VSOK*, and

borrowed to what is without i^aK'; as, pa

Homishu a sclio-

lastic said of them, where there is with K^aj either •isaK', or i^bre'; or, ae, . VWK'O «^.cue-> Jesus answered and said, r^aicuwcs K'CVCO •VMK'CV .icvcoa.i , and preached in the wilderness of Jiidea, saying, ^-.-isoK'a Q^S ^.i ^^cucbo, and they answered, saying, fcji»ir<'o rc'ioa.jla-M ^.ucn >V> o,

fwcZ if^<? loise women answered, saying. "Wlicre K'.KxnA and r<^aj come together, read first K'.ICUIA ,

and then if you wish, read K'-aj ; as .vut-.i ^it*^^0 79 . .lauLo K'.tcn, and to my servant, do tltis, and he doeth (it). So far these our signs. It is not right for people to estimate them, as they hear them.

7J Matth. viii. 9.

62 BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

SECTION V.

ON THE COMPOUND BRANCH SIGNS.

ii . Isaiah.

Viw* f+

"^oAxis*., attend, 0 Laish, and answer, O Anathoth, Madmena is removed. jtA is read with jnws rcA.i rd\orn , and &o£u^- with nmVi r^cni ; then follows the expression "Mad- menah is removed."

r^oii ne'AA^ . Proverbs. "»jaoi_^ vs >^a ">i_i >^81 vy vv^w.

. Kl^Aib.i p^^AiireLsol, O my son! Oson of my womb I O son of my vows I Give not thy strength to women, nor thy ways for the food of kings. Here the first and second, their r^^co'-i do not divide; but the third, its r<^cni does divide. But the Eastern Syrians do not read these with rd^cpi ; but the first and second with Klsi^n and the third with <xoi& . Theologus. "rdirl •

hear this all ye

people; Jieai* ye nations, tongues, families, the whole race of men, and every thmg existing. Here the first does not divide, but the second and third do divide.

rd±»i^_=sa 82

. .iT°> \ >sai3_j^^, and shall not my soul be avenged upon such a people as this ?

Is. x. 30. 81 Prov. xxxi. 23. 82 Jer. v. 9.

BAR HEBRJETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 63

. r<L»cLz. :

«^OA_i^sa , if we SOW in you spiritual things (r£*cxx.), is it a great matter ), if we reap of you carnal things?

There are passages, where r£*£u»^ not interroga- tive is put for rd»£vj4&\ interrogative; as,

r£u900Lft:i

'f God so

clothe the grass of the field, ichich to-day is, and to-morrow is cast into the oven ; shall He not much more (clothe) you, 0 ye of little faith ? But the Eastern Syrians read the verh .Tn\*ja with

r<l»c\.jc_o rg/vMO r^Lco_^CT>

. r<L»cxT- : * -r*f*i **>- viiiA . r<l^.ot 'r<locv2i, cind will there be (rdflak^) an answer (rd*.at) to the children of Israel ? (rtL.ajL). This compound the Eastern Syrians name KliX.ixflaia; because the sole of the expression is adorned with r^-^cvt as with a sandal.

^ 1

. cral .uaA^K'.l , whether that servant receive his thanks (r^fti^), because that he hath done ivhatsoever has been commanded of him? (n^Andr^j).

— . :uA .T« . Devon

3 1 Cor. ix. 11. ^ Matth. vi. 30.

85 Liike xvii. 9. 80 John xi. 56.

64 BAR HEBE^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS.

. rdiirdatsa . pc'.x-^.ru^A , and they said one to the other in the temple ; what think ye, that he doth not come to the feast ? (rclArdrsa).

87 '

, Abraham (rdL^ot) begat (r£*sna>) Isaac. cwsix. • rc'io^a,88 and thou shalt call his name Jesus. . ^t^^K'a rt^\» to.toi.nc' .xsajc.,88 Herod the king heard and was troubled. This compound more than any other is placed in Syriac books.

K'oen O&UK' rf^ \ rq oqnc\

iw #^<? beginning aL2o); and the looted was with God. r

Oop

God (rtLSk«2a_a>) wo ma^ Aa^ seen at any time (rdii^nso); the only begotten Son of God, He ivho is in the bosom of His father, He hath declared.

. >co

where (r^Arc'Tra) is thy victory (rc^.ot) 0 death? rdA.i rOrtCnicv rd^.o\c\ K*ncuiSk — » rd^cini "rd^.ir^.1 cruA^H r^-Ot

love (K'.IQ n °>) righteousness judges of the earth (r«y*^ rdA.i rc^coi).

Observation. Of the compound signs, which the Eastern Syrians only use, there is that which they call K'&cnmW**} tradition ; because it was delivered by the readers of the Persian school at Nisibis. Where

87 Matth. i. 2. * Luke i. 31. e9 Matth. ii. 3.

90 John i. 1. 91 John i. 18. ''z 1 Cor. xv. 55.

BAR IIEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. C5

they found an adherence to one another, of before rd»£u»A\, followed by cuaia , they read and taught to read in a restrained way, for ornament and excellence. This siyn however was not in every place; but in some rare passages; as, _j^ * •f ** \ 94

let the loater be gathered together under heaven to one place, and let the dry land be seen. Zechariah; ,cnc\Qbrc£xx. >soa> . ,\i-i-> -101.1 •>coo!i»rc'95 rciicr) K'Avkrs.i, the hands of Zerubbabel laid the foun- dations of this house. TTIX.-IK'I oru'i-is ^n ' 9C

cvgii\T, , and she came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and behold a greater than Solomon is here.

Gen. i. 9. y° Zcch. iv. 9. °6 Matth. xii. 42.

APPENDIX I.

IMMEDIATELY following the Tract of Jacob in the MS. is a fragment of a Letter on the subject of the accents, the author of which is not mentioned. I say a fragment, for the beginning of the Letter as Dr. Land has observed, is evidently wanting.* It may be and probably is the case; that the fragment comprises most of the Letter; but in the beginning, there is no mention, according to custom, of the person by whom the Letter was written, nor of the person to whom it was addressed. Again, the second word .AK'.I of the fragment, intimates that there was something previously treated of. Those who are addressed are called spiritual brethren, and, therefore, it is probable that it was written for the use of a Monastery.

Although we cannot say by whom the letter was written, most likely, because it has not been given entire, yet there is decisive evidence, that it is one of the earliest writings on the subject of the accents. I am disposed to think that it belongs to the sixth century, and that it was written about the time of Thomas the Deacon. There are correspondences in the list of accents given in this Letter with the list of Thomas, which do not exist with the list of Jacob, or with that of Bar Hebrseus, and which are of such a kind, as to suggest that they were con-

* See Anecdota Syriaca. Tom. i. p. 1C.

APPENDIX I. G7

temporaneous. For instance, both in this Letter, and in the list of Thomas, r£=>c\ ^acn. and *** \ e*\ »^ are two names of the same sign ; but by Jacob and Bar Hebrseus they are made, each the name of an independent sign. In the two former lists, r£jicnv-±*s is mentioned as another name of the sign rf \\\-^m ; but in the two latter, it is not given. In the two former, KS<xn\ is said to be a second name of the sign KLs.-u-**^; but in the two latter it is not mentioned. In the two former we have ^r<'ir<La as another name for the sign whilst in the two latter it is the second name of r^LifloLa-so. These correspondences in the two former lists afford some evidence that they were written about the same time, and as it is said that Thomas the Deacon nourished in the sixth century, I think that early in that century, this Letter first saw the light. Further; in this Letter there is nothing said about compound signs, and the reason for not treating of them is stated. The reason was because the subject was new, and that there existed

^_Aerr=>l ^jJLkK'.l K'^CXX.i.VSn Kl^O K&CUl&iSO rd\ 110

publication, nor disquisition of men on these (accents). This statement is a proof that the Letter must have been written before the compound signs had obtained much consideration, and consequently before the Tract of Mar Jacob, who lived in the succeeding century, and who has therein entered into this subject, perhaps as fully, qr nearly so, as any subsequent writer on the accents. On account of the antiquity of this Letter, it is of great importance, and I, therefore, insert it here. It is, like the Discourse of Bar Ilebrceus, a very useful commentary to the Tract of Jacob, which

68 APPENDIX I.

precedes it in the MS. We have nothing said in the Tract about the position of the mark. The metrical points are given, and a passage of Scrip- ture for each accent. If these passages were correctly pointed, they would not be sufficient for a student to learn the accents; but from the care- lessness and ignorance of the copyist, several of them are without the points, and there are several in which the points are wrongly placed. Towards the end of the Tract, some of the signs are put in groups, each sign of the same group having the same mark in the same place; but no intimation is given, as to where that place is. Hence the information contained here is valuable.

\

APPENDIX I. 69

.vsl ^AcrA ^Gor** rxruUk .TITS

\ 0 H H H

i-»\ u> A :

c\coA.i i on A s\ >i

.I->M >03 on^ rdiist i >cn

,cn ^.

i ^Acn rdz.cn ) a.i ^Acn

rd»crAt<' i ttt s\

rc'.liu* "3 . *M K'.l-JJ

•:• . fVi \ v

APPENDIX I.

: rd»c\JL •:• ndi-m •:•

•:• ji en °t r^X.io •:• ,=>orx» •:• rdi_fia

\ \ n

n£lxj.J r^JUrtlao . ^^oono^a .1 u.\ ^

K'cn

K'vncu arc' &UA r^ratft? •:• K* •:• rc'&i *M^. o i / rd*<u*r<'rdr>Mco.T K'^uiwrf K'Ava^Aui

. -.i-b f*^- ^ V rdicrA .-

ocp ^».i

i ocn

>cn

.i,».3 jjL^.<ki_i rcljcn.i caAnCUxfloo : S . ib rd^.c\\ KllcrA . qi

APPENDIX I. 71

K'.ico . Kliio i •:• .1 •:•

•:- en :• coin irr) ^c\cm_^n K!»VM rdicn .

w.^ rrr'v-ncu ocn rc'ocai : rdafiaSi p3 lQo^ ,-..1 rc^i i, l A r^,*3. »^\Ai >cn

•:• a •:•

i^.i cri_=A

vrOOflo

\

rc*v-ncus oqno :

•:• \ •:• onu±aLX±a r^i^LZJivm .xAorV rdLLia rciicn K'.icn &A^\.i a r^acuoo

-vsa K*v*»l .' K'i^-sapC'.i »cb vyrf . orA

K'ivu

•> A* •:• vs..

: rd^a.icn.t r^Uki.MK' roK' pa

.l Kirs ' O .

oc . .•

rciicrA . rc'Vu

vyr

.t >CT3 WK* . TLi.ao.n JJU^OVXl ndx-SOT-JD CVOO

\

72 APPENDIX I.

cnA.l : r^-iiacr

ii- pdicrA .

ocn . >cn PC'.IOD jion^.i ocoio j^Q^0^ r^A.-t r^^roi.i >m . \ rc'oc

*.i oc •:

»cn :

«n A ^ \ ^ tcb .* ^.

r<lsa.icn.i

^•k.l ,<T> ^33

r^Xi *n s *^ ^J-ucu ^n rfocn

vyr^ caa rc*c\cr3 .fti°k^ Kill ocn

AnT..l ocn rc'crArc'i cni^aK' rc'cn

ocn rc*ocn rdx±33.i ,cn

.i •:• •:• .V, •:- , crxo o cX±xL£o

A rfi-^^aK'.'l »cn Ct&.l .- .i •:• ea* •:• ^\tJt%tV r^Jrx'o

,cb

.i •;• CX* •:• . rdif^ K'.li.l K'l i.i ocrA v»a.i ocn

ocnii ^cn vy

APPENDIX I. 73

i ,CT>CN . vA^i^rC' ^99 MA!* . -»oaji i ns.r^.1

ocn p3 .T£i . rcicni<V73o K'.icvat ocp .1^ 003 . . ocn r^.tQ n °k i^Qrt'^vo icu^t.i ocn

cv^ ^Aon •:• r^fln \Q-o ti_^. cxjcYi^^r^ K'cVi i \ >'i s en \

.i >cn CXJL.I >cn K'.icn

en .

»cn

.re!=>ia.i r£jr£±Jj ovsre'o .• ^n^cX^ AUK'.I )n\ T*73 o . cniivja

.l »cn.l

.i >cn

vw*

.coL.i

.""^ •> . r^cWVsw K'ocn . rc'.ioJiAo K'ioi^ri »cno

.l >cn

.To ocn.i

74 APPENDIX I.

rcl.crArc' rcLra^l^l rc^1nTQ>'aao :

Again : concerning these points ; how the place of each one of them is known, as they have heen fixed by studious men.a

There are also those, as I have ascertained from foreign philosophers, who have worked out gram- matically the position of these points, which I will, therefore, in this my short writing, make known, for the love of God, to you men, from the philo- sophers.

a This Title to the Letter was most likely put by the copyist, and was intended to apply only to the fragment which he copied.

APPENDIX I. 75

Aristotleb very wisely said, that there are five signs of discourse, viz. r^olrtitsi interrogating, peL»Gio calling ', rdiaaxscso supplicating, rc'.icxo^ com- manding, rciocuto^ a section. With respect to this last sign, it perfects the discourse much more exactly than the others. But there are other grammarians, distinguished for knowledge of such matters as these, who have in their writings delivered ten points (or accents) for those who wish to become conversant with these things.

Epiphanius," also, holy and a worker of wonders, who in the pastures of the true and orthodox faith, and in the folds strong and inaccessible to the wild (field) swine and ravenous and tearing wolves, and with those, who are found willing to work for the sake of others, fed and did good to the dear and beloved flock of Christ — in the writings en- graven by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, he has delivered (signs or accents) to boasting men. But because Syrian men, such as we, are not familiar

b In the commentary of Probus on Aristotle Trepi cp/uqveias, just published by Dr. Hoffmann, p. 66, he says : the object of Aristotle in this book is to teach ^la concerning speech; but not concerning all speech] for there are five kinds of speech, r<l*c\To ,

,

0 Epiphanius was bishop of Salamis in the 4th century. Jerome speaks of him in high terms, and says that he was called Trevra- yAwTTos, a man of Jive languages, viz. Greek, Syriac, Hebrew, Egyptian and Latin. It seems probable from the context and from the time in which Epiphanius flourished, although he knew Syriac, that what he wrote on accents, was on Greek accents. In the Bibliotheca Orientalis, Tom. ii. p. 499, by Assemani, there is mention of a MS. in the Vatican by Epiphanius, de punctis : de ponderibus et menmris, et de signijicatione literarum alpJtabeti, a Syriac version.

76 APPENDIX I.

with these matters, it has appeared to me, that to speak now of the distribution of these points, or of how many of these and what each one of them comprises, or of those which are embraced in the same sentence, how much power each one of them possesses, or upon what syllables it is right that they should be put, viz. how many places each one of them acquires, would be unseasonable. It seems to me that to occupy ourselves now with such things as these would be ill timed; because there is no publication/ and no disquisition of men in these matters.

Concerning those signs, with which we Syrians are familiar, it is right that I should speak in holy love to you. The r£suo> , namely K'VOCU points, which we Syrians use, the number of those imposed by men, has attained to twenty three; many of them falling under6 one another, being bound and held by one another.

The naming of them is thus, nsW above, contention, rd^-ot motion, r£»£u>&i beneath,

a fulcrum, •** * A .*^ praying, rd»ox. equals,

What is here said, is to be understood of compound signs. The writer excuses himself for not treating of these signs, because the subject was new, or at least, there had been no work pub- lished on it. He, therefore, invites the attention of those, who are addressed, only to simple or single signs. The treatment of signs, two, three, four, &c., combined in a sentence, and the con- sideration of all the circumstances of their combination would, he says, be imseasonable. We infer from what has been here men- tioned, that this must have been one of the first writings on the subject.

e It is said to have been a custom with many Syrians to write from the top of the page to the bottom. This practice will explain what is here said of signs falling under one another.

APPENDIX I. 77

reproof, r£*i^. loosening , a-sa^x r^cni, i.e. which divides, j-»o*<* r^Aso and (r£^cni) which does not divide, rdArciaLsa interrogating, rducu*=a in- dicating, KL,c\in calling, K'.icuaa commanding, r£uai*£2a supplicating, r^acu^ ^acri* giving happi- ness, or r^ioAnsa praising, r£ii_sa:iAv±*j admiring, K'&uxi^a making to descend, r*\\\-m discontinuing -, or r^iicovso shining, r^iom & weaver, or uniting, r^\c\\^^dr awing out, or .aocuc TrapogvTovos, rdncuaoak a section *

These are the names of the points, 0 spiritual brethren, which I have been able to make known and collect for you on the instant. But that an accurate knowledge may be more manifested to you concerning these, and of how each one of them (KiscuLftj) is placed, and by what accent it is read ; behold I write for you each one of them with a passage from Holy Scripture, which was spoken by the Holy Spirit and delivered to all the earth by hands holy and fit for these exalted matters.

1. The point which is above the last writing t of the last member, being placed by n£ocxai^ ; this they call K*I\V, according to that which is said by St. Matthew in the beginning of the book of his gospel."

2. But when the point is found placed, where it is said (in 1), without that (the point rducuaaa) which divides the expression, there being not any

* In MS. .jtoCUCXCVAK'iKla. is omitted, and is by mistake for rdoCUn2v.

| K*aiiL*0\A here, as in many other places in this Tract, means a letter, or consonant.

•' rg'u.i.xrq .^.OXk.i cn^o.'UJU.l rti=>A\^ the book of the generation of Jesus Christ.

78 APPENDIX I.

thing contrary to this member in one of those members, which are after it ; this we name K^*^A. ; as, that which is said, *>ard=» r^iK'.i ^a^..iA> ocn=»b ^^oAuK* *=a ^oAurt'o , in that (day) ye shall know that I am in my father, and ye are in me*

3. Again: when the point remains as it was, but there is found something contrary to this member in one of the members, which are after it ; this they call rd^ot , as that which is said, rsd.i1 r£\raK'.i r^lK" "r^cocoo* K'TX.K'I AU&K*, I came not to destroy the law, but to fulfil. This is the first triad of points.

4. The second triad is thus. When the point is put with rdocxcoSi, below the last letter of the last member of the expression, as that which begins the Holy Book of the Acts ; this is named by them (the accentuators) r£*&u>£\.

5. But when it is without rtluaoia, the point will be r££5oa> ;d as that which is written by the holy prophet David, rdui=»:t coal voooo r£±a*jA,2 bread sustaineth the heart of man.

6. When again the speech looketh unto God, that is, is supplicating, then the point is found placed as r£»£vu& ; as one would say, v^sa rcLjrc" rdx_=a

I beseech Thee, O Lord. ^ This is named praying, or r£i&je^£v=a supplicating.

7. The third triad of points is this : where two points are found placed equally, at the end of an expression, in this way (:), being incited to

b In the margin is rdsacu . c John xiv. 20.

d Literally: "as that which is rtlifioxe."

1 Matth. v. 17. 2 ps- civ< i5t

APPENDIX I. 79

tread on the apodosis of the discourse, this they name rd»cu. equals; according to that which is said, r^stJK'.i K& T i ~> AuA.^jaoK'.i rd»isa K'v-u.i3 rd^irda , the Lord saw that the wickedness of men was great in the earth, which has respect to sinners, and by placing it in the beginning, seems to tread lightly on the flood.*

8. But where that they are ahove the last letter of the member of those which are found by me placed in the middle, and one purposes to rebuke those, who conduct themselves amiss, as the pro- phet David said, K'VM r^l ''r^SaaX.i t^Y.v rC-in.i ocb,4 he who created the eyes, doth he not see? this they

Call r£S£L*b\.

9. Where one wishes to make an end of the discourse, and it is found placed as the preceding one ; as that which is placed by the holy Apostle in the Epistle to the Romans, : ^'-ioaa ^ixniL^ oA.r5 ^snrf ^mW. ^n\s\, to ichom be glory and blessing for ever and ever, Anien ; this they call rd.-vc..

10. The fourth group is a duality of points. It consists of jun^ rdl.t rd^ctn, the r^^cni ivhich does not divide, and of jux&.i oco, that ichich does divide. The first is as, ^ K'OOQ KLa-sa >v*>o "r^i»> icu»,6 look, 0 Lord, and see what has happened to m.

3 Gen. vi. 5.

c The example of r^*OJL here given is from Gen. vi. 5. This passage serves as an introduction to the subject of the flood, and a reason for bringing the flood on the earth. The subject itself may be considered to have its commencement at the 6th verse. There is, then, an interval between r^L»OJt. and the apodosis, and this interval explains what is meant by treading lightly on the flood. 4 Ps. xciv. 9. 5 Rom. xi. 36. 6 Lam. v. 1.

80 APPENDIX I.

11. The second is as, ., rci*iso ^X r^s\& r£\s O Lord, suffer us not to go astray.

12. The fifth group consists of a sextuple of points. They are rdAjcuj^a, •*"A,*'»*»iJ p£»oia ,

, and rdacx .a on* or r£aoAa28. All

these take one place ; they are put above the first consonant of the first member, and their accent is called according to the particular sense, which is in the words which are written. The first is, as when our Saviour was pointed at by John the Baptist, as with the finger, to the multitude, who were not persuaded concerning him, and he said, cniiaK'K'cn7 r<**yi\s .1 crxko^w AJUL..I OOP K'crAr^.t, behold the Lamb of God, that taketh away the sin of the world.

13. The second sign is as that which our Saviour asked concerning Lazarus, >oouc\£\=*ia? p£v.nf,8 where have ye placed him ?

14. The third is according to that which is said by our Saviour, the Word God, in His Gospels,

^Q^uiirC' rdire'o r^lacba >\»nT.o rdi'rdA «^O^ o&, come ye that are wearied and heavy laden, and I will give you rest?

15. The fourth is as the sign, which was men- tioned by Jonathan to the boy, r^'-ird^ -\*A Ai r^Jr*' r^.-w-.i, go, gather the arrows, which I cast.10

16. The fifth signifies, when the matter is brought forward by one who is inferior to one who is superior ; as, those words which the prodigal son devised to say to his father, pa .TM vyr<* ^ . \ -« A

j Deceive me as one of thy hired^ servants.11

^ John i. 29. 8 John xi. 34. 9 Matth. xi. 28.

10 1 Sam. xx. 36. » Luke xv. 19.

APPENDIX I. 81

Also the petition which is brought forward by man to God ; t-»oo ins, nf, cause our sins to pass away ; blot out our offences; XA.I^ rdA* rci\, remember not our iniquities. This is called r^imt°r*i. Therefore as to rc'.icuia and rs'vttii0^ , when the expression is said by one who is superior to another who is inferior, it is K'.tcuia , because that it is said imperatively ; but if the con- trary, then it is rdiacu&s) .

17. rdix&LiS) or n£L=>cO^ ^jon*. Such are those beatitudes, which are given with praise in the Gospel by the Lord of all to those doing good works/

18. The sixth group consists of a triad of points (accents). These are rdj-i^i.iivsj and nj^uxisa and rr^\\-i*?3. All these are placed the contrary of those which are before them, i.e. below the first letter of the first member of the expression.

19. The first is according to that which the pro- phet wondering said; o.trjrfo . fVi-n\^c\\<M rdi^rc'1'2 rdrsini r^irslsj, how have the minhty fallen and the vessels of war perished !K

20. The second is, where there is a simple expres- sion, and another following it, thus completing the apodosis of the discourse; as that passage, where

is made here another name for the sign which is called ndrso.:^ »acn*; Imt in Jacob's Tract, and by Bar Hebncus, r<*lCm n*^ is treated as an independent sign. See note to r^\ Ctt\ n-*) in the Tract.

12 2 Sam. i. 27.

* The mark of this sign is put, nbove the first letter by Bar

Ilebncus, where see, under T^ii_2W.lw\2fl.

m

82 APPENDIX I.

Christ saw those Apostles, whom he wished to choose, mending their nets.h

21. Again, the third is as the point by John the Evangelist in the beginning of his Gospel; K&\\=a K'aeo ,cnoAuK' Aux.'iri13 in the beginning was the word.1

22. Then K'icunt or KLt.i i n -a , K'iai^ and rdocu*i2k make the triad of points of the seventh group. These are differently put, and each one takes its appropriate place. The place of the first is this. Because there are words in the Greek language, which, when translated into our Syriac language, it is not possible to render, except by two members, — as those prominent negations r*iXj

unbegotten, r^^n&xsa rcdk immutable, rcli1 incomprehensible, &c., — it has appeared to the holy fathers and translators of the holy Scrip- tures, that one point should be placed below the

h This passage is an example of meekness and humility on the part of the disciples in immediately leaving all, and following Christ, and its sign is K'Av*xlsa.

i3 John i. 1.

1 See this sign explained and illustrated by Bar Hebrseus.

The Syriac Text of *^£, i.e. of K'noi^^ is evidently muti- lated. I have not, therefore, attempted a translation. I believe that the text in its integrity is found a folio or two further on in the MS. which contains the Tract of Thomas the Deacon. I have inserted it and given a translation in Appendix II., where see. J Greek, a.ycvvr)ro<;. k Greek, d/AeraTpOTros.

1 Greek, curvAA^Trros.

The sign rdncuaa^ is mentioned in the list, but there is not subsequently given any description of it. I have therefore put in Appendix II. the account of it found in the Tract of Thomas the Deacon, as probably similar to what we should have here, if men- tioned at all.

APPENDIX II.

last letter of the first member, and the other point below the first letter of the second member, which show that in the Syriac language there are two members, but in the Greek they are one member, as is the case with many.

APPENDIX II.

rc'v-ocui

».»x.

Ji3 CU CXaz^. rc'i r<L2k

. en . crA

H

.l »cn

>c >.TD.l >cn ^a.To.i ,cri

0 H\ r<Llcn . jaoCV i V On % p^

71. i y.i JJL^U&^I pc'rdjt^jao rs'caiojt.

There is the sign, which is called K'ioi^ by us Syrians, and is put by some on rf.iocn* only. This is bound in that which is called 0^9, which has

84 APPENDIX II.

three places, i.e., it is put upon the last syllable, upon that which is before the last, and upon that which is before that, which is before the last. This which is placed on K'.iaon* is caocuQ\m%K>ir<lA . It is found put in Greek over many nouns.

j Jj, v^Qo.1 003 / ndDCVfia2i r^iia&V^a.l «J3oA\ Cicn

rc*cvjj£a acp.t even i-so nd vfcnivta : aK'o nc'^xlsn jaaa^i even

^UK* K'^OaSO r^A

Again, that which is called rdcofio^ is that upon which philosophers have been solicitous, especially Aristotle, who said that it announces a truth or falsehood. This is that which divides the discourse, and he said that it cannot be overturned by man ; such as, God is good ; the soul is immortal.

ERRATUM.

IN page 1 3, for names of accents ; for the Syrians give names to points, read metrical points ; for the Syrians call points

APPENDIX III.

IN the British Museum is a volume of MSS. marked Additional 25,876, consisting of a series of Tracts on Syriac Grammar. The compiler of them (see Assemani, Bibl. Orient, torn. iii. p. 307) was John Bar Zugbi. The fifth Tract of this compilation is one on the great metrical points. Its title, accord- ing to Assemani, is K'wocLi.t

! -i\a » the names of the great metrical points, which the holy Mar Elias, the catholic patriarch, ex- plained. On p. 265 of the same volume of Assemani, he gives a list of the works written by Elias the first patriarch of the name. Of the works which are found mentioned in this list, the last is r^'i-sar^sa Grammatical Discourses. On the

same page is Note 7, as follows : " Exstat unus de punctis sub Eliae Catholici nomine, quern Joannes Bar Zugbi suse Grammatica? inseruit." The evi- dence then is complete that Elias the catholic pa- triarch was the same as Elias the first.

The chief object of this Tract appears to be to explain etyrnologically the names of many of the Accents, of which some are exclusively Nestorian. These Syrians, it is known, carried out in compa- ratively later times the accentuation system in great detail, exclusively for the purpose of regulating the voice and adapting it to all the varieties and niceties of reading. As this Tract is, however, taken up with merely giving the derivation of the names of the Accents, without saying any thing about the

86 APPENDIX III.

mark and the position belonging to each Accent, it is of itself too imperfect for publication. I shall, therefore, content myself with making extracts. Some of these may be of use for illustrating what has been already treated of, whilst others will intro- duce three or four additional Nestorian Accents to the reader.

• * • •

>sa&jc.r<' K'vBcui r^-iura ^a : ^a r£\c\\ . rf ^i& . £».i <ueb. Zaugo is so named from the number of the points, i. e. two points. The word r^^pt signifies a pair, here of course a pair of points. It seems to be employed in this Tract to express a pair of points, varying very considerably in their position. It may be regarded as a general designation ; a name for a number of Accents, each of which has for its mark two points, each of which too has an especial name, derived from the posi- tion of the mark, or a name suggesting either the sense of the passage, or the regulation of the voice. For the sake of example I make the following ex- tracts. r£so»j<xa oon Jlx. .1=3 .'*!&&*? fl&iLfci r^\ot r<*\ T T. ,cn . >cnc\vocLn •:• relict is named because the metre of its points is elevated, i.e. the chain is above.

Gc

or r^cxao is so called, because that the reading is mournful, or because it steals a little from the word. From this explanation of the accent, I infer that it is only another name for either of two accents treated of in previous pages, i.e. either for rd.Au*A> or rdAx^n^o. In both cases the etymology of the name is suggested by the situation of the mark, the mark being a little withdrawn from the

APPENDIX III. 87

word, and lying rather furtively or secretly under it.

a r<L.oiiA rt^Li A^S . KllI-A. rd^Ot . .1

is so named, because it

obstructs the reader in the progress of his reading. This is another instance, which shows that re^at is employed by Elias as a general name for a class of Accents. Bar Hebraeus speaks of rd\at as only another name for T<L*OJL . See p. 37.

. J* •:•

is so named from the motion of the tongue. There are two Accents bearing this name, one of which is called r£=>i PC*IS »taa , and the other r^ia^.t T^is»v^a . According to Bar Hebrseus, the former is the name given by the Eastern Syrians to the Accent rda^&, and the latter to that which is more generally called by the name . r^saAvi . See p. 50.

o

vy n;' . r^Ucn K'corxKXi. •:• rdxu is1 receives this denomination for distinction.

-a.i

is so called because it depresses the voice. The mark of this Accent is not given ; but it can be ascertained from another quarter. When Ewald was at Eome in the year 1836, he observed in a Syriac MS. in the Vatican, an account given of the names of the Accents. The MS., it seems, contained the Nesto- rian edition of the Epistles of St. Paul. In the first leaf of this MS. there appeared the names of eighteen Accents with the mark of each of them placed together in a row. There was also seen by him a second copy of these Accents in a different handwriting from that of the first. Hence he ob- serves : " dass man nicht zweifeln kann hier die echten Namen und Zeichen zu sehen." In pp.

88 APPENDIX III.

206, 207 of the " Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes," erster Band, Ewald has given these two lists. The first consists of the names and marks of eighteen Accents, the other of the names and vowel points of the same Accents. He states that he has given these two lists to prevent any mistake being made as to what are vowel points and what are Accents. Of the Accents mentioned in these lists K^^. is one, and the mark attached to it is .• thus rcu_»£^. .

-:- KLlJi-rL-a r<Lj_iAA ,- * <T A \ ^ . rc%> <S \ . o_. T<T- *• \ is so called because that it strikes on the tongue in the reading. This Accent is one of those constituting Ewald' s list, and the mark attached to it is .. thus <^.aJ . See p. 61 for the account given of this Accent by Bar Hebrseus. »mawaO-3 )n loo rdsb.-j .-%a . cn^i-ii rd^ani . jju»

K'.v.i^.'if K'&'i-aA •:• cn&ti^.i r^j^cni is so called be- cause the position of its points is similar to the thumb restrained, or bridled. According to Bar Hebrgeus its mark is three points /.making a triangle. See p. 49. As co&v*, is derived by Elias from K'&i*, we infer that on is the pronominal affix of the third person singular. See Note A, p. 96. When the thumb is restrained or bridled, the position will correspond to the form of the mark of this Accent. The first joint will be the vertex of a triangle, the three points of which will be the first joint, the second joint and the end of the thumb. K'JU.I^. is the pass. part, of .nk.. The root is not found in the Lexicons; but it is perhaps cognate in sense with rf^w. and

In like manner K*-A. is from^L which is

also not found in the Lexicons ; although it is no doubt cognate in sense with K*.. But if we

APPENDIX III. 89

cannot state precisely the sense of ~iL by analogy with K'.TA. and .T^ ; we are assisted by finding K'^o.v.Vk- in Castell with the meaning constrictio, which he gives. If the sense of the participle be corresponding to this, we may translate it restrained or bridled as above.

•:• rc'vocu K'^A'At . 03 •:• rc'iv^.i rdocuaflii is named from the number of Us points, i.e. three points. Ac- cording to the Vatican MS. as copied by Ewald, its mark is . the same as that of Seep. 47. *' ocn

ocia ^a jifiaA.i •:• nf\'-n i n^q is so named, because that it abides on the noun, and as thatichich cuts off the expression from what is after it. Its mark consists, on the authority before mentioned, of two points ; thus, : p^immrq . This Accent and those marked -\^ jj , r£* , .1* , cu , JJL» , and -^ are exclusively Nestorian.

its name is derived (lit. germinates) from descent.

The Tract concludes with the following observa- tion. rl'cia V i K'AvLsrA isaLi..! Aicb rdx.cn

noio, therefore, ice end the discourse on the jirst part of the accentuation of the great metri- cal points. We infer from this remark that E lias compiled a second Tract on this subject. It is probable that the two Tracts together made a com- plete work on the accents. Concerning the time in which Elias lived, Asscmani in his Bibl. Orient., torn. iii. p. 2G2, says, " Elias hujus appellationis

90 APPENDIX III.

primus Nestorianomm Patriarcha anno Christ! 1028, ordinatus, sedit unum supra viginti annos." He then makes a quotation from the Syriac Chronicle of Bar Hebraeus, of which the following is an extract.

K'acn »*

p<Lru2o , and there arose after hi/nit viz. after Jeshuayab, Ellas the first, who was bishop of Tirhan, an old man and an excellent scholar.

THOMAS THE DEACON.

IN Appendix I, I have used as an argument for the antiquity of the Letter there published, the points of resemblance between it and the Tract on Accents by Thomas the Deacon. The antiquity of the Letter, indeed, may be established quite independently of this argument ; for the internal evidence for it brought forward on p. 67, is, I think, sufficient to show that it must have been written at a time anterior to that of Jacob of Edessa. I have in that Appendix spoken of Thomas the Deacon as living in the vith century. I have, however, offered no proof in confirmation of this statement, and it may be thought by some persons that I should have done so. It seems to me that it is, therefore, desirable that I should produce such evidence as I have to give, especially as it has been recently asserted in a French Periodical, that Thomas the Deacon is known only by name. In seeking for information of this kind, it is usual to have recourse to the Biblioth. Orient, of Assemani, as the storehouse for supplying such intelligence. On consulting that work, I observe that he has mentioned in several

APPENDIX III. 91

places Thomas the Deacon of Edessa ; yet I do not find there that anything whatever is said of a Thomas the Deacon as the author of a Tract on Accents. The heading of the Tract of Thomas is simply, r^-^aorc'AvA ^.i i 7 v .1 K'uucU.l K'cn -TI T. r^Ax±o£±a. His name and office are only mentioned. Hence establishing the time in which he lived can, I apprehend, be done only by inference. In con- ducting an inquiry into the circumstances of the life of Thomas, it is fair to suppose that he might at some period or other have changed his designation. By this supposition, we get a Thomas, who has written on Accents, and written, so far as we know, according to the Tract of Thomas the Deacon. The inference which I shall endeavour to draw, and which I shall be able to support by evidence, is that Thomas the Deacon was the same as Thomas of Harkel. This Thomas, it is true, is no where spoken of as Thomas the Deacon, but as Bishop of Germanicia. In the life of this Thomas by an anonymous author, given in Assem. Biblioth. Orient, torn. ii. p. 90, it is not said that he wrote a Tract on Accents ; but then the ac- count is a very brief one, and, as Asseniani has pointed out, although short, yet contains three serious errors. In such a biography we can only expect to meet with a bare statement of the leading points of the life. Again, the Tract itself is very short, and there- fore the circumstance that no record of it is found in the biography ought to excite no surprise. It contains only three or four pages, and assuming that it was written by Thomas, it would not be likely to appear as a separate publication ; but would be most probably appended to some larger work, such as his Syriac Version of the New Testa- ment. Instances of small works being placed in

92 APPENDIX III.

a volume comprising a large treatise are not unfrequent. One instance we have in the Letter of Jacob edited in this Volume. It was originally appended to his translation of the \6joi e-n-iBpoviot of Severus. The scribes copying the Letter were to place it before the middle book of the Epi- thronian discourses. See Letter on Syriac Ortho- graphy, p. 10. The version of the New Testament was made A.D. 616, when Thomas was Bishop and probably advanced in life. The Tract on Accents was no doubt written at a much earlier period, when the Author was only a Deacon of the Church, and very probably in the latter half of the sixth century.

Although the particular Tract on Accents with the Title as given in Appendix II. is nowhere spoken of as written by Thomas of Harkel ; yet we learn from Bar Hebrseus, that he certainly wrote on Accents. On p. 53 Bar Hebrseus says, "accord- ing to the opinion of Thomas of Harkel ••*< cv»\ »^ and pdr)0\ «=)cn» are one." This is exactly what is stated in the list of Accents by Thomas the Deacon, p. 83. Again on p. 56, Bar Hebrseus remarks that the Accent r^j.<U4j£a is also called by Thomas by the name K*icu»\ . This too is the second name of the Accent r£xi t u *a in the list of Thomas the Deacon. This coincidence must appear still stronger, when I observe that rduaoLxsa and r£ac\ »acn* are treated of as independent Accents by Jacob and all other writers with whom we are acquainted, with the exception of the author of the Letter given in Appendix I.

The inference I draw from all the circumstances which I have here enumerated is that Thomas the Deacon, the Author of the Tract on Accents, was the same as Thomas of Harkel.

APPENDIX III. 93

ADDITIONAL EXPLANATORY NOTES AND CORRECTIONS.

PAGE viii. 1. 3,/or 720 1, read 7201.

p. -a, 1. 5. j-Acn £n . n^jp^ -trans' . ^K

r^JK'

The punctuation of this passage causes much perplexity. The Vat. MS. too has a prefixed to ^OA\A, which must be an error. After a very full consideration of the passage, it seems to me that the translation in p. 1 may be improved as follows. I would finish the third paragraph of the page with the word it, in line 23. I would then for the rendering there given, viz. "more, I say, than such as those I am about to speak of. Understand all ye, who read these things that," substitute the following : Understand all ye who read those things of which I am about to speak, I speak for the sake of example. That the words ^*rf vyK'.i may be rendered for the sake of example,

see Payne Smith's Thesaurus Syriacus p. 149. The next sentence begins with the word With in 1. 26.

p. rd*, 1. 14. Here for the negative particle ol , the Vatican copy has the preposition &ol, which is no doubt correct, and which makes the sense obvious. But in accepting this reading, my explanatory note k of this passage in p. 10 becomes evidently in- correct. The defence I have to offer, I think a fair one, is, that I was led astray by the particle cA , and that I could only deal with the Syriac which was before me, not having seen the Vat. copy at the time the note was written. With the Syriac of my copy, I do not see that I could do otherwise

94 APPENDIX III.

than I did. Adopting the reading b\o\ , as of course I do, I would in page 10, 1. 4, have instead of: " For the sake of argument, I attempt to suppose something, which is not significant of that which I wish to teach," the following : For the sake of ex- ample, I attempt to put words different in significa- tion (in juxta-position), which is what I wish to teach. Then follows the next sentence, which is correctly translated, but which in connection with the preceding one must he thus explained. In this sentence the word K'.VI^. occurs four times, and each time in a different sense. This difference is indicated by the points, and by them only. Hence this sentence affords a happy illustration of the justice of Jacob's previous remark to the copyists, that the points should be put in the right places, and not where there is a vacant place, whether it be suitable or unsuitable.

P. 22, note za. For admonitory read chiding.

P. 25, 1.1. In the Vatican copy there is no point under K* of jcooiv.re', and I think that it is correct.

P. 26, 1. 19. For or read and of.

P. 32, 1. 11. Jacob means that KLx.a\ is con- stantly found in the way mentioned by him in this paragraph as accompanying ft 01°^ rtL^cni, and also r»«y»* r^i.i r^cni . In the first example we have KL^.ot with the latter named accent, and in the second we have rd^-c\\ with the former named accent.

P. 38, 1. 3. For By read With.

P. 39, 1. 11. rdacn r^*r»\T, cu±a, what is this peace? The difference between Michael and Basil could not have been with respect to the sense of this expres- sion, because it is obvious that it must be interro- gative. It is impossible to strip it of that character.

APPENDIX III. 95

The difference, therefore, which existed must have been rather with respect to the reading or chaunt- ing. An explanation of this difference may be found, if we turn to p. 54, and observe what is there said. Of rf&jxisa it is stated, that " its mark is one point, at the head of the word, behind, and as with many it is placed before KL.£U»&," i.e. be- fore rd*£xjj& interrogative. Several examples are there given of rf^uusa before rd»&u»£t interroga- tive. I have, therefore, no doubt that Michael put T<L»£U>£\ after Kiscn and that he accentuated the expression thus : . r^jcn r£salx. cusp .

P. 39. Dele note g. Bar Hebraeus means us to understand that the nouns r£^.it and r£*i=> are in the nominative case according to the Edessene copies, and in the vocative according to the copies of Soba.

P. 43, 1. 1. For 'being read are. P. 51, 1. 6. Dele or in.

„ 1. 10. For caustic read mournful. „ 1. 23. Dele rc'aacn-* . Some explanation of the paragraph on r^ i on\ n -*i is necessary to make it intelligible. What is required for this purpose may be found in p. 83 on K'ioi^. "We learn there that what has three places is not the Syriac accent r^ioi^, or as it is here called, r^iaalnsa, but the Greek accent 'ofela, which is found, sometimes on the last syllable, sometimes on the penultimate, and sometimes on the antepenultimate. Bar Hebrseus gives to these different positions the respective names of r£^2oo> , r^im\rrg and r^lsa <M .

P. 52, 11. 9, 10. Instead of " mentioned after- wards upon that which is the praising noun," it would be more correct to translate, upon the praising noun, which is last mentioned. In p. 81, in the

96 APPENDIX III.

paragraph on this accent, reference is made to the beatitudes in Matth. v. They afford a happy illus- tration of the difference of position of the accents rdactAy ^acn_* and r£j_JuLia_±a as stated by Bar Hebraeus. The word ^oca»=>a^ occurs several times. According to him, the mark of r<L=o^ •raoru is on the first ^OCQ^TJCX^ mentioned in this passage, and that of rdioaLosj on the last.

P. 53, 1. 23. For my lord read the lord. P. 79, 1. 4. For rd^irdn read : rd^irt^s .

„ 1. 9. For me read tts.

„ 1.16. For preceding read first.

„ 1. 19. For glory and blessing read praises and blessings.

NOTE A.

The pronominal affix en in coo\^ seems to be pleonastic. A similar construction is met with in Assern. Bibl. Orient, torn. i. p. 252, Note 1, where Simeon the Stylite is called ,__£V-y*nT. cnicx^floK'.l . Dr. Bickell, in the glossary to his edition of the Nisibene Hymns, page 41, under co^Q.1.1 KoioUK'has the follow- ing note : " Eadem constructio apparet in co&UA rx.i K'i-SOJ panthera maculosa, versicolor, enV^OT AcUp.o occisor furiosus, imrno cum nominibus propriis, OD^OarLul pa^T^K*, Ephraem sapientissimus."

In concluding this work, I beg to say that I believe it contains the substance of all which native writers have left us on the subject of the Accents. I doubt if any thing really new could be added to what is here to be found. As there is no other printed book which treats fully and didactically on the Syriac Accents, I hope that it may be long useful to those who desire to engage in the study of them.

* v\ <

>cn

rci^o\c\ K'.IQ n ^ . jLfioA.l rc^cioi

^ Kll.l TlCuArp KlxJjJ.1^3.1 r^l^L^i^O rrlixi

.V=> . criA T-D K^ctAJtaJLrb.i a CD .

Q °> ; n

Lfia^ orA K'ocn

vyo.

^ajai^U vyK* .r<ji;i )a.T5

r^i*7nt, ^39

i co-»i n s

. ^o.an i \ T. .1

•:• o •:•

tV\n>».i p^i t^n ^\ .-WP^ vyni'

,T n \ *ri 'Ax v m \

r^A.i \ ttu.t

Ocni _n_n_=73 en . caA .1 .TJJ ooco

i rtlicno .

o . rdi_. i cva? K'

K'cnAK' <3hc\A rfcvcn o^ur< r^dvLj^ oono tsoAvJSo t^n .XJK' K'v-** rdA .

.i ocn

aco

OK* . vyflo r^sacn&Au.i K'ooo r£\o rdAa . oeo

o . cnv-^A vvii.

Or** VS'aK' KUaia Av.K'.i >

caa>. .i

crAo . .T=x^.o r^.icn .nri^-.i ,.T=i^>A

03

rc'^ii p«d±3i\ vv^u/ionto : r<Lri\

3i vvuonto : r<Lri vs^

r1 ""

K'.ico

Hz. •-•t*<Vy\ •.•rdsaa^. cv^Jsar. . .-va r<l^Tcno . rdsocup

^.rt cyi 6>. rd>^_xA^\O Klui^o . ji Of? <\ rdA

. KLsaoi r^Aa . ^xx-a^.i rclio .

.i 00.3 CL.U i >CTX=J . r£JL»reii.

>CTX=J . r£L»reii. exarc ^99 ^ . cn=j .-v^aQ Kxor OK'O .Tin crA

K'cno '

f<on \ -n. rcliA.i ebAv^aK' nda\\ >i=3O rdicrA .

>JL=}\ (±8 CD^S*71T, rdiar^ crA rdlrC' crA rc'ijb ^3O^\ r<*10fin\i:LSqo . r?\Qn»

rdia

. ocn

rdl ^Acr? . ji on °t

o v

-^ oao . cazu

i.T-3 . crA

ocn

r^^ u T u r<L^_ia__co . .1000.* K'vocu ocn .TJJO . rdA .i ocn Kxfioia^.l . r^L^SOfio rc*i ^?iT.= rciX

i ,cn

,cn

i-sorc' o\\ r^i.%cpo . rtliai 1 • even A . .^ a (

rV*yi T\ p<L2aiJ .t .1 1 -r.l ocaJnc'o . . r^i\s J.T . r^i \ ^ .•

oo .t^ cuocn cn_i»_:v»'a . ocn

. r^\ 'M> rslXa . rdjax. ixlio . Kl-knsdsij redo

.l >CT2r)CV rtf±P3.l . . ^ « n %

vryr

r£ni<Xnr>c\ . rd»-V»J KlA O.^K'o .

co . . *^i^^ «rri

a

K'cvcn rdi_.^^_ T^3\±?3 r<&\ ir T. . rc'cvcn : K'ocn

. cni».T» Kxl r^V-QOJ OCn

r<l\_a nc'cno . vfyiurda *or7 Qfl «k K* cn=j.i "^ -» -» T ti^a cucia .

vyrf . r^^u rtlncinn r^i.iv. 73.100

u\»rt .

> rdi\rdJp33M vyK* K'vacu .TJJ ni'A .

y

rdA

OK*

,.

rc^l i \cp >a..i:ijj ctcn .TJJ cn^n*c\ cn_r30

rc'CVJC. vyK* rd±OOK'A> orA r<*vo rficuat p^.icn.A ^.o

. A K ~>

,°> \ »

..T»* cvc .T*k oo

vwK . cn*ai v ooo

. ru-a-u KlA.i i*n ID »7 n rr .« ^ n**?

po.To r^vcca Xu 'AvSOKlA r«l»3.i K'.TOna.i

^&C A «v -.

^

K'O

nd±73ia_n ^99

cv_a_saA

CUQO-TJ

t\ \ -£

. .n n s\

vv

iT^a Q n t'rq vv^r c . vvC

>cn

rdlo

ocn

i-=»h enii

r<*!i\v.i r^Lajp^ ^v.K'cv . r<L^vi.c\

.1 >-=>r< vw

i^ r^olflo rdia rdlo

..1 ^Acna . ^L.rgixflo rcll cx^ifio K'-icn A ^»*?li<Y> K'.ioorr* A ^ . . . craXc\4- "^ JxaAxx.rt'.l ^(A >cncx=3cO^ vyK* . K'vacu .TJJ orUk.^'o . »*** ^ <v»^n -^ irdij.i pal

«ao^ en T 10 . *^

. rd±n i ftr rc'ocn .

p<cn vyK* . rtLucuJ^a . r^jousa en T 1 1 no >cnc\\s. e^VMK'.i oaa CUcb .

. crr^..t* ri'voOJ a on .T .-va . K'vocv.i ocn .TM oa^..T* .

am . ^.<v «.i^ r^i s.'icLA A ^ * . rd*. . vcax. .JL.trxki rc^i *gi T n.t

. «j^< . -n K'ocai . v\ b\<\ \ \ *a

'

. r^^yi \ T

vyK . n»j93 vyK &i . s** ^ '

ocn .\M . ^ao\ rJtcn.io . r<xr<aL=Q . .TO

vvvsiwo v^vp vva^o

* .^ r^i \s-t . cn vvAcriSO .

vK*

r^sn U.T.

coA T-jo . 10-^.1 c\cn ocn

rtlAnJ'CLSL.i Klsv-s OK* Klaco oqno r<'T»i-2L ^r^ vyK* . K'ocn ,cb jAAan crA .°\ni.i

\^LJK' ..\\ ^«^i

r^ .

vy

OK* .

\

* . re* A C»\ n

\ .VD.I en

oa.3 <v>\ V» «^

.i >cn . rt'.

crA

VV»

OCO

..^ K*. K<<cut..i r^ . on=> . crA

K'iaA ••• r^\V\ >±zn ^o^i cvXt . v^ ^Q i i \

. r^Ui^jn^a . >i\ s\.i

- i as »nfin-.i-=»

.T» o.cn ocno . rdk^vu^ ^ jt*i

c\K* . rtf'oaa

>T3t<'.l cocnArt' . pacni-aK' >rsK'.T

. en 1 *q ,t .i

acn

"Ti.To . CQ.^.^ rc'vxiO.i Ocn .Tw . rC'.

^

•

^n yno

oAo .ToJU*_3 p/*71 T 01 ^=330 .

'uL.o . jaocAcx^ .

r<liVi*.i Kll^i cA rdjcn . r^^aiAxz. . .«cv».o>. A^A^* rO .

. vsA

TJL. K'.ion i ^O .

aL»j.ic\ . jaacAa^ . cuaa^ . K^oasax.:! r^H^a^ . rd»az.

iA .• cv T*TI T.O

-nT..^ crA.i . r^*az.

. rtl.a_r. K*^ i\cxA K'Av.cvjjAx K'.icna .

crA

ocn

. cn_=j

cuaa^o . a Or7<\

orA

yj

i >'-uaz»j OK* .

. r<L*cKuch ..J^.T oocn ^i \ i n x.,

/ orA ^axfloo .U±TJ oocn ..

can .^.exi r^As .IQ»\-> .TU .

ocn rdAr^ . aAor<£\

oca«^ur<'.l

M ocn .

.°>\»cxx.

. en > s icxaA Ai. Klaa V fin i \ ^cx-Lc^ .T^. . rc^As,

Vin^q . r<L»cVu>&

^±33 ,x_>v& i_»cVu» cniia T i .

x.j.' rc'vnCVJ K1MJJX2Q r^.icn ,\ s.O . ^-.-i-b caA rc'cVlAcWl ndL.^\jjC^O . ^i <^ QflCLSO

>coc\\ v. pdfipo . cpc^oA .MK* P^J_S

Aordz. . orA

. •T.t.'n.i >1^. i±JOK' A \s. cV\oaj^..**i -i

^Aono . cv or> <\ .

ocn .

ex cvi <\

i*£uc\ v*_^ ja^K* . ^^i-a-flo rdjjL-i.jLS73.io . . r^JLrdJL

. Qtti°> . K'vn^r^'cv cot. rtL.i±nl o^v.ni'

rdLrtli.

vvT=

AuK'o .

a vyrf . Ard^. .l . Q fn °> P^i>i\T,CV rd.i_b . CV On °> .

:u=3 vy^33 ^'ta ^^ • K'OQAK'I '.i ocn onva A^. . PC*I\V. .• .iJb

_ ,<\ n

^in \ nr> .v^i K'ocno

n

r<l.cLx. :

.tjLa COZ..TD

1 -« "^ rdA «^ro . PC'crArC'.i rcLiT coi^J.1 .

<XJ^L°L=J .

: oc

A . rd.cut. : r^i . V A»

.in \ ^ ..

j3oa.\a^A . .i*ink. ^o

. CUao£t . rOj£73^ . CV 0(7 °i . PC'dxiSa jt-.-i.r3

.1^ OK* .

' .i ocn

^=30^ K* A v. i^uao -r..i An.a A\_oa-i73 . ^4&v±

. rfi \ v .

*n.j.Qo<j\o\±73 ^»! rd^ovu . »jL_» .

DO vy r . Often . r^_i^c\\ *

a0 crA

\

^ajK* K'o . cxflo2k . vvCCuK'.'t onl«%.

VSC

jaa IT. .

ir^ K'oco.i .

on Vl x\ ^>TT

i Av.r^o . a 01 °i .

i ocn .

.i ocn

Uao^ . Ax. .icrajaoi ocn .

col

.rdscn

l\T. CXX±93 . JL»P^%;*93 003.1

ctxrai ^33.1 reia^r^ . p^ocn acn.i _».!

orA i^i..i vy *

craA ,°> n io . ,cna£aHcn

uLaJ

.i . r^ i v .•

-

. rdoQ ffn ^

Q\ 1*73 Q-U53

. rdnCU5o2i . orA

uX^Q KWi\jY> t<* 1 1 s 'i

.• y\sn-> rdA.l CCQ ^±afioj=>.l ^^cucrAc

<^cuA_»iA r^H u.r»

7

.i OK* .

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