LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON by GRACE E. HOWARD LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON o en Oh bl IX LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON By Grace E. Howard INTRODUCTION Lichens belong to the Thallophytes, the lowest of the great divisions of the plant kingdom. A lichen consists of a fungus and an alga living together in a large degree of mutual benefit. The alga contains chlorophyll, which enables it to carry on photosynthesis and make carbohydrates for the part- nership (consortium) ; the fungus absorbs both water and mineral nutrients and also synthesizes the proteins. Furthermore, the fungus determines the form, shape, size, and strength of the organism. In a few lichens the alga has been isolated and grown in pure culture ; this has also been done with the fungus. However, it is doubtful if they ever become separated in nature. These algal lichens can be referred to present-day genera and often even to species ; but the fungi cannot be placed, with any degree of certainty, in any of our present-day genera. Hence, the identity of the fungus seems to have been changed much more than that of the alga. In only three genera is the fungus a Basidiomycete ; in all other genera it is an Ascomycete. The alga belongs either to the Cyanophyceae or to the Chlorophyceae. It was believed by earlier students that the relationship between the alga and the fungus was parasitism ; this view is still held by some students today. When a lichen spore germinates it produces only the fungal hyphae and not a lichen. Because of this fact it has been said that there are no true species of lichens. Before a lichen can develop, these fungal hyphae must grow around some algal cells, entangling them and penetrating their cell walls with haustoria, so that the fungus may be supplied with the neces- sary carbohydrates ; furthermore, in some lichens the algae grow completely inside the fungal hyphae. It is true that dead algae have been reported within the lichen thallus, a point in favor of parasitism. Other students consider this relationship to be a symbiosis. Even though the carbohydrates for a lichen are made by the algae, they receive in return an increased amount of light ; they also receive water and proteins from the fungi. The algae are benefited greatly by the larger variety of habitats in which they are able to grow while living in this symbiotic state, since lichens have a wider distribution than any other group of plants. For these reasons, I consider this relationship a symbiosis. The continued healthy and sturdy growth of lichens, under adverse conditions, adds strength to this idea. Based upon habit of growth, lichens are classified as crustose, foliose, and (1) 2 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON fruticose. In crustose types the thallus grows flat upon the substratum, often so closely attached that it is difficult or impossible to get it off without break- ing the lichen. The thallus may be simply a tangled layer of interwoven hyphae and algae cells with no differentiation into layers, or there may be an upper pseudocortex with an algal layer below this and some indication of a medullary layer below the algal layer. Hyphal rhizoids probably pene- trate the substratum, although it is difficult to find these in a cross section of the thallus. In some crustose species the thallus is entirely within the substratum. In foliose Hchens the thallus is usually much larger, leaf-like as the name suggests, not so closely attached to the substratum, and usually divided into distinct layers. These layers are an upper dermis, an upper cellular cortex, an algal layer, a medullary layer, and a lower cellular cortex. However, some foliose lichens do not have all of these layers. In fruticose types the thallus grows at right angles to the substratum. These Hchens may be either pendant, hanging from the branches of trees, or grow- ing upright from the substratum. They are often slender and long, some- what hair-like, more or less cylindrical in form. The thallus has a pseudo- cortex of interwoven hyphae, extending in the direction of the axis or at right angles to it ; just inside is the algal layer and inside that the medullary layer, which may be well developed, forming a solid center, poorly devel- oped, or scarcely developed at all, leaving a hollow center. The fruit-bodies of lichens are either apothecia or perithecia. Apothecial- bearing lichens are much more abundant than perithecial-bearing ones. An apothecium is a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped body surrounded by either a thalline or a proper margin (exciple) or by both. The epithecium, when present, is the topmost layer of the disk, very thin and scarcely distin- guishable from the hymenium, which lies beneath. The hymenium, or thecium as it has been called by some students, consists of asci and para- physes, and below it is the hypothecium. These margins (exciples) are very important key characters for the separation of genera. The thalline margin is continuous with the thallus, resembling it in structure, and always contains some of the same algae that are found in the thallus. When present, the proper margin lies just inside the thalline; it is an extension of the hypothecium, and hence more truly a part of the apothecium than is the thalline margin. A perithecium is an oval or spherical-shaped body, opening only by a small pore at the top, which produces ascospores and has a struc- ture very similar to an apothecium. As in free-living fungi, the ascospores produced in the fruit-bodies of lichens must be the result of sexuality somewhere in the life cycle. More- over, both sex organs have been seen in a few lichens, but the entire cycle has not been satisfactorily worked out. No doubt the most common and valuable method of reproduction is by means of soredia. A soredium is a group of algal cells surrounded and held together by a mass of fungal hyphae. Masses of soredia have the appearance of powder on the upper surfaces of many lichens ; they are often produced in large quantities and are disseminated by wind and rain. Often on the trunks of trees in the dense forests west of the Cascades there can be seen thick layers of soredia on the LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 3 bark. Under proper environmental conditions these will grow into mature lichens, of the same species that produced them. Some species have never been found bearing fruit-bodies, so they must be reproduced either by soredia or fragmentation. It is known that fragmentation is a common type of multiplication of many kinds of lichens. Rejuvenescence takes place in a number of lichens, but it is especially noticeable in specimens of crustose and foliose forms, in which the center of the thallus mat has died and the periphery has remained alive. Here there may be seen new centers of growth arising at various points. This enables a single lichen to spread a consider- able distance over the substratum. Rejuvenescence also takes place in the Cladonias, in which the basal portions of the podetia die and growth con- tinues at the tops of the podetia. The lichen flora of Washington represents a wide variety of forms, no doubt a result of the varied and interesting topography of the state. The Cascade Mountains divide Washington into an eastern and a western section. The western section, which comprises three-eighths of the state, consists of the Pacific Coastal Plain, the Olympic Mountains, and the Puget Sound Basin. Land elevations vary from sea level to an average of 6000 feet for the Cascades and nearly the same for the Olympics. Several peaks in the Cascades have an elevation of over 10,000 feet, while Mt. Rainier, the high- est in Washington, is 14,408 feet. Both the Olympics and the Cascades have a great efifect on many of the physiographic features of the state ; how- ever, the Japanese current is largely responsible for the mild temperatures on the ocean side of the Cascades. The prevailing winds which are from the ocean bring to this western section a marine climate characterized by considerable moisture, cool summers and comparatively mild winters. These moisture-laden winds, from the ocean, must first rise to pass over the Olympics and later over the Cascades ; hence the precipitation is heavy on the windward slopes. Stations at sea level, on the windward side of the Olympics, have an average precipitation of 125 inches, and those on the leeward side less than twenty inches. The eastern section, comprising five- eighths of the state, is all a part of the Columbia River Basin. In the north- east are the Okanogan Highlands, consisting of gently rolling hills, with a north and south trend, and an average elevation of 2000 feet, with some peaks rising to 6000 feet. In the extreme southeast are the Blue Mountains. Here the highest elevations are about 7000 feet. Since the prevailing winds that blow across the state come from the west and southwest, the air has lost most of its moisture after it has passed over both the Olympics and Cascades ; consequently the air over all eastern Washington is dry most of the year. Here the precipitation varies from an annual average of six inches, in the lowest valleys, to more than sixty inches on the higher eastern slopes of the Cascades. In some of the central valleys, such as Wenatchee and Yakima, and also in the Great Bend Country and the Grand Coulee semi- desert conditions prevail. For further information concerning the topog- raphy or physical framework of Washington the reader should consult Piper (1906), Martin and Corbin (1930), and Freeman and Martin (1942). 4 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Abbreviations C — Cummings Herbarium, Wellesley College. D— Private Lichen Herbarium, Dr. C. W. Dodge, St. Louis, Missouri. F — Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University. M — University Herbarium, University of Michigan. S — Sprague Herbarium in Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University. T — Tuckerman Herbarium in Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University. W — Herbarium of Wellesley College. WTC — Herbarium of the State College of Washington. WTU — Herbarium of the University of Washington. M. & P. — Maerz, A., and M. R. Paul, A Dictionary of Color, 1930. R — Ridgway, R., Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912. Reagents Calcium hypochlorite — CaOClg (saturated aqueous solution). Iodine solution — IKI (2 per cent aqueous solution of potassium iodide, with sufficient iodine added to color the solution a deep yellow). Potassium hydroxide — KOH (25-50 per cent aqueous solution). Paraphenylenediamine — P (fresh saturated alcoholic solution). Artificial Key to the Genera CRUSTOSE lichens 1. Podetia present (thallus usually twofold, consisting of a primary crustose thallus that often disappears, and a secondary thallus consisting of erect podetia). 2. Podetia short often poorly developed, usually simple. 3. Apothecia black 39. Pilophoron 3. Apothecia light-colored 38. Baeomyces 2. Podetia longer, well developed, usually branched. 4. Podetia solid, cephalodia common 41. Stereocaulon 4. Podetia usually hollow, cephalodia rare 40. Cladonia 1. Podetia absent. 5. Spores borne in a perithecium. 6. Spores hyaline, nonseptate 1- Verrucaria 6. Spores brown, muriform 2. Staurothele 5. Spores borne in an apothecium. 7. Apothecia stalked. 8. Stalk long, well developed 5. Calicium 8. Stalk short, sometimes lacking. 9. Thallus greenish, resembling a layer of paint; disk pale flesh color (R) or rosy pink 48. Icmadophila 9. Thallus grayish, disk dull black 6. Cyphelium 7. Apothecia not stalked. 10. Apothecia borne in a stroma ; disk usually black, sometimes white pruinose ; spores 1-many septate 8. Arthonia 10. Apothecia not borne in a stroma. 11. Apothecia lirella-form, always black. 12. Spores nonseptate ; thallus entirely within the substratum. 9. Xylographa 12. Spores septate, thallus superficial. 13. Spores 3-many septate; paraphyses branched, interwoven. 11. Graphis LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON S 13. Spores many-septate; paraphyses not branched, distinct 10. Opegrapha 11. Apothecia not lirella-form, variously colored. 14. Apothecia immersed in warts often breaking into soredial masses 45. Pertusaria 14. Apothecia not as above. 15. Thalline margin conspicuous, permanent. 16. Spores nonseptate. 17. Spores very small, asci often 100-spored 44. Acarospora 17. Spores never very small. 18. Blue-green algal component 22. Pannaria 18. Green algal component, very rarely a blue-green. 19. Paraphyses branched and entangled 47. Ochrolechia 19. Paraphyses unbranched, distinct or coherent. 20. Asci normally 8-spored 46. Lecanora 20. Asci normally more than 8-spored 51. Candelariella 16. Spores transversely septate. 21. Spores hyaline. 22. Spores polar-bilocular 55. Caloplaca 22. Spores not polar-bilocular, 1 -septate. 23. Green algal component. 24. Disk some shade of yellow or orange 51. Candelariella 24. Disk never yellow or orange 49. Lecania 23. Blue-green algal component 23. Massalongia 21. Spores brown, polar-bilocular 68. Rinodina 15. Thalline margin absent, or inconspicuous and soon disappearing. 25. Spores nonseptate. 26. Spores very small, asci many-spored 43. Biatorella 26. Spores medium sized, asci 4-16-spored. 27. Blue-green algal component 21. Parmeliella 27. Green algal component. 28. Thallus violet, purple, or red with KOH 64. Blastenia 28. Thallus not colored as above with KOH 31. Lecidea 26. Spores large, more than 65 m- long, asci 1-2-spored 32. Mycoblastus 25. Spores transversely septate. 29. Spores hyaline. 30. Spores polar-bilocular 64. Blastenia 30. Spores not polar-bilocular. 31. Spores 1-septate. 32. Thallus poorly developed, sometimes disappearing within the substratum 15. Microphiale 32. Thallus well developed never disappearing within the sub- stratum ^:^_ Catillaria 31. Spores more than 1-septate. ZZ. Growing on rocks, soil, or mosses over rocks. 34. Disk blood-red or bright brownish red ; epithecium deep purple or blue with KOH 50. Haematomma 34. Disk never any shade of red, usually black; epithecium never purple or blue with KOH 35. Toninia 33. Growing on soil, moss, or trees. 35. Spores with a gelatinous halo 34. Bacidia 35. Spores without a gelatinous halo. 36. Disk flesh color (R) or rosy red; hypothecium hyaline. 48. Icmadophila 36. Disk dark brown or black, hypothecium brown or 6 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON black 12. Lecanactis 29. Spores not hyaline, gray, or brown. 37. Spores with a distinct gelatinous halo 37. Rhisocarpon 37. Spores without a distinct gelatinous halo 67. Buellia 25. Spores muriform. 38. Spores hyaline. 39. Usually growing on bark; numerous crater-like apothecia 13. Thclotrema 39. Not as above. 40. Always growing on rock; spores not more than 20 m long 16. Gyalecta 40. Growing on trees and encrusting mosses on rocks; spores more than 40 /^ long 36. Lopadium 38. Spores brown. 41. Thalline margin disappearing early, spores without a gelatinous halo 14. Diploschistes 41. Thalline margin absent entirely, spores with a distinct gela- tinous halo ^7. Rhisocarpon SQUAMULOSE OR FOLIOSE 1. Podetia present (thallus usually twofold, consisting of a primary squamulose or foliose thallus that often disappears, and a secondary thallus consisting of erect podetia) 40. Cladonia 1. Podetia absent. 2. Thallus more or less gelatinous when moist. 3. Thallus decidedly gelatinous when moist, brittle when dry; algal component Nostoc. 4. Both upper and lower cortices lacking 19. Collema 4. Both upper and lower cortices present or only the upper cortex present.....^ 20. Leptogium 3. Thallus not so decidedly gelatinous when moist, brittle when dry; algal com- ponent Scytonema 18. Polychidium 2. Thallus not gelatinous when moist. 5. Spores borne in a perithecium. 6. Thallus umbilicate, rather large, foliose; spores hyaline, nonseptate 4. Dermatocarpon 6. Thallus not umbilicate, smaller, squamulose. 7. Squamules very small ; perithecia rare ; spores hyaline or brownish, septate. 3. Normandina 7. Squamules not very small ; perithecia not rare ; spores hyaline, nonseptate. 4. Dermatocarpon 5. Spores borne in an apothecium. 8. Thallus squamulose. 9. Apothecia borne in a stroma; disk black; spores 1-septate 8. Arthonia 9. Apothecia not borne in a stroma. 10. Usually a green algal component, very rarely a blue-green. 11. Thalline margin conspicuous, permanent. 12. Spores small to very small, asci often 100-spored. 13. Thallus with an upper cortex, usually marginally lobed 44. Acarospora 13. Thallus without an upper cortex, usually not marginally lobed. 51. Candelariella 12. Spores neither very large nor very small. 14. Spores hyaline. 15. Spores nonseptate. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 7 16. Always growing on moss, sometimes almost covered by it. 24. Psoroma 16. Rarely growing on moss, never covered by it 46. Lecanora 15. Spores polar-bilocular; epithecium crimson, dull red, or purple with KOH 65. Caloplaca 14. Spores brown or black, polar-bilocular 68. Rinodina 11. Thalline margin absent, or soon disappearing. 17. Spores nonseptate, medium sized 31. Lecidea 17. Spores 1-many transversely septate, or muriform. 18. Spores without a gelatinous halo. 19. Spores hyaline, never muriform 35. Toninia 19. Spores brown or black, rarely muriform. 67. Buellia 18. Spores with a gelatinous halo, usually brown, muriform 2)7. Rhisocarpon 10. Always a blue-green algal component. 20. Spores nonseptate. 21. Thalline margin conspicuous, concolorous with the thallus ^1 „, ... . ^ 22. Pannaria 21. rhalhne margm absent 21. Parmeliella 20. Spores 1-septate, thalline margin absent 23. Massalongia 8. Thallus foliose. 22. Attached to the substratum by a single umbilicus or by several cords 42. Umbilicaria 22. Not attached to the substratum by a single umbilicus or by several cords. 23. Apothecia originate on the lower surface of the thallus. 24. Apothecia remain on the margin of the lower surface 29. Nephroma 24. Apothecia appear to grow on the margin of the upper surface because of the twisting of the lobes of the thallus 56. Nephromopsis 23. Apothecia originate on the upper surface of the thallus. 25. Apothecia marginal or submarginal. 26. Growing in swift mountain brooks, a blue-green algal component. 25. Hydrothyria 26. Not growing in swift mountain brooks. 27. Thallus red, purple, or violet, with KOH 66. Xanthoria 27. Thallus not changing color with KOH. 28. Lower cortex interrupted by cyphellae 27. Sticta 28. Lower cortex not interrupted by cyphellae. 29. Lower cortex interrupted by naked, inflated, flat, or sunken _ ^ spots 26. Lobaria 29. Lower cortex not interrupted by naked, inflated, flat, or sunken spots. 30. Rhizoids abundant on the lower surface of the thallus, thai- line margin of apothecium absent 30. PeUigera 30. Rhizoids rather scarce on the lower surface of the thallus, thalline margin of apothecium present 55. Cetraria 25. Apothecia scattered over the surface of the thallus. 31. Lower cortex interrupted by cyphellae. 27. Sticta 31. Lower cortex not interrupted by cyphellae. 22. Lower cortex interrupted by naked, light colored, inflated, flat, or sunken spots 26. Lobaria 32. Lower cortex not interrupted by naked, light colored, inflated, flat, or sunken spots. 22). Spores numerous; asci 16-many-spored ; spores nonseptate or rarely 1-septate 52. Candelaria 22. Spores not numerous ; asci normally 8-spored. 34. Spores brown. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 35. Thalline margin absent, spores 1-septate 28. Solorina 35. Thalline margin present, spores 1-septate or muriform 69. Physcia 34. Spores hyaline. 36. Spores polar-bilocular ; thallus red, purple, or violet with KOH 66. Xanthoria 36. Spores nonseptate. 37. Upper cortex poorly developed, thallus always small, often covered with soredia or breaking up into pow- dery masses 53. Parmeliopsis 37. Upper cortex well developed, thallus various in size 54. Parmelia 5. Perithecia and apothecia both absent. 38. Thallus growing on rocks immersed in water. 39. Always found growing in mountain streams ; algal component blue-green. 25. Hydrothyria 39. Not always in mountain streams; algal component green 4. Dermatocarpon 38. Thallus not growing on rocks immersed in water. 40. Thallus squamulose. 41. Thallus red or purple with KOH 65. Caloplaca 41. Thallus not red or purple with KOH. 42. Always a blue-green algal component 21. Parmeliella 42. Always a green algal component. 43. Attached to substrate by hyphal rhizoids; no lower cortex 51. Candelariclla 43. Attached to the substrate by rhizoids or an umbilicus. 44. Thallus very small, thin and dainty, upturned edges sorediate 3. Normandina 44. Thallus larger, thicker and coarser; edges not upturned, not sorediate 4. Dermatocarpon 40. Thallus foliose. 45. Thallus attached to the substrate by a single umbilicus or several cords. 46. Thallus thin and papery when dry 42. Umbilicaria 46. Thallus never so thin and papery when dry 4. Dermatocarpon 45. Thallus not attached to the substrate by a single umbilicus or several cords. 47. Thallus red or purple with KOH. 48. Thallus with both upper and lower cortices, with rhizoids or a definite holdfast 66. Xanthoria 48. Thallus not as above, usually yellow or orange. 65. Caloplaca 47. Thallus not red or yellow with KOH. 49. Small, rather delicate lichens. 50. Medulla cottony 69. Physcia 50. Medulla not cottony. 51. Thallus with both upper and lower cortices; spermatia lateral. 52. Candelaria 51. Thallus with only a lower cortex 53. Parmeliopsis 49. Larger, coarser lichens. 52. Lower surface of thallus tomentose or villous, interrupted by cyphellae or naked, light-colored, inflated spots. 53. Lower surface interrupted by cyphellae 27. Sticta 53. Lower surface interrupted by naked, light-colored, inflated spots 26. Lobaria 52. Lower surface of thallus not as above. 54. Thallus upright, ascending, rhizoids usually lacking on lower LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 9 surface 55. Cetraria 54. Thallus flat, prostrate; rhizoids usually abundant, rarely lack- ing on the lower surface. 54. Parmelia FRUTICOSE 1. Podetia present (thallus usually twofold, consisting of a primary crustose, squamu- lose, or foliose thallus that often disappears, and a secondary thallus consisting of erect podetia). 2. Podetia short, often poorly developed, usually simple. 3. Apothecia black 39. Pilophoron 3. Apothecia light-colored. 38. Baeomyces 2. Podetia longer, well developed, usually branched. 4. Podetia solid, cephalodia common 41. Stereocaulon 4. Podetia usually hollow, simple or branched. 5. Podetia always white or ashy, simple or sparingly branched, apothecia un- known 63. Thamnolia 5. Podetia not always white or ashy, simple or abundantly branched, apothecia usually present, disk brown, reddish brown, or scarlet 40. Cladonia 1. Podetia absent. 6. Apothecia stalked. 7. Stalk long, well developed. 5. Calicium 7. Stalk short, sometimes lacking. 8. Thallus greenish, resembling a layer of paint; disk pale flesh color (R) or rosy pink 48. Icmadophila 8. Thallus grayish, disk dull black 6. Cyphelium 6. Apothecia not stalked. 9. Thallus gelatinous when moist, brittle when dry; always a blue-green algal component 20. Leptogium 9. Thallus not gelatinous when moist. 10. Thallus dark green, dark brown, or black. 11. Thallus consisting of small, fine hair or thread-like masses. 12. Blue-green algal component; fungal hyphae entirely within the algal filament 17. Thcrmutis 12. Green algal component; fungal hyphae not within the algal filament. 54. Parmelia 11. Thallus consisting of large, coarse hair or string-like masses, erect, pro- cumbent, or pendulous 59. Alectoria 11. Thallus shrub-like, membranaceous, erect, depressed, or procumbent. 13. Lower cortex rarely developed, thalline margin absent 31. Lccidea 13. Lower cortex well developed, thalline margin present. 14. Thallus dark brown or black on both surfaces, apothecia scattered on upper surface 54. Parmelia 14. Thallus dark brown, greenish black, or black on upper surface, lighter below, apothecia marginal 55. Cetraria 13. Cortex extending all the way around the thallus, thalline margin present. 60. Comicularia 10. Thallus light brown, brown, or yellow. 15. Medulla cottony. 16. Apothecia originate on the lower surface of the thallus, but by the turning of the lobes of the thallus appear to grow on the margin of the upper surface 56. Nephromopsis 16. Apothecia originate on the margin of the upper surface of the thallus. 55. Cetraria 15. Medulla stiff or cobweb-like, thallus always some shade of yellow. 58. Letharia 10 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 15. Medulla solid; apothecia terminal, within swollen globose receptacles 7. Sphaerophorus 10. Thallus greenish yellow, straw color, grayish green, gray, or white. 17. Thallus consisting of hair-like or string-like masses. 18. Medulla with a strong central medullary cord 62. Usnea 18. Medulla hollow in the center 59. Alectoria 17. Thallus not consisting of hair-like or string-like masses, but wider, mem- branaceous. 19. Thallus soft and flaccid, medulla cottony 57. Evernia 19. Thallus rather stifif, cartilaginous, medulla soft and cottony or cobweb- Ijljg 61. Rainalina 17. Thallus shrub-like, terete, brittle, apothecia terminal within swollen glob- ose receptacles 7. Sphaerophorus 1. VERRUCARIACEAE Thallus crustose, entirely superficial or partly developed within the sub- stratum, no differentiation into layers. Perithecia simple, erect, more or less immersed, with apical pore or ostiole protruding; asci 1-8-spored or many spored, spores hyaline or rarely brownish, nonseptate, 1-3-septate, or muriform. Alga Protococcus or Palmella. A. Spores simple, hyaline; dark hypothallus evident 1. Verrncaria A. Spores muriform, brown, hypothallus not often seen. 2. Staurothele 1. Verrucaria Scop. Intro. Hist. Nat. 61. 1777. Thallus crustose, usually superficial, rarely within the substratum, some- times areolate, dark hypothallus often visible. Perithecia partly immersed in the thallus, superficial part globose or hemispherical, opening by a pore at the apex; paraphyses indistinct, soon gelatinizing; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Protococcus. A. On rocks along the seacoast, spores always less than 20 /x in length. 1. V. maura A. On rocks in dry places, spores rarely less than 20 ju, in length. 2. V. nigrescens 1. Verrucaria maura Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Lich. 19. 1803. Thallus dark mouse gray (R), reddish black, or black, thin or thick, smooth to rough, or cracking into small areoles. Perithecia minute to small, 0.3-0.5 mm. across, partly immersed in the thallus, superficial part black, globose or hemispherical; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 9.9-16.5 x 4.9-8.0 IX. On rocks near the sea : San Juan Co. : Turn Island, 1928, 1987. 2. Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. Ann. Bot. Usteri 14:36. 1795. Verrucaria elaeochroa Tuck. Pro. Am. Arts and Sci. 1 :279. 1848. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 11 Thallus brownish or dull black, rather thick, in small mats or wide spread, smooth to rough, becoming cracked, areolate. Perithecia minute, 0.1-0.3 mm. across, partly immersed in the thallus, hemispherical; spores hya- line, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 15.0-20.0 x 7.0-8.0 jx. On rock: Whatcom Co.: Sumas Mountain, Herre (1917). Washington Territory, San Juan Island, Suksdorj 285b (F). 2. Staurothele Norm. Nyt. Mag. Nat. 7 :240. 1853. Thallus crustose, smooth to granulose or warty, thick or sometimes thin, areolate, usually partly within the substratum, hypothallus rarely visible. Perithecia minute to small, immersed in the thallus, ostiole either depressed or elevated; paraphyses soon dissolving; asci 1-8-spored; spores large, hyaline or brown, muriform. Alga Protococcus. A, Perithecia 0.1-0.3 mm. across, ostiole depressed 1. 5". clopima A. Perithecia not less than 0.3 mm. across, ostiole, elevated 2. 5". lithina 1. Staurothele clopima (Wahl.) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. 111. 3:363. 1861. Verrucaria clopima Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Lich. 19. 1803. Staurothele umbrina var. clopima (Wahl.) Tuck. Gen. 258. 1872. Thallus light or dark brown, thick, warty, tumid, rounded areoles con- tinuous or broken up into small patches. Perithecia minute, 0.1-0.3 mm. across, immersed in the thallus ; ostiole depressed, appearing as a tiny hole in the surface; asci 1 or 2-spored; spores brown, oblong, muriform, 11.0- 30.0 X 1 1.0-26.4 ;u. On rock: Chelan Co.: Beaver Summit, 2800 ft., 1931, 1342. Okanogan Co. : Twisp Butte, near Twisp, 1700 ft., 1931, 1465. 2. Staurothele lithina (Ach.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 1 :172. 1922. Verru- caria lithina Ach. Meth. Lich. 18. 1803. Staurothele umbrina (Ach.) Tuck. Gen. 258. 1872. Thallus dark brown or brownish black, rather thin, smooth, granulose, or areolate. Perithecia minute, 0.3-0.5 mm. across, immersed in elevated spots in the thallus, with ostioles projecting; asci 1 or 2-spored; spores brown, oblong, muriform, 33.0-49.6 x 14.0-16.5 /x. On rock: Okanogan Co.: Twisp State Trail, 4000 ft., 1931, 1297. Yakima Co. : Lodge Pole Pine Camp, 3500 ft., 1940, 3309. Washington Territory, Suksdorj 269 (F). Herre (1943) reports Staurothele glacialis Herre sp. nov. on lava rock, Whatcom Co. : Mt. Baker, 7000 ft. 2. DERMATOCARPACEAE Thallus foliose, squamulose, or subcrustose, corticate on one surface or on both, algal and medullary layers well developed, attached to the sub- stratum either by an umbilicus or rhizoids. Perithecia minute to small, im- 12 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON mersed in the thallus, only the ostiole showing on the surface as a small pore; asci 1-16-spored; spores hyahne, brown, or blackish, nonseptate, multiseptate, or muriform. Alga Protococcus. A. Thallus attached to the substratum by rhizoids, spores 5-7-septate. 3. Normandina A. Thallus usually attached to the substratum by an umbilicus, if squamu- lose not umbilicate, spores nonseptate 4. Dermatocarpon 3. Normandina Nyl. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 3 :191. 1855. Thallus small, squamulose orbicular, upper cortex poorly developed, definite algal and medullary layers, lower cortex well developed, attached to the substratum by rhizoids. Perithecia rare; paraphyses lacking; asci 6-8-spored ; spores hyaline to brownish, 5-7-septate or rarely many-septate. A monotypic genus. 1. Normandina pulchella (Borr.) Nyl. Ann. Sci. Bot. IV. 15:382. 1861. Verrucaria pulchella Borr. in Sowerby, Eng. Bot. Suppl. 1 :2602. 1831. Normandina jungermanniae Nyl. Thallus glaucous-gray (R), Hght olive-gray (R), consisting of small, thin, dainty squamules, faintly pruinose, often sorediate, margin raised, thickened, and slightly reflexed, below white or pale brown. Perithecia rare, immersed in raised areas, only the small black ostiole showing above the surface; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, brown when mature, cylindrical, 6-7-septate, 26.0-40.0 x 6.0-8.0 /x. On mosses growing over the bark of trees or on soil: Pacific Co.: Loomis Lake, 1931, 734, 428. Washington Territory, Suksdorf 89 (T). Determined as Normandina jungermanniae Nyl. by Tuckerman. 4. Dermatocarpon Eschw. Syst. Lich. 21. 1824. Thallus foliose, large and spreading, umbilicate or reduced to appressed and adnate squamules, upper cortex thin, lower thicker, algal and medullary layers well developed ; attached to the substratum by an umbilicus or rhi- zoids. Perithecia minute or small, immersed in the substratum, wall dimidi- ate; paraphyses gelatinizing; asci 8-spored or rarely 16-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate. A. Thallus foliose, umbilicate. B. Thallus small or medium sized; below not veined; growing in water or moist situations. C. Thallus thick and flaccid ; below brown or black. 1. D. aquaticum C. Thallus thinner, firm and hard ; below always black. 5. D. Miihlenbergii B. Thallus large; below faintly veined; growing in dry situations. D. Thallus lobes much imbricated. .4. D. miniatum var. complicatum LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 13 D. Thallus lobes rarely imbricated 3. D. miniatiim A. Thallus squamulose, not umbilicate. E. Sqtiamules divided into many small lobes, often with acute ascending tips; below smooth 6. D. polyphyllum E. Squamules entire; below bearing rhizoids 2. D. hepaticum 1. Dermatocarpon aquaticum (Weis.) Zahlbr. Ann. Nat. Hofmus. Wien. 16:81. 1901. Lichen aqiiaticiis Weis. PI. Crypt-Fl. Goett. 77. 1770. Endocarpon flitviatile (Web.) DC. Dermatocarpon fluviatile (Web.) Th. Fr. Thallus grayish-brown, brown, or Isabella color (R), foliose, small to medium, thick, coriaceous, smooth or very minutely granular-pruinose, many lobed, crowded, margins entire or somewhat sinuate; below brown or black, attached to the substratum by an umbilicus. Perithecia appearing on the surface as very small dark spots; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 10.5-16.0 x 6.0-9.5 /x. On rocks usually submerged in water : San Juan Co. : Brown Island, 1940, 3257. Jefferson Co. : Oueets River Valley, in streamlet, 5000 ft., 1907, Frye 13, (F). Determined as Endocarpon fluviatile DC. 2. Dermatocarpon hepaticum (Ach.) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. Ill, 3:355. 1861. Endocarpon hepaticum Ach. in Kgl. Vetensk- Akad. Nya. Handl. 156. 1809. Thallus reddish brown, or dusky brown (R), squamulose; squamules small or medium sized, circular or irregular in shape, flat, margin often blackish, entire or crenate, somewhat imbricated; below almost black; closely attached to the substratum by fine rhizoids. Perithecia numerous, appearing on the surface as tiny dark spots ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ovoid, nonseptate. 9.0-14.0 x 5.0-8.0 /x. On soil: Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 17 (T). 3. Dermatocarpon miniatum (L) Mann, Lich. Bohem. observ. Dispos. 66. 1825. Lichen miniatus Linn. Sp. PI. 1149. 1753. Endocarpon miniatum (L.) Gart. Thallus grayish olive (R), deep grayish olive (R), or various shades of brown, foliose, rather large and spreading, coriaceous, lobes rounded plicate, surface smooth or minutely granular-pruinose; below usually darker fus- cous-black (R), blackish brown or light brownish-olive (R), smooth to minutely granular-pruinose, sometimes slightly veined ; loosely attached to the substratum by an umbilicus. Perithecia minute, numerous; asci 8- spored; spores hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid, nonseptate, 6.6-16.5 x 3.9-6.6 fx,. On rock: Yakima Co.: Deadhorse Hill, 4000 ft., 1931, 989. Klickitat Co.: Goldendale, 2000 ft., 1931, 1695. Okanogan Co.: butte near Twisp, 1931, 1460. Ferry Co.: between Curlew and Danville, 1773 ft., 1931, 1414. Whitman Co.: Pullman, 2550 ft., 1931, 1578. San Juan Co.: Waldron 14 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Island, 1905, Frye (W). Mason Co.: Mt. Elinor 1912, Foster 2099 (F). Ferry Co. : Republic, 1912, Foster 2303 (F). 4. Dermatocarpon miniatum var. complicatum (Lightf.) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Soc. Ups. 111. 3:353. 1861. Lichen miniatus var. complicatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. 858. 1777. Thallus small, deeply divided, often divided almost to the umbilicus, compacted-imbricated, raised from the substratum; otherwise like the species. On rock: Yakima Co.: American River Camp, 2800 ft., 1931, 990. Okanogan Co.: Twisp Trail, 4000 ft., 1931, 1299. Ferry Co.: between Curlew and Danville, 1644 ft., 1931, 1414a. Whitman Co.: Pullman, 2550 ft., 1931, 1578a. San Juan Co.: Waldron Island 1905, Frye (F). Ferry Co. : Republic 1913, Foster 2303a (F). 5. Dermatocarpon Miihlenhergii (Ach.) Miill. Arg. in Engler Bot. Jahrb. 6:377. 1855. Endocarpon Muhlenhergii Ach. Syn. Lich. 101, 1814. Endocarpon miniatum var. MUhlenbergii Calkins. Thallus light drab (R) or brown, foliose, small or medium sized, circu- lar, often with circular lobes, coriaceous, smooth to very minutely granular- pruinose, margin sinuate, involute; below black, smooth to very minutely granular-pruinose ; attached to the substratum by an umbilicus. Perithecia appearing on the surface as tiny dark spots ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid, 13.2-16.5 x 5-6.6 /n. On rock usually submerged in water : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1931, 629, 630, 631. Walla Walla Co.: Wallula, 1906, Foster 290 {¥). Ellensburg, Roell & Dieck 63 (F). 6. Dermatocarpon polyphyllum (Wurf.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Die Flecht. Tirol, 504. 1902. Lichen polyphyllus Wulf. in Schrift. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freund. BerHn 8:142. 1787. Thallus Isabella color (R) or tawny-olive (R), small to medium sized, foliose, thick, deeply divided into small revulute lobes, margins rounded crenate with acute ascending tips, or squamulose; squamules imbricated, very compact; below blackish brown or black, smooth or slightly veined. Perithecia minute; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 9.9-13.2 X 4.9-5.0 /.. On rock: Yakima Co. : American River Camp, 2800 ft., 1931, 990a. 3. CALICIACEAE Thallus crustose, partly within the substratum, well developed or some- times disappearing entirely, little or no differentiation into layers. Apothecia top-shaped or globose on a slender stipe, which is usually simple, some- times branched with an apothecia on each branch; proper margin usually present, thalline lacking; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline or dark-colored, nonseptate or 1 -septate. Alga Protococcus, Cystococcus, or Stichococcus. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 15 5. Calicium Pers. Neue Ann. Bot. 1 :20. 1794. Thallus smooth to granular or pulverulent, sometimes evanescent. Apothecia blackish to black, often slightly pruinose ; stipes well developed ; proper margin present ; hypothecium brown ; paraphyses slender, thread- like; asci 8-spored; spores pale brown, 1 -septate, slightly constricted at the septum. Alga Cystococcus. 1. Calicium hyperellum Ach., Meth. Lich. 93. 1803. Lichen hyperellus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodro. 85, 1798. Thallus clear dull green yellow (R), granular or pulverulent, well developed and effuse, or thin and scattered. Apothecia brown to black, globose, lentiform or top-shaped, 0.1-0.2 mm. across, supported by a firm elongated stalk ; disk convex to flat ; proper margin brownish black ; spores pale brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 1-septate, 6.9-13.2 x 4.0-6.6 fi. On bark and decorticated wood : San Juan Co. : Brown Island, 1940, 3255. Yakima Co.: Rattlesnake Canyon, 2000 ft., 1931, 1541. Whatcom Co.: 1913, Herre 405 (F). West Klickitat Co.: Columbia River, 1882, Herb, of C. B. Faxon (F). Ferry Co. : Republic 1912, Foster 2301 (F). 4. CYPHELIACEAE Thallus uniformly crustose to radiately lobed at the margin, sometimes partly within the substratum, often rudimentary, with no differentiation into layers. Apothecia spherical to globose, adnate to sessile, both proper and thalline margins present or with only a thalline margin ; asci 8-to-many- spored ; spores light-colored or brown, non-to-3-septate. Alga Protococciis or Trentepohlia. 6. Cyphelium Ach. Vet. Akad. Handl. 263. 1815. Thallus smooth to granulous, warty or areolate, margin sometimes lobed. Apothecia immersed in the thallus, or wholly or partly superficial; thalline margin present and sometimes a proper one within the substratum ; stalk very short or wanting ; hypothecium brown ; paraphyses thread-like and sparse; asci 8-spored; spores brown, normally 1-septate, rarely non- septate or 3-septate, usually constricted at the septa. Alga Protococcus. 1. Cyphelium inquinans (J. E. Smith) Trevis. Flora 45:4. 1862. Lichen inquinans Smith in Sowerby Eng. Bot. 12: tab. 801. 1801. Thallus gray or grayish-olive (R), granulose or warty, well developed or thin and scattered. Apothecia usually elevated, semi-globose ; stalk very short, scattered, 0.5-1.2 mm. in diameter; disk dull black, sometimes faintly white pruinose, flat; proper margin brown, thin, surrounded by a darker brown, white pruinose thalline margin, sometimes disappearing with age ; spores brown, oblong, 1-septate, 13.2-20.0 x 7.3-13 u- 16 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON On trees, old wood, and rarely on rocks : Yakima Co. : Rattlesnake Canyon, 2000 ft., 1931, 1542. San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, 1906, Fink 60 (F). Clallam Co.: Pt. Angeles, 1911, Foster (F). Whatcom Co.: 1916, Herre (W). Island Co. : Whidbey Island, Langley, 1920, Grant 3032 (F). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster 1979 (F). Yakima Co.: Mt. Adams, 1881, Pringle (F). Ferry Co. : Republic, 1912, Foster 2300 (F). Washing- ton Territory, Suksdorj (F). This species can easily be determined by the short-stalked, semi-globose apothecia and the brov/n, oblong, 1 -septate spores. 5. SPHAEROPHORACEAE Thallus foliose or fruticose, with some differentiation into cortex, algal layer and medulla, cortex usually equally developed on all surfaces. Apo- thecia borne laterally or terminally on the lobes or branches of the thallus, adnate to sessile surrounded by a thalline margin; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, violet-brown to brown, nonseptate or 1 -septate. Alga Protococcus. 7. Sphaerophorus Pers. Neue Ann. der Bot. 1 :23. 1794. Thallus fruticose, erect, cortex cartilaginous, medulla forming rather a solid cylinder, surrounded by the algal layer. Apothecia borne on the ends of the branches, within globose, swollen thalline receptacles, opening irregu- lar near the top ; hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses delicate ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline with a thin violet-black, dust-like epispore, nonseptate. 1. Sphaerophorus glohosus (Huds.) Wainio, in Result. Voyage S. Y. Belgica, Bot. 35. 1903. Lichen glohosus Huds. Fl. Angelica 460. 1762. Sphaerophorus globiferus (L.) DC. Thallus silvery gray, reddish-brown, or pale olive-buff (R), shrub-like loosely branched, terete, smooth and shiny, brittle and breaking easily, with numerous clusters of small coralloid branchlets. Apothecia terminal, 0.5-2.0 mm. in diameter, within thalline receptacle ; disk black, flat ; spores hyaline with a thin violet-black epispore, spherical, 6.6-16.0 /x in diameter. On soil, rocks, trees, and fallen logs: Pacific Co.: Loomis Lake, 1931, 775. Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1931, 1737. What- com Co.: Ruth Mountain, 5500 ft., 1928, Simguist 1843 (W). Pierce Co.: Enumclaw, 442 ft., 1931, 687; Mt. Rainier, trail to Mowich Lake, 3500 ft., 1940, 3065. King-Kittitas Co.: Snoqualmie Pass, 3010 ft., 1931, 812. Clal- lam Co. : Olympic Mountains, Elwha River Valley, 2000 ft., 1907, Frye 8 (W). Wahkiakum Co.: Cathlamet, 1907, Foster 508 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster 2017 (W). Skamania Co.: Little Soda Springs Camp Grounds, 1933, L. D. Lawrence (W). Collected only west of the Cascade Mountains, where it is widely dis- tributed, common on tree trunks. It is easily recognized by the erect, terete branches, bearing numerous branchlets. Medulla turns blue with IKI. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 17 6. ARTHONIACEAE Thallus crustose, thin, often beneath the substratum or lacking entirely, no differentiation into layers. Apothecia circular to linear, sometimes branched, single or clustered, in a stroma; proper margin absent or very poorly developed, thalline margin absent; asci 1-8-spored; spores hyaline or brown, 1 -many-septate or muriform. Alga Palmella, Trentepohlia, or Phyllactidium. 8. Arthonia Ach. Neu. Jour, fur Bot. 1 : Part 3. 3. 1806. Thallus crustose to rarely areolate, or wanting, thin to rather thick, sometimes developed within the substratum. Apothecia circular, elliptical, or star-shaped, immersed to adnate; both margins absent; hypothecium usually brownish ; paraphyses much branched ; asci usually 8-spored, some- times 4-6, 6-8, or rarely 1-2, pyriform ; spores hyaline or rarely brown, 1 -many-septate, the cells often of unequal size. Alga Trentepohlia. A. Thallus crustose B. Disk white pruinose 4. A. impolita B, Disk not white pruinose, usually black. C. Apothecia irregular in shape, often branched. D. Spores 3-septate 5. A, radiata D. Spores 5-septate 2. A. excedens C. Apothecia elongated, not branched 1. A. complanaia A. Thallus squamulose. 3. A. glehosa 1. Arthonia complanata Fee, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. OfiEicin. 54. 1824. Thallus grayish white or grayish green, superficial, thin, smooth to rough and cracked. Apothecia 0.2-0.6 mm. wide, 1.3 mm. long, immersed to adnate ; disk black, flat to convex ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline to brown- ish, ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid with one or both end cells enlarged, 4-6-septate, 21.0-32.0 X 6.0-10.0 ^. On bark: Grays Harbor Co.: Westport, 1908, Foster 670 (F), San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, Fink (1935). 2. Arthonia excedens Nyl., Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7:484. 1863. Thallus grayish white to gray, superficial, thin to very thin. Apothecia dark 0.5-0.8 mm. wide, 2.0 mm. long, circular to slightly irregular some- what branched, partly immersed to adnate; disk black, rarely dark brown, when moist, reddish, flat to convex ; asci 4-6-spored ; spores hyaline or tinged with brown, ovoid-ellipsoid, 5-septate, 26.4-34.9 x 7.3-11.4 jn. On bark: Pacific Co.: Loomis Lake, 1931, 735, 1934, 2442; Chinook, 1940, 2807. Wahkiakum Co. : Cathlamet, 1940, 2918. Grays Harbor Co. : Westport, 1908, Foster 718 (F). Thurston Co. : Gate, 1912, Foster (F). 3. Arthonia glehosa Tuck. Gen. Lich. 221, 1872. 18 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Thallus dusky or a smoky drab color, thick, tumid, consisting of elevated squamules. Apothecia rounded 2.0-5.0 mm. in diameter, often crowded and confluent, immersed to adnate ; disk black, convex, hypothecium brownish- black; asci 8-spored; spores pale brown to hyaline, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1-septate constricted in the middle, 10.0-17.0 x 4.5-6.0 fi. On moss, rock, or on a thin layer of soil over rock : Washington Terri- tory, Suksdorf 32 (F). 4. Arthonia impolita (Ehrh.) Borr. in Hook. & Sowerb. Eng. Bot. 1 : tab, 2692, f. 1, 1831. Lichen impolita Ehrh., PI. Crypt. Exs. no. 274. 1793. Thallus grayish white or pale olive-buff (R), rather thick, smooth or rough, and chinky, crumbling. Apothecia 0.2-1.0 mm. in diameter, circular to elliptical, often clustered, partly immersed to adnate ; disk brown or black, white pruinose, flat ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, 3-5-septate, 13.2-16.5 x 4.9-6.0 ix. On bark and old wood: San Juan Co.: Turn Island, 1928, 1988; San Juan Island, 1906, Fink 1919. 5. Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach., Kgl. Vet-Akad. Nya Handl. 131, 1808. Opegrapha radiata Pers. Ann. Bot. Usteri, 7:29. 1794. Thallus whitish, grayish green, sometimes lacking, occasionally bor- dered by a black line, smooth to slightly rough. Apothecia 0.2-0.9 mm. in diameter, irregularly shaped, often stellate, slightly immersed to adnate; disk black, flat ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 10.5-19.0 X 4.0-5.9 fi. On bark: Clallam Co.: near Port Angeles, 1940, 2923. Washington Territory, 1883, Suksdorf 255 (F). 7. GRAPHIDACEAE Thallus crustose, superficial or entirely within the substratum, little or no differentiation into layers. Apothecia lirellae form, black, elongated to circular, single or clustered, not in a stroma ; proper margin usually well developed, thalline margin present or absent ; asci 4-8-spored ; spores hya- line, or brown, nonseptate to multiseptate. Alga Palmella or Trent epohlia. A. Spores simple; thallus entirely within the substratum 9. Xylographa A. Spores septate ; thallus usually evident on the surface of the substratum. B. Paraphyses branched and interwoven; apothecia immersed and then erumpent 11. Graphis B. Paraphyses unbranched and distinct ; apothecia superficial. 10. Opegrapha 9. Xylographa Fries, Fl. Scan. 344. 1835. Thallus crustose or entirely within the substratum. Apothecia black or brown, erumpent, circular to linear, clustered or in parallel rows; proper margin thin and dark colored, thalline margin absent ; hypothecium hyaline to slightly colored ; paraphyses several-celled, rarely branched ; asci 8- spored ; spores hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Palmella. A. Apothecia in more or less parallel lines, elongated, reaching 3.0 mm. in length 1. Z. abietina A. Apothecia irregularly clustered, circular to oblong not exceeding 0.6 mm. in length 2. X. hians 1. Xylographa abietina (Pers.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 2:151. 1924. Hysterium abietinum Pers. Obser. Mycol. 1 :1796. Xylographa paraUela (Ach.) Behlen & Desberg. Thallus usually entirely within the substratum, rarely showing on the surface as a grayish coloration. Apothecia 0.5-3.0 x 0.2-0.5 mm. long, and narrow, innate, finally erumpent, more or less in parallel lines ; disk black, varying from closed to open, concave to flat ; proper margin black ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 11.0-16.5 x 5.0-6.6 fx. (19) 20 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON On old wood : Yakima Co. : Deadhorse Hill, 4000 ft., 1931, 971. Wash- ington Territory, 1882, Suksdorf 173 (T). 2. Xylographa hians Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 2:113. 1888. Thallus usually within the substratum, rarely showing on the surface, as a grayish coloration. Apothecia 0.1-0.2 x 0.2-0.6 mm. in diameter, circu- lar to oblong, adnate, clustered ; disk brown, concave to flat ; proper margin thin, concolorous with the disk; spores hyaline, ovoid, nonseptate, 9.9-13.2 x 4.9-6.6 ti. On old wood: Grays Harbor Co.: Aberdeen, 1909, Foster (F). Wash- ington Territory, Suksdorf 233 (T), Type specimen. 10. Opegrapha Humb. Fl. Frib. Specim. 57. 1793. Thallus crustose, thin to slightly chinky or powdery, rarely disappearing entirely within the substratum, no differentiation into layers ; apothecia black, carbonaceous ; lirellae, linear to almost circular, immersed to adnate ; proper margin well developed, thalline margin usually absent ; hypothecium yellowish, brown, or black; paraphyses branched and interwoven; asci cylindrical, thin walled, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, multiseptate. Alga Trentepohlia. A. Spores constantly 3-septate, surrounded by a thick gelatinous halo. 4. O. protuberans A. Spores 3-7-septate, not surrounded by a gelatinous halo. B. Spores constantly 3-septate 1. 0. atra B. Spores not constantly 3-septate. C. Spores always hyaHne. 2. O. diaphora C. Spores always hyaline, brown at maturity. D. Thallus smooth, apothecia subsessile 3. 0. lichenoides D. Thallus rough, apothecia immersed to adnate 5. O. varia 1. Opegrapha atra Pers., Neu. Ann. Bot. Usteri 7 :30. 1794. Thallus white, thin, smooth, sometimes disappearing within the sub- stratum. Apothecia spindle shaped, 0.2-3.0 x 0.2-0.4 mm., adnate, straight or rarely curved ; disk black, usually closed, rarely narrowly opened ; proper margin black ; hypothecium brownish black ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid larger at one end, 3-septate, 15.2-19.0 x 4.0-5.7 /x,. On bark and old wood : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier White River Camp, 3900 ft., 1940, 3106a. Clallam Co. : Dungeness, 1913, Foster 2532 (F). This species can be distinguished by the rather long narrow apothecia. 2. Opegrapha diaphora Ach. Meth. Lich. 19. 1803. Lichen diaphorus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 20. 1798. Opegrapha varia var. diaphora Fries. Thallus gra}^ to greenish gray, smooth becoming rimose and sometimes scurfy. Apothecia short and narrow, 0.2-1.0 x 0.1-0.3 mm., straight to fre- LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 21 quently curved and flexuous, slightly immersed to adnate ; disk black, flat, closed to slightly open; proper margin dull black, rarely with a spurious thalline margin ; hypothecium yellowish to brownish black ; spores hyaline, fusiform or ellipsoid-dactyloid, 3-7-septate, 16.0-24.0 x 5.0-7.0 fx. On bark: Thurston Co. : Gate, 1911, Foster 1911 (F). 3. Opegrapha lichenoides Pers. Ann. Bot. Usteri 7:30. 1794. Opegrapha varia var. notha Fries. Thallus white or grayish-white, smooth, thin. Apothecia rather short, oblong, almost circular, 0.2-1.0 x 0.2-0.5 mm., subsessile; disk dull black, soon open, swollen and obliterating the proper margin ; hypothecium dark reddish brown; spores hyaline becoming brownish, fusiform, 4-5-septate, 23.2-28.0 X 3.0-8.0 /.. On bark : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, White River Camp, 3900 ft., 1940, 3106; trail to Mowich Lake, 3500 ft., 1940, 3063b. Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster (F). This species is rather easily distinguishable by the swollen disk. 4. Opegrapha protuberans (Stirton) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 2:233. 1924. 0. prosiliens Stirton Grevillea 3 :36. 1874. Thallus white or whitish, thin to very thin, at times almost entirely within the substratum. Apothecia 0.5-2.0 x 0.1-0.2 mm., linear, oblong or ovoid, rarely almost circular, often very irregular in shape, partly immersed to adnate ; disk black, very narrow, usually only a crevice, scarcely visible ; proper margin black, broad and rounded; hypothecium dark brown to black ; spores hyaline, elliptic-fusiform, 3-septate, third cell the largest, with a gelatinous halo, 13.2-22.4 x 4-8.3 jx. On bark: San Juan Co. : Turn Island, 1928, 1989; Brown Island, 1940, 3256. King Co.: Alki Point, 1912, Foster 2183 (F). Clallam Co.: Pt. Angeles 1911, Foster (F). 5. Opegrapha varia Pers. Ann. Bot. Usteri 7:30. 1794. Thallus white to grayish green, thin, smooth to rough, chinky or pow- dery, rarely disappearing within the substratum. Apothecia dull black, 0.5-2.0 X 0.2-0.3 mm., oblong to ovoid, immersed to adnate, straight to slightly curved at maturity ; disk open ; proper margin black, thin, promi- nent, inflexed, usually disappearing; hypothecium brownish black; spores brown when mature, ellipsoid, 3-5-septate, rarely 7-septate, 16.5-32.8 x 4.3-8.4 IX. On bark : San Juan Co. : Turn Island, 1928, 1990. Pacific Co. : Loomis Lake, 1931, 743. Grays Harbor Co.: 1911, Foster 1477 (F). Clallam Co.: Mt. Angeles, 1911, Foster 1759 (F). Whatcom Co. : Nooksack River, 1914, Herre (F). King Co. : North Bend, 1902, Frye 68 (F). 11. Graphis Adans. Fam. PI. 2 :11. 1763. 22 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Thallus thin, rarely entirely disappearing within the substratum, Apo- thecia lirellae black, elongated, rarely circular, simple or branched, straight or curved, immersed to erumpent ; proper margin prominent, thalline thin and inconspicuous ; hypothecium hyaline to brownish ; paraphyses distinct, unbranched ; asci 4-8-spored ; spores hyaline, 3-multiseptate. Alga Trentepohlia. A. Thallus thin, smooth to slightly wrinkled 1. G. scripta A. Thallus thicker, rough and powdery 2. G. scripta var. pulverulenta 1. Graphis scripta (L.) Ach., Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 145. 1809. Lichen scriptiis L. Sp. PI. 1140. 1753. Opegrapha scripta Ach. Thallus whitish, olive-bufif (R) or dark olive-buff (R), thin, smooth to slightly wrinkled. Apothecia elongated, narrow, 1-5 x 0.2-0.4 mm., straight or curved, simple or branched, scattered or crowded and lying in all direc- tions, immersed becoming erumpent ; disk brownish black, sometimes gray- ish pruinose, closed to open ; proper margin black, narrow, raised and cov- ered on the sides by a thin thalline one ; hypothecium hyaline ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, long ellipsoid, 5-1 1 -septate ; loculi lenticular, 20.0-42.9 x 7.0-13.2 /.. On bark: Grays Harbor Co.: Lake Quinault, 1931, 1209. Clallam Co.: Cedarville, 300 ft., 1940, 2893. Wahkiakum Co. : Cathlamet, 1940, 2854. Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1940, 3290. Whatcom Co.: Bellingham, 1920, Weir 16682 (F). King Co.: Seattle, Frye 56 (F). Thurston Co. : Gate, 1912, Foster 2053 (F). Plate I, A. This species looks very much like pencil markings on the bark. 2. Graphis scripta var. pulverulenta (Pers.) Ach. Syn. Meth. Lich. 82. 1814. Opegrapha pulverulenta Pers. Ann. Bot. Usteri 7 :29. 1794. Thallus thick, crumbling, and becoming powdery. Apothecia completely immersed or only slightly emergent ; otherwise like the species. On bark: Pacific Co.: Long Beach, 1928, 1925; Chinook, 1940, 2815. Whatcom Co.: Ten Mile Camp, 1914, Herre 4138 (F). Snohomish Co.: Marysville, /. M. Grant (F). Plate I, B. 8. LECANACTIDACEAE Thallus uniformly crustose, little or no differentiation into layers, attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids. Apothecia circular, immersed to sessile ; proper margin well developed, rudimentary, or entirely lacking, thalline margin present or entirely lacking ; asci 2-8-spored ; spores hyaline, non-many-septate. Alga Trentepohlia. 12. Lecanactis Eschw. Syst. Lich., 14. 1824. Thallus crustose to powdery. Apothecia circular, adnate to sessile; proper margin well developed, thalline lacking; hypothecium brown to LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 23 black ; paraphyses branched more or less entwining ; asci 4-8-sporeci ; spores hyaline, 1-15-septate. 1. Lecanactis arnylacea wa.r. megaspora (Merrill) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 2:533. 1924. Lecanactis illecebrosa var. megaspora Merrill, Bryol. 16:59. 1913. Thallus white or grayish white, thin, powdery to granular. Apothecia circular 0.4-1.2 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk brown or black, sometimes white pruinose, flat to convex or umbonate, becoming irregular in shape; proper margin thin, black, more or less persistent; hypothecium brownish black; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline; fusiform, 1-3-septate, 26.4-32 x 3.3-4.0 IX. On bark : San Juan Co. : Brown Island, 1940, 3256a. Clallam Co. : near Elwha Post Office, 1911, Foster (F) ; Olympic Hot Springs, 2300 ft., \9U, Foster 2885 (F). 9. THELOTREMACEAE Thallus uniformly crustose, little or no differentiation into layers, at- tached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids. Apothecia circular, single or rarely united in a stroma, immersed or emergent; proper margin well developed and usually surrounded by a thalline one ; asci 1 -8-spored ; spores hyaline or brown, 1 -many-septate, or muriform. Alga Trentcpohlia, Phyllactidium, or Heterothallns. 13. Thelotrema Ach. Meth. Lich. 130. 1803. Thallus crustose, partly within the substratum, usually no differentiation into layers. Apothecia small, circular, numerous ; proper margin thin but prominent, thalline margin inconspicuous; hypothecium hyaline; para- physes free, unbranched; asci 1-8-spored; spores hyaline, muriform. Alga Trentepohlia. 1. Thelotrema lepadinum Ach. Meth. Lich. 130. 1803. Lichen lepadinus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 30. 1798. Thallus pale olive-buff (R), cream-buff (R), or various shades of pale gray, smooth to chinky, or areolate, usually thin, sometimes thick. Apo- thecia circular, small, 0.5-1.0 mm., numerous, at first immersed finally emerging like small warts or craters, the same color as the thallus ; disk dark brown or black, white pruinose, partly enclosed, concave to flat ; proper margin prominent, thalline margin thin and inconspicuous ; asci usually 1-4-spored, rarely 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid-fusiform, muriform, 118.0-126.0 x 13.2-20.0 ix. On bark, rarely on moss or rock : Clallam Co. : Elwha River Bridge near Pt. Angeles, 244 ft., 1940, 2863, 2883. Thurston Co. : Gate, 1940, 2957. Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1930, 1926. King Co. : Grass Mountain Trail, 2200 ft., 1931, 700. San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, 24 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Friday Harbor, 1906, Fink 217 (F). Clallam Co.: Camp Elk Horn, 2000 ft., 1907, Frye 39 (W). Clark Co.: Vancouver, 1881, Pringle (W). This is rather a common bark lichen widely distributed west of the Cascades. It is easily recognized by the numerous, small, pale gray or buff- colored warts or crater-like apothecia. 10. DIPLOSCHISTACEAE Thallus uniformly crustose, upper cortex of poorly developed hyphae, algal and medullary layers poorly differentiated, lower cortex indistinct, attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids. Apothecia circular, immersed to adnate; proper margin well developed, thalline margin usually dis- appearing early; asci 2-8-spored; spores brown or hyaline, 1 -septate or muriform. Alga Protococcus. 14. Diploschistes Norm. Nyt. Mag. Nat. 7 :232. 1853. Thallus crustose, upper cortex of poorly developed hyphae, algal and medullary layers more or less distinct. Apothecia small, numerous, im- mersed to adnate; proper margin well developed, thalline margin usually disappearing; hypothecium dark; paraphyses simple, sometimes branched at the tip ; asci 2-8-spored ; spores brown, muriform. A. Proper margin thick, radiately striate 1. D. actinostomus A, Proper margin thin, minutely toothed 2, D. scruposus 1. Diploschistes actinostomus (Pers.) A. Zahlbr. Hedw. 31 :34. 1892, Urceolaria actinostoma Pers. in Ach. Lich. Univ. 288. 1810. Thallus grayish white, gray or greenish gray, thin to rather thick, smooth to at length areolate. Apothecia minute 0.3-0.5 mm. in diameter, immersed 1 -several in an areole; disk black, flat to becoming concave, opening by a pore; proper margin thick, black, grayish pruinose, radiately striate, rarely surrounded by a thin thalline margin ; asci 8-spored ; spores brown, ovoid-ellipsoid, muriform, 18-25 x 12-18 ju,. On rocks and rarely on soil : Ferry Co. : North of Republic, 2600 ft., 1931, 1402; 1940, 3139. KHckitat Co.: Goldendale, 1909, Foster (F). 2. Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norm. Con. Prae. Gen. Lich. 20. 1852. Lichen scruposus Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. 133. 1771. Urceolaria scruposa (Schreb.) Ach, Thallus gray to whitish, olive-buff (R), or deep olive-buff (R), areolate, granulate, or warty, forming a thick or thin layer. Apothecia urceolate, 0.2-1.0 mm. in diameter, sunken in thallus; disk black or gray pruinose, deeply concave; proper margin thin, minutely toothed, thalline margin thick, crenulate, often disappearing; asci 4-8-spored; spores brown, ellip- soid, muriform, 19.8-26.4 x 8.3-10 jx. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 25 On rock or thin layer of moss or soil over rock : San Juan Co. : Turn Island, 1928, 1991. Chelan Co.: Merritt, 2186, 1076. Yakima Co.: Satus Road, 1054 ft., 1931, 1671a. Garfield Co.: Pomeroy, 1500 ft., 1940, 2734. Upper Naches River Region, 1931, Grant (F). Whitman Co.: Pullman, 2550 ft., C. V. Piper 200 (W). 11. GYALECTACEAE Thallus crustose, usually a thin layer sometimes disappearing within the substratum, rudimentary, very seldom any differentiation into layers, attached to substratum by rhizoids. Apothecia globose to disk shaped, immersed to adnate; proper margin prominent, sometimes covered by the thallus, thalline margin inconspicuous ; asci 6-many-spored ; spores hyaline, nonseptate, 1 -many-septate, or muriform. Alga Trentepohlia, Phyllactidium, or rarely Scytonema. A. Spores 1-septate, usually on trees 15. Microphiale A. Spores muriform, usually on rocks. 16. Gyalecta 15. Microphiale Zahlbr. in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Teil. 1, Abt. 1 :125. 1907. Thallus crustose, usually a thin layer, sometimes disappearing within the substratum, very rudimentary, with seldom any differentiation into layers. Apothecia circular, adnate to sessile ; with thick proper margin and a thin thalline one that disappears early ; hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses unbranched; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, 1-septate. Alga Trentepohlia. 1. Microphiale lutea (Dicks.) Zahlbr. Sitzunb. Kais. Acad. Wiss. Math. Nat. Wien. Classe, 111, Abt. 1 : 393. 1902. Lichen luteus Dicks. Fasc. PI. Crypt. Brit. 1:11. 1785. Gyalecta lutea (Dicks.) Horn. Thallus greenish gray or light greenish olive (R), very thin and smooth or somewhat thicker and scurfy. Apothecia small 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, circular, adnate to sessile; disk, pinkish cinnamon (R), flesh color (R), or pale yellow, flat to convex ; proper margin thick, lighter in color than the disk; spores hyaline, fusiform-eUipsoid, 1-septate, 8.2-9.9 x 2.6-3.5 /a. On trees or decayed logs : San Juan Co. : Turn Island, 1928, 1992. 16. Gyalecta Ach. Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Nya. Handl. 228. 1808. Thallus crustose, very thin layer, sometimes disappearing within the substratum, rudimentary, very seldom any differentiation into layers. Apothecia minute to small, at first urceolate, later opening or flattening out, adnate to subsessile; proper margin prominent, sometimes surrounded by an inconspicuous, soon disappearing thalline one; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses unbranched ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, muriform. Alga Trentepohlia. 1. Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 2: 720. 1924. Peziza jenensis Batsch., Elench. Fung. Contin. prima, 219. 1786. 26 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Thallus gray or deep olive-buff (R), very thin, smooth to scurfy, some- times chinky. Apothecia minute 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter, circular, immersed to adnate ; disk pink to reddish brown, concave ; proper margin thick, white, thalline one not often seen; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, muriform, 14-18.15 x 6-8.25 IX.. On rocks : Yakima Co. : Boulder Cave, 3000 ft., 1931, 1149. A rare inconspicuous lichen. 12. EPHEBACEAE Thallus having the appearance of that of a crustose, foliose, or fruticose lichen, consisting of twisted fungal hyphae surrounding and penetrating the filaments of the alga, cortex present or absent. Apothecia globose, super- ficial or immersed in the alga ; proper margin present, thalline one absent ; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate or 1 -septate. Alga Scytonema or Stigonema. A. Thallus with no definite layers ; paraphyses thread-like, spores non- septate 17. Thermufis A. Thallus with some indication of definite layers ; paraphyses enlarged at the tips; spores 1-septate. 18. Polychidium 17. Thermutis Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg. 1 :302. 1825. Thallus minute, felt-like masses, or cushions of much branched and crowded thread-like filaments, consisting of thin-walled, septate fungal hyphae, extending longitudinally within the sheath of the algae, cortex absent. Apothecia minute, globose, flattened, lateral on the algal filaments, adnate to sessile ; disk concave to flat ; proper margin thick, colored like the disk ; hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses unbranched, thread-like ; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Scytonema. 1. Thermutis velutina (Ach.) Fries Syst. Orb. Veg. 1 : 302. 1825. Lichen velutinus Ach. Lichenogr. Suec. Prodro. 218. 1798. -"b^ Thallus black, brownish black, felt-like masses or cushions of much branched and crowded thread-like filaments. Apothecia rare, minute, not seen on any collections from this state, known to fruit only in the extreme northern regions, lateral 0.4-0.8 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk black, slightly concave ; proper margin black, thick, entire, swollen ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, non-septate, 9.0-12.0 x 5.0-7.0 ^. On rock: San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, Pt. Caution, 1928, 2104. Yakima Co. : Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 'l940, 2789. Ferry Co. : Boyds, 1470 ft., 1789. 18. Polychidium Mass. Mem. Lich. 88. 1853. Thallus foliose, with an upper and a lower pseudoparenchymatous cortex, an indefinite medulla and algal layer, or pseudoparenchymatous LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 27 throughout. Apothecia small, circular, adnate to sessile; proper margin present, hypothecium hyaline, pale yellow or yellowish brown ; paraphyses unbranched, slightly enlarged at the tips ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, 1 -septate. Alga Scytonema. A. Thallus medium sized, foliose, margins bearing minute, white cilia. LP. albociliatum A. Thallus minute, pulvinate, margins not bearing minute, white cilia. 2. P. muscicola 1. Polychidium albociliatum (Desm.) Zahlbr. in E. P. Nat. Pfl. Teil. 1, Abt, 1, 157. 1907. Leptogium albociliatum Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. sen 4, 4: 132. 1855. Thallus foliose, olive-green, or greenish black, medium sized, irregu- larly lobed, lobes rounded, crisped and crenate, finally lacerate, often minutely granulose in the center, margin bearing minute, white, cilia ; below paler, more or less covered with a fleecy nap. Apothecia scattered, 3.0-1.2 mm. in diameter, numerous and often becoming crowded, sessile; disk reddish brown, flat to convex ; proper margin thin, soon disappearing ; hypothecium hyaline or pale yellow; spores hyaline, spindle-shaped, 1- septate, 18.0-26.6 x 7.6-9 }i. On moss growing over rocks : Ferry Co. : Maye's Butte near Republic, 1913, Foster 2294 (W). Spokane Co. : Spokane, 1906 (F). 2. Polychidium muscicola (Sw.) S. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1 : 402. 1821. Lichen muscicola Sw. Nov. Act. Acad. Upsal. 4: 248. 1784. Leptogium muscicola (Swartz) Fries. Thallus pulvinate, brown, greenish brown, or a very dark greenish black, minute, irregularly branched, branches interwoven, mostly terete, decum- bent. Apothecia appressed, 0.2-0.8 mm. in diameter, circular, sometimes irregular adnate to sessile; disk brownish red, flat to convex; proper margin thin, slightly paler than the disk ; hypothecium yellowish brown ; spores hyaline, oblong-fusiform, 1 -septate, 17-30 x 5-8 ix. On mossy rocks or soil: Washington Territory, Suksdorf (F), Ex. Herb, of C. E. Faxon. 13. COLLEMACEAE Thallus usually foliose, varying from subcrustose to fruticose ; gelatinous when moist, brittle when dry; with or without distinct cortices or having only an upper pseudocortex, inside hyphae ramify through the algal colony ; adhering closely to the substratum or attached by rhizoids. Apothecia globose or disk-like, marginal or scattered, immersed to adnate, both proper and thalline margins present or only a proper one; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate, many-septate or muriform. Alga Nostoc. 28 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON A. Thallus lacking distinct upper and lower cortices 19. Collema A. Thallus with a distinct cortex on the upper surface only, or on both surfaces 20. Leptogium 19. Collema Wigg. Primit. Fl.-Holsat. 89. 1780. Thallus foliose, thin; gelatinous when moist, brittle when dry; often hyphae grow close together to form an upper pseudocortex, no true cortices. Apothecia small, circular, immersed, adnate or sessile; proper margin present, thalline margin often very prominent; hypothecium hyaline to brown ; paraphyses unbranched, agglutinated ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, muriform. A. On soil or rock. B. Apothecia crowded, oblong-ellipsoid. 2. C.crispum B. Apothecia scattered, spores ellipsoid 3. C.jurvum A. On bark or old wood. C. Spores submuriform, quadrangular or ellipsoid 4. C.verruciforme C. Spores not submuriform, fusiform or acicular 1. C.nigrescens 1. Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. Lam. et DC. Fl. France 3rd ed., 2 :384. 1805. Lichen nigrescens Huds. Fl. Anglica Ed. 2. 450. 1762. Synecho- blastus nigrescens (Huds.) Trev. Thallus when dry olive-green or greenish black, same color when moist ; lobes small, rounded, flattened, beset with pustules, often ridged, margins entire, ascending, closely adhering to the substratum. Apothecia often numerous, scattered over the upper surface, often crowded towards the center of the thallus, 2.0-8.0 mm. in diameter, circular, sessile ; disk reddish brown or pale pink, flat to convex ; thalline margin thin ; hypothecium pale yellow ; spores hyaline, fusiform or acicular, sometimes slightly curved, 5-7- septate 49.4-70.0 x 3.8-6.0 z^. On bark: San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, 1906, Fink 235 (W). Grays Harbor Co. : Westport, 1908 Foster 665V2 (W). 2. CoUema crispum (L.) Wigg. Prim. Fl. Holsat. 89. 1780. Lichen crispus Linn., Fl. Suec. 2nd ed., 406. 1755. Thallus when moist, dark olive (R) or metal bronze (R), when dry dark brown to black ; lobes small, round, rather irregular, margins raised, dentate- granulate, often the central part covered by numerous apothecia. Apothecia 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, circular, adnate to subsessile; disk burnt sienna (R), concave; thalline margin, granular crenulate; hypothecium brownish; spores hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, muriform when mature, 16.5-23.1 X 9.9-13.2 fl. On soil or rock : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1928, 1993; Roche Harbor, 1928, 1876. 3. Collema jurvum (Ach.) DC. in Lam. et DC. Fl. Fran. Ed. 3, 2: 385. 1805. Lichen furvus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodro. 132. 1798. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 29 Thallus when moist dark olive green (R), when dry grayish black ; lobes small, round, margins erect, undulate, surface granular. Apothecia 0.2-1.0 mm. in diameter, circular, scattered, adnate; disk brown, concave to flat; thalline margin prominent ; hypothecium brownish ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, 3-septate, muriform when mature, 17-25 x 8-12 fx. On soil or rock: Ferry Co.: between Curlew and Danville, 1773 ft., 1931, 1413. Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 19 (T). 4. Collema verruciforme (Ach.) Nyl. Memoir Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 3 : 165. 1855. Collema jurvum var. verruciforme Ach. Lich. Univ. 650. 1810. Thallus when moist vivid green (R), when dry dark brown; lobes small to minute, crowded, smooth, margins ascending, crenate. Apothecia minute never more than 0.3 mm. in diameter, circular, immersed to adnate ; disk reddish brown, deeply concave, blood red when moist; thalline margin thick, brown when dry, greenish when moist ; hypothecium hyaline to pale yellow ; spores hyaline, quadrangular or ellipsoid, becoming muriform, 11.0-21.0x7.6-11.4/*. On bark or old wood : Chelan Co. : shores of Lake Wenatchee, 1800 ft., 1931, 1063. 20. Leptogium S. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1 :400. 1821. Thallus foliose, or rarely fruticulose; gelatinous when moist, brittle when dry; distinct cortex on the upper surface only, or on both surfaces. Apothecia often lacking, very small, circular, immersed, adnate, or sessile; proper margin present, thalline margin sometimes disappearing; hypothe- cium hyaline to brownish; paraphyses unbranched, agglutinated; asci 8- spored; spores hyaline, 1 -many-septate, or muriform. A Lobes narrow becoming involute tubular towards the tips. 3. L.palmatum A. Lobes not as above. B. Thallus small. C. Margins ascending, denticulate or fringed. D. Lobes densely crowded, forming a cushion-like mass, usually sterile 2. L. lichenoides var. pulvinatum D. Lobes not densely crowded, not forming a cushion-like mass, usually fruiting 1. L.lichenoides C. Margins somewhat ascending, undulate, sparsely, white pilose. 4. L.pilosellum B. Thallus larger. E. Upper surface smooth, somewhat wrinkled 5. L.pulchellum E. Upper surface densely coralloid-granulose. 6. L.tremelloides 30 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 1. Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 3: 136. 1924, Tremella lichenoides Linn. Sp. PI. 1157. 1753. Leptogium lacerum (Swartz) S. Gray. Thallus neutral gray (R), reddish brown, or brown, small to medium sized, surface wrinkled and pitted, lobes laciniate, margins ascending denticulate or fringed, sometimes sinuate ; below slightly lighter. Apothecia rare, scattered, 0.2-0.6 mm. in diameter, circular, subsessile ; disk when dry concolorous with the thallus, when moist dull reddish brown, flat to con- cave ; thalline margin concolorous with the thallus ; hypothecium hyaline to cloudy; spores hyaline; ovoid-ellipsoid, muriform, multi-septa, 28.4-52.8 x 16.5-19.8 fx. On mosses or on a thin layer of soil over rock : Chelan Co. : Rainbow Trail near Stehekin, 3500 ft., 1931, 1260a. Yakima Co.: Naches Ranger Station, 2400 ft., 1940, 3326. Klickitat Co.: Goldendale, 2000 ft., 1931, 1687a. San Juan Co.: Waldron Island, 1906, Fink (F). Clallam Co.: Pt. Angeles 1914, Foster (F). Oregon Boundary Commission, 1858, Dr. Lyall (T). 2. Leptogium lichenoides var. pulvinafum (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 3 : 142. 1924. Collema pulvinatum Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 104. 1796. Leptogium lacerum var. pulvinatum (Hoffm.) Mont. Thallus brown, very small, lobes erect, crowded, margins denticulate and fringed much like the species, in cushion-like masses, usually sterile. On mosses or on a thin layer of soil over rocks : San Juan Co. : Brown Island, 1940, 3199. Chelan Co.: Merritt, 3500 ft., 193l", 1075. Whitman Co. : Steptoe Butte, 3700 ft., 1940, 2743. The variety is distinguished from the species by the cushion-like habit. 3. Leptogium palmatum (Huds.) Mont, in Webb & Berth. Hist. Nat. 3: 128. 1840. Lichen palmatus Huds. Fl. Angelica, 2nd ed., 2. 536. 1778. Thallus when dry, neutral gray (R), brown, or fuscous (R), when moist, grape green (R) ; medium to large, thin, surface smooth to faintly reticulate or pitted, lobes deeply divided, lobules long and narrow, resem- bling fingers, tubular at the tips, involute, margins with scattered teeth; below slightly paler, more wrinkled. Apothecia often numerous, scattered, very small, 0.2-0.8 mm. in diameter, circular, sessile; disk fawn colored (R) or reddish brown, concave; thalline margin smooth, elevated; hypo- thecium hyaline to pale yellow; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, muriform, multi-septate, 36.3-46.2 x 14.6-16.5 /x. On soil: San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, Pt. Caution, 1940, 3270; Brown Island, 1940, 3198. Clallam Co. : Elwha River, 1940, 2879. Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1940, 3293. Clallam Co. : near Pt. Angeles, 2000 ft., 1914, Foster 2768 (F). King Co. : Snoqualmie Falls, 1906 Frye (F) ; Seattle, Univ. of Wash, campus, 1905, Frye 5 i^W). LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 31 A very common Leptogium west of the Cascades, perhaps the most common Leptogium in the state. Easily identified by the tubular ends of the lobes. 4. Leptogium pilosellum Merrill Bryol. 14:38. 1911. Thallus when dry, dark ivy green (R), when moist, dark green (R) or Cedar green (R) ; orbicular, medium sized, surface smooth to scabrous, expanded to somewhat appressed, margins undulate, at times white pilose ; below the same color as upper surface, sparsely covered with white rhizoids. Apothecia 0.5-0.8 mm. in diameter, circular, adnate to subsessile ; disk bright red to reddish brown, flat ; thalline margin white pilose ; hypothecium hyaline to cloudy; spores hyaline, fusiform-ellipsoid, 1-septate, 13.2-23.1 X 6.9-7.3 IX. On mosses over rock: Chelan Co.: Merritt, 2186 ft., 1931, 1078h. Klickitat Co. : Goldendale, 2000 ft., 1931, 1687; Goldendale, Foster 1186, Merrill's Type (F). 5. Leptogium pulchellum (Ach.) Nyl. Memoir Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 5: 32. 1857. Collema pulchellum Ach. Syn. Lich. 321. 1814. Thallus, when dry, deep grayish blue green, when moist, green ; medium sized to large, surface smooth to somewhat wrinkled, lobes round imbri- cated, margins wavy ; below paler much wrinkled. Apothecia rather numer- ous, scattered, 0,5-2.0 mm. in diameter, circular, sessile to subpedicellate ; disk reddish brown, flat to slightly concave; thalline margin thin concol- orous with the thallus; hypothecium brownish; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, muriform, 18.0-34.2 x 7.0-9.9 /x. On bark and rock : Pacific Co. : Fort Canby, 1930, 486. Reported from the state by Fink (1935) and by Herre (1917) from the lowlands of Whatcom Co. 6. Leptogium tremelloides (L.) S. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1 :400. 1821. Lichen tremelloides Linn. Suppl. PI. 450. 1781. Thallus lead colored, same color whether dry or moist, medium sized, suborbicular, closely attached to the substratum, surface coralloid-granu- lose, lobes ascending, imbricated, margin entire to undulate ; below lighter in color. Apothecia 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, circular to irregular, sessile to subpedicellate; disk reddish brown, concave becoming convex; thalHne margin entire to irregular, sometimes disappearing, concolorous with the thallus; hypothecium hyaline to brownish; spores hyahne, ovoid-ellipsoid, muriform, 18-28 x 8-11 ju,. On bark and rock: Whatcom Co.: Sumas Mountain, Herre (1917) ; reported from the state by Fink (1935). 14. PANNARIACEAE Thallus foliose, squamulose, or crustose ; dorsi-ventral ; upper cortex of pseudoparenchymatous tissue, algal layer and medulla always present, lower cortex sometimes lacking; dark hypothallus ordinarily present; usually ^..--—t--..,.,,^ 2>2 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON attached to the substratum by rhizoids. Apothecia disciform, marginal or scattered over the upper surface, immersed to sessile, lecanorine or biato- rine; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate or 1-3-septate. Alga Nostoc, Scytonema, Gloeocapsa, or Protococcus. A. Thallus definitely foliose throughout, veins prominent 25. Hydrothyria A. Thallus not definitely foliose throughout, veins not prominent. B, Alga is a blue-green. C. Spores septate, alga Scytonema and Gloeocapsa 23. Massalongia C. Spores nonseptate, alga Gloeocapsa. D. Lecanorine 22. Pannaria D. Biatorine 21. Parmeliella B. Alga is a green 24. Psoroma 21. Parmeliella Miill. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve. 16:376. 1862. Thallus crustose or squamulose, almost foliose at the periphery, pseudo- parenchymatous cortex well developed on the upper surface only, definite algal and medullary layers; a dark hypothallus present. Apothecia disci- form, immersed to adnate ; proper margin present, thalline margin absent ; hypothecium hyaline or faintly colored; paraphyses unbranched; asci 8-spored, hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Gloeocapsa. A. Thallus a mass of steel-blue or slate-blue (R) granules, sterile. 1. P. cyanolepra A. Thallus not as above, squamulose. B. Margins of squamules warty or sorediate 2. P. lepidiota B. Margins of squamules not warty or sorediate, but often lighter in color. 3. P. microphylla 1. Parmeliella cyanolepra (Tuck.) Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 12:151. 1910. Pannaria cyanolepra Tuck. Lich. Calif. 17. 1866. Pannaria lepidiota var. cyanolepra Tuck. Thallus a mass of steel-blue to slate-blue (R) granules; the writer has studied no fruiting material collected in this state. The following description was made from Tuckerman's Type 4626 (F) : apothecia 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate ; disk dark reddish brown to black, flat becom- ing convex and excluding the thin proper margin; hypothecium hyaline; spores hyaline; ellipsoid, nonseptate, 8-10 x 14-21 yi. On moss, soil, or rock : Chelan Co. : 2186 ft., 1931, 1077. Columbia Co. : Blue Mountains, 3500 ft., 1931, 1630. Whatcom Co.: Sumas Mountain, 1800 ft., Herre (1917). 2. Parmeliella lepidiota (Somrft.) Wainio Term. Fuz., 22:308. 1899. Lecidea carnosa var. lepidiota Somrft, Suppl. Fl. Lappon. 174, 1826. Pannaria lepidiota (Somrft.) Th, Fr. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 33 Thallus of small tawny-olive or brown squamules, imbricated, margins ascending, crenate, well covered with steel-blue to slate-gray warts, often gray sorediate, near the center squamules often disappearing and a granu- lose crust appearing; below brown or blackish; hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, adnate to sessile; disk reddish brown to black, flat becoming convex, the thin proper margin soon disappearing; hypothecium pale yellow; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, sharply pointed, more pronounced at one end, nonseptate, 16.5-26.4 x 6.6-11.5 /x. On soil, moss, and rock : Pacific Co. : Beard's Hollow, 1931, 782. Chelan Co. : White Rock Camp, 2200 ft., 1057 ; Rainbow Trail, 3800 ft., 1251a; Dirty Face Mt., 3500 ft., 1098. Clallam Co. : Bird's Port Angeles, 1914, Foster 2664 (F). This species is rather easily distinguished by the steel-blue or slate-gray warts and gray soredia on the margins of the squamules. 3. Parmeliella microphylla (Swartz) Miill. Arg., Flora 72:507. 1889. Lichen microphyllus Swartz, Vet-Akad. Handl. 301. 1791. Pannaria microphylla Mass. Thallus of very small light yellowish-olive (R), fawn color (R), or brown squamules, imbricated, margins lighter colored, ascending; below dark brown or black. Apothecia 0.4-1.0 mm. in diameter, adnate to sub- sessile; disk reddish brown or black, flat to convex; proper margin soon excluded; hypothecium hyaline; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 14.0-23.1 X 5.0-6.0 fji. On soil, moss, and rock: Chelan Co.: Merritt, 2186 ft., 1931, 1085. Clallam Co. : Port Angeles, 1914, 2769 (F). Mason Co.: Mt. Elinor, 4000 ft, 1912, Foster 2110 (F). The very small squamules and light-colored margins are the determining characters for this species. 22. Pannaria Del., in Bory, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 13.20. 1828. Thallus granulose, squamulose or foHose; a dark hypothallus often present or a white cobweb one, of felted hyphae, a well-developed typical cortex on the upper surface, definite algal and medullary layers, and a thin lower cortex. Apothecia disciform, adnate to sessile ; proper margin present, thalline margin concolorous with the thallus ; hypothecium hyaline, faintly colored, or brownish; paraphyses rarely branched; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Gloeocapsa. A. Usually on soil or moss, rarely on rock or bark ; hypothallus when present white, thalline margin drab colored; spores minutely warted. 1. P. pezizoides A. Usually on bark, rarely on soil or rock ; hypothallus black, thalline mar- gin grayish white ; spores smooth 2. P. rubiginosa 34 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 1. Pannaria pezisoides (Weber) Trevis. Lich. Vene. No. 98. 1869. Lichen pesizoides Weber. Spicil. Fl. Goet. 200. 1778. Pannaria hrunnea (Swartz) Mass. Thallus of small to very small squamules ; when dry grayish brown or sepia (R), when moist greenish blue, imbricated, often crowded into a granulose mass, margins crenate ; hypothallus when present white cobweb- like. Apothecia often large and numerous, irregular in shape due to crowd- ing, adnate; disk orange-cinnamon (R), brick-red, or reddish-brown, flat to convex; thalline margin drab colored (R), crenulate; hypothecium pale yellow, spores hyaline, ellipsoid to ellipsoid-pointed, minutely warted, non- septate, 24.7-28.0 X 8.9-11.1 ,.. On soil or moss, more rarely on rock : Grays Harbor Co. : Lake Qui- nault, 300 ft., 1931, 1203. Clallam Co. : Lake Crescent, 483 ft., 1931, 1036. Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1931, 623; trail to Seattle Park, 4000 ft., 1940, 3055. Cascade Mountains, 1925, Grant (F). Clallam Co. : Port Angeles, 1911, Foster 1772 (W). The usually persistent crenulate drab-colored margin helps to distin- guish this species. 2. Pannaria rnhiginosa (Thunbg.) Del. in Bory, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 13 :20. 1828. Lichen rubiginosus Thunbg. in Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodro. 99. 1798. Thallus orbicular, of smoke gray (R), greenish gray, or various shades of pale yellow squamules, closely attached to the substratum, imbricated margins deeply divided, raised, grayish white granular-crenate. Apothecia 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter, numerous and crowded, sessile; disk red to red- dish brown, flat to slightly concave ; when present thalline margin is promi- nent, grayish white crenulate, concolorous with the thallus; hypothecium pale yellow or brownish; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 11.2-16.5 X 6-11 /JL. On bark, more rarely on rock : Pacific Co. : Long Beach, 1928, 1925a; Chinook, 1940, 2816. Chelan Co.: Stehekin, 1140 ft., 1931, 1285. Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, trail to Seattle Park, 4000 ft., 1940, 3046. Clallam Co. : Port Angeles, Bird's, 1914, Foster 2664 (W). Grays Harbor Co.: West- port, 1908, Foster (W). Determined as Pannaria hrunnea Mass. by G. K. Merrill. This species is easily distinguished by the grayish white margins of the squamules and the apothecia. 23. Massalongia Korb. Syst. Lich. Ger. 109. 1855. Thallus squamulose, foliose, at times almost crustose, with a dark rhizi- nose hypothallus, pseudoparenchymatous cortex on the upper surface, decorticate on the lower, a thin algal layer and a spongy medulla. Apo- thecia disciform, sessile; proper margin thin and pale, thalline margin absent; hypothecium hyaline to pale yellow; paraphyses septate, coherent, asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, 1 -septate. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 35 Alga Scytonema and Gloeocapsa. A very small genus. A single species within the state. 1. Massalongia carnosa (Dicks.) Korb. Syst. Lich. Ger. 109. 1855. Lichen carnosus Dicks. Fasc. PI. Crypt. Brit. 2:21. 1790. Pannaria carnosa (Dicks.) Rabh. Thallus of small squamules, when dry, brown, lighter colored at the edge, when moist, the whole squamule is bluish green, lobate, suberect, imbricated, granular-crenate ; below whitish. Apothecia small 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk dark red, flat, proper margin thin and entire; hypothecium pale yellow; spores hyaline, oblong-fusiform, to ellipsoid, 1-septate, 23.1-24.8 x 5.6-7.0 /x. On rock or soil among mosses : Yakima Co. : American River Camp, 2800 ft., 1931, 944. Clallam Co.: Olympic Hot Springs near Port Angeles, 1914, Foster 2869c (F). 24. Psoroma Nyl. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 3 :175. 1855. Thallus squamulose; hypothallus absent; upper cortex of pseudo- parenchyma or of interwoven hyphae, definite algal and medullary layers, thin lower cortex of densely interwoven hyphae. Apothecia medium sized to large, disciform, adnate to sessile ; both proper and thalline margins present, thalline concolorous with the thallus ; hypothecium hyaline or pale yellow ; paraphyses unbranched, coherent, asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Protococcus. 1. Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl.) S. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1:445. 1821. Lichen hypnorum Vahl. Icon. PI. Dan. 6; fas. 16. Pannaria hypnorum (Vahl.) Korb. Parmelia hypnorum (Vahl.) Ach. Thallus of yellow, reddish brown or grayish squamules, minute, rounded, granulate, crenate, ascendant, often imbricated, closely attached to the stems and leaves of the mosses among which they grow, usually concealed some- what by the moss, paler below. Apothecia medium sized to large, 2.0-5.0 mm. in diameter, numerous, circular, sometimes irregular in shape, sessile ; disk red-brown, flat to concave ; thalline margin thin, conspicuous, granu- lose, concolorous with the thallus ; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, non- septate, 16.0-22.8 X 7.6-12.0 ^. On soil, also over moss and twigs : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, trail to Moraine Park, 3300 ft., 1940, 2986. Yakima Co. : Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 2772. Mt. Rainier, 6500 ft., 1895, Piper 525 (W). Clallam Co.: Olympic Hot Springs, 1914, Foster 2869b (F). 25. Hydrothyrfa Proc. Essex. Inst. 1 :188. 1853. Thallus foliose, thin membranaceous; pseudoparenchymatous cortex better developed on the upper surface than the lower; a partially distinct algal layer and a medullary layer of compact filaments are present ; without rhizoids. Apothecia submarginal near the tips of the lobes, sessile, biatorine ; 36 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON hypothecium hyaline or light brown ; paraphyses thick, several septate, tips brownish ; asci 8-spored, hyaline, 3-septate. A monotypic genus. Alga Nostoc. 1. Hydrothyria venosa Russ. Proc. Essex. Inst. 1 :188. 1853. Thallus when dry, brittle, dark brown or black, when moist, rather elastic, light seal brown (R) ; laciniate, lobes irregularly cut, margins deeply incised, veins prominent on the lower surface, also evident on the upper. Apothecia submarginal or subterminal, 0.6-3.0 mm. in diameter, sessile ; disk reddish brown or almost black, flat to convex, the proper mar- gin pale in color, torn-dentate, and disappearing ; spores hyaline, fusiform, 3-septate, 26.4-29.7 x 6.6-9.0 fi. On rock in mountain streams : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1931, 612; 1940, 3010; Seattle Park, 4000 ft., 1940, 3060; Van Trump Park, 5000 ft., 1942, 3572. Jefferson Co.: Oueets River Valley, 5000 ft., 1907, Frye 15 (W). The unusual habitat, in swiftly flowing mountain streams, makes this an easy lichen to recognize in the field. 15. STICTACEAE Thallus foliose, small to very large ; dorsi-ventral ; with definite upper and lower cortices and well-developed algal and medullary layers ; upper surface smooth or reticulate-netted ; below tomentose or villous, interspersed with cyphellae or with naked, light-colored spots ; closely or loosely attached to the substratum by rhizoids. Apothecia marginal or scattered, adnate, sessile, or subpediculate, with either a proper or a thalline margin; asci 8-spored; spores brownish, 1 -many-septate. Alga Nostoc, Palmella, or Protococcus. A. Lower surface of thallus without cyphellae 26. Lobaria A. Lower surface of thallus with cyphellae 27. Sticta 26. Lobaria Schreb. Gen. PI. 2:768. 1789. Thallus often large, foliose, broadly expanded, horizontal ; below usually villous or tomentose, cortex interrupted by naked, light-colored, inflated spots, loosely attached to the substratum. Apothecia medium sized, circular, sessile, or subpedicellate, generally with a thalline margin ; hypothecium hyaline or brownish ; paraphyses unbranched, septate ; asci 8-spored ; hya- line or brown, 1-9-septate. Alga Protococcus or Nostoc. A. Thallus always reticulate-ribbed, below with large white, inflated spots, veins of brown hairs between them. B. Lobes narrow elongated, tips obtuse or retuse-truncate, margins and ridges often sorediate or isidiose 2. L. pulmonaria B. Lobes broad, often much divided, tips rounded, margins and ridges, undulate-crenate, often fringed with tooth-like lobules. 1. L. or eg ana LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 2,7 A. Thallus rarely reticulate-ribbed, usually pitted and wrinkled, below with smaller, inflated, flat or sunken white spots, scattered through the dense tomentum. C. Soredia marginal and scattered, smooth on upper surface. 4. L. verrucosa C. Soredia not on the margins, but scattered, villous on upper surface. 3. L. Hallii 1. Loharia oregana (Tuck.) Miill. Arg. Flora 72:364. 1889. Sticta oregana Tuck. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 5 :20. 1874. Thallus deep olive-bufif (R) or raw umber (R), medium sized to large, coriaceous or membranaceous, pitted and reticulate-ribbed, lobes broad, often much divided, tips rounded, margin undulate-crenate, often fringed with tooth-like lobules; below honey-yellow (R) or brownish-olive (R), covered with a reticulation of fine hairs interspersed with large, naked, inflated, or blister-like spots. Apothecia scattered, 1.0-4.0 mm, in diameter, sessile to subpedicellate ; disk cinnamon, bay (R), chestnut-brown, or almost black, flat to convex ; thalline margin thin, crenate, concolorous with the thallus, finally disappearing; spores hyaline, 3-septate, fusiform or acicular, 54.4-62.7 x 3.9-5.2 /x. On bark: King Co. : Grass Mountain Trail, 1931, 2200 ft., 1227. King- Kittitas Co. : Snoqualmie Pass, 3010 ft., 1931, 810. Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, trail to Seattle Park, 4000 ft., 1940, 3051; Mazama Ridge, 4000 ft., 1942, 3594. Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, Coleman's, 1914, Foster 2539 (W). Whatcom Co.: Ruth Mountain, 5500 ft., 1928, Sunquist 2002 (W). King Co.: Summit, 1907, Foster (W). Skamania Co.: Little Soda Springs Camp Ground, 1933, Lawrence (W). Plate I, C. A common bark lichen in the mountains, west of the Cascades. It is often confused with L. pulmonaria, but it can be distinguished by the undulate-crenate margin of the thallus, which is often fringed with tooth- like lobules ; soredia entirely lacking, often present on L. pulmonaria. 2. Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hofifm. Deutschl. Fl. :146. 1795. Lichen pul- monarius Linn., Spec. PI. 1146. 1753, Sticta pulmonaria Birola, Fl, Ascon, 2:188, 1808. Thallus tawny olive (R), antique brown (R), chamois (R), or green- ish gray, medium sized to very large, thin leathery or coriaceous, pitted and reticulate-ribbed, lobes narrow, elongated, tips obtuse or retuse-truncate, margins and ridges often sorediate or isidiose; below chamois (R) or brown, covered with a close nap of tomentum, interspersed with large, naked, inflated, or blister-like spots, Apothecia rather rare, scattered, or sub- marginal, 1.0-6.0 mm. in diameter, sessile to subpedicellate; thalline margin thin, entire to wrinkled, concolorous with the thallus, finally disappearing ; spores hyaline, cymbiform, 1 -3-septate, 23.2-33.0 x 6.6-7.2 fi. On bark and rock: Pierce Co.: Silver Springs, 2600 ft., 1940, 3110; White River Camp, 3000 ft., 1928, 1847. King-Kittitas Co. : Snoqualmie 38 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Pass, 3010 ft., 810a. Pend Oreille Co. : Metaline Falls, 2600 ft., 1931, 1474. San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1906, Fink 225 (W). Clallam Co.: Olympic Hot Springs, 1914, Foster 2867. (W). Skamania Co.: Little Soda Springs Camp Ground, 1933, Lawrence (W). King Co.: Seattle, 1893, Piper 531 (W). Plate I, D, and Plate II, A. A rather common large foliose lichen, usually found on bark, rarely on rock, easily confused with L. 'oregana. 3. Lobaria Halli (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 3:321. 1925. Sticta Hallii Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. 12:168. 1877. Thallus Isabella color (R) or deep olive buff (R), small to medium sized, coriaceous-cartilagineous, reticulately pitted, with shallow cracks, granulose villous, lobes wide, rounded and entire, beset with scattered gray soredia, usually not on the margins; below clay color (R) or light pinkish cinnamon (R), covered with a reticulated tomentum interspersed with irregular white, naked spots. Apothecia rather rare, scattered or submar- ginal, 0.3-3.0 mm. in diameter, sessile ; disk fiat to convex ; thalline margin pilose, concolorous with the thallus; spores brown, cymbiform, 1 -septate, ''23-36 X 9-14 fjL." From Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 102. 1882. On bark or soil: Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster 1895 (F). Wash- ington Territory, Suksdorf (F). Type collected in Oregon 1871 by E. Hall. No fruiting specimens from the state have been seen by the writer. The more or less hairy upper surface and the veined lower surface separate sterile specimens of L. Hallii from L. verrucosa. 4. Lobaria verrucosa (Huds.) Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2:146. 1796. Lichen verrucosus Huds. Fl. Ang. 445. 1762. Sticta scrobiculata (Scop.) Ach. Sticta verrucosa (Huds.) Fink. Thallus dark olive-buff (R), deep colonial-buff (R), or Isabella color (R), medium sized, coriaceous, suborbicular, pitted and wrinkled, rarely reticulate-ribbed, lobes rounded, margins entire, often much beset with groups of gray or white soredia, soredia more rarely scattered over the sur- face ; below clay color (R), light pinkish cinnamon (R), or becoming almost black, covered with a dense tomentum, interspersed with scattered, small, naked, white, blister-like, flat, or sunken spots. No fruiting material, col- lected in this state, has been seen by the writer. Tuckerman studied no fertile material from the United States. On rocks, soil, and bark: San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, 1930, 501; Pt. Caution, 1940, 3266; Brown Island, 1940, 3211; Orcas Island, Mt. Constitution, 2500 ft., 1928, 1999. Pacific Co. : Chinook, 1940, 2813. San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1906, Fink 16 (W). Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, Coleman's Butte, 2000 ft., 1914, Foster 2641 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1911, Foster 1931 (W). King Co.: Seattle, Parker 29 (W). This species is easily separated from L. Hallii by the spore differences. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 39 27. Sticta Schreb. in Linn. Gen. PI. 8th ed., 2 :768. 1791. Thallus small to medium sized, foliose, horizontal or often somewhat ascending, upper surface usually sorediate or isidiose; below villous or tomentose, cortex interrupted by cyphellae; closely or loosely attached to the substratum. Apothecia when present medium sized, in some species very rare or perhaps never produced, circular or irregular in shape, mar- ginal or scattered, adnate, sessile, or subpedicellate, thalline margin present or absent; hypothecium hyaline or brownish; paraphyses unbranched, septate; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline or brown, 1-7-septate. Alga Nostoc or Palmella. A. Cyphellae sorediate, elevated. B. Soredial cyphellae yellow, upper surface yellow sorediate. .2. 6". crocata B. Soredial cyphellae white, upper surface sparingly gray sorediate. 1. 5". anthraspis A. Cyphellae naked, concave. C. Upper surface abundantly covered with brown or black isidia. 3. 5. fuliginosa C. Upper surface not bearing isidia, but abundantly or sparingly covered with grayish soredia. 4. S. limbata C. Upper surface smooth, margins isidiose. 5. S. quercisans 1. Sticta anthraspis Ach. Meth. Lich. 280. 1803. Thallus Isabella color (R), cinnamon brown, or greenish gray, medium to large sized, cartilagineous-coriaceous, lobes broad, margins coarsely cren- ate or sinuate, sometimes lacerate, rather deeply reticulate-pitted, sometimes gray sorediate especially on the ridges ; below chamois (R), honey-yellow, or smoky-brown, darker near the center, covered with a thin tomentum, inter- spersed with white sorediate cyphellae ; loosely attached to the substratum. Apothecia scattered, 1-4 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk chestnut-brown or almost black, flat to slightly convex ; thalline margin thin, entire or some- times denticulate, often disappearing; spores hyaline, fusiform, straight, 1-3-septate, 23.1-26.4 x 6.6-7.6 ix. On bark, on soil among mosses, or on rock. Pacific Co. : Loomis Lake, 1930, 4S9, 1940, 2851; Long Beach, 1928, 1846; Chinook, 1940, 2799. Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, 1914, Foster 2637 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1911, Foster (W). Kitsap Co. : Pt. Orchard, 1890, Parker (W). This Sticta is rather common and widely distributed in the lowlands, west of the Cascades. Many large and beautiful specimens grow close to the salt water. It is easily determined by the deeply reticulate-pitted thallus and the white sorediate cyphellae. Plate II, B, C, D, 2. Sticta crocata (L.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 277. 1803. Lichen crocatus Linn. Mant. Ait. 310. 1771. Thallus light brownish green, brown, sepia (R), or Isabella color (R), small to medium sized, membraneous-coriaceous, somewhat wrinkled and 40 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON finally reticulate-ribbed, yellow or greenish yellow soredia scattered, also marginal, often on the ribs, medulla white ; below dark brown or blackish, covered with a spongy nap, interspersed with elevated yellow sorediate cyphellae; rather closely attached to the substratum. Apothecia very rare, marginal or scattered, 1.0-2.0 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk dark brown becoming black, flat, thalline margin crenate, finally disappearing; spores brown 1 -septate, 16.5-29.7 x 6.6-8.25 /x. This description was made from a U.S.N. Pacific Exploring Expedition specimen, coll. C. Wright, Cape of Good Hope (T). Tuckerman examined exotic specimens only. On bark and rocks: Pacific Co.: Long Beach, 1928, 1925b; Chinook, 1940, 2824. San Juan Co. : Waldron Island, Fink (1919). The yellow soredia on the upper surface, the white medulla, and the sorediate cyphellae, distinguish this species. 3. Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 280. 1803. Lichen fuliginosus Dicks. Fasc. PI. Crypt. Brit. 1 :13. 1785. Thallus brown, almost black, critrine drab (R), or green-gray (R), small to medium sized, coriaceous-membranaceous, lobes short and rounded, faintly ribbed, beset with dark brown or black isidia, margins slightly wavy to almost entire; below bufif or light brown, covered with a nap of short, silky hairs, interspersed with naked, concave, white or pale buff colored cyphellae; loosely attached to the substratum. Sterile in this state. "Apo- thecia, in a Welch specimen from Mr. Borrer, marginal, smallish, biatoroid, the reddish-brown disk soon convex, and the thin, entire, paler margin dis- appearing. Spores fusiform, 2-4-locular, soon colorless, 25-46 x 7-9 mic." — From {Tuckerman 1882). On bark and rock : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1928, 1849; Pt. Caution, 1928, 2001; Univ. of Wash. Oceano. Lab. trail to Heaven, 1904, 3249; Friday Harbor, 1906, Fink 55 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1911, Foster 1932 (W). Rather common on rocks near the salt water, the abundant dark colored isidia on the upper surface are a good distinguishing character for this species. 4. Sticta limhata (Sm.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 280. 1803. Lichen limbatus Sm. in Sm. and Sowerb. Engl. Bot. 16: tab. 1104. 1803. Thallus drab (R), greenish brown, or almost black, small, orbicular, membranaceous, lobes broad, smooth to slightly pitted, beset especially towards the margins with grayish soredia, margins crenate or undulate, also grayish sorediate ; below buff to light brown, covered with soft, fine hairs, interspersed with naked, concave, white, or pale buff-colored cyphellae; loosely attached to the substratum. Sterile in this state. On bark: San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1928, 1997. Turn Island, 1928, 1996. Pacific Co. : Chinook, 1940, 2814. Thurston Co. : Gate, 1940, 2965. San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, 1906, Fink 157 (W). LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 41 The small size and the gray soredia make this an easily recognized Sticta. 5. Sticta quercisans Ach. Syn. Lich. 234. 1814. Lobaria quercisans (Ach.) Michx. Fl. Boreali-Am. 2nd ed., 324. 1820. Thallus drab (R), cinnamon brown (R), or reddish brown, small to medium sized, cartilagineous-coriaceous, lobes narrow, smooth, densely isidiose on the margins, margins crenate or undulate; below dark brown or almost black, covered with short hairs, interspersed with naked, concave, white, or pale buff-colored cyphellae; rather loosely attached to the sub- stratum. I have seen no fruiting material from the state. On bark or moss: Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, Coleman's, 1914, Foster 2635 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1911, Foster 1926 (W). The narrow lobes with isidiose margins make this rather an easy species to recognize ; not widely distributed in the state. 16. PELTIGERACEAE Thallus squamulose or foHose ; dorsi-ventral ; a well-developed cortex on one or on both surfaces, definite algal and medullary layers ; attached to the substratum by rhizoids. Apothecia round or irregular, marginal on either the upper or the lower surface, or scattered on the upper surface, adnate; proper margin present, thalline margin absent; asci 2-8-many- spored; spores hyaline or brown, 1-7-septate. Cephalodia present in some genera. Alga Palmella, Dactylococcus, or Nostoc. A. Apothecia marginal. B. Apothecia on the upper surface, spores hyaline 30. Peltigera B. Apothecia on the lower surface, spores brown or brownish. 29. Nephroma A. Apothecia scattered on the upper surface 28. Solorina 28. Solorina Ach. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. 228. 1808. Thallus foliose, sometimes squamulose, differentiated into a thin or thick pseudoparenchymatous upper cortex and a poorly developed lower cortex, with well-defined algal and medullary layers; loosely attached to the sub- stratum by rhizoids. Apothecia round or irregular, partly immersed to adnate; proper margin thin, concolorous with the thallus, sometimes dis- appearing, thalline margin absent; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses sep- tate, unbranched, rather thick; asci 2-8-spored; spores brown, 1 -septate. Alga Palmella or Nostoc. A. Thallus saffron yellow or reddish orange below 1. 5". crocea A. Thallus pale gray or brown below 2. S. saccata 1. Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. Klg. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. 228. 1808. Lichen croceus Linn. Sp. PI. 1149. 1753. Thallus foliose, Madura brown (M.&P.) or various shades of brown, small to medium sized, orbicular, lobes short and broad, smooth, margins wavy, usually imbricated; below saffron-yellow (M.&P.) or orange-rufus (M.&P.) with brownish veins, rhizoids sparse, clustered. Apothecia scat- tered, 2-10 mm. in diameter, roundish, adnate; disk old Burgundy color (42) LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 43 (M.&P.), reddish brown, brownish black, or almost black, flat to convex, tumid; asci 8-spored; spores brown, oblong or ellipsoid, 1 -septate, 29.7- 42.9 X 9.9-13.2 /.. On soil among mosses : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, near Reflection Lakes, 5000 ft., 1942, 3585. Yakima Co. : Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940. Whatcom Co.: Ruth Mountain, 5500 ft., 1928, L. Sunquist 1865 (W). Olympic Mountains, 5000 ft.. Piper 529 (W). Pierce Co.: Mt. Rainier Glacier Basin, 1925, Grant (F). This species is easily recognized by the bright orange-colored under surface ; a beautiful alpine lichen, not common. 2. Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. Klg. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. 228. 1808. Lichen saccatus Linn. Fl. Suec. 2nd ed., 419. 1755. Thallus foliose, pearl gray (M.&P.), Sudan (M.&P.), dogwood (M.&P.), yellow beige (M.&P.), greenish gray, or brown, small to medium sized, thin papery, rosette-like in shape, smooth to granular, sometimes slightly whitish pruinose, lobes irregular in shape, margins entire to slightly crenate; below paler with long concolorous rhizoids. Apothecia scattered, 1.0-5.0 mm. in diameter, immersed; disk dark brown, rose ebony, or almost black, concave; asci 4-spored; spores brown, ellipsoid, 32.0-60.0 x 16.0-27.0 fx. On soil among mosses and rock : Whatcom Co. : Mt. Baker, 7000 ft., Herre (1943). 29. Nephroma Ach. Lich. Univ. 101. 1810. Thallus foHose, small to medium sized ; a well-developed pseudoparen- chymatous cortex on both the upper and lower surfaces ; also definite algal and medullary layers ; often closely attached to the substratum by rhizoids that are well developed or rudimentary. Apothecia circular to reniform, marginal, adnate to the lower surface of the upturned lobes of the thallus ; proper margin thin, concolorous with the thallus, often disappearing; thalline margin absent; hypothecium hyahne; paraphyses unbranched, septate; asci 8-spored; hyaline or slightly brownish, 1-3-septate. Alga Palmella or Nostoc. A. Under surface tomentose, medulla white, no color change with KOH. B. With white tubercules below, margins deeply and irregularly wavy. 4. A^. resupinatum B. Without white tubercules below, margins fringed with tooth-like lobules 5. A^. resupinatum f. helveticum A. Under surface smooth to wrinkled. C. Medulla yellow, turns purple with KOH 3. N. lusitanicum C. Medulla white, no color change with KOH. D. Lobes sorediate at margins 2. N. laevigatum f. parile D. Lobes not sorediate at margins, margins sinuate-crenate. 1. A'', laevigatum 44 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 1. Nephroma laevigatum Ach, Syn, Meth. Lich. 242. 1814. Thallus greenish gray or chestnut-brown, small to medium sized, lobes small and round, smooth to wrinkled and pitted, margins sinuate-crenate ; below light or dark brown. Apothecia 1.0-5.0 mm. in diameter, adnate ; disk reddish brown or brownish black, flat ; proper margin thin, sinuate ; spores light brown, fusiform-ellipsoid, or pyriform, 3-septate, 16.5-23.8 x 6.6-7.0 ju,. Medulla white, no reaction with KOH. On bark and mossy rocks : Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft, 1931, 1761a. Grays Harbor Co.: CopaHs, 1911, Foster 1421 (W). 2. Nephroma laevigatum f. parile (Ach.) Mudd, Manu. Brit. Lich. 81. 1861. Lichen parilis Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodrom. 164. 1798. Nephroma parile Ach. Lich. Univ. 522. 1810. Thallus thin, lobes somewhat elongated, margins abundantly gray or brown sorediate ; otherwise much like the species. On bark and mossy rocks : Pend Oreille Co. : Metaline Falls, 2699 ft., 1931, 1476. Clallam Co.: near Port Angeles, 1800 ft., 1914, Foster 2908 (W). Ferry Co.: Republic, 1912, Foster 2358 (W). Incorrectly named Nephroma resupinatum. 3. Nephroma lusitanicum Schaer. Enum. Crit. Lich. Europ. 323. 1850. Thallus greenish gray, chestnut-brown, small to medium sized, lobes round, smooth and shiny, or slightly wrinkled, margins crenate, crisp, or undulate ; below smooth or glabrous, light or dark brown, or almost black, smooth or glabrous. Apothecia 1.0-5.0 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk red- dish brown, concave to flat ; proper margin thin, sinuate ; spores pale brown, fusiform-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 13.0-23.0 x 6.0-7.0 ijl. Medulla yellow, purple with KOH. On bark or rock : Pacific Co. : Loomis Lake, 1940, 2845; Chinook, 1940, 2819. San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Trout Lake, 1940, 3228; Pt. Caution, 1940, 3275. Kitsap Co.: Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1931, 1761a. Thurston Co. : Gate, 1940, 2959. San Juan Co. : Henry Island, 1905, Frye (W) ; Orcas Island, Olga, 1906, Fink 345 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1911, Foster 1938 (W). Perhaps the commonest Nephroma in the state ; the yellow medulla and the purple color change of the medulla with KOH make this an easily deter- mined species of Nephroma. 4. Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 522. 1810. Lichen resupinatum Linn. Sp. PI. 1148. 1853. Nephroma tomentosum (Hoffm.) Flot. Thallus greenish gray, olive-brown, or brown, medium sized to large, lobes round, smooth to slightly tomentose, margin deeply and irregularly LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 45 wavy or laciniate; below lighter in color, densely tomentose, with white tubercules. Apothecia 2.0-15.0 mm. in diameter, adnate ; disk reddish brown, tawny when wet, flat becoming uneven; proper margin slightly crenate, concolorous with the thallus ; spores pale-brown, fusiform-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 15.8-26.4 x 4.0-6.9 ii. Medulla white, no reaction with KOH. On bark and rock : Pacific Co. : Loomis Lake, 1940, 2847. King Co. : Grass Mountain Trail, 2200 ft., 1931, 708. Grays Harbor Co.: Westport, 1908, Foster 666 dup. (W). Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, Coleman's, 1914, Foster 2625 (W). Thurston Co. : Gate, 1911, Foster 1947 (W). King Co.: Seattle, 1891, Parker 16 (W). The white tubercules on the under side are a distinguishing character. 5. Nephroma resupinatumi. helveticum (Ach.) Rabh. Deutschl. Kryptog. Fl. 2:68. 1845. Nephroma helveticum Ach. Lichenogr. Univ. 523. 1810. Thallus gray green, tawny, or brown, small to medium sized, lobes round, smooth, with now and then a few lobules scattered over the surface, margins fringed with tooth-like lobules; below cinnamon-buff (R), smoke- brown (M.&P.), or blackish brown, tomentose. Apothecia 2.0-7.0 mm. in diameter, adnate ; disk reddish brown to black, flat ; proper margin wavy ; spores brownish, fusiform-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 19.8-26.4 x 4.3-6.6 [x. Medulla white, no reaction with KOH. On bark and rock: Pacific Co.: Chinook, 1940, 2819a. Pierce Co.: White River Camp, 3000 ft., 1928, 1828 ; Mt. Rainier, trail to Seattle Park, 4000 ft., 1940, 3049. Clallam Co. : Port Angeles, Coleman's, 1914, Foster 2626 (W), determined as Nehproma laevigatum. King Co.: Summit, 1907, Foster 646 (F). Margins fringed with tooth-like lobules and lack of white tubercules on the under surface separate this form from the species. 30. Peltigera Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodro. 347. 1787. Thallus foliose, often large, and wide spreading horizontally, with a well-developed pseudoparenchymatous cortex on the upper surface, entirely lacking on the lower surface, definite algal and medullary layers, with rhizoids arising from the lower hyphae; upper surface naked or covered with a fine down, lower surface with more or less anastomosing veins; more or less firmly attached to the substratum by tufted rhizoids. Apothecia circular to elliptical, marginal, adnate on the upper side of the narrow, ex- tended lobes ; proper margin present, thalline margin absent ; hypothecium hyaline or brownish ; paraphyses unbranched, septate, enlarged at the tips ; asci usually 8-spored, rarely only 6-spored; spores hyaline or brownish, often curved, 3-7-septate. Alga Palmella, Dactylococcus, or Nostoc. A. Thallus bearing brown to blackish wart-like bodies (cephalodia), thallus turns bright green when moist. 46 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON B. Thallus large, cephalodia borne only on the upper surface. 1. P. aphthosa B. Thallus small, cephalodia borne only on the veins of the lower surface, 2. P. venosa A. Cephalodia absent, thallus does not turn bright green when moist. C. Upper surface downy, or bearing trichomatic hyphae. D. Lower surface covered with a dense brown to black tomentum. 6. P. malacea D. Lower surface reticulated with distinct veins. E. Veins light brown to black, lighter near the margins. F. Bearing coralloid branches, usually on the margins, lobes narrow. 8. P. praetextata F. Not bearing coralloid branches, margins crenate, lobes wider. 9. P. rufescens E. Veins mostly white, sometimes brownish. G. Thallus very small to medium sized. H. Bearing masses of soredia on the upper surface, thallus never exceeding 2.5 cm. in the largest diameter. 5. P. leptoderma H. Never bearing masses of soredia on the upper surface, thallus often larger 11. P. spuria G. Thallus medium sized to large. L Thallus large, upper surface irregularly pitted. 4. P. canina f. membranacea 1. Thallus smaller, upper surface not minutely pitted. 3. P. canina C. Upper surface granular, bearing soredia on the margins, veins forming a close tomentum on the under surface. 10. P. scutata C. Upper surface smooth and shiny, thallus digitately lobed ; apothecia borne on narrow digitately clustered lobules, finally revolute. 7. P. polydactyla 1. Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodro. 347. 1787. Lichen aphthosus Linn. Sp. PI. 1148. 1753. Thallus apple green, gray green, or some shade of brown, bright green when wet, medium sized to large, smooth, usually sprinkled with cephalodia, lobes broad, rounded, margins strongly ascending; below cream color or smoky black, reticulated with almost white or purplish veins, bearing scat- tered rhizoids. Apothecia on the tips of somewhat elongated lobules, revo- lute, adnate; disk dark reddish brown, almost black; proper margin, concolorous with the thallus, thin, crenate; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline or brownish, acicular, 3-7-septate, 48.0-75.9 x 4.9-5.2 fx. On soil and on moss covered rocks : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1928, 2006. Clallam Co.: Lake Sutherland, 590 ft., 1931, 1025. King Co.: Richmond Highlands, 300 ft., 1931, 581. Yakima Co.: Deadhorse hill, 4500 ft., 1931, 983. Chelan Co.: Rainbow Trail, 3800 ft, 1931, 1264 Pend Oreille Co.: Metaline Falls, 2600 ft., 1931, 1481. San LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 47 Juan Co.: San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1906, Fink 20 (W). Jefferson Co. : Elwha River Valley, 4000 ft., 1907, Frye 51 (W). Clallam Co. : Dun- geness, 1913, Foster 2546 (W). Spokane Co.: Spokane, near the Nata- torium, 1911, T. A. Bonser (W). 2. Peltigera venosa (L.) Baumg. Fl. Lips. 561. 1790. Lichen venosus Linn. Sp. PI. 1148. 1753. Thallus pale olive-green, ashy, or brownish, bright green when wet, small, fan-shaped, smooth, margins wavy, ascending ; below whitish, reticu- lated with brownish black veins, often spreading together into a close nap, at times cephalodia occur on the veins. Apothecia marginal, 2.0-5.5 mm. in diameter, round, horizontal, adnate; disk reddish brown to almost black, flat; proper margin slightly toothed, soon disappearing; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline or brownish, fusiform, 3-septate, 33.0-42.9 x 6.6-9.2 ^. On soil: San Juan Co.: Cypress Island, 1928, 1856; Orcas Island, Mt. Constitution, 2500 ft., 1928, 2009. King Co. : Richmond Highlands, 300 ft., 1928, 1855. Yakima Co.: Bumping Lake, 3400 ft., 1931, 933. Okanogan Co.: Twisp Summit, 6066 ft., 1931, 1319. Chelan Co.: Rainbow Trail, 3800 ft., 1931, 1263. Stevens Co.: Boyds, 1470 ft., 1931, 1440. Jefferson Co. : Olympic Mountains, near foot of Humes Glacier, 5000 ft., 1907, Frye 17 (W). Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, 1914, Foster 2620 (W). Asotin Co.: Blue Mountains, 1929, Jones (W). A common soil lichen widely distributed over the state, easily recog- nized by the small fan-shaped thallus that turns bright green when wet. 3. Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodro. 347. 1787. Lichen caninus Linn. Sp. PI. 1149. 1753. Thallus greenish gray, ashy, or various shades of brown, medium sized to large, partially covered with trichomatic hyphae, a hair-like down, espe- cially toward the tips of the lobes, margins irregularly crenate, ascending ; below whitish, rarely brown, with veins of same color or darker, with scat- tered long whitish rhizoids. Apothecia large, 4.0-14.0 mm. across, round, horizontal, or commonly revolute, borne on the tips of extended lobules, that are often suberect, adnate; disk reddish brown to dark brown; proper margin becoming wavy or crenate ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, fusiform, elongate, 3-7-septate, 46.2-59.4 x 4.0-5.9 p.. On soil, mosses, or decaying logs : San Juan Co. : Cypress Island, 1928, 1857. Pacific Co. : Nahcotta, 1930, 450. Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1931, 626. Kittitas Co.: Easton, 2168 ft., 1931, 856. Chelan Co.: Stehekin, 1140 ft., 1931, 1286. Klickitat Co.: Goldendale, 2000 ft., 1931, 1690. Whitman Co.: Tekoa Mountains, 2900 ft., 1931, 1590. San Juan Co.: Brown Island, 1906, Fink 132 (W). Clallam Co.: Dungeness, 1913, Foster 2547 (W). Whatcom Co.: Ruth Mountain, 5500 ft., 1928, Sunquist 1436 (W). A very common species widely distributed, distinguished by the tricho- 48 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON matic hyphae on the upper surface and a light-colored or rarely brownish lower surface. Plate III, B, C. 4. Peltigera canina f. memhranacea (Ach.) Duby, Bot. Gall. 2:598. 1830. Peltidea canina var. memhranacea Ach. Lich. Univ. 518. 1810. Thallus greenish gray, ashy, or various shades of brown, large, thin, pitted, well covered with trichomatic hyphae, hair-like down, lobes broad, rounded, margins wavy; below whitish, rarely brown, reticulated with veins of same color or darker, rhizoids scattered, whitish or brown. Apo- thecia small, 3.0-5.0 mm. across, otherwise the same as the species. On soil, mosses, or decaying logs : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Pt. Caution, 1928, 2010. King Co.: Edgewood, 300 ft., 1931, 1817; Mt. Rainier, White River Camp, 3900 ft., 1940, 1265. Columbia Co.: Blue Mountains, 3500 ft., 1931, 1622. Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, 1914, Foster (W). Skagit Co.: Hamilton, 1905, Foster (W). 5. Peltigera leptoderma Nyl., Syn. Lich. 1 :325. 1860. Peltigera canina var. sorediata Tuck. Peltigera sorediata (Schaer.) Fink. Thallus pale grayish green or light brown, small, downy, lobes round, with prominent groups of erumpent whitish or gray-green soredia near the center, margins slightly ascending, wavy ; below white or ashy, with a close tomentum of fine veins and closely attached to the substratum with rather long pale rhizoids. Apothecia rare, sterile in the state. On soil or rock: Yakima Co.: Bumping Lake, 3400 ft., 1931, 937; American River Camp, 2800 ft., 1931, 953. Chelan Co.: Rainbow Trail, 3800 ft., 1931, 1265. Ferry Co.: Laurier, 1644 ft., 1931, 1444. San Juan Co. : Orcas Island, Olga, 1906, Fink 346 (W). Snohomish Co. : Marysville, 1926, Grant (F). This Peltigera is rather easily recognized by the small thallus, with scat- tered gray-green or whitish soredial masses. 6. Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck, Crypt. Gewach. Heft 33:5. 1827. Peltidea malacea Ach. Syn. 240, 1814. Thallus buffy-olive (R), tawny-olive (R), or various shades of brown, medium sized, slightly pulverulent or downy, rather thick and spongy, hori- zontal or wavy ; below brown or black with a close tomentum, paler toward the edges, rhizoids scarce. Apothecia 3.0-7.0 mm. across, round, revolute, borne on the tips of extended lobules, adnate ; disk reddish brown or black ; proper margin crenulate ; asci 8-spored, spores hyaline, acicular, 3-5-septate, 22.9-75.9 X 2.6-5.0 /^. On soil and rock : Island Co. : Whidbey Island, 1931, 1771. Pierce Co. : Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1940, 3023. Yakima Co. : Deadhorse Hill, 4500 ft., 1931, 984. Chelan Co.: Rainbow Trail, 3500 ft., 1931, 1281 ; Merritt, 2186 ft., 1931, 1079. Ferry Co. : Laurier, 1644 ft., 1931, 1431. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 49 No fruiting specimens seen by the writer from this state as yet, but it can easily be determined by the dense dark-colored tomentum on the lower surface. 7. Peltigera polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. Descript. and Adumbr. PI. Lich. 1 :19. 1790. Lichen polydactyhis Neck. Meth. Muse. 85, 1771. Thallus greenish glaucescent (R), grayish green or brownish, medium sized to large, thin, smooth, and shiny, lobes digitate, often ascending ; below white or brownish, reticulate, with wide, whitish or brownish to blackish veins; closely attached to the substratum with brown or black rhizoids, Apothecia 2.0-6.0 mm. across, round or oblong, revolute, borne on the tips of narrowly digitately clustered lobules, adnate; disk reddish brown; proper margin crenulate ; asci 8-spored, spores hyaline, acicular, 3-7-septate, 60.0-89.0 X 2.5-4.0 ix. On soil or mossy tree trunks: Pacific Co.: Loomis Lake, 1931, 777. Clallam Co. : Lake Sutherland, 590 ft., 1931, 1013; West Elwha Trail, 300 ft., 1940, 2896. Kitsap Co.: Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1931, 1732. King Co. : Grass Mountain Trail, 2200 ft., 1931, 706. Distinguished by the smooth and shiny upper surface and by the ascending incurving, digitately clustered fertile lobules. 8. Peltigera praetextata (Flk.) Wainio, Term. Fuz., 22:306. 1899. Peltidea ulorrhiza var. praetextata Flk., in Somrft. Suppl. Fl, Lapp. 123. 1826. Thallus grayish green, rusty brown, or brown, small to medium sized, slightly downy, lobes narrow, wavy, ascending at the margins, often covered with light or dark coralloid branches, especially toward the margins ; below whitish, rarely light brown, reticulated with light to dark brown veins, rhizoids brown not abundant. Apothecia 2.0-5.0 mm. across, round or somewhat oblong, revolute, borne on narrow upright lobules, adnate ; disk reddish brown; proper margin denticulate; asci 8-spored, spores hyaline, acicular, slightly curved, 3-5-septate, 39.6-49.5 x 3.3-4.0 fx. On soil or decaying logs : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Roche Har- bor, 1928, 1851. Clallam Co.: Lake Sutherland, 590 ft., 1931, 1034. Kitsap Co.: Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1931, 1733. King Co.: Edge- wood, 1931, 300 ft., 1808. Pierce Co.: Mt. Rainier, trail to Moraine Park, 3300 ft., 1940, 2991; Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 2774. Spokane Co.: Indian Canyon, 1934, Sister Marion Loretta (WTU). Distinguished by the abundant coralloid branches, scattered over the upper surface and margins of the thallus. 9. Peltigera rufescens (Weis.) Humb., Fl. Frib. Specim. 2. 1793. Lichen caninus, rufescens Weis. PI. Crypt. Fl. Goett. 79. 1770. Thallus grayish green or reddish brown, small to medium sized, thick, smooth or downy, lobes narrow, margins crenate, crisp, often upright; so LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON below whitish, reticulated with very thick, light or dark brown veins, rhi- zoids of same color. Apothecia 3.0-7,0 mm. across, round or oblong, revo- lute, borne on the tips of narrow upright lobules, adnate ; disk brown, red- dish brown, or blackish brown ; proper margin denticulate ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, acicular, straight to slightly curved, 3-7-septate, 42.9-49.5 X 3.3-4.0 fi. On soil, rock, and decaying logs : Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1931, 1727. Pierce Co.: Mt. Rainier, White River Camp, 3000 ft., 1931, 1853; Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1931, 627. Chelan Co. : Stehekin, 1140 ft., 1931, 1287. Whitman Co.: Tekoa Mountains, 2900 ft., 1931, 1589. King Co. : Seattle, 1891, A. M. Parker 53 (W). No very good distinguishing characters, the crisped edges help to distinguish it from P. canina, which species it resembles rather closely. 10. Peltigera scutata (Dicks.) Duby, Bot. Gall. 2:599. 1830. Lichen scutatus Dicks., Fasc. PI. Crypt. Brit. 3 :18. 1793. Thallus grayish green or pale tawny brown, small, granular or scurfy, lobes narrow, margins ascending, crenate to wavy, often well covered with grayish green soredia, often involute ; below whitish or brown veins forming close tomentum, always paler towards the margins, rhizoids pale at the margins, dark brown near the center, very bushy. Apothecia small, 2.0-4.0 mm. across, round, sometimes revolute, borne on the tips of short lobules, usually erect, adnate; disk reddish or blackish brown; proper margin crenate; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, acicular, 3-7-septate, 44.0-66.0 x 3.0-5.0 fx. On soil, decaying logs, trees or rarely on mossy rock : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Pt. Caution, 1940, 3268; Orcas Island, Mt. Constitution, 2500 ft., 1928, 2012. Pacific Co. : Long Beach, 1928. Thurston Co. : Grand Mound, 1940, 2949. Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1931, 1731. Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Moraine Trail, 3300 ft., 1940, 2997. Kittitas Co.: Roslyn, 2800 ft., 1931, 899a. Klickitat Co.: Goldendale, 2000 ft., 1931, 1699. Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, Birds, 1914, Foster 2621 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster 1942 (W). Spokane Co.: Spokane, 1929 ft., 1940, 2750. King Co.: Ronald's Bog, 1934, Sister Marion Loretta (WTU). This species can be distinguished by the abundant grayish green, sorediate margins. \\. Peltigera spuria (Ach.) DC, in Lam. and DC. Fl. Franc. 3rd ed., 1805. Lichen spurius Ach. Suec. Prodro. 159. 1798. Peltigera canina var. spuria (Ach.) Schaer. Thallus pale greenish gray, reddish brown, or various shades of brown, small, when dry stiff, and brittle, partially covered with trichomatic hyphae, margins almost entire; below whitish, reticulated with white or brown LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 51 veins, rhizoids scarce. Apothecia 3.0-5.0 mm. across, round to oblong, revolute, borne on the tips of short digitately clustered lobules, adnate ; disk reddish brown ; proper margin irregularly crenulate ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, acicular, slightly curved, 3-7-septate, 22.9-75.9 x 2.6-5.0 ^i. On soil and mossy rocks: Island Co.: Whidbey Island, 1931, 1776. Mason Co.: Shelton, 1931, 1225. Kitsap Co.: Hidden Ranch near Bremer- ton, 213 ft., 1930, 1854. Pierce Co.: Mt. Rainier, trail to Mowich Lake, 3500 ft., 1940, 3062. San Juan Co. : Orcas Island, Olga, 1906, Fink 347 (W). This species resembles P. venosa somewhat in the small size and shape of the thallus, but the revolute apothecia easily separate it from that species. 17. LECIDEACEAE Thallus crustose or squamulose, sometimes marginally lobed, dififeren- tiated into definite cortical, algal, and medulla layers, or in some genera showing little dififerentiation ; attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids. Apothecia circular, scattered, adnate, sessile or rarely stipitate ; proper mar- gin well developed, thalline margin absent ; asci usually 8-spored, sometimes 16-30-spored ; spores hyahne or brown, nonseptate, 2-many-septate, or muriform. Alga Protococciis or Gloeocapsa. A. Spores nonseptate. B. Spores very large, thick walled 32. Mycoblasttis B. Spores not very large, thin walled 31. Lecidea A. Spores septate. C. Spores 1-many transversely septate. D. Spores 1-septate 33. Catillaria D. Spores 2-many-septate. E. Thallus non-corticate, crustose 34. Bacidia E. Thallus corticate, squamulose 35. Toninia C. Spores muriform, rarely only transversely septate. F. Spores hyaline 36. Lopadiiim F. Spores normally brown, rarely hyaline. 37. Rhisocarpon 31. Lecidea Ach. Meth. Lich. 32. 1803. Thallus crustose, granulose, areolate, or squamulose, often lobate at the margin, sometimes bearing soredia or cephalodia, with a typical pseudo- parenchymous upper cortex or one of closely packed liyphae, distinct algal and medullary layers, and a lower cortex absent or poorly developed ; in some genera there is no differentiation into definite layers. Apothecia usually circular, sometimes angulate, adnate or sessile ; proper margin concolorous with the disk, often disappearing ; hypothecium hyaline, brown, or almost black; paraphyses rarely branched, sometimes forked near the apex, the amount of coherence is variable; asci usually 8-spored, rarely 16-spored; 52 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON spores hyaline, nonseptate. A large and difficult genus. Alga Protococcus. A. Usually on rock, rarely on soil. B. Thallus subfruticose 17. L. Pringlei B, Thallus squamulose. C. Squamules white edged 34. L. rubiformis D. Squamules ample, margins ascendant, white below with a few rhizoids 35. L. Russellii D. Squamules not so large, margins not noticeably ascendant, white below without rhizoids 33. L. ostreata C. Squamules black edged 26. L. protabacina C. Squamules brown edged, entire upper surface brown 32. L. lurida B. Thallus squamulose-areolate, edges raised, grayish black. E. Black hypothallus prominent, marginal areoles not elongated. ILL. fuscoatra E. Black hypothallus not prominent, marginal areoles elongated. 5. L. atrobrunnea B. Thallus areolate or granulose. F. Thallus some shade of yellow, orange, or red. G. Hypothecium light-colored, often hyaline 4. L. armeniaca G. Hypothecium dark-colored, brown or black. H. Limiting black hypothallus present ; medulla not blue with IKL 2. L. albocaerulescens var. flavocaerulescens H. Limiting black hypothallus present; medulla blue with IKL 13. L. lapicida var. oxydata F. Thallus never decidedly yellow, orange, or red. L Hypothecium light-colored, often hyaline 9. L. cyanea I. Hypothecium dark-colored, brown or black. J. Disk always conspicuously pruinose L L. albocaerulescens J. Disk never or only slightly pruinose. K. Thallus usually absent, spores poorly developed. 7. L. auriculata var. diducens K. Thallus usually present, spores well developed, rarely less than 10 fi long. L. Tips of paraphyses bluish black. M. Hypothecium always dark brown. N. Paraphyses free 15. L. parasema N. Paraphyses coherent 18. L. vorticosa M. Hypothecium hyaline or yellow-brown. O. Thallus yellow with KOH, faint red with CaOClg. 14. L. latypea O. Thallus not yellow with KOH, but red with CaOCla- 16. L. parasema var. theioplaca L. Tips of paraphyses not bluish black. P. Thallus very thick, medulla blue with IKL 12. L. lapicidia LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 53 P. Thallus not very thick, medulla not blue with IKI. Q. Spores rarely less than 15 /a long 8. L. contigua Q, Spores rarely more than 15 /* long 6. L. auriculata A. On bark or old wood. B. Bordered by conspicuous black hypothalline lines. C. Hypothecium yellowish brown or dark brown. 10. L. elaeochroma f. geographica C. Hypothecium hyaline 28. L. varians B. Not bordered by conspicuous black hypothalline lines. D. Hypothecium rarely hyaline, usually brown, disk of apothecium black. E. Paraphyses free, tips bluish black 15. L. parasema E. Paraphyses coherent, tips colorless 33. L. ostreata D. Hypothecium hyaline, disk variously colored. F. Disk scarlet 20. L. cinnabarina F, Disk not scarlet. G. Spores broadly ellipsoid, thick walled 27. L. tornoensis G. Spores not broadly ellipsoid, thin walled. H. Always on bark 21. L. furvonigrans H. Not always on bark. I. Thallus absent or very thin and inconspicuous. J. Margin of apothecia not darker than the disk. 19. L. carnulenta J. Margin of apothecia not darker than the disk. 24. L. myriocarpella I. Thallus present, consisting of granules. K. Thallus brown or olive brown, margin of apothecia becoming lobate 23. L. holopolia K. Thallus yellowish white or greenish gray, margin of apothecia flexuous 25. L. paddensis A. Usually on soil or moss, rarely on old wood. B. Thallus granulose. C. Apothecia hemispherical or globose, hypothecium brown. 3. L. arctica C. Apothecia circular, hypothecium pale yellow. 22. L. granulosa B. Thallus squamulose (Psora). D. Thallus flesh-color (R), an orange shade, or brick red. 29. L. decipiens D. Thallus some shade of gray or brown. E. Squamules white edged 34. L. rubiformis E. Squamules not white edged. F. Light colored under surface of squamules easily seen, showy, prominent 31. L. globifera F. Under surface of squamules not easily seen. G. Hypothecium hyaline or pale yellow. 30. L. demissa G. Hypothecium dark brown. 32. L. lurida 54 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 1. Lecidea alhocaerulescens (Wulf.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 52. 1803. Lichen alhocaerulescens Wulf. in Jaqu. Coll. Bot. 2:184. 1788. Thallus gray or greenish gray, thin to moderately thick, minutely rimose-areolate. Apothecia circular or slightly irregular, 0.5-1.2 mm. in diameter, immersed or adnate ; disk black, usually white pruinose, flat ; proper margin thick, black, rarely disappearing; hypothecium thick, dark brown or black; paraphyses coherent, tips enlarged slightly, colored; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 14.0-22.8 x 7.6-9.5 fx. On rocks : Clallam Co. : Elwha River Bridge, 1911, Foster 1792 (F). 2. Lecidea alhocaerulescens var. flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) Schaer. Lich. Helvet. Spicil. sect. 3:143. 1828. Lecidea flavocaerulescens Hornem. Icon. PI. Dan. 8: fasc. 24, 5. 1810. Thallus reddish orange, with a limiting black hypothallus; disk naked or very slightly pruinose ; otherwise like the species. On rock: Whatcom Co.: Mt. Baker, Galena, 3800 ft., 1931, 1200. Yakima Co. : Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 3359. Clallam Co. : Lake Cres- cent, Storm King Mountain, 4300 ft., 1935; A. H. Smith 2267 (F.) This lichen is easily recognized by the reddish orange of the thallus and the black limiting hypothallus, 3. Lecidea arctica Somrft. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 156. 1826. Thallus brownish gray, granulose, granules minute, globular, wide spread and finally heaped. Apothecia hemispherical to globose, often irregu- lar, sometimes conglomerate, 0.2-0.8 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate ; disk very black, faintly gray pruinose; proper margin soon disappearing; hypothecium brown; paraphyses coherent; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 15-25 x 6-8 \i.. On moss or soil : Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 50 (T). Whatcom Co.: Mt. Baker, 6000 to 7000 ft., Herre (1919). 4. Lecidea armeniaca (Lam. and DC.) Fries Syst. Orb. Veg. pars 1, 286. 1825. Rhisocarpon armeniacum Lam. and DC. Fl. Franc. 3rd ed., 2 :366. 1805. Thallus yellow, pale yellowish orange with a copperish tinge, or bay (R), areoles thick, scattered or crowded, turgid and plicate-rugose, black hypothallus showing between areoles also forming a fringe around the cir- cumference. Apothecia circular, 0.5-2.0 mm. in diameter, immersed; disk black, naked, flat to convex ; proper margin soon disappearing ; hypothecium pale yellow or brownish ; paraphyses coherent, tips colored ; asci 8-spored, spores hyaline ; ellipsoid, nonseptate, 9-13 x 5-6 fi. On rock: Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, Brandegee (T). LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 55 5. Lecidea atrobrunnea (Ram.) Schaer, Lich. Helvet. Spicil. 134. 1828. Lichen atrobrunneus Ram. in Lam. and DC. Fl. Franc. 3rd ed., 2 :367. 1805. Thallus chestnut-brown or reddish brown, squamulose-areolate, areoles smooth and shiny, turgid, tough, flat to convex, lobed, scattered or imbri- cated, edges wavy and ascending, marginal areoles often elongated. Apo- thecia circular, 0,5-1.0 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk black, concave to slightly convex ; proper margin black, thick, prominent, becoming flexuose ; hypothecium brown; paraphyses coherent, tips colored; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 9.9-12.0 x 3.0-4.3 fi. On rock: Yakima Co.: gulch near Naches, 1350 ft., 1931, 903. Wash- ington Territory, Brandegee 48 (F). 6. Lecidea auriculata Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. ser. 3, 3:313. 1861. Thallus grayish white or pale brown, rimose-areolate, thin, rough. Apothecia circular, at length variously lobed and irregular, 0.3-1.0 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk black, flat to convex; proper margin concolorous with the disk somewhat raised, finally disappearing; hypothecium pale brown or olive brown ; paraphyses coherent, tips darkened ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, oblong to ellipsoid, nonseptate, 7.0-11.4 x 3.8-4.0 (i. On rock: Columbia Co.: Blue Mountains, 5000 ft., 1931, 1627. 7. Lecidea auriculata var. diducens (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 499. 1874. Lecidea diducens Nyl. Flora 48:148. 1865. Thallus absent. Apothecia in scattered crowded groups, circular to irregular perhaps due to crowding ; spores small and poorly developed. On rock: Chelan Co.: Beaver Summit, 2800 ft., 1931, 1340; butte near Chelan, 2000 ft., 1931, 1355. Okanogan Co.: near Tonasket, 2000 ft., 1931, 1385. 8. Lecidea contigua (Sm.) Fries Nov. Sched. Critic. 14. 1827. Lichen contiguus Sm. in Sm. and Sowerb. Engl. Bot. 12; tab. 821. 1801. Thallus gray, grayish white, or greenish gray, rough and warty, becom- ing rimose-areolate, irregularly spread over the substratum, sometimes thin and scattered. Apothecia circular, 0.4-1.3 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate ; disk black, flat to convex, rarely faintly pruinose ; proper margin black, thin, raised, finally disappearing; hypothecium thick, dark brown; paraphyses slender, subcoherent, dark or olivaceous brown at the tips ; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, rather large, ellipsoid, 13.2-23.1 x 6.0-9.0 /i. On rock : Whatcom Co. : Ruth Mountain, 6800 ft., 1928, 1946. Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Paradise Valley, 5500 ft., 1928, 1939; Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1940, 3028. Ferry Co. : Mt. Gibraltar, 3100 ft., 1940, 3153. Wash- ington Territory, Suksdorf 288 (S). 56 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 9. Lecidea cyanea (Ach.) Rohl. Deutschl. Fl. 2 Abt. 3 :32. 1813. Lecidea lapicida var. cyanea Ach. Meth. Lich. 38. 1803. Lecidea tessellata (Ach.) Flk. Thallus gray or greenish gray, rimose-areolate in round to angular areoles on a more or less prominent black hypothallus. Apothecia circular to slightly angular, 0.5-2.0 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate; disk black and horny, at first pruinose, flat to convex ; proper margin thin ele- vated, persistent, finally flexuous; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses co- herent, tips brownish black; asci 8-spored; spores hyahne, ellipsoid, non- septate, 6-8.5 X 4.0-6.0 jx. On rock : Whatcom Co. : Ruth Mountain, 6800 ft., 1928, Sunquist 1877. Yakima Co.: gulch near Naches, 1350 ft., 1931, 906; 1940, 3174. Chelan Co.: butte near Chelan, 2000 ft., 1931, 1376. Okanogan Co.: gulch near Tonasket, 1200 ft, 1931, 1379. Columbia Co.: New Hope, 1500 ft., 1931, 1565. Garfield Co. : Pomeroy, 1860 ft., 1931, 1571. The black apothecia on the gray thallus make this Lecidea resemble a mosaic pavement when examined under a hand lens. 10. Lecidea elaeochroma f. geographica (Bagl.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univers. 3:571. 1925. Lecidea enteroleuca var. geographica Bagl. in Memor. della Royal Acad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, 17:421. 1857. Thallus dark olive-bufif (R) or citrine-drab (R), small patches of minute crumb-like granules scattered on a black hypothallus and bordered by a conspicuous black hypothalline line. Apothecia circular, 0.2-0.8 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate; disk black, concave to flat; proper margin thin, high, black, finally disappearing; hypothecium dark yellowish brown; paraphyses free, slightly enlarged at the tips ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 13.2-15.0 x 7.0-8.0 ix. On bark: Pacific Co.: Chinook, 1931, 792. Clallam Co.: Elwha River valley, near Port Angeles, 1940, 2898. Mason Co.: Shelton, 1931, 1217. This is an easily determined bark lichen because of the conspicuous black hypothalline lines and dark hypothecium. 11. Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 44. 1803. Lichen fuscoater Linn. Sp. PI. 1140. 1753. Thallus brown, reddish brown, blackish brown, squamulose-areolate, areoles thin, round, lobulate, angulate, flat, sometimes slightly concave or convex, edges blackish gray, usually slightly raised, scattered or rather closely crowded, black hypothallus often very distinct. Apothecia circular, sometimes angular, 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk black, slightly pruinose at first, becoming naked, flat to convex ; proper margin black, thin, finally disappearing; hypothecium pale brown or dark brown; paraphyses coherent, tips dark colored ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, non- septate, 9.9-13.2 x 5.0-6.0 /x. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 57 On rock: Pierce Co.: White River Camp, 3000 ft., 1928, 1942; Mt. Rainier, Summerland Park, 6500 ft., lllTa. Okanogan Co.: gulch near Tonasket, 1200 ft., 1931, 1366. Spokane Co.: Mt. Spokane, 5808 ft., 1931, 1497. Columbia Co.: Blue Mountains, 5000 ft., 1931, 1627a. Clallam Co.: Lake Crescent, Storm King Mountain, 3500 ft., A. H. Smith 2237 (F). Klickitat Co.: Goldendale, 1909, Foster 1187 (F). Washington Territory, Suksdorf9 (T). This lichen is abundant and widely distributed in the state. 12. Lecidea lapicida Ach. Meth. Lich. 37. 1803. Lichen lapicida Ach. Lichenogr. Suec. Prodro. 61. 1798. Thallus gray, greenish gray, or brownish gray, thick areolate, areoles contiguous, flat to slightly convex, angulate. Apothecia circular, 0.4-2.0 mm. in diameter, partly immersed to adnate; disk black, naked, flat becoming convex; proper margin brownish black, thin, undulate, persistent; hypo- thecium brown; paraphyses subcoherent, tips brownish thickened; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 11.0-13.2 x 5.9-7.0 fx. Me- dulla violet then blue with IKI. On rock : Whatcom Co. : Ruth Mountain, 6800 ft., 1928, L. Sunqnist 1946. Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Yakima Park, 6300 ft., 592. Olympic Moun- tains, Boulder Peak, 6000 ft., 1935, A. H. Smith 2736 (F). 13. Lecidea lapicida var. oxydata Rabh. Deutschl. Kryplog.-Fl. 2 :84. 1845. Thallus tawny (R) or dull orange red, usually thinner than the species; otherwise like the species. Medulla violet then blue with IKI. On rock : San Juan Co. : Orcas Island, Mt. Constitution, 2500 ft., 1928, 2014. The orange red color of the thallus, plus the blue color reaction of the medulla with IKI makes this an easy Lecidea to identify. 14. Lecidea latypea Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. 10. 1803. Lecidea sabuletorum Fries Nov. Sched. Critic. 8. 1826. Thallus whitish gray or yellowish white, moderately thick, verrucose- areolate, verrucae contiguous or scattered, flat or becoming subglobose, margins crenulate, at times the thallus becomes granulose. Apothecia cir- cular, 0.4-1.2 mm. in diameter, partly immersed to adnate; disk black, flat to depressed, becoming convex at times ; proper margin concolorous or brownish black, thick at first, becoming thin, usually persisting; hypothe- cium yellowish brown or brown ; paraphyses coherent to free, tips swollen, bluish black; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, nonseptate, 11.5-16.4 X 6.2-9.9 fx. Thallus yellow with KOH, faint red with CaOCL. On rock : San Juan Co. : Turn Island, 1928, 2013. Yakima Co. : Dead- horse Hill, 4000 ft., 1931, 959. San Juan Co. : Brown Island, 1906, Fink 127 (F). 58 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 15. Lecidea parasema Ach. Meth. Lich. 35. 1803. Lichen parasemus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodro. 64. 1798. Lecidea enteroleuca Ach. Thallus gray, dark olive-buff (R), greenish gray, or yellowish gray, thin and rather smooth, contiguous, becoming areolate, areoles minute, warty, sometimes granulose. Apothecia circular, 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk black, flat to somewhat convex; proper margin black, prominent, entire, becoming flexuous, finally disappearing ; hypothecium rarely hyaline, usually brown; paraphyses free, with enlarged bluish black tips; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 8.0-16.0 x 6.6-8.3 fi. On wood or bark, rarely on rock : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Pt. Caution, 1928, 2015. Pacific Co.: Chinook, 1940, 2810. Kittitas Co.: Easton, 2200 ft., 1931, 843. Klickitat Co.: Goldendale, 2000 ft., 1931, 1685. Whitman Co.: Tekoa Mountains, 2900 ft., 1931, 1600a. Mason Co.: Hoodsport, 1912, Foster 2110 (F). 16. Lecidea parasema var. theioplaca (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univers. 3 :664. 1925. Lecidea enteroleuca var. theioplaca Tuck. Gen. Lich. 179. 1872, Thallus pale yellowish, verrucose, thick; hypothecium always brown. Thallus not yellow with KOH, but red with CaOClg ; otherwise like the species. On rock: San Juan Co.: Shaw Island, 1928, 1944. Washington Terri- tory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 104 (F). 17. Lecidea Pringlei Tuck. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 10 :22. 1883. Thallus dark green or black, fruticose, consisting of crowded erect branched trunks, extending into slender naked irregularly branched stems dilated at the tips, often becoming densely rough and folded, passing into root-like branchlets at the base. Apothecia circular, 1.0-5.0 mm. in diam- eter; disk reddish brown or black, flat, soon becoming wavy, lobed and wrinkled ; proper margin brown or black, thick, shiny, irregular, and finally disappearing; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, nonseptate but sometimes falsely 1-septate, 9.0-10.0 x 3.0-5.0 /a. On rock: Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, eastern slope, Brandegee 34, cotype (T). A rare and most unusual Lecidea. 18. Lecidea vorticosa (Flk.) Korb. Syst. Lich. Ger. 251. 1855. Lecidea sabuletorum var. vorticosa Flk. Gesell. Naturf. Freund Berlin, Mag. 2:311. 1808. Thallus grayish white or gray, granulose, thin, granules crowded, heaped or dispersed, sometimes entirely absent. Apothecia circular or irregular, often closely crowded and confluent, 0.5-1.8 mm. in diameter, LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 59 sessile; disk black, velvety, usually flat, sometimes concave or convex; proper margin black, prominent, raised, crenulate, flexuous or lobed, rarely disappearing; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses coherent, tips bluish black; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, 9.9-13.2 x 3.3-4.0 /a. On rock: Kittitas Co.: Roslyn, 2800 ft., 1931, 897. Chelan Co.: Zena, 800 ft., 1931, 1107 a. Spokane Co. : Mt. Spokane, 5808 ft., 1931, U96. 19. Lecidea carnulenta (Tuck.) Fink, Con. U.S. Nat. Herb. 14:73. 1910. Biatora carnulento Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. 12:179. 1877. Thallus usually absent, when present grayish green, consisting of a very thin scattered crust. Apothecia circular, 0.2-0.8 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk pale yellow, pinkish brown, or reddish brown, rather strongly convex ; proper margin often darker in color than the disk, disappearing early; hypothecium hyaline or yellowish brown; paraphyses gelatinized, tips sometimes brown; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 7.0-10.5 X 3.0-5.0 IX. On old wood or bark : King-Kittitas Co, : Snoqualmie Pass, 3010 ft., 1931, 808. Clallam Co. : Olympic Mountains, Olympic Hot Springs, 1935, A. H.Smith 1990 (F). The distinguishing character is the darker colored proper margin. 20. Lecidea cinnabarina Somrft. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 114. 1823. Biatora cinnabarina (Somrft.) Fries. Thallus white or greenish gray, effuse, thin, granulate, rough and warty, sometimes sorediate. Apothecia circular, sometimes flexuous-lobate, rarely proliferous, 9.2-8.0 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk scarlet, flat to convex; proper margin lighter colored and soon disappearing ; hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses coherent; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline oblong, nonseptate, 6.6-12.0 X 2.5-3.3 ix. On bark: Pierce Co.: White River Camp, 3000 ft., 1928, 1984 and 1940, 3106. Pierce- Yakima Co. : Chinook Pass, 5440 ft., 1931, 1558. Clal- lam Co. : Crystal Springs above Olympic Hot Springs, 1914, Foster 2871 (W). Trail to top of Mt. Elinor, 3500-4500 ft., Foster 2107 (F). Wash- ington Territory, Suksdorf (F). The scarlet disk makes this a very distinctive bark Lecidea. 2\. Lecidea jurvonigrans (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univers. 3:762. 1925. Biatora jurvonigrans Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 2:129. 1888. Thallus brown, thin, wide spread, smooth or rough and verrucose, on a black hypothallus. Apothecia circular, minute, 0.2-0.4 mm. in diameter, sessile ; disk brownish black or black, convex ; proper margin diappearing very early; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses conglutinate, tips brownish; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, oblong, nonseptate, 13.0-15.2 x 3.0-6.0 ii. On bark : Pacific Co. : along Naselle River, 1940, 2939b. Yakima Co. : 60 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 2786. Washington Territory, 1882, Suksdorj 209, Type specimen (T). 22. Lecidea granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 65. 1803. Lichen granulosus Ehrh. Pt. Crypt, ex. No. 145, 1785. Biatora granulosa (Ehrh.) Flot. Thallus of grayish white, yellowish white, or greenish gray granules, crowded and imbricated, hemispherical, often forming a rather thick, sorediate crust, or squamulose, often lobate at the circumference. Apothecia circular, clustered, often confluent and irregular in shape, 0.5-2.0 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk flesh colored (R), olive brown, or black, dull, some- times papillate, flat to convex; proper margin often paler than the disk, raised, disappearing soon ; hypothecium pale yellow ; paraphyses coherent, tips brownish; asci 8-spored; spores hyahne, ovoid-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 9.9-16.5 X 4.0-5.9 ii. On soil, mosses, or decaying wood : Whatcom Co. : Mt. Baker, 2800 ft., 1931, 1179. Pierce Co.: Mt. Rainier, Grand Park, 5575 ft., 1931, 654; Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1940, 3015. Chelan Co. : Twisp Summit, 6066 ft., 1931, 1318. Ferry Co.: Keller, 2000 ft., 1940, 3117. Yakima Co.: Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 2782. Olympic Mountains, Hurricane Ridge, 1935, A. H. Smith 2372 (F). Snohomish Co.: Marysville, 1928, /. M. Grant (WTU). A common mountain lichen, rather easily identified because of the yellow color reaction with KOH and the red with CaOClg. 23. Lecidea holopolia (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univers. 3:782. 1925. Biatora holopolia Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 2 :26. 1888. Thallus brown or olive brown, granulose, granules coarse, tough, round, usually crowded, sometimes scattered. Apothecia circular, 0.3-1.2 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk reddish brown or black, flat becoming convex; proper margin thick becoming lobate; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses conglutinate, tips forked; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ovoid, guttulate, 9.0-14.0 X 4.0-7.0 jM, description and spore measurements from type specimen. On old wood : Washington Territory : 1882, Suksdorj 167, Type speci- men (T). 24. Lecidea myriocarpella (Merrill) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univers. 3 :803. 1925. Biatora myriocarpella Merrill, Bryol. 16 :58. 1913. Thallus absent or very thin and inconspicuous. Apothecia minute, cir- cular, very numerous, 0.1-0.3 mm. in diameter, adnate to subsessile; disk usually dull black or dark brown, flat to convex ; proper margin dull black, thin, soon disappearing ; hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses gelatinated, tips dark purplish; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, rarely 1 -septate, 8.0 X 4.0 ju,. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 61 On old wood: Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster 1987 (F). Herre (1943) reports this species as formerly common on old timbers at Bel- lingham. 25. Lecidea paddensis (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univers. 2:808. 1925. Biatora paddensis Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 2 :25. 1888. Thallus yellowish white or greenish gray, granulose, granules flat and tough, scattered. Apothecia circular, 0.4-1.0 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk pale tawny, reddish brown, or black, flat to convex; proper margin con- colorous, flexuous, and finally disappearing; hypothecium hyaline; para- physes conglutinated ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, globose to ovoid, non- septate, 6.6-9.9 X 4.9-5.3 fx. On old wood or bark: Spokane Co.: Mt. Spokane, 5808 ft., 1931, 1490a. Washington Territory, Mt. Paddo, 1883, Suksdorf 164, type specimen (T). 26. Lecidea protabacina Nyl. in Hasse, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 2:60. 1903. Thallus yellow, purplish red, or fawn color (R), squamulose, squamules turgid, convex, smooth, shiny, round to angular, edges black, crowded, sometimes scattered, occasionally fissured, on a black hypothallus ; under- side black. Apothecia circular, 0.4-1.5 mm. in diameter, single or grouped, sessile; disk black, shiny, becoming convex; proper margin blackish, thin, gradually disappearing; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses closely co- herent; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 10.0- 12.0 X 4.0-5.0 fji. Medulla blue with IKI. On rock : I have seen no specimen of this species from the state. Fink (1935) reports it from Washington. 27. Lecidea tornoensis Nyl. and Saelan, Herb. Mus. Fenn. 1859. Biatora tornoensis (Nyl. and Saelan) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. ser. 3, 3 :196. 1860. Thallus chocolate, tawny, or olive green, granulose, granules flat, crowded often forming an areolate-rimose crust. Apothecia circular, 0.4-1.0 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk reddish brown or black, convex, becoming tuberculate; proper margin evanescent; hypothecium hyaline or pale yel- low ; paraphyses coherent, tips dark brown, enlarged ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, wall thick, sometimes in two layers, nonseptate, 17.0-23.0 X 10.0 fx. On bark or old wood: Washington Territory, Suksdorf 102 (T), 50 (S). The rather large thick walled spores distinguish this species. 28. Lecidea varians Ach. Syn. Meth. Lich. 38. 1814. Biatora varians (Ach.) Eschw. Syst. Lich. 26. 1824. Thallus grayish white, grayish green, or yellowish green, granulose, 62 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON granules minute, forming a rather thin, smooth crust, bordered and crossed by black hypothalline lines. Apothecia circular, often clustered, minute, 0.1-0.3 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk pale yellow, reddish brown, or black, when black, pruinose, flat to convex ; proper margin thin, soon disappear- ing ; hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses conglutinated ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 8.0-15.0 x 5.0-6.0 /x. On bark or old wood: Pacific Co. : Long Beach, 1931, 465. Wahkiakum Co. : Cathlamet, 1940, 2901. Pierce Co. : White River Camp, 3900 ft., 1940, 3093. Yakima Co. : Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 2786. 29. Lecidea decipiens (Ehrh.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 80, 1803. Lichen decipiens Ehrh. Hedw. Descr. and Adumbr. Muse. Frond. 2 :7. 1789. Biatora decipiens (Ehrh.) Fries. Psora decipiens (Ehrh.) Hoffm. Thallus flesh color (R), coral red (R), brick red, or orange shades, squamulose, squamules thin, medium size, smooth, sometimes pruinose, round, irregularly lobed, concave, undulate, closely attached to the sub- stratum, edges white; below white. Apothecia marginal or in center of squamules, 0.4-1.0 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk brown or black, convex; proper margin paler, hardly visible, soon disappearing; hypothecium pale brown; paraphyses conglutinated, tips umber; asci 8-spored; spores hya- line, oblong-ovoid, nonseptate, 12.0-15.0 x 6.0-7.0 fx. On soil: Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 16 (T). A very showy lichen, easily recognized if one is fortunate enough to find it, but not common in the state. 30. Lecidea deniissa (Rutstrom) Ach. Meth. Lich. 81. 1803. Lichen demissus Rutstrom, Spicil. PI. Crypt. Suec. 8. 1794. Biatora atro-riifa (Dicks.) Fries. Psora demissa (Rutstrom) Stein. Thallus grayish white or grayish brown, squamulose, squamules thin, small, round, irregularly lobed, edges crenate, imbricated, squamules some- times running together into a rough warty crust on a black hypothallus, closely attached to the substratum. Apothecia circular, often clustered and confluent, 0.3-1.0 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate; disk reddish brown or black, usually flat becoming convex; proper margin darker and soon disappearing; hypothecium hyahne; paraphyses thick, tips brown; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ovoid-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 12.0-14.0 x 6.0-8.0 [x. On soil : Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 79 (F). 31. Lecidea globifera Ach. Meth. Lich. 213. 1803. Biatora globifera Ach. Psora globifera (Ach.) Mass. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 63 Thallus olive brown, grayish green, more often chestnut-brown, squamulose, squamules rather large, smooth, somewhat shiny, concave, undulate, irregularly lobed, somewhat imbricated, often ascending at the edges; below gray or white. Apothecia clustered often confluent, 0.8-1.5 mm. in diameter, sessile, elevated ; disk black with often a greenish tinge, convex or globose ; proper margin lighter in color and soon disappearing ; hypothecium pale brown or reddish brown; paraphyses conglutinate ; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, rare, ovoid-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 10.0-14.0 x 6.9-7.0 fi. On soil: Pierce Co.: Chinook Pass, 5440 ft, 1931, 1557. Yakima Co.: Rattlesnake Canyon, 2000 ft., 1931, 1536. Chelan Co.: Beaver Summit, 2800 ft., 1931, 1335; butte, near Twisp, 1700 ft., 1931, 1459. Whitman Co. : Pullman, 2550 ft., 1577. Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 41 (T). This is rather a distinctive lichen, because of the large squamules with upturned edges, showing the gray or white under surface. Z2.Lecidea lurida (Dill.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 77. 1803. Lichen luridus Dill, in Wither. A Bot. arrang. Brit. PI. 2:720. 1776. Biatora lurida (Dill.) Fries. Psora lurida (Dill.) Lam. and DC. Thallus some shade of brown, often lurid brown or Mars Brown (R), squamulose, squamules smooth or slightly rough, rounded, adnate, cre- nately lobed, procumbent, imbricated; below pale yellow or light brown. Apothecia circular, scattered or sometimes clustered, 0.1-2,0 mm. in diam- eter, adnate; disk sometimes concolorous with the squamules, often red- dish-brown or black, flat to convex ; proper margin brown or black, obtuse, disappearing ; hypothecium yellowish brown or brown ; paraphyses coher- ent, tips reddish-brown ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, oblong-ovoid, non- septate, 11.4-16.0 x 5.0-7.6 IX. On rock or soil: Yakima Co.: Rattlesnake Canyon, 2000 ft., 1931, 1547a. Chelan Co. : butte near Twisp, 1700 ft., 1931, 1462. ZZ.Lecidea ostreata (Hofifm.) Schaer. Lich. Helvet. Spicil. sect. 3. 110. 1828. Psora ostreata Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 163. 1796. Biatora ostreata (Hoffm.) Fries. Thallus pale tawny, grayish olive (R), or light fawn color (R), squamulose, squamules small, smooth, flat to ascending, imbricated or often scattered, crenately lobed, sometimes much reduced to glebous scales; below white often powdery. Apothecia circular, 0.5-1.2 mm. in diameter, adnate ; disk black, slightly white pruinose, flat ; proper margin gray, soon becoming black, rather thick, flexuous; hypothecium thick, dark brown; paraphyses colorless, coherent; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, oblong- ellipsoid, 8.0-12.0 X 2.5-3.0 /.. 64 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON On burned or old wood. Washington Territory, 1882, Suksdorf 170 (T). 34. Lecidea rubiformis Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 479. 1812. Baeomyces rubiformis Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Lich. 324. 1803. Biatora globifera var. rubiformis (Wahl.) Torss. Psora rubiformis (Wahl.) Hook. Thallus fawn colored (R) or brown, squamulose, squamules very thick, smooth, ascending, imbricated, shallow lobed, edges crenate, white; below white. Apothecia circular, clustered often confluent, 0.7-1.0 mm. in diam- eter, sessile ; disk black or purplish black, convex to globose ; proper margin thin, disappearing; hypothecium pale brownish; paraphyses coherent, tips reddish brown ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 11.4-16.0 X 5.0-7.6 IX. On rock or soil : Chelan Co. : Chelan, 2000 ft., 1931, 1324. Stevens Co. : Boyds, 1470 ft., 1931, 1442. Ferry Co.: Republic, Maye's Butte, 1913, Foster 2366 (F). Washington Territory, 1882, Suksdorf 170 (T). 35. Lecidea Russellii Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. 5 :417. 1862. Biatora Russellii Tuck. Lich. Calif. 23. 1866. Psora Russellii (Tuck.) Schneid. Thallus whitish, bright reddish tawny, dull or reddish brown, squamu- lose, squamules ample, thick, round, somewhat irregular in shape, ap- pressed, margins ascendant, undulate, often furrowed, scattered, or crowded, edges white; below white. Apothecia circular, 0.4-1.2 mm. in diameter, adnate to sessile; disk reddish brown, convex; proper margin lighter in color, obtuse, disappearing; hypothecium yellowish or pale brown ; paraphyses coherent ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, non- septate, 9.0-13.0 X 4.6-6.0 fx. On rock: Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brande- gee 65 (F). 32. Mycoblastus Norm. Nyt. Mag. Nat. 7 :24. 1852. Thallus uniformly crustose, smooth or rather wrinkled and warty, no differentiation into definite layers. Apothecia circular, adnate to sessile, with a proper margin; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses coherent, branched or unbranched; asci 1-2-spored; spores very large, hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Protococcus. A. Medulla blood red beneath the apothecia 2. M. sanguinarius A. Medulla not blood red beneath the apothecia 1. M. alpinus 1. Mycoblastus alpinus (Fr.) Kernst. in Kerner, Schedae ad Fl. Austr- Hung. 6:121. 1893. Lecidea sanguinaria var. alpinus Fr. Lich. Europ. Reform. 335. 1831. Heterothecium sanguinarium f. ajfine (Schaer.) Tuck. Mycoblastus sanguinarius var. alpinus (Fries.) Stein. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 65 Thallus grayish white or pale greenish gray, smooth and polished to rough and warty, often forming a granular crust, sometimes areolate; medulla not blood red beneath the apothecia. Apothecia scattered, 1.0-2.0 mm. in diameter, circular often irregular, immersed to adnate; disk black and shiny, convex to subglobose; proper margin black with a reddish tinge, soon disappearing; hypothecium hyaline or faintly colored; para- physes coherent with bluish black tips ; spores very large, hyaline, oblong- ellipsoid, nonseptate, 70.0-95.7 x 20.0-50.0 /x. On decaying wood and bark : Clallam Co. : Lake Sutherland, 590 ft., 1931, 1132. Whatcom Co.: Mt. Baker, Galena, 3800 ft., 1931, 1190. King Co. : Snow Lake Trail, 3000 ft., 1931, 8S0. Pierce Co. : White River Camp, 3900 ft., 1940, 3093a; Mt. Rainier, Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1931, 617, 1940, 3024. 2. Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norm. Nyt. Mag. Nat. 7:237. 1853. Lichen sanguinarius Linn. Sp. PI. 1140. 1753. Heterothecium sanguinarius (L.) Tuck. Thallus white, grayish white, pale yellow, or dark greenish gray, rough and warty, often forming a granular crust, sometimes broken, areolate; medulla blood red beneath the apothecia. Apothecia scattered, crowded, 1.0-3.0 mm. in diameter, circular, often irregular in shape, immersed or adnate; disk black, often shiny, convex to globose; proper margin black with a reddish tinge, soon disappearing; hypothecium hyaline or faintly colored; paraphyses coherent with bluish black tips; spores very large, hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, nonseptate, 70.0-92.4 x 20.0-50.0 fi. On decaying wood and bark : San Juan Co. : Orcas Island, Mt. Consti- tution, 2500 ft., 1928, 2017. Grays Harbor Co.: Lake Quinault, 300 ft., 1931, 1207. Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1930, 547. King Co.: Snoqualmie Lodge, 3300 ft., 1931, 1781. Pierce Co.: trail to Mowich Lake, 3500 ft., 1940, 2989, 3064. San Juan Co. : Orcas Island, Turtle Back Mountain, 1906, Fink 469 (W). Clallam Co.: Port Angeles above High Line Logging Cutting, 3000 ft., 1914, Foster 2807, 2812 (W). ZZ. Catillaria Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1 :563. 1871-1874. Thallus crustose throughout or with foliose lobes on the margins, smooth, granulose, warty, or areolate, no definite dififerentiation into lay- ers. Apothecia circular, immersed, adnate, or sessile; proper margin con- colorous with the thallus ; hypothecium light colored or black ; paraphyses unbranched, free or coherent, sometimes with knob-shaped tips; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, 1 -septate, rarely nonseptate. Alga Protococcus. A. Apothecia reddish black or black, one cell of the spore narrower than the other, septum always distinct 1. C. atropurpurea A. Apothecia flesh color (R), brown, or black, both cells of the spore equal in size, septum not always distinct. 66 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON B. Disk often more than 1.0 mm. in diameter, tips of paraphyses hyaline, no limiting black hypothallus 2. C. sphaeroides B. Disk never more than 1.0 mm. in diameter, tips of paraphyses pale brown, limiting black hypothallus present 3. C. tricolor 1. Catillaria atro purpurea (Schaer.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1 :565. 1874. Lecidea sphaeroides var, atropurpurea Schaer, Lich. Helvel. Spicil. sect.4-5, 165. 1833. Biatora atropurpurea ( Schaer. ) Hepp. Thallus grayish green or dusky drab (R), thin, smooth, soon scurfy and granulate, rarely sorediate, sometimes obsolete. Apothecia scattered, circular, very small, 0.4-0.8 mm. in diameter, slightly immersed or adnate ; disk reddish brown or black, flat to convex; proper margin tumid, dis- appearing ; hypothecium pale yellow ; paraphyses free, pliable ; spores hya- line, ellipsoid, 1-septate, one cell narrower than the other, 9.0-16 x 3.5-5.9 /t. On bark of trees and old wood : King-Kittitas Co. : Snoqualmie Pass, 3010 ft., 1931, 816. San Juan Co. : Wasp Island, 1906, Fink 180 (W). 2. Catillaria sphaeroides (Mass.) Schuler, Zur Flechtfl. von Fiume, 36. 1902. Biatorina sphaeroides Mass. Ricerch. Auton. Lich. 135. 1852. Thallus white, grayish white, or greenish white, effuse or thin, finely granulose often forming a crust. Apothecia scattered, circular, 0.3-1.0 mm. in diameter, adnate or sessile; disk yellowish flesh color, pale reddish brown, or orange cinnamon (R), flat to convex; proper margin not visible; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses free with knob-shaped tips; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate, 10.0-13.2 x 2.9-3.3 /x. On moss or wood : San Juan Co. : Turn Island, 1928, 2018. Ferry Co. : Republic, 1912, Foster (F). 3. Catillaria tricolor (With.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1 :574. 1871-1874. Lichen tricolor With. Bot. arr. Brit. PI. 3rd ed., 4:23. 1796. Biatora mixta Fries. Thallus grayish white, smooth to slightly granulate, chinky to warty, usually with a limiting and decussating black hypothallus. Apothecia scat- tered, circular, 0.2-0.6 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk flesh color (R), red- dish brown turning black, flat to slightly convex ; proper margin paler, per- sistent for a long time, finally disappearing; hypothecium hyaline; para- physes slender, free, thread-like, with knob-shaped slightly brownish tips ; spores hyaline, ellipsoid or fusiform, 1-septate, 9.0-16.0 x 2.0-6.6 /*. On bark and dead wood: San Juan Co.: Pt. Caution, 1928, 1936; Brown Island, 1928, 2020; Friday Harbor, 1906, Fink 13, 60, 141 (W). 34. Bacidia (DeNot.) Zahlbr. Nat. Pfl. Teil 1, Abt. 1, 135. 1907. DeNot., in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2:189. 1846. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 67 Thallus crustose, granulose, or powdery, sometimes subsquamulose or areolate, smooth or rough, no definite differentiation into layers. Apothecia scattered, circular, rarely immersed, usually adnate, sometimes sessile; proper margin concolorous with the thallus, usually disappearing; hypo- thecium rarely hyaline, usually pale yellow or brown; paraphyses un- branched, free or coherent, tips often knob-like; asci usually 8-spored, rarely 16-spored; spores hyaline, 2-many-septate, with a gelatinous halo, sometimes one end of the spores prolonged into a tail. Alga Protococcus. A. On moss or soil, hypothecium brown 1. B. sabuletorum A. On trees, hypothecium hyaline or yellowish brown. B. Hypothecium hyaline, disk pale flesh color (R) or salmon color. 3. B. albescens B. Hypothecium hyaline or yellowish brown. C. Disk always black 2. B. akompsa C. Disk never black, reddish yellow or reddish brown 4. B. luteola 1. Bacidia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Lettau, Hedwigia 52:132. 1912. Lichen sabuletorum Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. 134. 1771. Biatora hypnophila (Turn.) Lonnr. Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arn. Thallus gray or greenish gray, of thin, crowded, sometimes confluent granules forming a crust, sometimes disappearing. Apothecia circular, often clustered, 0.2-0.8 mm. in diameter, adnate or sessile; disk pale yellow, tawny, or black, flat to convex; proper margin black soon disappearing; hypothecium dusky brown ; paraphyses with brownish knob-like tips ; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid or fusiform, 3-7-septate, 16.5-29.7 x 3.7-6.6 /x. On moss or soil: Yakima Co.: Little Naches River, 2557 ft., 1931, 1002a. San Juan Co.: Roche Harbor, 1906, Fink 246 (W). Rainier National Park, /. M. Grant 433 (F). 2. Bacidia akompsa (Tuck.) Fink, Cont. U.S. Nat. Herb. 14:90. 1910. Biatora akompsa Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 2 :47. 1888. Thallus pale yellow or ash colored, of minute granules forming a crust, smooth or rough and warty. Apothecia circular, 0.2-0.6 mm. in diameter, adnate or sessile ; disk black, rough, flat to subglobose ; proper margin thin, uneven; hypothecium hyaline or yellowish brown; paraphyses coherent, hair-like; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, acicular, 3-5-septate, 18.0-22.0 x 1.5-2.5 fx, measurements made from type specimen, Biatoria akompsa 2872 (T). On trees: Islands of Puget Sound, 1906, E. T. Harper. Longmire Springs, 1906, E. T. Harper, Fink (1919). 3. Bacidia albescens (Krmphbr.) Zwackh. Flora 45:495. 1862. 68 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Scoliciosporum molle f. albescens Krumphbr. Denkschr. Kgl. Bayer. Bot. Gesellsch. 4:pars, 2:207. 1861. Thallus pale yellowish white or greenish gray, not always very dis- tinct, thin, granulose or powdery. Apothecia circular, 0.3-0.7 mm. in diam- eter, adnate or sessile; disk waxy brown, pale flesh color (R), or salmon color (R), flat to convex; proper margin finally disappearing; hypothe- cium hyaHne; paraphyses coherent, with knob-like tips; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, acicular, 3 -many-septate, septa often obscure, 20.0-44.0 x 1.2-2.0 IX. On trees: Whatcom Co. : 1914, A. C. Herre (F). 4. Bacidia luteola (Schrad.) Mudd, Manual Brit. Lich. 183. 1861. Lichen luteolus Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Ger. 85. 1794. Biatora rubella (Ehrh.) Rabh. Thallus granulose or scurfy sometimes disappearing, white, pale yel- low, or greenish gray. Apothecia circular, 0.5-1.2 mm. in diameter, adnate or sessile; disk ochraceous-salmon (R), reddish yellow or reddish brown, sometimes obscurely white-pruinose, flat to convex, proper margin thin, finally disappearing ; hypothecium pale or yellowish brown ; paraphyses loosely coherent, slender; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, acicular, 5 -many- septate, 45-60 X 2-4 fx. On trees : Washington Territory, Suksdorj 297 ( S ) . 35. Toninia Mass. Richerch. Anton. Lich. 107. 1852. Thallus crustose, squamulose, or subfoliose, inflated and subpedicellate, marginally lobed, thin gelatinized upper cortex, rather distinct algal and medullary layers. Apothecia circular, adnate to sessile ; proper margin vari- ously colored; hypothecium light or dark; paraphyses free or coherent, unbranched, tips often knob-like; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, 1-7- or rarely more septate. Alga Protococcus. A. Spores 3-septate; thallus often a grayish white crust 1. T. aromatica A. Spores 3-many-septate ; thallus never a grayish white crust. B. Disk concave, papillate; squamules with a stem-like projection. 2. T. caulescens B. Disk flat to convex, not papillate ; squamules without a stem-like projection. C. Squamules usually tawny brown, coarsely reticulated and pitted. 3. T. ruginosa C. Squamules usually citrine-drab (R), neither reticulated nor pitted. 4. T. sqiiarrosa 1. Toninia aromatica (Turn.) Fram. Lich. 4. 1855. Lichen aromaticus Turn, in Sm. and Sowerb. Eng. Bot. 25: tab. 1777. 1807. Lecidea aromatica Turn. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 69 Thallus of grayish white, crumb-like or powdery granules, or of brown to greenish black, small, thick, crowded squamules, Apothecium circular, often irregular, usually clustered, 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter, adnate; disk black, flat to convex, proper margin black, thin, soon disappearing ; hypo- thecium pale brown ; paraphyses violet, free, globose tipped ; spores hyaline, fusiform with obtuse ends, 3-septate, 18-29 x 3-5 jn. On rocks, also on mosses growing over rocks : Klickitat Co. : Bickle- ton, 3200 ft., 1931, 1641. 2. Toninia caulescens Anzi Cat. Lich, Sondr. 67. 1860. Lecidea caulescens (Anzi) Tuck. Gen. Lich. 182. 1872. Lecidea squalida var. caulescens (Anzi) Nyl. Thallus of tawny-brown or greenish brown, turgid, convolute, crowded and imbricated squamules, the squamules often extending downward in pale, brownish stems. Apothecia circular or lobulate, 0.5-2.0 mm. in diam- eter, sessile; disk black, papillate, concave; proper margin black, con- spicuous, turgid, undulate ; hypothecium bright reddish brown ; paraphyses free, with brownish knob-like tips; spores hyaline, acicular or narrowly fusiform, 3-many-septate, 25-40 x 3-5 fi. On soil and rocks: Klickitat Co.: Bickleton, 3200 ft., 1931, 1641a. Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, 1883, Brandegee 7 (S). Klickitat Co.: Goldendale, 1909, Foster 1627 (F). 3. Toninia ruginosa (Tuck.) Herre, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 12:103. 1910. Lecidea ruginosa Tuck. Lich. Calif. 25. 1866. Thallus of green or tawny brown, crowded, round, turgid, glebous, rough, wavy, folded, finally reticulated, rarely perforate squamules. Apo- thecia circular, undulate, somewhat irregular, 0.5-3.0 mm. in diameter; disk dull black, flat to slightly convex ; proper margin black, thick, flexu- ous, finally disappearing ; hypothecium brownish ; paraphyses free or loosely coherent, with thickened brownish tips; spores hyaline, acicular, 3-many-septate, 23.1-35.0 x 3.5-4.0 fi. On rocks, also moss and soil : Chelan Co. : Rainbow Trail, 3500 ft., 1931, 1261. Washington Territory, Suksdorf 226 (S). 4. Toninia squarrosa (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1 :331. 1874. Lecidea atrorufa var. squarrosa Ach. Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 267. 1808. Lecidea squalida Ach. Thallus of citrine-drab (R), brown, or black, small, thick, appressed, imbricated, somewhat lobed, rugose-plicate squamules. Apothecia sub- globose, sometimes irregular, numerous, often confluent, 0.8-2.0 mm. in diameter, subsessile; disk black, flat to convex; proper margin thin, soon disappearing ; hypothecium very pale yellow ; paraphyses coherent, with 70 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON violet knob-like tips ; spores hyaline, acicular or fusiform, 3 -many-septate, 26.4-62.0 X 3.3-5.0 /.. On soil, moss over rock, or rock : Chelan Co. : Beaver Summit, 2800 ft., 1934, 2474a. Yakima Co. : Naches Ranger Station, 2400 ft., 1940, 3322. Ferry Co.: Mt. Gibraltar, 3100 ft., 1940, 3167. Ferry Co.: RepubHc, 1912, Foster 2329a (F). Washington Territory, Cascade Mountains, Brandegee (T). 36. Lopadium Korb. Syst. Lich. Ger, 210. 1855. Thallus uniformly crustose, no differentiation into definite layers. Apo- thecia circular, sessile or substipitate ; proper margin light or dark in color, carboniferous, soft, or cartilaginous; hypothecium hyaline or dark brown; paraphyses free or coherent, branched or unbranched; asci 1-8-spored, with very thick walls ; spores hyaline, straight or curved, muriform, many celled, thin walled without a halo. Alga Protococcus. 1. Lopadium pesisoideum (Ach.) Korb. Syst. Lich. Ger, 210. 1855. Lecidea pezizoidea Ach. Lichenogr. Univers. 182. 1810. Thallus consisting of greenish white, pale yellow, or brown, small, flat squamules or granules, sometimes warty or coralloid. Apothecia circular, 0.4-1.2 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk black, flat to concave; proper margin brownish black, thick, entire, finely wrinkled, rarely disappearing; hypo- thecium dark brown; paraphyses coherent, black at the tips; asci 1-spored; spores hyaline, oblong ellipsoid, large, muriform, many celled, 40.0-72.6 X 20.0-40.0 iJL. On trees and encrusting mosses on rocks : Clallam Co. : Port Angeles, Little River Logging Co., 2000+ ft., 1914, Foster 2811 (W) ; Olympic Hot Springs, 3500 ft., 1935, A. H. Smith 1967 (F). Washington Terri- tory, Suksdorf 214 (T), 37. Rhizocarpon Lam. in Lam. and DC. Fl. Franc. 3rd ed., 2 :365. 1805. Thallus crustose, smooth or warty, often areolate, rarely squamulose, no distinct differentiation into defiinite layers, a black hypothallus usually present. Apothecia circular or irregularly angulate, immersed or sessile; proper margin black or brown; hypothecium dark; paraphyses branched, coherent or loose and distinct; asci 1-8-spored; spores hyaline, more often brown, 1 -many-septate transversely, or muriform, with a distinct musci- laginous halo. Alga Protococcus. A. Spores 1-septate; asci 8-spored 1. R. hadioatrum A. Spores 3-septate or muriform; asci 1, 2, or 8-spored. B. Thallus with KOH turns yellow then red 3. R. chlorophaeum B. Thallus does not react with KOH as above ; mature spores all muri- form. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 71 C. Asci 8-spored. D. Areoles citrine yellow or greenish yellow 5. R. geographicum D. Areoles not citrine yellow or greenish yellow. E. Thallus smooth to areolate, gray or brown 7. R. petraeum E. Thallus areolate, gray or brown, but always with a purple tinge. 6. R. grande C. Asci 1 or 2-spored ; spores usually more than 40 /i, long. F. Thallus squamulose, chestnut-brown or black 2. R. Bolanderi F. Thallus areolate, gray or brown 4. R. disporum 1. Rhisocarpon badioatrinn (Flk.) Th. Fl. Lich. Scand. 1 :613. 1871-1874. Lecidea hadioatra Flk. in Sprgl. Neue Entdeck. 2:95. 1821. Biiellia badioatra (Flk.) Korb. Syst. Lich. Ger. 223. 1855. Thallus gray, deep slaty brown (R), brown, or reddish brown, determi- nate, thick, areolate or cracked areolate, flat to convex, closely crowded forming a crust or scattered over the black hypothallus. Apothecia circular, 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, sHghtly immersed or adnate; disk black, flat, proper margin slightly raised, concolorous with the disk ; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses coherent, tips bluish black; asci 8-spored; spores brown, hyaline when young, oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, 1 -septate, some- times slightly constricted in the middle, 26.0-38.0 x 12.3-18.0 /x. On rocks: San Juan Co.: Orcas Island, Mt. Constitution, 2500 ft., 1928, 2019. Yakima Co.: Bumping Lake, 3400 ft., 1931, 922. Ferry Co.: Laurier, 1644 ft., 1931, 1445. Olympic Mountains, Boulder Peak, 5500 ft., 1935,^. H. Smith 2895. (F). 2. Rhisocarpon Bolanderi (Tuck.) Herre Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 12:106. 1910. Bitellia Bolanderi Tuck. Gen. Lich. 189. 1872. Thallus chestnut brown or black, indeterminate, of small to medium sized squamules, flat to slightly concave, shiny, slightly wavy, margins ascending, under side black, which often shows as an elevated black border, because of the ascending margins. Apothecia circular, 0.2-1.0 mm. in diameter, adnate or sessile ; disk dull black, naked, flat to convex ; proper margin concolorous with the disk, thin, wavy, finally disappearing; hypo- thecium dark brown; paraphyses coherent, tips dark brown with a violet tinge ; asci 2-spored ; spores hyaline, grayish or dark brown, oblong-ellip- soid, muriform, 34.6-50.0 x 17.1-23.1 [x. On rocks: Yakima Co.: gulch near Naches, 1350 ft., 1931, 908. Klicki- tat Co.: Bickleton, 3000 ft., 1931, 1668. Okanogan Co.: gulch near To- nasket, 1200 ft., 1931, 1386. Washington Territory, 1882, Suksdorf 201 (S). 3. Rhisocarpon chlorophaeum (Hepp.) Miill. Arg. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 15:519. 1893. Lecidea chlorophaea Hepp in Leight. Lich.-Fl. Gr. Brit. 328. 1871. 72 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Thallus creamy white or tawny, thin or moderately thick, warty or cracked areolate, areoles unequal in size, continguous or scattered, reaction with KOH yellow then red. Apothecia numerous, 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter, innate or subsessile ; disk black, flat to convex, slightly pruinose ; proper margin grayish, finally disappearing ; hypothecium pale brown ; paraphyses loose, with brown knob-like tips; asci 8-spored; spores grayish, oblong- ellipsoid, 3-septate or muriform, 16.5-19.8 x 6.6-9.9 /*. On rocks: San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, Pt. Caution, 1928, 1947a. A very rare species, easily determined by the yellow and then red color change with KOH. 4. Rhisocarpon disporum (Naeg.) Miill. Arg. Revue Mycolog. 1:170. 1879. Lecidea dispora Naeg. in Hepp, Flecht. Europ. No. 28. 1853. Thallus gray or brownish, indeterminate, areoles scattered or con- tiguous, rather round, flat to convex, on an indistinct black hypothallus. Apothecia circular, 0.5-0.8 mm. in diameter, sessile; disk black, flat to slightly convex ; proper margin slightly elevated, entire, persistent ; hypo- thecium dark brown ; paraphyses coherent, tips violaceous black, asci 1 or 2- spored; spores hyaline at first, becoming brownish gray or dark brown, oblong-ellipsoid, large, muriform, 26.4-60.0 x 13.2-30.0 fi. On rocks: Yakima Co.: gulch near Naches, 1350 ft., 1931, 1174, Chelan Co.: Twisp Trail, 4000 ft., 1931, 1298. Okanogan Co.: gulch near Tonasket, 1200 ft., 1931, 1383. 5. Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. in Lam. and DC. Fl. Franc. 3rd ed., 2:365. 1805. Lichen geographicus Linn. Sp. PI. 1140. 1753. Buellia geographica (L.) Tuck. Thallus citron yellow (R) or clear dull green yellow (R), determinate, thin to moderately thick, warty, or areolate, areoles flat to slightly convex, smooth, usually contiguous, rarely somewhat scattered on a black hypo- thallus. Apothecia angular, usually crowded, 0.4-1.0 mm. in diameter, partly immersed between the areoles ; disk black, flat ; proper margin con- colorous with the disk, thin, finally disappearing ; hypothecium dark brown ; paraphyses loosely coherent, with brownish black tips; asci 8-spored; spores dark brown, oblong-ellipsoid, muriform, 17.0-40.0 x 11.0-20.0 fx. On rocks : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1940, 3029. Yakima Co. : Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 2790; American River Camp, 2800 ft, 1931, 957. Jefferson Co. : Mt. Olympus, on the summit, 8200 ft., 1906, Frye 72 (W). Olympic Mountains, Boulder Peak, 5500 ft., A. H. Smith, 2859 (F). Whitman Co.: Pullman, R. K. Beattie 53 (F). A very conspicuous alpine rock lichen, easily recognized by the yellow thallus with the black apothecia immersed in it. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 73 6. Rhisocarpon grande (Flk.) Arn. Flora 54:149. 1871. Lecidea petraea var. fuscoatra f. grandis Flk. in Fw. Flora 11 :690. 1828. Buellia petraea var. grandis (Flk.) Tuck. Thallus deep violet-gray (R) or brown with a purplish tinge, determi- nate, thin to moderately thick, areoles small, convex, scattered on a promi- nent black hypothallus. Apothecia 0.4-1.0 mm. in diameter; disk black, convex to subglobose; proper margin black, thin, soon disappearing; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses coherent, tips brownish or bluish black ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline to brown, oblong-ellipsoid, muriform, 26.4-40.0 X 13.2-16.5 fx. On rocks: Yakima Co.: gulch near Naches, 1350 ft., 1940, 3191. Chelan Co.: butte near Chelan, 2000 ft., 1931, 1343a. Ferry Co.: San- poil, 2000 ft., 1940, 3128; Laurier, 1644 ft., 1931, 1445a. Stevens Co.: Boyds, 1470 ft., 1931, 1452. Spokane Co. : west of Spokane, 1950 ft., 1940, 2750. This species is common east of the Cascades. It resembles R. petraeum, but can be separated from that species by the characteristic violet or purple tinge of the thallus. 7. Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulf.) Mass. Ricerch. Auton. Lich. 102. 1852. Lichen petraeus Wulf. Schrift. Gesellsch. nat. Freund. Berlin, 3:89. 1787. Buellia petraea var. vulgaris Tuck. Gen. Lich. 190. 1872. Thallus grayish white, gray, or brown, determinate, thin, smooth or warty, sometimes areolate; areoles continuous or scattered on a black hypothallus which is often inconspicuous. Apothecia circulai or angular, crowded, 0.3-1.0 mm. in diameter, immersed or adnate; disk black or brownish black, flat or convex ; proper margin black, thick, elevated, entire or irregular, sometimes white pruinose; hypothecium dark brown; para- physes somewhat distinct ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline or brown, oblong- ellipsoid, muriform, 18.0-39.0 x 8.0-18.0 ix. On rocks and more rarely on old wood: Okanogan Co.: gulch near Tonasket, 1200 ft., 1931, 1387. 18. CLADONIACEAE Thallus usually twofold, primary thallus crustose, granulosa, squaniu- lose, or foliose, often soon disappearing, more or less differentiation into layers, attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids or occasionally by true rhizoids ; secondary thallus consisting of erect podetia, short or elongated, simple or branched, corticate or non-corticate and hollow or solid. Apothecia borne on the tips of the podetia or laterally, globose, cylindrical, or irregular in shape ; proper margin well developed, thalHne margin usually lacking ; asci 6-8-spored ; spores hyaline, non-many-septate, or muriform. Alga Protococcus, rarely a blue-green. A. Podetia short, usually simple, rarely branched ; apothecia terminal. B. Apothecia black; hypothecium dark colored 39. Pilophoron B. Apothecia light colored; hypothecium hyaline 38. Baeomyces A. Podetia longer, usually much branched; apothecia terminal or lateral. C. Cephalodia rare ; podetia usually hollow, spores non-septate. 40. Cladonia C. Cephalodia common ; podetia solid, spores 3-more-septate. 41. Stcreocaiilon 38. Baeomyces Ehrh. Beitr. zur Nat. 4 :149. 1789. Thallus crustose, granulose, or squamulose, containing a thin upper cortex of gelatinous hyphae, an algal and a medullary layer, but no lower cortex, attached to the substrate by hyphal rhizoids. Podetia very short, arising from the medullary layer of the thallus (endogenous), alga present or absent. Apothecia globose or irregular in shape, light colored, single or conglomerate, terminal on the podetia or rarely sessile on the thallus ; proper margin present or apothecia becoming hemispherical and im- marginate ; hypothecium hyaline ; paraphyses unbranched, distant ; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, nonseptate or 1-3-septate. Alga Protococcus or occasionally a blue-green. 1. Baeomyces rujus (Huds.) Rebent. Prodro. Fl. Neomarch. 315. 1804, Lichen riifns Huds. Fl. Angl. 443. 1762. Baeomyces byssoides (L.) Gart. Thallus greenish gray, pale yellowish gray, or grayish white, a rather (74^ LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 75 thin effuse crust, granulose becoming scurfy squamulose or crenate- lobulate. Podetia flattened and furrowed, rarely branched near the tips, granulose or corticate, 1-3 mm. in length, sometimes very short or entirely wanting, concolorous with the thallus. Apothecia subglobose or flattened, becoming flexuous, 1.0-1.5 mm. in diameter; disk pale flesh color (R), strongly convex, proper margin soon disappearing; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 6.0-15.0 x 3.0-4.0 /x. On soil or rock: Wahkiakum Co.: Cathlamet, 1907, Foster 486 (W), this specimen determined as Baeomyces roseus by G. K. Merrill. Herre (1917) reports this species as common in the wooded lowlands of What- com Co., Clallam Co. : Sequim, 1918, /. M. Grant (F). 39. Pilophoron Th. Fr. Stereo, and Pilophor. Comment. 40. 1857. Primary thallus crustose, without differentiation into definite layers, attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids. Podetia arising from the primary thallus, decorticate and usually granulose, covered with thalloid warts, the center consisting of loosely packed, longitudinally extending hyphae, surrounded by a region of densely packed hyphae. Apothecia ter- minal, globose, subglobose, or subcylindrical, black; proper margin soon disappearing ; hypothecium brown ; paraphyses unbranched, septate, dark blue and thickened at the tips ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, nonseptate. Alga Protococcus. A. Apothecia large, cylindrical or almost cylindrical 2. P. Hallii A. Apothecia smaller, globose or subglobose 1. P. cereolus 1. Pilophoron cereolus (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1:55. 1871-74. Lichen cereolus Ach. Lichenogr. Suec. Prodro. 89. 1798. ^&' Primary thallus greenish gray, gray, or light brownish oHve, forming a warty or powdery crust. Podetia arising from the primary thallus, erect, cylindrical, simple or branched, surface warty or powdery. Apothecia ter- minal, black, 0.4-2.0 mm. in diameter, subglobose; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, ellipsoid, nonseptate, 16.0-23.0 x 5.0-8.0 fx. On rock or on soil over rock : Clallam Co. : Lake Crescent, 483 ft., 1931, 1035. Pacific Co. : Ft. Canby, 1930, 467. San Juan Co. : Orcas Island, Mt. Constitution, 2500 ft., 1931, 2079. Whatcom Co. : Baker Lake, 1941, E. B. Mains, 6219 (F). An odd, unusual looking lichen, easily recognized, that always makes me think of a black headed pin, found only west of the Cascades. 2. Pilophoron Hallii (Tuck.) Wainio Bot. Mag. Tokyo 35:59. 1921. Pilophoron cereolus b. Hallii Tuck. Syn. N. Am. Lich. 1 :235. 1882. Primary thallus greenish with green stripes, forming a warty or pow- dery crust. Podetia greenish gray or light brownish olive (R), arising from the primary thallus, erect, subcylindrical, solid, short and stout, seldom branched, minutely granulose or powdery. Apothecia terminal, vertically 76 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON elongated, 2.0-6.0 x 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, almost cylindrical, pestle- shaped ; asci 8-spored ; spores hyaline, fusiform or ellipsoid, sharp pointed, 19.0-24.0 X 4.0-7.0 /x. On rock: Pierce Co.: trail to Mowich Lake, 3500 ft., 1940, 3061. Olympic Mountains, near Humes Glacier on Mt. Olympus, 5000 ft., 1907, Frye 26 (W). Clallam Co.: Olympic Hot Springs, 1914, Foster 2886 (W). Mason Co. : Mt. Elinor, 1912, Foster 2096 (W). This is also an unmistakable lichen with its cylindrical or pestle-shaped apothecia. 40. Cladonia (Hill) Web. Hill, Hist. PI. 91. 1751 in part. Web. in Wigg. Prim. PI. Hols. 90. 1780. Primary thallus crustose, foliose, or squamulose, persistent or dying, upper cortex present, lower cortex absent, algal and medullary layers well defined, often sorediate, attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids. Podetia radial, erect, arising from the primary thallus, differentiated into an outer cortex containing algae, and an inner medullary layer, usually hollow in the center, subcylindrical or widening towards the top to form cups, simple or branched, decorticate, corticate, or sorediate, cortex smooth, warty, or composed of continuous or scattered areoles, often dying at the base. Apothecia of various shapes and sizes, terminal on the podetia or on the cups or branches, sometimes short stalked; proper margin thin, soon disappearing ; hypothecium hyaline or colored ; paraphyses unbranched, agglutinated, rarely forked; asci 6-8-spored; spores hyaline, usually non- septate, some species 1-3-septate. A large and difficult genus. Alga Protococcus or Cystococcus. Subgenus I. Cladina (Nyl.) Wainio — Primary thallus crustose, soon dis- appearing, seldom seen. Podetia much and intricately branched, often with the whorls of three or more branches, surrounding gaping axils; no true cortex, surface arachnoid, without squamules or soredia; cup- less. Apothecia rarely seen ; disk brown. A. Podetia in dense, irregularly branched masses. B. Podetia usually grayish, sometimes with greenish or brownish tips, ultimate branches blunt, usually in groups of 3-6, KOH+, P+. 3. CI. rangiferina B. Podetia usually straw-yellow (R), sometimes with a pale greenish tinge or whitish, tips of ultimate branches pointed, usually in groups of 3-8, with frequent branches between the whorls. C. Podetia often with a greenish tinge, KOH — , P-f- 4 CI. sylvatica C. Podetia usually whitish, KOH — , P — 2. CI. mitis A. Podetia in rather regular, smooth, compact masses, almost white or whitish gray, with a straw-yellow (R) cast, KOH — , P — . 1. CI. alpestris Subgenus H. Pycnothelia Ach. — Primary thallus granular-crustose, per- sistent. Podetia short not more than 1 inch long, stout, simple or with LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 11 short branches, terminating in blunt points. Apothecia small ; disk red- dish-brown. At present the only known species in this subgenus is CI. papillaria. So far as the writer knows it has never been found in the state. Subgenus III. Cenomyce (Ach.) Th. Fr. — Primary thallus squamulose or foliose, persistent, or sometimes disappearing. Podetia branched or unbranched, never very intricately branched. Apothecia usually present, sometimes lacking; disk scarlet or various shades of brown. Section 1. Cocciferae Del. Disk of apothecia scarlet, or rarely flesh-color (R), orange or pale yellowish brown. A. Podetia cylindrical, cupless. B. Podetia short and stout, usually decorticate, farinose-sorediate, KOH-f, P+ 23. CI. macilenta B. Podetia rather slender, usually decorticate, farinose-sorediate, KOH— , P— 5. CI. hacillaris A, Podetia cup-bearing. C. Podetia short, not often more than 2 cm. long. D. Podetia powdery sorediate, KOH-1-, P+ 15. CI. digitata D. Podetia not sorediate, KOH — , P — 11. CI. coccifera C. Podetia long and narrow, more than 2 cm. long. E. Podetia corticate, densely squamulose, sparingly sorediate, KOH—, P— 6. CL bellidiflora E. Podetia partly decorticate, sparingly squamulose, abundantly sorediate. F. Podetia slender, granular sorediate, KOH-f , F-\-. 26. CI. polydactyla F. Podetia stouter, yellowish green, farinose-sorediate. KOH — , P — 14. CI. deformis Section 2. Ochrophaeae Wainio Disk of apothecia pale or dark shades of brown. A. Primary thallus always present, squamules large and foliose, sometimes bearing black fibrils on the margins. KOH — , P-f 17, CI. foliacea A. Primary thallus not always present, squamules small to medium sized. B. Podetia without cups. C. Cortex smooth and continuous or nearly so. D. Podetia yellowish green or dark olive (R), rather short, very brittle, when dry, KOH — , P — 32. CI. uncialis D. Podetia greenish gray, reddish brown, or brownish olive (R), elongated, not noticeably brittle when dry. E. Sparingly squamulose, KOH — , P-f 18. CI. furcata E. Squamulose only towards the base, KOH-f, bright yellow turning pinkish red, P-|- 30. CI. subsquamosa 78 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON E. Abundantly squamulose. F. KOH+, bright yellow turning pinkish red, P+. 31. CI. suh squamosa f. luxiirians F. KOH P+ 19. CI. furcata var. pinnata C. Cortex rough, uneven and fissured, KOH+, P+ 7. CI. cariosa B, Podetia with cups. G. Cups perforate. H. Podetia brown towards the apex, cups closed by membranes that are often radially lacerate, KOH—, P+ 24. CI. multiformis H. Podetia not brown near the apex, cups closed by membranes that are punctured with regular holes. I, Podetia densely covered with squamules. J. Podetia KOH—, P+ faintly 29. CI. squamosa J. Podetia KOH+ bright yellow turning pinkish red, P+. _ 31. CI. subsquamosa f. luxurians I. Podetia bearing rather coarse scattered squamules. K. Podetia long, usually unbranched, KOH — , P+. 9. CI. cenotea K. Podetia shorter, usually branched, KOH — , P+. 13. CI. crispata I. Podetia bearing squamules only near the base. 30. CI. subsquamosa G. Cups not perforate. L. Podetia flesh color (R) or fawn color (R), KOH—, P4-. 8. CI. carneola L. Podetia some shade of brown, gray, or green. M. Podetia corticate, smooth and continuous, or of dispersed areoles, not sorediate. N. Cups shallow, saucer form. O. Proliferations from margins of cups. P. Cups rather broad, podetia rather short, KOH + , or—; p_|_ 20. CI. gracilis P. Cups narrow, sometimes lacking, or often lacking. Q. Podetia often cupless, very long. 22. CI. gracilis var. elongata O. Podetia usually cupless, not very long. ^ 21. CI. gracilis var. chordalis O. Proliferations chiefly from the center of cups. R. Proliferations always from the center of cups, forming a series of 4-5 cups, KOH — , P+. 34. CI. verticellata var. evoluta R. Proliferations from center and margins of cups, also from sides of podetia, KOH — , P+. 33. CI. verticellata N. Cups deep, goblet form. S. Primary squamules rather thin and somewhat incised, ascending, KOH—, P+ 27. CI. pyxidata LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 79 S. Primary squamules rather thick, nearly entire, packed into a crust. 28. CI. pyxidata var. pocillum M. Podetia wholly or partly decorticate, sorediate, T. Cups definite and well developed. U. Podetia sorediate-granular, usually stout, KOH — , P+. 10. CI. chlorophaea U. Podetia sorediate-farinose, slender, KOH — , P+. 16. CI. fimbriata T. Cups absent, or irregular and poorly developed. V. Podetia sorediate throughout, KOH — , P+. 12. CI. coniocraea V. Podetia on the upper part only, granular-sorediate, KOH — , P+ 25. CI. nemoxyna 1. Cladonia alpestris (L.) Rabh. Clad. Eur. Exs. No. 11. 1860. Lichen rangiferinus var. alpestris Linn. Sp. PI. 1153. 1753. Cladonia rangiferina c. alpestris L. Podetia nearly white or whitish gray, with a straw yellow cast, surface arachnoid or almost tomentose, in older parts the branches look translucent, branching dichotomous or whorled, surrounding gaping axils. Podetia of rather even length, producing a smooth, compact topped mass, the most striking characteristic of the species. KOH — , P — , no color changes with either. On soil : not collected by the author. Grays Harbor Co. : Westport, 1908, Foster 675 (W) ; Pacific Beach, Foster 1412 (F). In some regions this species is called, by children, castles or biscuits, which seems to me to be a good description. 2. Cladonia mitis Sandst. in Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen. 25:105. 1922. Podetia straw yellow (R), or more often creamy white, or white, sur- face never distinctly arachnoid; no further attempt will be made to dis- tinguish this species morphologically from CI. sylvatica, which it certainly resembles very closely. But since I have used chemical reactions to help distinguish species of Cladonias, it seems correct to recognize CI. mitis as a species. KOH — , P — , no color change with either. On soil : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1928, 1957. Ferry Co.: Laurier, 1644 ft, 1931, 1422. San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, 1906, Fink 155 (W), determined by Fink as CI. sylvatica. 3. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Web. in Wigg. Prin. Fl. Hols. 90. 1780. Lichen rangiferinus Linn. Sp. PI. 1153. 1753, Podetia grayish white, ashy gray, greenish, or with a brownish tinge, surface decidedly arachnoid, especially on the lower branches, forming a loose and gray cottony background for the green areoles, branching dichot- omous or whorled, surrounding gaping axils, the tips of the ultimate 80 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON branches usually in groups of 3-6, all tending to curve in one direction, tips more or less brown in color. KOH+, yellow, P+, reddish orange. On soil: San Juan Co.: Brown Island, 1940, 3208. King Co.: Chase Bog, 1940, 3337. Snow Lake Trail, 3500 ft., 1931, 827. Pierce Co.: Silver Springs, 2670 ft., 1931, 1118. Clallam Co.: Olympic Hot Springs, 1936, A. H. Smith 2118 (F). The grayish color of this plant and the nodding tips of the branches help to distinguish this species; also yellow color with KOH. 4. Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 114. 1795. Lichen rangijeriniis var. sylvaticus Linn. Sp. PI. 1153. 1753. Cladonia rangiferinus b. sylvatica L. Podetia straw yellow (R), creamy white, sometimes with a grayish or pale greenish tinge, surface distinctly arachnoid, but less strikingly so than in CI. rangiferina, sometimes becoming weathered and verruculose, branch- ing dichotomous or whorled, surrounding gaping axils, with frequent sub- secund branches between the whorls on the main axes, thus making the branching very dense, the tips of the ultimate branches usually in groups of 3-8, inclined to be straight, sometimes brown, more often concolorous with the rest of the podetia. KOH — , P-|-, reddish orange. On soil : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1940, 3212, Brown Island, 1940, 3209. Mason Co. : Mt. Elinor, 5500 ft., 1912, Foster 2113 (W). Grays Harbor Co.: Copahs, 1911, Foster 1428 (W). The yellow color, almost white when dry, helps to distinguish this species from CI. rangiferina, also the negative reaction with KOH ; but no doubt the two are often confused. 5. Cladonia bacillaris (Ach.) Nyl. Not. Sallsk. F. et Fl. Fennica Forhandl. 8:179 (footnote). 1866. Baeomyces bacillaris Ach. (in parte) Meth. Lich. 329. 1803. Primary thallus rarely dying, grayish green or grayish olive (R), con- sisting of squamules, lacinate lobed or margin crenate, flat or ascending, scattered or crowded, under surface white. Podetia whitish, grayish green, or grayish olive (R), cylindrical, slender, mostly decorticate and farinose sorediate, sometimes corticate near the base and below the apothecia, bear- ing a few squamules ; cupless or rarely with imperfect cups, simple or sometimes branched near the apex, often sterile with obtuse or subulate tips. Apothecia scarlet, solitary or clustered, 1.0-3.0 mm. across; disk irregularly convex. KOH — , P — , no color changes with either. On rotten stumps or logs, rarely on soil : King Co. : Edgewood, 300 ft., 1940, 3079. San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Friday Harbor, 1906, Fink 50 (W). Herre (1917) reports it from the lowlands of Whatcom County. 6. Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 21. 1823, Lichen bellidiflorus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodro. 194. 1798. LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 81 Primary thallus rarely persistent, when present, pale brown or greenish gray, consisting of lobed or crenately margined squamules, sorediate, under surface white or slightly brownish. Podetia concolorous with the primary thallus, sometimes brown or black at the base, rather elongated, cylindrical, erect, somewhat flexuous, simple or branched, cortex continuous or broken and dispersed in the form of areoles, bearing crowded or small scattered squamules; cups small, not always present, margins entire or dentate. Apothecia clustered, 1.0-4.0 mm. across, often on the tips of the branch or on the margin of the cup; disk scarlet, flat or convex. KOH — , P — , no color changes with either. On soil, rock, or decaying wood : San Juan Co. : Shaw Island, 1928, 2077; Brown Island, 1940, 3210; San Juan Island, Trout Lake, 1940, 3237. Pierce Co.: Mt. Rainier, Summerland Trail, 3500 ft., 1931, 692; Mt. Rai- nier, trail to Mowich Lake, 3500 ft., 1940, 3069; Mt. Rainier, Van Trump Park, 5000 ft., 1942, 3619. San Juan Co. : Orcas Island, Mt. Constitution, 2500 ft., 1906, Fink 328 (W). Jefferson Co.: Olympic Mts. near Humes Glacier, 5000 ft., 1907, Frye 80 (W) ; Boulder Peak, 5500 ft., 1935, A. H. Smith 2911 (F). 7. Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4:272. 1827. Lichen cariosa Ach. Lich. Suec. 198. 1798. Primary thallus usually persistent, grayish olive (R) or greenish gray, consisting of squamules, ascending or erect, with crenately lobed margin, somewhat involute, under surface white, sparingly sorediate. Podetia gray- ish white or greenish gray, appearing hoary or half dead, clustered, short, stout, erect or ascending, club shaped, laterally torn, grooved and fissured, branching abundantly, cortex continuous or subcontinuous and dispersed in the form of areoles ; cupless. Apothecia on the tips of the branches, clus- tered, often conglomerate, sometimes 4.0 mm. across ; disk brown or red- dish brown, flat to convex, KOH+, bright yellow, P+, reddish orange. On soil or rock : Kittitas Co. : Easton, 2168 ft., 1931, 849. Yakima Co. : American River Camp, 2800 ft., 1931, 946. Chelan Co. : Stehekin Valley, 1140 ft., 1931, 1291. Ferry Co.: Gibraltar Mt., 3783 ft., 1940, 3151. Whit- man Co. : Tekoa Mts., 2900 ft., 1931, 1596. Clallam Co. : Mt. Angeles, 1911, Foster 1793 (W), determined by Merrill as Cladonia cariosa f. cribosa (Wainio) Spreng. Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster 1923 (W). Deter- mined by G. K. Merrill as Cladonia cariosa f. cribosa. A small lichen usually found growing on the earth, easily recognized by the grooved and fissured podetia ; rather widely distributed in the state. 8. Cladonia carneola Fries Lich. Eur. Ref. 233. 1831. Cenomyce carneola Fries Sched. Crit. fasc. 4 :23, 1824. Primary thallus persistent or sometimes dying, greenish gray or straw yellow (R), consisting of crenately lobate squamules, flat or ascending, margins involute, underside white or straw yellow (R), somewhat soredi- 82 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON ate. Podetia concolorous with the primary thallus, clustered, more rarely solitary, medium length, cylindrical or top shaped, erect, hollow, branched, entirely or partly corticate toward the base, toward the top cortex, dispersed in the form of areoles and sorediate, squamules very small or entirely absent; cups small to medium sized, abruptly dilated, margin entire or dentate, proliferate. Apothecia on short stipe from the margin of the cups, clustered or solitary, clusters often 6.0 mm. across; disk flesh color (R), fawn color (R), rarely brick-red, flat to convex. KOH— , P+, slightly reddish orange. On soil, a thin layer of soil over rocks, or decaying wood : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, trail to Heaven, 1940, 3247. Pierce Co.: Mt. Rainier, Summerland, 6500 ft., 1931, 688. Clallam Co.: Port Angeles, Bird's, 1914, Foster 2600 (W) ; Olympic Hot Springs, 1914, Foster 2875 (W). Jeffer- son Co. : Queets River Valley, near Humes Glacier, 5000 ft., 1907, T. C. Frye 32 (F). Easily identified by the flesh color or fawn color of the disk, which is unusual for a Cladonia; also by the stipitate apothecia growing from the margins of the cups. 9. Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 1 :35. 1823. Baeomyces cenoteus Ach. Meth. Lich. 345. 1803. Primary thallus usually persistent, greenish gray or light brownish olive (R), consisting of small or medium sized squamules, flat or ascend- ing, irregularly incised or entire, underside white and somewhat sorediate. Podetia concolorous with the primary thallus, usually clustered, long, erect, subcylindrical, irregular, swollen, rarely branched, upper part decorticate and sorediate, often corticate and squamulose toward the base; cups medium sized, often funnel shaped, perforate, margins proliferate. Apo- thecia on the proliferations from the margins of the cups, solitary or clus- tered, small and inconspicuous, often not more than .5 mm. across, some- times entirely absent; disk flesh color (R), at length dark brown, flat to convex. KOH — , P+, faintly reddish orange. On soil and rotten wood : Not collected by the author. Spokane Co. : Mt. Carlton, 1906, T. A. Bonser (F). 10. Cladonia chlorophaea (Flk.) Spreng. in Linn. Syst. Veg. 4: 273. 1827. Cenomyce chlorophaea Flk. in Somrft. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 130. 1826. Cladonia pyxidata var. chlorophaea Flk. Primary thallus usually persistent, ashy, greenish, brownish, or oliva- ceous, consisting of medium sized squamules, flat or ascending, crenate or digitately lobed, concave or convex, underside white or yellowish, sorediate. Podetia concolorous with the primary thallus, solitary or clustered, erect, rather short, cylindrical, usually simple, corticate surface being somewhat areolate or verruculose ; cups deep goblet form gradually widening from the base, dentate or proliferating from the margin, bearing either cups or apothecia on the margins, abundant granular-soredia are borne on both the LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 83 inside and outside of the cups, these decorticate areas appear whitish. Apothecia often absent, when present sessile on the margins of the cups, or shortly stipitate, rather small and inconspicuous, sometimes conglomerate, then as much as 4.0 mm. across; disk brown, flat to convex. KOH — , P+, brick red. On soil, decaying wood, or on thin layer of soil over rock : Clallam Co. : West Trail Elwha River, 1940, 2867h. Whatcom Co. : Mt. Baker, Galena, 3800 ft., 1931, 1184. Thurston Co. : Grand Mound, 1940, 2948. Pierce Co.: White River Camp, 3900 ft., 1940, 3100; Mt. Rainier, Van Trump Park, 5000 ft., 1942, 3621; Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1940, 3022. Ferry Co.: San- poil, 2360 ft., 3135; Gibraltar Mountain, 3783 ft., 1940, 3144. Grays Harbor Co.: Copalis, 1910, Foster 1417 (W). San Juan Co.: Cypress Island, 1928, 1962. The deep goblet form cups, the brick red color with paraphenylenedia- mine, and the brown apothecia when present, the abundant soredia, inside and outside the cups, make this an easy species to recognize. One of the common and widely distributed lichens of this state. 11. Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodro. 361. 1787. Lichen coccifera Linn. Sp. PI. 1151. 1753. Cladonia cornucopioides (L.) Fries. Primary thallus usually persistent, grayish green or yellowish green, consisting of lacinate-lobed or crenate margined squamules, flat, slightly involute, rarely sorediate on the margins, underside white or yellowish white, rarely sorediate. Podetia concolorous with the primary thallus, often solitary, sometimes clustered, short, erect, hollow, cylindrical, usually simple, corticate throughout, not sorediate, areoles or verrucoles may be somewhat separated in the upper part, rarely squamulose ; cups deep, gradually dilating from a narrow base, proliferate, bearing either cups or apothecia on the proliferations. Apothecia on the proliferations of the cups, solitary or clustered, rather large, often 6.0 mm. across ; disk scarlet, con- vex. KOH — , P — , no color change with either. On soil and rarely on decaying wood : San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, 1930, 510. Kitsap Co.: Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1931, 1720. Mason Co.: Mt. Elinor, 1500 ft., 1912, Foster 2115 (W). Thurston Co.: Gate, 1912, Foster 2004 (W). Spokane Co.: Spokane, 1908, T. A. Bonser 55 (W). This Cladonia is easily determined by the scarlet apothecia, growing on the margins of the rather broad and deep cups. 12. Cladonia coniocraea (Flk.) Spreng. in Linn. Syst. Veg. 16th ed., 4:272. 1827. Cenomyce coniocraea Flk. Deutschl. Lich. 138. 1821. Cladonia fimbriata var. coniocraea (Flk.) Wainio. Primary thallus usually persistent, green, gray, olive-buff (R), or light brown, consisting of digitately lobed, medium sized squamules, flat or 84 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON ascending, involute, underside white. Podetia whitish or grayish, solitary or clustered, rather short, erect, cylindrical, straight and sometimes branching toward the apex, often decorticate through its entire length, more or less densely covered with pale yellow or pale green soredia, toward the base there may be a continuous cortex with a few squamules ; cups often abor- tive, nothing more than truncate apices depressed in the center, when present very narrow. Apothecia rare, if present sessile or stipitate on the margins of the cups, or on the apices of the podetia, small and inconspicu- ous; disk brown, flat to convex. KOH — , P+, brick red. On soil and decaying wood: King Co.: Edgewood, 300 ft., 1931, 1809. King-Kittitas Co. : Snoqualmie Pass, 3010 ft., 1931, 818. Chelan Co. : Rain- bow Trail, 3800 ft., 1931, 1277. San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, 1906, Fink 148 (W). Determined by Fink as Cladonia fimbriata var. coniocraea. Olympic Mountains, Hurricane Ridge, 1935, A. H. Smith 1135 (F). Rather an inconspicuous Cladonia, with no very definite distinguishing characteristics. 13. Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. Merkw. Flech. Hirschb. 4. 1839. Baeomyces turbinatus var. crispatus Ach. Meth. Lich. 341. 1803. Cladonia fur cata vsiT. crispata (Ach.) Flk. Primary thallus persistent or dying, gray, greenish gray, or greenish brown, consisting of lacinate or crenate, medium sized squamules, ascend- ing, rather densely grouped forming a crust, underside white. Podetia whitish, gray, greenish gray, dull oHve green, or brownish green, solitary or clustered, short or medium in length, subcylindrical, erect, branched, axils dilated, cortex continuous, or dispersed in the form of areoles, squamules absent or rather abundant, and conspicuous, because of the prominent clear white under surface, especially noticeable in dried speci- mens ; cups small, dilated, perforate, when cups are not produced, there are dilated and gaping axils. Apothecia on the tips of proliferations growing from the margins of the cups or stipitate on the margins of the cups, usually solitary sometimes clustered, small, seldom more than 0.8 mm. across; disk brown, flat to convex, KOH — , P-f-, deep reddish orange. On soil and decaying wood : Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch, near Bremer- ton, 213 ft., 1931, 1734, 1754. San Juan Co.: San Juan Island, 1906, Fink 170 (W). King Co. : Kent, 1927, G. N. Jones 304 (W). 14. Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2:120. 1795. Lichen deformis Linn. Sp. PI. 1152. 1753. Primary thallus often dying, if present rather sparse, pale reddish brown or yellowish green, consisting of crenate or lobed, medium sized squamules, underside white somewhat brownish, often sorediate. Podetia straw yel- low (R), or green brownish toward the base, usually clustered, sometimes scattered, elongated, cylindrical, often swollen, simple, rarely branched, lower part corticate, sometimes squamulose, upper part sorediate or sorediate throughout, cortex often badly cracked ; cups gradually or abruptly dilated, LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 85 margins dentate to torn or irregularly proliferate, mouths sorediate. Apo- thecia on the margins of the cups or on the tips of the proliferations, solitary or clustered, small to medium sized, 0.5-3.0 mm. across; disk scarlet, irregularly convex. KOH — , P — , no color changes with either. On soil and decaying logs : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Berkeley Park, 6000 ft., 1940, 3011. Yakima Co.: Little Naches, 2557 ft., 1931, 1002. The stout podetia and the abruptly dilated cups, with dentate to torn or irregularly proliferate margins and sorediate mouths, make this a dis- tinctive Cladonia. 15. Cladonia digitata (L.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 22. 1823, Lichen digitatus Linn. Sp. PI. 1152. 1753, Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm. Primary thallus usually persistent, grayish green, grayish olive (R) or Isabella color (R), consisting of crenate or lacinate-lobed, small or large and prominent squamules, flat to often strongly ascending, involute, often markedly sorediate on the margins, underside white, sorediate. Podetia whitish, yellowish-white, or greenish-gray, usually clustered, rather short, erect, or ascending, cylindrical, simple, rarely branched, sometimes corti- cate throughout, more often corticate only near the base, upper part soredi- ate, sometimes squamulose near the base; cups medium sized, dilated abruptly, margin dentate, proliferate, or almost entire. Apothecia solitary or clustered on the tips of the proliferations or rarely on the margins of the cups, small to medium sized, 0.5-4.0 mm. across; disk scarlet, irregularly convex, KOH-f-, P+, deep reddish orange. On soil and decaying logs: Kittitas Co.: Easton, 2168 ft., 1931, 850. San Juan Co.: Orcas Island, Turtle Back Mountain, 1906, Fink 460 (W). Puget Sound, 1865, Dr. Torrey (T). The short podetia, with apothecia borne on the proliferations, help to characterize this species. 16. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fries Lich. Eur. Ref. 222. 1831. Lichen jimbriatus Linn. Sp. PI. 1152. 1753. Cladonia fimbriata var. simplex f. minor Wainio. Primary thallus usually persistent, gray, olive-buff (R), or light brown, consisting of medium sized, digitately lobate squamules, flat to ascending, margins involute, underside white, sorediate, especially near the margin. Podetia concolorous with the primary thallus, solitary or clustered, erect to irregularly curved, cylindrical, usually decorticate and sorediate throughout, rarely corticate near the base and below the cups, cortex areolate, warty without squamules or rarely squamulose near the base ; cups well developed, gradually dilated or occasionally flaring abruptly at the mouth, often soredi- ate inside, margins dentate. Apothecia sessile or with a short stalk on the margin of the cup, small and inconspicuous ; disk brown or reddish brown. KOH — , P+, bright orange red. 86 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON On soil or decaying wood : Kitsap Co. : Hidden Ranch near Bremerton, 213 ft., 1930, 1960. King Co. : Richmond Highlands, 300 ft., 1931, 577. Clallam Co.: Dean's, Ennis Creek, foot of Mt. Angeles, 1911, Foster 1801 (W). Mt. Rainier, Glacier Basin, 1925, /. M. Grant 416 (F). The sorediate-farinose podetia, bearing normal regular shaped cups, help to distinguish this Cladonia. \7.Cladoniajoliacea (Huds.) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodro. 362. 1787. Lichen foliacens Huds. Fl. Angl. 457. 1762. Cladonia foliaceaysLT. alcicornis (Lightf.) Schaer. Primary thallus persistent and very conspicuous, greenish gray or olive- buff (R), consisting of large leaf like, concave squamules, ascending, closely clustered, with deeply laciniate margins, black fibrils sometimes appear on the margins, underside white or cream colored, this underside shows up very plainly in dried specimens. Podetia concolorous with the primary thallus, short, cylindrical, hollow, scattered, erect, cortex, subcontinuous or areolate, rarely squamulose toward the base; cupbearing or cupless, cups small, irregular, margin almost entire to dentate, proliferate. Apothecia on margin of cups, rather rare ; disk brown or brick red. KOH — , or faintly yellowish brown, P+, orange or brick red. On soil or decaying logs : Pierce Co. : Mt. Rainier, Moraine Park Trail, 3300 ft., 1940, 2992; trail to Seattle Park, 4000 ft., 1940, 3056. Yakima Co. : Dewey Lake, 4800 ft., 1940, 2771. Okanogan Co., Twisp Trail, 5000 ft, 1931, 1307. Mason Co.: Mt. Elinor, 1912, Foster 2118 (W). The persistent, large and conspicuous, leaf-like squamules of the pri- mary thallus make this an easy species to recognize. 18. Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ. 107. 1794. Lichen furcatus Huds. Fl. Angl. 458. 1762. Primary thallus soon disappearing, pale greenish gray or brown, con- sisting of small to medium sized, elongated, narrow, lobed squamules, mar- gins crenate or sinuate, but only seen in young plants. Podetia olive-buff (R), greenish gray, or reddish brown, usually clustered, erect, slender, cylindrical, or subcylindrical, rather intricately dichotomously or radiately branched, often with corymbose clustered tips that are obtuse, acute, or attenuate, axils irregularly gaping and sometimes dilated, cortex continu- ous or areolate, sparingly squamulose or entirely without squamules ; cups entirely absent. Apothecia small to medium sized, borne on the tips of the branches of the podetia; disk pale brown, brown, or reddish brown. KOH—, P+, brick red. On soil, on thin layer of soil over rock, or rarely on decaying wood: Pacific Co. : Long Beach, 1940, 2766. San Juan Co. : San Juan Island, Pt. Caution, 1928, 2068; Friday Harbor, 1940, 3213. Clallam Co. : Lake Suth- erland, 590 ft., 1931, 1026. Thurston Co.: Gate, 1940, 2964. King Co.: Edgewood, 300 ft., 1931, 1820. Clallam Co. : Port Angeles, Bird's, 1914, PLATE SECTION Plate I A. Graphis scripta x 5. B. Graphis scripta var. pulverulenta x 2. C. Lobaria oregana x IVa. D. Lobaria pulmonaria upper surface x %. Plate VI A. Parmelia perlata lower surface x Mt- B. Parmelia sulcata x V-i- C. Cetraria glauca x Vy. D. Cetaria glauca upper surface x %. Plate II A. Lobaria pulmonaria lower surface x %. B. Sticta anthraspis upper surface x Va. C. Sticta anthraspis lower surface x Vo. D. Sticta anthraspis lower surface natural size. Plate III A. Solorina crocea x 2. B. Peltigera canina x %. C. Peltigera canina x 2. D. Lecidea cyanea natural size. Plate IV A. Lecidea cyanea x 3V2- B. Lecidea globifera x 2. C. Stereocaulon tomentosum natural size. D. Parmelia physodes x V^. Plate V A. Parmelia physodes f. rugosa f. rugosa X %. B. Parmelia vittata x %. C. Parmelia tubulosa x 2. D. Parmelia perlata upper surface x Vy. Plate VII A. Cetraria glauca lower surface x %. B. Cetraria glauca upper surface x %. C. Evernia prunastri x Va- D. Letharia vulpina x Va. Plate VIII A. Alectoria jubata x Va. B. Alectoria sarmentosa x Vs- C. Alectoria sarmentosa x IV2. D. Cornicularia californica x 2, Plate IX A. Cornicularia californica x 4. B. Cornicularia divergens x 2yo. not reported from Washington. C. Cornicularia normoerica x 3. D. Cornicularia tenuissima X 2 y^. Plate X A. Ramalina reticulatat x Vi. B. Ramalina reticulata x %. C. Ramalina reticulata x ll^. D. Ramalina farinacea x IV^. Plate XI A. Usnea hirta x %. B. Usnea longissima x Va- C. Usnea ceratina x 1%. D. Caloplaca murorum x 4. B ^■^^^>^^8P|^^^H ^*'*'^ ^^oPuBv • ii^fc ;, s-yfl'^^liiSg^^^^^^^ ^' ^..^^^■^^V/^^^^^__ ^ inidBlplli^"' '^^'^i^l^i^S"-" #^jsP"*'^wK^ ^^iE-'<>k..^^^^^feLMi>K!'.>-. ^ ^ "" ^X ^ ^ D Plate I B D Plate II B D Plate III VfeiPt'.'^)2^^ B D Plate IV B D Plate V B ^ ^^9^ ^^^p. \ •\ :.■ t 1 i 1 ta-f"-^ ^^' D Plate \l fe.*lw r^f i^ ^mF Fl,_ .: w 'm W^Amff^ ^ ^'■' . 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