PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PART XVIII. 4 1850. | ¥ , ae PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY; SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW. Pa fara , ‘ pce Bas as dant PH TKS, Hind Cen Oe pou Mepis i Da See! gS ee - . Br: oan pin yg LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Apams, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. Monograph of the Species of Myochama, including the descriptions of two New Species from the Collection of H. page Cuming, Esq... . oie fees tia 22 Description of New anabies of fie Gent Ctsdegild with some additional generic characters... . . : 24 An Arrangement of Stomatellida, including the ovatvird of a New Genus and of several New Species . ... . 29 Monograph of the Genus Anatinella . . . 40 Monographs of Cyclostrema, Marryat, and Senaaradatie Gray, two genera of Gasteropodous Mollusks : 41 On the Animal of Liotia, with descriptions of New i eciee of Delphinula and Liotia, from the Cumingian Collection . 50 Monograph of ie Gon a genus of Lamellibranchiate Mollusca . . . e , EF bainstize - 86 Monograph of Soirttinis a genus of air-breathing Gastes ropodous Mollusca, from specimens in the Cumingian Col- lection... - 147 Monograph of Phos a genus of aederancadbis Mollusea 152 Monograph of Macrochisma, a genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellidz - 202 Monograph of Modulus, a genus of Gasteropodous Mol- lusea, of the Family Littorinide . “ - 203 eon of i a genus of Gasteropodous Mol- lusca. . . : Ae rriae : - + 204 iv Barrp, Dr., F.L.S. &c. page Description of a New Crustacean. . . ~ ee. a Description of several New Species of Sessa - « 254 Bartcett, Mr. A. D. On the Genus Apteryr. . . - + + + + + + + + 274 BonaAPARTE, Prince CHARLES LUCIEN. On the Trichoglossine Genus of Parrots, Eos, with the description of two New Species. . - +5 ee On the Garruline Birds or Jays, with description of New Species . - + oi. se Description of t two Ble Soils of Oriole . a cou he Rigen anne Burst, Dr., LL.D., F.R.S. &e. On Shark-fishing at Kurrachee (communicated by Colonel Sykes) <<) Cale cee. 8s one oe Forbes, Prof. EpwArp, F.R.S. &c. On the Species of Mollusca collected during the Survey- ing Voyages of the Herald and Pandora, by Capt. Kellett, R.N., C.B., and Lieut. Wood, R.N.. . . - + + + 53, 270 Fraser, Mr. Louis. On New Birds in the Collection at Knowsley . . - + 245 Fry, Epwarp, Esq. Remarks on the Morphology of the Vertebrate Skeleton. 15 Gasxoln, J. S., Esq. On the Habits of Helia lactea. . . - - - + + «+ + 243 Gou tp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &c. Descriptions of New Birds. . . - Los Wha HOR On six New Species of Humming Birds HE. OEE SOAS 1G On New Species of Birds from Australia. - - - - - 200 Remarks on Notornis Mantelli . . - eT na, SLE On New Australian Birds in the Collection of the Zoolo- gical Society of London . - ~~ + + + + + + + + 276 Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &c. Description of a New Species of aE from the mouth of the Mackenzie River . . . ‘ ‘ ave, Ae On a Leech new to the British Pagan a Te Si ae On the occurrence of Regalecus Glesne at eden: ihe shire: In ‘VS5O ete. ete IA ss Sa eo ee 52 Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &e. page On the Characters of the Genera Pusionella and Clavatula 56 Description of a New Species of Monkey, recently living in the Society's Menagerie - - - + + + + + s+ * 77 Synopsis of the Species of Antelopes and Strepsiceres, with descriptions of some New Species . .-.--- - lil Synopsis of the Species of Deer (Cervina), with the de- scription of a New Species in the Gardens of the Society . 222 GruirritH, R. C., Esq. Exhibition of some specimens of the “ Tstetze SP ee Seer sd Gunn, Ronatp C., Esq. Letter relating to two living specimens of Thylacinus cynocephalus, presented to the Society by himself and Dr. James Grant of Launceston . - - + - = * * * °° 90 Harpy, Lieut. Note upon Buceros Ginginianus (communicated by Colonel te Ae es: eee Hartravs, Dr. Note upon Turdus Vulpinus. - - - + + + * 3 * 276 Keraart, Dr., F.L.S., Corr. Mem. Catalogue of the Mammalia of Ceylon. - - - + + + 155 Lea, Isaac, Esq. Description of five New Species of Anodonte, collected by H. Cuming, Esq., in the East Indies - . « - + - + 197 Lea, Isaac and HENRY C., Esqs- Description of a New Genus of the Family Melaniana, and of many New Species of the Genus Melania, chiefly collected by Hugh Cuming, Esq., during his Zoological Voyage in the East, and now first described. - - + - + 179 Lowe, Rev. R. T., M.A. An account of Fishes discovered or observed in Madeira since the year 1842. - - - - ese stots - DAT MANTELL, Dr., F.R.S. &c. Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantell in the Middle Island of New Zealand of a living specimen of the Notornis, a Bird of the Rail family allied to Brachypteryz, and hitherto unknown to Naturalists, except in a fossil state. 209 vi Newman, Epwarp, Esq., F.L.S. &c. page First Thoughts on a Physiological Arrangement of Birds. 46 Owen, Professor, F.R.S. &c. &c. On the Gigantic Wingless Birds of New Zealand, in con- tinuation (which will be published in the Transactions, vol. iv. pt. 1, as Dinornis, Part4) . . . . - 45 On the Cranium of the large species of Diaorus: Sed giganteus and ingens (which will be published in the Trans- actions, vol. iv. pt. 2, as Dinornis, Part5) . . . . - + 208 PFEIFFER, Dr. L. Description of a New Pupina and two New Helicinas, from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . - - - + + 97 Prouproot, Mr. Note on Tragelaphus Angasti . . . . « » « « « 199 Reeve, Lovett, Esq., F.L.S. &c. On a New Species of Lymnaea from Thibet . . . . « 49 RicuHarpson, Sir Joun, M.D., F.R.S. &c. Notices of Austrahans Bish «cc. scacc7 «ke 0% inwack OS ScHLEGEL, Dr. H., Curator of the Royal Zoological Museum, Leyden. Description of a New Genus of Batrachians from Swan River. (Extracted from a Letter to J. E. Gray, Esq.) - - 9 Situ, J. P. G., Esq. Note on Callichthys and Anableps . . - »- + + + + S53 SrRIcKLAND, H. E., Esq., M.A. List of Birds procured in Kordofan by Mr. J. Petherick, With: Notes ‘sv.74< opty, suet s alboly & unet eat titles Tomes, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &c. On the Blood-coloured Exudation from the Skin of the Hippopotamus op re heetie aye tysp) soni Spyies’ hehe ee eee Turner, H. N., Jun., Esq. Contributions to the Anatomy of the Tapir . . . - 102 On the Generic Subdivision of the Bovide, or Hale horned Ruminants,\., 2. ts ., sis, syalelnet) eps) Sop Baten =e Ty er, Lieut. R. E. On the Iguana of Santa Lucia . . . . . . ~~ «+ 106 : Vii VAN DER Hoeven, J., Esq. Contributions to the knowledge of the Animal of Nautilus Is ace? et c- 2 as aaa a Wa race, A. R., Esq. On the Umbrella Bird rc ycea tae unis commu- nicated by Mr. S. Stevens. . . . SOok Gay toe Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &e. Observations on the destructive species of Dipterous In- sects known in Africa under the names of the Tsetse, Zimb, and Tsaltsalya, and on their supposed connection with the Pemereme APNG IE MEV 6k) Ke! fae sos a eta - Wuirs, Apam, Esq,, F.L.S. &c. Descriptions of some apparently New Species of Longi- corn Coleoptera, in the Collection of the British Museum Descriptions of two Species of Crustacea in the British IPMMIMERITRS YMA Vey tata oe fis F io Rtas ig apiece SSeS ie - 206 258 10 95 i jab tae se “ay, zeoteee: bewogqus sigs ot a Peay ay ae ia ar Aine ae enh hae heli Bt ga a gga ter ar ae mason pion hf il iad? init bi an ane ‘uf Yasin 2 ows 10 Bag ie 6 ie eee) ae re Tr ae lve oe Ee a Rut aa : aren oa cea tats My } tes oe aha ah se mo ay i oie $s hh vs Ss ae pa i ae way Ae ihiel Fy » Neal > n ete - ee y, a) + tan ee oo Cie be: Saget a epee Acces ia i ie lela a a is rn Lavbel pea » PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 8, 1850. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. CoNTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANIMAL OF Navtitus Pompiztius. By J. VAN per Horven. There are hitherto but three original figures of the animal of Nau- tilus Pompilius. The first is that of Rumphius, in his ‘ Amboinsche Rariteitkamer’ (No. xvii. at p. 62); the second that of Prof. R. Owen in his accomplished ‘ Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus’ (London, 1832, pl. 1) ; the third, drawn by Mr. Laurillard, was given by Prof. hs cate in the ‘ Archives du Muséum d’ Hist. natur.,’ i. 1841, pl. 8. The figure of Rumphius could only be deciphered after the disco- very of a new specimen. As Prof. Owen has observed, the animal is represented in that figure in an inverse position. Guided by that observation, it is possible to explain some parts in that enigmatical figure, but many obscurities still remain, and the whole gives the im- pression of a drawing made by recollection, and after the doubtful sug- gestions of a discomposed memory. This seems still more probable, because the text informs us (p. 61) that the figures to which the in- dications of the description allude, have been lost. The animals represented by Prof. Owen and Valenciennes were de- tached from the shells before they were presented to those distin- guished cultivators of comparative anatomy and structural zoology. This circumstance explains some imperfections in the figures given by ~ both. Prof. Owen, for instance, gives an incorrect form to that pro- duction of the mantle which covers the convex part of the shell’s cir- cumvolution projecting in the aperture, or to the part which the author calls “the dorsal fold” (see his pl. 1 4); the superior free No. CCI.—Proceepinés or THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 2. margin of the mantle is lower than it ought to be, as it conceals in the natural state a great part of the funnel and the inferior half of the eyes. In regard to the last circumstance, the drawing of Lauril- lard given in M. Valenciennes’ paper is more correct; but in other particulars it is deficient, chiefly because the soft part of the integu- ments which forms the visceral sac was torn off and wholly want- ing. It ought to be observed also, that those two figures represent the animal replaced in a shell of the same species indeed, but not its own. I suppose then that it may be perhaps of some interest to publish some drawings * I made, chiefly after two specimens, one of which was kindly presented to me in 1848 by Prof. Reinwardt ; the other I re- ceived lately from our settlements in the East, by the kind exertions of His Excellency Mr. T. C. Baud, formerly His Majesty the King of the Netherlands’ Minister for the Colonial Department. The first figure (1) represents the animal from the left side in its own shell, which has been opened with a file at such a height, that the whole last chamber was visible, together with a part of the three following compartments. The hood (a), composed according to Prof. Owen by the conjunction in the mesial line of the two superior, ex- cessively large digitations, covers with its projecting margin the supe- rior surface of the pedunculated eye (6). The inferior half of the eye is concealed by the superior margin of the mantle, which covers also the greatest part of the digitations or lateral processes of the head (¢,c). The extremity of the funnel (d) is visible and uncovered, the rest being contained in the anterior part of the mantle. There is no per- foration or excision at this part of the mantle+, but the margin of it is entire and slightly convex. The mantle (f, f, /', 7) has its anterior part of a more thick and fibrose texture and a yellowish colour; the posterior part (¢) forms a thin and nearly transparent membranous sac, containing the different viscera. The free superior margin of the mantle ascends behind the hood (f') and forms the dorsal fold of Prof. Owen’s memoir ; but at the side view only a small portion of this fold is visible. Beneath the posterior part of the hood, the mantle offers on each side a large apo- neurotic flat piece (g), of a bluish white colour and a kidney-like shape, being convex at its anterior side and somewhat concave at the poste- rior border. This plate is the posterior insertion of a strong muscular mass—the great muscle of the shell—which goes from this attach- ment in an oblique course, converging with that of the opposite side, to its anterior termination at the cartilage of the head. From this oblong patch arises a narrow aponeurotic stripe, both at the superior and at the inferior extremity of it. The oblong plate may be con- sidered as an expansion and development of this band, which, encir- cling the whole mantle, separates its posterior soft part or the visceral * The drawings, being on too large a scale for this work, will be published in the Transactions of the Society, vol. iv. Pl. 5, 6,7,8. The references are to those plates.—D. W. M. + Professor Owen speaks of a large aperture through which the funnel passes. (Memoir on the Nautilus, p. 9.) 3 sac (i) from its free and thicker anterior part. The thin and mem- branous posterior part of the mantle is of a bluish white colour, but being imperfectly transparent, it seems to be dark at all places where it covers the bulky liver, whose colour is a dark red-brown, or choco- late-like purple. At the inferior part of the free portion of the mantle is a convexity (4), where lies a glandular laminated organ, secreting, as it seems, a covering to the eggs, and which projects at this place, being partly visible through the integuments. This glandular mass connected with the female generative system is situated behind the gills, at the inner surface of the mantle. A more complete idea of the external form of the animal may be had by comparing the two following figures. Fig. 2 represents the animal taken out of the shell from a dorsal aspect. The circumference appears oblong, and of an irregular oval form. The whole is divided into two chief parts ; the first is the hood, exactly filling up the shell’s aperture* ; the second part was concealed in the lower and posterior part of the terminating chamber of the shell. The dorsal fold (/') appears now wholly visible; it forms a thin lamellar production of the mantle, and ascends to the protuberant internal labium or anfrac- tus of the revoluted shell. Hence the upper surface of this fold is excavated, forming the exact counterpart of the shell’s protuberance. Under that fold is a smaller plate of nearly the same form, but adhe- rent to the posterior declivous surface of the hood, and only free at its circumference. This plate is of an aponeurotic texture and a white colour : at both sides it is united to the dorsal fold, and below it seems to have an intimate connexion with the two side parts of the funnel, and indeed to be a continuation of those parts. The dorsal or superior part of the aponeurotic band, which forms, as we have said already, the continuation of the oblong side-plate (fig. 1 g), is here visible at g,g- Three small longitudinal bands or tendinous inscriptions (A, h, 4) seem to give some firmness to the dorsal part of the abdominal por- tion of the mantle. Near the posterior end of this visceral sac, nearer however to the superior surface of it, is the beginning of the siphon (j); it seems nearly superfluous to say that this siphon is a tubular production of the visceral part of the mantle, protected by a calcareous covering, and penetrating by the central perforation of the several septa in all the following compartments of the shell. At the inferior surface (fig. 3) a part of the funnel is visible in the middle of the digitations of the head. The inferior face of those digitations is of a white colour, contrasting with the brown and dark colour of the hood and of the superior surface of the digitations which are nearest to it. The free inferior and anterior margin of the mantle appears rounded and somewhat convex ; it conceals the basal part of the funnel and of the appendages of the head. More instructive is an inferior view of the animal if the mantle has * It may be allowed to hazard here the opinion, that the two juxtaposed fossil shells, known by palzontographs as Aptychus, were two shelly supports of the hood of Ammonites, extinct Cephalopods not very different in structure from the Nautilus, and belonging, like that genus, to Prof. Owen’s tetrabranchiate group. 4 been removed or reflected backwards ; in this manner the branchial cavity is visible (fig. 4). The two overlapping sides of the funnel form a striking particularity of the structure of the Nautilus. It is interesting that the embryo in the dibranchiate group, as we learn from Dr. Kolliker’s observa- tions*, shows the funnel composed in the beginning of two lateral separate parts. The embryonic condition in the dibranchiate Ce- phalopods proves thus to be a persistent structure in the tetrabran- chiate group. Between the basal part of the second pair of gills the anal aperture is visible. This part has been misrepresented by Prof. Valenciennes. It seems that a longitudinal fold connecting the integuments of the viscera with the two large shell-muscles was disrupted in his specimen, and that the author believed this to be the rectum. The oviduct in this supine position is situated at the left side, before the anus, and terminates with a transverse bilabiated and protuberant aperture or vulva. [Consequently, when the animal is in its natural position in the shell, the termination of the oviduct lies at the right side. | There are three little slits on each side at the roots of the branchize. The first pair of those apertures is situated at the anterior surface of the first branchia, near the posterior margin of the large shell-muscle. Between the first and second branchie are the two other slits, very near to each other, and at the outward side of them is a little de- pressed papilla, affixed to the posterior surface of the root of the first branchia. The first and the last slits are the exterior openings of two lateral blind sacs, containing the follicular appendages of the branchial arteries; the second slit communicates with the pericar- dium+. At the first slit I once found a calcareous reddish-white and friable concrement ; I believed it to contain uric acid, but the chemical inquiry of my friend Prof. Van der Boonchesch has not confirmed my supposition. Behind the anus there are on each side two small and depressed caruncles, very similar to that mammillary eminence or papilla we have seen at the root of the first branchia. External to those carun- cles and behind them is a series of small orifices, not unlike to the openings of the Meybomian follicles on the human eyelids. These are the emunctories of the glandular organ, for the secretion of the covering matter of the ova. * Entwickelungsgeschichte der Cephalopoden. Von Dr. A. Kolliker; Zurich, 1843, 4to, p. 41 ete. + The three pairs of openings have been first observed by Prof. Valenciennes. This point of the anatomy of the Nautilus has been chiefly elucidated by the ob- servations of my friend Prof. W. Vrolik (Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Weten- schappen, uitgegeven door de Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk-Nederlandsche In- stituut, ii. 1849, p. 312-315). Prof. Owen describes in his memoir but one of those openings, and it is therefore questionable what opening he speaks of. It seems however to me to be the second, because Prof. Owen describes the mammillary eminence which is nearest to this slit, and chiefly because the author observes that the orifice “‘ conducts from the branchial cavity to the pericardium.”’ (Memoir on the Nautilus, p. 27.) 5 The head still requires some further description. In order to give a more correct idea of the mutual superposition of the numerous digitations and processes which exist in the Nautilus, instead of the eight or ten arms of the dibranchiate Cephalopods*, I have represented them from the left side, in three comparative figures, so as they follow each other from the exterior surface of the head to the interior cover- ing of the mandible (see fig. 5-7). In the first place (fig. 5), the mantle f being reflected, the hood (a), the different digitations (¢, ¢), and the funnel (d), are visible. The large pedunculated and perforated eye (4) has two tentacles (ophthalmic tentacles, Owen), one before its anterior margin, the other behind, which are however not distinctly seen without reclining the surrounding parts, and bending the eye-peduncle*. Only a few tentacles are protruded from their sheaths, and partly visible. I never saw them protruded to such an extent as in M. Laurillard’s figures. The number of these digitations seems not to be exactly the same in all specimens. Instead of nineteen digitations on each side, as in Prof. Owen’s specimen, I twice found only eighteen. M. Valenciennes found only seventeen in his specimen. That the hood is formed ac- cording to the ingenious supposition of Prof. Owen, by two large di- gitations conjoined along the mesial line, has been mentioned above. The hood indeed contains two tentacles, and in this manner the whole number of exterior or digital tentacles varies from eighteen to twenty on each side. The second layer of tentacular processes is brought into view by cutting off the hood and the external digitations. Fig. 6 gives a view of this dissection. In this figure 4 is the eye, d the funnel, as in the foregoing figure ; ¢, ¢ are the cut parts of the tentacles contained in the digital processes. The layer now visible is formed by that set of tentacular sheaths which Prof. Owen calls the external or superior labial processes (fig. 6 4, 4). For a reason explained in the fol- lowing part of my paper, I would be disposed to prefer the name of external labial process to that of superior. The membrane cover- ing the mandibles and the muscular mass of the mouth, and termi- nating in the fringed lip encircling those parts, is to be seen at a little distance above this layer (at m), and shows numerous circular folds. Beneath this layer a small part of the third layer (/) is visible. This third layer is brought into view by removing the second (see fig. 7). In this figure 4, & are the cut parts of the tentacles of the external labial process, and / is the internal or inferior Jabial process of the left side. The folded membrane m is now almost wholly visible. The internal labial processus consists of a flattened stalk, which ascending expands in a compressed paddle, whose supe- rior margin is straight and perforated for the exsertion of the tenta- cles. There is some likeness to a glove whose fingers are cut off. The description of Rumphius mentions all the digitations and pro- * Under the eye is a part, first noticed by Valenciennes, a little hollow caruncle, with bilabiated aperture, which seems to be the true organ of smell (see fig. 8). It is only visible by bending the eye behind and above, and adheres to the root of its stalk, 6 cesses a3 superimposed flaps, each in shape of a child’s hand*. This i ep etn me om appanage A Pel fe eee exactly the same in different specimens, nor even in same men at both sides. Pacdatiplion ef Rasveltes acantonaae tacles to the external labial processes, but does not mention their number in the internal processes. Prof. Owen found twelve tentacles, Prof. Valenciennes thirteen im each of those four processes. In the external processes Prof. W. ss observed twelve tentacles on each side, as was observed also The internal seem to have in general a somewhat eames Prof. Vrolik observed in this layer fourteen on each side ; I found also fourteen at the left and sixteen at the right side. The external labial processes are united in the mesial line at the ventral side above the funnel by a membrane with numerous fine folds on the inside; the internal approach here nearer to each other and are united in a similar manner ; the commis- sure presents on the inside, towards the dorsal surface, seventeen OF eighteen eminent, compressed, longitudinal folds, like the parallel ridges in the olfactory cavity of Fishes. This part is, according to Prof. Owen’s opinion, the organ of smell ; hast: A. lalione, teatisdeele folds are only rudimental digitations completing the circle of the in- ternal labial processes, and tinsilar to the more numerous and smalles folds of the external circle, or even to the fringed margin of the lip round the mandibles. In respect to the observation of Valenciennes concerning the man- dibles, it is perhaps not unnecessary to note that I saw them in differ- ent specimens always covered with a calcareous white matter, as has Secesalacrrid-in:iles Aeelcndenam> dteaiation of: tietaaiaealiaa a eminent friend Prof. Owen. The sexual difference of the Nautilus requires still farther elucida- tion. Prof. Owen’s description was relative to a female, and also all the other specimens observed by subsequent authors, or preserved hitherto in the museums, seem to be of female specimens. Hence it seems to follow that males are rarer; a similar circumstance of un- equal number has been noted in many other animnas of several classes. recent observations of Kélliker and some other authors havi elucidated the true nature of that abnormal animal form, not — ce i yarn nga sa found in the shell of the (al ) Aryonauta, and formerly described as a genus of base un the name of Hectocotyle by Cuvier, would lead us to males of the Nautilus living like parasites with the teal endl There exists however not the least indication in the different memoirs of Owen, Valenciennes and Vrolik, that such parasites were present. I can say that in Nautilus the sexual difference is not so great, and that the male lives in a shell like the female. I was fortunate enough to observe one specimen of a male, which was kindly presented to me po Sots rst ~ hebmvimgh Seat rtioed et oe the Professor of Botany, W. H. de Vriese. The differences it showed * “ Zijnde ieder lap gefatzoeneerd als een hand van een kind.” (Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, p. 60.) ——e 7 in the conformation of the head may be ascribed either to sexual dif- ference or to monstrosity. This must remain unsettled till another male can be observed; but I incline to the first opinion, a similar aberration of structure not having been observed in any of the hitherto dissected females. I have already described this male in a former paper*, but I be- lieve it will not be superfluous to give here the translation of the chief matter of my Dutch memoir on this specimen, together with some additional remarks and corrections. At the inner surface of the circle of digitations, which were eighteen at each side, without the hood, there was a prolongation of the inte- guments rising up to another more internal circle. This prolongation unites at the ventral side by a free and thin margin to the connecting basal part of the digitations. At the mer surface of this connexion of the external digitations, there are many transverse dimples parallel to the transverse margin of this commissure: many little holes give a reticulated appearance to this part. The prolongation becomes thicker and expands on each side in a processus divided in eight digi- tations of different size, including each a tentacle, similar to those contained in the external digitations of the head, but smaller, as usual in other specimens. On account of their place, those processes seemed first to me to be analogous to the superior labial processes of Prof. Owen’s memoir, because they are situated at the dorsal side, and consequently I described them under that name in my former publi- cation ; but as they are internal or nearer to the mandibles than the other pair of similar processes, I now believe them.to be analogous to the inferior labial processes in the female, notwithstanding their supe- rior position. The fold of the integuments connecting those pro- cesses at the central side to another in the mesial line divides nm two plates; the exterior adhering to the commissure of the external digi- tations already described ; the interior united to the covering of the mandibles. Between those two plates a pair of depressed cushion- like parts is placed, coming im contact to another in the middle, and nearly wholly adherent at their inferior surface to the inner plate. They have nearly 8 les in length and 43 in breadth. Their free, superior and internal margin is divided by incisions in ten or eleven small tetragonal parts; the right part having eleven, the left ten of those digitations. The relative position seems to prove them to be analogous to the folds between the internal labial processes, which are considered as the olfactory apparatus by Prof. Owen. I believe they afford an additional argument against this opmion, because they are doubtless only rudimental digitations. Beneath those internal labial processes there is at each side out- wards to them a fold in the inner surface of the external circle of di- gitations. At the right side a processus is exserted from this fold ; * Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Wetenschappen, uitgegev. door de eerste KL. v. h. Koninkl.-Nederl. Instit. i. 1848, p. 67-75. A short abstract of this de- scription was communicated by me at the Oxford Meeting (1847) of the British Association, and is inserted in the Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association ; London, 1848 ; Transactions of the Sections, p. 77. 8 it consists of the conjunction of the sheaths of four tentacles ; three of those tentacles are placed on a common flat expansion ; the fourth is contained in a separate slip, placed beneath the three other tenta- cles. At the left side, instead of this external labial processus, there was a great conoid body, the length of which was nearly 2} inches; this part was laterally compressed ; at the basis its measure from the dor- sal to the ventral side was found to be 1 inch 10 lines ; from the right to the left side only 1 inch. This part was proved to me by dissect- ing it to be formed by the union of four unusually developed tenta- cular slips, one of which was shorter and more free, the three other chiefly composing the singular body. This part occupied a great space in the interior of the circle, which was formed by the external tentaculiferous digitations of the head, and perhaps its great deve- lopment may have been the cause of the more imperfect condition of the other three labial processes. I regret that this specimen was in a bad state of preservation ; its abdominal sac being dilacerated and the viscera destroyed by mace- ration. Hence I am not able to give a description of the male organs of generation, but that the specimen was a male seems to me unques- tionable. At the same place where in other specimens the vulva ad- heres to the ground of the branchial cavity, was a short conic part, evidently the penis, somewhat bent at the basis towards the ventral side, having an obtuse and perforated top. A very narrow canal was found to go from this aperture to the root of the penis, and to expand there in a pouch, of a firm parchment-like texture. This bladder contaimed a conglobate tube of a brown colour, having a little more than | line in diameter. The length of this tube could not be deter- mined, because, by any attempt to unravel it, it broke into pieces. Microscopic investigation proved that this tube was formed by two membranes, the external transparent, the inner thicker, coloured, brittle, and offering circular stripes or fibres. In the interior of the tube there was a thread or band, coiled up in a spire with close cir- cumvolutions, like the spiral fibre of the trachee of insects. This fibre was not of exactly equal broadness in its whole extent; its broadest parts had a diameter of nearly 1-48th ofa line. This fibre seemed composed of an external transparent membrane, including an internal part of a yellowish brown colour. Between the fibre and the tube containing it were observed several free microscopic parts ; some greater, of a brown colour, oblong or navicular ; some smaller, unco- loured, and still of different size. How different this conglobated tube, contained in the spermatic vesicle, may be from the Needham- machines or spermatophores of other Cephalopods, I still believe that we ought to consider it as a similar sperma-containing apparatus. It seems highly desirable that a travelling naturalist may have the op- portunity of observing the male Nautilus in a recent state. Imperfect as they are, I trust those last observations to be still of some interest for comparative anatomy, as giving the first account of that which seems now to be the chief desideratum in our knowledge of the Nautilus, the disposition and structure of the male generative ap- paratus. 9 EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. (Published in the Transactions Z. S. vol. iv. Pl. 5-8.) Fig. 1—8 belong to the female Nautilus; fig. 9—14 to the male specimen, which is described at the end of my memoir. Fig. 1. A female Nautilus in its shell, from the left side. Fig. 2. The same specimen seen from above, and taken out of the shell. Fig. 3. The same, from below. The following letters indicate the same parts in those three figures: a, the hood ; 3, the eye; cc, the digitations; d, the funnel ; fff" i, the mantle ; i’, its visceral part; f’, the dorsal fold of the mantle ; g, the aponeurotic insertion of the shell-muscle. In figs. 1 and 3, / indicates the place where the laminated gland is situated. In fig. 2, 4 hh are three aponeurotic inscriptions on the visceral sac ; j is the sipho. Fig. 4. Branchial cavity and funnel of the same. F, funnel ; g, mantle, reflected ; ee, shell-muscles ; 2 h, first pair ; A’ h’, second pair of branchiz ; a, anus; b, vulva; ¢, caruncle at the root of the first branchia ; d, two pair of similar papillz at the bottom of the branchial cavity. 1, 2, 3, three pair of slits (at the left side of the figure the first is to be seen ; the two others are represented on the right side of the figure). Fig. 5. Side view of the head, the mantle f being reflected: a, hood; 4, eye; ec, digitations ; dd, funnel. Fig. 6. The same, after removing the digitations ; ¢ ¢, transverse sections of their tentacles; & &, external labial processes ; /, internal ditto; m, membrane covering the mandibles. Fig. 7. The same, after removing the external labial processes, cut off at kk. Fig. 8. Caruncle at the peduncle of the eye; organ of smell, a. Fig. 9. Head of a male Nautilus seen from above ; the hood has been divided by a longitudinal section; gg are the internal labial processes; below them, at the right side, is placed and partly visible at i, the external labial pro- cessus. The place of it occupies at the left side a large conoid body, a; m m is the fringed lip inclosing the mandibles. Fig. 10. The conoid body of the foregoing figure, separately seen from the inner surface, together with the incumbent internal labial processus of the left side. Fig. 11. Lateral view of the internal labial processus of the right side, with the mandibles and the surrounding lip. Fig. 12. View of the inferior surface of the muscular mass of the mouth, with the two cushion-like incised bodies, representing here the folds between the internal labial processes. Fig. 13. Penis. B, a longitudinal section of it. Fig. 14. A portion of the circumvoluted spermatophore or tube contained in the bladder at the basis of the penis. Leyden, 8 Dec. 1849. 2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF BATRACHIANS FROM SWAN River. By Dr. H. Scutecer, Curator or THE Roya ZooLocicaL Museum, LeypEN. (ExTRACTED FROM A Let- TER TO J. E. Gray, Esa.) “The following notice I hope is sufficient to give an idea of a new Toad which was discovered at Swan River by Dr. Pries :— *« MyYoBATRACHUS, 0. g. “Tongue small ; no teeth except two small horizontal fangs in the intermaxillary bone ; eustachian tubes separated, opening behind the eyes. Legs short, enveloped at the base in a duplicature of the skin 10 of the sides of the body. Fingers 4, the second longest ; toes 5, cy- lindrical, tapering, not armed. yes lateral, middle-sized. “ MyoBATRACHUS PARADOXUS. Above brownish grey, beneath greyish. Hab. Australia; Swan River. Mus. Leyden. The Prince of Canino has made for this animal a family, which he has named MyosaTRACHID&.” Mr. Gray observed, that a toad which he described and figured in Capt. Grey’s Travels in Australia, under the name of Breviceps Gouldii, agrees with the animal described by Dr. Schlegel in all par- ticulars, and especially in possessing the two horizontal horny appen- dages on the intermaxillary, which Dr. Schlegel described as hori- zontal fangs ; they are partly sunk into the integument of the palate. Admitting the propriety of the proposed generic distinction, the animal will therefore now stand in the catalogues as Myobatrachus Gouldii. The presence of the teeth in the intermaxillary separates this animal from the Breviceps of South Africa. 3. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES OF LONGI- CoRN COLEOPTERA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BriTISH Museum. By Apvam Waite, F.L.S., AssisTanNT IN THE Zoou. Dept. Brit. Mus. (Annulosa, Pl. XIII.) Prionacatus Atys. Pl. XIII. fig. 4. In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xv. p. 108, I have described under the name of Prionacalus Cacicus, a curious genus from Mexico, allied to Psalidognathus, G. R. Gray. I re- garded the two specimens as male and female of the same species, but it would seem that they are both males, and as they are con- siderably different, must be different species ; what was deemed the male may retain the name Prionacalus Cacicus; it is figured on plate 8. fig. 1. of the above volume. The other specimen may be named Prionacalus Iphis; it is figured on plate 8. f. 2. Since the above we have received a third species from the Andes of Peru, where it was found by Prof. Jameson of Quito ; the following short specific characters may distinguish the three :— P. Cacicus. Head behind the eyes without a prominent spine, the lateral mar- gin behind, produced into a slight process directed backwards; a strong crested ridge over each eye, at the end directed outwards ; antennee, palpi and legs rufous, antennze blackish at the base; jaws, excepting at the end and on the edges (where they are smooth) roughly punctured: head, thorax and elytra, at the base, somewhat roughly punctured, the elytra more delicately punctured towards the end. Hab. Mexico. Proc Z.S. Annulosa. XII 1. LAMIA(CEROSTERNA) TRIFASCIELLA. 2.BIMIA BICOLOR. 3.COLOCOMUS MOROSUS. - 4 PRIONACALUS ATYS. 5PYRODES TENUICORNIS. 6.CALLOCTENUS PULCHER. 7 Wing del en dts Pord & George Iathog..,shers, 54 Hatton Garden. {0 7 nt PRA cw ATS ARIA SH ASE DAT Dea ~ is t. TRICHOMAPLATA YITTATA. 2 5 CALIGATUS ANGASI 4 5. PALPARTA LAMBERI Sin. (del et lith fo ,orpeo Ford & West Imp 54 Hatton Gerda. 11 P. Artys. Head midway between the eyes and the hind margin, with a small wide spine; a slight, crested, straight ridge over each eye, the space between slightly grooved ; antennz thickish. In colour it is of a dark pitchy brown; the apex of the elytra somewhat ferruginous ; legs pitchy brown ; tarsi and tips of tibize ferruginous ; palpi of a clear ferruginous: sculpture much as in last. Hab. Andes of Peru. P. Ipuis. Deep black, coarsely punctured and rugose ; antennee at the ends, palpi, tibiee at apex and tarsi reddish ; head midway between the eyes and hind margin, with a strong wide spine on each side; head with the two keels over the eyes short and straight, the space between them deeply grooved. Hab. Mexico. CaLocomus morosvus. PI. XIII. fig. 3. Antennee ferruginous, black at the base; 13-jointed, very strongly serrated on the outside, the terminal joint deeply notched, nine at least of the terminal joints with the outer edge elongated at the tip: head, thorax, scutellum, abdomen and legs pitchy black ; head, tho- rax and scutellum thickly punctured ; elytra thickly and finely punc- tured, the punctures of the base coarser; elytra wide, shorter than the abdomen, ferruginous, in some places darkish brown. Hab. Bolivia. From the Collection of Mr. Bridges. This makes the fourth species of Calocomus, a genus which seems, like some of the other Prionide, to be very variable in the number of joints in the antennze ; the type C. Desmarestii has eleven joints ; this species has thirteen ; while the Calocomus Lycius, and C. Kreuckelyi, described by M. Buquet, have no less than twenty-two. Pyropes TeNvuicornis. Pl. XIII. fig. 5. Head and thorax deeply, coarsely and irregularly punctured, washed with golden green, in some lights tinged with a deep purplish rufous ; jaws golden green, tips and edges pitchy ; antenne with the first jomt flattened above, golden green except at the end, which is bluish green; third joint much elongated, as long as the fourth and fifth taken together ; the first six joints punctured, base of the seventh punctured, tip of the seventh joint and the whole surface of the ter- minal four grooved. Elytra varied with green and purplish red, much depressed, the margin and shoulders lively green; scutellum notched at the end, slightly grooved down the middle, and with a patch of coarse punctures on each side of the groove. Under parts green with eeneous reflections. Femora green and covered with minute crowded warts ; tibize and tarsi light rufous, the tibiee with elongated papillee and short hairs. Hab. Mexico. Of this species there are two examples in the Museum ; in the one figured a purplish red tint pervades all the joints of the antennz but 12 the first, and extends over the whole elytra excepting on the basal margin and the extreme edge, which are green. This species seems to link the three genera Pyrodes, Mallaspis, and Solenoptera ; it agrees in most particulars with Pyrodes. Pyropes SMITHIANUS. Scutellum considerably elongated at the point and notched at the base, the shoulder and the elytra close to the scutellum are produced, and near the shoulder there is a deep groove. The head and thorax are rather smooth and closely punctured ; the front margin of the thorax is slightly notched in the middle; the scutellum is quite smooth on the edges, down the middle, and at the tip ; the elytra are roughly punctured, the punctures often running together and forming cha- racters like letters ; there are four longitudinal ribs down each, which are branched at the end. This Pyrodes is of a bronzy copper colour, the tibize and most of the joints of the antennze being tinged with purple. Hab. Brazil. A specimen was found by J. P. George Smith, Esq., of Liverpool, on Caripi, an island thirty miles from Para: he presented it, with numerous other fine insects, to the British Museum. CALLOCTENUS, 2. g. Body small, the elytra extending over its side and considerably be- yond its extremity. Head much excavated in front. Eyes large and prominent. Thorax with a distinct tooth on the sides a little beyond the middle. Scutellum of an elongated triangular form, pointed at the end. Elytra spined at the suture and at the end of the lateral margin. Antennz in the male pectinated from the fourth joint, in the fe- male serrated from the fifth: in the male the first joint is of the same length as the fourth exclusive of the appendage; the third is consi- derably elongated and with a protuberance at the end; from the fourth to the eighth the end is furnished with a compressed appen- dage narrow at the base, dilated afterwards and blunt at the tip (the ninth and other joints broken off). Antennze in the female with the terminal joints depressed, oblique at the end, so that the inner edge is serrated. Legs moderate, simple, without serratures. Elytra spined at the suture and at the end of the lateral margin. - This genus comes between Pecilosoma and Anacolus. CaLLOCTENUS PULCHER. PI. XIII. fig. 6. Hab. Venezuela. Head, thorax, scutellum and under side of body of a dark coppery green, the head and thorax rather thickly covered with soft greyish yellow hairs ; elytra with three longitudinal, considerably raised keels, between each of which is a slighter keel ; in the male these latfer are abbreviated, between the keels the elytra are closely punctured ; the elytra in the male are of a brownish yellow, the punctured parts, ex- cept at the base, being darker in colour ; in the female the elytra are 13 of a clear ochre yellow; in the male the antennz are of a dull ferru- ginous, the base of the joints paler ; the legs are ferruginous in the male, while in the female they are of the same dark coppery green as the head and thorax. In a female specimen the elytra are of a very dark olive-green ; the specimen is rather larger than the other. Sent from Venezuela by Mr. David Dyson of Manchester. BiMIA, 0. g. Head as wide as the thorax in front, somewhat narrowed behind, in front square and nearly perpendicular, grooved down the middle ; jaws short and strong ; eyes deeply notched for the insertion of the antennz, the hinder margin widely sinuated. Antennz 11-jointed, shorter than the body; first jomt clavate, cylindrical, slightly longer than the third; second joint small, moni- liform ; third, fourth and fifth joints straight, compressed, and nearly of the same length; the sixth slightly bent and compressed ; the five last joints compressed and gradually smaller, the last blunt at the tip. Thorax wider than long, with a strong spine on each side about the middle, its disc depressed and slightly unequal. Scutellum largeish, hollowed slightly in the middle. Elytra rather narrow, not so long as the abdomen, soft, not meeting except at the base; the shoulders prominent, the sides nearly parallel, the ends slightly pointed; the wings large, and extending beyond the elytra and abdomen. Legs strong, slightly compressed ; femora somewhat thickened ; hind legs, if extended, would reach a little beyond the abdomen. Tarsi scarcely wider than the tibie; penultimate joint deeply cut; soles densely covered with short hairs. This genus would seem to be placed not far from Molorchus, and may be allied to Agapete, Newman, Zoologist, iii. p. 1017: it is not unlikely that the other sex is very different in form and colour; there is only one specimen in the Museum. Bruta Bicotor. Pl. XIII. fig. 2. Hab. Australia (Perth). From the Collection of Mr. George Clifton. The body is of a very deep shining black, closely punctured, and furnished with short hairs; head below and in front yellow, the yel- low colour extending triangularly between the antenne; eyes, an- tennze, cheeks and vertex black ; thorax yellow, with a black band down the middle, contracted behind ; scutellum black ; legs of same deep black as the abdomen, a wide yellow ring on the front tibie near the top; elytra pale ochre yellow, with three or four longitu- dinal veins which branch towards the tip ; wings long and black. Lamia (CEROSTERNA) TRIFASCIELLA. PI. XIII. fig. 1. Densely covered with short yellow and black hairs ; head yellow, an impressed line along the middle free from hairs ; antennz with the two first and four last joints black, the other joints yellow at the base and black at the tip ; thorax yellow; spines and a band connect- ing them black, the band crenated in front ; legs yellow, joints, tarsi 14 and posterior side of second and third pairs of femora black ; scutel- lum at the end covered with yellow hairs; elytra of a clear ochre yellow, the base from the shoulder to the suture edged narrowly with black ; a transverse black band before the middle, nearly but not quite touching the edge and the suture, widest toward the suture ; another transverse black band just behind the middle, and neither touching the edge nor the suture, narrower than the first band, and, like it, waved both in front and behind. Hab. China (Hong Kong). John Bowring, Esq. This seems allied to the L. Assamensis, Hope. In the present unsettled state of the Longicorn Coleoptera it would be rash to found genera on mere isolated species; but it is difficult to refer the pre- sent to any of the modern genera ; it comes perhaps nearest to Cero- sterna. The figures represent the insects of the size of nature. January 22, 1850. Matthew Truman, Esq., M.D., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. DrEscriIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSODOMUS, FROM THE MOUTH OF THE MACKENZIE RIVER. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. etc. (Mollusca, Pl. VII.) Sir John Richardson, M.D., on his retura from the Arctic search- ing expedition, kindly presented to the Museum a series of shells which he had collected between the mouth of the Mackenzie River and Cape Parry: several of them were broken by the extreme cold during the wintering of the expedition at Great Bear Lake. The collections consisted of the new Chrysodomus here described, and the following species, which are exactly similar to the species brought home by Ross, Parry, and the other arctic voyagers from Baffin’s Bay, and are interesting as showing that these species are found more than half-way towards the Northern Pacific Ocean ; viz. Saxicava arctica. Very like S. rugosa, but larger. Hiatella arctica. Very large size, with the hinge-teeth almost entirely obliterated. Mya truncata. Glycimeris siliqua. All young. Cardium Grenlandicum. On the shores. Crassina semisulcata, Leach, not Miiller. In the mouth of the river: eaten by the birds. Buccinum glaciale. The egg of a large species of Natica was abundant on the sands, probably N. ampullaria, Lamk.? Proc. Z.5 Mollusca PIVIE 15 Curysopomus Heros. (Mollusca, Pl. VII.) Shell elongate ; spire conical, longer than the mouth ; whorls con- vex, two or three og with a strong central keel, rest with irregularly placed distant rounder tubercles, the last rounded, not keeled; throat white. Var. 1. Whorls as with a strong, central, continuous keel ; the last slightly nodulose. Egg-cases ovate-oblong, erect, on an expanded base, contracted beneath ; surface deeply punctated, granular. Inhab. Arctic Ocean. This shell is very like Chrysodomus despectus, but differs from that species in the form and surface of the egg-cases, as well as by the greater convexity of the whorls, and the strength and angularity of the keel on the upper whorls. Like the other species of the genus, the white, opake, outer coat of the shell is very much inclined to separate from the inner or cen- tral coat, which presents, where the outer coat is removed, a smooth surface of yellowish or brown colour. Dr. Richardson observed several specimens of this shell in the sand-hills which edge the coast, some distance from the sea. I have named this species Heros, as being finest of the genus, and in commemoration of the enterprise and heroic conduct under great hardship of its discoverer. 2. REMARKS ON THE MorpPHOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRATE Sxeteton. By Epwarp Fry. The objects of the present paper are,—lIst, the brief statement of the probability that there are laws which govern animal form, in ad- dition to the law of final causes ; and 2nd, the @ priori discussion of certain propositions about the vertebrate skeleton ; being an attempt to illustrate the vertebrate by some invertebrate forms, and thus to show their unity of plan. Section I. The existence of laws governing animal form is rendered probable by the discovery of such laws as regards the forms of plants, all whose parts may be referred to a leaf as the fundamental archetype, as is shown not only by the correspondency in many normal condi- tions, but also by the transmutations of parts, and the monstrosities to which the petals, sepals, stamens, &c. are liable. Though the greater simplicity of plants, and the more numerous monstrosities to which they are liable by nature or art, render the existence of laws of the kind spoken of more readily apparent in them than in animals, the nature of the proofs and of the conclusions are alike in both cases. It may, secondly, be remarked, by way of showing a general pro- bability for such a scheme, that there exist unities of structure both in different animals and in different stages of development of the same animal, which are independent, so far as we know, of unity of 16 end; or, in other words, that final causes do not explain all the afti- nities and resemblances which we are able to trace*. And again, it must be observed, that those remarkable likenesses, which are observable in many or all animals, between their various forms and conditions up to maturity, on the one side, and the various members of the animal kingdom up to their own position in the scale, on the other hand (so that, for instance, man passes through forms resembling, but not identical with, those of many animals from the lowest monad up to his own position in the scale), are inexpli- cable on the theory that the forms of animals are regulated by final causes only; but are in perfect accordance with that other which holds that there is expressed in the structure of animals some abstract idea, which running through all the frame, and modified to all pur- poses of need, and manifested in all variety of conditions, is yet one and the same. It must be admitted that the force of these arguments may, to some extent, be barred by an assertion which it is difficult fully to answer, viz. that our ignorance of final causes is so great as to allow us no room to argue on the existence of other causes from their ap- parent inadequacy ; nevertheless as the other supposition seems to have in it no improbability, but as I think the contrary, it may be admitted as at least what best suits our present knowledge. The belief in the existence of other laws of organization besides that of final causes does in no wise lessen or obscure the argument of natural religion derived from it, which was advanced with great per- tinency by the ancient Stoical philosophers, and has been amplified by Derham, Paley and others in our own country. I now proceed to the second portion of my paper. Srection II. There are reasons derived from the structure of animals below the Vertebrata which might induce us to expect that the vertebrate skeleton should be composed of elements of a common character. 1. So soon as the nervous system assumes the form of a line or chain down the body of the animal, the whole structure puts on a segmental or annular arrangement. Thus in the Annelida the body consists of numerous segments, similar one to the other, with the exception of the anterior one or head, which is sometimes slightly. different in form, but in other instances only distinguishable by the presence of a mouth. Each segment has its proper nervous ganglion, connected by two fibrous commissures with those of the neighbouring division. 2. But these segments are subject to change. Thus the Poly- desmide, a family of the Myriapoda, exhibit the posterior part of the body composed of segments similar to those above described, whilst in the anterior part each segment is the result of the coales- cence of two original ones. In the Chilipoda, the same process has * This part of the subject has been fully illustrated by Prof. Owen in his various writings. 17 gone on further; so that all the apparent segments are thus com- posed by the anchylosis of two original ones at an early period of growth, as proved by the two pair of legs which each one bears, and the double nervous ganglia which they contain, the nervous centres of the original elements having approximated to one another without coalescence (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843). 3. But not only does the progression from lower to higher forms in the scale of the animal kingdom teach us how segments of the body originally similar may be changed—the progression of indivi- duals does the same thing. The larval condition of insects undoubt- edly corresponds very nearly with the Annelida ; the arrangement of the body and the relation of each segment to the nervons system are similar. But the perfect state shows a very great modification in the form; many segments have disappeared by coalescence, whilst the equality of size originally existing between them has been lost by reason of the centralization of functions ; the nervous centres have often been removed from their respective segments, yet the number remains the same; for although only nine centres appear in the abdo- men (Blanchard sur les Coleoptéres, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1846, part i.), yet the last has been shotwn in the Lepidoptera (New- port on Sphinx, Phil. Trans. 1832) to consist of two which have united. 4. The same segmental arrangement of the body, and the same ganglionic condition of the nervous centres in accordance with the rings of the body, obtain throughout many members of the class of the Articulata. We now descend to two more particular propositions, resulting from and embraced in the foregoing, but which we nevertheless pre- fer to illustrate separately. There are reasons to expect that the head of the Vertebrata should be composed of segments similar to those of the body. 1. We have already noticed the close resemblance between the anterior segment or head and the following ones in the Polydesmide. 2. In the larval insects the similarity is great ; but in the perfect one a number of the other segments become anchylosed, and enter into the composition of the head, in accordance with the law, that the more perfect an animal is, the more complex and individualized are its parts, and consequently the more is its abstract nature hidden ‘ under its teleological manifestation. The divisions between the seg- ments entering into the composition of the head sometimes remain permanently recognizable in the external skeleton. The number of these segments has been a much-vexed question among entomolo- gists, the numbers advocated by different naturalists having been two, three, four, five and seven. I am inclined to believe the real number of these segments to be four :—1st, because of the very slight evidence for the presence of any other, the fifth segment being considered as entirely atrophied, and no corresponding manducatory organ ap- pearing; 2nd, from four being the only number at all discoverable in some insects, as in the Hydroiis piceus (see Newport on Insecta in Todd’s Cyclopedia); 3rd, because the brain (7. e. the coalesced No. CCII.—Proceepin6s or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 18 ganglia of the cranial segments) of the Necrophlageophus longicornis has been discovered by Newport, at the period of its bursting its shell, to consist of four double ganglia (Newport in Phil. Trans. 1843). We next consider the reasons for supposing that the organs com- posing the mouth of the Vertebrata should be the homologues of those of locomotion. It must be remarked, that everything now to be said assists most strictly in support of the preceding proposition, and would have been introduced under that head but for the sake of conveniency in illustrating the vertebrate skeleton. 1. In the Crustaceans the jaws differ in scarcely any other cha- racter than size from the true legs used in locomotion. 2. In the Myriapoda the members of the basilar segments of the head are jointed and retain the form of true legs, but are used for prehension (Newport in Todd’s Cyclopzedia). 3. In Insects the tarsal joints of the cranial legs are undeveloped ; the femur and coxa are small or confluent with the under side of the segment, whilst the tibize are alone enormously enlarged, and thus become elements in the complex mouth of Insects; their muscles, however, being attached to the basilar and posterior lateral parts of (ia head, just as if they still subserved the purposes of locomotion idem). 4, All the parts of the complex mouth of Insects are thus referable to the segments of the head. In the Great Water Beetle this ‘is clearly shown ; the manducatory organs visibly resemble the proper organs of locomotion, and are articulated to the distinct segments (idem). 5. We must remark intermediate normal conditions between the true locomotive and manducatory form of leg; as in the genus Onitis, where the prothoracic legs are without tarsi, and the tibize are termi- nated by sharp hooks; and in the Bubos bison, a species of a neigh- bouring genus, where the tibiee strongly approach in form the proper mandibles of the head: also, 6. A monstrous condition in a specimen of Geotrupes stercora- rius, where the prothoracic legs were arrested in development and the tarsi were absent, so that they very closely resembled the form of the mandibles (idem). Section III. The spinal cord of the Vertebrata is homologous with the gan- glionie cord of the Articulata. 1. The elements of the systems are alike, being in both cases cellular nervous matter and commissural fibres. "2. The experiments and investigations of recent physiologists have proved the real independence of the segments of the cord contained in each vertebra, insomuch as each performs separately from the others its own reflex actions, just as is the case in the ganglionic cord of the Articulata; so that, as far as its reflex actions are concerned, the cellular or dynamic element of the spinal cord is not one organ or centre, but a series of independent organs or centres, as is seen in 19 the Insects, the external longitudinal fibres serving only as commis- sural or communicating portions. 3. Those ganglia of the Insects which are perfectly separate in the larval condition often exhibit a tendency to fusion in the perfect con- dition (Blanchard wt antea). Thus in the Coleoptera the last abdo- minal ganglion is always formed by a fusion of several original ones ; the first and second abdominal often form a single mass with the metathoracic, whilst in the Chafer this last is united with the meso- thoracic (idem). In like manner the fourth and fifth segments in the perfect insect are fused together. In the Polydesmide, the two first segments which bear legs unite their nervous centres with the first subcesophageal, so as to form a short cord similar to that of the Ostracion and some other fish (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843). In the Scorpion the fusion has gone so far as to form a sort of medulla oblongata, giving rise to eight pairs of nerves (idem). In Nitidula enea all the abdominal ganglia have united to form a short cord (Blanchard wé antea, plates); and in Calandra palmarum the ganglia of the whole body have approximated so as to form a conti- nuous moniliform cord (so far ganglionic in appearance as that the distinction between the segments has not been obliterated), which is placed in the anterior portion of the body (édem, plates). 4. The ganglionic cord of Insects undergoes the same alteration at its posterior extremity that the spinal cord of the Vertebrata does by its withdrawal from the caudal vertebre and the formation of a cauda equina, as may be clearly seen in Blanchard’s plates (wt antea, e.g. in the Nitidula enea, the Calandra palmarum, and the Dyticus mar- ginalis). 5. In the Chilognatha, or higher order of the Myriapoda, the ganglia coalesce so as to form a uniform spinal cord, the commissural fibres no longer occupying intervening spaces as in the Chilipoda, but forming the external layer of the nervous cord (Newport on My- riapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843): 6. Whilst the true vertebrate fish Orthagoriscus mola exhibits exactly an opposite character in the ganglionic condition of its myelon (Owen’s Lectures, ii. 173, on the authority of Ayrsaki). Section IV. A vertebra is the correlative in the osseous of a centre in the nervous system. This appears to me to be the most general possible definition of a vertebra, and therefore the most philosophical. The general idea of the relation of the osseous and nervous centres involved in it, though not the relation of the segments of each one to the other, was thus expressed by Oken: “ Bones are the earthy, hardened, nervous system ; nerves are the spiritual, soft, osseous system— Con- tinens et contentum” (quoted by Owen, Report of Brit. Assoc. . 242). 1. The number of vertebra constituting the spinal cord always corresponds with the number of segments in the cord as indicated by 20 the number of pairs of nerves given off. When more than one pair perforate one piece of bone, it results from an anchylosis of several vertebrae, as in the sacrum; and the coccygeal vertebree, which ap- pear to be an exception to the definition, are not so in reality, the spinal cord passing into them in the fcetal condition, and being gra- dually withdrawn just in the same manner as is the case in some of the Coleoptera. As is clearly seen in them, too, the cauda equina represents the nerves of the vertebree from which the cord has been withdrawn. Some Vertebrata, as e. g. the Python, retain the original relation of the vertebree and centres throughout the whole of the spinal cord (Owen, Report ut antea, 221). 2. The same dependence of the vertebrae on the nervous centres is shown by the fact, that the tail which is reproduced by Lizards, in the case of the loss of that member, is a single bone, because although bone may be reproduced, the spinal cord cannot be (Owen ut antea, 254). 3. In accordance with this definition may also be cited the very long vertebra which is formed on that part of the spinal cord of the Anourous Batrachians which does not give off nerves, and which is not the result of anchylosis of several elements, but arises from one point of ossification (Martin St. Ange, Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Organes transitoires et la Métamorphose des Batraciens, Ann. des Sci. Nat. No. xviii. p. 401); and also the invariableness of the number of the vertebree in the Mammalian’s neck, resulting from the presence of the same number of nerves, and irrespective of the length of the vertebre. Secrion V. A segment is the representative in the Articulata of a vertebra in the Vertebrata. This view has been advocated by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, both in his “‘ Mémoire sur la Vertébre,’’ in the ninth volume of the ‘ Mémoires du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ and previously in a memoir read by him before the Academy in 1820. Nevertheless, the argument on which I would mainly rest it, is not yet universally admitted, for we find M. Emile Blanchard very recently asserting that nothing really indicates the analogy between the spinal cord of the Vertebrata and the ganglia of the Articulata. 1. We have seen what a close relation of correspondence exists in the Articulata between the segments and the ganglionic nervous centres ; and we have endeavoured to prove that in the Vertebrata a. vertebra is the correlative of one of the spinal nervous centres ; and also that the spinal cord of the one class is the representative of the ganglionic cord of the other; whence it appears, that a segment of the Articulata and a vertebra of the Vertebrata must be homologous. 2. The ossification of the centrum of a true vertebra is first peri- pheral, and subsequently fills up the interior with osseous matter (Owen wt antea, 256). Thus if we suppose a vertebra stopped in the first stage, and forming the external instead of the internal sup- 21 port of the body, we have a segment of an articulate creature, with only an histiological difference, which must by no means be allowed to conceal from us the true nature of a part (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Sur la Vertébre, ut antea, p. 92). 3. If to this view it should be objected, that the including in the one case what is excluded in the other dispels all semblance of homo- logy, it must be answered— a. That notwithstanding this difficulty, the general homology of the vertebrate and articulate skeletons as wholes has long been ad- mitted, though this more particular one of their parts has not been. B. That the heemal arch of the Vertebrata, whose normal office it is to enclose the main blood-vessels of the body, and which office it exclusively performs in many cases, is yet in others so developed as to enclose a mass of viscera, viz. in the thorax. y- In the Testudina we have an example of those vertebral ele- ments which are usually internal, becoming external, and including not only all the viscera, but having the whole muscular system at- tached internally, as in the Articulata, and even the limbs arising from the inside instead of the outside of the thorax. 4. It presents no difficulty that the segments of the Articulata have no superior or inferior arches like vertebree, because both the spinal cord and circulatory organs which those arches are respectively designed to protect are included within the body (St. Hilaire ut antea, p. 102). 5. To the order of development of a vertebra in the lateral pro- cesses for locomotion being produced subsequently to the body, we have an analogous case in that the Myriapoda are at birth and for some time afterwards apodal, and subsequently acquire their nume- rous legs (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1841). This is also the case with some other articulate animals. Section VI. The brain of the Vertebrata is a modification of a series of four ganglia homologous with those of the spinal cord. 1. In the Amphiovus that part of the cord which must be regarded as the homologue of the brain, because it gives off five pair of ce- phalic nerves, is only distinguished from the other part of the cord by its pointed anterior extremity, its posterior part being entirely like the other ganglia; even its greatest vertical diameter is not greater (De Quatrefages on Amphioxus, Annales des Scien. Nat., third series, vol. iv.). 2." We have already noticed that the two large cephalic ganglia of the Centipede are the result of the coalescence of a series of four ganglia, as they appear in the fcetal condition, each of these nervous centres supplying nerves to the senses. Closely corresponding with this arrangement is that displayed by many of the fish, as e.g. the Eel, where the brain is only a series of four closely arranged ganglia. And this same original scheme seems to me traceable throughout all the Vertebrata to man himself. There are, however, as the great 22 centralization and individuality of the organ would lead us to expect, many variations and modifications, which tend at first sight to con- ceal its real nature, as e. g. the removal of the olfactory ganglia to a great distance from the other elements of the brain, with which they only maintain their connexion by means of filiform crura, as in the Whiting and many fish; the amplification of the segments of the encephalon by the addition of supplementary ganglia, as the hypo- aria, hypophysis, &c. as they occur in many fish, and some of which are retained in the higher orders, or the cerebrum in the cartilagi- nous fishes, and in all animals upwards to man, and which compara- tive anatomy teaches us is only to be considered as a special appen- dage to or development of the prosencephalic ganglia; or the ex- treme development of one pair of ganglia so as to obscure the others, as the cerebellum in the Sharks, Sawfish, &c. (Owen’s Lectures, ii. 175) ; or the very diminutive size of a segment, as the cerebellum in many reptiles ; or the coalescence of the pair, and consequent obli- teration of the mesial division, just as is equally the case between the two halves of the spinal cord, as in the cerebellum. 3. Embryonic anatomy, too, comes in to strengthen the conclusion of comparative anatomy, that a series of four ganglia is the essential element of the brain, and that all the other parts of which it consists in adult life of the higher Vertebrata, including of course the cere- brum, are superadded. The argument of the preceding sections, exclusive of Section I., and the conclusion to which it is intended to lead, may thus be stated :— Considering that the head of the Insecta, Myriapoda, &c. is com- posed of a series of segments serially homologous with those of the body, as its brain is of ganglia serially homologous with those of the cord; that a vertebra is the general homologue of a segment as the spinal cord is of the ganglionic cord ; and that the brain of the Ver- tebrata consists of a series of four segments; there appears a strong probability that its head in like manner shall consist of a series of four vertebree. 3. MonoGRAPH OF THE SPECIES OF MyOCHAMA, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM THE COL- LECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa. By Artruur Apams, R.N., 1 al Fe Sauer (Mollusea, Pl. VIII.) Myocuama, Stutchbury. Testa inequivalvis, adherens ; valva afixa dentibus duobus mar- ginalibus, divaricatis, ad umbonem disjunctis, foveold trigond intermedid alteram testacee appendicis extremitatem, cartila- gine corned connexam, excipiente ; valva libera dentibus duobus inequalibus, parvis, divaricatis, alterd appendicis extremitate foveole intermedia insertd ; umbones valve libere interne, alte- rius externe, recurvi ;.impressiones musculares due orbiculares, a ee get ee eo eee ae ee ae | ee, FroceZ.s: Mollusca. VIB. AAdams |W Wing del Wing bth Fig.l. Myochamatransversa. Hg:6.Cumingia smuata. . Hig:l?. Gena ornaia z.M Strange1 IG fragilis i819. 20.Lictia Peroni 3. Cummsgia Cleryn 8.9.10 1112 Microts tmberculata. ai L t errima 4.C ~ _ similis 13.14.15: Stommatia duplicata. 22-Cyclostrema spirule 5.C. striata. 16. Stomatia notaia & . 4 23 distantes, laterales; impressio muscularis pallit sinu brevi lato; ligamentum tenue externum. Shell inequivalve, adhering ; the attached valve with two unequal diverging marginal teeth, separated at the umbo by a triangular pit in which one end of a testaceous appendage is inserted and connected by a horny cartilage ; the free valve with two unequal, small, diverging teeth, close under the umbo, in which is inserted the other end of the testaceous appendage ; the umbo of the free valve is curved in- wards, that of the fixed valve outwards; muscular impressions two, nearly orbicular, distant, lateral ; palleal impression with a short broad sinus. MyocHaMA ANoMioIDES, Stutchbury. M. testa rosed, tenut, fragili, costis prominentibus radiantibus dichotomis ; valvd li- herd valde convexd ; umbone extra apicem valve alterius pro- ducto; epidermide tenui pellucidd. Long. 12; lat. 35 alt. 34. Hab. Shell rose-coloured, thin, fragile, ornamented by prominent radia- ting dichotomous ribs; free valve extremely convex, the umbo pro- jecting beyond the apex of the other ; epidermis thin and transparent. Hab. This species is always regularly radiately ribbed, but when found attached to smooth shells the ribs are smooth, but if fixed to Trigo- nia pectinata they are crossed by tubercles. Myocuama TRaNsversA, A. Adams. M. testd inequilaterali transversd fused, subquadratd, anticé longiore posticé breviore subtruncatd, radiatim costatd, costis subnodosis interdum di- chotomis, concentrice minutissimé striatd, valvd liberd subcon- verd, umbone extra apicem valve alterius producto. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 1.) Shell inequivalve, transverse, light brown, subquadrate, anteriorly longer, posteriorly shorter and rather truncated, radiately ribbed, ribs rather nodulous, sometimes divided in two, very minutely concentric- ally striated, the free valve rather convex, with the umbo produced beyond the apex of the other valve. ‘Hab. Cape Upstart, 8 fathoms; Mr. Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.) Myocnama Strancer, A. Adams. M. testd luted, tenui, fragilt, corrugatd, costis nodosis, non distinctis, concentrice striatd, lineis radiantibus asperis ad marginem ventralem distinctiori- bus; valvd liberd depressd umbone plano cinerascente non extra apicem valve alterius producto. Hab. in Australasia. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 2.) Shell yellow, thin, fragile, corrugated, ribs nodulous, not distinct, concentrically striated, with rough radiating lines more distinct to- wards the ventral margin; the free valve depressed, ash-coloured, flattened, not projecting beyond the apex of the other valve. Hab. Port Jackson; Mr. Strange. (Mus. Cuming.) 24 4. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CUMINGIA, WITH SOME ADDITIONAL GENERIC CHARACTERS. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII.) Cumineia, G. B. Sowerby. Testa bivalvis, inequilateralis, equivalvis, latere antico rotundato, postico hiante subacuminato ; dentibus, cardinali, in utrdque valvd unico, parvo antico, lateralibus in alterd valud ad utrum- que latus uno, valido, in alterd nullo ; ligamento interno foveole subcochleariformi affixo ; impressionibus muscularibus duabus lateralibus distantibus, anticd irregulari oblongd, posticd sub- rotundatd ; impressione musculari pallii sinu maximo. Shell ovate, inequilateral, equivalve ; a shallow spoon-shaped car- dinal tooth and a single small tooth by its side in each valve, a strong lateral tooth on both sides in one valve only ; palleal impression with a large sinus, posteriorly gaping. All the species of this genus gape more or less posteriorly, are more or less lamellose, and the cavity for the cartilage is spoon- shaped and projects into the cavity of the valves, differing in this re- spect from Amphidesma or Semele. Cumrineta stmitis, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonali-ovatd de- cussaté striatd, lineis transversis concentricis, lamelld unicd prope marginem ventralem anticé latiore rotundato supra angu- lato postice angustiore subrostratd, ared posticd clausd, lunuld lanéeolato-ovatd, margine ventrali posticée coarctatd. Hab. in Borea-Occidentali Ora Americee. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 4.) “Shell triangularly ovate, decussately striated, lines of growth trans- verse and concentric, rather strongly marked, a single lamella near the ventral margin, anterior side the widest, rounded in front and angulated above, posterior side narrower, somewhat beaked poste- riorly, area closed, lunule lanceolately oval, ventral margin posteriorly contracted. Hab. N.W. coast of America. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuminera Cieri, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd compressd sube- quilaterali, albd, opacd, sublevi, nitidd, striis transversis con- centricis alveolisque irregularibus, latere antico angustiore ro- tundato, postico latiore, margine ventrali integro arcuato. Hab. ad Taleuhano, Chili. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 3.) Shell ovate, compressed, subequilateral, white, opake, rather smooth and shining, marked with faint transverse concentric strive, and nu- merous pits irregularly disposed, anterior side narrower and rounded, posterior side wider ; ventral margin entire, arcuated. Hab. Found at Taleuhano, Chili, by Capt. Clery, French Marine, attached to fuci in shallow water. (Mus. Cum.) CumInGIA ANTILLARUM, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali, concentrice lamellosd ; lamellis subdistantibus, interstitiis valde <1 Ate 25 longitudinaliter striatis, latere antico breviore latiore rotun- dato, postico longiore, angustiore subrostrato, valde hiante, margine ventrali postice subsinuato. Hab. In India Occidentali. Shell ovately triangular, concentrically lamellose, lamellee rather wide apart, the interstices with distinct longitudinal strize, anterior side shorter, wider, and rounded, posterior side longer, narrower and. somewhat beaked, widely gaping, ventral margin posteriorly rather sinuated. Hab. West Indies. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuminera Fracitis, A. Adams. C. testa transversd ovali alba fragili subpellucidd concentrice lamellosd ; lamellis elevatiuscu- lis, subdistantibus, interstitiis tenuissime longitudinaliter stria- tis, latere antico latiore margine sinuato, postico angustiore ro- tundato subflecuoso, margine ventrali integro arcuato. Hab. in Guadaloupia. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 7.) Shell transverse, oval, white, fragile, semipellucid, concentrically Jamellose, lamellz rather elevated and wide apart, interstices very finely longitudinally striated, anterior side wider, the margin sinuated, posterior side narrower, rounded, subflexuous, ventral margin entire and arcuated. Hab. Guadaloupe ; Governor Admiral Tourbeyre. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuminera striata, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali sub- ventricosd albd tenui fragili ; striis transversis concentricis ele- vatis confertis, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis, latere an- tico latiore rotundato, postico subacuminato, margine ventrali posticé coarctato. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 5.) Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat ventricose, white, thin, fragile, with transverse concentric crowded elevated striz, the interstices longitudinally very finely striated, anterior side wider and rounded, posterior side rather acuminated, ventral margin posteriorly con- tracted. Hab. Conception ; seven fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cu- ming.) Cumrneia stnvosa, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonalt albd semi- pellucidd subequilaterali concentrice lamellosd, insterstitiis lon- gitudinaliter substriatis, latere antico sublatiore rotundato, postico angustiore, margine ventrali postice valde sinuato. Hab. in India Occidentali. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 6.) Shell subtrigonal, white, semipellucid, subequilateral, concentrically lamellose, interstices longitudinally substriated, anterior side rather wider and rounded, posterior side narrower, yentral margin posteriorly deeply sinuated. Hab. West Indies. (Mus Cuming.) 26 February 12, 1850. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :-— 1. On THE TRICHOGLOSSINE GENUS OF Parrots, Eos, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES. By CHARLES Lucian, Prince BonapArTE, MEMBER OF THE PRINCIPAL ACADEMIES OF EUROPE AND AMERICA. The genus Los is, like Eclectus, a new instance of the impropriety of that middling course (as disgusting in science as it is in politics), of uniting together by two and two, four and four, &c., small groups (or States), which, natural by themselves, have no stronger relation to each other than to any other member of their family. Take for example (comparing them to Naples and Sicily !) Spiza and Paroaria, Bon., united by G. R. Gray under his Spiza! amongst the Fringillide, and amongst the Parrots Psittacodis* and Eelectus confounded together by the same process! The genus Los is intermediate between the two subfamilies Trc- choglossine and Loriine. Although it may astonish some natural- ists that I do not consider it as one of the latter, still, on account of its tail, its anatomy and its habits, I keep it within the boundaries of the former, in close relation with my new genus Chalcopsitta t, * Since I speak of Psittacodis (the only green Genus of Lorine Parrots, which forms the same beautiful passage from Loriine to Psittacine that Eos does from Trichoglossine to Loriine), let me submit to the Society the phrases of two new species that make the whole number hitherto known five: they come as near Psittacodis magnus or sinensis (with which I for that reason compare them) as the three Eelecti do to each other :-— 1. Psirracus MAGNUS et sINENSIS, Gm. (viridis, Lath.; lateralis, Shaw; Mascarinus prasinus, Less.; Psittacodis magnus, Wagl.; Eclectus! polychlo- ros! Gr. ex Scopoli) Pl. Enl. 514; Edw. B. t. 231; Lev. Perr. t. 132. Major: iliis rubris: margine alarum cyanea: cauda apice subconcolori. 2. PsiTracoDIS INTERMEDIUS, Bp. Mus. Lugd. Minor : iliis rubris: margine alarum rubro: cauda apice subconcolori. 3. Psirracopis WESTERMANNI, Bp. Zool. Soc. Amst. Minor : iliis concoloribus: margine alarum ceruleo: cauda apice subconcolori. Dedicated to the able and modest Director of the Zoological Society of Am- sterdam, where this new Parrot is living. + This new genus of mine, though composed of decided Trrichoglossine Parrots, shows a strong affinity, not only to the Lorine but also to the Platycercine. It is composed in fact of 1. PLarycercus ATER, Gr. (Psittacus nove guinee, Gm.; Ch. nove guinee, Bp.); and of 2. Eos scintILiata, Gr. (Psittacus scintillatus, Temm.; Ch. scintillans, Bp.); to which I have added a third new species, also from the Moluccas :— 3. CHALCOPSITTA RUBIGINOSA, Bp. Mus. Lugd. ex Ins. Barabay et Guebe. (Aves, Pl. XVI.) E. purpureo-badia, capite obscuriore ; subtus fasciolata, plumis singulis lunuld mediand et apicali nigricante: remigibus rectricibusque virescentibus cauda ; apicem versus gradatim lutescente. Rostrum rubrum: pedes nigri: irides alba. Magnitud. Turdi. nted by Hnlimandel & Walton ie cet emi ail Ad : wir FIOM SH MAVEAR VATA - = —— a Bonap Proc Z.5 Aves. XV Printed by Hullrnandel & Walton. 27 which connects it with Trichoglossus, the type and centre of the sub- family ; as on the other side Lathamus and Charmosina connect the same Trichoglossus through Coriphilus (and especially by means of Lathamus) with the subfamily Platycercine. It may be characterized by its elegant form, small stature, com- pact, red plumage with more or less blue; compressed, moderate, red bill, with the cere apparent (not concealed as in Eelectus) ; short feet, with robust toes and powerful, arched, very acute nails ; and longish, not very broad, wedged tail. It is composed, to my knowledge, of only seven species ;—five already described (and some of them too many times) in the systems, and two new ones, which form the subject of the present paper, and of which I subjoin the faithful portraits drawn by an anonymous hand, which has no merit in keeping the transparent veil upon an additional claim to our admiration and gratitude, since it is so far beneath its others! And when I say that only five are the hitherto known species of Eos, it is because I do not count Eos variegata and Eos Isidorii of Wagler, since, the first is evidently nothing but a va- riegated or pied bird, and the other, named, described and figured by Swainson, appears identical with Eos riciniata, for which the false name of cochinchinensis cannot be retained. Of the other three (out of the ten admitted by our friend G. R. Gray, in his ‘Genera of Birds’), E. scintillata is a Chalcopsitta, and E. cervicalis and ornata are Trichoglossi! 1. Eos cyANoGENtA, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XIV.) E. rubra; maculd magnd periophthalmied cyaned: humeris ex toto, remigibus elongatis rectricibusque magnd ex parte nigris. Long. 9 poll. ; alee, 63 poll. ; caude, 4 poll. Close to Eos indica or coccinea, but having no blue on the head, back or breast ; and instead, a large blue patch, including the eye and covering the cheek, which Eos indica has red; the black also is more predominant on the wings, and the red tinge duller. The phrase in English may be: & Brownish red; the whole of the shoulder and great part of the sor and tail-feathers black ; a large azure patch on each side of the ead.” I found the specimen upon which I did not hesitate to establish my species among the endless treasures of the Leyden Museum. 9. Eos seMILaRvATA, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XV-) E. coccinea; vittd a guld ultra oculos, maculd utrinque scapu- lari, crissoque, cyaneis : remigibus brevibus rectricibusque apice tantum nigris. Long. 9 poll. ; alee, 53 poll. ; cauda, 4 poll. Resembling Eos rubra, but much smaller and half-masked ! “ Entirely red, even on the shoulders ; the tips only of the quills and tail-feathers black ; two symmetrical spots on the scapularies, under tail-coverts and semi-mask extending from the throat behind the eyes, rich blue.” 28 I picked up this beautiful species in the rising Museum annexed to the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam ; and as soon as he became aware of the value of his bird, Mr. Westermann, as a compliment to Dr. Schlegel and myself, with a liberality of which few men even of science are capable, made a present of it to the Leyden Museum ; where, duly greeted by Mr. Temminck, the typical specimen is safely deposited. To complete the monography of the genus, I add the comparative phrases of the five other species, all of which have several beautiful representatives in the Leyden Museum. 1. Eos rnpica, Wagl. E. coccinea ; fascid verticis latissimd, cervice, dorso, pectore, ti- biisque, cyaneis : tectricibus alarum internis et remigibus apice nigris. Synonyms. Psittacus indicus, Gm. Psittacus variegatus, Gm., Lath. ex Buff. Pl. Fnl. 143. Psittacus coccineus, Lath. Eos indica, G7. Eos variegata, Gr. Perruche des Indes orientales, Buff. P!. Enl. 143, accidental var. ! Le Lori-Perruche violet et rouge, Levaill. Perr. t. 53. Hab. In Insulis Moluccis. 2. Eos ruspra, Wagl. E. rubra; crisso, scapularibusque cyaneis ; tectricum majorum margine apicali, remigibusque primariis externé nigris. Synonyms. Psittacus ruber, Gm. Psittacus borneus? Gm., Lath. jun. Psittacus ceeruleatus, Shaw. Psittacus cyanonotus, Vieill. Eos rubra, Gr. Lory de la Chine, Buff. Pl. Enl. 519. Le Perroquet Lori 4 franges bleues, Levaill. Perr. t. 93. La Perruche écarlate, Lev. Perr. t. 44. Hab. In Insulis Moluccis ; Amboma. 3. Eos euestensis, Wagl. E. coccinea, sepius tamquam squamata ; plumis pilei, colli, pec- toris et laterum margine nigro-virescentibus : alarum fascia du- plici remigibusque apice nigris. Synonyms. Psittacus guebiensis, duct. Psittacus squameus, Shaw. Eos squamata, Gr. ex Scopoli. Lory de Gueby, Buff. Pl. Enl. 684. “Le Lori éeaillé, Levaill. Perr. t. 51. Hab. In Insulis Gueby, Buron et Ceram. 29 4. Eos ricrnrata, Bp. E. rubra; vertice, collo et maculd abdominali magnd, cyaneis : tectricibus alarum remigibusque ad apicem late nigris. Synonyms. Psittacus cochinchinensis, Lath. Psittacus riciniatus, Bechst. Psittacus cucullatus, Shaw. - Lorius Isidorii, Sw. Zool. Ill. n. s. t. Lorius riciniatus, Mill. Eos cochinchinensis, Wagl., Gr. Perruche a chaperon bleu, Levaill. Perr. t. 54. Hab. In Insulis Moluccis. Gilolo et Ternate, Forsten, Miiller ; nec in Cochinchina! 5. Eos cyANosTRiATA, Gr. E. rubra, alis cauddque, nigro variis ; maculd postoculari nigro- ceruled: dorso striis ceruleis. Synonyms. Lorius borneus! Less. Traité d Orn. p. 192, nee Lath. Eos cyanostriata, Gray and Mitchell, Gen. of Birds, t. 103. Hab. In Insulis Moluccis, minimé in Borneo! 2, An ARRANGEMENT OF STOMATELLID2, INCLUDING THE CHA- RACTERS OF A NEW GENUS, AND OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc. STOMATELLID. Head broad, proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with a fimbriated lobe at their inner bases; eyes on peduncles at their outer bases ; mantle with the front edge entire ; muscle of attachment crescentic, open in front ; foot with a lateral membrane. Operculum rudimen- tary or none. Shell imperforate, with a crescentic muscular impres- sion, open in front. The family Stomatellide differs from that of Haliotide in the mantle not being fissured anteriorly, in the muscle of attachment being in the form of a horseshoe round the sides and posterior part of the mantle, instead of being oval and central, and in the shell not being perforated. In their habits they are littoral, living on coral reefs and attached to stones near the shore. Some of the genera, as Gena, Stomatella and Stomatia, have considerable locomotive powers, and glide, especially Gena, with some degree of celerity. The latter genus and Stomatia possess the faculty, common to some other kinds of mollusca, of spontaneously detaching a considerable portion of the hind part of the foot when disturbed or irritated. SroMaTELLA, Lamarck. Animal spiral, retractile within the shell; tentacular lobes itthn- gular, with the front edge fringed ; foot small, not tubercular, not 30 produced posteriorly, operculigerous, lateral membrane very wide, the circumference regularly fimbriated. Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, multispiral. Shell spiral, suborbicular, depressed, transversely ribbed or sulciferous ; spire more or less elevated, whorls rounded ; aperture large, wider than long, pearly within. STOMATELLA IMBRICATA, Lamarck. Hab. Torres Straits; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella imbricata, Lamk. Ency. Méth. p. 450. f. 2 ; Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 209. STOMATELLA CANCELLATA, Krauss. Hab. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella cancellata, Krauss, Sudafrican Moll. tab. 5. fig. 26. STOMATELLA COSTELLATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, con- vexo-depressd, albidd, imperforatd, costellis transversis obtusis striisque elevatis longitudinalibus decussatd ; spird subpromi- nuld ; aperturd magnd, obliqud, oblongd. Hab. 2 Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, whitish, imperforate, with obtuse transverse ribs and decussating longitudinal elevated stric ; spire rather prominent ; aperture large, oblique, oblong. Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.) STOMATELLA ARTICULATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, im- perforatd, convexd, tenui, grised, costulis transversis nigro-arti- culatis, interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus elevatis ornatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; apertura oblongo-ovali, lon- giore quam latiore. Hab. In insulis Pacificis. Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, thin, grey, ornamented with transverse ribs articulated with black, the interstices with longi- tudinal elevated lines ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded ; aper- ture oblong-oval. Hab. Australia; Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the pearl oyster; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) STOMATELLA SULCIFERA, Lamarck. Hab. Philippines, Catbalonga ; island of Samar, under stones ; isle of Ticao, on the reefs, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella sulcifera, Lamk. Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert. p. 210. STOMATELLA MACULATA, Quoy and Gaimard. Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) STOMATELLA MONILIFERA, Adams. _ S. festa suborbiculari, con- vexo-depressd, imperforatd, albidd, rufo-punctatd, costellis moni- liferis confertis transversis ornatd ; aperturd obliqud, subcir- culari. Hab. 2 31 Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, imperforate, whitish, with rufous spots, ornamented with small, close-set, beaded, transverse ribs ; aperture oblique, subcircular. Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.) STOMATELLA DECOLORATA, Gould. Hab. Mangsi Island; Gould. Species unknown to me. ‘Allied to S. maculata, Quoy, but the spire is less elevated, aperture more round, and a plain white lunate area adjacent to the columella.” Stomatella decolorata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 51. STOMATELLA PAPYRACEA, Chemnitz. Hab. China Sea and Sooloo Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.) Turbo papyraceus, Chemnitz. Stomatella tumida, Gould, Expedi- tion, Shells, p. 51. STOMATELLA MALUKANA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, con- vexd, imperforatd, transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter striata, costulis transversis striatis cinctd, mustelind rufo-fusco varie- gatd, subtus costis albo rufoque articulatis ; spird prominuld ; aperturd oval, longiore quam latiore. Hab. in insulis Moluccis. Shell suborbicular, convex, imperforate, transversely sulcated, longi- tudinally striated, encircled with transversely striated ribs, yellowish brown variegated with red brown, inferiorly the ribs articulated with white and fuscous; spire rather prominent; aperture oval, longer than wide. Hab. Molluccas. 1) STOMATELLA ORBICULATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, con- vexd, virescenti, castaneo variegatd, transversim sulcatd, longi- tudinaliter striatd, costis confertis rotundatis; spird promi- nuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd subcirculari, intus viri- descenti. Hab. in freto Mosambico. Shell suborbicular, convex, greenish, variegated with chestnut, transversely sulcated, longitudinally striated, with numerous round, close-set, transverse ribs ; spire prominent, whorls rounded ; aperture nearly circular, pearly and green internally. Hab. Mosambique, under stones, low water ; Rev. W. V. Henner. (Mus. Cuming.) STroMATELLA saponica, Adams. S. ¢estd suborbiculari, imper- Soratd, convexd, fuscd, transversim costulatd, costulis confertis nodulosis, interstitiis tenuissimé longitudinaliter striatis; spird prominuld, anfractibus costatis rotundatis ; aperturd subcircu- lari, intus margaritaced. Hab. in insulis Japonicis. Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, fuscous, transversely ribbed ; ribs small, nodulous, close together ; interstices with smaller 32 ribs, and very finely longitudinally striated ; spire somewhat promi- nent; whorls ribbed and rounded; aperture subcircular, pearly and green within. Hab. Japan. (Mus. Cuming.) STOMATELLA HALIOTIDEA, Sowerby. Hab. Philippines, Oalaguete ; Loon, isle of Bohol, under stones, low water ; San Estevan, prov. South Ilocos ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella haliotidea, Sowerby, Genera. SToMATELLA ruLGURANS, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, sub- perforatd, convexd ; spird acuminatd, apice acuto rosed, trans- versim sulcatd, carinulis transversis albo maculatis, longitudi- naliter striatis, striis subtus obsoletis, albidd lineis fuscis undu- latis variegatd ; aperturd ovali, obliqud, intus margaritaced, valdé sulcosd. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell suborbicular, subperforate, convex ; spire acuminated, apex acute, rosy, transversely sulcated, with small transverse keels marked with white, longitudinally striated, strize obsolete inferiorly, whitish variegated with brown undulating lines; aperture oval, oblique, pearly within and strongly sulcated. Hab. Bais, island of Negros, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) STOMATELLA SANGUINEA, Adams. S. testd orbiculatd, depressd ; spird prominuld, acutd, coccined, transversim tenuissimé sulcatd, longitudinaliter oblique striatd, carinulis transversis subdistan- tibus nodulosis ; aperturd ovali, obliqud ; columella subcallosd, ared umbilicali albd, intus margaritaced sulcosd. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, depressed; spire rather prominent, acute, blood- red, transversely very finely sulcated, longitudinally obliquely stri- ated, with nodulous, transverse, rather distant carinze ; aperture oval, oblique ; columella somewhat callous, with a white umbilical area, pearly and sulcated internally. Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) SromaTeLua speciosa, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, albd sanguineo maculatd, transversim carinatd, longitudinaliter valde striatd, carinis obtusis prominentibus carinulis intermediis ; spird prominuld, anfractibus tricarinatis ; aperturd ovali, intus margaritaced. Hab. ad insulam Grimwoodianam. Shell orbiculately conical, white marked with crimson blotches, transversely carinated, longitudinally strongly striated, keels obtuse, rather prominent, with small intermediate keels; spire rather pro- minent, whorls tricarinated ; aperture oval, pearly within. Hab. Grimwood’s Island; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) 33 SToMATELLA coccINEA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, subperforatd, coccined, maculis albis seriatim dispositis in an- fractu ultimo ornatd, transversim tenuiter sulcatd, anfractu ultimo subangulato; spird prominente, anfractibus bicarinatis ; aperturd subcirculari, labio posticé reflexo, calloso. Had. in insulis Occidentalibus. Shell orbiculately conic, subperforate, scarlet, adorned with white spots arranged in a row on the last whorl, transversely very finely sul- cated, last whorl somewhat angulated ; spire prominent, whorls bi- carinated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip posteriorly reflexed and callous. Hab. St. John’s; Mr. Hartweg. STOMATELLA TIGRINA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, per- foratd, albidd, fasciis rufis radiatim dispositis ornatd, bicari- natd, carinis elevatiusculis, obtusis, transversim striatd, striis regularibus ; spird prominente, anfractibus angulatis ; aperturd subcirculari, labio subreflexo, calloso ; umbilico distincto, sub- obtecto. Hab. 2 Shell orbiculately conical, umbilicated, whitish adorned with red bands radiately disposed, bicarinated, keels rather elevated, obtuse, transversely striated, striee regular; spire prominent, whorls angu- lated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip somewhat reflexed and callous ; umbilicus distinct, partly covered. Hab. ——? STOMATELLA MARGARITANA, Adams. S. testd turbinatd, spird elevatd, anfractibus rotundatis, rubrd longitudinaliter sub- striatd, transversim costulatd, costulis subnodulosis inequali- bus; aperturd suborbiculari, intus margaritaced, labro semicir- culari ; umbilico callo, obtecto. Hab. in littoribus Australiz. (Mus. Cuming.) A small, red, transversely ribbed species, having very much the appearance of a Margarita. STroMATELLA BrporCATA, Adams. S. ¢estd turbinatd, subde- pressd, rubrd, albo obscure variegatd, transversim sulcatd; spird acuminatd, anfractibus quatuor, anfractu ultimo porcis duabus prominentibus instructd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus marga- ritaced, labio subrecto, labro in medio biangulato, umbilico callo, obtecto. Hab. in littoribus Australie. (Mus. Cuming.) A small red species with two rounded ridges on the last whorl and a subquadrate aperture. Sromatia, Helbling. Animal spiral, too large to entirely enter the shell, tentacular lobes digitated. Foot large, tubercular, greatly produced behind ; lateral membrane fringed, ending anteriorly on the left side in a fimbriated No. CCIII.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 34 crest under the eye-peduncle, and on the right in a slightly projecting fold or gutter leading to the respiratory cavity. Operculum none. Shell subspiral, oblong, or suborbicular, carinated or tuberculated ; spire prominent ; aperture wider than long, pearlaceous within. SromaTIA PHyMoTIs, Lamarck. Hab. Philippine Islands, Matnag, province of Albay, Luzon, on the reefs; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) SroMATIA AusTRALIS, Adams. S. testd haliotided, ovato-ob- longd, sublatd, olivaced, dorso levigatd, transversim tenué stri- atd, carinis duabus rotundatis, inferiori tuberculatd ; apertura anticé dilatatd, labro supra ultimum anfractum ascendente. Hab. in littoribus Australie. Shell rather broad, olivaceous, back nearly plain, transversely finely . striated, with two rounded keels, the lower one tuberculated ; aper- ture dilated anteriorly, outer lip ascending on the body whorl. Hab. Darnley’s Island, Torres Straits, under stones; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.) SromaTia pupiicata, Sowerby. (P. Z. S. Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 13, 14, 15.) Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) SroMaTia ANGULATA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-convexd, sub- depressd, viriduld, transversim valde costulatd, interstitiis lon- gitudinaliter striatis, carinis duabus elevatis simplicibus angu- latis ; apertura transversd, subcirculari, labro in medio biangu- lato. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, rather depressed, olive-green, transversely coarsely costulated, interstices longitudinally striated, with two elevated, simple, angulated ridges ; aperture transverse, suborbicular, outer lip biangu- lated in the middle. Hab. San Estevan, province of South Ilocos, island of Luzon and island of Ticao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Sromatria pecussaTa, Adams. S. testd ovato-oblongd, longitu- dinaliter et transversim decussate striatd, carinis duabus sim- plicibus aut subtuberculatis angulatis prominentibus, pallidd maculis fuscis variegatd ; spird elevatd ; aperturd obliqud, feré orbiculari, labro biangulato in medio. - Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell decussately transversely and longitudinally striated with two acute simple or subtuberculated prominent keels, pale marked with light brown blotches and fine puncta; spire elevated ; aperture ob- lique, nearly orbicular, outer lip biangulated in the middle. Hab. Sorsogon, province of Albay, island of Luzon, on smooth stones, 6 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) 35 Sromatia acuminaTA, Adams. S. testd haliotided, suborbicu- latd, subfused, cancellatd, transversim costatd, costis tribus pro- minentibus, medid valde prominuld tuberculatd, valde plicatd prope suturam, longitudinaliter elevate striatd; spird promi- nuld, acuminatd, anfractibus quatuor angulatis, labro in medio triangulato. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell reddish brown, cancellated, transversely ribbed, three ribs very prominent, the middle one more so than the others and strongly tuberculated, strongly plicated near the suture, longitudinally ele- vately striated; spire prominent, acuminated, whorls four, angled ; aperture suborbicular, obliquely transverse, outer lip triangulated in the middle. Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.) SromatiA LirATA, Adams. S.testd orbiculato-converd, liris trans- versis subequalibus elevatis viz nodulosis, interstitis valde lon- gitudinaliter striatis, prope suturam subplicatd, pallidd, fusco radiatim marmoratd; spird subprominuld, anfractibus rotunda- tis; aperturd obliqud, oblongo-ovali, labro convexo, rotundato. Hab. ? ° Shell orbicular, convex, with nearly equal transverse raised ridges, ridges slightly nodulous, interstices strongly longitudinally striated, plicated near the spire, pallid, radiately marbled with brown ; spire rather elevated, whorls rounded ; aperture oblique, oblong-oval, outer lip convex, rounded. Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.) SToMATIA RUBRA, Lamarck. Hab. Philippine and Corean Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.) SromatTia noratTa, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, depressd, pallide rosed, maculis purpureis valde distinctis ornatd, trans- versim carinatd, carinis acutis prominentibus subdistantioribus, longitudinaliter valde oblique striatd ; spird subprominuld, an- fractibus carinatis, apice acuto; aperturd subcirculari, intus margaritaced et transversim sulcatd. Hab. ? (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 16.) Shell suborbicular, depressed, pale rose-colour, adorned with very defined dark purple spots, transversely keeled; keels acute, rather prominent, somewhat wide apart, longitudinally strongly obliquely striated ; spire rather prominent, whorls carinated, apex acute ; aper- ture subcircular, transversely suleated and pearly within. Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.) SromaTrA CANDIDA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, depressd, candida, transversim totd carinatd, carinulis parvis confertis permultis elevatiusculis subnodulosis, interstitiis longitudinali- ter tenuissime striatd ; spird depressiusculd, anfractibus rotun- datis ; aperturd obliqud, subcirculari, longiore quam latiore. Hab. in insulis Koreanicis. 36 Shell orbicular, depressed, white, transversely entirely carinated ; keels very small, close together and very numerous, subnodulous and slightly elevated ; interstices longitudinally very finely striated ; spire somewhat depressed, whorls rounded; aperture oblique, sub- circular, longer than wide. Hab. Korean Archipelago, coral reefs; 4. H. (Mus. Cuming.) Sromatia PaLuipA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari ; spird acu- minatd, albd, radiis pallidis longitudinalibus pictd, transversim liratd, interstitiis decussate striatis ; aperturd transversd, sub- ovali, intus porcelland, labio subrecto, calloso. Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood, dedicay. (Mus. Cuming.) A species somewhat resembling in colouring the striped variety of S. notata, but which differs materially in form and sculpture. Microris, new genus. Animal as in Stomatia, but the foot with a deep anterior fissure for the head, and the front edge bilobed. Operculum none. Shell spiral, suborbicular, depressed, with two tuberculated ridges; spire slightly prominent ; aperture very large, wider than long, pearly within, columellar margin spiral, visible as far as the apex of the spire. Microtis TuBERCULATA, Adams. WM. testd suborbiculari, halio- tided, valde depressd, viride variegatd, transversim striatd, bi- carinatd, carinis tuberculatis, prope suturam nodulosim plicatd; spird viz elevatd, anfractibus carinatis ; aperturd magnd, ovali, intus bisulcatd margaritaced. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 8-12.) Shell suborbicular, ear-shaped, greatly depressed, variegated with green, transversely striated, bicarinated; keels tuberculated, no- dosely plicated near the suture ; spire scarcely elevated, whorls cari- nated ; aperture large, oval, pearly within, with two concentric parallel grooves. Hab. Island of Capul, on the sands, high water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Gena, Gray. Animal subspiral, oval, depressed, too large to enter the shell; tentacular lobes plumose. Foot very large, tubercular, posteriorly pro- duced ; lateral membrane not fimbriated, more or less extended, and covering the shell. Operculum none. Shell subspiral, oblong, ear- shaped, depressed, smooth or striated; spire flattened, nearly obso- lete ; aperture large, pearly within. GENA PLANULATA, Lamarck. Hab. Isle of Camaguin, under smooth stones, low water ; Gindul- man, isle of Bohol, under stones; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella planulata, Lamarck, Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 210; Encyclop. Méth. pl. 40. f. 4 a, 6. fa, 1983 37 GENA AuRICULA, Lamarck. Hab. Eastern Seas; Red Sea; Celebes. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella auricula, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. vi. p. 210. Patella lutea, Linn. GENA NIGRA, Quoy and Gaimard. Hab. Eastern Seas. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella nigra, Quoy § Gaimard, Voy. del Astr. v. 3. pl. 66 bis, fig. 10-12. Gena pPLUMBEA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso latere dextro gibbosd, sinistro planulatd, plumbed, decus- saté totd striatd; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis, anfractu ultimo ad suturam gibboso ; aperturd posticé subcana- liculatd, labro in medio flexuoso. Hab. Java. Shell gibbous on the right side, flattened on the left, lead-coloured, decussately striated over the back; spire rather prominent, the whorls rounded, last whorl gibbous at the suture ; aperture slightly channeled posteriorly, outer lip flexuous in the middle. Hab. Java. (Mus. Cuming.) Gena srricosa, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso subplanatd, totd striatd, striis irregularibus subconfertis, olivaced lilaceo alboque varid, fasciis subfuscis, pallidis alter- nantibus longitudinaliter ornatd, labro haud sinuoso. Hab. 2 Shell rather depressed, the back equally convex, striated all over, olivaceous varied with white and lilac, marked with alternate light and dark bands, the light bands sometimes articulated; spire de- pressed, outer lip slightly sinuous. Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.) GENA STRIATULA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso planiusculd, totd striatd, striis profundis subdistantibus, rubrd, flaveolo aurantiaco fuscoque varie pictd ; spird prominuld, nunquam subdistortd ; labro valde flexuoso. Hab. Australia; et in insulis Philippinis. Shell very elongated, slightly convex, strongly striated all over the back, red varied with orange, light yellow and brown ; spire elevated, often distorted ; outer lip very flexuous. Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H. C. Swan River, Lieut. Preston; Australia. (Mus. Cuming.) Gena vari, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, politd, dorso equaliter convexd, latere sinistro striatd ; luteo, rubro alboque variegatd ; spird prominuld, erectd, acuminata. Hab. Australia; et in insulis Philippinis. Shell smooth, polished, back equally rounded, striated on the left side, varied with yellow, red and white ; spire rather elevated, lateral, upright and pointed. Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H.C. 38 Acapulco, on the sands, Col. Moffat; Australia. A pretty little spe- cies usually confounded with G. auricula. (Mus. Cuming.) GENA CONCINNA, Gould. Hab. Sandy Island. Gena minima, Dufo. Hab. Seychelles, dredged from 6 fathoms; Dufo. Stomatella minima, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840, p. 202. Spe- cies unknown to me. GENA IRASATA, Dufo. Hab. Seychelles. Stomatella irasata, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840. Species un- known to me. GENA PULCHELLA, Adams. G. testd convexo-depressd, ovali, albd, rufo maculata, dorso convexd, totd striatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd magna, ovali, intus margari- taced, iridescente. Hab. 2 Shell convexly depressed, oval, white, with large rufous spots ; back convex, striated all over ; spire rather prominent, whorls round- ed; aperture large, oval, pearly within. Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.) GENA LINTRICULA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, oblongd, dorso convexd, totd tenuissimeé striatd, tenui, fragili, carneold, rubro maculatd ; spird subterminalj, minima, ad latus decumbente ; aperturd apertd, valde elongatd. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell elongated, regularly convex, entirely striated, thin, fragile, pink, with darker spotted and articulated lines; spire nearly poste- rior, slightly elevated ; aperture elongated anteriorly, dilated. Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on smooth stones, 9 fathoms ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) GENA ASPERULATA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, dorso convecd, rufo-fuscd cinguld albd latd longitudinali ornatd, lines elevatis subconfertis, striisque longitudinalibus obliquis decussatd; spird posticd, subprominuld, albd ; aperturd elongatd, ovali. Hab. ? Shell ear-shaped, back convex, red-brown with a broad white lon- gitudinal band, decussated with transverse raised lines and oblique longitudinal elevated strize ; spire posterior, slightly prominent ; aper- ture elongated, oval. Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.) GrENA NEBULOSA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso totd striatd, albd rufo-fuseo nebulosd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus angulatis; aperturd elongatd, ovali; columella callo crasso rimam umbilicalem obtegente. Hab. Australia. be Si Rh, 1953 39 Shell flat, depressed, entirely striated, white clouded with red- brown ; spire rather prominent, the whorls angulated ; aperture elon- gated, oval ; columella with a thickened callus covering the umbilical fissure. Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.) Gena orNATA, Adams. G. testd subturbinaced, ovali, levi, po- litd, dorso convexd, fusco-rubrd, lineis nigris albo-articulatis longitudinalibus ; spird prominuld, rosed ; aperturd ovali ; co- lumelld curvatd, simplici ; labro reflexo, postice subfleuoso. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VII. fig. 17.) Shell oval, smooth, polished, convex, red-brown, with regular di- stinct black longitudinal lines articulated with white; spire rosy, rather prominent; aperture oval; columella curved, simple; outer lip convex, slightly inflexed posteriorly. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs, low water ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Gena tineata, Adams. G. testd subturbinaced, solidd, levi, politd, convead, ovali, earneold lineis rubris longitudinalibus ornatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd sub- rotundatd ; columelld planulatd, callosd, labro simplice. Hab. ? Shell thick, smooth, polished, convex, oval, light pink, with regu- lar parallel continuous red lines arranged longitudinally ; spire pro- minent, whorls rounded; aperture nearly circular; columella flat- tened, with a callous deposit, outer lip simple. Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.) Broverieta, Gray. Animal unknown. Operculum? Shell ancyliform, nonspiral, ob- long-ovate, flattened, apex posterior, inyolute ; aperture very large, ovate, pearlaceous internally. ' Scutella, Broderip (pars). BRODERIPIA TRIDESCENS, Broderip, sp. Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.) Scutella iridescens, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834. BropeERIPiIA ROSEA, Broderip, sp. Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.) Scutella rosea, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834. Broperre1a Cuminen, A. Adams. B. testi ovatd, depresso- convexd, subpellucidd, pallidd, radiis rubris pictd, concentrice corrugato-striatd, striis granulosis, vertice postico excentrico- submarginali ; aperturd patuld, intus margaritaced, margine albo limbo maculis rufis picto ; margine columellari acute angu- lato prominente, postice subrecto. Hab. in insulis Philippinis (Capul). (Mus. Cuming.) Distinguished from B. iridescens by its prominent angulated colu- mellar margin and granulato-corrugose surface. 40 ScissurELLA, D’Orbigny. Animal unknown. Operculum none. Shell very small or minute heliciform ; spire depressed ; aperture suborbicular, effuse ; outer lip with a narrow fissure or slit ; umbilicus open. ? Anatomus, Montfort. ScissURELLA ANGULATA, Lovén. Hab. Scandinavia. Scissurella angulata, Loven, Index Moll. Scand. p. 20. ScissuRELLA PLicaTa, Philippi. Hab. Shores of the Peninsula of Thapsi. Scissurella plicata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 187, vol. ii. tab. 25. fig. 18. Scissurella d’Orbignyi, Scacchi. ScissURELLLA STRIATULA, Philippi. Had. Peninsula of Magnisi. Scissurella striatula, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 160. ScissuRELLA DEcussaTa, D’Orbigny. Scissurella decussata, D’ Orbigny, Mém. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. de Par.i. p- 340. ScissURELLA CRISPATA, Fleming. Scissurella crispata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 361-366. 3. MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS ANATINELLA. By Artruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc. ANATINELLA, Sowerby. Testa ovata equivalvis, subequilateralis, latere antico rotundato, postico subrostrato, subtruncato ; ligamento interno, processut cochleariformi affivo, dentibus duobus cardinalibus in utrdque valud ante processum positis ; impressionibus muscularibus dua- bus, anticd oblongd, irregulari, posticd subcirculari; tmpres- sione musculari pallii integrd ; appendice cardinali internd nulld. Shell ovate equivalve, nearly equilateral, anterior side rounded, posterior slightly beaked and subtruncated. Ligament internal, fixed to a spoonshaped process in each valve, on the anterior side of which are placed two rather elongated cardinal teeth. Muscular impres- sions two, lateral, distant, the anterior oblong and irregular, the poste- rior nearly circular. Palleal impression entire, without any sinus. No testaceous appendage within the hinge. ANATINELLA SippaLptt, Sowerby. A. testd solidiori, subopacd, levi, valde concentricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter obsoleté sub- striatd; latere postico, acuminato, subtruncato ; margine dor- sali posticé declivi ; processu cochleariformi erasso lato ; mar- gine ventrali valde arcuato. Hab. 2 4 41 Shell rather solid, subopake, smooth, strongly concentrically wrinkled, longitudinally obsoletely substriated ; posterior side acu- minated, subtruncated; dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoon- shaped process thick and wide ; ventral margin strongly arcuated. Hab. Ceylon, on the sands. (Mus. Cuming.) ANATINELLA DILATATA, Adams. A. testd ‘tenui, fragili, concen- tricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter striatd, latere postico dilatato, oblique valde truncato, margine dorsali postice horizontal recto, processu cochleariformi parvo tenut, dentibus cardinalibus valdé divergentibus ; margine ventrali arcuato. Hab. ? Shell thin, fragile, concentrically wrinkled, longitudinally striated ; posterior side dilated, obliquely strongly truncated; dorsal margin posteriorly horizontal and straight ; spoonshaped process small, thin ; cardinal teeth greatly diverging, ventral margin arcuated. Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) ANATINELLA vENTRICOSA, Adams. A. testd tenut, ventricosd, semipellucidd, concentricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter conspicue striatd, striis elevatiusculis, latere postico rotundato ; margine dorsali postice declhivi ; processu cochleariformi tenui, angusto ; margine ventrali leviter arcuato. Hab. ? Shell thin, ventricose, semipellucid, concentrically wrinkled, lon- gitudinally conspicuously striated, strie rather elevated, posterior side rounded, dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoonshaped process thin, narrow, ventral margin slightly arcuated. Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) February 26, 1850. W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following paper was read :-— 1. Monocrapus or CycLostREMA, MaRRYAT, AND SEPARATISTA, GRAY; TWO GENERA OF GASTEROPODOUS Moutuusks. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc. CycLosTREeMA, Marryat. Animal ignotum. Operculum umbilicata ; apertura circularis. Shell depressed ; aperture circular ; umbilicus very large, with the volutions of the whorls visible within it. ? Testa depressa, perspectivo- CycLoOsTREMA CANCELLATA, Marryat. C. testd albd, lineis lon- gitudinalibus et transversis elevatis decussantibus inde cancel- 42 latd; aperturd labiis cancellatis ; cancellis transversim stri- atis. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell white, cancellated, with elevated, decussating transverse and longitudinal lines ; aperture with the lips cancellated ; cancelli trans- versely striated. Hab. Baszay, island of Samar, 6 fathoms, coral sand; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) Cyclostrema cancellata, Marryat, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1818, vol. xii. p- 338. v CycLOSTREMA NIVEA, Chemnitz. C. testd orbiculari, nived, pel- lucida ; spird depressd, anfractibus transversim costellatis, cos- tellis regularibus, superis distantioribus ; interstitiis leviter con- cavis ; suturis profundis subcanaliculatis ; labro simplict ; um- bilico peramplo. Hab. in maribus Occidentalibus. Shell orbicular, snowy white, transparent ; spire depressed, whorls transversely ribbed, ribs regular, the upper fewer and wider apart ; interstices slightly concave; sutures deep, slightly channeled ; lip simple ; umbilicus very large. Hab. Seas of India. (Mus. Cuming.) Turbo niveus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. pl. 165. f. 1587 and 1588. Delphinula nivea, Reeve. Delphinula levis, Kiener. CycLosTREMA Rerviana, Hinds. C. testd orbiculari, subdis- coided, muticd ; spird depressiusculd, anfractibus convexis, lon- gitudinaliter carinulatis, carinulis numerosis, superis distanti- oribus ; interstitiis liris obliquis corrugato-clathratis ; labro simplici ; umbilico peramplo. Hab. 2 Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid ; spire rather depressed, longi- tudinally keeled, keels numerous, upper ones wider apart ; interstices latticed in a wrinkled manner, with oblique ridges ; inner lip simple ; umbilicus very large. Hab. Straits of Malacca, 17 fathoms. (Mus. Cuming.) Delphinula Reeviana, Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843. CycLostTREMA Cosisensts, Reeve. C. testd turbinatd, minutd, anfractibus convexis, carinulis transversis et longitudinalibus equidistantibus regulariter clathratis; umbilico mediocri; labro simplici. Hab. Cobija, Peru. Shell turbinated, very small ; whorls convex, regularly latticed, with equidistant, transverse and longitudinal ribs; umbilicus moderate ; lips simple. Hab. Port of Cobija, Peru, under stones in rocky places, low water ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Delphinula Cobijensis, Reeve, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1843. 45) ® CycCLOSTREMA spiRULA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided, evolutd; spird depresso-concavd, anfractibus rotundatis, primis 43 contiguis, ultimd distinctd, transversim costulatis, costellis sub- confertis, equidistantibus ; interstitiis tenuissimé longitudina- liter striatd ; aperturd circulari ; peritremate continuo. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 22.) Shell orbicular, discoid, evolute ; spire depressly concave ; whorls rounded, the first contiguous, the last separate, transversely ribbed, ribs equidistant, close together ; interstices very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture circular ; peritreme continuous. Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.) CyYCLOSTREMA CINGULIFERA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, ni- tidd ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis, carinulis trans- versis, acutis, equidistantibus ; interstitiis (sub lente) tenuis- simé longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura subcirculari, supra subangulatd ; umbilico mediocri. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, shining; spire depressed; whorls rounded, with equidistant, small, acute, transverse keels; interstices (under the lens) very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture subcircular, angu- lated above ; umbilicus moderate. Hab. Dumaguete, island of Zebu, 4 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) CycLostTrEMA NiITIDA, Adams. (C. testd orbiculari, levi, tenui, nitidd ; spird elevatiusculd, anfractibus prope suturam suban- gulatis ; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ; apertura subcir- culari, supra angulatd ; umbilico magno, peromphalo angulato, acuto. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, smooth, shining; spire rather elevated ; whorls somewhat angulated near the suture; suture deep, subcanaliculated ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus large, peromphalus acutely angulated. Had. Catanuan and Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) CycLosTREMA PLANORBULA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, plan- orbuld; spird depressd, anfractibus levibus, rotundatis, suturis distinctis ; aperturd subcirculari, supra angulatd ; umbilico permagno, patulo. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, planorbular; spire depressed, whorls smooth, rounded, suture distinct ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus very large and open. Hab. Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) CycLOsTREMA PLANA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, dorso plano- convexd ; spird depressd, anfractibus planis, supra transversim striatis, infra levibus ; aperturd subcirculari, supra angulatd ; umbilico peramplo, anfractibus intus conspicuis. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, back plano-convex ; spire depressed, whorls flat- “44 tened, above transversely striated, below smooth ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus very wide, the whorls visible within it. Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) CycLostrEeMA micans, Adams. C. testdé turbinatd, minutd, albd, nitidd, anfractibus conveais, longitudinaliter oblique costellatis, transversim carinulatis, carinulis nodulosis; umbilico mediocri; aperturd circulari ; peristomate continuo, incrassato. Hab. Australia. Shell turbinated, small, white, shining, whorls convex, longitudinally obliquely ribbed, transversely carinated, keels nodulous ; umbilicus moderate ; aperture circular; peristome continuous, thickened. Hab. Port Lincoln; Metcalf. (Mus. Cuming & Metcalf.) CyYCLOSTREMA ELEGANS, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided, tenui, semipellucidd ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis, transversim omnino striatis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd sub- circulari, supra angulatd ; umbilico peramplo. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, discoid, thin, semipellucid ; spire depressed, whorls rounded, entirely transversely striated ; suture distinct ; aperture sub- circular, angulated above ; umbilicus very wide and open. Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) CyctostreMA sutcaTa, Adams. C. testa orbiculari, diseoided ; spird planiusculd, anfractibus convewis, costellis transversis confertis regularibus, interstitiis profundé sulcosis ; suturis profundis canaliculatis ; umbilico patulo ; peromphalo levi. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire rather flattened, whorls convex, with regular, transverse, small ribs, numerous and close together, in- terstices deeply grooved ; suture canaliculated ; umbilicus open; um- bilical area smooth. Hab. Tambay, island of Negros, coarse sand, 6 fathoms; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) CycLosTREMA ANGULATA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided ; spird depressd, anfractibus transversim costellatis, costellis regularibus, equidistantibus, interstitiis tenuissime striatis ; anfractu ultimo biangulato, supra costellato, in medida plano, infra costellato; aperturd subangulatd ; peritremate inter- rupto ; umbilico permagno. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire depressed, whorls transversely cos- tellated ; ribs small, equal, equidistant, interstices very finely striated ; last whorl biangulated, costellated above, smooth in the middle, and ribbed beneath ; aperture somewhat angulated ; peritreme not con- tinuous ; umbilicus very large. Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) d Lal 45 Separatista, Gray. Animal ignotum. Operculum ? Testa orbicularis, subdiscoi- dea, anfractibus primis contiguis, ultimo distincto ; apertura patuld, effusd, angulis subcanaliculatis ; umbilicus magnus, in- fundibuliformis, usque ad apicem. Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid, the first whorls contiguous, the last disunited ; aperture wide-spreading, angulated ; umbilicus large, infundibuliform, the whorls visible within as far as the apex. The Cornu of Schumacher and the Lippistes of Montfort, founded upon the Argonauta cornu of Fichtel, appear to belong to Carinaria of Lamarck. Steira of Eschscholtz would seem by the figure given in Oken’s ‘Isis’ to be an Atlanta badly drawn in an inverted position, and indeed is founded upon the “Corne d’Ammon vivant” of Le- sueur, dtlanta Peroni. Separatista, Gray (not described). / Separatista Graxit, Adams. S. testa spird depressd, anfrac- tibus carinulis quinque transversis ; aperturd oblongo-trans- versd ; labio reflexo, anticé rotundato. Hab. apud Promontorium Bonz Spei. Shell with the spire depressed, whorls with five transverse keels ; aperture transversely oblong ; imer lip reflexed, anteriorly rounded. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.) . Separatista Coemnirzit, Adams. S. testd spird elevatd, an- fractibus carinulis tribus transversis ; aperturd subcirculari ; labio subreflexo, anticé producto, angulato. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell with the spire elevated, whorls with three transverse keels ; aperture subcircular ; inner lip somewhat reflexed, anteriorly pro- duced and angulated. Hab. Island of Bureas, Philippines; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.) Turbo separatista, Chemnitz. Proressor OwEN communicated a Memoir *, in continuation of _ his previous papers published in the Transactions (vol. iii. pp. 243, 307, 345), on the Gigantic Wingless Birds of New Zealand. Having in the previous Memoirs determined and referred to their genera and species the different bones of the leg, he made those of the foot the subject of the present communication, which was illus- trated by the exhibition of an extensive series of remains from both the North and South (or Middle) islands of New Zealand ; com- prising the entire series of phalanges of one and the same foot of the Palapteryz robustus, a gigantic species from Waikawaite ; a similarly complete series of the Dinornis rheides ; and series more or less in- complete of the phalanges of the Dinornis giganteus, Palapteryx in- gens, and other genera and species of the singular extinct wingless birds of New Zealand. The characteristics of the different phalanges * This paper will be printed in the Transactions, vol. iv. Part 1. 5 Cori Witte 46 were minutely detailed, and the different proportions of the toes cha- racteristic of different species, especially of the two most gigantic, viz. the Dinornis giganteus of the North island, and the Palapte- ryx robustus of the turbary deposits of the Middle island. The adaptation of the claw-bones for scratching up the soil was obvious from their shape and strength. The generic distinction of Palapteryx had previously been indicated by a slight depression on the metatar- sus, supposed by the author to be for the articulation of a small back- toe, as in the Apteryx ; and he had since received a specimen of the principal bone of that toe, which was exhibited and described. A nearly entire sternum, a portion of a minute humerus, and a cranium of one of the smaller species of Dinornis, were also exhibited and described. This magnificent series of remains of great New Zealand birds had been collected chiefly by the late Colonel Wakefield, and had been transmitted to the author through the kind interest of J. R. Gowen, Esq., a Director of the New Zealand Company. March 12, 1850. W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Frrst THouGuts oN A Puysi0LOoGIcAL ARRANGEMENT OF Birps. By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S., F.Z.S. etc. The systematic arrangement of the Class Aves is more unsettled than that of any other portion of the animal kingdom, a circumstance that may fairly be attributed to our attaching too high a value to characters purely structural or admensural, while we neglect others more intimately connected with reproduction ; in a word, to the sub- stitution of physical for physiological characters. In mammals, rep- tiles and fishes, we have a primary division based entirely on physio- logy: thus mammals are placental or marsupial ; reptiles are ovipa- rous or spawning ; fishes are viviparous or spawning ; and this primary division of these classes is admitted by all physiologists to be strictly natural. Notwithstanding, however, the purely physiological charac- ter, on which these primary divisions depend, it is found that physi- cal characters harmonise with physiological, and that intimate struc- ture in each instance bears out physiological difference. It were not wise altogether to discard structural differences even in the outset of an inquiry into system, but it is necessary to use them rather as cor- roborative than as indicative; and above all to draw a distinct and permanent line between such as are truly intimate and such as are purely adaptive. It has always appeared to me that one of the chief advantages of an extensive Vivarium like that possessed by our Society is the opportunity it affords for studying animated nature in an ani- 47 mated state, for ascertaining physiological as well as physical charac- ters. If then we avail ourselves of the opportunities which are or ought to be thus afforded us, we shall find that in the very outset of life a physiological character of the most obvious kind will divide birds into groups as distinct as are the placental and marsupial mammals, or the cartilagious and bony fishes. Prior to the extrusion of the egg, observed facts bearing on this subject are so few and so uncon- nected that they cannot be rendered available as affording evidence on the question to be considered ; it is therefore compulsory that our comparisons begin at that moment when the condition of the young becomes patent by the breaking of the shell. Commencing the inquiry at this point, which may safely be regarded as analogous to the birth of a placental animal, we have this obvious grand division of the class :— 1. Hesthogenous Birds.—In these, immediately the shell is broken ~ the chick makes its appearance in a state of adolescence rather than infancy: it is completely clothed, not with such feathers as it after- wards wears, but still with a close, compact, and warm covering: it pos- sesses the senses of sight, hearing, smelling, &c. in perfection : it runs with ease and activity, moving from place to place at will: it perfectly understands the signals or sounds uttered by its parent, approaching her with alacrity when invited to partake of food she has discovered, or hiding itself under bushes, grass, or stones, when warned of danger; in either case exhibiting a perfect and immediate appreciation of its parent’s meaning: it feeds itself, pecking its food from the surface of the earth or water, and not receiving it from the beak of its parent : although enteriag on life in this advanced state, it grows very slowly, and is long in arriving at maturity. When full-grown it uses its feet rather than its wings: it trusts much to its legs for means of escape : when it flies, it moves through the air by a series of rapid, powerful, laboured strokes of the wing, and invariably takes the earliest oppor- tunity of settling on the land or water, not on trees; it never takes wing for recreation or food, but simply as a means of moving from place to place : it is polygamous in its habits ; the number of females predominating over the males : the males are pugnacious, they accom- pany the females only until incubation has commenced, and abandon the duties of incubation and the care of the young solely to the females : the females make little or no nest, a depression scratched on the surface of the soil generally sufficing : the eggs are large in com- parison to the size of the bird: neither sex sings, or attempts to imi- tate the voice of men or animals. Birds included in this division approach more nearly to mammals than do those which it excludes : for instance, the habitual use of land or water for progression, the swiftness of foot, the strength and muscular development of the legs, the polygamous habits, the want of the extraordinary instinct of nest- making, are characters which, while they seem to degrade these birds as birds, certainly raise them in the list of animals, because they are thus brought nearer those animals which suckle their young, and which are always placed at the head of the animal kingdom. In an econo- 48 mical point of view, and considered in reference to man, the flesh of these birds is wholesome, nutritious, and is generally considered highly palatable. The division comprises the following orders, in each of which partial exceptions to one or other of these general characters occur :— . Galline, or the Poultry order. . Brevipennes (Cuvier), or the Ostriches. . Pressirostres (Cuvier), or the Plovers. . Longirostres (Cuvier), or the Snipes. . Macrodactyli (Cuvier), or the Rails. . Plongeurs (Cuvier), or the Divers. . Lamellirostres (Cuvier), or the Ducks. NOS Orb Oo Ne 2. Gymnogenous Birds.—In these, when the shell is broken, the ’ chick makes its appearance in a state of helpless infancy : it is naked, blind, and incapable of locomotion: it cannot distinguish its parent by means of its senses: it gapes for food, but does not distinguish between proper food offered by its parent, and a stick or a finger held over it: it cannot feed itself, and would die were not food placed in its mouth: it rapidly attains its full size, often before leaving the nest. When full-grown it uses its wings rather than its feet : it flies with a succession of deliberate and easy strokes: it takes wing for recreation and for food, and not merely for the purpose of moving from place to place: it is strictly monogamous; the sexes being equal in number: males share with females the cares of incubation and feeding the young until these are able to shift for themselves. Birds possessing these characters build elaborate nests in trees, and perch in trees rather than on the ground: many of them sing melo- diously ; others imitate, with wonderful facility, the voice of man or of animals. Asan economical character in connexion with man, their flesh is bitter and unpalatable, often offensive and disgusting ; hence man has never domesticated them for purposes of food. These are birds par excellence: they possess in perfection the essential charac- ters of birds: in the habitual use of air for progression and of trees for resting, in the want of abilities for terrestrial progression, in strength and bulk of pectoral muscle, in monogamous habits, in the fabrication of nests, in power of song, they are raised as birds, but degraded as animals, since in all these characters they recede from those animals which suckle their young. The division comprises the following groups, in each of which exceptions to one or other of the general characters occur :-— . Totipalmes (Cuvier), or the Pelicans. . Longipennes (Cuvier), or the Gulls. . Accipitres, or the Birds of Prey. . Cultrirostres (Cuvier), or the Herons. . Passeres, or the Sparrow order. . Grimpeurs (Cuvier), or the Climbing birds ; and . Columbee, or the Pigeons. NO OS COD ii i 49 2. ON A NEW SPECIES OF LYMN#A FROM THIBET. By Lovetu Reeve, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ere. Lymna Hooxert. Lymn. testd ova- éd, tenuiculd, conspicue umbilieatd, anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, con- vexis, superne depresso-rotundatis, suturis subimpressis, aperturd orbicu- lari-ovatd, marginibus lamind latius- culd subverticali conjunctis ; sordideé olivaceo-fuscd. The above-described freshwater mollusk, collected by Dr. Hooker on the Thibetian or north side of Sikkim Himalaya, at 18,000 = feet elevation, belongs to the same type as our well-known Lymnea peregra, and affords an interesting addition to the evidence which has been in part collected touching the wide geographical distribu- tion of corresponding forms of plants and animals over those parts of Europe and Asia where there are no extensive mountain-barriers. The European Lymnea stagnalis has been collected as far east as Affghanistan, and the typical form of Lymnea peregra is very cha- racteristic in this species from Thibet. A depression of the whorls next the sutures, which gives a more orbicular form to the aperture, and a conspicuous umbilicus, which is not in any degree covered by the columellar lamina, prove it to be specifically distinct from L. peregra; and these characters do not appear in the various modifica- tions of that species arising out of its more or less ventricose growth, or more or less attenuated convolution. South of the Himalaya range, where Dr. Hooker reckons the snow-line to be 5000 feet lower than on the north side, and 3000 feet lower than the locality inhabited by this species, the Lymnee are of quite a different type, more especially in the plains of Bengal, where the shell, owing to its being formed in so much warmer a temperature, is of stouter growth, and characterized by some design of colourmg. The European types of Lymnea, ranging over Russia and Siberia, appear abundantly in the stagnant waters of North America; and some are identical in spe- cies. L. elodes of Say, inhabiting Pennsylvania, is doubtless the same species as the European L. palustris; L. truneatula of the same author appears to be identical with L. desidiosa; and the L. peregra, represented by L. Hookeri in Thibet, is represented in Penn- sylvania by Say’s L. catascopium. The Lymnee of Australia are of a remarkable and very distinct type from either of those mentioned above. I have much pleasure in naming this Thibetian Zymnea after the indefatigable traveller, whose researches into the natural and phy- sical history of that remote country into which few have penetrated, are likely to be attended with such important results. - I have placed the specimens in the British Museum. The figure in outline is of the natural size. No. CCIV.—ProceepinGs oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 50 3. On THE ANIMAL or LiIoTIA; WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF DELPHINULA AND LIOTIA, FROM THE CUMING- 1AN CotuecTion. By Artour Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 18, 19, 20.) An examination of the animal of Liotia Peronii tends to confirm the generic importance of a small group hitherto confounded with _ Cyclostrema and Delphinula, but which had been justly recognised by Mr. Gray under the name of Liotia. The shell is known by its thickened peritreme ; the operculum is peculiar, and the habits are peculiar in living at considerable depths, while Delphinula proper are chiefly littoral. In Liotia the head is proboscidiform, the tentacles subulate, the eyes on conspicuous peduncles at their outer bases ; there are no intertentacular lobes, but a conical lobe on each side of the head external to the eye-peduncles ; the lateral membrane of the foot is undulated, and furnished posteriorly with three cirrhi. The operculum is arctispiral, the volutions being very narrow, nu- merous, and covered with a calcareous deposit, which is articulated at regular intervals, giving the upper surface of the operculum a tes- sellated appearance ; the periphery is ornamented with radiating, horny fibres. LioTIA PULCHERRIMA, Adams. L. testd subdiscoided; spird ele- vatiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, liris transversis et longitu- dinalibus elegantissimé cancellatd, liris transversis muricatis ; labro expanso, duplicati, radiatim fimbriato ; umbilico per- amplo, crenulato. Hab. apud Promontorium Bone Spei. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 21.) Shell subdiscoid ; spire slightly elevated, whorls rounded, very ele- gantly cancellated with transverse and longitudinal raised ridges, the transverse being muricated ; outer lip expanded, with a double peri- treme, each being radiately fimbriated; umbilicus very large, the margins crenulated. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.) Liotia Arrinis, Adams. JL. testd globosd; spird subprominuld, anfractibus rotundatis, transversim elevato-striatis, costis vari- ciformibus longitudinalibus, distantibus, angulatis, mucronatis ; anfractuum parte inferiori serie unicd foraminum ; labro ex- panso ; umbilico patulo, crenulato. Hab. in littoribus Australie. Shell globose ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded, transversely elevately striated, with variciform longitudinal ribs, wide apart, angu- lated, and with the angles furnished with sharp points ; lower part of the whorls with a single row of holes ; outer lip expanded ; umbilicus wide, crenulated. Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.) A species partaking of the characters of L. scalarioides and L. va- ricosa of Reeve, but which can be referred to neither. 51 Lrot1a pupxiicata, Adams. JL. testd orbiculari; spird de- pressd, anfractibus transversim et longitudinaliter costatis ; costis transversis duabus, tuberculatis ; anfractuum parte in- Seriori pland ; umbilico amplo, perspectivo, crenulato. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular ; spire depressed, whorls transversely and longitu- dinally ribbed ; transverse ribs two, tuberculated ; the lower part of the whorls smooth; umbilicus very large, the other whorls visible within, margin crenulated. Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, Isle of Mindanao, Philip- pines. (Mus. Cuming.) Lrotra noputosa, A. Adams. JL. testd orbiculato-depressd ; spird complanatd, transversim striatd, ultimo anfractu costis transversis duabus in medio puncto sulcatis et nodulis magnis subdistantibus imstructis, infra serie punctorum circa regionem umbilicalem ; aperturd orbiculari, peristomate refleco puncto Jimbriato, umbilico patulo margine crenulato. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mus. Cuming.) DELPHINULA CoROoNATA, Adams. JD. testd subdiscoided, albd, nigro lineatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, supra, spinis squame- formibus subramosis nigricantibus sursum curvatis coronaté ; anfractuum parte alterd spinis brevioribus nigris in seriebus dispositis ; spird plano-convead. Had. in littoribus Australie. Shell subdiscoid, white, with black lines; whorls rounded, coro- nated above with blackish subramose scale-like spines curved up- wards, the other part of the whorls with shorter black spines arranged in parallel rows ; spire plano-convex. Hab. Cape Upstart, North Australia, in crevices of rocks at low water; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.) DreLPHINULA EURACANTHA, Adams. OD. testd subdiscoided, al- bidd fusco rubroque variegatd, anfractibus supra levigatis, su- perne angulatis, angulo spinis squameformibus grandibus latis decurvatis ornate ; anfractuum parte inferiori serie unicd spi- narum et squamarum in seriebus parallelis dispositis ornatd ; umbilico amplo, squamis muricatis armato, peromphalo nodoso. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell subdiscoid, whitish varied with red and brown; whorls smooth above, angulated superiorly, the angle ornamented with large wide decurved scale-like spines ; lower part of the whorl with a single series of spines and numerous parallel rows of scales ; umbilicus wide, armed with muricated spines, margin nodose. Hab. Isle of Mindora, Philippine Islands; H.C. (Mus. Cum.) Like D. aculeata, Reeve ; but the spinose processes are broad and deflexed, and there is a single row of large spines on the under part. DELPHINULA CALcCAR, Adams. JD. testd orbiculari, discoided ; spird depressd, albd, anfractibus angulatis acutis, peripheria serie unicd spinarum radiatim stellatd, spinis triangularibus 52 compressis prominentibus ; anfractuum parte inferiore pland ; umbilico patulo, crenulato. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Shell orbicular, discoid; spire depressed, white, whorls sharply angulated, periphery with a single series of prominent broad trian- gular compressed spines radiately disposed ; lower part of whorls smooth ; umbilicus wide, crenulated. Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, sandy mud, 10 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) A small species, partaking somewhat of the characters of D. stella- ris, Adams and Reeve, but much more depressed, and the lower part of the whorls simple. March 26, 1850. W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On a LeEcH NEW TO THE BritisH Fauna. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. Mr. Hoffmann lately sent to the Zoological Gardens a living spe- cimen of a very large leech which he had found near his house in the Regent’s Park. It has been preserved in fluid, and now forms part of the Collection of British Animals in the British Museum. It proved to be an adult specimen of Trochetia subviridis, Dutro- chet (Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. v. 523), well-figured in the 2nd edition of Moquin-Tandon’s ‘ Monograph of Hirudines,’ t. 4. It is a very interesting addition to the fauna. It is the giant of the family, this specimen being more than 7 inches long. 2. On THE OccURRENCE OF REGALECUS GLESNE AT REDCAR, YorkKsuHire, IN 1850. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. A specimen of this fish was cast ashore on Redcar Sands, York- shire, on Thursday, the 3rd of January 1850. ‘“ The fish was alive when found, Length without the tail-fin, which is wanting, about 11 feet ; width at the broadest part, 12 inches ; weight, 4 stone 10 lbs.” It was salted and exhibited at Redcar. During the exhibition the rays of the dorsal and ventral fins were almost entirely destroyed, and it broke transversely into three nearly equal lengths on being moved from the sand. It was eventually sent to London, and now forms part of the Col- lection of British‘Animals in the British Museum. The specimen, when it arrived in London, agreed in general appearance and in all essential characters with the specimen from Cullercoats which was exhibited in London last year. Mr. Wrightson, who had the care of it at Redcar, considered, because it had no expanded forked tail, that the tail was wanting. Molhisca. IX. #F ARR H Baily Printed by Hullmandel & Walton Fig la: b c. Helix vellicata. Forbes Fig:6 a.b. Bulimus chemnitzoides. Forbes AE ae al Kelletii 7, a.b. fimbriatus s d.a.b. H. Pandore 8.a.b Succinea cingulata. F 4a.b. H. labyrinthus. var 9.a.b. Cyclostoma purum. » 5a b. Bulimus achatinellinus, Forbes. 10 Fusus Kellen. » 53 3. Nore on CALLICHTHYS AND ANABLEPS. By J. P. G. Suir, Esa. The flesh of Callichthys, when cooked, is of a fine deep yellow colour, and in substance is somewhat cheesy or buttery on the tongue; it is very rich in flavour: no cleaning of the intestines appears to be necessary before preparation for the table. In the creeks by which the island of Mexianna is intersected, these fish literally swarm and keep the waters alive and in a state of con- stant disturbance. I have witnessed them crossing a log of wood, which was lying in the water and intercepted the passage, in such numbers that they quite concealed it from view ; and the people, when they wanted a dish, were in the habit of going down to a favourable spot and picking them out with their hands, without going into the water. Anableps swims in small shoals with the eyes above the surface of the water, generally close to the shore, and so near together that I have shot twenty to thirty at a time by firmg a gun among them ; their flesh is very sweet, and not unlike a smelt in taste. 4. On tHE species oF MOLLUSCA COLLECTED DURING THE SurveyING VoyaGEs oF THE HERALD AND PANDORA, BY Carr. Kexxett, R.N., C.B., anp Lieut. Woon, R.N. By Proressor Epwarp Forses, F.R.S. 1. On the Land-Shells collected during the Expedition. (Mollusca, Pl. IX.) Officers employed on a hydrographical survey have seldom time or opportunity for making an extensive collection of land-shells. In the assemblage of mollusks collected by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood, there are twenty-eight species, of which eight are undescribed forms. These have been collected at various pomts between the coast of the Equador to the south and Vancouver Island to the north, the Gele- pagos Islands, Pitcairn’s Island, and the Sandwich Isles. Unfortu- nately, in consequence of the mixing of unlabeled specimens, the pre- cise locality of several of the species cannot now be determined. Of the genus Helix there are nine species. Of these, H. Towns- endiana, Nuttalliana and Columbiana are certainly from the neigh- bourhood of the Columbia river. Helix Kellettii and Pandore, both new, are probably from the same country, though the box in which they were contained was marked “Santa Barbara.” Helix areolata bears no indication of its locality. Helix labyrinthus, variety sipun- culata, is a very curious modification of H. labyrinthus, and, like its known near relations, comes from Panama. Helix ornatella (known also as H. Adamsi) was collected in Pitcairn’s Island, where it had originally been observed. A single specimen of the common Euro- pean Helix aspersa is marked “ Santa Barbara,” and probably owed its presence, wherever it was found, to transport by Europeans. Of the genus Bulimus fourteen species were collected. Among the most interesting of these are seven species, two of them new, from 34 Chatham Island, one of the Gelepagos group. Five, viz. nua, cal- vus, eschariferus, unifasciatus, and rugulosus, are described forms ; two, to which I have applied the names chemnitzioides and acha- tellinus, are new, and very curious. Of these latter, the first is singularly isolated in many of its features, though bearing a resem- blance sufficient to indicate an affinity with certain elongated and tuirreted Bulimi, natives of South America. The other is equally distinct from any known members of this genus; but, moreover, instead of linking, as the majority of the Gelepagos land-shells do, the fauna of those singular islands with the American continent, rather points, as it were, in the opposite direction, and distantly indicates affinity with the fauna of the Sandwich Isles. Unfortunately less certain as to exact locality, though contamed in a box labeled “‘ Panama,” is a curious small elongated Bulimus, to which I have given the name fimbriatus. A form such as this, suggests, when we bear in mind the varied characters of its congeners, considerable doubts as to the value of the generic sections at present generally received among the Pulmoniferous Mollusca. We speak of Bulimus, Helix, Pupa, Achatina, and Balea, as if they were so many marked groups, the species in each assimilating to ideal generic types, whereas the difference between certain forms of so-called Bulime and others placed under the same generic name is greater than be- tween many Bulimi and Helices or Pupe. Without assenting to the views of Férussac, which would have amalgamated the genera into one, on account of the similarity in external characters of the soft parts of the animal, and fully admitting that in certain tribes the shell alone may become a most important source of generic cha- racter—-in other words, granting that in certain groups the sources of generic distinction may lie in the pneumo-skeleton—I do thik that we have not yet attained a natural arrangement of the Pulmo- niferous Mollusks, and until we have solved that problem, we shall be seriously impeded in the study of the laws of their distribution as well as of their organization. Besides the Bulimi already named, there are specimens of Bulimus iostomus, B. Hartwegii, and a beautiful new species lately described and figured by Mr. Reeve under the name of Bulimus Kellettii, all probably from the Equador; Bulimus alternatus, from Panama ; and Bulimus miltecheilus, marked from the Sandwich Islands, though this curious and beautiful shell is not known to inhabit that locality ; nor have we evidence sufficient that the specimen brought home by Lieut. Wood was gathered there. Hitherto it is only known from “San Christoval, south-eastern island of Solomon’s Group, north- east coast of New Holland” (Reeve), from which locality the speci- mens in Mr. Cuming’s collection were obtained, and the single ex- ample now referred to may have possibly been brought away from the same place. Of the curious genus Achatinella, two species, livida and alba, are in the collection, both procured at the Sandwich Islands. Of Succinea there is a new species, marked from Mazatlan ; I have named it Succinea cingulata. 95 There are two species of Cyclostoma, the fine C. grande (no lo- cality is attached to it), and an equally beautiful one which I have named C. purum. The following diagnoses of the new species in the collection have been modeled on those of Dr. L. Pfeiffer, whose admirable ‘ Mono- graphia Heliceorum Viventium’ is one of the most valuable contri- butions to Malacology that have been published for many years. Hewrx Panpor#. UH. testd obtect? perforatd, depresso-globosd, tenui, rugulosd, concentricé minutissime striatd, anfractibus supra peripheriam fuscis, infra et prope peripheriam albidis fusco cin- gulatd, basi albidis ; aperturd rotundatd intus fuscd albido-fasci- atd, margine interno incrassato albo; peristomate reflexiusculo, extus albo-labiato, margine columellari dilatato, reflero, umbili- “ cum occultante. + Diam. max. 17, min. 16, alt. 14 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 3 a, 4.) Collected near the Straits of Juan del Fuaco; allied to the last species, but very distinct. Hewrx Kewtetri. JZ. testd angust? umbilicatd, depresso-globosd, tenui, rugulosd, granulatd, fulvd, spird subturbinatd, sordidé flavo conspersd, rufo-unifasciatd, anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam fascid pallida cincto, basi subinflato; aperturd lunato-rotundatd, intus pallide fuscd, unifasciatd ; peristomate reflexiusculo, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, umbilicum oc- cultante. Diam. max. 22, min. 19, alt. 19 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 2 a, 6.) This species is nearly allied to Helix Californiensis, Lea. It dif- fers in the more pyramidal contour of the spire, in the less tumid body-whorl, and consequently differently shaped, more lunate, slightly elongated mouth. The margin of the mouth is more reflected. Hevrx vexxiicata. H. testd aperte umbilicatd, tenui, convero- depressd, subnitidd, sulcato-striatd, striis minutissimis spiralibus decussatd, lete viridibus ; spird conveviusculd, anfractibus 6, ulti- mo rotundato magno, anticé dilatato, subdescendente ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-oblongd ; faux alba, peristomate margine sub- reflexo, superne deflexo-sinuato. Diam. max. 22, min. 18, alt. 8 mill. From Panama? (Pl. IX. fig. 1a, , ¢. Distinguished from its near allies by the peculiar deflexion of the upper portion of the lip-margin. Butimus CHEMNITzIoIDES. Bul. testd subperforatd, turrito- subulatd, regulariter costatd, costis numerosis, nitidulis, flaviduld, fascia spirali fusco-purpured cinctd ; anfractibus 14, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, basi fusco-purpureo ; columella subrecta, albidd ; peristoma simplex, acutum ; margine externo supern? arcu- ato; aperiurd ovali-oblongd. ; Long. 19, diam. 4 mill. ; apert. 3 mill. longa, 2 lata. Chatham Island, Gelepagos. (Pl. IX. fig. 6 a, 5.) This beautiful species strikingly resembles a marine Chemnitzia. 56 It is very distinct from any known Bulimus, but has affinities with B. terebralis, B. columellaris, and B. clausilioides. Buuimus rimpriatus. Bul. testd imperforatd, subuliformi, tenui, costis longitudinalibus subarcuatis, lineis confertis parallelis in interstitiis costarum sculptd, rufo-fuscd, suturd impressd ; an- fractus 7-8, tumidi, ultimus 4 longitudinis vix superans, infra medium obsolete carinatus ; columella subsimplex, ad basim aper- ture angulum formans ; apertura subovalis ; peristoma simplez. Long. 9, diam. 2 mill. ; apert. 2 mill. longa, 1 lata. (Pl. IX. fig. 7a, 6.) In a box of shells labeled “Panama.” The nearest ally of this very curious shell is the Bulimus gracillimus of Pfeiffer, from Cuba. BuLimvus ACHATELLINUS. Bul. testd perforata, umbilico parvo, conicd, obsolete striatd, nitiduld, flavidd, fusco-fasciatd ; suturd cingulatd, crenulatd, albidd ; anfractibus 7-8 conveaiusculis, ulti- mo vir 4 longitudinis equante ; apertura semiovalis, peristoma rectum, simplex, acutum; columella obsolete contorta, margine columellari reflexo, perforationem semitegente. Long. 19, diam. 10 mill. ; apert. 5 mill. longa, 4 lata. (Pl. IX. fig. 5 a, 6.) This shell is from Chatham Island, Gelepagos; it is unlike any other known Bulimus, and its characters distinctly indicate affinity with the Achatinelline. Succingea cincuLata. S. testd oblongo-ovatd, vix obliqud, soli- duld, striatd, nitiduld, fulvo-succined, sepe spiraliter albo-lineatd ; spird exsertd, obtusd ; anfractus 4, convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longi- tudinis equans ; aperturd elongato-ovata, superne acutd, basi ob- liqué pone axin recedente ; columelld arcuatd. Long. 12, lat. 6 mill. ; apert. 7 mill. longa, medio 3 lata. (Pl. IX. fig. 8 a, 6.) This Succinea is distinct from any recorded by Pfeiffer. It is said to come from Mazatlan. The very fine white spiral lines are not always clearly marked in colour ; they correspond with lines of deeper depression at intervals of the strize of growth. BA CycLostoma puruM. C. testd orbiculari, depressd, albd, niti- duld, spird elevatiusculd, luteold ; anfractibus sex, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis numerosis, transversé striatis ; aper- turd subcirculari, obliqud, peritremate simplici ; umbilico maximo ; operculo 3 Diam. 48, alt. 17 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 9 a, 6.) Very near C. Cumingii, a species described by Mr. G. Sowerby from the island of Tumaco. 5. On THE CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA PUSIONELLA AND Cuavatuta. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S. etc. In the List of Genera of Mollusca published in the Proceedings for ] 1848, I gave the name of Pusionella to a genus of shell, referring to the Nefal of Adanson and the Murex pusio of Born as the type. o7 This genus is easily characterized by the smooth thin periostraca, and the sharp-edged oblique plait which crosses the lower part of the canal. At the time I formed the genus, which contains several spe- cies in my collection, all coming from Africa, I was convinced that it was separate from the other zoophagous mollusca, from the characters assigned to it above, though I am aware that several zoologists were inclined to consider that they were scarcely sufficient for the forma- tion of a generic group. The examination of the operculum of the shells arranged in this group has shown that it affords a most excellent character, which separates it at once from all the other genera of the family. The operculum is formed of concentric laminze, with the nucleus or first- formed lamina placed on the straight front or inner side of the oper- culum, which is situated next to the pillar of the shell. With this peculiarity the genus must now be regarded as firmly established. This form of operculum had only before been observed in the genus Bezoardica. The discovery of this character in shells which had been regarded by most authors as Fusi, induced me to examine the opercula of some other allied genera, and I was rewarded by the discovery that Pleurotoma bicarinata, which is very nearly allied in form to P. coro- nata, the type of the genus Clavatula of Lamarck’s ‘System,’ has the operculum of the same shape and formed nearly in the same man- ner as that of the genus Pusionella; while Pleurotoma Babylonica, P. Virgo, and P. oxytrophis, which may be regarded as the typical Pleurotome, have the ovate lanceolate operculum with the nucleus on the acute apex, like the typical Fusz. This being the case, it appears to me desirable that the genus Cla- vatula should be re-established, and restored to the species which has the operculum of this kind. Should it be considered necessary to separate from Plewrotoma the species which have a very short ante- rior canal, which have hitherto been regarded as Clavatula, they may be called Drillie, as that was the name which was first applied to them before they were confounded with the true Clavatule. These observations show the importance of studying the opercula of the different genera; and I may add, that the attention which I have been able to bestow on the subject has convinced me that they form quite as important a character for the distinction of the genera, and the arrangement of the genera into natural groups, as the struc- ture and form of the shelly valve, or of the external form of the ani- mals themselves; and this may well be believed, when we consider them, as I am inclined to do, as an imperfectly developed valve, and as homologous to the second valve of the bivalve shell. 58 April 9, 1850. Prof. Owen, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Notices or AusTRALIAN Fis. By Sir Joun RicHarpson, M.D., F.R.S. Ere. (Fisees, FI, 3c Ve, TEE) In the third volume of the ‘ Zoological Transactions ;’ the ‘ Maga- zine and Annals of Natural History,’ vol. ix.; a report on the “ Fish of New Zealand,’ made to the British Association in 1842; the Ichthyology of the Voyage of the Sulphur, and especially in the Ichthyology of the Antarctic Voyage of the Erebus and ‘Terror, com- pleted in February 1848, I have described various species of Austra- lian fish. Among other sources of information to which I had re- course, a collection of drawings, made by Deputy Assistant Commis- sary General Neill, in 1841, at King George’s Sound, is particularly valuable on account of the notices it contains of the habits and qua- lities of the fish. The drawings are so characteristic, that most of the species are easily recognised, but some novel forms could not be systematically described without specimens, and the opportunity now afforded me by Mr. Gray of inspecting a number of dried skins pre- pared on the spot by Mr. Neill, has given occasion to the present paper. APISTES PANDURATUS, Richardson. Radit.—B.7; D.17|7; A.3|6; C.122; P.14; Vi 1|5, spec. (Pisces, Pl. I. fig. 3, 4.) Among the various forms that the genus dpistes presents, the present one is remarkable for the elevation of the orbit, which rises in a semicircular protuberance, so high above the occiput as to give the hinder part of the head a relative depression like a Turkish saddle, and to render the snout and forehead almost vertical. The mouth is terminal and small, and both jaws, with the chevron of the vomer and a round patch on each palatine bone, are furnished with minute, short villiform teeth. The intermaxillaries are mode- rately protractile, and the maxillary, whose dilated lower end drops below the corner of the mouth, has its posterior edge turned out- wards producing a ridge. The nasal spines are thick, but acute, and are bent to the curve of the forehead. There is a narrow deep groove between them. This groove widens on the top of the head, where it is bounded by smooth ridges continued from the nasal spies, and in con- junction with them the raised edges of the orbits form an exterior fur- row on each side. These four furrows and ridges end in obtuse emi- nences which cross from the superior-posterior angle of one orbit to the other. Behind them the skull sinks perpendicularly to the level of the nearly flat, depressed occiput, on which however the middle ridges are still visible. The preorbitar is small, very uneven, and emits a 59 strong spine whose acute point reaches back to the middle of the orbit. The second suborbitar in crossing the cheek to the hollow of the preoperculum forms a stout ridge of oblique, somewhat twisted and striated eminences, none of them spinous. The preoperculum has a smooth vertical upper limb, which shows as a narrow, slightly ele- vated ridge. At its curve or angle there is a strong spine, longer than the preorbitar one, but not reaching quite to the gill-opening. A short thick spine is adnate to its base above, and a little way below it there is an acute spine half as long, which is followed by three other angular or spinous points on the lower limb of the bone*. Two prominent but smooth ridges exist on the eill-plate without any spi- nous points. On the suprascapular region there are two ridges, the upper one having three thick, striated eminences with acute points, and the lower one has two such eminences, with two small points more posteriorly. There are no scales on any part of the head, and there is a smooth space along the base of the dorsal, which is widest towards the shoul- der ; the space between the ventrals and the breast anterior to them, with the base of the pectorals and their axils, are scaleless; the rest of the body, including the belly and integuments adjoining the anal, is densely covered with small scales. The lateral line is marked by a series of small eminences and is straight. Judging from the numbers given in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ and also from the examination of several species not described in that work, the branchiostegous rays seem to vary in the Apistes from five to seven. In the species now under consideration there are seven rays, but the lowest one is very slender, and so closely applied to the following one that it can be detected only by dissection. The dorsal commences between the second points of the supra- scapular ridges and extends to near the caudal. Its spinous portion is much arched; the spines are strong and acute, and the seventh one is the tallest, being equal to two-thirds of the greatest height of the body ; the other spines are slightly graduated, but the foremost three diminish more abruptly. The last spine is rather more than one-half as long as the soft rays or than the tallest spine. The last soft ray is bound at its base to the back by membrane, but this membrane does not reach to the base of the caudal. The anal terminates rather further from the latter fin, and has three strong spines, the second being the stoutest and as long as the third one; the soft rays surpass them by about a fourth part. The pectorals are large and obliquely semi- oval, the lower rays being the shortest. Their rays are forked, which is a characteristic mark of the genus, and is not common in the Cot- toid family. The ventrals are also rather large, exceeding the anal a little in length and in spread. Their spine stands behind the pecto- ral axil and under the fourth dorsal spine. The length of the head exceeds the height of the body, and is contained thrice and one-half in the whole length of the fish, caudal included. Length of specimen 53 inches. * In the figure, the angle of the mandible being strongly represented, looks like a fourth angular point. 60 APLOACTIS MILESII, Richardson. Radii.—Br.5; D. 14]14; A.12; C.13; P.11; V. 1|2, spec. (Pisces, Pl. I. fig. 1, 2.) This fish has the fins of a Synanceia with the lateral eyes and head of a Scorpena, but instead of the ridges of the cranium, face and gill-covers ending in spinous points, they produce only obtuse knobs. Its teeth in character and position resemble those of Pte- réis, and its dermal spine-like scales are similar to those of Centri- dermichthys (Zool. of Voy. of Sulphur, p. 73). I am not quite sure that it corresponds in all its general characters with the Aploactis aspera of the ‘Fauna Japonica’ (pl. 22), but it comes sufficiently near to be included in the same generic group. The form of the fish is rather elongated, the height of the body, which is a little less than the length of the head, being nearly one- fourth of the total length of the fish, caudal included. The com- pression of the head is moderate, its thickness being only one-third less than its height, and equal to about half its length. The mouth is terminal, cleft only a very short way backwards, but having a mo- derately large gape. The intermaxillaries are slightly protractile, and their edges and those of the mandible are covered with very short and minute, densely crowded teeth. The chevron of the vomer is similarly armed, but there are no teeth on the very narrow edges of the palaie-bones, and the tongue, which is not in the least free at the tip, appears to be quite smooth. The premaxillaries are but slightly protractile, the tips of their pedicles when retracted not reaching half- way to the eye. The maxillaries have a protuberance in the centre of their lower dilated ends, and only their more slender upper halves glide under the preorbitar. When the head is viewed in front, two short parallel ridges are seen covering the pedicles of the premaxil- laries, above which, on the forehead, there is a deep oblong depression bounded by an elevated bony ridge, from which a side ridge formed by the prefrontals proceeds to each orbit. The margins of the orbits themselves are elevated and uneven, and there is a prominent bend upwards on the edge of each postfrontal bone; the rest of the top of the head is occupied by the front rays of the dorsal fin. The preorbitar sends one obtuse ridge forwards over the middle of the maxillary, and another and a larger one backwards in the situation of the spine of an Apistes ; this one is knobbed at the end and curved upwards. The suborbitar chain is elevated and very uneven throughout, particularly the ridge which traverses the cheek to the hollow of the preopercu- lum. There is a blunt process from the angle of the latter bone, representing the spine common in this family, and three smaller knobs below it, the edge of the bone being also raised in a slighter degree. Two slightly diverging ridges, ending bluntly, cross the operculum ; there is a small blunt point on the interoperculum, and four obtuse eminences between the eye and shoulder, representing the two ridges shown in that part in the Scorpene. The parts between the bony eminences on the head are covered with small spines like those of the body, and the whole, in the recent state, seems to have a. ene SNOLVUNUNVd SULSIdV PC IISATIW SILOVOTIV & 1 UAE % [epuewmg &q pormwy TL PP 1 61 been enveloped in soft skin, which in the dried specimen has left traces of a short skinny fringe on the lower jaw and of filamentous points elsewhere. There are several open pores on the limbs of the mandible. The gill-membrane is smooth and is sustained by five curved rays. The gill-openings are closed above the gill-plate, but extend from the point of the operculum downwards and forwards to opposite the articulation of the mandible, being sufficiently ample. The whole skin of the body and the lower parts of all the fins are studded with straight acute spines, each enveloped in a skinny sheath. The lateral line is nearly straight, having merely a slight rise over the pectoral. It is marked by a smooth furrow and a series of ten or twelve skinny processes. The dorsal extends from between the eyes the whole length of the back, but is not actually connected to the caudal fin. It is highest anteriorly, lowest over the pectoral, and of medium height and nearly even posteriorly, its end being rounded off. The second spine, which stands over the middle of the orbit, is the tallest, its height bemg but a little less than that of the head ; the first and third rays are only a little shorter, while the fifth and sixth are much lower, producing a deep notch in the fin. The eighth and following spines are very slightly graduated, and from thence to its rounded extremity the outline of the fin is even. The membrane is notched between the rays, and the tips of the jointed rays curve backwards. The first seven or eight spines are pungent, but the six following ones are less so, and are not easily distinguishable in the dried specimen from articulated rays in which the joints have become obsolete. The fore-part of the dorsal shows some small membranous points on the spines. The anal is similar to the soft dorsal, but terminates further from the caudal, and if it be furnished with a spine it is concealed at the base of the first soft ray, there being no appearance of one ex- ternally. The caudal when fully spread is almost circular in outline. Its rays are simple, with the tips projecting beyond the membrane, especially those of the extreme pairs above and below. The pectoral has the oblique semi-oval form of that fin in Synanceia, but is less adnate to the side. Its rays are simple, with projecting tips. The yentrals, formed of one spine and two unbranched rays, stand exactly under the base of the lowest pectoral rays, and are small. The only vestiges of colour remaining in the dried specimen are brown and purple bands and blotches on the dorsal, caudal and pec- torals, with one or two rows of white spots on the two latter fins. CHEILODACTYLUS CARPONEMUS, Cuv. et Val. v. p. 362. pl. 128. Radii.—Br. 6; D.17|31; A.3|19; C.14§; P.8 et VIL.; V.1)5, spec. This fish is the “‘Chettong,”’ No. 39, of Neill’s drawings, and the « Jew-fish”’ of the sealers who frequent King George’s Sound. Mr. Neill informs us that it is an inhabitant of rocky shores, and that individuals are often taken which weigh more than 16 lbs. It is readily captured by the hook. The specimen described and figured in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons’ 62 was obtained by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard in the same locality with Mr. Neill’s, and the latter accords perfectly with it; but I am per- suaded that the references in that work referring to Solander and For- ster’s accounts of a New Zealand species ought to be struck out. Some notices of the discrepancies between the memoranda of these authors and the history of Ch. carponemus in the ‘ Histoire des Pois- sons’ have been given in the ‘Zoological Transactions,’ vol. ii. p. 101, and since the date of that publication the examination of various Australian specimens has strengthened the reasons I had for coming to that conclusion. The Cheilodactyli do not accord well with the typical Scienide, and the evidences of the ptenoid structure of their scales are often deficient, the teeth on the disks becoming perfectly obsolete, and none existing on the margins of the scales of any species we have examined. In Mr. Neill’s specimen the length of the head is contained four and a half times in the total length of the fish, in which the caudal is included. The height of the preorbitar equals the diameter of the orbit ; and its length is considerably greater, beg about equal to one- third of the length of the head. The teeth on the jaws are needle- shaped, small, and arranged in a narrow, not crowded band. The vomer is smooth. The dorsal fin is low, the sixth and tallest spine being only equal to a quarter of the height of the body, and the fifth and seventh spines are scarcely shorter. The spines lower a little towards the soft rays, but there is no decided notch. None of the spines are stout. The second anal spine is as long as the third one and is thicker. The tenth or long pectoral ray reaches beyond the first third of the anal; the caudal is deeply forked. The transverse diameter of the scales generally exceeds the longitudinal one. Mr. Neill’s drawing represents five yellowish lines on each side of the face, reaching backwards to the occiput, the three lower ones crossing the upper part of the preorbitar and being interrupted by the eye. ‘The under and fore edge of the preorbitar is marked by a blue line, which is prolonged to the temples, and there is also a short blue streak immediately under the orbit, the iris itself being likewise of that colour. Two blue lines traverse the summit of the back close to the dorsal, disappearing under the middle of the soft portion of that fin. The same colour exists on the membrane joming the first three dorsal spines, on the spines of the anal, the ventrals, the long pectoral ray, and the upper and under edges of the caudal, the tint in all these cases being a pure indigo. The rest of the fins are of a paler colour, approaching to mountain-blue. CHEILODACTYLUS MACROPTERUS, Forster. Scizenoides abdominalis, Solander MSS. Pisces Australia, p. 11. Scixena abdominalis, Idem, op.citat. p.29 ; fig. pict. Parkins. 2-40. Scizena macroptera, Forster, Descrip. Anim. p. 136. fig. 206. Georgio Forst. picta. Radii.—Br. 6 ; D.17|26; A. 3/14; C.17; P.15; vee Soland. Br. 6; D.17|26; A. 3)14; C.30; P. Yet VI.; V.1|5, Forst. 63 Of this species I have seen no example, and it is known to me only by the descriptions and figures above referred to. It inhabits the bays of the middle island of New Zealand, and was taken on Cook’s first and second voyage in Queen Charlotte’s Sound and Dusky Bay. At the latter place its native appellation was ascertained to be “ Ta- raghee,”’ but the seamen called it “‘ Cole-fish.”” That it is different from the Ch. carponemus of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons’ I am inclined to believe, from the dissimilarity of the figure in the latter work with those drawn by Parkinson and George Forster, and from the more notched dorsal and stouter dorsal and anal spines than we find in authentic specimens of Ch. carponemus from King George’s Sound. These discrepancies, and the smaller number of dorsal and anal rays, authorise us to keep it distinct until an opportunity occurs of exami- ning the New Zealand fish. The broad black band which descends from the shoulder not quite as far as the pectoral is a good distinctive mark. The reader is referred to the ‘ Zoological Transactions,’ vol. iii. p- 101, for extracts from Solander’s notes, which may be compared with Forster’s description in the ‘ Historia Animalium,’ &c. p. 136. Some specimens of Cheilodactyli from Sydney which I have seen point at a species nearly allied to the two preceding ones as existing in that part of Australia, but the materials I possess are not suffi- cient for the elaboration of its distinctive characters. CHEILODACTYLUS NIGRICANS, Richardson. Radii.—Br. —; D. 1526 ; A. 3/10; C. 153; P. 9 et Wee Wiis spec. Toorjenung, Neill’s drawings, No. 42. This fish is the ‘‘Toorjenung”’ of the natives of King George’s Sound, and the “Black Jew-fish”’ of the sealers. Mr. Neill says that it grows to a large size, feeds grossly, and that its flesh is dry and dark-coloured. It is much prized by the aborigines, and forms a principal article of food among the native families, who are expert in spearing fish. The head ofa large fish is said to make good soup. It is an inhabitant of rocky points that project from sandy bays, and moves sluggishly along the bottom, ploughing the sand with its soft fleshy lips; hence it falls a ready sacrifice to the native spear, In shape this fish approaches to carponemus, but is rather more elongated in the body, and has a more arched spinous dorsal. Its eye is more remote from the gill-opening, being nearer to the middle of the head, and the preorbitar is shorter, its length not exceeding the diameter of the orbit. The most striking dissimilarity to the preceding species is in the longest pectoral ray, which projects only about one-sixth of its length beyond the membrane. It is the upper- most of the simple rays, and the four others are graduated and also project beyond the membrane as far in proportion. The disk of the preoperculum is broad, that of the interoperculum fully equal to it, and both these bones and the cheek are scaleless in the specimen, which has sustained some damage in the head, but not apparently in these places. Ch. carponemus and aspersus have interopercular bones rather narrower than the disk of the preorbitar, and both these 64 bones, with the cheek, are covered with small scales which do not extend to the preorbitar. In aspersus a small part of the cheek next the preorbitar is scaleless. In all these species the operculum and suboperculum are densely scaly. The integuments of the cheek of nigricans are full of pores, and the lips are large and fleshy. About forty-eight scales occur in a row between the gill-opening and caudal, with three or four rows in addition on the base of that fin. About seventeen compose a vertical row at the shoulder. The scales of the lateral line are, as in the other species, smaller than those above and below, which also overlap them. The exposed disk of a scale is rough, with minute points, but the exterior margin is thin and membranous. The base is faintly marked by a dozen or more slightly divergent fur- rows, which do not produce marginal crenatures. The sixth and tallest dorsal spine equals one-third of the height of the body and is higher than the soft rays, which rise considerably above the posterior spines. The third anal spine is more slender and considerably longer than the second one. None of them are strong. The caudal is forked to half its depth, and has acute lobes. In Mr. Neill’s drawing this fish is represented as having a dark greyish-black colour on the back, head and fins, and as being pale on the belly. The lips are flesh-coloured. Length of the specimen 21 inches. The drawing is two feet long. CHEILODACTYLUS ASPERSUS, Richardson. Cheilodactylus carponemus, Richardson, Zool. Trans. vol. iii. p.99, exclus. synon. Radii.—Br. 6; D. 17/27; A. 3|11; C.138; P.8 et VII.; A. 15, specimens. This fish frequents Port Arthur in Van Diemen’s Land, and Dr. Lhotzky says that it is never taken at Sydney. In the ‘ Zoological Transactions’ for 1841 (vol. iii. p. 99) there is a notice of it, to which the reader is referred; but it is necessary to state that the number of fin rays there given are those of Ch. carponemus, as expressed in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons.’ I there pointed out some of the discre- pancies between the examples of this fish I had then before me and the description and figure of carponemus in the work just referred to; but being at that time very imperfectly aware of the number and variety of the Cheilodactyli existing in the Australian seas, I did not venture to indicate it as a proper species. This I am now enabled to do, after a careful comparison of the specimens then commented upon with Mr. Neill’s example of carponemus from King George’s Sound, the exact locality of the specimen of the latter described by Cuvier and Valenciennes. Ch. aspersus is a higher fish than carponemus, the greatest height of the body being contained only three times and one-third in the total length, caudal included. It is much compressed, with an acute back and a deeply-forked caudal. The more arched form of the spinous part of the dorsal fin, and the much stouter dorsal and anal spines, afford a ready means of distinguishing the dried specimens. The different colours and markings of the recent fish are very appa- 65 rent. The first and last dorsal spines are much shorter than the cor- responding ones of carponemus, and the notch of the fin is conspi- cuous from the greater height of the soft rays. The second anal spine is very stout, and it rather exceeds the third one in length. The preorbitar is smaller than in that species, and its length does not ex- ceed the diameter of the orbit. ‘Ihe face is therefore shorter, and the profile rises more steeply to the dorsal, owing to the greater height of the fish. The elongated pectoral ray, which is the tenth, reaches no farther back than the beginning of the anal. The scales are rather large and much tiled. About fifty-two exist on the lateral line, besides six or seven rows on the base of the caudal, and there are twenty- two rows in the height of the fish. Mr. Lempriere, from whom we had the specimens, says that the fish is known at Port Arthur under the name of “the Perch,” and has a bright silvery hue with dark spots. The specimens still ex- hibit many dark brown spots scattered thickly on the back and more sparingly on the sides, most of them being rather smaller than the exposed disk of a scale. The vertical fins, particularly the caudal, are more minutely spotted. The top of the gill-cover is blackish, and there is a dark mark on the humeral bone. As is usual in the genus, the inside of the mouth and lining of the gill-opening are purplish- black. Length 124 inches. Greatest height 32 inches. The Cheilodactylus carmichaelis (Hist. des Poiss. v. 360) (Cheto- don monodactylus, Carmichael, Linn. Trans. vol. xii. p. 500. pl. 24) approaches aspersus in shape, in the length of its long pectoral rays, and in the number of fin rays generally, but it is distinguished by six short, broad dark bars on the back. The formula of its rays is as follows :—Radii.—Br. 6; D.17|24; A.3|12; P.9 et VI.; V. 1|5, Carmichael. The Cheilodactylus fasciatus (Cuv. et Val. v. 357) of the Cape is distinguished by four or five vertical dark bands and five transverse _lines on each lobe of the caudal. Its rays are stated to be :— Radii.—Br. 5; D. 19|23; A. 3[11; C.17; P.10 et V.; V. 1/5. Hist. des Poiss. CHEILODACTYLUS GIBBosus, Solander. (Chetodon.) Cheetodon gibbosus, Banks, Icon. Parkins. ined. t. 23. Cheilodactylus gibbosus, Richardson, Zool. Trans. vol. iii. p. 102. Radii.—D. 17|36; A. 3/8; C.144; P. 8 et VI.; V. 1|5, spec. (Pisces, Pl. II. fig. 3, 4.) This fish inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land and the east coast of New Holland, as well as King George’s Sound. A full de- scription of it is contained in the ‘Zoological Transactions’ quoted above. It has the highest spinous dorsal of any described species of Cheilodactylus, and in the distribution of its black bands it bears a considerable resemblance to Eques americanus. Mr. Neill gives a drawing of it (No. 24), and states that it is known to the aborigines of King George’s Sound by the name of No. CCV.—Proceepin6s or THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 66 “Knelvek.”’ The natives spear it on sandy banks, but say that it is rare. Its scales are smooth, and the second and third anal spines are moderately long and equal to each other. The suboperculum is nar- row, and together with the other opercular bones and cheek is scaly. The figure is one-third of the size of the specimen. The scale is magnified. A considerable part of its disk retains the small asperi- ties or ptenoid teeth, which do not however extend to the margin of the scale, that being, as is usual in the genus, thin and membranous. CHEILODACTYLUS NIGRIPES, Richardson. Radii.—Br. 6; D. 18|26; A. 3/10; C. 13; P. 7 et V.; V. 1[5, spec. The aborigines of King George’s Sound had no name for this spe- cies, and no drawing of it was made by Mr. Neill. The only speci- men of it obtained was speared by a native named Murrianne, and measures 13 inches in length. It has a conical eminence on the pre- frontal bone, like that existing in Ch. gibbosus ; its face is short, with the profile ascending almost as much as in the species just named. The length of the preorbitar is rather less than the diameter of the orbit, the eye is placed midway between the gill-opening and mouth, and the interoperculum is only about half as wide as the disk of the pre- operculum. The cheek and all the pieces of the gill-cover are densely scaly. The second of the simple pectoral rays is the longest and it falls short of the anus, while only about one-third of its length pro- jects beyond the membrane. The spinous part of the dorsal is arched anteriorly. Its fifth and longest spine rather exceeds one-third of the height of the body. The preceding ones are graduated to the first, whose height is only a fifth part of the fifth one, but the de- crease of the posterior spines is much less rapid, the last one having half the length of the fifth. The soft rays rise to nearly twice the height of the posterior spines, rendering the fin notched. The third anal spine is somewhat longer than the second one, which is stouter, but the spines generally are of moderate thickness, and are com- pressed. The caudal is forked to half its depth. The ventral spine is long and slender. The scales are without asperities, and the ex- posed part of their disk exhibits the concentric rings of structure distinctly. About sixty-one exist in a row between the gill-opening and caudal, exclusive of three or four on that fin. The teeth on the jaws are slender and closely set. In the dried specimen the ventrals are pitch-black, and the other fins are neatly equally dark. The body is also dark, but in the absence of drawings or descriptions of the recent fish we cannot state its proper tints. CHEILODACTYLUS ZONATUS, Cuy. et Val. Cheilodactylus zonatus, Cuv. et Val. vol. v. p. 365; Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1845, p. 239. Radii.—D. 17|31; A. 3|8; C. 142; P. 8 et VI. spec. This fish, which is common to the China and Australian seas, appears to be called the “ Zebra-fish’’ by the sealers who frequent 67 King George’s Sound, though that name is most generally appro- priated by them to the Crenidens zebra. Its prefrontal bone pro- jects behind the nostril, but not so acutely as in Ch. nigripes or gibbosus. There is however a difference in this respect in different individuals. The width of the interoperculum is about half that of the preopercular disk, and these bones and the cheek are densely scaly. The scales of the cheek however are imbedded in spongy porous skin. The length of the preorbitar equals the diameter of the orbit. In the relative sizes of the opercular bones and preorbitar, and in the form of the dorsal, zonatus and nigripes closely resemble each other, but there is a difference in the anal spines, in the rays of the pectoral, in the shape of the caudals, that of zonatus being only sparingly excavated, and a striking one in the colours. The dried specimen of zonatus shows very distinctly eight dark oblique bars on the body, the first crossing the nape and the last the base of the caudal, the intermediate pale spaces being equal to the bars in breadth. The entire head, including the preorbitar, is thickly marked by round dark spots of the size of duck shot. There are large spots on the caudal, which are so crowded on the margin of the fin as almost to form a continuous bar. Two or in some parts more rows traverse the dorsal, and there are dark marks on the tips of the anal and ventrals. The simple rays of the pectoral are orange. Mr. Reeves’s drawing of the Chinese fish represents it as dressed in very lively colours during the breeding season. The dorsal is highest at the fifth spine, as in zonatus, and is in other respects similar in form ; but the anal spines are shorter, espe- cially the second, which is also stouter in proportion. Rather less than one-third of the longest pectoral ray projects beyond the mem- brane, and the membrane is less deeply notched between the other simple rays than in nigripes. The scales differ from those of the last- named species, being finely granulated on the disk, as in nigricans. The rays are somewhat differently enumerated in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ from a Japanese specimen. Radii.—Br. 6; D. 17|29; A. 3|8; P. 9 et V.; V. 1|5, Cuv. et Valence. The Cheilodactylus brachydactylus (Hist. des Poiss. p. 361) of the Cape approaches more nearly to our examples of zonatus in the numbers of the rays, but it does not appear to possess the prefrontal prominence, and has no other markings than a triangular black mark behind the eye. Radii.—Br.5; D. 17/31; A. 3|9; C.17; P.8 et V.; V. 1|5, Cuy. et Valenc. Cheilodactylus ciliaris, Richardson, Zool. of the Voy. of the Ere- bus and Terror, p. 37. pl. 26. fig. 6, 7 (Latris; Sciena ciliaris, Forster, &c.), is a species which is allied to the following ones, in the shortness of its simple pectoral rays. CHEILODACTYLUS HECATEIUS, Richardson. Latris hecateia, Richardson, Zool. Trans. p. 106. tab. 6. f. 1. Radii.—Br. 6; D.18)36; A. 3/27; C.168; P.9 et IX.; V.1]5, spec. 68 In the account of this species quoted above, I expressed doubts of the rank of Latris as a subdivision of the Cheilodactyli ; but now that I have had an opportunity of examining a more complete gradation of specific forms, I am not disposed to think that it merits to be con- sidered even a subgenus, though the non-prolongation of one of the pectoral rays (usually the tenth) makes it a convenient division of the Cheilodactyli, now known to be numerous. This species inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land. CHEILODACTYLUS LINEATUS, Forster (Sciena). Cichla lineata, Schneider. Scizena lineata, 7’. R. Forsteri Descr. Anim. p. 134. An. 1844; Fig. pict. Georg. Forsteri in Bibl. Banks. servata. Radii.—Br. 6; D. 18|36; A. 1|26; C. 30; P. 17; V. 1|5, Forst. Zc. This species agrees nearly with the preceding in the numbers of its fin rays, except that Forster says expressly that it has only one anal spine. It has also four dark dorsal stripes, with three intervening silvery ones; but it differs from hecateius in the yellowish colour of its fins, and particularly of its caudal, which obtained for it the appel- lation of “ Yellow-tail”? from the sailors. It frequents, like the other Cheilodactyli, rocky places, was captured by Cook’s sailors with the hook, and was much approved as an article of food. It is a native of the seas washing the southern island of New Zealand. Length of specimen described by Forster, 24 inches. Having seen no specimens we cannot institute a correct comparison with hecateius. Turepterius, Richardson. (Operrijpios, ad alendum idoneus.) Genus piscium acanthopterygiorum Cheilodactylis affine. Corpus catheto-plateum, ovato-oblongum, squamosum. Caput aliquantulum parvum, cute porosd tectum, absque spinis, angulis vel aciebus ser- ratis osseis. Os ut in Cheilodactylis extensibile. Dentes in pre- maxillaribus, mandibuia trigonioque vomeris una serie instructi, bre- vissimi, parvi, subconici. Ossa palatis levia. Gene craniumque esquamose. Os preorbitale angustum. Operculum subtriangulare squamis tectum. Membrana branchiostega radiis sex curvis, satis validis sustentata. Squamee leeves nec dentatee ; linea lateralis recta. Radii pinnarum pectoralium inferiores simplices. Pinna dorsi e nucha fer’ usque ad caudze pimmam regnans, squamulis apud radios instructa, membrand inter spas profundé emarginata ; lobulo tamen membranaceo e summis spinis pendente. Pinnz ventrales thoracicee sed a gula paulo remote. The characters are deduced from dried specimens, and the pharyn- geal teeth and structure of the intestinal canal are unknown. The jaw teeth are not strictly disposed in a single row, since a few minute ones form a row behind the others in front of the premaxillaries ; but these can scarcely be visible in the recent fish. The chevron of 69 the vomer is acute and projects a little. The orifice of the mouth is rather larger than in the Cheilodactyli, but the jaws are extensible in about the same degree. The maxillary bone wants the flat thin plate near its head which exists in the Cheilodactyli and glides beneath the preorbitar. The latter bone is narrow, its width not being equal to one-third of the diameter of the orbit. The eye is comparatively large, three diameters and a half of the orbit beg equal to the entire length of the head, and two of these diameters measure the distance between the hinder edge of the orbit and the tip of the gill-cover. The position of the eye is high enough to encroach upon the profile. The cheek equals the diameter of the orbit in breadth ; the disk of the preoperculum is also wide, and the interoperculum moderately so. The operculum and suboperculum conjointly have a triangular form ; the former is notched, and the latter is prolonged by a membranous tip, which forms the apex of the gill-cover. Both these bones are densely scaly ; there is also a row of scales on the interoperculum, partially overlaid by the thin edge of the preoperculum, and the tem- ples are also scaly. The rest of the head is without scales, but the mucous skin, full of canals and pores, which envelopes the head, pre- vents us from ascertaining the exact extent of the scales, at least in the dried specimens. The top of the head is destitute of scales to the occiput, but in the Cheilodactyli, dense, small scales extend forward on the skull to before the eyes. In the absence of thick fleshy lips, the genus differs from Cheilodactylus. The preorbitar is neither wide enough nor long enough to conceal the maxillary, which however enters partially beneath its edge. The thin crescentic border of the preoperculum is striated, but not crenated. The same kind of streaks or furrows may be discerned, though not so readily, in some Cheilo- dactyli. The head forms a fourth of the total length. The height of the body is also equal to a fourth of the length of the fish, caudal included. The belly is prominent, and the tail, posterior to the ver- tical fins, is slender. The lateral line is straight, and each of its scales is marked by a short straight tube, which is placed somewhat obliquely to the general direction of the line. About fifty-two scales compose a row between the gill-opening and caudal, the base of whose rays are also scaly, and the lateral line is prolonged as far as the scales extend on that fin. The dorsal commences over the upper angle of the gill-opening and reaches to within an inch of the caudal. Its seventh spine, which is the tallest, is nearly equal to half the height of the body ; the others are graduated very slightly posteriorly and more rapidly anteriorly. None of them are stout, and all of them are traversed on each side by a deep furrow. The membrane between them is deeply notched, as in the genus Pelors, and a slender process running up the back of each spine surmounts it in form of a small free lobe. The soft rays surpass the tallest spine a little, and are more than twice the height of the last one. The anal commences opposite to the beginning of the soft portion of the dorsal and ends beneath its tenth branched ray, or, in the specimens before us, about two inches and a half from the caudal. The spines are like the dorsal ones, grooved and slender, 70 and the second one, which is scarcely shorter than the third, is not quite twice as long as the first one. The seven inferior simple rays of the pectoral have free tips, their membrane being deeply notched as in the dorsal. The ventrals are attached under the middle of the pectorals, or opposite to the sixth dorsal spine. Their spine is slen- der, and about two-thirds of the length of the soft rays. The caudal is rounded, with the tips of the rays projecting beyond the mem- brane. THREPTERIUS MACULOsUS, Richardson. (Pisces, Pl. IL. fig. 1, 2.) This fish approaches the division Latris of the Cheilodactyli in the form of its pectoral fin and other characters, but differs so much in its general aspect, which reminds one of a cottoid fish, that it is well that we can find a structural difference which enables us to place it in a separate genus. This exists in the vomerie teeth, the vomer being smooth in the Cheilodactyli, but in this fish it is armed like the jaws by a single row of teeth, which, instead of being setiform and crowded, as in the Cheilodactyli, are short, somewhat conical, and confined nearly to a single row on the jaws as well as on the vomer. The native name of the fish at King George’s Sound is “‘Cam- betik,” and it frequents rocky places, having apparently the same habits with the Cheilodactyli. The simple projecting rays of the pectoral would appear to perform the functions of an organ of touch, and are furnished to many fish that, like the Trigle, swim close to the sandy bottom, which they touch with these simple rays, whether they are wholly or partially free. The Ciimbeik is prized as an article of food, whence the generic name. Mr. Neill’s figure represents the fish as having a pale brown colour, much lighter on the belly, and thickly studded with irregular dark liver-brown spots, most crowded along the back and becoming much smaller and more scattered on the belly. The fins are rather of a redder brown, and the soft dorsal, ventral and caudal are minutely spotted. Length 9 inches. TAUTOGA PARILA, Richardson. Paril and “Common Rock-fish,”’ Neill’s drawings, No.9; Richard- son, Ichth. Erebus and Terror, p. 127, sub Labro fucicola. Radii—Br. 6 ; D. 911; A. 3/10; C.134; P.13; V.1|5, spe- cimens. This species of Labrus or Tautoga approaches Labrus tetricus (Ichth. of Erebus and Terror, pl. 55. f.1) in general form, but there is only a single row of scales on the temples, and they do not descend lower than the middle of the upper limb of the preoperculum. The scales covering the operculum and suboperculum are, as in the allied species, large. The cheek, preoperculum and the broad thin inter- operculum show no scales, but, in common with the top of the head, are covered with a thick skin full of mucous canals and open pores. The diameter of the orbit is less than the length of the preorbital, 7? Proc:2Z.§.Pisces. IL Thi) 7, Wy Th \ N Wer \ i ff \| Vy ‘| d by Hullmandel & Walton. frimte tC aith W. Mitchell del e AC U te 1 G a Ss Oo rc o,)) oe & Cs OAs ins Bt 71 and is contained five times and a half in the length of the head when the jaws are retracted. The preorbitar lips are only slightly de- veloped, but the intermaxillary and mandibular ones are thick and plaited. Teeth arranged in each jaw in a series gradually decreasing towards the angle of the mouth, the anterior pair above and below being considerably larger and more curved. In the upper jaw there is a complete interior series of small rounded teeth which are on a level with the soft parts. On the mandible the interior row is con- fined to the fore-part of the jaw, and is less regular. The tubular ramifications on the scales of the lateral line are more numerous and crowded than in L. tetricus, or any of the other Australian species figured in the ‘Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror.’ There are twenty-four scales on the lateral line having these clusters of tubes, and the clusters do not diminish in size towards the tail, though one or two less bushy occur under the soft dorsal. The line is as usual suddenly bent downwards under the end of that fin. In the dried skins dark brown lines radiate from the orbit over the temples, cheek, and preorbitar, and there are dark spots on the jaws, top of the head and gill-plates. There are also some white blotches and bars on the cheek, preoperculum, interoperculum and lower jaw. The body is variegated with brown spots, crowded along the back, more scattered on the sides, and mixed with small round dots of the same tint. The dark marks extend to all the vertical fins. These spots have an umber-brown colour in Mr. Neill’s drawing. No. 37 of the same drawings represents the “ Black-fish of the sealers’’ and the “ Paril’’ or “ Knhoul”’ of the natives, which is con- sidered to be a variety of the preceding. There is no specimen of it in the collection, but it has the back and upper part of the sides thickly sprinkled with reddish-brown dots without any larger spots. This variety or species is said to grow to the size of 15 or 20 lbs. Cossypuus vuLPINUs, Richardson. Radii.—Br. 4; D.12|11; A. 3]12; C.142; P.16; V.1|5, spec. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length of the fish, caudal included, and is about equal to the length of the head. The profile rises in a slightly concave line from the acute snout to opposite the back part of the orbit at an angle of 30°. From thence to the beginning of the dorsal, which stands as far back as the axil of the ventrals, the line is almost horizontal, and judging from the dried specimen the dorsal ridge there is acute. When the jaws are pro- tracted the face has a hollow profile, and the strong series of teeth give it a sinister look. There are two pairs of canines at the extre- mities of the upper and under jaws, the upper ones being inclined forwards, and also a canine at the corner of the mouth, which is bent outwards. The smaller teeth are rather widely set, and there are six of them on each maxillary and fourteen on each limb of the lower jaw ; and of the latter the middle ones are somewhat longer than those towards each end of the jaw. Within the front teeth on both jaws there is a flat naked surface of bone fitted for grinding or crushing, and more interiorly a few minute granular teeth scarcely protruding 72 from the bone. The cleft of the mouth extends backwards to the front of the preorbitar bone, and is equal to the distance between the corner of the mouth and the eye. The preorbitar is covered with smooth skin, presenting an even surface in the recent fish, but in the skeleton it presents three deep notches anteriorly, separated by linear processes. The rest of the suborbitar chain is narrow. The upper limb of the preoperculum is finely serrated, the serratures disappearing on the rounded angle. The disk of that bone, the other opercular pieces, the cheeks, temples and suprascapulars are scaly, but there are no scales on the limbs of the lower jaw, in which respect the species differs from the Cossyphus maldat of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ to which it has some resemblance in general form. There are six rows of scales on the cheek and as many on the interoperculum ; the scales on the disk of the preoperculum are smaller than these, and those covering the operculum and suboperculum are considerably larger. The naked part of the scales exhibits little pits rather than granulations. There are thirty scales on the lateral line, each carrying a simple tube with its point turned upwards. The tube is more branched in C. maldat. There is no sudden bend in the lateral line, but it descends gradually under the soft dorsal rays to the middle height of the tail, on which there are eight rows of scales. The anal and dorsal fins move in scaly sheaths, which are broadest on the soft rays. The spinous rays are strong, tapering, and acute. The first dorsal spine stands over the axil of the ventrals; and the ventral spine, which is as tall as the last and longest dorsal one, stands beneath the base of the lowest pectoral ray. The soft parts of the anal and dorsal are somewhat peaked, and rise above the spines. These two fins end exactly opposite to each other, and leave a considerable space of naked tail behind them. The angles of the caudal project a little beyond the straight intermediate border. The colours of the speci- men have faded. Length 16 inches. Cossyruvus GouLptit, Richardson. Labrus gouldii, Rich. Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 353. Cossyphus, ve/ Lachnolaimus gouldii, Idem, Ichth. of Voy. of Erebus and Terror, p. 132. Radii.—D. 11|10 vel 11; A. 3|10 vel 11; C.143; P.17 vel 16; V...1|5, spec. (Pisces, Pl. III. fig. 3, 4.) Mr. Neill’s collection contains a young specimen of this fish, which was previously known to me only by an example of considerably greater size, brought from Western Australia by Mr. Gould. Neither specimen retained the pharyngeal bones, and I still remain in doubt as to which of the dismemberments of the Linnzan genus Ladrus it ought to be referred. It has the general form of Ladrus, with the scaly dorsal and anal sheaths of Cossyphus, and a peculiarity in the very compressed form of the spinous rays which I have not as yet seen in any other La- broid. It has the four anterior canines in each jaw which exist in —————— » Cchaus. Genetta pallida, Gray. Viverra civetta. Herpestes ichneumon. Canis niloticus. Capra nubiana. Gazella dorcas. Sus aper, 9. Dipus egyptius. Gerbillus melanura. ig tenuis. Gyps fulvus. Otogyps auricularis. Casarca rutila. Pelecanus crispus. 8 onocrotalus. Psammosaurus griseus. Gongylus ocellatus. Scincus vulgaris. Cerastes Hasselquistii. Naia hae. Coluber Cliffordii. Liryx jaculus. Of these, the Lioness, the Chetah, the Ibex and the Wild Hog were gifts to the Society from H.H. the Viceroy, in addition to the Hip- popotamus. As if to make the 25th a still more memorable day in the annals of the Menagerie, another collection arrived within an hour of that which has been thus briefly mentioned. Lord Harris, Governor of Trinidad, desirous of making the opportunities of his important station available for the advancement of science at home, transmitted under the care of a trustworthy agent, and as a gift to the Society, a box of skins, which will be exhibited at a future meeting, and some beautiful living animals, among which there have arrived remarkable examples of the following species :— 100 Lagothri« Humboldtii. Chiropotes satanas. Penelope pipile. as cristata. Boa constrictor. The imperfect knowledge which we possessof the zoology of Trinidad, and the proximity of that island to the Spanish Main, where so many interesting forms abound, render the support of Lord Harris a most valuable addition to the strength of the Society; and it is to be earnestly hoped that the liberal and unhesitating manner in which his Lordship, as well as the Governor of Singapore, have acceded to the applications which were made to them for assistance in promoting scientific objects, will be rivalled by the governors of our other colo- nies, who have necessarily effectual means of conferring the most im- portant aid towards the progress of zoological inquiry. The following papers were read :— 1. On SuHark Fisnine at KurracHee. In A LETTER FROM Dr. Buist, LL.D., F.R.S. erc., or Bompay, TO COLONEL Sykes. (CommunicatTeD By CoLoNeL Syxkes*.) There are thirteen large boats, with crews of twelve men each, constantly employed in the shark fishery at Kurrachee ; the value of the fins sent to market varying from 15,000 ‘ to 18,000 rupees, or 1000 to 1200 rupees for each boat, after allowing the Banian or factor his profit. One boat will sometimes capture at a draught as many as one hundred sharks of different sizes. The fishermen are very averse to revealing the amount of their cap- tures. Inquiries of this sort are supposed by them to be made exclusively for the pur- pose of taxation. The average capture of each boat probably amounts to about 3000, so as to give the whole sharks captured at not less than 40,000 a year. The Great Basking Shark, or Mhor, is always harpooned : it is found floating or asleep near the surface of the water; it is then stuck with a harpoon : dy ae ‘ Line, 600 fathoms. of the size and form indicated in the annexed Gangistates aire Iron shaft, 1 foot 6 inches. woodcut. Barb, 5 inches. The fish, once struck, is allowed to run ; till tired ; it is then pulled in, and beaten with clubs till stunned. A large hook is now hooked into its eyes or nostrils, or wherever it * Dr. Buist’s informant wrote from Kurrachee, in Scinde, to Dr. Buist in Bom- bay; who sent the analysis of the letter to Colonel Sykes; and Dr. Buist added the export of sharks’ fins from Bombay.—W. H. § ee 101 can be got most easily attached, and by this the shark is towed on shore ; several boats are requisite for towing. The Mhor is often 40, sometimes 60 feet in length; the mouth is occasionally 4 feet wide. All other varieties of shark are caught in nets, in somewhat like the way in which herrings are caught at home. The net is made of strong English whip-cord ; the meshes about six inches; they are generally 6 feet wide, and from 600 to 800 fathoms, or from three- quarters to nearly a mile, in length. On the one side are floats of wood about 4 feet in length, at intervals of 6 feet ; on the other, pieces of stone. The nets are sunk in deep water, from 80 to 150 feet, well out at sea. They are put in one day and taken out the next ; so that they are down two or three times a week, according to the state of the weather and success of the fishing. The lesser sharks are commonly found dead, the larger ones much exhausted. On being taken home, the back fins, the only ones used, are cut off, and dried on the sands in the sun; the flesh is cut off in long strips, and salted for food; the liver is taken out, and boiled down for oil; the head, bones and intestines left on the shore to rot, or thrown into the sea, where numberless little sharks are generally on the watch to eat up the remains of their kindred. The fishermen themselves are only concerned in the capture of the Sharks. So soon as they are landed, they are purchased up by Banians, on whose account all the other operations are performed. The Banians collect them in quantities, and transmit them to agents in Bombay, by whom they are sold for shipment to China.. Not only are the fins of all the ordinary varieties of Shark pre- pared for the market, but those of the Saw-fish, of the Cat-fish, and of some varieties of Ray or Skate: the latter indeed acquires almost the size, aspect, and the form of the shark. The Cat-fish, known here by the same name as at home, has a head very like that of its European congener, from which it differs in all other respects most remarkably. The skin is of a tawny yellowish-brown, shading from dark brown on the back to dirty yellow on the belly. It is beauti- fully covered all over with spots of the shape and size of those of the leopard, similarly arranged. The fishermen along these coasts are divided into four great castes, over each of which a head man or Jemadar presides: 1. Koolies ; 2. Bundarries; 3. Sarras; 4. One great Jemadar, or chief, rules supreme in the craft over all these fisher castes. Our informers at Kurrachee were a chief of one of the castes and his brother, two of the finest men I ever saw. They were 6 feet 3 inches each, pro- perly made, and muscular in proportion, hut not overgrown. They had brown beards, long black hair and bushy eyebrows, with fine white teeth, a singular openness of countenance and pleasingness of expression. They seemed greatly flattered by our inquiries, and most willing to give information on every pomt but one, that of the amount of sharks caught. They were quite delighted with the sketches I made of their boats and implements. 102 Sharks’ Fins exported from Bombay, chiefly to China, 1845-46. Weight, 8771 ewt. 50 lbs. Value, 182,316 rupees. The following are some of the entries of imports of sharks’ fins into Bombay in 1845-46 :— Weight. Value. ewts. lbs. rupees. African Coast ........ 104 28 2,118 Arabian Gulf.......... 1493 98 30,786 Malabar ........ PD 10,757 Cutch and Scinde...... 1149 98 25,076 AGEACHER. coche ccc sss cece 589 81 13,096 ICOTIKAM cs. coer tetas 692 44 14,118 2. DescRIPTION OF A NEW CRUSTACEAN. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S. erc. Cypripina Zeatanpica. (Annulosa, Pl. XVII.) The valves of the carapace are of an oval form, somewhat flattened, but convex in the centre, and concentrically striated. The striz are numerous, close-set, and of a waved appearance. The surface of the valves is covered with minute punctations, which probably give origin in the fresh state to short hairs, though they are not visible in the dried specimens. The anterior extremity is slightly narrower than the posterior. The whole carapace is of a uniform white colour. The natural size is about one-fourth of an inch in length and one- fifth of ani inch in breadth. Two specimens were sent to the British Museum by the Rev. R. Taylor of Waimati, New Zealand, along with a collection of marine and freshwater shells, but without any history attached to them. 3. CoNTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANATOMY OF THE TAPIR. By H. N. Turner, Jun. A young American Tapir having unfortunately died in the Society’s establishment, I have been enabled, through the kindness of Mr. Mitchell, to make some interesting observations on the structure of that animal; and I now propose to notice a few points, which I be- lieve to be hitherto unrecorded, calling attention at the same time to certain interesting resemblances, both external and internal, existing between this form and those to which the more philosophic principles of modern zoology have proved that it is most nearly allied. Per- haps I may be permitted to recall the fact, that it was through the preference formerly given to those accounts which assigned to the Tapir a complex stomach, that Cuvier was led to abandon that me- thod of subdividing the Ungulata, which Professor Owen has since shown to be the true one, and which, in the paper that I last had the honour to communicate, I have endeavoured still further to support. It is very possible that Cuvier, had no accounts of the anatomy of the Tapir been extant, might have followed up and established his original idea; for on external examination alone, characters fully suf- 103 ficient are presented to indicate the group to which it should be re- ferred. The fore-foot, although from its having four toes it is appa- rently an exception to the Perissodactyle type, yet shows at a glance that the medius is the digit on which the body most immediately rests, instead of its being supported equally upon that and the annu- laris, which is the constantly prevailing character in the even-toed division. In the Tapir the annularis shares with the index a second- rate part in the function of support ; and the little finger seems quite pushed aside, so that its presence is no more a true exception than is the absence of the corresponding toe in the hind-foot of the Peccary, where the even number is destroyed by being reduced to three. As in the other Perissodactyla, the Tapir has the prepuce short and wide, not reaching, as in the Artiodactyla, to the middle of the abdo- men; and the penis (which is described by Professor Owen) resem- bles that of the Horse in being short, thick, and truncated. Another interesting external resemblance to the Horse is the elevated crest upon the neck, remarked upon by naturalists for its greater develop- ment in this, the common species, as a point of distinction from that discovered by M. Roulin in the mountainous districts of their habitat. This appendage, which adds greatly, in our domestic animal, to his characteristic majesty of form, has precisely the same structure in the Tapir, presenting, when cut into, the same hard fibrous substance well interspersed with fat. With regard to the organs of digestion, I have scarcely anything to add to the observations already published. The small intestines in this specimen were about 12 yards long ; and the fine villi, which clothe their internal surface, were, in the duodenal portion, tipped with a dark pigment. The caecum was more than a foot long, and the fold of the colon 2 feet ; the caecum contained, like the stomach, large quantities of undigested food, while in the small intestines was little else but fluid chyle. The salivary organs, as usual in the Un- gulata, are very largely developed ; the parotids being of great extent, joining each other beneath, in front of the neck, and reaching up on each side to surround the base of the auricle. The molar glands, situated between the buccinator muscle and the mucous lining of the mouth, form a conglomerate mass, opening between two elevated ridges by a series of pores. The generative organs, internally as well as externally, present a general conformity to the type usual in the Perissodactyla ; but as the individual was young, it is perhaps as well to defer the publication of any details until they can be confirmed by the dissection of a fully- developed specimen. A remarkable anatomical character, which I find the Tapir to possess in common with the Horse, is the singular membranous sac communicating with the Eustachian tube*. It is placed beneath the ear, between the stylohyal bone and the base of the sphenoid, and is of an irregular form, being accommodated to the parts adjacent ; the tube itself runs as a groove along part of the upper surface of the sac, and opens into the posterior nares. * They are called “ guttural pouches” by veterinary anatomists. 104 Nasal bones and cartilages of the American Tapir. The dissection of the proboscis Fig. 1. has afforded some points of inter- = est. A brief description of its gene- p ral structure, derived only from the y dissection of a foetus, is given by ig Cuvier in the ‘Leconsd’Anatomie | Comparée,’ but some remarkable} details seem not as yet to have jf} been noticed. The deep notch on \\} each side of the base of the pro- \Vj jecting nasal bones, which forms \t so striking a characteristic in the skull, may be very readily, and probably always has been, pre- Z sumed to be intended for muscu- t FZ lar attachment ; but its real office is to lodge the posterior termina- , y tion of the lateral cartilage of the \ nose. These lateral cartilages, \ ] arising from that of the septum 4 immediately beneath the ossa nasi, / proceed outwards as usual, but the { edge curls inwards, forming one entire convolution, of which the outer part forms posteriorly a flat- tened tube with a blind extremity, ‘ j curved upwards, and its termina- ‘7’ tion lodged in the notch alluded § to. From the edge, which is of course concealed, a thickened l- near prominence is continued up- wards within the commencement of the blind tube, but, instead of following its curve, terminates in a rounded extremity. There is no trace whatever of the alar cartilages, the remainder of the proboscis being entirely of a soft substance. With the addition of the pair of Superior aspect. Fig. 2. Lateral aspect.—A portion of the outer wall of the cartilage cut away to show the internal convolution. 105 special levator muscles, noticed both by Cuvier and by Professor Owen, in the possession of which the Tapir again resembles the Horse, the muscles of this organ are arranged upon the usual type. Their fibres radiate from a point just before the eye, some running backwards to form the orbicularis palpebrarum ;' others spreading upwards to the top of the proboscis, forming the compressor nasi ; others proceeding downwards and forwards, to constitute the levator labii superioris alzeque nasi. The depressor of the proboscis, and the orbicularis oris, are well developed, the latter muscle being very thick, especially in the under lip. I have yet seen nothing to shake my opinion, that the structure of the larynx will one day become of great importance to the zoologist, although at present my opportunities have been far from sufficient to enable me to point out which peculiarities in its formation are truly characteristic of certain groups. In this case, therefore, I limit myself to the comparison of it with such as my collection possesses, namely with that of the Horse, as a near ally, and with those of the Peceary and the Sheep, as members of the other great Ungulate division. The os hyoides has the characters usual in the order ; its stylohyal pieces agree with those of the Horse in being very narrow at their junction with the lesser cornua, and gradually widening, the reverse being the case in the Peccary and the Sheep. The latter animal, however, like most ruminants, has an intermediate piece at the junc- tion of the stylohyal and the lesser cornu. The Tapir wants the sudden expansion of the upper end of the stylohyal, which is common in the Ungulata, and differs remarkably from the Horse in the small development of the true basihyal, and in the total absence of the strong epihyal process. The thyroid cartilage, however, agrees pre- cisely with that of the Horse in the great obliquity of its alz, in its median portion being much thickened above, and very deeply emar- ginated below ; the Peccary and the Sheep presenting the reverse of each of these characters. The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages do not present any essential points of difference; but in the Peccary the cricoid is very peculiar in having its anterior part drawn down, so as to encroach upon four of the tracheal rings, and deeply emarginated above. In the interior of the larynx the Tapir has the superior and inferior ligaments well-marked, though not very prominent ; the latter, or chordz vocales, are slight, but sharp, folds in the mucous membrane ; the former are thickened anteriorly. Just at the base of the epiglottis is a pair of arched openings, each leading into a small sinus, which extends upwards beneath the base of the epiglottis and inward thickening of the thyroid cartilage, and downwards in front of the anterior attachments of the superior ligaments. The Horse has, like the Tapir, a fossa excavated in the thickened upper part of the thyroid cartilage ; and it would appear from Cuvier’s remarks (who, however, had but a drawing to inspect), that the Rhinoceros has something similar. The Tapir entirely wants the lateral sacs observable in the Horse. The muscles of this organ are arranged as usual. The homologues of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles arise, as in some other 106 animals, from the first pair of ribs and their ‘cartilages ; the latter muscles are but narrow. There is no separate stylohyoideus, the digastricus giving some fibres to the os hyoides. The Tapir also pos- sesses the muscle whose fibres (to use the words of Cuvier) fill a por- tion of the interval of the two cornua of the same side. There is a double pair of thyro-arytenoid muscles, the upper being partly con- tinuous with the transverse arytenoid muscle, and forming a powerful constrictor of the glottis. The muscles of the limbs formed also a portion of my investiga- tions ; but to point out all their peculiarities would involve the repe- tition of many that are known to be common to the Ungulata. A peculiar muscle arises near the top of the scapula, and covering the supraspinatus, joins the complex muscle formed by the union of the cleidomastoideus with portions of the trapezius and deltoid, called by the French anatomists ‘muscle commun de la téte, de l’encolure, et du bras.”’ The levator scapulee and pectoralis minor are wanting, as in the Horse. The coracobrachialis is a long slender muscle, reaching nearly to the inner condyle of the humerus. The brachialis anticus arises from the whole of the rounded posterior side of the humerus, immediately below its head; it consequently embraces and twists round this bone, to proceed to its usual insertion. The anconeus seems to be wanting, or confounded with the triceps. In the fore- arm, we find the pronator teres represented by a small bundle of fibres closely adherent to a tendinous ligament, which extends from the inner condyle of the humerus all down the sharp edge of the radius. In the hand, the special muscles of the outer toe are all well-deve- loped. In the posterior extremity, the soleus is wanting, and the tibialis posticus is wanting also. The flexor longus pollicis is here, as in all the lower animals, the principal flexor of the toes, arising principally from the fibula, which is here well-developed, and receiving the small tendon of the flexor longus digitorum, after both have passed the ankle in their usual places. j All the organs were perfectly healthy, but the large veins were full of very dark blood, and considerable clots of fibrine were found, not only in the veins and heart, but even in the aorta.- Numerous bruises, received in its journey from Liverpool, disfigured the exterior of the animal, and probably assisted, with the unusual coldness of the weather, in causing its premature demise. 4, On THE Icuana or S™ Luctra, Metoroceros CORNUTUS oF WacuER. By Lieut. Tyuer, R.E. (Reptilia, Pl. III.) This species attains a length of five, and sometimes even of six feet, the tail being about twice and three-quarters the length of the body. When first hatched it measures four inches. The tail is thick at its commencement, and is so connected with the body that it becomes difficult to define precisely their respective limits. The fore and hind legs are thick and muscular, with five toes on each, armed with strong hooked talons, by any one of which the animal can support A SOHAOTONIHY VNVNDI 40 Taprey uNN we PG day’ oN ¥ PIOZ DTM TP’ PIT HD Ti eumdey g Z c01g Re ; : 4 : : 107 itself. Of the fore-legs the third and fourth toes are the longest ; and of the hind-legs the fourth toe is of an enormous length, and has five joints. Under the toes the scales form a double row of denticu- lations. The nostrils are large, oval, and not mobile, and above them are two horns, with five or six tuberculous excrescences between them and the nostrils, and surrounding the horns. The mouth is large, and armed with two rows of maxillary and two of palatal teeth, which appear simply to be intended to crop leaves and to provide the sto- mach with vegetable food. Each maxillary tooth is a little double- edged saw, and they are so lapped over each other that the reptile, in closing its mouth upon a leaf, cuts through it completely. The tongue is divided at the point, is very wide, and can be extended out of the mouth, although it is fastened to the interior of the lower jaw near its extremity. ‘The tongue is curiously used by the animal to draw food into the mouth, and to forward it down the gullet, or to repel it at will, and the only use of the palatal teeth appears to be to secure the food while the tongue moves forward to afford fresh assist- ance in its journey down the throat*. Between the lower jaw and the chest is a pouch, which the animal draws in or extends simulta- neously with the compression or swelling out of the body when en- raged or excited. The portion of the gular pouch attached to the jaw is inflatable, and food is sometimes retained im it for a consider- able period, but the lower part is merely extensible. On the anterior part of this pouch or dewlap, and immediately below the jaw, are from five to seven denticulations similar in substance and colour to the dorsal crest, but not so long. This crest or mane commences behind the head, with three or four excrescences of different sizes, then suddenly becomes, in larger Igua- nas, an inch and a half or two inches in Jength, and runs uninter- ruptedly down the back and tail, gradually diminishing, excepting above the commencement of the tail, where a slight increase again takes place, until, at the extremity of the tail, it is undistinguishable. The dorsal crest consists of about fifty protuberances, and the caudal crest of about 218, each of the latter becoming gradually harder as they decrease in height, and so altering their shape as to resemble, down the greater part of the tail, the edge of a saw. The ear is covered by a thin scale, which gives to the touch, but does not seem sensitive. There is no external opening, nor does the sense of hearing appear to be very acute or much used by the animal, who trusts more to the eye to discover both his food and his enemies. The eye is bright. and prominent, and is protected by an inner cuticle as well as the lower eyelid; the upper lid not moving to aid in covering it, but only when the direction of sight is altered in a perpendicular direction. There are soft brows over the eyes of a spherical shape, and projecting above the remainder of the upper part of the head. The general colour is bright green in the young and dirty grey in the old Iguanas, with about six black streaks across the body and * The tongue is always covered by a glutinous secretion, which is perceptibly appended to the jaws when the mouth is open. 108 fifteen across the tail, each streak being darker towards the head, and gradually shaded off towards the tail. These streaks extend over the dorsal and caudal crests, which partake entirely of the variegations of the body in the younger, but, in the older individuals, are tipped with red and yellowish brown at their bases and extremities. These black streaks do not unite under the belly or under the anterior part of the tail, but towards the extremity of the tail they gradually elon- gate and become more dull, encircling the tail, and at last becoming hardly discernible, mixing with the green or grey into one dull tint. The dewlap, as well as the folding skin in front of the shoulder, connected with it, is interspersed with black and yellowish brown, of which colours the denticulations of the dewlap also partake. The upper part of the head is of a darker and richer green in the young, fading as the animal advances in years, and becomes weather-beaten, as is the case with the human species, and with all animal and vege- table life. The whole of the under part of the body is of a lighter colour in both old and young. The female has a more delicate colour and general appearance than the male. Whilst always retaiming the same colours, this Iguana has the power of considerably changing his hues, but these changes are gradually performed. The colours become more dull as the period of the change of skin approaches, which is not, however, frequent. Each scale has its own tint, and the colours being thus irregularly blended, an appearance is given, particularly to the younger reptiles, very much hike that of worsted-work. The colour of the eye is dark brown, the pupil being surrounded by a golden rim. Every part of this curious reptile is covered with scales, and these are of every variety of shape and size. Those on the top of the head are large, smooth, and unequal; between them and the mouth runs a row of smaller scales, while the mouth itself is surrounded, both in the upper and lower jaw, by large scales terminated at the extremity between the nostrils, by one large brownish and softer seale in the upper jaw, and a similar though smaller scale meeting it in the lower jaw. From this latter, and below those immediately surrounding the mouth, is a range of scales or rather plates, each larger than its pre- decessor, terminated on either side by a very large plate under the auricle. Below this row of scales is the gular pouch (Fanon) covered by small, smooth scales. The eye is protected above by small, smooth, unequal scales, which also form part of the covering of the top of the head. The scales of the lower eyelid are peculiarly small and deli- cate ; and a row of semispherical scales, resembling somewhat a string of small pearls on each lid, surrounds the eye. At the back of the head the scales become tuberculous, and a few on each side of the neck assume a pyramidal or rather a conical form. The scales of the neck and back are almost circular, but nearer the tail they become rhomboidal and carinated, their posterior points elongating, and their centres projecting more and more, both above and below, as they reach the extremity of the tail, so as to give it the form of a many-edged saw, the most severe edge being that presented by the caudal crest. The scales above the fore-legs are equal, carinated, and imbricated, 109 assuming, at the foot and along the toes, a convex and smooth ap- pearance. Under the fore-legs they are smaller, and peculiarly so at the joints and under the feet; the most delicate, however, are those under the leg, and connecting it with the body. The hind-legs are similarly clothed to the fore-legs, excepting that they are provided with a single row of femoral pores, fourteen or fifteen in number, and which increase in size with the growth of the reptile. These pores are large and fully developed in the male, but small and sometimes even hardly perceptible in the female. The scales of the belly are very different from those of the back, being larger, equal, and carinated, although generally worn almost smooth in the old individuals. They are divided by a distinct line from the termination of the dewlap to the vent. The Iguanas live principally in trees, and near the windward coast of the island. They are not much seen excepting in the months of February, March, and April, when they quit their hiding-places, and repair to the sea-shore or other sandy places to lay their eggs in the sand. The older females lay a great number of eggs; I have known an instance of one in confinement laying five in one day ; and thirty- two, within the space of ten minutes, five days afterwards, making thirty-seven in all. I have taken the eggs from the bellies of small females in less numbers, such as eight, fourteen, and seventeen. They are not found in successive stages of advancement as in the hen, the tortoise, and many other animals, but all of the same size, and arrived at the same degree of maturity. Nor are the eggs always disposed, as I have seen it stated, in two rows, one on each side of the belly of the female. When very small, they are arranged in a long irregular cluster, closely packed together, and they seem to retain the same relative position as they increase in size. The eggs are very liable to destruction from ants, which fact probably accounts for their being usually deposited in sea sand. They are also hunted for and eaten by the Pilori (Mus pilorides), or “Rat Musqué,” and by a bird called the “Trembler.” They are soft and without any white, and their shell resembles the most beautiful kid used for French gloves, of a very light straw-colour. They are about the size of those of a pigeon, but rather longer; they vary however in dimensions, accord- ing to the age and size of the Iguana. This Iguana is not averse to water, when not too cold, taking to it only when the sun is shining ; in fact, not moving about much at any other time. Its mode of swimming differs from that of other lizards, inasmuch as it places its four legs close by the side of its body, and swims entirely with its tail. It dives with great facility, and remains sometimes for a considerable time under water. I believe that the Iguana never ventures into the sea. The tail is a very valuable limb ; for besides being the sole means of swimming possessed by the ani- mal, it is‘of great use in climbing trees, although not prehensile ; and it is a most important weapon of defence, a blow from it being fre- quently sufficient to inflict a severe wound. In fact, this reptile is rather formidable when brought to bay in the woods. It is hunted 110 by the natives with dogs trained for the purpose. The dog imme- diately upon scenting it gives tongue, and if on the ground, the dog seizes it by the back, and either kills it or maims it, which makes its capture easy ; if ina tree, the Iguana is either shaken down, a matter ordinarily of no small difficulty, or the branch is cut off. It is almost useless to attempt to find these reptiles without dogs, as the resem- blance of their, colour to that of the trees they inhabit prevents them from being easily seen. Few dogs but those accustomed to the sport will touch them, as, in addition to the blows which they inflict with their tails, they bite and scratch furiously ; and when once they lay hold of anything with their teeth, they can only be made to let go by an inducement to bite, some other attractive object being offered to them. They run into holes when chased, if an opportunity offers, and when their eyes are hidden from view, they fancy that their whole body is safely covered. The flesh, particularly of the female, is a great delicacy ; it is cooked in various ways, sometimes in a fricassee, with the eggs whole, sometimes roasted or stewed. The eggs have a very glutinous taste. The flesh is said to disagree with some con- stitutions, although it does not, I believe, as has been asserted, dis- agree peculiarly with those persons who have been affected with vene- real diseases. This Iguana is said by some of the natives to eat lizards and in- sects, but I have opened several, and I have never succeeded in find- ing any but vegetable matter in the stomach, sometimes, however, covered with imumerable small worms, the eggs of which must doubtless have been swallowed with the leaves, fruit, or bark of trees, upon which, I conceive, it feeds entirely. Unless caught young, it is very difficult to induce these reptiles to feed in confinement, and particularly when watched. Their dispo- sition is sulky and savage, and I have known some of them die in confinement from starvation rather than feed. This has caused me to try the following plan, which I find very successful, of affording them nourishment. I hold them by the lower part of the body with one hand, and with the other I irritate them, until they open their mouths and attempt to bite, when I insert food; and by annoying them in this way, I have not only made them eat their natural food, but I have killed some of them by forcing them to eat corn, and leaves which appear to have disagreed with them. This Iguana has a small rounded heart, reddish lungs, an oblong gall-bladder, a large dark-coloured flat liver, and a white, and very ex- tensible oblong stomach. 111 June 11, 1850. W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. SyNopsiIs OF THE SPECIES OF ANTELOPES AND STREPSICERES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. etc. (Mammalia, Pl. XX.) The genera in this Synopsis are arranged after the plan, first sug- gested in a paper on the genera of the Hollow-horned Ruminants (Bovide) in the ‘ Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ xviil. 227. ANTELOPES. The Antelopes contain a large number of species separated into several genera, which may be arranged in the following sections :— I. The ANTELOPES OF THE FiELps have a tapering nose, with the nostrils bald within. 1. The True Antelopes are light-bodied and limbed, and small- hoofed, with a short or moderate tail covered with elongated hair to the base ; horns lyrate or conical. 2. The Cervine Antelopes are large-sized, rather heavy-bodied and large-hoofed, and have an elongated tail with short hair at the base and tufted at the end; horns lyrate or conical. (See p. 128.) 3. The Caprine Antelopes are heavy-bodied and limbed, and large- hoofed, with a very short, depressed tail covered with hair to the base; horns conical. (See p. 135.) II. The ANTELOPES OF THE SANDY Deserts have a broad nose, and the nostrils lined with bristles within. 4. The Equine Antelopes have the nose very broad, soft, spongy, and bristly. (See p. 138.) 5. The Bovine Antelopes have the nose moderately broad, with a black, moist muffle. (See p. 139.) I. The ANTELOPEs OF THE FriELDs. Nose tapering, the nostrils bald within, close together in front and diverging behind. 1. The True AnTELopes. Body moderate-sized, elegant; legs slender ; tail moderately elongate, hairy ; horns placed over the eye- brows. 112 a. Horns lyrate (or rarely cylindrical, subspiral\, strongly ringed at the base; nose ovine, without any naked muffle ; deep in- guinal pouches ; and tear-bag generally well-developed. 1. Sarea. Horns short, strong, annulated, lyrate, white; nose very high, compressed, rounded ; nostrils very close together ; tear-bag distinct ; fur soft. 1. Sarga Tatarica. The Couus or Saica. Pale yellowish, crown and back greyish washed ; belly and anal region beneath the tail white; young, crown greyer. Capra Tatarica, Linn. 8. N. 97.—Antilope Saiga, Pallas.—Ibex imberbis, Gmelin.—Antilope Colus, H. Smith.—Colus Strabonis, Gesner.—Colus Tartarica, Wagner.—Cervicapra, sp. Blainv.—Saiga tatarica, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 3. Inhabits Siberia. Cab. Brit. Mus. 2. Kemas. Horns elongated, rather lyrate ; nose with a dilated pouch on each side; tear-bag distinct? hair close, erect, spreading ; nose-hole of skull very large ; females hornless. 1. Kemas Hopcsonu. The Currv. Pale brown; chest, belly and inside of the limbs white; front of face and front of legs blackish. Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel—A. Kemas, H. Smith (not horns, t. 181. f. 6).—A. Chiru, Lesson.—Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray, Knows- ley Menag. 3. Inhabits Thibet. Cab. Brit. Mus. 3. Gazeta, H. Smith. Horns strong, lyrate, black ; face tapering ; nose simple ; tear-bag distinct ; fur short, close-pressed. Females with smaller horns ; teats four. * Knees with tufts ; back and rump brown, vent white. + Lower part of side with a dark oblique streak ; feet with a tuft of black hair beneath. 1. Gazetxa Dorcas. The GAzeL_e. Fur rather elongate and harsh, grey brown; outside of fore legs, broad oblique streak along the side, edge of anal dise, front of face and face-streak, dark brown ; face-streak, throat, chest, belly, inside of thigh and anal dise, white ; tuft at under side of feet and end of tail black ; knee-tufts blackish ; young, back and side-streak rather paler. Capra Dorcas, Linn.— Antilope Dorcas, Pallas ; Licht. 3. t. 5.— A. Gazella, Pallas. —Gazella Kevella, H. Smith, 2? .—G. Corinna, H. Smith, 2 .— Gazelle, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 22-25. ¢ .—Kevel, Buf- fon, H. N. xii. t. 26. ¢. not F. Cuvier.—Corinne, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 27.9. t. 30 (not F. Cuvier); Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. .—Kevel gris, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3.—Antilope Cora, H. Smith.— il 113 A. Arabica, Hemprich and Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 5 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 6.—A. Cuvieri, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 35; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t. Var. Nose with a dark spot or streak. Var. Larger, legs thicker. Gazella Dorcas, var. Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3. Inhabits N. Africa; shore of Red Sea; Mogador (Wilishire). The Earl of Derby has specimens which he calls Gazella vera, figured Knowsley Menag. t. 3; they are rather larger, greyer, and the legs are much thicker and heavier than the specimens from the shore of the Red Sea. The fur is similar, but not quite so long on the under side of the neck. The Kevel gris (F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith.) well represents this variety. The A. Cuvieri of Ogilby, from Morocco, is a much larger animal than the common G. Dorcas, but agrees with it in other characters, except, it is said, in having longer ears. M. F. Cuvier (Mam. Lithog. vii. t. 8. 9 .) has figured and described an Antelope from Sennaar under the name 4. leptoceros, which he says is very like 4. Dorcas, but has larger horns, those of the males being twice and of the females half as long again as the head. The horns vary greatly in length in our specimens. tt Upper part of sides with a pale streak. 2. Gazetva Isapetta. The IsaBeLya GAZELLE. Fur short, very soft ; pale yellowish brown, with a broad, rather paler oblique streak on the upper part of the side; knee-tufts, front of face and lower face-streak, darker yellow brown ; upper face-streak, chest, back edge of tarsus, under side of feet, inside of limbs, helly and vent, white ; tail black. Female, horns very slender, longer than the head. Young, paler, the lower part of the sides rather darker. Gazella Isabella, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846.— Anti- lope Iridis (Die Iris Antelope), Licht.—A. Dorcas, Licht. Darstell. t. 5.—A. Dorcas, var. a. Sundevall. Inhabits N. Africa ; Egypt (J. Burton, Esq.), Kordofan (Sundev.). This species is easily known from the foregoing by the softness and fineness of the fur, and the lower side-streak being of the same colour as the back, and from it and the following by having no dark edge to the anal disc. 3. GAZELLA suBGUTTUROSA. The JAIRON. Pale brown ; upper part of sides with a broad, rather paler streak ; crown and knee-tufts greyer ; face-streak indistinct ; nose, lower part of sides, belly, hinder side of fore and front side of hinder limbs and anal dise white ; streak on haunches dark brown ; end of tail blackish. Antilope subgutturosa, Guldenst.; Pallas; H. Smith, Griff. A. K. t. 183. f. 5, horns.—Capra Ahu, Keemp.—A. Dorcas, var. persica, Riippell.— Gazella subgutturosa, Gray, K. Men. 4. Inhabits Tartary, Armenia and North Persia. Cab. Brit. Mus. Larger than the Chikara. No. CCVIII.—Proceepineés or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society, 114 *k* Knees with tufts ; rump mark and throat-spots white : no dark side-streak ; tail slender, compressed, only hairy above (Dama, Bennett). 4. GAazELLA SOEMMERINGII. The AByssInrIAN Mour. Pale brown; nose, forehead and lower edge of face-streak and end of tail blackish; chest and belly, angular mark on rump above the tail, face-streak and spot on the throat white; limbs pale. Female, forehead paler in the centre. Antilope Soemmeringii, Cretzchm. in Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 19 g. — Gazella Soemmeringii, Gray, K. M. 5. ‘ Inhabits Lower Abyssinia; Sennaar. Brit. Mus. 5. GAzELLA Mour. The Mour. Bay ; chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and inside of limbs and angular spot on rump above the tail white; spot on side of face and end of tail black. Antilope Mohr, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. 8; Knight, M.A.N.f. .—d. Dama, var. occidentalis, Sundevall.—Gazella Morr, Gray, K. M. 5. Inhabits Morocco. Mus. Zool. Soc. Portendic. There called Seni-ci (Mr. Whitfield). Mus. Brit. The specimen in the Frankfort Museum, which was received from the Zoological Society, is one-third smaller than the Andra. It is brown, rump mark, lower part of the sides, belly, inside and edge of legs white, face iron-grey with longer hair at the base of the horns; horns large, thick, the face-streak indistinct from the pale colour of the head. There is a fine specimen of this species living at Knowsley, and a female which died on the passage in the British Museum. 6. GazeLua Dama. The NANGEvR. Bay ; chin, spot on throat, belly, lower part of sides and hinder part of the back, inside of the limbs white; no spot on side of the face. Antilope Dama, Pallas.—Gazella Dama, Gray, K. M. 5.—A. ru- bra, Afzelius.—Nangeur, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. t. 34. Inhabits W. Africa; Senegal. Not seen since Buffon’s time; may be a bad figure of the former. 7. GAZELLA RUFICOLLIS. The ANDRA. Whitish ; neck and front part of the middle of the back reddish ; no face-streak. Antilope ruficollis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 205.—A. Andra, Ben- nett.—d. Dama, Licht. Saugth. t.3, 4; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 14, 16; Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. t. 6.— 197 Rivutrna is proposed provisionally. The general outline and oper- culum are those of the Patup1na. Inold specimens the peritreme of the mouth is continuous, but there is only a slight depression behind the columella in place of an umbilicus. The upper whorls are occa- sionally faintly lined or spotted with brown. Meant PAGODA. M. testd spinosd, turritd, costatd, transversim striata, tenui, diaphand, corned, maculis badiis minutis linearibus ; spird elongatd, subovatd, acuminatd, scalariformi; suturd lineari; anfractibus decem, superne angulatis et subconcavis, angulo spinu- losis ; costulis obliquis longitudinalibus, inferné obsoletis, superneé in spinulas aut denticula eversa productis, in anfractibus superio- ribus crebrissimis et magnis, inferioribus minoribus rarioribusque ; striis transversis, parvis, crebris, alternantibus, maculatis, lineolis longitudinalibus decussatis ; anfractu ultimo usque ad basim striato ; aperturd ovatd, superné acutd, inferne effusda. Haé. Isle of Guimaras, Philippines. Length 1:4, diam. °6 of an inch. Remarks.—A beautiful little species, with irregular spines, very strongly marked-on the upper whorls, but which sometimes diminish to denticulations on the lower. It can be mistaken for none of its congeners, except perhaps the M. cochlea. 3. DESCRIPTION OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ANODONT#, COL- LECTED BY H. Cumine, Ese. 1n THE East Inpies. By Isaac Lea. Anoponta GrAciLis. A. testd latd, subcylindraced, inequila- terali; valvulis tenuibus; natibus subprominentibus ; epider- mide luted ; margaritd vel alba vel purpurea. Hab. Dingle, Isle of Panay. _ Diam. 1; length 1:7; breadth 3-4 inches. Remarks.—This species is more cylindrical than is usual with the Anodonte, and differs from the other species taken by Mr. Cuming in this character: it is rounded anteriorly, and is subangular pos- teriorly. The dorsal margin is nearly straight, the basal margin is slightly emarginate, the dise being disposed to be flattish. In the specimens under examination, the beaks are all more or less eroded, but in the youngest there are slight indications of undulations. The liga- ment is thin and long; the marks of growth are distant and rather dark, and the epidermis in the young is yellow or greenish, in the older it is darker and brown; the anterior cicatrices are distinct ; the dorsal small, and placed in the cavity of the beaks. The five species herein described are remarkable in the character of the dorsal line, which rises immediately under the margin into a dentoid line, somewhat lamellar, and approaching in its character the more distinct tooth of the genus Dipsas (Leach). In the younger specimens this is much more distinctly marked, and in the older it becomes obsolete. This group of Anodonte, having this dentoid character, would seem to form a natural connexion on one side with 198 the genus Dipsas, and on the other with the genus Unio, connecting with U. Bengalensis, brought by Dr. Burrough from India, and described by me in the ‘Trans. Am. Phil. Soe.’ vol. vi. pl. 2. fig. 3. This peculiar form of tooth, if it may so be called, is peculiar to that part of the world, so far as my observation extends; for among the numerous species examined by me from Europe, Africa and America, South as well as North, I have never met with this character deve- loped as in those alluded to above. ANODONTA CREPERA. A. testd ellipticd, subcompressd, inequi- laterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epider- mide tenebroso-fuscd ; margarité vel albd vel purpured. Hab. Bongabon, Luzon, Philippines. Diam. 1:1; length 1:8; breadth 3°3 inches. Remarks.—Five of the six specimens under examination are purple, the sixth whitish. The outline is nearly oval. One of the specimens is obtusely biangular posteriorly ; the substance of the shell is slightly thickened anteriorly ; the beaks are too much eroded to observe any undulations ; the ligament is rather short and thin ; anterior cica- trices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices small, and placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks. The species is closely allied to 4. tenuis, but is not quite so thin and is more transverse. Three specimens of the young have a well-defined anterior lamellar tooth and a distinct pos- terior raised line, which in the left valve is slightly divided. This is so marked in these young specimens, that one would scarcely hesitate to place them among the Uniones if we had not the adult, which have scarcely a vestige of the elevation on the dorsal line. ANoponTA TENUIS. A. testd ellipticd, compressa, inequilate- rali; valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epider- mide tenebroso-fuscd. Hab, Sual, Luzon, Philippines. Diam. 1; length 1:7; breadth 3 inches. Remarks.—This is very closely allied to An. crepera herein de- scribed, and may, perhaps, when more specimens of the old and young of both species are compared, prove only to be a variety. The spe- cimens before me, however, differ in the tenuis being rather thinner and less elliptical, the outline inclining to oblong. The existence of teeth in the young, and the rudiments on the dorsal line in the adult, are very similar to the erepera. Of the four specimens before me, two have the nacre purple and two white. The beaks are too much eroded to observe any marks of undulations. The ligament is rather long and thin. Anterior cicatrices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices small, and placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks. Anoponta suscrassa. A, testd oblongd, subinflatd, subequi- laterali ; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus prominentibus undula- tisque ; epidermide luteo-fuscd ; margaritd albidd, colore sal- monis tinctd et iridescente. Hab. Vaguna de Bai, Luzon, Philippines.- Diam. 1:2; length 1°7 ; breadth 2-9 inches. 199 Remarks.—It is rare to meet with an Anodonta of the thickness of this species, but it still is not so ponderous as the arewata, Fer., or as lato-marginata (Nobis). It cannot be confounded with either of these species, not being arcuate, and not having compressed beaks like the former, and being oblong and thinner than the latter, as well as also being destitute of the broad margin. The substance of the shell is slightly thickened anteriorly, and the basal margin is emarginate ; the beaks are submedial, and when perfect are beautifully ornate with numerous small folds which form an acute angle from the point of the beaks, nearly parallel to the line of the umbonal slope; the ligament is short and rather thick ; anterior cicatrices distinct; dorsal cicatrices large, and placed in the cavity of the beaks. The colour of a single young specimen before me is salmon inclining to purple, and the adults have the cavity of the beaks tinted in this manner. In the young specimen the lamellar line on the dorsal margin is very well defined, in the adults this character is nearly obliterated. Anoponta Cuminest. 4. testd ellipticd, compressa, nequilate- vali; valvulis subcrassis; natibus vix prominentibus; epidermide atro-fused ; margaritd albd et iridescente. Hab. Malacca. Diam. 1; length 1:9; breadth 3 inches. Remarks.—This is an interesting species, and remarkable in the form of the dorsal line, which is thickened and raised immediately under the beak, where it is slightly imeurved. This disposition to form a curve tooth reminds us of that group of Naiades which M. D’Orbigny discovered in the rivers of South America, and which comprise his genus Monocondylea. In fact, this species forms a perfect link between the Anodonte and his genus, and it is allied very closely to that species of this group which I described in the ‘ Trans. of the Am. Phil. Soc.’ vol. viii. pl. 18. fig. 39, under the name of Margaratina Vonderbuschiana, from Java. The form of the tooth of the M. Bonellii also approaches to these. The anterior margin of the Cumingii is rounded, the posterior is somewhat biangular ; the anterior cicatrices confluent ; the dorsal ciecatrices form a line across the cavity of the beaks. In all the four specimens under examination, the beaks are too much éroded to observe any undulations. An un- usually dark line marks the course of the pallial impression. 4. Nore on TraGetaruus Aneasir. By Mr. Provuproor. The skins which I exhibit to the Society are those of an old ram and of a young female Antelope, which I shot on the banks of the Mapoota River, about sixty miles above its embouchure into Delagoa Bay. This river flows through the country of Mankazina, king of the Mathlengas (or Cutfaces), which people call this animal Inyala. It is also found on another river called Umcoozi, running into St. Lucie Bay in the territory of Umpanda, king of the Zoolu, but very rarely. On the Mapoota the Inyala are more numerous, and occur in small troops, composed of one ram and four or five females with their young. 200 They are always found in the densest bush: they browse chiefly on shrubs, and resemble the Bush-buck in their general habits. The average height of an adult male is within a third of an adult Koodoo, and very much above that of a Bush-buck. The female has no horns, resembles a female Koodoo in form, and is rather smaller in size. July 23, 1850. W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. ON NEW SPECIES OF Birps FROM AUSTRALIA. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S., F.Z.S. etc. On the present occasion I propose to characterize seven more of the novelties sent home by Mr. MacGillivray, Naturalist to H.M.S. ‘Rattlesnake.’ Vide Proceedings, 1849, p. 109. TANYSIPTERA SYLVIA. Bill and feet sealing-wax red; crown of the head, wings, and five lateral tail-feathers on each side blue; ear-coverts, back of the neck and mantle black; in the centre of the latter a triangular mark of white ; rump and two middle tail-feathers pure white ; all the under surface cinnamon-red. Total length, 15 inches; bill, 11; wing, 35; lateral tail-feathers, 3; middle tail-feathers, 91; tarsi, 1. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—About the size of T. Dea. Fine specimens are con- tained in the British Museum collection. Hatcyon (Syma?) FLAVIROSTRIS. Bill fine yellow, passing into brown at the tip; crown of the head, back of the neck, ear-coverts and flanks cimnamon-red; at the back of the neck a narrow, broken collar of black ; throat and lower part of the abdomen tawny white; back and wings sordid green; rump and tail greenish blue. Total length, 7 inches; bill, 12; wing, 3; tail, 21; tarsi, 1. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—Smaller, but nearly allied to the Syma Tirotoro of M. Lesson. Some specimens have the crown of the head black. Fine specimens are contained in the collection at the British Museum. DRYMODES SUPERCILIARIS. Lores white ; immediately above and below the eye a black mark, forming a conspicuous moustache ; crown of the head and upper sur- face reddish brown, passing into chestnut-red on the rump and six middle tail-feathers ; remainder of the tail-feathers black, tipped with white ; wings black, with the base of the primaries and the tips of the coverts white, forming two bands across the wing; throat and 201 centre of the abdomen fawn-white; chest and flanks washed with tawny ; bill black; legs fleshy brown. Total length, 81 inches; bill, 4; wing, 33; tail, 4; tarsi, 14. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—About the size of D. brunneopygia. Fine specimens in the British Museum collection. CARPOPHAGA ASSIMILIS. Head, throat and ear-coverts grey; all the upper surface, wings and tail golden green ; wing-coverts with a spot of rich yellow at the tip, forming an oblique band across the shoulder ; line down the centre of the throat, chest and abdomen rich purple; under wing-coverts, vent, thighs and under tail-coverts rich orange-yellow ; basal portion of the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries purplish cinnamon. Total length, 14 inches; bill, 1; wing, 7; tail, 6; tarsi, 2. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—Very similar to C. magnifica, but considerably less in all its admeasurements. Specimens in the British Museum. CHLAMYDERA CERVINIVENTRIS. Upper surface brown, each feather narrowly margined, and marked at the tip with buffy white ; throat striated with greyish brown and buff; under surface of the shoulder, abdomen, thighs and under tail- coverts light pure fawn colour. Total length, 114 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 53; tail, 5; tarsi, 1. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—Intermediate in size between C. nuchalis and C. macu- lata, and distinguished from both by the fine fawn colouring of the under surface. A specimen in the British Museum of the male, appa- rently somewhat immature. NEcTARINIA AUSTRALIS. Crown of the head and upper surface olive-green ; over and under the eye two very indistinct marks of yellow; throat and chest steel- blue; remainder of the under surface fine yellow ; bill and feet black. Total length, 43 inches ; bill, 7; wing, 24; tail, 13; tarsi, 5. Hab. Eastern coast of Australia. Remark.—Differs from N. frenata in its larger size, in its straighter bill, and in the stripe of yellow over the eye being almost obsolete. Specimens in the British Museum. MonarRCHA LEUCOTIS. Crown of the head, back of the neck, back, primaries and six middle tail-feathers black ; the three lateral tail-feathers on each side black with white tips; lores, a broad mark over the eye, ear-coverts, sides of the neck, scapularies and upper tail-coverts white ; throat white, bounded below with black, the feathers lengthened and protuberant ; chest and abdomen light grey ; bill and feet lead-colour. Total length, 53 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 22; tail, 23; tarsi, $. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—About the size of M. trivirgata. Specimens in the British Museum. 202 2. A Monocrapn or MacrocuisMaA, A GENUS OF GaAsTEROPO- pous MoLLuUscA BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FissuRrEL- Lip&. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.LS. Macrocuisma, Swainson. Animal? Shell elongated, clypeiform, radiately ribbed, extremities elevated ; foramen very large, elongated, placed near the hind part, with a groove posteriorly ; the hind margin sinuated. 1. Macrocuisma Maxima, A. Adams. M. testd oblongd, costis parum elevatis subrugosis, striisgue concentricis obsoletis ornaté, Susco radiatim maculatd, dorso elevatd, lateribus planutatis, extremitate anticd rotundatd; posticd elevatd, subtruncatd ; oramen dilatatum, posticé excavatum. Hab 2 “ ab. -——? 2. Macrocuisma pizatata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim eostatd, rubra, albo variegatd, utrinque rotundatd, lateribus dilatatis ; foramen oblongum, in medio angustatum. Hab. 2 3. MacrocuHIsMA HIATULA, Swainson, Manual of Malacology, . 356. Spaeaseais macrochisma, Sow. M. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim costellatd, fuscd, subdepressa, lateribus concavis, utrinque rotundatd ; foramen magnum, ob- longum, postice dilatatum, extremitate postied valde elevatd ; margine vie sinuato. Hab. 2 4. Macrocuisma compressa, A. Adams. WM. testd angusté oblongd, albidd, roseo radiatim pictd, costellis granulosis striis- gue concentricis decussatd, utringue rotundatd, dorso convexd, lateribus compressis, in medio inflexis, extremitate posticd valde elevatd ; foramen magnum, lanceolatum, postiee dilatatum. Hab. -——? 5. MacrocHIsMA MEGATREMA, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-ob- longd, albidd, roseo radiatim pictd, costellis rugosis striisque concentricis sculptd, dorso subelevatd, lateribus planulatis ; JSoramen ovato-lanceolatum, permagnum. Hab. 2 6. Macrocuisma cusprpata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-ob- longd, antice angustatd, productd, acuminata, posticé elevatd, rotundatd, margine valde undulatd, fuseatd, annulis fuscis con- centricis ornatd, lineis elevatis et concentricis cancellatd, circa foramen pallidd, extremitate posticd valde elevatd; foramen magnum, cuspidatum, postice dilatatum. Hab. Cagayan, in insulis Philippinis; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) 7. MacrocuismMa propucra, A. Adams. M. testd angusto- 203 oblonga, dorso elevatd, convexd, albidd, fusco pallide variegatd, lineis elevatis striisque concentricis obsolete decussatd, antice angustd, productd, lateribus planulatis, extremitate posticd ro- tundatd, elevatd ; margine valde sinuatd ; foramen perlongum, triangulare, posticé dilatatum. Hab. in littoribus Australie. (Mus. Cuming.) 8. Macrocuisma AncustaTa, A. Adams. UM. testd angustié, oblongd, dorso elevatd, utrinque rotundatd, albidd, lineis fuscis maculisque rufo-fuscis pictd et tessellatd, costellis obtusis sub- rugosis, lineisque depressis, coneentricis, subdistantibus, sculptd, extremitate posticd elevatd, margine sinuato; foramen mag- num, elongatum, subtriangulare, postice dilatatum, excava- tum. Hab. ? 3. A MonocrapH or Moputus, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS Mottusca, oF THE FAMILY LitrorINIDZ. By ARTHUR Apams, R.N., F.L.S. Moputvs, Gray. Animal with the head proboscidiform, the tentacles tapering, with the eyes near their distal ends. Foot small, the sides simple, without lobes or filaments. Operculum thin, horny, orbicular, paucispiral. Shell globose or conical, whorls nodulous ; aperture round, or qua- drangular, not pearly within ; columella anteriorly with a prominent lamelliform tooth ; umbilicus more or less open. Modulus, Gray.—Turbo, sp. Adanson—Monodonta, sp. Lamek.— Monodonta, Swains.—Morulus, Reeve. The aperture of the shell not being pearly within, and the animal being destitute of eye-peduncles, head- and foot-lobes or filaments, at once distinguishes this genus from Monodonta, and removes it from the family Trochide. 1. Mopvutus Lenticuaris, Chemnitz. Trochus lenticularis, Chem. Conch. 5. t. 171. f. 1665. Trochus modulus, Linn. Gmel. Hab. Mexico. (Mus. Cuming.) 2. Moputus Tectum, Gmel. Trochus tectum, Gmel. p. 3569. no. 16. Monodonta retusa, Lamek. Encyclop. Hab. Siquejar, Philippines; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) 3. Moputus carcHepDonicus, Lamck. Monodonta carchedonicus, Lamck. Hist. An.s.Vert. tom.vii. p. 33; Chem. Conch. 10. t. 165. f. 1583, 1584. Monodonta Sayii, Nuttall. Hab. Atooi, California; Nuttall. (Mus. Cuming.) 204 4. Mopvutuvs crparis, Reeve. Morulus cidaris, Reeve, Elements of Conch. p. 141. pl. 13. f. 63. Hab. St. Estivan; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) 5. Moputvus ceropes, A. Adams. WM. testd turbinatd, umbili- catd, albidd, fusco sparsim inquinatd, levigatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, supra planulatis, in medio cinguld bituberculatd, inferne cingulis nodulosis ornatis; aperturd rotunda; labio purpureo tincto, labro intus levigato ; umbilico profundo, callo columellari subobtecto. Hab. ad Fretum Mosambicum. (Mus. Cuming.) 6. Mopuuus pupticatus, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-conicd, umbilicatd, cerulescenti, fusco variegatd, spird prominuld, acuta; anfractibus planulatis, transversim sulcatis, ad peripheriam cingulis duabus tuberculorum compressorum ornatis, tuberculis rufo-fusco maculatis, infimd fascid convexd, concentricé sulcatd ; apertura intus violascenti ; labro margine angulato, intus li- rato; umbilico mediocri. Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.) 7. Mopvutvus ostiauus, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conicd, perobliqud, albd, umbilicatd, spird depressd ; anfractibus sub- planulatis, liris transversis, elevatis, supra radiatim nodoso- plicatis, ultimo in medio angulato, carind prominuld instructo, infra cingulis transversis elevatis numerosis ornato ; apertura rotundd ; columelld roseo tinctad; labro intus lirato. Hab. Mare Rubrum. (Mus. Cuming.) Eexrista Cuminert, A. Adams. J. testd turritd, solidd, albidd, longitudinaliter fusco-flammulatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cin- gulis acutis, transversis (in anfractu ultimo sex), lineisque ele- vatis, transversis, interpositis, ornatis, interstitiis longitudina- liter tenuissime striatis, varicibus tenuibus, longitudinalibus, inequidistantibus, instructis ; aperturd rotundatd, peristomate continuo, labio incrassato, anticée producto, calloso, et reflexo ; labro simplici, acuto. Hab. Japonia. (Mus. Cuming.) The obscure longitudinal varices show the true position of this genus to be between Turritella and Scalaria. 4. A Monocraru or CYLLENE, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS Mouuvusca. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc. CYLLENE, Gray. Animal unknown. Operculum thin, horny, unguiform, with ter- minal nucleus and imbricate elements. Shell ovate, volutiform ; spire short; suture channeled; aperture oval; columella anteriorly with oblique grooves; outer lip thickened externally, notched in front, grooved within, and subreflected at the margin. 205 1. CyLLENE LyrRATA, Lamarck. Buccinum lyratum, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 272 ; Kie- ner, Mon. Bucc. pl. 22. fig. 88. 2. CyLLENE Grayt, Reeve. Cyllene Grayi, Reeve, Elements of Conch. pl. 3. fig. 12. 3. CyLLENE Owenu, Gray. Cyllene Owenii, Gray, MSS. Brit. Mus. 4. CYLLENE PULCHELLA, Adams and. Reeve. Cyllene pulchella, Adams and Reeve, Zool. of Voy. of H.M.S. Samarang, tab. 10. fig. 11. 5. CyLLENE LuGUBRIS, Adams and Reeve. Cyllene lugubris, Adams and Reeve, Zool. Voy. Samarang, tab. 10. fig. 10. 6. CyLLENE concinna, Soland. C. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird productd, albd, maculis luteo-fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter subsulcosd, transversim totd striatd ; columelld anticé oblique plicatd ; labro extus levi, incrassato. Hab. Guinea. Buccinum concinnum, Sol. 7. CYLLENE ORIENTALIS, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd, maculis luteo-fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim striatd; spird prominuld; columelld anticé per- oblique sulcatd, labro intus levi. Hab. Singapore, 6 fathowme, mud; H.C. Malacca, 6 fathoms, coarse sand; H. C. 8. CyLuEeNneE striata, A. Adams. (C. testd ovatd, albd, maculis rufo-fuscis ad suturas pictd, cingulis duabus maculorum luteo- Juscorum ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim totd striatd ; columella anticé oblique sulcatd; labro tenui, intus levi, antice vix sinuato. Hat. Albrokkas Islands, under coral, low water; Mr. Dring. 9. CyLtLene FuscaTa, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd, rufo-fuscd, fasciis transversis obscuris articulatis ornatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis numerosis, subconfertis, superné et inferné trans- versim valde striatd ; columelld anticé valde corrugato-plicatd, labro antice valde sinuato. Hab. W. Africa. 10. CyLLENE pauLipA, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd, albidd, lon- gitudinaliter subsuleatd, obscure nodoso-plicatd, glabratd, su- perne et inferné transversim striatd ; columelld antice plicis obliquis, labro anticé valde sinuato. Hab, West Africa. 11. CyLLeENE GRana, Lamarck. Buccinum grana, Lamk.; Kiener, Mon. pl. 16. tig. 58. 206 12. CyLtene GuaBrata, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-fusiformi, glabrata, cinered, fasciis albis tribus transversis rufo-articu- latis ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, plicis inferné evani- dis, superné et inferné transversim striatd ; aperturd angustd ; columella anticé oblique plicatd, labro anticé subsinuato. Hab. Pasicao, 9 fathoms, fine sand; H. C. 5. On THE Umsretta Birp (CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS), “UrramimsBe,’ L. G. By Atrrep R. Wauuace. Com- MUNICATED BY Mr. S. STEVENS. Having had the opportunity of observing this singular bird in its native country, a few remarks on its characters and habits may not perhaps be uninteresting, at a time when a consignment from me will have arrived in England. The Umbrella Bird is about the size of a crow, averaging about 18 inches in length. Its colour is entirely black, but varied with metallic blue tints on the outer margin of the feathers. The colour of the iris is greyish white. It is a powerful bird, the bill being very large and strong, the feet short, and the claws acute. Were it not for its crest and neck plume, it would appear to an ordinary observer nothing more than a short-legged crow. The crest is perhaps the most fully developed and beautiful of any bird known. It is composed of long slender feathers, rising from a contractile skin on the top of the head. The shafts are white and the plume glossy blue, hair-like, and curved outward at the tip. When the crest is laid back the shafts form a compact white mass, sloping up from the top of the head, and surmounted by the dense hairy plumes. Even in this position it is not an inelegant crest, but it is when it is fully opened that its peculiar character is developed. The shafts then radiate on all sides from the tip of the head, reach- ing in front beyond and below the top of the beak, which is com- pletely hid from view. The top then forms a perfect, slightly elongated dome, of a beautiful shining blue colour, having a point of divergence rather behind the centre, like that in the human head. The length of this dome from front to back is about 5 inches, the breadth 4 to 43 inches. The other singular appendage of this bird is the neck plume. This is a long cylindrical plume of feathers de- pending from the middle of the neck, and either carried close to the breast or puffed out and hanging down in front. The feathers lap over each other, scale-like, and are bordered with fine metallic blue. On examining the structure of this plume, it is found not to be composed of feathers only, growing from the neck, as seems to have been hitherto supposed. The skin of the neck is very loose ; looser and larger, in fact, than in any bird I know of. From the lower part grows a cylindrical fleshy process about as thick as a goose- quill and an inch and a half long. From this grow the feathers to the very point, thus producing the beautiful cylindrical plume quite detached from the breast, and forming an ornament as unique and elegant as the crest itself. 207 When in motion, either flying or feeding, the crest is laid back and the plume carried close to the breast, so as not to be conspicuous. When at rest in the daytime, the crest is fully expanded, and the plume is rather enlarged and hanging forward. At night, when asleep, all the feathers are puffed out to their fullest extent, and some- times the head is turned so as to bring the dome of the crest on the middle of the back. It then presents a most singular appearance, the head and feet being quite invisible, the plume and crest alone being conspicuous amidst the mass of feathers. These observations I was enabled to make by having a fine male alive for ten days. He had received a shot in the head, but ap- peared to suffer no ill effects from it, till on the tenth day he suddenly fell off his perch and died. I found, on skinning him, that the shot had broken his skull and entered the brain. The Umbrella Bird inhabits the islands of the rivers, never having been seen on the main land. It is perfectly arboreal, never de- seending to the ground. Its food is fruit of various kinds, but when this is scarce it eats insects: my hunter saw one with a large hairy spider (Mygale) in his mouth. On seizing an insect or fruit, it strikes its beak against its perch several times, apparently to kill or soften it, or secure it more firmly in its beak, and then after two or three bites swallows it entire. Some of the fruits it eats are about the size of a damson, and have a stone, which it ejects through its mouth an hour or two after eating. Its note is very loud and deep, and it is from this that it has re- ceived its Indian name “‘ Ueramimbé,” signifying the “ Piper-bird.”’ It utters its note early in the morning and in the afternoon. It fre- quents the very loftiest forest trees, but is said to build its nest rather lower. Its nest is said to be formed of sticks very roughly, and the young are very naked and ugly. The colour or size of the eggs I have not been able to ascertain. In ascending the Amazon, it first occurs opposite the mouth of the Madeira, in some islands. In the Sohuives, as far as the boun- daries of Brazil, it also occurs, and probably further. The Rio Negro, however, is its head-quarters; and there, i the numerous islands which fill that river, it is very abundant. It extends at least four hundred miles up the river, and very probably much further. I have not heard of its occurring in the Rio Branco, Madeira, or any of the other great tributaries of the Amazon. [ have been informed by a hunter, that towards the sources of the Rio Negro another species is found, and this I hope soon to have the means of verifying. Barra do Rio Negro, March 10th, 1850. The meeting was then adjourned to Tuesday, November 12. 208 November 12, 1850. W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Professor Owen read a paper “‘on the Cranium of the large species of Dinornis called giganteus and ingens*.” He commenced by refer- ring to a former memoir, in which four generic types of structure had been determined in fossil crania of birds from New Zealand, viz. Nestor, Notornis, Palapteryz, and Dinornis proper ; and proceeded to de- scribe an additional series of fossil skulls obtained by Governor Sir George Grey from a cave in the district which lies between the river Waikato and Mount Tongariro, in the North Island. The most re- markable of these specimens was an almost entire skull, measuring eight inches in length and five inches across the broadest part of the cranium ; which in the extent of the ossified part of the mandible and its downward curvature, resembled the smaller skull described in a former memoir, and there referred to Dinornis. In the structure of the occiput and base of the cranium, this large skull more re- sembled the characters of that ascribed to Palapteryx. The indica- tions of the muscular attachments, and the form and size of the massive beak, bespoke the great power and force with which it had been habitually applied in the living bird. Its anatomical characters were minutely detailed. Comparisons of the area of the occipital foramen for the transmission of the spinal marrow with that of the spinal canal in different vertebrae, were made with a view of determining the species to which the cranium in ques- tion might belong; and the peculiar contraction of the spinal canal in the vertebrae of Dinornis as compared with that in the Ostrich was pointed out. The inference deduced was, that the cranium, not- withstanding its great size, belonged probably to the species called Palapteryx ingens, which was the second in point of size. A mutilated cranium of a much younger bird, showing all the sutures, but of nearly equal size with the skull first described, might belong to the Dinornis giganteus. Two crania, referable to two di- stinct species of smaller birds of Palapteryx, were described, and sec- tions of the cranium were shown, to demonstrate the form and cha- racter of the brain. In the collection transmitted by Governor Grey, Professor Owen had, for the first time, recognized a portion of a diminutive wing-bone, similar, in the absence of the usual processes for the muscles of flight, to that in the Apteryx, and confirmatory, both by this character and its extreme rarity, contrasted with the abundance of vertebrae and leg-bones that had been transmitted, of the inference as to the rudimental condition of the wings in the Dinornis and Palapteryz. The memoir concluded with a description of a cranium of the Not- ornis, more perfect than that fragmentary one on which the affinities * This paper will appear in the Transactions as Dinornis, Part V., in continua- tion of Prof. Owen’s previous memoirs. 7 209 of that bird to the Rallide or Coot-tribe had originally been founded, and its generic distinction from Porphyrio established. . The speci- men exhibited confirmed the accuracy of the conjectural restorations in the figure of the original specimen in a former volume of the Transactions of the Society. The following papers were also read :— 1. Notice oF THE DISCOVERY BY Mr. WALTER MANTELL IN THE Mrippte Isuanp or New ZEALAND, OF A LIVING SPECIMEN or THE Notornts, A BIRD OF THE RAIL FAMILY, ALLIED TO BRACHYPTERYX, AND HITHERTO UNKNOWN TO NATURALISTS EXCEPT IN A FOSSIL STATE. By GrpEoN ALGERNON Man- TELL, Esa., LL.D., F.R.S. etc. Amongst the fossil bones of birds collected by my eldest son in the North Island of New Zealand, which I had the honour of placing before the Zoological Society in 1848, in illustration of Professor Owen’s description of the crania and mandibles of Dinornis, Pai- apteryx, &c., there were the skull, beaks, humerus, sternum, and other parts of the skeleton of a large bird of the Rail family, which from their peculiar characters were referred by that eminent anato- mist to a distinct genus of Rallide allied to the Brachyptery, under the name of Notornis * ; a prevision, the correctness of which is con- firmed by the recent specimen that forms the subject of the present communication. 1 ‘ Towards the close of last year I received from Mr. Walter Man- tell another extensive and highly interesting collection of fossils, minerals, and rock specimens, obtained during his journey along the eastern coast of the Middle Island, from Banks’ Peninsula to the south of Otago, in the capacity of Government Commissioner for the settlement of native claims. ‘This series comprised also a fine suite of birds’ bones from Waingongoro, the locality whence the former collection was chiefly obtained, and among them were relics of the Notornis, and crania and mandibles of Palapteryz. The results of my son’s observations on the geological phenomena presented: by the eastern coast of the Middle Island are embodied in a paper read before the Geological Society in February last, and pub- lished in vol. v. of the ‘Quarterly Journal.’ It will suffice for my present purpose to mention that they confirm in every essential par- ticular the account given of the position and age of the ornithic ossi- ferous deposits, in my first memoir on this subject f. ~The only fact that relates to the present notice is the nature of the bone-bed at Waikonaiti, whence Mr. Percy Earl, Dr. Mackellar, and other naturalists procured the first relics of the gigantic birds, sent by those gentlemen to England, which are figured and described in the ‘ Zoological Transactions.’ This so-called tertiary deposit is situated in a little bay south of Island Point, near the embouchure of the river Waikonaiti, and is # Zoological Transactions, vol. iii. p. 366. + Geological Journal, vol. iv. No. CCXIV.—ProceEpD1NnGs oF THE ZooLocicaL Society. 210 only visible at low-water, when bones more or less perfect are occa- sionally observable projecting from the waterworn surface of the bog. This deposit is about 3 feet in depth and not more than 100 yards in length ; the extent inland is concealed by vegetation and a cover- ing of superficial detritus, and is supposed to be very inconsiderable. This bed rests upon a blue tertiary clay that emerges here and there along that part of the coast, and which abounds in shells and corals, of species existing in the adjacent sea. This bone deposit was evidently a morass or swamp, on which the New Zealand flax (Phormium tenazx) once grew luxuriantly. Bones of the larger species of Moa have from time to time been obtained from this spot by the natives and European visitors ; and, as in the menaccanite sand beds at Waingongoro, they are associated with bones of one species of dog and two species of seal: my son also collected crania and other remains of a species of Apteryx (probably Ap. Au- stralis), Albatros, Penguin, and of some smaller birds whose cha- racters and relations have not yet been ascertained : no bones of the Notornis were observed in this locality. It was from this ancient morass that my son obtained the entire series of bones composing the pair of feet of the same individual Di- nornis robustus, standing erect, the one about a yard in advance of the other, as if the unfortunate bird had sunk in the slough, and unable to extricate itself had perished on the spot. The upper or proximal ends of the tarso-metatarsals were alone visible above the sod on the retiring of the tide; these were carefully dug round, and the pha- langes exposed in their natural order and connection: the bones were numbered as they were extracted from the soil, and thus the normal elements of the locomotive organs of one of the colossal struthious bipeds of New Zealand were for the first time determined *. It was in the course of last year, on the occasion of my son’s second visit to the south of the Middle Island, that he had the good fortune to secure the recent Notornis which I have now the pleasure of submitting to this Society, having previously placed it in the hands of the eminent ornithologist Mr. Gould to figure and describe, as a tribute of respect for his indefatigable labours in this department of Natural History. This bird was taken by some sealers who were pursuing their avo- cations in Dusky Bay. Perceiving the trail of a large and unknown bird on the snow with which the ground was then covered, they fol- lowed the foot-prints till they obtained a sight of the Notornis, which their dogs instantly pursued, and after a long chase caught alive in the gully of a sound behind Resolution Island. It ran with great speed, and upon being captured ‘uttered loud screams, and fought and struggled violently; it was kept alive three or four days on board the schooner and then killed, and the body roasted and ate by the crew, each partaking of the dainty, which was declared to be de- licious. The beak and legs were of a bright red colour. My son * The principal dimensions of these bones are given in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. vi. p. 338 ; and figures with descriptions in ‘ The Pic- torial Atlas of Organic Remains,’ just published. 211 secured the skin, together with very fine specimens of the Kakapo or Ground Parrot (Sérigops), a pair of Huias (Neomorpha), and two species of Kiwi-kiwi, namely Apteryx Australis and Ap. Oweni ; the latter very rare bird is now added to the collection of the British Museum. Mr. Walter Mantell states, that, according to the native traditions, a large Rail was contemporary with the Moa, and formed a principal article of food among their ancestors. It was known to the North Islanders by the name of “Moho,” and to the South Islanders by that of “ Takahé;” but the bird was considered by both natives and Europeans to have been long since exterminated by the wild cats and dogs, not an individual having been seen or heard of since the arrival of the English colonists. That intelligent observer, the Rey. Richard Taylor, who has so long resided in the islands, had never heard of a bird of this kind having been seen. In his ‘ Leaf from the Natural History of New Zealand*,’ under the head of “‘ Moho,”’ is the follow- ing note: “Rar, colour black, said to be a wingless bird as large as a fowl, having a long bill and red beaks and legs ; it is nearly ex- terminated by the cat : its ery was ‘keo, keo.’” The inaccuracy and vagueness of this description prove it to be from native report and not from actual observation. ‘To the natives of the pahs or villages on the homeward route, and at Wellington, the bird was a perfect novelty and excited much interest. I may add, that upon comparing the head of the bird with the fossil cranium and mandibles, and the figures and descriptions in the ‘ Zoological Transactions’ (pl. 56), my son was at once convinced of their identity ; and so delighted was he by the discovery of a living example of one of the supposed extinct contemporaries of the Moa, that he immediately wrote to me, and mentioned that the skull and beaks were alike in the recent and fossil specimens, and that the abbreviated and feeble development of the wings, both in their bones and plumage, were in perfect accordance with the indications afforded by the fossil humerus and sternum found by him at Waingongoro, and now in the British Museum, as pointed out by Professor Owen in the memoir above referred to. It may not be irrelevant to add, that in the course of Mr. Walter Mantell’s journey from Banks’ Peninsula along the coast to Otago, he learnt from the natives that they believed there still existed in that country the only indigenous terrestrial quadruped, except a species of rat, which there are any reasonable grounds for concluding New Zealand ever possessed. While encamping at Arowenua in the di- strict of Timaru, the Maoris assured him that about ten miles inland there was a quadruped which they called Kauréke, and that it was formerly abundant, and often kept by their ancestors in a domestic state as a pet animal. It was described as about two feet in length, with coarse grisly hair; and must have more nearly resembled the Otter or Badger than the Beaver or the Ornithorhynchus, which the first accounts seemed to suggest as the probable type. The offer of a liberal reward induced some of the Maoris to start for the interior of the country where the Kduréke was supposed to be located, but * Published at Wellington, 1848. 212 they returned without having obtained the slightest trace of the ex- istence of such an animal ; my son, however, expresses his belief in the native accounts, and that if the creature no longer exists, its ex- termination is of very recent date. In concluding this brief narrative of the discovery of a living ex- ample of a genus of birds once contemporary with the colossal Moa, and hitherto only known by its fossil remains, I beg to remark, that this highly interesting fact tends to confirm the conclusions expressed in my communications to the Geological Society, namely, that the Dinornis, Palapteryx, and related forms, were coeval with some of the existing species of birds peculiar to New Zealand, and that their final extinction took place at no very distant period, and long after the advent of the aboriginal Maoris. As my son at the date of his last letter was about to depart on another exploration of the bone deposits of the North Island, I indulge the hope that he will ere long have the gratification of transmitting or bringing to England addi- tional materials for the elucidation of the extinct and recent faunas of New Zealand. With much pleasure I resign to Mr. Gould the description of the ornithological characters and relations of this, in every sense, rara avis, from the Isles of the Antipodes. Chester Square, Pimlico, November 1, 1850. 2. Remarks on Notornis Manrextui. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S. (Aves, PI. XXI.) Dr. Mantell having kindly placed his son’s valuable acquisition in my hands for the purpose of characterizing it in the Proceedings of the Society, and of afterwards figuring and describing it in the ap- pendix to my work on the ‘ Birds of Australia,’ I beg leave to com- mence the pleasing task he has assigned to me. The amount of interest which attaches to the present remarkable bird is perhaps greater than that which pertains to any other with which I am acquainted, inasmuch as it is one of the few remaining species of those singular forms which inhabited that supposed rem- nant of a former continent—New Zealand, and which have been so ably and so learnedly described, from their semi-fossilized remains, by Professor Owen; who, as well as the scientific world in general, can- not fail to be highly gratified by the discovery of a recent example of a form previously known to us solely from a few osteological frag- ments, and which, but for this fortunate discovery, would in all pro- bability, like the Dodo, have shortly become all but traditional. While we congratulate ourselves upon the preservation of the skin, we must all deeply regret the loss of the bones, any one of which would have been in the highest degree valuable for the sake of com- parison with the numerous remains which have been sent home from New Zealand. Upon a cursory view of this bird it might be mistaken for a gigantic kind of Porphyrio, but on an examination of its structure it will be UMO [TIPLNVW SINUOLON uOTBy, y TepuEanmy Aq paursy [ep TaYONT 213 found to be generically distinct. It is allied to Porphyrio in the - form of its bill and in its general colouring, and to Tribonyx in the structure of its feet, while in the feebleness of its wings and the struc- ture of its tail it differs from both. From personal observation of the habits of Tribonyx and Por- phyrio, I may venture to affirm that the habits and ceconomy of the present bird more closely resemble those of the former than those of the latter; that it is doubtless of a recluse and extremely shy disposition ; that being deprived, by the feeble structure of its wing, of the power of flight, it is compelled to depend upon its swiftness of foot for the means of evading its natural enemies ; and that, as is the case with Tribonyx, a person may be in its vicinity for weeks without ever catching a glimpse of it. From the thickness of its plumage and the great length of its back-feathers, we may infer that it affects low and humid situations, marshes, the banks of rivers, and the coverts of dripping ferns, so abundant in its native country: like Porphyrio, it doubtless enjoys the power of swimming, but would seem, from the structure of its legs, to be more terrestrial in its habits than the members of that enus. ij I have carefully compared the bill of this example with that figured by Professor Owen under the name of Notornis Mantelli, and have little doubt that they are referable to one and the same species ; and as we are now in possession of materials whence to obtain complete generic characters, I hasten to give the following details, in addition to those supplied by Professor Owen. Bill somewhat shorter than the head; greatly compressed on the sides, both mandibles being much deeper than broad; tomia sharp, curving downwards, inclining inwards and slightly serrated ; culmen elevated, much arched and rising on the forehead to a line with the posterior angle of the eye; nostrils round, and placed in a depression near the base of the bill; wings very short, rounded, and slightly concave ; primaries soft and yielding ; the first short ; third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh equal and the longest ; tail-feathers soft, yielding, and loose in texture; tarsi powerful, longer than the toes, almost cylindrical; very broad anteriorly ; defended in front and on either side posteriorly by broad and distinct scutellze ; the spaces between the scutellz reticulated ; anterior toes large and strong, armed with powerful hooked nails, and strongly scutellated on their upper surface ; hind-toe short, strong, placed somewhat high on the tarsus, and armed with a blunt hooked nail. Head, neck, breast, upper patt of the abdomen and flanks purplish blue ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts and tertiaries dark olive-green, tipped with verditer-green ; at the nape of the neck a band of rich blue separating the purplish blue of the neck from the green of the body; wings rich deep blue, the greater coverts tipped with verditer-green, forming’ crescentic bands when the wing is ex- anded ; tail dark green; lower part of the abdomen, vent and thighs dull bluish black ; under tail-coverts white ; bill and feet red. Total length of the body, 26 inches; bill, from the gape to the 214 tip, 21; from the tip to the posterior edge of the plate on the fore- head, 3; wing, 83; tail, 3}; tarsi, 3}; middle toe, 3; nail, 2; hind-toe, 7; nail, 3. I cannot conclude these remarks without bearing testimony to the very great importance of the results which have attended the re- searches of Mr. Walter Mantell in the various departments of science to which he has turned the attention of his cultivated, intelligent and inquiring mind, nor without expressing a hope that he may yet be enabled to obtain some particulars as to the history of this and the other remarkable birds of the country in which he is resident. November 26, 1850. R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The followmg papers were read :— 1. List or Brrps PROCURED IN Korporan BY Mr. J. PETHE- RICK. WirtH notes By H. E. Srrickuanp, M.A., F.G.S. (Aves, Pl. XXII. XXIII. XXIV.) [Species not enumerated in Riippell’s ‘Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Nord-Ost-Afrika’s,’ 8vo, Frankfurt a. M. 1845, are marked N. Species common to the West Coast of Africa are marked W. These are chiefly determined by reference to Dr. Hartlaub’s valuable list of West African birds in the ‘ Verzeichniss der 6ffentlichen u. Privat- Vorlesungen am Hamburgischen Gymnasium,’ 4to, Hamburg, 1850. ] 1. Neophron percnopterus. 2. Vultur occipitalis. 3. Otogyps auricularis. 4. Bureo ruripPennis, Strickland, n. s. Upper parts cinereo- fuscous, nearly black on the crown; feathers of back and wing-covers with black shafts; cheeks cinereous, a black line below them from angle of mouth ; chin whitish, with a medial dark streak ; breast and sides ferruginous brown, with a conspicuous medial black streak one- sixteenth of an inch wide on each feather; belly, thighs and vent plain fulvous ; primaries and secondaries bright ferruginous, tipped for about an meh and a half with black, and from three to five distant transverse black bands on the inner web; tail cinereo-fuscous, with five dark fuscous bands, each about a quarter of an inch wide, the distal one about half an inch, beyond which the extremity is cinereo- fuscous and the extreme tip white; cere and legs yellowish; beak and claws black. Length 17 inches; wing, 12}; medial rectrices, 7}; external ditto, 71; tarsus, 21. Hab. Kordofan. (Aves, Pl. XXII.) BUTEO RUFIPENNI a Q an ickl Punted byHullmandel, & Walton . Aquila nevia. . Aquila pennata. . W. Circaétus brachydactylus. . Helotarsus ecaudatus. . Falco biarmicus,Temm. (fF. peregrinoides, Temm.; F. chi- queroides, Smith; F. feldeggi, Schlegel; F. lanarius, Schlegel; F. rubeus, Thienemann; F. cervicalis, Kaup.) After a careful examination of many specimens, I feel justified in uniting the above synonyms under one species. This is essentially an African bird, extending from the Cape of Good Hope to Egypt, whence it has probably spread into Greece and Dalmatia, to which portions of Europe it is chiefly confined, though a single straggler has occurred in Germany. It is at once distinguished from F’. pere- grinus by the shorter toes, and the fulvous patch on the crown. The Falco jugger, Gray (F’. luggur, Jerdon), of India is closely allied, but seems to differ constantly in the plumes of the tibia being uniformly dark brown, while in F. biarmicus they are cream-coloured or white, like the rest of the under parts, with a small brown spot on the centre of each feather. This is one of the many species to which the name Falco lanarius has been given, under the supposition that it may be the Lanner of the old works on falconry ; but as the original F’. Ja- narius of Linnzeus is now admitted to be the young of F. gyrfalco, and as systematists are generally agreed not to trace binomial titles further back than Linnzeus’s Systema, of course the specific name lanarius must be dropped altogether, and the oldest binomial name, Falco biarmicus, Temm., adopted for the present species. 10. W. Tinnunculus alaudarius (Gm.). This widely diffused spe- cies extends, without variation of form or colour, from Britain south- wards to Central Africa and eastwards to India. ll. N. W. Nauclerus riocouri, Vieill. 12. Accipiter sphenurus, juv.? Resembles 4. sphenurus, Ripp., in the cuneate form of the tail. Head and neck rufescent, with a fuscous medial stripe on each feather; belly white, barred with brown; back cinereous brown with rufous margins ; upper tail-covers white ; tail cinereous, with three broad fuscous bars, outer feather white, with five bars. 13. N. Accipiter carbonarius (Licht.). Two specimens agree with Lichtenstein’s description (in his Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Satigethieren u. Vogeln aus dem Kafferlande, 8vo, Berlin, 1842, p.11), except in having only three or four white bands on the tail instead of five. With the exception of these bands, and the numerous light and dark brown bands on the remiges, the plumage is wholly black ; cere and legs yellow. Total length, 12 inches; wing, 7; tarsus, 15%. 14. W. Melierax gabar (Daud.). (Accipiter erythrorhynchus, Sw.) 15. Melierax polyzonus, Riipp. United by Mr. Gray to M. ca- norus, Rislach (M. musicus, Daud.), but differs in its smaller size, and in having the upper tail-covers banded grey and white, while in M. ca- COND or 216 norus they are pure white. The wing in M. polyzonus measures 12 inches, in M. canorus, 15 inches. 16. W. Polyboroides radiatus (Scop.). (Faleo gymnogenys, Temm.) 17. N. Circus pallidus, Sykes. 18. W. Scops leucotis (Temm.). 19. W. Seotornis elimacurus (Vieill.). 20. Caprimulgus infuscatus, Cretzschm., female. Agrees with Riippell’s plate, but wants the white wing- and tail-spots of the male bird. 21. W. Eurystomus afer (Lath.). (£. orientalis, Riipp.; E. ru- bescens, Vieill.; Collaris purpurascens, Wag}.) 22. W. Coracias abyssinica, Gm. (Coracias caudata, Wagl.) 23. W. Coracias nevia, Daud. (C. levaillanti, Riipp.; C. nu- chalis, Swains.) 24. W. Ceryle rudis (Linn.). (Ispida bicincta, Swains.; I. bitor- quata, Swains.) Identical with specimens from Smyrna and S. Eu- rope. The individuals with two pectoral bands (I. bicineta, Swains.) are the males. 25. N. W. Merops albicollis, Vieill. (M. cuvieri, Licht.; M. sa- vigny?, Swains.) 26. W. Merops nubicus,Gm. (M. superbus, Shaw; M. ceruleo- cephalus, Lath.) 27. W. Merops lamarcki, Cuv. (M. viridissimus, Sw.; M. egyp- tius, Kittlitz; M. viridis, Riipp.) Closely allied to M. viridis, Linn., of India, but smaller, with a larger mixture of golden yellow in the plumage, the throat not blue as in M. viridis, and the remiges are rufous on both webs, with scarcely any tinge of green externally. 28. W. Merops erythropterus, Gm. (M. minulus, Cuv.; M. col- laris, Vieill.; M. lafresnayei, Guérin.) 29. Irrisor senegalensis (Vieill.)? The Kordofan specimens agree, in the shortness and nearly straight form of their beak, with the black-beaked species of W. Africa, I. senegalensis, Vieill. (Nectarinia melanorhynchus, Licht.), but in the red colour of this organ they agree with the Cape species (I. erythrorhynchus). It is well known that the females of the latter have the beak much shorter and straighter than the males, yet in these Kordofan specimens the beak, though of the same length, is considerably straighter than in the female birds from the Cape. Like I. senegalensis they have a broad white bar crossing the inner webs of the first three, and both webs, shaft in- cluded, of the remaining primaries ; while in I. erythrorhynchus the white bar of the primaries is much narrower, and divided by the black shaft. 30. Nectarinia metallica, Ehrenb. 31. W. Nectarinia pulehella (Linn.). 32. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.). Identical with British spe- cimens. 33. Sazicola deserti, Temm. 34. Saxicola enanthe (Linn.). 35. Savicola isabellina, Cretaschm. This is probably the Sylvia 217 leucorrhoa, Gm., in which case it extends to Senegal. It resembles S. enanthe, but is paler on the upper part, and has less white on the lateral rectrices, the terminal black portion being 1,1; inch in length, while in S. enanthe it is only about 4 inch. 36. Motacilla capensis, Linn. 37. Budytes melanocephala (Licht.). 38. Anthus (undetermined species). 39. W. Melenornis? erythropterus (Gm.). (Turdus erythropte- rus, Gm.) This bird approaches nearly to the type of Melenornis, Gray (Melasoma, Sw.), though the beak is rather more elongated, and the rictal bristles less developed, than in M. edoliolides, Sw. Riippell refers it to Boie’s genus Cercotrichas, which is synonymous with Copsychus, Wagl. Dr. Hartlaub places it in Argya, Lesson, which is synonymous with Chetops, Sw. 40. W. Pyenonotus barbatus (Desfontaines). (Turdus barbatus, Desfont. in Mém. Ac. Sc. 1787; Turdus arsinoe, Licht.; Ixos ob- scurus, Temm.; I. inornatus, Fraser ; Hematornis lugubris, Less.) 41. Oriolus galbula, Linn. 42. W. Dicrurus divaricatus, Licht. (D. lugubris, Ehrenb. ; D. canipennis, Swains.) Nearly allied to the D. musicus, Vieill., of S. Africa, but has the tail less deeply forked, the culmen of the beak more acute, and the primaries pale internally. 43. Lanius algeriensis, Less. in Rev. Zool. 1839. This is probably the species termed L. ewcubitor by Rippell. It differs from the true excubitor of N. Europe in the greater extent of white on the prima- ries, and in the two external pairs of rectrices being wholly white (ex- cept the shafts). It closely approaches L. lahtora of India, and only differs in wanting the narrow band of black across the front. 44, Lanius nubicus, Licht. (L. personatus, Temm.) 45. Lanius collurio, Lim. A young male specimen appears refer- able to this species. 46. N. Lanius isabellinus, Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. fol. e. This species is pale fulyo-cinereous above, cream-coloured below; rump and tail rufous ; a broad blackish band from the nostril to the ear-covers, margined above by a whitish streak. It much resembles L. arena- rius, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc: Beng. vol. xv. p. 304, but is of a more cinereous tinge above, and is distinguished from that and all the allied Asiatic species by possessing a conspicuous white band at the base of the fourth to the ninth primaries. ‘The specimen from Kordofan has an obscure dark transverse band near the tips of the rectrices. 47. W. Telophonus senegalus (Limn.). (Lanius erythropterus, Shaw.) 48. W. Corvus seapulatus, Daud. (C. leuconotus, Sw.) 49. Corvus umbrinus, Sundevall. Distinguished by the length and curvature of the beak, and by the grey-brown tint of the head and neck. 50. W. Juida rufiventris, Ripp. 51. W. Juida chalybea, Ehrenb. (Lamprotornis cyanotis, Sw.) 52. W. Ploceus luteolus, Licht. (P. personatus, Vieill., Jard. Contrib. to Ornith. 1849, p. 35. pl. 7-) 218 53. W. Ploceus sanguinirostris (Linn.). 54. W. Pyromelana ignicolor (Vieill.). 55. W. Vidua paradisea (Linn.). The series of immature speci- mens in the collection have enabled me to detect a curious structure connected with the development of the tail-feathers, which will be treated of in a separate paper. See Sir W. Jardine’s ‘ Contributions to Ornithology,’ 1850, p. 88. pl. 59. : 56. W. Vidua principalis (Linn.). The specimen from Kordofan, like those from Senegal, has a black spot on the chin, but it is not yet proved whether the presence of this spot amounts to a specific distinction. 57. W. Pytelia elegans (Gm.). 58. W. Amadina fasciata (Gm.). (Fringilla detruncata, Licht.) 59. W. Amadina cantans (Gm.). instead \ 7 249 L of Dor 10 13): and in the backwarder position of the third dark side- spot. The ventral fins are short, only equalling one-twelfth of the body without the caudal fin, and the four first produced rays of the first dorsal are equal in length to the ventral fins. The lateral line ends as in MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ figure (t. 297) of T. iris, but is quite unarmed. The ventral line is serrulate, and the whole surface, particularly towards the ventral line, is finely shagreened or granulate; the granulations becoming stronger towards the ventral line, as in the same figure. In shape and proportions it agrees better with 7. falz, but differs in several important particulars from MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ description of that fish. The only individual examined of this beautiful and extraordinary fish occurred in June 1845, and has been added by me to the collec- tion of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It was scarcely quite dead when I first saw it, and was in the most perfect state of preserva- tion. Another Trachypterus had occurred in June 1844, and was probably the same species ; but the example was unfortunately thrown away by the person to whom it had been mis-sent without my seeing it. It was said to have been about three feet long. The whole body is pure bright silver, appearing as if frosted from the fine granulations of the surface. The fins are of a delicate scar- let or vermilion, the lower point or angle of the caudal being tipped, and the hinder end of the dorsal edged with black. On the sides are three blackish oval or elliptic spots. This example was twenty-tive inches long, exclusive of the caudal fin, which resembles a bat’s or griffin’s wing, and is erected in a fan-like manner; the lower lobe or portion being suppressed or undeveloped, and only indicated by the presence of five short spinules or abortive rays. Fam. LaBrip&. 8. Lasprus LArvatus. Flavus, capite humerisque griseo-nigres- cente larvatis ; pinna dorsali antice caudaque utrinque infra lineam lateralem rectiusculam unimaculatis ; corpore oblongo elongato ; dentibus validis crebris, antice biseriatis ; pinne caudalis apicibus analisque ventraliumque margine ccruleo- nigris. D.17+13; A.3+11; P.16; V.1+5; C. Squamee lin. lat. 42—45. In general appearance, shape, and the peculiar straightness of the lateral line, this fine species much resembles Cossyphus Darwini, Jen. ; but it is a true Zadrus, with the dorsal and anal fins naked, and the preopercle quite entire. Its nearest allies are therefore L. mixtus and L.Scrofa; from which however, besides other characters, the nume- rous strong teeth distinguish it. A single example only has occurred, measuring seventeen inches and a quarter in length. 3v.4+VI. Qv.34V.? B.M.5; 250 Fam. CHEIRONECTID2. Gen. Cuaunax, Lowe. Gen. Char. Corpus subeubico-oblongum, sufflabile, nudum, cute presertim ad ilia ventremque flaccidissima laxa ; antice obesum, postice abrupte attenuatum subcompressum. Caput osseum mag- num subtetrahedrum, superne nuchaque latum planatum, utrin- que s. ad genas declive; oculis lateralibus, spatio interoculart convexo; ore rictuque amplissimis transversis plagio-plateis s. depressis. Dentes intermaxillares vomerinique palatinique parvi scobinati. Nares simplices (nec pedicellate nec tubulose). Spi- racula (foramina branchialia) postica s. ad ilia pone pinnarum pectoralium azillas. Pinna dorsalis unica; pectoralibus (pedi- cellatis) carnosis ; ventralibus jugularibus spathulatis carnosis ; analis postica; caudalis simplex truncata. Cirri, preter uni- cum in fossula internasalt, nulli. 9. Caaunax pictus, Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. part 4. p. 340. t."51: 1+IV. Dod bs: As4j 21 db eM, 450 2411. Species adhuc unica. Had. in mari Maderensi. I have nothing to add to the full account of this curious fish above referred to, except by way of correction to the second paragraph in p- 344, which has been erroneously printed, and should stand thus: “‘ Whilst Cheironectes seems its most natural, Halieutea is its near- est technical ally. Agreemg with Lophivs in the wide transverse mouth, and in the backward position of the breathing orifices in the flanks, but with Cheironectes more in shape, in the granular or velvety roughness of the skin, and in colour; it differs from both, and ap- proaches Halieutea, in the absence of crests or cilia on the back, and in the single dorsal fin. In these last two points, and in the rough- ness of the skin, it agrees with Halieutea, but differs in its Diodon-like shape, and in the position of the breathing-holes considerably behind, instead of above or before, the axils of the pectoral fins.” Fam. ScorELiDz. Gen. Po&#NopDoN. Gen. Char. Caput magnum compressum, oculis magnis, rostro brevissimo obtuso, rictu magno pone oculos longe diducto, mento subtus ad symphysin cirro barbato. Dentes intermazillares uni- seriati ; anteriores (5 v. 6 utrinque) validi tenues prelongi la- niarti subrecurvi remoti distincti, extrorsum supra labia invi- cem claudentes ; ossibus palati dentibus minoribus uniseriatis, lingua biseriatis, armatis. Opercula simplicia plana. Corpus elongatum compressum nudum? s. exsquameum; abdomine pune- tis argenteis (ut in Scorexo) seriatis. Linea lateralis recta pinneque fere ut in Score.o, pectoralibus brevioribus. 251 10. PHa&Nnopon rincens. (Scopelus barbatus, nob. MS. olim.) 9+1.+IX. ma J). 16; 244D.0; A. 16; V.7; P. 9; C.—————-;; M..B..? 1™ D.16; 2% D.0; A. 16; Vi 7; Pog C. ST ViiL M.B Closely allied to Scopelus, but with the head and teeth of Echio- stoma, which it also resembles in its single cartilaginous beard or barbule. A single example occurred in May 1845, and was placed by me in the collection of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, under the MS. name of Scopelus barbatus. {t was seven inches long, and the above fin-formula is taken from it. I have been favoured by the Duc de Leuchtenberg this winter with the opportunity of examining a second individual, procured from a fisherman. It agreed in all important details with the former, but was only from five to six inches long, and had a much shorter barbule. Both these examples were entirely devoid of scales, but from cer- tain appearances I am inclined to attribute this defect to injury. The colour is a uniform brownish or coal-black, except the silver ' pits, which are disposed in rows along the throat and belly, exactly as in Scopelus. - 11. ScopeLus MADERENSIs (Suppl. in Trans. Zool. Soe. iii. part 1. p- 14). Appears to be distinguished from Sc. Humboldti by the forwarder (medio-dorsal) position of its first dorsal fin, and by the long pec- toral fins, which are contained from four to four and a half times in the whole length, and reach to the end of the base of the first dorsal fin. The anal fin has fourteen rays. Examples have occurred of two other forms or species, with shorter pectoral fins, in one of which the anal fin has fourteen, and in the other twenty-two rays. In the first of these, the length of the pec- toral fin is one-sixth of the whole length of the fish (P=3); in the second it is one-fifth and four-sevenths of the same (p=3 Rae rather longer. But further investigations will be requisite before these can be safely proposed as species. In general habit, colour, and appearance, they agree with S. maderensis. 12. Mrtorras typHtops (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, vol. xi. p. 90). Another example has occurred of this most curious and anomalous little fish. It was brought to me in May 1849, from the same place, Magdalena, at which I obtained the former. It is of much larger size, measuring three inches and a half in length. I find nothing whatever to correct in the account above referred to, except that the maxillary teeth, instead of being “ uniseriate,” are in a scobinate or brush-like band in both jaws; narrow in the upper, broader in the lower jaw. The acquisition of a second example, confirming the peculiar cha- racters before set down, is the more satisfactory, from the former 252 having been unfortunately destroyed by the wasting of the alcohol in which it was kept. Fam. GADID. 13. Puycis rurcatus, Flem. (not Bowdich) ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. ed. 1. ii. 201. (Le Merlus barbu, Duham. Cuv. R. An. ed. 2. ii. p. 335.) A single example occurred May 8, 1845; not quite agreeing with the figure in the ‘ British Fishes,’ yet certainly distinct from the com- mon “ Abrotea” of Madeira (P. mediterraneus, Lar.), of which, on the other hand, the P. furcatus of Bowdich (Excurs. p. 122. f. 28) was unquestionably a mere accidentally fork-tailed individual. Fam. ECHENEIDZ. 14. EcHENrrs viTrara, Suppl. to Synops. in Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iii. part 1. p. 17, and Hist. Fish. Mad. p. 77. t. 11. The acquisition of an adult example measuring 2 feet 63 inches in length, has proved the fish above described to have been a young in- dividual of E. vittata, Riippell (Neu. Wirbel. p. 82). It is fortunate that the happy coincidence of name necessitates no change or con- fusion in rendering justice to my learned friend’s prior claim in the establishment of this well-marked species. The lateral dark band or vitta becomes indistinct in adult individuals. In the large full-grown example above mentioned it had disappeared entirely. Fam. Mur2nNip&. Gen. LEpTORHYNCHUS, 106. Gen. Char. Caput scolopaciforme, callo elongato distinetum ; maaillis in rostrum tenue productis, utraque dentibus minutissi- mis lime instar scabra ; rictu pone oculos diducto. Nares oculis contigue approximate, simplices nec tentaculate. Oculi magni. Corpus nudum anguilliforme compressum, gracile, elongatum ; postice longissime attenuato-productum filiforme, apice acuto. Aperture branchiales sat magne, ante pinnas pectorales ob- lique deorsum fisse. Pinnz pectorales distincte lanceolate, sat magne ; pinna dorsali ad nucham paullo ante, anali ad gulam paullo post pinnas pectorales incipiente ; utraque usque ad apt- cem caude continuata, membranacea, nec cute cooperta, sed ra- diis sat validis distinctis. 15. Leproruyncuus Levcutenserer. (The Snipe-LHel.) I am indebted for an opportunity of describing this interesting new type of Murenide to the favour of His Imperial Highness the Due de Leuchtenberg, to whom an example was brought by a fisherman in January last. It approaches the dnguillide by its well-developed pectoral fins. The prolonged beak-like muzzle also reminds one of that of Leptognathus, Swainson. The unique individual examined, which measured 2 feet 9 inches in length, scarcely half an inch in height, and four lines in thickness, is included in the extensive col- 253 lections formed with so much scientific ardour and discrimination by His Imperial Highness the Duc de Leuchtenberg, during his late six months’ residence in Madeira. Fam. BALIsTID&. 16. Monacantuus AauricA. Hispidus, cauda utrinque dense hispido-villosa ; pallide olivaceo-murinus, sublutescens, fusco- lutoso-maculatus v. interrupte longitudinaliter subfasciatus ; fasciis luteis inconspicuis evanescentibus 3 v. 4 ab oculis antice oblique radiantibus ; radiis 1 v. 2 anticis dorsalis prime ali- quando in filamentum productis. 1™D,1; 24D.31; A.30v. 31; P.13 v.14; C.14+X.+1. From eight to ten or eleven inches long. On each side, towards the base of the caudal fin, is an oblong patch, like plush or velveteen, of close thickset hairs or bristles. The occasional production of the second or first two rays of the second dorsal fin is perhaps sexual. Such examples have the muzzle rather longer and more produced be- fore the eyes than those which have not the elongated dorsal fila- ment. They are perhaps the M. filamentosus of M. Valenciennes, to whose figure and description, however, in MM. Webb and Berthe- lot’s ‘Canarian Fishes,’ I regret I have not access. Several examples have occurred, chiefly in the autumn, during the last five or six years, of this previously in Madeira unobserved or un- recorded species. SQUALID. Fam. ALOPECID2. 17. Auorras vutpes, Buon. (The For Shark, Yarr. ti. 379.) An example occurred this spring of unusual size, measuring eighteen feet in length, of which the tail was ten feet. The skin was preserved by the Duc de Leuchtenberg. Fam. SpINAcIDz&. 18. CenrrorHorvus sauamosvs, Miill. und Henle, p. 90, with a figure. The Ramudo or Raimudo of Madeira, not unfrequently taken off the Dezertas at a depth of twelve or fourteen “Jinhas,” i. e. from 350 to 400 fathoms, belongs apparently to the above species, the habi- tat of which was unknown to its describers, MM. Miller and Henle. I have only examined female examples, and the fishermen profess themselves to be entirely unacquainted with the male, which I have however formerly (March 10, 1838) once seen, though without oppor- tunity for a close or accurate examination, and so perhaps without re- marking any spine near the tips of the claspers or ventral fin-append- ages. The individuals examined were five or six feet long, but the fish is said to grow to a much larger size. Madeira, May 25, 1850. 254 December 10, 1850. Prof. Owen, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. DescrRIPTION OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF ENTOMOSTRACA. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. erc. (Annulosa, Pl. XVII. XVIII.) Legion BRANCHIOPODA. Order PoyLLopropa. Family APopIDz&. Genus Leripurus, Leach. 1. Lepipurvs viripis, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 1.) Body of animal, including the flap of tail segment, about two inches long and one broad. The carapace and whole body are of a fine green colour, the carapace covering about two-thirds of the abdomen; the edges of the notch in the posterior part of carapace are strongly toothed, and those of the inferior half of the carapace are very finely serrated ; these teeth are of two sets, the one much larger than the others ; the larger teeth are of a green colour, tipped at the point with dark brown ; they are about eleven in number, and between each there are two or three much smaller ones interspersed. The appen- dages of the first pair of feet are very short and small, scarcely ex- tending beyond the edge of the carapace. The segments of the abdo- men are each studded with a row of stout, slightly curved spines of a green colour tipped at their edges with dark brown. The tail flap is oval, keeled down the centre, the keel being beset with short sharp spines, and the edges of the flap are finely serrated. The long setee of the tail are nearly the length of the whole animal, and are covered with short hairs. Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. British Museum. Legion Lopuyropopa. Order OstRacopDA. Family Cypripipz. Genus Cypris, Miiller. 1. Cypris Donneti, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 19-21.) Carapace valves elongate oval. Anterior extremity narrower than posterior, and considerably flatter ; posterior extremity rounded and very convex; dorsal edge arched; ventral slightly reniform. The surface of the valves is smooth and shining, of a brown colour, varie- WWing. delet Lith Ford é West, Lithographers.64,Hatton Carden 1.LEPIDURUS VIRIDIS. 2,3,4. ESTHERIA DAHALACENSIS. , 6, 7. CYPRIDINA MARIA. 8,9,10. CYPRIDINA INTERPUNCTA 12,13, SESS anti es ZEALANDICA 4, _———— 255 gated with patches of a darker shade. The pediform antenne are provided with about six bristles of considerable length. Hab. Freshwater ponds, Coquimbo ; collected by — Donnet, Esq., Surgeon R.N. Brit. Mus. ; from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. 2. Cypris cungata, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 22-24.) Carapace valves wedge-shaped, much broader at anterior than poste- rior extremity. Dorsal margin highly arched ; ventral deeply sinuated in the centre, giving the shell a reniform appearance. Valves very convex in the centre, and surrounded by a prominent margin, which at the anterior extremity, when highly magnified, is seen to be mi- nutely and finely serrated. The whole carapace is of a deep green colour, and covered with fine hairs. Hab. Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh; August 1850. Genus Cannon, Baird. 1. Canpona tacTeEA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 25-27.) Carapace valves oblong ovate, convex. Dorsal margin nearly straight ; ventral slightly sinuated in the centre. Anterior and poste- rior extremities of nearly equal size. Surface of valves smooth and shining, and of a dull white colour. This species resembles in shape the Candona reptans, but is only about one-fourth the size, and is of a uniform dull white colour. Hab. Freshwater pond at Charing, Kent; collected by W. Harris, Esq., to whom I am indebted for specimens. Regent’s Park (7. Ru- _ pert Jones, Esq.). Genus CyTHereE, Miller. 1, CyrHere TaRENTINA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 31-33.) Carapace valves obovate. Anterior extremity much broader than posterior, and having a broad flat margin striated on the surface and toothed round the edge; posterior extremity pointed, having the same margin, but not so broad, and with much fewer teeth. The valves are very convex in the middle, of a greyish colour, with a white patch in the centre, and are slightly pitted all over. Dorsal and ventral margins both somewhat prominent. Hab. Tarentum. In Mr. Williamson’s collection. 2. Cyruere seTosa, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 28-30.) Carapace valves oval. Anterior extremity narrower than poste- rior. Dorsal margin arched ; ventral sinuated about its anterior third. Surface of valves shining white, and studded all over with short stiff hairs. Hab. Moreton Bay, Australia, and Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection. Genus CyTHEREIS, Jones. 1. CyTHEREIS AUSTRALIS, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 10-12.) Carapace valves somewhat quadrilateral. Dorsal and ventral mar- 256 gins nearly straight. Anterior extremity broader than posterior, and finely toothed ; teeth numerous. Posterior extremity emarginate on upper or dorsal edge, and toothed on ventral ; teeth few, and stronger than those on anterior margin. Surface of valves roughened with small asperities, and having one tubercle.on about the anterior third of its length. A raised margin encircles the whole valve. Approaches very near Cypridina hieroglyphica of Bosquet, Ento- most. Maestricht, t. 3. f. 4. Hab. Moreton Bay, Australia. Mr. Williamson’s collection. 2. CyTHEREIS RUNCINATA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 7-9.) Carapace valves ovate, flat. Anterior extremity broader than poste- rior, and rounded ; posterior extremity emarginate on upper or dor- sal margin. Surface of valves very flat and rugose ; a fiat projecting border surrounds each valve, which is serrulated at anterior extremity and toothed on posterior; a high raised sharp ridge runs across the centre of the valve somewhat in a diagonal direction, which is serru- lated along its whole length, and a smaller similar ridge is seen near the ventral margin. Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection. 3. CyTrHEREIS FISTULOSA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 1-3.) Carapace valves nearly quadrilateral, elongate. Anterior extremity a little more rounded than posterior, and armed with seven or eight small teeth ; posterior extremity armed with five or six larger teeth. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight. Surface of valves gra- nular and ornamented by four elevated straight ridges, which are per- forated near their margins with small round holes. Hab. Manilla. Mr. Williamson’s collection. 4. CyTHEREIS PRAVA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 13-15.) Carapace valves subquadrangular. Anterior extremity considerably broader than posterior, rounded, smooth round the edge, and having a broad flat margin beset on inner edge with small round tubercles ; posterior extremity emarginate, and furnished on inferior half with several short teeth. Valves extremely gibbous in centre, and the surface very rough, wrinkled, and tubercled. Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection. 5. CyTHEREIS DEFORMIS, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 4-6.) Carapace valves ovate, short and gibbous; the two extremities of nearly the same size. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight. Surface of valves very coarsely granulated and tubercled ; roughly ridged, but the ridges not perforated as in the preceding species. Hab. Manilla. Mr. Williamson’s collection. 6. Cyrnerets senticosa, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 16-18.) Carapace valves flat, ovate. Anterior extremity broader than poste- rior, and rounded. Dorsal margin sloping towards posterior extre- ~ Proe 2.8. Annals. PIXVIN. 27% WiWing del et ith, Ford & West, Jathograpbers 54Hattan Garden 1,2,3.CYTHEREIS FISTULOSA. 4,5,6. CYTHEREIS DEFORMIS. 7,8,9.CYTHEREIS RUNCINATA. 10,1112.CYTHEREIS AUSTRALIS. _ 131415. CYTHEREIS PRAVA. 16,1718. CYTHEREIS SENTICOSA. ; _ 19,20,21.CYPRIS DONNETII. 22,23,24, CYPRIS CUNEATA. 2 ,26,27 CANDONA LACTEA 28,29,30. CYTHERE SETOSA. 31,32,33,CYTHERE TARENTINA i 297 mity; ventral nearly straight. The surface 6f the valves is very rough, wrinkled, and beset all over, but especially near the margins, with strong spinous laciniz. Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection. Genus Cypriprna, M.-Edwards. 1. Cypripina Zeaantca, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 11-13.) Carapace valves of an oval form, somewhat flattened, but convex in the centre and striated; the strize are numerous, close-set, and of a waved appearance. Surface of valves covered with minute punc- tations, which probably give origin in the fresh state to short hairs, though they are not visible in the dried specimens. The anterior ex- tremity is slightly narrower than posterior. “The whole carapace is of a uniform white colour. Natural size one-fourth of an inch long and one-fifth of an inch broad. -. Hab. New Zealand. Two specimens were sent to the British Mu- seum by the Rev. R. Taylor, of Waimati in New Zealand, along with a collection of marine and freshwater shells, but without any history attached to them. 2. CyPRIDINA INTERPUNCTA, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 8-10:) Carapace valves oval. Anterior extremity narrower than posterior ; the notch near anterior extremity very wide, and its anterior margin blunt and projecting in form of a beak straight upwards ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded, and terminating near the ventral margin in a short blunt point. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight or slightly arched. The surface of the valves is of a dull white colour, and is densely and rather coarsely covered with impressed punctations. The carapace is convex, but much less so than in C. M‘ Andrei, and is of a much more oval shape. Hab. Near the Isle of Skye; collected by R. M‘Andrew, Esq., August 1850. 3. Cypriprna Martz, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 5-7.) Carapace valves elongate oval, of exactly the same size at each ex- tremity ; extremities rounded. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly plane, or very slightly arched. Surface of valves of a white shining colour, mottled with a few spots of a dull white, and covered with minute superficial punctations. Notch or ventral margin of anterior extremity blunt, leaving the upper and lower margins of the notch very obtuse. Approaches Asterope elliptica of Philippi somewhat in figure of carapace, but is much more elongate, and is one-third larger. Hab. Off the Isle of Skye; collected by R. M‘Andrew, Esq., Au- gust 1850. Pl. XVII. f. 2-4. Estheria Dahalacensis. Vide Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 89. No. 5. No. CCXVII.—Proceepincs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 258 2. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DESTRUCTIVE SPECIES OF DipTEROUS INSECTS KNOWN IN AFRICA UNDER THE NAMES OF THE Tsrtsr, ZIMB, AND TSALTSALYA, AND ON THEIR SUPPOSED CONNEXION WITH THE FourtTH PLAGUE oF EeyrT. By J. O. Westwoopn, F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. etc. (Annulosa, Pl. XIX.) The species of insects which attack the larger of our domestic qua- drupeds may be divided into two chief classes ; first, those which do so in order to obtain a supply of food for their own support; and second, those which do so with the object of depositing their eggs in such a position, that the larvee, when hatched from them, will be cer- tain of finding a proper supply of food derived from some part of the animal, either external or internal. The insects composing the first of these two classes require for the performance of their dreaded functions an organization of the parts of the mouth especially fitting them to pierce the skins and hides of the quadrupeds upon the blood of which they subsist, and we accord- ingly find that it is precisely these insects which have the mouth- organs most fully developed in the different families to which they respectively belong. The Stomozxys calcitrans, and especially the different species of Tabanus, are pre-eminent in this respect; and the formidable array of lancets in the mouth of one of the latter insects is not to be met with elsewhere among the whole of the flies composing the order Diptera, to which they belong. The effects of the attacks of these insects upon the horse are perceived by the drops of blood which flow from the orifices caused by their bites, and sometimes these wounds are so numerous, that the beasts “‘ are all in a gore of blood.” A still smaller species, named by Linnzeus the Culex equinus, also infests the horse in infinite numbers, running under the mane and amongst the hair, and piercing the skin to suck their blood. This insect, although given by Linneus as a Culex, appears from his description to belong to the genus Simulium, to which genus also belongs an insect of fearful note, which attacks the horned cattle in Servia and the Bannat, penetrating the generative organs, nose, ears, &c. of these animals, and by its poisonous bite de- stroying them ina few hours. A species of the same genus of minute Tipulide is common in marshy districts in England, and I have often experienced its attacks, which have resulted in the raising of a tu- mour on the part of the flesh which has been attacked, attended by a considerable amount of local inflammation; and hence we may readily believe the well-authenticated effects produced upon the cattle above described. There are various other insects which attack the horse and ox, such as the Hippobosce, various species of ticks, Anthomyie, &c.; and if these do not, from their smaller size, cause a discharge of blood like the large Tabanide, it is certain that the irritation which they produce not only by their presence upon the skin, but also by the sharpness of their bite, must be very irritating to the quadrupeds which they infest. 25°R Printed bpB Jecvard U1 Fleet Sr, eset]. GLOSSINA. MORSITANS:Westw. 2. GL. TACHINOIDES, Westw. a: TABANIFORMIS, Westw. 4) STYLOMVYIA LEONUM;Westw. \ SP <7 ee hie tts A SOUND OE ae line “ 2 = 259 The insects which do not themselves feed upon our cattle, but simply infest them for the purpose of depositing their eggs in some convenient place or other upon their bodies, are in no instance that I recollect provided with an increased development of the mouth organs; on the contrary, the @stride are either entirely destitute of a mouth, or have only very small rudiments of some of the ordinary parts of the mouth, so as to be entirely unfitted for biting or wound- ing cattle. The effects however which some of these species pro- duce are as annoying as those caused by the bites of the Tabani. The female fly of the common horse bot, @strus Equi, it is true, instils no dread into the horse round which she is intently engaged in flying, depositing her eggs here and there in particular spots where the horse is certain to lick the hairs, by which means the eggs are introduced into the mouth and pass into the stomach. So little indeed is the horse affected by the presence of this insect, that I have often stood close to one round which the Gstrus Lqui has been flying, until the latter has come within reach of my hand, when I have caught it with- out trouble. Another species, @strus hemorrhoidalis, is however much more troublesome ; depositing her eggs on the lips of the horse, and producing in her endeavours to effect this such an excessive titil- lation, as to cause great uneasiness to the horse, which tosses its head about ‘to drive off its enemy, gallops about, and as a last resource takes refuge in some neighbouring water, where the @s¢ri never fol- low it. The same kind of effect is also produced in rein deer by the Cstrus Tarandi *, and in oxen by another species of @strus, Hist. Bovis, respecting which however much difference of opinion has arisen. At certain seasons, the whole terrified herd, with their tails in the air, or turned upon their backs, or stiffly stretched out in the direction of the spine, gallop about the pastures, finding no rest till they also get into the water. This Gstrusis asserted by some writers to make a strong humming noise, and hence it has been supposed that the herd of cattle are alarmed at the noise; but this must surely be an incor- rect conjecture, as the @stri, if they make any hum at all, are far out- stripped in this respect by many other insects which instil no dread into oxen. Neither are they alarmed in consequence of being sub- jected to the same kind of attack upon so sensitive a part as the lips, as is the case with the horses attacked by @strus hemorrhoidalis. It is however asserted by some writers, that the dread is produced by the pain inflicted by the @strus in depositing her eggs, her ovipositor being represented as constructed like an auger or gimlet, only having several longer points it can wound with more effect. When it is stated, however, that the female @strus Bovis does not occupy more than a few seconds in depositing each egg, we may fairly doubt whether, with her long, fleshy, tubular ovipositor, she has been able to pierce the hide of an ox; or whether, as Mr. Bracy Clark suggests, she only * At the present time (April 1851) some of the rein deer in the Gardens of the Society, which were imported last autumn from Lapland, are infected to a re- markable extent with the tumours of this species; there must, I think, be from fifty to a hundred tumours on one of these animals. 260 makes use of this long instrument to thrust the egg down to the sur- face of the skin, which she does not pierce, but only glues its eggs to it, the young larvee when hatched burrowing into the flesh. If this be the case, the act of oviposition must be unattended with pain, as in the case of the deposition of the eggs of @strus Equi, and we must search for the cause of the alarm of the herd, either in an instinctive knowledge that a certain insect flying around them is the parent of a grub which at a future time will be a torment to them, or in the attacks of some other insect ; and I confess that I am inclined to consider that Virgil’s beautiful description of the annoyance caused by “ Myriads of insects fluttering in the gloom, (Gstrus in Greece, Asilus named at Rome,) Fierce and of cruel hum ”’— has a Tabanus rather than an (strus for its origin. The larva of the Estrus Equi resides beneath the skin of the back of the ox, causing large tumours, and having the extremity of its body constantly placed at the orifice of the wound, where it was in- troduced as an egg, or introduced itself as a grub, the openings of its respiratory apparatus being placed at that part of the body. These introductory remarks on the different modes in which insects attack our horses and oxen, and the different effects which they pro- duce, will enable us the better to estimate the effects produced by an insect, or several species of insects, of tropical Africa upon the horses of travellers who have lately returned from that part of the world, where their enterprising researches have been rewarded by the disco- very of the great central lake Tchad. Captain Frank Vardon, a gen- tleman who has travelled far in the interior of Africa, has placed in my hands some fragments of Dipterous insects which attacked his horses, causing the death of one of them. The following is an ex- tract from his note to me in reply to my inquiry as to the mode of its attack :— “33 Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park, May 1850. “Dear Str,—I had always heard that the fly of South Africa so destructive to cattle was a large gad-fly, the size of a bee or hornet. This is quite erroneous: it is not very much larger than the common house-fly, but a longer and more ‘rakish’-looking insect, and easily distinguished by the transverse black bars on its body. “<1 fancy it is not met with south of the Tropic of Capricorn. It is usually found on hills, plains being free from it. I have ridden up a hill and found the Sétsé increasing at every step, till at last forty or fifty would be on my horse at once. The specimens you saw cost me one of the best in my stud. He was stung by some ten or a dozen of them, and died m twenty days. I myself have been bitten by the Sétsé ; you would almost fancy it was a flea biting you. Some parts of South Africa are, I should say, rendered inaccessible by the presence of this pest ; I mean of course to a man who travels in the usual way, with his oxen and horses. ** How far the Sétsé extends in the interior is of course as yet un- known, but I have certain information as to its being 200 miles north 261 of the ‘Great Lake’ recently discovered by my friends, Messrs. Living- ston, Oswell and Murray. “Yours faithfully, “FRANK VARDON.” “* J. O. Westwood, Esq.” The various specimens forwarded to me by Captain Vardon have enabled me to determine that the insect is a new species of Wiede- mann’s genus Glossina, which may be thus characterized :— Guiossina MorsITANS, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 1. and details.) Luteo-albida, thoracis dorso subcastaneo, griseo subtomentoso, vit- tis quatuor longitudinalibus in medio interruptis nigris, scutelli apice punctis duobus parvis fuscis ; abdomine pallide lutescenti, segmento basali utrinque macula parva laterali nigra, singulo segmentorum quatuor proximorum ad basin fascia nigricanti, in medio interrupta, notatis ; alis parum infumatis. Long. corp. lin. 5; expans. alar. lin. 8}. The head is of a dirty buff colour, narrower than the thorax, with large eyes; the epistoma is paler coloured and clothed with whitish hairs; the proboscis is rather longer than the height of the head ; it consists of a slender, horny seta or compound bristle, chestnut- coloured in its chief length, but dilated at the base into a large oval bulbous horny lobe, and upon maceration I was enabled to withdraw from the upper side of the seta (which is consequently grooved), two . very delicate styles as long as the proboscis ; the sides of this instru- ment are defended by a pair of elongated, slender setose palpi, as long as the proboscis itself; these are concave on the inside and blackish at the tips, and the setee with which they are clothed are also black, as well as the branched setze with which the arista of the antennz is furnished ; the outer surface of the arista itself, under a powerful microscope, is evidently villose. The antennz are inserted in a de- pressed obconic space between the eyes, rounded above, and there are two dark spots on the upper part of the epistoma; the two basal joints of the antennee are dark in front, and the large third joint is dirty buff-coloured. The thorax is chestnut-red, clothed with a very delicate grey tomentosity and finely punctured ; it is impressed across the middle of the dorsum, and is marked with four longitudinal broad black bars, abbreviated in front and behind, the two central ones being longest in front, and the two lateral ones longest behind; the two former are united in front by a black streak from the front margin. The scutellum is dirty buff, with two dark dots at its extremity, from which, as well as from various dark dots at the sides, arise long black setee ; the halteres are nearly white. The wings are slightly stained with dusky ; the veins black, except at the base of the wing, where they are dirty-buff. The legs are dirty-buff, with the outside of the thighs stained with dark brown. The last two joints of the tarsi are black, with large pulvilli. The abdomen is flat, oval in outline, and dirty fulvous buff in colour, clothed above with numerous minute 262 black setze, which are greatly elongated at the base of the abdomen and the extremity and sides of each segment; the first segment is marked at each side close to the anterior angle with a round black spot, and each of the four following segments has a broad basal fascia of dark brown, interrupted in the middle. The sides and under sur- face of the thorax are varied with black patches; the abdomen is pale-coloured beneath, with a large terminal oval plate, down the middle of which runs a pale longitudinal line, preceded by two small oblique oval patches, thickly clothed with minute black setze. The peculiarities of the genus Glossina, whereby it is at once distin- guished from Stomowys, to which it is nearly allied, consist in the dilata- tion of the extremity of the discoidal cell, the rounded horny bulbous base of the proboscis, which is not angulated at its base, and the long and slender flattened palpi, which together form a sheath protecting the proboscis. Wiedemann’s typical species (which has remained unique to the present time), Glossina longipalpis, (subsequently de- scribed by Robineau Desvoidy under the name of Nemorhina pal- palis,) is a native of Sierra Leone, where it was collected by Afzelius. M. Macquart, judging from the structure of the mouth, considers it probable that it does not live upon the blood of animals, like Sto- moxys, but upon the nectar of flowers; the two setze which are en- closed in the proboscis and compose the sucker being so slender, that it is difficult to conceive that they can pierce the skin, the palpi being also elongated so as to form a protection to it, and thus further indi- cating its weakness. There is however so great a difference between the structure of the proboscis in these insects and Stomowys, that I do not doubt that they are able to pierce the skin of a horse, the proboscis of Glossina being a long, straight, horny, needle-like instrument, and not elbowed, with fleshy lips, as is that of Stomorys. Moreover, the bulbous dilated base of the proboscis must evidently play an import- ant part in the economy of the insect, either by giving additional support to the proboscis when in the act of piercing the skin, or by containing powerful muscles for the action of the enclosed sete ; or, as suggested to me by Prof. Owen, this dilated base may be analogous to the dilated base of the sting of the Scorpion, and like it contain a reservoir of some powerfully poisonous liquid. The account of the irritating powers of the Glossina given by Cap- tain Vardon is, it is true, not so detailed as could have been desired, but we learn sufficient to arrive at the conclusion that its effects are, to a certain extent, exactly like those of the Tabanide ; how far the attacks may be attended with tumours, similar to those produced by the Simulium, and whether a tropical climate may not extend the effects of the attack, producing inflammatory action upon animals perhaps never before in those latitudes, are questions which have yet to be answered. One thing however appears to me evident, that the Séts¢ is no other than the Zimb of Bruce, (an insect respecting whose real family and even existence so many doubts have been expressed, ) or at least that that insect is a larger species of Glossina, to whose real habits Bruce has added those of a species of @istrus. With the view of establishing this assertion, as well as of clearing up what I 263 consider the inconsistencies of Bruce’s account, I shall beg to intro- duce his description of the Zimb. “Nothing was more opposite than the manners and life of the Cushite and of his carrier the shepherd. The mountains of the Cush- ite and the cities he built afterwards were situated upon a loamy black earth, so that, as soon as the tropical rains began to fall, a wonder- ful phenomenon deprived him of his cattle. Large swarms of flies appeared wherever that loamy earth was, which made him absolutely dependent in this respect upon the shepherd ; but these affected the shepherd also. This insect is called the Zimb * in modern or vulgar Arabic; it has not been described by any naturalist. It is in size very little larger than a bee, of a thicker proportion, and the wings, which are broader than those of a bee, are placed separate, like those ofafly. They are of pure gauze, without colour or spot upon them ; the head is large; the upper jaw or lip is sharp, and has at the end of it a strong pointed hair of about a quarter of an inch long; the lower jaw has two of these pointed hairs, and this pencil of hairs, when joined together, makes a resistance to the finger nearly equal to that of a strong hog’s bristle; its legs are serrated on the inside, and the whole covered with brown hair or down. As soon as this plague appears and its buzzing is heard, all the cattle forsake their food and run wildly about the plain till they die, worn out with fa- tigue, fright and hunger. No remedy remains but to leave the black earth and to hasten down to the plains of Atbara, and there they re- main whilst the rains last, this cruel enemy never daring to pursue them farther. «What enables the shepherd to perform the long and toilsome journeys across Africa is the camel, emphatically called by the Arabs the ship of the desert. Though his size is immense, like his strength, and his body covered with a thick skin defended with strong hair, yet still is he not capable to sustain the violent punctures the fly makes with his pointed proboscis. He must lose no time in removing to the sands of Atbara, for when once attacked by this fly, his body, head and. legs swell out into large bosses, which break and putrefy to the certain destruction of the creature. Even the elephant and rhino- ceros, who, by reason of their enormous bulk and the vast quantity of food and water they daily need, cannot shift to desert and dry places as the season may require, are obliged to roll themselves in mud or mire, which when dry coats them over like armour, and en- ables them to stand their ground against this winged assassin ; yet I have found some of these tubercles upon almost every elephant and rhinoceros that I have seen, and attribute them to this cause. All the inhabitants of the sea-coast of Melinda, down to Cape Gardefan, Saba, and the south coast of the Red Sea, are obliged to put them- selves in motion and change their habitation to the next sand in the beginning of the rainy season, to prevent all their stock of cattle from being destroyed. * Of all those that have written upon these countries, the prophet Isaiah alone has given an account of this animal and the manner of * “See Appendix. It is the same name as Zebul in Hebrew.—E.” 264 its operation (Isaiah, vii. 18, 19): ‘And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall hiss for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt .... and they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the desolate valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon all bushes.’ ”’ (Travels, ii. pp. 314-317.) * Tsaltsalya, or Fly.—We are obliged with the greatest surprise to acknowledge that those huge animals, the elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion and the tiger, inhabiting the same woods, are still vastly this fly’s inferiors ; and that the appearance of this small insect, nay, his very sound, though he is not seen, occasions more trepidation, move- ment and disorder, both in the human and brute creation, than whole herds of these monstrous animals collected together, though their number was in a tenfold proportion greater than it really is. Provi- dence from the beginning it would seem had fixed its habitation to one species of soil, being a black fat earth, extraordinarily fruitful. “ We cannot read the history of the plagues which God brought upon Pharaoh by the hands of Moses, without stopping a moment to consider a singularity, a very principal one, which attended the plague of the fly. The land of Goshen, the possession of the Israelites, was a land of promise which was not tilled or sown, because it was not overflowed by the Nile. But the land overflowed by the Nile was the black earth of the Valley of Egypt, and it was here that God confined the flies —I have magnified him about twice the natural size.—He has no sting, though he seems to me to be rather of the bee kind; but his motion is more rapid and sudden than that of the bee, and resembles that of the gad-fly in England. There is something par- ticular in the sound or buzzing of this insect. It is a jarring noise, together with a humming, which induces me to believe that it pro- ceeds, at least in part, from a vibration made with the three hairs at his snout. “The Chaldee Version is content with calling this animal simply Zebub, which signifies the fly in general as we express it in English. The Arabs call it Arob in their translation, which has the same gene-. ral signification. The Ethiopic translation calls it Tsal tsalya, which is the true name of this particular fly in Geez, and was the same in Hebrew. The Greeks have called this species of fly Cynomyia, which signifies the dog-fly ; in imitation of which, those I suppose of the church of Alexandria that, after the coming of Frumentius, were cor- recting the Greek copy and making it conformable to the Septuagint, have called this fly Tsal tsalya Kelb, in answer to the word Cynomyia. Salal in the Hebrew signifies ‘to buzz’ or ‘to hum,’ and as it were alludes to the noise with which the animal terrifies the cattle; and Tsal tsalya seems to come from this by only doubling the radicals : tTsalalou*, in Amharic, signifies ‘to pierce with violence.’ ”— Appendix, vi. 284 et seq. * “ The name of this fly is undoubtedly derived from a word signifying ‘to buzz’ in Hebrew and Ethiopic. The drawing seems to have been made from a pre- served subject, an eminent naturalist (the late Prof. Walker) having observed that some of the jiner parts are wanting init. These may have been lost in keeping, or during the drawing of it at home.—Enrr.” 265 From this account we learn that it is the sound of this insect which produces a great amount of trepidation in the cattle of Abyssinia. This accords with Bracy Clark’s ideas of Estrus Bovis. Bruce’s description of the position of the wings clearly indicates a Dipterous insect, and his figure shows a bee-like insect, with a long straight porrected pro- boscis exactly like that of Glossina. Bruce adds, that the insect punctures the thick skin of the camel with its proboscis, the parts attacked breaking out into large bosses, which are also occasionally found upon the rhinoceros and elephant. It will be observed how- ever that Bruce merely supposed these tumours to arise from the attack of the Zimb. I think we have sufficient grounds for believing that Bruce has here jumbled together the notion of the buzzing of the strus instillmg dread into a herd of cattle, his knowledge of the piercing powers of the proboscis of the Séts¢, and his knowledge of the tu- mours caused by the presence of the larvee of @stri under the skin of the camel*, rhinoceros and elephant. The College of Surgeons possesses a specimen of the larva of the @strus of the rhinoceros, and the camel is also subject to the attacks of a species of the same genus ; whilst I consider that Bruce’s figure is made up from memory, taking the statement of its resemblance to a bee and its possession of a proboscis together +. No instance, in fact, is known of a spe- cies which attacks these animals with its proboscis, forming tumours upon their backs such as are described by Bruce, which agree on the whole with the tumours caused by the larve of @strus Bovis; and we have already seen that no @strus is capable of inflicting a wound with the organs of the mouth, of which in fact all the known species are destitute, whilst the boring powers of their ovipositors are very questionable. The accounts given by Mr. R. Gordon Cumming of the destructive powers of the Tsetse fully confirm the opinion here advanced, and prove that although “‘its dite is certain death to oxen and horses,” it causes no dorsal tumours like an @strus. ‘This hunter’s scourge,” he says, “is similar to a fly in Scotland called Klegy{, but a little smaller ; they are very quick and active, and storm a horse like a swarm of bees, alighting on him in hundreds and drinking his blood. The animal thus bitten pines away and dies, at periods varying from a week to three months, according to the extent to which he has been bitten.” .. . . “The next day one of my steeds died of the ‘ Tsetse.’ The head and body of the poor animal swelled up in a most distress- ing manner before he died; his eyes were so swollen that he could * Pliny was aware of the attacks of @stri upon the camel, and he informs us that the merchants of Arabia were in the habit of anointing their camels with whale- and fish-oils. (Hist. Mund. lib. xxxii. p. 302, et lib. xi. cap. 16. p. 36. edit. Pancoucke.) + It is evident from the note added by the editor of the 8vo edition, from which the above extracts have been made, that the drawing of the insect was not a bond fide one made on the spot, but was manufactured at home. } Kleg is the local name for the Hematopota pluvialis. 266 not see, and in darkness he neighed for his comrades who stood feed- ing beside him *.” The Marquis di Spineto, in a memoir published ‘‘ On the Zimb of Bruce as connected with the Hieroglyphics of Egypt+,’’ endeavoured to ascertain the characters of this imsect, and came to the conclusion that it belongs to the order Diptera, notwithstanding Bruce says that it very much resembles the Bee genus, and that it has “several of the properties of the Bombylius, the Tabanus, the Gstrus, and the Hip- pobosca, without belonging to any of them. In some of its generic and even specific characters it is like the Boméylius and Gstrus, in others like the Hippobosca and the Muscidae, in a few like the Taba- nus and the Dog-fly, whilst in the aggregate it differs from every one of these insects.” The Marquis points out the various relationships which the insect, as described by Bruce, presents to these different genera, considering that the porrected hairs or bristles forming the mouth “perform the office of suckers, simply because it does not lay its eggs in the flesh of animals; for according to the account which * Bruce gives of the evils attending the attacks of this fly, the bosses which are produced swell, break and putrefy, but never exhibit any larvee or maggots,” thus differing from the habits of the @stri; to which however he adds, by some curious misconception, that “ the larve of the Gstrus live in wood, which does not seem to be the cas with the Zimb.” : The Marquis however identifies the Zimb with the Kuyéuua or ‘ Dog-fly’ of the Greeks, the ‘Tsal tsalya Kelb’ of the Alexandrian Church, the ‘Af an ouhor’ of the ancient Egyptians, the ‘Arob’ or ‘Oreb’ of Exodus viii. 21, and the ‘ @strus’ of Aristotle; and con- siders that it is the precise species of fly which caused the fourth of the plagues of Egypt{. As such, he also regards it as the insect represented on the Egyptian monuments at the head of the cartouches which enclose the hieroglyphical titles of the Pharaohs, and as a sym- bol of Lower Egypt (where only the insect occurs), the preceding figure being intended for a sceptre, in contradiction to the opinion of M. Champollion, who regards the figure of the insect as that of a bee; and consequently the signification of the two symbols as that of «King of an obedient people.” I can by no means however agree with this opinion of the Marquis Spineto, since an examination of various Egyptian monuments in the British Museum and elsewhere (in all of which the insect is represented under precisely the same form) has convinced me that it is intended to represent a Hymeno- pterous insect, and not one of the Diptera. It is in fact more like the figure of a common Wasp than any other ordinary insect ; the * Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the Far Interior of South Africa, ii. pp. 220, 227. + Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1834, vol. iv. p. 170. t In the Article “‘ Musquitoe” (Brit. Cyclop. Nat. Hist. iii. 299), I have sug- gested various reasons for supposing that the fourth plague of Egypt was caused by some species of Culicide, which, although not disproved, are certainly weakened by the knowledge now obtained of the real habits of the Tsetse or Zimd. 267 appendages of the head, which are obliquely porrected, are evidently intended for antennze, and not for a bipartite proboscis; the wings, it is true, are only represented as two in number, but as the two on each side of the body in the Hymenoptera are hooked together, they would, by common observers, be regarded as but one ; while the con- tracted form of the base of the abdomen is precisely that of some of the Vespide figured in the great French work upon Egypt. The Polistes represented in pl. 8. fig. 2g. of that work indeed might al- most be considered as the identical species intended to be represented on the monuments. Mr. S. Birch indeed informs me that there is a coloured represen- tation of this hieroglyphic figure on one of the Egyptian monuments in the British Museum, and that the banded colours of the abdomen leave no doubt that it is intended fora Wasp. Moreover the Egyptian name of this insect was the same as that of Upper Egypt, whilst the preceding figure was intended for a reed as emblematical of Lower » Egypt, and consequently the two figures indicated the power of the monarch over both these parts of the empire. To render this article more complete, I have added descriptions of two more tropical African species of Glossina, from the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, together with that of another remarkable hitherto undescribed genus allied to Glossina, but distinguished by the very singular recurved proboscis and long styliferous abdomen, also from tropical Africa. Guossina TacHino1pEs, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 2.) Cinerea, faciei striga longitudinali media fulva, epistomate ar- genteo-sericeo, thoracis dorso brunneo-maculato, scutello griseo maculis duabus brunneis punctisque duobus minutis apicalibus nigris, abdominis dorso carneo-griseo segmento singulo maculis duabus maximis fuscis, pedibus luteo-albidis, tarsis supra nigris. Long. corp. lin. 4; expans. alar. lin. 85. Hab. in Africa occidentali tropicali. (Mus. D. Hope.) This species is smaller than the preceding and differently coloured. The terminal joint of the antennz is more lunate in form and dusky coloured in front; the palpi are dusky coloured at the tip and clothed with black hairs. The upper surface of the thorax is ash-coloured, divided across the middle by an impressed line; the anterior half is marked on each side towards the fore angles with an oval brown spot, extending laterally and backwards into a lunate line, enclosing a smaller oval spot on each side towards the hinder angles : in the middle are two slender abbreviated brown lines, and two minute spots resting upon the transverse impressed line over which they are extended and dilated into a pair of somewhat larger spots in the middle of the upper surface of the thorax, each with a slender transverse line extending from it to the sides of the thorax, where it meets a curved lateral brown line enclosing a fainter oval spot, the hind extremity of each of which nearly joins, at the hinder angles of the back of the tho- rax, a straight line running forwards into the disk, where it vanishes. 268 The upper side of the abdomen may be described as of a brown colour, with the lateral and posterior edges and an ill-defined longitudinal central band of fleshy ash: it is thickly clothed with minute black hairs on the disk, and with long ones at the base and sides. The wings and their veins are coloured as in Gl. morsitans. GLossina TaBANIFoRMIS, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 3.) Griseo-fusca epistomate sericeo, thorace fusco-maculato, abdomine JSusco-rufescenti apice sensim obfuscato, pedibus fusco-luteis tibiis tarsisque nigro lineatis alis fusco infumatis. Long. corp. lin. 6; expans. alar. lin. 134. Hab. apud littus aureum Africe tropicalis occidentalis. (Mus. D. Hope.) This species is very much larger than either of the preceding. The head is comparatively much smaller and the wings much larger; the front of the head is dusky; it, as well as the basal joints of the an- tenn, is rather thickly clothed with black hairs; the arista of the antenne is luteous, with a dark line behind, and the brantling sete with which it is furnished are black; the palpi are thickly clothed externally with short black sete; the thorax is dark greyish brown, also very thickly clothed with short black setee and long curved lateral bristles ; the back of the thorax is marked with a dark central lon- gitudinal line, having a less distinct one on each side of it, between which and each side are two large brown spots, one behind the other ; the scutellum is paler, and marked with two ill-defined dusky spots ; the wings are stained brown; the legs are dirty luteous buff; the tibiz marked with one, and the tarsi with three very delicate longi- tudinal black lines ; the tibize are compressed, and the black line oceu- pies the superior compressed ridge. Tribe Myoparr#, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt. ii. 29. Genus StyLomyta, Westw. (Stylogaster, Wlk. nec Macq.) Corpus subelongatum capite thorace parum latiori, facie antice dimidio supero carinato, dimidio infero valde coneavo. An- tenne porrecte articulo basali minimo, 2do obconico, 3tio sub- ovali precedentis longitudine, vel precedenti multo longiort compresso parum curvato, arista versus apicem maryinis supert inserta, porrecta. Haustellum capite et thorace conjunctim triplo longius, porrectum, in medio geniculatum, dimidio basali parum defleco et ad ejus apicem crassiori, dimidio apicali valde ineurvato. Thorax brevis quadratus. Abdomen supra subconvexum parum curvatum, apice pone segmentum Sum in sty- lum elongatum (longitudine quingue articulorum precedentium equalem), deflecum valde angustum, contracto, hujus styl apice supero in uno sexu, oblique truncato; seta elongata supra hirsuta, lobo breviori compresso filamentisque duobus elongatis simplicibus in cavitate truncata insidentibus. Ale breves cellula \ma postica clausa pediculata et postice dila- tata, vena obliqua cellulam postice contiguam claudente sub- 269 obsoleta ; cellula anali brevissima vix pone pseudalulam ex- tensa vena brevissima transversa clausa. Pedes elongati gra- cillimi, calearibus duobus tibiarum parum elongatis, tibiis posticis difformibus, unguibus pulvillisque minutissimis. This genus is very close to the American genus Stylogaster, but especially differs from the description given thereof by M. Macquart, in the very mimute condition of the anal cell of the wings. The form of the head and the unequal division of the haustellum, as repre- sented in M. Macquart’s pl. 13. fig. 15, are also characters at variance with those of the insects of which I have composed the present ge- nus. The anal cell is of small size in Stachynia, Meq. (Dalmannia, Rob. D.), but it is still more minute in Stylomyia. The long slender legs and minute claws and pulvilli are also unlike those of all the other Myoparie. Srytomyia Leonum, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 4, and details.) Rufo-fulva, facie argenteo-sericea antennis rufo-fulvis arista nigra, vertice subplano macula ovali nigra ocellos postice includente, haustello nigro basi subtus parum pallidiori, thorace scutello abdomineque rufo-fulvis stylo concolori fascia lata fere apicali nigra, pedibus fulvis tarsis apice fuscis, tibiis duabus posticis dimidio basali fusco, apicali albido ; tarsis nigris. Long. corp. lin., stylo excluso, 4; expans. alar. lin. 6. Hab. in Sierra Leona, Africee. (In Mus. D. Hope.) The facets of the middle portion of the inner margin of the eyes are rather larger than the posterior ones. The wings are but slightly tinged with grey, and the veins are blackish. The extremity of the anal style with its filaments are fulvous coloured. The two posterior tibice are very slender at the base; the apical half is dilated on the upper edge, the under edge not being quite straight.—Nofe. All the details are taken from the species figured. Stytomyra conrusa, Westw. Fulva, facie argentea, vertice om- nino nigro; antennis fulvis articulo 3tio antennarum longitu- dinem 2di vix superanti, ovali-conico, arista nigra; tuberculo antennifero pallide fulvo, haustello nigro basi fulvo; thorace supra nigro marginibus lateralibus angulisque anticis distincte et irregulariter luteis setis longis nigris. Scutello fusco setis duabus longis terminalibus nigris, pedibus quatuor anticis om- nino luteo-albidis tibiis apice obscuris, femoribus duobus posti- cis fascia angusta ante alteraque pone medium fuscis ; tibiis dimidio basali fusco fascia lata media alba, tertia parte api- cali fusco, tarsis fuscis; abdomine fulvo segmentis 2do—5to margine postico tenui obscuro ; styli dimidio basali fulvo-rufo ; apicali nigro, genitalibus exsertis fulvo-rufis ; corpore subtus fulvo-albido. Precedenti e tertia parte minor. Hab. ? (Un Mus. Brit.) Although in general form and proportion of its parts, especially of the terminal style of its abdomen, the specimen of this species in the British Museum agrees exactly with St. Leonum, yet the short third 270 joint of the antenne, and the extraordinarily enlarged size of the middle facets of the inner margin of the eyes, might indicate it to be the opposite sex of the preceding. The second segment of the abdo- men is furnished on each side with a small fascicle of elongated black hairs. This species is introduced by Mr. F. Walker into his ‘ List of the Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum’ (part iii. p- 680), under the name of Stylogaster stylatus; but it appears to me that it neither accords with Macquart’s generic characters of Sty- logaster, nor with the concise Fabrician specific description of Conops stylata (Syst. Antl. 177), nor yet with Wiedemann’s more detailed observations, especially with reference to the sexual difference in the form of the antennze (Auss. Eur. Zw. Ins. ii. 245). DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. (Annutosa, Pl. XIX.) Fig. 1. Glossina morsitans, magnified. 1a, the head seen in front with the hau- stellum removed; 10, the head seen sideways, the tips of the parts of the haustellum removed; 1c, the lower part of the head, with the parts of the haustellum separated and the hirsute palpi removed ; 1d, the underside of the extremity of the head and the bulb seen beneath, showing the bulbous base of the haustellum; le, antenna greatly magnified, showing the villose anterior edge of the arista and the hirsute hairs with which it is furnished; 1/, the terminal joint of the tarsus, showing the strong ungues and the large setose pulvilli. Fig. 2. Glossina tachinoides magnified. Fig. 3. Glossina tabaniformis magnified. Fig. 4. Stylomyia leonum magnified. 4a, the head and haustellum seen sideways ; 4b, antenna; 4c, abdomen seen sideways; 4d and 4e, extremity of the abdomen with its appendages; 47, hind leg; 4g, ungues and pulvilli. 3. On THE Marine Mo.uuscaA DISCOVERED DURING THE VoyaGes OF THE HERALD AND PANDORA, BY Capt. Kewuert, R.N., anp Lieut. Woop, R.N. By Prorrssor Epwarp Forses, F.R.S. ere. ~ (Mollusca, Pl. IX. & XI.) Out of 307 species of shells collected by the voyagers, 217 are ma- rine Gasteropoda, | is a Cephalopod, and 58 marine bivalves. The genera of which species are most numerous are—Murewx, Purpura, Trochus, Terebra, Strombus, Conus, Columbella, Littorina, Oliva, Cyprea, Natica, Patella, Chiton, Venus, and Arca. Among the more local genera represented in this collection are, Monoceros, Pseudoliva, Cyrtulus, Saxidomus, and Crassatella. The specimens are usually in very fine preservation. Many of the species are rare or local. The localities at which they were chiefly collected were the coast of southern California, from San Diego to Magdalena, and the shores of Mazatlan. Unfortunately the precise locality of many of the individual specimens had not been noted at the time, and a quantity of Poly- nesian shells, mingled with them, have tended to render the value of Proc. Z.9. Mollusca, A]. x WH Baily. Printed by Hullmandel & Walton. hig-1. Trochita spirata. Forbes Fig: 7 Trochus aureotinctus. Forbes 2. Natiea Pritchardi ‘ oo Gallina 3. Nafsa Woodwardi f me castaneus Nuttall. 4 N. Cooperi . We Tr Fill Forbes 5 naxis pigra ae Lise. purpurahis , GE: migritella ‘ 12. Purpura analoga if 1 fuscata ) — a) eS 271 the collection as illustrative of distribution less exact than it might have been. A few specimens of considerable interest were taken by the ‘Herald’ at Cape Krusenstern. The new species are all from the American shores. There are no products of deep-sea dredging. As many of the following new forms are from the coast of Ma- zatlan, Mr. Cuming, whose experience and advice has been taken, and magnificent collection consulted in drawing up this report, has considered it desirable that some undescribed shells contained in his collection, from that region, should be described and figured at the same time. TROCHITA SPIRATA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 1.) T. testd conicé, fusco-purpured, longitudinaliter radiato-sulcatd, sulcis numerosis, prominentibus, subrugosis ; anfractibus 6, angus- tis ; lamind internd spirali, depressd, magnd, margine undulato. Diam. 2,3,, alt. 1,4, une. A very handsome species of this group, allied to Calyptrea sor- dida of Broderip, and differing from the well-known T’. trochiformis in having very much narrower and more numerous whorls, as well as in its internal colouring. It was procured at Massaniello, in the Gulf of California. Trocuus casTANEvs. Nuttall, MSS. (Pl. XI. fig. 9.) T. testd late-conicd, crassd, lete castaned, spiraliter flavo-lineatd, anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, omnibus spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis numerosis, ultimo lato, basi subangulato, convexo, imperforato, aperturd subquadratd, margaritaced, suturis impressis. Oper- culum? Alt. 58, lat. 8, long. apert. 54 unc. The number of sulcations in the second whorl is about six; the cavities are always rich chestnut, the elevations yellowish. The ge- neral form is intermediate between that of ziziphinus and alabastrites. The shell has long been known under Nuttall’s manuscript name, but never, so far as I am aware, described. It is from Upper Cali- fornia. (h.1g6>° TRrocnus (MonoponTA) GALLINA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI, fig. 8.) T. testd obtuse pyramidali, crassd (adultus ponderosus), spird magna, anfractibus 5, glabris, obsolete obliqu striatis, convexiusculis, albidis, fasciis angustis numerosis purpureis ornatis, anfractu ultimo prope suturam subcanaliculato, basi lateribus rotundatis, umbilico albo, imperforato, impresso, aperturd subquadratd, labro externo subpatulo, margine acuto, levi, nigrescente, labro colu- mellari bidentato, albo, faucibus margaritaceo-albis, operculo cir- culari, corneo, fusco, spiris numerosissimis, confertis. Testa junior spird depressiusculd. Alt. 13;, lat. max. 1,%,, alt. apert. 056 unc. Probably from the Mazatlan coast. (6m 1¢53TRocHUS (MonopONTA) AUREO-TINCTUS, Sp. Nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 7.) T. testd obtus? pyramidali, crassd, spird mediocri, anfractibus 4 vel 272 5, convexiusculis, obtuse angulatis, subcanaliculatis, spiraliter 1— 2 late sulcatis, striis spiralibus minutis, longitudinalibus minutis- simis sculptis, colore nigro obscure minutissiméque grisco-lineato, ultimo anfractu basi subplanato 4—5 sulcis profundis spiralibus sculpto, margine obtuse subangulato, umbilico profundeé perforato, lete aurantio, aperturd subrotundd, labro externo tenui, nigro marginato, labro columellari albo 1-2-dentato, dentibus inequali- bus munitis, dente inferiore minimo, fauce albo-margaritaceo. Alt. 0;',, lat. max. 1, alt. apert. 0-4, unc. Variat costis obliquis transversis. With the last Trocuus (MARGARITA) PURPURATUS, sp. Nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 11.) T. testd turbinatd, spird depressd, prominuld, anfractibus 5, con- vexiusculis, nitidis, levigatis, striis incrementi minutissimis, ro- seolis fasciis spiralibus lete purpureis cinctis, suturis impressis, basi margine subrotundato, umbilico imperforato, albo, aperturd subrotundd, labro externo tenui, labro interno levi, obsoleté un- dulato, albo-margaritaceo, faucibus purpureo-margaritaceis. Alt. 0545, lat. max. 0,5, alt. apert. 0,2, unc. A beautiful little species. W. coast of N. America? Trocavus (Marearita) Hitun, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 10.) T. testd late turbinatd, heliciformi, spird obtusd, parvd, depressd, anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, levigatis, politis, ad suturas appres- sis, flaveo-albidis, ultimo anfractu maximo, basi convero, margini- bus rotundatis, centraliter excavato, imperforato, apertura oblique- subrotundd, labro externo tenui, columellari leviter arcuato, albo ; Faucibus albo--margaritaceis. Alt. 045, lat. max. 055, alt. apert. 0,3; unc. From the northern shores of the W. coast of N. America? I have dedicated this species to — Hill, Esq., Master of the ‘ Herald.’ Natica PritcHarpt, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 2.) N. testé subglobosd, spird brevi, anfractibus 5, nitidis, sub lente striatis, flaveolis, fasciis transversis fusco-purpureis, angulato- undulatis flammulatis, in adulto obsoletis seu fascias obscuras spi- rales simulantibus ; aperturd ovatd, superné obsolete angulatd, co- lumelld costd callosd albd spirali in umbilicum oblique intrante, umbilico superne perforato ; faucibus fasciato-fuscatis. Operculo calcareo, albo, levi, polito, sulco angustissimo prope margine ex- terno, margine interno recto, crenulato. Alt. 1 une. ; long. anfr. ult. ,%, lat. $9 unc. ; long. apert. 58 une. Mazatlan. I have dedicated this pretty shell, which reminds us of the Atlantic intricata, to my friend Dr. Pritchard, Assistant- Surgeon of H.M.S. Calypso, who assiduously collected on the coast of Mazatlan, where he, as well as the officers of the ‘Herald’ and ‘ Pandora,’ met with this species in abundance. Fig. 2 ¢. represents the young shell. ee 273 PLANAXIS NIGRITELLA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 6.) P. testd ovato-lanceolatd, crassiusculd, fusco-nigridd, spird brevi, acutd, anfractibus 6, spiraliter sulcatis, interstitiis latis, planis, sulcis in medio anfractis ultimi obsoletis, aperturd ovatd, patuld, superne unidentatd, labro externo tenui, margine interno obsolete crenulato, labro columellari, superne striato, inferne abbreviato, levi; canali brevissimd, faucibus atropurpureis. Long. 5%, lat. =3;, long. apert. 3; unc. Straits of Juan del Fuaco. The operculum is preserved in some of the numerous specimens, and has a subspiral nucleus (see fig. 6 @). PLANAXIS PIGRA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 5.) P. testd ovato-lanceolatd, crassd, flaveold, spira mediocri, acutd, anfractibus 6, planatis, levigatis, aperturd breve-ovatd, patuld, superne obsolete unidentatd, labris incrassatis, marginibus levibus, canali brevissimd, faucibus albis. Long. ;4,, lat. 2, long. apert. 7; unc. Its surface is invested with a soft yellow epidermis. The operculum is corneous, of subconcentric elements, with a lateral subspiral nucleus. Pitcairn’s Island. Nassa Cooper, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 4.) BH.\8SS.4.9.13 N. testd lanceolatd, turritd, crassd, anfractibus’ 6, convexiusculis, spiraliter sulcato-striatis, longitudinaliter 8-costatd ; costis di- stantibus, fortibus, distinctis ; anfractu ultimo 3 longitudinis teste equante, aperturd ovatd, canali brevi; labro externo crasso, sim- plici; labro columellari reflexo, albo; caudd albd; anfractibus . fuscis, obscure albo-fasciatis. Long. 58; unc., lat. anfr. ult. 4,, long. apert. 38. Marked from the Sandwich Isles. Dedicated to Lieut. Cooper, R.N., of the ‘ Herald.’ Nassa Woopwarpt, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 3.) BHASSS.4-S.1S N. testd lanceolatd, turritd, crassd, albd, rufo-fasciatd, anfracti- bus sex convexiusculis, spiraliter sulcaiis, longitudinaliter dense- costatis, spird vir longitudinem ultimi anfractis equante ; aper- turd ovatd, caudé brevissimd; labro columellari reflerd, albd ; caudd alba ; fauce striato. Long. 5; unc. ; lat. =, unc. ; long. apert. 7; unc. With the last. Dedicated to — Woodward, Esq., R.N., Purser to the ‘ Herald.’ PuRPURA ANALOGA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 12.) P. testa turritd, albidd, spiraliter lat rufo-fasciatd ; spird exsertd ; anfractibus 5 rotundatis, costis spiralibus (6 ad 8 in anfractu penultimo), quadratis, numerosis cinctis, interstitiis crenulatis, ad suturam obsoletis, labro subdenticulato. Long. 1,4;, lat. 58, long. apert. 58; unc. This species (from the Californian coast ?) bears a striking resem- blance to the Atlantic Purpura lapillus, and is termediate between No. CCXVIII.—ProcerepineGs or THE ZootocicaL Soctery. 274 it and the Purpura decemcostata of Middendorff, from the Icy Sea at Behring’s Straits, the place of which it probably takes on the western shores of North America. Purpura, noy. sp.? A single specimen, to which I abstain giving a name, since its characters are intermediate between those of de- cemcostata and Freycinetii (a Kamtschatka shell) ; it is probably a variety of the former. PURPURA FUSCATA, sp. nov. (PI. XI. fig. 13.) P. testd oblongd, subturritd, fuscd ; spird brevi; anfractibus con- vecis, costis spiralibus (2 in anfractu penultimo) paucis distan- tibus subsquamosis cinctis, interstitiis costis obsoletis; aperturd dilatatd, columella albidd. Long. 1,5, lat. 5%, long. apert. 58 une. A species of the Lapillus group. Said to have been taken at the Sandwich Islands. Among the Purpure in the collection are P. planospira, P. colu- mellaris, and P. Carolensis, all Galapagos species, and probably col- lected during the visit to those islands. Fusus Kexeri, sp. nov. (Pl. IX. fig. 10.) fea4}. 03 Ff. testd crassd, fusiformi, pyramidatd, anfractibus 9, spiraliter stri- atis, angulatis, noduloso-costatis, costis in anfractibus omnibus 8, prope suturam obsoletis excavatis appressisque ; anfractu ultimo 3 teste occupante ; aperturd elongato-pyriformi, superné angulatd ; inferné canali obliquo plus 3 aperture equante ; labro columellari, reflexo, incrassato, labro externo attenuato, subdenticulato ; caudd incrassatd, contortd, reflerd ; colore sordide albido, ore albo. Long. 35 unc. ; lat. max. anfr. ult. 1,2; unc. ; long. apert. 23 une. ; long. caud. 52. ; This remarkable shell was taken on the Californian coast, and is very distinct from any known Fusus. In general aspect it closely resembles a Fasciolaria, reminding us strongly of the European Fas- ciolaria tarentina, but is greatly larger and has uo plaits on the pillar lip. The strize which wind round the whorls are grouped in twos and threes. They become very strongly marked and assume the character of sulcations on the caudal portion of the body whorl. The ribs are mainly developed a little above the centre on the angu- lated portion of the body whorl and on the lower halves of the upper whorls, so prominently as to appear like large tubercles. I have dedicated this unique shell to the eminent conductor of this important expedition. Fusus Oregonensis was taken on the Californian coast, and F. sale- brosus on the coast of Mazatlan. 4. ON THE GENUS ApTERYX. By A. D. Bartuetr. (Aves, Pl. XXX. XXXI.) In calling the attention of the Meeting this evening to the large collection of specimens of the genus dpteryx on the table, I beg to state that I have been led to make a careful examination of all the M.#.N. Hanhart, Imp, _APTERYX AUSTRALIS, 3.4. A MANTEL . _ Wolf, Jith. 274 5 © & wn N oO ° a eo af, wy ay ee, an A.MANTELLI 2. _APTERYX AUSTRALIS. 275 individuals I could find in the Collections of the British Museum, the Museums of the Zoological Society, the Royal College of Sur- geons, and elsewhere, in consequence of an Apteryx belonging to Dr. Mantell having been placed in my hands by that gentleman a few days since, which appeared to me to differ from all that I had before seen. Asacareful comparison of this bird with the specimens in the collections before mentioned fully justified me in considering it as a distinct species, I was about to describe it as a new one; but most fortunately, I heard that the original specimen figured and described by Dr. Shaw (to which he applied the name Apteryx Australis) was in the collection of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley. It is with much pleasure I have to acknowledge the kindness of his lordship in honour- ing me with the loan of this bird, which has enabled me to identify the large Apteryx placed in my hands by Dr. Mantell as belonging to this species, and also to determine most satisfactorily the distinct- ive characters of the common species, which is considerably smaller, and to which the name of Apteryx Australis has long been erroneously applied. This bird differs from the original Apteryx Australis of Dr. Shaw in its smaller size, its darker and more rufous colour, its longer tarsus which is scutulated in front, its shorter toes and claws, which are dark horn-coloured, its smaller wings, which have much stronger and thicker quills, and also in having long straggling hairs on the face. I may however remark, that although individuals of this spe- cies differ much in size, depending probably on age, sex, &c., I have found no exception to the distinctive characters above given. I there- fore propose the name of Apteryx Mantelli for this smaller and more common species,—a humble effort to commemorate the exertions of Walter Mantell, Esq., to whom we are indebted for so many valuable discoveries in the natural history of New Zealand. ; I subjoin a short description of the two species, together with figures of their legs and wings, in order that they may be more readily distinguished. ApTeERYxX MANTELLI. Colour dark rufous brown, dark- est on the back. Apreryx AUSTRALIS. Colour pale greyish-brown, dark- est on the back. Entire length ...... 30 inches*. | Entire length ...... 23 inches*. Bill from forehead.. 6 ,, Bill from, forehead BSE ee, 5 Tarsus (reticulated). 24 ,, ‘| Tarsus (scutulated). 23 ,, Middle toe and claw 32 ,, Middle toe and claw 21 ,, Claws nearly equal in length, and | Middle claw longest, all the claws white. dark horn-colour. Wings with soft slender quills; | Wings with strong thick quills ; face with short hairs. face with long straggling hairs. In conclusion, I would remark that the specimen of Apteryx Au- stralis belonging to Dr. Mantell was collected by his son in Dushy * The entire length, being taken from skins, I consider of little value; the en- tire length of a bird ought always to be taken before the bird is skinned. 276 Bay; and I have been informed by J. E. Gray, Esq., that the ori- ginal bird deseribed by Dr. Shaw was brought from the same locality. As far as I am able to ascertain, all the specimens of Apteryx Man- telli are from the North Island. 5. Notre upon BucEROS GINGINIANUS. By Lirut. Harpy, IN A Letter To CoLtonet Sykes, F.R.S., F.Z.S. erc. Com- MUNICATED BY COLONEL SYKES. My pear Cotonet,—I was out shooting one day beyond Pah- lunpore, when a dull slate-coloured bird, about the size and figure of a magpie, flew past me; my beaters roared out to me to fire at it, but I let it go by. They made however such a fuss about it, and had marked it down on a tree, that I went after it and to their great delight shot it. They then told me that it was very valuable to them; that they would chop up the flesh, pickle and preserve it in a bottle, and sell it as a medicine to alleviate the pangs of child- birth, for which it was highly prized. In the course of the day two sepoys came to my tent and begged to have the bird, as they had been sent out by the Mewab expressly to shoot one, but had been out two days without success. They call it ‘Seerdtra.” None of my brother officers had ever seen or heard of it before. I kept the beak, and the other day turned it out with some other little trophies, and had it put together ; if you will keep it as a little sporting tribute to my father’s friend, I shall be very proud. Sincerely yours, Epmunp Harpy. 6. Notre uron Turpus vuupinus, Harti. By Dr. Hartriavs. (Aves, Pl. XXXII.) In presenting the accompanying figure of my Turdus vulpinus, from Caraccas, I have little to add to the description of it in the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 1849, p..276. The only specimen I ever saw of this bird is in the Hamburg Museum. It is certainly a very aberrant species of Turdus and its American divisions, and would consequently justify a subgeneric separation, which however I leave to another. 7. On NEw AUSTRALIAN BIRDS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ZootoceicaL Society or Lonpon. By Joun Govutp, F.R.S. etc. (Aves, Pl. XX XIII. XXXIV.) The first three species which I am about to describe in the present communication formed part of a collection presented to the Zoological Society of London by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., whose _—— - a a a peg ns 8 ES ee - a = -—2 ———— =F —~- gem SONITOA SOCENL dit] WRULRH NC? IN “UMIL' STO Taw say ¢ 7 wy Wolf’, ith MACHA RIRHYNCHUS FLAV lV IN 276 Proc. 2.5. Aves a M. &.N. Hanhart Imp? ENTER Goud / il 277 untimely death is a real cause of regret to every one who is interested in the sciences which he cultivated with equal ardour and success. The collection in question was remarkable for the extreme beauty of the preparations, as well as for the rarity and interest of the spe- cies of which it was chiefly composed. MALuRvus AMABILIS. Male: Head, ear-coverts and centre of the back delicate violet- blue ; lores, throat, breast, crescent across the upper part of the back and the rump deep bluish black ; scapularies chestnut ; wings brown, the secondaries slightly margined with white ; abdomen white, very slightly tinged with buff on the flanks; tail dull greenish blue, the four lateral feathers margined externally and largely tipped with white ; bill black ; irides and feet dark brown. Total length, 5} inches; bill, ; wing, 2; tail, 2$; tarsi, 7. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—This species is nearly allied to Malurus Lamberti, M. elegans, and M. pulcherrimus, but differs from them all in having the lateral tail-feathers distinctly margined and tipped with white, and in having a lighter-coloured abdomen. [I consider it to be the most beautiful species of the genus yet discovered ; the only example I have seen is in the collection of this Society. Family MuscicaPip2? Genus MAcHZRIRHYNCHUS. Gen. Char.—Bill rather shorter than the head, very much de- pressed and widely dilated, causing it to assume a lancet-like form ; culmen elevated, forming a distinct ridge down the centre of the upper mandible, and continued over its extremity in the form of a sharp hook ; under mandible convex ; tomiz straight, the upper very ’ slightly overlapping the lower ; rictus beset with fine but stiff bristles ; nostrils oblong, partly covered with an operculum, and seated in large and deep depressions oceupying the basal half of the upper mandible ; wings short and somewhat rounded, the first quill very short, the second much shorter than the third, the fifth the longest ; tail mode- rate in length, distinctly graduated, the outer feather being little more than half the length of the central ones; tarsi moderate in length and slight in structure; toes feeble, particularly the anterior ones ; the two outer toes equal in length, and united from the base to the first joint ; hind toe rather long; claws hooked and very sharp. MAcCHZRIRHYNCHUS FLAVIVENTER. (Aves, Pl. XXXIII.) Crown of the head, lores, ear-coverts, wings and tail black, the wing-coverts tipped with white ; the secondaries margined with white, and the outer tail-feathers margined on the apical portion of the ex- ternal web and largely tipped with white, the white becoming less and less, until only a slight trace of it is found on the central feathers ; back olive-black ; throat white; line from the nostrils over each eye, 278 the breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; bill black ; feet bluish black. Total length, 5 inches; bill, §; wing, 2; tail, 21; tarsi, 2. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. In the possession of the Zoological Society. PTILOTIS FILIGERA. (Aves, Pl. XXXIV.) Upper surface, wings and tail rich olive-brown, with numerous small marks of greyish white on the apical portion of the nuchal feathers ; the wing-coverts broadly, and the remainder of the feathers narrowly edged with brownish buff; from the gape beneath the eye a streak of white; ear-coverts blackish grey; from the centre of the lower angle of the ear-coverts a very narrow streak of silky yellow, which, proceeding backwards, joins the line of white from beneath the eye ; throat brownish grey ; under surface sandy buff, the feathers of the breast and the middle of the abdomen with lighter centres ; bill olive- black ; naked space beneath the eye yellow ; legs and feet slate-colour. Total length, 73 inches; bill, 1; wing, 4; tail, 3; tarsi, 2. Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia. Remark.—The young is destitute of the white marks on the nape, and has the under surface more rufous, and without the lighter centres. This species is somewhat allied to Ptilotis unicolor. In the collection of the Zoological Society. Arses Kaurt. Small spot on the chin, crown of the head, lores, line beneath the eye, ear-coverts, broad crescentic band across the back, and a broad band across the breast, deep shining bluish black; wings and. tail brownish black ; throat and a broad band across the back of the neck white ; lower part of the back and abdomen white, the base of the feathers black, which, occasionally showing through, give those parts a mottled appearance; bill bluish horn-colour, becoming lighter at the tip; feet black. Total length, 63 inches; bill, ; wing, 31; tail, 31; tarsi, 3. Hab. North coast of Australia. Remark.—I embrace this opportunity of paying a just compliment to my friend Dr. Kaup, whose ornithological labours are so well known to all naturalists: the compliment is the more appropriate, as he is at this time engaged in preparmg a monograph of the Muscicapide, to which family this bird belongs. Genus Pycnoprti.us. Gen. Char.—Bill shorter than the head, slightly notched at the tip ; culmen inclining downwards; nostrils basal, rather large, and partially covered with an operculum ; base of the bill beset with a few fine bristles ; wings short, very concave, round in form, the first quill very short, the second, third, fourth and fifth gradually increasing in length, the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth equal and the longest ; tail moderately long, rounded, the feathers soft and yielding ; tarsi mos “WITT SILOTIId J. TIT “ TTOAA }aWy ‘jIPUUeH NF UIT JTOM ? Proe’ ZS aves" M &N.Hanhart Imp" J Wolf, hth. ORIOLUS BRODERIPII. Borap ee ee es ee ee eee 279 considerably longer than the toes ; hind-toe strong, lateral toes equal ; plumage dense and silky. PYCNOPTILUS FLOCCOSUS. General plumage brown, inclining to rufous on the lower part of the back, upper tail-coverts and tail ; forehead, lores, throat and breast dark reddish buff, with a very narrow crescent of dark brown at the tip of each feather ; centre of the abdomen greyish brown, crossed by crescentic bands of black ; flanks and vent brown, passing into deep rufous on the under tail-coverts ; bill brown; base of the under man- dible fleshy brown; legs and feet fleshy brown. Total length, 7 inches; bill, £; wing, 23; tail, 3; tarsi, 12. Hab. Interior of New South Wales. 8. DuscrirpTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF ORIOLE. By Cuarwes Lucien, Prince Bonaparte. Orio.us Broperipi, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XVIII.) O. vivide flavo- aurantius ; corond occipitali, alis, rectricibusque ad basim me- diis duabus ferée omnino nigris ; speculo alari flavo. Hab. in insula Sumbava. Magistratui illustri, litium Conciliatori intricatissimarum, qui inti- mas Doctrine Naturalis recessus Populo humanissimé patefacit ! After the separation of aureus and regens this new species is cer- tainly the most splendid of the true Orioli, of which I know fifteen species. It must therefore stand first in the series coming from Sericulus. Its nearest approach is O. cochinchinensis (hippocrepis, Wagl.), similar in form and stature. But in addition to its even stouter bill, the general orange hue and the yellow spot on the wing will at once distinguish our Broderipii. Having dedicated an Oriole to Broderip, I dedicate a second new species to our Italian Broderip, Professor Fr. Baraffi of Turin, the celebrated and learned traveller. Orro.us Bararri, Bp. O. flavo-olivaceus ; cervice, corporeque subtus flavissimis ; capite, nuchd, juguloque nigerrimis ; alis nigris, speculo angusté albo; rectricibus nigris, apice externa- rum magis magisque flavis. Hab. Ashantee. This bird, received at the Leyden Museum from the West Coast of Africa, is similar in stature and colour to Oriolus molowxita, Riipp. of the Eastern Coast, but well distinguished by the conical marking on the tail, which is similar to that of the common Oriole, the Bro- deripii, and chinensis, entirely wanting on the tail of O. molowita. ie Oat n'y Me INDEX. The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in Ro- man Characters: those of Species previously known in J¢alies: those of Species re- specting which Anatomical Observations are made, in CaPiraLs. Page Acanthonotus Testudo .......++ aro! Accipiter carbonarius, Licht........ .. 215 —— erythrorhynchus, Sw. ..+++++ . 215 SPRENUTUS woereeevevee Rania seal 215 Achatinella alba .....ccscseeverseenees .. 54 Vividas jk conn senitess eb RareicOnacas 54 Acronotus, H. Sm. ...... seveveeeeL39, 172 Acronotus Bubalis, H. Sm. ......... 139 Caama, H. Sm.......+ Loess 140 Addax, Gray, 1. &. seeeesesees goose es 135 ADDAX NASOMACULATA....seceueeeeee 175 nasomaculatus, Gray....+..-+++ 135 Adenota, Gray ...... ee ee waacsseesestha 129 Adenota Kob, Gray.......sseveeessoeee 129 Leché, Gray,n.sp....s....s0000.. 130 - FEGOCERUS ..25...cscccncessceees deseeree 17D Agocerus, Harris, H. Smith... 130, 165 Aipyceros, SuNA. .......ceeceeeeeeeseees 116 AEpyceros melampus, Gray........00++ 116 Agapete, Newm........ panten Satetensanes 13 Aigocerus, H. Smith ....cccesseceeeee 132 Aigocerus equinus, Gray....+.....++++ 132 —— leucopheus, Gray.........+-+ 133, 175 —— niger, Gray ...... Baheveces 133, 175 Alauda erythropygia, Strick., n. sp. . 219 Alce, H. Smith ..........cseeeee “ene 224 ALCELAPHUS «....scsseeeeereceees ee Alcelaphus, Blainv.....c..sseeereseeeees 139 Alcelaphus bubalis ..... ene: Soccer 172 —— Caama ...... RECO Chee, Pee cence 172 Wnatus) acccadcesecesaeswcese see 172 ——$ PY YAN GUS. vvensacerecserceeees coke, dg2 —— Senegalensis .....seeeceececereees 172 Alces, Ogilb., Grai/...cccescseeseseee .. 224 Alces Malchis, Ogilb., Gray .......+- 224 Alopecid@ .seaveeerssaceecnenees patedvea 253 Alopias vulpes, Buon.....0....e0eseeee 253 Amadina cantans, Gm. .....- Maeateachys 218 —— fasciata, G.....00.secceeeeeweees 218 —— nitens, SW...+.....000s Aegcateeatc 218 AMMONILES .....0000c 008 seen cpus dosahe 3 AmPHioxus 21 Anableps 53 ANacolus .......0008 siainsis)sncleuas 5 Sorel Page Anatinella, Sowerby ........2+0++++ -- 40 Anatinella dilatata, ddams, nu. sp.... 41 Sibbaldii, Sowerby.....+++0..+... 40 ventricosa, ddams, 0. sp. ...... 41 Andigena, Gould............s000+s oe 93 Andigena Baillonii ........+.01se1ee0e0 93 — cucullatus .........0 osseee ea - 93 —— hypoglaucs .se...seceereceeeeeee 93 —— laminirostros, Gould, n. sp. ... 93 NAGTUTOSEVIS — seescsenereeseeeeeees 93 Anguillid@ ......ccceeeee nee e nce nre «« 252 Anodonta arcuata, Fér. .....+.+- dageee LOD —— crepera, Lea, 2. Sp. ...ee00e-00. 198 Cumingii, Lea, n. sp........2.... 199 gracilis, Lea, n. Sp.....0....0+- «. 197 latomarginata, Lea .+.......+4 199 — subcrassa, Lea, Ni. Sp.....-+.2+... 198 tenuis, Lea, 0. Sp. .....0..ceeeeee 198 Antelopus Rouleynei, G. Cum. ...... 146 ANEhOMYIA ...cercerseeeecees scnvacssecse” 200 Antidorcas, Sund. ...... sade ene eane 116 Antidorcas Euchore, Gray.....+..+++- 116 Antilocapra, Ord. ....0...seseceseeees 137 Antilocapra Americana, Ord, Gray . 137 ANTILOPE ...ceesssesee geeomot te. 167 Antilope, H. Smith ...ccecceeees 117, 165 Antilope addax, Licht. ......... weades 135 adenota, H. Sm. .....0+++++- 129, 167 albifrons, Burch., Harris ...... 141 —— albipes, Erxl. ...s0+..ecseeeeeeeees 146 —— Algazella, Riipp. ...000.-....00e 134 —— Americana, Ord. ..000-....0e0es 137 —-. , Desm. ......+ Loassere aga 136 Andra, Benn. ......++- beet IS annulipes, Gray .......++.+0+0+ see ee — Arabica, Hemp. et Ehr. ..... . 113 arundinacea, Shaw «++...+++... 127 — aurita, Burch. ....++.... steele barbata, Daniell...........++0+... 133 - barbata, H. Sm.......- weer 132 — Beisa, Riipp. ....+0...eeseeeeeeees 134 — Bennettii, Sykes .........---116, 168 — bezoartica, Gray .........+++ 117, 134 — Bharatensis, Hodgs. ............ 116 282 INDEX. Page Page Antilope bilineata, Temm. ..... seeesee 117 | Antilope Koba, Erxl., Child. ......... 140 — Bohor, Riipp........ Ganache scenes) LOD Koba, Ogilby, Erxl., Child., — bubalina, Hodgs. ....... Pcs 135 SSCWINZ) eseness-csacease «...-131, 140, 141 — Bubalis, Pallas, Licht. ....... o Jo Lalandiana, Desm..........++++ Pan 7 Burchelli, H. Sm. ......+ Bonens - 120 levipes, Sund. .........e2+eee00e 115 ETT ew OSE Se erore ea LOO Arley Lalandii, Desm.........+.+0+++.06 127 Caama, Cuv., Harris, A. Sm.... 139 Tanata, Deswt.” <2 .:..ecs0x0se << 26 — cerulea, H. Sm.......- oto see. 124 | —— lanigera, H. Sm. ....0+.......+- 137 campestris, Thunb. .....+.+-+++ 118 leptoceros, F. Cuv......+...20+00+ 113 Capreolus, Thunb..... Pert «+... 126 | —— leucopheus, Pallas.............++ 133 Cervicapra, Child. ......... 135, 167 | —— leucopus, Zimm.......-+++.2..s00+ 146 — Chicara, F. Cuy. ...... Said 117 | —— leucoryz, Pailas......... ahesomave 134 — chickara, Hardw. .........6++ vee LLZ | —— lumata, Burch. .........000.00e os 140 ins ITU LICNSs) “avec eysceoccidocseuce 112 maculata, Thunb. ...+0+.....000+ 145 —— Christi, Gray ....cscseeereeeseeere 116 Madoqua, Riipp.............0++0+. 122 OinereA, AiZs <éucscsevcnscassce>ss 127 | —— marsupialis, Zimm. .......+... - 116 —— Colus, H. Sm. .......... veeeell2, 167 | —— Maawellii, H. Sm..........00000 124 Cora; TASME yr «,2sssesees-nses « L12 Mazama, H. Sm. .......0...... 137 —— Corrigum, Ogilb. ........eceeees 140 | —— (Mazama) Temmamazama, H. CrispA, TEMM. ceeresseeeresoeres 136 GI, cestesssvcsseocs steno deceserteste. 242 —— Cuvieri, Ogilby .....-..seseeeeees 113 | —— melampus, Licht.......... -+116, 167 —— Dama, Pallas ........c..ceessseee . 114 | —— melanotis, Thunb. ...........-.++ 118 Dammah, Riipp. ebaibscvess 134 melanura, Bechst. ..........+2++. 119 — Decula, Riipp. ...+0+...+00 wav. 145 mergens, Blainv. ...+++-++++- 120, 121 — defassa, Riipp......s+00.0-0.+ 131, 141 | —— Mohr, Benn. ............+ OE 114 dorcas, Pallas .......++ 112, 113, 141 | —— montanus, Riipp. ............. 15h Dorcas, Thunb., Sparm. ...... 140 | —— monticola, Thunb...............- 124 Doria, Ogilb., Fraser.......++... 142 | —— mytilopes, H. Sm. .......+.0ee00+ 135 —— dorsata, Lacep. ......s0eseeeesees 116 nasomaculatus, Blainv. ......... 135 Duvaucellii, H. Sm. ..........-. 136 Natalensis, A. Smith............ 123 Eleotragus, Schr. ..«...++.-+.127, 134 nictitans, Thunb............. 120, 121 ellipsiprymnus, Ogilby ........+ BBL | NIGER. cncnoreeeseccesoaysee sarevsaee 123 — ensicornis, EDX. .......0eee0..e0+* 134 Niger, Harris ....0..cscerseoesseee 133 — Euchore, Forst. .....+....++ 116, 168 | —— Ogilbii, Waterh..............0000- 123 Euryceros, Ogilb. .....ceeees0e0 144 oreaS, Pallas .c0..,2....cseoeseeee 143 Forfex, H. Sm....cc0ceceseee 130, 167 Oreotragus, Forst.........+s0+0++ 119 Frederici, Lau. ......+.. sbectteurnnliad: Oxya, Pally cs 9.vetewsade- eas 134, 143 —— fulvorubescens, Desm. ......- . 118 Osanne, Geoff. ..........-02-008 132 Surcifer, H. Sm. .... Ba eee 137 | —— Ourebi, Shaw.........ceeceeveeee 119 — Gazella, Pallas ..0...-eseesesseee 112 pallida, H. Sm. .......c0cceeeeees 118 —— gibbosa, Savi .....ceeeecreeeees e- 135 palmata, H. Sm. ........ pesesod glaucd, FOYSt....+sccececerseeereee 132 pediotragus, AfZ. .........0200+ 118 —— Gnu, Sparm. ......c0eseeeee svesey LOB perpusilla, H. Sm.......+ ectete 124 Goral, Hardw. .......0ssss.esees 136 | —— persica, Riipp. .........000...00e 113 —— Gorgon, H. Sm...........000008 .. 139 | —— personata, Wood .........+++0++ 141 —— Goural, Hodgs. ........0..se00ss- 136 | —— philantomba, Ogilby .......+.... 124 Grimmia, Riipp. ...+-+.+++6+ 120, 124 | —— picta, Pall., Gray ..............- 146 grisen, CNV. Bidenqseccseesttese 118 platous, H. Sm. ...eeeeeeseeeeeeee 120 —— gutturosa, Pallas ..........+. 115, 167 | —— Ptoor, H. Sm. .......00...000.. 120 Harrisii ....++00 sl testes edteeeae 133 | —— Pygarga, Blum., Pall....... 116, 141 Hazenna, Geoffr. ....... Reece L1G | —— PyGargus.....cceccccececserecrecees 132 — Hemprichianus, Ehr........-.... 120 | —— pygmeaa, Pallas .....+...++ 124, 126 — Hemprichit, Riipp.........+..+-.+ 120 quadricornis, Blainy...... Wie sees 117 Hodgsonii, Abel .........se+.2004+ 112 | —— recticornis, Erxl. ....... see USE pS ber, Aira s.nseobeece aoveescteres 116 redunca, H. Sm. ....00...00e 127, 128 interscapularis, Licht. ......+.- 135 regia, EYXl.....00...seeeee0 enemas 126 IF IMIS, LACH. .54 scceecacsebedeuees 113 | —— reversa, Pallas ......c.0..ss000- 128 Tsabellina, Afz.,Gray ...... 127,128 | —— rubra, Afz........c-ce0scceceseeees 114 ——— Kemas, H. Sm: .....0s000. 112, 168 | —— rubro-albescens, Desm. ........ 118 —— Kob, Erxl. ........00008 heetiies 129) } ———_ rrfity ALZ. ... soses.e0enesventes seh28 INDEX. 283 Page Page Antilope rufescens, H. Sm. «...++++ . 118 | Ardea russata, Temm. ...+++.sseeeeee 221 —— ruficollis, H. Sm. ....-- aiewaidee 114 Verrani, ROUX «+secserseeeees .. 221 — rupestris, H. Sm. ......++++ vacee 118 | Ardeola coromanda, Bodd.....++..+++ 221 Rupicapra, Pallas ...+++..++-- ... 137 | Argonauta Cornu, Ficht. .....+.++++ 45 Saiga, Pallas ....se+++.-++ seseese 112 | Argya, Less. ..+--+.e-00+ vivien wean aedme . 217 saliens, Lacep. ....- sue’ edece'v 116 | Argyropelicus hemigymnus, Cocco. . 248 —— saltatrix, BOodd.....0e.seeeeeeees L119 | —— Olfersii, Cuv. ....+.++++ oe re 247 saltatrix, Link ......+. iakeniipee 116 | Arses Kaupi, Gould, n. Sp. «--+0++++++. 278 _——+ Saltiana, Blainy. ........se++--- 120 | Asterope elliptica, Phil. ......+++++++++ 257 scoparius, Schr. ...+e-++++- 119, 168 | Atalanta Peronii......... dcakasheasiins 45 —— scripta, Pall. .....sseeeeeees seoeee 145 | Abrichia ........ceeeceeees eS oe en 95 —— Senegalensis ....++.++++++++ ves... 132 | Auchenia Huamel, H. Sm. «.....+-+++ 236 Senegalensis, Cuv., H. Sm. 140,141 | Auricula Petiveriana, Desh. ...147, 148 Sing-Sing, Benn. .....-+ exssmaaeislee plicata, Desh. ...... acbaneaes 148, 152 Sing-Sing, Gray ..-...+ santhissmaep lao scarabeus, Lamk. ...«++++ 147, 148 — Soemmeringii, CretzZ. ..-..++0+++ 114 | Ausis vulgaris, Cuv. «+.++++- coestueate 248 spiniger, TEMM.......++++++ seceee 126 | Axis, H. Smith ceeecesseccsserseee waeee 20D — striaticornis, Leach ....++..+++ 117 | Awis Ceylonensis, H. Sm. ...-..-.. +. 233 — subgutturosa, Guld, .........+» L13 | —— maculata ....0cc.eceeveneeeees 157, 233 — subquadricornutus, Elliot ..... ~ 17 major, Hodgs. ..+...++-+seeeeees 233 Sumatrensis, Shaw....-+.++ seeeee 135 | —— medius, HOdgs. .....++0-++++s000* 233 —— sutur0sd, OttO ..s.seereeeererers 135 minor, Hodgs. .....+++++++« seeee 230 — sylvatica, Sparm. ..-++++++0+++++ 146 | Balistid@....0+..1--+--000+ ere ee. 203 —— sylvicultrixv, AfZe ....-++-seeees 122 | Batrachians......ceseeeeeseeeeesens adeews 9 —— Tao, H. Sm. ....-. eee 135 | Berycid@......csecceseseeeecereecees cones 248 taurina, Burch. ....+++++.-++++.-. 138 | Bimia, White, 1. S.seceeessseerees geneasig he tetracornis, Hodgs. .....-+--+- 117 | Bimia bicolor, White, n. sp. «++---++ 13 —— Thar, Hodgs.......sssseerseereeee 135 | Biophorus paradisiacus ....+++++.+++ aso a (Tragelaphus), Blainv., H.Sm. 144 | Blastocerus, Wagn......02+200s a ee 237 —— (——) Phalerata, H. Sm.... -. 145 | Blastocerus campestris, Gray ...-+. 237 — t ) seripta, H. Sm....... we 145 paludosus, Gray....-- aise debs 237 tragocamelus, Pall........+- seseee 146 | Bombylius ...c0e..ceeeeeeeeee aunteonseeesi200 —— Tragulus, Forst....+++++-++++ sesee LIS | Bos, Forst. ....-cssseeeeveeeeeee ..-138, 177 —— Truteri, Fisch. ...++...sse++e+ee+ 132 | Bos Connochetes, Forst.....+.-..+++++ 138 unctwosa, Laur. ...+0s++++-++ .» 131 GAUTUS ...ccereceseceeree BARS E 157 —— villosa, Burch. «++++e.ee+se0+ we. 126 | —— Pegaseus, H. Sm. .....+seseeree- 139 —— Zebra, Gray ...seeesrerererere wo. 142 CAULUS..+.+-+ stcRaEaes aaaenaenie « 157 —— Zebrata, Robert..........-02++++ 142 | Boselaphus, Licht., Ogilb., Blainv., Apistes panduratus, Richdn., n. sp. - 58 GAY seceeeveceeseceeeee +++2139, 143, 172 Aploactis ASPera ...+--.eeeesrereererrers 60 | Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray .++..+.++.+- 139 Milesii, Richdn., n. Sp. ..+.++-+- 60 Caama, Gray .......+++0008 meas 139 Aplocerus, H. Sm. ...+++++++ Bena aie 136 Derbianus, Gray ...-++ ceeteea 144 Aploceros Temmamazana, H. Sm.... 137 | Botaurus stellaris, Linn. .«...-+...++- 221 Aplocerus Americans +++-..00-+++0+* 174 | Bovide...... ee noe snedaaasenteae - LLL Apodide ..... secscenccaccceeececeeseccees LOL | BOVIDAE coeesseeeseesers eveaeses eepateee 164 Aptery® eceecveceveeereres esas Js 208, 209 | Branchiopoda .......--.-++ eapesisnensissas 254 Apterya Australis .+.......+++- «211, 275 | Breviceps Gouldii, Gray ........-++++++ 10 —— _ Oweni.....-++++ osidemdacdenss .-... 211 | Broderipia, Gray «-+-++---- +o Peet] —— Mantelli, Bartlett .......++.-++++ 275 | Broderipia Cumingii, ddams, n.sp.. 39 AptyChus...secrseeeress sdesensecaneness = 3 iridescens, Brod. «+++++.+++ waite ache Aquila audax, Lath. ........++++++++++ 91 | —— rosea, Brod. ...sss.seeereseeeeee 39 — n@via ...... sieskdwtbutewseoeas ..... 215 | Bubalis albifrons, Sund.......+++-+++++ 141 pennata ...+ aurkeces eauaes 215 Buffelus ....++.+ swodens Seusiasees lke Ardea affinis, Horsf. .....+.+++ Savteed Koba, Sund. ......+ eke <-BOSMBAA 140 bicolor, Vieill.........cseeeeeeeeees 221 | —— lunata, Sund.....0+-.s.eeeeeeeeee 140 —— bubulcus, Aud. ......++- nae 221 | —— mauretanica, Ogilb. ....-+..-- el ehee — caboga, Frankl. ..++++.+2+01-++0+ 221 Pygarga, Sund. «++....+++00022+++ 141 —— coromandelensis, Kuhl ......+++ 221 | Bubalus, A. Sm. ...cee-e-e-seeeeereees -- 139 lucida, Raff. ........-++0+-+ veeeee 221 | Buecinum concinnum, Sol......-+ dase Loo —— ruficapilla, Vieill. ....-.++++.+0++ 221 grana, Lawk.......++ + spreasp acer 205 284 INDEX. Page Page Buceinum lyratum, Lamk.......... «. 205 | Capra Rupicapra, Linn.........-....++ 137 —— pyrostoma, Reeve ..........+00+ 153 sylvestris africana, N. Grim.... 121 — senticosum, Linn. ......000.....: 153 Tatarica, Linn. .....0+.....206++- 112 Buceros ginginianus ...+00.eeeeeeeeeee 276 | Capraa, Ogilby ........0.....eesseeeeee 235 BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR ...-..++0e0000 173 | Capreolus, H. Smith .........0+-00s08 235 Budytes melanocephala, Licht. .....- 217 | Capreolus Caprea, Giay............++ 235 Bulimus achatellinus, Forbes, n.sp.. 56 Europeus, Sund.........0..0++00+ 236 CQVOUS Ys c0ceascoeceecccsceecttenes 54 | —— pygargus, Sund..........0-+...++ 236 —— Chemnitzioides, Forbes, n.sp.. 55 | Capricornis, Ogilby ...........- 135, 166 —— C1gusiligides. scscaccccccecccvooecs 56 | Capricornis bubalina, Gray.........+++ 135 columellaris ........0000e suena 56 erispa, Gray vee... .020pcocnseeeee 136 CECHATISCTUS ....ceccsereeeeveeses 54 | —— Sumatrensis, Gray ...... 135, 136 —— fimbriatus, Forbes, n.sp. ...... 56 | Caprimulgus infuscatus, Cretz. ...... 216 gracillimus, Pfr. .....esseeeeee 5G || CABTACUS® ivevwcccscscreveccesscotevece 237 Far twegit .ccsccssvecccscscoscscns 54 | Cariacus, Gray ..........0++ ivecer wee 20d GORLOMUS cocdeccugeczovoweceveccetes 54 | Cariacus Lewisii, Gray ..........-.+6+ 239 — Kellettii, Reeve .........secers-e. 54 | —— macrotis, Gray ....+-.0.0e+-0e0ee 239 —— Miltechetlus .1.......eeeeeseseres 54 punctulatus, Gray, 0. sp. «..... 239 = NUD. 5a cvescveesssess Wesabe obvereec 54 virginianus, Gray ......++. re aoe ——_ PUGUIOSUS 26. .seenereeeeeee Soeeet 54 | Carinaria, Lamk. ....... A oct S305 45 scarabeus, Brug. ....eseeeeeeeee 147 | Carpophaga assimilis, Gould, n.sp... 201 —— ferebralis .......ceseveeseseneeers 56 | ——— magnifica 6s. ..eeeeeeeseeeenerees 201 unifasciatus .....+ Stubueveeeered 54 | CATOBLEPAS .....--+e000 SettOee csese 173 Buselaphus, Ray .....+...ceceeeseceevees 139 | Catoblepas, Gray ...secceecceeeseeeee 138 Buselaphus Caji, Ray .........++ Soe 139 | Catoblepas Brookesii,H. Sm. ...... 139 Buteo rufipennis, Strick., n. sp...-... 214 | —— Gow, Gray.........cee.e0e- 138, 173 CALANDARA PALMORM ....0+...00000+ 19 | —— Gorgon, Gray .....-.00.--.--0+ 139 Callichthys .....s..ceese+s00e here wees 53 | —— taurina, H. Sm., Sund. 138,139,173 Calliope, Ogilb. .....-.seeeeeeee sebetacs 1435. | Cavia Cobaya i252... . ccc. cevenncocn tee 157 Calloctenus, White, n. g. ..+...-.ee0e 12 | Centridermichthys ............0++++ See Ue Calloctenus pulcher, White, n.sp..... 12 | Centrophorus squamosus, Mill....... 253 Calocitta, Bonp. .......-.++ Bpevteve ss 84 | Cephalophus, H. Smith ....s..+se0se+ 120 Calocitta sinensis .....s+ereeeeesseeees 84 | Cephalophus Campbellie, Gray...... 12} Calocomus Desmarestii ......+0++++.+- 11 | —— coronatus, Gray ........- 122, 170 Kreuckelyt ......+ Reeteadsacseecee 11 dorsalis, Gray ..cce.s.....eeees 123 —$$._ DY CHUB ee sccsccevescceconececess 1l | —— Grimmia, Gray............ 120, 170 morosus, White, n. Sp. se+-...- 11 | —— madoqua, Gray .....+....-.++8+-- 122 Calotragus, Sund., Gray ...... 118, 169 | —— Maxwellii, Gray ......... 124, 170 Calotragus melanotis, Gray ....... .. 118 | —— melanorheus, Gray ............ 125 —- Tragulus, Gray .....+.+-+ BING 118 | —— monticola, Gray ......... 124, 170 Camelus equinus, TYiv. .+....seeeeeee 236 | —— Natalensis, Gray ......... 123, 170 Cancer serratus, Shaw .... 95 niger, Gray ........-+0++ bane 123 Candona lactea, Baird, n.sp.......... 255 | —— Ogilbii, Gray .....-..-++ 123, 170 TEPEANG © ..c..cnseeeecesoseensescce 255 | —— philantoméa, Gray.............-- 125 Canis QUreUS ......cceeeeeee coeeees ..... 156 | —— punctulatus, Gray ...... 125, 170 Familiaris ......c00000 A EEE 156 quadriscopa, Gray........-++++-+ 120 Capra Athiopica, Schinz. ............ 132 | —— rufilatus, Gray............ 123, 170 Ahu, Kemp. .......+ Goeusteednes 113 sylvicultrix, Gray......... 122, 170 — Americana, Rich. .......++...+++ 136 | —— Whitfieldii, Gray ......... 125, 170 bezoartica, Aldrov.......+++00++: 117 ? Zebra, Gray......+ ae sessagteeees 142 cervicapra, Linn., H. Sm., Cephalopods .......0+.s+severeeeeeceees 3 alli -cevtcrastceoceetecceeres ease 117, 135 | Cephalopterus glabricollis,Gould,n.sp. 92 — ? Columbiana, Desm..........+++ 137 | Cephalopterus ornatus .......+...+++ 206 P Doreas, Houtt.-......0.00-cccees 139 | Cercotrichas, Boie ......+--..+...eee00e 217 ———— Orcas, LiNNS..2ssesacccssesces=se 112 | Cerveguus, Less. ...... Sera -. 236 Gazella, Linns) \ecccc..e.ecereees 134 | Cerveguus andicus, Less. ......+++... 236 — Grimmia, Linn....... Frat 120, 121 | CERVICAPRA ......0c0.ceceeeeceeeeseeee 168 WAV CUS ESE acecteacuececucsscsoeses 157 | Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray... 117, 168 ——— montana, Harl.".:.cc.ccses+ssese US7 |i \Gepwind *c2sscessocae wk 250 Chaunax pictus, LOWC .........000+0 250 Cheilodactylus aspersus, Richds.n.sp. 64 brachydactylus, Cuv........++.+ 67 Carponemus, CUY. ...000..seeee =» GL ciliaris, Richdn...........esse.s« 67 —— fasciatus, Cuy. ....... pavwaoweies 65 — gibbosus, Solander............... 65 — hecateius, Richdn., n. sp....... 67 — lineatus, Forster .......... ete G8 macropterus, Forst. ...c0.s00. 62 —— nigricans, Richdn., n. sp. ...... 63 nigripes, Richdn., n. sp. .....- 66 ZONAtUS, | CUD. ceneseesscsvavecetaas 66 Cheironectes .eeeeessseee dads dpacaesbce. 250 Cheironectid@ ....++..seeeeeees 5 Chenalopex Aigyptiacus Chlamydera cerviniventris, Gould, TNs SPs, jeececercccccaccecaueaduseuebas «- 201 maculata .....0008 ba deaauenaavas2OL nuchalis ......++ sib sg@acbiecse Unive 201 Chrysodomus despectus «.... LoS Heros, Gray, n. sp. .- oe- 5 Cichla lineata, Schn. ............ aiGuae 68 Ciconia alba ...... Reaeedavees eekeveesee noe Circaétus brachydactylus ....0600000. 215 Circus pallidus, Sykes ...... Scasweens 216 iavingienens 01 ne seetkeees shearer. - 48 Glavatiia, Lamia lt. .sinadsscescvesase. OG Goassus;, Grayyerceqwastivevesvernsesesse 240 CoassuUS NEMORIVAGUS, Gray...... 240 Coassus auritus, Gray, Nn. Sp....... s+» 242 Ruduy Gray i. siavvekisyeigher’. 242 ————— TMOR,, GTAY, , -iswsexss ed peregrinoides, Temm. ......... DIS.|) Geta iGrayscscce---.secsesccdvesdereses 36 PlLOYTINUS .oeeceesereeceseerecens . 215 | Gena asperulata, ddams, n. sp....... 38 TUDEUS, THICN...00e..eeeeerseeeees 215 auricula, Lamk..........+0+ oth 237 Fasciolaria tavrentind .secevecsseeeesees 274 concinna, Gould.....+..seee.seees 38 Felis Chaus? -.ccvcccvevcesstece wcusaedes 156 trasata, Dufo. ...........2eeeee- 38 domestica ......++ Seat Peeee 156 lineata, Adams, n. sp. ......++ 39 MELAS Mode tetas ateteceed teeters 156 lintricula, ddams, n. sp. ....-. 38 LIGHIT cst MEN AAI aees 156 | —— minima, Dufo..................065 38 Fissurella macrochisma, Sow. ....++ 202 nebulosa, ddams, n. sp. ...... 38 Francolinus Clappertoni, Vig. ...... 219 | —— nigra, Quoy and Gaim.......... 37 Riippelli, Gray ....seeveeeseeees 220 ornata, ddams, 0. sp. ........- 39 Fringilla detruncata, Licht. ......... 218 planulata, Lamk. ...... ++... 36 Furcifer, Gray, Wag., Sund. ...236, 237 plumbea, Adams, n. sp........-. 37 Furcifer Antisiensis, Gray .........- .. 236 | —— pulchella, ddams, n. sp. .-.... 38 campestris, Gray .....+ setae 237 | —— striatula, ddams, n. sp.......... 37 —— Huamel, Gray we....cscceeeeeee . 236 | —— strigosa, Adams, n. sp. ......... 37 Fusus Kelletii, Forbes, n. sp. ....-. 274 varia, Adams, 0. Sp. «+...20000 37 OFEGONENSIS — ... +00 Sees etentes 274 | Glareola limbata, Rupp..............++ 220 SAIEDTOSUS. .cceeeseecscssecrreeeees 274 | —— orientalis ......eeecceccseeeeeeeee 220 GAdiA® weecscvsescosedecee aves sale doe 252 | Glossina longipalpis, Wied............ 262 Galerida cristata, Linn.......+++..0++ 219 | ——wmorsitans, Westw., n. sp....... 261 Garrula rufula, Temm. ......0000000 79 Tabaniformis, Westw., n. sp. . 268 —— torquata, Temm. ......s0.ce00e 86 | —— Tachinoides, Westw., n. sp. ... 267 Garrulus atricapillus, Geoffr.......... 82 | Glottis canescens, Gm. ............65- 221 bispecularis, Vigors ...... B2 SHeSS. chloropus, Nilas.........s00.0000+ 221 Brandti, Eversm. ........ bree 82 | Golunda Newera, Kelaart,n.sp. 157,158 Burneti, J. Gr. cscccovecesesseees 84 | Gonodactylus chiragra .........+.0.+- 97 glandarius, Vieill. ............81, 82 | —— cultrifer, White, n. sp. ....++... 96 gubernatrix, Temm. ......+++06 84 | —— Edwardsii, Berth. ............... 97 —— gularis, J. Gray ....6....0000. vee BL | —— graphurus .............ccceceeesee 97 histrionicus, Mull........0..2..+6 99. | ——-— s0yllarusscsWervccsasadecebeleotece 96 BULCOLL Acne ca Senate ea cseeedetenes B82 | —— styliferus ...crcccereceeececeeeee 97 Japonicus, Schi........0c.seeeenes 82 ErispinOGUs’. 5200... J/teckesstedens 97 — Krynickii, Kalen. ......+006006+ 82 | Gorgon fasciatus, Gray ....+-....--.-+ 139 lanceolatus, Vigors ...-+++0+.. 81 | Goura Victoria, Fraser .........+++..- 246 2 LidthieBonp.,neiSproteersese. 80. | Grus CiNeTeUS ...0.....cceceerecsceceeee 221 — melanocephalus, Bonelli ...... 82 | Hematopota pluvialis.......cs.eseveee 265 ——- ornatus, J.. Gray .s..ceccceseees 83 | Hematornis lugubris, Less. ........- 217 —— ultramarinus, Aud. .........++- 84 | Halicore Dugong.......0+....2cccsec00s 157 Vigorsi, J. Gray......000.....00++ Bl.) Batieuteass2Oitendes tenes nose yeee 250 Gazella, H. Sm.) ceccescev.scsee.s- 135, 167 | Halcyon (Syma?) flavirostris, Gould, GazeLLA BENNETTIL ...00+...-+- 167, 168 Ds BP a eisesiAcvces rek'es Met oeudmeverete 200 ——— .GUTTUROBSA seeseceersecucnecrses 168 | Helicina diaphana, Pfr., n. sp. ..-... 98 SEE NGOUR datz secede sleasetandeteeeesel > 168. | Helix Adami. s..00..betsttessceewee 53 2E*~, Corinna; Ee Sms-'sesasczsaseeses V2 | neat ce vsvesesvecsesace..ctccene 53 Dama; Gray eRe kes DIA | ——= aspersa (2.000. scccbeecsess ce osenes 53 dorcas, Gray «+++... 112, 115, 168 Californiensis, Lea.......++++++++ 55 $=. CUCHONE sca ccsvorersons Sea er 168 | —— Columbiana °.....0...c0ccsssvees 53 —— gutturosa, Gray.......c..seeeeene 115 FY GSeri ooo. yicdecacccsscedecsoncede 244 —— Isabella, Gray ...ccrccseceseeoes 113 intusplicata, Pfr., n. sp. ...... 98 ReMaS Aes tis s oteeteenes 168 | —— Kellettii, Forbes, n. sp.......+++ 55 Kevella, H. Sm.........-.00sec00e 112 labyrinthus var. sipunculata... 53 Mohr, Gray ........- 114, 115, 168 | —— laciniosa .........000-++ erected 244 — Pygarga, Harris, H. Sm. ...... 141 TACEER ceaacsdenatcesb estes 243, 244 —— ruficollis, Gray ...... PITIRRS. 114 | —— maculosa, De Fér. ......--+...+6 243 —— rufifrons, Gray .........000 eoese LUS | —— Nuttalliana .........ccreossseees 53 INDEX. 289 Page Page Helix ornatella ......... Sea aa oe .. 53 | Lamia(Cerosterna)trifasciella, White, Pandore, Forbes, n. sp. .....- 55 Ml SpaWosacteedsscetccvusnasensee vascseus 13 —— pythia, Miller ...........+... .. 147 | Lamprotornis cyanotis, Sw. ........- 217 scarabeus, Linn., Chemn. 147,148 | Lanius algeriensis, Less. ...........+++ 217 LectifOrmis......ceeeeeeeeseeeeeees 244 arenarius, Blyth «.....0.s.e0000- 217 —— Townsendiand .s...+...0000. de. Ss collurio, Linn. ......seeeeeeeeees 217 furricula sccscccevsecceceeee wee. 244 | —— coronatus, Raff. ....00.cecseeereee 80 undata, LOWE .«......++ “cH ecen 244 | —— erythropterus, Shaw ..........-. 217 vellicata, Forbes, n. sp...-....+- 55 | —— eaxcubitor, Riipp. ..........e000es 217 Helotarsus ecaudatus ........ccecceeeee 215 | —— tsabellinus, Ehr. .......sceeseeee 217 HOMicapra)-s . oO rufiventris, Riipp. ...++++0....08 . 217 | Lippistes, Mont. ...........0.seeseee eee 45 Julis cyanogramma, Richdn., n.sp. 73 | Lobivanellus albicapillus, Vieill. ..... 221 —— Dussumieri ...0....00.06+ creer nee 73 | Lophius ...cccvceccsccvncocecessens eseeeese 200 Kemas, Hodgs. .........++ 112, 136,137 | Lophocitta galericulata, Gr.......... 79 Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray .........++ 112 | —— histrionica, Bonp. ............++- 79 Kerivoula picta ...... odeeee advan «... 156 | Lophyropoda ....... dee: Wiipereserces 254 Kevel, F. Cuv. ........0066 seseseee LIZ, 115 | Loris gracilis ....cscoeccreseeceeoes wees 156 Kevel gris, F. Cuv. ........+0++ Ber sey.5 112 tar digradus .....ceccsss00.coeeeees 156 Kobus, H. Smith ........... .-... 130,171 | Lowxia frontalis, Daud. .........+++++ 218 Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith ......06. 129 | Lutra nair .......0.scseeceeeeeseeceeees . 156 — ellipsiprymnus, 4. Smith ...... 130 | Lymnea catascopium ...........++++ Sora — Leché, Gray, n. sp. ...... 130, 171 desidiosa...... seeueveccccwecces wees 49 Sing-Sing, Gray essecsssesee ee 131 elodes, Say ..........sessceereseees 49 Kolus, Gesn. ......+. Neca .seeee 130,170 | —— Hookeri, Reeve, n.sp. ....--... 49 Labride ....... mseencies ass soeteete's avast 249 | —— palustris s.....++..00+ Bawessauaes 49 Labrus Gouldii, Rich. .....cc0..ceeeee. 72 | ——— POTEGTA ...ceerereerveeers aeetesse> 49 — larvatus, Lowe, n. sp. ...+2...... 249 SLAGNALIS .10...eeeeeerecseceercecees 49 —— MILTUS 0... eee iateeaubentecscas 249 | —— truncatula .......00..ceeeeceneeees 49 $= SCF OFA. csneeececseosevevcsvescccerss 249 | Macherirhynchus, 0. g. ...........-++ 277 tetricus, Richdn. ........+...+6+ 70 | Macherirhynchus flaviventer, Gould, Lachnolaimus Gouldii, Rich. ...... opr ai Tig BPoe*tasclavusehautascvcactvespece ess 277 Lemodon ........ Suncmyagedeuesnees seeee 219 | Machetes pugnax, Linn. ......00....+- 221 Lamia Assamensis, Hope ...........+ 14 | Macrochisma, Swains. ......+.s01...+- 202 No. CCXVIII*.—ProceEepincGs or THE ZooLoGicAL Society. 290 INDEX, Page Page Macrochisma angustata, ddams,n.sp. 203 | Melania levissima, Sow. ehehécsss 179 — compressa, ddams, n. sp. .+-... 202 — cuspidata, ddams, n. sp. .....- 202 — dilatata, Addams, 0. sp. .....-++. 202 hiatula, Swains....... atiienadsaus 202 — maxima, Adams, n. sp. ....+.... 202 Madoqua, Ogilby.........+++ sep inswbes 120 Mallaspis .....--.ecsevececeeecesseccensees 12 Malurus amabilis, Gould, n. sp. 277 CLLGANE), xan saain’ donewe vhmarevese 277 — Lamberti ........ t. sattaedawesas 277 PUlchervimus o2-...secverveceeeees 277 Manis pentadactyla .....++.+00e0e+- 158 Margaratina Vonderbuschiana, Lea. 199 Mazama, Rafin. ...+.0..-seecereveveeees 136 Mazama, Gray, H. Smith ...... 236, 237 Mazama Americana, Gray .......+-... 136 campestris, H. Smith ........... 237 dorsata, Rafin. ...-....++++ aswel LOZ SUrcata, GYAY .ercerseccesescees 237 —— sericed; Rafin, .......0.ss0eseeree 137 Melenornis, Gray Melanopsis .....+......s0eeeeeee piatiiae Melania acanthica, Lea, n. sp......... 194 — aculeus, Lea, n. sp. .....- 183, 193 — acus, Lea, n. Sp. .......--++ Samet OL — albescens, Lea, 0. Sp. «..-+.++.-- 188 ————- AMA TU oon ene areceeeceeves rr ore 194 —— apis, Lea, 0. SPs esreserereeenee - 190 armillata, Lea, n. Sp. «....-000- 195 Australis, Lea, n. sp. ...+...... 185 bellicosa, Hinds .......0+..+.-++5- 194 — blatta, Lea, n. sp. ..-e0e..seeeeee 184 canalis, Lea, 0. Sp. «...+.++ wan¢- 80 =— cincta, Lea, Ds,8ps.siessnoo--n 0000) LOO — cochlea, Lea, n.sp. «.-... 196,197 — cochlidium, Zea, n. sp.......... 183 constellaris, Zea, n. sp. ... 184, 185 conulus, Lea, n. Sp. .......+ee0ee 190 — contracta, Lea, i. Sp. .....+--00+ 182 ——— cortuta, Lied, D. 8p. , .sass-se0s-s 194 — crebrum, Lea, 0. Sp. ........-00+ 193 crenifera, Lea, 0. Sp. s..+.....- 192 Cumingii, Lea, n. sp. .........+- 191 — dactylus, Lea, n, sp. ........+++- 191 —— denticulata, Lea, n. sp. ........- 195 dermestoidea, Lea, n.sp. ...... 181 —— diadema, Lea, n. sp. ......... «ee 194 —— episcopalis, Lea, n. sp. ....+.... 184 ferruginea, Lea, n. Sp. .....+..- 182 —ifoeda, ed, 0, Sp. sconaroatnacknene 180 flammulata, Von dem Busch... 189 graniferd, LAM. .....00.s.00eeee 196 ——_Shastnls, Bea; ) Spajfsare<-ceeenst 189 —— impura, Lea, 0. Sp. ..eeeeees eee 182 — indefinita, Lea, n. sp. ...+-...... 187 —— juncea, Lea, n. Sp. ...-+..seeees 189 lancea, Led, 0. SP. sceeseseeeeee lateritia, Lea, n. Sp. ...cese0s.-- — Luzoniensis, Lea, n. sp. ........ 188 —— maxima, Lea, n. Sp. ...-.+-++.-- 187 — microstoma, Lea, n. sp. «....+++ 186 — Mindoriensis, Lea, n. sp. ...... 187 —— modicella, Lea, n. sp. .......++ 196 nana, Led, N. Sper &. .sekesocceds 192 — obruta, Lea, n. Sp. ........000-++ 190 pagoda, Lea, n. sp. ....002------ 197 —— polygonata, Lea, n. sp. «00... 195 recta, Led, D. Sp. sssse-.seceee .- 185 — reticulata, Lea, n. sp. ........-. 193 — rudis, Lea, n. sp. ......... 186, 187 scabra, Fé. ..... pavonsecactphtnens 194 semiplicata, FEr, .....0..ss000+0 187 sunplem, SAY. -.tasace qideaevemle — sobria, Lea, n. Sp. ..-...000.6+- — spinulosa, Lam.......... tornatella, Lea, n. sp. ... 185, 187 — torriculus, Lea, n. sp. ......- -- 190 transversa, Zea, n. sp. ... 186, 187 — truncata, Lamk. ............0+++ 187 -— Virginica, Say .......0.++.- 188, 190 Zeylanica, Lea, n. sp. ... 194, 196 Melasoma, Sw. ........+ ix SeeER Se 217 Melasoma edoliolides, Sw. ......+++-+- 217 Melierax canorus, Risl. ...........++ we 215 gabar, Daud. .........-ssesesess 215 ——— musicus, Daud. oos.....s0reeeseee 215 —— polyzonus, Riipp. ..+.....0...-+++ 215 Meminna indica .....cs00...20ceeceveeee 157 Merops Aigyptius, Kitt. ......00+0.-.. 216 —— ceruleocephalus, Lath. .....-... 216 COMATIS. .,..00.066 bcpatissamecs meee 216 erythropterus ........2-00 deans 216 Lafresnayei, Guér. .......+--+++ . 216 Lamarki, Cnv.......00scsssseccses 216 ——. minulus, Cuv. ....cccecersrccceee 216 nuhieus, GIN. ..2000ssseskss senses 216 —— superbus, Shaw .....-. Jekeb cote eee viridis, Riipp. ....000.--+ waegee 216 viridissimus, SW. .....0+0-++ eves LD Metopias typhlops, Lowe..........+++ . 251 Microtis, Addams, 1. g. -.-...+++ee0e0s 36 Microtis tuberculata, ddams, n. sp. 36 Mirafra Cordofanica, Strick., n. sp.. 218 SULTS ep seh saTeaiece=s canngennennee 209 Modulus, Gray.......0...20s--+00-0se008 203 Modulus carchedonicus, Lamk. ...... 203 cerodes, ddams, N. sp. «.-.++++ 204 cidaris, Reeve .........-.0++.sse6s 204 — duplicatus, ddams, n. sp. ...... 204 — lenticularis, Chemmn. ...........- 203 —— tectum, Gmel. ....... ein Pboue 203 UMD IOC CTS Onna solaslacisrancttas sat Coote 13 Monacanthus auriga, Lowe........... 253 INDEX. 291 ~ Page Page Monacanthus filamentosus, Val. ... 253 | Neotragus, H. Smith ............ 120, 168 Monarcha leucotis, Gould, n. sp. ... 201 | Neotragus Hemprichianus, Sund.... 120 — trivirgata a. 201 madoka, H. Smith...........++++ 120 Monocondyi@a, D’Ord. .......0+.s0+08 199 | —— saltiana, Gray ...........-- 120, 169 Monodonta, Lamk. ....+....eeeeeeeeee 203 | Nesotragus, Von Duden......... 119, 126 Monodonta carchedonicus, Lamk.... 203 | Nesotragus moschatus, Von Duben... 119 retusa, Lamk., ........seeeeeeees 203 | Nestor venvscsencessccevscecsecsccdeceseces 208 Sayii, Nutt. ...-......0008 eI 203 | NITIDULA ANEA .....c00.eeseeeeeeee eee 19 Morulus, Reeve .........++seeereeeeeeee 203 | Norornis MANTELLI ........... 208, 209 Morulus cidaris, Reeve ......+ Tore 204 | Notornis Mantelli, Owen ............. 212 Moschus delicatula, Shaw .....+...... 241 | Numida ptilorhyncha, Licht. ......... 219 Grimmia, Linn. «.....+++002+.000e 120 | Odontophorus Balliviani ........+++..+ 94 —— pygmaeus, Linn. ........-..20ee ees 126 Columbianus, Gould, n. sp. ... 94 Motacilla capensis, Linn. ...--...-.-. 217 | —— dentatus ............csseeeeeeees Syl! Myobatrachus Gouldit, Gray .....-... 10 | Gdicnemus affinis, Riipp. ....--...-.- 220 Muntjacus, Gray.......++++-+ a duawae ees 234 | —— erepitans, LinM. ........0...-.06+ 220 Muntjacus vaginalis ....,...-..- 157, 234 Senegalensis, SW. ....-.+0++.+++ 220 Murenid@ woe... ..se00ee+ sevens pees, D52 ) CESTRIDAR. ...ccrsscceecesccscsecseneeses 209 Murex pusio, Born .s......200-00eeeeees 56 | Gstrus Bovis ...s.ccceceeeeesecees 259, 265 Mus bandicota ......120...e0000+ ee irs CQUi.. 22-0006 ee eri «. 259 ECUMANUS «2. .000erevereeeees sevee 157 | —— hemorrhoidalis ......+0000++.+- 259 ——. MUSCULUS 0... seeeeecereeeanet secee LBZ | —— Tarand. ........sccceeeecereeeeeees 259 —— niviventer ..rssecceseereee veeeeeee 157 | Olisthops, Richdn., n. g. .1....0.2-00 74 Muscid@ ......cceeveeee eee Bae ae 266 | Olisthops cyanomelas, Richdn.,n.sp. 75 Mya semistriata, Hanley .......--++- 86 | Oniscus Testudo, Mont. .......++...++. 97 Myobatrachida, Bp. .++...+++++++0+++ . 10 | Oreammos, Rafin. ..........:+.00e-00+ 137 Myobatrachus, Schl., n. g. «+-...+++++ 9 | Oreas, Desm., Gray, Fisch. .... 143, 146 Myobatrachus paradoxus, Schi.,n.sp. 10 Oreas canna, Gray .........222eeeeeeeee 143 Myochama, Stutch. ...0--++-.+-0+ese0++ 22 Derbianus, Gray .....+++..- seoeee 144 Myochama anomioides, Stutch. ..... 23 Oreosomad, CUy. seeseeeceeeeeeseese Bere Yi —— Strangei, ddams, n. Sp. «+... 23 | OREOTRAGUS ....... beeper sabes --. 169 transversa, 4dams, 0. Sp. ...... 23 | Oreotragus, Gray, Sund. ........ 118, 119 Myoparia, Macq. .«...+-..+++++++ 268, 269 | Oreotragus melanotis .........++ gO. 169 Nagor, Laur. ...cccseecseessseeseeeesees 126 saltatrix, Sund., Gray -... 119, 169 Naiades .........cseecceesocesoesccnees «- 199 | —— SCOparius ......00..-.0ee008 Bibeetes 169 Nangeur, Buff. .......00.sseeee+ 114, 115 EVAGUIUS ..200+.0cecrnccsceesceeses 169 Nanotragus, Sund. .....-. ahesees 126, 169 | Oriolus aureus ....+++0+++ faces eee ve 209 Nanotragus perpusillus, Gray ........ 126 | —— Baraffii, Bp., n. Sp. --+e+es.s0ee 279 regius, GLAY .....eseeeeeeeeeeeees 126 Broderipii, Bp., 0. Sp. «+... Peet) Nassa Cooperi, Forbes, n. Sp. «++... 273 COChINCHINENSIS ..2.....ee0eeeeees 279 Woodwardi, Forbes, n. sp. ... 273 galbula, Linn. «....++...s00seeee 217 Natica intricata ......- Se UE eeeeee 272 | —— hippocrepis, Wagl. «+....+.06- 279 Pritchardi, Forbes, n. sp. ...... 272 | —— molowita, Riipp. .....+.-.+0-+ 279 Nauclerus Riocouri, Vieill. ..... eni2is TOGENS ..eceseeveee ah; bate ee 279 NAUTILUS POMPILIUS ....-0se+0.+-00- 1 | ORTHAGORISCUS MOLA esesesseereeree 19 Nectarinia Australis, Gould, n. sp... 201 | Ortyxelos Meiffreni, Vieillce.csi.e.5. 220 —$ Fr ENALA oo cconececrecennrreereeeaees 201 | ORYX ......eeee eee Sede apenssewelaw ses « 175 —— melanorhynchus, Licht. ...... 216 | Oryx, Blainv. ...c00..ceeeeeecceeeeeeeees 133 — metallica, Er. ......0+ee00..+00+ 216 | Oryx Beisa, Sund. ...ce.seseerseeeeeees 134 pulchella, Linn. ....0++++...22+06+ 216 Capensis, Ogilby ..+0..++..2+-+--- 134 Nefal, AdansOn «++...seeeeesseneeeeeees 56 | —— Gazella, Gray...........+++- 134, 175 NEMORHEDUS «1... ceeeeeeeeeees “Eee « 173 leucoryx, Gray ..........+- 134, 175 Nemorhedus bubalina ........+++ veces 173 | Ostracoda .....s0ccceceeccecsceceveceees 254 Sumatrensis ...+.0..e0000ee- sees. 173 | Otis Rhaad, Gel. ............20000--+ 220 Nemorhedus, H. Smith 135, 136,165,166 | Otogyps awricularis ..........+++++++--- 214 Nemorhedus Goral, H. Smith ...... 136 | Oureby, F. Cuv. .++......+0+-0200 128, 168 proclivis, Hodgs. ........-+++++ 135 | OvisBos MOSCHATUS ....... Seog i Nemorhina palpalis, Desv. ......+++... QG62 | Ovis Aries ...ccc-cce.scesnsecccseverscees 157 Neomorpha .....0.0.000cceeeeeeecees ences 211 montana, Ord. «.+...seseeeeeee -- 136 Neophron percnopterus +++...-++0+-00+ 214 | Oxylophus afer, Leach .......-++++++- 219 292 INDEX. Page Page Oxylophus glandarius, Linn......... 219 | Picea cyanea, Wagh> arialassaeiaiew: 85 jacobinus, Bodd. «......-+0+-+00+ 219 FOrMOSA, SW. seceseesesecesseee ret serratus, Sparr. o..+.+++ seeees. 219 | —— melanocephalos, Wagl. ........ Fret Pachychilus, Lea, n. g- ..-++++ esceccee 179 | —— miles, Licht. .......00.....2eecee 84 Pachychilus Cumingii, Lea, n. sp. ... 179 stridens, Ehrenb. ....00...-++... 82 levissima, Sow., Lea....+.+-+++- 179 | Planaxis nigritella, Forbes, n. sp. ... 273 Paleornis cubicularis, Wag). ......... 219 pigra, Forbes, n. sp. ......--++++ 273 Derbianus, Fraser, 0. Sp. «--..- 245 | Platycercin® .....+....0sceeccseceeeeees 27 —— erythrogenys, Fraser, n. sp.... 245 Platyceros, Plin. ..... soso cenegees See 228 — longicauda, Bodd. .....++..-- ... 246 | Platycercus ater, Gr. ....00..000...... 26 —— torquatus, VigOrs ........++0+++ 219 | Pleurotoma Babylonica ............+++ 57 PALAPTERYX cccccccccscsccseecees 208, 209 DICATINGEG Wn2ceusencc asedeetaeeUewe 57 Palapteryx ingens ..... pore ae 45, 209 | —— coronata...... actesel peters 57 FODUSEUS , .cccocessescosdenssse 45, 209 | —— owytrophis ....0..c0eeveecseeeeees 57 Panthelops .......00s-ceeecseteeees Saerer 168 Vit 90. .2osc000 deodeeee- ee Be 57 Panolia, Gray ....+-+++-+0-+ Lestat. 229 | Pleurothy8is .......0..-scecsecsescossooes 247 acuticornis, Gray «.+....eeeeeeee 229 | Ploceus luteolus, Licht. .........+++.0+ 217 — Eedii, Gray...+++..++++++ sescessee 229 | —— personatus, Vieill. .........00+.-- 217 platyceros, Gray «.....+- Retawsees 229 sanguinirostris, Linn, .......-+. 218 Paradoxurus Zeylanicus ......++0+++++ 156 | Pluvianus egyptius, Liun. ............ 220 Paroaria, Bonp. .«....-.++ piceatstesce. 26 | Pecilosoma .........0++++++ dapastesset= 12 Passer simplex, Licht. .... 218 | Pogonius rubescens, Temm. ......... 219 Pelamys sarda, Cuv. «+++ gout 3248 Senegalensis, Licht. ......++ aa. 2a9 Pelecanus rufesCens .+..seeeseeseeeceees 921 | —— Vieilloti, Leach .........000.20.. . 219 Pelidna minuta, Leisl. ........++000+++ OO} | \Palistemiccscs cere eck. Ree 267 subarquata, Gm. «+.+..++ aaeete 221 | Polyboroides radiatus, Scop. ......... 216 Penelope niger, Fraser, 0. Sp. ..-++ 246 | POLYDESMIDA .......cceceeceneeeeeceeee 16 Perdix indica, Lath. ....+.seesesseeee 220 |) PorphyTio) sicta.sccieaent: pabdetanecceney 213 Phacocharus @thiopicus w....000.0+0++ 78 | Portax, Gray .........ceeees We coeds 146 Pheenodon, Lowe, n. B. ....eeeeeeeeeee 950 | PORTAX. PICPA .0..¢0...s0seddecsdeveesss 175 Phenodon ringens, Lowe, 0. Sp. «++ 251 | Portax picta, Gray.......0......0e0eee 146 Phileterus nitens, Gin. .++...-.-0000++ 218 Tragelaphus, Sund. ....-+...++ 146 Phos, Mont/. ...cecceesecseeeeeeeeeeeees 152 trago-camelus, Gray ............ 146 Phos articulatus, Hinds ......--++++++ 153 | Potamobius Franklinii, Gray ......... 96 Blainvillii, Desh. ......++- 153, 154 serratus, White, n. sp. .....-+++ 95 cancellatus, Adams, n. sp. .... 153 Presbytes Priamus .10......000.0000000* 155 crassus, Hinds ....+00..++sse000 153 PREF RLCE ances oo oee es = eae 155 —— Cumingii, Reeve ..... Saeeeeeseans 153 | Presbytis albigena, Gray, u. sp. ..... 77 — cyanostoma, Addams, 0. sp. -+- 155 | —— melanophus ....+..-sceceeeeeeeees 78 — cyllenoides, 4dams, n. sp. «-... 155 OOSCUTUS: 2a ee seee setae ee Reet 78 gaudens, Hinds ....+++++-+-+-+++ 153 —— levigatus, Addams, n. Sp. ...-+- 155 —— nodicostatus, 4dams, n. sp. ... 154 retecosus, Hinds ....+...+++eeere+ 153 roseatus, Hinds ...... seedeesyses! LOS —— rufocinctus, ddams, n. sp. .... 154 —— scalaricides, ddams, n. sp. ... 154 senticosus, Linn. ..... asvesesel.c2 200 —— spinicostatus, 4dams, 0. sp. --- 154 textilis, ddams, N. Sp. «.-.-.++- 154 — turritus, Adams, 0. Sp. ..-..-+++ 154 — Veraguensis, Hinds ...........++- 153 virgatus, Hinds .......++.++.+++ 153 Phycis furcatus, Flem. .....+-++++++ . 252 Mediterraneus, Lar. ......+++++ . 252 Phiyllopoda ....s.s0e.eceerececccteeeeeeee 254 Phylioscopus trochilus, Linn. ........ 216 Pica albicollis, Vieill. .........+++.-.++ 86 Bullocki, Wagl. .......-s0e+ss00 84 Colliei, Vigors ....-+seseeeeeeeee .. | 84 Prionacalus atys, White, n.sp. ... 10, 11 cacicus, White, n. sp. ......--+-» 10 Iphis, White, n. sp. ........- 10, 11 Procapra, Hodgs. .....++-..++ ele bceee 115 Procapra gutturosa, Gray ..........+- 115 picticauda, Hodgs. ....-.........- 116 Prox, Ogilby .....-..cceeeeeeeeeeseesees 231 Prox albipes, Wagn. ...+.-s0eeee---00 235 melas, SUNG. ..0......c2rseseeeee 235 Muntjac, Sund. .......+0..-.-00+ 234 Ratwa, Sund. .......0+00+.00+0-- 235 Reevesii, Wagn. ...0.5.0.0002-00e 235 stylocerus, Wagn. ......-++000++ 235 Psalidognathus, G. R. Gray -+++--..- 10 Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgs. ..... 227 Psilorhinus Bullocki, Gr. ..........+++ 84 gubernatrix, Gr. sesseeseeseeeee 84 Psittacodis intermedius, Bonap.,n.sp. 26 magnus et sinensis, Gm. .«...... 26 Westermanni, Bonp., n. sp. ... 26 etal INDEX. 293 Page Pterocles bicinctus, Temm. ...,........ 220 Fasciatus, SCOP. .........eeeeee- 220 —— guadricinctus, Temm. ........ 220 tricinctus, Sw. ......... siavivene 220 PRCT OIE on cca. bn genes cones Bde apaicdsth sane 60 Pteromys nitidus ........++.+ Seco 157 Pteropus Edwardsit ....+20.....020000 156 Ptilotis filigera, Gould, n. sp. ...... 278 VIECOIOT op ask ccenenenceunesiewedetes 278 Pupina bilinguis, P/r., n. sp. ........ 97 Purpura analoga, Forbes, n. sp. ....+. 273 Caralena (28. iisccstaobt ck veces 274 © —— columellaris sescccccscseveeeees +. 274 decemcostata .........+ Geceraeues 274 Freycinet... -26adsuccieusosteses . 274 fuscata, Forbes, n. sp. «++...+ oe 274 Papelatay . debian oe. ,0) afeyero REPTILIA. Pterodactylus longirostris, Bowerbank .............. Anadia ocellata, Emminia olivacea, Iphisa elegans, Gray MOLLUSCA. Bulimus Maconelli, Reeve ........ cece cece eee e eens ANNULOSA. Distichocera Kirbyi 3, Newman ..........seeeeees RADIATA. Gonigoria clavata, Nidalia occidentalis, SGTAY c+eesssssceeeeevenens Afquorea Forskaled ...ccscvceceeeseveeeenceeenaes 14 <- 38 —- ee: | ety hu" sigh niniom ho F gp jtt id fa hee wet € Oa ee ee Oe rh a Son = TBE vsibeentp ae sagen ea ree Samet ry a i aad . : a Al BATA ‘ j re thi ue ssn Di yr egal ~ ee ue caioaad Ss age grea Seg 3 Wile | da 2G ateraee 7 a a oh ag ee ide (Me iecsetgan ree ot aye eOe Ayetera satan Bh) Nees nd bae meee oe St \ielotsih ainattiay aeons BOE Grek Sek se eters Wake pigggirdlign eriqouet Bs | 55 5p Gin ba Oak Ce a, dallas --—+—~ Le, Wi atarsoes ctw abuea eee ; a tae ss " _ fs ene eee ma : € th eae ae? ‘ . i Sy S “A FY ta FR Sere ARS Eos conte a qe EE ee: pm, = 4 e 4 s 4 PROCEEDINGS ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ss January 14, 1851. Prof. Owen, F.R.S., Vice President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :-— 1. ON A NEW AND MOST REMARKABLE FORM IN ORNITHOLOGY. : By Joun Govuxp, F.R.S. Etc. (Aves, Pl. XXXV.) I haye the pleasure of introducing to the notice of the Society on the present occasion the most extraordinary bird I have seen for many years, and which forms part of a collection made on the banks of the upper part of the White Nile, by Mansfield Parkyns, Esq., of Not- tingham. For this bird I propose the generic name of BALENI- cEps, with the following characters :-— Bill enormously robust, equal in breadth and depth; sides of the upper mandible much swollen; culmen slightly elevated, depressed in the middle of its length, and terminating at the point in a very powerful hook ; tomize sharp, turning inwards and very convex ; lower mandible very powerful, with a sharp concave cutting edge and a truncated tip; nostrils scarcely perceptible, and placed in a narrow slit at the base of the bill, close to the culmen; orbits denuded ; head very large; occiput slightly crested; wings very powerful, the third, fourth and fifth feathers the longest ; tail of moderate length and square in form; plumage soft and yielding ; skin of the throat loose, and capable of dilatation mto an extensive pouch ; tibize and tarsi lengthened, the latter a fourth shorter than the former; the lower third of the tibize denuded; toes four in number, all extremely long, and without the slightest vestige of interdigital membrane ; hind-toe on the same plane as the anterior ones and directed inwards ; tibice and tarsi reticulated, the reticulations becoming much smaller No. CCXIX.—Proceepincs or THE ZooLoeicaL Society. 2 on the joints; upper surface of the toes scutellated; nails powerful, and not much curved; the nail of the centre toe impectinated. BAaLzniceps Rex. Bill pale yellow, becoming horn-colour on the culmen and tip, and blotched with dark brown; orbits pale yellow; head and neck slaty grey, darkest on the crown; chest ornamented with lanceolate feathers of a similar colour, with a dark stripe down the centre; abdomen, flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts very pale grey ; upper surface generally very dark grey, most of the feathers margined with light grey ; primaries, secondaries and tail blackish grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts light grey ; legs greyish black. Total length, from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail, 52 inches; from the tip of the bill to the end of the centre toe, 67 ; bill, from the gape to the tip, 9; depth of the bill, 43; breadth, 4; wing, 27; tail, 12; tibie, 13; tarsi, 10; middle toe and nail, 7; ex- ternal toe and nail, 64; internal toe and nail, 51; hind toe and nail, 4. Hab. The upper part of the White Nile, in Eastern Africa. Remark.—This is evidently the Grallatorial type of the Pelecani- de; at least such is the conclusion to which I am directed after a care- ful examination and comparison of it with Pelecanus, Grus, Ardea, and Cancroma, to none of which genera is it so nearly allied, except in general contour, as to Pelecanus. Perhaps the most singular feature connected with this form is the entire absence of interdigital mem- brane, a character so conspicuous in the Storks, Herons, and the Boat- bill, which latter bird is as nearly allied to Nycticorax as the present bird is to Peleeanus. Both Cancroma and Nycticorax have the uail of the centre toe strongly pectinated, which character is not found in Pelecanus nor in Baleniceps. 2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY SPECIES OF COLUMBELLA, AND ONE SPECIES OF Cypr#@A. By J. S. GAsKoIN. 1. CoLuMBELLA TENUIS. Testa pyramidalis, subventricosa, levis, tenuis, albicans, maculis irregularibus fuscis magnis longitudinaliter dispositis; anfractibus octo, duobus anticis gibbosis ; spird subelongatd, acuminatd ; aperturd latd, anticé divergente, postice acuminatd, labio externo tenui, internoque edentulo, varice externo subelevato; striis tenuibus ab varice anticé continuis ; canali brevi. Shell pyramidal, rather ventricose, smooth, thin, of a dull whitish colour, with large distant dark brown markings extending, irregu- larly, in width and form longitudinally over the volutions, which are eight in number, the two anterior being gibbous, the others proceed to form an acuminated apex; the spire constitutes more than one- half the length of the shell *; aperture wide, diverging anteriorly, * Jn estimating the proportionate length of the spire of the shell, I take the measurement from the termination of the last volution at its junction to form the posterior point of the aperture; and the width, at the largest diameter of the an- terior whorl. 3 acuminated posteriorly ; outer lip curved outwards, thin, without den- ticulations, as is also the inner lip, which is shining, and within of the same colour as the shell; a slightly elevated varix terminates the inner edge of the aperture, from which fine strize pass obliquely for- ward over the dorsum to the anterior portion of the outer lip; chan- nel short, slightly curved. Length, 52, of an inch; width, ,2,4, of an inch. Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin, specimen unicum. 2. CoLUMBELLA ALBINODULOSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, palli- dissimé luteo-fulva, fasciis angustis interruptis tribus brunneis; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem ; nodulis latis prominenti- bus subdistantibus albi-coronatis; aperturd oblongd subqua- draté albd; labio externo crasso, recto, submarginato, intus den- ticulato; dentibus posticis majoribus, labio interno dentibus irregularibus subvaricosis ; canali recto latiusculo subelongato. Shell oblong-ovate, of a very light yellowish brown colour, with three interrupted or dotted dark brown narrow bands, the first ex- tending from the anterior point of the outer lip to the centre of the aperture, the second from the anterior third of the margin of the outer lip to the posterior part of the aperture, and the third from the posterior third of the margin of the outer lip along the anterior portion of the volutions spirally to the apex; broad nodules or tu- bercles, moderately prominent and rather distant, exist from the posterior portion of the outer lip over the dorsum or shoulder, and. continuously on the centres of the whorls, and as the whorls become narrow, occupy them longitudinally on to the point of the spire, each nodule being crowned with an opake white blotch ; opake white irre- gular markings are also on the anterior volution ; spire acuminated, constituting rather less than one half the length of the shell; seven volutions, rather convex; aperture straight, rather wide; outer lip sharp at its edge, straight, curving suddenly on forming the channel ; just within the lip is a row of about eight rather prominent teeth, the posterior being the larger ; inner lip slightly denticulated with about six irregular varices, with a slight sharp prominence at its margin, the large whorl ribbed with fine striee, most prominent anteriorly ; channel straight, rather wide, slightly elongated and recurved. Length, 45, of an inch; width, 29, of an inch. Hab. 2 Cab. Gaskoin. 3. CoLUMBELLA INTERRUPTA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, fasciis duabus interruptis latis rufescenti-brunnets ; Sascid an- ticd pallidiore; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem vel octo ; aperturd latiusculd precipue ad partem posticam ; labio ex- terno crasso margine acuto, intus denticulato, denticulis qua- tuor vel quinque; labio interno cum margine externo denticu- lato, aurantiaco; testd extus cancellatd striis spiralibus vali- dis, longitudinalibus tenuibus ; peritremate pallide aurantiaco, posticé subobtuso angulari ; canali breviusculo latiusculo. Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull greyish white colour, with two distinct, 4 strongly marked, interrupted, broad, dark reddish brown bands, the anterior being the less deeply coloured, the markings being rather crescentic, with the horns pointing towards the aperture becoming more arrow-shaped advancing onwards; the anterior band extends from the fore part of the outer lip to the middle of the inner side of the aperture, the second from the posterior part of the edge of the outer lip over the dorsum at the shoulder, and spirally on the centres of the volutions to the apex ; at the superior portion on the aperture side of each marking is an opake white colouring ; spire acuminated, seven to eight whorls ; at the suture, spirally on to the apex, is a fine whitish varix having interrupted brown markings along its entire course; aperture rather straight and broad, widening posteriorly ; outer lip thick, sharp at its edge, orange-coloured at its inner border, | where there are four or five slight denticulations; inner lip has a finely denticulated ridge at its outer edge of an orange colour, within it is an angular projection forming the commencement of the chan- nel; the whole external shell is cancellated, the transverse strize being much stronger than the longitudinal, and especially anteriorly ;_peri- treme of a light orange colour, rather obtusely angular posteriorly ; | channel rather short and moderately wide. | | Length 4°, of an inch; width, ;23, of an inch. Hab. 2? Cab. Gaskoin. PHOLOT/ PE 4. CoLUMBELLA LEUCOsToMA. Testa ovata, albicans, nitens, posticée fascid latd brunned spirali ornata; apice albicante di- midio antico anfractis ultimi albido ; spird acuminatd, anfrac- tibus septem; aperturd guldque albis latiusculis, illd posticeé subquadratd, labio externo intus subdenticulato, dentibus sex posticis majoribus ; canali brevi latiusculo. Shell ovate, shining, of a whitish colour, having a broad brown band occupying the posterior half of the anterior volution and the entire of the sixth, fifth and fourth, except at their posterior edge, which is white, the brown band terminating in an undefined line near the suture ; the three apicine whorls are white, with very fine lightly es coloured linear markings, and in like manner is the white anterior half of the last whorl finely but irregularly streaked ; spire acumi- nated, seven volutions, which constitute the greater half of the length of the shell; aperture white, as is also the interior, rather broad, somewhat square posteriorly; outer lip gradually curved inwards, having within it about six slight denticulations, the posterior being | the larger ; inner lip smooth, spiral ; a few fine strize extend obliquely | forwards over the dorsum of the channel from the slight varix at its outer edge; channel short, rather broad. : Length, 535, of an inch; width, ;13, of an inch. : Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin. : 5. CotumBetta Pacirica. Testa oblongo-ovata, lacteo-opaca, maculis irregularibus distantibus rufescenti-brunneis ornata ; intus alba; spird acuminatd, anfractibus convexis septem vel octo posticé obtusissimée coronatis ; aperturd latd rectiusculd ; 5 labii externi margine tenui intus edentulo; labio interno levi externe margine tenui; anfractu ultimo antice valde striato, striis tenuioribus longitudinaliter decussantibus ; canal brevi, lato, subrecurvo. Shell oblong-ovate, of an opake milk-white colour, distantly macu- lated with dark reddish brown irregular markings, internally white ; spire acuminated, constituting the greater half of the length of the shell; volutions seven to eight, convex, their posterior margin gene- rally very obtusely and distantly coronated; aperture wide, rather straight ; outer lip thin at the edge, even, no denticulation within, marginated ; inner lip even, having a very slight straight edge or varix externally, from which rather strong striations pass over the anterior of the dorsum to the outer lip, and very much finer strize longitudi- nally pervade the same ; channel short and wide, very slightly curved. This shell differs from Columéella Miser, Sowerby, in the absence of denticulation, in the last volution being much more gibbous, the aperture much wider, the channel decided, the spire more pyramidal, and much less coloration and markings. Length, 45, of an inch; width, 25, of an inch. Hab. Sandwich Islands. Cab. Gaskoin. 6. CoLuMBELLA vARIcosA. Testa oblongo-ovata, nitens, crassa, albicans, colore nigricanti-brunneo irregulariter induta ; mar- ginibus posticis anfractuum albicantibus ; spird acuminatd, an- fractibus septem vel octo subventricosis varicosis validis promi- nentibus subobliquis instructis ; parte anticd ultimi anfractis levigatd, anticé supra canalem transverse striatd ; aperturd ob- longd subquadratd rectd intus cerulescente, labio externo recto, marginato postice incisurd magnd instructo, intus denticulato denticulis posticis validiusculis, labio interno levi margine ele- vato tenui; canali brevi latiusculo. Shell oblong-ovate, shining, thick, strong, of a white colour, gene- rally irregularly and greatly covered, more or less intensely, with an almost black-brown coloration, excepting the posterior edges of the whorls, where it remains nearly white ; spire acuminated, constituting one half the length of the shell, has seven to eight volutions, rather convex, slightly diagonal; strong, prominent, somewhat distant varices exist on the posterior margin of the last whorl, the anterior portion of which have many striee passing transversely and obliquely for- wards from the columellar edge of the aperture; aperture oblong, rather square and straight, internally of a bluish white colour ; outer lip straight, marginated, having a rather large notch at the junction with the body of the shell, and having anteriorly to this notch, within, about five or six slight denticulations, the posterior being the larger ; inner lip smooth, without denticulation, edge slightly elevated and thin; channel short, rather broad. Length, 8°, of an inch; width, ,35, of an inch. Hab. Peyta, Peru. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin. 7. CorumBeLta Ausrrais. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, \4720% 6 maculis parvis irregularibus brunneis inequalibus ornata, ma- joribus saturatioribusque apud marginem posticum anfractuum positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo subgibbosis, apice al- bicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus cerulescente, labio externo recurvo ad canalem convergente, intus denticulis septem ad octo subprominentibus subdistantibus, labio interno levi anticé angu- lifero ; canali latiusculo brevi recurvo, anfractu ultimo anticé transversim striato ; peritremate posticé angulari. Shell oblong-ovate, of a whitish colour, greatly covered with small, irregular, dark brown, conjoined specklings, of unequal intensity in coloration, the larger and darker markings being at the edges of the whorls ; three rather narrow interrupted bands traverse the last whorl, the posterior one proceeding along the anterior margin of the volu- tions ; spire acuminated, being rather the greater half-length of the shell; volutions eight, slightly gibbous, the four apicine white ; aper- ture rather broad, internally of a bright pinkish blue-white colour, slightly iridescent ; outer lip a little curved, converging at the chan- nel; within are seven or eight irregular, slight elevations or denticu- lations, rather distant, at the anterior portion of the edge are several fine denticulations ; inner lip smooth, with a very slight thin varix at the anterior part ; an obtuse angularity forms the commencement of the channel; channel rather wide, short, and a series of rather fine parallel striz traverse the anterior part of the last whorl; peritreme angular posteriorly. Length, ;£° of an inch; width, 25, of an inch. Hab. Sydney. Cab. Gaskoin, Cuming. At PROBA LE 8. CoLUMBELLA CANCELLATA. Testa ovata, pallid? aurantiaco- “SWATY PES brunnea ; apice roseo, superficie omnino cancellatd, serie posticd 972027 granulorum majore; spird acuminatd anfractibus septem; aper- turd latiusculd brevique, labio externo-subrecurvo convergente, intus denticulis quatuor vel quinque subprominentibus, labio in- terno levi; canali latiusculo, brevi, peritremate postice obtuse angulart. Shell ovate, of an uniform light orange-brown colour, except the apex, which is pink, deeply cancellated over its entire surface, having the posterior line of nodules larger than the others; spire acuminated, and forms rather more than half the length of the shell ; volutions seven ; aperture rather broad and short ; outer lip slightly curved, converging towgrds the channel; within it are four or five rather prominent denticulations; inner lip smooth, very obtusely nodulated at its exterior slightly elevated edge ; channel moderately : broad, short, curved towards the columella; peritreme obtusely an- gular posteriorly. Length, 535, of an inch; width, 48, of an inch. Hab. West Indies. Cab. Gaskoin. 9. CoLuMBELLA PULLA. Testa oblongo-ovata, saturate brun- nea; parte anticd ultimi anfractis, columelldque albicantibus ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo vel novem, convewxiusculis, 7 suturd levi; aperturd latiusculd postice acuminatd, labio ex- terno tenui levi, intus subdenticulato, saturate brunneo, labio interno levigate subdenticulato, antice subalbido, margine in- terno varicem rectum efformante, parte antied teste trans- versim striatd ; canali mediocri, recto. Shell oblong-ovate, of an uniform dull, very dark brown colour, and also within, excepting the columella and edge of the outer lip, which are white ; spire acuminated ; volutions eight or nine, slightly convex, even at the suture; aperture rather acuminated posteriorly ; outer lip thin, smooth, internally slightly denticulated ; inner lip shining, with slightly elevated nodules or teeth, and its edge forms a fine straight varix, from which a few thin strize pass over the dorsum of the channel; channel moderately wide and straight. Length, 582, of an inch; width, 2% of an inch; length of spire, 32, of an inch; length of last whorl, 23, of an inch. ? Cab. Gaskoin. Hab. 10. ConuMBELLA INTEXTA. Testa oblonga, angusta, levis, al- bicans, strigis punctulisque irregularibus saturate brunneis ornata ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus novem vel decem; margt- nibus posticis anfractuum brunneo maculatis, ultimo anfractu anticé similariter colorato; suturd elevatd; aperturd brevius- culd angustdque, labio externo arcuato, ad marginem acutius- culo, extus crassiusculo, ad canalem convergente, labio interno ad marginem subvaricoso, levi, edentulo; canali breviusculo, angustato, extus transversim striato. Shell elongated, narrow, smooth, of a dull whitish colour, having dark brown irregular dottings and streaks pervading the entire sur- face of the shell ; irregular, rather large and distant, similarly coloured spots are on the posterior margin of the volutions to the apex, and a band, similarly indicated at the anterior part of the last whorl ; spire acuminated, constituting about two-thirds of the length of the shell ; volutions nine to ten, suture elevated ; aperture rather short and nar- row; outer lip arched, sharp at its edge, thickened externally, con-. verging towards the channel; inner lip slightly ridged at its edge, smooth, without denticulations ; channel rather short, somewhat nar- row, externally transversely striated. Length, 553, of an inch; width, 2% of an inch. ; Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin. 11. CoLuMBELLA CONTAMINATA. Testatoblonga, levis, saturate brunnea, intus subalbida, lined suturali albicante subinterruptd ; spird acuminata dimidium teste superante, anfractibus octo vel novem convexiusculis ; aperturd postice latd, anticée angustiore, margine externo lato, crasso, intus denticulis linearibus sex vel septem ; margine interno tenui, albicante, intus denticulis pro- minentibus confertis albicantibus sex supra columellam conti- nuis, columelld interstitiisque rufescenti-brunneis ; canali pro- minente angusto subrecurvo, margine interno violaceo, parte ex- ternd transversim striata. 8 Shell oblong, smooth, of an uniform light brown colour, whitish within ; a narrow interrupted white band proceeds from the middle of the margin of the outer lip and continues along the posterior edge of the volutions to the apex ; a less defined band traverses the dor- sum more anteriorly, and terminates at the middle of the inner side of the aperture; spire acuminated, comprising more than one half the length of the shell; volutions eight to nine, slightly convex, su- ture a little elevated; aperture rather wide, shining, broader poste- riorly ; outer lip whitish, and thick externally, edge sharp, violaceous for a little distance within, with six or seven linear denticulations ; inner lip, a fine whitish varix extends from the curve of the aper- ture to the anterior point of the channel; within this varix, at its centre, are five or six denticulations, closely set, parallel, prominent, proceeding over the columella, whitish at their edges, the inter- stices and the portion exterior to them being of a reddish brown colour; channel projecting, narrow, slightly recurved, with a dark violaceous colour within ; a number of rather strong striz pass from the inner side of the aperture to the edge of the anterior half of the outer lip. Length, 5°, of an inch ; width, 29, of an inch. Hab. Cab. Gaskoin. I have seen but one of this characteristic species: the aperture is allied in form to that of Columbella Puella, Sowerby. It may be convenient to readers to state, that the species Col. Puella is by acci- dent, in the index of the ‘Thesaurus Conchyl.’ of Sowerby, jun., entered as Col. Nympha. 12. CotumBeLttA Maravursa. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans ; anfractibus sex vel septem; 4 vel 5 posticis roseis, longitudi- naliter striatis, anfractibus tribus anticis levibus spiraliter rufescenti-brunneo lineatis ; spird acuminatd, dimidium teste equante ; aperturd mediocri rectiusculd ; labii eaterni margine tenui postice marginato, extus incrassato, edentulo, labio colu- mellari levi nitido, margine crassiusculo elevato; canali extus transversim striato, brevi. Varietas hujus teste major differt pro colore. Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour ; spire acuminated, form- ing about one-half the length of the shell; volutions six to seven, which, with the last volution, the columellar side of the shell forms an even convexity; the first four or five whorls are of a rose or bluish-pink colour, minutely longitudinally striated ; the others are smooth, with somewhat distant fine brown lines, seven, eight, or so in number, passing spirally and continuously from just within the outer lip along the three last whorls, to the commencement of the pink striated volutions ; aperture moderately wide and long, rather straight ; outer lip sharp at its edge, forming a notch at its junction with its next whorl, thickened externally, without denticulation ; inner lip also edentulate, smooth, shining, externally forming a rather thick, slightly elevated varix, which extends to the extremity of the channel, and from the whole length of this varix fine strize pass over 9 the dorsum of the channel to the anterior portion of the outer lip ; channel short. A variety of this species is rather larger in size, with the markings along the posterior edge of the three last whorls in somewhat distant, brown, square spots, from which rather distant undulating lines of a lighter colour pass longitudinally over the volutions, while in some specimens the colour is more en masse on the last whorl with small circular spots in it, showing the colour of the shell. Length, 35, of an inch; width, 54%, of an inch. 2 100 2 100 Hab. Marquesas. Cab. Gaskoin, Gubba. 13. CotumBEeLLA AustRiINA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitens, albicans, punctulis distantibus pallidissime brunneis, fascidque anticd latd brunned ornata; spird acuminata, anfractibus sep- tem vel octo, convexiusculis ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd latius- culd, labio externo posticée intus emarginato ; margine acutius- culo versus canalem incurvo, intus denticulis prominentibus octo vel novem ; labio columellari recto, nitido, denticulis septem an- tice positis, margine externo subelevato ; peritremate albicante, aperturd intus violaceo-brunned ; canali subprominente, latius- culo, dorso canalis transversim striato. Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, smooth and shining, with light brown coloration, or interrupted from the anterior side of the volutions of the spire, and extending, more or less faintly, over them ; a much darker broad band occupies three-fourths, at its centre, of the last whorl, the colour gradually softening into the whitish an- terior, posterior, and outer portions of the whorl ; spire acuminated, constituting less than one half the length of the shell; volutions seven to eight, rather convex, slightly ridged at the suture ; aperture rather long, and moderately wide and straight ; outer lip forms a broad notch at its juncture with the body of the shell, edge sharp, curving much towards the channel, externally thickened ; within are eight or nine rather prominent denticulations, diminishing in size from their com- mencement at the anterior edge of the notch; imner lip straight, smooth and shining, with a row of about seven small, even, round teeth, which extend over the columella, and a very slightly raised sharp varix forms the outer edge of the aperture proceeding to the end of the channel; from this varix fine striz pass over the dorsum of the channel to the anterior part of the outer lip ; peritreme whitish, the interior of the shell of a rather violaceous colour ; channel slightly projecting, moderately wide. Length, 55° of an inch; width, 23, of an inch. Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin. 14. CotumBetua BAccaATA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, fas- ciis tribus interruptis saturate rufescenti-brunneis, punctulis opacis albicantibus rotundis per lineas obliquas vel longitudi- nales positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem, quorum tri- bus anticis levibus, posticis obtuse longitudinaliter striatis ; apice albicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus albicante fasciis {@4 ‘ost Cooara On 1y i ) are C) 10 brunneis tribus conspicuis; labio eterno crassiusculo denticulis paucis intus prope centrum positis ; labio interno recto, ad marginem eaternum varice prominente instructo ; canali lato, obtuso. Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, with three dark reddish brown interrupted bands traversing the last whorl, the anterior ex- tending from the fore-part of the outer lip to that of the aperture, the second continuing along the anterior margin of the volutions to near the apex, and the third passing similarly on their posterior mar- gin to the same extent; opake, whitish, distinct, small round spots pervade the four anterior volutions, being in rows, obliquely or longi- tudinally placed ; shell, within of a dull white colour, the three bands being conspicuous ; spire acuminated ; volutions seven, the three an- terior smooth, the posterior obtusely striated longitudinally, apex whitish ; aperture rather wide and straight; outer lip somewhat thick, having a few (one or two) rather prominent denticulations within the edge, about the centre; inner lip straight, with a rather strong varix at its outer edge; channel wide and obtuse; a few striee pass obliquely over the anterior part of the columellar side of the dorsum. Length, 25, of an inch; width, 33, of an inch. 100 Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin. 15. CotumBeELLA sAciTra. Testa oblonga, subcylindracea, an- gustata, levis, nitens, semipellucidula, pallidissime brunnea ; fasciis duabus angustis interruptis albidi-opacis, ab postico margine anfractuum ad apicem continuis; spird acuminata, 3-5 longitudinis teste ; anfractibus octo ; aperturd brevi, latd ; labio externo crassiusculo extus margine albini-opaco, versus canalem incurvato, labio interno levi nitido; dorso anticé transversim striato; canali longiusculo, latiusculo; peritremate subquadrangulo. Shell oblong, subcylindrical, narrow, smooth, shining, semitrans- parent, of an extremely pale brown colour, with a very narrow inter- rupted opake white band arising from about the middle of the outer lip, and continuing along the anterior edge of the whorls to the apex ; the markings forming this band are pointed, the points being toward the outer lip; large white opake markings occupy the entire poste- rior margin of the volutions, conjoined at the suture by broad bases, and, diminishing pyramidally to a point, extend across the volutions, and between each pyramidal mark, fitting the interstices, are dark, reddish-brown, barb-shaped colorations ; spire acuminated, constitu- ting three-fifths the length of the shell ; volutions eight, very slightly convex ; aperture short, rather wide; outer lip moderately thick, much incurvated to form the channel, with a whitish opake strong margin externally, edentulous; inner lip even, and shining, with a slight varix along its outer border, from which several rather promi- nent striz traverse the anterior part of the dorsum to the fore part of the outer lip ; the columella terminates angularly at the beginning of 1] the channel; channel rather long, moderately wide; peritreme sub- quadrangular. Length, ;32, of an inch; width, 13, of an inch. Hab. Africa; West Indies. Cab. Metcalfe, Cuming, Gaskoin, &c. 16. ConuMBELLA CoNsPERSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, pyrami- ~ dalis, pallide brunnea, maculis anticis, albi-opacis, irregulari- bus; fasciis tribus albi-opacis, brunneo interruptis, duabus posticis ab aperturd ad apicem continuis ; spird acuminatd an- Jractibus novem vel decem convexiusculis; aperturd rectd, latius- culd ; labio externo ad marginem acuto, margine externo lato prominente, intus denticulis quatuor quinque vel sex parvis ; labio interno levi, nitido, intus varice parvo denticulato, extus varice subprominente ad laterem canalis extenso ; striis tenui- bus per anticam partem dorsi continuis ; canali longiusculo, an- gusto, leviter recurvo ; peritremate subquadrangulo, lilacino. Shell oblong-ovate, pyramidal, of a dull pale-brown colour, with opake white, irregular markings on the anterior half of the last whorl; three opake white bands ; the two anterior, interrupted and edged posteriorly with dark brown coloration, traverse the last whorl; the second, arising from the middle of the outer lip in narrow streaks, continues along the anterior edge of the volutions close to the suture, on to the apex; the third arises at the posterior part of the outer lip, sometimes in conjoined nodules, edged anteriorly and interrupted by a dark brown colour, passes over the dorsum and continues in irregularly broad, even streaks on the posterior margin of the whorls on to the apex. [These characters are marked in fine specimens, but are sometimes rendered less conspicuous by irregularity in the opake white deposition.] Spire acuminated, constituting rather more than one-half the length of the shell; volutions nine to ten, slightly convex ; aperture straight, moderately wide ; outer lip sharp at the edge, converges abruptly to form the channel, a broad promi- nent margin externally, within are four, five, or six denticulations ; inner lip smooth and shining, within is a little ridge forming about six nodules or teeth, and at the outer edge is a rather strong varix extending on to the side of the channel, and from the outer side of which varix fine striee traverse the anterior portion of the dorsum ; channel rather long and narrow, slightly recurved ; peritreme rather quadrangular, and of a lilac colour. Length, 5°, of an inch; width, 23, of an inch. Hab. —-? Cab. Gaskoin. 17. CotumBELLA rorMosaA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitida, colore flori-lacteo induta ; fasciis duabus maculis albicantibus brunneisque interruptis; spird acuminatd, ad dimidium longi- tudinis teste equali; anfractibus septem vel octo convexiuscu- lis, suturd subprominente ; aperturd latiusculd et breviusculd ; labio externo levi tenui, interno levi; canali lato. Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, of a light delicate cream colour, with two interrupted bands of opake white and brown mark- HaLOWPE 114 12.\1.10S 12 ings mingled together, the first arising from the anterior point of the outer lip, and proceeding to the inner edge of the aperture; the second from the middle of the outer lip, and extending along the anterior mar- gin of the volutions to the apex ; spire acuminated, of half the length of the shell; volutions seven to eight, rather convex, suture slightly prominent ; aperture somewhat wide and short; outer lip smooth and thin; inner lip even and also edentulous, no varix at its inner border; channel short and wide; a few strize traverse the anterior part of the dorsum. Length, 4° of an inch; width, 2°, of an inch. 27100 > 100 Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin. 18. CotumBELLA HIRUNDO. Testa ovato-pyramidalis, levis, nitens, pallida, strigis punctisque brunneis leviter maculata ; spird mucronata, dimidium longitudinis teste aequante; an- Sractibus novem vel decem planis ; apertura latiusculd ; labio externo crasso albo semicirculari, dentibus duobus vel tribus latis posticis internis, margine externo crasso albo; labio in- terno levi, subspirali, dente solitario majusculo ad posticam partem; canali longo, latiusculo, recurvo, rostris prominenti- bus, externo divergente quasi furcato ut in formd caude hirun- dinis. Shell ovato-pyramidal, smooth and shining, pale in colour, lightly speckled with fine brown streaks and dottings, with intermissions of colour along the darker coloration of the posterior edge of the volu- tions ; spire sharply mucronated, bemg about half the length of the shell; nine to ten flat volutions; aperture rather broad; outer lip thick, white, semicircular, with two or three broad denticulations within posteriorly, converges abruptly to form the channel ; external margin strong and white; inner lip smooth, subspiral, with a single rather large node or tooth at the posterior part ; channel long and moderately wide, recurved, beaks prominent, outer one diverging, giving a forked appearance, as in the tail of the swallow. This species is of the stamp of Col. bicanalifera of Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. part ii. page 113; Sowerby’s Thesaurus, fig. 144. Length, 55°, of an inch; width, 2.6 of an inch. Hab. Per the ‘Samarang.’ Cab. Gaskoin. 19. CotuMBELLA CALIFORNIANA. Testa oblongo-ovata, sub- pyramidalis, levis, nitens, brunnea, vel brunneo variabilis, ali- quando lineis tenuibus, fortioribus, aut latiusculis irregulari- bus; spird acuminatd dimidium teste subequante ; anfracti- bus septem convexis; aperturd latd subquadrangulari; labio externo tenuiusculo intus denticulato, labio interno leviter den- ticulato ; dorso anticé transversim striato; peritremate pur- pureo-nigricante ; canali brevi. Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, rather pyramidal, of a brown colour, varying much in intensity and markings, in being sometimes uniform, in others with one or two thin darker coloured cinctures, or with broad and continuous dark regular markings 13 spirally passing on the whorls to be.lost in the deeper colour of the apicine volutions ; spire acuminated, about half the length of the shell; volutions seven, convex; aperture wide, subquadrangular ; outer lip rather thin, denticulated within on its whole extent ; inner hp slightly denticulated along its rather angular inner edge; fine strize traverse the anterior part of the dorsum; peritreme of a dark purple-brown colour ; channel very short. Length, ;4°, of an inch ; width, 2° of an inch. Hab. Sandeago, California. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin. 20. CorumpeLta Iopostoma. Testa oblongo-ovata, irregula- HOLCOTYEE * riter brunnea; spird acuminatd, apice ceruleo-brunneo; an- \274.\2 \\ \\2 Jractibus septem vel octo raptim longitudinaliter decrescen- 2 sae tibus ; costellis prope aperturam minus prominentibus, costis ad posticum marginem in tuberculis postice terminantibus ; aperturd posticé latiusculd, antice subacutd; labio externo tenui, intus denticulato ; labio interno intus denticulato, varice prominente marginato ; dorso anticé extus striato; canali lon- giusculo ; margine peritrematis purpureo-brunnescente. Shell oblong-ovate, of an irregular brown colour ; spire acumina- ted, apex dark bluish brown colour ; volutions seven to eight, greatly decreasing in circumference on to the apex, strongly ribbed longitu- dinally, less strongly towards the aperture, the ribs terminating in colourless nodules at the posterior edge of the volutions; aperture rather broad posteriorly, subacute anteriorly ; outer lip thin, denticu- lated to its full extent within ; inner lip denticulated within, bordered by a rather prominent varix, from the outside of which strie pass over the dorsum of the channel; channel rather long and broad ; edge of peritreme of a dark purplish brown colour. Length, 5°, of an inch; width, 22. of an inch. Hab. Port Essington. Cab. (specimen. unicum) Gaskoin. Cyprma Crara. Testa subcylindraceo-ovalis, rufescenti-cinerea, anticé et posticé supra extremitate maculd brunned ornata ; fas- ciis latis saturatioribus tribus ; basi marginibusque albescenti- bus ; aperturd latiusculd subspirali ; labio externo crassiusculo, dentibus circa viginti-sex, regularibus, prominentibus ; interno subspirali, dentibus circa viginti; sulco columellari profundo latoque, intus denticulato ; marginibus rotundatis, incrassatis ; extremitatibus obtusis, punctis minutissimis nigris notatis. Shell subcylindrical-ovate, of a lightish red-ash colour, with three broad bands placed about the anterior and posterior thirds and middle of the shell, the middle one being narrowest, the lighter colour of the shell being observed between them; a rather large reddish-brown marking over the anterior and posterior extremities, gradually fading along the margins ; base whitish in a degree tinted with pink, round ; the calcareous deposit forming the denticulations extends on to the sides of the shell; aperture moderately wide, subspiral; outer lip thick, with about twenty-six regular, even, rather prominent teeth occupying the entire thick edge of the lip but not extending on to 14 the base; inner lip subspiral, about twenty projecting teeth termi- nating outwardly in an even line at the edge of the aperture ; co- lumellar sulcus broad and deep, which about eight of the anterior teeth traverse and strongly serrate its inner border, no columellar groove ; the posterior teeth, proceeding but a little distance within the aperture, terminate on the columella; the sulcus being so deep causes a rather angular prominence of the inner side of the channel; mar- gins thick and round ; extremities, the external posterior broad and obtuse, the internal edge-formed concave within ; the anterior project moderately and converge; all are dotted with very minute black points which extend in a slight degree on to the margins; channels, anterior rather narrow and short, posterior moderately wide, both inclining towards the columella. Length, 125, inch; width, 575, of an inch. Hab. ? Cab. Cuming. This species is of the stamp of Cyp. Isabella, Linn. 3. On THE PreERODACTYLES OF THE CHALK FoRMATION. By J. S. Bowersank, Esa., F.R.S. ere. (Reptilia, Pl. IV.) On the 14th May 1845 I exhibited at the Meeting of the Geological Society the snout and under jaws, extending from the point to about the middle of the cavitas narium, of a new and gigantic species of Pterodactylus, with some other bones, a portion of which belonged to the same individual, and others which have every appearance of having belonged to another animal of the same species *, and I then stated my belief that the bone figured by Prof. Owen, in the ‘ Trans- actions of the Geological Society,’ vol. v. pl. 39, 2nd Series, would probably ultimately prove to be that of a Pterodactyl. From the great size of the snout, and the gigantic proportions also indicated by the bones accompanying it, I was induced to give it the specific name of giganteus. Ona subsequent occasion, June 9, 1847, I continued my remarks on these Reptile remains, in a paper entitled “ Microsco- pical Observations on the Structure of the Bones of Pterodactylus giganteus and other fossil animals,” in which I endeavoured to prove, by the strongly-marked peculiarities of the bone-cells in Mammals, Birds and Reptiles, that the whole of the bones described in my former paper, and those figured by Prof. Owen in the Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39. figs. 1 & 2, were in truth of purely Repti- lian character ; and I also figured a radius and ulna from the Cabinet of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, of nearly the same gigantic pro- portions as the one formerly in the possession of the Earl of Ennis- killen, but now in my collection (fig. 1. pl. 39, Geol. Trans.), and a bone from the Cabinet of Mr. Toulmin Smith, equivalent to that represented by Prof. Owen in the same plate, fig. 2, which bones presented the same structural evidence of their Reptilian nature, and * Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 7. pl. 1. figs. 1-6. 4Ly rp) iat ] | { NEW BIRD.—(BALAINICEPS REX), FROM THE WHITE NILE fished by the Palxontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques- tion have been referred. — —_——-— ——_ ep Ve ERO TCOPCCUIVELY WIOLLED 5, Mapetester and Birmingham have also manifested a similarly judicious to ¢. Operate witi: the suggestions of the Executive Commitiee for the ogeneons disposition of each section of contributions. The arrangements of uondon Committee have been somewhat marked by delay, and, to our own vledye, in occasional instances, by a careless and apathetic spirit. Sheffield, is reported as behiud-hand in its departments, Contributors in the division achinery are urged to be early in forwarding their specimens. The fixing ctensive machinery is not the work of a day, and, unless proper efforts are 2, itis feared tha: this, which should be the strongest point of our national ay, will be but poorly represented. e reception of goods has commenced, the first arrival from our Continental -yitors being a specimen of German sculpture, on the 12th instant. e Agricultural Committee announce that implements, &c. will be received the 29th of March ; all stands, frames, and fittings to be on the ground arch 22nd, The judges to select implements will meet at the Building on -stof April. The tield implements will at once be sent into the country for ; the others will be then and there tried. at ‘orce of sixty constables of the reserved men of th: A division, with an _ctor and sergeants, under the command of Superintendent Pearce, have 1 possession of the approuches and entrances. ‘They are to strictly enforce agulations of the Executive Committee relative to the workmen and attend- engaged in the admission of packages containing articles fur the Exhibition. | ty men will be in attendance, each division relieving the other at certain ds of the day. ; 2 conversation in the House of Commons, on the 10th, between the member eading and the Home Secretary, shows how eonpletely the Commissioners or themselves independent of any assistance from the Government: (See ’arliamentary Report, page 121 of SuPPLEMENT, published with the pre- No.) "persons employed by the Customs, and foreign exhibitors, &c., must enter :east end of the Building; British exhibitors, &c. will have to enter at the and ; all carmen in charge of carts, &. will enter at the south side only; cs, &c. of the Counmission will be admitted at the central entrance. 9 kinds of passes will be issued, signed by Mr. Digby Wyatt—tliose availa | more than one day, those for one day only. Personal application must ide.in every case to Mr. Wyatt for the pass two days before it is wanted. -9ass wi!l specify the entrance and particular part of the Building to whic! ‘jlder will only be admitted. Exhib:tors will ulso have a brass counter ii a number, which they will deposit as they enter, and resume as they leave nilding; it can thus at once be ascertuined whether any individual is in the ‘ing or not. Every pass-bearer will be first required to sign a declaration ‘iform to the rules of the Executive Committze, not to part with his ti-ket nission, and to generally assist in the provection of the property, &c. of ixhibition. Restrictive as these and other temporary requirements appear, nmense work under the responsibility of the Executive Committee, for the -wo months and a half, mast be considered ; what with delays of exhibitors, afte arranzemeats to be undertaken by the contractors, the location and stion of the thousands of industrial specimens yet to be received, no chance rruption must be tolerated ; and the entrance to the interior of the Building be watched like the Gardens of the Hesperides, or, as the Times says, *‘ like nond mine or a powder magazine.” uggestion of Mr. Deputy Brit en hasbeen adopted by the Common Conncil che renewal and legibie repainting of the names of streets in the metro- Ny it will be wellif this hint is taken by the street authorities at the West- nd specially of the circuit of the Exhibition itself. sady so frequent have been the inquiries for season tickets, that an official sation has appeared, stating that they are now in the course of preparation, _ Sen ready wil! be obtainable +t several offices specially appointed by the tive Committee for te disposal of them. "Bric wh and Foreign Bible Society will display a polyglot arrangement of - siptur.%8, in 150 dialects, already accomplished through their exertions. A ent of . Neir etiurts for the last forty-six years, with the advantages they > effer,in “ae modern and old langnages, will be furnished at the stand spe-~ allotted to : ne Society in the Extib rion. ie Dresden pu.“cclain ware a curious specimen will be afforded, in a camel- e. Every Jeu. to the spectator is a real leaf, more or less developed, ery Dlosso:n mars @ distinct stage in the growth of the flower up to its as of the diamon4 ornaments for the Queen of Spain to be exhibited ceed, it is atfirmed, 1,900,000 francs. They are enumerated among the - mtions of a jeweller in (he Place Vendéme. “mpanying anether list of articles from the United States, mainly of the ser of the previcus classes, is the announcement of the employment of Wa j a i mit —. "4 ra 1 obese \", <4 alarm was given that a sloop was on fire with powdé on The Captain.was shortly there, and, with assistance, very | hic thought of the powder first, and got it safely landed on the beach. Thé pi > consisting of six barrels, proved to be stowed in the boat on deck, with tarpaulin over it; the hold being full when he left the docks. =The fir caused by the overheating of the cabin stove. The cabin w. stroyed, as was also tie bulkhead between it and the hold; ar siderable damage was done to the cargo. At this time there we or five other vesse's lying in the immediate neighbourhood, witl powder on board. There was, as you may suppose, great consternation the inhabitants, to whom the fact of a vessel on fire with powder on boz came known; many ran from their houses attired as they chanced to one poor woman was so alarmed as to be in danger of losing her intelle MONETARY TRANSACTIONS OF THE WEEK. (From our City Correspondent.) A fluctuation of 4 per ‘cent. in Consola is a good indicator of thet amount of busivess, either speculative or real, that has been transacted English market during the past week. The monthly settling was comple Wednesday without difficulty, but the market has not been remarkable fo ness since, notwithstanding the support arising from purchases by the Gq ment broker. Exchequer Bills are a shade lower, evidencing an increas mand for Money in commercial transactions ; while on the S:ock Ex nary temporary scarcity gave rise to a belief that the directors of the Bank of Ei would probably increase the present rate of interest. The committee on 7 day separated, however, without making any alteration. At the close week the Market was fiit, at the following rates:—Bank Stock, 215 duced, 97; Consols, 964; New Three-and-a-Quarter per Cent. Annuitie: Long Annuities, to expire January, 1860, 73; India Bonds, £1000, 62 p; under £1000, 66 p; Consols for Account, 964; Exchequer Bills, June, 54 p; £500, June, 54 p; Small, June, 54 p. 4 Spanish Stock bas been the only security showing any animation Foreign House during the weck; finctuation, however, being confined Active and Passive Bonds. The extreme range of the Active fluctuatio been between 194 and 20, and the Passive between 4} and 4j. The prope the Madrid Government was acquiesced in at a meeting of the Spanish holders held on Wednesday, except that portion which relates to the Cov and for which the creditors demand that the capital sh«ll remain intae! miserable expedient of cutting down the interest to 1 per cent., andr gradually until it reaches three per cent. in nineteen years, i enough, without calling upon the bondholders to give up their capital. F the payment of the interest in London is strongly insisted on. alterations in the proposition are just sufficient to enable Spanish Government to withdraw the offer, an opportunity that | not at all improbable it will avail itself of, bad faith and having characterised all its previous affected intentions of Danish and Russian Bonds continue firm, with an upward tendency. have also improved a fraction. At the close of the week, the official que were, for Buenos Ayres Bonds, 6 per Cent., 52; Ditto, Account, 5233 Bonds, 3 per Cent.,65; Mexican, 5 per Cent., ex Jan. Coupons, 334; P Bonds, 44 per Cent., 804; Ditto, Deferred, 36; Portuguese, Conve 344 ex div.; Ditto, 4 per Cent., 33; Russian Bonds, 114; Ditto, 44 per @ 97%; Spanish, 5 per Cent., 1840, 20; Ditto, Account, 203; Ditto, Passiv f Ditto, 3 per Cent., 384; Dutch, 24 per Cent., 583; Ditto. 4 per Cent., 91f Ata meeting of the Eastern Counties Company on Thursday, the ments between that line and the Eastern Union were agreed to, the shareh betraying a most remarkable apathy on the occasion. The parties mo terested in the amalgamation being the speakers, everything passed 0 satisfactorily. The EastermUnion Company also held a meeting on the si agreeing to the proposition; and the Norfolk meeting will, withont ¢ equally accommodate itself to so desirable an offer. At the Great Wey meeting, also held on Thursday, a dividend after the rate of 4} per cen annum was declared. The market has been flactuating during the wee prices now show much firmness, and a large business doing seems to ren : pas arses | further advance in the dividend paying lines probable. Speculation lias bee with the low-priced shares of the Chester and Holyhead, Caledonians, Oxford cester, and Wolverhampton, &c. A comparison of the subjoined list will of the previous week will show some extraordinary advances in the val shares; upon which any hopes of a dividend for years to come would by height of sanguine absurdity :—Aberdeen, 13}; Ambergate, Nottingham ton, and Eastern Junction, 3; Bristol and Exeter, 85 ; Buckinghamshire, Caledonian, 113 ; Chester and Holyhead, 213; Ditto, Preference, 16; > - . 1,381 , | rs) _ 15 which description of evidence has, I am happy to say, been more fully developed and firmly established by the talented coadjutor of Prof. Owen, Mr. Quekett of the Royal College of Surgeons, who has publicly taught it in the Theatre of that Institution without question or contradiction of its truth. This great radius and ulna in Mrs. Smith’s Collection I referred to my previously established species, P. giganteus, believing at that time that they were probably the bones of a fully developed animal, while those previously described were the remains of animals not developed to the full extent of their capa- bility. Sines the publication of these specimens it has been my good for- tune to obtain the snout of another and still larger species of Pte- rodactyl, from the same pit at Burham in Kent, and which it is probable will ultimately prove to belong to the species to which the enormous pair of bones in the Cabinet of Mr. Charles of Maidstone belongs. Should this hereafter prove to be the case, it will then re- main to be shown whether the beautiful specimen of radius and ulna in the Collection of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, and the bone nearly corresponding in size with them, and which was in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen, belong to the newly discovered species, which I purpose designating Pterodactylus Cuvieri, or to the pre- viously named species, P. giganteus ; or whether there be yet a third species existing in the chalk, to which these bones of an intermediate size may hereafter be referred *. The snout of the new species, P. Cuvieri, differs materially in its form from the same part of P. giganteus: while the latter agrees as nearly as possible in that respect with P. crassirostris and P. brevi- rostris, the former appears to approach very closely the proportions of P. longirostris. Thus, if we take the length of the snout from the distal end of the cavitas narium, as compared with its height, at the same point of P. crassirostris, P. brevirostris and P. giganteus, we find the relative proportions to be,—of the first-named, 29 of height to 56 of length; of the second, 28 of height to 50 of length; and of the third, 28 of height to 58 of length ; we may therefore reasonably conclude that, when perfect, the head of P. giganteus very closely re- sembled in its proportions that of crassirostris. The length of the fragment of the snout of P. Cuvieri at the upper portion of the head is 7°20 inches ; at the palatal bones, 6°38 inches; and in this space there are sockets for twelve teeth on each side. The distance between each tooth is about 14 of the long diameter of the sockets, which are somewhat irregularly placed, but are nearly equidistant from each other. The pair of teeth at the distal end of the snout appear, both from the position of the sockets and the tooth remaining in situ, to have been projected more or less forward, in a line with the palatal bones. The head appears to have been exceedingly narrow through- out the whole of its length. At the third pair of teeth from the distal * A third species, C. compressirostris, has since been described by Prof. Owen, page 95, Part III. of ‘The Fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations,’ pub- lished by the Palzontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques- tion have been referred. 16 end of the snout it measures ‘66 inch, and at the eleventh pair of teeth, ‘78 inch wide. Opposite the seventh pair of teeth the skull curves upward suddenly and considerably, which is not the case at any part of the corresponding portion of the skull of P. longirostris ; it is therefore probable, that although in the number and disposition of the teeth in the upper jaw, as far as our evidence goes, it strongly resembles longirostris in its structure, yet in the length of its skull it is probably shorter in proportion than that species, apparently in that respect being intermediate between longirostris and crassirostris; thus uniting the long-nosed with the short-nosed species of Pterodactyls. There are no remains of the cavitas narium in the new species, but it is not to be expected that it should make its appearance so near to the termination of the snout, as in Jongirostris the distal portion of that cavity is situated as far backward from the last of the dental series of the upper jaw as that tooth is from the end of the snout. The number of teeth on each side of the upper jaw in P. longirostris is twelve, and the like number of sockets are apparent in our speci- men; it is therefore probable that we have the whole of that portion of the head. If we estimate the size of the head on the scale of P. longirostris, it would appear to be 25°52 inches in length ; but as we have observed that the skull curves upward considerably at the seventh pair of teeth, it is probable that its length may not be so much. The length of the wing of P. crassirostris in proportion to the length of its head is 3-91 times. The length of the wing of P. longi- rostris compared with the length of its head is 2°51; if therefore we assume, from the peculiar form of the snout of P. Cuvieri, that the head as regards length is intermediate in its proportions between P. crassirostris and P. longirostris, it should be 3°21 parts of the length of the wing. The snout contracts in width gradually upwards from the sockets of the teeth, so that its upper portion forms a narrow ridge, and this is its form as far backward as it can be traced. The palatal bones are depressed, the suture forming a prominent ridge as far as it is visible, but not in so great a degree as in P. giganteus. One of the first pair of teeth remains in its socket ; the whole of the other large teeth are displaced, but there are two of them imbed- ded in the chalk, one within an inch and the other an inch and a half of the sockets, and in the fifth right and eighth left socket there is a rudimentary tooth in situ. The largest of the displaced teeth ex- ceeds 1°32 inch in length, and has been buried in the socket for nearly an inch ; the second large tooth, which is imbedded near the third pair of sockets, does not exceed an inch in length; both teeth are slightly curved, smooth, and are hollow at the base. The great diversity in the size of these remarkable Reptiles will ren- der a short review of some of the known species interesting ; and if we arrange them in order, as they increase in size, the following will be the series :—1. P. brevirostris, 2. P. longirostris, 3. P. crassirostris, 4. P. Bucklandi, 5. P. grandis, 6. P. giganteus, 7. P. Cuvieri; and to these may be added the bones in the possession of Mrs. Smith, the = ee ee 17 Earl of Enniskillen, and Mr. Charles. Of these, brevirostris, crassi- rostris and giganteus are short-nosed species, longirostris and Cuvieri long-nosed. | With regard to relative length and proportions of the other parts of the skeleton we have ample means to arrive at tolerably correct conclusions, in consequence of the nearly perfect condition of brevirostris, crassirostris and longirostris. In the former two we find the cervical vertebree short and thick, the length being about equal to the height in the latter of the two, while in longirostris they vary in length from three to five times their own diameter at the middle. Very uncertain results therefore would arise from finding single bones of this portion of the skeleton, excepting that along and attenuated cervical vertebra would seem to indicate a corresponding length of snout ; but from the other bones of the animal, more espe- cially those of the wing, much more satisfactory results may arise. Upon a careful measurement of the casts in the British Museum from the original specimens, I find the following to be the length of the bones of the wing of P. longirostris :— inch Humerus .......... 1°25 = 8°55 of length of wing. Radius and ulna... .. 190K ==95 57 Pf . * Carpas oi ee oh fs oes SOrep 3 Metacarpus ........ 1:34 = 7:97 » Ist Phalange ....... 1:90 = 5°57 ” BH TRUE ) 199 18 1°75 = 6:10 re 3rd Ha Ato eee 1:25 = 8:55 Be 4th PA ee OR DAS Os “3 10°69 inches. The length: af theshéad» o)506 0.0, yes he.s) 45 From the tip of the nose to the commencement of the cavitas narium................... 2°10 Height of the skull at the commencement of the cavitagmeanain. . posses yr eiey- 0°38 Length ofthe femir.) 494) .)600 Pod euad. 784 Lepeth ofthe tiie ets. dQ 2/9. e228. | 1990 Smallest diameter of the radius near the distal extrematy.) Pmidh ok Sek, J tips eae 0°14 By these measurements it is apparent that the tibia, radius and ulna and Ist phalange are equal in length. The humerus and 3rd phalange are also equal to each other, and so likewise are the meta- carpus and femur equal to each other. If we also compare the small- est diameter of the radius, 0°14 inch, with its length, 1:90 inch, we find that the bone is 13,8; diameters long, and in P. Macronyzx (Buck- landi) it is 13. We may therefore be enabled, by keeping these comparative measurements in view, to predict with a tolerable degree of certainty the spread of wing of any Pterodactyl of which we may find one or more of the principal bones of the wing, and especially if No. CCXX.—Procrepin¢s or tHE Zooocicar Socrery. 18 we take into consideration the comparative length of each bone with regard to its total extension, as exhibited in the table of the dimen- sions of P. longirostris. In the case of the great specimens of radius we may arrive at their length in many cases, although the bone may be imperfect at even both terminations. Thus the diameter of the smallest portion of the bone formerly in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen and figured by Prof. Owen, is *81 inch at the smallest portion of the shaft: this bone therefore, on the scale of 133 diame- ters to its length, should be 10°93 inches in length. The measure- ment of the smallest portion of the bone belonging to Mrs. Smith (Geol. Journ. vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1a) is*77 mch: we may therefore, by the same rule, conclude that its length was 10°39 ches when per- fect. The length of the imperfect ulna beside it is 9°25 inches in the specimen. The diameter of the smallest portion of the bone (Geol. Journ. vol. ii. pl. 1. fig. 6) is *45 inch, which, in the proportion of 13} diameters to its length, will give 6°07 inches for its length. The width of the corresponding bone in the possession of Mr. Charles of Maidstone is 1°25 inch at the smallest diameter: by the same rule, therefore, the approximate length should be 16°87. The remains of the bone alongside of it is, although imperfect at both ends, actually 12°25 inches in length. Upon these grounds therefore, in every case derived as much as possible from direct measurements from the skeletons of the respective species, I have given the following table of the dimensions of a series of species of Pterodactyls, the most interesting either from the state of perfection in which their remains have been found, or from the gigantic proportions which they present; and thus have endeavoured to realize to the mind an idea, as nearly as possible correct, of the di- mensions of the animals when alive. Table of the relative proportions of known species of Pterodactylus, with the length of each of the wing-bones and half of the width of the body. 3 co 3 s |% 1 ot ia aa Mae Me a BP re uth BE ils¢ia) 2121221 2 |Pe/3gs Bles(e | 2/8] e151] & je*|gee Bike ooleSol 2ch.4.| Sioa lees in in. fin. in. in. in. in. in, ft. in. P. brevirostris ...| 0°48 | 0°75 |0°06| 0°52| 0°82] 0°76] 0°48} 0°35 |0°19| 0 9 P. longirostris ...) 1°25 | 1-90 0°13 | 1°34] 1:90] 1°75} 1:25] 1:17 |0°47) 1 10 P. crassirostris...| 2°08 | 4°42 0°34] 1°32] 2°83] 2°53] 2°08] 2°32|1°10| 3 2 P. Bucklandi.....| 3°25 | 4°25 0°40} 3°75 | 3°91] 4°83] 3°25] 3:00/1°06| 4 7 P. grandis ........ 3°75 | 5°70 0°39] 4°02] 5°70) 5°50} 2°75) 3°51 (1-42/5 5 P. giganteus...... 4:43 | 6°74 0°46 | 4°75] 6°74) 6-21] 4:43) 414/168) 6 7 P. (Mrs.Smith’s)} 6°76 |10°39 0°70 | 7°26 |10°39| 9°49] 6°76] 6°33|2°59 |10 2 P. Cuvieri ........{10°99 |16°87 |1-14 |11°79 |16°87 |15°56 |10-99 |10°29 |4°22 |16 6 In the above table I have presumed that the largest bones should be associated with the snout described as the type of P. Cuvieri, but the truth of this assignment of the bones belonging to Mr. Charles 19 can alone be determined by the acquisition of more complete speci- mens of the animal than those at present known. In the construction of this table I have taken the proportions of P. longirostris as the foundation, as it is the only species from which I could get the measurements of all the bones of the wing from the same animal; but it must not be supposed that the restorations effected in the table will be absolutely correct at all times in its appli- cation, for we see that in P. longirostris the radius and first pha- lange are equal, but in erassirostris and Bucklandi this is not the case: the greatest discrepancy rests with erassirostris, while Buck- landi and brevirostris accord much more nearly with the proportions of longirostris ; and if we may judge by the comparative difference between those bones in Jongirostris on the one part, and Bucklandi and crassirostris on the other, it may perhaps be fairly surmised that the greater length of wing would be found to exist in the long-nosed species, and consequently that Bucklandi will prove to belong to the short-nosed ones; and this also would seem to be indicated by what remains of the cervical vertebre in the original specimen in the Bri- tish Museum. Prof. Owen, in treating of these animals in my late friend Mr. Dixon’s work ‘On the Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cre- taceous Formations of Sussex,’ has thought proper to re-name P. gi- ganteus, and designate it P. conirostris, Owen. I certainly did not lend my specimens to my late friend Mr. Dixon for the illustration of his work, with a view of having the name which I had assigned to this new and gigantic species subverted, and without in the slightest degree being consulted on the subject. Nor can I concur with the reasons given by Prof. Owen for thus re-naming it, as the name gi- ganteus was not given, as stated by the learned Professor, “‘ because certain bones of another and larger animal, of a different species, have been erroneously referred to it ;” but, in truth, from its being the largest distinct species at that time known, exceeding P. Bucklandi (or Macronyzx) by two feet in the spread of its wings, and P. grandis of Cuvier by above a foot. The beautiful specimen of radius and ulna in the possession of Mrs. Smith, and subsequently figured in my second paper, was at that time unknown to me, and the bone then in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen was claimed by the Professor as that ofa bird. I had therefore no other material than that in my own possession on which to base my name of giganteus. If the learned Professor’s reason for the proposed change of name is to hold good, that of exclusive fitness in specific nomenclature, then the one he proposes is also inappropriate, as it might be with equal propriety given to either crassirostris or brevirostris; or if specific names, based on comparisons of size, are to be extinguished, and new names given on the discovery of new species, there would be no end of the confusion generated ; thus, as P. brevirostris is thicker in its proportions than erassirostris, they would require to exchange names, or the latter at least to be re-named ; medius would no longer be me- dius, with the addition of our new species, and grandis would no longer be grand in comparison. Into what an unenviable state of confusion 20 should we not plunge nomenclature if we were to adopt the practice of the learned Professor, instead of the precepts so judiciously laid down by himself and others of the Committee of Nomenclature of the British Association, and which I quote as a justification on my part for my refusal to adopt the learned Professor’s exchange of my name for the one he has proposed ! In page 4 of the Report, under the head of “ Law of Priority the only effectual and just one,” we find the following passages :—“ It being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional signs of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end effectually by being permanently established and generally recog- nized. This consideration ought, it would seem, to have checked those who are continually attempting to subvert the established lan- guage by substituting terms of their own coinage.” ...... ** Now in zoology no one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus or describe a new species; and hence it is that the name originally given, even though it be inferior in point of elegance or expressive- ness to those subsequently proposed, ought, as a general principle, to be permanently retained. To this consideration we ought to add the injustice of erasing the name originally selected by the person to whose labours we owe our first knowledge of the object.’ To these excel- lent principles the learned Professor has given the sanction of his signature. Prof. Owen, in the article on Pterodactylus in Mr. Dixon’s work, has not quoted my observations on those Reptiles so fully as I could have wished; inasmuch as he has adverted to the strongly- marked peculiarities of the bone-cells, which are the principal cha- racters in the question at issue, in so slight a manner, as almost to induce me to imagine that he must have forgotten them entirely. I shall simply content myself in challenging Prof. Owen to produce any such general structure and proportions of the bone-cells from the skeleton of any recent or extinct bird as those existing in the long bone described as Cimoliornis, or to produce any such radius and ulna of a bird containing similar bone-cells as those in the possession of Mrs. Smith, and figured by me in my paper in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for February 1848,’ vol. iv. pl. 2- On the subject of the strictures with which Prof. Owen has fa- voured me at the conclusion of his observations in Mr. Dixon’s work, and how far I have been “wanting in a due comprehension of the subject, and have been a hindrance instead of a furtherance of true knowledge,” I am content to leave to the judgement of those who may feel a sufficient degree of interest to induce them to peruse what I have written in my former papers on the Pterodactyles of the Chalk. "——— = 21 January 28, 1851. R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. ON A NEW SPECIES OF PrERODACTYLE (PTERODACTYLUS COM- PRESSIROSTRIS, OWEN) FROM THE CHALK; WITH SOME Re- MARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE PREVIOUSLY DE- SCRIBED species. By Pror. Owen, F.R.S. (Reptilia, Pl. V.) The honour of having first made known the existence of remains of the Pterodactyle in the Chalk deposits belongs to James Scott Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S. This indefatigable collector had the good fortune to receive in 1845, from the Kentish Chalk, the characteristic jaws and teeth, with part of the scapular arch and a few other bones, of a well-marked species of Pterodactyle, and the discovery was briefly recorded in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of Lon- don,’ and in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for May 14, 1845, with an illustrative plate (pl. 1). Mr. Bowerbank concludes his notice by referring to a large fossil wing-bone from the chalk, previously described and figured by me in the ‘ Geological Transactions,’ and remarks that, “if it should prove to belong to a Pterodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings would reach to at least eight or nine feet. Under these circum- stances,” he says, “I propose that the species described above shall be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.” (loc. cit. p.8.) Subsequent discoveries and observations have inclined the balance of probability in favour of the Pterodactylian nature of the fossils to which Mr. Bower- bank refers, but have shown them to belong to distinct species. These fossils are not, indeed, amongst the characteristic parts of the flying reptile: one of them is the shaft of a long bone exhibiting those peculiarities of structure which are common to birds and ptero- dactyles ; the other shows an articular extremity, which, im our pre- sent ignorance of those of the different bones of the Pterodactyle, has its nearest analogue in the distal trochlea of the bird’s tibia. These two specimens, which are figured in the sixth volume of the Second Series of the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society,’ 1840, pl. 39. figs. 1 & 2, were transmitted to me by the Earl of Enniskillen and Dr. Buckland, as being “the bones of a bird” (p. 411), and my com- parisons of them were limited to that class. The idea of their possibly belonging to a Pterodactyle did occur to me, but it was dispelled by the following considerations. The act of flight—the most energetic mode of locomotion—demands a special modification of the Vertebrate organization, in that subkingdom, for its exertion. But in the class Aves, in which every system is more or less adapted and co-adjusted for this end, the laws of gravitation seem to forbid the successful exercise of the volant powers in species beyond a certain bulk ; and when this exceeds that of the Condor or Albatros, 22 as, for example, in the Cassowary, the Emeu, or the Ostrich, although the organization is essentially that of the Vertebrate animal modified for flight, flight is impossible ; and its immediate instruments, to the exercise of which all the rest of the system is more or less subordi- nated, are checked in their development ; and, being unfitted for flight, they are not modified for any other use. There is not, per- haps, a more anomalous or suggestive pheenomenon in nature than a bird which cannot fly! A small section of the Mammalia is modi- fied for flight ; but the plan of the organization of that warm-blooded class being less directly adapted for flight than that of birds, the weight and bulk of the body which may be raised and transported through the air are restricted to a lower range, and the largest frugi- vorous Bat (Pteropus) does not exceed the Raven in size. The Rep- tilian modification of the Vertebrate type would seem to be still less fitted for any special adjustment to aérial locomotion ; and in the pre- sent day we know of no species of the class that can sustain itself in the air which equals a Sparrow in size. And the species in question— the little Draco volans—sails rather than flies, upborne by its out- stretched costal parachute in its oblique leaps from bough to bough. Of the remarkable reptiles now extinct, which, like the Bats, had their anterior members modified for plying a broad membranous wing, no species had been discovered prior to 1840 which surpassed the largest of the Pteropi, or Flying-Foxes, in the spread of those wings, and there was, @ priori, a physiological improbability that the cold- blooded organization of a Reptile should by any secondary modifica- tion be made to effect more in the way of flight, or be able to raise a larger mass into the air, than could be done by the warm-blooded Mammal under an analogous special adaptation. When, therefore, the supposed bird’s bone (Geol. Trans. 1840, pl. 39. fig. 1) was first submitted to me by Dr. Buckland, which on the Pterodactyle hypo- thesis could not be the humerus, but must have been one of the smaller bones of the wing, its size seemed decisive against its reference to an animal of flight having a cold-blooded organization. The sub- sequent discovery of the portion of the skull of the Pterodactyle, de- scribed by Mr. Bowerbank at the last meeting of the Society (Jan. 14), shows that the resources of Creative power in past time surpass the calculations that are founded upon actual nature. It is only the practised Comparative Anatomist that can fully realize the difficulty of the attempt to resolve a paleeontological problem from such data as the two fragments of long bones first submitted to me in 1840. He alone can adequately appreciate the amount of research involved in such a generalization as that “there is no bird now known, north of the equator, with which the fossils can be compared ;”” and when, after a wearying progress through an extensive class, the spe- cies is at length found to which the nearest resemblance is made by the fragmentary fossil, and the differences are conscientiously pointed out—as when, in reference to the humerus of the Albatros, I stated that ‘it differs therefrom in the more marked angles which bound the three sides’’—the genuine worker and searcher after truth may conceive the feelings with which I find myself misrepresented as 23 having regarded the specimens “as belonging to an extinct species of Albatros.” My reference of the bones even to the longipennate tribe of natatorial birds is stated hypothetically and with due caution : **On the supposition that this fragment of bone is the shaft of the humerus, its length and comparative straightness would prove it to have belonged to one of the longipennate natatorial birds equalling in size the Albatros.” (oc. cit. p. 411.) Since the discovery has been made of the manifestly characteristic parts of the genus Pterodactylus in the Burham chalk-pit, it has been objected that the bones first discovered there, and described by me as resembling birds of flight, ‘are so extremely thin, as to render it most improbable that they could ever have sustained such an instru- ment of flight as the powerful wing of the Albatros, or of any other bird: their tenuity is in fact such,” says the ew post facto Objector, “as to point out their adaptation to support an expanded membrane, but not pinions *.”’ The reply to this assertion need only be a simple reference to na- ture: sections of the wing-bones of birds may be seen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and have been exposed to view, since the discovery of their structure by the Founder of: that Collec- tion, in every Museum of Comparative Anatomy worthy to be so called. To expose the gratuitous character of the objection above cited, I have placed on the table a section of the very bone that directly sus- tains the large quill-feathers in the Pelican ; its parietes are only half as thin as those of the antibrachial bone of the great Pterodactyle which is figured in my ‘ History of British Fossil Reptiles,’ pl. 4, and is not thicker than those of the bone figured in the Geological Trans- actions, 1840, above cited. Hunter, who had obtained some of the long bones with thin walls and a wide cavity from the Stonesfield slate, has entered them in his MS. Catalogue of Fossils as the “Bones of Birds,” and per- haps no practical anatomist had had greater experience in the degree of tenuity presented by the compact walls of the large air-cavities of the bones in that class. Of all the modifications of the dermal system for combining extent of surface with lightness of material, the ex- panded feather has been generally deemed the consummation. Well might the eloquent Paley exclaim, ‘‘ Every feather is a mechanical wonder: their disposition all inclined backwards, the down about the stem, the overlapping of their tips, their different configuration in dif- ferent parts, not to mention the variety of their colours, constitute a vestment for the body so beautiful and so appropriate to the life which the animal is to lead, as that, I think, we should have had no conception of anything equally perfect, if we had never seen it, or can imagine anything more so.” It was reserved for the author of the ‘ Wonders of Geology’ to prefer the leathern wing of the Bat and Pterodactyle as the lighter form, and to discover that such a structure as is displayed in the bone described and figured in the ‘ Geol. Trans.’ * Mantell, ‘Wonders of Geology,’ 1848, vol. i. p. 441. 24 vol. vi. pl. 39, was a most improbable one to have sustained a power- ful wing of any bird!* Let me not be supposed, however, to be concerned in excusing my own mistake; I am only reducing the unamiable exaggeration of it. Above all things, in our attempt to gain a prospect of an unknown world by the difficult ascent of the fragmentary ruins of a former temple of life, we ought to note the successful efforts, as well as the occasional deviations from the right track, with an equal glance, and record them with a strict regard to truth. The existence of a species of Albatros, or of any other actual genus of bird during the period of the Middle Chalk, would be truly a wonder of Geology ; not so the existence of a bird of the longipen- nate family. I still think it for the interest of science, in the present limited extent of induction from microscopic observation, to offer a warning against a too hasty and implicit confidence in the forms and propor- tions of the Purkingean or radiated corpuscles of bone, as demon- strative of such minor groups of a class as that of the genus Ptero- dactylus. Such a statement as that “these cells in Birds have a breadth in proportion to their length of from one to four or five ; while in Reptiles the length exceeds the breadth ten or twelve times,”’ only betrays the limited experience of the assertor. In the dermal plates of the Tortoise, e. g., the average breadth of the bone-cell to its length is as one to six, and single ones might be selected of greater breadth. With the exception of one restricted family of Ruminants, every Mammal, the blood-dises of which have been submitted to examina- tion, has been found to possess those particles of a circular form: in the Camelide they are elliptical, as in birds and reptiles. The bone- cells have already shown a greater range of variety in the Vertebrate series than the blood-dises. Is it then a too scrupulous reticence to require the evidence of microscopic structure of a bone to be corrobo- rated by other testimony of a plainer kind, before hastening to an absolute determination of its nature, as has been done with regard to the Wealden bone, figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. v. pl. 13. fig. 6+? As a matter of fact, the existence of Pterodactylian remains in the chalk was not surmised through any observation of the microscopic structure of bones that are liable to be mistaken for those of birds, but was first plainly proved by the characteristic portions of the Pterodactyle defined by Mr. Bowerbank, as follows, in his original communication of this discovery to the Geological Society of London, May 14, 1845 :-— “T have recently obtained from the Upper Chalk ¢ of Kent some * Mantell, ‘ Wonders,’ &c. ed. 1848, vol. i. p. 441. t+ Compare, for example, two of the longest of the cells figured by Mr. Bower- bank in pl. 1. fig. 9, ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. as those of a bird, with two of the widest of the cells figured in fig. 1 of the same plate as those of the Pterodactyle; and contrast the want of parallelism in the bone-cells of the Wealden bone, fig. 9, with the parallelism of the long axes of the cells in that of the Albatros, fig. 3. + Mr. Toulmin Smith, in an able paper ‘‘ On the Formation of the Flints of the — eS Ol 25 remains of a large species of Pterodactylus. The bones consist of — “1. The fore part of the head as far as about the middle of the cavitas narium, with a corresponding portion of the under jaws, many of the teeth remaining in their sockets. **2. A fragment of the bone of the same animal, apparently a part of the coracoid. “3. A portion of what appears to be one of the bones of the auri- cular digit, from a chalk-pit at Halling. “4. A portion of a similar bone, from the same locality as No. 1. “5. The head of a long bone, probably the tibia, belonging to the same animal as the head, No. 1. “6, A more perfect bone of the same description, not from the same animal, but found at Halling.” In a subsequent communication, dated December 1845, Mr. Bower- bank states with regard to the specimens Nos. 5 and 6, which he supposed to be parts of a tibia, that “on a more careful comparison with the figures of Pterodactylus by Goldfuss, I am inclined to be- lieve they are more likely to be portions of the ulna.” With respect to the long bone, No. 6 in the above list, comparing it with that figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39. fig. 1, and referred by me to Cimoliornis diomedeus, Mr. Bowerbank writes :— “Although the two specimens differ greatly in size, there is so strong a resemblance between them in the form and regularity of the shaft, and in the comparative substance of the bony structure, as to render it exceedingly probable that they belong to the same class of animals ;’” and he concludes by remarking, that “If the part of the head in my possession (see fig. 1) be supposed similar in its propor- tions to that of Pterodactylus crassirostris,—and there appears but little difference in that respect,—it would indicate an animal of com- paratively enormous size. The length of the head, from the tip of the nose to the basal extremity of the skull, of Pt. crassirostris is about 4 inches, while my specimen would be, as nearly as can be estimated, 9} inches. According to the restoration of the animal by Goldfuss, P¢. crassirostris would measure as nearly as possible three feet from tip to tip of the wings, and it is probable that the species now described would measure at least six feet from one extremity of the expanded wings to the other; but if it should hereafter prove that the bone described and figured by Prof. Owen belongs to a Pte- rodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings would reach to at least eight or nine feet. Under these circumstances I propose that the spe- cies described above shall be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.” (Quarterly Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 8.) In a subsequent memoir, read June 9, 184 7, and published in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. February 1848, Mr. Bowerbank gives figures of the ‘bone-cells’ from the jaw of a Upper Chalk,” in the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ vol. xx. p. 295, affirms that no upper chalk exists in the localities whence the above-defined specimens came. They are from the “ Middle Chalk.” 26 Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 1), from the shaft of the bone in question (7b. fig. 2), and from the femur of a recent Albatros (7d. fig. 3), in corroboration of the required proof: and he adds, “ Fortunately the two fine specimens from the rich collection of Mrs. Smith of Ton- bridge Wells, represented by fig. 1. pl. 2, in a great measure justify this conclusion; and in the bone a, which is apparently the corre- sponding bone to the one represented by fig. 1 in Prof. Owen’s paper, the head is very nearly in a perfect state of preservation.’’ (op. cit. p- 5.) Mr. Bowerbank, in his explanation of plate 2, describes the two fine specimens above mentioned as “Fig. 1. Radius and ulna of Pterodactylus giganteus, in the cabinet of Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge Wells.” (tom. cit. p. 10.) He proceeds to state, “There are two other similar bones, imbedded side by side, in the collection of Mr. Charles of Maidstone, of still greater dimensions than those from the cabinet of Mrs. Smith ;” and he assigns his grounds for the conclu- sion, that “the animal to which such bones belonged could, therefore, have scarcely measured less than fifteen or sixteen feet from tip to tip of its expanded wings.”’ The Committee of the British Association for the Reform and Re- gulation of Zoological Nomenclature, amongst other excellent rules, have decided that, ‘A name which is glaringly false shall be changed” (Report, p. 113). I submit that this is the case when the name gi- ganteus is proposed for a species less than half the size of others pre- viously discovered. Now, although those remains of the truly gigantic Pterodactyles had not been demonstrated to be such, yet they were suspected so to be by Mr. Bowerbank when he proposed the name giganteus ; and the name is in fact proposed, subject to the condition of that demonstration, and under the evident belief that they be- longed to the same species as the obvious Pterodactyle remains he was describing. He says, ‘‘ Under these circumstances I propose that the species shall be designated ‘ giganteus’,’ and the circumstances referred to are the probable case that the bones, which from their large size I had supposed to belong to a bird, should prove to belong to a Pterodactyle. The Committee for the Reform of Zoological Nomenclature next proceed to determine that, “Names not clearly defined may be changed. Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the name is given, it cannot be recognised by others, and the signification of the name is consequently lost. Two things are necessary before a zoological term can acquire any authority, viz. definition and publi- cation. Definition properly implies a distinct exposition of essential characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indispensable.” (Report, pp.113,114.) Now with regard to the Pterodactylus gigan- teus, Mr. Bowerbank had unreservedly applied the term to the species to which the long wing-bone first described by me might appertain, under the circumstances of its being proved to belong to a Pterodac- tyle ; inasmuch as he had figured two similar and equal-sized bones in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1 (Proceedings of the Society for June 9, 1847), as the ‘‘radius and ulna — a 27 of Pterodactylus giganteus.”’ So far as a species can be intelligibly defined by figures, that to which the term giganteus was in 1845 pro- visionally, and in 1847 absolutely applied, seemed to be clearly enough pointed out by the plate 2 in the work above cited. But, with the large bones appropriately designated by the term giganteus, some parts of a smaller Pterodactyle, including the portions of jaws first announcing the genus in the Chalk, had been associated under the same name. Supposing those bones to have belonged to a young individual of the Pterodactylus giganteus, no difficulty or confusion would arise. After instituting, however, a rigid comparison of these specimens, when drawing up my Descriptions for Mr. Dixon’s work, I was compelled to arrive at the conclusion that the parts figured by Mr. Bowerbank in plate 2, figs. 1 & 2, of vol. ii. of the ‘Quarterly Geo- logical Journal,’ and the parts figured in plate 2, figs. 1 a & 4, of vol. iv. of the same Journal, both assigned by Mr. Bowerbank to the Ptero- dactylus giganteus, belonged to two distinct species. The portions of the scapula and coracoid of the Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 2, tom. cit.) indicated by their complete anchylosis that they had not been part of a young individual of the species to which the large antibrachial bones (pl. 2. fig. 1 a & 6, tom. cit.) belonged; although they might well appertain to the species to which the Jaws (pl. 1. fig. 1) belonged. Two species of Pterodactyle were plainly indicated, as I have shown in the above-cited work, by my lamented friend Mr. Dixon, ‘On the Tertiary and Cretaceous Deposits of Sussex,’ 4to, p- 402. The same name could not be retained for both, and it was im obedience to this necessity, and not with any idea of detracting an iota from the merit of Mr. Bowerbank’s original announcement of the existence of a Pte- rodactyle in the chalk, that I proposed the name of conirostris for the smaller species, then for the first time distinctly defined and di- stinguished from the larger remains to which the name giganteus had also been given by Mr. Bowerbank. I proposed the name, more- over, provisionally and with submission to the ‘Committee for the Reform of Zoological Nomenclature,’ according to whose rules I be- lieved myself to be guided. My conclusions as to the specific distinction of the remains of the smaller Pterodactyle (pl. 1, tom. cit. 1845) from those figured in plate 2. tom. cit. 1848, have received full confirmation by the va- luable discovery of the portion of the cranium of the truly gigantic Pterodactyle, about to be described, to which they belonged ; and it is certainly to be wished that, in determining to assign to Mrs. Smith’s specimens the name of ‘ giganteus,’ Mr. Bowerbank should have con- formed to the following equitable rule of the ‘Committee of Nomen- clature’ :—‘*The author who jirst describes and names a species, which forms the groundwork of later generalizations, possesses a higher claim to have his name recorded than he who afterwards de- fines a genus which is found to embrace that species. ...... B giving the authority for the specific name in preference to all others, the inquirer is referred directly to the original description, habitat, &c. of the species, and is at the same time reminded of the date ae its discovery.’’ (Reports of the British Association, 1842, p. 120.) 28 . Now the species which I originally described under the name of Cimoliornis diomedeus comes precisely under this category: it has formed the groundwork of later generalizations, which have led to its being embraced by another genus. In this case the Committee of Nomenclature, whilst determining that the specific name should be retained, recommend that the describer should “append to the ori- ginal authority for the species, when not applying to the genus also, some distinctive mark, such as (sp.), implying an exclusive reference to the specific name.”’ In conformity with the above recommenda- tion, the gigantic species of Pterodactyle, of which parts have been described by Mr. Bowerbank, and parts previously by myself, would be entered into the Zoological Catalogues as follows :— Pterodactylus diomedeus, Owen (sp.), Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society, January 1851. Cimoliornis diomedeus, Tbid., British Fossil Mammals and Birds, p- 545, cuts 230, 231 (1843-1846). Osteornis diomedeus, Gervais, Thése sur les Oiseaux Fossiles, 8vo, p- 38 (1844). Pterodactylus giganteus, Bowerbank, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. iv. p. 10. pl. 2. figs. 1 & 4 (1848). Leaving, however, the question of names, regarding which I have no personal feeling except that they should mdicate their objects without ambiguity or obvious impropriety, I proceed to lay before the same Society to which Mr. Bowerbank has communicated his last interesting and important discovery, similar evidence of a third spe- cies of Pterodactyle from the chalk, intermediate in size between the species of which the jaws were figured as the Pterodactylus giganteus in 1845, and the truly gigantic species which he has named Ptero- dactylus Cuviert. The specimens, which consist of two portions of the upper jaw, form part of that gentleman’s collection, and were in fact exhibited on the table, but unnoticed, at our last meeting, their true nature not having been recognised. The chief portion might well indeed be mis- taken, at first sight, for a crushed portion of an ordinary long bone ; and it was not until after a close comparison of several specimens of these rare and interesting remains of Pterodactyles, kindly confided to me by Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge Wells, Mr. Toulmin Smith of Highgate, Mr. Charles of Maidstone, and by Mr. Bowerbank him- self, for description in my forthcoming ‘ Monograph on the Fossil Reptiles of the Chalk,’ that I discovered them to be parts of a skull of an undescribed species of Pterodactyle. In order to make this understood, it will be necessary to premise a few words on the Pterodactyles in general, and on some of the cha- racters of the jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri in particular. The Order Pterosauria includes species of flying reptiles so modi- fied in regard to the structure and proportions of the skull, the dis- position of the teeth, and the development of the tail, as to be refer- able even according to the partial knowledge we now possess of this once extensive group, to different genera. 29 M. Von Meyer e. g. primarily divides the Order into— A. DIARTHRYI, with a two-jointed wing-finger. Ex. Pterodactylus (Ornithopterus) Lavateri. B. TETRARTHRI, with a four-jointed wing-finger. Ex. All the other known species of the order. These again are subdivided into— 1. Dentirostres. Jaws armed with teeth to their ends; a bony sclerotic ring; scapula and coracoid not confluent with one an- other * ; a short moveable tail. Ex. Pterodactylus proper. 2. Subulirostres. Jaws with their ends produced into an edentu- lous point, probably sheathed with bone; no bony sclerotic ; scapula and coracoid confluent ; a long and stiff tail. Ex. Pterodactylus (Ramphorhynchus) Gemmingi +. The extremity of the upper jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri is sufficiently perfect to demonstrate that it had a pair of approximated alveoli close to its termination, and we may therefore refer it to the Dentirostral division. In this division, however, there are species which present such dif- ferent proportions of the beak, accompanied by differences in the rela- tive extent of the dental series, as would without doubt lead to their allocation in distinct genera, were they the living or recent subjects of the modern Erpetologist. In the Pterodactylus longirostris, the first species discovered and made known by Collini in 1784 ¢, the Jaws are of extreme length and tenuity, and the alveoli of the upper jaw do not extend so far back as the nostril. In the Pterodactylus erassirostris, Goldfuss §, on the other hand, the jaws are short, thick, and obtusely terminated, and the alveoli of the upper jaw reach as far back as the middle of the vacuity which intervenes between the nostril and the orbit, and which Goldfuss terms the ‘cavitas inter- media.’ In the solid or imperforate part of the upper jaw anterior to the nostril, the Pterodactylus longirostris has twelve long, subcompressed teeth, followed by a few of smaller size: the same part of the jaw in the Pt. crassirostris has but six teeth, of which the first four are close together at the end of the jaw, and the first three shorter than the rest. The cavitas intermedia in Pt. longirostris is much smaller than the nostril; in the Pt. crassirostris it is larger than the nostril. Were these two species of dentirostral Pterosauria to be taken, as by the modern Erpetologist they assuredly would, to be types of two * The condition of the scapular arch in the Pt. giganteus, Bow., Pt. conirostris mihi, demonstrates the fallacy of this character. t Palzontographia, Heft 1, 4to. 1846, p. 19. t Acta Academie Theodoro-Palatine, V. p. 58, tab. 5. é Beitrage zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt, 4to. 1831, sec. 1. tab. 7, 8, 9. 30 distinct genera, the name Pterodactylus should be retained for the longirostral species, as including the first-discovered specimen and type of the genus; and the crassirostral species should be grouped together under some other generic name. The specimen of gigantic Pterodactyle described by Mr. Bower- bank at the last meeting of the Society consists of the solid anterior end, 7. e. of the imperforate continuous bony walls, of a jaw, com- pressed and decreasing in depth, at first rapidly, then more gradually, to an obtusely-pointed extremity. As the symphysis of the lower jaw is long and the original joint obliterated, and its depth somewhat rapidly increases by the development of its lower and back part into a kind of ridge in some smaller Pterodactyles, the present specimen, so far as these characters go, might be referred to the lower jaw, and its relatively inferior depth to the upper jaw in the Pt. conirostris would seem to lead to that conclusion. But the present is plainly a species which has a longer and more slender snout in proportion to its size, and the convex curve formed by the alveolar border, slight as it is, decides it to be part of the upper jaw. The lower jaw, moreover, might be expected, by the analogy of the smaller Pterodactyles, to be flatter or less acute below the end of the symphysis. The specimen of Pt. Cuvieri consists of the anterior extremity of the upper jaw, of seven inches in extent, without any trace of the nasal or any other natural perforation of its upper or lateral parietes, and corresponds with the parts marked a, 4, in figs. 10& 11. From the number of teeth contamed in this part, the Pt. Cuvieri presents a much closer resemblance to the Pt. longirostris than to the Pt. erassirostris ; and if the entire skull were restored according to the proportions of the Pt. longirostris, it would be twenty-eight inches in length. But nature seems never to retain the same proportions in species that differ materially in bulk. The great Diprotodon, with the den- tal and cranial characters of a Kangaroo, does not retain the same length of hinder limbs as its living homologue ; the laws of gravity forbid the saltatory mode of locomotion to a Herbivore of the bulk of a Rhinoceros; and accordingly, whilst the hind-legs are shortened the fore-limbs are lengthened, and both are made more robust in the Diprotodon than in the Kangaroo. The change of proportions of the limbs of the Sloths is equally striking in those extinct species which were too bulky to climb, e. g. the Megatherium and Mylodon. We may therefore infer, with a high degree of probability, when a longirostral Pterodactyle much surpassed in bulk the species so called «par excellence,’ that the same proportions were not maintained in the length of the jaws; and that the species to which the fine frag- ment belonged, far as it has exceeded our previous ideas of the bulk of a flying reptile, did not sustain and carry through the air a head of two feet four inches in length, or nearly double the size of that of the Pelican. Although the fractured hinder part of the jaw of the Pé. Cuvieri shows no trace of the commencement of the wide nasal aperture, there is a plain indication that the jaws were less prolonged than in the Pé. 31 longirostris, in the more rapid increase of the vertical breadth of the jaw. Opposite the ninth tooth, e. g., the depth of the jaw equals two- fifths of the length in advance of that tooth, whilst in the P¢. longz- rostris it is only two-sevenths. The contour of the upper border of the jaw in the P¢. Cuvieri differs from that in both the Pt. longi- rostris, Pt. crassirostris, and Pt. Gemmingi, in sinking more sud- denly opposite the ninth, eighth and seventh teeth, than it does along the more advanced part of the jaw; a character which, while it affords a good specific distinction from any of those species, indicates the hinder parts of the head that are wanting in the present specimen to have been shorter and deeper than in the P#. longirostris. The first pair of alveoli almost meet at the anterior extremity of the jaw, and their outlet is directed obliquely forwards and down- wards ; -the obtuse end of the premaxillary above these alveoli is about two lines across. The palate quickly expands to a width of three lines between the second alveoli, then to a width of four lines between the fourth alveoli, and more gradually, after the ninth alveoli, to a width of six lines between the eleventh alveoli: here the palate ap- pears to have been slightly crushed; but in the rest of its extent it presents its natural form, being traversed longitudinally by a mode- rate median ridge, on each side of which it is slightly concave trans- versely. It is perforated by a few small irregular vascular foramina. There are no orifices on the inner side of the alveoli; the successional teeth emerge, as in the Crocodiles, from the old sockets, and not, as in certain Mammalia and Fishes, by foramina distinct from them. The second and third alveoli are the largest; the fourth, fifth and sixth the smallest, yet they are more than half the size of the fore- going, with which the rest are nearly equal. The outlets of the alveoli are elliptical, and they form prominences at the side of the jaw, or rather the jaw sinks gently in between the alveoli, and is continued into the bony palate without any ridge, the vertical wall bending round to form the horizontal plate. The greatest breadth of the under sur- face of the jaw, taken from the outside of the alveoli, varies only from seven lines across the third pair to nine lines across the eleventh pair of alveoli; and from the narrow base the sides of the jaw converge with a slight convexity outwards at the anterior half of the fragment, but are almost plane at the deeper posterior half, where they seem to have met at one acute superior ridge; indeed such a ridge is con- tinued to within an inch of the fore part of the jaw, where the upper border becomes more obtuse. The whole portion of the jaw appears to consist of one uninter- rupted bone—the premaxillary ; the delicate crust of osseous sub- stance, as thin as paper, is traversed by many irregular cracks and fissures, but there is no recognizable suture marking off the limits of a maxillary or nasal bone. ‘The bone offers to the naked eye a fine fibrous structure, so fine as to produce almost a silken aspect, the fibres or strize being longitudinal, and impressed at intervals of from two to six lines by small vascular foramina. Having premised so much with reference to the characters of the 32 Pt. Cumeri, 1 proceed to the description of the distinct species, for which I propose the name of Pterodactylus compressirostris. PTERODACTYLUS COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen. (Reptilia, Pl, V. figs. 1, 2 & 3.) This species is represented by two portions of the upper jaw, ob- tained from the Middle Chalk of Kent, the hinder and larger of which includes the beginning of the external nostril (figs. 1 & 2,7). The depth of the jaw at this part is fourteen lines, whence it gradually de- creases to a depth of ten lines at a distance of three inches in advance of this, indicating a jaw as long and slender as in the Pt. longirostris, supposing the same degree of convergence of the straight outlines of the upper and alveolar borders of the jaw to have been preserved to its anterior end: that this was actually the case is rendered most pro- bable by the proportions of the smaller anterior part of the jaw (figs. 1', 2', 3'), obtained from the same pit, if not from the same block of chalk, and which, with a vertical depth of seven lines at its hinder part, decreases to one of six lines in an extent of one inch and a half in advance of that part. The sides of the jaw as they rise from the alveolar border incline a little outwards before they converge to meet at the upper border. This gives a very narrow ovoid section at the fore part of the larger fragment (fig. 2), the greatest diameter at its lower half being four lines, and the sides meeting above at a slightly obtuse ridge. This very gradually widens as the jaw recedes back- wards, where the entireness of the walls of the smoothly convex upper part of the jaw proves that the narrowness of that part is not due to accidental crushing. Had that been the case, the thin parietes arch- ing above from one side to the other would have been cracked. The only evidence of the compression to which the deep sides of the jaw have been subject is seen in the bending in of the wall above the alveoli, close to the upper ridge at the fore part of the fragment. In an extent of alveolar border of three and a half inches there are eleven sockets, the anterior one on the right side retaining the frac- tured base of a tooth: the alveoli are separated by intervals of about one and a half times their own diameter ; their outlets are elliptical, and indicate the compressed form of the teeth: they are about two lines in long diameter at the fore part of this fragment, but diminish as they are placed more backwards, the last two being developed be- neath the external nostril. The bony palate is extremely narrow, and presents in the larger portion (fig. 3) a median smooth convex rising between two longitudinal channels, which are bounded externally by the inner wall of the alveolar border. There is no trace of a median suture in the longitudinal convexity. The breadth of the palate at the back part of the fragment is eight lines; at the fore part it has gra- dually contracted to less than three lines, but it is somewhat crushed here. The naso-palatine aperture, p, commences about half a line in advance of the external nostril, three inches behind the fore part of the larger portion (fig. 3) of the upper jaw; which exemplifies the characteristic extent of the imperforate bony palate formed by the 33 long single premaxillary bone in the genus Pterodactylus. The frag- ment from the more advanced part of the jaw (fig. 3') contains five pairs of alveoli in an extent of two inches, these alveoli being rather larger and closer together than in the hinder part of the jaw. Owing to the compression which the present portion has undergone, the ori- fices of the alveoli are turned outwards, the bony palate being pressed down between the two rows, and showing, as the probable result of this pressure, a median groove between two longitudinal convex ridges; but the bone is entire and imperforate. The form of the upper jaw in the present remarkable species differs widely from that of the two previously known species from the chalk, in its much greater elongation and its greater narrowness ; and from the P¢. Cuvieri, in the straight course of the upper border of the jaw, as it gradually converges towards the straight lower border in advanc- ing to the anterior end of the jaw. The alveoli, and consequently the teeth, are relatively smaller in proportion to the depth of the jaw than in the Pé. Cuvieri, and are more numerous than in the P¢. gigan- teus ; they are probably also more numerous than in the Pt. Cuvieri 5 although, as the whole extent of the jaw anterior to the nostril is not yet known in that species, it would be premature to express a decided opinion on that point. As we may reasonably calculate from the frag- ments preserved (Pl. IT. figs. 1, 2, 3), that the jaw of the P¢. com- pressirostris extended seven inches in front of the nostril, it could not have contained less than twenty pairs of alveoli, according to the num- ber and arrangement of those in the two portions preserved. The osseous walls in both portions present the characteristic com- pactness and extreme thinness of the bones of the skull of the genus : the fine longitudinal striz of the outer surface are more continuous than in the Pt. Cuvier, in which they seem to be produced by a suc- cession of fine vascular orifices produced into grooves. The conspi- cuous vascular orifices are almost all confined to the vicinity of the alveoli in the Pé. compressirostris. This species belongs, more de- cidedly than the Pé. Cuvieri, to the ‘longirostral’ section of the Pte- rosauria: whether it had an edentulous prolongation of the fore part of the upper and lower jaw remains to be proved. _In attempting to form a conception of the total length of the head of the very remarkable species of Pterodactyle represented by the portions of jaw above described, we should be more justified by their form in adopting the proportions of that of the Pt. longirostris than in the case of the Pé. Cuvieri: but allowing that the external nostril may have been of somewhat less extent than in the Pt. longirostris, we may still assign a length of from fourteen to sixteen inches to the skull of the Pterodactyle in question. It could not have been anticipated that the first three portions of Pterodactylian skull—almost the only portions that have yet been discovered in the cretaceous formations—should have presented such well-marked distinctive characters, one from the other, as are de- scribed and illustrated in Mr. Bowerbank’s Memoirs and in the present communication. Such, nevertheless, are the facts: and, however im- probable it may appear, on the doctrine of chances, to those not con- No. CCXXI.—Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery. 34 versant with the fixed relations of osteological and dental characters, that the three corresponding parts of three Pterodactyles for the first time discovered, should be appropriated to three distinct species, I have no other alternative, in obedience to the indications of nature, than to adopt such determination *. 2. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW GENERA AND SOME NEW SPECIES oF ScuTELLIDZ AND ECHINOLAMPIDZ IN THE COLLEC- TION OF THE Britisa Museum. By Jonn Epwarp Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. ere. The collection of the British Museum is extremely rich in species of recent Echinoids, and fortunate in possessing long series of different ages of several of the species. Having been recently occupied in arranging and forming a cata- logue of these animals, I transmitted to the ‘Annals of Natural Hi- story’ for February a description of several genera and species of Spatangide. MM. Agassiz and Desor having recently published, in the Mono- graph of Echini and other papers on these animals, all the species of these two families then known to them, and as they had every facility for examining the British Museum specimens, the species now to be described are but few in number. Fam. 1. ScuTELLIDZ. Genus EcHINANTHUS. Among the species which have the base concave, of which LZ. ro- saceus may be considered the type, are to be added— 1. EcninantTuus AUSTRALASIZ,. Vent beneath, at a little distance from the edge; back very convex * The same criticism or objection may be offered to the conclusions in the text, as the following one, which was called forth by my determinations of the species of Balenodon found in the red crag. ‘The specimens exhibited by Prof. Hens- low were only eleven in number ; so that, without allowing anything for the cir- cumstance of each whale having ¢wo tympanic bones, and the probability of some of the above being in pairs, we have the first twelve determinable cetaceous bones discovered in the red crag appropriated to no less than five species. I have no pre- tensions to call in question the decision of Prof. Owen upon osteological grounds, but I must own that I am disposed, upon the doctrine of chances, to consider it hardly probable that these determinations are accurate.’’—Searles V. Wood, Feb. 16, 1844, London Geol. Journal, p. 35. The fifth species is a gratuitous addition to the four described by me, the determinate characters of which have been con- firmed by numerous additional discoveries. Mr. Wood should have remembered, before he attempted to discredit the determinations from anatomy, and to substi- tute the numerical test, that the second mammalian fossil from the oolite, although a lower jaw, like the first, was of a different species, and that of five subsequently discovered unequivocal mammalian remains from Stonesfield, al/ are parts of the lower jaw, whilst two of them demonstrate a third species. Very improbable this to him, on the doctrine of chances; but only showing, as Sir Charles Lyell has remarked, “ the fragmentary manner in which the memorials of an ancient terres- trial fauna are handed down to us.” EEE 35 in the middle ; upper margin rather flattened, with a slight concavity at the end of the ambulacra; under side flat near the margin, deeply concave in the middle ; spines of the under side near mouth very fine. Haé. Australia; N.S.W., Brisbane Water. 2. EcuINANTHUS TESTUDINARIUS. Vent beneath a little within the edge, depressed; back slightly raised, evenly convex ; under surface rather concave from the edge. Hab. Indian Ocean; Borneo. 3. ECHINANTHUS OBLONGUS. Ovate-oblong, elongate, rounded at the end; sides thick, rounded; back depressed round the end of the ambulacra ; crown rather convex; ambulacra ovate, lanceolate, broad, and closed at the end ; under side concave nearly to the edge; ambulacral grooves indistinct ; vent near the margin. Hab, Philippines ; Siquijor. 4. ECHINANTHUS PRODUCTUS. Shell ovate, elongate, the hinder end produced and flattened, the edge rather thick, thinner behind; the ambulacral petal broad, the bands not quite united at the end; under side concave to the margin ; vent near the margin. Hab. 2 5. Ecuinantuus Coie. Shell ovate, subpentagonal, depressed; margin thick, rounded; back depressed as far as the end of the ambulacra, and then rather convex in the middle, the under side concave nearly to the edge ; ambulacral petal ovate lanceolate, closed at the end; vent near the margin. Hab. Mauritius. Lady Mary Cole. To those which have a flat base may be added— 6. EcoHinantuus EXPLANATUS. Depressed, much expanded, centre of the back rather convex ; ambulacra occupying rather more than half the space between the vertex and margin, the lines of pores of the anterior pair and posterior odd one far apart at the end; cavity with thin concentric lines of short compressed columns near the margin ; jaws depressed. Hab. Mauritius ? Genus Roruta. The British Museum series induces me to believe that Rotula digi- tata of Agassiz is not distinct from R. Rumphii, as M. Agassiz first considered it to be. Genus Ecuinopiscus. I cannot find any permanent difference to distinguish Lobophora byissa from L. aurita ; they are found together in the same habitat in the Red Sea. 36 Genus MELLITA. The larger spines on the back of this, the former, and succeeding genus are short, equal in size, and furnished with a more or less sphe- rical head. The Museum series of specimens show a very gradual passage between the Echini which have been called Mellita testudinaria and M. quinquefora by Agassiz. The species which have six slits on the disc are found on the coast of Tropical America, and others on the shores of the Red Sea ; I be- lieve they form two species, which appear to have been confounded under one name. The American Mellita hexapora has only narrow linear bands of larger tubercles (bearing the larger spines) between the branched lines radiating from the mouth on the under surface, and these lines are very much branched. Mellita similis and M. lobata. of Agassiz, also from the West Indies ; the first appears to be only a variety, and the latter a mon- strosity of this species. The Red Sea species I have named MELLITA ERYTHRZA. Shell depressed, with five ambulacra and one posterior interambu- lacral slit; inferior oral grooves branched, branches very slightly divided ; the larger spines and tubercles in a broad band, occupying nearly the whole interambulacral space between the inferior oral grooves. Hab. Red Sea. Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson. There is a new genus which has the edge of the disk perforated and the vent near the mouth, as in Echinoglyphus, but differs in the oral grooves being more simple and only branched near the edge, in the lanceolate form of the ambulacra, and in the square form of the tesseree of the ambulacral zones beyond the tip of the ambulacra. Genus Lrop1ia. Body depressed, with a posterior slit and five perforations between the end of the ambulacra and edge ; the marginal ambulacral tesserz squarish, like the interambulacral ones; ambulacra lanceolate, acute at the tip, the anterior one most narrow and longest ; pores united by a groove ; ovarial plate pentangular ; ovarial pores three ; oral grooves simple, slightly impressed, converging towards the margin in front of the ambulacral perforations ; vent near the mouth, in front of the anal perforation, with a group of three or four larger spines between it and the mouth. 1. Leop1a RicHARDSONII. Body suborbicular, slightly depressed, five-lobed, hinder edge trans- verse ; ambulacra lanceolate, not reaching to the discal perforations ; 37 discal perforations ovate, small, the anterior smaller, the hinder largest, with two pairs of rather large tesserze between the ends of the ambu- lacra and the foramen, the upper pair subtrigonal ; oral grooves simply forked near the edge. Hab. West Indies. The single specimen I have seen of this species was presented by Sir John Richardson. It is rather deformed and sinuous on the right side, the hinder lateral perforation being nearly obliterated on that side. In Echinoglyphus the tesseree of the ambulacral bands are broad and band-like between the ambulacra and the ambulacral slits. Genus Ecutnociyruvs, Van Phelsum. The Encore of Agassiz. The large Brazilian species of this genus appear to be very va- riable. The young specimens have large notches on the edge of the shell, and as the animal increases in size, the marginal edges of these notches more or less approximate together, and sometimes even be- come united, so as to transform the notch into a perforation. M. Agassiz on these variations has formed several species; but the Museum series, from the Brazils and other parts of the east coast of Tropical America, show that they are all mere variations of the spe- cies which Van Phelsum called Echinoglyphus frondosus, and La- marck Seutella emarginata. I am induced to believe that Scutella quinqueloba of Eschscholtz, Encope Valenciennesii, Encope subclausa, Encope oblonga, and Encope Michelini, are only varieties of this spe- cies: they are all remarkable for the large size and longly-rayed star- like form of the madreporiform plate. Genus Fisuaria. The following species is peculiar as having an oblong, longitudinal vent. 1. FipuLARIA OBLONGA. Shell ovate, elongate, ventricose; vent oblong, longitudinal, ac- cording to the axis of the shell. Hab. N. Australia. Fam. 2. Eco1noLAMPID. Genus Ecu1noLampas. The species of this genus may be divided into two sections, accord- ing to the form of the ambulacra. Echinolampas oviformis and its allies have the porous bands of the anterior and other pair of ambulacra equal ; the lower side of the shell flat ; the mouth oblong, transverse, with (5) tubercles between the oral ambulacra. The other species have the anterior porous band of the anterior pair of ambulacra shortest ; under side rounded, convex ; mouth ob- long, transverse, large, marked with no tubercles, and only very rudi- mentary oral ambulacra. 38 1. EcHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSUS. Ovate, depressed, subpentangular ; back regularly convex. Hab. ? Genus Mortonta. Shell ovate, thin, rather produced in front, rounded behind, co- vered with small tubercles; vertex central, convex; internal cavity quite simple ; ambulacra petaloid, narrow, open at the end; bands rather diverging ; pores rather crowded, united by an oblong groove ; beneath concave, especially near the mouth and vent ; mouth rather large, roundish oblong, transverse, without any ambulacral star ; vent large, transverse, oblong, in the middle of the space between the mouth and hinder edge; ovarial pores four; madreporiform plate small, central. ? Echinocyamus, sp., Desmoulin. Mortonia, Gray, Cat. Echinoida in Brit. Mus. This genus differs from Echinocyanus in the thinness of the shell, and especially in the ambulacra being larger, more perfect, and in the pores of the ambulacra being united in pairs by a cross groove. It differs from the fossil genus Pygaulus in the vent being inferior, in- termediate between the mouth and edge, and transverse. This genus is named after Dr. Morton, the historian of Northamp- tonshire, who first attempted to arrange the fossil Hchini into generic groups. MorrToniA AUSTRALIS. Elliptical, depressed, rather acute in front, rounded behind, under side concave near the mouth and vent; vent large, oblong, trans- verse, in the centre between the mouth and hinder margin. Fibularia australis, Desm. Tab. Syn. 240. Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz et Desor, 1. c. 140. Hab. South Sea. Mallet. February 11, 1851. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :-— 1. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND FAMILY or CycLosau- RIAN Lizarps, From Para. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. (Reptilia, Pl. VI.) This interesting Lizard has lately been purchased by the Museum, from a collection of Saurians recently made by Messrs. Wallace and a during their excursion within a circuit of about 300 miles of ara. & y) ' Tapty) wHER Wo smyeBorwy ‘480 yY pay SNVOAXTH VSIHdI'€ VHOVAITO VININNG @ VLIVTTHOO VICVNV T PSBSeesses ine iim so. cc cree LE Reete |, Weundey's'z001g i bbigutibe ve ~ chs ———— J .Wolf, lith SAUROPHAGUS DERBIANU 58. Aas ; Proc Z.5.Aves. Xk Pa 4 M & N Hanhart Jmp* a —a= . . o. 39 It is exceedingly interesting as presenting an entirely new form, different in many particulars from any before observed ; so much so, that I am induced to form for it a new family, to be placed near dua- diade and Cherviolide, which may be thus characterized :— 1, IpHisaDz. Scales of the back, belly, nape and throat smooth, broad, six-sided, transverse, forming a single series on each side of the tail, narrow, lanceolate, elongate, regularly keeled, in rings alternating with each other; head shielded; chin shielded; ear open, circular; femoral pores distinct. IpHIsa. Head depressed, shielded; anterior frontal single, broad, four- sided; posterior frontals two, small, subtrigonal; vertebral single, rather elongate ; posterior vertebral two, small, five-sided ; occipital three, larger, middle one narrow, longitudinal ; superciliary shield 3-3, hinder smaller, anterior smallest ; temple with small shields ; labial shields moderate ; rostral and mental broad; chin entirely shielded ; anterior single, transverse, first pair very large, triangular, covering nearly the whole of the chin, second pair small, at the outer hinder angle of the former ; nostrils lateral, in the lower edge of the nasal shield, between it and the labial shield ; eyes large, lateral ; eye- lids scaly?; ears circular, open; nape, back, throat and belly covered with two series of broad, smooth scales; sides rounded, covered with three or four series of six-sided, smooth scales, placed in oblique series ; chest with a collar of five scales, the central one elongate, triangular, the lateral ones four-sided, the outer pair very narrow; preanal shields three, the central one elongate, narrow, subtriangular ; limbs short, weak, covered with broad smooth shields above, the hinder shield beneath ; femoral pores 10-10, distinct, the series nearly united in front of the preanal plates; toes 5-5, unequal, the inner very short, the outer hinder separated from the other by a space like a thumb ; tail elongate, cylindrical, tapering, covered above and below with whorls of narrow, elongate, regular, lanceolate, strongly keeled pointed scales, those of each series alternating with those that suc- ceed and follow it. 1. IpHisa ELEGANS. (Reptilia, Pl. VI. fig. 3.) Olive-brown black marbled; sides darker, white varied ; chin and beneath yellowish white. Hab. Para. 2. DescRIPTIONS OF SOME NEw Birps IN THE MusEUM OF THE Eart or Dersy. By Dr. Kaur. (Aves, Pl. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.) During my visit to London last year I had the honour to receive an invitation from the Earl of Derby, to visit his collection at Knows- ley Hall, with permission to use the materials I might find there for 40 the monography of Muscicapide on which I was engaged. Of that collection I had already formed very high expectations; but I was agreeably surprised by finding them all surpassed, so great is the rich- ness of this noble collection. It contains more than 14,000 speci- mens of stuffed birds, besides skins, which are not yet numbered. What adds still greater interest to this collection is, that it contains a large number of the original specimens described by Latham and other English authors, of whose writings these specimens are the only explanation. To the pleasure of working in so rich a collection must be added the command of a colossal library, to which not one work of importance is wanting. ll this, with the aviaries of magnificent living birds, from every zone of the world, must have the greatest charm for the naturalist, and make Knowsley Hall for him a perfect Eden, which once seen shall never be forgotten. The new birds described here include only one portion of my re- searches, because I could not finish so many genera. The materials of the very rich family of Muscicapide are too extensive, for a com- plete elucidation during the limited period of my visit from a foreign country ; I wish my descriptions therefore to be considered only as fragments. The object of my visit to England was to collect materials for a complete monography of the Muscicapide ; but notwithstanding the many favours I received, and the extreme liberality with which my labours were facilitated in every English collection, I must confess with sorrow that I shall never be able to make a complete whole (per- fectly free from objection), with materials collected in different mu- seums. A perfect arrangement can only be achieved by the study of the materials present together, so that at every moment a compari- son may be made between any two or any number of the species. Were it my good fortune to assemble the whole materials of one family in my rooms at Darmstadt, one winter only would be neces- sary to finish each family in such a manner as to satisfy the require- ments of modern science. Were any one museum willing to accord me the whole materials in its possession, it is probable that all the supplementary species not contained in that collection would be readily furnished by other mu- seums, as the absence of a few species for a short period would be of little or no importance. That we can only climb to the summit of our science by means of well-made monographies, there can be no possible doubt ; and I attach a higher value to a monography constructed on philosophical prin- ciples, than to the best fauna of any single part of the world: for only by a strict comparison of the birds of the five parts of the globe can we know what is a family, a subfamily, genus, species and sub- species. Only in this way—a difficult way no doubt—can we learn the true harmony of nature; and thus shall we be filled with admi- ration, when we see that every species, genus, family or order repre- sents a certain type, and must receive its place in a scheme of classi- fication according to fixed laws, which man must discover, but over which he has no control. 41 This charm can never belong to merely descriptive ornithology, because even the best descriptions are only like mosaic stones, which, when placed without rules, or arranged according to false principles, give us only a scattered mass of heterogeneous materials, or a picture destitute of truth. These claims I have urged over and over again in my dissertations, but hitherto without effect. When shall the time arrive when a catholic spirit shall guide the destinies of science, and lead onward to that triumph of true knowledge, in which every director of a mu- seum, and every student of the works of nature, may take his part? At present it is impossible that a naturalist can without help arrange the whole materials of one class in his museum. Our mu- seums are little more than great exhibitions for the people, who look too often only to colour, instead of being stores of nature’s trea- sures, ready to be communicated to every naturalist who has proved himself worthy of the name. Every museum ought to accord freely and liberally the wished-for materials, for this is the cheapest way in which a family can be properly named and accurately classed. The common excuse that the lent materials might come to harm, is little more than an excuse. Time and destructive insects will do the harm, without the slightest advantage to science. Nisus (seu ACCIPITER) CHIONOGASTER, Kaup. Diagnosis.—Above dark blue grey, beneath pure white. Description.—The male is less than the Nis. fringillarius. Above dark blue grey, the crown, lorum, and a stripe over the eye- and ear- cover feathers more approaching to black; ear-covering, cheek and crop with fine black quill lines; tail with three black bands and a broader band at the end, which is white bordered ; the underside of the tail has the bands more silver-grey ; the first tail-feather with five bands before the large end-band ; the wings on the inner side with four bands before the large end-band. Before the emarginations the bands are grey, and after them whiter. The larger female with a white eye-stripe, and broader black quill stripe on the crop; the cover feathers of the tibia with a fine rufous tint. According to the ticket of M. de Lattre, the iris of the female is orange, and that of the male dark brown, like burnt sienna. These two specimens were procured by M. de Lattre in Coban, in the year 1843. Dimensions in millimetres.— r | a Fes eee aaa 21 ange aie 45 Gape. . DD enn 19 BAT oO RE REY a LS eee 206 oO Sra ened, om aera i: | i ee 160 "TIBI. 2 Go, eee a ao ss aes 56 Middle toe without nail... 32 ...... 37 We possess several species in the genus Misus, Cuv., seu Accipiter of the English authors. Most of these are very near to the common Sparrow-Hawk ; and I think some of them, like the North American 42 fuscus seu velox, the African rufiventris, the madagascariensis, and perhaps the erythrocnemius of G. Gray, are not true species, but that they are subspecies of the common European Nisus fringillarius, forming a group amongst themselves, and exhibiting by no means the decided differences apparent between fringillarius and pileatus, or pileatus and tachiro. In the same near relation to the chiquera of Western Africa do I consider the true chiquera, Vaill. 30, from India; and this opinion I found on the following characteristics. The West African chiquera has the body above darker cinereous, with very distinct narrow black lines, and the stripe beneath the eye, and the black stripe over the eye and ear-covers, are more distinct ; the rufous head with darker fine stripes. The Indian chiquera has the head without stripes ; the body above lighter grey, with very few traces of black bands ; and the black semi- circle round the eye is shorter and not so complete. But these slight differences will not justify us in considering the West African chiquera as a true species distinct from the Indian true chiquera ; it is only a subspecies of the latter true species. As such we must make a distinction, and as such it must be accorded a place in the system. I think the best way is to give a description of the oldest known subspecies, and arrange all the other subspecies with different names, distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, a, 4, c, &c., amongst the true species. In this way it would only be neces- sary to give a very short description of the subspecies, consisting of the few marks by which it differs from the old known subspecies. Until we have discovered all the species contained in one and the same subgenus, we can never say with certainty whether a given speci- men represents a true species, or only a subspecies; I must there- fore confess that in the following descriptions of the family Musci- capide, it is very probable that I have described as species some spe- cimens which hereafter will be arranged as subspecies, when the whole species composing the subgenus are completely known. One of the most interesting birds in the collection of Lord Derby is a little Falcon, belonging to the subfamily Falconine, which en- abled me to correct the characters of the genus Harpagus. The characters must be changed as follows :—Bill large, with two teeth, slender and indistinct, or strong and distinct ; wings short, and in the proportions of the quills very like Nisus seu Accipiter ; toes short, and the inner and outer toes of the same length. The genus Harpagus must be divided into two subgenera. The older subgenus Harpagus must be distinguished by the follow- ing characters :—Two strong and distinct teeth; the nostrils placed near the end of a soft membrane covering a large cavity; tibia with scales not divided. Two species, diodon and bidentatus. The other subgenus, in which this new species must be placed, must be characterized :—Two slender indistinct teeth; the nostrils round, very small, and bored in the nasal bones; the first wing- le — 43 feathers with very distinct emarginations, the fourth the longest ; tibia with whole and divided scales (fig. 3). I give this subgenus the name of Spiziapteryx, and the species I have named HARPAGUS CIRCUMCINCTUS. Diag.—Size of the Kestril, with white stripe over the eye, which encircles the whole head and is connected with a white collar; the tail-covers, above and beneath, white. Descr.—Rufous ash-grey, beneath lighter, with dark brown shaft- stripes; the white stripe over the eye, and the collar black marginated; tibia-covers white; the arm and hand wings white at the roots, and like the stronger cover-feathers, with white spots and bands on the inner and outer webs ; the first wing-feather without spots on the ex- terior web, and with fine white spots on the interior web ; tail black- brown; beneath with white roots and three small white bands and an end band; the fifth without spots on the exterior web; the fourth with only traces; the third exhibits round white spots; and the two exterior feathers are white-banded. From this very irregular distribution of spots, the tail, seen from above, exhibits a very irregular drawing. Cere, naked eye region and feet yellow; nails dark brown. I apprehend that this specimen, the only one in England, is not a very old bird. Lord Derby received this bird from Chili, by Mr. Bridges. Dimen.—Head, 49 ; bill, from the cere, 16; from the gape, 22 ; height, 13; breadth, 20; over wing, 123; tip of the wing, 56; middle tail-feather, 148 ; outer tail-feather, 115; tarsus, 45 ; middle-toe, 26 ; nail, 11; outer-toe, 174; nail, 10; imner-toe, 16; nail, 12; after-toe, 13; nail, 13. A new species of the subgenus SAuRroPHAGuS, Swains. In the little subgenus Saurophagus, Swains., we had, till now, only three species. These are, lictor, sulphuratus, and flavus. I received by Mr. Wollweber from Zacatecas in Mexico an only specimen of a fourth species ; but I found in the collection of Lord Derby, and in the British Museum, a great number of the same species. To this species I have given the name of Derbyanus, as a mark of my respect for that distinguished patron of ornithological science, the Earl of Derby, President of the Zoological Society. All the species of this little subgenus have the same general colour- ing, and are distinguished only by very few characters taken from the colouring of the wings and from the dimensions. The young ones have, like the young birds of Scaphorhynchus, the bill shorter and bigger, and the head is black, without the beautiful crest of the old birds. The old birds have a white front, connected with a white band over the eyes and over the black ear-covers, and surrounding the black head, which in the middle is ornamented with a yellow erest; the chin and underpart of the neck white; breast, belly, 44 under-wings and tail-covers yellow ; back olive-coloured ; wings and tail brown, with red margins. SauropHacus Lictor, Gray & Mitch. Genera of Birds, t. 62. Lanius lictor, Licht.—Saurophagus pusillus, Swains.—Swainsonii, Gould. Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ; wings 86 mm. long. It shows the finest bill, a more graduated tail, and the smallest dimensions. Hab. Brazil, Para. SAUROPHAGUS SULPHURATUS. Lanius, Gmel.—Tyrannus, Vieill. Enl. 296. Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ; wings 110--114 mm. long. Hab. Amer. meridional. SAUROPHAGUS FLAVUS, Gray. Corvus, Gmel. Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ; wings 126-130 mm. long. Hab. Brazil meridional. Bolivia. SauropHaGcus Dersianus, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVI.) Diag.—The wing-feathers from the second to the sixteenth have the whole outer webs on the greatest part of the length rufous ; wings 128 mm. long. Hab. Zacatecas, in Mexico. Comparison of the dimensions.— Saur. Saur. Saur. Saur.Der- lictor. sulphuratus. JSlavus. byanus. Heal caveats tee hee OAL SeRUey Ri ee-oe .-: 60 Bill, from the forehead... 22 .. 29-30 .. 35 .. 32 — from the gape...... 26 .. 32-36 .. 40-42 .. 38 Wingtieiei alas s04 colleen OBE peo MOS 4 2005130015. ESB Dad oti h Seed. Te eotiortbfdiorie rt 82586 I IF 1B eve £98 Tarsus). .veneegn nuns oie DG hztaz G25 =2 7; es) MA 2B) les SMES Middle-toe with the nail.. — .. 21 C ai3Om oes In these dimensions Saurophagus Derbianus is very near to Saur. avus. ‘5 In what relation with the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Pr. Max., this little subgenus Saurophagus is to be placed, I shall determine in my next monography, Muscicapide. Of the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Ch. Bonaparte, in his very use- ful Conspectus, has given five species :—pitangua, flaviceps, atriceps, audazx, and chrysocephalus. The species flaviceps and atriceps must go down, because flaviceps, Sw., is a female, and atriceps a young bird of pitangua; audax does ; } 45 not belong to this subgenus, and is to be placed in the neighbourhood of rufinus, Spix, and cireumcinctus, Sw., which have the same bill and similar covering. We have only two species, pitangua and chrysocephalus, Tchudi, in the section of Scaphorhynchus. Scaphorhynchus, with its broad bill, shorter and feebler tarsi and toes, represents more the Swallow type, and must be placed in the second rank of his genus. Before I finish I may allow myself the observation, that, till now, the whole family of Muscicapide has been in a condition of the great- est confusion, and that the greatest number of genera must go down, or must be considered as subgenera of some larger genera. As an example of the way in which this is to be effected, I give for instance we eee Psaris, into which I transplant three genera of the new authors. Some remarks on the genus Psarts, Cuv. The genus Psaris, which is synonymous with Tityra, Vieill., is a true genus, which cannot be considered as the only type of a sub- family, and which cannot be divided into several genera. It is an indivisible genus, which I have separated into some little subgenera only. I prefer, from well-known reasons, the name Psaris. The characters of this genus are :—Thick, strong, slightly com- pressed bill, without strong bristle-feathers on the mouth gape; tarsi moderately high, with broad scales on the front; on the sides and behind with small scales. The old males have the second hand wing- feather abnormously short and of an unusual formation. The females and young birds have the wings regular. The species of this large genus are limited to the southern parts of America. a. Subgenus CHLOROPSARIS. They have the bill and the feathered lorum of the Pachyrhamphus, but the wings are shorter and the tail more graduated. Size of a Sparrow, colouring more variegated and greenish on the back. 1. Psarts Cuvrert, Swains. Spix, tab. 45. 2. 2. Ps. arRicapityus. Muscicapa, Gmel. Enl. C. 871g. 831 2. 3. Ps. versicotor. Vireo, Hartlaub. b. Subgenus PacuyrHamPuus, G. Gray. The bill unicolor black, shorter than the head, not compressed on the sides; the bristle-feathers moderately long ; the abnormous hand- feather like Chloropsaris, with broader inner webs and emarginated only on the tip; tail unicolor, very little graduated. Size of a Lanius colurio. The colouring is dark and not so variegated. We can give by the diagnosis the colouring of the abnormous hand- feather of the males. 46 4. Ps. vauipus. Lanius validus, Licht. The second hand wing-feather with a long white spot on the inner web, which reaches to the third part of its length. 5. Ps. nigrescens. Pach. nigrescens, Cab. The second hand wing-feather black, with white margin on the ex- terior web. 6. Ps. pecrorauis. Pach. pectoralis, Swains. The second hand wing-feather black, with white spot near the root, and fine white exterior margin, 7. Ps. Actarz. Pach. Aglaia, Lafr. The second hand wing-feather with an oval white spot near the root, and without white exterior margin. e. Subgenus Psarts. The red and black bill on the anterior part more compressed, and like Cassicus, with broad root, surrounded by the frontal feathers ; lorum and eye region naked; the bristle-feathers over the gape very indistinct ; the second hand wing-feather extremely narrow, formed like a sword, without an emargination on the tip. The colouring is silver-grey, like Lanius excubitor, with more or less black head, face, wings and tail. Size of Lanius excubitor. 8. Ps. cayanus, Cuy. The black colour covers the whole head, and extends to the tip of the ear-feathers ; the bill two-thirds red-coloured ; tail black, on the root only white or silver-grey ; the wings 116-122, and the abnormous second hand-feather 40 mm. long. 9. Ps. BRASILIENSIS, Swains. The black of the ear-feathers extends further than the black of the head; the bill one-third red-coloured ; the inner webs of the wings white-bordered ; the wings 129, and the abnormous second hand- feather 41 mm. long. This species is probably a subspecies of cayanus. 10. Ps. semirasciatus. Pach. semifasciatus, Spix, t. 442. The black on the head covers only the front to the eye, and de- scends to the anterior ear-feathers round the eye to the chin; tail black, with a silver-grey or white band under the tail-covers, and a white band on the tip; the wings 127-134, and the abnormous second hand-feather 46 mm. long; it is on the exterior web black, and on the interior white. The female with dirty brown head and a greyish brown back, with a tinge of red. 11. Ps. maximus, Kp. In the collection of Lord Derby I found a young bird of very large ———— i le a ao ‘Proc. Z.S Aves. #8. Jd Wolf, lth. M & N.Hanhart, imp PSARIS FRASERII.Aaup.é. . | if z tntead ) ~~ Proc. Z.S.Aves. XXXYVIL J Wolf lith. M & N.Hanhart,: PSARIS FRASERII.Aaup.? 47 dimensions, which does not belong to any of the preceding species. The bill is reddish on the root ; the under parts are lighter than on the young cayanus; the stripes are more obsolete, and are reduced on the side as black shaft-stripes; shafts of the tail reddish brown ; under tail and interior wing-covers white, without spots. Ps. cayanus. Ps. maximus. When ewe es oe. ik Oke een OO Gape. . . 35 35 nals) esluel Pangea eee T2Q he setters 129 Le dae Ra FORE eat 73 Height of the bill ..... 11 13 Breadth: spo. Akt Wy ge: eeperas 133 It would be very interesting to discover the old bird of this species. d. Subgenus Erator. It unites the size, colourmg and formation of the second hand- feather of the true Psaris with the bill and feathered lorum and eye region of the other subgenera. This little subgenus, with its mixed characters, gives the clearest proof that Psaris, Pachyrhamphus and Bathmidurus cannot be con- sidered as true genera. 12. Ps. rwquistror, Orb. Lanius inquisitor, Olf. Diag.—Tail black. Descr.—The male with black head and white ear-covers, connected with a white collar, which divides the black head from the silver-grey body ; tail black, at the root white, which extends to the margins of the inner webs; end of the tail without white band ; the second hand- feather on the inner web white. The female (Jardinii, erythrogenys, Selbyt, and Nattereri, Sw.) with white front and rufous ear-covers. 13. Ps. Fraseru, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVII. XXXVIII.) Diag.—Tail two-thirds white, with black white-bordered end. Descr.—The head to the ear-covers black ; ear-covers and under the posterior part of the eye white; the second hand wing-feather light ash-grey, with white root. The dimensions of these two species are nearly the same :—head, 52; gape, 32; height of the bill, 10; breadth, 14-15; wing, 105- 113; tail, 63-70. I give to this very distinct species the name of a very able zoolo- gist, who is going a second time to Western Africa. From this jour- ney we may anticipate the greatest benefit to our science, and we wish Mr. Fraser the best success. For all his kind assistance in the col- lection of Lord Derby I give him my best thanks. e. Subgenus Baramrpurvs, Cab. They have the bill like Chloropsaris, Pachyrhamphus and Erator, but the tail in most of the species is more graduated. The colouring 48 of it is black, with white or yellow end spots. Size of a Finch. The predominating colour of the males is black, white and grey. In this little subgenus we have different type-species, about which the different subspecies arrange themselves. One of these is Ps. MARGINATUS. Head-feathers black, on the tip with steel-blue; wings black ; shoulder-covers, wing-covers and arm-wings white marginated ; tail graduated, black with broad white tip. The female has all the margins and the under parts rufous yellow, the back greenish, and the head darker coloured. a. Ps. MARGINATUS MINOR. Lorum and a small line on the front whitish ; ear-covers, back part of the neck, lower part of the back light grey; upper part of the back black ; all the under parts white with grey tint ; the abnormous second hand-feather white, on the exterior web on the root with a black spot, and from this spot till the end; along the shaft on the interior web a small long black stripe. 6. Ps. MARGINATUS MAJOR. Bathmidurus major, Cab. Lorum and a small line on the front whitish; before the eye a black spot of bristle-feathers; the shoulder-covers all white; over- back black ; the abnormous second hand-feather longer, white, with a small stripe along the shafts on both sides. c. Ps. MARGINATUS TRISTIS, Kp. Without a small white line on the front; lorum and the whole head black; the feathers on this part are more massive on the tip, and have more lustre; the shoulder-covers only on the tip white ; the whole neck and upper part of the back black ; lower part of the back, ear-covers and all the under parts dark grey, mixed with black ; the tail has not so much white on the tip ; the under side of the wings with smaller white margins ; the second abnormous hand wing-feather on the inner web whitish with grey spots, on the outside black, with a grey margin on two-thirds of the upper part ; the emargination on the tip very distinct. Mus. Derb. . Ps. marg. Ps. marg. Ps.marg. Comparison.— hinted preity tristis. g 3 LET Roe ee eee ee ee oF «. SOS) Uepey From the gape to the tip of the bill 18 .. 19 19 .. 20 Winlerewesh. eof kh seteg ff ods BSicwesce SA nial oS SBeaid Spee Soe Co fey sy ada