$te ro 7 sat pellets wets tafe tatatare? sense ates st peas? pitts my » d ; ; : ‘ yt PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PART XXVIII. 1860, PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ; SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. aia co PHY LAS ~ AHY HOY are ait Hy eI gnijoth HT TA PRINTED BY ‘TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, vot RED LION COURT, FLEET STRE! LIST CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Apams, Artuour, F.L.S. page WNote'on the Wox of Sagat ice). cawes 24 02 gt as ss ee Apams, Henry, F.L.S. Description of a New Genus of Freshwater Bivalve Mol- lusca, belonging to the Family Corbulide, from the Collection of Hugh Comapy Msgs sys Jenn T) pbs: dei. Ped ee Description of a New Genus and Species of Mollusk .... 241 On New Genera of Acephalous Mollusks.............. 369 Descriptions of a New Genus and Species of Mollusca .. 450 Bairp, W., M.D., F.L.S. Description of a New Species of Estheria from Nagpoor, RMR LOM etait cy ek De ass ote ts Hee eae ee 188 Note on the Genus Cypridina, Milne-Edwards, with a Description of some New Species..........0.20.00-005- 199 iv page Description of a New Entomostracous Crustacean, belong- ing to the Order Phyllopoda, from South Australia ...... 392 Description of Two New Species of Entomostracous Crus- tapes Trond Satay ccclewien wast shocks ws Wee an Riek ace we 445 Description of some New Species of Intestinal Worms (Entozoa) in the Collection of the British Museum........ 446 Bartwett, A. D. Exhibition of the Head of a variety of the Common Goose, with the feathers of the back of the head reversed . 2 nine 5. ai See eee ook 3 Description of a New Genus of Boide discovered by Mr. Bates on the Upper Aniagon.. .2.\)s.. is. inaiee awe ee oe 132 Note on the Species of the Genus Pithecia, with Description of a New Species, Psqliteaae <5... 20S) 3. sepa A ee of a New Species of Geoclemmys from Esme- raldas . Pe eee ie eee ficsess te of a New Species of Emys re yi in the Gardens of the Zoological Society...................... 232 ee ee De a ee ae oe ee vii page Description of a New Species of Distichopora from New Pledge |. «eae shee aks ace te te Ser ee ee 244 On the African Trionyces with Hidden Feet (Emyda).... 314 Note on the Female of Cuscus ornatus....-----+++++"" 374 Description of a New Coral (Corallium johnsoni) from Bi liten Ger festa Se OTe Das ers Me ae at ine o tedis 393 On the Genus Manouria and its affinities ..--+++-+++:> 395 On the Genus Hyperoodon: the two British kinds and eee: Munthe a ee es eee eee eae ewe ss 422 Note on Aspidochelys livingstontt......---- +--+ 77 430 Ginruer, Dr. ALBERT, For. Mem. Z.S8. On a New Snake from the Galapagos Islands.....-.--- 97 On the Reptiles of Siam ....------ oes, 3 ae vintage = 113 Contributions to a Knowledge of the Reptiles of the Hima- laya Mountains .... 22.2: ++ s+ +-mers cere sere sents 148 Third List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected by Mr. Beater ii eMRlGE et ak = at Ss Sees ee aes 233 Description of Homalocranium laticeps, a new Snake from Seerthurerat SM rage et arn a: late ae Exhibition of a dried specimen of a Fish of the Genus Centrolophus, obtained by Mr. J. Couch at Polperro, Corn- 1 ean oye th Settee Sn). 2 Aer ot 302 On New Reptiles and Fishes from Mexico ......--+--> 316 On a New Species of Fish, belonging to the Genus Pagrus 391 On a West-African Genus of Snakes (Meizodon)....---- 427 Hamutton, Dr., F.Z.S., &c. Exhibition of large specimens of hybrids between the Phea- sank ahd) Domestic Oni. List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser at Esmeraldas, Ecua- dor, with Descriptions of New Species....--+2-+ +++ a Note on the Skull of the Red River-Hog (Potamocherus PIS RIT) Sse Ge 3 SIS a llc ean Exhibition of a male example of the Bimaculated Duck of Warrell: 2.02.2. oe. Oe ar Description of a New Species of Manakin from Northern EUR Seah 0 Ci a ee a aan eg he 99 126 183 184 193 207 221 ~ 220 242 245 247 . 230 260 272 291 301 . 303 xii page Description of a New Tyrant-bird of the Genus Elainea from the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies ..:......... 313 Exhibition of a drawing of a species of Rock-Kangaroo just received by the Society from South Australia ........ 323 Additions to the Menagerie during the month of May .. 371 Additions to the Menagerie during the month of June .. 372 Note on the Japanese Deer living in the Society’s Mena- RIE Weg dea eC ee aa eS an a woe DOS 375 Catalogue of the Birds of the Falkland Islands ........ 382 Additions to the Menagerie ogee the months of ii August, September, and October . eae jxme © 7s eae Exhibition of bird-skins from Port Churchill, Hudson’s BAY recs aiecete s SRR RES rei SS ed ss o's isi ee ae ws eo ns So ee Notice of some Rare Species of Quadrumana, now living in the Society 6 Menmrerie. ooo. ec ok ou vn ss ase ees v- 5S Additions to the Menagerie during the month of November 442 On the Badirussa and other Suide, now living in the So- ciety’s Menagerie ...... ele ess ive Jhuriel sr alas eee 443 Note on Ovis polit of Blyth thi cles bed swellinama be densa 443 Report on the Indian Pheasants bred in the Society’s Me- nagerie during the years 1858, 1859, and 1860 .......... 444 Characters of Ten New Species of American Birds...... 461 SciaTerR, PHILip Temes Ph.D., M.A., F.L.S., Secretary to the Society, and Ospert Satvin, M.A., F.Z.S. Characters of Eleven New Species of Birds discovered by Osbert Salvin in Guatemala ............ eee Peat 298 SHortt, Dr., F.Z.S. Remarks on the Civet Cats (<.s3s cen cece ce tei cee ss, SS Simmonps, P. L. Extract from a letter, announcing the capture of a young female “Gorilla CLXXI. Megapodius wallacti .....+++++eerreeees esate alaie i 341 CLXXII. Habroptila wallacti ....+.+e seer rere reer ee sees CLXXIII. Chloephaga rubidiceps ....++++sesreeeeserere cers 382 LIST OF PLATES. xv1 REPTILIA. Plate Page XXII. Aspidochelys livingstonii .......6 0c eee eee cece XXII. Herpeton tentaculatum ...000.cse0veecevevscusees $13 RENT CHM SERUSIANIGSUE sia iarahe a) +I vie nib lotsa, hl kteyazersfo,at loca slain 132 XXV. Barycephalus sykesii and Tiaris elliotti .......... ; XXVI. Ablapes owenii and A. rappii .... se ce cece eevee | 148 XXVII. Spilotes hodgsonti ...... 0.0. ceece reve cereeees XXVIII. Rana liebigii and Dicroglossus adolfi ............ J ORD) > Geoclem mys GMmUlaci. « s'saisic aise s(o0ie\e ales s\e\n's10«viwisis 231 EXGNENS ae PLIVY Sf UELRLTBTLOO SIBua as ical sicxchuhal/v)a\a/s) oip/cl¥ivye 0 sre o's + selec 232 NRO IVAN OUTED PASE olds. Bis oyahaln laine a oie n\e(0:d;a)e/0 e's saints he 395 XXXII. Thamnocenchris aurifer and Hyla holochlora........ 451 PISCES. X. Pimelodus cinerascens, P. elongatus, and P. modestus.. 233 Le. PGT TODA. ob a. lela vd nena ps ao v diane gta sae Cs plate 391 MOLLUSCA. a |New Species of Land and Marine Shells........ 133, 189 ANNULOSA. LXX. New Species of Planariid@ .........eccseeeeeeeee 37 LXXI. New Genus and Species of Entomostracans...... 188, 199 UT SERENEG OUCH vores piaosis dics stoke ale oR tater esa Me ale 392 LXXII. | Streptocephalus dichotomus ......0+eeeeceecceeees 445 (Dalia MEW DOLE ts 5iiss-' «pols aia vee Hla vistsltche ae hee 446 RADIATA. MMVII. Distichopora-coccmed oo ccc vases veces ceive savcce 244 MVIM.-. Conathium: JOnnsonse 6. 5. cites carowrele alelelotelays a cs s'si¥ 393 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 11th, 1860. Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. ’ - Dr. Hamilton exhibited some remarkably fine and large specimens of hybrids between the Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and the hen of the Domestic Fowl. Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a series of the birds and lepidopterous insects contained in Mr. Wallace’s recent collections from the island of Batchian. Mr. G. R. Gray was stated to be preparing a list of the birds, recognizing eighty-five species, of which about twelve ap- peared to be undescribed. The following papers were read :— 1. Descrrprion or a New Species or Cuscus (C. orNATUS) FROM THE IsLAND OF BATCHIAN, WITH A LIST OF THE MAMMALIA COLLECTED IN THAT IsLAND By Mr. A. R. Watuace. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.ZS., Pres. Ent. Soc., ETC. (Mammalia, Pl. LX XIV.) Mr. Wallace has sent to the British Museum a series of Mammalia collected in the island of Batchian in the year 1859. The most interesting specimen is a new species of the genus Cuscus, belonging to the section of the genus which has the inner surface of the ears bald. It may be thus described :— Cuscus ornatus (Pl. LXXIV.). Male pale golden-brown ; back rather darker, with small irregular white spots; crown and back with a narrow longitudinal blackish No. 417.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2 streak, which is darker on the back, black on the crown, and indi- stinct on the nape; beneath rather paler, with a broad white lon- gitudinal streak near the middle of the chest and front of the abdo- men; ears produced beyond the fur, naked internally; the skull with a very deep concavity between the orbits. Hab. Batchian. This species is most like Cuscus orientalis, but in that animal the male is pure white. It differs entirely from C. celebensis (from Celebes) in the general colour of the fur, and in having a distinct streak on the head and back, somewhat like the streak on the back of the female C. orientalis, but narrower and darker. It differs from all the other species in the nakedness of the inner surface of the ears. The white streak on the chest and belly is not exactly in the middle of those parts, and there is a square white spot on the upper part of the right fore leg, not found on the other legs. This animal may possibly be the coloured male of C. orientalis ; but all the known males of that species are pure white. Can albi- nism be the usual, and this coloured male the unusual, characteristic of that species ? The skull of Mr. Wallace’s animal from Batchian agrees in general character with the skull of C. orientalis (sent to the Museum as Cuscus quoyii from the Moluccas), but is yet sufficiently unlike to render it very doubtful if it be not a distinct species. It is smaller, the impression on the crown is deeper and furnished with a much more decidedly raised edge, which is extended behind on the central line to the occiput, and there is a notch or ridge at the upper front angle of the orbit, not to be found on the skull of C. orientalis. Some of the converts to the theory of the mutation of species may think that this animal is an instance in point; but such a hy- pothesis derives no support from the observations I have made. All the difficulties here started arise from the imperfect material which the specimen affords for arriving at any definite opinion on the subject, and I believe that this is the explanation of nine-tenths, or T may say ninety-nine in a hundred, of the cases on which the theory is attempted to be established. This is not to be wondered at when we consider how very few are the animals, even of our own coun- try, and more especially of exotic species and genera, whose history and anatomy have been properly studied. Most naturalists are of necessity in the habit of describing species from the few specimens which are brought from abroad in a more or less perfect state, with- out being acquainted with the changes which the animal undergoes in growing from its birth to maturity, and without the slightest in- dication of its habits and manners. Now, we know from experience amongst the British birds, such as for example the Rook and the Crow, and the species of the Willow Wrens, that if we were called on to describe them from such materials we might make great mis- takes. A mere examination of stuffed specimens might well lead to doubts as to their distinctness as species, but this could never be the case if we had seen them alive in their native haunts, and 2 a cS enc ete 3 observed the extreme differences which exist in their habits, food, note, &c. Judging from analogy, it is fair to believe that many of the spe- cies, even among the larger and best known vertebrated animals, which are now considered doubtful, and sometimes only regarded as slight varieties, if properly observed and described, would prove to be quite distinct ; and if this be the case with the larger animals, what must it be with the smaller articulated and molluscous or radi- ated animals, which are very rarely described, except from specimens in one condition, often indeed from some isolated part of the ani- mal, as its shell or coral, as it is found in a museum? I cannot but think that until we have better materials to work from, it is rather rash to theorize on so important a question as the stability or muta- bility of species. As regards the animal now before us, instead of knowing its history in all its states, and having a full account of its habits and manners (and I cannot conceive that any species is well established without all these particulars), we have only a skin with its separated skull, and that of one sex, of a genus in which the sexes sometimes differ greatly in external appearance, and of which the species are very imperfectly known. Thus, for example, the section of the genus to which this specimen is referable contains at present two species; one long known, and of which perhaps there are not more than twenty-five or thirty speci- mens in all the museums in Europe. The males in all these cases are pure white, and the females reddish with a narrow dorsal streak. Last year I described a second species from a male, a female, and a young specimen in the British Museum, in which both sexes are ashy-grey without any dorsal streaks, and which has not been observed in any other collection. Now I have described a third from a single adult male, which is bright reddish-yellow varied with white spots, having a very distinct narrow dorsal stripe. I have every reason to believe that this is a good and distinct species, but without stronger evidence I can hardly say that it is so, particularly as I have no knowledge of the female. Moreover, all the males of the species most nearly allied to it in the different museums are pure white, a colour which is very rare in the animal kingdom, except when it arises from a state of albinism; and the eyes of this animal are represented in the published figures as red, as if it were an albino ; _ and this male specimen has a distinct dorsal streak, which is the character that distinguishes the female of C. orientalis from the other species of the genus. I am therefore induced to inquire, can the males which we have hitherto had have been albinos? and is this the naturally-coloured male of that species? And though I ask the question in order to induce other naturalists further to examine the subject, I am myself inclined to regard C. ornatus as a distinct species. Whether this be the case or not, I do not think that this specimen affords any ground for believing that the three species of the genus were derived from a common origin, and have gradually separated themselves from each other, more especially as they all seem to be 4 organized on very much the same plan, and are confined to a very limited space or group of islands on the earth’s surface. With this animal Mr. Wallace has sent 1, CyNOPITHECUS NIGRESCENS. Papio nigrescens, Temm. Consp. &e. iii. 111. Three specimens (with their skulls), two adult and one young. The adult agrees well with the specimen which the British Mu- seum received from the Leyden Museum as coming from Celebes. The younger specimen wants the pale subterminal ring on the longer hairs of the shoulder, which are more or less distinctly marked in all the adult specimens I have examined. This species is very nearly allied to the C. niger of the Philippines. Mr. Wallace, in a note, remarks, “These apes are very rare and, I think, very interesting, as I expect they are from the most southern limits for these animals.” I think there must be some mistake in this, because, first, they are more Monkeys than Apes; and secondly, both Monkeys and Apes are found abundantly in Sumatra and Java, much further southwards than Batchian, which is nearly on the equator. ‘ The Bats seem numerous on the island, as the collection contained fifty-nine specimens. I have not ventured to name or describe them, as Mr. Robert Tomes has now taken up this group of animals, and promised to form a catalogue of them ; so I leave their determination to him. 2. RHINOLOPHUS, no. 1. 3. RHINOLOPHUS, no. 2. 4. RuINOLOpPHws, no. 3. These species differ greatly in size and colouring. 5. HiprosipERos, no. l. 6. HipposipERos, no. 2. The second species is the smallest of the group I have yet seen. 7. MINIOPTERIS AUSTRALIS. Peculiar for the great length of the tail and infemoral membrane, and for the length and freedom of the hind feet. 8. Preropus, no. 1. (Seven specimens. ) 9. Preropus, no. 2. (Five specimens.) 10. Preropus, no. 3. A single specimen, of a uniform reddish- brown, rather paler on the head. These species differ greatly in colour, aud they appear to be very uniform, as there are many specimens of nos. 1 and 2, and the indi- viduals are much alike. ASPIDOC CHFord. Proc. Z.5. Reptilia XXIL. 7 ST ONIL Pig.1. WWest imp 5 11. ViveRRA ZEBETHA, Linn. Hab. Batchian. A young male. Mr. Wallace names this animal Paradoxurus, but it has none of the characters of that genus: the scrotum is covered with hair, and the tail uniformly hairy. 12. BELIDEUS ARIEL. Hab. Batchian. ; Two males, rather differing in size and colour: the larger is darker and greyer, the smaller paler and redder on the back. 2. Description or A Sorr TorToIse (ASPIDOCHELYS LIVING- STONII) FROM THE ZAMBESI, SENT TO THE British Museum spy Dr. Lrvinestone. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., ETc. (Reptilia, Pl. XXII.) The British Museum has lately received from Dr. Livingtone the dorsal and sternal shields of a large fluviatile Soft Tortoise from the country near the Zambesi. It was accompanied by the skull of a foetal African Elephant, and some other bones of that animal. Some years ago I received through the Earl of Derby a Soft Tortoise from the River Gambia, which differed from the genus Emyda, to which it was allied, in having no bones on the hinder part of the margin of the dorsal shield. 1, therefore, proposed to esta- - blish for it a new genus. When I described this genus I called it Cyclanorbdis, but re- ceived a note from Dr. Peters, before the account of this genus was printed, in which he informed me that he had found near Mozam- bique, on the River Zambesi, a Tortoise which was called Casi, which wanted these bones on the hinder part of the margin of the dorsal ,shield, and which he had proposed to call Cyclanosteus frenatus, on account of certain black streaks on the head. I obliterated my name, and adopted that which my friend Dr. Peters has suggested, and described the one I had received from the Gambia under the name of Cyclanosteus petersii (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1855, xv. 69; Catalogue of Shielded Reptiles in the British Museum, 64, t. 29). The animal from the Zambesi which we have received from Dr. Livingstone agrees with the animal from the Gambia in wauting the bones in the hinder part of the margin of the dorsal shield ; but it differs so essentially in the structure of the sternum that it is necessary that another genus should be established for its reception. Now, it may be the Casi of the natives, but unfortunately Dr. Living- stone has not sent its native name, and it may be the Cyclanosteus frenatus of Dr. Peters; but I cannot find any description of that animal. It is not noticed, nor any other Tortoise, in the review of the Amphibia collected during his Travels, which Dr. Peters 6 published in the ‘Monatsberichte der Berliner Academie,’ 1854, p- 614, and which is reprinted in Wiegmann’s Arch. 1855, p. 43. Under these circumstances, as I applied Dr. Peters’ name Cyclanos- teus to the animal from the Gambia, and first gave the character to that genus derived from that species, and, as my description of that genus appears to be the only one that has been published, I think that the name Cyclanosteus must be retained for the Gambian Tor- toise, although probably Dr. Peters in his note intended it to refer to the Mozambique form. If I do so, the reference to Dr. Peters’ MS. must be erased from my account of the animal in the papers above referred to, and I must give a new name to the genus, to be established on the Tortoise from the Zambesi. This genus may be considered in some respects intermediate between Cyclanosteus and Emyda; for, though it has the simple flexible boneless hinder margin of the dorsal shield of the former genus, it has the seven sternal callosities of the latter ; but these cal- losities, though they agree in number, are of a much smaller size, compared with the size of the animal, than those of the genus Emyda. It is the giant of the group, agreeing in size and development with the genera of this family, which have the legs exposed, and especially with the genera Trionyx and Chitra. ASPIDOCHELYS. Head ? Limbs —~—? The hinder margin of the dorsal disk expanded, flexible, without any bony plates. The sternum broad, rounded before and behind, hiding the feet, with very distinet moveable flaps over the hinder feet. Sternal callosities 7, the odd one behind the oblong anterior pair, lunar, transverse, the hinder pair large, oblong, only united together on the hinder part of the mner margin. Hab. Africa. ASPIDOCHELYS LIVINGSTONI (Pl. XXII. fig. 1, 2). ? Cyclanosteus frenatus, Peters, MSS. in Gray, Cat. Shielded Reptiles Brit. Mus. p. 64. Hab. Mozambique in tributaries of River Zambesi? (Dr. Living- stone). The dorsal shield is 22 inches long and 17 inches wide over the convexity of the back. . 3. On THE Motuvusca or S1am. By Dr. Epvuarp von Martens. (ComMUNICATED BY Dr. A. GUNTHER, FoREIGN MEMBER.) During my stay in London I have had the opportunity of exa-- mining several collections of Siamese shells made by Sir Richard Schomburgk, J. C. Bowring, Esq., Dr. Harland, and Mr. Mouhot. 7 The greater number of them are in the collection of the British Museum. Like all naturalists visiting this country, I feel myself under great obligations to Dr. J. E. Gray and to H. Cuming, Esq., who with their usual liberality have given me free access to their collections. J. LAND-SHELLS. The only notice of a Siamese land-shell recorded by earlier authors is to be found in Argenville’s ‘ Conchyliologie,’ third edition, by Fa- vanne, figure C 1 of plate 64 of this work representing a shell called la Siamoise, which it is difficult to indentify with any known species; Nicolson (Essai sur I’ Histoire Naturelle de lisle de St. Domingue, 1776) and Lamarck are very probably wrong in quoting it asa Haiti shell, Helix undulata, Fér. From that time, so far as I know, no land. or freshwater-shell has been mentioned as from Siam, until the shells collected by Dr. House were described by Redfield and Haines (in the sixth volume of the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History at New York, 1853-1855) and by Dr. Pfeiffer (in the Pro- ceedings of this Society, 1856). I shall mention them in the follow- ing list at the proper place. HELICcEA. Virrina SIAMENSIS, Haines, Ann. Lyc. N. H. New York, 1855, vi. p- 158. Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 15 mill. Leg. House, Nawnrna pistincta. Pfr. Mon. iii. p. 81; Reeve, Conch. Ic. Hel. no. 465. ' Leg. House et Mouhot. This species and Cyclophorus siamensis ave the largest land-shells known at present from Siam ; it seems to be common there, because there are several of this species among the shells collected by Mouhot, and Dr. Pfeiffer had seen and described one some years before House or Mouhot were in Siam. NANINA BIRMANA, Pfr. Pale yellowish, with a reddish band, the whorls slowly increasing. Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 15 mill. Leg. Mouhot. Nanina HAtnEst!, Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 61; Novitat. pl. 18. f. 7-9. This shell is similar to the preceding, but may be distinguished by the whorls being more raised, and by the want of any band. They are both faintly decussated, and their suture is slightly crenulated, and of a pinkish-violet hue. Diam. maj. 30, min. 26, alt. 16 mill. . Leg. House et Mouhot. 4 NANINA There is another Siamese species in the British Museum most allied to N. bistrialis, but distinguished from it by being more flat above ; the whorls are much more rapidly increasing, as in the two preceding species; the colour is pale yellowish with a rather broad white band, bordered on each side by a narrow brown line. As the specimen seems not to be perfect, I shall not venture to give it a new specific name. Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 17 mill., anfr. 43. Leg. Mouhot. NanINa sIAMENSIS, Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 60; Novitat. pl. 18. f. 1, 2. Leg. House. Nanrna (subg. Hesra) vatiicoa, Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 46. Whorls 53, with radiating strize near the suture. Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, alt. 7 mill. Nanna (subg. Hesta) spLENDENS, Hutt., Pfr. Mon. iv. p.124? Umbilicus very narrow. Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 7 ‘mill. Leg. Bowring. The two last-mentioned species are very brilliant, and in this re- spect, as well as in their size and general shape. resemble the shells of the genus Hyalina more than any true Nanina. It is merely on the authority of Hutton and Pfeiffer (v. Malakologische Blatter, 1856) that I am induced to place them in the genus Nanina, Nanina (subg. TROCHOMORPHA), Sp. There is one specimen in the British Museum, gathered by Mr. Bowring, nearly allied to Helix planorbis, Less., and H. acuti- margo, Pfr. As Mr. Cuming tells me that he has sent specimens of all these Siamese land-shells to Dr. Pfeiffer, I prefer to await the judgment of that experienced monographer in determining the species. Hexix TOURANNENSIS, Eydoux et Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, pl. 29. f. 12; Pfr. Mon. iii. p. 137. Hevix stmivaris, Fér.; Pfr. Mon.i. p. 336. A rather large specimen, diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 12 mill., with a distinct reddish-brown band. HEL1x PTYCHOSTYLA, Nn. Testa umbilicata, conoidea, solidiuscula, striata, fusca ; anfr. 63, convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus medio carinatus, basi convexus, umbilico lato, pervio; apertura securiformis ; peri- stoma expansum, album, margine columellari fere perpendiculari, uniplicato, angulum rectum cum margine basali formante. Diam. maj. 14, min, 12, alt. 9 mill. 9 Nearly allied to H. tapeina, Bens., from which it may be at once distinguished by the fold on the columella. BuLimvus PERVERSUS, L. I have seen two imperfect specimens only, collected by Mr. Mou- hot ; they may be recognized by the convexity of the upper whorls and the white sutural zone as belonging to B. perversus, and not to B. interruptus. Buuimus staAMEnsis, Redfield, Ann. Lyc. N. H. New York,1853, vi. p. 15; Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 425. Leg. Ingalls et Mouhot. Our specimens would scarcely be called ‘‘ obtuse carinati,’’ havin in fact no keel at all. The largest of the specimens which I have seen is 22 mill. long and 11 broad, the length of the aperture being 8 mill. B. siamensis belongs to the group Ena, Leach (= Merdigero, Held = Napeus, Alb.), spread from the middle of Europe to the northern and mountainous parts of India, and seems to be one of its most eastern representatives ; it is particularly allied to the Transylvanian B. reversalis, Bietz., by its sinistral whorls. Srenocyra ERECTA (Bens.); Pfr. Mon. ii. p. 265? Iam not able to find any reliable difference between one shell col- lected by Mr.. Bowring and the above-quoted description ; as the measurements, however, and the number of whorls do not agree, [ subjoin the following diagnose : — Testa cylindraceo-turrita, apice obtusa, striatula, nitida, pallide lutescens ; sutura mediocris ; anfractus 54 convewiusculi ; apertura x longitudinis teste equans, tetragono-elliptica ; peri- stoma simplex, acutum; columella antrorsum torta, oblique truncata. Long. 243, diam. 9 mill. ; apert. 8 mill. longa, 5 lata. STENOGYRA TURRICULA, 0. Testa turrita, imperforata, subtiliter verticaliter striata, parum nitens, sordide flavescens ; apex obtusiusculus ; anfr. 9, regu- lariter accrescentes convext, sutura profunde discreti, ultimus angustatus ; apertura ovato-lanceolata, superne acuta, inferne rotundata ; peristoma simplex, margo externus strictus, rectus, columellaris adnatus ; columella stricta, elongata, alba, ad basin valde oblique truncata. Long. 18, diam. 6; long. apert. 5 mill. SuCCINEA, sp. Leg. Mouhot. The specimens are too badly preserved to be identified with any known species, or described as a new one. 10 CyCLOSTOMACEA. | CycLOoTUS CONICUS. Testa conico-turbinata, late umbilicata, sub epidermide sordide brunea aureonitens, spiraliter lirata; apex acuminatus; anfr. 5, convexi, sutura profunde discreti, ultimus rotundatus, liris 8-9 elevatis, mediana nigricante, piligera, basi levi ; apertura cir- cularis ; peristoma duplex, internum rectum, album, continuum, margini columellari appressum, externum interruptum, breviter expansum, nigricans. Operc. typicum. Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 10 mill. This species comes next to C. touwrannensis, Souleyet, from Cochin China, but is distinguished from it by the sculpture, by the haired keel, and by the higher form of the shell. Leg. Bowring. OPpISTHOPORUS SIAMENSIS, 0. Testa discoidea, late umbilicata, striatula, flavida, fusco-fulgu- rata, vertice prominulo ; anfr. 44, convewiusculi, sutura pro- funda discreti, ultimus rotundatus, antice descendens, non solutus, linea mediana pilifera, tubulo recurvo aperto 6 mill. pone aperturam munitus ; apertura circularis; peristoma du- plex, internum rectum, continuum, externum interruptum, bre- viter expansum, superne alatim dilatatum. Operculum calea- reum, multispirum, planum, margine incrassato, cavo. Diam. maj. 19, min. 14, alt. 7 mill. Leg. Bowring. Allied to O. diciliatus, Mouss. and O. euryomphalus, Pfr. Prerocycios (subg. SprracuLuM) HovsEI, Haines, Ann. of Lyc. N. H. of New York, Oct. 1855, vi. p. 157, pl. 5. f. 12-15; Pfr. Suppl. p. 29. In this species the end of the last whorl is separated from the preceding ; the operculum is remarkable from its cylindrical form. Leg. House. ALyc£us pistortus, Haines, l. c. pl. 5. f. 5-8; Pfr. Suppl. p- 33. Leg. House. : CycLopPHorws SIAMENSIS, Sow.Thes. Suppl?pl. 31 A. f. 292, 293; Pfr. Mon. p. 66 ; Gray, Cat. Cycl. p. 37. Operculum cartilagineo-corneum, multispirum, crassiusculum, extus concavum, albidum, intus aurantium, nucleo centrali, mammillato, sanguineo. In our specimen the last whorl is rather subangulated. Leg. Bowring. CycLopHorus FLoRIDUuS, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 300; Mon. Pneumonop. Suppl. p. 43. Leg. House. el a at oe ale |. eS. (‘“ lL The figure 115 in Sowerby’s ‘Thesaurus’ agrees more with this shell than with C. invelvulus, Mill., from which C. flavidus is distin- guished by the want of the spiral ribs, and by having the peristome not double, and coloured white. CycLoruorus punctatus, Grateloup ; Pfr. Mon. p. 67; Gray, Catal. Cycl. p. 45. Diam. maj. 24, min. 21, alt 19 mill. Leg. Bowring. MEGALOMASTOMA MYERSII, Haines, J. c. pl. 5. f. 9-11; Pfr. Suppl. p. 79 ; Novitat. Conch. pl. 18. f. 12. Long. 36-39 mill. Leg. House. OMPHALOTROPIS MACULATUS. Testa ovato-conica, acuta, striatula, parum nitens, olivacea, ma- culis fuscis triseriatis notata; anfr. 83, planiusculi, sutura minime profunda discreti, ultimus ovatus ; apertura oblongo- ovata, superne valde attenuata, acuta, peristomate simplice, margine externo parum arcuato, recto, acuto, columellari bre- viter expanso ; umbilicus pervius, angustus, carina alba, fusco- limbata cinctus. Long. 11, diam. 7, alt. apert. 6 mill. The outlines of this shell are somewhat similar to those of Assi- minea francisci, Wood, sp. I retain the name Omphalotropis, for which Pfeiffer has substituted “ Hydrocena” in the Supplement of his ‘ Monographia Pneumonopomorum,’ because I am by no means persuaded that the Eastern species with a keel round the umbilicus, and with a subvertical aperture, belong to the same genus as Hydro- cena cattaroénsis, Pfr., found in Dalmatia. Most of the species enumerated above have as yet been found only in Siam; but several are spread over a great extent of the large eastern peninsula, containing Birma, Assam, Siam, and Cochin China, as for instance, Nanina birmana, Helix tourannensis; a few others seem to extend beyond the peninsula to the neighbouring parts of India and China; but we may remark that these are species belong- ing to groups which are spread over most parts of the world, and which consist of species to be distinguished from each other only by the vague characters of size and proportions. The most striking natural groups represented in the fauna of Siam, as far as at present known, are exactly those which predominate in and are characteristic of the whole Indo-Chinese region and the adjacent islands, as Cyclophorus among the Cyclostomacea, Nanina and the great helicoid Bulimus (Amphidromus) among the Helicea. Bulimus siamensis is the only representative of a group which is con- fined to the continent, and is wanting, as far as I know, in the Eastern Archipelago. 12 II. FresHwater SHELLS. LIMNZACEA. PLANORBIS COROMANDELICUuS, Beck; var. minor, Dunker in Triister’s second edition of Martini’s Conchylien.-Cabinet, pl. 6. f. 14-16. Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 8. The specimens sent by Dr. Harland and Mr. Mouhot agree very well with the figure quoted above. It is another question, which, however, need not be discussed here, whether they should really be regarded as a variety of Planorbis coromandelicus, which is much flatter. These shells are very remarkable for their resemblance to those of the North American group allied to P. trivolvis, Say, exhi- biting the oblique shape of the mouth, and the few inflated whorls with a blunt keel near the umbilicus, which is less deep than the ‘centre of the upper side of the shell. AMPULLARIACEA. AMPULLARIA GLOBOSA, Swains.; var. 4. corrugata, Swains. Peristome orange. Diam. 63, alt. 59 mill. ; apert. 51 mill. longa, 35 lata. AMPULLARIA CELEBENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard (ampullacea of Linn. ’). Peristome whitish, speckled with dark brown. Diam. 63, alt. 63 mill. ; apert. 55 mill. longa, 35 lata. AMPULLARIA POLITA, Desh. ? Spire conic, produced ; the shell of a uniform black colour ; the peristome whitish. : Diam. 48, alt. 58 mill; apert. 41 mill. longa, 24 lata. All these three species I found in the collections made by Mr. Mouhot. PERISTOMACEA. PALUDINA TROCHOIDES, m. Testa trochiformis, acuminata, obtecte perforata, oblique striata, striis spiralibus subtilissimis decussata, interdum malleata, nitens; spira concava; anfr. 6, supremi plani, nigricantes, medii convexiusculi, obscure virides, ultimus medio carinatus, pallide virens, fuscia lata fusca supra carinam notatus, basi convexiuscula ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-cordata ; peri- stoma breviter expansum, album, margine supero subrecto, colu- mellari incrassato, dilatato. Operculum corneum, concentricum, subovatum, extus rugis subtilibus obliquis sculptum. Long. sive alt. 20, diam. 22, alt. apert. 14 mill. j This species is very remarkable from its form resembling that of the trochiform Helix of the Eastern Archipelago (of the section Geotrochus) ; the structure and the appearance of the surface clearly eee 13 indicate its affinity to the other viviparous Paludine, especially to the following. The keel, in some of the specimens, becomes almost obsolete near the aperture. PaLUDINA CINGULATA, N. Testa ovato-conica, acuta, anguste perforata, oblique striatula et lineis spiralibus subtilissimis decussata, virens vel brunneo- nigricans, apice violaceo-nigra ; anfr. 6-7, convexiusculi, supe- riores lineis elevatis spiralibus, nonnullis obsolescentibus sculpti, ultimus cingulo tumido mediano munitus ; apertura parum ob- liqua, ovato-rotunda, superne non acuta, cerulescenti-alba ; peristoma rectum, crassum, obtusum, extus sepius nigricans. Operculum corneum, concentricum, late ovatum, aureo-nitens. Long. sive alt. testee 55, diam. 31, alt. apert. 21 mill. (in speci- mine maximo). Leg. Mouhot. This species can be regarded as a link in the chain hetween P. oxytropis, Bens., P. tricarinata, Anton, P. angularis, Mill., and our European P. fasciata, Mill. (vivipara of Linn.). It is distin- guished from the latter by the presence of one, from all the former by the absence of the two superior spiral girdles, traces of which, however, are found-on the upper whorls. The single girdle is in most of the specimens much swollen, and is visible also on the penultimate whorl, on or a little above the suture. P. japonica, mihi, is also closely allied, but its body-whorl exhibits a canthus only in- stead of an elevated girdle, and its upper whorls no raised lines at all. PALUDINA POLYGRAMMA, Mm. Testa conico-oblonga, imperforata, striatula, fusco-viridis, fas- ciolis nigris numerosis (in anfr. ultimo 9) cincta, apice nigri- cante; anfr. 53, subplani, ad suturam tumidi, ultimus obtuse angulatus ; sutura impressa ; apertura ovalis, superne acuta, ceruleo-albida ; peristoma incrassatum, brevissime campanulato- expansum, nigro-limbatum. Operculum normale, concentricum, corneum. Long. 20, diam. 14, long. apert. 12 mill. Leg. Mouhot. Mus. Berol. Biraynia TRuNCATA, Eyd. et Soul. Testa conico-oblonga, rimata, levis, flavo-virens, apice truncata ; anfr. superiores 44, convexiusculi, sutura simplice discreti, ultimus obsolete fasciatus ; apertura oblongo-ovata, superne acuta, margine columellari fusco. Operculum ovatum, extus corneum, concentrice striatum, nucleo subcentrali, intus testa- ceum, homogenum, margine corneo. Long. 13, diam. 8, long. apert. 6 mill. This species is in shape similar to Paludina bulimoides, Olivier (cleopatra, Troschel), but it is essentially distinguished by the structure of the operculum ; the whorls, also, are more flattened. 14 MELANIA, sp. There is among the shells collected by Mr. Mouhot a turrited species of this genus ; its chief character consists in the under margin of the whorls being swollen and prominent over the following suture, in the same manner as in Twrritella imbricata, Lam. The shell is of a uniform olive-green colour, which becomes in the uppermost whorls reddish: it is provided with rather strong vertical strie. As Mr. Cuming tells me that he has sent specimens of it to Mr. Reeve to be described and figured in one of the next numbers of the «Conchologia Iconica,’ I do not give it any specific name. The same is the case with the two following species. MELANIA, Sp. A turrited shell with large dark-brown stripes, a little shorter than the preceding, allied to M. testudinaria, Busch, and M. picta, Hinds. Leg. Mouhot. MELANOPSIS HELENA, Mouss. Leg. Mouhot. NERITINA MELANOSTOMA, Troschel= Neritine indienne, Eydoux et Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, 34, 32-35. Mr. Reeve is wrong in uniting this species with N. crepidularia, Lam., from which it differs in the narrower form of the mouth and of the whole shell, and in the blackish colour of the inner lip. NAIACEA. A considerable number of species of the genus Unio, found in Siam by Dr. House, are described by Lea in the sixth volume of his ‘ Ob- servations on the genus Unio,’ 1857. Several of them are in the col- lection of the British Museum, sent by Sir R. Schomburgk. Unio novset, Lea, /. ¢. pl. 23. f. 3. This is a flat shell, with a small wing before and a large one di- stinctly folded behind the summits. Three specimens of different ages, sent by Sir R. Schomburgk, render it highly probable that U. myersianus, Lea, 1. c. pl. 22. f. 2, is merely the adult of the same species, the wings being gradually lost with age. Leg. Sir R. Schomburgk. Unio cravinus, Lea, /. c. pl. 24. f. 5. Is a very distinct form, not yet known from the Eastern hemi- sphere, similar to U. capae from North America; the wing, never- theless, shows some wrinkles at its base, which are elevated and anastomosing, as in many of the Eastern species. Lao in Siam ; leg. Mouhot. Unio rvusticus, Lea, /. e. pl. 25. f. 7. As I am not quite confident in identifying our shell with that de- scribed by Lea, I shall add a diagnostic phrase. fe a 15 Testa ovata, tenuis, virescens, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angulata, margine dorsali postico convexiusculo, ventrali sub- stricto; angulus a vertice decurrens, aream posticam teste circumscribens ; ruge V-formes in medio teste, ascendentes in area postica, utreque in adultioribus obsolescentes. Dentes cardinales tenues, compressi, vix crenati ; lateralis elongatus, arcuatus, in valva dextra duplicatus. Long. 51, alt. 29, diam. 14 mill.; vertices in } longitudinis siti. The other species described and figured by Lea, /. ¢., are :— Unio hainesianus.—This is a large, convex, and rounded shell, with the wing well developed and almost rectangular to the longitude of the shell ; allied to U. housez, eumingii, and schlegelit. Unio eximius.—This has also a folded wing. Unio scobinatus.— Allied to U. rusticus, from the same locality, with the corrugations much more developed. Unio inornatus.— With two oblique keels on the hinder half of the shell. ; ! Unio tumidulus.—Similar to the European U. tumidus. \ Unio sagittarius.—Nearly approaching the Egyptian U. cailliaudi. Unio humilis, substriatus, nucleus.—Founded on very small, per- haps immature shells. AnoponTa (subg. LaMPROSCAPHA) SCHOMBURGKI, m. Testa elongata, antice angustata, postice dilatata, compressa, tenuis, epidermide nitente, virescente tecta ; margo dorsalis sub- rectus, postice in alam humilem longiusculam elevatus ; margo anticus et posticus rotundati, angulis nullis distincti, margo ventralis subconcavus ; cardo plane edentulus ; impressiones musculares modice, accessoria antica modica subrhombea; facies interna violaceo-rubens. Long. 82, altitudo ad vertices 27, in parte postica dilatata 38, diam. 15 mill., vertices ante + longitudinis siti. Misit Schomburgk. The thin and very flat shell and the want of edges at the margins render it impossible to associate this species with Spatha rostrata, and induce us to search for allied forms in the subgenus Lampro- scapha of Swainson. ANODONTA CALLIFERA, N. Testa rotundato-ovata, crassa, epidermide nigricante, margines versus tomentosa ; vertices non prominentes, approximati ; margo dorsalis antice angulatus, postice convecus, arcuatim descendens ; margo posticus perpendiculariter truncatus, anticus et ventralis valde arcuati; cardo callo marginali inflexo, in valva sinistra prominulo, dentiformi, in dextra emarginato- notatus ; impressiones musculares anteriores 2, altera (acces- soria) minor, reniformis. Long. 80, alt. 51, diam. 28 mill.; vertices in } longitudinis. 16 SpATHA COMPRESSA, m. Testa oblonga, compressa, solida, epidermide nigricante, sericeo- nitente, subtomentosa; umbones parvi, approximati ; margo ven- tralis rectus, margo anticus rotundatus, posticus perpendicula- riter subtruncatus ; cardo edentulus, in valva dextra callo parvo prominulo munitus, in valva sinistra paulisper emarginatus ; impressiones musculares profunde, antice dua@, accessoria magna subquadrata; postica unica, ovata; facies interna cerulescenti-margaritacea, centrum versus flavescens. Long. 87, alt. 44, diam. 24 mill.; vertices in 2 longitudinis siti. A specimen purchased for the British Museum from a dealer, together with other Siamese shells, is noted as coming from ‘‘ Khao- kho, north-east of Pakpriau in Siam.” Spatha is regarded by most authors as a genus peculiar to the African region; but there is besides the above, another species in the British Museum marked as coming from Manilla, and allied as nearly to Spatha rubens as Spatha compressa is to S. wahlbergi. Deshayes, in the second edition of Lamarck’s work, points out the depth and size of the muscular impressions, and more particularly of the accessory one on the fore half of the valve, as the only character by which the shell of Spatha might-be distinguished from that of Anodonta. This character, coinciding with the very striking re- semblance to the South African species of Spatha, named above, leaves me no doubt that this shell should be placed in the same genus. Cyrena (subg. CorsicuLA) oRIENTALIS, Lam. Desh. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 227? Shell much swollen, subequilateral, with regular distant elevated ribs, gradually becoming obsolete on the hinder end; umbones very blunt, thick, in great extent decorticated. Teeth of the hinge simple, lateral teeth nearly equal in length, curved and striated through the whole of their length. Alt. 20, long. 214, diam. 16 mill. III. Sea-sHELLs. We find in the above-named work of Favanne two species with the epithet ‘ Siamoise,”’ namely, vol. ii. p. 9, “la Couronne Siamoise,” without figure; according to the author’s words, nearly allied to Turbo argyrostomus, L., but distinguished by seven rows of thick and elevated girdles. The other, ibid. p. 274, “la Natice Siamoise,” pl. 11. f. D 5, appears to be Natica lineata, Lam. It should be stated that Favanne mentions China, not Siam, as the locality of both of them ; but we may conclude, from the French names quoted above, which, without doubt, were then used in the collections of the amateurs, that those shells were originally brought from Siam to France. We cannot say the same of the ‘‘ Siamoise @ collier,” the account of which immediately follows that of the above species of Natica, el ee yee eT Taee 17 the name being evidently employed in this case as a generic one, signifying a shell of the kind of the Stamozise, distinguished by a collar ; and indeed the description of it seems to be made from a specimen of Natica collaria, Lam., which occurs in the Atlantic Ocean only. Lamarck, I suppose, intended to call to recollection the above denomination of ante-Linnean conchologists by the spe- cific name given by him. At the close of the past century Brugiére introduced the Conus siamensis, which is admitted generally as a distinct species, the geographical range of which, however, extends far beyond the limits indicated by the name. ; The following are the few Sea-shells from Siam which I observed in the collections of Mr. Mouhot :— CeriTHIUM optusuM, Lam. Zoology of Samarang, pl. 13. f. 3. Natica macutosa, Lam. ; Reeve, Conch. Ie. f. 57. CypR#A ARABICA, L. MyrILvus SMARAGDINUS, Chemn. ARCA NODIFERA, nN. Testa ovata, ventricosa, equivalvis, parum inequilateralis, superne utrinque obtuse angulata, margine ventrali medio stricto, utrin- que rotundato ; coste 21 distantes, anguste, nodose ; inter- stitia latiora, concentrice striata ; color albidus, zonis nonnullis Suscescentibus ; margo grosse crenatus ; area ligamenti angusta, striis divergentibus sculpta ; vertices parvi, remoti. Hab. Bankok ; legit Mouhot. This species is allied to 4. granosa, Lam. (Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 15), which is found also in the East Indies: it is distinguished from it by the shell being more elongated, and by the ribs, which are narrower, and separated by grooves broader than the ribs themselves. I have examined three specimens, two of them in the British Museum ; they are somewhat different from each other as to the outlines of the shell, and I therefore give measurements of them :— a. b. ec. Bength oo... 3... BY tata Sets cadet, Atl), ra 59 50 52 mill. Height from the summits to the ventral margin 42 35 36 ,, Diameter from one valve to the other........ 3801322 S2in;s CyTHEerREA (MERETRIX) zONARIA, Lam. ; Desh. Cat. Brit. Mus. Venerid. p. 38. CyTHeREA (MERETRIX) mmpupica, Lam. /.c. p. 36. Leg. Sir Richard Schomburgk. The posterior area of the shell is in some specimens more purely white than the remainder, which is somewhat yellowish, speckled with pure white ; in others the shell is bordered by a pinkish-violet stripe on the posterior margin. The interior surface of the former variety is quite white ; in the other it is provided with a dark-brown No. 418.—ProcreEDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 18 spot, which is situated just on the margin of the shell, where the exterior stripe terminates. TELLINA (subg. ARgopacia) SIAMENSIS, mM. Testa ovata, compressa, subequilateralis, lamellis concentricis con- fertis et striis radiantibus decussata, antice rotundata, postice carinata, lumellis distantioribus, magis elevatis, sulcis im- pressis 2 ante carinam sculpta ; flavescenti-alba, haud nitens ; margo ventralis modice arcuatus, postice valde ascendens et subinde subsinuatus ; dentes cardinales valve dextre duo, pos- terior bifidus, valve sinistre duo, prior bifidus, posterior parvus ; dentes laterales in utraque valva anticus et posticus distincti, triangulares, a cardinalibus remoti ; facies interna alba, sinus palliaris maximus. Long. 49, alt. 33, diam. 14 mill. ; vertices in $ longitudinis siti. This shell is allied to Tellina capsoides, Hanley, and 7’. concen- trica, Gould, but it can at once be distinguished by its form being transversely ovate and nearly equilateral, like that of 7. pristis. CAPSELLA VIOLACEA, Reeve? The Siamese shell is rather stronger than is usual in this species; long. 63, alt. 31, diam. 19 mill. ; vertices in # long. SOLETELLINA TRUNCATA, Gmel. ? I have seen only a worn specimen, the end of which was less truncate than is usual in this species ; Mr. Cuming therefore thinks it distinct. 4. Descriptions oF New Species or MOLLUscA FROM THE Sanpwicu Istanps. By W. Harper Pease. (Commvu- NICATED BY Dr. J. E. Gray.) Before commencing my descriptions, I should remark that I call the hinder part of the shell (near the apex) the posterior end. Being accustomed to see the animal in connexion with the shell in motion, it appears to me unnatural to call the mouth posterior and the apex anterior, as some authors do. I begin with the Opisthobranchiates, the Bullide, and so on through the Nudibranchiates. There is no part of my collection with which I am so little acquainted as the Bullide, having received but few specimens for comparison, and therefore relying mostly on descriptions for the determination of species. I am often misled by these, in such cases, for instance, as where an author makes use of the term s¢rie to mean raised lines, having always considered that s¢rie indicate quite another character from raised lines. Again, descriptions are drawn up from imperfect specimens, and are copied into monographs without alteration or correction. Of Bullina vitrea I have lately procured the two largest and most — 19 perfect specimens I ever found. It dues not agree with the Bulline, but I can place it nowhere else, unless with the Hydatine. Bullina lauta 1 have always considered heretofore the same as B. undata (Brug.) ; but on close examination I find differences sufficient to warrant a separation. With a glass can be traced the longitudinal lines crossing the transverse ribs. The ribs of B. un- data are described as smooth, and the interstices punctured trans- versely, which does not agree with my shell. In B. dauta the apex is more obtuse, and the transverse red lines are regular, in which respect also it differs from B. undata. The localities of the two shells are wide apart, and I have never received a single specimen from the islands south of the Sandwich, nor ever heard of its having been found on them. Tomatina sandwicensis seems to approach T, gracilis (Adams). It is, however, striated transversely. I have another species of Haminea which cannot be distinguished from H. crocata ; but, not having had an opportunity of examining the animal, I must defer its description. Atys debilis approaches A. elongata of Adams, but does not agree with his description in several particulars. The Bullide are found principally at one locality on the Sandwich Islands, where I have collected but one season. 1. BuLLINA VITREA. Shell ovate, thin, fragile, white, with or without one or two sets of two or three fine transverse black lines on body whorl, transversely finely grooved ; interstices punctured; spire obtuse ; apex acute ; whorls four ; aperture oval, dilated at the base; slight fold at the base of the columella (not imperforate, umbilicated). Mus. Cuming. 2. BuLLINA LAUTA. Shell oval, umbilicate, white, with two transverse red lines on body whorl, crossed by irregular longitudinal pink undulating lines, trans- versely ribbed, crossed by fine longitudinal raised lines ; whorls four ; spire a little elevated, nucleus persistent ; aperture elongately oval ; columella obliquely truncated. Mus. Cuming. 3. ToRNATINA SANDWICENSIS. Shell small, cylindrical, shining, white, finely striated transversely ; spire elevated ; whorls four ; aperture contracted posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; slight fold on columella. Mus. Cuming. 4. HAMINEA CROCATA. Shell suboval, thin, fragile, slightly narrowed posteriorly, smooth, with the exception of the longitudinal lines of growth; outer lip slightly produced posteriorly, and rounded ; aperture narrowed poste- 20 riorly, and slightly dilated at the base ; columella with a light fold, white and shining. Animal.—Cephalic disc large, oblong triangular, entire in front and truncated, bilobed posteriorly and lobes overlapping; lateral lobes reflected on the sides of the shell during locomotion, covering about one-half of its length, and nearly meeting on the back ; poste- rior lobe covering the spire; foot subquadrate, extending a short distance beyond the shell posteriorly ; eyes central, immersed, black, surrounded by white areolz ; colour of the animal varying from grey to greyish-yellow, and in some nearly to black, being closely mottled and freckled with olive or dusky. Mus. Cuming. Found usually on sand-flats, but occasionally met with on sea- weed. They are most abundant on the leeward island of our group, from whence they become less common towards the windward, being very rarely met with on the windward island. 5. HAMINEA PUSILLA. Shell small, cylindrically ovate, rather solid, white, surface finely cancellated ; apex slightly umbilicated or perforated ; aperture nar- row, contracted posteriorly ; slight fold at base of columella. Mus. Cuming. 6. ATYS SEMISTRIATA. Shell oval, contracted posteriorly, thin, fragile, pellucid, white, transverse raised lines at both ends ; aperture slightly dilated at the base ; apex perforate. Mus. Cuming. 7. ATYS DEBILIS. Shell cylindrically ovate, elongate, narrowed posteriorly, pellucid, fragile, white ; outer lip produced and twisted posteriorly ; apex um- bilicated, and umbilicus striated or grooved, finely striated trans- versely, transverse raised lines at both ends; columella with a fold at the base. Mus. Cuming. Genus VOLVATELLA. Shell convolute, subpyriform ; aperture wide anteriorly, contracted posteriorly and produced, forming a circular aperture. Animal.—Mantle concealed ; cephalic dise quadrate; tentacular lobes produced from the corners ; anal aperture posterior ; foot small and triangular. 8. VoOLVATELLA FRAGILIS. Shell thin, horny, subpyriform, convolute (finely striated longitu- dinally), covered with a membranaceous epidermis; spire none; aperture wide, dilated at the base and contracted posteriorly ; the lips thin and entire, meeting at about one-half the length of the shell 21 and folding closely one over the other, posteriorly produced in the form of a tube, leaving a circular aperture ; colour yellowish. Animal.—Mantle not exposed ; cephalic disk quadrate, slightly in advance of the shell ; tentacular lobes four, produced from the corners of cephalic disk, round, short and bluntly rounded at their extremities, anterior pair slightly longer; foot small, not extend- ing posteriorly beyond the aperture, and not reaching in front the anterior side of the cephalic disc, of an oblong triangular shape, widest in front ; eyes minute at inner base of posterior tentacles ; anal opening at posterior aperture; colour white. Mus. Cuming. This anomalous animal was found on sea-weed dredged from a salt- water pond. It remained alive several days in a glass jar; it was very timid and slow in its movements. The animal would occasion- ally protrude slightly from the posterior aperture. Genus PHILINopsis. Animal.—Head-disk large, oblong oval or triangular, not extend- ing in advance of the foot. Posterior to the head-disk the body is extended in the shape of a convex fleshy lobe, commencing under the head disk (which overlaps it), and reaching to or slightly be- yond the posterior portion of the foot; truncated behind, and the truncation surrounded by an undulated or crenated crest. Eyes not visible. Mouth proboscidiform between cephalic disk and foot, with or without one pair of tentacles on sides of the mouth. Foot large, rounded and reflected at the sides. Branchial plume near the posterior end of the body, and curving around between the truncated end of the foot. Shell concealed in the truncated end. 9. PHILINOPSIS SPECIOSA. Oblong, smooth. Head-disk about half the length of the ani- mal, of an oblong triangular shape, truncated in front, and corners obtusely rounded. The mantle-lobe is convex, rather narrowed anteriorly and truncated posteriorly, commencing under the head- disk and extending slightly beyond the posterior portion of the foot; the truncated end is prolonged behind laterally, and surrounded by an elevated undulated crest. No visible eyes or dorsal tentacles. Oral tentacles small, dilated, truncated, and placed at the sides of the mouth. The foot and the head-disk project in advance of the mouth, which can be protruded in the shape of a proboscis. Foot broad, oval, smooth, rounded and reflected at the sides. Branchial plume single, pinnate, arising from the right posterior end of the animal, and curving to the left between the foot and the truncated end of mantle-lobe. Excretory orifice posterior. Shell concealed in the truncated end, white, thin, fragile, pellucid, subtriangular, with a curved callous apex ; surface with furrows of growth. Colour above fawn, spotted and speckled with white; margins more or less varied with blackish and yellow; sides paler. Foot purplish fawn, and 22 closely freckled with whitish, and broadly margined on both sides with the dorsal colours intermixed. Length 3 inches. Station, among sea-weed on the coral reefs. They were very sluggish in confinement. One specimen, when placed in a glass jar, voided about a dozen small Bulle, shells perfect. They differ but a trifle in colour, some being darker than others. The foot always re- mains turned over on the sides of the body. 10. PHILINOPSIS NIGRA. Oblong, slightly rugose above. Head-disk rather more than one- third of the length of the animal, oblong oval, acutely rounded in front and rounded posteriorly. The mantle lobe rather wider than head disk, of an oblong-oval shape, and the lateral ends of the truncation prolonged posteriorly into compressed crenate lobes, which are continued over the truncated portion, forming a slight crest. No visible eyes or tentacles. Shell buried in the truncated end. Foot elliptically oval, smooth, revolute laterally. Branchial plume single, situated on the right posterior end, and curving to the left. Colour black, with two large white spots on anterior end, also two on the head disk and two on the mantle lobe ; sides white, and foot white, with three large black spots on each revolute side. Found on sea-weed in the upper laminarian zone. 11. DoLABELLA VARIEGATA. Oblong, rugose, covered with small acute tubercles and more or less acute ridges; the tuberculations are scabrous, and furnished, as well as the different portions of the body, with pale, soft cirrhi, which are most conspicuous on the head. The posterior portion is obliquely truncated, from which part the body gradually tapers to the head; the surface of the truncation is convex, with the upper margin acutely elevated. The lobes of the mantle are closely ap- pressed, the left overlapping the right, leaving two openings on the back, one a little in advance of the truncation, and the other on its centre. Dorsal tentacles stout, deeply grooved laterally, and somewhat swollen. Head convex above. Oral tentacles short, stout, grooved laterally and much dilated outwards. Foot rugose, trun- cated in front, and acutely rounded behind, widest posteriorly. Co- lour greenish-olive, variegated with brown, white, and green ; inside of the lobes light brown dotted with white ; a stripe of tawny brown along sides of the foot. Foot dark orange. Length 10 inches. 12. DoLABRIFERA OLIVACEA. Elongate pyriform shape, rounded posteriorly, rugose, and orna- mented with small filaments. Back convexly rounded. Mantle lobes small, rounded and closely enveloping the body, the right overlapping the left, leaving two small orifices ; a groove extends from the mantle lobes along the back and right side of head to the mouth. Dorsal tentacles grooved laterally and slightly dilating out: _ 23 wards. Oral tentacles longer than the dorsal, and curved forwards, grooved and much dilated. Eyes small, black, distinct, sessile in front laterally to dorsal tentacles. Mouth with a bilobed veil. Foot smooth ; shape same as body. Colour varies ; usually of a dark olive-green with sap-green margins, and varied with whitish and dusky. Filaments pale. Foot pale greenish-slate, dotted with dusky brown and white. The eggs are deposited under stones, coiled from right to left. { 13. SypHONOTA BIPES. Oblong, smooth, elevately rounded above, compressed towards the foot. Neck long. Mantle lobes ample, thin, half the length of the animal, and rounded in outline. Dorsal tentacles small, grooved, and blunt. Oral tentacles large, strongly dilated, and ‘united in front, forming a kind of veil, beneath which is the mouth. Eyes small, black, somewhat lateral, a little in advance of dorsal ten- tacles. Head rather flattened in front, convex in profile, with a groove extending from the muzzle along its side and over the back of the animal. Siphonal tube very large and prominent, and expand- ing outwards. Branchiz exposed when the mantle is thrown on one side. Foot narrowed anteriorly, widest posteriorly, and rounded ; the foot is double; the posterior portion (of a circular shape) is smooth, and projects slightly laterally and posteriorly, béing quite distinct from the anterior portion, which is slightly rugose. Shell large, thin, flexible. Colour brownish or brownish-olive, veined with dusky and clouded with white, or dusky slightly spotted with the same. Foot pale ash. This species contracts itself when handled so as to form a ball. The young are subpellucid. The hinder part of the foot is evidently used as a sucker by which the animal suspends itself. J 14. SypHONOTA GRANDIS. Body oblong, smooth, elevately rounded above and rather com- pressed along the sides. Mantle lobes thin, rounded, much dilated and strongly undulated along the margins. Dorsal tentacles rather large, pointed, dilating outwards and grooved. Oral tentacles rooved, about same size as the dorsal, with a furrow extending from beneath the right one along the neck and terminating on the back, between the mantle lobes. Foot elongate narrow, corrugated, and projecting posteriorly, where it isrounded. The siphonal tube is on the posterior lateral portion of the back, canaliculated and curved, and extending above the back. Shell large, covered by a thin membrane, ovately rounded, thin, fragile, with rugose lines of growth, a deep rounded sinus on the right side near the apex. Apex small and callous. Colour purplish brown, pale along the flanks, everywhere above densely crowded with minute white dots, which on the sides are arranged in circular clusters, forming spots. Foot pale. The young are of a very pale colour. 24 This species was found gregarious on a rocky bottom. They gene- rally carry the mantle lobes expanded, spreading open and exposing the shell and branchize. When confined in a glass jar, they used the posterior portion of the foot as a sucker, suspending themselves from the glass, although there was no division of the foot, as in the pre- ceding species. 15. SypHONOTA ELONGATA. Form oblong, smooth. Back elevated, so much so as to give it a slightly compressed appearance. Mantle-lobes strongly dilated and undulated, and free nearly the whole length of the back. Dorsal tentacles rather slender and ear-shaped ; anterior pair large and di- lated. Foot narrow and terminating in a point posteriorly, which projects beyond the back. Colour of a darker or lighter brown, which colour is most intense on the top of the head and neck. The whole dorsal region is clouded and minutely speckled with white. The shell is distinctly defined in the living animal, being covered with a thin translucent membrane. 16. ACLESIA AREOLA. Elongate, smooth, rounded above, rather compressed on the sides, and everywhere covered with small branchial filaments. Mantle- lobes elevated, short, rounded, and a groove extending from where they unite anteriorly on the back along the right side of the head to the mouth. Dorsal tentacles elongate and grooved laterally. Oral tentacles similar, but slightly dilated. Eyes a little in advance and slightly lateral to the base of the dorsal tentacles. Branchiz large, exposed or covered by the lobes of the mantle. Siphonal tube posterior and tubular. Foot narrow, elongated, and projecting far beyond the lobes of the mantle in a point. Colour cinereous or greenish-ash, densely and minutely veined longitudinally, and mi- nutely speckled and clouded with white. Remote ocellations with blue centres and brown rings on a fawn ground, and scatterivg simple brown spots. Length 2 inches. Found living gregarious among sea-weed. 17. PLEUROBRANCHUS PELLUCIDUS. Mantle oval, smooth, convex above, not covering the foot behind, and the margins slightly undulated. Tentacles short, stout, smooth, truncated and grooved. Oral veil large, broad, emarginated in the front, which part is much prolonged laterally, so as to give it a trian- gular form. Eyes sessile, immersed at the posterior inner bases of the tentacles. Foot large. Branchize on the right side, tripinnate, elongate and exposed. Colour whitish translucent, and the whole upper surface of the mantle, with the exception of that portion covering the shell, minutely reticulated. Shell rather large, oblongo- ovate, whitish horn-colour, thin, fragile, pellucid, and rather more ob- tusely rounded before than behind. Surface above convex, and — -— >. 25 coarsely marked with concentric wrinkles ; nucleus, posterior and lateral, forming a small cavity at that portion of the shell. Length 5 lines. 18. PLEUROBRANCHUS MARGINATUS. Form oval, smooth, convex above and subpellucid. Mantle widest at the middle, rounded behind and truncately rounded in front, and concealing the foot. Tentacles rather long, stout, grooved, truncated, and cylindrical. Oral veil triangular. Foot oblong oval. Colour pale lemon-yellow, freckled with white and margined with light red. Shell ovate, thin, fragile, pellucid, whitish horn-colour, with a dull red tinge near the nucleus. Nucleus subspiral. Strie of growth coarse. Under stones in the lower region of the littoral zone. 19. PLEUROBRANCHUS RUFUS. Form oval, smooth, and convex above. Mantle concealing the foot, widest at the middle, rounded behind, and somewhat concave in front. Tentacles stout, truncated, grooved, and cylindrically tapering. Oral veil subtriangular. Branchiz tripinnate, with the pinne ar- ranged alternately. Foot oblong oval, rounded at bothends. Colour uniform vermilion. Length 1 inch. Under stones in the lower region of littoral zone. 20. PLEUROBRANCHUS VARIANS. Oval, rather rugose, convex above. Mantle rounded behind, deeply sinuose in front, and margins slightly undulated. Ten- tacles arising from the head, curving laterally, deeply grooved below, truncated, cylindrically tapering, transversely lamellated. Eyes at their posterior bases. Oral veil large, convex in front, and much di- lating laterally, where it is deeply grooved. Mouth proboscidiform. Branchial plume simple, pinnate on the middle of the right side. Foot large, reaching the edge of the mantle laterally and behind. Colour varying ; some bright red, others lemon-yellow, or purplish brown, others again variegated with whitish; beneath paler than above. Shell on the anterior half of the body, concealed, small, fra- gile, pellucid, oblong-ovate, convex, and ornamented with wrinkles of growth. Nucleus posterior, more or less brownish. 21. PLEUROBRANCHUS RETICULATUS. Oval, convex above, and covered with crowded depressed gra- nules, with multiangular bases. Mantle rounded behind and deeply sinuated in front, and repand, rather thin and undulated along the lateral margins. Tentacles arising from the lateral anterior portion of the head, approximating at their bases, stout, large, truncated, slightly swollen, transversely laminated, grooved in front. Eyes sessile, conspicuous at their posterior bases. Mouth proboscidiform. Veil large, granose above, triangular, and grooved laterally. Branchial plume single, simple, pinnate on the middle of the right side, free 26 half of its length, along the middle of the plume two rows of alter- nate granules, Foot large, oval, reaching the margins of the mantle laterally and projecting a little posteriorly. Colour above pale pur- plish, with much darker granules, which gives it a beautifully reticu- lated appearance ; beneath paler than above; disk of the foot light purplish-grey. 22. Doris SETOSA. Form elongate-oval, smooth, similarly rounded at both extremities, and slightly widest a little posterior to the middle. Mantle con- cealing the foot, convexly rounded above and rather densely pilose, with slender filamentous processes. Branchiz rather large, ten- pinnate, erect, converging, surrounding the vent, and retractile in a common cavity. Dorsal tentacles large, stout, ovate, with their tips obtusely mucronated, coarsely and strongly obliquely lamellated, and retractile into simple cavities. Foot oblong, rounded at both ends, and not projecting beyond the edges of the mantle. Labial appendages elongate and cylindrically tapering to a point. Colour yellowish- grey, with numerous indistinct black points and abbreviated lines on the dorsal region. Tentacles dull yellow. Branchiz same colour as the tentacles. Beneath, the mantle minutely speckled with dusky. Disk of foot translucent, so much so that the viscera are visible, slightly tinged with yellow anteriorly. Length +4 of an inch. Its pilose appearance and mucronated tentacles readily distinguish it from any other species found in these seas. 23. DorIS EXCAVATA. Body oval, rigid, scabrous, convexly rounded above, widest in the middle, and obtusely rounded at both ends. Mantle concealing the foot, margins thin. Dorsal region with promineut, crowded, irre- gular acute ridges and granules, several subcircular, large, elevated acute ridges, which form deep concave pits. Branchial plumes small, seven, arising from a prominent circular rim. Dorsal tentacles re- mote, mucronated at the tips with blunt papillz, and retractile into slightly prominent sheaths, which have crenate edges. Oral tentacles small, conical. Mouth prominent. Foot oblong-oval, slightly trun- cated in front. Colour light orange-red, with large patches of a light yellowish fawn. Branchiz light brown, and powdered with white. Dorsal tentacles fawn, and densely freckled with white; beneath uniform light orange-red. The posterior portion of the body is pro- vided with a cylindrical muscular attachment, uniting the mantle with the foot. Length 2 inches. 24. Doris RETICULATA. Body rigid, oval, convexly rounded above. Mantle entirely con- cealing the foot, granulose laterally, the dorsal region remotely and reticulately ridged ; margins thick, and very shghtly undulated. ee, 27 Branchial plumes small, six, tripimnate, arborescent, retractile, and surrounding the excretory orifice. [Dorsal tentacles were concealed. | Mouth proboscidiform, vertical, and placed between the foot and the mantle. Oral tentacles very small. Foot elliptically oval, truncated in front. Colour above dark red, with a few large clusters of white freckles. Foot rich orange-red. Length 24 inches; breadth 1} inch, 25. Doris ECHINATA. . Form oblongo-ovate, rigid, scabrous, rounded above. Mantle small, rounded in front, acuminately rounded behind, not covering foot at the posterior half. The whole dorsal region covered with spinose globular granules. The branchial plumes inserted at the poste- rior tip of the mantle, five, arborescent, tripinnate, procumbent pos- teriorly, encircling the vent and retractile into a common cavity. Dorsal tentacles large, ovate, obtusely mucronate, obliquely and coarsely laminated, stoutly pedunculate, and retractile into tubular cavities. Labial tentacles small and cylindrically tapering. Foot large, oblong, bluntly rounded in front, which is the widest por- tion, gradually tapering behind to a tip, which is rudely crenulated. Colour light greyish-brown, much paler beneath ; a few brown dots along posterior edge of the mantle. This remarkable species was taken on a bed of sea-weed, and, like all the rigid species, is of a sluggish nature. During locomotion the posterior end and sides of the foot are exposed. Dorsal tentacles nearly erect, and the branchiz protruding posteriorly. 26. Doris SCABRIUSCULA. Form oblongo-ovate, rigid, scabrous and convexly rounded above. Mantle, which entirely conceals the foot, rounded at both ends, widest in the middle, and the upper surface covered with mammillated conical tubercles, which decrease in size towards the margins, and are united by elevated net-like reticulations. Branchial plumes placed far back, of moderate size, suberect, six in number, arbores- cent, tripinnate and retractile into a common simple cavity. Dorsal tentacles oblongo-ovate, acute, rudely lamellated obliquely, and re- tractile into simple cavities. Labial tentacles small and lobed. Foot oval, elongate, and rounded at both ends. Colour above greyish- olive, with three longitudinal series of dusky spots; dorsal tubercles and reticulations whitish. Dorsal tentacles pale, with dusky lamella. Branchiz dusky ash. Disk of foot whitish, with a pale yellowish tinge. Length 1 inch 4 lines. 27. Doris PILOSA. Form oblongo-ovate, rigid. convexly rounded above and pilose. Man- tle rounded at both ends, concealing the foot ; margins ciliated, with small tentacular processes, and the whole upper surface covered with similar appendages, which gives it a pilose appearance. Branchial 28 plumes small, erect, ten, rudely pinnate, surrounding the vent, and retractile into a common ciliated cavity. Dorsal tentacles rather large, ovate, obtusely mucronated, rudely and coarsely laminated obliquely, and retractile into ciliated cavities. Labial appendages slender and tapering cylindrically. Foot oblong and rounded at both ends. Colour ashy-grey, dotted with dusky. Tips of the branchize brown, and also the lamellze of dorsal tentacles. 28. Doris VIBRATA. The general outline of this species is oblong; when at rest it assumes an oval form. Mantle smooth, convexly rounded above, rounded and somewhat dilated in front, acutely rounded behind, margins thin, not concealing the foot behind. Branchial plumes small,"suberect, seven in number, linear, quadrangular, and ciliated on the angles their whole length, retractile into a common simple cavity. They decrease in size posteriorly. Anal tube prominent. Dorsal tentacles short, ovate, obliquely lamellated, and retractile into simple cavities. Labial tentacles small and cylindrically taper- ing. Foot elongate, nearly as wide as the mantle, obtusely rounded in front and tapering to an acutely round point behind, which pro- jects beyond the posterior end of the mantle. Colour above yellow, regularly spotted with white, pale towards the margins, which are dotted and edged with purple. Branchial plumes edged with violet. Dorsal tentacles violet, with uncoloured peduncles. Foot white. When in confinement very active, and, whether creeping or at rest, continually vibrating its branchiz. The above and two following species form a group, similar in ge- neral form, with simple, linear, quadrangular-shaped branchie. 29. Doris PROPINQUATA. Form, when at rest, oblong, substance very soft. Mantle convex above and covered with rather distant, depressed, irregular-sized white papillee, which do not extend to the margins. Extremities rounded, rather wider posteriorly, not concealing the foot behind ; margins thin, and much undulated. Branchial plumes large, sub- erect, twelve in number, linear, nearly quadrangular in their trans- verse section, ciliated, decreasing in height posteriorly, surround- ing the vent, and retractile into a common simple cavity. Anal tube erect and very prominent. Dorsal tentacles rather large, nearly erect, elongately ovate, obliquely finely lamellate and retractile into simple cavities. Head prominent and furnished with elongate, cy- lindrically tapering tentacular appendages. Foot elongate, tapering posteriorly to a point far behind the mantle. Colour above bright yellow, becoming white at the margins, which are bordered irregu- larly with purple; four oblong dots of the same colour in front of the dorsal tentacles. Dorsal tentacles purple on the outer portion. Branchial plumes edged with the same colour. Length 1 inch 3 lines. This Doris possesses the same habit of vibrating its branchial plumes as the preceding. a. 29 30. Doris PICTA. Form, when at rest, oval ; soft, similarly rounded at both extre- mities, and convexly rounded above. Mantle not concealing the foot, rather widest in the middle, and the margins thin and very slightly undulated. Branchiz small, suberect, curving centrally, ten in number, decreasing in size posteriorly, encircling the vent, and retractile into a common cavity; each branchia is subquadran- gular, tapering to a point and ciliated. Dorsal tentacles rather small, ovate, with short peduncles, obliquely lamellated and retractile into simple cavities. Foot elongate, extending beyond the mantle, ter- minating in an acutely rounded point, the margins slightly undu- lated. Labial appendages small, cylindrically tapering to a blunt point. Colour white, with small irregular white spots. Obsolete yellow spots along the margin, which, as well as the foot, is bor- dered with orange. The angular edges of the branchiz edged with carmine. ‘Tentacles tipped with orange. Length 1 inch 6 lines. 31. Doris NUCLEOLA. Form oval, rigid, rounded at both extremities and convexly rounded above. Mantle covers the foot, margins thin, upper sur- face rough, with remote papillee and small laciniated processes, which are most conspicuous posteriorly. Branchial plumes small, erect, five in number, pinnate, surrounding the vent, and retractile into a common cavity. Dorsal tentacles ovate, acute, closely and finely lamellated obliquely. Foot oval, rounded at both ends. Colour orange, dusky along the dorsal region, and shaded with purple on each side of the branchiz. 32. Doris DECORA. Oblong, smooth, soft, and convexly rounded above. Mantle rounded in front, acutely rounded behind. Margins thin and simple, not covering the foot behind. Branchial plumes small, nearly erect, seven in number, pinnate, decreasing in height poste- riorly, surrounding the vent and retractile into a common simple cavity. Dorsal tentacles elongate-ovate, obliquely lamellated, pe- duncles as long as the lamellated portion, retractile into simple cavi- ties. Labial tentacles small and conical. Foot narrow, rounded in front, tapering behind to an acuminately rounded tip, projecting far beyond the end of the mantle. Colour: Dorsal region pale straw-colour, with a medial whitish longitudinal stripe, which is bifurcated posteriorly and dotted with purple. The margin of the mantle is bordered with white and dotted with purple; an intramar- ginal light red band, contiguous to which is a yellow one, which is dotted with purple. Branchie and tentacles pale. Beneath the enantle is coloured as above, but much paler. Length 1 inch 2 lines. This truly magnificent species was obtained on sea-weed. The specimens were very active, and when creeping resemble a Goniodoris in outline. 30 33. Doris MARGINATA. Elongate, smooth and convexly rounded above. Mantle somewhat dilated and rounded in front, acuminately rounded behind. Mar- gins thin. Branchial plumes seven, small, erect, pinnate, and re- tractile into a common simple cavity. Dorsal tentacles elongate- ovate, peduncles long, obliquely lamellated, and retractile into sim- ple cavities. Labial tentacles small and conical. Foot narrow, elongate, bluntly rounded and widest in front, tapering to a poiat behind and projecting far beyond the posterior end of the mantle. Colour white ; mantle edged with light red and an intramarginal tinge of yellow. The above species is quite active, and while creeping, the tentacles are inclined forward and laterally. When placed in a basin of water, they suspended themselves from the surface, back downwards. 34. Doris PAPILLOSA. Oval, rigid, rounded alike at both ends, convexly rounded above. Mantle entirely concealing the foot, widest in the middle, upper surface covered with small papille, not very crowded, and of various sizes. Foot oval, rounded at both ends. Colour greyish. Dorsal region livid. Beneath the mantle orange. Foot pale grey. Length 8 lines. Tentacles and branchize undetermined. 35. Doris ALBOPUSTULOSA. When at rest, of an oblongo-ovate form, soft. Mantle rounded at both extremities, edges thin and undulated, and concealing the foot; the upper surface is covered with white depressed, irregu- lar-shaped and unequal-sized pustules, which do not quite reach the margins. Branchial plumes six, rather small, erect, incurved, pinnate, surrounding the vent and retractile into a common rimate cavity. Dorsal tentacles somewhat large, oblong-ovate, coarsely and obliquely lamellate, and retractile into rimate cavities. Head is prominent, convex in front, and furnished with cylindrically taper- ing labial appendages. Foot, when in motion, elongate, narrow, aud rounded at both ends. Colour above lemon-yellow, pustules white, and the margins of the mantle edged with purple. Dorsal tentacles reddish-brown, with white lamellee. Branchize white. Foot and beneath the mantle white. Length 1 inch. 36. Doris GRANDIFLORA. Oblongo-ovate, similarly rounded at both extremities, convex above, and of a soft texture. Mantle widest in the middle, not com cealing the foot, thin and crisped along its margins. Upper sur- face strongly rugose, and covered with irregular-sized, prominent, rounded tubercles. Branchiz very large, procumbent, arborescent, five in number, inserted far back, encircling the vent and retractile — lt a ea 31 into a common cavity. Dorsal tentacles moderate in size, rather slender, oblong-ovate, obliquely lamellated, stoutly pedunculate, and retractile into tubular cavities. Foot large, nearly similarly rounded at both ends, projecting posteriorly beyond the mantle, and the margins thin and crisped. Labial lobes flattened and dilated. Colour above darkish fawn, rather closely veined with palish. Tubercles lighter than ground-colour and tipped with dusky. Margins of mantle with dark blotches. Dorsal tentacles fawn, with translucent peduncles. Branchiz greyish-fawn, remotely spotted with whitish, and the external surface of the branches pale, and the inner surface dusky. Length 33 inches. The spawn, which is deposited under the surface of loose stones in an irregular spiral coil of a few whorls, is of a faded yellow colour. 37. Doris RUGOSA. Form ovate, rigid, rounded at both extremities and rather the widest posteriorly ; above covered with crowded granular unequal tubercles, of which some are very large and elevated ; the surface on the dorsal region between the tubercles is somewhat rugose. Mantle convexly rounded above, entirely concealing the foot, thin and rugose along the margins, which are somewhat undulated. Branchial plumes five, tripinnate, very large and recumbent, retrac- tile, surrounding the vent; at the base and between the branchial plumes are five conical elevated tubercles. Anal tube long, cylin- drical, tapering and projecting backwards. Dorsal tentacles pinna- tifid, lamellated, and retractile into tubular cavities. Oral tentacles, none apparent. Mouth simple, between the foot and edge of the mantle. Foot narrow, elongate, elliptical, rounded at both ends and margin slightly undulated. Colour above darker or lighter purplish brown, some fawn colour. Branchial plumes deep brown, fringes paler. Beneath the mantle purplish brown, paler towards the mar- gins. Foot pale. Length 5 inches ; breadth 3}. 38. Doris F@TIDA. Form oval, rigid, convex above, rugose and with a few ridges, one of which is in a longitudinal medial line, others transverse, and others small and irregular near the margins of the mantle. Margins of the mantle thin. Branchial plumes six, tripinnate, and retractile into a six-lobed cavity, which has elevated margins. Dorsal tentacles di- stant, acutely conic, lamellated, and retractile in a tubular cavity. Foot narrow, elongate, oval, wholly concealed by the mantle. Oral tentacles small and dilated. Proboscis lobed ; above purplish brown, fawn or yellowish brown, with pale ridges, and generally with the edge of the mantle tinged with pinkish. Branchiz pale fawn; ten- tacles pale orange ; beneath pale yellowish. This species occurs at low water on rocky coasts. It emits a strong and disagreeable odour. 32 39. Doris PRISMATICA, Var. IMPERIALIS. Form elongate, smooth, and convex above. Mantle small, narrow, dilated and rounded in front, and more acutely rounded behind. Foot much elongated, pointed posteriorly, and projecting far behind the mantle. Branchial plumes rather large, erect, non-retractile, ten in number, the six anterior ones simple, the succeeding two tri- furcate, and the posterior pair quadrifurcate ; they all decrease in height posteriorly, and in structure are linear, quadrangular and ciliated. Anal tube prominent. Dorsal tentacles oblong-ovate, slightly compressed, closely and finely lamellated obliquely and sub- retractile. Oral tentacles cylindrically tapering. Colour pale cream white, and spotted above and on the sides with nich yellow ; the spots are small, irregular, and very slightly raised, The mantle is mar- gined with purple, and there are a few broken rings of the same colour on the sides and upper posterior end of the foot, each ring having a yellow centre. The branchiz are pale and edged with purple. The dorsal tentacles are deep black, minutely speckled with white, and marked with two longitudinal white lines, one be- hind and the other in front. Length 2 inches. 40. Doris PRISMATICA, var. LINEATA. Elongate, soft, smooth, convexly rounded above, rather wider pos- teriorly, portion anterior to the dorsal tentacles somewhat dilated laterally and rounded in front. Branchiz small, erect, lanceolate, pinnate, ten in number, encircling the vent and retractile into a common cavity. Dorsal tentacles elongate, straight, directed forward and laterally, lamellated about two-thirds of their length, and re- tractile into simple cavities. Foot elongated and projecting much beyond the posterior edge of the body in a point, rounded in front. Colour light greyish-purple, along the back and the remainder of body white, irregular, longitudinal, opaque fine white lines on the dorsal region, some of which are confluent. Margins of foot and body beautifully edged with violet. Branchize whitish and longitudinally striped with orange. Tentacles white, with an orange zone near the tips, and a second near their base. Length 1 inch. Genus Doriopsis. Oblong, or oval depressed ; mantle large, covering the head and foot. Dorsal tentacles two, lamellated and retractile, non-peduncu- late ; orals none. Branchial plumes disposed in the form of a semi- circle, on the posterior portion of the back, and retractile into a similarly formed slit, the convex portion posteriorly. 41. Dortopsis GRANULOSA. Form oblongo-ovate, papillose, rather rigid, convex above ; mantle similarly rounded at both ends, entirely concealing the foot, rather contracted in the middle, and covered with minute irregularly promi- -—" " - # — 33 nent granules. Dorsal tentacles small, erect, not pedunculated, ovate, coarsely and obliquely lamellated, and retractile into simple cavities. Branchial plumes eleven, large, rudely pinnate, increasing in height posteriorly, procumbent, and retractile into a simple semicircular cavity. Muzzle prominent. Foot oblong, rounded at both ends. Colour pale yellow, with green papille. At first sight the above species might be confounded with the small rigid granular species of Doris; but the arrangement of the branchiz and the non-pedunculated dorsal tentacles constitute dif- ferences sufficient to separate it. 42. HexABRANCHUS PULCHELLUS. Form oblongo-ovate, smooth, and subpellucid. Mantle depressed, convex above, similarly rounded at both ends; margins thin and undulated. Branchial plumes seven, small, ramose, erect, surround- ing the vent, and each retractile into a simple cavity. Dorsal ten- tacles remote from each other, ovate, finely and obliquely lamellated, and retractile into simple cavities. Oral tentacles large, compressed, and strongly dilated outwards. Foot elongate-oval, and projecting posteriorly beyond the mantle. Colour pale, with a light yellow tinge along the dorsal region, where there are also numerous carmine dots; similar coloured dots around the margin of the mantle, which is edged with white. Branchiz pale and edged with carmine. Ten- tacles pale and tipped with carmine. 43. HexaBRANCHUS NEBULOSUS. Body oblongo-ovate, smooth, during locomotion much elongated. Mantle rounded above, widest in the middle, rounded at both ends ; edges thin, crenate and undulated. Branchial plumes eight, inserted far back, large, curved and elevated, tripinnate, and retractile in cavities around the vent. Dorsal tentacles large, ovate, stoutly pe- dunculate, pinnatifid, lamellate, and retractile into simple cavities. Orals small, scarcely visible. Foot elongate, projecting beyond the mantle posteriorly during locomotion, emarginated in front; lateral edges thin. Mouth close to the foot. Colour, above black, mar- gined with bluish slate, with numerous irregular-sized round whitish dots, which are the most numerous around the margins. Branchial plumes pale dusky. Dorsal tentacles darker, tips white. Length 1? inch. 44, TRiTONIA HAWAIIENSIS. Form elongate-oblong, widest anterior to the middle, smooth, de- pressed above, and tapering to a point behind. Branchial plumes arborescent, irregular in size, opposite and disposed in two rows, of eleven each, and extending to the posterior end of the body. Ten- tacles cylindrically tapering, and retractile into stout, tubular laci- niated sheaths. Veil strongly digitated. Foot linear, grooved, and pointed at both ends. Colour pale, freckled with pale purplish- brown ; a longitudinal light band extends from the head to the No. 419.—ProcrEpDINGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SocirTY. 34 posterior tip of the body, and lateral bands pass from the medial one to each of the branchial tufts. Branchiz light purplish-brown, and tipped with light green. Tentacular sheath same colour as bran- chi. Tentacles light green. Under stones in the upper region of the laminarian zone. 45. MELIBE PILOSA. Elongate, smooth, widest anteriorly, and tapering to a point behind. Sides convexly rounded, and the back arched. Foot linear, grooved, extending the whole length of the body, and acute at both ends. Six pairs of thick tuberculated lobes along the back, the anterior pair opposite, the others alternate to one another, the last at the tip of the body. These lobes are easily deciduous, con- tracted at their bases, truncated above, convex outside, and flattened on the inner surface. Frontal veil very large, semiglobular, much inflated above ; united beneath the head, forming a continuous mar- gin, which is closely fringed. Mouth proboscidiform, and the orifice vertical. Tentacles on the posterior portion of the veil rather remote, small, ovate, closely and transversely lamellated and retractile into long trumpet-shaped sheaths, which are furnished with laciniated ap- pendages. Everywhere with small, soft, branched, tentacular pro- cesses. Colour fawn, subtranslucent, more or less clouded with whitish, which, under the lens, has the appearance of minute dots. Body punctured with brown, which are most conspicuous along the flanks. Tubercles on the lobes brown. Foot pale. Length 23 inches. These animals were found among sea-weed, in the upper region of the laminarian zone, and when placed in a basin of water were yery active, swimming by suddenly curving the head and tail late- rally, so as nearly to touch one another. When slightly disturbed they would cast off one or all of their lobes. The length of their lobes varies much, being in some as large-again as in others; they may be consequently reproduced, after being cast off. Their foot cannot be used for creeping on a flat surface, but is well adapted for clasping sea-weed. 46. AEOLIS SEMIDECORA. Body smooth, hyaline, elongate, narrow, widest in front, from whence it tapers to a point behind; convex above. Six pair of branchial filaments, arranged along the sides, hyaline, elongated, compressed, tapering to a point, imbricated, and the anterior pair remote from the others ; the last pair does not reach the tip of the body by one-third of its total length. Dorsal tentacles rather stout, cylindrically tapering to a blunt point, transversely rugose, approxi- mating at their bases, with small black eyes, immersed at their posterior bases. Head convex above, and furnished with elongate, subulate, cylindrical, smooth tentacles, which are much longer than the upper pair. Foot slightly crenated along the posterior margin, notched in front, and furnished on both sides with recurved tenta- cular processes. Colour: freckled with opaque white along the eS eT eee ? 35 back, and on the head and upper tentacles. Upper tentacles obso- letely annulated with pale fawn, and a vermilion dot at their anterior base. Head and front tentacles slightly varied with red. Branchial tufts freckled with opaque white, lineated with blackish dotted with fawn, and with an azure reflexion. Length 1 inch. When placed in a basin of water this olis suspends itself, back downwards. 47. MOLIs PARVULA. Body smooth, subpellucid, tapering to a point posteriorly. Six pair of branchial tufts arranged longitudinally, the last on the poste- rior point of the body. Foot furnished anteriorly with lateral auri- cular appendages. Tentacles elongate-oval. Labial appendages elongato-subulate. Head and body subpellucid, uncoloured, freckled with vermilion. Branchial tufts olive, freckled with dusky. Length 5 lines. 48. EvysIA OCELLATA. Oblong, smooth, wider anteriorly. Body with a wide expansion on both sides, which, when open and expanded (in their natural po- sition), are truncated posteriorly and rounded anteriorly ; the surface longitudinally and obliquely plaited; when disturbed they roll to- gether, so that their edges are parallel and medial, forming a cavern- ous chamber. Beneath and near the anterior end of the cloak is a papillary orifice. Head rather large, broad, concave between the tentacles, convex in profile, and furnished beneath with a large veil, dilated laterally and emarginated in front. Tentacles two, inserted at the anterior angles of the head, non-retractile, stout, cylindrically tapering to a blunt point, and grooved laterally in front. Eyes sessile, — on a prominence on top of the head between the tentacles. Colour above, when the expansion is closed, cream-colour, and everywhere crowded with irregular-sized ocellations, some of which are bright fawn with white rings, others green with fawn rings, and the largest and most conspicuous bluish-green centres with black rings, out- side of which are white ones. The surface of the expansion is palish, the plaits deep green, and the posterior margin violet. Ten- tacles deep yellowish-fawn, tipped with white, beneath which they are annulated with violet, and have the grooved edges of the same colour. Foot pale ash and crowded with ocellations, pale fawn cen- tres and white rings. Length 1} inch. This is a very active and hardy animal. Genus PTEROGASTERON. Depressed, thin, with lateral wing-like expansions, which in their natural position are turned vertically upwards; margins strongly un- dulated. Neck rather long. Head rounded above, truncated in front. Mouth underneath. Upper lip bilobed. Tentacles two, ear- 36 shaped, arising from the angles of the head, grooved laterally and diverging anteriorly, Foot narrow. No distinct respiratory organs. 49. PrEROGASTERON ORNATUM. Body smooth, and when expanded of an orbicular form; when erect, in their natural state, very high and much undulated. Ten-- tacles grooved their whole length and slightly truncated. Colour olive-green, paler along the foot, spotted with faded yellow, and dotted with black. Body margined with bright orange-red and edged with black, in which are a few white dots. Upper surface of the body paler than below, punctured with black and light red, and margined the same as beneath. Hab, On the rocky coast, among sea-weed. 50. PrEROGASTERON BELLUM. Body smooth, when expanded of an oblong-ovate form, and when in their natural position are quite low when compared with prece- ding species. The posterior portion is acutely rounded. Tentacles stout and truncated. Colour brownish-red, and closely spotted with small, irregular, greyish-white spots. Eyes with white areolee. Length 1 inch. Genus HistiorHorvws. Animal.—Oblong, no distinct mantle. Body rounded ; posterior portion prolonged into a vertically compressed tail, furnished above with a membranaceous crest. Branchiz three, inserted at the middle portion of the dorsal region. Dorsal tentacles, no labial appendages. Head furnished with a veil. Foot linear. 51. HistriopHORUS MACULATUS. Form oblongo-ovate, smooth, subpellucid. Three tufts of filaments on each side, disposed longitudinally, and also two on dorsal region ; to each of the hinder tufts is attached an oval glandular body. Branchiz rather large, procumbent, retractile (?), fimbriated, one di- rected anterior, which is simple, the remaining two lateral and bifur- cated. Anal tube prominent. Dorsal tentacles oblongo-ovate, mu- cronate, slightly compressed, retractile? and finely lamellated trans- versely. Head furnished with a transversely oval veil, which is broader than the body, and fimbriated around the margins with small tufts of filaments. Foot linear, extending the whole length of the body. Mouth simple. Colour pale whitish-ash, irregularly dotted with orange above, and four small crimson dots near base_of branchial plumes. Branchiz pale and freckled with brown. Dorsal tentacles green-olive, tips pale. Veil yellow. Length 14 inch. An active animal, using its compressed tail for swimming. Proc. Z > “Anmedlosal B® Fe a My Eliz M. Wing ith 5.6 P tentaculata. 78Pmaculata. 910 Pirrorata. 12 Peasia reticulata. 3.4. Pinconspicua. 37 5. DescripTions oF New SPECIES OF PLANARIID& COLLECTED IN THE SanpwicH Istanps*. By W. Harper PEASE. (CommunicaTeD By Dr. J. E. Gray.) (Annulosa, Pl. LXX.) 1. Peasta RETICULATA (Pl. LXX. figs. 1, 2). Body oval, smooth, pellucid, no appearance of convexity above or beneath. Margins crenulate and undulated. No eyes visible. Dorsal tentacles a little anterior to the middle, small, cylindrical, and tapering slightly to an obtuse point, non-retractile. Beneath there is no appearance of a mouth ; but in the thin transparent substance of the body,.centrally, may be seen a set of whitish organs, which are delineated in the drawing. In colour this species varies from a light yellow to a yellowish fawn, closely veined with light brown ; veins ramifying over the entire surface, and spotted with darker brown. The spawn is deposited on the under side of stones, and is multi- spiral and closely coiled. The animals are very active, swimming by lateral undulations, and creeping in the same manner. 2. Prasta inconspicua (Pl. LXX. figs. 3, 4). Body thin, flat above and beneath, smooth, elliptically oval, with both ends equally rounded. No foot or tentacles. On the anterior end is a cluster of minute black dots, which may possibly serve as eyes, as they occur in every specimen of this and others observed. Colour pale, translucent. Length 7 lines. Under stones at low-water mark. 3. Peasta TENTACULATA (Pl. LXX. figs. 5, 6). Form oval, strongly depressed, smooth, thin as common writing- paper, subtranslucid. Margins strongly undulated. No visible eyes. The anterior end is slightly emarginate, and has two blackish contiguous tentacular processes, which are non-retractile. The whole upper surface is covered with rather closely set tentacular pro- cesses, which are retractile, cylindrically tapering or clavate, and mucronated ; the mucronated tips retractile in the large part. No foot or appearance of external branchie. Colour above light fawn, with pinkish margins and darker processes. Beneath paler than above. f This singular animal occurs rarely under’ stones at low-water mark. It swims by the undulations of its mantle, and when creep- ing the same undulations take place. On close examination of the * This series of animals appears to differ from any of the genera which have come under my observation, and to form a group by themselves, to which the name PEAsi1A may be applied: the descriptions and figures afford the best generic characters. I have added a specific name to each species for the purpose of distinguishing them.—J. EZ. Gray. 38 tentacles, I found them ear-shaped, pointed, grooved laterally, and the papillz on the surface sub-retractile. When placed in a jar of water a tubular whitish organ would protrude from the central aper- ture and act as asucker. Mouth probably anterior at the base of the tentacles. It is very active, and swims rapidly. 4, Prasta macu.ata (Pl. LXX. figs. 7, 8). Body oval, smooth, thin, flat above and beneath. Without foot or tentacles. Margins rather thick. At the anterior end there are two strong folds of the body. Colour above yellowish-fawn or greenish- slate, orange towards the margins, and covered with circular greenish- slate spots, encircled with white rings. This animal is very active, swimming by the undulations of the body. When in motion it has an oblong-oval form, and when at rest a rounded ontline. The folds in the anterior portion of the body are analogous to the grooved oral tentacles of Aplysia. 5. Peasta rrrorata (Pl. LXX. figs. 9, 10). Body smooth, elliptical, thin, flattened, and rounded similarly at both ends. No foot or tentacles. The cluster of dots is microscopic in size and oblong in shape. Two orifices beneath, a little anterior to the middle ; the anterior one has lateral radiations, or white appen- dages, under the surface ; there extends anteriorly from this orifice an elongate tube beneath the skin, which does not quite reach the anterior margin ; this vessel the animal can retract and extend. Colour above pale yellowish-fawn, irregularly dotted with brown and white, and densely minutely punctured with fawn. Length ? inch. ; This species is very active, creeping by very slight but rapid un- dulations of the body, and also floating, back downwards, on the surface, and moving about in that position. 6. Furtuer EvipENCE OF THE DISTINCTNESS OF THE GAMBIAN AND Riipre.y’s SpuR-wINGED GEESE (PLECTROPTERUS GAM- BENSIS AND P. rtppeviit). By Pure Lutriey Sciater, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. The recent death of the males of the two species of Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus gambensis and P. riippellit), of which I pointed out the external differences at one of last year’s meetings * of the So- ciety, has given me the desired opportunity of comparing the trachez and skeletons of the two birds, and showing that these afford ample corroboration of their specific distinctness. Before proceeding to do this, I should remark that the individuals to be compared are both, as we know from their dissection, adult males. The specimen of P. gambensis is in all probability the older of the two, having been * See P.Z.S. 1859, p. 131. : 39 living many. years in the Society’s Gardens. That of P. riippellit was received from Eastern Africa in June 1858. Comparing, first of all, the skulls of these two birds together, we see that the frontal protuberance, which in P. gambensis (fig. 1) is hardly elevated 0-2 inch above the general level, rises to an enormous size in P. réippellii (fig. 2), attaining a height of 1°05, a breadth of 0°75, and a length from back to front of 1-65. It may also be re- marked, that, from the hard. character of the osseous structure in the protuberance of P. gambensis, it is obvious that it has reached its maximum of development. The outlines of the two skulls are represented in the accompanying woodcuts. Fig. 2. Their conformation is otherwise generally similar, that of P. riip- pellii being slightly narrower, and rather longer. It may be re- marked, however, that the skull of P. riippellit is broader between the orbits; but that, drawing a vertical line from the middle of the space between the nostrils to a base-line joining the edges of the upper mandibles, and comparing them at this point, it is here narrower and more elevated; the proportion of the vertical to the base being in P. riippellii about 3:5, in P. gambensis about 7:9. The depressed space between the protuberance and the naked part of the bill is also somewhat differently shaped in the two birds. In P. riippellit the outline of this space next to the protuberance forms a segment of a circle of which the centre is at the junction-point of the two other 40 sides, so that the space enclosed is nearly a quadrant. In P. gam- bensis the corresponding outline is carried back much further towards the protuberance, and formed of two lines, which terminate in a cen- tral angle, so that the space enclosed is nearly a rhombus. Dr. Giinther has called my attention to the fact, that the orifices which commonly occur in the skulls of Gralle and Anatide, situate in the occipital bone on both sides of the foramen magnum, are re- markably small in both these birds, particularly so in P. riippellit. The sterna of the two birds, as far as the comparison can be made (that of P. gambensis being rather distorted by disease), do not pre- sent any material points for comparison. The foramina, which in both species are closed at the base, are rather longer and larger in P. gambensis. The subjoined measurements in inches of the bones of the wings show that these organs are comparatively longer in P. riippellii, and the bones are likewise thicker and stronger :— P. gambensis. P. riippellit. Length of humerus.............. 7°4 7°6 he ee ore 6°5 6°9 GUM «a cu nia se gees 6°25 6°6 —of metacarpus ............ 3°8 4°0 Comparing the posterior extremities, we find the tarsi and toes again longer in P, riippellii, as the following dimensions prove :-— P. gambensis. P. riippellit. Length of fenmiri is .teee Ses. 3°9 40 Otitthinwie so cotk a ctotee... 68 FA OUMPAEIUS 2. ER. oe oe 4°5 4°6 — of middle toe from base of tarsus to the end of the nail .... 4°45 4°6 The pelvis is rather narrower in P. riippellii, the distance between the trochanters measuring 1°9 in. ; in P. gambensis 2°1 in. The vertebre are, cervical 15, dorsal 10, sacral 13, caudal 8 ; total 40 ; the true ribs 8, the false 2, in both species. The tracheze of these two birds, though, as might have been ex- pected, showing a general resemblance, present the following differ- ences, which are greater than such as are usually found in indivi- duals of the same species. When dried, they are of nearly the same length, viz. about 14-5 in., but the bronchial rings are 151 in number in P. riippellii, and only — 138 in P. gambensis. The tubes are flattened throughout the greater part, becoming cylindrical at 1°5 inch from the lower extre- mity. Here they are much compressed, and develope a large osseous bulb on the left side. The lower portion only of this bulb, as usual, is completely ossified, the upper part being covered with fine framework, which, as will be seen from the accompanying woodcut, assumes a different pattern in the two species. In P. riippellii (figs. 2 and 4) the bulb is wider, higher, and much compressed ; in P. gam- bensis (figs. 1 and 3) shorter and comparatively much thicker. This is particularly observable in the side view, as shown in figs. 3 and 4, i ‘ 41 From Mr. Eyton’s observations (Monogr. Anatidee, p. 79) it is evi- dent that the ¢rachea of the female Plectropterus is, as is generally the case in this sex, destitute of the bulba ossea. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. I have already pointed out the external characters by which the two Spur-winged Geese may be distinguished, and their synonymy will now stand somewhat as follows :— 1. PLECTROPTERUS GAMBENSIS. Anas gambensis, Linn.—A. spinosa, Vieill. ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 452, pl. 102; G. H. x. 241. — Anser gambensis, Benn. 42 Gard. Men. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 207, cum fig. — Plectropterus gam- bensis, Steph. in Shaw, Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 7, pl. 36; Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. (partim) ; Eyton, Monogr. Anat. p. 79; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 131, pl. 152. fig. 2. Sp. diagn.—Minor : protuberantia sincipitali maris parva : late- ribus colli in utroque sexu plumosis. Hab. In Africa Occidentali, accidentaliter in Europa Meridionali. Mus. Brit. 2. PLECTROPTERUS RUPPELLII. Cygnus gambensis, Riipp. Orn. Mise. p. 12, fig. 1.—P. gambensis, Denham and Clapp. Travels, App. p. 204; Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p- 246 (partim) ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 131, pl. 152. f. 1. Sp. diagn.— Major: protuberantia sincipitali maris maxima : area rhombea ad colli latera nuda, carneo-rubra. Hab. In Africa Orientali et Centrali, in Dongola et lacu Tchad. Mus. Brit. The second species of Plectropterus, given by Stephens (P. mela- nonotus, Shaw, Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 8) and also met with by Denham and Clapperton (App. to Travels, p. 204), is Sarcidiornis africana, Eyton (Monogr. Anatidze, p. 103). January 24th, 1860. John Gould, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. A MonoGraPH oF THE GrNUS EPOMOPHORUS, WITH THE Description oF A New Species. By Rosert F. Tomes. (Mammalia, Pl. LXXV.) In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1835, Mr. Ben- nett gave a short description of a Frugivorous Bat from Gambia, under the name of Pteropus epomophorus, at the same time suggest- ing that the characters appeared sufficiently diverse from those of the ordinary Pteropi to warrant generic separation. Under these circumstances, Mr. Bemnett thought the specific name, epomophorus, would not be inappropriate as a generic appellation. A further ac- count was given by the same naturalist in the Transactions of the Society, where the specific name white: was substituted; and the species is now usually mentioned as Epomophorus whitei. ILDANOONVdA SNHOHMOWNOds mr 43/4 PMITH O — 43 During the same year, but previous. to the communication by Mr. Bennett, Mr. Ogilby had described a Pteropus from Gambia under the name of P. macrocephalus. In the volume of Lardner’s ‘Cabinet Cyclopzedia’ devoted to the natural history and classification of Quadrupeds, Mr. Swainson described a Pteropus, and gave a figure of the head, from Western Africa, for which the name of P. megacephalus was proposed. The volume bears date 1835. All these species are now found to be identical, Epomophorus whitei being the male, and the other two the female of the same species. As far as can be ascertained, Mr. Ogilby’s name has the priority, and should therefore be made use of ; but, before going fur- ther into the synonymy of the species, I will give the results of some examinations made with a view to the determination of the generic peculiarities of this and other closely affined species. The backward position of the wings, and the length of the face, have been already mentioned by the first describers, and the excessive development of the upper lips has been noticed by M. Temminck in another species called by him Pachysoma labiatum; but there are some other peculiarities (having reference to this last character) not hitherto sufficiently insisted on. The original specimens described by Mr. Bennett and Mr. Ogilby having passed into my hands, together with a number of other spe- cimens of this and two other species referable to the same group, I have been able to examine them with exactness, and more especially to compare their crania with those of other fruit-eating Bats. The result has been a thorough conviction not only of their generic di- stinction, but that the genus is more removed from the ordinary Pteropi than is Pachysoma, or even perhaps Macroglossus. For the better understanding of the affinities of the present genus, I deem it advisable first to institute an inquiry into the relation of the genera Pteropus and Pachysoma to each other, and afterwards to compare with them the various species of Epomophort. M. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, in his ‘Legons sur les Mammifeéres,’ has separated from the genus Péeropus several species which depart from the more typical forms of that genus in being possessed of a tail, in having the muzzle shorter and thicker, and the lower jaw provided with only five molar teeth, that of Pteropus proper having six. In the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles’ for 1828*, M. Isid. Geoffroy, after adverting to the establishment of this genus by his father, observes, “‘ Le museau des Pachysomes est gros, et leur boite cérébrale est trés-volumineuse et sphéroidale; mais entre ces deux parties existe un rétrécissement trés-sensible, quoique beaucoup moins prononcé que chez les grandes Roussettes. Un grand espace existe ainsi entre les parois du crane et les arcades zygomatiques, qui sont d’ailleurs beaucoup plus écartées que chez les Roussettes ; et comme Pétendue de cet espace est en rapport avec le volume du mass¢ter et du crotaphyte, nous voyons s’accroitre de beaucoup chez les Pachysomes la force des muscles élévateurs de la machoire * This communication bears date Oct. 1828, whilst the published volume of the ‘Lecons’ is dated 1829, 44 inférieure ; fait d’autant plus remarquable que cette machoire elle- méme est courte, et n’a d’étendue que dans la portion qui donne in- sertion aux muscles, c’est-a-dire sa portion postérieure et son aphyse coronoide.” e The peculiarities here pointed out in the cranium of those species which have a tail should not be regarded as characters necessarily associated with that appendage, but as incidental to the smaller spe- cies of the group; the tail also in this particular group being re- stricted to the smaller species. ‘The smaller species in any natural family of Mammalia,” says Professor Owen, “resemble the foetus of the larger species in the general proportional size of the brain and eyes.” This well-known law will, if followed out, explain pretty fully the nature of the differences in the crania of the larger and smaller Pteropi. The tail might probably have been either absent or present in both, without interfering with the results. Had M. Isid. Geoffroy instituted an examination of the cranium of one of the common species of Péeropi at several periods of its growth, he would at once have seen that previously to attaining the full size it had the cerebral cavity of manifestly greater relative capacity than after- wards ; and coincidently with this a greater thickness of the facial part is observable, but more especially a greater breadth between the orbits. My observations were first made from the examination of a series of skulls of Pteropus poliocephalus ; but I afterwards, to be quite satisfied that I was not noting a mere specific peculiarity, exa- mined those of P. edwardsii, P. edulis, P. rubricollis, P. hypome- lanus and P. dasymallus, and met with the same results. In the Pachysomes the same law also obtains, the skulls of the smaller species, such as P. duvaucellii which furnished M. Isid. Geoffroy with materials, having a relatively much greater cerebral region than those of the larger ones, such as P. stramineum and P. egyptiacum. These latter, although possessed of tails, do not differ at all materially in the general conformation of their crania from the true Pteropi. The same holds good with the crania of the Epomophori, but in a much greater degree. They vary from an exceedingly elongated form, as in EZ. macrocephalus, which has the facial part half its entire length, to a form which is remarkable for its shortness and convexity, and in which the facial part is scarcely more than one-fourth of its total length ; these skulls at the same time exhibiting no departure from the more important details of structure. For instance, all have the same shape and degree of development of the lower jaw, similar teeth, both in number and form, and similar modification of the form of the supra-orbital process of the frontal bone; but those species in which the facial portion of the cranium is long, are the larger ones; those in which it is short and thick, the smaller ones. Genus EpomorHorvs, Bennett, 1835. PacHuysoma, Temminck. General form of the body rather robust. The wings, ample in relation to the bulk of the body, are broad and rounded at the ends. 45 The breadth is in some measure occasioned by the fingers being more expanded than is usual in other Pteropodide, especially by the space between the index and longest finger being wider than is usual. The thumb, which is long, has its basal half enclosed in the antibrachial membrane, which further assists in giving greater breadth to the wing. The wings, as noticed by Mr. Bennett and Mr. Ogilby, are situated farther back than is usual in the allied genera, and the antibrachial membrane, maintaining its full breadth from the side of the body to the carpus, contributes also towards giving the base of the wings a backward appearance, whilst in Pteropus this membrane narrows as it approaches the wrist, and does not, therefore, bring that part so far forward in relation to the base as in Epomophorus*. Another peculiarity in the organs of flight, remarkable as occurring in the Frugivorous Bats, but usual in the Insectivorons ones, is that their membranes spring at once from the sides of the body, instead of being attached along the sides of the vertebral column, more or less near to it in the different genera. The form of the head varies very greatly in the different species of Epomophori, but the lips seem constantly to present that extra- ordinary amount of development which induced M. Temminck to apply to one of the species the specific name of /abiatus. In so far as can be gathered from the inspection of these parts in skinned specimens, rendered soft for the purpose of examination, they appear to be quite simple—the lips of an ordinary Pteropus very much en- larged. There is nothing about the form of the nostrils which does not occur in the genera Pteropus and Pachysoma. The ears are rather small, simple, and ovoid. The tail is rudimentary, scarcely more than a mere tubercle, and the interfemoral membrane margins the legs and coccyx as in Pteropus. The feet moderate, with the wing-membranes extending to the hase of the toes, and attached to the upper surface of the second + one, as in Pferopus and Pachysoma. With the comparatively greater development of the cutaneous system in Epomophorus is associated what may probably be regarded as a higher degree of development in the membranes themselves. Instead of the thick and leathery wings of the true Pteropi, they have membranes more or less translucent, and strongly marked with lines and papillze, as in some of the Insectivorous genera. As the _ * L regret that I have not been able to examine specimens otherwise preserved than in skin, or mounted. In these it appears to me that the humerus is of great length in relation to the fore arm, and this, unless the wing be perfectly expanded, must bring the elbow in a more backward position than if it were shorter. When we consider that the wing-bones necessarily in all cases spring from precisely the same part of the body, it must be evident that the more backward appear- ance in one case than in another is due either to some modification in the form of the wings themselves, or to the mere elongation of the neck of the animal. In the excellent figure given by Dr. Peters of £. crypturus, the length of the hu- merus and peculiar form of the wings are well shown. + The one next to the outer one in the ordinary position of the foot of a Bat, but in reality the one next the inner one of other Mammalia. 46 larger species of Hpomophori approximate in size to the smaller spe- cies of Pteropus, a comparison of these parts may be easily made. The fur is short and of a cottony texture, with but little difference in quality on the different parts of the body, that of the under parts being somewhat shorter and rather less soft than that of the upper. It is everywhere unicoloured from root to tip, and there are constantly two tufts of white fur at the base of the two margins of the ears, but not differing in quality from that of the other parts of the body. In some of the species the males are furnished with very remarkable tufts of long stiff hairs on the shoulders, usually of a yellowish or white colour. In an examination of the crania of the several species of this genus some great peculiarities appear. If we take the skull of one of the most remarkable of them, Z. macrocephalus, we shall be struck with the excessive length of the facial, and the extreme smallness of the cranial portions ; but on examining the skulls of the other species these proportions are seen gradually to alter, until in the smallest one, Z. schoensis (Pteropus schoensis, Riipp.), they are actually reversed, whilst some other characters, more easily overlooked, will be found to be constant in all the species. Mr. Ogilby observes that the upper jaw has but three molars (on each side), and the lower five, and that the first one in the upper jaw and the second one in the lower have so much the form of canines as to give the mouth the appearance of having four pairs of these teeth. On comparing the teeth with those of the ordinary Pteropi, the same prominent molars are easily recognisable in the latter, but, being less conical, they have not the canine-like appearance which Mr. Ogilby observed in Epomophorus. I will now proceed to notice some real differences which exist in the dentition of the genera Pteropus, Pachysoma, and Epomophorus. The skull of the common Pteropus edwardsii will supply all that is necessary for the first of these genera. Upper jaw.—On examining the upper jaw, the incisors and canines may be passed by as presenting nothing which is not common to the three genera. The next tooth following the canine is extremely small, and can be seen only in crania which bear evidences of imma- turity ; at a more advanced age it is lost. To this succeeds a large and prominent pre-molar, having somewhat the relative proportions, and holding the same position with regard to the following three molars, which the carnassier tooth does in the insectivorous genera. Then come the true molars, three in number, also as in the insecti- vorous species, but the hinder one so much reduced in size and ab- normal in shape, as to be merely rudimentary. In Pachysoma the dentition of the upper jaw differs from that of Pteropus in the absence of the hinder or rudimentary molar, and in having the first or small pre-molar retained to a later period, perhaps permanently. In Epomophorus, on the contrary, it is wanting ; but in one instance I can clearly trace a depression in the alveolus, which probably in- dicates the former presence of a tooth there, which, as in Pteropus, may be lost with age. Then comes the prominent tooth or carnassier, 47 like that of Pteropus and of Pachysoma, but rather more pointed, less angular, and having anteriorly a very canine-like appearance. The remaining teeth—restricted to two in number—are small and feebly developed, the hinder one the smaller of the two. The third or hinder one, which in Péteropus was but rudimentary, is here quite lost, and the one nearest to it has undergone a degradation in deve- lopment corresponding with that of the one in Pteropus, which is absent. : Lower jaw.—In Pteropus we find in the lower jaw, omitting the incisors and canines, first a small and tubercular pre-molar, not often absent ; second, a large and prominent pre-molar, shaped like the long one in the upper jaw; and third, another similar in form to the last, but less prominent. Three other teeth complete the number, and they gradually decrease in size to the hinder one, which is a mere tubercle with a flattened crown. The fourth tooth from the canine or the third one counting from behind, occupies the place proper for the carnassier, but that tooth exhibits no peculiarities of form. Re- verting for comparison to Pachysoma, as before, the difference which we find in the dentition of the lower jaw from that of Pteropus assists in the numeration of the different kinds of teeth of the latter. We find the small anomalous pre-molar followed at a considerable interval in some of the species by a prominent and rather pointed tooth. Then comes another interval, followed by three teeth, the first of which is considerably longer than the other two, and more pointed It has somewhat of the carnassial form, and is placed in the position proper for that tooth in relation to the two molars, whilst the tooth in front of it is here separated from those on either side like an ordi- nary pre-molar. The same dentition obtains in the lower jaw of Epomophorus, with this difference, that both molars are greatly re- duced in size, being scarcely more than rudimentary. From this it would appear that the Frugivorous Bats form an ex- ception to the law which regulates the variation in the dentition of the Insectivorous ones, in which the true molars are liable to but slight variations in number or form, and in which the pre-molars suffer considerable modifications, not merely in the several genera, but even in the different species in the same genus. It is possible that the pre-molars may be in reality absent in this group, and their places taken by modified true molars, and by this means the proper number of the latter preserved. But this is rendered improbable, if not actually disproved, by the fact that the absence in one genus (Pachysoma) of the third true molar is predicted by its rudimentary condition in another (Pteropus), in which the proper number of true molars certainly exists. And this partial development of the molar ‘series may be traced yet further in those genera which have lost the third molar, and in which the second molar has assumed in some measure the abnormal form and size of the third or missing one. Besides the abridgment in number, and imperfect development of the molar teeth, the cranium of Epomophorus exhibits certain other peculiarities worthy of note. It is altogether a fragile structure, the upper maxillary bones in some of the species being so thin and 48 translucent that it is easy to see through their outer walls the form of the enclosed roots of the molar teeth ; and if held up against a lamp, the light will readily pass through both their outer and palatal portions. A similar lightness of structure obtains everywhere. The supra-orbital process of the frontal bone is small and directed more backwards than in Pteropus; so small in #. schoensis that it can scarcely be called a process *. The zygoma throws up no process to meet that of the frontal, so that in those species where the process of the latter bone is wanting the orbit is continuous with the tempo- ral fossa, as in the generality of the Insectivorous genera, and as in other orders of Mammalia. Viewing the skull from beneath, it ex- hibits some other peculiarities. The auditory bullz are, as in Pachy- soma, more developed than in Pteropus, and the hinder margin of the palate is but very slightly curved, but has the appearance of a transverse ridge more or less raised from the level of the palate. The lower jaw, besides being exceedingly thin everywhere, has its alveolar or anterior part extremely narrow in a vertical direction. Its posterior part is remarkable for the almost entire absence of ridges or other roughness for the attachment of muscles, and for the form of the angular portion. The lower margin of each ramus is very nearly straight from the lower part of the symphysis menti to the angle, which forms a simple curve up to the condyle. In the dif- ferent species this curve is of different degrees of sharpness, most pronounced in Z. franqueti, n. s., and least so in Z. schoensis. In none of them does the angular region project so far back as the con- dyle. The coronoid process is elevated about as much above the condyle as the latter is above the lower margin of the ramus. Its anterior boundary runs obliquely forward with an easy descent to the posterior molar, constituting, in fact, more than half of the en- tire length of the upper margin of the jaw. I will now offer a few suggestions relative to the probable nature of the food of the Epomophorus. In the Desmodus, where there is absolutely no mastication required, the true molars are wholly want- ing; and the pre-molars, although not reduced to the minimum number, are diminished to a very rudimentary condition. It happens that in this genus the zoologist has the opportunity, rarely met with in this order, of comparing singularity of structure with habits known to be of a most extraordinary nature, so extraordinary as to be unique among Mammalia, and, as far as I know, among the whole of the Vertebrata; and he can at once discern the exact adaptation of the one to the other. But without information concerning the habits, would he by a mere inspection of the teeth have inferred them? I think not. He would indeed infer, from the absence of molars, that the creature did not eat food requiring mastication; and the form and character of the incisors and canines would clearly point to some food requiring to be cut or torn ; but it would scarcely occur to him that they were intended to puncture the skin of such animals as horses, and enable the creature by a suctorial operation to feed on * Being produced in a backward direction, it may be said to be adherent to the body of the bone, rather than to be wholly absent. 49 their blood. And if, in the absence of evidence of its sanguivorous habits, the investigator had compared the dentition of Desmodus with that of any of the Felidae, in which the molars are reduced in number, and the premolars and canines greatly developed for the purpose of tearing flesh, he would very possibly have supposed that there was some analogy between the two, and that the one was a modi- fication of the other, each being fitted to the insectivorous or carnivo- rous type of structure, on which their respective orders are supposed to be based. We are in pretty much the same position with regard to the habits and food of the Epomophorus, and can at best only in- dicate the kind of diet which would be within the management of its teeth. Although there is not, as in Desmodus, a complete absence ‘of molar teeth, yet they are so imperfect that we are forced to con- clude that they are not fitted for the purpose of mastication, in the ordinary sense of the word; but we cannot make any use of our subsequent knowledge of the habits of Desmodus as any argument in the case of Epomophorus, because the general structure of the latter proclaims that it strictly pertains to the Phytophagous type, whilst that of the former is as strictly Zoophagous. Moreover, the habits of Desmodus being understood, and the several peculiarities in its structure found in perfect unison with them, it becomes extremely easy to see that it is only in the one respect of having merely rudi- mentary molars that Epomophurus bears any resemblance to Des- modus. Instead of large and trenchant incisors, suitable to serve the purpose of lancets, these teeth in Zpomophorus are small and blunt ; and the premolars, instead of being rudimentary, are, on the con- trary, some of them so developed as to have equal prominence with the canines. But, notwithstanding this, we are still precluded from supposing that the creature could subsist on food requiring mastica- tion, properly speaking ; and the question is, what is the kind of food for which the dentition of Hpomophorus is specially adapted ? If, in speculating on the uses of the peculiar dentition of Desmodus, we happened to make further examination of the parts connected with it, we should be able to decide that while the teeth might per- form the office of lancets, the lips were modelled to the office of a cupping-glass, and that the whole constituted an apparatus admi- rably adapted to the sanguivorous habits attributed to the creature. The Epomophorus is furnished with lips quite as extraordinary as those of the Desmodus. Although simple in form, they are of such enormous size as to hang down on each side of the face, almost an inch in some of the species; so large are they, that the mouth may be sewn up, and the jaws yet move to the full extent that their con- struction seems to warrant ; and this, as it appears to me, affords some index as to the nature of the food. If for the food of the ordinary Pteropi we were to substitute some fruit of an exceedingly succulent nature, which would require but a trifling pressure to yield its juices, less strong molars would be needed, and consequently jaws of much less strength for their implantation, whilst the muscles required to work the jaws would be equally reduced in volume. All this we find in Epomophorus, and much more, contributing to strengthen No. 420.—Procrepincs or THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 50 the suggestion. The voluminous lips would do good service during the squeezing operation, by preventing the escape of the juices, and very possibly the prominent rim across the back part of the palate might assist in constricting the mouth posteriorly, until a sufficient amount of fluid was collected to be swallowed, the more solid parts being rejected. The only suggestion I can make concerning the long and canine-like premolars is, that they may assist in gathering the fruit ; but it should be remembered that the Pteropz, proper, have these teeth considerably developed, and therefore their promi- nence in Epomophorus must not be dwelt upon too strongly. Dr. Andrew Smith says of Pteropus leachii that it repairs to Cape Town and its vicinity when the grapes are ripening, from which we are led to suppose that this fruit constitutes at that time their food. The Epomophori would be peculiarly fitted for such a régime as this, but we have at present no positive evidence that the grape is actually their food. 1. EPoMOPHORUS MACROCEPHALUS, Ogilby, sp. Pteropus macrocephalus, Ogilb. Proc. Zool. Soe. iii. p. 101, July 1835; Wagn. Supp. Schreb. Saugeth. i. p. 367,1840; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 135, 1844. ; Pt. epomophorus, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 149, Oct. 1835 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreb. i. p. 367, 1840. Pt. megacephalus, Swains. Nat. Hist. & Class. Quad. p. 92, 1835. Epomophorus whitei, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. v. 2. p. 38. pl. 6, Oct. 1835; Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. p. 504, 1838; Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1843. Pachysoma whitei et P. macrocephala, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. Cote Guiné, pp. 65 et 70, 1853. I regret that I am unable to continue the specific name first asso- ciated with the generic one now made use of, but that given to the female of the species by Mr. Ogilby has unquesticnably the priority, and must therefore be adopted. Of the names given by Mr. Ogilby and Mr. Swainson it is impossible to say which has the precedence ; E have therefore chosen that which appears most appropriate. Of all the species this one appears to typify most strikingly the genus Epomophorus. The head is very long, or rather the face, the distance from the eye to the nose being fully twice that of the distance from the eye to the ear. The nostrils are somewhat tubular, and a deep notch passes vertically between them, dividing the upper lip in half. As far as can be gathered from dried specimens, the lips attain in this species their full development, being perfectly capable, when softened, of distention to fully three times the extent of those of Pteropus rubricollis, a species of nearly similar size. The ears are small, ovoid, and narrowed at the tip, and, with the excep- tion of two tufts of white hair, naked; these tufts are of fine short hair, and are placed at their two borders, quite at the root. The antibrachial membrane is broader than in the other species, being as much as 8 or 9 lines at the elbow, and nearly as much where hy See”,:t~<“ 51 it encloses the thumb. The interfemoral membrane margins the coccyx and legs, and is at the os calcis not more than 2 lines wide, at the coccyx the same, but at the knee as much as 5 lines wide. All the face is covered with very short fine hair, with the exception of the muzzle, chin, and edges of the lips, which are naked. On the upper lip, towards the end of the nose, are a few scattered longish bristle-like hairs. The fur of the back extends on to the fore-arm for half its length, on to the hinder limbs for nearly the whole of their length, and on the membranes of the flanks for the breadth of half an inch. Nearly the whole of the interfemoral membrane has its upper surface hairy, the exception being at the os caleis. Be- neath, the fore-arm membranes of the flanks and legs are similarly hairy, but more sparingly so, especially those of the latter. Both above and beneath, nearly all that part of the wing-mem- branes which is between the last finger and the body is studded with rows of glandular dots, each bearing a little bundle of short hairs, most regular on its upper surface. All the other parts of the mem- brane are semi-opaque, and rather distinctly veined. The fur of all parts of the body is short and soft, above longer and thicker than beneath ; it is unicolour, and of a lightish cinnamon- brown, with an ill-defined oval patch on the abdomen of a cream colour. At the base of the ears are two little patches of soft white fur, just on their margins; and on the shoulder is the remarkable tuft of long white hairs which was first noticed by Mr. Bennett, and at that time regarded as peculiar to the species. In the following table of dimensions, No. 1 refers to the type specimen of Z. whitei, and No. 2 to the type specimen of H. macro- cephalus. 1. 2. Length of the head and body........ 7 0 6 3 GE CHeMDGHA 3. irate e eo 6 iste: 2 0 2 2 from the eye to the end of the mega Pe mes eer Ves wa YES 1. 2 from the eye to the ear ...... 0.5 0 42 GF thie Sara Shas “eat tans 0 8 0 8 breadth of thevear’ 228.55 et EO. BH Oo bE Length of the forearm ............ 3 3 3 3 of the longest finger ........ 6 0 5 8 of the fourth finger........ Sale nae i 4 4 of the thumb ......... dice) kta 1 43 Gt thertahie aie chavisain is mesiiody Ab, Lig dt of the foot and claws ........ 0 11 0 11 Pipe OL WINES. 22a. 2 So a 8 Pe eae | * The spread of the wings is never a very satisfactory dimension in the Cheiro- ptera, for in such species as those constituting the present genus, in which the wings are broad and the fingers much curved, it is obvious that the real expanse of the wings is not given by following their curvature. On the other hand, if the measure taken be a straight line between the tips of the open wings, that line must necessarily vary in length with the degree to which they are opened— 52 Some peculiarities are noticeable in the cranium of this species, which, if not confined to it, are certainly not extended to all the others, and therefore cannot be mentioned as strictly generic. The palate in this genus, as has already been stated, is remarkable for the prominence of its hinder margin; this appears to be properly a generic character, but it is the present species which possesses it in the greatest degree, and with it a great curvature of the back part of the palate from side to side also, giving that part of the mouth a pretty complete dome-shape*. It is further characterized by the presence of very widely separated transverse ridges. If the mouths of any of those species of Pteropi be examined which are affine to the common Pt. edwardsii, they will be found to have ten or a dozen transverse palatal ridges; and in a fresh specimen of Pachysoma stramineum, a species more affine to Epomophorus, I have counted as many as nine; but in EZ. macrocephalus there are not more than six, and, if the great length of this part of the skull be borne in mind, it will be readily seen that they are far apart. But the deficiency in number is compensated for by their great thickness and prominence. The first is straight, and placed just behind the incisive foramen, and has a central projection ; the second is also straight, but instead of a projection has a central notch, and is situate between the first pair of premolars; the third is strongly curved forwards, and is a simple entire ridge extended between the first pair of true molars; the fourth is considerably removed from the third, is equally curved and projecting, and has a more or less flattened surface; the fifth is of very peculiar form, being lozenge-shaped, with a central pit, and placed across the palate between the anterior roots of the zygomatic arches ; the sixth and last is straight and transverse, but little raised, and is notched in the centre. Immediately behind this last one comes the dvep dome-shaped hollow already noticed. 2. EpoMoPHoRvUS GAMBIANUS, Ogilby, sp. Pteropus gambianus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 3. p. 100, 1835; Wagn. Supp. Schrub. Siugth. i. p. 366, 1840; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 135, 1844. Epomophorus gambianus, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 504, 1838. Epomophorus crypturus, Peters, Natur. Reise Mossam. Saugth. p- 26. t. v. u. xill. 1852. Pachysoma gambianus, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. p. 69, 1853. This species differs considerably in appearance from the last in consequence of its much shorter head. The muzzle is in fact scarcely more produced than that of the ordinary Pteropi, and the eye vary, in fact, with the fancy of the preserver. On the whole, therefore, it appears desirable to adopt the first of these methods. The actual expanse of the open wings of these specimens is not more than 17 or 18 inches. Mr. Bennett gives 12 inches as the expanse of the specimen which has furnished the dimensions in Column 1, which, as M. Temminck justly observes, is certainly an error. * This peculiar form of the palate has most probably reference to the nature of the food. 53 scarcely more distant from the nose than from the ear. It resembles in this respect the well-known Pachysoma stramineum. In the form of the ears, lips, nostrils, and indeed of all other parts taken in de- tail, this species is so much like the last that it will be only neces- sary to mention a few trifling differences, and then proceed to give the more important ones of dimensions. The fur in its general cha- racter and quality is similar to that of the last species, but it is a little more strungly tinged with cinnamon, and rather less spread on to the membranes. There is the same obscure patch of whitish colour on the abdomen, and the ears are similarly furnished with tufts of white fur at the bases of their two margins, but the conspi- cuous shoulder tufts of H. macrocephalus are here very fully deve- loped. They consist of a very slight warty excrescence clothed with fur, which differs from that which surrounds it only in being of a dirty-white colour. The membranes are a little more translucent, and somewhat paler in colour, than those of #. macrocephalus. The teeth vary but little from those of H. macrocephalus, but the cranium itself has the facial part much shorter, and it is further re- markable for the slight extension of the supra-orbital process *. Unfortunately, in all the erania I have seen, the hinder margin of the palate has been destroyed in the process of preservation, so that Iam able to notice only such of the transverse palatal ridges as are not posterior to the molar range. These are more simple in form than in the last species, but are equally prominent, and placed in relation to the teeth just as in that species. The following dimensions are those of three specimens which formerly formed part of the Museum of the Zoological Society :— 1. 2. 3. ~ 3 Length of the head and body .. OP ENG UAEET ie its ote - —— of the head.......... from eye to snout ——w— from ear to eye .. of the Game. J... <. i Breadth of the ears.......... Length of the fore-arm ...... of the longest finger of the fourth finger... . of the thumb.:....... at the tibiae. ote «. +. of the foot and claws .. Expanse of wings, following the AO ETS ae A Rai a 22 Hab. Gambia, Mozambique (Peters). = Length of the head and body ...---++-- 7 Be Une MEUM, Sbie capt ew anh eteinadrales aed The COTA ak edocs wees. We —_— of the fore-arm ......--++++-+ 08 3 —__—— of the longest finger........-++ - 7 — 5 ] 0 30 10 oa oN) _ of the fourth finger .....--- +++: of the tibia. «..0..0+« ee =e of the foot and claws Oe Expanse of wings, about ...--.+-++-++5 — or OAOnwweo Hab. Gaboon. 4. Epomornorvs tasiatus, Temm., sp. Pteropus labiatus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 83. pl. 39, 1835-1841 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 356, 1840; Less. Nouy. Tab. Rég. Anim. p. 13, 1842; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 128, 1844. Pachysoma labiatus, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. p. 68, 1853. Epomophorus whitei, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1843. Of this species, which has been considered by some zoologists as identical with the EZ. macrocephalus, I can only quote the words of M. Temminck, since I have not been able to take a description of it. Judging from the little that could be learned from an inspection of specimens without removing them from the case, I feel satisfied that the species is distinct ; and, in order to make this monograph as complete as possible, I borrow the following description from M. Temminck’s ‘Monograph’:— __. Ears long and pointed ; interfemoral membrane hidden in the fur, which covers a great part of the membrane ; the lips large enough to hang several lines below the lower margin of the jaw, and entirely hide the line of the mouth laterally, as in some of the dog kind; the fur of the upper parts covering also in some measure the humeral region, and that part of the membrane near the flanks. The fur cottony on all parts of the body, especially on the back ; more sleek on the‘under parts. That which extends on to the mem- brane, and that on the top of the head, short and rough, and of a reddish-isabelle colour, more reddish towards the back. The two margins of the ears with white fur at their bases. Side of the neck reddish-brown, with two shoulder tufts of ample size, and composed of long white hairs which radiate from the centre of a glandular prominence ; breast, humeral- region, flanks, and region of the coc- 56 cyx pale rufous ; middle of the belly covered with short hair, smooth, and dirty white. The female, M. Temminck says, does not differ very greatly from the male, excepting in wanting the shoulder tufts, and in not having the great development of lips. From this it would seem that the latter peculiarity is sexual, which appears highly improbable if we admit that the greatly developed lips have a determinate function to perform, which could scarcely differ much in the two sexes. More- over it is further rendered improbable by the facts that in the other species of the genus the peculiarity exists equally in both male and female. Total length (English) .......... 4 4or5 DOre-arih ppb ae ao Fee es, ho 2 6 Expanse of wings .............. 16 0 Hab. Abyssinia. My note of the species made in the Leyden Museum is as fol- lows :—‘‘ Much smaller than Z. macrocephalus, and with the face relatively much shorter ; shoulder tufts as in that species ; size about that of Pachysoma amplexicaudatum.” 5. EpomMorHorws scHoEnsis, Riupp., sp. Pteropus schoénsis, Riipp. Mus. Senck. ii. p. 131, 1842; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 129, 1844. Dr. Rippell observes of this species, that he had some doubts whether it might not be the young of the Pteropus whitei of Ben- nett, the incisor teeth of one of the specimens bearing indications of immaturity, but that some disparities in the proportions induced him to regard it as distinct. At the dispersion of the Museum of the Zoological Society, two specimens of a’small species of Frugivorous Bat, labelled “Gambia,” fell into my hands, which I had no difficulty in identifying with the species described by Dr. Riippell under the above name. Afterwards I met with another specimen in the Paris Museum which had been received from Gaboon with the specimen of L. franqueti already described. These examples have furnished the materials for the following description. It is a miniature of LZ. gambianus, being the smallest of the Pée- ropodide, save the Kiodote, and has a shorter and more rounded head and shorter muzzle. These parts are somewhat similar to the same parts in Pachysoma brevicaudatum, and indeed the two species hold precisely the same position in their respective genera. LZ. schoénsis bears pretty closely the same relationship to EZ. franqueti as P. brevicaudatum does to P. stramineum and P. egyptiacum. As in those already described, this species has the two ear-tufts ; the ears too are themselves so similarly proportioned as to need no particular description. The fur, like that of #. gambianus, extends on to the membranes, and in a perfectly similar manner, and in texture and colour agrees so well with that of that species as to re- ? 57 quire no further mention, except to notice the total absence of the whitish patch on the under parts, where the fur is of a uniform greyish-brown colour. With the exception of this difference, EZ. schoénsis might, as far as external appearance is concerned, be fairly described by stating it to be a pigmy FL. gambianus. The cranium requires special mention. It is short, and has the cerebral region rounded and devoid of crests or ridges, and instead of being, as in the more typical forms, shorter than the facial portion of the skull, it is longer, that part in front of the orbit not being more than half the length of that which is behind it. But while its general outline is less typical of the form of cranium which charac- terizes the genus, the parts taken in detail are not less typical. Thus the small development of the supra-orbital process, taken as a characteristic feature of the genus, is more remarkable in this species than in any other. It may be said to be directed backwards, and adherent, so that only an extremely small point is free. The space between the orbits is much wider in relation to the size of the skull than in the larger species. The palate, instead of having transverse ridges and furrows, is smooth, with a slight prominence behind the canines, of a hastate form, with the point directed backwards; behind this is a shallow depression of similar form, with its point extending almost to the hind margin of the bony palate. On each side of this point, and just within the raised rim which bounds the palate, are two ovoid smooth hollows. The following are the dimensions of the two specimens from Gambia :— Length of the head and body........ op ae a GF the head (5264, «cis ted aor Hea 1 2 frote Nose te eye c2% i... t 5/3. 0 6 0 55 from eaF to. eye. 22.5254. 5.6. 0 4 0 3 Ny CR Lo fa SEE ales 0 2S els 0 6 0 6 Of (ne Mr GENE oso. ete Bld j aS ——— of the longest finger ........ 3 9 3 3 of the fourth finger.......... 2 9 2 6 GE PNG MID ad ls) ooo So . Nie. + yn =. oe Prog. ZS. Aves CD J .dennens, lilh M & N. Hanhartjia OREOMANES FRASERI. 73 64. EurypyGa HELIAs (Pall.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 144. One ex. “TIrides red; bill black above, orange below; legs and feet dirty orange, darker in front, brighter behind. Stomach con- tained small bones, apparently of fishes, grubs, and beetles. This bird was running about the margin of the river like a Sandpiper, and sitting on the large stones in the water.” 7. List or Brrps COLLECTED BY Mr. FRASER IN THE VICINITY oF QuiTro, AND DURING Excursions TO PICHINCHA AND CuIMBORAZzO; witH Notes anv DescripTions or New Species. By Puruie Lutruey Scuater, M.A., Secretary TO THE SOCIETY. (Aves, Pl. CLIX.) After leaving Pallatanga in the middle of January 1859, Mr. Fraser returned to Riobamba. From Riobamba he made an excursion to Panza, a place situated on the southern slope of Chimborazo, at an altitude of about 14,000 feet above the sea-level, on the route to- wards Guaranda. The birds obtained during a short sojourn at this spot were of the following seventeen species* :— 1. Oreomanes fraseri, sp.nov. 10. Myiotheretes erythropygius. 2. Diglossa aterrima. 11. Octhoéca fumicolor. 3. Zonotrichia pileata. 12. Muscisaxicola albifrons. 4. Phrygilus unicolor. 13. Oreotrochilus chimborazo. 5. Synallaxis flammulata. 14. Ramphomicron stanley. 6. Cinclodes excelsior, sp.nov. 15. Nyctidromus, sp. 7 albiventris, sp. nov. 16. Peristera melanoptera. 8. Grallaria monticola. 17. Attagis chimborazensis, sp. n. 9. Agriornis andicola, sp. nov. Iam not aware of any birds having been collected at a higher ele- vation than this series; and it will, I am sure, be interesting to the Society to see the curious forms which compose the feathered inha- bitants of these dreary and inhospitable solitudes. They are mostly birds of dull plumage, and belong (with the exception of the Zono- trichia) to genera peculiar to the South American or Neotropical Region ; the greater part of them being characteristic either of the more southern portion of the continent, or of the elevated regions of the mountain ranges. : Leaving Panza, Mr. Fraser returned to Riobamba, and thence proceeded to Quito, collecting on his way such species (Cathartes atratus, Cyanopterus discors, and Fulica chilensis) as occurred to him. The months of February and March and part of April 1859 were * A letter from Mr. Fraser, giving some account of this excursion, will be found in ‘ The Ibis,’ vol. i. p. 208. 74 passed at various spots on the western slope of the Andes to the north and north-west of Quito. Of the birds collected there I have given an account in a separate paper. But I have added to the pre- sent list the names of the species obtained at Quito itself, and at the following localities, all of high elevation, and in its immediate vicinity : (1) Lloa, a small pueblo situate a few miles to the south-west of Quito on the side of Pichincha in a well-wooded district ; (2) Gua- pulo, at a somewhat lower elevation, one league to the north-east of Quito; (3) Guagua (old) Pichincha and Rucu (young) Pichincha, the names applied to two of the principal summits of that celebrated volcano, to which Mr. Fraser made excursions. 1. THRYOTHORUS EUOPHRYS, sp. nov. Supra lete rufus, pileo summo fuscescente ; superciliis distinctis et elongatis cum macula suboculari albis: subtus pallide ru- Jescens ; gutture et pectore medio albis, mystacibus latis et pectoris plumarum marginibus nigris : rostro et pedibus plum- beis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°7, caudze 2:2, tarsi 1-0. Lloa, May 1859, one ex. “ Irides hazel; bill blue; culmen black; legs and feet blue.” This Wren belongs, like 7. mystacalis, from Pallatanga, to the group of 7’. coraya. It much resembles the former species, but has a longer, thinner, and more curved bill, a lighter plumage above, and black terminations to the breast-feathers, which are sufficient to distinguish it. 2. THRYOTHORUS MYSTACALIS, Sclater, antea, p. 64. Lloa. 3. CINNICERTHIA UNIBRUNNEA (Lafr.). Lloa and Guagua Pichincha. 4, BASILEUTERUS NIGRICAPILLUS (Lafr.).—Trichas nigricris- tatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 230. Guapulo. 5. SETOPHAGA RUFICORONATA, Kaup. Lloa. 6. PETROCHELIDON MuRINA, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. (1853) vi. p. 370. Many ex., Quito: “Very common in and about the city.” In May this Swallow was building under the eaves of the houses. The nest forwarded is a shallow structure, composed of moss and lined with a little wool. The egg is of a spotless white, 0°72 inch in length by about 0°51 in breadth, and has the usual character of birds of this group. — 75 7. PETROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.). One ex., Quito, May. ‘Common in and about the city.” 8. OREOMANES FRASERI, Sp. et gen. nov. Oreomanes, genus novum ex familia C2REBIDARUM. Rostrum tenue, vix longius quam caput, rectum, compressum, man- dibularum apicibus rectis et acutis: ale fere ut in genere Di- glossa, sed paulo longiores, ex primariis novem, quarum secunda, tertia, et quarta coequales, prima brevior quintam e@quat : cauda quadrata paulo brevior quam in hoc genere: pedes for- tiores, tarsi crassiores et breviores, acrotarsiis vix conspicue divisis. Typ. et sp. unica, O. rraseri. (Pl. CLIX.) Supra plumbea ; alis caudaque intus fusco-nigris, extus plumbeo stricte limbatis: superciliis brevibus et corpore toto subtus saturate ferrugineo-rufis : facie utrinque, tectricibus subalari- bus et tibiis albis : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6°3, alee 3:5, caudee 2°4, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°9. Hab. In Monte Chimborazo, ad alt. 14,000 pedum. Mus. P.L.S. The general appearance of this curious form is so much that of a Diglossa that I am induced to believe its natural place is near those birds, although the structure of the bill is rather different. Indeed, after ascertaining that the wing has only nize primaries, I know not 76 where else it could be placed at all satisfactorily. The billis straight and sharp, and the ends of the mandibles pointed through rather rounded laterally at the termination. In spite of this, and its rather shorter and stronger tarsi, I believe it is more nearly allied to Di- glossa and Diglossopis than to any other genus of C@rebide. Mr. Fraser has sent one skin of this species and one bird in spirits, both obtained at Panza, on the side of Chimborazo. His notes are as follows :—‘‘ Gorion del Paramo, male by dissection. Irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black ; in gizzard insects and caterpillars. These birds hop about on the ground and scratch in the sand like the Go- rions (Zonotrichia pileata) ; in the trees they are very sprightly, and resemble the Trepadores (Glyphorhynchus and its allies). Their note is ‘chip-chip,’ about four times in succession. In fact they may be considered the Tits (Parus) of this country.” 9. DieLossa peRsoNATA (Fraser). Lloa. 10. DigLossA ATERRIMA, Lafr. Panza. ‘Found on the tops of the stunted trees; exceedingly fat, —called Congo.” 11. PsrrrospizA RIEFFERI (Boiss.). Lloa, June 1859. “ Irides hazel; bill, legs, and feet blood-red ; in gizzard a dark purple fruit.” 12. BUARREMON ASSIMILIs (Boiss.). Lloa. ’ 13. BUARREMON LATINUCHUS, DuBus. Guapulo. 14. CHLOROSPINGUS ATRIPILEUS (Lafr.). Lloa, June. One ex. 2. “Irides hazel; contents of stemach vegetable matter.” 15. PaciLoTHRAUPIS LUNULATA (DuBus). Lloa. Sexes alike. ‘In gizzard green vegetable matter.” 16. ZoNoTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.). Panza, Chimborazo. 17. PHRYGILUS UNICOLOR (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Panza and Guagua Pichincha, several ex. g et 2. ‘“* Pajaro del Parimo. Irides hazel; bill nearly black; legs light brown ; feet dark brown: common amongst the Paja, and runs much upon the ground.” 18. SYNALLAXIS FLAMMULATA, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 82. pl. 56. 77 Panza. ‘Trides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black. Shot in a tree under which our fire was burning.” 19. CINCLODES EXCELSIOR, sp. nov. 3. Fumoso-brunneus, uropygio rufescentiore : linea superciliari et ciliis oculorum albis: alis cinnamomeo-rufis, fascia duplici et altera terminali nigricantibus, tectricibus minoribus dorso concoloribus : cauda nigricante, rectricibus duabus mediis et lateralium apicibus cinnamomeo-brunneis : subtus pallide fusces- cens, medialiter dilutior, gula albicantiore, colore obscuriore nubilatus : tectricibus subalaribus et remigum (nisi duarum externarum) marginibus interne pallide cinnamomeis: rostro nigro, pedibus obscure brunneis. Long. tota 8°5, alee 4°8, caudze 3-3, rostri a rictu 1:2, tarsi 1°4. Q. Mari similis, sed crassitie paulo inferiore. Hab. In Monte Chimborazo, reipubl. Equator. ad alt. 14°000 ped. Mus. P.L.S. Panza and Guagua Pichincha, six ex. of both sexes. Tungi: irides hazel; gizzards contained “insects, caterpillars, and grubs. Found on every part of the Paramo: a very active bird; tame on our first arrival.” This apparently new species of Cinclodes is the largest of the genus that I am at present acquainted with, rather exceeding in dimensions Upucerthia dumetoria, an aberrant member of the same group. In its thick but curved beak it is somewhat intermediate between the two forms. U. andicola of D’Orbigny’s ‘ Voyage’ appears to be much smaller, the wings only measuring 90 mm. (about 3:0 inches), instead of 4°8. 20. CINCLODES ALBIDIVENTRIS, sp. nov. Supra fumoso-brunneus, uropygium versus rufescentior, linea superciliart et ciliis oculorum albidis: alis nisi in duabus pri- mariis externis, cinnamomeo-rufis, fascia duplici et altera termi- nali nigricantibus, tectrictbus minoribus dorso concoloribus : cauda dorso concolore, sed rectricum externarum apicibus extus cinnamomeis : subtus lactescenti-albus, gutture clariore, pec- tore fusco variegato: lateribus et crisso fulvescentibus : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°8, caudze 2°5, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi 1-2. Hab. In Monte Chimborazo reipubl. Equator. ad alt. 14-000 pedum. Mus. P.L.S. Panza, Tungi Chico, four ex., all 2. “ Irides hazel ; gizzards con- tained insects and caterpillars.” This Cinclodes is of the same size as C. vulgaris, C. patachonicus, and C. antarcticus, and belongs to the same group. It may be di- stinguished by the paler colouring below, -being almost white on the belly, and the deeper, almost chestnut-red colour, of the base of the intermediate primaries. 78 21. GRALLARIA MONTICOLA, Lafr. Panza, Guagua Pichincha (1200 feet), and Ruco Pichincha, four ex. “Shumpo: very common at Panza; in gizzard caterpillars ; irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish. Only seen running on the ground.” 22. AMPELION RUBROCRISTATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Lloa, one ex. 23. AGRIORNIS ANDICOLA, Sp. nov. Cinerascenti-fuscus, subtus pallide ochraceus, pectore cinerascente, gutture albo nigro striato, ventre imo crissoque et tectricibus subalaribus pallide cervinis :. cauda alba, rectricibus duabus intermedits, sequentium pogonio interno et ceterarum macula terminali, gradatim decrescente, cinerascenti-nigris: rostri nigricantis basi carneo, pedibus nigris. Long. tota 11:0, alee 6-0, caudee 5-0. Hab. In mont. reipubl. Equator. Mus. P.L.S.: Panza, one ex. “ Solitario ravo-blanco : irides hazel ; in gizzard a large white grub: common.” This is the finest and largest species of Agriornis I have yet seen. It exceeds in size 4. livida of the Chilian sea-coast, and possesses the striated throat of this species with the white tail of 4. soli- taria. 24. AGRIORNIS SOLITARIA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 553. Quito, May. Solitario ravo-blanco. Two nests are forwarded by Mr. Fraser belonging to this bird. One was taken “from a mud wall,’’ the other from “ under a bridge passing over the Machangra.”’ They are cup-shaped, composed rather roughly of roots and tendrils, and lined with wool. The eggs are rather rounded in shape, white sparingly dotted, principally at the larger end, with red and pale purple. They measure 1°15 in long and ‘85 in short diameter. Mr. Fraser says that this bird frequents the tops of the houses in Quito, and is said to breed in the church-towers. 25. My1lorHERETES ERYTHROPYGIUS.—Tenioptera erythropy- gia, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 193. Panza, two ex. ‘‘ Solitario colorado: irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black ; food insects.” The bill of this species is much more feeble than in M. rufiventris and M. striaticollis, and the primaries are not emarginate at the tips. 26. MuscIsaxICOLA ALBIFRONS (Tsch.).—Ptyonura albifrons, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 167. pl. 12. fig. 2.—Tenioptera alpina, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 47. pl. 21. So 79 Panza, several ex. ‘‘ Solitario blanco: very common throughout the Paramo ; irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.’ 27. OcrHo#CA FUMICOLOR, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 28. Panza, one ex. 28. ELAINIA STICTOPTERA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 554. Lloa, one ex. 29. Nycripromus ——? Panza. A young bird captured on the ground by the hand. “TIrides hazel.” 30. Nycrrsrus PECTORALIS, Gould. Western slope of the Andes. 31. OREOTROCHILUS CHIMBORAZO. Panza, many ex. “TIrides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black. To be seen occasionally on the Arbor maria, but feeds generally on a red thistle. It is common, and by no means shy, and has rather a pretty song for a Quindi, oft repeated, and to be heard at a considerable distance. In bad weather, when the wind is high, this bird is said to creep under and into the clumps of Paja (a species of Stipa).” 32. OREOTROCHILUS PICHINCHA. Guagua and Rueo Pichincha (14,000 feet alt.), many ex. ‘The Pichincha Humming-bird, like the Chimborazo, is found only close under the line of perpetual snow; but this species, according to the present state of our knowledge, is more widely distributed than the latter, being found not only on Pichincha, but also on Antisana and Cotopaxi. Upon my first visit to Guagua Pichincha these birds were feeding entirely on the ground, hunting the little moss-covered clumps as fast as the snow melted. They are not uncommon in this lo- cality, but always met with singly. They are very restless, but not shy, seldom remaining on one clump more than a second, then away to another, perhaps a yard distant. Sometimes they would take a rapid flight of 40 or 50 yards. On my second visit, the Chuquiragua (Chuquiraga insignis, Humb.) being in flower, they were feeding from it like the Quindi of Chimborazo, but still occasionally hunted the mossy clumps. They flit with a durr of the wings, and occasion- ally settle, with the feathers all ruffled, on the top of the Chuquira- gua or other small plant. In this respect, so far as my observations and those of Professor Jameson go, they differ from O. chimborazo. Professor Jameson found this species building hanging nests, in the lower compartment of the farm-house on Antisana.” Mr. Fraser has sent home one of these nests as found by Professor Jameson on the 2nd November, 1858. It was attached to a straw 80 rope hanging to the roof of the house*, which is situated at an ele- vation of 13,454 feet above the sea-level. It forms a large compact mass of wool and hair mixed with dried moss and feathers of the curious shape portrayed in the accompanying woodcut. A little cup-shaped opening at the top forms a receptacle for the eggs, and is balanced and brought into a horizontal position by the weight of the mass on the opposite side of the rope by which it is suspended. Mr. Fraser again says, speaking of two specimens obtained on Guagua Pichincha in June, “‘ From the mouth of one of these fwo birds a quantity of very pale yellow fluid of a slightly sweet taste flowed ; but I did not find any in either crop or gizzard. Amongst some of those, of the same species, which I skinned the other day, I observed the same thing. If my memory serves me correctly, it has occurred twice before in other species. “I observed three specimens of this bird all of a row, hanging to the bare rock, (this now explains the use of those large feet and claws, which the species of this group have, and which has hitherto puzzled me,) like Sandmartins ; it was under a ledge, well protected from the weather, consequently well adapted by nature for nest-building. They would fly away and then return; this was done in my sight three or four times in succession. On examining the spot, which was almost inaccessible, I found much excrement, proving to my mind that they bred in societies. My countryman, Col. Stacey, on a visit to this mountain, happened to have on a new bright yellow oil-skin cover to his wide-awake hat, and one of these birds flew round and round it for a considerable time, as he supposes, mistaking it for a flower. . “No snow on the ground this visit (June 5), and all birds were * See ‘Ibis,’ 1859, p. 115. —— 81 apparently scarce and shyer; these birds in particular were chasing each other, in twos and threes, like flashes of lightning. ‘“‘ Had I had a tent, I would have located myself, for some time, amongst these little high-minded creatures, and completed the obser- vations now commenced.” 33. ERIOCNEMIS LUCIANI. Lloa, May. 34. LesBIA AMARYLLIS, Gould. ‘© Common in and about the houses in Quito, seeking food among the flowers grown in pots.” 35. BouRCIERIA FULGIDIGULA, Gould. * Quindi ravo-blanco: Lloa, May.” 36. RHAMPHOMICRON STANLEII. Panza, three ex. ‘Very swift of flight; stomachs contained insects.” : 37. PETASOPHORA IOLATA, Gould. Lloa. 38. AGL@&ACTIS CUPREIPENNIS. Lloa and Ruco Pichincha. 39. HELIANTHEA LUTETIZ. Lloa. 40. DocIMASTES ENSIFER (Boiss.). Lloa. 41. Paracona G1Gas (Boiss.). ‘Shot about two miles from Quito, May 1859. Common where- ever the Aloe (Agave americana) is in flower.” 42. LAFRESNAYA GAYI. Lloa. 43. CoLAPTES ELEGANS, Fraser. Lloa. Gizzard contained “insects.” 44. Mitvaco caruncutatus (Des Murs).—Phalcobenus ca- runculatus, Des Murs, Rey. Zool. 1853, p. 154. One ex., Curricunga, 2 by diss. ‘Shot sitting on a clump at the upper edge of the Paramo, on the road to Guagua Pichincha, at an altitude of about 14,000 feet. She seemed not easily disturbed. These birds soar together in pairs. They appear to be breeding in No. 422,—PRrocrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 82 the crevices of the naked and abrupt peaks of Guagua Pichincha. On opening the body for examination, it sent forth an almost unbear- able stench. Bill blue; naked face; throat, legs, and feet orange ; claws bluish.” This specimen agrees with those described from Mr. Fraser’s second collection (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 555), which I there erroneously referred to the Milvago megalopterus of Bolivia. 45. Srrrx puncratissima, G.R. Gray, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ p. 34. pl. 4. Quito, May 1859, 9. ‘‘Said to build in the church-towers in the city.” Hitherto only known from the Galapagos. 46. PeRISTERA MELANOPTERA (Mol.). Panza, one ex. “ Gizzard contained seeds; bill black ; bare space under and in front of the eyes salmon-colour. Appears to be very common on the edge of the Paramo.” 47. ATTAGIS CHIMBORAZENSIS, Sp. nov. Supra niger, plumis omnibus lineis ochracescenti-rufis marginatis et intus notatis: remigibus alarum nigricanti-cinereis, margine angusto apicali albido : subtus gutture ad medium pectus ochra- cescenti-rufo nigro variegato, abdomine toto pure cinnamomeo- rufo, subcaudalibus nigro variegatis : rectricibus obscure cine- reis, harum pogoniis externis lineis pallide cinnamomeis fre- quenter transfasciatis : tectricibus subalaribus pallide cinna- momescenti-albidis : rostro et pedibus (in pelle) obscure fuscis. Long. tota 11-0, alee 7°3, caudz 3-0, tarsi 1:0. Hab. In Monte Chimborazo, ad alt. 14,000 pedum. Panza, three ex., sexes alike. ‘‘ Cordoniz: found among the bare rocks ; note ‘chay-lac, chay-lac, chay-lac’; gizzard contained green vegetable matter and grit.” This Attagis is nearly of the same size and general proportion as A. latreillei of Chili, figured in Gray’s ‘ Genera of Birds,’ pl. 125 ; but is readily distinguishable by its much darker, blacker colouring above, and unspotted cinnamon-brown breast. 48. VANELLUS RESPLENDENS, Tsch. «‘ Veranero; very common on all the marshy plains of the table- land from May to September.” 49. GALLINAGO ? Panza, one ex. Sumbardor. A fine large Snipe with fourteen tail-feathers, probably of a new species, but requiring close investi- gation. 50. Funica ca1Lensis, Des Murs. One ex., 9.. “Shot on the settled waters of the Paramo, be- tween Riobamba and Mocha: irides red; frontal shield delicately Proc. Z.S. Aves. CLK 83 orange, blending into lemon at the sides and back ; bill flesh-colour, point bluish ; legs and feet delicate slate-colour.”’ 51. CYANOPTERUS DISCORS. One ex., ¢, in eclipse plumage, from the Rio Machangra, below Quito, May 1859. : 52. Dariua (3 One ex., ¢, in eclipse plumage, from the same locality as Fulica chilensis. 8. List or Brrps COLLECTED By Mr. Fraser 1n Ecuapor, AT NaneGAL, Cauacaui, PerucHo, AND PUELLARO; WITH Notes anp Descriptions or New Species. By Puitip Lutuey Sciater, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Aves, Pl. CL) The localities at which this part of Mr. Fraser’s collections was formed are all situated northwards of Quito at different heights on the western slope of the Andes in the valleys traversed by branches of the Rio Perucho, which joins the Esmeraldas and enters the Pacific. Nanegal was visited in February 1859. Its altitude above the sea is about 4000 feet. It lies on the western slope of Pichincha, 10 leagues from Quito. Many of the birds of Nanegal were also found at Pallatanga ; but there are many interesting novelties amongst them, such as Basileuterus semicervinus, Pipreola jucunda, Pipra deliciosa, and others, which have not been obtained elsewhere. I have added to the list the names of a few species which formed part of a small series contained in Mr. Fraser’s former collections from this same locality. In March Mr. Fraser ascended to Calacali, situated due north of Quito, at a height of 8000 feet above the sea-level. Turdus gigas was very common here; Agriornis andicola, Pecilothraupis lunulata, Diglosse aterrima and personata, Phrygilus alaudinus, Muscisazi- cola maculirostris, Ampelion rubricristatus, and Lesbia gracilis may be considered characteristic of this elevation. Perucho and Puellaro, Mr. Fraser’s next two stations, lie on the further side of the river at elevations of about 6300 and 6500 feet respectively. In April he quitted the latter of these places for a station on the wooded heights above at an elevation of 8000 feet. Of the species met with here, Ampelion rubrocristatus, Octhoéca lessoni, Meltalura tyrianthina, and Ortalida montagnii appear to have been common. j In the localities above mentioned 130 species were obtained alto- gether, of which I now give the names. I, PassEREs. 1. TuRDUS ATROSERICEUS, Lafr. Above Puellaro. ‘‘ Costillar : much sought after for its song, and 84 kept in confinement; bill and rim round the eyes yellow ; irides hazel ; in stomach, green berries of a species of Melastoma.”’ 2. Turpvus eieas, Fraser. Nanegal, very common. 3. TuRDUS SWAINSONI, Cab. Nanegal. 4. TROGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS, Sclater. Nanegal. 5. THRYOTHORUS NIGRICAPILLUS, Sp. nov. Supra castaneus, alis caudaque nigro late transfasciatis : pileo et capitis lateribus nigris, loris, ciliis oculorum et plumis auricu- laribus albo terminatis; subtus albus, abdomine rufescente, nigro confertim transvittatus ; gutture pure albo: rostro nigri- cante, mandibula inferiore plumbescente : pedibus pallide plum- beis. Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°5, caudee 1°8, tarsi °95. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P. 1.8. Nanegal, three ex. ‘‘Irides red; bill black above, blue below ; legs and feet lead-colour; gizzard contained insects.”’ This is a typical Thryothorus, resembling in form and size 7’. ruf- albus, T. albipectus, &c., but quite distinct in coloration from any species with which I am acquainted. 6. PARULA BRASILIANA (Licht.). Nanegal. 7. DENDROICA BLACKBURNIE (Gm.). Nanegal. 8. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.), 2. Perucho. 9, SeTOPHAGA VERTICALIS (Lafr. & D’Orb.). Perucho and Puellaro. 10. BastLEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS, Sp. Nov. Obscure fuscus, superciliis a fronte, oculorum ambitu, corpore toto subtus et caude parte basali cum hujus tectricibus superioribus pallide cervino-rufis: caude parte apicali nigricanti-fusca : tectricibus subalaribus fuscescenti-cervinis : rostro nigro: pe- dibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°35, caudee 1°4. Hab. In rep. Equatoriali. Mus. P.L.S. Nis Lo ae SS Examples of both sexes of this apparently new Basileuterus were collected by Mr. Fraser at Nanegal. They are coloured alike. *¢ Trides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish flesh-colour ; con- tents of stomach insects.” This species does not differ in form from ordinary Basileuteri, except in its rather shorter tail, but is rather abnormal in colouring. 11. BastLevTerus srvitratus (Lafr. & D’Orb.). Cachi-Llacta and Nanegal. 12. VirEo sosePu#, Sclater. Nanegal. 13, PeTROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.). Several ex., Nanegal and Perucho. ‘Common, and building in the roofs.”’ 14. Dacnis EGREGIA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 251. Two ex. ¢. ‘rides orange; stomach contained small red fruit, no insects.” Nanegal. 15. CERTHIOLA LUTEOLA, Cab. Two ex., Nanegal. ‘‘ Gizzard contained minute-seeded fruit.” 16. DiGLossA PERSONATA, Fraser. Calacali. 17. Dreuossa rnpicoTica, Sclater, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 2. xvii. p. 467. Nanegal, one ex. gd. “Irides bright red; bill, legs, and feet black.” 18. DiGLossa ALBILATERALIS, Lafr. Examples of both sexes from Puellaro and from above Puellaro. 19. DiGLOSSA ATERRIMA, Lafr. Calacali. 20. SALTATOR ATRIPENNIS, Sclater. Nanegal. 21. ARREMON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p- 83. pl. 89. Nanegal, four ex. ‘‘Irides hazel; bill red; legs and feet flesh- coloured ;”’ in gizzards, “grit,”’ “ remains of insects,”’ “seeds.” 22. BUARREMON LATINUCHUS, DuBus; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p: 293. 86 Calacali and above Puellaro, six ex. ‘‘ Monga: in gizzard a quan- tity of vegetable matter, remains of insects and their eggs.” 23. BUARREMON CASTANEICEPS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 441. Nanegal, one ex. ‘Bill brownish above, blue below; legs and feet brown ; in gizzard insects and vegetable matter.” Described from a single specimen received by M. Verreaux from the Rio Napo. 24. CHLOROSPINGUS FLAVIGULARIS, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1852, p- 131, pl. 98. Nanegal, two ex. ¢ and 9, sexes alike. ‘Irides yellowish ; bill black above, blue below ; legs yellowish; feet blue.’’ Besides the example from Bogota, originally described, I have hitherto seen but one specimen of this species, which was obtained by Mr. Moore in his journey down the Napo, and is now in the collection of Mr. Lawrence of New York. 25. CHLOROSPINGUS ATRIPILEUS (Lafr.). Above Puellaro. 26. CHLOROSPINGUS SUPERCILIARIS (Lafr.). Nanegal, one ex. 27. RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS, Bp. Nanegal, several examples of both sexes—Platanero. 28. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp. Calacali. 29. CompsocoMa sumptvuosa (Less.). Wooded heights above Puellaro. ‘ Chucunillo:” in stomach ‘“‘berries”’ and “ vegetable matter.” 30. PaciLoTHRAUPIS LUNULATA, DuBus. Calacali and above Puellaro, many examples. ‘‘ Platero: in giz- zard dark green fruit.” 31. CALLISTE RUFIGULARIS (Bp.). Nanegal, three ex. ‘‘ Food minute-seeded fruit.”” 32. CALLISTE AURULENTA (Lafr.). Nanegal. . 33. CALLISTE VITRIOLINA (Cab.). Perucho and Puellaro, many examples. “ Frutero: feeding in a large Tocte-tree (Juglans sp.), from which they were constantly flying to and fro. These must be the Gallinazos (Cathartes) amongst the Tanagers, for their heads and necks are very sparingly feathered, 87 and were, when I shot them, entirely covered with the pulp of the fruit ; so much so, that I only partly succeeded in cleansing them.” 34. CALLISTE AURULENTA (Laf?.). Nanegal, four ex. 35. CALLISTE LUNIGERA, Sclater. Nanegal, one ex. ‘Bill black ; legs and feet blue ; food vege- table matter and insects.” 36. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES. Nanegal. Food “fruit and insects.” 37. CALLISTE ICTEROCEPHALA (Bp.). Nanegal. ‘“Irides hazel; bill black; legs and feet blue; food green minute-seeded fruit.” 38. Diva vassort, Sclater. Above Puellaro, April. ‘One ex. 2, with two eggs nearly per- fect in the ovary ; food vegetable matter.” 39. CHLOROCHRYSA PHENICOTIS, Bp. Nanegal, one ex. ¢. “rides hazel; bill black; legs greenish ; feet nearly black ; in gizzard a spider and fruit.” 40. EvpHoNIA NIGRICOLLIs (Vieill.). Perucho and Puellaro. ‘Found in pairs on the tall flowering stems of the Aloe (Agave americana) uttering a plaintive wee-wee in the heat of the day.” 41. EupHoniA XANTHOGASTRA (Sund.). Nanegal, many ex. 42. PHEUCTICUS CHRYSOGASTER (Less.). Calacali. Mr. Fraser evidently considers this bird as not different from P. aureiventris, for he says, “ Common also about Quito, where it breeds in May.”’ Now the examples from Riobamba, above Punin, &e. are referable to the black-headed P. aureiventris. 43. PuryGiLus ALAUDINUS (Kittlitz). Calacali. ‘“‘ Not uncommon ; food small seeds and grubs ; lives entirely on the ground amongst the heather : when disturbed, takes an undulating flight for about 60 or 80 yards.” 44. PHRYGILUS OCULARIS, Sclater. Calacali. ‘‘Food seeds: might be easily mistaken for the pre- ceding (P. alaudinus) at a distance, only it perches sometimes.” 88 45. CoryPHosPINGUs, sp.? Nanegal. Apparently a female of some species of this genus. 46. CATAMENIA HomMocHROA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 552. Calacali and above Puellaro. Apparently the females of this species; but one marked ¢ may bea young male. “ Irides hazel ; food vegetable matter and seeds.” 47. SPERMOPHILA GUTTURALIs (Licht.). Nanegal and Puellaro. Rather brighter in the belly than an eastern specimen, apparently from Trinidad. 48. ORYZOBORUS ZTHIOPS, sp. nov. Ater unicolor : tectricibus subalaribus, speculo alari parvo et tibiarum parte interna albis : rostro et pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°2, caudze 2:1, tarsi 0°575. Nanegal, one ex. d. “ TIrides hazel ; food seeds.” I have a second specimen of this bird, which is very nearly allied to my O. funereus (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 378) from Minca in New Gra- nada, received through M. Verreaux. It has a smaller bill than the Mexican bird, and the tarsi are much shorter, and feet smaller. I am disposed to consider them as referable to two different species. 49, OsTINOPS ATROVIRENS (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Nanegal. 50. Cyanocitta TuRCosA, Bp. Above Puellaro and in the valley of Chillo. 51. PIcoLAPTES LACRYMIGER (Lafr.). Nanegal, one ex, 52. Denprocors ATrirostris (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Nanegal. 53. PsEUDOCOLAPTES BOISSONEAUTI (Lafr.). Above Puellaro, one ex. ‘‘ Galeador: food insects.”’ 54, MARGARORNIS SQUAMIGERA (Lafr.). Above Puellaro. 55. MARGARORNIS BRUNNESCENS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 27. pl. 116. Nanegal, one ex. 2. “ Irides hazel ; food insects.” 56. SynaLuaxis pupica, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 191. Nanegal. “ Irides hazel.” 89 57. SYNALLAXIS GULARIS, Lafr. Nanegal, one ex. 58. GRALLARIA SQUAMIGERA (Prevost). Calacali and above Puellaro. 59. THAMNOPHILUS IMMACULATUS, Lafr. Nanegal. ‘‘Irides red; bill black; legs and feet very dark blue ; face ceerulean blue ; food insects.”’ 60. DysIrHaMNUS OLIVACEUS ? Nanegal, 61. DystrHaMNus uNIcoLoR, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 141. Nanegal, g et 2. Male, “irides greyish;” female, irides “ red- dish hazel.” Food “ caterpillars, beetles, insects.” 62. MyRMOTHERULA MENETRIES!I (D’Orb.). Nanegal. Agrees with examples of the bird of this genus men- tioned in the preceding list, p. 67. 63. PrpREOLA JUCUNDA, sp.nov. (Pl. CLX.) Psittaceo-viridis ; capite toto et gula nigris: pectore aurantiaco, nigro anguste circumcincto, ventre medio, hypochondriis et crisso flavis ; rostro ruberrimo, pedibus cinereis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:8, caude 2°4. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Cachi-Llacta, oneex. ¢. Esparagun. This beautiful new species of Pipreola is closely allied to Hartlaub’s P. formosa (Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, pl. 14. p. 275); but is distinguishable by the want of white markings on the wings, the black edging to the large orange breast-plate, and the sides of the body being green. It forms a brilliant addition to this lovely group of birds. 64. AmpELion cincTus (Tsch.). Nanegal, one ex., agreeing with specimens from Pallatanga. “In stomach vegetable matter.” 65. AMPELION ARCUATUS (Lafr.). Above Puellaro, one ex. g. “ Sangralluvia : irides greyish ; legs, feet, and bill deep red; gizzard contained dark purplish fruit.” 66. AMPELION RUBROCRISTATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Calacali and above Puellaro, several ex. 67. CH1ROMACHERIS MANACUS (Linn.). Nanegal, examples of both sexes. ‘ Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet orange.” Agrees with examples from Cayenne and New Granada. 90 68. PrpRA DELICIOSA, sp. nov. 3. Fulvescenti-castanea, pileo antico coccineo: alis caudaque niugris, uropygio nigricante : hypochondriis et tectricibus sub- alaribus albis, margine axillari flavicante : rostro nigro, pedi- bus albidis. 2. Obscure olivacea, subtus dilutior ; ventre, crisso et tectricibus subalaribus flavicantibus. Long. tota 3°5, alee 2°5, caude 0°8. Nanegal, three ex. ‘ 4. Irides red; bill black; legs and feet yellow ; testes very large ; gizzard contained minute-seeded fruit,” in another “ green berries.” “9. Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet bluish flesh-colour; gizzard contained dark indigo-coloured fruit.” WW WW .eésh4u4 This Manakin is one of the most brilliantly coloured birds of the charming group to which it belongs; and the male bird is further remarkable for the very curious structure of its wings, which merits a detailed description. The ten primaries are of the ordinary for- mation of birds of this family, the first being shorter than the second, third, and fourth, which are nearly equal and longest, and of about 91 the same length as the sixth. The first three secondaries are thick- stemmed and curved towards the body at a distance of about two- thirds of their length from the base. The fourth and fifth show this structure to a greater degree, with some corresponding alteration in the barbs on each side, as may be seen by comparing fig. a, re- presenting the upper surface of the fifth secondary of the male bird, with fig. d, which gives a similar view of that of the female. In the sixth and seventh secondaries of the male the terminal half of the rachis is thickened to an extraordinary degree, forming a solid horny lump. The external and internal barbs are also much modified in shape and generally curtailed in size. Fig. 6 gives an upper view of the sixth, and fig. c an under view of the seventh secondary. The corresponding feathers of the female, representing the normal struc- ture, are seen in fig. e and fig. f. In the eighth and ninth secon- daries the rachis is still rather thickened ; but the barbs (pogonia), instead of being reduced in size, are highly developed, particularly on the inner side. Mr. Fraser states that the wing-bones of these birds were also much thickened, no doubt in aid of this abnormal structure of the remiges. The same deviation from ordinary characters is observable in other species of the allied group Chiromacheris (e. g. in C. manacus, C. gutturosa, C. candai, &c.). 1 believe it is this structure which enables them to make the extraordinary noise for which they are noted. Buffon says that the Chiromacheris manacus is called La caisse-noisette in Cayenne ; and Mr. Salvin tells us (Ibis, 1860, p. 37) that OC. cand@i “begins with a sharp note, not unlike the crack of a whip.” But in no other species is the abnormal development carried to so great a degree as in the present. 69. Masius CORONULATUS, sp. nov. Nigerrimus, plumarum menti parte basali cum plaga magna gut- turali, alis infra, et remigum rectricumque mediarum parte in- terna vivide luteis: capitis crista, erecta, elongata, pallide flava, hujus plumarum apicibus dilatatis et incrassatis, colore aurescenti-castaneo : rostro plumbeo, pedibus rubris. Long. tota 3°7, alze 2°3, caudz 1°7, tarsi 0°65. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Nanegal, one ex. This Manakin is a close ally of Masius chry- sopterus of New Granada ; but may be readily distinguished by its crest, which is of a paler yellow and terminated with pale golden red, the feathers being thickened and flattened at the extremity into a horny substance, something like that on the wings of the Wax-wing Chatterer. One example occurred in Mr. Fraser’s former collection from Nanegal without any note attached. 70. RupicoLa SANGUINOLENTA, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 100. Nanegal, two ex. This is the Transandean representative of R. peruviana, as Cephalopterus penduliger is of C. ornatus. 92 71. CEPHALOPTERUS PENDULIGER, Sclater. Nanegal, two ex. 72. AGRIORNIS ANDICOLA, Sclater, antea, p. 77. Calacali, one ex. Solitario ravo blanco. Common on the Pa- ramo. 73. AGRIORNIS SOLITARIA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 553. Puellaro, rather common in and about the pueblo. 74. MyYIoTHERETES STRIATICOLLIS, Sclater.— Tenioptera stria- ticollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 193.—Tyrannus erythropygius, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb. Voy. pl. 32. fig. 2 (nec Vieill.). Puellaro, two ex. ‘‘Solitario colorado: Irides brownish-white ; bill, legs, and feet black. Found solitary among the heaths, &c., between Perucho and Puellaro on the hill-side. Stomach contained insects. Note rather mournful—pee—pee—pee.” 75. Muscrisax1coua ALprna (Jard.). One ex. Above Puellaro. 76. OcTHOECA LESSONI, Sclater. Above Puellaro, one ex. 77, MuscrsaxIcoLa MACULIRoOsTRIS, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb. Voy. pl. 41. fig. 2. Calacali, several ex. ‘Seen always perched upon the heaths or other stunted vegetation : Solitario chiquito.”’ 78. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS (Vieill.). Perrucho, one ex. 79. My1opyNasTes CuRysocePHALus (Tsch.). Nanegal, one ex. 80. Conrorus ARDEst1acus (Lafr.). Perucho and Puellaro. 81. PLaTYRHYNCHUS ALBOGULARIS, Sclater, antea, p. 68. _ Nanegal, one ex. 82. CycCLORHYNCHUS FULVIPECTUS, Sp. nov. Olivaceus; alarum tectricibus rufescente, remigibus fulvescente limbatis, cauda omnino brunnescente : subtus dilutior, pectore et gutture toto fulvescente perfusis, ventre flavescente : rostrt mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore pallide carnea, pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°0, caude 2°3. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. _— 93 Nanegal, one ex., ¢. Irides hazel; bill black above, reddish flesh-colour beneath ; legs and feet blue. This is a typical Cyclorhynchus, distinguished from C. olivaceus by its smaller size, shorter tail, and the fulvous colour of the breast. It forms a fourth of this section of the group, the others being C. brevirostris of Mexico and C. equinoctialis from the Rio Napo. 83. TopIROSTRUM, sp. Nanegal, one ex., in an imperfect state. 84. Myrosrus ornatus (Lafr.). Nanegal, one ex. 85. Myrosrus vittosvs, Sclater, sp. nov. Obscure olivaceus, alis nigricantibus-plumarum marginibus brun- nescentibus ; uropygio pallide limonaceo-flavo, cauda lucente nigra: pilet ecristati plumis rufis, medialiter aureis : subtus Sulvo-brunneus, gutture et ventre medio flavescentioribus: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore carneo ee terminato : pedibus Suscis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°8, caudze 2°4. Hab. In rep. Equat. Mus. P.L.S. Nanegal, one ex. “Jrides hazel; upper mandible black, lower flesh-colour with black tips; legs and feet brownish ; gizzard con- tained insects.” T have already one example of this bird in my collection, received from M. Verreaux and marked “ Rio Napo.” This species is nearly allied to M. barbatus of Cayenne and Brazil, but differs in its larger and stronger form and darker colouring below. 86. TyRANNULUS CHRYSOPS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 458. Nanegal, two ex. 87. EupsILostoma, sp. ? Above Puellaro. 88. TYRANNULUS NIGRICAPILLUS, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 341. Above Puellaro, one ex., agreeing with Bogota specimens. 89. MronecTEs sTRIATICOLLIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Nanegal. “In gizzard, green berries.” 90. TroGoN PERSONATUS, Gould. Above Puellaro, one ex. Pileo. ‘Stomach contained remains of insects.” 91. PHAROMACRUS AURICEPS (Gould). Nanegal. ‘‘ Gizzard contained remains of vegetable matter, and a small white stone about a quarter of an inch square.” 94 92. PHaiTHORNIS YARAQUI, Gould.—T. yaraqui, Boure. Nanegal, seven ex. ‘ Upper mandible black, lower deep red with a black tip ; legs and feet reddish.” 93. HELIODOXA JAMESONI. Nanegal, many ex. ‘‘ Gizzard contained insects.”’ 94. ERIOCNEMIS LUCIANI. Puellaro and above Puellaro, many ex. Spec. no. 1957 from Puellaro “ was feeding on a plant in a morass at the very top of the mountain, the place abounding in mosses, orchids, and ferns, and made no noise either with wings or voice.” 95. CaLIGENA witsont (Del. & Bourc.). Nanegal. ‘“‘ Gizzard contained insects.” 96. CHLOROSTILBON ATALA (Less.). Puellaro, four ex. ‘ Gizzard contained insects.”’ 97. PerasOPHORA IOLATA, Gould. Calacali, Perucho, Puellaro, and above Puellaro. At the latter place “‘common in the upper part of the pueblo and rare in the lower.” 98. ADELOMYIA MELANOGENYs (Fraser). Above Puellaro. ‘‘ Feet reddish flesh-colour; gizzard contained insects.” 99. CALOTHORAX MULSANTI (Bourc.). Puellaro. ‘‘ On my way here from Perucho I saw three of this species feeding together in a row. I have hunted for it every day since without success until to-day. It seems to be silent on the wing, and in voice, restless, and exceedingly swift of flight.”’ 100. LrespiaA AMARYLLIS, Gould. Calacali. 101. Lespia GRACILIS, Gould. Above Puellaro and Calacali. At the latter place ‘‘ not common. This species is readily distinguishable from all others by the peculiar loud humming noise produced by the wings, audible at a distance of 20 or 30 yards. I did not find it near the pueblo, but at some height up one of the hills. Gizzard contained insects.” 102. LAFRESNAYA GAYI. Nanegal, two ex. 103. AMAZILIA RIEFFERI (Boiss.). Nanegal and Perucho. 95 104. MetraLura TYRIANTHINA (Lodd.). Abovd Puellaro, many ex. 105. SpATHURA MELANANTHERA, Jard. Nanegal, one ex. 106. THALURANIA VERTICEPS, Gould. Nanegal (many ex.), and above Puellaro. 107. UrosticTE BENJAMINI (Bourc. ). 108. HeELIANGELUS sTROPHIANUS (Gould). 109. Dor1rera LuDovici# (Bource. et Muls.). 110. FuorisuGa MELLIVoRA (Linn.).. 111. Lespra cyanura, Gould. 112. UrRocHROA BOUGIERI. Specimens of these six last species were in Mr. Fraser’s former collection from Nanegal, besides examples of others already enume- rated. II. Scansores. 113. P1ayA MEHLERI, Bp.? Nanegal. < Gizzard contained grasshoppers and maggots.” 114. RHAMPHASTOS AMBIGUUS, Sw. Nanegal. ‘‘ Moledor: gizzard contained fruit.” 115. ANDIGENA LAMINIROSTRIS, Gould. Nanegal. 116. Evsucco sourciert (Lafr.). Nanegal, two ex. ‘Bare space round the eye yellowish ; gizzard contained green fruit with minute seeds.” 117. PrcuMNUS GRANADENSIS (Lafr.). Two ex. d. Irides hazel; gizzard contained caterpillars and in- sects. Nanegal, two ex. ‘“Inrides hazel ; bill black, base of lower man- dible blue ; legs and feet greenish ; gizzard contained caterpillars and insects.” 118. CoLaptres ELEGANS, Fraser. Calacali, March, adult ¢ and nestling. ‘Builds in holes of trees ; stomachs contained apparently green vegetable matter.” 96 III. Accrpirres. 119. CATHARTES ATRATUS. Perrucho, ‘common in the pueblo, sitting on the roofs,’’ and above Puellaro. Not distinguishable from the bird of the United States. *«Trides dark hazel ; bill and legs bluish.” 120. CaTHARTEs AuRA (Linn.). One ex., ¢, from Puellaro, agreeing with C. aura of North America. “ Upanga (Quichua) from Upa—‘ fool’ ; Gallinazo tonto or G. colo- rado (Spanish). The inhabitants of the pueblo had not observed this species before ; it was one of two amongst a community of C. atratus. It does not appear to be common anywhere. In most places I have observed it singly or in pairs. In Pallatanga it is called Chalpan : mandibles very pale yellow; head of a port-wine colour, the corru- gations from the crown down the back of the neck and coruscations before and under the eyes white; legs and feet pale yellow; gizzard contained short hair and small lines.” 121. TrnnuncuLus spaRveRivs (Linn.). Calacali and Puellaro, three ex. At Calacali ‘ very common in pairs everywhere about the town.” Stomach of one contained “a mouse,”’ of another ‘‘ grasshoppers.” 122. AccrPITER ERYTHROCNEMIUS, Kaup. Nanegal, one ex. “ Irides, legs, and feet yellow ; bill at the base blue, with the tip black.” Stomach contained “ flesh and feathers.’’ 123. Micrastur GILvicou.ts (Vieill.).—M. concentricus, Auct. Nanegal, one ex., adult. ‘Irides reddish ; bill black above, yel- low beneath ; face, legs, and feet orange ; gizzard contained grass- hoppers and the lower jaw of a lizard.” 124. Srrix puncratisstma, G. R. Gray, Voy. Beagle, Zool. p- 34, pl.4. “ Lechusa; from the roof of the house at Puellaro.”’ A young bird, apparently of this species, of which Mr. Fraser has sent the adult from Quito. 125. SyRNIUM ALBOGULARE, Cassin. Wooded heights above Puellaro. ‘‘ Adult ¢ and young, taken together in a large tree ; in the stomach, remains of beetles and other insects.” ; 126. PHoLEOpTYNX CUNICULARIA (Mol.). Calacali. ‘“‘Irides bright straw-colour ; beak bluish ; gizzard con- tained insects. I saw some twenty or thirty of these birds on the side of a hill, mostly in pairs. They live in holes in the ground. Their flesh is eaten by the natives.” 97 IV. CoLumsB. 127. CotumBa RvUFINA, Temm. Nanegal. In the stomach “fruit and grit.” 128. ZeENAIDA HYPOLEUCA, Bp. Calacali. ‘Very common; stomach contained small seeds and grit.” V. Gauuin.. 129. ORTALIDA MONTAGNII, Bp. Nanegal and above Puellaro. At latter place “common ;” giz- zard contained a fruit called Mora, which is a species of Rubus, according to Dr. Jameson. " 130. Ruyncnotis perpix (Mol.)? Calacali and Puellaro. “ Perdiz: in gizzard, seeds of various sizes and grit. Said to be common high up in the mountains, where they are taken by dogs ; I have never seen them except in pairs.”’ Nearly allied to R. perdizx of Chili, but probably of a different species. 9. On a NEw SNAKE FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDs. By Dr. Atsert GinTuHer. The genus Herpetodryas, being composed of those Dryadide, which have the maxillary teeth of equal length and entirely smooth, comprises snakes from America and from Madagascar. The follow- ing species comes from the Galapagos Islands, and appears to be the only Snake as yet known to inhabit that group *. HERPETODRYAS BISERIALIS. Diagnosis.—Scales in nineteen rows; eight upper labials, three posterior oculars. Light brown, with a dark brown dorsal band, serrated on the anterior portion of the trunk, and formed by a double series of spots on the middle and on the posterior part of the back. A dark brown streak from the eye across the cheek. Belly irregu- larly dotted with brown. * The first mention of a Snake on these islands seems to be in Dampier’s ‘ Voy. Round the World,’ ed. 7. vol.i. 8vo. Lond. 1729, p. 103 :—“ There are some Green Snakes on these islands; but no other land-animal that I did ever see.” Darwin says in his Journ. of Research., p. 381, speaking on the Zoology of the Galapagos Islands :—“ There is one snake which is numerous; it is identical. as 1 am informed by M. Bibron, with the Psammophis temminckii from Chile.” Although subsequently, in the ‘ Erpétologie Générale,’ nothing is mentioned by Duméril and Bibron about the occurrence of P. temminckii, or of any other snake, in these islands, that determination of Bibron may possibly be correct. If such be the case, there are two species of Snakes in that group of islands. No. 423.—ProcerpineGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 98 Hab. In Charles Island (Galapagos). Typical specimen in the Collection of the British Museum. Description.—The head is rather depressed, flat, and, like the trunk and tail, somewhat elongate ; the eye is of moderate size, with the pupil round. The rostral does not reach to the upper surface of the snout; the anterior frontals are square, the posterior ones about twice the size and subquadrangular ; the vertical is rather slender, twice as long as broad ; the occipitals triangular and rather pointed posteriorly. The nostril is situated between two shields ; the loreal nearly square; the anterior ocular extends to the upper surface of the head, and is in contact with the vertical. There are three posterior oculars, the middle of which is the smallest, the in- ferior forming a part of the lower portion of the orbit ; the temporal shields are scale-like and rather irregularly arranged. There are eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. The median lower labial is triangular, and of moderate size ; ten lower labials, the first of which is in contact with its fellow, behind the median shield. There are two pairs of elongate skin-shields of equal size. The scales are perfectly smooth, in nineteen rows, rhombic, those of the outer series being rather larger. Ventral plates 209 ; anal bifid; caudals 108. The ground colour is a light brownish-grey: a vertebral band, formed by dark brown spots, begins from the occiput, and is gra- dually lost on the middle of the tail; it is continuous anteriorly, and serrated on both sides, but gradually dissolved into two series of brown spots, the spots of each series being confluent on the end of the trunk ; there is a dark brown streak across the temple. The belly is greyish, and finely and irregularly speckled with brown. inches. lines. Dotal Jeno ie ts am bp idian.- acre a alps sis 14 3 Length of the head ............ SE ie Greatest width of the head ........ 0 3 Length of the trunk .............. 10 0 Length of the tail ........ eeeere-- 3 10 The maxillary teeth are of moderate size, of nearly equal length, in a continuous series, and entirely smooth. February 14, 1860. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Dr. Shortt, F.Z.S., made some remarks on the Civet-cats of India, and the native method of extracting the perfume. Dr. Crisp exhibited two stuffed specimens of the Cock of the Rock (Rupicola eroeea) which had been brought alive to and had died in this country. oe a oe ‘ 7 » ene Gesleusy. af, +P ILAXX'T ‘Peet UL 40 NOI, Lows bit anmalia LXXVOL. SACCULATED PEYERIAN GLAND OF YOUNG GIRAFFE nee. Mr. Bartlett exhibited a head of a variety of the Common Goose in which the feathers at the back of the head were reversed so as to form a sort of ruff. It was stated that this variety had been per- petuated for several generations at the farm of J.C. Chaytor, Esq., at Croft near Darlington, and if properly treated by a judicious selection of breeding birds, might doubtless be made the origin of a new domestic breed of geese. Mr. Bartlett also exhibited the gizzard of a Nicobar Pigeon, from a specimen recently deceased in the So- ciety’s Gardens, and called attention to the peculiar stony develop- ment of the epithelial lining. Mr. Sclater exhibited a specimen of a large Horned Owl shot by Major W. E. Hay, F.Z.S., upon the borders of the Pangkong Lake in Thibet. He was disposed to consider the bird as a pale variety of Bubo maximus. Mr. Blyth (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 506) had noticed the report of the occurrence of this bird in the Hima- layas, but Mr. Sclater believed that this was the first recorded speci- men which had been obtained and examined. Mr. H. W. Bates exhibited a frugivorous Bat from Ega on the Upper Amazon, which he believed to belong to an undescribed species of Phyllostoma. The following papers were read :— 1. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE. By T. Spencer Cossoip, M.D., F.L.S. (Mammalia, Plates LXXVII., LX XVIII.) Notwithstanding the apparent completeness of that elaborate Memoir on the Giraffe by Prof. Joly and Mons. A. Lavocat, con- tained in the third volume of the ‘Transactions of the Strasburg Natural History Society*,’ combined with the more recent ‘ Osteo- logische Bemerkungen’ of Dr. George Jager}, there are still many points of interest associated with the study of the structure of this aberrant ruminant which remain to be elucidated. Some of these are matters of dispute, and a few have reference to the existence of peculiarities not known to occur in any other living mammal. The President and Office-bearers of the Zoological Society having liberally afforded me an opportunity of examining the carcass of a * Recherches historiques, zoologiques, anatomiques, et paléontologiques, sur la Giraffe (Camelopardalis Giraffa, Gmelin), par MM. N. Joly et A. Lavocat, Mém. de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Strasbourg, tom. iii. livr. 3°, 1840-1846. This essay is illustrated by seventeen plates, many of the figures being borrowed from Prof. Owen’s Memoirs, published in the Zoological Society’s Transactions. It is satisfactory to notice, however, that the sources whence they have been obtained are carefully acknowledged. + Osteologische Bemerkungen, von Dr. George Jaeger, Acta Acad. C. L. C. Nat. Cur. vol. xxvi. part i. 1855, Abschnitt 3. Oeffnung auf der Oberflache des Stirnbeins einer jungen Giraffe, p. 99. Bemerkungen iiber die Horner und Epiphysen, sowie iiber die Sinus des Schidels in Vergleichung mit andern Wiederkauern. Vergleichung der Grossenverhaltnisse einiger Knochen der Giraffe mit denen des fossilen Sivatherium, p. 102. 100 young male Giraffe, I have been enabled to confirm certain important discoveries previously made by myself in connexion with the intes- tinal canal, whilst, at the same time, I have some additional facts to contribute towards our knowledge of the development of the intra- cranial sinuses. The intestinal peculiarities above alluded to had been entirely overlooked by the Cuviers, Isidore and Etienne Geof- froy Saint-Hilaire, Home, Owen, and all other anatomists previous to the date when the facts I refer to were originally made public,— namely, at the meetiag of the British Association held at Glasgow in 1855; and it may also, with equal truth, I believe, be remarked, that no one has, since that time, had an opportunity of confirming or refuting the statements then and there set forth. The anomalous structures in question are briefly described in my article “ Rumi- nantia,”’ in the supplement to Dr. Todd’s ‘ Cyclopeedia of- Anatomy and Physiology,’ and they have also been specially noticed else- where*. The young Giraffe which so receutly formed an attractive feature in the Society’s menagerie was born in the Gardens on the 6th of July 1859. From the period of its birth until the day of its death, it had never exhibited any symptoms of indisposition, whilst its Sportive gambols and rapid growth were the subject of general remark. Early in the morning of the 2nd of December, on entering the Giraffe-house the keeper observed the animal struggling to raise itself from the ground, but, in spite of timely assistance, these efforts proved unavailing. It soon became apparent that the limbs were partially paralysed, and the animal expired in about two hours from the time it was first observed prostrate. The young Giraffe had clearly sustained some injury, which was in all probability occasioned by a kick from the mother, when the former was attempting to reach the teat. This supposition derives strength from the circum- stance that the mother would ailow lactation to be carried on only at certain intervals, and therefore the importunate cravings of the “fawn” frequently exposed it to rough usage, or even violent re- sistance. I am informed by the experienced keeper (on whose care the condition of the young animal up to the time of its death reflects * Bearing upon this subject, I have contributed the following papers, notices, &e.:— 1. Account of the Dissection of a Giraffe. Physiological Soc. Rep. in Edin. Month. Journal for April 1854. . 2. Notes on the Anatomy of the Giraffe. Communicated to the Royal Physical Soc. of Edin., and published in the Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. for June 1854, 3. Description of a New Species of Trematode infesting the Giraffe. Read at the Glasgow Meeting of the Brit. Assoc. Sept. 1855. See Reports. Also pub- lished, with a coloured plate, in Edin. New. Phil. Journal, Oct. 1855. 4, On a remarkable pouched condition of the Glandule Peyeriane in the Giraffe. Edin. New Phil. Journ. for Jan. 1856, with a coloured plate. Also noticed in British Assoc. Rep. for the preceding year. 5. See also, under “ Intestinal Glands,”’ additional observations, Article ‘‘ Ru- minantia,” in Supp. to Dr. Todd’s Cyclopedia of Anat. and Physiol. p. 539, with two figures. 1859. 6. Also a brief notice (with good fig.) in the Mammalian Division of the “Museum of Natural History,” in the general characters of the Order Rumi- nantia, vol. i. diy. i. p. 157, 1860. : : 101 the highest credit) that this resistance on the part of the parent is quite natural and frequent with giraffes in general ; and this leads me to infer, therefore, that the young animal must have struck its head violently against the woodwork of the stall when in the act of escaping from the kicks of its annoyed parent. In a formal note addressed to the Secretary, and dated 7th Dec. 1859, I have already communicated the results of a post mortem examination of this animal, made by Mr. Bartlett and myself. That dissection has fully explained the immediate cause of the Giraffe’s death, for, as then observed, “a longitudinal section of the skull showed extensive injury to the vessels internally, the large sphe- noidal sinus being filled with extravasated blood. The upper lip was rather deeply cut, evidently from sudden contact with the middle incisor-teeth. The vessels of the brain were gorged, but there was no laceration of the cerebral substance. All the viscera were per- fectly healthy.” The precise locality of the blood-extravasation is clearly indicated in the accompanying drawing (Pl. LXXVII.). Here it will be noticed that the submucous tissues, both above and below the palato-maxillary bones, are completely ecchymosed, whilst the large sphenoidal sinus below the basis cerebri is choked with blackish clots. Traces of extravasation existed within the cranium, and the meningeal vessels were everywhere unnaturally distended. If the drawing be further examined, and a comparison be insti- tuted between it and the artistic figure of a similar longitudinal section of the dried adult cranium accompanying Prof. Owen’s Memoir, published in the second volume of the Society’s Trans- actions, it will be observed that the relative differences in the dis- position of their parts are singularly marked. In the adult animal the fronto-parietal air-sinuses extend backwards from the centre of the facial region to the occipital border; but in the young giraffe under consideration, the anterior part of the head is only occupied by a single frontal sinus of comparatively limited dimensions, the cavity being situated immediately below the naso-frontal eminence. In the former, again, the sinuses are complicated by numerous lamellar partitions, which in the latter are merely represented by curved ridges whose smooth and rounded borders project internally from the parietes of the cavity ; two or three of these linear eleva- tions are seen in the annexed illustration. Another still more striking difference, and one which results from the non-development of the parietal sinuses, is that relating to the size and position of the brain. In the adult animal the transversal area of the cerebrum on section, taken immediately behind the lateral horns, is manifestly less than half that of the cranium divided at a similar spot ; whereas in the Society’s young giraffe, a like comparison will show that the transversal area of the brain is equivalent to at least two-thirds of that of the cranium. And even yet more noticeable is the circum- ~ stance that the brain of the full-grown giraffe lies on a plane almost level, and continuous, as it were, with the nasal passages; but in the young individual, the cerebrum, though nearly parallel in direc- tion, is at the same time placed at a very much higher level. In the 102 one the upper border of the nasal passage is on a line with the inner or vitreous table of the fronto-parietal walls of the cranium, but in the other the same limiting border of the nasal inlet is almost level with the floor of the cerebral cavity. In the young animal the cavity of the frontal sinus extends somewhat further backwards at the sides than it does in the median plane; nevertheless, the accom- panying illustration affords a tolerably fair estimate of its capacity. The sphenoidal sinus exhibits comparatively limited dimensions. In the present communication I do not enter into details respect- ing the form and relations of the separate cranial elements, reserving these (as well as considerations affecting the dentition, and also cer- tain skeletal peculiarities) for future observation, when I shall have had an opportunity of more minutely examining the dried bones. In the meantime, however, I cannot allow this opportunity to pass without distinctly expressing my adhesion to the early opinion and carefully recorded observations of Riippell, as to the existence of a third epiphysial horn in the male Nubian Giraffe. I have satisfied myself as to the substantial accuracy of Riippell’s views, not merely from the dissection of two young males, but from a close inspection of several adult crania contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons; and I have been even more persuaded as to the cer- tainty of the presence of a third so-called horn in this animal by an examination of the admirably prepared skeleton of a male giraffe preserved in Dr. Harrison’s Museum at Trinity College, Dublin*, together with the skull of another specimen which died in the Society’s Menagerie about two years ago. I have recently been informed that the animal last mentioned was a female, which, if true, renders the argument still more interesting. At all events, I agree with those who, with Riippell and Cuvier, insist upon the recognition of a third horn in the male, and, although opposed in this persuasion by the opinion of Prof. Owen, I am nevertheless glad to observe its existence fully corroborated by the independent researches of Jager. * The Dublin specimen (also bred in the Zoological Society’s Menagerie) was a remarkably fine animal. The late Dr. Ball informed me that it died during sexual excitement, while in the act of assaulting a sheep which had been placed in the same paddock. + Dr. Jager makes the following statement in a foot note to his Memoir pre- viously quoted :—‘ In the skull of a young male in the collection at Munich, whose horns are scarcely two inches long, and likewise separated, there is, in the place of the third central horn, a rather strongly marked elevation of the frontal bone, but no trace of an epiphysis. In the skull (19 inches long) of a male received a short time ago froth the north of Africa, through Dr. Heuglin, which skull we believe to be mature, the suture of the hind horns (14 inches high) is still perceptible, but the serrated borders are almost firmly united to the frontal and parietal bones. The mesial horn, however, is still quite separated by the epiphysial cartilage from the frontal and nasal bones, whose sutures are not yet obliterated, as also obtains in the other cranial bones. The anterior margin of the central horn-bone projects about one inch over the posterior limit of the nasal bone. From thence the anterior part of the horn rises to the tip, forming a very gradual slope, while the posterior inclination is comparatively steep and short. It results from this that the central horn unites with the bones much later than the hinder horns, which are common to both sexes.” 103 Before passing to the consideration of certain intestinal peculi- arities, I cannot omit noticing a few additional points of general interest. As in the aged animal, so also in the young individual, the cerebellum is situated on a level with, and is not overlapped by, the cerebrum. In the Edinburgh specimen I found the rudimental uvula to consist of three small, conical, and closely approximated papillee, but in the present example there are only two minute pro- cesses of a similar character, united at the base and subsequently diverging from one another at right angles. From former exami- nations, I feel quite certain that the fibres of the ligamentum nuche do not exhibit, under the microscope, any transverse striation, neither in the fresh state nor when dried, and I cannot but suppose that the appearances indicated by Prof. Quekett must have been accidental. Except in the truly anomalous instance described by Prof. Owen— where a double gall-bladder occurred in a female—all previously recorded dissections of the giraffe point to the absence of a gall- bladder ; and this rule, which also holds good in the case before us, very strongly indicates the Cervine affinities of the genus. _ Without entering upon a minute description of the parasites infesting the Giraffe, I may here notice that a careful scrutiny of the viscera of the Society’s young specimen has enabled me to add yet another species to the list.of Entozoa. From the liver and sub- lingual cellular tissues of the Edinburgh specimen I obtained nume- rous Cysticerci and Cercarie, together with about forty examples of an unusually large fluke* ; and though neither of these helminthic forms existed in the present instance, the cecum was nevertheless abundantly supplied with Trichocephali, markedly different from those so commonly found in man. Provisionally, I recognize this nema- tode entozoon under the combined generic and specific title of Trichocephalus gracilis+. In regard to certain peculiar modifications of structure found in the alimentary canal, I have, in the first place, to remark the presence of valvular folds at the anterior border of Peyer’s glands. All the agminated follicles or patches do not exhibit this smgular folding, only three or four of the glands being thus extended; in these, however, the duplication was even more developed than re- presented in my original figure in the Article “‘ Ruminantia”’ previ- ously cited. In the Society’s young giraffe, also, the lateral margins of the glands are more elevated, whilst well-marked transverse ridges pass across the follicles from side to side. Morphologically speak- ing, these rudimental partitions undoubtedly represent the lobular foldings of ordinary compound glands—a view which is more clearly brought out by considering the complexity of that unique differen- tiation which I have next to notice. From the juvenile character of the Society’s animal I scarcely expected to detect more than a mere * Fasciola gigantea mihi, in Mem. loc. cit. + From other animals which have more or less recently died at the Society's Menagerie, [ have procured a variety of interesting Entozoa. See two Memoirs in the Linnean Society’s Transactions, vol. xxii. pp. 155, 363. Plates 31-33, and 63. 104 trace of those remarkable glandular pouches which I originally dis- covered in a giraffe about two years old; in this, however, I have been agreeably surprised, and have found a structure still more com- plicated, although the secerning or follicular tissue is so little marked as to be scarcely visible to the naked eye (Pl. LXXVIII.)*. In Wombwell’s giraffe, which died at Edinburgh, only seven of the sacs were found complete and bordered by very attenuated walls; but in the Society’s specimen there are at least twenty circumscribed fossz. Ten of these exhibit very small outlets, whilst two or three of the larger and more patent sacculi display secondary pouches in their interior. As the drawing sufficiently illustrates the relative form and disposition of these sacs, it is scarcely necessary to describe them more fully ; but no one, I think, can possibly fail to recognize the morphological signification of this singular development in its en- tirety. Among the various known modes of extension of the intes- tinal glandular element, there is nothing comparable to it throughout the entire range of the vertebrate series. Special induplications of the alimentary membranes are here and there produced to meet the exigencies of certain mammalian species, but no one, I believe, has hitherto observed a similar development exclusively involving Peyer’s patches. It is now, therefore, even more perceivable that the com- pound agminated follicles may be legitimately associated with the highly developed compound lobulated glands, such as the sublinguals, the parotids, and the tonsils; and the latter, again, may be regarded as morphologically analogous, and even serially homologous with the highly organized liver and pancreas. In the Giraffe, indeed, the tonsils display a remarkably capacious excretory outlet common to all the lobules—a circumstance rendering the above comparison still more significant. There is also yet another aspect in which this honeycombed in- testinal gland is entitled to assume especial prominence, namely, as a zoological character. Here I am aware that I am likely to meet with opposition from those who ignore the value of anatomical investigations ; nevertheless, with all due deference to others, I must, in the present instance, be permitted to uphold the validity of the persuasion which argues that no viscus or system of tissues should be excluded from the characters employed in the determination of zoological affinity—certainly not, at least, when any marked devia- tion from a classic, ordinal, or generic type is sufficient to impart * It is remarkable that Prof. Owen should have entirely overlooked this peculiar formation, since nothing can be more precise and correct than his de- scription of the subjacent ilio-colic valve. In the Memoir, loc. cit. p. 227, he says :— The termination of the ilium forms a circular tumid lip within the cecum, and presents a less efficient mechanical obstacle to regurgitation than in the human subject.” Prof. Joly and Mons. Lavocat, although they have given a complete résumé of the writings and investigations of no less than forty eminent anatomists and zoologists, thus summarily dismiss their account of the cecum (Mem. J. c. p.35) : —‘ Le ceeum n’offre rien de particulier, si ce n’est son volume assez peu con- sidérable, quand on le compare a celui des autres ruminants, et surtout A celui du cheval.” 105 distinctive cogency to the balance of hypothetical analysis. I firmly believe that the comparative perfection of our knowledge of the proper definitive allocation and relative position of organized beings — whether arranged in groups, species, or individualities—depends solely on the accuracy and grasp which an extended experience and observation alone can supply; and I respectfully submit that no structural phzenomenon, great or small, external or internal, scarce or invariable, can be too unimportant to be carelessly eschewed. We have seen the highest animal existences organically linked with the members of the vegetable kingdom by the discovery of starch in the human brain, whilst the abundant presence’ of cellulose in the Tunicated Molluscs affords a more striking illustration of the funda- mental unity of all organized being. Without enlarging further, however, on general facts and principles, I return to the direct subject-matter of this paper, in order to enforce more strongly the zoological value of the glandular body above described. The giraffe is an animal admittedly osculant between the Cervine, Antilopine, and Cameline ruminants—partaking of characters more or less com- mon to all these groups; and here we have (in addition to the peculiar horns, and the partially distinctive cranial, lingual, and external modifications subservient to the animal’s mode of existence) an entirely unique development connected with the digestive system. When, therefore, it is considered that this marked peculiarity is not known to be shared by the allied families above referred to, and that the complexity of the organ has arriyed at a point far beyond the ordinary development of Peyer’s patches, I think it but fair that zoologists should candidly admit the utility of anatomical researches and welcome any structural discovery which gives aid to their defi- nitions, and which, in the instance under consideration, palpably justifies the recognition of the giraffe as the type of a separate family. I consider the force of this argument is in no degree less- ened by the circumstance, that, on separate and at the same time thoroughly judicious grounds, Dr. Gray and others have already advocated this separation, the most striking character which they employ for this purpose having reference to the existence of pseudo- ceratophorous epiphyses permanently invested by a hairy integu- ment, In conclusion, I may remark that zoological science should not be allowed to resemble an eviscerated carcass, but its proportions should be shaped and its constituent parts welded together by data gathered from every phase of biological inquiry, though this may oceasionally involve a prominent recognition of deep-seated ana- tomical appearances, and sometimes even extend to purely chemico- vital manifestations. 2. ON THE OccURRENCE oF AMERICAN Birps tN EvrRore. By Herr H. GArKke or HELIGOLAND. The route by which American birds proceed to Europe is, as Yarrell justly terms it, “an interesting problem, of difficult solu- 106 tion.” For years this solution has occupied my attention, and although I have myself always been convinced that such of these entirely American birds as occasionally visit Europe do reach us by a passage across the Atlantic, this remains a mere opinion, carrying no weight if unsupported by facts, or by at least sufficient argument to make good the question at issue. The mere comparative review of the occasional visitors among the birds of Great Britain and of Germany will lead to the conclusion that the route of American birds to Europe must needs be a voyage across the Atlantic, for, almost all the additions to the birds of Europe, of species purely American, have been obtained in Great Britain—which could not have been the case if they had proceeded in any other than an eastern direction—whilst the additions by Ger- many, furnished to the European Ornis, consist nearly entirely of birds belonging to Asia. However striking the result of such a comparative review may be, one question will always present itself, namely :—Whether it be pos- . sible for a bird to sustain an uninterrupted flight sufficient to carry it across the wide expanse of the Atlantic. I am convinced that this is possible, and shall endeavour to prove such possibility. This purpose necessitates a measure for the rate of locomotion of a bird through the atmosphere. Fora long time I vainly endeavoured to obtain reliable data upon which to found an estimation of the rate of flight of birds—when at last I hit upon a passage in Yarrell’s ‘ British Birds,’ ii. p. 295, where, speaking of the Carrier Pigeon, he mentions the fact of one of these birds having performed a flight of 150 miles in an hour anda half: it was on the 24th of June 1833; the Pigeon flew from Rouen to Ghent ; sixteen others flew the same distance in two hours and a half. Wonderful as this instance of swiftness of the flight of a bird may appear, it certainly is still surpassed by birds when on their period- ical migrations ; for, the above feat was accomplished by an indivi- dual hatched and reared in at least semi-confinement, whose powers of flight consequently could not be nearly so well developed as in a bird grown up wild and free, which nearly every hour of his life ‘has to depend on the utility of its wings, either for the purpose of over- taking its prey, or for that of escaping from being caught. Laying down, therefore, 100 geographical miles per hour as the rate of flight of birds during distant migration, one keeps—after the above—quite within safe bounds, and, at this rate, the 1600 geographical miles from Newfoundland to Ireland would be effected in sixteen hours. No orithologist will doubt for a moment the capability of a healthy bird to sustain a flight of that duration ; during the long summer days many of the Hirwndinide are on the wing for as long a period, and although their flight may be inter- rupted by occasional rests of very short duration, it is performed in the lower, less buoyant atmosphere, and consists of so many evolu- tions, that most decidedly it must on the whole be much more tiresome than the straight path in the pure upper regions of a bird bent on the performance of one long pilgrimage. 107 Even supposing that birds become exhausted before accomplishing the passage across the ocean, observations I have made in the vici- nity of this island have fully convinced me that small birds, such as Thrushes, Buntings, Finches, &c., are able to rest on the sea—even when a little in motion—and afterwards to resume and pursue their flight with fresh vigour. Of this I shall give the particulars further on; but, for the present, return to the above question, by giving an instance of endurance on the wing of a species which, with pretty good certainty, may be said every spring to perform in the period of one night a flight of more than 1200 geographical miles; namely, from Egypt to Heligoland—the bird in question being a particular form of Blue-throated Warbler, Sylvia ceerulecula, Pallas. This pretty little bird, noted not at all either for rapidity or great endurance of flight, has its summer quarters in the high northern latitudes of Sweden, Finland, and Siberia, whereas during the winter months it is staying principally in Egypt. On its spring migration, which takes place during the earlier half of May, the first place north of Egypt where it is to be found with certainty in pretty con- siderable numbers is Heligoland. Nowhere in the whole intermediate - distance is it met with but as a great rarity—not even on the neigh- bouring north coast of Germany—whilst here in Heligoland I have oftentimes obtained it in such numbers that more than twenty of the finest adult male birds have been bought by me in one day, and per- haps the same number by the bird-stuffers of the island. The fore- going admits of one conclusion only, namely, that this little bird per- forms the passage from Egypt to Heligoland in one uninterrupted flight, travellmg—as many of the other small Insectivore do— during the night, starting towards sunset and arriving here about sun- rise, or a little later, the time occupie being from twelve to fourteen hours. The distance from Egypt to Heligoland being about 400 geographical miles less than that between Newfoundland and Ireland, the rate of flight of this delicate little bird may be put down the same as that rendered by the above-mentioned Carrier-Pigeon, and con- sequently furnishes a further proof that a healthy well-flying bird is able to cross from the nearest point of America to Ireland without rest or any extraordinary support whatever. In the foregoing I alluded to the aptness of non-natatorial birds of resting, in case of exhaustion, on the sea, and of rising from it after having recovered sufficient strength to resume their flight ; and that at times too, when the water is far from being unruffied. This state- ment is based on the following observations. One day, when out in a boat shooting, about two or three miles from Heligoland, I observed a very small bird swimming on the water. Neither the boatman nor myself being able to discern what species it belonged to, we became very eager to secure the stranger—conjecturing that it would turn out to be some wonderful rarity. When preparing to fire, I fortu- nately discovered that the expected prize was nothing but a Song- thrush! Immediately our desire to kill was changed into compassion : the “poor Thrush” in so piteous a situation was to be “saved.” But how great was our astonishment, when, upon the approach of the 108 boat, the bird without any apparent difficulty rose from the water and flew towards Heligoland in first-rate style! Another time we saw a Snow-Bunting, evidently exhausted very much, because it was float- ing scarcely 500 yards from the island. At the approach of my boat, this bird also very lightly rose from the water, but it was so weak that it had to resume its unnatural resting-place after proceed- ing about thirty or forty yards towards the rocks. We went after it again, and for a third time, but with the same result, whereupon we refrained from all further attempts at forcing our well-intended assistance upon so obstinate a fellow—the more so, as we entertained no doubts that after a little rest he would obtain a more solid foot- ing without any help of ours. I will give one more instance of this propensity in birds—m all my experience, the most striking : this time it was a Mountain-Finch which had been compelled to alight for rest on the water of the sea ; it was about three miles east of Heligoland. When this bird was approached by the boat, it rose very easily, mounted into the air to a great height—as birds do when starting for their migratorial ex- cursions—and then struck out steadily in a southern direction, with- out taking any notice whatever of the island. Although I believe in the foregomg to have proved sufficiently the possibility of birds being capable to cross on the wing from the United States of America to Great Britain, the greatest probability that they do so is still shown by the proportion the number of American birds obtained in Great Britain bears to that of those ob- tained in the whole of Europe. Yarrell, in his ‘ British Birds,’ 1845, mentions more than forty instances cf that description ; Tringa ru- fescens and Scolopax grisea having been obtained six times each! whereas, Germany, Holland, and France together offer but very few instances—some of which scarcely rest on good authority. Heligoland seems to forma happy centre. Here the Gulls of the Arctic Sea, Larus rossii and sabinii, meet the Numidian Crane, Grus virgo, Lanius phenicurus, and other African birds ; whilst the United States send Mimus rufus and T. lividus, Sylvicola virens, Charadrius virginicus, and others, to meet deputations from the far east of Asia consisting of Turdus ruficollis and T. varius, Sylvia javanica, S. cali- gata, and S. certhiola, Emberiza rustica, E. pusilla, and E. aureola, Pyrrhula rosea and a great many others. All these birds, together with a great number of acquisitions quite as valuable for the European Ornis, all captured on this island, are preserved in my collection—a collection, which, although scarcely approaching to three hundred specimens, has, by Blasius, been pro- nounced to be “the most interesting between Paris and Petersburg.” Heligoland, January 1860. 4.8. Aves CLX rroc = 4} i‘) a) oa af ¥ HL, b ' r Lf ra Ce) eI | t ] ) es) 1 > A, o£ 109 3. ON some BrrpS COLLECTED tn ANGoLA. By Dr. G. Harr- LAUB, OF BREMEN, AND J. J. MonTEIRO. (Aves, Pl. CLXI.) The twenty-two birds hereinafter enumerated were obtained by me in Angola, at the port of Ambriz, and at Bembe, about 130 miles in the interior, during my residence there in 1858 and 1859. Bembe is a Portuguese settlement, where there are Malachite copper-mines, at present worked by an English Company. It liesin a mountainous district, belonging to the clay-slate formation, traversed by numerous valleys and water-courses, in which the vegetation is very luxuriant. Dr. G. Hartlaub, of Bremen, who is our best authority on West African Ornithology, has kindly determined the species.—(J. J. M.) 1. Mrcrontsus MonocRAMmicus (Temm.), var. Meriv. Dif- fert .a specimine Senegalensi fasciis abdominalibus latioribus ; ‘fascia caude media strictiore; notis longitudinalibus gutiuris muito strictioribus minusque conspicuis. Long. tota cirea 134", ale 8" 2'", caudee 53", tarsi ie, I consider this bird to be a southern local race of the well- known M. monogrammicus of Senegambia and the upper Bahr-el- Abiad, where Brun-Rollet and Heuglin found it.—(G. H.) Brought to me alive at Ambriz on the coast, and kept some days alive.— (J. J. M.) 2. CAPRIMULGUS FULVIVENTRIS, n.sp. Supra in fundo late fulvo-rufescente nigricante fasciolatus et vermiculatus ; maculis pilei medii subtriquetris nigerrimis, pulchre conspicuis ; ale parte dorso proxima simili modo notata ; remigibus nigris, macula alba ut in congeneribus notatis ; tertiariis alarumque tectricibus fulvo nigroque variegatis ; rectricibus 4 mediis obscurius nigro rufoque variegatis et irregulariter fasciatis, binis externis pro maxima parte albis, tertia parte basali unicolore nigra ; gutiure in fundo lete fulvo nigro fasciato ; macula gulari et vitta brevi triangulart albis ; pectore et abdomine lete fulvis, unicoloribus, subalaribus et subcaudalibus lete fulvis ; vibrissis rictalibus brevibus, debili- bus, rostri apice nigro. ’ Long. 83", ale 5" 7", caudee 31", rostr. a fr. 5!". - A true Caprimulgus, and very probably a new one.—(G. H.) Common at Bembe and on the coast. In flocks of five or six, hawk- ing for flies in the evening close to the ground. Eyes very large. Native name “ Lubutarubuta.”—(J. J. M.) 3. Coractas cAuDATA, L. Very common on the coast, but not met with inland beyond twenty or thirty miles. Seen flying about with irregular flight all through the day, chattering much, and feeding on Orthoptera. One kept five months in captivity subsisted on raw beef. Native name “ Taca- mantaca.’’—(J. J. M.) 110 4, HALCYON CINEREIFRONS, Vieill. The first description of this well-known and widely distributed Species was made from an Angolan specimen obtained by Perrein. Cassin has indicated it as occurring about Natal.—(G.H.) Not uncommon near Bembe in the thick woods at the bottoms of the ravines, where there is water. Subsists on insects. Seen sitting on a branch, head aloft, whence they dart forth to secure their prey, and return. Called ‘‘ Telampuica.”—(J. J. M.) 5. NECTARINIA ANGOLENSIS, Less. 6. NECTARINIA CYANOL&MA, Jard. 7. NECTARINIA CHLOROLEMA, Jard. 8. NECTARINIA CYANUOCEPHALA, Sh. These four Sunbirds were all obtained at Bembe, where this group of birds is abundant, both in species and individuals. They are seen in the hottest part of the day haunting the flowering plants, never settling but hovering, whilst they extract the honey from the flowers. —(J. J. M.) Three of those Nectarinia, Nos. 5, 7 and 8, were already known to inhabit Angola, the fourth, NV. cyanolema, had been collected only in those northern parts of Western Africa, Fernando Po, Gaboon, and even as high up as Galam, whence there is a specimen in the Paris Museum. Three very fine species of Nectarinie collected by Per- rein in Angola, N. erythrothorax, N. rubescens, and N. perreinii, all three described by Vieillot, have never been found again, and do not exist in any collection. We call the particular attention of Mr. Monteiro to these lost species.—(G. H.) 9. ANTHUS GOULDII, Fras. Very probably this species. The pectoral spots nearly obsolete. The whole colouring singularly uniform.—(G. H.) Very common on the grassy plains near Bembe. Rises with a whirring noise from the grass when disturbed, but does not sing or utter any note. —(J. JBL). 10. CossyPHA NATALENSIS, Smith. This fine species was never known before to inhabit Western Africa.—(G.H.) Frequents the woody ravines near Bembe. The muscular stomach of one specimen examined contained remains of insects. Native name “ Taranganga.”’—(J. J. M.) 11. BuraLis LUGENS, n.sp. Cinerea, subtus pallidior, abdomine imo medio, crisso et subcaudalibus albis; subalaribus cinereis ; gula nonnihil longitudinaliter varia; alis et cauda fuscescenti- nigris ; scapis plumarum pilei nigris ; tectricibus ale minoribus scapularibusque nigris, obsolete cinerascente limbatis ; rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis. Long. 54", rostr. a fr. 6", alee 2" 8!", caud. a bas. 2! 3!", tars. 64". 111 Apparently a true Muscicapa, or, subgenerically, a Butalis, though the beak is rather long. In the Stutgardt collection there is a spe- cimen of this bird from the interior of South Africa. I have tried without success to discover a description of it somewhere.—(G. H.) Not very common at Bembe, and, I believe, unknown on the coast. Shot in a wooded ravine near a rivulet. Called ‘“‘ Engumbeashedivco.” —(J. J. M.) 12. TcuH1rREA MELAMPYRA, Verr. Common in the wooded ravines near Bembe; native name “ En- gundobeoli anfinda;”’ recognizable by its peculiar cry, but difficult to see, keeping in the densest thickets.—(J. J. M.) 13. Dryoscopus ANGOLENSIS, Hartlaub, n. sp. Supra obscure cinereus, uropygio pallidiore ; remigibus fuscis, cinerascente mar- ginatis; pileo toto, nucha colloque postico nigerrimis, nitore nonnullo chalybeo, plumulis pilet sericeis, brevissimis ; rectricibus obsolete fuscescentibus, mediis potius cinerascentibus, scapis supra nigris, subtus albis ; subtus pallide cinerascens, gutture et subala- ribus albis; rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis ; iride obscure cerulea. Long. circa 72", rostr. a fr. 84", alee 3! 2'", caud. a bas. 3", tars. 94!" Decidedly new, and not quite typical. The characteristic de- velopment of the rump-feathers, so conspicuous in all the typical Dryoscopi, is very little apparent in this new one, and the structure of the curiously short and silk-like feathers of the crown is also very peculiar. Beak strongly carinated.—(G. H.) Common near Bembe in the thick wood. Stomach very large, and full of Indian corn and seeds. Native name “ Entuecula.”—(J.J.M.) 14. EUPLECTES FLAMMICEPS, Sw. Angola is certainly the most southern locality of this species on the west coast. Its northern frontier seems to be the Gambia. Von Pelzeln writes me that there is a specimen at Vienna obtained by Bojer on the island of Zanzibar.—(G. H.) Very common at Bembe, but not seen on the coast ; found among the high grass.—(J.J. M.) 15. SPERMESTES POENSIS, Fras. Seen in flocks in the high grass at Bembe.—(J. J. M.) 16. PyTeLIA MONTEIRI, n. sp. (Pl. CLXI.) Supra cinerea, dorso distincte olivascente ; uropygio et supra-caudalibus obscure coccineis, maculis nonnullis albis, rotundatis ; alis et cauda brun- neo-cinerascentibus ; macula gulari longitudinali intense cinna- barina ; pectore et abdomine dilute et lete cinnamomeis, maculis rotundatis albis pulchre et confertim notatis ; subalaribus palli- dius rufo alboque variis ; subcaudalibus brunneo alboque late et conspicue fasciatis ; rostro nigricante ; pedibus rubellis. Long. 41”, rostr. a fr. 5’, alee 2” 2’", caudee 14”, tars. 6”. This beautiful little Finch is the pride of Mr. Monteiro’s collection. 112 It is undoubtedly new, and I take great pleasure in naming it after its discoverer. May he add many more interesting novelties to our knowledge of African ornithology !—(G. H.) Only one specimen was obtained of this Finch. It was brought to me alive, having been trapped by a native near Bembe. Said to be found in flocks, like Spermestes poénsis.—(J. J .M.) 17. LAMPROCOLIUS SPLENDIDUS (Vieill.). Tolerably common at Bembe, and more so near the coast, being found in flocks of from twenty to thirty. It has a clear whistle like a Starling (Stwrnus). There is another smaller species of this group very abundant. 18. ZANCLOSTOMUS ZNEUS, Vieill. First described by Perrein from an Angolan specimen.—(G. H.) Found only in the interior.—(J. J. M.) 19. CHALCITES SMARAGDINEUS, Sw. Brought to me alive from Encége, two days’ journey to the south of Bembe, where they are said to be abundant.—(J. J. M.) 20. TRERON NUDIROSTRIS, Sw. Identical with Abyssinian specimens.—(G.H.) Very common both on the coast and in the interior. Fat and good toeat. Found generally among the branches of the Adansonia digitata, which is very abundant on the coast. This pigeon is called ‘ Eneuturuga.” fs | 21. PorpHyRIO ALLENI, Thomp. Differing from Abyssinian specimens only in the rather darker and more olive shade of the back.—(G. H.) Very abundant in the interior. I had seven alive at one time in my garden at Bembe. They are very tame in captivity. Ina wild state, they haunt the rivulets and marshes, and are known as “ Lnsuso en maza,”’ or Waterhen.—(J. J. M.) 22. Suva carensis, Licht. Seen at Ambriz on the beach, where it is common, and subse- quently at Loanda.—(J. J. M.) In conclusion, I may remark that the Black-cheeked Monkey (Cercopithecus melanogenys) described by Dr. Gray in the Proceed- ings of this Society for 1849, and figured Mamm. PI. IX. fig. 1, is very abundant at Encége, three days’ journey to the south of Bembe. About Bembe I have seen but one species, probably of the same genus, but of much larger size and of uniform colouring.—/(J.J.M.) dar 389 _— TY etrdey 7005 A, 113 4. Nores on THe Hasirs or Menura avserti. By A. A. Leycester, Esa. (IN A LerrerR ADDRESSED TO JOHN Gov tp, Esa., F.R.S., &c.) The habits of this bird are very similar to those of the Menura superba, as described by Mr. Gould, but, as that gentleman has begged for a full description of them, I send all the particulars I have been able to collect. The Menura alberti is famous for its most extraordinary mocking capabilities. It is found only on the Brisbane and Tweed rivers and in the neighbourhood of their waters. It inhabits the rushes, and generally chooses a sandy soil for its locality. I never saw more than a pair together, male and female. Each male bird has his walk or boundary, and gives battle if another male encroaches on it. He commences singing some time before the dawn of day, being the earliest of the forest-birds in this respect. His song is much varied, as besides his own peculiar note he imitates the cries of all the birds in the bush, such as the Laughing Jackass (Dacelo gigas), and even the mournful howl of the Owl and the thrilling scream of the Curlew. When singing and playing about he spreads his tail over his back like a peacock. He scratches and picks at the earth while singing, which he generally does until about an hour after sunrise. He then becomes silent, and remains so until about an hour before sunset, when he again commences, and continues singing and playing about until it is quite dark. This Menura feeds entirely upon insects, mostly small beetles, mingled with a goodly proportion of sand. It has no crop or upper stomach. The male bird is about four years old before he gets his full tail, as I have proved by shooting ex- amples in full feather with the tail in four different stages of develop- ment; the two centre curved feathers are the last to make their appearance. It breeds in winter, commencing its nest in May, laying in June, and hatching its young in July. It generally builds on some bare rock where there is a sufficient shelter for a lodgment, so that no animals or vermin can approach. The nest is cohstructed of small sticks interwoven with long dry roots and moss, the inside being composed of the skeleton leaf of the parasitica] tree-fern, which makes an inside lining, and is very similar to horse-hair. It is completely rain-proof, and has an entrance at the side. The hen lays only one egg of a very dull colour, looking as if it had been blotched over with ink. The young bird when first hatched is covered with a white down, and remains in the nest about six weeks before it takes its departure. The flesh is not good for food, being of a dark colour, tough and dry. The aboriginal name is Colwin. 5. On tue Reptiues or Sram. By Dr. Avsert GinTuER. (Reptilia, Pl. XXIII.) There is no part of Tropical Asia of which the Amphibio-fauna is so little known as that of Siam. The only information on the No. 424.—Procrepines or THE ZooutoeicaL Society. 1l4 subject must be gathered from some old works, and this is scanty enough, as we shall see hereafter. And yet, what has been con- sidered down to the present day the scarcest and most remarkable species of Snake—Herpeton tentaculatum—proves now to be an in- habitant of this very country. A collection of reptiles, transmitted last year by M. Mouhot to the British Museum, contains two speci- mens of this Reptile, beautifully preserved in every respect, and also twenty-two other species. We thus gain a first step to a fuller knowledge of Siamese Herpetology. I proceed to give an account of this collection. 1. Emys s1AMENsIs, Gray. 2. CALOTES VERSICOLOR, Daud. 3. GecKO vERUS, Merr. 4, TiL1QUA RUFESCENS, Shaw. This species varies very much: the posterior frontals form a more or less broad suture together in some of the specimens, whilst in others they are entirely separated from each other by the intervening medial shield. The black lateral streak is most conspicuous in indi- viduals of middle age, and is gradually lost in older ones; it dis- appears entirely if the epidermis is stripped off. Young individuals are uniform blackish-ash, minutely speckled with whitish. 5. XENOPELTIS UNICOLOR, Reinw. 6. TYPHLOPS DIARDII. 7. CALAMARIA QUADRIMACULATA, Dum. et Bibr. 8. SIMOTES TRINOTATUS, Dum. et Bibr., var. Duméril states correctly the number of longitudinal series of scales, which is twenty-one. The Siamese specimen, however, differs in the coloration, having the belly pure white, the back reddish-olive, some scales being blackish, and forming transverse streaks in regular inter- spaces, but not three distinct series of spots. 9. TRopIpONoTUS QuincuNctatTuS, Schleg. var. F., Gthr. 10. HypstrHinA AiR, Wagl. Variety without series of spots on the belly or tail. 11. HerPeTON TENTACULATUM, Lacép. (Pl. XXIII.) This Snake is hitherto known from a single discoloured specimen only, which has served for all the descriptions published. After the account and the figure given by Schlegel, it does not appear neces- sary to repeat a description of the form, or of the shields and scales, in which our specimens do not show any difference. The larger of 115 the specimens is an adult male, 25 inches long, the smaller half-grown, 13 inches long. The coloration and the dentition are as follows :— The ground-colour of the broad back is brown or olive-brown, bordered on each side by a black line, which becomes indistinct posteriorly, and is more conspicuous in the young specimen ; those black lines are separated from each other by five or six series of scales, and show button-like swellings in regular interspaces ; black transverse lines run obliquely from one line to the other, most con- spicuous on the anterior part of the trunk, whilst they appear in the form of specks towards the middle of the length, entirely dis- appearing posteriorly. A blackish-brown band proceeds from the tentacle through the upper half of the eye along the side of the body to the end of the tail; it occupies two to three series of scales, and is separated from another similar band, running along the lower part of the side, by a brownish-yellow band-like interspace. The lower of the blackish bands is confluent with the upper on the side of the vent. The lower parts are brownish-yellow, with a pair of darker longitudinal streaks, flanking the abdominal shields. There is a series of white or faint rose-coloured, posteriorly black-edged, spots on each side between the ventral and the lower lateral band ; they form very distinct and elegant markings in the younger specimen, where they are continued to the vent, forming altogether twenty-four pairs; some of them are opposite to those of the other side, others alternate with them. These spots are less bright in the old specimen, and distinct only on the anterior part of the belly. The lower lip has a yellowish margin, and there are two wavy yellow lines along the throat. . Duméril made a mistake in suggesting that Herpeton has a long and grooved posterior maxillary tooth, like the snakes of his family of “ Platyrhiniens.” All the teeth are of equal length, and not one is grooved. They are of moderate strength and somewhat closely set, and there are ten in the upper, and as many in the lower jaw. The series of the palatine and pterygoid bones is formed of fifteen or sixteen. Another very remarkable peculiarity is found in the structure of the intestines, which in the posterior third of the length of the trunk form a big mass of twelve or thirteen convolutions. Having found the same in dcrochordus javanicus, I do not hesitate to remove Herpeton from Homalopsis and the genera allied to it (which have the usual simple intestinal tractus), and to place it be- side Acrochordus. Hornstedt has found undigested fruits in the sto- mach of the latter. 12. Sprtores RADIATUS, Reinw. 13. CoRYPHODON BLUMENBACHII, Merr. The keels of the scales are not distinct in very young individuals, 14. CoryPHODON KORROS, Reinw. 15. CHRYSOPELEA ORNATA, Shaw, var. 6, Gthr. 16, TRImESURUS ALBOLABRIS, Gray. 116 17. OxyeGxossus t1mA, Tschudi. 18, Rana viTTicerA, Wiegm. 19. Buro MELANOSsTICTUS, Schneid. 20, PoLyPEDATES MACULATUS, Gray. 21. HyLaARANA ERYTHR2ZA, Schleg. 22. KaLouLa PuLcHRA, Gray. 23. PLETHODON PERSIMILIS, Gray. The earliest notice of Siamese Reptiles is found in Tavernier (‘Col- lection of Travels through Turkey into Persia and the East Indies,’ Lond. 1684, fol.). In Part 2, book iii. chap. xvili., speaking of the kingdom of Siam, he says, p. 189, “‘ There are some serpents, two foot long, with two heads ; but one of them has no motion. There is also another creature, like our Salamander, with a forked tail, and very venomous.” We learn more from the Jesuit Tachard, who published a ‘ Voyage de Siam des péres Jésuites,’ Amsterd. 1689, 8vo. He mentions, p- 155, Gecko verus with the name of Toquet, and describes the species as “ Lézards fort vénimeux, trouvés dans les maisons de la ville de Siam” (Juthia). In his other work, ‘Second voyage du pére Tachard et des Jésuites envoyés par le roy au royaume de Siam,’ Paris, 1689, 4to, he gives a figure of the same species, and describes its anatomy, p. 276. P. Goiiye (‘ Observations physiques et mathématiques, envoyées de Siam 4 l’Académie royale par les péres Jésuites,’ etc., Paris, 1688, 8vo.) knows two Siamese reptiles: the one (p. 47, pl. 3) is again Gecko verus: ‘Le toc-kaie est deux fois plus gros que les lézards verts qu’on voit en France,” etc. ‘ En criant il articule trés distincte- ment les deux syllabes toc-kaie.”” The other is a Crocodile (p. 2, pl. 1, 2) “‘trouvée dans la fleave Menam, qui baigne le pied des rem- parts de Louvo; nom. Ta-kaie.”’ Cuvier (Ann. Mus. x. p. 5). pl. 1, f. 9) has established Crocodilus galeatus, from Goiiye’s account, and a skull sent by the Jesuits to Paris. Nothing else is known of this species. Kiimpfer, who had visited Siam in 1690, mentions in his ‘ Ge- schichte und Beschreibung von Japan,’ Lemgo, 1777, 4to. p. 24, venomous water-snakes in the river of Juthia, making their appear- ance every seventh or tenth year, at the end of the month of May. Several people, bitten by the snakes, died, and every body was pro- hibited, by a royal order, to bathe or to wash in the river. The snakes are said to be not longer than a finger, and not bigger than a leech, brown- or blue-coloured. This story of small venomous freshwater-snakes is not less doubtful than that of the big Sea- serpent. Crawford (‘Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and 117 Cochinchina,’ Lond. 1828, 4to.) observes, pp. 434, 435, that Tor- toises and Crocodiles are not so frequent in the Menam as in the Ganges, that Lizards and Snakes are very numerous: “some were obtained even in the court-yard of our dwelling ; among those we found no poisonous ones. The Hooded-snake, Coluber naja, is known to exist; also a Python 12-13 feet long.” From notices made by Sir J. Bowring in ‘The Kingdom and People of Siam,’ Lond. 1857, 8vo., vol. i., it is evident that there is yet a wide field for the Herpetologist in Siam. P. 228, “‘ The reptiles of Siam are multitudinous; Crocodiles live in the rivers from their mouths to their shallows.”’ P.230, ‘There are many species of lizards; the largest is the Tackuet, the tongue of which is divided in two ; the noisy Tookay, destroying vermin ; Chameleons, Flying-lizards ; Serpents from the most gigantic to the smallest species.”” P. 231, “a snake called ‘Sun-beam’ from its very brilliant colours, inert, the bite of which is said to be mortal ; an immense frog sings, especially during rain.” We see from the notes quoted that we can add to the above list some other reptiles: those specifically determined are Naja tripu- dians and Crocodilus galeatus, those generically, Chameleo and Draco, the Tortoises being mentioned in too general terms to admit of any further suggestion. 6. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF THE GENERA DOSINIA AND CycuLINA FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. E. ROMER or CAsseEL. . Dostn1aA ERYTHRAEA, Romer. D. testa subquadrato-orbiculari solidiuscula, medio tumidiuscula, postice compressa et peculiariter inflexa, inequilaterali ; liris crassiusculis, elevatis, sub-irregula- ribus, sepe furcatis, postice confluentibus et valde sursum flexis, his scabris sensim extenuatis circumcincta; albida, vel sordide alba, maculis sanguineis lividisve, precipue ad umbones, infecta, interdum radiis pallide rubris in extremitate postica ornata ; umbonibus viv prominentibus, valde incurvatis, paulo retroversis, tenuissime striatis, ferrugineis, in 4 longitudinis positis ; margine ventrali medio dependente, antice exacte curvato, postice subito oblique adscendente ; margine dorsali antico brevi, concavo, postice subdeclivi et longe curvato, vir in ale formam surrecto ; lunula profundissima, cordata, linea argutissime circumscripta, longitudi- naliter sublamellosa, fusco maculata; area anguste lanceolata, labiis valde elevatis, hiantibus; ligamento profunde immerso ; intus flavescente; sinu palliari magno, triangulari, ab initio modice lato, superne multo deminuto, in apice angustissimo, rotun- dato ; lamina cardinali latissima, dentibus cardinalibus crassis, ultimo in valva sinistra pertenui, dente lunulari valido, papilli- formi. Long. 51, alt. 50, crass. 26 mill. Hab. Mare Rubrum (Hemprich et Ehrenberg), Aden (Cuming). — 118 This is the second example I have seen of this interesting species. A year since, I named, but did not publish it, after a smaller shell than the above in the Royal Museum at Berlin. This species is referable to the same section as D. exoleta, and is most allied to D. amphidesmoides of Reeve ; but it is very distinct in its form and sculpture, in its area, which is more impressed than in any related species, and particularly in its produced small triangular pallial sinus, which is rounded at the apex. The concentric striz are elevated and rounded in the middle of the shell, and diminish very much near the extremities ; in the posterior part there is a peculiar compression of the valves, at the place where the striz converge, whilst the latter suddenly turn upwards and become thinner by de- grees. 2. Dostn1A TENELLA, Romer. OD. testa subquadrato-orbiculata, via longiore quam alta, tenui, translucida, compressiuscula, in- equilaterali ; lineis transversis densis, regularibus, postice vir convergentibus, et vix elevatioribus, superficie proinde serico simili nitente ; pallide ferrugineo-alba, umbonibus saturatioribus, mediocriter prominulis, acutiusculis, recurvis, longitudinem in ratione 1:2 dividentibus; margine ventrali semicirculari, ante et pone equaliter et valde ascendente; margine dorsali antico perbrevi, subrecto, obliquo, infra rotundatim prosiliente, postico declivi, producto, in marginem ventralem cum angulo rotundato transiente; lunula lanceolato-cordata, impressa, circumscripta, medio elevata; area subplana, angusta, ligamento subimmerso, sub labiis hiantibus conspicuo; intus albida, medio opaca; sinu palliari magno, triangulari, lineis includentibus rectis, in apice rotundato ; lamina cardinali tenui, angusta ; dente cardinali antico in valva sinistra tenui, obliquo, cum secundo, crassissimo complicato, dente lunulari mediocri, compresso. Long. 22, alt. 20°5, crass. 10°5 mill. Hab. Australia. In general appearance this small shell reminds one of D. subrosea Gray ; the shape is nearly the same, but the angle of the posterior end is more rounded than in that species, and the posterior slope more descending. The forms of the area and lunula are very different from those in D. subrosea, being not so much impressed, and the latter, which in D. subrosea is exactly heart-shaped, is in D. tenella more lanceolate. The concentric striz are so thin and regular as to produce an aspect like silk, whilst the strize in D. subrosea are flat and much broader. Besides the more solid growth of the latter, a most remarkable difference exists in the form of the pallial sinus, which in D. subrosea is broad and acute at the apex, while in D. tenella it is large and rounded at the top. In the latter the plate of the hinge is very small and thin. 3. Dostn1A AMETHYSTINA, Rémer. JD. testa quadrato-rotundata, solida, compressiuscula, postice valde compressa, satis inequi- laterali; transversim lirata, liris equalibus, distantibus, filifor- mibus, extremitates versus confluentibus, striisque transversis 119 minoribus cincta ; interstitiis longitudinaliter dense et undulatim striatis ; violacescenti-albida, ad umbonum regionem amethystina ; umbonibus acutis, subprominentibus, valde antrorsum inclinatis, in 2 longitudinis collocatis ; margine ventrali medio subcurvato, postice subito subrecte, et antice subcurvatim, in utroque latere valde adscendente ; margine dorsali antico brevissimo, concavo, postico subhorizontali, vir curvato, infra angulo obtuso formante ; lunula ovali, lateraliter compressa, medio acute elevata, lamellis curvatis obtecta, alba, linea argutissima circumscripta; area lanceolata, ad basin lineis impressissimis constricta, medio in ale formam surrecta, lamellosa, area secunda lineari, ligamento im- merso, sub labiis hiantibus conspicuo ; intus amethystina, disco et impressionibus muscularibus pallidioribus ; sinu palliari magno, triangulari, apice late rotundato ; dente laterali crassissimo, papilliformi. Long. 30, alt. 28, crass. 14 mill. Hab. Australia. A very peculiar shell, differing from all its congeners. The out- line is that of D. pubescens, Phil. (celata? Reeve), and the wing- like elevation of the ligament-area is also similarly formed; but in other respects there exists no relation between these species. The amethystine colour is dark near the umbones ; towards the basal mar- gin it becomes lighter, and changes at last into a pale bluish white. The concentric strize are small and thread-like, moderately elevated, running almost equidistant from each other, and converging at the sides. The greatest peculiarity consists in the close undulated striee going from the apex to the base, but only in the interstices, which are thrice as broad as the concentric elevated lines. The white wing-like ligament-area and the white lunula, laterally compressed, and therefore shaped like the former, and both elevated on an ame- thystine ground, produce a very agreeable aspect. It is a charac- teristic sign of Dosinia that the lateral tooth of the hinge is very small, shaped like a wart, and very near the cardinal-teeth ; in this example the lateral tooth is as large and broad as in any known species. 4. Dostn1a ovatus, Romer. D. testa rotundato-ovali, solida, tumidiuscula, posterius obtusissime angulata, valde inequilaterali, liris transversis densis, sublatis, rotundatis, ad latera, precipue postice, subundulatis, vix elevatioribus cincta ; pallidissime ferru- gineo-alba ; umbonibus acutis, vix prominulis, mediocriter reflexis, in + longitudinis positis; margine dorsali postico prelongo, arcuato, declivi, antico concavo, brevi, margine ventrali fere semicirculari, in utraque extremitate rotundatim et equaliter ad- scendente ; lunula cordata, convexiuscula, maxime impressa, argu- tissime circumscripta, longitudinaliter striata ; area lanceolata, concaviuscula, striata, ligamento subimmerso, conspicuo ; pagina interna ferrugineo-alba, fere omnino opaca; sinu palliari magno, angustissime triangulari, valde adscendente, apice obtusiusculo, lineis subrectis incluso; dente lunulari crasso, lateraliter com- 120 presso, cardinalibus valde accesso; dente cardinali secundo in valva sinistra latissimo, cuneiformi, sensim assurgente. Long. 57, alt. 53, crass. 26 mill. Hab. 2 The Dosinia scalaris, Menke, is a very peculiar shell, and has affinities with three species, by which it is connected with other groups, at the first sight remote from it. One of these species is D. deshayesii of A. Adams; the second, from the Royal Museum at Stuttgardt, named by me D. affinis; the third is the above. The shape of this last is nearly the same as that of D. scalaris, but the sculpture is very different, consisting in D. ovalis of close-set rounded and not elevated strize, which at the sides do not change into lamelle. The greatest difference is expressed by the size and form of the pallial sinus, which in D. scalaris is very broad and moderately deep, in- closed by concave lines, and with a large rounded apex, whilst in D. ovalis it is very small and long, and considerably ascending. In the former, the second cardinal-tooth of the left valve is broad and thick ; in the latter it is wedge-shaped, and increases by degrees from the base to the very sharp and linear top. Accordingly, the last tooth in the right valve is very remote from the second, and both of them are separated by a broad triangular cavity. 5. Dostn1A EBURNEA, Romer. D. testa cordato-orbiculari, tu- mida, diaphana, postice distincte angulata, antice rotundata, valde inequilaterali ; liris transversis, medio latis, planis, densis, ex- tremitates versus numero valde decrescentibus et in lamellis tenui- bus, sparsis, deorsum reflexis, postice elevatioribus, mutatis ; eburnea, nitidissima, zonis transversalibus pallidissime luteis ornata ; umbonibus tumidis, valde recurvis, longitudinem in ratione 1:3 discludentibus ; margine ventrali regulariter arcuato, antice eximie adscendente, dorsali antico perbrevi, concavo, postico producto, curvato, oblique descendente ; lunula late cordata, im- pressissima, subplana; area lanceolata, subexcisa, sublevigata, lamellis brevibus, raris, e liris transversis excurrentibus, cincta ; ligamento subimmerso, conspicuo ; intus eburnea, nitida, disco opaco; sinu palliari mediocri, lingulato, in apice late rotundato, linea superiore horizontali ; dente lunulari crassissimo, dentibus cardi- nalibus tenuibus. Long. 37, alt. 34, crass. 20 mill. Hab. Insula Ceylon. In the middle of the shell the transverse striz are formed as in D. dunkeri, Phil.; they therefore produce the same shining aspect and interference of light, consisting in alternately bright and dark longitudinal traces. Near the posterior end these strize grow smaller and more elevated, till at last the second or third of them remains in the form of a thin and bent-down lamella; near the anterior ex- tremity the same thing is to be seen, but the lamellee are less pro- duced. The pallial sinus is tongue-shaped, and its upper line runs in a horizontal direction. The valves are tolerably solid, but trans- parent, and the teeth of the hinge are very thin, except the lateral ote all 121 one, which is uncommonly thick and elevated. This very fine species is distinguished by many peculiarities from all others I am acquainted with. 6. Dostn1A sPECULARIS, Romer. D. testa subcordato-orbiculart, vir altiore quam longa, postice obtuse angulata, tumida, solida, valde inequilaterali ; concentrice tenui-striata, striis planis, densis, ad latera furcatis, elevatioribus et in lamellis brevibus, precipue postice terminatis ; strigillis longitudinalibus interruptis, irregularibus, extremitates versus evanescentibus ; sordide alba ; umbonibus pallide luteis, valde prominulis, recurvisque, in } lon- gitudinis collocatis ; margine ventrali semicirculari, antice et postice valde adscendente ; dorsali antico perbrevi, concavo, postico macime declivi, longe curvatim descendente ; lunula late cordata, impressa, plana, circumscripta ; area lanceolata, profunde exca- vata, longitudinaliter strigillata, marginibus acutis, lamellis brevi- bus limitatis ; ligamento immerso, vix conspicuo ; pagina interna alba; sinu palliari mediocri, triangulari, apice acuto, lineis sub- rectis incluso, linea superiore horizontali; dente laterali incras- sato, secundo cardinali in valva sinistra crassissimo, irregulariter plicato, reliquis tenuibus. Long. 28, alt. 29, crass. 16 mill. Hab. Malacca. In general appearance like D. adansonii of Philippi (which is neither Le Dosin of Adanson, nor D. africana of Gray), but a thicker and more oblique shell, having the concentric strize lamellar at the sides, whilst in D. adansonii they are uniformly flat; the ligament-area is more excavated in D. specularis than in the latter, and the pallial sinus is shorter and forms an acute angle, being in D. adansonii rounded in the apex. The scar of the posterior muscle is uncommonly small and nearly circular. 7. Dostn1a RustTICA, Romer. D. testa ovato-orbiculari, longiore quam alta, postice distincte anguluta, tumidiuscula, valde inequi- laterali; liris transversalibus, subdensis, inequalibus, elevatis, sublamellosis, antice posticeque in lamellis tenuibus mutatis, scabra; sordide alba; umbonibus tumidiusculis, su®prominulis, satis antrorsum recurvatis, in 2 longitudinis positis ; margine ven- trali semicirculari, postice vix producto, antice rotundato et valde adscendente ; margine dorsali antico brevi, concavo, postico valde declivi, curvatim longe descendente ; lunula cordata, im- pressa, circumscripta, subplana, longitudinaliter striata ; area late lanceolata, subexcavata, strigillata ; ligamento immerso, vir conspicuo ; intus albida, medio ferrugineo maculata ; sinu palliari mediocri, triangulari, haud aperto, apice obtusiusculo, lineis sub- concavis incluso, superiore fere horizontali ; dente laterali crasso, apilliformi. Long. 28, alt. 26, crass. 14 mill. Hab. ? The outline is that of D. aspera, Reeve, which is a smaller shell 122 and has a very different sculpture and pallial sus. The concentric strize are a little broader than the interstices, elevated, but of an un- equal height, not diminishing much towards the sides, and there be- coming lamellar. The pallial sinus is not widely open, is extended to the middle of the shell, and included by lines which are a little con- cave and form a small round vertex. The latter is marked with a pale rust-coloured stain, which is produced upwards, and disappears by degrees. 8. Dosinra SALEBROSA, Romer. D. testa oblique quadrangulari rotundata, vir altiore quam longa, antice posticeque obtuse et ro- tundatim truncata et biangulata, tumida, valde inequilaterali ; lamellulis transversis, densis, tenuibus, irregularibus, ad extre- mitates in foliis sparsis, erectis conversis ; calcarea, opaca; um- bonibus tumidiusculis, prominentibus, recurvis, in + longitudinis sitis; margine ventrali postice dependente, medio subcurvato, antice fere perpendiculariter, postice oblique adscendente ; margine dorsali antico brevi, vix concavo, postico valde descendente, longe curvato; lunula triangulari-cordata, impressa, circumscripta, ~ longitudinaliter striata, foliis brevissimis circumdata ; area an- guste lanceolata, valde excavata, foliis parvis cincta; ligamento valde immerso, vix conspicuo ; intus alba; sinu palliari mediocri, late aperto, in apice rotundato, lineis includentibus subrectis, superiore subhorizontali ; dente laterali mediocri, papilliformi, secundo cardinali in valva sinistra crasso, tertio in dextra lato, producto, profunde inciso. Long. 22°5, alt. 23°5, crass. 13 mill. Hab. Malacca. In the outline this shell much resembles D. lucinoides of Reeve, but by the sculpture and size can be readily distinguished from it. In consequence of the straightness of the basal margin, and the rounded truncation of the sides, there are produced four obtuse angles on the margins, whilst the posterior part of the basal margin projects a little downwards. All the surface is covered with fine, close-set, slightly elevated lamellze, running irregularly and growing elevated and leaf-like at the sides, particularly on the hinder part, so as to ter- minate the ligament-area with a wreath of short leaf-work. The pallial sinus is distinguished by its wide opening, and by its broadly rounded apex. The exterior of this shell is calcareous, without any lustre. 9. Dostn1tA TRIPLA, Romer. JD. testa rotundato-triangulari, sub- inequilaterali, inflata, tenui, vix longiore quam alta; striis trans- versalibus, subrotundatis, vie elevatis, interstitiis equantibus, sub- regularibus, ad latera tenuibus, non elevatioribus cincta ; albida ; umbonibus acutiusculis, maxime prominulis, incurvis, in 2 longi- tudinis positis ; margine ventrali subcurvato, ad latera vix adscen-. dente ; margine dorsali antice oblique et subrecte descendente, postice obliquo, subcurvato, in utroque latere fere usque ad basin producto ; lunula maxima, totam declivitatem anticam occupante, 123 late lanceolata, superficiaria, medio elevata, e striarum transver- sarum processu crebro striata, linea subelevata vircumdata ; area lanceolata, subincisa, obtuse limitata; ligamento immerso, sub labiis late hiantibus conspicuo ; pagina interna alba, medio pallide luteo infecta ; sinu palliari magno, sublate aperto, apice acuto, lineis subconcavis incluso ; impressione musculari antica angusta, usque ad laminam cardinalem producta, postica latissime pyri- formi ; lamina cardinali angusta, tenui ; dente lunulari elevato, acutiusculo, valde remoto, dentibus cardinalibus tenuibus, secundo in valva dezxtra crasso, tertio permagno, perobliquo, bisulcato. Long. 37, alt. 35, crass. 20 mill. Hab. Malacca. This fine species belongs to the section represented by D. excisa of Chemnitz and D. trigona of Reeve; it differs from both not only in its thinner shell, the transverse strize of which are much finer, but still more in the following particulars. In D. excisa, the umbones are situated at 7, in D. trigona at 1, and in D. tripla at 2 of the whole length, so as to produce nearly the aspect of an isosceles triangle ; the ligament-area is very deeply excavated in the first, very narrowly lanceolate and but a little hollowed in the second, deeper and less narrowly lanceolate, but with rounded limits, in the third; the lunula is flat in D. ewcisa and trigona, being in the latter much broader than in the former, whilst it is swollen and convex in the middle, and mere lanceolate in D. tripla. The pallial sinus is broad and roundly triangular in both the former species, but less opened and acute at the apex in the latter, which has also a very thin and small hinge-plate. 10. Dostnta pERupTA, Romer. D. testa rotundato-triangulari, subinequilaterali, tumidiuscula, tenuicula, vir latiore quam alta ; liris transversalibus regularibus, rotundutis, elevatis, interstitiis @quantibus, postice valde confluentibus cincta, interstitiis lirisque tenuissime transversim striatis ; pallide luteo-alba; umbonibus marginibus, lunulaque ut in D. tripla; area angustissime lanceo- lataesubexcisa, evacte ut in D. trigona; intus alba; sinu palliari latissime aperto, magno, apice acuto, lineis concavis incluso ; lamina cardinali angusta, subtenui ; cardine ut in D. tripla, sed dente cardinali medio in valva sinistra crassiore, tertio in dextra obsolete bisulcato. Long. 26, alt. 24, crass. 15 mill. Hab. Malacca. This species is nearly related to D. trigona; the outline is almost the same, the extremities being only a little more rounded. But the concentric striz, notwithstanding the smaller size of the shell, are far thicker, as broad as the insterstices, and, both being finely striated, produce the effect of smaller transverse strie. The ligament-area is formed exactly as in D. trigona. The pallial sinus is broadly open with an acute apex, the upper line being horizontally directed. From this it may be seen that D. derupta unites several of the characters of D. trigona and D. tripla; but the size, the sculpture, the pallial 124 impression, and the hinge, prove it to be different from each of those species. 11. Cycnina sPLENDIDA, Rémer. C. testa subquadrato-orbicu- lari, lentiformi, viz altiore quam longa, tumida, subinequilaterali ; concentrice grosse lirata, liris in parte inferiore remotis, rotun- datis, in medio subregularibus, extremitates versus irregulariter confluentibus, bifurcatisque, postice tumidioribus, liris ad umbonum regionem sensim densioribus, denique tenuissimis ; interstitiis transversim striatis ; nitida, pallide crocea, marginibus albidis ; umbonibus tumidis, valde prominulis, incurvis, fere contiguis, in = longitudinis collocatis ; margine ventrali medio dependente, sub- rotundato, tum in utroque latere oblique et subrecte adscendente ; margine dorsali regulariter curvato, postice valde prosiliente et in utraque extremitate cum margine ventrali angulum vix distinctum, rotundatum formante ; lunula areaque nullis, ligamento occulto, longe conspicuo ; pagina interna luteo-alba, ad marginem pallidis- sime albido-c@rulescente ; sinu palliari magno, late triangulari, valde sursum directo, in apice. rotundatim biangulato, lineis sub- rectis incluso ; lamina cardinali lata, planissima, dentibus in valva sinistra fere equaliter configuratis, tertio in valva dextra crassissimo, subprofunde bisulcato ; margine interiore subdense denticulato. Long. 46, alt. 48, crass. 27°5 mill. : Hab. Japan. The characters of this pretty shell bear a strong resemblance to those of C. flavida of Deshayes, and it was after much hesitation that I decided to separate it as species. I find it differing, in its more quadrangular outline, in its more oblique shape, the umbones being a little nearer to the anterior extremity, in the absence of the longitu- dinal lines, which are present at the hinder part of C. flavida, in the broader sinus of the pallial impression which is biangulated at the apex, and in the character of the hinge, viz. the teeth in the left valve being all of similar strength, and the third tooth in the right valve very much elevated, produced, and deeply divided. 12. Cyctrna BomBycrINaA, Romer. C. testa fere exacte orbiculari, solidiuscula, antice rotundatim productiuscula, lentiformi, modice tumida, subequilaterali ; concentrice dense lirata, liris rotundatis, ad apices tenuissimis, basin versus sensim vit crassioribus, medio regularibus, ad extremitatem posticam rudibus, irregulariter con- fluentibus , lineis longitudinalibus impressis, cerulescentibus, per liras concentricas interruptis, medio exilissimis, densissimis, ad latera, precipue postice, remoticribus, expressioribus ornata ; colore e zonis pallide cerulescentibus et flavicantibus mizto, super- ficie serico simili nitente ; umbonibus acutiusculis, subrecte elevatis, incurvatis, contiguisque, vix medianis ; lunula areaque nullis ; ligamento immerso, conspicuo ; pagina interna albida, medio fla- vicante, supra pallide cerulea, ad marginem ianthina ; sinu palliari mediocri, sublate aperto, in apice anguste rotundato, lineis inclu- 125 dentibus subundulatis ; dentibus cardinalibus anticis in valva sinistra superficialiter bisulcatis, tertio pertenui, dente medio in valva dextra cuneato, e lamellis duabus complicatis composito, tertio curvato, profunde diviso ; margine interno dense et fortiter dentato. Long. 38, alt. 37°5, crass. 21 mill. Hab. Japan. Var. Testa tumidiore, zonis flavidis prevalentibus, liris transversis infra remotioribus, lineis longitudinalibus medio obsoletis. Hab. China. This species is easily known by its being nearly equilateral and well-rounded, and by the fine impressed lines running from the apex to the base, which are scarcely visible in the middle, but grow stronger at the sides, particularly at the hinder part of the shell, where they show a pale cerulean colour. The regular and close-set transverse striee produce a kind of silky appearance, which, in con- nexion with the pale bluish and yellowish bands, gives the shell a very agreeable aspect. There are peculiarities of the pallial sinus and of the hinge which also distinguish this species from all its con- geners. 13. CycLinaA PECTUNCULUS, Romer. C. testa orbiculari, vix altiore quam longa, antice rotundatim productiore, ad marginem basalem posticum vie dependente, lentiformi, valde tumida, soli- diuscula, attamen diaphana, modice inequilaterali ; umbonum re- gione transversim tenuissime striata, striis marginem ventralem versus crassioribus, et infra in liris rotundatis, irregularibus, mutatis; albida, irregulariter ferrugineo maculata et punctata, superficie subnitente ; umbonibus tumidis, valde prominulis, oblique incurvis, contiguis, in 2 longitudinis collocatis ; area lunulaque nullis, ligamento late conspicuo ; intus lactea, nitida ; sinu palliari mediocri, sublate aperto, apice expanso, subrotundato, lineis sub- rectis incluso ; lamina cardinali lata, dentibus cardinalibus validis, - medio in valva dextra cuneiformi, subacuto, tertio crasso, oblique producto superficialiter bisulcato ; margine interno dense denticu- lato. Long. 39, alt. 40, crass. 26 mill. Hab. China. Among the little varied forms presented by the genus Cyelina, the species described is remarkable for the elevation of its umbones and the produced dependent hinder part of its basal margin. It is there- fore not unlike in shape to a Pectunculus, and I know only one species in my own collection, and named by me Cyclina intumescens, with which it can be compared. Near the umbones the surface is covered with very fine transverse lines, which become stronger by degrees and finally change into rude, irregular, thick-set stri. Although the valves are tolerably solid, yet they are prettily transparent, and produce at the inner part a china-like lustre. C. intumescens is a thicker and more oblique shell, of a rounded quadrangular outline, presenting fine longitudinal lines. 126 Note.—-In the genus Cyclina, there are usually placed several species with no denticulated inner margin, with thin valves, very fine transverse lines at the surface, and which seem to have always a superficial lunula circumscribed by an impressed line. These species are :—Venus kroyeri, Philippi, Abbild. ete. iii. p. 26. 78. No. 9. t.7.f.9; Dosinia tenuis, Recluz, Journ. de Conch. tome 3™*, 1852, p- 250. t. 10. f. 1, which is decidedly no Dosinia ; Artemis inflata, Sow., Thesaur. Conch. p. 661. No. 22. t.171.f. 25; Artemis tenuis, Sow. ibid. No. 23. t. 141. f. 22; Cyclina subquadrata, Hanley, B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 66. No. 91 (Artemis saccata, Gould); Cyclina pro- ducta, Carpenter, Proc. Z.S. L. 1856, p. 161. No. 6. I think these species do not agree very well with Cyclina, and that it would be justifiable to separate them asasubgenus. These observations show the importance of studying the animals of both groups, between which, when examined, I am convinced there will be found to exist consider- able differences. February 28th. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Nore on THE PunsAB SHEEP LIVING IN THE Society's GAR- pens. By Pauiiie Lurtey ScuaTer, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Mammalia, Pls. LXXIX., LXXX.) In August 1854 the Society received from Brigadier-General Hear- sey, of the Bengal Army, and Lieut. Bartlett, a fine living pair of Wild Sheep, which had been obtained by those gentlemen in the Salt-range of the Punjab in 1853. The female has twice bred in the Gardens, in 1858 and 1859, and produced on each occasion two female kids, so that we now possess a male and five females of this animal, all in a robust state of health, and likely to continue to pro- pagate their species. ; This Sheep has hitherto been labelled Vigne’s Wild Sheep (Ovis vignii), under the supposition that it belonged to the species described under that name by Mr. Blyth in our ‘ Proceedings’ (1840, p. 70), and subsequently in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ (vii. p. 251). My present object is to prove that we have misnamed this animal, and that it is really quite distinct from the Shapoo or Wild Sheep of Ladakh and Thibet, which should more properly bear the name of Ovis vignit. My attention was first called to this point by my friend Captain Proc Z.5.Mammalia LXXIX. 127 ‘ Speke, who, upon seeing the present animals in the Gardens, at once declared them to be very different from those which he had himself pursued and shot in the higher regions of Little Thibet. There seems to be little doubt that Mr. Blyth’s original name, Ovis vignii, comprehends both species. He associates together under the same scientific appellation ‘the Sid”? (Shapoo) “ of Little Thibet,”’ and the “ Koch of the Sulimani range between India and Khoras- san*.’’ His description is perhaps rather referable to the latter, being the animal which we have alive in our Gardens. NowI think that the name Ovis vignii should be restricted to the Tibetan animal for two reasons: first, because the Sheep discovered by Mr. Vigne in “ Little Tibet, where the river breaks through the chain of the Himalayast,” and dedicated to its discoverer by Mr. Blyth, was doubt- less the Shdpoo ; secondly, because the other animal, the Koch, or Oorial of the Sulimani range, has already been well described by, and received another scientific name from, Capt. Hutton; so that by this course the objectionable necessity of proposing a new name is ob- viated. I now proceed to endeavour to show the differences between these two species :-— 1. Ovis vientr. The Shapoo. (Pl. LXXIX.) Ovis vignit, Blyth, P. Z.S. 1840, p. 70; Ann. N. H. vii. p. 251; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. 873 (partim); Horsfield, Cat. Mus. E. I. C. p. 175 (specimen A, from Strachey’s collection); Gray’s Cat. Ungulata in Brit. Mus. (1852) p. 172; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p- 526 (partim).—Shé of Little Thibet (Blyth).—Shapoo of the Tibetans (Speke). Male.—Horns subtriangular, rather compressed laterally, rounded * P. Z.S. 1840, p. 70. + P. Z. S. 1840, p. 72. 128 posteriorly, transversely sulcated, curving outwards and backwards from the skull, points divergent ; general colour above brownish- grey, beneath paler ; belly white ; beard short, of stiffish brownish hairs. Female.—Very similar to the male, but with the horns shorter (?). Hab. Ladakh, at an alt. of 12-14,000 feet (Speke) (Strachey). Mus. Brit., East India Company. This Wild Sheep inhabits the elevated regions of Ladakh, where it has been pursued and obtained by Capt. Speke, Capt. Strachey, and others since its discovery by Vigne. There are examples in the British Museum and in the collection of the East India Company, from the latter of which the figure is taken, being the specimen pro- cured in Ladakh by Capt. Strachey. 2. Ovis cyctoceros. The Oorial. (Pl. LXXX.) “Wild Sheep of Hindoo Koosh, Capt. Hay, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ix. p. 440.—Ovis cycloceros, Hutton, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 1842, p-514. pl. 19 (1842).—Ovis vignii, Blyth (partim) : Adams, P. Z.S. 1858, p.526; Horsfield, Cat. Mus. E. I. C. p. 175 (spec. B.). Male.—Horns subtriangular, much compressed laterally and pos- teriorly, transversely sulcated ; curving outwards and returning in- wards towards the face, points convergent; general colour rufous- brown, face livid, side of mouth and chin white; belly, legs below the knees, and feet white; blotch on flanks, outside of legs, and strong lateral line blackish ; a profuse black beard from throat to breast, intermixed with some white hairs, reaching to the level of the knees. 129 Female.—More uniform pale brown, beneath paler, belly whitish, no beard; horns quite short and straight, about 3 inches long. Hab. Sulimani, range of Punjab, altitude 2000 feet, and extend- ing into Affghanistan ; Kojeh Amraun, Hindoo Koosh, and Huzarreh Hills (Hutton). Mus. East India Company (horns). Vivario, Soc. Zool. Londinensis. The very fact of this animal inhabiting the low Salt range of the Punjab, at an altitude of 2000 feet, would indicate the probability of its distinctness from the preceding, which is not found under an ele- vation of 12,000. The Oorial has been well described by Major Hay, Captain Hutton, and Dr. Adams, as above referred to, and it is hardly necessary to repeat the details of its habits and manners. The differences in the horns, as well as those of its general external appearance, are sufficiently obvious, as will appear on examination of the figures, to leave no doubt as to its specific difference from the Shapoo. The skull and horns from Griffith’s Affghanistan collection, referred to in Dr. Horsfield’s ‘Catalogue of Mammalia’ (p. 175), belong to this species. On comparing the skull with that of the Shapoo, we observe a general resemblance. But it may be noted that the suborbital pits in the present species are smaller, deeper, and more rounded, the nasal bones are considerably shorter and more pointed, and the series of molar teeth (formed in each skull of three premolars and three true molars) measures only 2°85 instead of 3:20 inches in total length. At least ¢wo other distinct species of Wild Sheep are found within the limits of our Indian possessions. Through the kindness of Mr. Leadbeater, Capt. Speke, Mr. F. Moore, and others, I am enabled to exhibit a tolerably complete series of the skulls, the horns of these, and those before alluded to, by which the differences of all four species are appreciable at first glance. 1. The Ovis hodgsoni, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 65 ; Ovis ammon et O. ammonoides, Hodgs. ; Ovis argali, ex Mont. Himalay., J. E. Gray, the Ammon or Argali of the higher Himalayan ranges, the Banbhera of Nepal, and N’yan of Thibet. It is, I believe, not yet quite certain that this magnificent Sheep is identical with the Ovis ammon, Linn. (Zgosceros argali, Pallas), of Siberia. Mr. Blyth’s appellation appears to be the first given to the Himalayan animal. Two fine males and a female of this species are in the Museum of the East India Company. Hab. Cachar region of Nepal (Hodgs.); Ladakh (Speke). 2. Ovis nahoor, Hodgson (O. burrhel, Blyth?) ; the Burrhel or Bharal of English sportsmen ; Nahoor of Nepal. I confess I am not able at present to appreciate thoroughly the differences between the O. nahoor and O. burrhel as insisted on by Mr. Blyth*. There are not sufficient specimens of the whole animal at present accessible to enable one to express a decided opinion on * P. Z. S. 1840, pp. 66, 67. No. 425.—PRoOCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 130 the subject. But, comparing the horns of O. nahoor in the British Museum, sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, with those of the only example of the Burrhel in the same collection (being the specimen noticed by Mr. Ogilby in P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 79, as obtained by Lieut. Thomas Smith near the Barinda Pass, and referred to as belong- ing to this species by Mr. Blyth himself, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 68), I can see but slight grounds for distinction, as far as the horns go. The specimen in question is certainly coloured in an extraordinary way, being of a “dark and rich chestnut-brown.” The ordinary Burrhel (Ovis nahoor), as may be seen by the fine skins of both sexes of this species, obtained by Capt. Townely Parker, now before us, is of a light brownish ash-colour, white below, with the breast- mark, a stripe on each side, and a stripe down the front of each leg, dark chestnut. According to ‘‘ Mountaineer,’ who has given an excellent account of the Burrhel and its habits in the ‘ India Sporting Review’ (vol. vi. p. 152), these chestnut markings become black in fully adult males, and are “ most observable immediately after the animal changes his coat, which happens in July.” With reference to the Ovis burrhel of Mr. Blyth, “of a dark mahogany colour,” the same experienced observer remarks, “ Amongst some hundreds I have killed and many thousands I have seen in my excursions I have never met with but one variety.” This he describes nearly in the same terms as I have mentioned above. , The horns of the Ovis polii of Central Asia are sometimes brought to this country from the Himalayas; but there is no reason to be- lieve that this animal occurs nearer to India than the plateau of Pamir. 2. Nores oN somE YounG Hysrip BEARS BRED IN THE GaAR- DENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. By A. D. Barruert. In the Bear-pit in the Gardens a male Black Bear of America (Ursus americanus) has been kept for a long time with a female of the Eu- ropean Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). In the month of May these bears were seen to copulate, and on the 3lst of last December the female produced three young ones ; which, when born, were naked and blind, and about the size of a full-grown rat. The mother was seen to carry one of these young ones in her mouth a day or two after they were born, and, as it disappeared, it is supposed that she devoured it. Probably it was not healthy. The other two remained and continued to grow, and at the age of five weeks were as large as a commonrabbit. Their eyes began to open by this time ; they were covered with a short thick fur, and were nearly black. On examining these young bears it was found they were male and female, and the number and situation of the teats appears somewhat remarkable. They have six teats, four of them placed in front be- tween the fore legs, and two of them in the lower part of the abdo- men. Another singular fact is, that the female during the time she "Ve 131 was suckling these young ones fed most sparingly, and rarely took any drink. From the before-mentioned observations we may infer that the period of gestation of the Bears is about seven months. 3. NoTE ON THE SUPPOSED OCCURRENCE OF THE HiIRUNDO BICOLOR OF NortTH AMERICA IN ENGLAND. By ALFRED Newron, M.A., F.Z.S., &e. I venture to send for exhibition a skin of the North American Hirundo bicolor of Vieillot, which was formerly the property of my late very good friend Mr. John Wolley, and which there can be little doubt was obtained from a bird killed in this country, though Mr. Wolley, with that admirable caution which distinguished him in re- cording the reported occurrence (‘Zoologist,’ 1853, p. 3806), was careful to mention that there was “a possibility of mistake’ in the matter. I think that perhaps some members of the Society will view this specimen with a certain amount of interest ; but, apart from this, my object in its exhibition is mainly to draw the attention of naturalists to a matter which is every day becoming of greater consequence to those ornithologists who chiefly occupy themselves with the Avi- fauna of any one district. I refer to the occurrence within parti- cular limits of strong examples of exotic species. It is not only “British bird” students who find in these alien immigrants a great cause of perplexity. To whatever country we go, we are, perhaps before we have well ascertained the number of the bond fide species, puzzled by some wanderer turning up exactly where he was least wanted. In my own opinion, the ornithologist must accept his position with all its responsibilities ; he chooses to study a class of beings, some of whom, for all sublunary purposes at least, are blest with almost infinite powers of locomotion. He must, therefore, not complain if in the course of a morning’s walk here in England, an Australian Swift flies in his face, or he picks up a dead Crossbill of a Transatlantic species ; and he must invoke no Deus ex machina in the shape of an auxiliary-screw clipper or a careless aviary-keeper to account for the incident. Facts like these hardly admit of a doubt, and force themselves day by day more and more upon the notice of the thoughtful naturalist. For some time, indeed, European orni- thologists have been accustomed to regard the properly authenticated appearance of an exotic species, which there may be good reason to suppose have reached our shores without intentional human aid, as sufficient ground for including it in the list of our birds. But as observers have of late so largely increased, so have these occurrences been more frequently noticed ; and it seems absolutely necessary to prescribe some limit to prevent our really native species from being outnumbered by these foreigners. The difficulty is to know where to draw the line; and to this point I would invite the careful con- sideration of naturalists, It may be all very well to ‘call Thalassi- 132 droma wilsoni and Mergus cucullatus European birds ; but because a single individual of Regulus calendulus or*Dendreca virens has reached the Old World, it is absurd to include either of those species in its Fauna. I cite these instances, because they ave all from that continent whence most of our occasional visitants arrive ; so much so, that one is almost driven to the conclusion that there is no primd JSacie reason why examples of the greater number of birds of Eastern North America should not, favente zephyro (the prevailing strong wind in Western Europe), make their appearance on our shores in course of time. Then, on the other hand, the last two additions to the list of so-called “ British birds”? have been from the opposite quarter. Are Syrrhaptes paradoxus and Xema ichthyaétus to take their places in the books elucidating British Ornithology by the side of the Red Grouse and the Peewit Gull? It appears to me that we gain nothing by deferring a decision on the subject, and I trust that these remarks will not be deemed unnecessary by those who are competent to deal with the matter. Elveden, 28 February, 1860. 4, DrescripTION or A New Genus or Boip& DISCOVERED BY Mr. Bates oN THE Upper Amazon. By Dr. J. E. Gray. (Reptilia, Pl. XXIV.) Fam. Borpz. CHRYSENIS, 0. g. Head rather large, rather depressed, covered with scales, the front half covered with small symmetrical shields, as follows :—two pair in an arched series behind the rostral and nasal, and four pair forming a ring round the pair of small central frontal shields ; loreal shields two; eyes surrounded by a series of small shields, with a series of four or five small superciliary shields above them; forehead, crown, and cheeks covered with small granular scales; rostral plate with a pit on each edge ; upper labial shields low, with a large deep pit on their hinder edge ; front lower labial shields simple, high, the hinder short, with a very deep pit on the hinder edge of each of them; nostrils situate between two moderately sized, nearly equal, nasal shields ; pupils erect, oblong ; body compressed, rounded above and below ; tail conical, with a single series of subcaudal plates. This genus resembles Epicrates as to the shields on the muzzle, but differs in the distinctness and form of the pits on the labial shields. Curysents BaTesit (Pl. XXIV.). Pale brown, with a series of oblong subangular black-edged pale spots on the hinder part of the back, which become broader and more distinet,as they approach the end_of the tail, and with a series of distant small roundish black-edged spots on the lower part of the ‘dhrt 95@MM tigseyeq stueskIy) “PIOLH'D G.B. Sowerby, lith Vincent Brooks. lith | Cylindrella splendida, Pf. 2.C.arctospira, Ar. 3.C. grandis, Pf. TT : ’ = 5 . - Dp 4, Helix acmella, Pr 5.H. mouhoti, fr 6©.H.xequatoria, fr. a H. bougainville: , Pr 8.H.isis, Pr 9. H. apollo, Pfr. Proe.Z.S Mollusca ss roc. ZS. Mollusca LI]. rl 4B: B Sowerby, lith a : 133 middle of the body, the hinder spot largest and nearest to the edge of the ventral shield. Hab, Upper Amazon. 5. Descriptions oF Tuirty-stx New Species or LAND-SHELLS rrom Mr. H. Cumine’s Cotxtection. By Dr. L. Preirrer. (Mollusca, Pls. L., LI.) 1, Hexix souGarinvitxel, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 7.) 7. imperforata,. globoso-conoidea, solidiuscula, striatula, irregulariter malleata et sulcis nonnullis spiralibus notata, nitida, saturate castanea ; spira conoidea, vertice subtili, obtusulo; sutura pallide mar- ginata ; anfr. 5 modice convexi, regulariter accrescentes, ulti- mus rotundatus, peripheria obtuse angulatus ; columella lata, oblique substricte descendens ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato- lunaris, intus nitide cerulescens ; peristoma albo-callosum, bre- viter expansum, marginibus callo crassiusculo junctis, dextro. regulariter arcuato. Diam. maj. 62}, min. 51, alt. 39 mill. Hab. Bougainville Island. 2. Hexrx apox.o, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 9.) 7. imperforata, turbi- nato-depressa, solida, carinata, oblique striata et sub lente mi- nutissime granulata, opaca, lutea, lineis fuscis irregulariter circumdata ; spira breviter conoidea, obtusa; anfr. 4 vix con- veatuscult, ultimus acute carinatus, antice. leviter descendens, basi convexus; apertura diagonalis, rhombeo-lunaris, intus lactea ; perist. crassum, album, breviter reflecum, margine basali dilatato, in regione umbilicali adnato, tuberculo elongato prope insertionem predito. * Diam. maj. 463, min. 874, alt. 22 mill. Hab. Isle of Cuba. 3. Hexrx ists, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 8.) TT. umbilicata, depressa, solidula, striatula, unicolor castanea; spira vie elevata ; anfr. 5 via converiusculi, sensim accrescentes, ultimus antice subde- flexus, peripheria obsoletissime angulatus, subtus convexior ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris, intus submargaritacea ; perist. album, marginibus vie convergentibus, supero subhorizontalt, expanso, basali late reflexo, ad insertionem breviter ascendente, umbilicum mediocrem lamina dilatata semioccultante. Diam. maj. 45, min. 38, alt. 19 mill. Hab. Admiralty Islands. 4. Hewix zquaroria, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 6.) ~ 7. imperforata, conoideo-depressa, solida, striatula et subtilissime punctato- granulata, subcarinata, saturate castanea; spira convexo- conoidea ; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, ultimus antice deflexus, rotun- datus, turgidus ; apertura perobliqua, sinuato-lunaris ; perist. 134 Susco-carneum, incrassatum, reflecum, marginibus callo funicu- lari junctis, supero arcuato, intus calloso (callo ad dextram abrupte desinente), dextro acute unidentato, basali dilatato subappresso, intus medio tuberculo valido compresso munito. Diam. maj. 38, min. 32, alt. 20 mill. Hab. Republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser). 5. Heurx trvesayti, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, lenticularis, carinata, solidiuscula, capillaceo-striata et striis spiralibus obsolete granulata, sericea, corneo-albida, fasciis castaneis superne 2, basi unica ornata; spira conidea, obtusa; sutura albomargi- nata ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, ultimus carina acuta, prominente, alba munitus, aperturam versus superne convexior, inde angus- tatus, subito deflerus, subtus scrobiculatus ; apertura fere hori- zontalis, transverse subrhombeo-ovalis ; perist. continuum, album, expansum et reflecum, margine basali intus valide uni- dentatum, umbilicum angustum semitegente. Diam. maj. 25, min. 21, alt. 10 mill. Hab. Philippine Islands. 6. Hexix caseus, Pfr. TZ. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, irregulariter striata et sub lente minutissime granulata, dia- phana, albido-cornea vel pallide rufescens ; spira vix elevata ; sutura impressa; anfr. 44 planiusculi, ultimus superne obtuse carinatus, antice deflexus, basi turgidus, circa umbilicum conicum angulatus ; apertura diagonalis, subelliptica; perist. album, undique sublate reflecum, marginibus approximatis, basali leviter arcuato, juata umbilicum dilatato. Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 9 mill. Hab. Siam. 7. Heurx axupicostis, Pfr. ZT. sublate umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, granulato-rugosa et pilis brevibus obsita, cornea, cos- tulis obliquis albidis munita ; spira parum elevata; anfr. 4— convexiusculi, ultimus superne subangulatus, supra angulum leviter sulcatus, antice deflecus ; apertura perobliqua, ovalis ; perist. tenue, marginibus fere contiguis, supero expansiusculo, basali breviter reflexo. Diam. maj. 94, min. 8, alt. 44 mill. Hab. Ahmednuggur, India. 8. Hevix weraxra, Pfr. T. mediocriter umbilicata, conoideo- depressa, tenuiuscula, oblique irregulariter rugulata et undique minute granulata, pallide lutescens, fasciis 3 rufis, 1 suturali, 2 approximatis periphericis cincta; spira breviter conoidea ; anfr. 6 modice convex, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice vix descendens ; apertura obliqua, lunaris, intus submargaritacea ; perist. fusco-carneum, breviter reflecum, juxta umbilicum dila- tatum. Diam. maj. 19, min. 16, alt. 103 mill. Hab. Unknown. 135 9. Henrx acme ua, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 4.) 7. subobtecte perfo- rata, turbinata, solidula, levigata, nitida, lutea, sursum palli- dior ; spira regulariter turbinata, vertice minutissimo, acuto ; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus non descendens, basi planior ; aper- tura diagonalis, subquadrangulari-ovalis ; perist. album, re- flecum, margine dextro subflexuoso, columellari longe adnato, umbilicum canaliformem fingente. Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, alt. 25 mill. Hab. Admiralty Islands. 10. Hexrx uiratura, Pfr. T. umbilicata, trochiformis, tenui- uscula, striata et liris filiformibus subconfertis cincta, diaphana, oleoso-micans, pallide corneo-lutescens ; spira conica, apice obtusa; sutura impressa; anfr. 73 convexiusculi, ultimus an- gulatus, non descendens, bast levior, convexior ; apertura vix obliqua, subangulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari declivi, jucta umbilicum perangustum subdilatato. Diam. maj. 6, min. 54, alt. 4 mill. Hab. Ceylon, 6000', under decayed woods (Mr. Thwaites). 11. Hecrx sates, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, dense et oblique plicatula, cornea, pliculis albidis ; spira convexa, parum elata; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, subdepressus, basi convexior ; umbilicus latus, + diametri subequans ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato- lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine basali arcuato, ad insertionem vix patente. Diam. maj. 11, min. 93, alt. 5 mill. Hab. Upper Amazon (Mr. Bates). 12. Heurx turNeERI, Pfr. T. anguste et clauso-umbilicata, de- pressa, subdiscoidea, tenuiuscula, conferte plicato-costata, dia- phana, nitidula, corneo-lutescens, rufo variegata et ad suturam distincte maculata; spira via elevata; sutura denticulata ; anfr. 4 convexiuscult, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus, subde- pressus, non descendens, loco umbilici lamina vitrea obtectus ; apertura fere diagonalis, subtriangulari-lunaris; perist.simplex, vectum,- marginibus distantibus, supero antrorsum arcuato, basali medio denticulo albo munito, ad insertionem subdilatato. Diam. maj. 74, min. 64, alt 3 mill. Hab. New Caledonia (Mr. Turner). 13. Hexirx nacrorensis, Pfr. T. latissime umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, oblique striata, opaca, carneo-albida ; spira medio via prominula ; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, ultimus subtus vix latior, antice deflecus et subtus subconstrictus ; apertura perobliqua, transverse ovalis; perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus, supero recto, basali breviter reflexo. Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 4 mill. Had’. Nagpore, India (Mr. Jerdon). 136 14. Hexirx Tristram, Pfr. TZ. late umbilicata, perdepressa, acute carinata, tenuis, oblique plicato-strata, opaca, sordide albida, corneo obsolete variegata; spira vir elevata; sutura carina leviter exserta marginata ; anfr. 5 planiusculi sensim accrescentes, ultimus infra carinam compressam, crenulatam convexus, antice non descendens ; apertura obliqua, subsecuri- formis ; perist. rectum, intus sublabiatum, margine supero an- trorsum arcuato. Diam. maj. 12, min. 104, alt. 4 mill. Hab. Interior of Tunis (Mr. Tristram). 15. Hexix menpicaria, Pfr. T. mediocriter umbilicata, co- noideo-semiglobosa, solidula, striata et sub lente breviter pilosa, cornea ; spira conoidea, vertice subtili nitido ; anfr. 4% turgid, ultimus viz descendens ; apertura parum obliqua, lunato-sub- circularis; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus, columellari vix dilatato, non reflexo. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 43 mill. Hab. Interior of Tunis (Mr. Tristram). 16. Hexix (Nanrna) péuRniana, Pfr. T. perforata, depressa, suborbicularis, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, parum diaphana, lutes- centi-grisea; spira breviter conoidea, vertice minuto, obtuso ; anfr. 64 convewiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, supra medium obsolete subangulatus, basi viz con- vexior, nitidior ; apertura fere verticalis, transverse lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari declivi, levissime arcuato, ad perforationem reflexiusculo. Diam. maj. 314, min. 28, alt. 15 mill. Hab. Siam (Mr. Mouhot). 17. Henrx (Nanrna) Mounoti, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 5.) TT. perfo- rata, orbiculato-depressa, tenuiuscula, minute costulato-striata et superne lineis spiralibus impressis decussata, superne pallide cinnamomea, basi nitida, corneo-albida ; spira convexa ; sutura rufulo-marginata ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, subtus convexior ; apertura obliqua, lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari leviter arcuato, ad perforationem apertam triangulatim reflexo. Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 14 mill. Hab. Siam (Mr. Mouhot). 18. Butrmus saturanus, Pfr. T. imperforata, subfusiformi- oblonga, solida, lilaceo-carnea, fusco-flammulata ; spira conica, apice acutiusculo, albo; anfr. 64, summi levigati, sequentes oblique striati, ultimus levior, rarioribus nonnullis latis nigri- cantibus munitus, spira paulo brevior, basi attenuatus ; colu- mella crassa, torta, nigra; apertura subverticalis, acuminato- oblonga; perist. nigrum, breviter reflecum, marginibus callo nigro junctis. Long. 76, diam. 33 mill. Hab. Pallatanga, Republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser). 137 19. Bunimus rrasert, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 5.) T. imperforata, oblongo-fusiformis, solida, longitudinaliter conferte striata et lineis impressis remotis cincta, sub epidermide virenti-fulva, non nitente, carnea, fasciis interruptis sagittatis vel fulguratim confluentibus atrofuscis ornata ; spira conica, apice obtusula ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, bast attenu- atus; columella violacea, superne plica valida munita, basi subtorta ; apertura obliqua, semielliptica, basi subangulata, intus lactea ; perist. roseum, incrassatum et expansum, margi- nibus callo nitidissimo, lilacino, intrante junctis, columellari angusto, adnato. Long. 89, diam. 37 mill. Hab. Province of Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser). 20. Butimus scHomBurckI, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 9.) 7. subim- perforata, dextrorsa vel sinistrorsa, solida, striatula, sub epi- dermide viridi, saturatius lineata et radiatim detrita alba; spira conica, vertice acutiusculo, atro-violaceo ; anfr. 7 con- vexiusculi, supremi violaceo-fasciati, ultimus spira brevior, basi attenuatus ; columella inflata, substricta, violacea ; apertura parum obliqua, truncato-ovalis, intus alba; perist. incrassatum, reflecum, lilaceum, marginibus callo nigro-castaneo junctis, colu- mellari dilatato, fornicatim reflexo, subadnato. Long. 48, diam. 23 mill. Hab. Siam. 21. Butimus sturcHsuryt, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 8.) TT. subum- bilicata, ovato-fusiformis, tenuiuscula, striata, striis spiralibus subtilissime decussatula, nitida, fulva, lineis saturatioribus radiata ; spira subregulariter conica, obtusula ; sutura albo- filosa; anfr. 5 vie convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis ade- quans, antice arcuatim breviter ascendens, basi attenuatus ; apertura subauriformis, superne acuminata, se@pe tuberculo pa- rietali nodiformi coarctata, intus margaritacea ; columella alba, leviter plicata ; perist. carneo-fulvum vel album, margine dex- tro subregulariter arcuato, expanso et reflexo, columellari dila- tato, plano, fere adnato. Long. 53, diam. 11 mill. Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides. 22. Buximus pyrostomus, Pfr. TJ. profunde rimata, ovato- conica, solidula, striata et striis spiralibus levibus irregulariter rotata, castanea, saturatius strigata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; sutura mediocris, simplex ; anfr. 5 modice convexi, ultimus spi- ram paulo superans, medio inflatus; columella substricta ; apertura vie obliqua, acuminato-ovalis, intus ign2o-fusea, nitida ; perist. incrassatum, rectum, igneum, marginibus callo junctis, dextro leviter arcuato, columellari dilatato, libero. Long. 42, diam. 19 mill. Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides. 138 23. BuLimus TURNER], Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 10.) 7. imperforata, ovato-acuta, succinoidea, tenuis, striatula, corneo-albida, fasciis olivaceo-fuscis, saturatius strigatis, ornata; spira conica, acu- tiuscula ; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis superans, basi viz angustatus ; columella compressa, callosa, filaris ; aper- tura parum obliqua, acuminato-ovalis, intus nitida ; perist. simplex, tenue, breviter expansum, margine dextro subflexuoso, columellari adnato. Long. 32, diam. 17 mill. Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides (Mr. Turner). 24. Butimus cotusrinus, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 4.) TZ. umbili- cata, fusiformi-oblonga, solidula, striata et sulculis obliquis et sptralibus irregulariter granulata, nitida, fulva, strigis fulmi- nantibus, nigro-castaneis ornata; spira conica, acuminatius- cula, superne nuda, purpurascens ; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus spi- ram paulo superans, basi saccatus ; columella albida, crassa, torta, leviter prominens ; apertura subverticalis, oblongo-ovalis, intus igneda, nitidissima; perist. subincrassatum, albido-limba- tum, marginibus callo igneo junctis, deatro breviter expanso, columellari dilatato, patente. Long. 56, diam. 23 mill. Hab. New Caledonia (Mr. Turner). 25. OrTHALICUS BoUCcARDI, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 7.) T. conico- ovata, solidula, striatula, striis spiralibus sub lente vix conspi- cuis decussatula, opaca, alba, strigis latis fuscis picta et vari- cibus nigris instructa ; spira conica, obtusula ; sutura subcre- nata, albo-marginata ; anfr. 53 convexiusculi, ultimus spiram a@quans; columella pilaris, alba, stricte recedens; apertura obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus alba, nigro-strigata ; perist. rec- tum, nigro-limbatum, marginibus callo nitido, nigro-castaneo junctis. Long. 43, diam. 25-26 mill. Hab. Mexico (Mr. Boucard). 26. ACHATINA GREVILLEI, Pfr. 7’. ovato-oblonga, solida, stria- tula, sub epidermide tenui, fuscula olivaceo-lutescens ; spira conica, obtusa; sutura crenulata, late impresso-marginata ; anfr. 6-7, supremi minutissime decussati, ultimus spiram supe- rans, sublevigatus, peripheria obsolete angulatus ; columella subtorta, purpurea, anguste truncata ; apertura parum obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus margaritaceo-albida; perist. tenue, ex- pansiusculum, marginibus callo purpureo, sursum pallidiore, junetis, dextro repando. Long. 105, diam. 55 mill. Hab. Old Calabar. 27. OrEeactna 1nDusIATA, Pfr. TT. ovato-oblonga, solidula, an- gulis longitudinalibus et striis confertis decussata, fulva, epi- dermide castanea, irregulariter detrita, obtecta ; spira conica, 139 apice obtusa; sutura subcrenata; anfr. 55 convexiusculi, ulti- mus subinflatus, a medio deorsum striis spiralibus destitutus ; columella arcuata, basi late truncata; apertura verticalis, acu- minato-ovalis, intus margaritacea ; perist. rectum, acutum. Long. 43, diam. 22 mill. Hab. La Parada, Oajaca, Mexico (Mr. Sallé). 28. CyLinpRELLA GRANDIS, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 3.) TT. profunde rimata, turrita, late truncata, solidiuscula, oblique filoso- striata, interstitiis sub lente oblique striatulis, nitidula, fusco- rubella ; sutura sub-albo-marginata ; anfr. superst. 8 convexius- cult, ultimus basi obtuse carinatus, antice vix protractus ; colu- mella subplicata ; apertura vix obliqua, ovalis, superne suban- gulata ; perist. continuum, breviter expansum, vix reflexiuscu- lum. Long. 56, diam. 17 mill. Hab. Juquila, Mexico (Mr. Boucard). 29. CyLINDRELLA MEXICANA, Cuming in litt. T. suleato-rimata, turrita, truncata, leviter arcuato-striata et sub lente punctu- lata, parum nitens, violaceo-fusca ; sutura levis, subalbida ; anfr. superst. 10 planiusculi, ultimus infra medium obtuse an- gulatus, antice protractus, dorso carinatus; columella plica com- pressa, dentiformi munita; apertura vix obliqua, irregulariter ovalis, superne angulata ; perist. continuum, undique reflecum, margine dextro incrassato, regulariter arcuato, sinistro sinuoso. Long. 55, diam. 15 mill. 8. Minor, anfr. superst. 8. Long. 323, diam. 10 mill. Hab. Mexico. 30. CyLINDRELLA SPLENDIDA, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 1.) 7’. rimata, turrita, late truncata, solidula, oblique filoso-costulata, nitidula, carneo-violacea; sutura sub-albo-filosa, crenulata; anfr.superst. 8-83 modice convexi, ultimus obsoletissime filo-carinatus, antice breviter solutus ; columella subplicata ; apertura fere verticalis, oblique ovalis; perist. continuum, album, breviter reflexum, superne subangulatum. Long. 46, diam. 15 mill. Hab. Zacatepec, Mexico (Mr. Boucard). 31. CyLInDRELLA ARcTospiRA, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 2.) TT. rimata, cylindraceo-turrita, late truncata, solidula, confertim subar- cuato-costata, subopaca, albida; sutura profunda, subnodulosa ; anfr. superst. 18, arcte voluti, convexi, ultimus angustior, filo- carinatus, antrorsum breviter protractus ; apertura parvula, obliqua, oblique ovalis; perist. continuum, nitidum, undique breviter reflecum, margine sinistro lateraliter producto. Long. 38, diam. 10 mill. Hab. Juquila, Mexico (Mr. Boucard). 140 32. CyLiInpRELLA cRETACEA, Pfr. 7. rimata, oblongo-turrita, cretacea; spira medio ventrosior, apice subtruncata, vel in conum brevem abiens; sutura levis; anfr. 13-14 viz convexius- culi, levigati, penultimus semiplicatus, ultimus valide costatus, basi compresso-carinatus, antice horizontaliter et breviter pro- tractus; apertura verticalis, subtriangularis ; perist. conti- nuum, undique rectangule patens. Long. 24, diam. 7 mill. Hab. Mexico. 33. Cuaustn1a ADAMSIANA, Pfr. TJ. vix rimata, turrito-fust- formis, solidula, oblique distinete et confertim striata, oleo- micans, diaphana, fusco-cornea; spira medio subinflata, apice obtusula ; anfr. 8 convexiusculi, ultimus angustus, solutus, de- orsum protractus, basi rotundatus; apertura obliqua, pyriformi- subcircularis ; lamelle approximate, subparallela, superior producta, acuta, inferiore minor, profundior ; lunella distincta, filaris, arcuata; plica palatalis | supera, subcolumellaris incon- spicua; perist. tenue, fusculum, undique subequaliter expansum. Long. 18-19, diam. 44-4} mill. Hab. South America. 34. CLAUSILIA TRISTRAMI, Pfr. TJ. viv rimata, subfusiformi- turrita, solidula, conferte filoso-striata, opaca, sordide liliacea ; spira convexiusculo-turrita, apice cornea, obtusula ; sutura levissima, subsimplex ; anfr. 12 planiusculi, ultimus basi com- presso-gibbosus ; apertura verticalis, elliptica, intus carneo- fusca; lamella tenues, convergentes ; lunella crassa, albida, arcuata; plica palatalis 1 supera, elongata; subcolumellaris inconspicua ; perist. album, continuum, breviter reflecum, su- perne adnatum, margine externo intus subdentato. Long. 21, diam. 43-44 mill. Hab. Southern slope of the Atlas, Interior of Tunis (Mr. Tristram). 35. CYCLOPHORUS CONFLUENS, Pfr. T. late umbilicata, de- pressa, solida, striis confertis confluentibus et cruciatis superne sculpta, lutea, fasciis castaneis, pallide punctatis, superne con- fluentibus, subtus distinctis ornata; spira subplana; sutura impressa; anfr. 43 convexiusculi, ultimus antice ad insertionem cucullatim dilatatus ; apertura diagonalis, subcircularis, intus albida; perist. subinterruptum, margine supero elevato, si- nuato, dextro expansiusculo, basali reflewiusculo, columellari angusto. Opere. corneum, arctispirum. Diam. maj. 25, min. 203, alt. 9 mill. Hab. Borneo. 36. PaARTULA TURNERI, Pfr. T. profunde rimato-umbilicata, ovato-conica, solidula, sub lente spiraliter undulato-striata, nitida, pallide lutescens, strigis saturatioribus radiata; spira conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus spira via brevior, —rr 141 basi subcompressus ; columella simplex, leviter arcuata ; aper- tura parum obliqua, oblonga ; perist. album, nitidum, undique latiuscule expansum, marginibus conniventibus, columellari pa- tente. Long. 22-23, diam. 11-12 mill. B. Paulo ventrosior, albido et isabellino radiata. Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides (Mr. Turner). 6. Descriptions or New Species or MoLiuscA FROM THE Sanpwicu Isuanps. By W. Harper Pease. (Communt- caTepD By Dr. J. E. Gray.) (Part II.)* Genus POLYBRANCHIA. Body oblongo-ovate, provided with several rows of lobes, commen- cing at anterior portion of the body, and extending in continuous series around the posterior part; lobes deciduous. Branchiee im- bedded in the lobes. Cephalic tentacles bifurcate. 52. PoLYBRANCHIA PELLUCIDA. Animal.—Oblongo-ovate, pellucid. Cephalic tentacles long, cylin- drical, slightly tapering to a blunt point, bifurcate from the base, one part curving slightly anteriorly and the other posteriorly, grooved (?), on the inside, opposite each other. Labial tentacles of same shape, shorter. The body furnished with four rows of lobes, commencing opposite the cephalic tentacles, and passing in continuous series around hinder part of the body, leaving a narrow space on dorsal region bare; lobes deciduous, pellucid, of a jelly-like consistency, close, disposed alternately, those on the edge of the mantle smallest, increasing in size as they ascend over the sides and back of the body, cylindrical at the base, spreading out in a fan-like shape, overlapping each other. Branchiz imbedded in the substance of the lobes, ra- mose; the stem commencing at the base of the lobes and branching out, following their form, not extending to the edges of the lobes. Foot same size as the mantle. This singular species was very active, when handled casting off its upper lobes, and when plunged in alcohol instantly detaching the whole. 53. VEXILLA FUSCO-NIGRA. Shell abbreviately fusiform, ventricose, solid; spire moderately produced, acute, and less than half the length of the shell ; whorls six, convex, furnished with close transverse granular ribs; suture impressed ; body-whorl large, ventricose, and marked with coarse, remote, revolving impressed lines, and fine longitudinal strize and wrinkles ; canal short, slightly recurved; aperture oblong-ovate; outer * See P. Z.S. for January 11, antea, p. 18. 142 lip thick, somewhat dilated, and furnished with six or seven intra- marginal tubercular teeth, sinuated at its junction with body-whorl ; columella-lip smooth, flattened, slightly callous above. Colour black or brownish-black, impressed lines on body-whorl light choco- late-colour ; lips purplish-brown ; teeth white or bluish. Animal.—Foot oblong, truncated in front, rounded behind. Ten- tacles cylindrically tapering. Eyes lateral and sessile, at about two- thirds of the length of the tentacles. Siphon long. Colour dark greenish-slate, and closely punctured with black and white. Ten- tacles zoned with brown, tips white. 54. ENGINA COSTATA. Shell solid, fusiformly ovate, attenuated at both ends; spire acute, half the length of the shell; whorls seven or eight, convex, longitudinally ribbed ; ribs coarse, rounded, and crossed with nume- rous transverse spiral ridges, which become somewhat nodulous on the ribs; interstices between the transverse ridges cancellated with raised strize ; sutural lines undulated; canal produced and slightly recurved ; aperture narrow, widest above ; outer lip much thickened externally ; edge sharp, furnished with five or six intramarginal tu- bercular teeth ; columella-lip with a thin callosity, and transversely ribbed on the middle. Colour yellowish-brown ; aperture white. 55. ENGINA MONILIFERA. Shell solid, ovate, slightly attenuated at both ends ; spire acute, half the length of the shell; whorls six or seven, convexly angu- lated, ribbed longitudinally ; ribs coarse, rounded, crossed with spiral transverse granular ridges, two on each whorl of the spire; suture faintly defined, bordered by a single row of golden-coloured granules ; body-whorl sculptured same as the spire ; canal short, slightly re- curved ; aperture narrow, oblong; outer lip nearly straight, thick- ened externally, and provided with four internal teeth, and three small tubercular teeth on the lower half of columella-lip. Colour white, with a broad, broken, purplish transverse band on the body- whorl, and a narrow one at the margin of the sutures. 56. ENGINA ALBOCINCTA. Shell ovate, brownish red, with a white transverse band on body- whorl; apex acute, longitudinally ribbed, transversely nodosely ridged, finely striated between the ridges ; aperture narrow ; outer lip denticulated within ; canal slightly produced and recurved. 57, HinDSIA ANGICOSTATA. Shell ovate; spire blunt ; whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed, and transversely nodosely ridged ; interstices finely striated; aper- ture oval; outer lip thickened externally ; edge of lip sharp, ridged internally ; columella-lip arched, slightly callous, wrinkled striee on upper part; canal slightly produced and recurved. Colour light brown, longitudinal ribs darker, white band on body-whorl. 143 mM A 58. Borsonia LUTEA. ple Shell fusiform, solid, shining; whorls convex, angulated at the sutures, longitudinally regularly and closely ribbed, crossed by re- gular transverse ridges ; aperture narrow ; outer lip thick, denticu- lated within; canal produced and recurved. Colour light yellowish- brown. 59. BorsoniA CRASSICOSTATA. Shell fusiform, shining, longitudinally coarsely ribbed, crossed by transverse raised strie; whorls rounded ; sutures well impressed ; aperture narrow ; outer lip denticulated within ; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour light yellow. P<) abr s| 60. Borsonta BIFASCIATA. Shell fusiform, shining, longitudinally coarsely ribbed, crossed by coarse raised striee ; whorls rounded at the sutures ; outer lip thick, incurved, serrated on the edges at the termination of the transverse strie ; canal short and slightly recurved. Colour white; two light brown bands on each whorl. y 61. CLATHURELLA BALTEATA. Shell fusiformly ovate, longitudinally coarsely ribbed ; ribs dis- posed alternately on the whorls, crossed by transverse raised striz ; whorls roundly angulated at the sutures; outer lip incurved, serrated on its edge by the termination of the transverse strize. Colour light brown, ornamented by one white band on centre of each whorl. % i 62. BorsONIA NEBULOSA. Shell fusiformly oblong, finely ribbed longitudinally, striated trans- versely, forming regular granules; sutures slightly angulated and smooth ; aperture oval; outer lip slightly incurved and serrated on its edges, striated internally ; canal slightly produced and recurved. Colour white, marked with irregular, interrupted, longitudinal brown lines. “ 63. CLATHURELLA PRODUCTA. Shell fusiformly elongate, longitudinally ribbed, finely striated 2. transversely ; whorls convex; suture impressed ; aperture oval ; ' outer lip denticulated; canal short. Colour yellowish-brown; a darker band of same colour on each whorl. mr «4Y 64. CLATHURELLA BRUNNEA. aur Shell fusiformly elongate, ornamented with transverse granular ribs, and fine longitudinal raised striee ; whorls slightly convex ; aper- ture elongate-oval; canal short. Colour dark brown. ~ 65. CLATHURELLA CYLINDRICA. ; G)- Shell cylindrically fusiform, shining; apex blunt, longitudinally strongly ribbed, transversely ornamented with raised strize, forming abe yb 144 deep cancellations; whorls slightly convex, angulated at sutures aperture oval. Colour white. 66. CLATHURELLA EXILIS. Shell elongately fusiform, ornamented with transverse ribs and longitudinal striz; whorls slightly convex ; aperture oblong-oval ; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour white, with irregular yel- lowish-brown longitudinal spots on upper whorls, and two bands of same colour on body-whorl. 67. CLATHURELLA ELEGANS. Shell elongate-pyramidal, yellowish, with chestnut-brown spots on the centre of varices of each whorl; remote varices extending whole’ length of the shell, transversely granosely ribbed, interstices finely granulated ; whorls convex, rounded ; suture well impressed ; aper- ture wide, ovate ; outer lip acute ; canal produced and recurved. 68. CLATHURELLA HARPA. Shell pyramidally ovate ; body-whorl ventricose, longitudinally strongly ribbed ; ribs rather distant ; interstices finely striated lon- gitudinally ; whorls roundly angulated at the sutures ; outer lip acute, somewhat dilated; aperture large, oval; columella-lip striated ob- liquely on lower part ; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour white. 69. CLATHURELLA PULCHELLA. Shell fusiform, acuminated, shining, longitudinally ribbed, crossed by transverse raised strize ; whorls rounded ; suture impressed ; aper- ture oval; canal slightly produced and recurved ; pinkish-white, ir- regular pink spots over the surface ; apex red. 70. CLATHURELLA PAUCICOSTATA. Shell elongately fusiform, thin, shining; whorls ornamented with varices, remote, and fine transverse raised striz ; outer lip thin; aperture elongate-oval; canal long and slightly recurved. Colour white, with irregular orange-brown spots or blotches ; varices white. 71. CLATHURELLA FUSCOMACULATA. Shell acuminately turreted, ornamented with transverse raised strie, slightly granulose; outer lip thin; aperture oval; canal straight and slightly produced. Colour white, with irregular longi- tudinal bands of reddish-brown. 72. CLATHURELLA BUCCINOIDES. Shell pyramidally ovate, shining ; whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed, crossed by transverse striee ; aperture ovate; outer lip ser- rated at edge; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour yellowish white. a} p - 145 73. NASSA MICROSTOMA. Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, white, sparingly stained with ferru- ginous brown ; spire rather long, acute ; whorls six or seven, strongly convex, ribbed longitudinally, ribs stout, close set, rounded and crossed with numerous close spiral ridges ; aperture small, rounded, lyrated within; outer lip thick; columella arched, transversely wrinkled above, one or two faint spiral plicee near the base. 74. DriLLiA NODIFERA. Shell elongate-ovate, smooth, plicately noduled longitudinally ; outer lip thin, acute; canal short; nodules white, interstices red- dish brown, base white. Vv 75. OLIvA SANDWICENSIS. Shell oblong-ovate ; spire somewhat acuminated ; columella-plaits few in number, extending two-thirds of the length of the aperture ; outer lip slightly thickened internally. Colour minutely freckled and blotched with white, reddish brown and cinereous, the lower half of the body-whorl being much the darkest ; apex white, en- circled beneath the suture with a light fawn-coloured or whitish band, blotched with dark reddish brown or cinereous ; aperture white, two broad, equidistant dark brown bands on the interior, reaching to the thickened portion of the outer lip. 76. BLAUNERIA GRACILIS. /2> Shell elongate fusiform, thin, corneous, fragile, semipellucid. Whorls seven or eight, flatly convex, finely longitudinally obliquely striated ; suture faintly impressed, outer lip thin; columella-lip flexuous ; one oblique plait near the centre, truncated; aperture oblong-ovate, contracted posteriorly. Animal.—Small, subpellucid, uncoloured, excepting a yellow tinge around the mouth. Tentacles short, stout, approximating at their bases. Eyes conspicuous, black, immersed at the posterior bases of the tentacles. Head deep, narrow above, and much dilated below. Mouth a simple longitudinal slit. Foot small, short, bluntly rounded behind, truncated in front, divided by a transverse groove ; posterior portion slightly the longest. . 77. TuURRICULA BELLA. Shell fusiform; spire acuminated; whorls convexly angulated ; sutures rather deep, longitudinally ribbed, ribs somewhat angular, irregular in size and finely striated longitudinally, also the interstices, and crossed by numerous transverse striz ; base slightly recurved ; columella four-plaited, a callosity posteriorly ; aperture lyrated within. Colour light chestnut brown, with broad lighter or whitish bands, and spotted remotely and irregularly with reddish brown; base white. No. 426.—PRocrEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 146 78. TURRICULA APPROXIMATA. Shell ovate, turreted ; whorls convexly angulated at the sutures, longitudinally ribbed, crossed by impressed strize ; interstices punc- tured ; aperture striated within; columella four-plaited. Colour white, banded and blotched irregularly with chestnut brown. 79. Mirra PALLIDA. Shell fusiform ; spire elongate, slender, pointed, surface latticed by fine longitudinal and transverse striz ; columella five-plaited. Colour white or light yellow. 80. Mirra puDIcA. Shell ovate ; spire short, transversely ribbed ; interstices finely cancellated, longitudinally remotely ribbed, white, variegated with smoky brown; columella four-plaited. 81. Mirra ERICEA. Shell fusiformly ovate, attenuated at both ends, transversely ribbed ; body-whorl crossed by longitudinal strie, rather remote. Colour light brown ; apex white; columella three-plaited. 82. STRIGATELLA PICEA. Shell small, ovate, longitudinally ribbed, row of granules bordering suture, transversely finely striated. Colour dark brown; whorls en- circled by a single narrow light-brown belt ; columella five-plaited ; aperture purplish white. 83. STRIGATELLA FUSCESCENS. Shell ovate, thick, finely crenulated at borders of suture, trans- versely faintly grooved, the grooves becoming more distinct towards the base ; columella five-plaited. Colour brown; aperture white. 84. Metampus (TRALIA) SEMIPLICATA. Shell elongate-ovate, dark reddish brown, with an olive shade ; apex acute ; whorls eight or nine; spire and upper part of body-whorl plicate ; rough striee of growth on body-whorl; aperture narrow, acute above ; two transverse folds on base of columella; one plait on the imner lip below the centre, and three on outer lip. 85. PEDIPES SANDWICENSIS. Shell ovate globose, brownish yellow ; aperture white, solid, ribbed transversely, ribs rather remote and irregular ; whorls four, convexly angulated at the sutures, the last whorl ventricose ; outer lip flexuous, thickened in the middle; aperture subquadrate ; columella-lip flat, furnished with three plaits, of which the upper is the largest, and slightly oblique ; remaining two transverse, lower one the smaller. 86. ERATO SANDWICENSIS. Shell pyriform, smooth, shining, white, with a broad band of yel- ae gr 9 uk (1 a el Pe. > 147 lowish brown on lower part of the body-whorl, and a narrower one of same colour bordering the sutures beneath ; columella and outer lip white ; apex and base tinged with pink; aperture narrow, con- tracted ; outer lip denticulated its whole length } inner lip about one- half its length. 87. MARGINELLA ORYZA. Shell small, subpyriform, thin, transparent, white ; aperture nar- row ; outer lip denticulate ; inner lip four-plaited, finely striated lon- gitudinally. 88. MArGINELLA SANDWICENSIS. Shell minute, subconoidal, thin, transparent white ; aperture nar- row, contracted; apex obtuse; inner lip three-plaited. 89. CyTHARA GARRETTII. Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally mbbed, ribs becoming nearly obsolete on body-whorl, transversely finely and closely striated, a deeply impressed line encircling the whorls just beneath the sutures. Colour white, variegated with reddish brown, which colour extends over the greater part of the body-whorl. 90. CyTHARA VARIA. Shell fusiform, minute, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally ribbed. Colour variable, light brown with transverse lines of a darker colour encircling the whorls, or with longitudinal undulating lines, or ornamented with oblong square brown spots, or light brown dotted with white. 91. CyTHARA PUSILLA. Shell oval, white, stained with purplish brown; whorls longitudi- nally ribbed, ribs somewhat oblique, striated transversely, whorls angulated at the sutures; outer and inner lip denticulated ; spire short, outer lip thickened. 92. DAPHNELLA BELLA. a Shell fusiform ; whorls angulated at the sutures, nodosely ribbed ; body-whorl ribbed longitudinally somewhat obliquely, transversely finely striated. Colour yellowish brown, nodules white, ornamented with a row of dark brown spots between the interstices, encircling the whorls, and one following the sutures. 93. DAPHNELLA INTERRUPTA. Shell elongate fusiform, thin, yellowish white, ornamented with transverse, interrupted, chestnut-brown lines transversely marked with interrupted granulose raised lines, finely striated longitudinally ; aperture rather long ; sinus deep. 148 94. DAPHNELLA SANDWICENSIS. Shell ovate; spire short, smooth or obsoletely striated, slightly granulose at the sutures; aperture long, open, base subtruncate, white, stained with chestnut-brown ; body-whorl ornamented with reticulated lines of same colour ; apex reddish brown. 95. DAPHNELLA MACULOSA. Shell elongate fusiform, transversely and longitudinally finely striated, giving the surface a granulose appearance; aperture long ; base subtruncate. Colour white, ornamented with broad, interrupted longitudinal lines of a reddish brown. 7. CoNTRIBUTIONS TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE REPTILES OF THE Himataya Mountains. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. (Reptilia, Plates XXV., XXVI., XXVII., XXVIIL) The following paper has been suggested by a collection of Reptiles made by MM. Hermann, Adolphe and Robert von Schlagintweit during their scientific mission to India and High Asia from 1854 to 1858, and submitted by those gentlemen to my examination. The value of the collection is highly increased by very accurate state- ments of the localities and altitudes at which each specimen was ob- tained, and which were kindly communicated to me for this paper. This is the first information of the kind we have received on the Reptiles of the Himalayas, and it is of the utmost importance, since it not only augments our knowledge of the vertical distribution of these animals, but embraces a larger number of facts, respecting the altitudes at which species of reptiles are known to exist in the dif- ferent mountainous systems of the globe, than the whole-of our pre- vious information on the subject. I, however, have thought it ad- visable to take this opportunity of giving at once a complete list of the Reptiles known to inhabit the Himalayas, and to collect also those notes referring to them, which, if deficient in statements of the alti- tudes, yet give much information as to their horizontal distribution. In doing this, I have gathered my information from British collec- tions and publications only, not finding the slightest data on the sub- ject in foreign works treating of the physical history of these moun- tains. One of the chief resources for this list has been a collection made by Dr. J. Hooker in Sikkim and Khasia, partly described by Dr. J. E. Gray (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, xii. p. 386), and partly by myself in my Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. Finding a great congruity between the species obtained in the Khasia Hills and those collected by MM. von Schlagintweit at considerable altitudes in the Himalayas, I have not hesitated to admit the former into the list, although every other information on their habitat is wanting. But I have not admitted the numerous species mentioned by Dr. Cantor and others as bemg found in Assam ; they were evidently col- * Proc. Z.5. Reptilia XXV. eee ser tcts Add A. BARYCEPHALUS SYKESIL, Gir. B. TIARIS ELLIOTTI, Ge. G. TILIQUA SCHLEGELIL, Geir. 149 lected in the plains of this country; and even those said to have been obtained from hills (their height is not stated) belong entirely to the lowland fauna. On the Reptiles inhabiting High Assam we have no information whatever. Another contribution to the Hima- Jaya fauna has been given by Mr. Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vols. xxii. and xxili.*, containing an account of several Reptiles from Nepal and Sikkim. Some of the latter have been found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjeeling, which locality is, as we know, 7100 feet above the level of the sea. Finally, Mr. Hodgson has sent numerous specimens from Nepal to the British Museum, but it is much to be regretted that he has not paid the same attention to their altitudinal distribution as he has done in the higher classes of Vertebrata; and I have been obliged to make a cautious selection from among the species sent by him, in order not to admit those which, although from Nepal, belong exclusively to the lowland fauna. The collection of Messrs. von Schlagintweit is composed of 118 specimens, nearly all of which are in the best state of preservation ; they have been transferred to the British Museum, together with the large Collection of the East India Company. A few only were collected in Ceylon, at Calcutta and Kurrachee, and are not mentioned in this paper, with the exception of one Snake from the latter place, which, with no other difference than a few very slight variations in the small additional shields of the head, so completely agrees with Zamenis cliffordii as to leave no doubt as to the identity of both, This species therefore appears to be found along all the coasts of North Africa through Egypt, and to extend to the banks of the Indus ! I shall first give the descriptions of the new species f. I. Descriptions of the New Species. BarycePHauus {, Gthr. Head, body, and tail rather depressed, the latter tapering ; tym- panum circular; throat with a deep transverse fold; preeanal or femoral pores none ; head covered above with very small shields ; back with very small square, keeled, and imbricate scales ; sides gra- nular, with scattered spines ; belly with small square plates in trans- verse series ; extremities and tail with oblique transverse series of strongly keeled scales; teeth laterally compressed, triangular, with- out lobes. This genus is to be referred to the family of Agamide. * T am very sorry not to have had earlier knowledge of this paper, which con- tains valuable detailed descriptions of numerous species. So much cannot be said of a herpetological paper by another author in the twenty-second volume of the Asiatic Journal, which, in its present shape, is of no value whatever to science. t+ The discoverers of these Reptiles have requested me to dedicate the new species to gentlemen who have taken a particular interest in their travels. { From Bapu«cpaXos, with depressed head. 150 BarYCEPHALUS SYKEsiI, Gthr. (Pl. XXV. fig. A.) Diagnosis.—Temple, sides of the throat and trunk, and the poste- rior part of the hind legs with scattered spines; a transverse series in the middle of the belly contains about fifty shields. Upper parts dusky, variegated and speckled with black, the lower parts whitish ; throat reticulated with greenish. The following specimens are in the Collection :— Adult. Simla, Himalaya; 2500 feet above level of the sea. Half-grown. Simla, Himalaya; 7200 feet above level of sea. Adult. Giarhval, Himalaya ; 8200 feet above level of the sea. . Young. Balti, Tibet; 6100 feet above level of the sea. . Half-grown. Ladak, Tibet ; 15,250 feet above level of the sea. SAS S8 Description.—The head is rather depressed and flat, with the canthus rostralis distinct, and with the snout of moderate length ; it is covered above with numerous very small shields ; there is a shield in the middle of the occipital region, which is rather larger than the others, but it is not present in all the specimens; a series of slightly keeled shields runs along the median line of the snout. The width of the space between the bony orbits is one-half that of the upper eyelid. The rostral shield is low, twice as broad as high ; there are twelve upper labials. The nostril is in a single shield, which is situated between the canthus rostralis and the first upper labial. The loreal region is concave, and covered with minute shields. The median shield of the lower jaw is subpentagonal, and longer than broad ; the lower labials are eleven in number, and higher than those of the upper lip ; several other series of very small shields run parallel to that of the labials, the remainder of the throat being covered with minute granules. A low spiny crest proceeds from below the eye to the tympanum, the anterior circumference of which also is provided with spinous scales; several other groups of spines are between the tympanum and the fold of the throat, and on the sides of the neck, which is exceedingly finely granulated. The trunk is depressed and flattened; the back is covered with small imbricate scales, each being provided with a strong keel ; they gradually pass into the granulations of the sides, which, however, are intermixed with small scattered spines. The belly is covered with smooth square shields, arranged in transverse series ; they are so small that I count fifty of them in one of the series in the middle of the belly. The ¢ai/ is considerably depressed at the base, assumes gradually a more conical form, and tapers posteriorly into a fine point; it is verticillated. The scales form rings, are quadrangular and strongly keeled, each keel terminating posteriorly in a small spine. The scales which are the largest and provided with the strongest keels are those on the anterior and superior parts of the extremities; the scales round the jomts and on the posterior and inferior sides are smaller, and smooth. The fore leg reaches to the loin, if laid back- wards ; the third and fourth fingers are the longest, and equal in 151 length ; the second and fifth are shorter, and equal each other in length; the first is the shortest. All the fingers and toes are slightly compressed and armed with strong claws. The hind leg reaches to the end of the snout, if laid forwards ; the fourth toe is the longest, somewhat longer than the third and fifth, which are nearly equal ; the second is considerably shorter, and the first is the shortest. The ground-colour of the upper parts is dusky-brown or greenish- brown, the back being irregularly speckled wlth black ; two of the specimens exhibit also some lighter, indistinct spots; the lower parts are whitish, the throat is reticulated with greenish ; one spe- cimen has the breast dotted with bluish-green. ’ : inches. lines. Total lensth fii. ie. fee abe TE Length of the head (to the hinder edge of the tympanum) .... 2... ee. ee eee eens Greatest width of the head ..........+-+- Length of the trunk (to the anus) .......- of the tags 22rd. Wel Fae of the humerus...... -+..- 0+ eee of the fore-arm...... 6... eee eee of the fourth finger .........-4++- of the first finger ........---- eee: of the entire fore extremity ......-. of the femur...........-0ee0-+: of the lower leg.... 2... ---- e+e 5- —— of the foot....:....... ae ae acl SAS of the fourth toe .......... +++ 05 of the fifth toe .......6+.- 0 seeee- of the first toe ........----ee-e ee — of the entire hinder extremity ...... ble = ANOeK OCLC S bole bole _ Se a) tole woocerenoocoonwor This genus has a remarkable resemblance in many points to Mi- crophractus * (Hopluride), from the Andes ; but there is a generic difference in the dentition. The species is named in honour of Colonel Sykes. Traris eELLiorri, Gthr. (Pl. XXV. fig. B.) Diagnosis.—Crest of the nape and of the back exceedingly low, formed by a series of larger keeled scales ; neither a longitudinal nor a transverse gular fold; a very small detached tubercle behind the margin of the upper eyelid, which is not armed ; a series of tubercles from above the tympanum, bent towards the nuchal crest. Above brownish, uniform or varied with darker. Hab. Sikkim, Himalaya, One adult female specimen procured in an altitude of 9200 feet is in the Collection. ‘Three other speci- mens, from the same country, have been presented to the British Museum by Dr. J. Hooker. Description.—The head is rather high, with a sharp canthus ros- tralis, short snout, and convex upper eyelids; it is covered with * Cfr. Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 90. 152 numerous slightly keeled scales, and one situated in the middle of the occiput appears to be rather larger than the others ; the width of the space between the bony orbits is very narrow; the canthus rostralis and the margin of the upper eyelid form one continuous sharp edge. The rostral shield is very low, like the upper labials, which are five in number. The nostril is very small, in a single shield, which is situated between the canthus rostralis and the first labial. The loreal region is a little concave, and covered with small irregular shields. The median shield of the lower jaw is subtrian- gular and longer than broad ; there are five lower labials on each side, the remainder of the throat being covered with imbricate and keeled scales. There is a small conical tubercle behind, and detached from the orbital edge; another similar tubercle is on each side of the throat below the tympanum; a series of tubercles proceeds from above the tympanum, and is bent inwards to the nuchal ridge. The tympanum itself is small and subcircular. There is no fold across the throat, but a transverse band of rather smaller scales. The trunk is rounded, in the female depressed ; a series of larger, keeled scales runs along the middle of the neck and back to the base of the tail, and forms a sort of dorsal crest ; the back and the sides are covered with small scales of unequal size and quite irregularly arranged ; they are intermixed with scattered, considerably larger scales, and these are distinctly keeled. The scales of the belly are imbricate, rhombic, more equal in size and more regularly arranged _and slightly keeled ; the preeanal scales are like those of the belly ; preeanal pores none. The ¢ail is very long, slender, rounded at the base, and covered on all sides with rhombic, keeled, imbricate scales; it is not verti- cillated. The upper parts of the extremities are covered with very large and strongly keeled scales; some scales on the hinder side of the femur have even two or three keels. The fore leg reaches to the loin, if laid backwards ; the hind leg, if laid forwards, nearly to the end of the snout. The fingers and toes are armed with strong claws, and-have the usual relative length. There are no femoral pores. The ground-colour of the upper parts is brownish; uniform in the females, variegated with darker in the males. Some of the large scales of the back appear to have been iridescent during life. The lower parts are uniform dull-yellowish. inches. lines. Motel eri aise, ahs Gentes f J01S spar eewigs 73 Length of the head (to the tympanum).... 0 6% Greatest width of the head.............. 0. 5 Length of the trunk (to the anus).......- Lind iE REMAN shai cue ade ao kictsme ete oe sem OE. ee — of the humerus ................ 0 4 ——— of the fore-arm ................ 0 4 ——— of the fourth finger ............ 0 42 ——— of the first finger .............. 2) Sie ——— of the entire fore extremity ...... 1 120 153 inches. lines. Length of the femur ............+.---- 0 63 ofthe lower leg... .5'..2--/-4.-+. 0 54 ————— of the foot... 0. cde ee eine es 0 3 of the fourth, too.:......5.--:+..../ 0 6 _ of the fifth toe. . 025200. .ee ees 0 4 @ GF the first. £00... !66 5 sin). 4.2 050 554m a 2 of the entire hinder extremity .... 1 9 The species is dedicated to Walter Elliott, Esq., Member of the Council of Madras. Tixiaua scHLEGELIU, Gthr. (Pl. XXV. fig. C.) Diagnosis.— Uniform black. Scales rather large, smooth, striated, not keeled, in four or five longitudinal series on the back. Four preeanal shields, the two middle ones being the larger; a series of broad shields along the lower side of the tail. Ear-opening small, deep, round, with smooth margins. Hab. Sikkim. One specimen, apparently not full-grown, has been found at an altitude of 8930 feet. Description.—This species does not differ in general habit from the other Tiligue. Its snout is of moderate extent, and not pro- duced. The series of shields covering the upper surface of the head is as follows:—1, the rostral shield is rounded; 2, the anterior frontal is single, subquadrangular, broader than long ; 3, a pair of posterior frontals, which are not in contact with each other; 4, the vertical shield is quadrangular, with the anterior angle obtuse and the posterior very acute, and with the two anterior sides much shorter than the two posterior ones; the shield reaches backwards to the level of the pupil. 5. There are five superciliary shields on each side of the vertical ; 6, five occipital shields, viz. an anterior pair, a single central one, and a posterior pair; the anterior pair form a suture with the vertical, separating it from the central occipital. The latter is quadrangular, similar in form to the vertical, but much shorter, so that the anterior pair of its sides are not much longer than the posterior. The anterior pair of the occipitals form together with the central shield a perfect square. The posterior pair is obliquely situated, subelliptical in form, and Jarger than any of the other occi- pitals ; the inner side of those shields is in contact with an anterior and with the central occipital. The nostril is in a single shield between the first labial and the anterior frontal ; there are three shields between nostril and eye, covering the loreal region. Seven upper labials, the fifth of which is the largest, and extending upwards to the eyelid. The posterior part of the orbit is formed by three small shields, behind which are some large temporals. The median lower labial is broader than long, truncated posteriorly, forming a straight transverse suture with another single broad shield situated immediately behind the median labial. There are five narrow lower labials, with an interior series of five other much larger shields ; the remainder of the throat 154 is covered with scales like the belly. The opening of the ear is small, round, and deep. The scales are finely striated, without keels, and rather large on the back, whilst those on the belly are of moderate size, and those on the sides rather small. I count in the middle of the trunk five longitudinal series on the back, seven on each side, and six on the belly ; so that that part of the body is surrounded by twenty-five series. There are four preeanal shields, the middle pair being con- siderably the largest. » The greater portion of the tail is broken off; a band of broad shields begins to cover its lower side at a short distance from its origin ; the tail is surrounded by eight series of scales, which exhibit no keel whatever. The tail itself is rounded, not compressed, and tapering. The extremities are covered with scales similar to those of the body ; the fore extremity reaches to the anterior margin of the eye, if laid forwards; the third and fourth fingers are the longest, and nearly equal ; then follow the second, the fifth and the first. The length of the hinder extrémity is rather more than one-half that of the trunk ; the fourth toe is the longest ; the third and fifth are equal in length, and the first is shorter than the second. All the fingers and toes are slightly compressed and well armed with claws. The upper parts are uniform black, the lower ones blackish. Palatine teeth none. inches. lines. Pitallengthtin: soso Aas miata ee Length of the head (to the tympanum) 0 Greatest width of the head.......... 0 Length of the trunk (to the vent) .... 1 of the tail (restored) ........ 2 —— — of the fore extremity ........ 0 0 0 tol - of the fourth finger.......... ——— of the hinder extremity ...... of the fourth toe..... bol bol The species is called after Prof. H. Schlegel of Leyden. ApxaBes RAppPI, Gthr. (PI. XXVI. fig. B.) Diagnosis.— Scales in fifteen rows; six upper labials, the third and fourth of which enter the orbit; Above uniform blackish ; below yellowish. Hab. Sikkim (5340 feet above the level of the sea). Another specimen, sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, and rather injured, is in the Collection of the British Museum. Description.—The head is of moderate length, and continuous with the neck ; the body and tail are rather slender. The rostral is a little broader than high, rounded superiorly, and reaching to the upper surface of the head. . The anterior frontals are smaller than the posterior ones, which are bent downwards to the side of the head. The vertical is not twice as long as broad, and has the posterior A.a. ABLABES QWENII, Gthr Peo . RABPTL Cir. a a a ae a & “a A Proc.Z.5. Reptilia XXV1 ee 155 angle pointed in the specimen from Sikkim, and obtuse in those from Nepal. The occipitals are of moderate extent. The nostril is between two shields; one loreal, one anterior and two posterior oculars; six upper labials, the third and fourth of which enter the orbit ; two temporals, one behind the other, the anterior elongate ; seven lower labials, those of the first pair forming a suture behind the triangular median shield ; two pairs of chin-shields, those of the anterior pair being the largest. The scales are rhombic, perfectly smooth, in fifteen rows in the middle of the body; anals and subcaudals bifid. Sikkim specimen: ventrals 191, subcaudals 60. Nepalese specimen: ventrals 198. The colour has been described above. The teeth are small, equal, smooth. The specimen from Sikkim isan adult female with mature eggs in the oviduct ; its total length is 163 inches, the length of the head 4} lines, that of the tail 3} inches. The species is called after Prof. von Rapp, of Tiibingen. ABLABES OWENII, Gthr. (Pl. XXVI. fig. A.) Diagnosis.—Scales in fifteen rows ; six upper labials, the third and fourth of which enter the orbit. Greyish-brown, with a broad black collar and many black transverse spots on the anterior part of the body. Hab. Sikkim, Himalaya (10,200 feet above the level of the sea). Description.—The head is of moderate length, flat and depressed, not distinct from the neck; the snout is rather broad ; the rostral much broader than high, and not extending backwards on the upper surface of the head. The frontals are broader than long, the ante- rior ones half the size of the posterior, which are bent downwards on the side of the head. The vertical is pentagonal, with the anterior margin convex and equal in length to the lateral one, and with the posterior angle pointed. ‘The occipitals are of moderate extent and rounded posteriorly. The nostril is between two shields. One loreal, one anterior, and two posterior oculars; six upper labials. There are two narrow temporal shields of nearly equal length, one behind the other. Six lower labials, those of the first pair forming a suture together behind the median shield, which is triangular and longer than broad. The two pairs of chin-shields are of equal size. The trunk is rounded, of moderate length, surrounded by fifteen rows of rhombic, perfectly smooth scales. Ventrals 200, anal bifid; sub- caudals 59. The upper parts are greyish-brown ; there is a broad black collar immediately behind the occipitals, and not extending on to the abdominal side; the anterior portion of the trunk exhibits many narrow and rather irregular black transverse spots, gradually disappearing towards the middle of the length of the body. The lower parts are uniform yellowish. inches. lines. Total-lengiie Sena fois kee eg Length’ of the hpadiar ke a. 0 $2 of the: tail: i sace. ci Pree) ebay! This species is called in honour of Prof. Richard Owen. 156 Spitores Hopcsonu, Gthr. (PI. XXVII.) Diagnosis.—Body elongate, slightly compressed. Scales indi- stinctly keeled, in twenty-three rows ; the fifth upper labial shield hardly reaching upwards to the posterior margin of the orbit ; eight upper labials, two posterior oculars, anal bifid. Uniform olive, the skin between the scales black. Hab. Ladak, Tibet (15,200 feet above the level of the sea). Two other specimens have been sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. Description.—This species is closely allied to Spilotes melanurus, Schleg., and Sp. reticularis, Cant., which, however, have consider- ably larger scales, in nineteen, and sometimes in twenty-one series, and exhibit a different coloration. Sp. melanurus has the sixth (fifth) upper labial differently shaped ; but in all have the shields of the head the same tendency to irregularities, two or three being often united. This is the case in the Nepalese specimens of the present species, whilst that from Tibet has all distinctly separated. The form of the head and of its shields is exactly the same as in the other species mentioned. The ante-ocular reaches to the upper surface of the head, without touching the vertical. The scales are small, espe- cially those on the neck, where they are arranged in twenty-three rows, as in the middle of the body. Those of the dorsal series are indistinctly keeled. Ventrals. Anal. Caudals. Tibetan specimen ............ 296 1/1 90 Nepalese specimen, no. 1...... 226 1/1 79 Nepalese specimen, no. 2...... 233 1/l 85 The colour of the upper parts is uniform olive, the skin between the scales being black ; the belly is whitish, and the margin of each ventral shield blackish on each side. The tail is coloured like the body. inches. lines. Lenpthvof thethead). 00 33s gn wee 5 F OF She teas ON Tk ve, cocoate Pee Total length. - 2... 0. Sse pale seater 61-0 This Snake is called after B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Herpetoreas, Gthr. Diagnosis.—The posterior maxillary tooth longest, in a continu- ous series with the anterior ones. Body and tail slender, compressed. Two nasals, one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales moderately elongate, keeled, in nineteen rows. Eye of moderate size. This genus is to be referred to the family of the Dryadide, and is distinguished from the other genera by its dentition. HeERPETOREAS SIEBOLDII, Gthr. Diagnosis.—Vertical shield five-sided, with the lateral margins nearly parallel, and with the posterior sides very short. Scales in ll i i i ee ek kk ee eee eee ete cere 3 RSF [KOs PPPOE sees GH Ford W West amp 1, Gthr | HOD GS ON ) r PILOTS a » . 157 nineteen rows, slightly keeled. Above uniform greenish-brown ; below yellowish, with a darker stripe on each side, formed by short streaks. Hab. Sikkim, Himalaya (7500 feet above the level of the sea). Description.—Although the head of the single specimen sent, is somewhat injured, and does not admit of a fully detailed description, I do not hesitate to found a new genus and species on it, as those parts which are in a better state of preservation exhibit peculiarities sufficient for its recognition. From some few remarks made by Mr. Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. 1855, p. 292, it would appear that he also has seen this Snake. He, however, describes it as having seventeen rows, and applies to it the name of Herpetodryas helena, Daud., which is entirely incorrect, the Snake of Daudin being a common species from Ceylon with twenty-seven rows of scales (Cynophis helena). The head is somewhat elongate, rounded in front and flat above. The rostral shield is broader than high, and rounded superiorly ; the anterior frontals are pentagonal, one-half the size of the posterior, which are bent downwards on the side of the head. The vertical is pentagonal, much broader than the superciliary, and not quite twice as long as broad ; its lateral margins are nearly parallel, the posterior ones very short, and meeting at a right angle. The occipitals are slightly elongate and rather narrow, subtruncated posteriorly. Nos- tril between two plates; one loreal, one anterior, and two posterior oculars; eight upper labials, the third, fourth, and fifth of which enter the orbit. There appear to be five temporal shields. Ten lower labials, those of the first pair being in contact with each other, behind the median shield, which has the posterior margin obtusely rounded. Two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior being the smaller. The trunk is compressed, especially towards the tail, and slender ; it is surrounded by nineteen series of scales, those of the back being slightly keeled ; they are rather elongate, and assume a rhombic form towards the tail. The ventral and subcaudal plates are bent upwards to the sides, but not keeled. Ventrals 216, anal bifid, cau- dals 90. The two posterior teeth are twice as long as the anteriors, with which they form a continuous series; they are not grooved. The upper parts are uniform greenish-brown, the lower ones yellowish ; the ventrals have an elongate spot on each side. Total length 3 feet linch ; length of the head 10 lines, of the tail 9 inches. + This species is called after Prof. von Siebold of Munich. Rana tresier, Gthr. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. A.) Diagnosis.—Tympanum hidden; a strong tubercular fold from the eye to the axil, another along each side of the back ; sacral re- gion tubercular. Head broad; muzzle obtuse, with the canthus rostralis flattened. A slight groove across the occiput, uniting both the posterior angles of the eye-lids. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, convergent posteriorly. The fifth toe not quite one-third the 158 length of the third and fourth. Metatarsus with one tubercle. Tips of the fingers and toes truncated. (Brown, a dark. streak along the canthus rostralis ; the hinder side of the thigh with white spots ; the lower parts brown, or whitish marbled with brown. Hab. One specimen, found by Messrs. von Schlagintweit in Sik- kim (3800 feet) ; another from Nepal is in the Collection of the British Museum. Description.—The upper surface of the head is flat, with indistinct canthus rostralis ; the loreal region is oblique, the snout short and broad, the distance between the angles of the mouth being very much more than the length of the head. The tympanum is hidden by the skin, but its outlines become somewhat visible in exsiccated speci- mens only; the species may be readily distinguished by this cha- racter. ‘The nostril is situated midway between the eye and the end of the snout. The eye is of moderate size, prominent above the level of the crown, and with a slight groove behind. The space between the eyes is as wide as an upper eyelid. The inner nostrils are a rather narrow transverse cleft, and in size about equal to the open- ings of the eustachian tubes. The lower jaw without prominences ; there are no vocal sacs, both the specimens being females. Two tubercular folds arise from the eye; the stronger one running above the tympanum to the axil, the other along the side of the back towards the loin; the back and the belly are smooth ; the sacral re- gioa, the sides of the body, and the upper parts of the thigh are more or less covered with broad tubercles. The toes and fingers are truncated or ending in small knobs. The former are webbed to their extremities, the membrane being slightly emarginate. The fourth toe is one-fourth longer than the third, which is rather longer than the fifth. One metatarsal tubercle. Fhe colours have been stated above. inches. lines. Length of head and body ...........-.- 9 Gf thewead) osq foe tastes oes ee Width: ofthe head’ Fei Gav ists ot oa 2) eee Length of the fore leg.......... Pe SE fae | of the hind les > x05) 3.5 sitar seen 6. «0 of theditth:teé. 164 ckeeerseme as tine: | of ithe fourth toe< iin. vsneou ee en ea aes. of the third toe ........ te Sa This species is called after Dr. von Liebig, jun. Dicroctossus, Gthr. Fingers free, toes broadly webbed ; tongue rather elongate, deeply notched behind ; vomerine teeth none ; eustachian tubes moderate, tympanum indistinct ; vocal sacs of the male external and lateral. This genus is to be referred to the Ranide, and differs from Oxy- glossus in the shape of the tongue. Dicrocrossus apourFi, Gthr. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. B.) Diagnosis.—Skin smooth or warty ; toes webbed to their tips by Proc.Z.5 Reptilia XXVIII Aa.Rana liebigu, Gtr B.b Dicroglossus adolfi, Gthr 159 a very extensible membrane ; a cylindrical tubercle at the metatarsus, very much like the rudiment of a sixth toe. Above greenish or greenish-brown, uniform or spotted with darker; belly with dark specks. Size of Bombinator igneus. Hab. Kulu and Simla, Himalaya (2400-4200 feet above the level of the sea). : Description.—In habit and size somewhat similar to Bombinator igneus, but with the snout more pointed. The skin is in some spe- cimens warty, in others smooth. The tympanum is rather indistinct, and not quite of the size of the eye. The inner nostrils are small and rather distant from each other, the openings of the eustachian tubes larger. The extremities are of moderate length ; the fingers quite free: the third is the longest ; the first is very little longer than the second and fourth, which are equal in length. The struc- ture of the hind foot is similar to that in Oxyglossus ; but the tubercle of the metatarsus is very much like a rudiment of a sixth toe. The fourth toe is one-fourth longer than the fifth. The species varies con- siderably in coloration, and the most constant characters appear to be brownish specks on all or some of the lower parts, and a brownish _ streak on the hinder side of the thigh. inches. lines. Length of the head and body .......--.-- 1 of the fore leg... 6... ee eevee wees 0 10 —of the hind leg ...........-5+-- 2 #4 I have dedicated this species to the memory of the late Adolphe von Schlagintweit. Il. List of Himalayan Reptiles, with Remarks on their Horizontal Distribution. Those species which, although they extend into the mountainous regions, are not peculiar to the Himalaya fauna, are marked with an asterisk. CHELONIA. 1. Emypa puncrata, Lacép. Found by MM. von Schlagintweit in Sikkim. i SAURIA. *], EMPAGUSIA FLAVESCENS, Gray, Catal. Liz. Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. I strongly suspect this species to belong to the fauna of the lowlands. 2. Hinvwia invica, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, by Messrs. von Schlagintweit in Sikkim, Garhval, Simla, Kashmir, and in Ladak, Tibet. 160 3. Mocoa s1kKIMMENSsIs, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Found by Capt. Sherwill in Sikkim. 4, PLESTIODON SIKKIMMENSIS, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim. *5. VARANUS HERALDICUS, Gray, Catal. Liz. Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. 6. Roto GRACILIs, Gray, Catal. Liz. & Ann. & Mag. Found by Dr. Hooker in the Khasia Hills. *7, TILIQUA RUFESCENS, Shaw (Gray, Catal. Liz. & Ann. & Mag.). Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. y. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 8. Tix1qvA SCHLEGELI, Gthr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 9, ARGYROPHIS HORSFIELDII, Gray, Catal. Liz. Khasia Hills. 10. Brancta niera, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 11. Catores Marr, Gray, Catal. Liz. & Ann. & Mag. Found by Dr. Hooker in the Khasia Hills, and by Messrs. vy. Schlagintweit in Jamu, Himalaya. 12. CALOTES TRICARINATUS, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1854, p- 650. Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling. *13. CaLoTESs vERSICOLOR, Daud. (Gray, Catal. Liz.). Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagint- weit in Jamu and Simla (Himalaya). 14. CaLorrs MINOR, Gray. Stated by Dr. Gray (Catal. Liz.) to come from the Khasia Hills ; found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 15. Traris ELuIoTTI, Gthr. Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 16. IpALuRA VARIEGATA, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim. 161 17. PHRYNOCEPHALUS TICKELII, Gray. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Tibet. The black bands round the tail are not always present. *18. UROMASTIX GRISEUS, Cuv. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 19. BaARYCEPHALUS SYKESII, Gthr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit at Simla and Garhval (Hima- laya), and in Balti and Ladak (Tibet). OPHIDIA. 1. BracuyorruHos TENUICEPS (Calamaria tenuiceps, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855, p. 288). Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling. *2, StImoTES RUSSELLII, Daud. (Gthr. Catal. Colubr. Snakes). Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. *3. SIMOTES PURPURASCENS, Schleg. (var. D. & E. Gthr. Catal. Colubr. Snakes= Coronella puncticulata, Gray, Ann. & Mag.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, and by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. *4, ABLABES COLLARIS (Psammophis collaris, Gray, 1. c.; Gthr. Catal. Col. Snakes). Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Khasia, and by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. 5. ABLABES RAPPII, Gthr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 6. ABLABES OWENII, Gthr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 7. TRACHISCHIUM FuUsCUM (Calamaria fusca, Blyth. Journ. As. Soc. Beng.=Trachischium rugosum, Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). Found by Dr. Hooker, Capt. Sherwill, and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim ; by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. 8. TRACHISCHIUM OBSCURO-STRIATUM (Calamaria obscuro- striata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.). Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim; described by Mr. Blyth from specimens from Rangoon. 9. XENODON MACROPHTHALMUS, Gthr. (Catal. Col. Sn.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia and Sikkim (4000 feet). T'vro- No. 427.—ProceEepinGs or THE ZooLoeicat Society. 162 pidonotus macrops, Blyth (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. p. 296), found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling, appears to be closely allied to, if not identical with, X. macrophthalmus. *10. TRopipoNoTus QuINCUNCIATUS, Schleg. (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in the Himalaya and Cashmere. The variety 7. umbratus has been procured by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. *11. Troprponotvus stoxatus, L. (Gray, Ann. & Mag.; Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). ; Found by Mr. Hedgson in Nepal, by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, and by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in the Himalaya. *12. TRopIDONOTUS sUBMINIATUS, Reinw. (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Jamu, Himalaya. *13. TroprponoTus cHRySARGUS, Boie (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. 14, Troprponotus PLATyceps, Blyth, /. c. p. 297. Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Capt. Sherwill and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. This species has the teeth of the genus Amphiesma, D. & B., and varies very much in coloration according to age and sex; but it constantly shows a dark stripe through the eye, and a black vertical streak on the rostral shield. I have found the eggs of a Lizard or of another Snake in the stomach of one of the specimens. *15. TROPIDONOTUS CERASOGASTER, Cant. (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia. 16. Tropiponortus (?) pipsas, Blyth, J. ¢. p. 297. Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling. 17. COoLUBER CALLICEPHALUS (Coronella callicephala, Gray, l.e.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia. *18. SprLoTES RADIATUS, Reinw. (Gray, Ann. & Mag.; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, and by Capt. Sherwill in Sikkim. 163 *19, SprLoTES MELANURUS, Schleg. (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. 20. Sprtores HopGsont!, Gthr. Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, and found by Messrs. v. Schla- gintweit at Ladak (Tibet). 21. SprLores RETICULARIS, Cant. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Messrs. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. *22. CoRYPHODON FASCIOLATUS, Shaw (Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.). Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling. *23. CoRYPHODON BLUMENBACHI, Merr. (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.). Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. *24. CoryPpHopoN KoRRos, Reinw. (Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.). Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling. 25. CorYPHODON CARINATUS, Gthr. J. e.= Coluber nigro-margi- natus, Blyth, J. ce. p. 290= Coluber dhumnades, Cant. Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia and Sikkim, by Capt. Sherwill and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, and by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. When naming this Snake C. carinatus, I was well aware of its iden- tity with C. dhumnades ; but I intended to point out that it stands in the same relation to Coryphodon fuscus as Herpetodryas carinatus does to H. fuscus. 26. HERPETOREAS SIEBOLDII, Gthr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 27. GONYOSOMA FRENATUM (Herpetodryas frenatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia. *28. PsAMMODYNASTES PULVERULENTUS, Boie (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn.= Dipsas ferruginea, Cant. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 53; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Capt. Sherwill and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. *29. Denpropuis picta, Gm. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia. 164 30. DresADOMORPHUS TRIGONATUS, Schneid. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in the Himalaya. *31. Lycopon auticus, L. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn.). Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal ; found by Messrs. v. Schla- gintweit in the Himalaya (2400 feet). 32. Exvars univireatus, Gthr. /. c. Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. 33. Parias macu.ata, Gray, l. c. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 266, where the specimens are referred, by mistake, to Trimesurus macu- latus). Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, and sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. 34. TRIGONOCEPHALUS AFFINIS, Gray. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Tibet. *35. DABOIA ELEGANS, Daud. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Kulu, Himalaya. ° 36. TRIMESURUS BICOLOR, Gray, J. ¢. Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia. 37. TRIMESURUS ELEGANS, Gray, /. c. Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia. *38. NagsA TRIPUDIANS, Merr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. The specimens are uniform black, or with white cross-bands. *39. GonGyYLOPHIs CoNniIcus, Schneid. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. *40. CLOTHONIA JOHNII, Gray. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. BATRACHIA. 1. DicroGLossus ADOLFI, Gthr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Kulu and Simla, Himalaya. *2, Rana TIGRINA, Daud. (Gthr. Catal. Batr.). Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. *3, RANA VITTIGERA, Wiegm. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Jamu, Himalaya. 165 4. Rana tiesier, Gthr. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, and sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. *5. ToMOPTERNA STRIGATA, Gthr. ‘ Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit at Simla, Himalaya. This species has been described and figured in the Catal. Batr. Sal. p. 20. pl. 2. f. A, under the name of Spherotheca strigata, from specimens in the British Museum, transmitted by Mr. Jerdon from Madras. When, however, during the printing of that catalogue, Sir Andrew Smith presented his collection of Reptiles to the British Museum, I found in it specimens of a Frog, identical with Spherotheca strigata, labelled “‘ Tomopterna delalandii, Cape,” in Sir A. Smith’s own hand. I did not venture to doubt such an authority for the reptiles of South Africa, and accordingly placed in the Appendix, p. 133, the new name as a synonym of the older. But the fact of the species now having been found by Messts. v. Schlagintweit in the Himalaya, leaves us no other alternative than to suppose either that the species occurs in South Africa as well as in the East Indies (which is impro- bable in the highest degree), or that Sir A. Smith, who has collected reptiles from all parts of the globe, has mistaken the origin of his specimens. Spherotheca strigata has, indeed, a great resemblance to Tomopterna delalandii ; but it is evident, from a specimen of the latter which I have lately examined, that both differ in the form of the occiput, which is singularly convex and rounded in the former, whilst it is flat in the African species. This character is not suffi- cient to found a separate genus on it, and Spherotheca strigata, therefore, is to be referred to Tomopterna. 6. Mecatopurys ees, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855, p-. 299. From Sikkim. *7. Buro vuLGaris, Laur. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim and Balti, Tibet. *8. Buro MELANOosTICTUS, Schneid. (Gthr. Catal. Batr.). Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. 9. Bomsrnator (?) sIkKImMENsiIs, Blyth, J. c. p. 300. From Sikkim. *10. PoLyPEDATES MACULATUS, Gray. Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. 11. RaacorpHorus MAximus, Gthr. J. c. Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. . 166 12. IcHTHYOPHIS GLUTINOSUS, L. (Gray, l. ¢.). Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia. I am well aware that the results of our examination rest on facts which, for the present, depend on isolated, and therefore ne- cessarily incomplete, observations ; and cautiously as the conclusions may be drawn, yet they will undergo, perhaps, considerable altera- tions, when some future traveller or resident devotes as much at- tention to this part of zoology as has been given to other branches and to botany. With regard to horizontal distribution, the first question is, whether the Reptiles of the Khasia Hills show such a degree of identity with those of the Himalayas as to compel us to refer them to the same fauna ; our knowledge of the Reptiles of High Assam being too scanty to admit of any conclusion as to that country. Now, two of the four species of Khasian Saurians are found also in the Himalayas and in Affghanistan, but nowhere else (Calotes marie and C. minor). The order of Ophidians offers us more facts. Dr. J. Hooker was able to collect fifteen species of Snakes during a twelve months’ sojourn in Khasia. He says* that they are very common there, whilst he found them rare and shy in most parts of the Himalaya+. In this, however, he appears to be right merely with regard to the number of individuals, the Himalaya showing an absolutely greater variety in generic and specific forms ; and the dif- ference mentioned by Dr. Hooker may depend on the influence of the climate which, in Khasia, is remarkable for the extensive rain- fall, the annual average probably greatly exceeding 600 inchesf, whilst 136 only are recorded at Darjeeling. Three of these fifteen species (Gonyosoma frenatum, Trimesurus elegans, and T. bicolor) are known from Khasian specimens only ; five are very distinct varie- ties and species, confined to Khasia and the Himalaya, and not de- scending below 4000 feet in the latter (Simotes purpurascens, var., Xenodon macrophthalmus, Tropid. platyceps, Spilotes reticulatus, Psammod. pulverulentus, var.). The remainder are found in the plains also, but they ascend the Khasia Hills, as well as the Hima- layas, far enough to be admitted into their fauna. Thus we find in these facts evidence enough to show not only a great similarity, but a real unity of the two faunas, extending westwards along all the chains of the Himalayas; and there are not a few Khasian and Himalayan species which are found in Affghanistan. When we come to examine the highest zone of the Himalaya in which reptiles can live, we find its Amphibio-fauna mixed with forms bearing the Palearctic character. This appears to be not only the effect of a climate tempered by the great vertical elevation, but the natural consequence of the connexion between the northern Himalaya and Central Asia, or, in other words, a fact of the horizontal distri- * Himal. Journ. ii. p. 301. Dr. Hooker is mistaken in believing that none of the Snakes collected by him in Khasia are venomous. Tvrimesurus bicolor and T. elegans were described from his collection. See Ann. & Mag. 7. c. pp. 391, 392. + Himal. Journ. ii. p. 49. } Himal. Journ. ii. p. 283. ary: 167 bution of animals. Forms belonging to the Palearctic fauna extend from the north into the mountains, as the Indian species do from the south, and we may infer that there exists a great difference be- tween the reptiles inhabiting the northern parts of the Himalayas and those found on its southern slope ;—a difference, which, for the present, is merely pointed at by Phrynocephalus tickelit, Trigonoce- phalus afinis and Bufo vulgaris, obtained by MM. von Schlagintweit in Tibet. The Himalayas, situated on the border between the Pale- arctic and the Indian regions, offer the same variations in their fauna as the Sahara, which separates the Palearctic region from the /Ethiopian. Ill. List of Himalayan Reptiles according to their Altitudinal Distribution, and Remarks on it. Chelonia. Feet above the level of the sea. POM MELA = aS ele ce. - 2100 Sauria. Phrynocephalus tickelii ..... 15,200—15,300 Hinulia indica .............. 5800—15,250 Barycephalus sykesii........., 2500—15, 250 Ll La oo Be Geshe tie aac rece being 11,200 AS ICES UMIMOD ire cy -vogccrciats Gio.s, ie neque 11,100 Eilitfga FHTCSCENS. 6... tc. ne oe 0—9560 LETIUG UG), GA Ae it hl ale Si 9200 Calotes tricarinatus Sree bee 7100 MME ao st Gieicie 2 ct~ cigs, « a > 3900 VERRICOIOE ooo ton ops See ee 0—3400 WRGE RAR VERTIS no creer << + cig sn se = c 0—1600 Uromastix griseus 0—1500 Ophidia Spilotes hodgsonii.................. 15,200 PLES (or A ae ek eat ae 10,200 Clothonia johnii.....- is cat See See = 0—9800 Trigonocephalus affinis .............. 9000 Tropidonotus platyceps ........ 4100—9000 Trachischium fuscum .......... 7100—8500 Tropidonotus subminiatus.......... 0—8200 PUApAnOLIPIMMMMIB I 2. as. elec die se aaxy 0—8000 Herpetoreas sieboldii ..............0. 7500 Trachischium obscuro-striatum ........ 7400 Psammodynastes pulverulentus (var.). 0—7250 Brachyorrhos tenuiceps ............-. 7100 Xenodon macrophthalmus ...... 4000—7100 Spilotes reticularis ............ 4220—6900 Coryphodon carinatus.......... 5700—7100 Dipsas trigonata........ ......... 0—6200 Simotes purpurascens ............ 0—6040 wat 168 Feet above the level of the sea. Ablabes mappa 3. ..6. Scipsloiarses 5340 Coryphodon blumenbachii.......... 0—5240 Gongylophis conicus .............. 0—4900 Simotes russellii.................. 0—4100 Tropidonotus quincunciatus ........ O0—3950 Alilabes, collsinia.s . sis. 's\si ob osdee .« 0—3400 Daboia elegans .................. 0—3400 Tropidonotus stolatus ............ 0—3310 Lycodon aulicus.................. O—2400 Batrachia. ufo 'vitisaris ye erase 5900—10,200 melanostictus .............. 0—9000 Rhacophorus maximus .............. 5200 Mates witha P05 tee Gas Oe ESS 0—4900 Tomopterna strigata .......... (0 ?—) 4700 Dicroglossus adolfi ............ 2404—4200 Haus helaei Ty 2. gcse sioe ees Fe 3800 Polypedates maculatus ............ 0—2780 Rana tigrina ......... Be ee Phe 0—1900 It is not to be wondered at that we do not find any Crocodilian in our lists, as those animals prefer the damp and hot climate of the lowlands, with the flat and level banks of slowly moving rivers and streams ; but we should have expected to find several species of Tor- toises extending upwards to the subtropical zone. Yet neither Dr. Hooker nor Mr. Blyth mentions their occurrence*, and the single specimen of Hmyda punctata in the collection of MM. von Schlagint- weit is, at present, the only known representative of this order in the Himalayas. The absence of Crocodiles and the scarcity of Tor- toises appear to distinguish the outer Himalayas from the plains. The ratio of the numerical distribution through the various alti- tudes is different in the different orders of Reptiles. Whilst the number of the species of Lizards (strangely enough) does not decrease between 1000 and 15,000 feet, the number of Snakes and Frogs de- creases very steadily with the increasing elevation, From the. above list we find— 16 Snakes and 5 Batrachians at 1000 feet. 14 » 5 » 2000 ,, 13 = 4 : 3000 ,, 13 5 5 3 4000 ,, 11 33 2 5 4500 ,, 10 35 1 5 6000 ,, 8 » 1 ” 7500 ,, 5 1 2 8000 ,, 3 ” 1 ” 9000 ” 2 63 ] er 10000 _,, 1 pa 0 By 15000 _,, * Several freshwater Tortoises, sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, belong to the lowland fauna, being the most common species at the mouth of the Ganges. 169 Three different zones of elevation are very clearly indicated, less by the appearance of forms similar to, or identical with, those of the subtropical and temperate regions (as is the case in the flora and in several other parts of the fauna), than by the appearance of new species and genera peculiar and confined to the Himalaya, and espe- cially by the disappearance* of such species which are abundant in the lowlands. The most common species of Lizards in the plains south of the Himalaya are Calotes versicolor and Tiliqua rufescens. Both ascend the mountains ; but the former disappears at an eleva- tion of 3400 feet, the other at 9600 feet. The most common species of Snakes throughout the Indian continent are Tropidonotus quin- cunciatus and Simotes russellii: they disappear at 4000 feet, whilst Clothonia johnii, by no means a rare species, extends nearly to 10,000 feet+. With regard to the Batrachians, we find that Bufo melanostictus, the most common East Indian Toad, disappears at 9000 feet in the Southern Himalaya; whilst Bufo vulgaris, the most common Toad of the Palearctic region, extends to 10,200 feet in Tibet. Thus, although we must always bear in mind this fact— that changes in the faunas of the various elevations succeed each other gradually, and that these successions necessarily vary at differ- ent localities even of the same elevation—we may well suggest that at an elevation of 4000 feet, and again of 10,000 feet, such a change takes place, that we are justified in separating the Amphibio-fauna of the Himalayas into three divisions, concurring thus with the views of Mr. Hodgson, who has established the same zones for the Mam- mals and Birds f. 1. The Tropical Zone ; zone of Tropidonotus quincunciatus (from the level of the plains to 4000 feet above the level of the sea). The climate of this zone bears an entirely tropical character ; it is covered by a very rich vegetation §, with the prevalent timber gigantic and scaled by climbing Leguminose ; bamboo and luxuriant ferns abound, and the first decided signs of a change of the flora cannot be observed below 3500 feet. In accordance with this, the Amphibio- fauna is extremely similar to that of Tropical India; we find in this zone the following species || :— * The upper elevational limits of the land-animals are much more distinct than the lower ones ; vice versd in sea-animals. See Schmarda, ‘Geograph. Verbreit. der Thiere,’ p. 70 t The black variety of the Copra de Capello (Naja tripudians) certainly ascends higher than 8000 feet ; it would very finely illustrate our division if this sug- gestion should prove to be true. t Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1850, p. 772. § The botanical characters of the zones are taken from Dr. Hooker’s ‘ Himalaya Journal.’ || In all the following enumerations of species, those only have been referred to, the elevational limits of which have been stated. 170 A. Between the level of the plains and 2700 feet. *Emyda punctuta. * Simotes russellit. *Tiliqua rufescens. - * Coryphodon blumenbachii. * Calotes versicolor. *Gongylophis conica. *Gecko verus. * Ablabes collaris. * Uromastix griseus. *Tycodon aulicus. * Clothonia johnit. * Naja tripudians. *Tropidonotus subminiatus. * Daboia elegans. quincunciatus. * Rana tigrina. "y stolatus. = vittigera. * Psammodynastes pulverulentus. *Tomopterna strigata. * Dipsas trigonata. * Rufo melanostictus. * Simotes purpurascens. * Polypedates maculatus. B. Between 2700 and 4000 feet. Barycephalus sykesii. *Coryphodon blumenbachii. *Tiliqua rufescens. *Gongylophis conica. Calotes marie. * Ablabes collaris. * versicolor. *Naja tripudians. *Clothonia johnii, *Daboia elegans. *Tropidonotus subminiatus. Rana liebigit. is quincunciatus. mA vittigera. s stolatus. *Tomopterna strigata. *Psammodynastes pulverulentus. _Dicroglossus adolfi. * Dipsas trigonata. * Bufo melanostictus. *Simotes purpurascens. * Polypedates maculatus. iz russellit. The species marked with an asterisk are found also in the plains of Lower India. It is evident from the lists given that we intend to establish two subzones for the Amphibio-fauna. In the parts below 2400 feet the Reptiles are entirely identical with those of the plains ; there is not one species which indicates that we are at the foot of the gigantic wall which separates the Palearctic from the Palzotropical region, and the total absence of Crocodiles appears to be the only, but im- portant, sign of a coming change. Several other Reptiles gradually disappear: Gecko verus, Uromastix griseus, the true Tree-snakes of green colour, Rana tigrina, Emyda punctata, and finally Lycodon aulicus. In the upper portion of the zone appear two new Frogs, but they are merely representatives of species found in the lower one and in the plains, namely Dicroglossus representing Oxyglossus, and Rana liebigii, replacing Rana tigrina. Barycephalus begins here, and, although a genus peculiar to the Himalaya, it belongs to the family of Agamide, which is chiefly East Indian. The upper limit of this zone is remarkably distinct, and indicated by the simultaneous disappearance of one-third of the species found within its extent (Calotes versicolor, Simotes russellii, Tropidonotus quincunciatus and stolatus, Ablabes collaris, Daboia elegans, Dicroglossus adolfi, Rana liebigit). 171 2. The Temperate Zone; zone of Tiliqua rufescens.—4000-10,000 feet above the level of the sea. A great change in the flora takes place at an elevation of 4000 feet, and is complete at 4800. Scattered oaks appear in the midst of a tropical vegetation; these, with chestnuts, magnolias, laurels, and tree- rhododendrons become gradually more numerous; at from 6000 to 7000 feet, plants of the temperate regions blend with those of the tropical ; the vegetation yet continues to be gorgeous, and is, in some respects, not to be surpassed by anything in the tropics. At 8000 feet, forests of firs and manysubalpine plants appear; the traveller, who was glad to have escaped the leeches, which received him at the entrance of this zone, finds himself now attacked by another species, not less blood-thirsty : the mean temperature at this elevation coincides most nearly with that of London, viz. 50°. A little higher up, the ther- mometer falls in nights of the month of November to 30°, whilst at 9700 feet it reaches 67° in the noon of August. No marked change in the flora takes place from 8000 feet towards the upper limit of the zone; but at 10,000 feet extensive snow-beds have been found yet unmelted in June. We must refer to this zone what we know of the Reptiles of the Khasia Mountains; and the fact stated by Dr. Hooker, that the temperate flora descends fully 4000 feet lower in the latitude of Khasia than in that of Sikkim, though the former is two degrees nearer the equator, appears to be fully confirmed by a similar modification of the elevational limits of the reptiles. Several species collected in Khasia, apparently not much above 3000 feet, where the tree-vegetation has already disappeared, are found in the Himalaya not below the middle of this zone, and spread even beyond it; for instance, Hinulia. Other species show at least a distinctly higher range in the Himalaya. It is clear, from what we have said above, that all the physical conditions for a rich Amphibian life ex- tend through nearly the whole zone, but the influence of elevation makes itself very perceptible by the decrease of the number of species in the higher parts. a. Species between 4000 and 8000 feet. Hinulia indica. Brachyorrhos tenuiceps. Barycephalus sykesii. Simotes purpurascens, var. *Tiliqua rufescens. Xenodon macrophthalmus. Calotes tricarinatus. Coryphodon carinatus. * Clothonia johnit. - blumenbachit. *Tropidonotus subminiatus. Spilotes reticulatus. platyceps. Ablabes rappit. Trachischium fuscum. * Gongylophis conica. obscuro-striatum. *Naja tripudians. * Dipsas trigonata. *Rana vittigera. ‘Herpetoreas sieboldii. Bufo vulgaris. Psammodynastes pulverulen- * Bufo melanostictus. tus, var. Rhacophorus maximus. 172 b. Species between 8000 and 10,000 feet. Hinulia indica. Trachischium fuscum. _Barycephalus sykesi. Tropidonotus platyceps. *Tiliqua rufescens. Trigonocephalus affinis. Tiaris elliotti. Bufo vulgaris. * Clothonia johnit. 7 melanostictus. Ablabes owenii. The upper limit of this zone is marked by the disappearance of a Saurian (Tiliqua rufescens), of a Snake (Clothonia johnii), and of two Batrachians (Bufo melanostictus and B. vulgaris). Several other tropical Snakes reach more or less deeply into this zone, and their range may help some day to establish two or three subzones ; for the present, however, I will merely suggest the feasibility of sepa- rating the upper part (from 8000 to 10,000 feet) from the lower. The greater number of the species are peculiar to the Himalaya: the tree-lizards of the Tropical zone (Calotes) are here replaced: and represented by a distinct species (C. ¢ricarinatus), the other species of Saurians being such as live on or below the ground. As for Snakes, the absence of Calamaria and Elaps strikes us first, both genera being strictly confined to tropical regions. Tree-snakes are scarcely represented by Dipsas trigonata and Herpetoreas, which do not extend on to 8000 feet. All the others are ground- or freshwater-snakes belonging to genera, which, if not confined to the Himalayas, are spread over parts of the globe so different, that the Amphibio-fauna of this zone is by no means strikingly stamped with the character of the temperate regions. Two instances alone * remind us of the fact that a great part of the plants and insects of this zone are identical with European forms; namely, the occurrence of a Snake at 9000 feet, which is nearly allied to, or perhaps really identical with, Trigonocephalus halys from the shores of the Cas- pian Sea and Tartary, and which has another congener in Trigono- * It is a pity that a more exact statement of the locality of the Khasia Blind- worm, Dopasia gracilis, has not been preserved; it appears to belong to this zone. Dr. Hooker (Him. Journ. ii. p. 301) says that “it belongs to a truly American genus,” and appears to have been guided in so saying by the opinion of Dr. Gray, who, however, after referring it first to the European Pseudopus, and afterwards to the American Ophisurus, has founded a separate genus upon it—Do- pasia. The occurrence of a form in Khasia so closely allied to northern genera is remarkable enough; but if we separate these three forms generically from one another (for which, in my opinion, the differences are not important enough), Dopasia has quite as much resemblance to Pseudopus as to Ophisurus; the pala- tine teeth in Dopasia forming a very narrow band, whilst this band in Ophisurus is broad. Another assertion of Dr. Hooker (J. c.), ‘ that the Sikkim Skink and Agama are also American forms,” is not correct. The appellation of ‘“ Sikkim Skink ” can be applied with the same right not only to Plestiodon sikkimensis (probably referred to by Dr. Hooker), but also to Hinulia indica and Tiligua ru- Jescens ; the two latter genera are confined to the East Indies and to Australia, and the former is, it is true, represented by some American species, but two or three others occur in different parts of the East Indies; so that this genus of Skinks can by no means be called a North American form. With regard to the “ Sikkim Agama”’ being called an American form, it must be mentioned, that the Agamide are a family confined to the Old World. 173 cephalus blomhofii from Japan ; and, secondly, the presence of our common toad in Sikkim and Tibet. The latter species is spread over all the parts of Europe and Asia belonging to the Palearctic region ; it is found also in Japan and on the Chinese island of Chusan (Bufo gargarizans, Cant.), and offers here, in the Himalaya, the example of the greatest elevation of a Batrachian known (10,200 feet), illus- trating a law which is generally found to be true,—namely, that ani- mals with a wide horizontal range have also a great vertical distri- bution. The number of species rapidly decreases with the rising eleva- tion ; and when we arrive at the upper limit of this zone, we find it reduced to three Saurians, two Snakes, and a single Batrachian ; four of these disappear simultaneously (Tiliqua rufescens, Ablabes owenii, Clothonia johnii, and Bufo vulgaris), and at this elevation mark the highest point to which an otherwise tropical form is known to rise. 3. Alpine Zone; zone of Barycephalus sykesii.—10,000—15,000 feet. The lower part of this zone is covered by a vegetation by no means scanty, and continuing to be similar to that of England, or towards the middle to that of the Scandinavian peninsula, whilst agri- cultural plants may be cultivated, and the different species of Pinus form extensive forests, but trees and shrubs cease at several locali- ties of the upper part. The line where perpetual snow, or a barren, frozen ground oppresses the vegetative life, appears to vary much in different localities, independently of the fact that it is higher on the northern side of the chains than on the southern. Dr. Hooker, for instance, found perpetual snow at 15,000 feet in East Nepal, and on one side of a mountain in Tibet at 16,500, whilst on the other there was none at 19,000 feet. Meyen* states the presence of low shrubs at 15,000, and of mosses and grasses at 15,500 feet. The occurrence of Reptiles proves at least a local vegetation above 15,000 feet. The thermometer rises in June and August to 70° in the noon at 11,500-11,900 feet, to 43° at 15,700, whilst it falls in November and December to 292° in the noon in 13,080, and to 12—15° in the night. Thus the Reptiles inhabiting this zone are subject to the conditions of a very severe change in the different seasons, and they fall into a lethargic state during the winter, like our European spe- cies +. The species found within this zone are the following :— Phrynocephalus tickeli. Biancia nigra. Hinulia indica. Calotes minor. Barycephalus sykesit. Spilotes hodgsonii. * Wiegm. Arch. 1836, pp. 317, 318. It is not said which measurement (En- glish or French) has been used. + The Reptiles which inhabit the upper parts of the temperate zone hybernate of necessity: and we have the remarkable fact of species being adapted to pass part of a year in lethargy, whilst other individuals of the same species living in a tropical climate never become subject to an influence similarly depressive of the vital functions. Is this not proof enough that one and the same species may extend over two or more horizontal regions ? 174 None of the tropical species extend into this zone ; and, although it is not improbable that a future traveller may discover the presence of Batrachians, their number will be very limited. The first of the species mentioned offers another example of the occurrence of northern forms in the Himalaya, the genus Phrynocephalus having its range over High Asia to the shores of the Caspian Sea and to Siberia; the species is said to be found also in Affghanistan. Barycephalus and Biancia are peculiar to the Himalaya, and the former bears a striking resemblance to Microphractus of the Andes of Ecuador: in fact, they do not differ in any essential external character, and would be referred to the same genus if it were not for the dentition. A single Tree-lizard enters this zone (Calotes minor), replacing Calotes tricarinatus of the temperate zone, but it is of small size, and the bright green colour of other species is changed to a dull yellowish, marbled with brown. Finally, the only species of Snake (Spzlotes hodgsonii) is a representative of Indian forms—namely, of Sp. reti- culatus from the temperate zone, and of Sp. melanurus from the lowlands. Thus, although the forms of this zone are specifically distinct from those without the limits of the Himalaya, its Amphibio-fauna is mixed, and composed partly of species which approach northern or southern forms, and partly of others quite peculiar to those moun- tains. In conclusion, it will be of interest to make a comparison of the greatest elevations at which Reptiles have been found in different parts of the globe. In the Alps and in the Andes the Batrachians ascend to much greater heights than Lizards or Snakes, whilst in the Himalaya these latter appear to go higher ; a discrepancy, how- ever, which may arise from our present incomplete knowledge, as it is very probable, in my opinion, that some species of Toad or Sala- mander will be discovered at a greater altitude than the specimens of Bufo vulgaris from the Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit. Bufo vulgaris and Salamandra atra live in the Alps at 6000 feet, Rana temporaria round lakes, near the region of eternal snow (8500 feet), which are nine months covered with ice; Triton at 7800 feet in the Pyrenees. Castelnau* found a Tree-frog at nearly 15,000 feet (English) in the Andes, and Tschudi+ Leiuperus viri- dis (a species little known) near the region of eternal snow at 16,000 feet. With regard to Snakes, the occurrence of Spilotes hodgsonii at 15,200 feet in the Himalaya gives the highest point at which - an Ophidian has ever been found; for Vipera berus and Tropido- notus natriz reach to 6000 feet only in the Alps, and the former to 7000 feet in the Pyrenees ; Castelnau states that he met with two Snakes only at 7500 feet in the Andes. The Lizards rise still higher: three species of them live at 15,300 feet in the Himalayas. The state- ments as to the altitudinal extent-of our European species are scanty: Zootoca vivipara is known to rise in the Austrian Alps to 3500 feet, and Anguis fragilis to 5000. Castelnau merely observes that * Comptes Rendus, xxyi. p. 101. tT Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Herpetol. p. 68. 175 Lizards are numerous on the table-land of Peru and Bolivia below 12,000 feet. At all events, upon comparing these observations of Castelnau with those made in the Himalaya, we must come to the conclusion that Lizards are better adapted than Snakes to inhabit the highest localities in which Amphibian life is possible. 8. On THE Causes ofr DEATH OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS, FROM 1851 TU THE PRESENT TIME, 1860. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., erc.—(Part I.) Before I proceed to the immediate subject of my paper, a few pre- liminary remarks will be necessary. In the earlier Numbers of our ‘ Proceedings’ several accounts of the morbid parts of animals dissected are given by Professor Owen, Mr. Martin, the late Mr. Yarrell, and others; but I believe no attempt has been made in this or in any other country to investigate the diseases of foreign animals in confinement, in a comprehensive manner, so as to endeavour to draw practical and useful deductions from them. Such will be my object in the present communication. I have made rough sketches in oil-colours of many of the diseased parts I shall have to describe, so that they may be the better understood. Tn 1851 I obtained permission from the Council of the Zoological So- ciety to examine all animals dying at the Gardens, for the purpose of physiological investigations ; but in these researches I was espe- cially anxious to ascertain the cause of death in all the animals I dis- sected, believing that the morbid condition of certain organs might throw some amount of light upon their functions. I mention this for the purpose of showing that, if I had examined these animals ex- clusively for the purpose of comparative anatomy, I should have been less careful about their abnormal conditions. In most instances in the examination of the blood, and in the in- vestigation of morbid structures, I have been aided by the use of the microscope. The large number of notes that I possess would enable me to make a very long communication; but, as my chief object in bringing this matter before the Society is to convey useful and practical information in plain and simple language, I shall re- serve some of the more minute and scientific parts of the subject for the Pathological Society. In addition to these remarks, I may ex- press my belief that the nature of the diseases of man will not be thoroughly understood, nor appropriately treated, until the devia- tions from normal structure are fully investigated in plants and in the lowest grade of animals: a doctrine, I believe, not promulgated before, and one that will be laughed at by many; but I have the greatest confidence that this mode of throwing light on the dark and uncertain nature of the art of medicine will hereafter be adopted. For the purpose of pointing out what I believe to be the import- ance of this matter, I trust I may be pardoned for quoting a short extract from my work on the Spleen, written in 1852 :—“ Nearly all 176 the great discoveries in physiology have been made by experiments upon living animals, in a state of health ; but why should not their diseased conditions be turned to account? Why may not brute pa- thology hereafter clear up some of the doubts and difficulties of our art? The examination of one of the lower animals that has been kept in confinement is attended with these great advantages :—the exact nature of the food, and the deviations from the natural state of the animal, can be readily ascertained; and if the animal is small (a bird e. g.), the morbid parts are revealed at once, and the chain of causes is more apparent than in larger quadrupeds, the investigator always taking into account the peculiarities of structure.” I divide my subject into two parts, the first including that which forms the heading of this paper; the second will treat upon the best means of preserving the health of animals in confinement, and of preventing the disorders and diseases to which they are liable. The former division I shall consider this evening. It will be well to remember that most of the animals in question were living in an artificial state, many of them exposed to a tempera- ture much lower than that which was natural to them ; their food, too, generally different from that which they were accustomed to obtain in their native haunts; and the situation of the Gardens, on a cold, clayey soil, is another matter that should not be lost sight of. We must also, in estimating the nature of the diseases of quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles, consider the peculiarities of their anatomy. Thus that of the Mammals does not differ very materially, so far as regards diseased conditions, from that of man ; many of them have a slower circulation, and the complexity of the stomach and the length of the alimentary canal, in the Ruminants especially, are important items in the account. In birds the temperature is several degrees higher and the circu- lation much more rapid than in quadrupeds ; whilst in reptiles the blood is cold, and the action of the heart generally slower than in the higher classes. The natural longevity of the lower animals is a point that should not escape observation. In the vast majority we have no means of knowing the age which they attain, and even among our British wild quadrupeds and birds we possess but little reliable information. As regards our domestic animals we are not much better informed, for but few of them are allowed to live the natural period of their exist- ence. The probable average age of some of our British animals, judging from my own inquiries and investigations, is about as fol- lows :—The horse 25 to 35 years, ass 30 to 40, ox 15 to 20, goat 15, sheep 15, pig 12 to 16, dog 14, fox 14, cat 16, hare 11, rabbit 11 ; the eagle and many of the accipitrine birds 30 to 60; the small passerine birds 12 to 16; ravens 30 to 50; goose 25 to 40. Many of the gallinaceous birds, as far as my information goes, are the shortest lived, some of them, the Cochin China cock for example, in some localities not living more than six or eight years. Among the reptiles, the tortoise is nearly the only one about the age of which we possess any positive information, and this animal is said to live a 177 hundred years ; and some of the Saurians (Alligators and Crocodiles) are probably very long lived. Another remark I may make en pas- sant : the old adage “‘ Soon ripe, soon rotten,” like many wise sayings, so called, is frequently inapplicable, for the raven and the goose in a few months attain their natural size; whilst many animals that are comparatively short-lived are much longer in coming to maturity. It must be borne in mind, too, that individuals among the lower ani- mals, as among the human species, occasionally reach a great age. Thus Youatt mentions one instance of a horse that died at the age of sixty-two. I know of an instance of a Suffolk cart-mare that bore a foal when forty-two years of age; and I have recently dissected a cat that had reached the age of twenty. I now come to the gist of my subject, viz. the cause of death of many of the animals during the period alluded to. For the sake of brevity and perspicuity, I will speak of the animals in classes accord- ing to the Cuvierian arrangement ; one advantage of this method will be the consideration of the differences in structure in connexion with the morbid changes. The description of the secondary, or what may be called minor lesions, I shall make brief allusion to at the end of my paper, and confine myself at present to those diseases which, as far as I could judge, appeared to be the immediate cause of death. I scarcely need say that in many instances it is difficult to ascer- tain the exact or immediate cause of death, so that a great number of deaths must come under the denomination of doubtful. Thus, fully to explain my meaning, an animal labouring under a chronic disease readily succumbs to any depressing cause, such as exposure to cold, change of diet, or food of an improper kind, slight external injury, &c., the vital forces being insufficient to resist a shock that an animal in a healthy condition would bear with impunity. I could give several examples of this during the late cold weather. An Ar- madillo (Dasypus peba), with a large and fatty liver, became sud- denly torpid, and died in a short time. A Wagati Cat (Felis viver- rina) that had partly lost the use of the hind limbs appeared to die solely from the depressing influence of cold. A Civet Cat (Viverra civetta), in good condition and apparently in good health, died in a fit, the consequence probably of determination of blood to the brain from cold. I could mention several examples of birds that died from a similar cause, the presence of tubercles on the liver, spleen, and other parts, rendering the animals more susceptible to its in- fluence. Animals, too, often died soon after a long voyage, the con- finement, unnatural food, and other causes producing derangement of the vital functions. A Dusky Duck (Anas obscura) that lately arrived from America had no discoverable disease in any part, but the small intestines contained thousands of entozoa (Ligula), and these, combined with the cause above alluded to, were sufficient to produce death. A monkey had been two years at liberty; after a few months’ confinement in the monkey-house it died, and I could discover no sufficient cause of death. Another point must not escape observation, viz. the impossibility in most instances of exa- No. 428.— PrRoOcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 178 mining the brain, as the specimens were many of them used for stuffing or for skeletons. I believe, however, that diseases both of the brain and heart are comparatively rare in the lower animals, although their occurrence is far from unfrequent ,—the absence of mental exertion will toa great extent serve to explain this. Sudden and immediate death sometimes occurs, but it is very unfrequent. Quadrumana.—Of these J have inspected the bodies of sixty-seven, and I may remark here that I speak in this communication only of the animals dying at the Society’s Gardens. Among them were two Ourangs(Simia satyrus) and four Chimpanzees (S. troglodytes) ; three of these apes died of diarrhea, two of pneumonia, and one of diseased kidneys. They were between two and four years of age, and all were teething. There is, I think, but little chance of the young anthropoid apes living long in this country; if they could be obtained when nearer the adult period, there would be a much greater probability of keeping them for several years. I have neither time nor space to notice separately the diseases of the different animals; I shall there- fore endeavour to classify the diseases as well as I am able, and com- ment briefly on the rarer forms of abnormal structure, especially when they occur in animals that have seldom or never before been dissected in this country. The supposed cause of death in the Qua- drumana may be thus classified (I use the term supposed, because in this order, as in most of the others, I may often have been in error respecting the immediate cause of death) : pneumonia 13, pleu- ritis and pericarditis 11, tubercles of the lungs 17, tubercles of the liver, spleen, and other parts 5, diarrhoea 4, atrophy 5; one of each of the following: tetanus (from diseased tail), epilepsy, fungus hee- matodes of the lungs, fatty liver, diseased kidneys, ruptured stomach, and aneurism of the aorta. In thirteen I could not discover any sufficient cause of death; but in these, as in most of the other specimens, from circumstances before alluded to, the brain was not examined. The above deductions serve to correct a prevailing error, viz. that nearly all the Quadrumana in this country die from tubercles in the lungs. In five monkeys that I have recently examined no tubercles were present in any instance. It is true that disease of the lungs is the most frequent morbid change, and that consolidation of the pul- monary tissue from inflammation is generally the forerunner of tuber- cular deposit ; but a great number, as the list shows, die from other causes. As might be expected, the diseases of this order re- semble more those of man than any of the succeeding. In one in- stance the transmission of the tubercular diathesis was very marked. A female Rhesus monkey that I examined died of extensive tuber- cular deposit in the lungs and in other organs; she had borne five young ones: two of these which I inspected also died of tubercles in the lungs, and probably the others shared the same fate. As I shall have occasion to speak often of tubercle, I may as well at once point out the peculiarities of this deposit in the lower animals. Thus, large cavities, so common in the lungs of man, are but rarely met with in the brute, the extraneous matter having a more solid 179 and cheese-like appearance. In birds the deposit is mostly hard and formed in concentric layers, differing materially from that which occurs in the human subject ; it is often met with, too, on the surface of organs, in the shape of small nodules. This form of tubercle, I believe, is often of rapid formation, its structure being more albu- minous than that of the other varieties. In reptiles it is generally softer and less circumscribed than in birds. Of all the chronic lesions to which foreign animals in confinement are exposed, this is by far the most frequent, although probably in their wild state it seldom occurs. I have examined the bodies of all the British qua- drupeds and reptiles, and the greater number of the British birds, but, with two or three exceptions, they have been free from this dis- ease. One of these exceptions was in a large number of Common Sparrows (F'ringilla passer) that were found dead some years since in the Society’s Gardens; in nearly all of these I found tubercles of the liver, spleen, or other organs,—a fact that does not speak much in favour of the locality of the Gardens. The length of time that some animals will live with extensive tuberculous disease of the lungs and other parts is remarkable. In 1853 I had an opportunity of watching a Patas Monkey (Cerco- pithecus ruber); for some time the symptoms were a short, dry cough, loss of appetite, dull eye, great emaciation, and a pulse of 140 per minute. There was scarcely a sound portion of lung in this animal, the whole being studded with tubercles in various stages of development. The wonder is that life could have been prolonged under such a vast accumulation of disease. The presence of aneurism in a monkey has not, as far as I know, been before observed, and, although I have been especially careful to examine the larger arteries in most of the animals I have dissected, I have only in one instance—an old Capybara (Hydrocherus)—met with ossified deposit,—an alteration so common in the human subject. Chiroptera.—Three Pteropi (Fruit-eating Bats) are the only members of this order that I have inspected, and, with the exception of evidence of want of nutrition, no sufficient cause of death could be discovered. Carnivora.—The animals of this order examined amount to more than one hundred, and their diseases differ in many respects from the preceding. Tubercles of the lungs are much less frequent, but their occurrence in the liver and spleen is not uncommon. Although it is said that “a cat has nine lives,” many of the Felide are readily killed by a slight amount of inflammation of the lungs. In several deaths I have found the first stage of pneumonia sufficient to produce the fatal result. Among the Carnivora, I have examined six lions (including two cubs), four tigers, two jaguars, and four leopards. One lion had a false aneurism of the lung; a lioness died in convulsive fits; I found a large quantity of hay in the stomach, but could discover no lesion of the brain or other organ to account for death. I may here mention that I have met with several cases of fatal obstruction of the bowels in carnivorous animals from this cause: large accumu- ati ons of hay and straw are matted together in the intestines, ren- 180 dering them impervious. The most extraordinary example, however, that has come to my notice occurred in a common cat at Barclay’s Brewery, and in this instance, as the case is a very practical one, I think I may depart from the plan I had laid down of confining my notices to deaths in the Society’s collection. The cat in question had been for a long time confined in one of the corn-chambers, and was unable to procure grass; she gradually became emaciated and died nearly a skeleton; after death the stomach was found filled with a solid mass, formed of the twigs of birch-brooms. Mr. Braby, the intelligent veterinary surgeon of the establishment, gave me a half-section of this mass; it is now in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. I mention the case especially for the purpose of show- ing the importance of supplying carnivorous animals with grass. A most remarkable form of disease occurred in 1854 among some of the cats (lions, tigers, and jaguars), arising, I believe, from their having eaten glandered horsefiesh. The animals had most of the symptoms of this fearful disease, which is so often transmitted to man ; rabbits and cats that I inoculated from the nasal purulent matter of a jaguar died in a few days. A short time before this, as related to me by Mr. Bartlett, two gentlemen dissected at the Gardens a lion that was probably affected with the same disease: one died, and the other was nearly two years before he recovered from the effects of the poison. A remarkable instance of attachment occurred in the Cape hunting- dog (Lycaon pictus), as I have stated in the ‘ Proceedings ’ for 1855 ; after the death of the dog, the bitch pined away, refused her food, and died in ten days. Many of the carnivorous animals were exces- sively fat, especially the bears. In a Persian lynx the quantity of fat in the pelvis and abdomen was very great, and I have seen similar accumulations in many of the Felide. Some writers on fatty dege- neration in man have stated that the deposit of fat in wild animals is seldom or never met with ; but this is an error; in many of our Bri- tish wild animals it is very abundant. The body of the Barn-owl (Strix flammea) now on the table contains a large quantity of fat, a thick layer of which also existed under the skin; indeed I have never seen the same amount in a graminivorous bird. Lieutenant Burgess, some of whose papers are in our ‘ Proceedings,’ informs me that many birds which he shot in India were exceedingly fat. The chief diseases of the Carnivora may be arranged under two heads, viz. the inflammatory and the tuberculous, the latter (as I believe) being generally the effect of the former. One bear (Ursus americanus) died suddenly in a fit, and it is said that in these ani- mals sudden death is not unfrequent. In one instance I found the lung of a tiger emphysematous, the ruptured air-cells forming eleva- tions as large as walnuts. Amphibia.—In three seals (P. vitulina) and in a walrus (7. ros- marus) the cause of death was not evident; the last-named animal had been fed by the Scotch captain who brought it to this country upon oatmeal ! ‘ Marsupiata,—The marsupial animals examined number about thirty ; many of them were very fat ; tubercles of the liver are com- 181 mon in this division, and this organ is often soft and fatty. A tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus inustus) had tubercles of the liver. The most remarkable death among these pouched animals was that of a great kangaroo (Macropus major), namely, from bleeding of the bowels ; the blood appeared to ooze from a large extent of surface of the mucous lining of the alimentary canal. This membrane was very dark and ecchymosed. The cause of this was not apparent, as the animal was in excellent condition. In two Tasmanian Wolves (Thylacini) the deposit of fat was very abundant, and in one which died in hot weather, and the body of which was exhumed, the oily fat appeared to permeate almost every tissue. Rodentia.—About thirty individuals of this order have been dis- sected, and tuberculous deposits in the liver and spleen were often present ; several died from inflammation of the lungs. A Cana- dian porcupine (Hrethizon dorsatum) died of distended stomach, having gorged itself with potatoes, after a sea-voyage. A beaver ( Castor fiber) presented a large amount of tubercular disease of the liver and spleen, although in tolerable condition ; whilst the body of the large squirrel (Sciurus maximus), in excellent condition, revealed no satisfactory cause of death. The two Capybaras afforded the most remarkable deviations from normal structure ; one, as recorded in the ‘ Proceedings of the Pathological Society,’ 1854, p. 347, had scirrhus of the kidney; the last that died had the liver so softened that the bile-ducts, arteries, and veins could be readily pulled from the substance of the liver ; both suprarenal capsules, too, were en- larged and diseased,—a very rare occurrence in the lower animals. Edentata.—The examination of the misnamed toothless animals has been very limited, three armadillos and one large ant-eater (Myr- mecophaga jubata) forming the whole. The armadillos appeared to die from derangement of the assimilative organs ; in one the liver was soft and fatty, but in none of the above was there any active disease. Pachydermata.— Although the animals in this section are but few in number, the morbid appearances were of especial interest. In the female Asiatic elephant which I examined the condition of the blood was very remarkable ; it was generally tough, and could readily be pulled out of the vessels; one portion from the posterior cava and iliac veins measured 4 feet in length. The animal, apparently in good health, was frightened during a thunder-storm, had profuse watery diarrhoea, and died the next day. As these animals are not often inspected, I may mention that I examined the viscera of another Asiatic elephant that died in Yorkshire from inflammation of the lungs after exposure to severe cold. Of three tapirs (7'. americanus), two died of peritonitis ; in one this was occasioned by a small oblong smooth perforation of the stomach from simple ulceration, as exhi- bited in the drawing; in the second the cause of the peritonitis ap- peared to be doubtful ; the third had brain symptoms from diseased kidneys. The death of two peccaries (Dicotyles torquatus) was oc- casioned by inflamed lungs. An Indian sow (Sus indicus) died of abscess of the brain. . A zebra, when apparently in good health and in excellent condition, broke its neck by striking its head against the 182 palings of the paddock. It will scarcely be believed that the colon and czecum of this animal weighed 224 lbs.; the liver, as shown in the drawing, was covered with large cysts (Echinococci) ; one of them contained 8 oz. of yellowish fluid; probably the fluid contents of all the cysts amounted to about three pints; but, notwithstanding the presence of these Entozoa, the animal appeared to be in perfect health. In the female African wart-hog (Phacocherus) that recently died at the Gardens, the animal had suffered from peritonitis and perfo- ration of the intestine. Ruminantia.—The inspections of the members of this order have been far more numerous than those of the preceding, including some of the rarer spevies of deer and antelopes ; their diseases too are of a more varied nature; the presence of Hchinococci in the liver, lungs, and other viscera, is very frequent. My space will not allow of my alluding so fully to some of the morbid conditions which I have found in the ruminants as I could wish. Of two giraffes which I inspected, one had diseased liver, and the paunch was enormously distended with food ; it probably weighed more than a hundred weight, and this distension was most likely the cause of death ; the liver and spleen both contained acephalocysts the size of a hen’s egg, and the buccal glands were filled with chalky concretions about the size of peas; this was an old female that had borne six young ones. The second was a younger animal, and appeared to die of inflammation of the lungs. The alimentary canal of the old giraffe measured 254 feet in length, that of the other 209 feet. I mention this, because, as these measurements differ materially from those of many who have examined other specimens of this animal, future inquirers must deter- mine their accuracy. In three reindeer (Cervus tarandus), all in good condition, the deaths appeared to arise from enormous distension of the paunch, similar to that which sometimes occurs in sheep after eating coleworts or other succulent food ; the lichen was probably ‘not sufficiently dried. In one of these animals the heat of the con- tents of the paunch was so great that I could scarcely bear my hand upon it. "In a Harte Beeste (Antelope caama) I found false aneurism of the spleen. Ina Sambur deer (Cervus hippelaphus), in excellent condi- tion, nearly the whole of the lining membrane of the small intestines was covered with flakes of lymph ; an appearance which I never wit- nessed in any other animal. This deer had been lying upon the cold ground, and probably the inflammation was thus occasioned. Many of the deer and antelopes died from inflammation of the lungs, especially those of immature age. Tubercles of the lungs are also very common among them. In the old male leucoryx (Antelope leucoryx) the lungs were studded with tubercles. A leucoryx a year old, got by the above, had not only tubercles in the lungs, but the whole length of the exterior of the intestinal tube was covered with small, hard, semitransparent tubercles,—a disease in the human sub- ject called tubercular peritonitis. This is another instance which shows the hereditary nature of tubercle in the lower animals. 183 In a Bubaline antelope (Antelope bubalis), which died of extensive tubercular disease of the lungs, I found a Bezoar in the paunch,—a concretion that, some years ago in the East, would have realized some thousands of pounds. In an Addax (Antelope addazx), besides an extensive deposit of tubercles in the lungs, there was a large accumulation of bony matter around the air-cells, as shown in the preparation. In the old female elk (Cervus alces), which died last year, portions of the lungs were inflamed and in the first stage of consolidation ; the blood too, as I have found in many animals, was dark, thick, and treacle-like. The alimentary canal of this animal measured 129 feet. Although I have endeavoured to compress the notes before me as much as possible, I find the subject has extended to a greater length than I expected ; I must therefore defer the remaining portion of my paper until our next meeting. The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and purchase, during the month of January, was read :— 1 Barbary Wild Boar 1 Bonnet Monkey 1 Macaque Monkey... ...|\Macacus radiatus ... Sus scrofa, Var. ...++. Macacus cynomolgus Presented by Captain Daubeny. W. Houlder, Esq. B. D. Gibbs, Esq. 1 Indian Jackal ..,...|Camis ...ssseceeeerees J. R. A. Douglas, Esq. 1 Macaque Monkey ...|Macacus cynomolgus H. Cooper, Esq. 1 Polecat .........0.0++ Putorius communis... H. W. R. W. Halsey, Esq. BU BAUPED 2), wsecccsecens Meles taxus.....s..s00- \ Sir 8. Morton Peto, Bt., M.P. 1 Common Hare ...... 1 Bonnet Monkey ...|Macacus radiatus .. Lepus timidus 4 English Squirrels ...|Sciurus vulgaris ...... 1 Barnacle Goose......|Bernicla leucopsis .. 2 Golden Pheasants...| Thaumalea picta...... 3 Sand Grouse.........|Pterocles alchata . 1 Common Kite ...... Milwus regalis ........- Purchased. 1 Indian Civet ......... Viverricula indica ... 1 Capuchin Monkey...|Cebus apella ........- 1 Bohemian Chatterer| 4mpelis garrula 1 Spider Monkey 2 Touracos Penn eerensee Aleles pentadactylus Corythaix buffoni. . The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and purchase, during the month of February, was read :— 1 Entellus Monkey 1 Herring Gull ............ 'Larus argentatus ... S. Redman, Esq. 2 Virginian Opossums ...| Didelphys virginiana 2 | The Smithsonian Inst. 1 African Leopard ......... Felis leopardus ....+.| | | Her Majesty the Queen. 2 Barbary Deer ............ Cervus barbarus ...| | = 4 Viscount Hill. 1 Crowned Crane ......... Balearica pavonina 2 | Viscount Hill. - ra Presbytes entellus ... Capt. Rayner Wallace. | Cercopithecus pyg- eeneeeeee \ Mrs. Sweetman. 1 Vervet Monkey eceeteees f erythrus. 2 Golden Pheasants (fem.)|Thaumalea picta ... | Purchased. Seexnctnactelns teu Lama huanacos ......| 1 Guanaco 184 March 13th, 1860. Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Mr. F. Buckland exhibited an embalmed Egyptian Id7s, and made some remarks upon the state of preservation of the animal as ascer- tained by dissection, and on the causes of the veneration of this species of bird by the ancient Egyptians. Mr. Sclater exhibited specimens of Oreophasis derbianus, ob- tained by Mr. Osbert Salvin, Corresponding Member, on the Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Of the three examples, two were males and one a female. The female, which was previously unknown, differed from the male only in its slightly smaller size and the smaller develop- ment of the vertical protuberance. Mr. Sclater also announced the arrival of two important acquisitions for the Society’s Menagerie. A fine specimen of the Gigantic Sala- mander of Japan (Sieboldia maxima) had just been obtained from Capt. Charles Taylor of the ship ‘Tung Yu,’ by whom it had been brought to England from Japan. Capt. Taylor stated that he had purchased the animal in the market at Nagasaki on the 10th April, 1859, and had since kept it on board his vessel in a wooden tub. The second novelty was of a different class of Vertebrates. Mr. J. Petherick, H.M. Vice-Consul at Chartoum, had deposited in the Society’s Gardens that day two living examples of the singular bird described by Mr. Gould before the Society in 1851* under the name of Baleniceps rex. These two birds,with a young male Hippopotamus, also at present placed under the care of the Society, were the sole survivors out of a noble collection of three African Elephants, two Rhinoceroses, four Hippopotami, a Monkey (Colobus guereza), and eleven birds, which had been prepared by Mr. Petherick for trans- mission to England. Mr. P. L. Simmonds stated that he had received that day by the West African Mail a letter from his brother-in-law at Gaboon, dated January 14th last, and begged leave to communicate to the Members some information extracted from it, relating to the habits and temper of the Gorilla in a state of confinement. A fine specimen, which his brother-in-law had obtained, had died, and the skeleton, with that of a large adult female Chimpanzee, had been shipped for England. His brother-in-law was now again in possession of a very healthy young female Gorilla (the second, he believed, that had ever been captured alive). It was tame, lively, sensible, and not near so noisy or dirty as a Chimpanzee. It had grown an inch or two since he had pur- chased it, and seemed to be thriving well. Many people came to * See P. Z. §. 1851, p. 1. pl. xxxv. 185 the factory expressly to see it, and it was one of the “lions” of Ga- boon; so little was known, even on the coast, of this animal by the natives. Dr. Crisp exhibited some specimens and drawings of the Cenurus cerebralis from the brains of the Common Sheep. One cyst mea- sured 4 inches in length, and 23 inches in its short diameter. It contained about three ounces of fluid. The Hehinococct were all of an oblong form; they varied in size in different cysts, some being about -};th of an inch in length, others from #;th to 25th of an inch. In some instances the parent-cyst was quite covered with them; in other examples they were arranged in groups of two or three hun- dred in each, and five or six of these masses were present in the same cyst. For the most part, their size was tolerably uniform, but a few were one-third or a half less than the others ; this diminution of bulk appearing to depend upon an arrest of growth from the pres- sure of the contiguous entozoa. The rostrum and hooks were seen only in a few, and occasionally two heads existed. The body in many was faintly marked with transverse lines, but no trace of generative organs or of an alimentary canal was visible. On exposure to gentle heat, they becameshard and granular. Dr. Crisp said he thought it somewhat doubtful whether these Echinococci, as supposed by many, were the young of a tape-worm ; the matter, he believed, yet required much patient investigation. The following extracts from the ‘ Bermuda Royal Gazette’ of Jan. 31st, 1860, relating to the recent capture of a large species of Gymnetrus in the Bermudas, were read to the Society :— “To the Editor of the ‘ Royal Gazette.’ «My pear Srr,—As the Ichthyological specimen captured by Mr. George Trimingham, at Hungary Bay, has attracted some public attention, perhaps a short description of the creature in question may prove interesting to your readers. I have therefore much plea- sure in forwarding the following particulars. “ Believe me, very truly yours, “J, Marruew Jones, F.L.S. “ The Hermitage, January 26th, 1860.” “Order ACANTHOPTERYGII. Family CeroLapa. “Genus Gymnetrus. 2? . ce «“ Body attenuate, compressed, naked, tuberculate ; ‘cuticle a silvery covering of metallic lustre; length from facial to caudal extremities 16 feet 7 inches ; depth, at 14 inches from facial extremity, 9 inches, increasing gradually to near the ventral extremity of the stomach, where it attained its greatest depth of 11 inches, and then decreased by degrees to the caudal termination ; width, at the same distance 186 and through the spinal column, 2} to 3 inches. (These dimensions are in the extreme.) ‘From the frontal extremity of the caput (excepting a slight de- pression at the occiput) to the position at which the above dimen- sions of depth and width were taken, a gradual elevation of the dorsal ridge took place ; and from the capital portion of this ridge arose at equal distances from each other a series of ten or eleven erect, quill- like, flexile filaments from 2 to 3 feet in extent, gradually tapering from base to apex, and possessing in the case of the three longest lan- ceolate points. From this series of lengthened filaments, all along the back, from head to tail, extended a series of intermittent fins so closely situate to each other as to present the appearance of a single fin, and having the spinose rays of each individual fin joined by the connecting membrane. Filaments and dorsal fin bright crimson. The ventral fins were entirely destroyed, save a portion of the right ventral, which is sufficient to show that it was composed of two con- sistent bony rays, which probably extended some distance from the body and must have formed a powerful engine of direction. The pectorals were also almost entirely destroyed, although the base of the right pectoral was sufficiently complete to enable me to state that it contained twelve spines. Anal and caudal fins absent. “Head truncated, compressed ; facial outline of a dark colour. Mouth so damaged as not to be positively determinable as regards form and appearance, but from the portions of jaw still remaining I should pronounce it malacostomous. Eyes, 14 lines in diameter, slightly depressed ; irides, 3} lines in width, of a bright silver, encir- cling pupils of a somewhat oval shape, and in colour a light trans- parent blue. Stomach: intestinal chamber extending from beneath the gills to the anal extremity, 5 feet ; unfortunately this chamber had been opened and its contents partially injured before I saw the specimen, but a large portion of milt, intestine, &c. has been pre- served, including the major portion of the swimming bladder, which for so large a fish may be considered small; its colour a bright scarlet ; this swimming bladder contained a large amount of oily mat- ter, and a piece thrown on the ruffled surface of the water imme- diately stilled the agitation. Gill-rays eight in number, four to a side, crimson, flabellate ; the anterior pairs furnished with double rows of flabels, having the internals white, and armed on their inner side with minute dart-like appendages. Gill-covers bony, radiate, not entirely covering the gills. Teeth, no appearance of any. «In concluding the above description, I must not omit to state that it was a male fish, and from the extremely fragile nature of its various parts I may yenture to express an opinion that it had by no means attained maturity. « * With the exception of Loriculus, of which one species (L. stigmatus) has straggled over into Ceiebes, all these types are confined to the Indian as distinct from the Australian region. In the same way a single species of Cacatua—a characteristic group of the Australian region—(C. philippinarum), is found in the Philippines, and a Tanygnathus, or probably two of this group (7. lucionensis and 7. sumatranus), the third species being peculiar to Celebes and Bouton. + [have made some remarks on the exemplification of this law in the distri- bution of the Psittacide in the various West India Islands, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’ (1859), vol. iv. p. 224. t ‘ Ibis,’ 1860, p. 198. No. 431.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. NOOO ON NOo se be 226 I. Lomsock. . Cacatua equatorialis. Mus. Brit. Wallace. II. SumsBawa. . Trichoglossus forsteni. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. III. Ce.eses. . Prioniturus setarius. Mus. Brit. Wallace. . P. flavicans. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. - . Tanygnathus miilleri. Mus. Brit. Wallace. . Loriculus stigmatus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. . Trichoglossus ornatus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. IV. Bourton. . Tanygnathus miilleri. Mus. Lugd. Miller. . Trichoglossus ornatus. Mus. Lugd. Miller. V. Timor. . Geoffroius jukesii. Mus. Brit. Jukes. . Aprosmictus vulneratus. Mus. Lugd. . Trichoglossus cyanogrammus. Mus. Lugd. Miller. euteles. Mus. Lugd. Miller. iris. Mus. Lugd. Miller. . Cacatua citrinocristata. Mus. Par. Hombr. & Jacq. VI. AMBoyNa. . Eclectus grandis. Mus. Lugd. . Geoffroius personatus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. . Lorius tricolor, Mus. Lugd. Miller. . Eos rubra. Mus. Lugd. reticulata. Mus. Lugd. cyanostriata. Mus. Lugd. . Trichoglossus hematodus. Mus. Lugd. Miller. VII. Ceram. . Tanygnathus megalorhynchus. Mus. Lugd. . Eos squamata. Mus. Lugd. . Trichoglossus hematodus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. . Cacatua moluccensis. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. > VIII. Batcuian. . Tanygnathus megalorhynchus. Mus. Brit. Wallace. . Polychlorus magnus. . Geoffroius cyaneicollis. . Lorius garrulus. . Eos riciniata. . Trichoglossus placens* . Cacatua cristata. MITT > Or yo bo = moo bo oO — SOWDNAN Sw tS — — 227 IX, TERNATE. . Polychlorus magnus. Mus. Lugd. . Eos riciniata. . Trichoglossus placens? —— . Cacatua cristata. —— X. GILOLo. . Tanygnathus megalorhynchus. Mus. Lugd. Geoffroius cyaneicollis. . Aprosmictus hypophonius. . Lorius garrulus. . Eos riciniata. coccinea. XI. Warerov. . Psittacodis stavorinit. Mus. Par. Lesson. . Chalcopsitta rubiginosa. XII. New Guinea. . Eclectus cardinalis. Mus. Brit. Wallace. . Geoffroius pucherant. —— . Opopsitta diophthalma. —— desmarestt. —- . Aprosmictus dorsalis. _—— . Lorius tricolor. —— . Eos fuscata. . Chalcopsitta atra. Mus. Par. Lesson. . Trichoglossus nigrigularis. Mus. Brit. Wallace. placens. Mus. Brit. Wallace. Charmosyna papuana. Mus. Par. Lesson. pulchella. Mus. Brit. Wallace. . Cacatua triton. Mus. Lugd. Miller. . Microglossum aterrimum. Mus. Lugd. _Miiller. . Dasyptilus pecquetii. Mus. Lugd. . Nasiterna pygmea. Mus. Lugd. Miller. XIII. Marors Istanps.-(in the Bay of Geelvink). . Lorius cyanauchen. Mus. Brit. Wallace. . Hos cyanogenia. Wallace. XIV. Arv Isuanps. HT . Eclectus cardinalis? Mus. Brit. Wallace. . Polychlorus magnus. —- . Geoffroius aruensis. — _— . Opopsitta diophthalma. —— — . Chalcopsitta scintillans. —— — . Trichoglossus nigrigularis.— — coccineifrons. — —— placens. — — . Cacatua triton. . Microglossum alecto. 228 XV. Satomon IsLAnDs. . Geoffroius heteroclitus. Mus. Par. Hombr. & Jacq. . Lorius chlorocercus. Mus. Brit. Macgillivr. Eos cardinalis. Mus. Par. H.&J. . Trichoglossus massena. Mus. Brit. Macgillivr. . Cacatua ducorpsii. Mus. Par. H.& J. ok Wd 5. Nore ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PITHECIA, WITH THE DescripTIon OF A New Species, P. aupicans. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., perc. (Mammalia, P]. LXXXI.) Buffon, in his ‘ Histoire Naturelle,’ gives three figures of the animals of this genus ; they are not easily recognized ; and, according to M. I. Geoffroy, he is said to have figured one species and to have taken his description from another (see Cat. Méthod. p. 55). M. Geoffroy the elder, in his ‘ Tableau des Quadrumanes,’ pub- lished in 1812, noticed four species, viz. P. leucocephala, P. miri- quouina, P. rufiventer, and P. monachus. The specimens then in the collection on which: they were established were imperfect or young, and it has been found very difficult to assign these names with certainty to the specimens which have been recently collected. Dr. Kuhl, who took the trouble to examine the original specimens in the Paris Museum, and to study the species existing at that time, viz. 1820, after more carefully describing the specimens named by Geoffroy, and those received between 1812 and 1820 by the Paris Museum, and also those in the Prince Maximilian’s and Temminckian Museum at Leyden, added two others to Geoffroy’s list, viz. P. rufi- barbata, and P. ochrocephala (from a specimen in the Temminckian collection). M.'Temminck, however, has considered (and Fischer has followed his lead) that P. ochrocephala is the female or young of P. leucocephala, and P. rufibarbata the same as P. rufiventer of Geof- froy and Kuhl. _I think, from Dr. Kuhl’s description, that his ac- count of the subannulated hair may probably be correct,—the peculiar - pointed form of the tail, which Dr. Kuhl says distinguishes it from all other Pithecie, being dependent on its having been kept in a mena- gerie. But the description of P. ochrocephala does not agree with any specimens of the genus I have seen. In the division of the hair on the forehead it agrees with P. chrysocephala of Isidore Geoffroy ; but then, that species, as far as I have seen, never has the upper side of the tail and the outside of the limbs chestnut-brown. Can it be a Callithrix? I may here observe that the Pithecia miriquouina—which both Geoffroy and Kuhl describe from one specimen, if not more, in the Paris Museum, and which has been called Simia azara by Cuvier and Humboldt, and is referred by Dr. Kuhl to P. adusta of Mliger with doubt, and is evidently very distinct, according to these authors—has 229 somehow droppped out of the modern works. It is nowhere to be found in M. Isidore Geoffroy’s Catalogue of the American Monkeys now in the Paris Collection. What is, or was, it? Spix, in his large work on the Monkeys and Bats of Brazil, figured and described three species as new, viz. :— 1. P. hirsuta (p. 14. t. 9), which Fischer (Syn. Mamm.) arranged with the subgenus Chiropotes; but it is evidently a true long-tailed Pithecia, and very probably P. monachus. 2. P. inusta (p. 15. t. 109), which Fischer considers as di- stinct, and I believe that it is most probably the P. chrysocephala ot M. I. Geoffroy; but the line in the centre of the forehead has been overlooked, if it exists; otherwise it agrees with that animal pretty well. 3. P. capillamentosa (p. 16. t. 119). Fischer considered this to be the same as P. rufiventer of Geoffroy and Kuhl, which appears very probable. But they are all so indistinctly figured and de- scribed, that it is very difficult to refer them with certainty to any of the described species. Some specimens of this genus having been obtained by the British Museum, I was induced, in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,’ published in 1842, to describe and figure the three species then in the Collection, and to give as correct an account of their synonyms as the means at my disposal then allowed. This must now be corrected by the additional information respecting the original specimens given in the Catalogue of M. Isidore Geoffroy. In the ‘ Catalogue Méthodique de la Collection des Mammiféres,’ in the Paris Museum, published in 1851 by M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, he indicates five species of the long-tailed Pithecia, adding to the three species described by his father (viz. P. leucocephala, P. rufiventer, and P. monachus), P. chrysocephala and P. albinasa. The two latter he also describes at greater length in his paper on ‘New Primates,’ in the fifth volume of the ‘ Archives du Muséum,’ giving a good figure of P. chrysoeephala. I may here observe, that two of the species which I regarded as new in the ‘ Zoology of the Sulphur ’—viz. P. pogonias and P. irrorata —appear, according to the account of M. Isidore Geoffroy, to have been previously described by his father, though M. Isidore Geoffroy does not refer to them in his synonyms. Again, that which I have considered to be the P. Jeucocephala of his father is evidently the species which M. Isidore Geoffroy has described and figured as new, under the name of P. chrysocephala; and here also he neglects to make the reference to the prior description and figure. We have in the British Museum thirteen specimens of this genus. They evidently belong to four very distinct species, of which three are those I described in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sul- phur,’ and the fourth the new one now first noticed, as far as I have been able to discover. The species may be divided into two sections :— 230 . I. The head and sides of the face covered with abundance of ad- pressed hair, which is longer on the sides of the chin in front of the ears; the forehead with a bald central longitudinal streak. 1. PirHECcIA CHRYSOCEPHALA. Pithecia chrysocephala, I. Geoffroy, Compt. Rendus, xxxi. 1850, p. 875; Cat. Mamm. p. 55; Arch.du Mus. v. p. 557. t. 29. P. leucocephala, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, p. 12. t. 2 (head). P. inusta, Spix, Bras. p. 15. t.10¢. Hab. Brazil? The character which Dr. Kuhl gives of the longitudinal line on the forehead and the short yellow hair on the head of his P. ochroce- phala, which he described from a species in the Temminckian Collec- tion, makes me think that species must be very nearly allied to P. chrysocephala; but it differs from it in the upper side of the tail and outer side of the limbs being chestnut: could this have arisen from the specimen having been in confinement ? Il. The head covered with hair directed forwards ; the face with distant hairs, rather divergent from the centre on the fore- head, and more abundant, forming a kind of moustache on each side of the nose in front of the eyes ; all more or less deciduous on the older specimens, which often have a bald face ; fore- head without any distinct naked central line. 2. P. MONACHUS. P. monachus, Geoff. & Kuhl, Beitr. p. 45; from a very young specimen in a bad state. P. irrorata, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, p. 14. t. 3, adult. P. hirsuta, Spix, Bras. p. 14. t. 9. Black : hair elongate, with elongated white tips ; hair of the head rather elongated. Adult.—Face nearly bald, /. ¢. t. 3. Young.—Face hairy, black, with white moustache in front of the eyes and side of the chin. Hab. Rio Negro. 3. P. RUFIVENTRIS. P. rufiventer, Geoff. l. e. P. pogonia, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1842, p. 256; Zool. Sulphur, p. 13.t. . P. capillamentosa, Spix, Bras. t. 11. Saki, Buffon. Black : the hair elongate, with a subterminal yellowish ring with a very short slender blackish tip beyond it ; hair of the head mode- rately elongated ; moustache bright yellow, very distinct, but formed of short adpressed hair ; chest and belly reddish ; face blackish. Hab. Brazil. t ~~ { q Proc ins Reptilia XXX CH ord W West i Geoclemmys annulata 231 The four species in the Museum, of different ages, from young to adult, scarcely vary from one another. | 4. P. ausicans. (Pl. LXXXI.) Hair very long and loose; that of the head, neck, and upper part of the thighs whitish ; that. of the shoulders, back, sides, tail, and fore legs black, with short white tips ; on the hind legs, sides of the neck, inside of limbs, chest and belly, reddish. The hair of the head very long, covering a great part of the face. Young.—Hair of the head, neck, and shoulders very long (longer than in the adult), blackish near the roots, and on the under side of the body rather more rufous; the moustaches more distinct. Hab. Brazil; Upper Amazon (Mr. Bates). The following species appear to be distinct from the above :— 1, Pithecia leucocephala, Geoffroy ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 45, which the latter says is well figured as the Yarqué by Audebert (Singes, 6. sect. 1. f. 2), and which he describes thus :—‘“ Nigra ; capite albo; omnibus pilis corporis unicoloribus longissimis, caudalibus preesertim, capitis autem albis brevibus.” The young male, adds M. I. Geoffroy, “ différe de l’adulte par le ventre d’un brun roussiatre, le pélage tiqueté sur les parties latérales, et surtout par la téte revétue de poil en partie noir. Chez les adultes les poils de la téte sont entigrement d’un blanc lavé de jaune, qui passe au jaune sur les joues.” 2. P. albinasa, Geoff. Cat. Mamm. p. 56; Arch. du Mus. v. 559. *«Espéce distincte dés le premier aspect, par son nez couvert de poil ras, dont la blancheur contraste avec le reste de la face et tout le pélage, qui sont d’un noir profond.”’ Hab. Para, Brazil. 6. DescrirpTiION or A New Species or GEOCLEMMYS FROM Ecuapor. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ere. (Reptilia, Pl. XXIX.) Mr. Cuming has lately sent to the Museum two shells of a species of Freshwater Tortoise, and a younger specimen, in spirits, of the same animal, obtained by Mr. Fraser at Esmeraldas, on the western coast of Ecuador. ( GEOCLEMMYS ANNULATA. (Pl. XXIX.) Shell oblong, subquadrangular, black, slightly and irregularly varied with yellow; the vertebral plates square, almost as long as broad, with a compressed flat-topped anterior keel, highest on the fourth vertebral plate, which is narrower behind ; margin sub-entire, with a triangular yellow spot on the under side of each plate ; nuchal . 232 plate distinct; sternum flat, rounded on the sides, black, with a broad yellow band, forming a.ring round the margin. Hab. Esmeraldas, Ecuador. The adult shell has much the external appearance of a Land Tortoise of the genus Testudo, but it has the divided caudal plate of the Emyde. The nuclei of the vertebral plates are posterior and submarginal ; those of the costal plates are placed in the upper hinder angle ; the horny shields of these plates are concentrically grooved. The sternum is flat, rather suddenly bent up and truncated in front, and slightly curved, and with a deep triangular notch behind: the broad yellow ring on this part gives it a very distinct appearance. The young specimen, with the animal preserved in spirits, is black like the adult, but the back is much lower and rather concave in the middle, with a very strong, yellow, rounded keel. The hinder margin is slightly, and the front lateral margin is strongly, turned up at the edge. The head is rather small and black, the crown, the temple, and the neck being varied with broad white streaks or spots. The limbs are black, with a few broad white streaks and some white spots. The front of the fore legs is covered with cross rows of large scales; the soles of the feet with larger scales ; the rest of the legs is covered with small granular scales ; the hinder edge of the fore feet with three or four acute shields ; the outer edge of the hind feet, marking the rudimentary outer hind toe, is edged with larger shields. Toes 5-4, short, thick, conical, only very slightly webbed at the base, and covered above and on the sides with three series of rather large shields. Tail short, conical, with rings of small black scales. 7. DESCRIPTION OF A New SPECIES oF EMYS LATELY LIVING IN Troe GARDENS OF THE ZootocicaAL Society. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., etc. (Reptilia, Pl. XXX.) The British Museum has lately received from the Zoological So- ciety a specimen of an Emys which has recently died in the Gardens. It is believed to have been one of five specimens brought from Egypt by C. W. Domville, Esq., in 1852; but this is not certain. It is quite distinct from any which have hitherto come under my obser- vation. Emys FuLiGinosus, (Pl. XXX.) Depressed, flexible, black. Shields convex, rather irregular, with deep, irregular, subeoncentric grooves of unequal depression. Under- side black, with white blotches on the front margin of the sternum and on the inner edge of the central marginal plates near the sterno- costal suture, and a small irregular white blotch on the middle of the under side of the front marginal plates. Head rather depressed ; crown covered with a continuous, smooth, rather horny skin. Jaws mottled with sinuous white lines or spots; sides of the neck with POTHO ail “ay = tet >: an ) Proc. Z. S. Pisces X ™ A. PIMELODUS CINERASCENS. Gar enced Bip ee ee ELON GAYS. cnee Gig ss 5 MODE STU Se. Gefen jae Wet ty ; Ng aed. Bar pee a Oe 233 narrow white lines; the chin and throat mottled with broader white streaks, often interrupted or coalescing, or short and sinuous ; the temple with a distinct round white spot, with two or three small white dots in front of it; the tympanum with a central white spot, and edged with a white streak in front. Legs and feet black ; the front of the fore legs varied with white irregular streaks or spots, espe- cially on the inner side, and with a white streak down the centre of the upper side of each toe. Toes distinctly webbed ; claws rather elongate, curved, acute, black, with pale edges ; the toes with a single central series of larger scales above. Fore legs with four large conical scales on the outer part of the upper side, and with a cross series of three square scales on the under side of the wrist. The hind legs and feet covered with equal, small triangular scales. Tail conical, black, with two transverse streaks before the vent. Hab. North Africa ? 8. Tuirp List or CoLp-BLOODED VERTEBRATA COLLECTED BY Mr. Fraser 1n Ecuapor. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. (Pisces, Pl. X.) The third collection of Reptiles and Fishes sent by Mr. Fraser contains specimens from Guayaquil and from Esmeraldas. Several of the species are new; these are marked with an asterisk; others have been described in the former accounts+. " 1, Species from Guayaquil. . Anolis fraseri, Gthr. . Cnemidophorus undulatus, Wiegm. . *Typhlops, n. sp. (a single very young specimen). . Dryophis (Coluber) acuminatus, Wied. . *Eleotris, nu. sp.t . *Pimelodus cinerascens, Gthr. . Macrodon tareira, Cuv. & Val. NOOh WD — 2. Species from Esmeraldas. 1. *Geoclemmys annulata, Gray. 2. Ameiva sex-scutata, Gthr. 3. Basiliscus seemanni, Gray. 4. Iguana tuberculata, Laur. 5. Anolis fraseri, Gthr. 6. Camilia jamaicensis, Gray. 7. Boa constrictor, L. 8. *Coryphodon rhombifer, Gthr. 9. Herpetodryas brunneus, Gthr. 10. Bufo agua, Latr. + Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, pp. 89, 402. { The new species of the Gobioidei will be described in my ‘ Catalogue of Acan- thopterygyian Fishes,’ 234 11. Gobius, sp. 12. Lembus maculatus, Gthr. 13. Chromis rivulata, Gthr. 14. *Pimelodus cinerascens, Gthr. 15. *Pimelodus elongatus, Gthr. 16. *Pimelodus modestus, Gthr. 17. Lebiasina bimaculata, Cuv. & Val. 18. *Brycon dentex, Gthr. 19. Tetragonopterus rutilus, Jenyns. 3. Descriptions of the New Species, and additional Remarks on some others. AmEIva sex-scuTaTA, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 402. Two very fine specimens, and larger than the former, are in the collection. We see by them that the frontal, parietal, and occi- pital shields lose their regular arrangement with age, and are replaced by many small, irregular, keeled shields. The bands become more indistinct, though they are visible. In every other respect, especially in the number of the ventral plates, these specimens agree completely with that described anted, page 402. : inches. lines. Lengtivot the Reid ).- ore jcc Dens pects ea 78 OQuithe (rane ee ese ee oa ace k= abhi Bey 90 | ILE M1 i Mile fet) Sie ale genre Segal ekg | "Total Jemet i gcis ie sis fue x's a aor sn es ores 8 Lf iets BASILIsCcUS SEEMANNI (Craneosaura_ seemanni, Gray in Voy. Herald, Zool. p. 148, pl. 25). Diagnosis.—The basal portion of the crest of the head swollen, its upper and posterior profiles rounded ; the crest along the back and tail low. Scales of the breast slightly keeled. The upper parts greenish or brownish ; the back with irregular brown or ferruginous cross-bands ; side of the body without longitudinal band; two white bands, the one from the angle of the mouth, the other from the chin, to the posterior extremity of the mandibula ; a black band between. Beneath uniform white; throat with a blackish streak on each side. Hab. Esmeraldas. Description.—I abstain from giving a detailed description of the general form and of the scales of this species, as Dr. Gray has given a very good figure of an old specimen, and as it is nearly allied to Basiliscus (Corytheolus) vittatus, from which, however, it may be readily distinguished by the occipital crest, which is rounded poste- riorly, and not angular, and by its different coloration. This species is herbivorous, as probably all the species of Basiliscus are. The series of the different ages and sexes being very complete, I will point out some remarkable changes which this species under- goes :— i. Ina very young specimen—head and trunk 2 inches, tail 4 inches in length—the head is very short ; the occiput globular, without any 235 trace of a crest; the dorsal and caudal crests are visible ; the poste- rior extremities are comparatively very long, extending far beyond the end of the snout, if laid forwards ; the toes are distinctly fringed. The bands on the back are blackish ; the streaks on the side of the head very distinct. 2. A somewhat larger specimen—head and trunk 2} inches, tail 52 inches in length —agrees with the former in all the points men- tioned; but the occiput is flatter, with a slight transverse swelling posteriorly, in the middle of which a feeble and short ridge indicates the development of the occipital crest. 3. In a specimen of 11 inches in length—head and trunk 3 inches, tail 8 inches—the snout is more produced, and has the form of that of an adult’; the occiput is flat, produced posteriorly in a small com- pressed protuberance, which is not elevated above the level of the crown; the head, in this state, resembles somewhat that of Chame- leopsis. 4. In a mature female—head and body 6 inches, tail 15 inches in length—the occiput is produced posteriorly into a flat protuberance provided with a low crest, about a line high along its middle; the protuberance and the crest are covered with very small scales. The hinder extremities extend as far as the end of the snout. Dorsal and caudal crests very low. The head and the neck are ferruginous, with the lateral bands yellowish ; the ground-colour of the body and of the extremities is of a beautiful grass-green. A series of short red- dish-brown bands along the back ; the upper parts of the extremities with cross-bands of the same colour ; tail with alternate brown and green rings ; the lower parts yellowish. No pouch on the throat. 5. Ina mature male—head and trunk 6 inches, tail 17 inches in length—the protuberance is swollen, elevated, and bears a thin, semi- circular crest, half an inch high; the protuberance and crest are covered with polygonal shields; the dorsal and caudal crests are rather low ; the hinder extremities extend as far as the end of the snout, if laid forwards. The ground-colour of the head and body is dark green ; the brown bands on the back are indistinct, those of the tail and the extremities clearly visible. A small pouch at the throat. The in- testines contained seeds of various plants. 6. In an old male—head and body 7 inches, tail 21 inches—the basal protuberance is very large, extending over the whole neck ; the thin part of the crest is semielliptical, covered with polygonal shields ; the scales, by which the dorsal crest is formed, are about 1 line high. The ground-colour is greenish-brown, the markings being the same as in the former specimen. ANOLIS FRASERI, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 407. The species is represented by several varieties with regard to the coloration. Var. a. Nearly uniform greyish- or brownish-olive ; tail with in- distinct brown rings. Var. 8. Body ferruginous, with broad, irregular brown bands across the back ; anterior part of the head yellowish, with a brown band round the snout and another between the eyes ; extremities 236 light brown, marbled with darker ; joints yellowish ; tail brownish- ellow. - ; Var. y. A broad band along the back and the tail reddish-yellow; snout, a band between the eyes, and symmetrical spots on the oc- ciput brown; sides of the body and extremities light brown, marbled with darker shining golden. Hab. Ecuador; Guayaquil; Esmeraldas. CoryPHODON RHOMBIFER, Ni. Sp. Diagnosis.—Scales keeled, in seventeen rows ; nine upper labial shields, the fourth, fifth, and sixth of which enter the orbit. Eye large. Brownish-grey: a series of rhombic ferruginous spots along the back, each spot having two of the four edges black ; belly whitish, marbled with blackish on the sides. Hab. Esmeraldas. Description.—The maxillary teeth become gradually longer poste- riorly. The head is of moderate size, broader behind; the eye is large, its horizontal diameter being two-thirds of the length of the snout. Rostral shield rounded ; the anterior frontals are rather more than one-half the size of the posterior ; the vertical five-sided, taper- ing behind, with the posterior sides very short ; the occipital shields are of moderate size, and diverge posteriorly, forming a rectangular notch. The nostril is wide, and situated almost entirely in the an- terior nasal. The loreal and anteorbital are large, and the latter does not extend on to the vertical ; two posterior orbitals. Three temporals, the two anterior of which are in contact with the orbitals; the posterior is rhombic, and equal in size to the two others together. Nine upper labials, the fourth entering the angle of the orbit. The scales are keeled, in seventeen rows, the outer series being smooth. Ventral plates 165; anal bifid. (Tail mutilated.) The upper parts are brownish-grey ; a series of thirty-four rhombic ferruginous spots occupies the back of the trunk ; each spot has two opposite edges black ; the spots become more distinct posteriorly, and are continued on the tail. The sides of the belly are marbled with blackish, as in C. pantherinus. inches. lines. Length..of the head 0 i... as.deet h tee le aa DE EHC ETOTK yoy nj hsj0 are, njeleieaniel 9 * Shr 31 -0 of the tail (restored) ............ ll 0 Dar C1 a ee en Pape a AP 43 4 Lemsvus MAcutatus, Gthr. Catal. Acanthopt. i. p. 505. Several beautifully preserved specimens are in the collection. The fish has a prominent papilla near the vent, and is nearly allied to Philypnus. The blackish bands appear after the fish has been pre- served in spirits for some time. All the markings are beautifully red during life: the streaks radiating from the eye, the dots on the body and on the fins, those on the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal are inter- mixed with yellow ones. A red spot and, above it, a black one on the upper portion of the root of the pectoral. The caudal is convex. Hab. Fresh waters of Ecuador ; Esmeraldas, 237 PIMELODUS CINERASCENS, n. sp. (PI. X. fig. A.) Bias D. 6.) Ae oN. Ya. SP. 1/9. The body is somewhat elongated, compressed posteriorly. Head broad, truncated anteriorly, depressed, rather short; its length is contained four times and three-fifths in the total length of the fish. The snout is short, one-third the length of the head, truncated, with the upper jaw slightly longer ; the distance between the angles of the mouth is nearly one-half the length of the head. Six barbels: that of the maxillary reaches nearly to, or somewhat beyond, the base of the ventrals ; the exterior pair of the mandibulary barbels is not quite twice as long as the interior, and extends beyond the base of the pectorals; the interior pair are inserted somewhat before the outer ones, and more remote from each other than from the outer ones. The eye is distant from the snout two and a half of its diameters, and four from the extremity of the operculum ; the width of the inter- orbital space is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the head. The head is covered superiorly with a thin, smooth skin ; the occipital process is rather short, hidden by the skin, and the notches on its side are moderately deep and semicircular. The lower margin of the operculum is straight, not notched. The depth of the body, taken above the origin of the anal, is one-eighth of the total length; that of the tail, before the caudal, one-thirteenth. The pectoral extends somewhat beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; its spine is stout, compressed, not much shorter than the soft rays, and its sharp outer edge is armed with recurved spines. The ventral, with a feeble spine, is inserted behind the dorsal, and does not extend to the origin of the anal. The distance of the dorsal from the head (concavity of the notch) equals the length of its base ; its spine is feeble; the margin straight, rounded posteriorly. The adipose fin is very long, its distance from the dorsal and caudal being equal. Caudal deeply notched, with the lobes rounded. The length of the base of the anal equals its distance from the caudal ; the undivided rays are very feeble, and its margin is rounded. Above uniform greenish-grey, beneath white; the outer parts of the vertical fins are blackish, and there is a blackish spot between the first and second dorsal rays. Hab. Fresh waters of Guayaquil and Esmeraldas inches. lines. Gar Wea att oad Gal occa ie os a 98 6 Length of the head ...... See He be 9, GE GUC MOIR. Be ose hint ets 4 Ol oy O Distance between the eyes ............-. Maas between the angles of the mouth.. 0 9 Diameter of the eye .......... a lc bra s I an Height of the body above the anal........ 0 il CNR ales om cle iece ony Sagal ert OL jas This species is distinguished from P. seb@ by the position of the eyes, shorter maxillary barbel, &c.; from P. pentlandii by a non- emarginated operculum. 238 PIMELODUS ELON@ATUS, n. sp. (Pl. X. fig. B-) B.6. D.1/6. A.1l. V. 1/5. P.1/9. The body is elongated, compressed posteriorly ; head moderately broad and long, depressed, truncated anteriorly ; its length is con- tained six times and two-thirds in the total length of the fish. The snout is rather produced, nearly one-half the length of the head, truncated, with the upper jaw longest. The distance between the angles of the mouth is nearly equal to the length of the snout. Six barbels: that of the maxillary reaches nearly to the extremity of the pectoral fin ; the exterior pair of the mandibulary barbels are two- thirds the length of the interior, and extend to the base of the pec- toral; the interior pair are inserted somewhat before the outer ones, and rather more remote from each other than from the outer ones. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to that of the snout. The width of the interorbital space is to the length of the head as 2:7. The head is covered superiorly with a very thin and smooth membrane ; the occipital process is long, and extends on toa small bony plate in front of the dorsal; this plate is also covered with skin, like the head. The lower edge of the operculum is straight ; the spine of the humeral bone is very indistinctly striated. The depth of the body, taken below the origin of the dorsal, is one-eighth of the total length; that of the tail, before the caudal, one-sixteenth. The pectoral extends to below the middle of the dorsal fin; its spine is shorter than the first rays, stout, compressed, with the interior edge spiny. The ventral has the first ray undivided, flexible ; it is inserted immediately behind the vertical from the dorsal, and does not extend on to the anal. The dorsal is higher than long ; the length of its base equals its distance from the head; the spine is slender, stiff, pungent, provided superiorly with a ray-like filament. The adi- pose fin is very long, its distance from the dorsal and caudal fins being nearly equal. Caudal deeply notched, with the lobes pointed ; the upper lobe is longer than the inferior, and its length is one- fifth of the total. The length of the base of the anal is 12 in its distance from the caudal; its margin is convex. Above uniform greyish, heneath whitish ; lateral line blackish ; dorsal and caudal minutely dotted with black. Hab. Fresh waters of Esmeraldas. inches. lines. EE peptic 7 sides preeene sn ney 8 Benpthvol thethesd Fi 656 9So on ve cna wa 9 1.0 = OLENETSNOULUS Wa, site 56.6 s. wiacais.c's, eis, 5 0 52 Distance between the eyes............-.---- 33 between the angles of the mouth .... 0 54 DimMeteriGh Ebel MYON... oso ces Mise cares ae Pidight Gn teeiey ie Spo. Secas i ste asneaee, DERE et A ee Se! fotuisistid 20 0 5 — of the first dorsal ray ............ aa yeroud Length of the upper caudal lobe ............ 1 4 239 PIMELODUS MODESTUS, B. sp. (Pl. X. fig. C.) B.6. D.1/6. A.4/8. V.1/5. P. 1/8. The body is rather elongated, slightly compressed posteriorly ; head moderately broad and long, depressed, truncated anteriorly ; its length is contained five times and a half in the total length of the fish. The snout is somewhat produced, broad, contained twice and three-fifths in the length of the head, truncated, with the upper jaw longest. The distance between the angles of the mouth is nearly equal to the length of the snout. Six barbels: that of the maxillary reaches to the origin of the anal; the exterior pair of the mandibu- lary barbels are two-thirds the length of the interior, and extend to the middle of the pectoral fin; the interior pair are inserted some- what before the outer ones, and rather more remote from each other than from the outer ones. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equals the width of the interorbital space; it is situated in the middle of the length of the head. The head is covered superiorly with a very thin and smooth skin; the occipital process is long, and extends on to a triangular plate in front of the dorsal; this plate is also covered with skin, like the head. The lower edge of the operculum is straight; the spine of the hu- meral bone very indistinctly striated. The depth of the body, taken below the origin of the dorsal, is one-seventh of the total length ; that of the tail one-thirteenth. The pectoral extends on to below the middle of the dorsal fin ; its spine is not much shorter than the Tays, stout, compressed, with the interior edge spiny. The ventral has the first ray undivided, flexible; it is inserted immediately be- hind the vertical from the dorsal, and does not extend on to the anal. The dorsal is somewhat higher than long, and has the upper profile convex; the length of its base is nearly equal to its distance from the head ; the spine is slender, stiff, pungent, rough superiorly, and terminating in a ray-like filament. The adipose fin is very long, its distance from the dorsal and caudal fins being nearly equal. Caudal deeply notched, with the lobes pointed ; the upper lobe is longer than the inferior, and its length is 4? in the total. The four anterior rays of the anal are short, flexible, undivided ; the margin of the fin is convex, and the length of its base is 12 in its distance from the caudal. Above light greyish, beneath whitish. Hab. Fresh waters of Esmeraldas. inches. lines. Wig WOE eee Sore eect 8 os ue le Lenpth of thedibgiss o...5 5. 0c osgn es om 0 102 — of the snout......... Se seein tae od 0 4 Distance between the eyes .............. 0 = Distance between the angles of the mouth.. 0 42 Diameter of the eye...........0.: Reitavespre yy 3aae BICHON 0 CNG CRORE art ce ns cawcais's a oss 3 Oe mem UNS Me os a oe vn ee os ose 0 43 of the second dorsal ray........ Rymededl | obieg > - Length of the upper caudal lobe.......... aM OcN 240 LEBIASINA BIMACULATA, Cuv. & Val. This species has, during life, a red spot on the third scale of the fourth longitudinal series. BRYCON DENTEX, 0. sp. D.11. A.35. V.1/8, L.lat. 48. LL. transv. 9/7. Intermaxillary with four, maxillary with a single series of teeth ; a series of much stronger ones in the mandibula, and a pair of smaller teeth behind. The mandibulary teeth correspond to the posterior series in the upper jaw, the anterior series being free and not covered by the lower jaw. The height of the body is contained three times and three-fifths in the total length, the length of the head five times and one-fifth. The interorbital space is slightly convex, and its width is one-third of the length of the head. The pectoral extends on to the posterior portion of the root of the ventral. The dorsal is as remote from the occiput as from the root of the caudal. Sil- very ; the lining membrane of the humeral arch and the margin of the anal blackish ; the other fins reddish. Hab. Fresh waters of Esmeraldas. inches. lines. PotalTensth ses Fo As Sie Si aie t's oie ags TAD ORO Height of the body .......... pica tats 1 2 8 Length of the head ...... quien sst... woh tal Spee Width of the space between the eyes...... 0 8 9. DrescripTION OF HoMALOCRANIUM LATICEPS, A NEW SNAKE FROM CARTHAGENA. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. A Snake presented by Capt. Garth to the British Museum proves to belong to a new species. It was procured at Carthagena. HoMALOCRANIUM LATICEPS. Diagnosis.—Scales in fifteen rows. Head broad, depressed as in Elaps. Seven upper labial shields, the third and fourth of which enter the orbit ; two posterior oculars. Above black, with about twenty-three narrow brownish-yellow rings, the first forming a collar ; belly brownish-yellow. Description.—This Snake much resembles an Elaps in general habit, but there is no fang anteriorly, and the last maxillary tooth is longer than the others, and appears to be grooved. The rostral shield is rather low, triangular, and somewhat bent backwards on the upper surface of the head ; the anterior frontals are much broader than long, and only one-fourth of the size of the posterior ; the ver- tical is six-sided, not much longer than broad ; occipitals moderate. The nostril is between two shields, the anterior of which is the largest ; loreal none ; one anteorbital. Seven upper labial shields, - the second of which is in immediate contact with the posterior frontal ; the third and fourth form the lower part of the orbit; the fourth and fifth touch the lower postorbital; the sixth and seventh are te ~ 241 equal in size. Two posterior oculars; two temporals, one behind the other. The median lower labial is triangular ; six lower labials, the first pair forming a suture behind the median shield; two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior pair being twice the size of the posterior ; there are four pairs of scales between the chin-shields and the first ventral. The scales are smooth, rhombic, in fifteen series. Ventral shields 172; anal bifid. The posterior quarter of the tail is muti- lated. The ground-colour of the upper parts is shining black ; the anterior part of the snout, a spot on the fifth upper labial, the rings of the body, and all the lower parts, are brownish-yellow. The rings, in this specimen, are one-fourth or one-fifth of the width of the black interspaces, and occupy two or three transverse series of scales ; they are sometimes irregular and interrupted ; all those on the tail are interrupted, the halves of one side alternating with those of the pen ; the first ring forms a collar, crossed by a narrow black streak. inches. Lanatie ef the head... wicsietennnst ss. = of thie tank ‘sy cyictet arent ic oo oe TRE — of the tail (restored)............ 4 10. Description or a New GENUS AND Specirs or Mouuusk. By H. Apams, F.L.S. Genus Acritia, H. Adams. Testa turrita, imperforata; anfractibus numerosis, longitudina- liter costatis, ad basin prominente, spirali, ad suturas viz con- spicua lira munitis. Apertura ovalis, antice vix producta; pert- stomate imperfecto. Columella reflexa. Labrum simplew. Shell turreted, imperforate, many-whorled ; whorls longitudinally ribbed, the basal portion with a prominent spiral ridge, which is slightly visible at the sutures. Aperture oval, a little produced in front ; peristome incomplete. Columella reflexed. Outer lip simple. This genus, the type of which is Aclis acuminata, H. and A. Adams (Scalaria acuminata, Sowerby), appears to belong to the family Scalariade. It has somewhat the form of Turbonilla, from which, however, it differs in the nucleus not being sinistral. From Aelis it may be distinguished by the whorls being longitudinally in- stead of transversely ribbed, and from both genera still further by the spiral ridge on the lower portion of the whorls. Chemnitzia grandis, Ad. and Reeve, is a second species of Acrilla; and I pro- ceed to describe a third, from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq., which is closely allied to 4. aewminata, but is a much smaller and more slender shell, with the longitudinal ribs stronger and further apart. ACRILLA GRACILIS, H. Adams. A, testa tenui, elongata, nitida, albida; anfractibus rotundatis, No. 432.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 242 longitudinaliter valde costatis, interstitiis levibus, costis ultra basalem liram extendentibus, anfractibus fasciis pallido-fuscis ornatis ; apertura longiore quam lata ; columella vie reflexa ; labro tenut. Shell thin, elongated, shining, whitish ; whorls rounded, strongly ribbed longitudinally, the interstices smooth, ribs continued beyond the basal ridge, whorls ornamented with two pale-brown bands ; aperture longer than wide; columella slightly reflexed ; outer lip thin. Long. 8, lat. 2 lin. Hab. Mouth of the Indus. The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and purchase, during the month of March, was read :— \1 Entellus Monkey ......... 1 Vervet Monkey |1 Ursine Dasyure ............ 1 Indian Jackal............... 2 Rhesus Monkeys 1 Piping Crow .......... niees 1 Butcher Bird........... Bis 1 Common Goat, fem. ...... 2 Rhesus Monkeys ...... vee '2 Grey-headed Love Birds 1 Japanese Bunting ......... {1 Bonnet Monkey......... ao sete wees Presbytes entellus poe | Cercopithecus pygerythrus, | Macacus radiatus Dasyurus ursinus | Canis D piinasanenee aie Macacus rhesus sewer ene seen eeenneee Gymnorhina tibicen ...... \Cracticus destructor ...... Capra hircus, var. ...s0100s Macacus rhesus AGApOrnis CANA ....ssseeeee Emberiza fucata.......... - Capt. Rayner Wallace. Mrs. Sweetman. ; Miss Potter. | L. C. Stephenson, Esq. Donor unknown. Mr. Nelson. John Dunn, Esq. Ditto. Presented by 1 Curlew. scaseses-- Sapatsaweed | Numenius arquata ......++. 1 Cornelia’s Eclectus ......|Eclectus cornelia........+... \1 Brazilian Maccaw...,......) ANG SEDONA Nanna saaccastcnses 1 pair of Smews ............|Mergus albellus .......000+- \1 pair of Tufted Ducks...... Fuligula cristata ........2.. Purchased. 1 Golden-eyed Duck.........|Clangula glaucion ......... }1 Peccary ..... ae voxyecduepe ss Dicotyles torquatus ...... Sieboldia maxima ......... Coccothraustes melanurus Ateles beelzebub ......0..08. Bernicla poliocephala Ramphastos vitellinus...... 1] Great Salamander ...... 1 Japanese Hawfinch 1 Spider Monkey ............ 1 Ashy-headed Goose ...... 1 Lemon-breasted Toucan Of these, Emberiza fucata, Sieboldia maxima, and Coccothraustes melanurus were stated to be exhibited for the first time. The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and purchase, during the month of April, was read :— \1 Peccary ...... A Pangesiede Lee \Dicotyles torquatus ane \ Mr. Chief Justice Tem- ) = ple of Honduras. 2 CuraSSOWS ......00. Br saeee Crax globicerd ..s...iesee || &' | Ditto. 2 Guans ...+.0+02...+ seneeses ...|Penelope purpurascens ...| | % | Ditto. 6 Black-boned Fowls.........|Gallus bankiva, var. ...... = < Ditto. 1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet|Calopsitia nove hollandie| | 2 | M. T. Boswell, Esq. 1 Wanderoo Monkey......... Silenus veter ....++ etek a S. Pretor, Esq. /1 South American Monkey | Cebus EP eeniepastameace S. Silva, Esq. . '1 Bonnet Monkey ........+.+. Macacus radiatus ....+.... Joseph Chapman, Esq. | 243 4 Indigo Buntings............ WSpiza CYANCA ..reesvereeseee 2 Baleniceps .......+0.....0008 Baleniceps rex weecsess.00s 1 Stump-tailed Lizard ...... Trachydosaurus rugosus... 1 Common Agouti............| Dasyprocta eae 1 Coati-Mondi ...... w-|NWasud fused... .seseeeevees! 4 American Doves............ Chamepelia passerina...... 2 Red-winged Starlings...... | Agelaus pheeniceus......+.- 2 Nonpareils ........ss0ssesees WSPIZ0 COTES 's see we LGD Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica...... -- 1-2053 Whimbrel. Numenius pheopus ..........-244 1-1750 Raley. IV PPAR Fa nia's (Sn imc @ Bisie! be CRED 1-1608 Crested Crane. Grus pavonina .... 1... .e.0++ 1-2112 Black Swan. Cygnus atratus.. ...... 0.20005: 1-792 Tame Duck. Anas boschas...... wield aoe erajetts -- 1-311 Muscovy Duck. Catrina moschata .......... 1-296 Pin-tail Duck. dnas acuta................+. 1-526 Shoyeller. 4. clypedta ... .. 0 aihies edinens an ot AAO WY RR I oo Se ne eye Se 1-555 Common Gull. Larus canus .............04 1-364 Herring Gull. Di. fuseus.... 2.0. 0s.00000---. 1-568 Young Birds. Coot. Fulica atra (half-grown) .......-.... 1-245 Rook. Corvus frugilegus............2ee002-- 1-2346 Thrush. Turdus musicus (a few days old) .... 1-1320 Use.—I scarcely need tell the members of the Society, that, even at the present time, much difference of opinion exists respecting the 259 use of these glands, probably the greater number of physiologists and ornithologists believing that the organs, as the name implies, are for the purpose of secreting an oleaginous fluid, with which the bird lubricates its feathers. Many, on the contrary, are of opinion that these glands do not serve for such a purpose, among the latter may be included many practical ornithologists; I need only mention the name of Mr. Waterton, and it was in consequence of reading the following extract from his ‘ Essays on Natural History,’ 1844, p. 130, that my attention was specially directed to the subject ; and during the last few years I have weighed these glands, and taken drawings of them in many birds, British and foreign, that I have dissected. Mr. Waterton, among the reasons he gives for his belief that the glands in question are not used for the purpose of lubricating the feathers, says, in the work above referred to, “ Again the oil-gland in most water-fowls is covered with a thick tuft of down, not move- able at pleasure ; this tuft would prove an insurmountable obstacle to the transfer of matter from the gland through the medium of the bill. If for the purpose of lubricating the feathers, it would not have been granted by the Creator to one bird, and denied to another.” Mr. Waterton goes on to mention a Kestrel struck down by light- ning, in which the orifice of the gland was covered with a tuft of down, which had the exact appearance of a camel-hair brush, which = effectually impede the transfer of oil from the gland to the ill. As I shall not have space to quote other authorities, I may as well answer Mr. Waterton at once. As regards the absence of the glands, I suspect it is of very rare occurrence. I have never failed to find them, except on one occasion in a young Ostrich, and here they may have escaped my notice. In others of the Struthionide that I have examined I omitted to look for them, my attention not having at that time been directed to the subject. If they are absent in any bird, a ready explanation, I believe, will be afforded by its peculiar habits or locality. As for any impediment offered by the tuft of down to the egress of the oil, it is the most beautiful contrivance to effect this very object that can be imagined; as any one may determine by press- ing these glands in any of our poultry, especially in the ducks, when the tuft spoken’ of becomes saturated with oil, and serves as a kind of sponge, from which the bird with its beak, sometimes with its head, can obtain the fluid. To speak in a plain manner, every bird carries not only a grease-pot in its tail, but most of them have also a brush in addition to this appendage. But let any visitor to the Society’s Gardens watch the Pelicans when they have had their bath ; the birds, after soaking their fea- thers, dry themselves by flapping their wings; during this process the beak is frequently applied to the nipples of the glands, which, in this bird, are so large that they can readily be seen at some distance; the beak is then carried to various parts of the plumage, and the feathers are well-smoothed and oiled. The crown of the head, too, is often placed upon the nipples, and in this manner other parts are 260 lubricated to a greater extent. The same process may be witnessed in the Ducks and in many other birds. As I have stated before, the coccygeal muscles, I believe, greatly assist in propelling the oleagi- nous fluid from the ducts. The secretion, judging from the vascu- larity of the glands and from experiments I have made, is very abun- dant. During last summer, for the purpose of ascertaining the daily amount of secretion, I confined a duck and a hen in a coop, and for some time every day I squeezed the glands and expressed a large - quantity of thick yellow oil, the operation apparently tending to in- crease the quantity of the secreted fluid. L infer then that, looking especially to the structure of these glands, the character and quantity of their secretion, their relative size in the Palmipedes especially, they serve for the purpose usually assigned to them, viz. that of supplying an oily fluid for lubricating the skin and feathers. I have not had time to speak of the morbid states of thése glands; but those organs are not unfrequently enlarged in domesticated birds, and the character of the secretion sometimes is much altered. On the table are the tail-glands of the Common Goose, an old bird, in which it will be seen that the cavities are filled with a hard waxy material. I hope at a future time to bring this matter before the Society, and to compare the structure of these glands with that of the anal glands of the Viverride. May 22nd, 1860. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Sclater exhibited a specimen of a new form of Dormouse (Platacanthomys lasiurus), lately described by Mr. Blyth* from the Malabar Coast, and presented to him by the describer. The following papers were read :— 1. Nores on A Tuirp CoLuEcTION OF MAMMALIA MADE BY Mr. FRASER IN THE Repusiic or Ecuapor. By RosBert F. Tomes. 1. ARCTIBEUS PERSPICILLATUS, Geoff. sp. 2. ARCTIBEUS PUSILLUS, Natt. sp. Phyllostoma pusillum, Natt. Wagn. Weigm. Archiv. 1843, i. 366; Tschud. Faun. Peru. i. 63 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreb. v. p. 634. pl. 43. Several specimens of this species appear in the collection, and were, * Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xxviii. p. 289. 261 I believe, collected on the coast of Ecuador, but no indication of their exact locality accompanies them. They are probably the first Specimens received in this country, and accord accurately with the figure given by M. Wagner in the fifth volume of his Supplement to Schreiber’s work on ‘ Mammalia.’ 3. NocTiLio Leporinus, Linn. sp. Of this species Mr. Fraser has forwarded several specimens, one of which has the following highly interesting note attached :— “«Esmeraldas, Nov. 1859; skimming the bank of the river, every now and then making a dash along, and actually striking the water, catching the minute shrimps as they pass uj stream. He hada very offensive fishy smell.” This is the first recorded instance which I have met with of any species of Chiroptera being actually aquatic in its habits. From the great resemblance which exists between the fur of the New Zealand Mystacina, and that of the Water Shrews, and indeed that of other mammalia with similar aquatic habits, I had long ago been led to suspect that that Bat might be aquatic in its mode of life, but I could never gather direct evidence on the subject. Certainly I little suspected that this Noctilio took its food in the manner noticed by Mr. Fraser. 4. EMBALONURA CANINA, Pr. Max. sp. Three specimens only have come to hand. 5. VESPERTILIO ALBESCENS, Geoff. V.. chiloénsis, Waterh. The specimens which I refer to this species differ in a very trifling, though constant manner, from the specimens from which the de- scriptions of the V. albescens of M. Temminck and the V. chiloénsis of Mr. Waterhouse have been taken. These are identical, as I have recently ascertained by an examination of the originals. The chief difference between them and Mr. Fraser’s examples consists in the greater length and silkiness of the fur of the latter. At present I do not feel justified in describing them as of a new species. 6. Feuis 2 Resembles in size and proportions (including the shortness of its tail) Felis tigrina; but its markings are very like those of Felis macroura. The following note by Mr. Fraser informs us that it is young, and this being the case renders its identification very difficult : «Killed on the banks of the Zamora River in January 1858. Young male.” 7, TAPIRUS AMERICANUS, Gmel. T.. suillus, Wagn. Supp. Schreib. iv. 294. A cranium which is obviously identical with several, labelled Ta- pirus americanus, in the British Museum. 262 "8. Dicotyzes rorquatus, Cuy. Collared Peccary (?). A skull, with the following note, has been received :—‘‘ Esmeral- das, Nov. 1859. Tatabara. This is a species of Collared Peccary (D. torquatus), baving the collar, but is a very different colour in all other parts. It is more a solitary than gregarious animal; when hard pressed, retreats to its den, which is constructed beneath masses of dead vines. Feeds on palm-nuts, and grubs in the earth like a pig.” Mr. Fraser then goes on to observe, that in consequence of a strange idea of the natives, that if seasoning were added to the meat, or the latter boiled in a pot with a lid to it, their dogs would become for evermore useless for the hunt, they refused to allow him any eye of one of these animals, excepting the skull, after they had done with it. Mr. Waterton, speaking of the Peccary of Demerara, says, — “Three or four hundred of them herd together, and traverse the wilds in all directions in quest of roots and fallen seeds.” Mr. Fraser’s note would seem to refer to quite a different animal from this. 9. DicoryLes ALBIROSTRIS, Ill. (?) ‘* White-lipped Peceary.”’ —Fraser, MS. Notes. D. labiatus, Schomb. Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 402. Of this species, obviously distinet from the last, a skull and ac- companying note are the only indications. Mr. Fraser says, ‘‘ White- lipped Peccary ; Xivarro name Und-paqui,—und meaning ‘ great,’ and paqui the name of the Collared Peccary, which is found in Gualaquiza.”’ 10. TAMANDUA TETRADACTYLA, Linn. sp. Myrmecophaga tetradactyla, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. Tamandua tetradactyla, Less. Myrmecophaga bivittata, Geoff. The note which accompanies this beautiful specimen is as fol- lows :— Esmeraldas, Nov. 1859. Aso milero. Said to subsist on ants, bees, their honey, and other insects, and to live among the branches of trees,—not on the ground. It is eaten by these people, who are a very distinct race from any I have seen elsewhere.” 11. HesprerRomMys MACULIPES, Pictet ? I am not able to determine this species with certainty, and prefer to leave it undecided for the present, merely noting that it is closely related to the H. maculipes of M. Pictet, but nevertheless differs sufficiently from it to excite a suspicion that it may prove to be of a distinct species. 12. HesprEROMYS ARVICOLOIDES, Pictet. Although M. Pictet has himself referred this species to the H. renggeri of Mr. Waterhouse, I find M. Wagner subsequently giving - 263 the two as distinct ; and after the examination of a large number of specimens undoubtedly referable to H. renggeri, and comparison of these with M. Pictet’s figure and description, I have arrived at the same conclusion. The species now under notice may be seen in col- lections with the name of H. arvicoloides attached; and, as it accords well with the figure and description of that species (and is certainly distinct from H. renggeri), I shall for the present adopt that name. 13. HESPEROMYS CALIGINOSUS, 0. S. The present remarkable looking species takes its place under the division of the genus which I have in my former ‘ Notes’ proposed for the reception of two new species forwarded by Mr. Fraser, and which I have called H. latimanus and H. bicolor. Agreeing with these species in the more essential points of structure, it yet differs from them in the shortness of the tail, and in the kind of fur. Head and face short, much as in the Arvicolide ; eyes small and concealed in the fur; muffle very small, and without prominences beneath the nostrils ; ears small, ovoid, and naked. Fore feet short and moderately broad, with the toes naked, and the claws short and rather stout ; hind feet short and moderately broad, with the claws rather strong, and the toes nearly naked on their upper surface, the tarsus even being only sparingly sprinkled with short hairs. Tail about as long as the body, exclusive of the head, sparingly clothed with very short and stout hairs. All the naked parts nearly black, claws pale brown. Whiskers few and short. The general colour of the fur may be described as black, thickly powdered with darkish chestnut, with a greater mixture of the latter colour beneath than above; on the abdomen slightly tinged with greyish. Each hair is blackish grey at the root, and tipped with chest- nut; but there is an unusual number of rather longer.black hairs mixed with these, which gives the species the appearance of black, finely dotted with rufous. The skull of this species has the same conformation as those of Hi, latimanus and H. bicolor. = = Length of the head and body............ 0 Ol the tan ess oe cicheee «ails Hes steve 3 0 Of GWG PREAG fae nS. Srieeace adele le) 08 0.0 oe 1 3 of the ears, behind .............. 0 5 froma TOse GLEYE « : (2). wie ais ets a 0 6 from nose to ear......... is aa! She 1 0 of fore foot and claws............ 0 6 of hind foot and claws ...... Set seals 0 Breadth of carjmMeamly: 605. .ci2 ewe sss ss 0 5 across the middle of the tarsus.... 0 25 Diameter of theiepes. oF e806). ee es Bone These dimensions, having been taken from a specimen preserved in spirits, are pretty accurate. 264 14. HrsPEROMYS ALBIGULARIS, 0. Ss. Of this well-marked and apparently new species the collection contains two specimens, and one being adult, whilst the other is not more than half-grown, I should be able to give a tolerably good ac- count, but that, both specimens being in skin, the dimensions are less likely to be exact. The general form is very much like that of H. longicaudatus, and it pertains strictly to the same division of the genus (Calomys), but is a much larger species, and is differently coloured. The head is moderately elongated, and the snout somewhat pointed. Muffle with two very distinct prominences beneath the nostrils; ears small, roundish, and clothed with short hair externally, and internally near the margin. Fore feet of medium size and proportion, their claws short and rather weak, the thumb furnished with a small but well- developed claw of a rounded form; the upper surface of the toes almost naked. Jind feet long, of moderate breadth; the upper surface of the toes nearly naked, excepting at the root of the claws, which are hidden by a tuft of curved white hairs ; upper surface of the tarsus also but very slightly hairy, its under surface quite naked ; the claws of medium proportion, and nearly white. The tail, which is longer than the head and body, tapers evenly throughout, is naked, or nearly so, and annulated with very fine scales. The fur is rather long, soft, and somewhat glossy; on all the upper parts it is dark dusky-grey at the root, tipped with yellowish- brown, and thickly mixed with shining black hairs, which are very numerous on the dorsal region. On the head the fur becomes darker, and yet more so towards the snout, so that from the eyes to the latter it is almost black. Cheeks and sides of the neck yellowish- brown, with a distinct line of division where it meets the darker colour of the head. The chin is ashy-grey. On the throat is a lon- gitudinal well-defined space of pure white (the hairs being white from root to tip), which commences anteriorly very narrow, but, expanding as it passes backward, occupies the whole space between the fore legs, and passes gradually into the colour of the belly, where the fur has the tips only of a greyish-white, which is confined to the mesial line. The hair on the ears is black ; a spot of yellowish-brown marks the root of the whiskers ; the fur, which extends along the outer surface of the arm to the wrist, is dark grey, and that on the upper surface of the tarsus ashy-grey ; the tail is dark grey above, pale brown beneath. The clear line of separation of the dark colour of the head, from the paler colour of the cheeks, and the white wedge-shaped mark on the throat, equally distinct from the colour of the cheeks, will at once distinguish this species. A young one half-grown resembles the adults, excepting that the fur is shorter, and the white mark on the throat less pure and not so well defined. Length of the head and body, about ...... ] = GLAM MEMSSE As co. 2 US Le Soi = OP NSA). Fah Se we eee he dete oe “ “i eo 265 Length from nose to eye...... pra Oy ——w— from nose to ear................ yor ——-—.of the forefoot’ £223 6550.08. 0 8 of the hind foot ................ 1 33 The conformation of the skull is in perfect accordance with the external characters, and resembles that of H. longicaudatus so exactly, excepting in size, that its dimensions are all that need here be given. Total length from the front of the nasal bones to the occipmt NP CI eee ‘] 3k Length from the front of the nasal bones to the anterior root of the zygoma........ ehaaere stl 0 54 ofthe nasal bones 5524-22 0 54 -—from the point of the upper incisor to anterior molar ............ bias Neve IARTR eatete 4 4 => OME WOGIAE TANGE::. 2565 2s ees ee wo 0 3 Breadth behind the posterior root of the zygoma 0 7 Length of the lower jaw from point of incisor to condyle 0. 9 Depth from the coronoid process, vertically .... 0 4 Length from point of incisor to anterior molar .. 0 33 Mr. Fraser’s note of the adult specimen is, “Taken en camino on my return from Pallatanga.”” Of the young one, it is added that «many dead ones were lying about, but too much eaten by insects to be of service.” The date of both notes is Dec. 1858. 15. Mus rattus, Linn. Several specimens of this widely distributed species are included in the present collection, and some of these have their extremities white, i. e. the tip of the tail, and part of the toes of all the feet. They do not differ essentially ‘from specimens collected by Mr. Bridges in Chili, and others collected in Mexico by M. Salle. 16. Lrpus BRASILIENSIS, Linn. One specimen, which Mr. Fraser says is a female, and was with young when obtained, which was in March 1858. 17. EcHIMYS SEMISPINOSUS, 0. Ss. In my first notes on Mammals, collected by Mr. Fraser, I included the Echimys cayennensis, from the examination of a specimen which had lost the tail, and was otherwise in an unsatisfactory condition. Other and better specimens of Echimys having been received, I have been able to make out clearly that they represent a new and well- marked species, and that the former specimen was similar to them. The general form of this species is robust, more so than either that of L. cayennensis or EL. hispidus. The head is larger in relation to the size of the animal, the ears are much smaller, and the tail not above half the length of the head and body. The head is rather 266 broad, and the muzzle obtuse, and the muffle large; the ears small, and with their lobular part much less developed than in LZ. cayen- .nensis, and their ends are more evenly rounded than in that species. The fore feet are strong, and have long and strong claws compared with those of other species. The claw which arms the inner toe or thumb is short and rounded. The hinder limbs are also rather long and strong, with strong claws. All the members are clothed with hair on their upper surfaces, but the fore feet rather scantily on the toes. The spines are confined to the middle of the back, being ab- sent over the shoulders and on the rump, or at any rate so little deve- loped over those parts as not to merit the name of spines. They are short and flexible, their expanded portion being short and near the root, from which they taper regularly, and end in a longish and very fine point, which is black, and resembles the black hairs on the backs of so many of the smaller rodents. The tail tapers evenly to a fine point ; the fur of the rump extends on to its base for a space of half an inch, its remaining part being pretty evenly sprinkled with shortish hairs, which are not on any part thick enough to hide the 267 seales. There is no indication of a tuft at its extremity, as in Z. cayennensis. The general colour of the upper parts is very dark brown, being a mixture of reddish-brown and black, the latter predominating ; the cheeks, sides of the neck, and sides of the body the same, but paler; around the eyes a narrow circle of black ; fore- and hind-feet and under surface of the tail ashy-brown, those on the upper surface of the tail black. There is much less naked skin on the inside of the thighs and on the pubal region in this species than in FZ. cayen- nensis. Besides its greater size, the skull of this species offers another peculiarity worthy of note, as may be seen by the drawings (woodcuts 1, 2, 3, 4), which represent the skulls of Z. cayennensis and E. semi- spinosus. Taking for comparison, as before, the commoner species, E. cayennensis (figs. 1, 3), the nasal bones of its cranium are seen to extend backward barely as far as to the anterior root of the zygoma, and to retain their full breadth for the whole of their length, and the intermaxillary bones each to end in a point about one line poste- rior to this. In E. semispinosus (figs. 2, 4) these proportions are reversed : the nasal bones, extending farther back, become narrower, and end in a point on the frontal region, while the intermaxillary bones do not reach so far back as the zygoma, and terminate abruptly instead of being produced to a point. The orbit also in this species is of greater relative size, which is further increased by the backward position of the process of the superior margin of the zygoma. “ “ Length of the head and body .......... 0 NEE oe pontiac nom As 'atop ty 27 2, BE ea aa Date 5 6 of the ears behind.............. 0 7% Breadth of the ears, nearly ............ 0 7 « Length from nose to eye .......... Pea aad | from nose to ear ........... 0. 1-92 of fore foot and claws .......... eee 6fthe middle’ claw +70 2220.55) °° O° 2B of hind foot and claws .......... 1 10 of the middle claw ............ 0 3 Of aeeene OFM... ks. ss «621 6 at Ceti EAT ESD, ; 2 2 Total length of skull.................. 2 22 Breadth across the zygomatic arches...... 1 12 Length from point of upper incisors to an- terior MOlAR igi es aw wares sha» diatige 179.0: | 62 of molar range ................ 0, Az of nasal bones ...... Suewpets eaten O0 1OF of lower jaw from point of incisors .to condyloid process ................ 1 42 Depth from the condyle vertically ...... 0 7 Three specimens of this species have been received in spirits, all 268 of which were females ; one of them contained two young. I do not find any evidence, excepting this, of the number of young produced at a birth; but if this be the usual number, it would account for the comparative scarcity of the species of Echimys, with the various Muride, which are usually so abundant. 18. CHLoGENys FULVUS, F. Cuv. C. fulvus, F. Cuy. Ann. du Mus. x. 206; Pr. Max. Beitr. i. 454. C. paca of Waterhouse’s ‘ History of Mammalia.’ Although this is not admitted as a good species, distinct from C. paca, I have chosen to insert it under the above name, the better to identify it—whether a species or mere variety—with that part of South America from which it was received, as I do not meet with any notice of the occurrence of the commoner species, C. paca, in Ecuador. It was taken at Zamora in January 1858, and was brought to Mr. Fraser by the Indians, its Xivarro name being Cushshay. Mr. Fraser remarks that it was a young male, and that its flesh was white and delicate. : 19. DipELPHYS AZAR&, Temm. Mon. i. 30. D. aurita, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. 392. One specimen. It was taken at Cuenca in October 1857. Mr. Fraser states that it was killed in a nunnery, and proved to be a female, that it is accused of destroying “ fowls, fruit, and grain,”’ lives in the roofs of houses, and is nocturnal in its habits. ; 20. DipeLpHys cANcRIVORA, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1085 Temm. Mon. i. 32 (?). But one specimen also of this Opossum has been received, and this I refer with some doubt to the above species. It.resembles the spe- cimens in the British Museum in all respects, save in being larger and in having shorter fur. A skull of D. cancrivora, which formed part of the Museum of the Zoological Society, and which, from the worn condition of the teeth, obviously belonged to an adult animal, is considerably smaller than that of the present specimen, but is otherwise similar. 21. DipEeLpuys orNATA, Tschud. Faun. Peru. pl. 7. p. 146. From the great similarity in. the colouring and quality of the fur, Mr. Waterhouse regards this species as identical with his earlier described D. derbyana, notwithstanding that they are considerably unlike in point of size. The specimen collected by Mr. Fraser ac- cords well with Dr. Tschudi’s description in this respect, saving that the ears are evidently smaller. This general accordance with D. ornata has induced me to regard the latter as distinct from D. der- byana. It is probable that we have several species of these Woolly Opossums, which are at present more or less confounded with each other. 269 2. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PENELOPE. By G. R. Gray, F.Z.8., erc. 1. PeNELOPE CRISTATA. Nigra aut ferrugineo-brunnea ; collo, pectore et corporis lateri- bus albo-limbatis ; tectricibus alarum nitore virescentibus et violaceis ; remigibus subpurpurascentibus ; dorso, uropygio, femoribus et abdominis parte inferiore ferrugineo-nigris ; dorso uropygioque eneo lavatis; cauda obscure nigra (ex. Kdw.). Meleagris cristata, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 269 ; Edw. Birds, pl. 13. Penelope purpurascens, Gray, Knowsl. Menag. pl. ? Hab. West Indies (?) (Zdw.). 2. P. MARAIL. B.M. Juv. Uropygio, notei parte reliqua, collo ac pectore eneo-nigris ; plumis cervicis, dorsi supremi ac pectoris albo-limbatis ; abdo- mine fusco et tectricibus rufescenti-fuscis nigro conspersis ; plumis aurium cano-marginatis (Wagl.). Penelope marail, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 734, juv.; Wagl. Isis, 1830, . 1110; Pl. Enl. 338, juv. Salpiza marail, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1226. Penelope jacupema, Merr. Beytr. t. 11, adult? Long. 24". Adult. Nigrescenti-enea, viridi nitens; uropygio, femoribus, abdo- mine tectricibusque subcaudalibus nigrescenti-eneis, viridi ni- tentibus ; primaris pallide rufescenti-brunneis. Hab, Guiana ; Cayenne. 3. P. pURPURASCENS. B.M. Fuliginoso-olivacea, purpurino-splendens, gastrei plumis, dorsi supremi, ac tectricibus minoribus albo-limbatis ; uropygio ac erisso sericeo-purpurino-castaneis (Wagl.). Penelope purpurascens, Wag]. Isis, 1830, p. 1110. Salpiza purpurascens, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226. Long. 314", cauda 15" 7!", Hab. Mexico. 4, P. NIGRICAPILLA. B.M. Virescenti-enea ; collo, pectore, dorsi supremi tectricibusque mi- noribus albo-limbatis ; uropygio, abdomine tectricibusque sub- caudalibus eneo-fuscis ; illis rufo-conspersis ; capite colloque superiore nigrescentibus ; plumis pilet cano-limbatis. Long. 28". Hab. Brazil. 5. P. LICHTENSTEINII. B.M. Nitide olivaceo-enea ; crista nuchaque brunneo-eneis, plumis 270 frontalibus albo-limbatis ; supercilis ad latera partis denu- date juguli extendentibus, et plumis auricularibus ad basin mandibuli inferioris, cinereo-albis ; jugulo, pectore, nucha, dorsi parte superiore tectricibusque albo late marginatis ; dorsi parte inferiore, uropygio et tectricibus supra-caudalibus brunneo- eneis, nigro reticulatis; abdomine, femoribus tectricibusque sub- caudalibus brunneo-eneis fusco irregulariter fasciatis ; cauda brunneo-enea, plumis lateralibus purpurascenti-nigris, rufo- brunneo terminatis. Penelope montana, Licht.?, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877. Long. 25", caudz 11". Hab. Venezuela. 6. P. sCLATERI. B.M. Olivaceo-enea ; crista nigrescenti-enea, cinereo-albo late limbata ; superciliis ad latera partis denudate juguli extendentibus et tectricibus auricularibus cinereo-albo terminatis et late mar- ginatis ; pectore, lateribus, dorsi parte superiore alarumque tectricibus cinereo anguste limbatis; dorsi parte inferiore, uropygio tectricibusque supra-caudalibus rufo-castaneo-eneis ; abdomine lateribusque rufo-eneis ; abdominis parte inferiore femoribus tectricibusque subcaudalibus rufo-castaneis ; cauda viridi-enea. Long. 241", caudee 10$". Hab. Bolivia. 7. P. BRIDGESI. B.M. Brunneo-enea ; plumis frontalibus albo-limbatis ; pectore, lateri- bus, dorsi parte superiore alarumque tectricibus albo-limbatis ; remigibus cinereo submarginatis; uropygio tectricibusque supra- caudalibus purpureo-eneis ; corpore infra brunneo-eneo, rufo nigroque reticulato; cauda purpureo-enea, brunneo-rufo margi- nata nigroque delicatule reticulata. Long. 29", caude 14", Hab. Bolivia. 8. P. pILEATA. B.M. Pilei plumis diffractis, albis, occipitis versus apicem isabellinis ; pilet vitta laterali nigro-pilosa; collo ac gastreo castaneo- rubris, ex parte albo-limbatis ; crista nigricante ; dorsi plumis eneo-nigris albo-marginatis ; remigibus caudaque eneo-nigris ; pedibus flavis (Wagl.). Penelope pileata, Licht., Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1110. Salpiza pileata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226; Gray, Knowsl. Me- nag. pl. ; Des Murs, Iconogr. Ornith. t. 23. Long. 29", caude 133". Hab. Para. 9. P. sacuaca. B.M. Virescenti-enea, nitens; pilet plumis virescenti-fuscis ; nucha, 271 pectore, corporis lateribus alarumque tectricibus albo-limbatis ; uropygio, tectricibus supra- et sub-caudalibus abdomineque fer- rugineo-rufis; cauda supra rufo virescentique enea, subtus vio- laceo-nigra. Juv. Pectoris parte inferiore, abdomine femoribusque ferrugineo- brunneis nigro-reticulatis ; pilei plumis griseo-limbatis ; uro- pygio tectricibusque supracaudalibus ferrugineo-eneis. Penelope cristata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 619; Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1110. Penelope jacuaca, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 68 (juv.). Penelope brasiliensis, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877. Salpiza cristata, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1226. Long. 30", caude 13". Hab. Brazil. 10. P. opscura. Pileo ac collo postico nigris ; tectricibus ac plumis dorsi supremi nigricantibus necnon pectoris carmelitino-fuscis, albo-limbatis ; tergo, ventre, tibtisque castaneis ; [cauda nigra] (Wagl.). Penelope obscura, Vieill. N. Dict. 36. p. 343. Salpiza obscura, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226. Long. 28", caudz 11". Hab. Paraguay. 11. P. BOLIVIANA. B.M. Viridi-enea; plumis capitis, circa partem denudatam colli et aures cinereo-albo-marginatis ; collo, dorsi parte superiori, alarum tectricibus, pecture abdominisque parte superiore albo limbatis ; alarum tectricibus majoribus remigibusque cinereo submarginatis ; uropygio obscure castaneo-eneo; abdomine, Semoribus tectricibusque subcaudalibus rufo-castaneis, nigro re- ticulatis et rufo-albo-limbatis. Penelope boliviana, Reichenb., Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877. Long. 31", caudee 15". Had. Bolivia. 12. P. sacucaca. j B.M. Fuliginoso-nigricans, eneo-nitens ; tectricibus, plumis sincipitis, juguli, pectoris ac epigastrii albo-marginatis ; vitta superciliari nivea, inferius atro-marginata ; aurium plumis nigris, albo- variolosis (Wagl.). Penelope jacucaca, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 69. Penelope jacupeba, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 71, juv. Penelope superciliosa, Cuv. Penelope superciliaris, Gray, Knowsl. Menag. pl. Salpiza jacucaca, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1226. Long. 30". Hab. Bahia. 272 13. P. SUPERCILIARIS. B.M. Zneo-olivacea ; jugulo pectoreque incanum vergentibus, plumis albo-cinctis ; pennis scapularibus, remigibus ultimis tectrici- busque magnis rufo-marginatis ; vitta superciliart cano-albida ; crisso et uropygio fusco-rufis (Wagl.). Penelope superciliaris, Il. Wagl. Isis, 1839, p. 1110. Penelope jacupemba, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 72. Salpiza superciliaris, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226. Av. juv. Vitta superciliari rufescente, limbo rufo pennarum sca- pularium ac remigum latiore (Wagl.). Long. 241", caude 114". Hab. Brazil. 14, PENELOPE NIGRA. B.M. 3. Nigra, cyaneo- aut viridi-nitens ; rostro, jugulo, tarsis pedi- busque rubris. 2. Fusea, viridi-variegata, plumis singulis fasciis plurimis trans- versis ferrugineis; plumis subtus pallidioribus et indistinte fasciatis. Penelope niger, Fras. P. Z.S. 1850, p. 246. pl. 29. Aburria carunculata, p.’?, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877. Long. 23", wings 9". Hab. Guatemala. 3. List or Brrps COLLECTED BY Mr. Fraser aT BABAHOYO IN Ecvuapor, wits Descriptions or New Species. By Puitie Lurtey Scuater, M.A., SecRETARY TO THE So- CIETY. (Aves, Pl. CLXIV.) Mr. Fraser arrived at Babahoyo from Quito on the 10th of July, 1859. This place is also called Bodegas, being the spot where salt is deposited and pays duty. It is situate low on the banks of the river of the same name, about 200 miles N.E. of Guayaquil, and not above 200 or 250 feet above the sea-level. Mr. Fraser remained at Babahoyo during the month of August and part of September, when he left for Esmeraldas, higher up the Pacific Coast. The number of birds obtained at Babahoyo was 395, belonging to 134 different species, of which’I give the names as follows, with extracts from Mr. Fraser’s MS. notes which accompanied the col- lection :— é I. PasseREs. 1. TuRDUS ALBIVENTRIS, Spix. Several ex. of both sexes. ‘‘ Consegero or Mirlo.” 2. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS ZONATOIDES (Lafr.)?, Rev. Zool. 1846, p- 92. Several ex. ‘“‘ Paxaro tigre: irides reddish-yellow ; bill brownish 273 above, flesh-colour beneath ; legs and feet yellowish. Very noisy, but seldom seen, keeping up a kind of cackle. They appear to be always in threes and fours.” More like the New-Granadian bird, which is probably Lafresnaye’s _ Campylorhynchus zonatoides, than any other described species ; but oe not so decidedly spotted below as in my single specimen of the latter. 3. THRYOTHORUS ALBIPECTUS, Cab.: Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 673. *‘Trides hazel; bill black above, flesh-colour beneath ; legs and feet blue.”’ Nearly agrees with an example from Santa Martha, N. G. 4. TroGLopyTes Furvus (Gm.). One ex., juv. 5. PoLiopriLa BILINEATA (Bp.), Consp. p. 316. Twoex. ‘“d. Irides hazel; bill black ; legs and feet black. In atreeinthebush. @Q. Bill black above, blue below; legs and feet blue.” 6. ParuLa BRASILIANA (Licht.). One ex. ‘Stomach contained insects.” 7. GEOTHLYPIS SEMIFLAVA, Sp. Nov. 3. Olivaceo-viridis : pileo antico et lateribus capitis totis nigris: subtus flava: tectricibus subalaribus pallide flavis: rostro ' superiore plumbeo, inferiore corneo: pedibus pallide corylinis. Q. Obscurior, pileo concolore olivaceo: orbitis et loris flavescen- tibus. Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°4, caude 2:1. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. One ex. “Bill black ; legs and feet orange.”’ Nearly allied to the Mexican G. formosa, mihi, P. Z. S. 1858, p- 447, but distinguishable by its paler green colouring above, and brighter, purer yellow below. I have described the female from a specimen since transmitted by Mr. Fraser from Esmeraldas. 8. BasILEUTERUS CHRYSOGASTER (Tsch.): Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 192. One ex., d. ‘‘Irides hazel ; bill black; legs and feet yellow.” 9. VrrEosyLvia AaGiuis (Licht.): Bp. Consp. p. 329. One ex., apparently not different from New-Granadian and Brazi- lian specimens. 10. HyLorHitus 2 One ex., in bad condition. No. 434.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 274 11. CycLoruis vVIRENTICEPS, sp. nov. (PI. CLXIV.) Olivaceus, pileo concolore: fronte et superciliis saturate casta- neis : subtus flavus, ventre medio et erisso sericeo-albis : rostro brunneo, mandibula inferiore plumbea : pedibus carneis. Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°9, caude 2:3. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Four ex. “Irides hazel: found in the large trees in the bush.” Stomach contained “ insects,” ‘a caterpillar.’ Sexes alike. A distinctly marked species of this little group, making the seventh in my collection. It is immediately distinguishable by its green head—the same colour as the back. I have given a list of the other species of the genus in Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 448. 12. CoryLe rLavicastrRa (Vieill.). Three ex. ‘‘ Very common.” 13. Dacnis EGREGIA, Sclater. One ex. ‘“ Gizzard contained seeds.” 14, SatTator maGNus (Gm.). Several ex. 15. SALTATOR FLAVIDICOLLIS, sp. nov. Supra cinereus, nisi in uropygio et cauda olivaceo perfusus : super- ciliis et corpore subtus albis: pectore et collo antico flavo tinetis ; rostro nigro, apice flavo : pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 8:0, ale 3°8, caudee 3°5. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. A distinet species of Saltator, distinguished by the absence of all markings below, and the yellow tinge which pervades the throat and breast. Three ex. ‘Irides hazel; bill black, tips and gape yellow. Com- mon: very shy and active.” 16. ARREMON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Sclater, P.Z.S8. 1855, p. 83. pl. 89. Three ex. ‘In stomach, seeds and insects.” 17. Tacuyruonus Luctuosvs, Lafr. et D’Orb. Two ex. ‘Bill black ; legs and feet blue.” 18. RaMPHOCELUs IcTERONOTUS, Bp. Several ex. ‘‘ By no means uncommon.” 19. Tanacra CANA, Sw.? Several ex. of both sexes. ‘‘Irides hazel; bill black above, blue beneath ; legs and feet dark lead-colour.” a pole Proc.Z.S. Aves CLZLY. CYCLORHIS VIRENTICEPS W West. ioap 275 20. Evenonra crassrrostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 277. One ex. ‘Bill black above, blue below; legs and feet blue. Very shy and quick: found in moderate-sized trees in the deep bush.” : 21. EvpHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund. (?). A single specimen, differing from the usual coloration of this species in having no white on the outer rectrices. 22. PROCNIAS OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater. One ex. ‘“TIrides hazel; bill black. Three or four were together on the top of a large tree in the deep bush. The stomach contained insects.” 23. EMBERNAGRA CHRYSOMA, Sp. nov. - Olivacea, axillis et tectricibus subalaribus flavissimis : capite cinereo, pilei striis duabus et vitta utrinque per oculos trans- eunte nigris: superciliis et corpore subtus albis, hoc latera- liter cinerascente: crisso flavicante: rostro nigro: pedibus clare brunneis. - Long. tota 7:0, alee 3-3, caudee 2°9. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L-S. Four ex. “TIrides hazel; legs and feet flesh-colour. Common in the underwood of the deep bush : gizzard contained seeds.” This Embernagra is nearly allied to Embernagra conirostris, Bp., but distinguished by its larger size, bright yellow axillaries, and olive-green back. I am now acquainted with the following species, which I refer to this group :— (1) E. puarensts* (Gm.): Bp. Consp. p. 483; ex Brasil. Me- rid. et Paraguay, &c. Mus. P.L.S. (2) E. tonercauna, Strickl.: Bp. Consp. p. 483. Mus. H. E.S. (3) E. conrrostris (Bp.).—Arremon conirostris, Bp. Consp. p- 488 ; ex Nov. Granada int. et littorali. Mus. P. L.S. (4) E. curysoma, supra. (5) E. cotorvurs, Bp. Consp. p. 483.—Pipilo chlorurus, Baird, Rep. p. 519 ; ex Mex. Bor. Mus. P.L.S. (6) E. rurivireara, Lawrence: Baird, Rep. p. 487; ex Mex. Bor. Mus. P. L.S. 24. VoOLATINIA SPLENDENS (Vieill.). Two exaniples. * I doubt the distinctness of E. olivascens (sp. 2 of P. Bp.’s Consp.) from this. E. viridis (P. Bp.’s 3rd species), at least the example in the Paris Museum, seems to be a bad specimen of the same bird. 276 25. SPERMOPHILA OPHTHALMICA, Sp. nov. 3. Supra coracino-nigra : macula suboculari parva, speculo alari, uropygio et torque cervicali, postice evanescente, albis: subtus alba, torque pectorali lata nigra: rostro nigro, subtus corneo : pedibus nigris. 2. Pallide fusca, subtus fulvescenti-albida. Long. tota 40, alze 2-2, caudze 1°8. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Three ex. ‘Common: sometimes in flocks.” This Spermophila is allied to S. mysia and S. leucopterygia, but has brighter and clearer colours. It may be recognized by the white subocular spot. 26. Oryzogorus xTHIOPS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 88. Examples of both sexes. 9. Obscure brunneus, subtus magis fer- rugineus : tectricibus subalaribus albis. 27. ORYZOBORUS OCCIDENTALIS, sp. nov. Nigerrimus : tectricibus subalaribus nigris: primariorum pogo- niis internis et speculo alari exiguo albis : rostro albo : pedibus corneis. Long. tota 5°5, ale 3:0, caudz 2°4. Hab. Jn rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. One example. “Irides hazel; bill pinkish flesh-colour ; legs and feet brown ; gizzard contained seeds. In the bush in company with others.”” This bird is a close ally of O. crassirostris of Guiana and Trinidad and O. maximiliani of Brazil, but has the under wing-coverts black, and the alar spot much smaller, almost obsolete. I have another example of the same species, received in a collection from Bogota. 28. CorYPHOSPINGUS CRUENTUS (Less.).—Tiaris eruenta, Less. —Lophospiza cruenta, Bp. Consp. p. 470. Examples of both sexes. 2. Fuscus : alis nigricantibus rufescente limbatis, subtus pallide fulvus. ‘In the deep bush: on one occa- sion in a flock of 200: irides hazel.” 29, CasstcuLus Prevost! (Less.): Bp. Consp. p. 428. Three examples, agreeing with New-Granadian and Guatemalan specimeus. “‘Irides pale yellow; bill yellow; legs and feet blue: found in the trees in the deep bush ; by no means shy.” 30. CassiICULUS FLAVICRISSUS, Sp. nov. Nigerrimus : dorso postico, tectricibus alaribus dorso proximis, ie - 277 erisso et rectricibus ad basin flavissimis : rostro plumbeo, apice albicante : pedibus nigris. Long. tota maris 10-0, alee 5°8, caude 4:0; foeminze 8°5, alee 4:4, caudee 3°3. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Four examples. ‘‘Irides and bill blue: not shy; very noisy, in flocks among large trees in the deep bush: stomach contained seeds and insects.”’ 31. Icr—ERUS MESOMELAS (Wagler). Many examples. “ Irides hazel: in the deep forest, and by no means shy.” 32. SruRNELLA BELLICOSA, De Filippi. Two ex. ‘‘ Chirote: not uncommon in the plains, and apparently the same species as was observed in the corn-fields of Guaranda : stomach contained insects and seeds.”’ Rather smaller than the specimens noted (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 455) from Cuenca, but not otherwise different. 2 33. SCOLECOPHAGUS Two ex. of a species of this genus, said to be ‘common in com- pany with the Garapateros (Crotophaga), and the greatest favourite as a cage-bird in the country.” 34. Furnarrus CINNAMoMEUS (Less.).— Picolaptes cinnamo- meus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 93.—Furnarius longirostris, v. Pel- zeln, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx. p. 158. Four ex. ‘‘ Oyero: irides pale yellow; base of lower mandible nearly white, remainder brown; legs and feet flesh-colour. Very common on the plains in the smaller trees and on the tops of the houses, and very noisy. They run, but do not hop. They are said to breed in communities, and build in trees, with a roundabout en- trance to the nest.” 35. XIPHORHYNCHUS THORACICUS, Sp. nov. Brunneus: alis, uropygio, et cauda ferrugineo-rufis : gula sordide alba : dorsi superi capitis undique et pectoris plumis medialiter ochracescenti-albidis, hoc colore nigro anguste circumdato, plumarum marginibus externis brunneis: rostro rubescente : pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 10-0, ale 4:0, caudz 3:7, rostri a rictu ad apicem linea directa 2°7. Hab. In rep. Equat. Mus. P.L.S. One ex. “Trides hazel; bill brownish, paler at base of lower mandible ; legs and feet green: stomach contained insects. Shot running very actively up the trunk of a large tree in the deep forest.” 278 A distinctly marked species of this singular group of Dendroco- laptine, easily recognizable by the clear elongated spots occupying the centre of the feathers of the breast and back. These spots are narrowly surrounded with black, and broadly margined outwardly with the general brown ground-colour. Its size is nearly that of X. procurvus, but the bill is rather shorter and more regularly curved. I may add that I possess examples of all the five species described by M. de Lafresnaye in his account of this group (Rev. de Zool. 1850, p- 373 et seq.), and two additional, namely the present and another which I consider new*. 36. PicoLarres souLEyeETI, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 276; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 69. Several ex. ‘“ Irides hazel.’’ 37. DenprRocoprs AaTrRirostrRis, Lafr. et D’Orb. Two ex. “Irides hazel; bill black ; legs and feet lead-coloured.” 38. Srrrasomus ERITHACUS (Licht.). Two ex. “Irides hazel.” This bird seems scarcely recognizable from Eastern specimens, except by the slightly different tinge of chestnut on the rump and tail. 39. SYNALLAXIS PUDICA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 191. Several ex., not in very good condition, but seemingly sufficiently like Bogotan skins. “ Irides whitish.” 40. THAMNOPHILUS TRANSANDEANUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 18. Many ex. of both sexes. ‘“‘Irides red; bill black ; legs and feet blue: found near the ground in the deep bush.” 41, THAMNOPHILUS N2&vIvS (Gm.). Three ex. ‘Skulking about in the underwood.” 42. DysITHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 90, pl. 97.—D. mentalis?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 67. Three ex. Only differing from New-Granadian birds in having the throat rather whiter: erroneously referred before to D. mentalis. * XIPHORHYNCHUS PUSILLUS, mihi. Brunneus : alis, cauda, et uropygio ferrugineo-rufis : capite nigricante et cum dorso superiore fulvo longitudinaliter lineolato: gula fulva: subtus dorso concolor, sed plumis omnibus linea lata et elongata fulva medialiter notatis : ventre imo crissogue immaculatis: rostro albicanti-corneo, basi obscura: pedibus virescenti-fuscis. Long. tota 8:0, alz 3:8, caudz 3°5, rostri a rictu ad apicem lin. dir. 2°0. Hab. In Nov. Granada int. Mus. P.L.S. Obs. Affinis X. procurvoidei ex Cayenna, sed minor, et lineis longitudinalibus fulvis ventrem occupantibus prorsus nota bilis. 279 43. FoRMICIVORA CONSOBRINA, Sp. nov. 3. Atra: dorsi postici totius plumarum basibus, maculis tectri- cum minorum parvis rotundis, et tectricum majorum et caude rectricum apicibus albis. Q. Supra mari similis, subtus saturate castanea. Long. tota 4:2, ale 1°8, caude 1°8. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. One pair. “ Irides hazel.’ Allied closely to F. quivensis and F. boucardi, particularly to the former, but differs in its smaller size and the uniform rich chestnut colouring of the female below; in F. quivensis the female’s throat being black, and in F’. bowcardi the female being wholly of a paler red below. 44. CERCOMACRA MACULOSA, Sp. nov. 3. Cinerea: interscapulit macula celata, tectricum alarium ni- grarum marginibus et rectricum apicibus albis : gutturis et pectoris antici plumis medialiter albis nigro circumeinctis : rostro corneo: pedibus fuscis. 2. Fuscescenti-olivascens, subtus ferruginea, lateraliter fus- cescens. Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°5, caudee 2°5. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Three examples in bad condition. ‘ Creeps about in the under- wood ; often heard, but seldom seen.” - 45. PyriGLena Picea, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 212. Two ex. “TIrides red; bill, legs, and feet black : creeping about in the underwood : stomach contained insects.” Blacker than the Eastern P. atra, though otherwise very similar, and perhaps referable to Cabanis’s species. 46. CHIROMACHERIS MANACUs (Linn.). Two ex. “Bill black, base of lower mandible pale; legs and feet blue, nearly black: stomach contained insects and fruit.’ 47, PACHYRHAMPHUS HOMOCHROUS, Sclater. Many ex. of both sexes. 48. PACHYRHAMPHUS SPODIURUS, Sp. nov. 3. Cinereus: loris albidis: capite toto cum dorso superiore nigro : alis nigricantibus, albo extus limbatis : cauda nigricanti- cinerea, rectricum marginibus pallidioribus et ipsis apicibus albicantibus: subtus dilute cinereus, remigum pogoniis internis partim albis. 280 Q. Castaneus, subtus dilutior, gutture albicantiore, remigum po- gontis interne nigricantibus. Long. tota 5-5, ale 3-0, caudze 2°3. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Four ex. No. 2270, “o¢. Irides hazel; bill blue; legs and feet dark: in stomach, insects and vegetable matter: found in the top of a tree in the thick bush.” No. 2152, “9 by diss. ; bill black above, blue below; legs and feet blue.” This Becard is distinct from any of those enumerated in my Syn- opsis of these birds (P. Z.S. 1857, p. 67). It differs from all the Bathmiduri (Sect. D) in wanting the broad white terminations to the tail-feathers, and I am inclined to consider P. cinereus its nearest ally. The second primary of the male is of the usual abnormal cha- racter. It is shorter by 0°85 (inch) than the first, and slightly bifid at the extremity. 49. ATTILA TORRIDUS, sp. Nov. Ferrugineo-rufus : uropygio et corpore subtus dilutioribus et pre- cipue in gutture et ventre imo magis citrinis : alis fusco-nigri- cantibus rufo limbatis, secundariis dorso proximis omnino rufis : cauda unicolore rufa: rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 80, ale 4°0, caudze 3-5, rostri a rictu 1:2. Hab. In rep. Equat. Mus. P.L.S. ; Three ex. “ Irides hazel; bill black ; legs and feet blue. Seen high in the interior of a large tree.” This Aétila is most nearly allied to 4. thamnophiloides (Spix), of the species with which I am acquainted*, but distinguishable by it s longer and rather stronger bill, the much lighter rufous colouring above (which in 4. thamnophiloides is chestnut), and lemon-yellow belly. The wings are also considerably longer. 50. FLUVICOLA ATRIPENNIS, sp. Nov. Alba: striga per oculos, alis, et cauda nigris, secundariis alarum anguste, rectricibus late albo terminatis : interscapulio pallide cinereo: rostro et pedibus nigris : tectricibus subalaribus albis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°0, caudze 2°5. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Obs. Affinis F. climacure, ex Brasilia, sed alis intense nigris, secundariis albo limbatis, interscapulio dilutiore et tectricibus sub- alaribus albis diversa. Several ex. ‘‘ Irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black. Very com- mon everywhere, particularly on the road, feeding on the ground and perching on the fences. Very sprightly in action, carrying the head erect, and constantly wagging the tail up and down like a Wag- tail (Motacilla).” * For a list of other species of 4¢/ila, see P. Z. S. 1859, p. 41. 281 51. MusciGRALLa BREVICAUDA, Lafr. et D’Orb. One ex. ‘Irides hazel; bill black, base of lower mandible blue ; legs and feet flesh-colour. Seen on some dead brushwood by the road-side.”’ 52. MEGARHYNCHUS CHRYSOGASTER, sp. nov. Megarhyncho mexicano e¢ M. pitanguze affinis, sed ab utroque colore abdominis letissime aureo diversus: quoad rostrum et crassitiem his duabus intermedius. One ex. A third climatal variety or species, whichever it may be, of this genus of Tyrannide, distinguished by its full bright yellow belly. The only specimen is not in very good plumage ; but Mr. Fraser has since sent another from Esmeraldas. In accordance with M. Heine’s views (Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1859, p. 337), I now employ Megarhynchus as a generic name for these birds. But is not this species the bird considered by him as Scaphorhynchus chrysocepha- lus of Tschudi? Tschudi’s figure is certainly detestable; but his species, of which I have specimens collected by Mr. Fraser at Palla- tanga, is well marked, and can in no way be considered as a climatal variety of M. pitangua. It is more closely allied, in my opinion, to Myiodynastes, though, as I have remarked (P. Z. S. 1859, p- 43), “leading off towards Scaphorhynchus,” i.e. Megarhynchus. 53. TyYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill. Many ex. 54. TYRANNUS NIVEIGULARIS, sp. nov. Supra cinereus, dorso olivaceo perfuso, capitis crista interne flava: loris et regione auriculari nigricanti-cinereis : alis nigris, primariis stricte, secundariis et tectricibus late albido limbatis: cauda nigra unicolore, rectricum apicibus et harum externarum marginibus externis viz albicantibus: caude tectricibus supe- rioribus nigris, olivaceo terminatis: subtus pallide flavus, gut- ture et collo antico pure albis, hujus lateribus et pectore sum- mo cinereo vie lavatis: rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 7-0, alee 4-1, caudex 3:1. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. One ex. “Trides hazel ; bill and legs black.” A species of true Tyrannus, looking to its general structure and acuminated primaries, distinguishable by its small size, pure white throat and neck, and black tail. The primaries of the single speci- men are not fully developed ; but the three first are somewhat ob- tusely acuminated, quite as much as in 7’. melancholicus. 55. My1arRcHUS PHZOCEPHALUS, sp. nov. Pallide olivaceus: capite cinereo, pileo summo obscuriore: alis Suscescenti-nigris, primariis stricte, tectricibus et secundariis latius ochracescente marginatis : subtus pallide flavus, gutture 282 toto pallide cinereo: cauda nigricanti-fusca, rectricum exti- marum marginibus et omnium apicibus dilutioribus: rostro nigricanti-corneo : pedibus nigris. Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°5, caudz 3:4, rostri a rictu 1-0. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Two examples, not in good condition, of this apparently unnoticed species of Myiarchus ; of the size and general structure of M. feroa, but recognizable by its pale, rather greyish, olive back and dusky- grey head. 56, My1ropHosus 4 2 57. MytorHosus Two species of this division of T'yrannide@ (as typified by M. vir- gatus) are in the collection. These, with others of this very difficult group, I must leave for future determination. 58. PyrocEPHALUS NANUS, Gould? Numerous examples of a Pyrocephalus, which agree with the description of P. nanus in having the outer margins of the external rectrices and tips of all “light grevish-brown.”: It does not, how- ever, seem to be inferior in size to the Eastern species, as far as I am able to judge by the specimens in my possession. 59. Myrosrus BarBatus (Gm.). Two ex., apparently not different from the Eastern bird. 60. CycLORHYNCHUS SUBBRUNNEUS, Sp. Nov. Brunnescenti-oleagineus : alis nigricantibus, fulvescenti-brunneo extus marginatis: cauda rufescenti-fusca unicolore: subtus pallide cineraceus, olivaceo perfusus, gutture et ventre medio dilutioribus :. tectricibus subalaribus fulvescentibus : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo : pedibus plumbe?s. Long. tota 7°5, alee 3:4, caudz 3°2. Hab. In rep. Equator. Two ex. “ Irides whitish.” This Tyrant may, I think, be well placed in the genus Cyclorhynchus, although not a typical member of the group. The bill is much more elongated than that of C. oli- vaceus, and not so broad at the base, but does not differ in propor- tions from that of C. faviventris. The third and fourth primaries are nearly equal, and longest in the wing ; the fifth is slightly shorter; the sixth nearly of the same length as the second. 61. MusctivoRA OCCIDENTALIS, sp. nov. Mr. Fraser has sent three specimens of a Crowned-Tyrant from Babahoyo, which will probably require a new name, as being distinct from the species at present known. It differs from Muscivora regia 283 of Cayenne and Muscivora swainsoni of Brazil* in its much longer bill, in which respect it approaches M. mexicana. Its crest is of a brighter blood-red than that of M. regia ; the back is brown, without any olive tinge; the rump is of a brighter ferruginous, and the tail is longer. In a Synopsis of the Tyrannide which I am now pre- paring, I hope to be able to give further details concerning this and other groups of the same family. 62. TopIROsTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.). Three ex. 63. TopIROSTRUM SQUAMICRISTATUM (Lafr.). ? 64. ToprRosTRUM An imperfect skin of a third species of this genus. 65. My1ozETETES GUIANENSIs, Cab. & Hein., Mus. Hein. ii. p.61. Several examples of a species which I am not at present able to distinguish from this bird. 66. EraringEa ——? 67. ELAINEA ? Examples of two species of this group of Tyrannide. 68. EupstLosToMa PUSILLUM, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 68. Several ex. 69. TYRANNULUS CINEREICEPS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 69. One ex. 70. MionecTEs OLEAGINEUS (Licht.). One ex. 2 71. LerroroGon One ex. of a species of this group, in an imperfect state. It seems to be different from L. superciliaris, and is probably new. 72. AMAZILIA DUMERILII. Many ex. “Bill red with black tip.” 73. AMAZILIA RIEFFERI. Many ex. “ Noticed feeding from the bark of a large tree in the forest.” 74. JULIAMYIA TYPICA. Many ex. “Irides hazel ; upper mandible black, lower red with * Confer y. Pelzeln in Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxi. p. 326. 284 black tip ; legs and feet nearly black. Not very common, and only found in the deep bush, where they feed on the tops of largish trees.” 75. LAMPORNIS MANGO. Two ex. “Bill, legs, and feet black. From a low tree on the way-side.” 76. Nycripromvus 2 One ex., in very bad condition. 77. CERYLE TORQUATA (Linn.). One ex. ‘“Irides hazel; bill black, with a whitish spot at the base of the upper mandible, and the basal half of the lower mandible of the same colour ; legs and feet nearly flesh-colour. Frequents the larger trees; stomach contained fish-bones and scales.” 78. CERYLE AMERICANA (Gm.). Three ex. ‘‘Irides hazel: very common on the branches of the trees which overhang the river in retired places; flies swiftly, and feeds on fish.” 79. Bucco LevucocRIssvs. Similis Bucconi macrorhyncho ex Cayenna, sed rostro majore, Sronte latiore albo, torque pectorali angustiore et ventre medio crissoque pure albis distinguendus. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P. L.S. If Bucco macrorhynchus of Cayenne, B. swainsoni of Brazil, B. hyperrhynchus of the Upper Amazon, and B. dysoni of Central Ame- rica are to be considered good species, then this must constitute a fifth, and another, of which I have two examples from the Rio Napo, a sixth species of the section. The alternative is to regard them all as localized varieties of one widely distributed species ; but even in that case they would require separate names and descriptions. 80. Momorus 2 Several examples of a species most nearly allied to M. microste- phanus of New Granada, but perhaps ultimately separable. 81. TRoGON MELANURUS, Sw.: Gould, Mon. Trogon. pl. 18. Several ex. ‘‘Chocota: irides white; upper mandible with a large yellow spot at the base, lower mandible yellow; legs and feet greenish ; soles yellow. Much more active than any other Trogon which I have yet had an opportunity of observing, hopping from branch to branch in the lower part of a large tree in the deep bush. Solitary and silent. Stomach contained berries of two kinds, and a caterpillar.” 82. Trocon caLicatus, Gould, Mon. Trogon. pl. 7. ~“YTrides red; cere yellow; legs and feet blue. Stomach of 285 ex. 2279 contained seeds, and grasshoppers and other insects ; of 2317, seeds and vegetable matter,” II. Scansores. 83. PIAYA NIGRICRISSA. Piaya mehleri, Sclater, P. Z. 8. passim, nec Bp. Three examples. I have hitherto considered the New-Granadian and Peruvian form of Piaya as referable to P. mehleri of Prince Bonaparte. Having lately been able to examine his type in the Leyden Museum, I find that the locality given to it must have been wrong, for the bird in question is the species of the Mexican tierra caliente and Guatemala, which I have lately named Piaya thermo- phila (PB. Z. 8. 1859, p. 368). The species of Piaya allied to P. eayana in my collection are the following :— (1) Piaya macrura (Gambel, Journ. Acad. Philad. i. p- 215.—P. circe, Bp. Consp. i. p- 110), ex Guiana. (2) Piaya cayana, ex Cayenna et ins. S. Trinit. (3) Piaya nigricrissa, mihi, ex Nov. Granada, rep. Equat. et Peruy. (4) Piaya mehleri, Bp. (Consp. p. 110, mexicana, olim, et ther- mophila, nuper, Sclater), ex reipubl. Mexicane reg. calida et Guate- mala. (5) Piaya mexicana, Sw. (Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p- 368), ex rep. Mexicana Oaxaca. 84. Praya ruta (Vieill.): Bp. Consp. p. 110. Three examples. 85. DieLoprerus nxvius (L.). Two ex., immature. 86. Croropuaca Ant, Linn. One ex. ‘‘ Garapatero: irides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black. This is the only species of bird I have seen in Ecuador in anything like numbers: there must be thousands of them. They are ex- tremely common round the town and on the plains, in fact near every place where cattle feed. They are generally seen near the nose of the beasts, and occasionally fly up to capture insects. They do not perch on the cattle. When disturbed they fly (with three flaps of the wings, then a sail, and then flaps repeated) off to the nearest bush, where they sit huddled together in a heap.”’ 87. CRoToPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw. Three examples, agreeing with the Central American and Mexican bird. ‘‘ Garapatero: from the deep bush among the underwood ; the note sounded to me very different from that of those on the plains” (probably C. ani). “ Stomachs contained insects and seeds.” 286 88. PrEROGLOSSUS ERYTHROPYGIUS. Three ex. ‘These birds fly swiftly and heavily, in a straight line, and drop suddenly on a branch like a Trogon.” 89. CeNTURUS PUCHERANII (Malh.). Four ex. “ TIrides hazel.” Agrees with specimens in my collec- tion from Mexico and Guatemala. 90. CHLORONERPES RUBIGINOSUS (Sw.). ‘Four ex. “ Flight quick, but heavy.” 91. CHLORONERPES CECILII (Malh.)? Two ex., probably referable to this species, but in a bad state of preservation. 92. CHLORONERPES CALLONOTUS (Waterh.). Picus callonotus, Waterhouse, P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 182.—P. cardi- nalis, Less., Echo d. M.S. 1845, p.9; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 59. —Venilia callonota, Bp. Consp. p. 129. Three ex. “rides hazel; bill bluish horn-colour ; legs and feet bluish.” Prince Bonaparte, mistaking the true locality of this species, placed it in his genus Venilia. There are examples in the British Museum procured in the island of Puna in the Gulf of Guayaquil by Mr. Bar- clay, and Lesson’s type is said to have been from Guayaquil. 93. CeLeus unpatus (Linn.): Bp. Consp. p. 129. One ex., 2. Probably of this species, of which I do not possess other specimens. 94. Dryocopus scLaTert, Malh. (antea, p. 71). One ex. I much suspect that this will turn out to be the Picus guayaquilensis of Lesson, Echo d. M.S. 1845, p. 920. 95. DRyOCOPUS FUSCIPENNIS, Sp. nov. Niger : linea capitis collique laterali, seapularibus dorso proximis et tectricibus subalaribus flavido-albidis: remigibus rectrici- busque precipue in marginibus externis fuscescentibus : abdo- mine cinerascenti-fusco, nigro maculato: rostro et pedibus nigris: & plaga malari et capite toto cristato coccineis : Q fronte nigra. Long. tota 13-0, alee 6°8, caude 5:2. Hab. In rep. Equator. Mus. P.L.S. Four examples. This apparently undescribed Woodpecker is a close ally of the Brazilian D. lineatus, but may be distinguished by the brown colouring of the wings and tail and the absence of distinct markings on the abdomen. The crissum is brownish cinereous, edged with white, instead of being distinctly banded with black. 287 96. PrcumNnus GRANADENSIS (Lafr.). Three ex. As in a former specimen from Nanegal*, the spots on the head of the male are yellow instead of red, which is their colour in my New-Granadian examples; but I do not detect other differ- ences. 97. CONURUS ERYTHROGENYS (Less.). Two ex. ‘‘ Catanica: stomach contained seeds.”’ 98. BRoTOGERYS PYRRHOPTERUS (Lath.).—Psittacu s pyrrho- pterus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxii. Many ex. “ Perico: irides hazel; bill, cere, and legs flesh- colour. Common on the tops of the highest trees: not so shy as most Parrots. - In Guayaquil I saw this species in hundreds in the gardens of the town-houses.”’ Stomachs contained “ seeds.” 99. Pronus MENstRUUs (Linn.). One ex. “ Loro: stomach contained seeds.”’ 100. PstrracuLa cazLEstIs (Less.). Many ex. ‘ Vivina: beak, cere, legs and feet pale flesh-colour. Stomach contained seeds: very common everywhere, in small flocks in the trees, and noisy.” III. Accrritres. 101. CarHarTEs aura (Linn.). One ex., 2. “Irides brown; beak white; legs and feet white ; head and neck red ; corrugations in front of the eyes and three transverse plates on the top of the head white. There were several specimens about, but not zz the town. I have seen three together.” 102. CATHARTES ATRATUS. Four ex. “ Gallinazo.” Spec. 2186, “3. Irides hazel; bill greenish horn-colour; legs and feet black. Here in hundreds. I am inclined to think this bird distinct from the mountain species.’ Spec. 2329, ** 9. Bill black, with a bluish culmen, and a blue spot on the upper mandible near the cere; legs greenish ; feet black, with a mouldy appearance between each scale; no corrugations about head or neck; the feathers of the back of the neck stand reversed. These birds are said to scratch away the sand and devour the eggs laid by the Alligators, which are here by thousands.” Spec. 2384, * Beak bluish horn-colour; head and neck black, with the corruga- tions thickenirig as they get lower down ; legs and feet black, with a mouldy appearance between the scales, which I imagine to be dirt.” “*T noticed a Gallinazo in the river some yards from the bank; he * P.Z.S. 1860, p. 95. 288 swam bravely and landed in safety. Others, collected on the bank, drank and bathed.” 103. PotyBorus THARUS (Mol.). ** Curicinga.” ‘‘ Contents of stomach, insects and maggots. Very common on the plains, and by no means shy ; sometimes found in high trees.” 104. Urusitinea zonura (Shaw). Three ex. Spec. 2394, “9. Irides hazel ; bill black, with a blue spot at the base of the upper mandible and base of the lower man- dible; cere, face, gape, legs and feet yellow. Killed at the top of a tall tree; not shy; stomach contained fish and frogs.”’ Spec. 2422, «3. Bill black, with a blue spot at the base of the upper and lower mandible; cere greenish ; face bluish ; legs and feet yellow, with the exception of some blackish scales down the front of the tarsi and toes.” 105. BuTEOGALLUS MERIDIONALIS. Six ex. Spec. 2177, “ Irides hazel ; bill black ; cere, legs and feet yellow : stomach contained hair and small beetles.” Spec. 2261, “3. Irides brownish-yellow ; upper mandible blue, with black tip,— lower, base blue, then yellow, tip black ; cere and gape yellow; legs and feet orange.’’ This bird is seen sitting on the fences, tops of trees, &c., and uttersa shrill cry. It is very destructive to the poultry. Stomach contained in one example ‘ grasshoppers and other insects,” in another “ hair of mammals.” 106. SprziGERANUS UNICINCTUS (Temm.). One ex., ¢. “Irides reddish-hazel; bill blue, with black tip ; cere, face, legs and feet yellow: stomach contained grasshoppers.” 107. HeRPETOTHERES CACHINNANS. One ex. “. Irides hazel; bill black; cere orange ; legs and feet orange : stomach contained a snake.” 108. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS. Several ex. 109. ASTURINA NITIDA. Two ex. Spec. 2326, “dg. Irides yellow; beak black, with blue base ; cere, gape, legs and feet yellow: stomach contained remains of a snake and insects.” 110. GERANOSPIZA CHRULESCENS (Vieill.). Two ex. Spec. 2159, “¢. Irides red ; upper mandible black, with a blue spot at the base; under mandible blue; legs and feet red: stomach contained grasshoppers: by no means shy ; seen feeding on the plains.” 289 111. RostTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS. One ex. 112. CymINDIS CAYANENSIS. : One ex. ¢. Found in the deep bush ; a dull bird. 113. GLAUCIDIUM FERRUGINEUM. One ex. “Irides yellow; bill greenish-yellow ; feet yellow.’ 5 114, GLauciprum tnFuscatum (Temm. ). Two ex. IV. CoLtumsB2. 115. CotumsBa vinacEeaA, Temm. One ex. ‘“ Paloma real.’ 116. CotumBA RuFINA, Temm. Three ex. “ Paloma cuculi: irides orange; bare space round the eye red; bill black; legs and feet red. Common, but very shy; found in the deep bush: feeds principally on the ground.” 117. LepropriLa VERREAUXII, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 73. Two ex., agreeing with the Pallatanga bird: the inner webs of the primaries in this species are wholly rufous. I am not sure as to its distinctness from L. rufavilla of Cayenne ; but it appears different from the Mexican form which bears the latter name. 118. Lepropriza ALBIrRons, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 74? One ex. of a species belonging to this section of the division Lep- toptila, perhaps more strictly referable to Prince Bonaparte’s L. du- bust, having the lateral tail-feathers black. 119. CotumBuLa cruziaAna (D’Orb.) ? One ex. “Irides white ; bill black, with base of lower mandible flesh-colour ; legs and feet flesh-colour : very common everywhere.” 120. Tinamus ? An imperfect skin of a small species allied to T. parvirostris. 121. OrraLipa RuFICcEPs (Wagler).— Penelope ruficeps, Wagler, Isis, 1830, p. 1111. Four ex., seemingly agreeing with Wagler’s description. “‘ Gua- characa: irides hazel; bill blue ; face bluish ; throat reddish ; legs and feet blue. Very shy, but noisy: always in small communities in the high trees: stomachs contain seeds and leaves.” Its note is said to be “ Trabaja—trabaja” (Work—work), to which the response of the answering bird is said to be “; Para que? j Para que?” (Wherefore ?). No. 435.—Procerpin6és or THE ZgoLoGicaL Society. 290 122. ARAMUS SCOLOPACEUS (Gm.). Agrees with S. American examples. “ TIrides hazel; bill yellow and black ; legs and feet black: from a small lagoon in the deep bush, sitting on the ground.” 123. NycTicorax VIOLACEvs (Gm.). One ex., not adult. 124. TigRIsoMA TIGRINUM (Gm.). One ex. in immature plumage. 125. EGRETTA LEUCE. One ex. in bad condition, but apparently of this species. Stomach contained “ fish and grasshoppers.” 126. TANTALUS LOCULATOR, Linn. One ex. in bad condition. 127. Hopuorrerus cayanus (Lath.). Several ex. 128. Hraticuna cotuarts (Vieill.).—Charadrius azare, Temm. One ex. ‘“Irides hazel; bill black; legs and feet flesh-colour.” 129. HiMANTOPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Vieill. One ex. 130. MicropALAMA HIMANTOPUS, Bp. Two ex. of this species killed in September,—the first I have seen from so far south. 131. GAMBETTA FLAVIPES (Gm.). One ex. “ Irides hazel; bill black; legs and feet orange. Com- mon about the ponds that are left on the plains in the dry season. Noisy and shy.” 132. Parra sAcANA, Linn. Three examples in different states of plumage. “ Irides hazel ; bill and spurs orange; cere, wattles, and base of upper mandible deep red or lake ; legs and feet bluish. Common about the lagoons, but shy : dives well.” 133. Rayncuops NiGRA, Linn. One ex. ‘Seen skimming over the surface of the lagoons, and occasionally dipping its bill in the water.” 2 134. PHALACROCORAX Two ex. of a species of Cormorant in bad condition. 291 4. List or Brrps coLitectep sy Mr. FRASER AT EsMERALDAS, Ecvapor, wirn Descriptions or New Species. By P.L. ScLATER. Mr. Fraser passed part of October, November, and December 1859, at Esmeraldas, on the coast of Ecuador, on his route from Guayaquil to Panama by sea. During his stay he collected about 170 speci- mens of birds, belonging to 93 species, of which I have subjoined the names, as far as I have been able to determine them. Many of the species obtained at Babahoyo occur again in the present series ; but there are several new and of interest which were here met with for the first time. 1. Potroprixa BrLinEATA (Bp.): Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 12. Two ex. Stomach contained insects.” 2. CYPHORINUS PHHOCEPHALUS, sp. nov. Supra saturate brunneus, pileo nigricante: alis et cauda extus nigro obsolete transfasciolatis: subtus dilutior : gula, collo et pectore toto antico intense ferrugineo-rufis: rostro nigricanti- corneo: pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 4-8, alee 2°5, caudze 1:3. Hab. In rep. Equator. Occ. Mus. P.L.S. Two ex. “Flying from bush to bush, singing: some four or five others near the same spot.” Nearly allied to C. modulator, D’Orb.; but distinguished by its dusky head, larger bill, and the deeper brown colouring of the throat. 3. THRYOTHORUS NIGRICAPILLUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p- 84. Three examples. The specimen previously described was not quite mature. An adult bird has the whole throat and breast pure white, the cross-markings having disappeared. 4. TRoGLopyTEs FURVUS (Gm.). Two examples. 5. DenpR@ca auREoLA (Gould)? Sylvicola aureola, Gould, Zool. Beagle, ii. p. 86. pl. 28. One ex., probably a female of this species, which is doubtless the representative of D. estiva in this region. 6. GEOTHLYPIS SEMIFLAVA, Sclater, antea, p. 273. Examples of both sexes. 7. PARULA BRASILIANA (Licht.). One ex. 8. BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS, Sclater, antea, p. 84, One ex. : 292 9. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.). Two ex. 10. ProGNE DomINIcENSIS (Gm.). One ex. 11. Coryie rurico..is (Vieill.).—Hirundo ruficollis et H. fla- vigastra, Vieill. Two examples differing from Eastern specimens only in having the rump whitish. .The same is the case in the young bird noted antea, p- 274. 12. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA (Vieill.). One ex. “From a lofty tree in a Cacao plantation.” 13. Dacnis EGREGIA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 251. Q. Dilute olivacea, abdomine flavo. Two ex. get 2. o, “irides bright orange ; in stomach vege- table matter.” 9, “‘irides deep orange; bill black ; base of lower mandible blue: killed in the top of a lofty tree: in stomach black seeds.” 14. CERTHIOLA LUTEOLA, Cab. One ex. 2. “In stomach insects.” 15. PRocNIAS OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater. One ex. 2. “Killed in the top of a lofty tree when in company with a male: stomach contained ants and a large green caterpillar.” 16. CaLLIsTE CYANEICOLLIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Two ex. “From high trees:” in stomachs “insects and vege- table matter.” 7 17. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES (Lafr.). Three ex. ‘“‘ From tall trees.” 18. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl. One ex. Stomach contained “a seed and vegetable matter.” 19. TANAGRA CANA, Sw. ? «Found in companies of three or four in the lofty trees in the Cacao plantations.” 20. TachypHonus Luctuosus (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Two ex. d et 2. “In the underwood near the ground.” 21. RAMPHOCELES ICTERONOTUS, Bp. Many ex. ‘Common in small parties of from two to six.” 293 22. PyRANGA a&sTivaA (Linn.), Three ex. 23. ARREMON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Sclater. 24, SALTATOR MAGNUs (Gm.). Three ex. In stomach “seeds.” 25. Prryius erossus (Linn.). Three ex., agreeing with specimens from Cayenne. Stomachs contained “ seeds and vegetable matter.” 26. HrpYMELES LUDOVICIANUS. One ex. 27. GurrRaca 2 One ex., a female of a species allied to G. cyanea. 28. SPERMOPHILA OPHTHALMICA, Sclater, antea, p. 276. Three ex. ‘‘ Killed on the Cacao plant (Theobroma): stomach contained minute seeds.” 29. SPERMOPHILA GUTTURALIS (Licht.). One ex. 30. EMBERNAGRA CHRYSOMA, Sclater, antea, p. 275. ‘Found in small parties amongst the fallen underwood in a Cacao plantation :”’ stomachs of two contained “ insects.” 31. IcrERUS MESOMELAS, Wagler. “* Very, shy ; often heard, but seldom seen.” 32. CassicuLus PREvosTI (Less.). Two ex. 33. XIPHORHYNCHUS THORACICUS, Sclater, antea, p. 277. 34. PicoLaprEes SOULEYETH, Lafr. 35. DENDROCOPS ATRIROSTRIS, Lafr. et D’Orb. 36. Sirrasomus ERITHACUS (Licht.) ? * Appears entirely red during its short but rapid flights.” 37. XENOPS GENIBARBIS, Temm. | Three examples, hardly distinguishable from ordinary Eastern specimens. 294 38. SYNALLAXIS PUDICA, Sclater. One ex., agreeing with those from Babahoyo. 39. THAMNOPHILUS TRANSANDEANUS, Sclater. One ex. Stomach contained “ insects.” 40. THAMNOPHILUS NZ&vIus (Gm.). Several ex., agreeing sufficiently with specimens from Cayenne. 41. MyrmMorHEeRULA ——? A female of a species allied to M. surinamensis. 42. MyRMOTHERULA 2 A single example of a species allied to M. gularis. “d. Irides orange ; upper mandible black, lower blue ; legs and feet blue.” 43. ForRMICIVORA CONSOBRINA, Sclater, antea, p. 279. Several examples, not in good preservation. 44, Pyriguena Picea, Cab. ? One ex., agreeing with that mentioned in the previous collection (p. 279). 45. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 90. A single male example, agreeing with Bogotan skins. 46. CERCOMACRA MACULOSA, Sclater, antea, p. 279. Examples of both sexes. 47. HyPpocNEMIS NZ&VIOIDES, Lafr. Found “in the underwood.” 48, MyRMECIZA EXSUL, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 540. Two examples of this bird differ from that described only in being rather more ashy-black on the head and breast. “ Irides hazel ; bill black; legs and feet blue; naked space round the eyes ultra- marine-blue.”’ 49. Formicarius ANALIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Two examples, differing from Trinidad skins only in having the head of a darker and more blackish shade. ‘‘Irides hazel; bare space round the eyes flesh-colour ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish: killed on the ground near a cane-patch.” 50. Copurus LEeuconotvus, Lafr. — C. pecilonotus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iil. p. 703. Several ex. ‘‘Irides hazel: sitting on a lofty stump in a Cacao plantation.” 295 51. MEGARHYNCHUS CHRYSOGASTER, Sclater, antea, p. 281. One ex. 52. My1opyNAsTES NOBILIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 42. “‘Stomach contained insects: irides hazel; bill black; base of lower mandible flesh-colour ; legs and feet blue.” 53. My1arcuHus NIGRICEPS, Sclater, antea, p. 68. 54. ConTropus ? One ex. of a small species allied in structure to C. virens. 55. Emprponax ? Two ex. of a distinct species of this group, allied to HZ. acadicus. 56. Empriponax ——? One ex. 57. PyROCEPHALUS NANUS, Gould. ** Not very common.” 58. CycLORHYNCHUS SUBBRUNNEUS, Sclater, antea, p. 282. One ex. 59. Myiosius ERYTHRURUS, Cab. in Wiegm. Archiv. 1847, t. 5. : ag Three ex., apparently to this species. 60. Myrosius Barsatus (Gm.). Two ex., agreeing with those from Babahoyo. 61. PLaryRHYNCHUS ALBIGULARIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 68. One ex. ‘ Found in the dark underwood.” 62. ToDIROSTRUM SQUAMICRISTATUM, Lafr. Two ex. 63. My1ozETeTEs coLuMBIANUS, Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p- 62. One ex., apparently agreeing with this species, if distinct from M. cayennensis. 64. ELAINEA b One ex. of a species allied to EZ. placens of Mexico and Central America. 65. Trryra personata, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. i. pl. 24. Two ex., agreeing with Mexican specimens. I have also received the same bird from 8. Martha and Bogota. : 296 66. PacuyRHAMPHUS spoDIURUS, Sclater, antea, p. 279. One ex., agreeing with Babahoyo specimens. 67. CHITROMACHERIS MANACUS (Linn.). Three ex. NycTipromus ——? Adult and young. ‘The note of this bird resembles ‘ Who are you?” said very distinctly and quickly. On moonlight nights it may be heard in all quarters.” 69. PHAETHORNIS MOORII, Lawrence. One ex. ¢. ‘“ Feeding about some vines at the height of 5 feet from the ground in the Cacao plantations.” 70. GLAUCIS RUCKERI. Three ex. Spec. no. 2577, “‘irides hazel; upper mandible black, lower yellow with a black tip; legs and feet flesh-colour. Found on the edge of the virgin forest: always solitary, generally in dark and lonely places, and very restless.” : 71. HeLioTHRIxX PURPUREICEPS, Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. 17. pl. 9. Three ex. ‘Seen flying low at the edges of the forest.” 72. AMAZILIA RIEFFERI (Boiss.). Two ex. ‘When I arrived in October, this species was by no means uncommon, feeding morning and evening round the eaves of the house. In November it was very scarce, and in December not to be seen.” 73. JULIAMYIA TyPIca, Bp. Three ex. Spec. no. 2555, ‘ taken catching flies among the vines in the Cacao plantations. In October very common everywhere ; in December rare.” 74. JULIAMYIA AMABILIS. Two ex. Stomach contained ‘‘ insects.” 75. CeRYLE AMERICANA (Gm.). Two ex. Stomachs contained “ remains of fishes.’ 76. MoMOTUS MICROSTEPHANUS, Sclater ? Two ex. ‘A rare bird here.” 77. Bucco suBTECTUS, sp. nov. Similis Bueconi tecto ew Cayenna, sed colore nigro intensiore, 297 tectricibus alarum superioribus immaculatis ; et vitta pectorali dimidio angustiore. Long. tota 5:8, alee 2°8, caudee 2°1. Hab. In rep. Equator., regione littorali. Mus. P.L.S8. One ex. “TIrides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.” 78. MavacopTiLa PANAMENSIS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 79 ; Sclater, Mon. Buce. p. 18. Several ex. of both sexes. ‘“Jrides red; legs and feet bluish flesh-colour. Found in the dry underwood where no weeds grow, flying from branch to branch.” The females are paler, not rufous above, and hardly so on the tail ; but of a greyish tinge, and with the breast below much paler. II. ScANSORES. 79. Praya niertcrissa, Sclater, antea, p. 285. ** Found in the underwood.” 80. Praya ruTIxLA (Vieill.): Bp. Consp. p. 110. One example, not differing materially from Eastern specimens. “Three Guava-trees in front of the house were attacked by a num- ber of caterpillars, which in twenty-four hours stripped off their leaves. These insects attracted two specimens of this bird. They were exceedingly active and elegant when hopping or running through the branches ; but their flight was heavy and laboured, their . short heavy wings being in strong contrast with their long light tail.” 81. CRoTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw. One ex. 82. Evsucco sourciert (Lafr.). ** Stomach contained vegetable matter.” 83. CENTURUS PUCHERANII, Malh. One ex. ‘Stomach contained vegetable matter.” $4, CHLORONERPES CECILII, Malh. ? One ex. in bad condition, perhaps of this species. 85. CHLORONERPES CALLONOTUS (Waterh.). Two ex. ‘From small trees near the house.”’ 86. Dryocorus rusciPENNISs, Sclater, antea, p. 286. Common. 298 87. HeRPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (Linn.). One ex. 2 by diss. ‘Crop and stomach full of snakes.” 88. AcCIPITER PILEATUS (Max.). One ex. ¢. ‘Stomach contained feathers.” 89. CoLtumBa spectosa (Gm.). ‘Stomach contained minute seeds and vegetable matter.” 90. PERISTERA ? A young bird in bad state, of a species allied to P. cinerea. 91. ODONTOPHORUS ERYTHROPS, Gould. One ex. ‘Stomach contained seeds and vegetable matter. This bird is found in covies in the underwood, and has a ery, which it utters just before daylight and after sunset.” 92. TINAMUS ? ‘* Killed when in company with some domestic chickens in the bush near the house.” A small species, allied to 7. parvirostris : the specimen in bad condition. 93. HIATICULA AZAR. 94, TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS (Linn.), juv. “Not uncommon on the river’s bank.” 5. CHARACTERS OF ELEVEN New SPECIES OF BIRDS DISCOVERED By Osspert SALVIN IN GUATEMALA. By Puixuie LurLey SciaterR, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SocIETY; AND OSBERT Savin, M.A., F.Z.S. 1. PoLIOPpTILA ALBILORIS. Cerulescenti-cinerea, pileo nigro, loris albis: remigibus alarum nigricantibus ; primartis cinereo, secundariis albo latiore mar- ginatis : caude rectricibus tribus utrinque lateralibus albo, gra- datim decrescente, terminatis, ceteris nigris, quarta utrinque extima albo terminata: subtus alba, cinerascente lavata: rostro nigro: pedibus obscure plumbeis. Long. tota 4°3, ale 1°9, caudze 2:0. Hab. In rep. Guatimalensi in valle fl. Motagua. Obs. Affinis P. leucogastre ex Brasilia, sed loris albis facile nota- bilis. 2. DENDR@CA CHRYSOPARIA. Supra nigra, dorsi plunis ad margines aurescentibus: superciliis et capite toto laterali lete aureo-flavis, vitta angusta per oculos transeunte nigra: alis nigricantibus, albo bifasciatis, secun- 299 dariis quoque albido limbatis: cauda nigra, rectricum trium utrinque lateralium pogonio interno partim albo: subtus alba gutture toto et maculis laterum utrinque nigris: rostro pedi- busque obscure corneis. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 2°4. Hab. In reip. Guatemalensis provincia Vere Pacis, inter montes. Obs. Inter D. virentem et D. townsendi media, ab utraque dorso nigro, abdomine pure albo et capite laterali fere omnino aureo distin- guenda. 3. HyLOPHILUS CINEREICEPS. Flavicanti-olivaceus : pileo toto et nucha cinereis: ciliis oculo- rum et corpore medio subtus albis : lateribus et crisso pallide flavicanti-viridibus, rostro corneo, mandibula inferiore albicante : pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 4°1, ale 2°1, caude 1°8. Hab. In prov. "Veree Pacis regione calida. Obs. Affinis H. thoracico, Temminckii, ex Cayenna, sed fronte pileo concolore et pectore albo distinguendus. 4, GLYPHORHYNCHUS PECTORALIS. Brunneus, secundariis extus, uropygio et cauda rufis : superciliis, lateribus capitis et gula pallide ochracescenti-rufis, plumarum marginibus angustis brunneis: subtus dilutior, pectore maculis elongatis, plumarum scapas cingentibus, notato: remigibus nigris, macula magna quadrata in pogonio interiore pallide ochracea occupatis : rostro nigricanti-plumbeo, pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudze 2°7. Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida. Obs. Assimilis G. cuneato ex Brasilia, sed statura majore et ma- culis pectoralibus dignoscendus. 5. THAMNISTES ANABATINUS. Thamnistes genus novum ex familia Formicariidarum, Thamno- philo generi affinis: characteres generales Thamnophili habet, sed rostro crassiore, basi latiore, et ptilosi anabatino differt. Typus. T. anabatinus. 3. Vix olivascenti-brunneus subtus dilutior : cauda ferrugineo- rubra unicolore : alis extus rufescentibus : macula magna inter- scapulari plumarum basin occupante lete aurantiaco-rubra margine subapicali nigra: superciliari striga indistincta et cor- pore subtus pallide ochraceis, unicoloribus: rostri mandibula superiore nigricante, inferiore pallide cornea, pedibus nigris. 9 . Mari similis, sed macula interscapulit nulla. Long. tota 5°6, ale 2°7, caudee 2°3, tarsi 7°5. Hab. In prov. Veree Pacis regione calida. 6. PLATYRHYNCHUS CANCROMINUS. Platyrhynchus cancroma, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 295, et Ibis, 1859, p. 445. 300 Similis P. cancromee ex Brasilia, et ab illo vix satis diversus, sed gula pure alba et cauda breviore distinguendus. Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida, et in Mexico Merid. statu Verze Crucis. 7. TYRANNULUS SEMIFLAVUS. Olivaceus: pileo cinerascente: fronte et superciliis albis: alis caudaque fuscis olivaceo limbatis: subtus pure flavus : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 3-2, ale 1°8, caude 1-2. Hab. In prov. Verz Pacis regione calida. Obs. Affinis Tyrannulo elato et T. nigricapillo, et plerumque eadem forma, sed corpore subtus flavo, maculis alaribus nullis et cauda paulo breviore distinguendus. 8. HETEROPELMA VERZ-PACIS. Olivaceum unicolor, supra infraque ad medium pectus rufo aut ochraceo lavatum : alis caudaque fuscescentibus, extus rufescen- tibus : rostro corneo pedibus plumbescentibus. Long. tota 6°3, ale 3:5, caudze 2°5. Hab. In prov. Verze Pacis regione calida. Obs. Affine H. virescenti ex Brasilia et statura eadem; colore H. turdino magis appropinquans ; attamen ab utroque sane diversum. 9. LipauGUS HOLERYTHRUS. Rufescenti-brunneus unicolor, subtus clarior : remigum parte in- terna et primariorum apicibus fuscescentibus: rostri pallide cornet basi albicante: pedibus obscure corylinis. Long. tota 8°3, alee 4°2, caude 3°8. Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida. Obs. Affinis L. unirufo ex eadem patria, et pictura eadem, sed crassitie minore facile dignoscendus. 10. Pronus HZMATOTIS. Viridis : pileo rubiginoso flavo : hujus plumarum marginibus an- gustis et regione auriculari coccineis: gutture obscure plumbeo: subtus viridis, pectore aureo lavato: lateribus sub alis late coc- cineis: remigibus nigris, primariis supra fulvo anguste lim- batis ; secundariis supra et alis omnino subtus cerulescentibus : rectricum basibus intus coccineis, caude apice c@rulescente : rostro flavescenti-albo, pedibus rubellis. Long. tota 8°5, ale 5:8, caude 3°6. Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida. Obs. Species lateribus coccineis ab aliis hujusce generis speciebus primo visu diversa. 11. CoRETHRURA RUBRA. . Lete rufa, subtus medialiter dilutior : gula albicantiore : pileo toto et lateribus capitis saturate cinereis : remigibus et rectri- 301 cibus cum uropygio obscure fusco-nigris : rostro nigro: pedibus olivaceis. Long. tota 9-0, alee 3:25, caude 1*7, rostri ab angulo oris 0°8, tarsi 13. Hab. In provincia Vere Pacis. 6. Nore on THE Skuut or THe Rep River-Hoe (Potamocue- RUS PENICILLATUS). By Pirie Luriey Scuater, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE Socrety. The present skull of the Red River-Hog (being that of the old male animal, received by the Society from the Cameroons River in 1852, which died during the late severe winter) is of interest, as affording the first opportunity that we have had in this country of examining the dentition of this animal, and ascertaining how far this part of its structure goes to corroborate its generic Separation from the true Sues, which has been proposed by Dr. Gray, under the name Potamocherus*. The following notes upon some of the more stri- king characteristics of the skull of this animal, as observed on com- paring it with the skull of an adult male Sus indicus, were drawn up by myself and my friend Mr. W. K. Parker. The dentition of Potamocherus is 6 I—1 3—3 3—3 Inc. =. _—- — = c.g. Can. =. Prem. =5° ; Mol. —. _ The first premolar is very small, and appears to be lost in early life in the lower jaw. It will be observed that the dentition differs * P.Z. S. 1852, p. 131. 302 from that of the typical Sus in the entire absence of the fourth pree- molar from each jaw. The great contraction of the lower jaw at the symphysis between the canines and the premolars is likewise re- markable. The whole skull of Potamocherus is shorter in propor- tion to its length than that of Sus, and more Hippopotamoid. The premaxillary bones are more expanded. The basis cranii is altogether shorter, so that the pterygoids (which are stronger) nearly reach the tympanics, whereas in Sus indicus they are more than half an inch apart. The most noticeable character, however, in the skull of Po- tamocherus is the great width and strength of the zygomatic arch which (as may be seen by the accompanying woodcuts), turns out suddenly at its anterior part at right angles from the line of the face, and attains its greatest breadth at once, anteriorly to orbits. In Sus, on the other hand, it slopes gradually outwards, and reaches its greatest width at the junction of the squamose with the malar. The orbits are proportionately smaller in Potamocherus ; and the malar bones are of remarkable size and strength. Looking at the occiputs, the supra-occipital is wider than in Sus, and more strongly ridged. At the middle of the nasal bones in Potamocherus, a rough out- standing ridge projects widely on each side to support the large warty protuberances which adorn the face of the living animal. This ridge is about 2 inches in length, gradually lessening towards the snout, and projects so far as nearly to meet the rough termina- tion of the posterior development of the tusk-process of maxillary, and forms with it a channel for the passage of the orbital nerves and vessels. Such are some of the leading peculiarities in the skull of this animal which seem fully to justify its separation as a generic or subgeneric form from Sus. It is probable that the Southern River- Hog (Potamocherus africanus) possesses the same differential characters, and that the isolation of these two species in structural characters will thus be found to correspond with their geographical position as inhabitants of a distinct zoological region from that tenanted by Sus. June 12th, 1860. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Dr. A. Giinther exhibited a dried specimen of a fish of the genus Centrolophus, obtained by Mr. J. Couch at Polperro, Cornwall. It had been named by Mr. Couch Centrolophus morio, but Dr. Gin- ther regarded it as of a new and distinct species, and proposed to call it C. britannicus. sa 303 Mr. Sclater exhibited a male example of the Bimaculated Duck of Yarrell and other British authors, which was now generally believed to be a hybrid between Anas boschas or Dafila acuta and Querque- dula crecca. It was shot when in company with other ducks (Anas boschas) on the Beauly Firth, Inverness-shire, in January 1860, by Mr. W. Lautour. Prof. Macdonald exhibited diagrams illustrative of, and made re- marks upon, a new scheme of zoological classification. The following papers were read :— 1. ApprT1IOoNAL Note on D1IDELPHYS WATERHOUSII. By Rosert F. Tomes. Since the publication, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, of the description of this species, I have had occasion to study the descrip- tions of several species of Opossums in the ‘ Fauna Brasiliens*’ of Prof. Burmeister, and find that he has characterized, under the name of Grymeomys scapulatus, an Opossum, which he considers identical with the unnamed species described by Mr. Waterhouse at page 505 of his work on Mammalia. Believing in the identity of the specimen from Ecuador with the one from which Mr. Waterhouse’s description was taken, and supposing it to be without a name, I called it, in honour of its first describer, Didelphys waterhousii. The question for solution is, whether Prof. Burmeister and myself have referred the same species to this description by Mr. Waterhouse, or whether two distinct species have not been thus confounded by us. In the first instance, my name would have to give way, that of Prof. Burmeister having the precedence by three years; in the latter case, both names would remain. I submit the following as an explana- tion:—The specimen from which Mr. Waterhouse described was a male, and we have therefore no precise evidence of the nature of the pouch, although it is placed by him in that section in which the * ‘ Erlanterungen zur Fauna Brasiliens,’ &c., in folio, with plates, Berlin, 1856. 304 pouch is either rudimentary or wholly wanting. Prof. Burmeister places his species in a new genus in which this part is imperfect or absent. The specimen from Mr. Fraser, on the contrary, possesses a complete pouch, in which, according to that gentleman’s note, were several young ones. When it came into my hands, this part contained cotton-wool, and was about the size of a large hazel-nut. This, as it appears to me, is quite sufficient evidence of the distinct- ness of the two species; but the specimen described by Mr. Water- house remains doubtful, since we do not know to which to refer it. The accompanying drawings (see woodcut, p. 303) of the skull of Didelphys waterhousii will perhaps assist us in making out the rela- tionship of these species. 2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY-TWO New SPECIES oF HUMMING- Birps. By Joun Govutp, F.R.S., etc. As my work on the Trochilide is now fast drawing to a close, I have examined with care and minute detail my entire collection of this great and important family of birds, and I find therein more than twenty species, which, I believe, have not yet received specific appellations. Many of these I have had by me for years, while others have been more recently acquired. Of the specific value of those described in the following pages I am perfectly satisfied ; but in case any doubt should be entertained on the subject, my collection is, and will be, at all times accessible for their elucidation. GrRyPus sprxi, Gould. Crown of the head bronzy-brown; upper surface and all the tail- feathers very rich reddish-bronze ; wings reddish purple-brown ; line above the eye buff; ear-coverts dark-brown ; throat, chest and under surface deep reddish-buff; under tail-coverts bronzy, each slightly tipped with buffy-white ; upper mandible black ; under mandible yellow, with a black tip ; feet yellow. Total length 47 inches; bill 14; wing 22; tail 14. Hab. Supposed to be Brazil. Remark.—This bird is considerably smaller than G. nevius, and has a less cuneate tail. It is possible that this may be one of the sexes of Glaucis dohrni; many of its colours would induce such a belief; and if such should prove to be the case, that bird must be re- moved from the genus Glaucis to that of Grypus. I have named this bird in honour of the celebrated traveller Spix, in whose work there occurs a figure of a bird (G. ruficollis) which somewhat resembles my specimen: not so, however, the accompanying description, which appears to be that of the species so frequently sent from Rio de Janeiro, and which is generally known as Grypus nevius. GLaAvutIs MELANURA, Gould. Centre of the throat, chest, and under surface buff; a streak of dark brown passes downwards from the base of the lower mandible, 305 between which and the ear-coverts is a stripe of buff; there is also a line of buff behind the eye; crown of the head brown; back of the neck, upper surface, and two middle tail-feathers golden-green ; upper tail-coverts narrowly edged with grey; basal portion of the inner webs and the shafts of the four lateral tail-feathers rich reddish-buff approaching to chestnut, the remainder of these feathers being black, tipped with white ; bill black, except the base of the under mandible, which is yellow. Total length 44 inches; bill 13; wing 14; tail 2}. Remark.—This species is much smaller than the G. hirsuta of Trinidad and the eastern coast of America. It has also a much greater amount of black colour in its tail; this organ, in fact, when closed and viewed from beneath, appears to be entirely black, the under coverts concealing the buff colouring at its base. I possess two specimens of this bird, one of which, a very fine one, was received from the upper Rio Negro; the other from the Napo. PHAETHORNIS ZONURA, Gould. Crown of the head brown ; back of the neck, back, and shoulders bronzy-green ; rump and upper tail-coverts rich reddish-buff ; all the under surface buff, palest on the throat ; three outer tail-feathers on each side black at the base, with rich buffy tips; the fourth feather the same except at the tip, where the outer half is buff and the inner half white ; the two central prolonged feathers black at the base, largely tipped with white ; bill black, except the basal half of the lower man- dible, which is either yellow or flesh-colour ; feet yellow. Total length 32 inches; bill 1; wing 13; tail 12. Hab. Peru, where it was procured by M. Warszewicz. Remark.—This is a fine and very distinct species; it is perhaps most nearly allied to P. griseogularis ; it is, however, a much larger bird, and has its tail much more strongly marked. In fact, the tail must show very conspicuously when outspread, from the strong contrast which the black basal portion offers to the buff tips and the rich rufous colouring of the rump and upper tail-coverts. It belongs to that section of the genus Phaéthornis to which Prince Bonaparte has given the subgeneric name of Pygmornis. AUGASMA SMARAGDINEUM, Gould. Crown of the head and throat glittering greenish-blue, imper- ceptibly passing into the glittering green at the breast ; back of the neck and upper surface golden-green ; upper tail-coverts grass-green ; under tail-coverts green inclining to purple on some of the feathers ; thighs brown; tail bluish-black, the two outer feathers on each side slightly tipped with white; bill black, with the exception of the basal half of the under mandible, which is flesh-colour. Total length 32 inches; bill 2; wing 21; tail 14. Hab. Brazil. Remark.—This bird is about the size of Thalurania furcata ; it is therefore a rather large species ; it is also an elegantly formed bird. Those who are acquainted with the 7. chlorocephala of M. Bourcier No. 436.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 306 will find in this a very near ally; I have not the least doubt, how- ever, of its being quite distinct. The only examples I have seen are one in my own collection, and another in that of M. Verreaux of Paris. In M. Verreaux’s specimen the white tippings of the outer tail-feathers are nearly obsolete, while in mine they are conspicuous ; in my speci- men, also, the two middle tail-feathers are marked with green on their upper surface, while in M. Verreaux’s these feathers are uniform in colour throughout. My bird was kindly sent to me by T. Reeves, Esq., of Rio de Janeiro. EvucEPHALA CZRULKO-LAVATA, Gould. Crown of the head greenish-blue, not very brilliant, but having a few conspicuous small bright-blue feathers intermingled ; throat and chest bright greenish-blue, passing into purer green on the flanks ; back of the neck, and back, deep grass-green ; wings purplish brown ; upper tail-coverts bronzy-orange ; under tail-coverts bronzy purplish brown ; two middle tail-feathers deep purplish bronze; the next on each side is washed with bronze on its outer margin; the remain- ing feathers purplish-black ; thighs greyish-white; the bill appears to have been reddish flesh-colour at the base of both mandibles (this colour also pervades nearly the whole of the under mandible); the remainder of the bill black. Total length 33 inches; bill ; wing 21; tail 1}. Hab, St. Paulo in Southern Brazil. Remark.—1I am indebted to T. Reeves, Esq., of Rio de Janeiro, for a fine specimen of this new bird, which differs so widely from every other known species, that I am unable to compare it with any one of them. It is a stout and rather large bird, with a well-proportioned bill and tail, the latter of which is considerably forked. I am not quite satisfied that a place in the genus Hucephala is the proper position for this bird among the Trochilide, and I feel that I might, without overstepping the bounds of propriety, have con- stituted it the type of a new genus. EucrPHALA HYPOCYANEA, Gould. Crown of the head, back of the neck, back and flanks somewhat dull-green ; throat and chest brilliant blue, passing into glittering green on the centre of the abdomen; wings purplish-brown ; upper tail-coverts reddish-bronze ; under tail-coverts brownish-black, with bronzy tips; tail steel-black ; thighs brown; upper mandible black ; basal two-thirds of the under mandible flesh-colour, the apical third black. Total length 3} inches; bill 3; wing 2; tail 12. Hab. Said to be Bahia in Brazil. Remark.—This is a rather small, but distinctly marked species, unallied to any other bird. Lesson’s Plate 49 of his ‘ Histoire Na- turelle des Oiseaux Mouches,’ appears to have been taken from a bird of this kind; but the term &icolor cannot for a moment be entertained. 307 EryTHRONOTA? ELEGANS, Gould. Crown and all the under surface of the body glittering light-green ; back of the neck and back golden- or orange-green ; upper tail-coverts purplish-red or puce-colour ; tail long, forked, and of a purplish violet-hue with green reflexions on the tips of the two centre feathers ; wings purplish brown; tarsi white; under tail-coverts grey with ronzy-purple centres ; upper mandible flesh colour at the base, and black for the remainder of its length ; under mandible flesh colour, except at the tip, which is black. Total length 32 inches; bill 12; wing 21; tail 2. Hab. Unknown. Remark.—It is easier to assign a specific name to a bird than to determine to which generic form it is referable; and if there be any bird which is a puzzle to the brain of the ornithologist, this is one. It is a very elegant species, and quite distinct from every other known Humming Bird ; in its glittering light-green crown, throat, and chest it looks like a Chlorostilbon, but the form of its tail and some other characters ally it to the Hrythronote, with which I have provisionally placed it. THAUMATIAS VIRIDICEPS, Gould. Crown of the head, nape, and sides of the neck glittering light green; back and shoulders bronzy-green ; throat and abdomen pure white; flanks white, faintly spotted with yellowish-green ; under tail-coverts white ; the rather short and narrow tail-feathers purplish- grey, with an obscure band of purplish-brown near the tip of the three outer ones on each side; upper mandible black; under man- dible yellowish, except at the extreme tip, which is black. Total length 4 inches ; bill 52 ; wing 22; tail 13. Hab. Ecuador. Remark.—Of this somewhat remarkable species I have two speci- mens, which appear to be male and female. It is a robust bird, being almost as stout in its bill, head, and body as the members of the genus Cyanomyia, while its tail is short and the feathers narrow, as in Thaumatias leucogaster and T. chionopectus. THAUMATIAS CZRULEICEPs, Gould. Crown of the head and back of the neck deep shining greenish- blue ; back and shoulders green, passing into bronzy-green on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail nearly uniform bronze, with a very faint indication of a zone of brown across the outer feathers near the tip ; wings purplish brown; sides of the neck glittering bluish-green, the blue tint predominating on the ear and immediately under the eye ; centre of the throat and chest broken glittering green and white ; flanks bronzy-green ; under tail-coverts grey, with brown centres ; upper mandible dark brown; under mandible appears to have been yellow, except at the tip, which is dark brown. Total length 34 inches; bill Te; Wing 21; tail 1. Hab. Bogota. 308 Remark.—This species, which is somewhat allied to the 7’. milleri, differs from that, as well as from every other known member of its genus, by the blue colouring of its crown. THAUMATIAS NITIDIFRONS, Gould. Crown of the head, face, chest, and breast glittering green ; abdo- men and flanks golden green; back, shoulders, and rump bronzy- green ; tail pale bronzy greyish-green, with a zone of purplish-brown crossing the four lateral feathers on each side near their tips; under tail-coverts grey, with a patch of bronzy-green in the centre of each ; tarsi greyish-brown ; upper mandible black ; under mandible yellow, black at the tip. Total length 34 inches; bill $; wing 14. Hab. Unknown. Remark.—Nearly allied to the 7. brevirostris and T. milleri, but differing from both in the glittering green of the face and crown, and in the centre of the breast being covered with the same shining colour. The specimen described was presented to me by G. N. Law- rence, Esq., when IJ visited New York in 1858. CHLOROSTILBON MELANORHYNCHUS, Gould. Bill black ; crown of the head and the entire under surface glit- tering golden-green, the golden hue being most. conspicuous on the crown ; the back of the neck and upper surface are also golden-green, but less brilliant; wings purplish-brown; the short and slightly forked tail is greenish or steel-blue ; thighs brown ; anal region, and a small tuft springing from each side of the body, white. Total length 33 inches ; bill ?; wing 2; tail 11. Hab. The neighbourhood of Quito in Eeuador. Remark.—Difiers from C. chrysogaster in its black bill, its shorter and less forked tail, and in its being a stouter or more robust bird, CHLOROSTILBON ACUTICAUDUS, Gould. Crown and all the under surface glittering green, the green as- suming a golden hue on the crown; back, all the upper surface, and tail rich golden-green ; wings purplish-brown ; bill black. Total length 3 inches; bill 2; wing 12; tail 1. Hab. Antioqua in Columbia. Remark.—This very distinct species is allied both to Chlorostilbon portmanni and C. alicie ; but it differs from the former in the greater length of its bill, and from the latter in the greater length of its tail- feathers. In the present species, the outer tail-feather on each side is prolonged nearly an eighth of an inch beyond the next, which again is a little prolonged beyond the centre feathers. When the tail is closed, the two outer feathers join at the tip, and form a sharp point ; in the two species with which I have compared it, the tail is more truncate. 309 CHLOROSTILBON OsBERTI, Gould. Crowm of the head glittering golden-green; throat and all the under surface glittering grass-green ; wing purplish-black ; tail black, the six centre feathers terminated with a mark of brown, which is more conspicuous in some specimens than in others; in some also the two central feathers are tipped with green ; bill coral-red at the base, black at the tip. Total length 24 inches ; bill 4; wing 14; tail 14. Hab. Guatemala. Remark.—This species, which I have named after Mr. Osbert Salvin, and which is an inhabitant of the neighbourhood of Duefias and some other parts of Guatemala, has been a great puzzle to me, as it must be to every Trochilidist who studies the little green Hum- ming Birds to which the generic name of Chlorostilbon has been ap- plied. It is, in fact, a diminutive C. caniveti, but too diminutive to be regarded in any other light than in that of a species. In naming this bird after Mr. Osbert Salvin, I feel that a finer species might have been more appropriately dedicated to him; for there is no person of his youthful age who has exerted himself so praiseworthily or so successfully in collecting facts and specimens of ornithology. Mr. Salvin has already traversed a great part of the country of Central America, and has also paid a hurried visit to North Africa, and collected in both countries an immense mass of materials in every department of zoology, which he has liberally placed at the disposal of those who have devoted themselves to the several departments to which they pertain. CaLOTHORAX DECORATUS, Gould. Male.—Crown of the head, all the upper surface and flanks deep grass-green ; throat and sides of the neck very lovely shining lilac ; chest grey ; wings and tail purplish-brown ; bill black. Total length 3 inches ; bill 2; wing 13; tail 3. Hab. Supposed to be Antioqua in Columbia. Remark.—This species might easily be mistaken for Calothorax heliodori; but although closely allied to that species, it differs from it in several particulars,—in being much larger, in having the frill in front of the throat not so prolonged at the sides (in which respect it more nearly resembles C. mulsanti), the two centre tail- feathers finer or more spiny, and the bill much longer. These com- parisons have been made with fine specimens in my collection of all three species. AMAZILIA ALTICOLA, Gould. Crown of the head and back of the neck dark brown, with very slight reflexions of golden-green ; back of the neck, back, and rump golden- or orange-green ; upper part of the throat, cheeks, and sides of the neck light golden-green ; lower part of the throat, chest, centre of the abdomen, thighs, and the thickly clothed tarsi pure white ; flanks rich bright buff ; under tail-coverts white washed with buff ; tail rich deep reddish-buff, the two centre feathers washed with 310 bronzy-grey, and the four outer ones, on each side, washed on their outer edges with bronzy-green ; wings purplish-brown ; bill black at the tip, the remainder white or flesh-colour. Total length 4 inches; bill 13; wing 22; tail 12. Hab. Said to be the Puna district of Peru. Remark.—In its general style of colouring, this bird is very simi- lar to Amazilia leucophea, but, compared with that species, is a giant in size; it has also less of the glittering golden-green on the cheeks and sides of the neck. I am indebted to M. Bourcier for permission to describe this species. PHLOGOPHILUS HEMILEUCURUS, Gould. Crown of the head brownish-green ; back of the neck, upper sur- face, two middle tail-feathers, and the flanks grass-green ; sides of the face and ear-coverts greenish-brown ; centre of the throat, chest, middle of the abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; tail rounded ; the four lateral feathers on each side white with an oblique band of black or blackish-purple occupying the centre of each, this band of black extending along the margin of the two outer feathers to the tip, so that the inner web only is white ; not so on the next, which is terminated with a large spot or tip of white ; upper mandible black ; under mandible fiesh-colour ; feet yellow. Total length 33 inches ; bill #; wing 24; tail 14. Hab. The borders of the Rio Napo. Remark.—I have no doubt that the bird from which the above description was taken is immature; when the adult is discovered, it will probably be found to be a very remarkable species ; in fact, the specimen described exhibits characters differing from those of every other known Humming-bird, among which its singularly-marked, rounded tail is especially noticeable. CALLIPHLOX ? IRIDESCENS, Gould. The whole of the body, including the upper and under tail-coverts, iridescent, pale green and light coppery-red, most brilliant on the throat; the deeply forked tail steely dark-brown, each feather tipped with a more bronzy or purplish hue, which is seen only in certain lights; upper mandible and the tip of the lower one black, the remainder of the latter apparently reddish flesh-colour. Total length 3} inches; bill ? ; wing 1,%,; tail 13. Hab. Rio de Janeiro. Remark.—If, as I believe, I am right in referring this little bird to the genus Calliphloz, it is one of the most remarkable Humming- birds that it has fallen to my lot to describe. In its size and form it is very similar to C. amethystina, but in colouring it is like a Chlorostiibon. The only specimen I have seen was sent to me by T. Reeves, Esq., of Rio de Janeiro. APHANTOCHROA ? GuULARIS, Gould. Crown shining grass-green ; back of the neck, shoulders, back, 311 upper tail-coverts, and two centre tail-feathers deep grass-green ; under surface of the body grass-green, with the exception of a glit- tering patch of lilac on the throat and the centre of the abdomen, the thighs, and under tail-coverts, which are white; primaries pur- lish-brown ; four outer tail-feathers, on each side, purplish-green ; bill slightly curved and black, with the exception of the base of the under mandible, which appears to have been flesh-colour, Total length 43 inches; bill 14; wing 22; tail 13. Hab. My specimens were procured on the banks of the Rio Napo. Remark.—In the general style of its colouring, and in the short- ness and similar colouring of its tail, this bird approaches more nearly to Aphantochroa cirrhochloris than to any other species; but it differs from that bird in having a much longer bill, and a bright metallic deep lilac patch on the throat, simifar to that observed in Phaiolaima rubinoides ; and in having white under tail-coverts. In size it is somewhat smaller. ERIOCNEMIS SQUAMATA, Gould. Crown of the head, back of the neck, upper surface, sides of the neck, and flanks coppery-bronze, inclining to green on the back and to rust-colour on the upper tail-coverts; throat, chest, and centre of the abdomen hoary-grey with green and coppery reflexions ; in cer- tain lights the feathers of the throat and chest appear to be edged with grey, giving those parts a scaled appearance—hence the specific name ; under tail-coverts smoky-grey ; anterior portion of the fea- thers clothing the tarsi white, the posterior portion buff; tail dull steel-black ; wings purplish-brown ; bill black. Total length 42 inches; bill £; wing 22; tail 14. Hab. Ecuador. Remark.—This bird is nearly allied to Erioenemis lugens ; but it differs from that bird in its considerably larger size, and in the parti- colouring of the tarsi-feathers, in which respect it assimilates to Z. aurelie. The three species, indeed, viz. H. lugens, aurelia, and squamata, constitute a minute section of the genus, and all, I be- lieve, inhabit very high mountains. ScHISTES PERSONATUS, Gould. Forehead, face, and throat glittering brilliant green, in the form of a mask, posterior to which is a patch of black, below this spring two lengthened tufts of violet-blue feathers, below these tufts a cres- centic mark of white; crown of the head, back of the neck, back and shoulders golden-green ; tail green, each feather crossed near its apex by a broad band of steel- or bluish-black ; abdomen green ; wings purplish-brown ; bill black. Total length 34 inches ; bill 2; wing 22; tail 12. Hab. Ecuador. Remark.—This species is nearly allied to Schistes geoffroyi; but it is a much finer bird, the forehead and throat being covered by a mask of glittering green ; its bill is also considerably longer. 312 THALURANIA TscHUDII, Gould. Crown of the head and all the upper surface golden-green, in- clining to bronzy-green on the tail-coverts; throat beautiful green ; abdomen prussian-blue ; under tail-coverts steel-black, many of the feathers slightly fringed with white ; thighs, tarsi, and anal region white ; tail steel-black. Total length 41 inches; bill 1 ; wing 24; tail 13. Hab. The neighbourhood of the River Ucayali, and the countries of Ecuador and Peru. Remark.—The two species to which this bird is most nearly allied are the 7. furcata and T’. nigrofasciata; but it differs from the former in having a more robust body and broader tail-feathers, and in haying the abdomen prussian-blue instead of ultramarine-blue ; and from the latter in the form of the green mark on the throat, which in this bird is truncate, while in T. nigrofasciata it descends nearly to a point towards the centre of the abdomen. This is the species mentioned by Tschudi in his ‘Fauna Peruana,’ under the name of T'rochilus furcatus,—a fact of which I am certain, as I have received a specimen from his collection direct from Neuchatel. OrREopyYRA LEUCASPIS, Gould. Crown of the head exceedingly beautiful glittering grass-green ; back of the neck, and all the upper surface, deep grass-green, with bronzy reflexions; throat pure white, contrasting conspicuously with the glittering grass-green of the breast ; flanks and abdomen greyish- green, with bronzy reflexions; wings purplish-brown; tail forked and steel-black ; thighs thickly clothed with hoary or greyish-brown feathers; behind the eye, and extending some distance down the sides of the neck, is a stripe of pure white; bill straight, and both mandibles of a uniform black. Total length 41 inches ; bill 12; wing 2}; tail 13. Hab. The Voleano of Chiriqui in Costa Rica, where it was discovered by M. Warszewicz at an elevation of from 9000 to 10,000 feet. Remark.—One solitary individual, and that badly shot about the tail, is the only example I have ever seen of this remarkable and beautiful bird—a bird which differs so much from every other mem- ber of the Trochilide, that I have been necessitated to make it the type of a new genus. 3. DescripTIon oF A New Species OF MANAKIN FROM NoRTH- ERN Braziu. By Puriiie Lutuey Scuater, M.A., SecreE- TARY TO THE SOCIETY. Our Corresponding Member, M. Jules Verreaux, of Paris, has kindly sent to me for examination a specimen of a Manakin lately received by one of his correspondents from Para, which seems to be- long to a different species from any heretofore described. Its nearest 313 ally is certainly Pipra filicauda of Spix ; butit is readily distinguish- able from that and every other member of the group, with which I am acquainted, by the form of the tail-feathers. The outer rectrices are acuminated and produced; the second, third, and succeeding pairs in a less degree than the first; the outer pair exceeding the medial rectrices, which have nearly the ordinary normal form, by nearly half an inch. In P. filicauda, as is well known, the rectrices are nearly of equal length, and terminate in a long hair-like filament. Further differences from Pipra filicauda are observable in the crim- son colour descending lower down the back above, and pervading the breast and upper part of the belly. In the latter respect this species approaches to P. aureola and its scarcely separable ally, P. favicollis of the Rio Negro, an example of which was in the same collection. I propose to call this Manakin PIPRA HETEROCERCA, Sp. nov. Velutino-nigra: dorso superiore pileoque toto cum nucha coc- cineis: fronte, ciliis oculorum et corpore subtus flavis, pectore coccineo perfuso: tectricibus subalaribus et macula in pogonio interiore remigum albis: caude rectricibus lateralibus elon- gatis, acuminatis, medias valde excedentibus : rostro plumbeo, pedibus obscure carneis. Long. tota 4°25, alee 2°5, caudze rectricum lateralium 1:75, me- diarum 1°3. Hab. In ripis fl. Amazonum sup. Obs. Affinis P. filicaude et P. aureole, sed caude forma primo visu distinguenda. 4. DrescrIPTION oF A New TYRANT=BIRD OF THE GENUS ELAINEA FROM THE ISLAND oF Saint Tuomas, West Inpiges. By Painie Luttey Sciater, M.A., Secretary To THE So- CIETY. Mr. Osbert Salvin landed at St. Thomas for a few hours on his way out to Guatemala in the spring of last year, and with charac- teristic energy took out his gun fora ramble. The first shot fired secured two examples of a bird not previously known as an inhabitant of this island*, and, I believe, new to science,—a species of Tyrant- bird of the genus Elaineat. Mr. Riise, so well known for his col- lections in different branches of Natural History made in this island, having had his attention drawn to the existence of this bird by Mr. A. Newton, caused a search to be made, and obtained six other spe- cimens, which I now exhibit. It is to this gentleman that I propose to dedicate this species, in commemoration of his exertions in con- firming Mr. Salvin’s discovery, by the name of * See Messrs. A. and E. Newton’s articles on the Birds of St. Croix and St. Thomas in the ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, pp. 59, 138, 252, 365. + This genus of Sundeval has been written in many different ways (sc. Elenia, Elainia, &c.); but the proper orthography is certainly Elainea, from éAdivos or éAatveos, oleagineus. 314 ELAINEA RIISII, sp. nov. Fuscescenti-olivaceus : pileo cristato intus albo: loris albescen- tibus, alis nigricantibus, primartis olivaceo stricte, secundariis et tectricibus flavicanti-albo latius marginatis: cauda nigri- canti-fusca, marginibus externis olivacescentibus ; subtus cine- racescenti-albus, abdomine flavido lavato : rostro superiore ob- scure corneo, inferiore rubello, pedibus nigris. Long. tota. ale. caude. Spec. a, 5, 5°4 3°0 2°7 b, 2, 50 2-7 2-2 tC 5 | 2°8 ey 6:0 2°9 2°7 —- @, Ory 2°8 Ana — f, 5°8 3°0 2°8 ys 5°8 3°0 2°8 Hab. In ins. 8. Thome Antillensium. Mus. P.L.S. Oés. Affinis Elainee pagane et ejusdem forme, sed rostro lon- giore, compressiore, et corpore subtus pallidiore distinguenda. I have specimens of two species of this genus of Tyrannide in my collection from Jamaica. One of them is Z#. cotte of Gosse; the other, as far as I know, undescribed, but quite different from the present. I have also an Elainea from Tobago, which I cannot refer strictly to any known species. 5. On THE AFRICAN TRIONICES WITH HIDDEN FEET (EMyDA). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. There have been five species of my genus HLmyda, which MM. Duméril and Bibron afterwards most unnecessarily named Cryptopus, described as found in Africa, viz.— 1. Cryptopus senegalensis, Dum. & Bib., from Senegal. 2. Cyclanosteus petersii, Gray, from the Gambia. 3. Cyclanosteus frenatus, Peters, MSS., from Mozambique. 4. Cryptopus aubryi, Duméril, from Gaboon. 5. Aspidochelys livingstonii, Gray, from Mozambique. Now it is very doubtful if several of these names are not synony- mous, not because there is any doubt as to the distinctness of species, as some neophyte belonging to the Darwinian School might suspect, but simply because the materials on which they are founded do not afford us sufficient information or means of comparison. Cryptopus senegalensis was described from a very young specimen in the Paris Museum before it had any of the sternal callosities de- veloped. The specimen of Trionyz, with flaps over its feet, which we have received from the same locality, is unfortunately in the same condition ; and though it affords very good evidence that it is desti- tute of any bones on the margin of the shield, and therefore does not 315 belong to the same genus as the Asiatic animal with which M. Du- méril associated it, yet it does not give us the means of knowing to which, if to either, of the two African forms, viz. Cyclanosteus and Aspidochelys, it should be referred. The description of Duméril, and the colouring of the head, &c. of the specimen in the Museum, show that it must be distinct from Cyclanosteus frenatus and from Cryptopus aubryi (which may be synonymous), as it has small white dots on its head ; while C. frena- tus, as its name implies, and CO. aubryi, as its figure shows, are not spotted, and have black lines on the side of the head and neck. Cyclanosteus petersii and Aspidochelys livingstonii have been de- scribed from shells of adult animals only, without any remains of the bodies attached to them, so that it is not possible to know whether either of them be the adult form of Emyda senegalensis, or what is the colouring of their head, which is a very distinctive character in the animals of this family. Cyclanosteus frenatus is known only from a note which Dr. Peters , sent home in 1848, shortly after his return from Mozambique. iS Cryptopus aubryi is well described and figured by M. Duméril in the Rev. Zool. for 1856, p. 374. t. 20, and it appears to be very nearly allied to the shield which I have lately described and figured in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, under the name of Aspidochelys livingstonii (antea, p. 6); but we cannot be certain that the animal from Gaboon and that from Mozambique are identical, until we know what are the peculiarities of the head of the Mozambique species. I may state that Mr. Cope, in the ‘Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia’ for 1859 (p. 295), has formed M. A. Duméril’s species into a genus, under the name of Heptathyra, in which he evidently intended to include my genus dspidochelys. As his paper was read in 1859 and mine in 1860, his name ought to have priority, unless it may be found desirable, as there is a con- siderable difference between them in the form of the sternal callosities, to preserve both the names. The African species known in their adult stage may be arranged thus :— A. Sternal callosities 9 ; hinder pair small. 1. Cycianostevus. The hinder pair of callosities very small, and far apart. CApetersii, Gray, Cat. Tortoises, B.M. 65. t. 29. Gambia. B. Sternal callosities 7; hinder pair large. 2. Hepratuyra. The hinder pair of callosities rhombic, united o * together by their whole inner edge. rae f? let ) H. aubryi, Dum. Rev. Zool. 1856, 364.t.20. ~~ ¢ ns oo a y AAs Neck with three black streaks, the lateral ones from the eye; = ciput with two short black streaks. Gaboon. d é $9 Los % thd wh - RaprAome 316 3. Asprpocue ys. The hinder pair of callosities oblong, united by their hinder edge only. A, livingstonii, Gray, P. Z.S. 1860, 6. t. 22. River Zambesi. The only specimen of the Senegal species yet known to me is very young; it does not show the sternal callosities, and has still remains of the umbilical slit. It may be described as follows :— EMYDA SENEGALENSIS, Gray. Cryptopus senegalensis, Dum. & Bibr. In spirits. Grey; beneath, white. Head above with many sym- metrical roundish white spots, and a short white streak in the centre ‘ of the crown; upper part of the neck with symmetrical white mar- bling. Upper shell grey, with small round scattered black spots, with a distinct central keel, which is rather broad and smooth in front, becomes suddenly narrow, and is converted into a series of close tubercles at the middle of the back. Back with rather irregular, often interrupted, somewhat concentric lines of small tubercles, which converge towards the central keel behind, and with a number of larger isolated, but rather crowded, tubercles on the middle of the front edge; sternum blackish, white on the margin. Hab. Senegal. ; ) tin Aapabeus Lp Fe a 6. On New Reptizes AND FisuHEs From MEXxIco. iS By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. A collection of Reptiles and Fishes made by one of the correspond- * ents of M. Sallé in Mexico, and purchased for the British Museum, contains, besides many other scarce species—as Cubina grandis, Gray, Gerrhonotus imbricatus and tessellatus, Wiegm., Geophis (Cato- stoma) chalybea, Wagl. (scales keeled), Conopsis nasus, Gthr., Za- menis mexicanus, D. & B., Atropus undulatus, Jan., &c.,—the fol- lowing new species. SAURIA. MABOUIA BREVIROSTRIS. Diagnosis. —The snout (from the anterior margin of the eye) is a little shorter than the width between the orbits. Twenty-four lon- gitudinal series of scales round the middle of the trunk, two entire and two half series along the back between the white streaks. Two large anal shields in front of the vent, with a small additional one on each side. A series of large shields along the lower part of the tail. Back brown, separated from the sides, which are black, by a white streak, running from the snout, above the eye, to the origin of the tail, where it is gradually lost. Another streak, less distinct, borders the lower lip, and the black coloration of the side. Belly whitish, the centre of each scale being minutely dotted with greyish. Hab. Oaxaca (Mexico). o 317 The general arrangement of the shields of the head being the same as in Mabouia agilis, it does not appear necessary to give a detailed description of them. The present species is very similar to the latter, but distinguished by a considerably shorter snout. The large scales on the back and the large anal shields are sufficient characters to distinguish it from M. lacepedii, &c. OPHIDIA. LEPTODEIRA DISCOLOR. Diagnosis.—Anal bifid ; scales in nineteen rows. Posterior maxil- lary tooth longest and strongest, in a continuous series with the other teeth, not grooved. Dirty-white, with numerous black cross-bands extending on to the ventral plates ; belly uniform whitish. Hab. Oaxaca (Mexico). Description.—The head is rather broad and depressed, the snout rounded ; the eye is of moderate size, its vertical diameter being about one-third the width between the eyes ; the trunk is rounded, and, like the tail, somewhat slender. The rostral shield reaches just to the upper surface of the snout ; the frontals are nearly square : the anterior pair are one-third the size of the posterior, which are slightly bent downwards to the side of the head ; the vertical is pen- tagonal, longer than broad ; the occipitals rounded posteriorly. Nostril situated between two nasals; loreal quadrangular; one an- terior and two posterior oculars ; seven or eight upper labial shields, the third and fourth or the fourth and fifth entering the orbit. There is one elongate temporal shield in contact with both the oculars ; the other temporals, five in number, are scale-like. The medial lower labial is triangular and rather small; nine lower labials, the first of which is in contact with its fellow behind the median shield. There are two pairs of chin-shields, of nearly equal size. The scales are in nineteen rows, smooth, rhombic, those of the sides similar to those on the back. The number of the ventral plates varies between 182 and 179, that of the caudal between 88 and 87. The ground-colour of the upper parts is dirty-white: the upper part of the head is brown ; there is a whitish collar behind the occi- pitals. Fifty-one or fifty-four black bands cross the trunk and ex- tend on to the edge of the belly ; they are broader than the inter- spaces between, and become interrupted and spot-like on the tail. All the lower parts are uniform whitish. in. lin Sa UMC rN i a Al «Al Length, of the Heady cp. 0. «sie eins w «das sR 4 Greatest width of the head........ si O,. be Length. of te tape oa << 2j<;0, Seem s,« ns 14 6 ME Bao ha hia a 5 aes, 0"s 6 0 This species might be easily taken for a variety of Leptodeira an- nulata or Leptodeira torquata*, exhibiting nearly the same phy- siognomy, and externally differing only in its more slender body, * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. March 1860, p.169, pl. x. fig. A. 318 fewer scales, and somewhat modified coloration. Nevertheless, we should be obliged to refer these snakes to different genera, if we were to adopt the dentition as the chief systematic principle: namely, L. annulata to Dipsas, L. torquata to Liophis, and L. discolor to Coronella. PISCES. CHROMIS NEBULIFERA, Sp. Nov. p.2. A.3. V.1/5. L. lat. 35. LL. transv. 6/13. Mouth narrow, protractile ; teeth of the jaws cardiform, in a short band, those of the outer series larger, somewhat compressed, brown at the tip; palate smooth. Opercles scaly; przeopercular margin entire. Nostril simple. The height of the body is contained three times and one-half in the total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds. The interorbital space is convex, and its width rather more than the diameter of the eye, which is one-half the length of the snout. There are six series of small scales between the preeorbital and the angle of the preeoperculum. The dorsal fin and the lateral line commence on the same vertical; caudal truncated; the commencement of the anal falls vertically below the sixteenth dorsal spine ; the ventral is inserted behind the pectoral, and extends on to the vent. Greenish, the middle of the body clouded with blackish, in form of indistinct ver- tical bands; a round black spot at the root of the caudal; the outer parts of the fins blackish. This species would be placed in the genus Heros of Heckel. Hab. Fresh waters of Mexico. in. lin Rata tempt iia a ciF2 ee. oes os we See on hes. Eistbht of tim body) e900) Os. Sede is 28 Length of the head ......... ; Lag Diameter of the eye. 0 35 CHROMIS FENESTRATA, 0. sp. DY. ALS. Vi 1/5. L, lat. 33. L. transy. 6/13. Mouth narrow, protractile ; teeth of the jaws cardiform, in a short band ; those of the outer series larger, somewhat compressed, brown at the tip; palate smooth. Opercles scaly; preeopercular margin entire. Nostril simple. The height of the body is contained two and three-fifth times in the total length ; the length of the head four times. The interorbital space is convex, and its width more than the diameter of the eye, which is one-half the length of the snout. There are five series of scales between the preorbital and the angle of the preoperculum. The dorsal fin and the lateral line commence on the same vertical ; caudal truncated; the commencement of the anal falls vertically below the fifteenth dorsal spine ; the ventral is inserted behind the 319 pectoral and extends on to the anal. Blackish-green, with six black vertical bands, crossing a deep black longitudinal band, which runs from above the pectoral to the root of the caudal. Vertical and ven- tral fins blackish, darkest at the base and margins. This species would be placed in the genus Heros of Heckel. Hab, Rio de la Lana (Mexico). in. lin MotallonpGbc oat 55. cwicwwoerars ateuniang (5 Length of the head 4 os. 5 ieee veal. 0 11 Height of the body, .... ...6...02.. vstorali Wbin'S Diameter of the eye...... P apiate ES Jee « 0°23 TETRAGONOPTERUS ENEUS. D.11. A. 26. V.8. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 7/6. The height of the body is contained three times or three and a half times in the total length, and the length of the head four and four- fifths times. The interorbital space is convex, and its width more than the diameter of the eye, which equals nearly the extent of the snout. Uniform bronze-coloured, with a brownish spot at the root of the caudal. Hab. Fresh waters of Oaxaca (Mexico). in. lin. ESM REN UNL Asc odio lara 0, dillon cous eaiese ioe Eick aya Picimbt af the Hody:....is.5,3chenct ons sa eleewey . Loo edeth ofthe nead ic: cai. ened oon p.. Bt Dismeter of the'eye.. 2. 5... os. ons wie, Dig 7. Descriptions or New SHELLS FROM THE COLLECTION OF Huexu Cumine, Ese. By Tempre Prime, or New York. 1. BaTissA UNIONIFORMIS, Prime. B. festa ovato-orbiculari, subequilaterali, elongata, fortis, intus violacea, epidermide brunnea vestita, sulcis remotis, umbonibus depressis, erosis, an- tice inclinatis ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis; lateralibus an- gustis, regulariter serrulatis. Long. 43, lat. 3, diam. 1,5, poll. Hab. 2 2. Barissa GRaciuis, Prime. B. testa ovato-subrhomboidea, depressa, levi, inequilaterali, epidermide virescente vestita, transversim irregulariter sulcata ; umbonibus tumidis, erosis ; valvis intus ad margines violaceis ; cardine angusto ; dentibus cardinalibus inequalibus ; lateralibus elongatis. Long. 3, lat. 24, diam. 24, poll. Hab. 2 3. Barissa ruscata, Prime. B. testa ovato-trigona, oblonga, inequilaterali, in medio tumida, transversim regulariter striata, 320 epidermide polita, nigro-virescente vestita ; umbonibus tumidis; intus cerulea ; cardine angusto, obliquo, inequaliter tridentato; dentibus cardinalibus simplicibus ; lateralibus angustis. Long. 3, lat. 22, diam. 14, poll. Hab. 4 4. BarissA comprREsSSA, Prime. B. testa ovato-orbiculari, tu- mida, compressa, subequilaterali, intus violacea, epidermide polita, atro-virescente vestita ; umbonibus erosis, dentibus car- dinalibus subequalibus, lateralibus elongatis, serrulatis. Long. 22, lat. 23, diam. 1,4, poll. Hab. Borneo. 5. BarissA INFLATA, Prime. B. testa magna, orbiculari, ine- quilaterali, crassa, solida, obtusa, epidermide rugosa, fusco- nigrescente vestita; umbonibus productis, erosis, obliquis; valvis intus albis et violaceis ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subequa- libus ; lateralibus angustis. Long. 34, lat. 34, diam. 21, poll. Hab. Nicobar. 6. BattssA Minor, Prime. B. testa parva, tenui, suborbiculari, valde obliqua, subequilaterali, depressiuscula, transversim re- gulariter striata, epidermide polita, virescente vestita, intus violacea ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, inequalibus, brevibus subcanaliculatis ; lateralibus elongatis, regulariter et tenuiter serrulatis. Long. 1,4, lat. 2;2,, diam. 4, poll. Hab. Feejee Islands. 7. Batissa Fortis, Prime. B. testa orbiculari, oblique inequi- laterali, tumida, crassa, intus violacea, epidermide nigro-vires- cente vestita, umbonibus prominentibus, erosis, antice inclinatis, dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subequilateralibus ; lateralibus angustis, brevibus. Long. 2,8, lat. 24, diam. 14, poll. Hab. New Caledonia. 8. BarissA ELONGATA, Prime. B. testa orbiculato-trigona, in- fiata, subcordiformi, inequilaterali ; epidermide fusca vestita ; umbonibus tumidis, erosis ; valvis solidis, intus albis ; dentibus cardinalibus inequalibus, prominentibus, duobus bifidis ; denti- bus lateralibus brevibus. Long. 34, lat. 23, diam. 14, poll. Hab. New Caledonia. 9. Cyrena FLAVA, Prime. C. testa orbiculato-trigona, depres- siuscula, transversim inequaliter striata, inequilaterali, epi- dermide luteo-flavescente vestita, valvis crassis, solidis, intus candidissimis ; umbonibus parvis, obliquis, erosis ; cardine an- 321 gusto, inequaliter tridentato ; dente laterali postico compresso, antico breviore acuto. soi 14; ee 14, diam. -%;, poll. ab, ——? 10. CyRENA BRUNNEA, Prime. C. testa orbiculato-subtrigona, subinflata, subequilaterali, transversim tenuiter et regulariter striata, epidermide fuscescente vestita, valvis crassis, solidis ; intus candidissima ; latere antico producto, latere postico trun- cato; cardine angusto; dentibus cardinalibus subequalibus ; lateralibus subequalibus, antico paulo crassiore. Long. 1,4, lat. 14, diam. 1, poll. Eo 11. CyrENA opscuRA, Prime. C. testa trigona, inflata, cordi- formi, solidissima, alta, tumida, inequilaterali, transversim striata, epidermide fuscata vestita, intus alba; umbonibus pro- minentibus, erosis ; cardine angusto ; dentibus cardinalibus tri- bus ela yay ; lateralibus magnis, antico majore, acuto. Long. 1,%,, lat. 1;5;, diam. 15%), poll. Hab. New Granada. 12. CorBIcULA MAXIMA, Prime. (C. testa maxima, orbiculato- trigona, solida, tumida, inequilaterali, compressa, transversim tenuissime et regulariter striata ; epidermide flavescente, niti- dissima, intus alba; umbonibus parvis, acutis ; dentibus car- dinalibus inequalibus, divaricatis ; lateralibus elongatis, an- gustis, subaqualsbes, arcuatis, tenuissime serrulatis. Long. at det 13, diam. 1, poll. Hab. \4 13. CorBICULA OVALIS, Prime. (C. testa equilaterali, tumidula, (re epidermide fuscescente vestita, transversim regulariter striata ; intus violacea ; umbonibus prominentibus, violaceo subradiatis ; cardine incrassato, inequaliter tridentato ; dentibus laterali- bus crassis, prelongis, tenuissime striatis. Long. 1, lat. =8, diam. 55, poll. Hab. 2 14. CorBICULA CYRENIFORMIS, Prime. OC. testa trigona, equilaterali, subcordiformi, inflata, tumida, crassa, fortissima, intus violacea, epidermide fuscescente vestita, transversim regu- lariter striata, rugosa; umbonibus tumidis, erosis, obliquis, dentibus cardinalibus fortibus inequalibus, lateralibus subequa- libus, striatis. Long. Io» | _ 1,3,, diam. 75, poll. Hab. 15. CoRBICULA REGULARIS, Prime. C. testa ovato-transversa, equilaterali, intus violacea, epidermide viridi-flavescente ; um- No. 437.—Procrrpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 322 bonibus disparibus ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, in equalibus, lateralibus prelongis, striatis. Long. =, lat. 74, diam. 35, poll. Hab. Deccan, India. 16. CorBICULA TENUISTRIATA, Prime. OC. testa trigona, equi- laterali, alta, tumidula, levissima ; epidermide flavescente ni- tidissima, transversim regulariter striata; intus alba ; umbo- nibus prominentibus erosis ; cardine angusto, tridentato ; den- tibus lateralibus angustissimis, elongatis, tenuissime serrulatis. Long. {5 lat. 38, diam. 345, poll. Hab. ? 17. SpH#RIUM INCONSPICUUM, Prime. S. testa ovato-subrhom- boidea, compressa, levi, fragili, subinequilaterali, epidermide nitida lutescente vestita, transversim tenuiter et levissime striata; umbonibus parvis, tumidis ; dentibus cardinalibus mi- nimis, lateralibus elongatis. Long. 74, lat. ;3,, diam. +), poll. Hab. Lycia. 18. SPHH% RIUM SUBTRANSVERSUM, Prime. S. testa ovato-ob- longa, equilaterali, tenui, fragili, parva, compressa, epidermide flavescente vestita, umbonibus magnis haud tumidis. Long. ;3,, lat. +25, diam. 45, poll. Hab, Tobasco. 19. Pistprum RETUSUM, Prime. P. testa minuta, ovato-sub- rhomboidea, complanata, inequilaterali, tumida, postice rotun- data, tenuiter striata, epidermide corneo-flavescente vestita ; umbonibus tumidis. Hab. Honduras. 20. Pistp1um ANGULATUM, Prime. P. testa minuta, elongata, ovato-orbiculari, inequilaterali postice subtruncata, epidermide corneo-flavescente vestita, tenuissime striata, umbonibus parvis, tumidis. Hab. Valparaiso. June 26th, 1860. Mr. E. W. H. Holdsworth, in the Chair. Mr. Leadbeater exhibited some heads of the American Wapiti Stag (Cervus canadensis) of which the antlers were of remarkable size and strength—one of the heads weighing over 32 lbs., and three speci- mens of Buffon’s Skua (Lestris cepphus), in fine plumage, lately ob- tained on the coast of Ireland. 323 Mr. Sclater exhibited a drawing of a species of Rock-Kangaroo, just received by the Society from South Australia. It was obtained by Mr. J. R. Bennett, the importer, from Mount Searle, about 400 miles north of Adelaide. It appeared to be referable to Petrogale wvanthopus of Dr. Gray (P. Z. S. 1854, p. 249. pl. xxxix.), but did not quite agree with Mr. Gould’s figure of the same animal given in the ‘Mammals of Australia,’ being more distinctly banded on the tail, and the white markings not reaching the neck as there represented, besides minor differences. Mr. Sclater remarked that the Society had eleven species of Ma- eropodide now living in the Gardens, namely :— 1. Macropus giganteus. 7. Halmaturus billardieri. 2. Suliginosus. 8. Petrogale penicillata. 3. Osphranter-rufus. 9. wanthopus. 4. Halmaturus ruficollis. 10. Bettongia cuniculus. 5. bennettit. 11. penicillata. 6. thetidis. Of these, M. bennettit, ruficollis, and thetidis had during these last three years bred abundantly under the Society’s care. The following papers were read :— _ 1. Notes on THE Hasits oF THE Brown Coat (Nasu FUSCA, Desm.). By Grorce Bennett, M.D., F.Z.S8., etc. A full-grown living specimen of this interesting Plantigrade animal, a native of Tropical South America, was presented to me in Sydney, N.S. Wales, by the commander of a ship, who had procured it from the coast of South America, and had had it in captivity for eleven months. It was the size of a very large cat, with hair of greyish-brown colour over the back and sides, the tail long, bushy, and of a dark brown colour, and the ears round. The colour seems to vary accord- to age. There are two species at present known, the Nasua rufa and the one under notice, which I consider the largest. This animal bears some affinity to the Racoon, but is distinguished by having an elongated, truncated, and moveable snout, with which it roots up the earth in search of worms and grubs. The jaws are armed with sharp teeth, and the under jaw is shorter than the upper. It preys upon small quadrupeds and birds. It climbs trees in search of prey, and also as frequently seeks its food upon the ground. The possession of this living specimen enabled me to observe its habits, and, as it was permitted to roam about at liberty, its natural actions could be better observed than when the animal is kept in confinement. It would come when called, like a dog, evincing much attachment, and always seemed gratified when patted or otherwise caressed, more especially when rubbed behind the ears, displaying during the operation as much delight as a cat under similar treatment, crouching down, placing the head with the nose close to the ground, uttering at the same time a subdued sharp, whistling cry. If placed in confinement, it would run round the cage, rapidly biting at its 324 tail during its circular movements ; and on any person approaching the cage, would spit, growl, and utter loud, sharp, and discordant cries. The instant, however, it was set at liberty it permitted itself to be fondled even by strangers. One of its habits was very peculiar: it would take glue or any adhesive substance, if in its way, and rub some over its tail, and soon after amuse itself by licking it off, or endeavouring to remove it by washing its tail in water. It was very fond of sucking the blood of animals, and, when these were placed before it dead, always selected the part in which the blood had been retained in the greatest quantity before any other portion of its prey. I have also frequently seen it eat the fruit of the Moreton Bay fig- tree, running about under the tree, and, after selecting the ripest that had fallen, opening them and sucking out the pulp. One morning I observed it commence a meal upon a rat which had just been killed and given to it. The first process on receiving the prey was, as usual, to suck all the blood from those parts in which it found any had been retained ; it then began rolling the rat upon the ground with its fore paws, but for what purpose this operation was performed I could not ascertain. After the prey had been treated in this manner for some time, it pulled out the intestines and devoured some portion of them before eating any other of the fleshy part. On approaching the animal at this time, it would dart away with the prey, uttering shrill cries, and was exceedingly savage if any attempt was made to take it away. When running about in the garden, it would insert its long, flexible snout into the earth, root it up, and seemed to be eagerly devouring worms or any similar food it found there. It evi- dently possessed an acute sense of smell, for after smelling about for some time it would insert the snout to some depth into the earth in the selected place, and secure the worm or grub which it had been seeking. 2. Asstract oF NoTEs ON THE OsTEOLOGY OF BALZNICEPS REX. By W. K. Parker, Memes. Micr. Soc.* The first view of the living Baleniceps at once suggests the idea of the Boatbill (Cancroma), the Heron (Ardea), and the Adjutant (Leptoptilus). Other large-headed birds occur to the mind on a longer observation, for one instinctively thinks of the Pelican (Pele- canus), the Toucan (Ramphastos), the Hornbill (Buceros), and the Podargus, although these birds belong to distinct and very remotely related groups. Nor does the internal structure of this noble, but strange and weird-looking bird, contradict the first external impres- sions ; for the very unusual size of the head, and its great strength, require certain modifications of a teleological character, such as occur in the large-jawed species of other widely separated groups. The difference in the structure of the skeleton between the Baleni- ceps and its small New World relative, the Cancroma cochlearia, is * This paper will be printed entire in the ‘ Transactions,’ accompanied by illus- trative plates. 325 greatly exaggerated by the necessary modification of the bones in the giant species, by their thickness, and by the size of the ridges and out-standing processes for muscular attachment; but the two birds are, nevertheless, near allies. In the skull, especially, is this difference exhibited; and any large bird may differ osteologically from its small relations from this cause, much more than from any necessary specific or generic distinction of character. Again, any peculiarity of habit in an aberrant species, or genus, will make, as it were, large demands upon the structure of those parts or organs which are subservient to this (as it regards the group or family) eccentric mode of life. The Secretary-bird (Serpentarius) amongst the Vultures, the Spoonbill (Platalea) and the Oyster- catcher (Hematopus), the Pelican and the Scissors-bill (Rhynchops), each form so different from its relations, are familiar instances of this law. Perhaps we ought to expect the skull of a bird to be the seat of more extensive teleological modifications than any other part of the skeleton, seeing that it must perform such varied duties, learn so many trades, and be the servant and caterer to the whole body; whilst the hands, which in some of the higher mammals minister to the necessities of the creature, are here necessarily restricted to one or two functions. Ifa rule like this could be clearly made out, it would go far towards settling many a disputed point of relationship ; the Hornbills and the Kingfishers would not then startle the student of the Insessores; and the Flamingo (Phenicopterus), notwithstand- ing its lamellirostral character, might be allowed to stalk amongst the Herons. The broad expanded occiput of the Baleniceps differs but little from that of the Adjutant ; but the upper surface of the skull, instead of being generally rough and convex, as in the latter bird, is smooth, flat, and even concave at its anterior half. In the Baleniceps, as in the Heron and Boatbill, the large eye-ball has elevated the upper or- bital margin above the level of the mesial part of the skull, whilst in the Adjutant that margin is some distance below. Moreover, the skull of the Baleniceps is very short as compared with that of the Ad- jutant, and in density and polish of the bone is more like that of the great Maccaws (Ara) ; its transverse hinge too, with the upper jaw- bone, is more like that of these birds than that of its own congeners. There is no bony bridge over the temporal fossee in this bird, in which respect it agrees with the Heron and Boatbill, and differs from the Adjutant. The eye-ball being very large and the skull very short, the anterior orbital margin is one-third of an inch in front of the great transverse hinge; whilst in the Adjutant, and even in the Heron, it is half an inch behind that hinge. This modification has caused a displacement of the lacrymal bones, which, although they form the anterior boundary of the orbit, as in other birds, are in front of the great hinge, instead of behind it. The nostrils are high up on the jaws, two-thirds of an inch in front of the hinge, and more than one inch apart ; at their anterior end they are continuous with the deep submesial grooves that mark out the strong bony ridge 326 of the upper jaw, and pass forwards to mark the boundary of the great terminal beak. On the mid-line, a little behind the nasal fossze and in front of the hinge, the upper jaw-bone rises into a rough boss. Now in most birds the highest part of the upper jaw is between the nasal fossee, and not behind, as in the Baleniceps. This cha- racter, with the backward extension of the jaw, the shortness of the frontals, and the very forward position of the enormous well-margined orbits, helps to give a solemn, wise, but somewhat sinister aspect to the bird. Looking at him in his paddock, the first impression is that we have before us some strangely ancient form with “ the breath of life’’ in it, and ‘ standing upon its feet,’’ concerning which geo- logy had taught us that ‘its bones were dried up, and its hope lost.” ‘Fhe marginal outline of the great upper jaw of the Baleniceps much resembles that of the leaf of Magnolia grandiflora. Its length is more than twice its breadth; whilst in the Boatbill the breadth is more than half the length, the upper jaw of the latter being more outspread. The degree of arching of the upper jaw is intermediate between that of the Boatbill and that of the Stork (Ciconia). The gradual rise of the mesial ridge to form the great terminal hook, the erescentic notch forming the inferior margin of that beak, and then the graceful outward curve of nearly the entire mandibular margin, give great elegance to the lateral aspect of the upper jaw. At the end of that margin we have the commencement of the great cheek- bone, which is nearly two inches long, half an inch broad, and one- quarter of an inch thick. Such a magnitude of the zygomatic arch as this is perfectly unique in the class of Birds, being more like the development of the same part in most Mammalia, in the Crocodiles, and in the Turtles. In the enormous heads of the larger Hornbills, the cheek-bones are not half the size they attain in the Baleniceps. The os quadratum, or tympanic bone, which forms so beautiful an articular medium between the cranium and lower jaw in birds, is strong and well-developed. This bone and the little pterygoid, which intervenes between it and the palatines, have very much the character of the same bones in the Heron and the Adjutant; but the palatine bones themselves, coalescing at the mid-line, and sending downwards a strong keel at that part, are exactly intermediate in structure be- tween those of the Adjutant and Pelican. These bones and the pterygoid at their point of junction are beautifully scooped out to receive and glide under the strong beam of bone which forms the base of the interorbital septum. The great strength of all the bones forming the upper maxillary apparatus is in perfect harmony with what is known of the habits of the creature. In this respect it has no peer amongst its congeners, and no superior except amongst some of the larger Parrots. But the latter birds, although they possess the most. perfect fronto-maxillary hinge, have nothing in their tympanics, or malar bones, at all comparable to those of the Baleniceps. Perhaps the most elegant part of this bird’s structure is the hard palate, formed for the most part by the coalesced premaxillary bones ; the maxillaries in birds, as in typical 327 fish, having avery backward position and often inferior development. The mid-line of this highly arched hard palate is occupied by a par- tially open canal for a large venous sinus, which receives on either side numerous vein-grooves at right angles. This gives a beautiful leaf-like appearance to this structure. Just inside the margin of the posterior angle on the under surface of this great upper jaw the bone is cut away, as it were, to receive the coronoid portion of the lower jaw. This excavated part is conti- nuous anteriorly with a deep groove, margined internally by a sharp ridge, which gradually rises inside the palate to pass forwards in a sigmoid manner to the base of the great terminal beak, where it meets the submesial groove on the upper surface of the jaws. In the Common Heron these palatine submarginal lines exist, being covered in the horny sheath by sharp ridges. These ridges have their fullest development in the Green Turtle. The occipital condyle is hemispherical and large ; and the base of the skull has a very ex- quisite structure, which deserves full description, as it exceeds any- thing we have seen in birds, the Heron making the nearest approach to the Baleniceps in this particular. Many other birds, however, show traces of this peculiar structure. The lower jaw is exceed- ingly strong and thick, as compared with that of the Adjutant. Less elliptical and more triangular than that of the Boatbill, it has, nevertheless, many of the characters of the latter. Its tip is curiously emarginate, as is also the tip of the upper jaw—the bony basis of the great hooked beak. The traces of suture between the dentary and other elements of the mandible, which are persistent in the Boatbill, Adjutant, and most other birds, are all filled up with bony matter, as is the case in the Parrot tribe, in the Hornbills, and in the Toucans. The anterior part of the mandible passes within the maxilla, the edge of its horny sheath fitting between the marginal and submarginal ridges of the latter. Where the upper jaw begins to narrow towards its angle, there the mandible rises high (its height or depth here being 14 inch), and it is rounded, rough, and strong. It then lowers again, and becomes rapidly broader, to form the deep and wide articular cavities for the tympanic bone above, and the broad flat angular processes behind and below. Each ramus of this great inelastic mandible is united to its fellow at the symphysis by complete bony union to the extent of 13 inch. In the extremely elastic mandible of the Pelican this line of bony union is one-eighth of an inch in length, in the Boatbill one-fourth of an inch, in the Adjutant 43 inches, and in the Hornbill, Buceros bicornis, more than 7 inches. In the Boatbill and Grey Heron there are twenty-three separate vertebree between the head and the pelvis; in Baleniceps rea and the Adjutant twenty-one, and in the White Stork twenty. In the Boatbill there are nine pairs of free ribs. The last, or pelvic, does not reach the sternum, nor do the first four, so that there are four true dorsal ribs. In the Heron there are eight pairs; the an- terior three and the last (which is pelvic) do not reach the sternum,— here there are only four true dorsals. The Baleniceps, the White 328 Stork, and the Adjutant have each seven pairs of free ribs, the last five reaching the sternum; in Baleniceps and the Adjutant the last pair are pelvic; in the White Stork the last two pairs. Until the birds are adult, the anterior vertebree of the pelvis are but partly united. In the Storks, Herons, Boatbill, and Baleniceps the dorsal vertebree continue distinct throughout life ; but in many of the Cranes the tendons of the dorsal muscles are ossified, and fasten the bones more or less together, and two or three contiguous centra coalesce. Among the cervical vertebree of the true Herons and their nearest allies, e. g. Ardea, Botaurus, Cancroma, and Baleniceps, there are several which have elegant bridges under their upper or cranial end for the carotid arteries, which bony bridges are not true hemal arches, but are formed by enogenous processes*. In these ver- tebree there are four canals,—the one under consideration, one for the spinal chord, and a pair for the vertebral arteries. In the Ba- leniceps, the vertebree, from the seventh to the thirteenth inclusive, are thus constructed. The only Stork in which we have seen this structure is the Australian Jabiru, Mycteria australis ; for a know- ledge of which fact we are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Edward Gerrard. These pairs of inferior processes meet together in but few birds; nevertheless, this is the case in the White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) and in the Gannet (Sula bassana). In the former bird also there is no cup-and-ball articulation of the dorsal vertebree, which reptilian character occurs in the Gannets, Cormorants, and Penguins. Notwithstanding their great size, the vertebrze of Baleniceps agree better with those of the Heron than with those of the Stork; but in their shortness, better with those of the Boatbill than with those of the longer-necked Heron: for the Heron, like the Giraffe, gains its great length of neck by elongation of the individual vertebrz rather than by an increase in their number. The ribs of the Baleniceps are lighter, weaker, and more cellular than those of its congeners. The oblong, narrow, neat pelvis of this bird is more like that of the Boatbill than that of the Stork, or even of the Heron. It differs, however, from that of either of these in not being expanded in a broad foliaceous manner over the top of the posterior ribs. This part again agrees with the pelvis of the Heron, inasmuch as the ischium passes much further backwards than the posterior part of the ileum. In Ciconia alba these two pelvic bones terminate in the same vertical line, whilst in the Adjutant and Boatbill the ileum projects back- wards and farthest. The pubic bones are unusually broad. There are seventeen sacral vertebree, the first of which has a pair of ribs. The caudal vertebree are six in number, the last being composed of eight or ten embryonic vertebre. The sternal apparatus of this bird is very interesting. In shape the sternum is intermediate between that of the White Stork and that of the Cormoraut, the keel, as in the latter bird, projecting evenly forwards anterior to the articulations with the coracoids, for a greater * See Prof. Owen’s article in Orr’s ‘ Circle of the Sciences,’ entitled ‘ Structure of the Skeleton and Teeth,” p. 182, fig. 10. iv. 329 distance than in the Stork and Heron. Moreover, the keel is not quite so deep as it is in the congeners of this bird. It passes, how- ever, to the end of the sternum, asin them ; whereas in the Pelicans, Gannets, and Cormorants it scarcely continues beyond the middle of that bone. The episternal process is obsolete in this bird; it exists in the Pelecanide, Herons, and Boatbill, and is nearly obsolete in the Storks. The hyposternal processes are unusually long and arcuate ; and there is on each side of the end of the keel another rather smaller emargination which is obsolete in the Storks, Herons, and Boatbill, but is well shown in the Spoonbill and the probing waders, Nume- nius, Himantopus, Limosa, &c. The tips of the furculum are sub- triangular and rather flat; the bone then becomes very thick and triedral, having at the top of the thick part a large oval facet, which is adapted to the under part of the head of the coracoid. This thick part is very short, for the bone suddenly lessens, bends backwards, and passes on, rounded below and angular above, to thicken again at the angle, where it makes a most complete anchylosis with the tip of the sternal keel. This structure of the furculum is similar to what is found in Pelecanus, Phalacrocorax, and Sula; but we have seen no such ‘ merry-thought’ bone in any Ardeine bird. In these, as in Baleniceps, the rami of the bone are not only flat as they pass in between the heads of the coracoids, but this thin condition of the bone is continued throughout one half of their extent. They have no such sudden bend at the upper third, the arch being gentle, and the lessening size of the bone gradual. Nevertheless, in the Boatbill there is a slight tendency to this state of things. The blending of the furculum with the sternal keel seldom takes place in the true Herons and Storks; there continues even in old birds a synovial gliding joint, and in the Boatbill and some of the smaller Herons the furculum does not quite reach the sternum. This articulated con- dition is generally found in Gannets and Cormorants ; but in old Pe- licans anchylosis of the joints takes place. This occurs too in the Secretary bird, which is unique among the birds of prey, in having a joint there at all, so that this last-mentioned bird is a raptorial isomorph of the Cranes. In the latter birds (the Gruide) there is great difference in the structure of these parts; for whilst in such species as Grus antigone and G. americana we have in the adult bird complete coalescence, in the Balearic Crane, G. pavonina, and in the Trumpeter, Psophia (a Crane becoming slightly gallinaceous), the furculum does not reach the sternum at all. Any lengthy remarks upon the bones of the limbs need not be made at present. They are about three-fourths the size of those of the Adjutant ; but as the limbs had not enjoyed much liberty of exercise, they have not that robustness which is seen in the skeleton of old wild birds. The humerus is longer relatively, and the fore arm shorter in proportion than in the Adjutant; the thigh-bone is longer in proportion to the tibia and tarso-metatarsus in the Baleni- ceps than in its larger relation. The toes are very long, reminding one of those of the Jacanas (Parra); and the most ridiculous care this stilted, stalking bird takes, both in taking up and setting down 330 its feet, makes it worth while to compare the length of the bones of its toes with that of the bones of the toes of the Great Adjutant. Haliux. Inner toe. Middle toe. Outer toe. in. if. in. in. AGUCANG, oo. ees 4°15 5°7 4°7 Baleniceps ...... 3°3 3°8 6°5 6°4 To conclude, I may remark, that upon a careful examination of the osteology of the Baleniceps, after eliminating the teleological from the relational characters, I am decidedly of opinion that it is strictly an Ardeine bird, and more nearly related to Cancroma than to any other known type. Note I.—Amongst the bones of the limbs, the humerus alone is pneumatic ; the cavity of the os femoris being filled with medulla, as are all the more distal bones. Note 11.—The tongue is extremely small, an important Pelecanine character. 3. ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE GIZZARD OF THE NICOBAR PIGEON, AND OTHER GRANIVoROUS Birps. By W. H. Fiower, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., AssistaNT-SURGEON TO THE Mip- DLESEX HOSPITAL. (Aves, Pls. CLXV., CLXVI.) ' At the meeting of the Zoological Society on the 14th of February last, Mr. Bartlett exhibited the gizzard of a Nicobar Pigeon, espe- cially directing attention to two circular hard plates in connexion with the lining membrane of the organ*. Having had, through Mr. Bartlett’s kindness, an opportunity of examining these micro- scopically, I beg to lay the following account of them before the So- ciety, prefixing it with some observations upon the structure of the inner coats of the gizzard in other granivorous birds. The latter were made quite independently of the researches of Dr. R. Molint, and tend in a great measure to confirm the accuracy of that author’s conclusions. On examining the muscular stomach or gizzard of a granivorous bird, we find its interior lined by a distinct membrane, of leathery or sometimes horny consistence, and which can be stripped off from the softer coat below with the greatest facility, especially if the organ is not perfectly fresh. This membrane is thicker and harder at the middle portion of the gizzard than at the upper and lower parts, and especially at the two sides ; where in many birds are tolerably defined, more or less circular, flat or somewhat concave titurating disks or bosses. In the other parts of the organ it becomes thinner and softer, and towards the proventricular orifice is of almost gelatinous * Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 99. + Sugli stomachi degli uccelli. Denkschriften d. Kais. Acad. d. Wissenschaften, zu Wien, 3° Band, 1852. tal Proc ZS Aves CLAV Wo. nes. Lap Badnat del. Miss Wins hit oo a as We Le ) . ee ie eee 331 character. It is to the structure of the denser and thicker parts that the following remarks chiefly apply. The free surface is hard, generally rough, and always stained of a deep yellow colour. It is marked by sulci, usually deep, parallel, and disposed longitudinally on the disks, and finer, intersecting, or irregular in the other por- tions ; these correspond with depressions in the membrane below, but,there are also linear grooves, not extending through the entire thickness, variously disposed in different birds, which add to the roughness of the surface. On carefully raising this layer, very nu- merous minute, delicate, white threads, attached to its under sur- face, are seen to be drawn out of the membrane below: these give to this surface, when detached, a soft, villous appearance. The membrane upon which this epithelial stratum rests is thick, tough, and white, and is in contact externally with the muscular sub- stance of the gizzard. When examined microscopically, it is found to consist of two portions—the deeper one composed of fibrous tissue, to the outer surface of which the muscular fibres are attached; the other superficial, comprising about three-fourths of the thickness of the entire membrane, composed of numerous tubular glands, or fol- licles, placed side by side, simple (in all the birds that I have exa- mined *), and terminating below in rounded closed extremities ; their general shape much resembling that of a chemist’s test tube (Pl. CLXV. fig. 3). A fibrous stroma, continuous with the deeper layer of tissue, extends between, and supports the tubes. A hori- zontal section through this stratum shows very well the mode in which the follicles are arranged. In some birds they appear closely packed together without any definite plan. In others they are disposed in lines or linear groups; this is the prevailing arrangement in the passerine birds. In a third series, comprising the fowls, duck, &c., they are collected into definite groups, oval, or polygonal in outline, and each containing from twelve to twenty-four tubes (Pl. CLXV. fig. 1). In these cases a fine fibrous stroma passes between the individual tubes, while a coarser intermediate substance separates the groups. Each tube is composed of an outer wall, lined by a single layer of nucleated cells, and contains within it a cylindrical, nearly transparent, solid body, which, being attached by its upper end to the cuticular layer, is readily drawn out of the tube, and is, in fact, one of the fine filaments mentioned above as visible to the naked eye. A closer examination of these cylinders, when pulled out from their follicles, shows that they have a fibrous structure, with a cen- tral axis of a different nature, rather darker, and sometimes distinetly granular ; and that their surface is covered by numerous polygonal scales, giving it an imbricated appearance, like that of a young hair. On the addition of caustic potash they swell out, become more trans- parent, and their structure is rendered distinct (Pl. CLXV. fig. 4). The horny layer itself presents in all granivorous birds that I have examined this common character : it is composed of numerous pa- rallel, rod-like, solid bodies, placed side by side, extending from the * Molin describes them as compound in the Parrot. 332 attached to the free surface, imbedded in an intermediate substance or matrix, which is of a homogeneous nature, or contains more or less dark granular matter. These rods are prolongations of the cylinders contained within the tubes of the follicular coat. In the deeper portions of the tissue, the matrix is softer, and the granules more numerous, darker, and more distinct, often resembling cell- nuclei. The whole structure becomes less defined, and more blended together as it approaches the free-surface. The further arrangement of this tissue varies in different birds, the variations being dependent upon those in the follicular layer. The cylinders are sometimes irregularly scattered, sometimes disposed in lines or linear groups, and in other cases collected into small triangular or polygonal groups. In the latter, the dark granules of the matrix are arranged in distinct intersecting lines, partitioning off the more transparent spaces, which contain the bundle of rods, and so definitely disposed as to give a beautifully reticulated appearance to a fine horizontal section. The follicles bear so much resemblance in their appearance and situation to the gastric glands of other animals, that for some time I believed that their object must be the secretion of a fluid to assist in digestion, and that the cylinders of the epithelial coat were the ducts which conveyed this secretion to the free surface ; but having failed in repeated attempts, by every method with which I am ac- quainted, to demonstrate their tubularity, I am obliged to revert to the idea that the office of the gizzard in the digestive process is purely mechanical. The function of these numerous follicles appears to be nothing more than the secretion of the horny membrane which lies over them, a rod being formed in the bottom of each, and gra- dually pushed up, very much in the manner in which a hair is de- veloped; while either the upper part of the tube or the interme- diate surface pours out the substance which fills up the space between the rods, and consolidates the whole tissue. As in ordinary epithe- lial tissues, this process must be constantly going on ; as new forma- tion takes place below, the'surface is worn off by continual friction with the hard substances taken into the cavity of the gizzard. I will next describe the peculiarities of these structures in a few particular examples :— Thrush, Blackbird, Nightingale (Turdus, Sylvia). —In_ these birds the epithelial lining of the gizzard is comparatively thin, and not very hard; but yet it presents the characteristic structure de- scribed above. A transverse section shows the cylinders arranged more or less regularly in lines, but the intermediate substance is uni- formly granular, and does not present distinct dark lines partitioning off groups of rods, as in the following birds. Sparrow, Bullfinch, Yellowhammer (Passer, Pyrrhula, Emberiza). —Here the cylinders are more distinctly arranged in groups, each consisting of a long single row, generally of as many as six or eight. Fowl, Guinea-fowl, Quail (Gallus, Numida, Coturnix).—In the true gallinaceous birds the follicles are collected into very definite oval or polygonal groups. The epithelial layer is thick and horny, 333 and in it each little bundle of rods is distinctly circumscribed by septa formed of dark granules (Pl. CLXV. fig. 1). In the first named, this layer at its thickest part measures = inch, and the follicular stratum is =), inch deep. Duck (Anas boschas).—Although so different in its general cha- racters and habits, in the structure of the gizzard the duck closely resembles the fowl. A transverse section of either the follicular coat or the epithelial stratum of the two birds would be almost undistin- guishable from each other under the microscope. Pigeon (Columba livia).—The triturating disks are well-marked in this bird, three-quarters of an inch in diameter, but rather longer from above downwards than from side to side. The epithelial coat is well developed, being 1, inch in thickness. Its transverse section shows long dark lines, nearly parallel, with occasional cross lines, marking off the cylinders into groups, not quite so regular and elon- gated as in the passerine birds, but presenting a greater affinity to these in this respect than to the true Gallinacee. The tubes of the follicular membrane have a similar arrangement when seen in cross section (Pl. CLXVI. figs. 1 & 2). In Hetopistes migratorius and Goura victorie the structure is precisely similar. In the last the epithelial coat is very hard, and measures as much as ;}, inch in thickness. Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica).—On each side of the in- terior of the gizzard (corresponding in position to the triturating disks in other birds) is a hard horny body, perfectly circular in out- line, inch in diameter, detaching itself when dry (in which state only I have seen it) from the remainder of the epithelial lining, as distinctly as if struck out by a punch. It is concave, rough, and yellow on the free surface, quite smooth and very convex (almost pyramidal, the sides sloping up to an apex in the centre) on the attached side, where it is imbedded in a corresponding hollow in the mucous membrane. When dried it is of almost stony hardness, and in section opaque and white. Its average thickness is } inch. The other parts of the gizzard are lined by a membrane presenting the usual characters of that found in pigeons. On examining the fol- licular layer microscopically, it was found to be similar in structure to the same tissue in other members of the family ; but in that part over which the disks lie, the follicles appear more evenly distributed, and not so distinctly collected in linear groups as in other portions of the organ. In the thin part of the epithelial lining of the gizzard the cylinders are collected into irregular groups, most of them having a somewhat oval or linear form in transverse section ; the interme- diate granular lines being dark and well-marked. On moistening the attached surface of the disk, it was seen to be covered with the usual little filamentous bodies drawn out from the follicles. Vertical sec- tions showed parallel rod-like bodies with little intermediate or gra- nular substance. Horizontal sections confirmed this view. The rods are either round, oval, or of somewhat polygonal form, mostly of nearly uniform size, and showing a darker central portion, and closely packed together, with little intervening substance, and not collected 334 into groups. These characters are most distinct in the centre of the disk, and towards the sides gradually merge into those presented by the thin portion of the linmg membrane (Pl. CLXVI. figs. 3 & 4). Thus these millstone-like bodies are formed of the same elements as the epithelial lining in other granivorous birds, merely modified so as to give them additional hardness. Perhaps naturalists who have an opportunity of observing the Nicobar Pigeon in a wild state, may be able to inform us whether any circumstances connected with its food or habits throw light upon the purpose of this peculiarity in its structure. I am not aware of a similar condition existing in any other bird; but in connexion with the subject it may be mentioned that Carus * has described and figured the lining membrane of the gizzard of the Fulmar Petrel (Procellaria glacialis) as studded with numerous horny tubercles, or teeth ; no account is given of their microscopical structure. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PuaTEe CLXV. Fig. 1. Horizontal section of epithelial stratum of gizzard of Guinea-fowl (Nu- mida meleagris). . Similar section of follicular stratum of the same bird. . Vertical section of the lining membrane of the gizzard of the Common Fowl. = 3 09 wr A. Epithelial stratum. B. Follicular stratum. C. Fibrous stratum. D. Muscular coat. Fig. 4. Three of the cylinders drawn out from their follicles: treated with liquor potasse. From the Yellow-hammer (Eméeriza citrinella). Piate CLXVI. Fig. 1. Horizontal section of epithelial stratum of gizzard of the Common Pigeon (Columba livia), Fig. 2. Similar section of the follicular stratum of the same bird. Fig. 3. Horizontal section of the thin portion of the epithelial lining of the gizzard of the Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica). Fig. 4. A similar section taken from near the centre of the disk. These sections are all represented as seen with a 4-inch object-glass, and me- dium eye-piece; with the exception of Fig. 3, Pl. CLXV., which is seen with a 1-inch object-glass. 4, On a New Form or GRALLATORIAL BIRD NEARLY ALLIED To THE CariAMa (DicHoLopHus cristaTus). By Dr. G. Hartiavus, ForergN MEMBER. Professor H. Burmeister of Halle, who has lately returned to Europe after an absence of about three years in the southern portion of South America, has communicated to me the following notice of a new species of Grallatorial Bird, very nearly allied to the Cariama, * Tab. Anat. Comp. Illust. fol. pars iv. 1835, tab. vi. 335 which he met with in the woody parts of the Argentine Republic, and which I have the pleasure to name after him Dicholophus bur- meisteri. This discovery is the more important and interesting, inasmuch as the Cariama has, until now, remained rather an isolated type, widely separated from even its nearest relatives. The Chunga, as this bird is called by the Spanish inhabitants of the Republic, seems to differ subgenerically from Dicholophus in the following points :—The lores are equally and thickly plumose ; there is no conspicuous frontal crest ; the tail is comparatively longer, and the tarsus comparatively shorter; the nails are nearly uniform on all the toes, and are stronger, larger, and more curved than in the Cariama. A very important difference, perhaps the most important, consists in the totally different habits of the more northern representative. Pro- fessor Burmeister proposes for it a subgeneric division, under the name of Chunga. The Chunga is a large bird, of about 29 inches in length ; it is found in the wooded districts of the province of Tucuman and Catamarca; it nests on the ground. Its eggs are white, slightly spotted with rufous. It feeds upon insects, and more especially upon locusts. The young have a rufous dress, thickly undulated with black : they very soon begin to take care of themselves. The Chunga is easily domesticated, and seems, even after a few days of captivity, attached to its master. Professor Burmeister saw two of them on a farm, which were of the size of an Gidicnemus, and still bore their downy plumage. They were fed upon little morsels of beef, but rejected larger pieces, as well as the entrails of fowls. They delighted in collecting bones, which they were in the habit of striking upon a stone and breaking to pieces. During the day they stalked gravely about, visited the house, jumped upon the tables and chairs, always collecting food, and slept at night at certain elevated stations, for in- stance on the projecting roof of the verandah. Professor Burmeister obtained a living bird at Catamarca, and observed it for some length of time. He saw it for the first time at the foot of the Sierra de Aronguiga, where it ran very quickly and shyly over the road and disappeared in the forest. In its wild state it is very difficult to kill ; therefore it is preferable to search for the nest, and bring up the young birds by hand. The cry of this bird is heard very frequently in the district where it is found; it resembles that of the Dicho- lophus cristatus, and sounds like the bark of a young dog, but not quite so loud. The internal structure is quite the same as that of Dicholophus. DICHOLOPHUS BURMEISTERI, Hartlaub. Statura et ptilosi ut in D. eristato formatis ; crista frontali vix ulla. Totus pure cinereus, singulis plumis annulis alternan- tibus albidis et nigrescentibus tenuissime notatis ; striga supra- oculart a loris inde ad aures usque producta alba; epigastrio pallidiore ; abdomine imo crisso et cruribus flavescenti-albidis ; remigibus nigro-fuscescentibus pogonio interno ferrugineo-ful- 336 vescente fasciatis ; cauda dorso concolore, distinctius transver- sim lineolata ; rectricibus duabus intermediis unicoloribus ; reliquis fasciis duabus latis nigris, ante apicem notatis, omnibus subtus pallidioribus ; rostro et pedibus nigris ; wide obscure grisea. Long. tot. circa, 28; rost. a nar. 13!"; al. 12’; caud. 10"; tars. 5!" 2!"; dig. med. 2"; dig. int. 13"; dig. ext. 1" 5'"; pollic. 7. 5. On some Hysrip Ducks. By ALFrrep Newron, M.A., F.Z.S. 5 (Aves, Pl. CLXVII., CLXVIII.) The phznomena of Hybridism are in themselves so interesting, and at present so little understood, that I venture to call attention to some examples illustrating the subject, which I now have the honour of exhibiting to the Society, and to make some observations thereon. The proverbial fidelity of Pigeons, when once mated, has been found a matter of much convenience to at least one gentleman who has studied the great question of the “Origin of Species,” by en- abling him to experimentalize, comparatively without difficulty, on the different races, breeds, or varieties which can be produced from one common stock *. I would remark, on the other hand, that the tendency, under certain circumstances, to polygamy which obtains among many of the Ducks, combined with their natural salacity, is such as to render that family, perhaps, the one of all others in which experiments on hybridism can be the most easily tried. The frequent occurrence of hybrids among the Anatide has already attracted the notice of ornithologists, and among them of one of the most distinguished European naturalists, M. de Selys-Longchamps, who in 1845 enumerated no less than twenty-five different crosses produced between various members of this family, and who eleven years later was enabled to raise the number to forty-four +. Others have also been recorded. Although by far the greater proportion of these crosses take place in a state of partial domestication, there can be, I think, no doubt that some occur among birds in a wild state. As an instance I may mention one, the offspring of which has been described, it is true, as a distinct and good species under the various names of Anas mer- goides, Mergus anatarius, or Clangula angustirostris, which I can- not but join such high authorities as Naumann, Hartlaub, Baldamus, Von Homeyer, Blasius, and De Selys in considering to be the pro- duce of Anas clangula and Mergus albellus, though Kjerbodlling, Cabanis, Reichenbach and Hennecke are of a contrary opinion. * C. Darwin, ‘On the Origin of Species,’ London, 1859, p. 42. + Edm. de Selys-Longchamps, “ Récapitulation des Hybrides observés dans la Famille des Anatidées,” Bulletins del'Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, tom. xii. no. 10 (1845) ; and“ Additions 4 la Récapitulation,” &c., Bull. de l’Acad. Roy. de Bel- gique, tom. xxiii. no. 7 (1856). ° ' J i) i ‘ — 337 The specimens which I beg leave first to submit to your notice were most kindly sent for my use by Mr. Daniel G. Elliot of New York, one of our Corresponding Members. They have been already exhibited at a former meeting (November 22, 1859), but I do not hesitate again to call your attention to them, because on that occa- sion the origin of two of them was, in my opinion, erroneously ac- counted for. They were then considered to have been respectively produced by crosses between (1) the Wild Duck (Anas boschas) and Pintail (Dafila acuta), (2) the Wild Duck and Muscovy Duck (Cai- rina moschata), and (3) the American Scaup (fuligula affnis) and the Canvas-back (F’. valisneria) or the American Pochard (/’. ame- ricana) *. Now, the first of these betrays, to my eye, no sign of descent from the Pintail. Indeed it differs in one respect only from the ordinary appearance of the common hybrid between the Wild Duck and the Dusky Duck (4. obscura); and in this one respect— the rufous colouring of the vent—it differs equally from the Pintail. But of this, more presently. The pedigree of the second bird I am disposed to think has been correctly suggested ; but it may be re- marked that it is not unlike that curious domesticated variety of the Wild Duck which is known to dealers as the “ Labrador,”’ the «« Buenos Ayres,” the “ Black,”’ or the “ Velvet’’ Duck. The origin of the third (Pl. CLXVII.) I believe to be due to a cross between the Collared Duck (Fuligula collaris) on one side, and on the other, one of the before-mentioned species, but probably the American Po- chard. A resemblance to the Collared Duck is observable in the white spot under the chin, and the grey speculum,—characters which are not possessed by either of the Scaup Ducks found in the New World. This last specimen is a particularly interesting one. It will no doubt be fresh in the recollection of the ornithologists whom I have the honour of addressing, that in April 1847, Mr. Bartlett exhibited, at a meeting of this Society, three ducks, which he con- sidered to form a new species, and accordingly described them by the name of Fuligula ferinoides +; one of them having been pre- viously, but erroneously, figured by the late Mr. Yarrell in his ‘British Birds’ as an example of the American Scaup (Fuligula affinis). At the time, I believe that some doubts were expressed as to the validity of this species, and these doubts appear to me to be well-grounded. In the ‘ Naumannia’ for 1851 (pp. 12-15), Herr Badeker described some birds killed near Rotterdam as forming a new species under the name of Fuligula homeyeri, and in that Journal for the next year two of these examples were figured, which were subsequently exhibited by Mr. Gould at the meeting of this Society, March 28, 1854, and by him identified with Mr. Bartlett’s F. ferinoides f. In the ‘ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie’ for March 1853 (p. 117), M. Jaubert, under the name of Anas intermedia, gave an account and description of four male hybrids, as he considered them, between Fuligula ferina and F. nyroca. * Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 437. + Ibid. 1847, p. 48. t Ibid. 1854, p. 95. * No. 438.—ProceEpDinGs oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society, 338 Now, both F. ferinoides and F. homeyeri I believe to have been produced from the cross which M. Jaubert has suggested; and my belief is strengthened by the perfect analogy shown by the present hybrid from the New World. The subject has been much discussed upon the Continent ; and those who support the view of the validity of the supposed species have relied principally on the assertion that birds in a state of nature do not hybridize,—an assertion which I venture to believe is not according to facts. The specimens which I next have the honour to exhibit to you are, in my opinion, of no common interest. The statement has been again and again reiterated, with some slight variation of language, but always to the same effect, that hybrids between two distinct spe- cies are znter se infertile. I presume that no naturalist, whatever may be the views he takes of species, will have any hesitation in de- claring that the Wild Duck (Anas boschas), with all its domesticated varieties, and the Pintail (Dajfila acuta), are perfectly distinct spe- cies. It is well known that they will readily, in a state of confine- ment, breed together. In the winter of 1855-6 I received from a friend a pair of birds (male and female) which were bred by him from a Pintail Drake and a farm-yard Duck. These I turned down on my pond. It is fair to say that on this pond were also examples of both species. 1 watched them very closely ; the male hybrid—as hybrids constantly do—at once reigned supreme over its denizens. As spring approached he became a most devoted and at the same time jealous husband : not a drake of any description would he allow to come near his mate; and in the battles in which he engaged in de- fence of his prerogative, he invariably came off victorious. I was never fortunate enough to obtain ocular proof of the consummation of his nuptials, but I most firmly believe that the male of no other species on the water ever had access to his wife. My brother, who was as constant in his observations as myself, entirely coincided in this opi- nion. In the month of April the female hybrid made her nest, and sat upon her eggs, in due time hatching four ducklings, which proved to be two females and two males. The skins of the latter I now ex- hibit (Pl. CLXVIII.), and I have no scruple whatever in regarding them as actually the produce inter se of a pair of hybrids between totally distinct species. In the breeding seasons of 1857 and 1858 I was away from home. Last year I was anxious to ascertain if these hybrids of the second generation would produce again inter se ; and I watched them narrowly. The result of my observations was, that they were probably infertile ; and after their death my suspicions were strengthened by the dissection I made. I may add, that in the present season the old hybrid female, the mother of the subjects of these remarks, has brought out two broods of young ones, which I cannot but regard as also the offspring of their putative father, but, through other occupations, I have not been able to afford the necessary time to watch them. I forbear, therefore, to adduce them in support of my argument. It, however, appears to me that the common assertion to which I have alluded requires considerable mo- dification, and that all that can be said is, that though the hybrid 339 offspring of two animals clearly distinct may of themselves be per- fectly fertile, it is not proved that this fertility extends to a second generation. There is one other point which I must be allowed to mention before quitting the subject. It will be seen that the two birds ex- hibited differ remarkably in plumage, although of the same parentage, sex, and age; for they were born and killed within a day or two of each other. The larger specimen almost exactly resembles his father, but perhaps his colours are not so warm or brilliant. The smaller bird is of an appearance altogether distinct, and the almost uniform mottled grey of his breast and belly would make it perhaps difficult to guess his parentage. I can account for the divergence only in this way, that the Domestic Duck from which these birds are descended was of that almost whole-coloured variety which is not unfrequently seen in farm-yards, and that, while one of her grand-children shows nearly the typical plumage of the hybrid be tween the Wild Duck and the Pintail, the other takes after some progenitor of the variety I have mentioned. Whether this will serve to illustrate the peculiarity I have above mentioned, and also a curious fact alluded to by our Secretary in a late communication on some Hybrid Ducks bred in the Society’s Gardens, wherein it is stated that the produce of a cross between Tadorna vulpanser and Casarca cana present a character “ scarcely deducible from either,* ”’ I do not say. It is not, however, difficult to see what use may be made of this singular cireumstance by those who advocate the views of Mr. Darwin ; but into any consideration of the question I forbear to enter, contenting myself merely by noticing the fact. 6. Remarks on THE Anas (ANSER) ERYTHROPUS OF LINN&EUs. By Autrrep Newron, M.A., F.Z.S. The determination of the species established by Linnzus has always been held by naturalists a matter of so great importance, that I have no scruple in occupying a portion of your time this evening with a few remarks respecting the bird which, in the 12th edition of his ‘Systema Nature’ is designated by the name of “* Anas erythropus ;”’ especially also as one of his editors (the late learned Professor Retzius), though noticing the “mira circa hance avem confusio,”’ has, in my opinion, failed to give a satisfactory solution of the difficulty. It will be, I think, universally admitted that the names employed by Linnzus, when, as in the present in- stance, they are drawn from any physical character, are remarkably apposite. This consideration of itself should have served as a warn- ing to ornithologists against their imagining, as many have done, that he could possibly mean to apply the name ‘“‘ erythropus” to a species like the Bernicle Goose, with which he was sufficiently familiar, and to which it was in no degree suitable. * Proc. Zool. Soe. 1859, p. 442, Aves, Pl, CLVIII. ia A Lin a a ACRE ea. Sa ee ee 340 It will, perhaps, be convenient to examine first on what founda- tion ** Anus erythropus’’ was established. In the 12th edition of the ‘Systema Naturz ’ (Holmiz, 1766) we find (vol. i. pars 1. pp. 197-8) the species as the eleventh in order of the genus Anas, and the account given is :— ‘*A. cinerea, fronte alba. Faun. Svec. 116.” [I omit all the syn- onyms borrowed from other authors.| ‘Rostrum rudrum. Pedes rubri.” Now these latter characters clearly can have no reference to the Bernicle Goose, even if that species were not elsewhere included as Anas bernicla, var. [3. Turning then to the edition of the ‘ Fauna Suecica’ cited (Stock- holmie, 1761), we have (p. 41) as follows :— 116. Anas erythropus cinerea ; fronte alba. Fn. 92....... Anser cinereus ferus, torque inter oculos et rostrum albo, erythropus. W. Botniensibus Fjell-gas. Habitat in Helsingia, Lapponiz alpi- bus.” To this succeeds a description of the male, which I admit is open to objection ; but the matter, in my opinion, is rendered conclusive by the description of the female, which, in the edition of the ‘ Fauna Suecica’ here referred to, and published fifteen years previously (Lugd. Bat. 1746), is alone given. It is this :— «Rostrum sordide carneum, frons alba. Caput, collum, dorsum, cauda cinerea; pectus et abdomen candida: macule in sterno ni- grescentes: Pedes sanguinei.” It is, therefore, plain, that by Anas erythropus Linneus did not intend to designate the Bernicle Goose, but a bird known in his time to the Swedes of Westro-Bothnia by the name of Fjzll-gas— i.e. “Fell” or ‘ Mountain Goose.” It accordingly remains to be seen what that species is. It appears by the note-books of the late Mr. John Wolley, which are now in my possession, that in all his researches he was able to find only two species of Wild Goose inhabiting the extensive district in Lapland which he so carefully explored, and of which part was com- prehended in the ancient province of Westro-Bothnia. These species are known to the Finns, who form the great bulk of the population, respectively as the “ Iso-hanhi” and “ Killio-hanhi,” the former signifying “ Great Goose,” the latter “‘ Mountain Goose.” The Iso- hanhi he had several opportunities of identifying as the well-known Bean Goose (Anser segetum) ; the other he found, somewhat to his surprise, to be, not, as he had been told by Swedish ornithologists, the Bernicle Goose, but a bird of about that size, and at the same time closely resembling, in plumage and other physical characters, the White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons). Not to extend the present remarks, I may state briefly that he was not able to discover that the Bernicle Goose was known to any of the inhabitants of the interior of the country: a statement which is singularly corroborated by Mr. Dann’s note communicated to Mr. Yarrell (B. B. iii. p. 73) in reference to the last-named species :—‘‘A skin of this Goose was shown me by some Laps near Gillivara, who were ignorant of the oe.) - ~~ - — >= _— » S EY | Proc Z.S.Aves CL a Wolf del aodennens,lith .& N.Hanhaee AQUILA GURNEYI a aie Proc.Z.S. Aves’ Proc Z.S. Aves, CLES ~J.Wolf del M.& N. Hanhartdag J Jennens lith wv J.Wolf.del. na] Proc Z.5.Aves, CLXME M.& N. Hanharey i bird, never having seen it before. It was’shot at Killingsuvanda.”’ Accordingly, in the Catalogue of his Eggs sold by Mr. Stevens in 1856, he stated, under the head of “ d4nas albifrons,” that “ this interesting bird is the proper Fjell-gas of the Swedes, which name has, however, been applied to the Bernicle in their works on Natural History. The Lapland specimens seem to be of the small-sized race, which has been named Anser minutus by Naumann.” I must here take exception to part ‘of Mr. Wolley’s statement, some Swedish writers being quite aware that the “ Fyell-Gas ” was not Anser leu- copsis, as, for instance, Professor Zetterstedt, in the account of his travels in Lapland * (vol. ii. p. 161). In the Catalogue of his Eggs sold in the following year (1857), Mr. Wolley further identified the only White-fronted Geese which breed in Lapland,” with the Anser finmarchicus of Bishop Gunner, described in one of the notes (pp. 264-5) of Professor Leem’s great work +, “‘ as distinct from the larger White-fronted Goose.” I can only say that I entirely coincide with the views thus ex- pressed by Mr. Wolley, while I also identify the “ Killio-hanhit” or “ Fjell Gas,” with the Anas erythropus of Linnzeus ; and I here subjoin a concise summary of the principal synonyms of this bird. ANSER ERYTHROPUS (Linn.). Anas (Anser) erythropus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), vol. i. pars 1. p. 197 (non Auct.). ; Anser finmarchicus, Gunner, in Leemii de Lappon. Comm. notis (1767), p. 264. Anser temminchii, Boié, Isis, 1822, p. 882. Anser minutus, Naum. Naturgesch. der Vég. Deutschl. (1842) - vol. xi. p. 365, tab. 290. 7. List oF Brrps couuectrep py Mr. Wauuace at tHe Mo- Lucca IsLanps, witH DescripTions oF New Speciss, etc. By Grorce Rosert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., erc. (Aves, Pls. CLXIX.-CLXXII.) The present list contains an enumeration of the Birds lately sent to this country by that indefatigable collector Mr. Wallace, from Batchian or Bakian Island, including a few from Kaisa or Kiou Island ; to these are added those that he had forwarded on a pre- vious occasion from Amboyna and Ternate ; thus embracing a hun- dred species found on four of the Molucca Islands. I am therefore induced to refer to the names of those species that have been recorded * ‘Resa genom Sweriges och Norriges Lappmarker, af Joh. Wilh. Zetterstedt.’ Two vols. 8vo. Lund, 1822. ; tT ‘Canuti Leemii de Lapponibus Finmarchize Commentatio, una cum J. EB. Gunneri notis, &c. &c.’ Kjobenhayn, 1767. ¢ In Europzus’ “ Svenskt-Finskt Handlexikon ” (Helsingfors, 1853), the word is spelled “ Kallio” (vide page 42, sub voce ‘ Berg.’). ; 342 by other ornithologists as coming from the Molucca group, and also from the large neighbouring islands of Gilolo or Halmaheira, Ceram, Bouro or Bourou, &e., which, if taken collectively with the Moluccan species, will form the nucleus of an Ornithological Fauna (of upwards of 200 species) of what would be more properly designated the Spice Islands. I have been enabled by a very recent arrival from Gilolo and Ter- nate, to add to this list some twenty-seven additional species ; they are distinguished by an asterisk. FALCONID. Aaquita (HETEROPUs 2) GURNEYI. (Pl. CLXIX.) Immature.—Male. Hair brown, varied with buffy-white in the form of bars and streaks ; the head, neck, beneath the body, and tail- — coverts rufous-white, except on the breast and sides, which are ru- fous ; this latter colour is also sparingly displayed in patches on the head and neck; the lesser wing-coverts and scapulars irregularly banded with white; the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, tertials, and tail deep brown, banded irregularly with grey ; the primaries deep black. Mature bird probably brownish black, with indications of irre- gular greyish bands. Length 35" 6', wings 22" 3!", tail 16" 3'", bill from gape 2" 3!", Batchian Island (Wail. Coll.). This fine bird partakes of the form of Aquila malayensis, but it is larger and of a totally different colour. I have named this remark- able bird after J. H. Gurney, Esq., who is paying particular atten- tion to the group to which it belongs, and who possesses one of the finest series of them. *HartaEtus (CUNCUMA) LEUCOGASTER. Falco leucogaster, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 257. Halietus leucogaster, Gould. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, var. B.M. Haliaétus leucosternus, Gould, B. of Austr. i. pl. . Haliastur leucosternus, G. R. Gray, List of B. B.M. i. p. 13. Haliaétus (Ictinoaétus) leucosternon, Kaup. Batchian, Amboyna, and Ternate. Rather smaller in all its proportions to the Australian and Loui- siade specimens. BaZzA REINWARDTII. B.M. Falco (Lophotes) reinwardtii, Mill. & Schleg. Verh. Nederl. t. 5. Lophastur jerdoni, Bl. Journ. A. 8, B. xi. p. 464. Baza jerdoni, Bl. Cat. of B. p. 18. Baza reinwardtii, Bl. Cat. p. 317. 343 Aviceda reinwardtii, Pr. B. Aviceda sumatrensis, Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1848, p- 210? Batchian. TINNUNCULUS MOLUCCENSIS. B.M. Cresserelle des Moluques, Temm. & Schl. Fauna Jap. p- 3. Tinnunculus moluccensis, Homb. & Jacq. Voy. au Péle Sud, Ois. .. 1..£, 2. Falco tinnunculus, Mill. Verh. Ethn. p- 87? Batchian ; Kaisa Island ; Amboyna; Ternate; Dijilolo. Hierax cerulescens, Vig. Molucca Islands. ASTUR IOGASTER. Falco hiogaster, Mill. & Schleg. Verh. Nederl. p. 110. Epervier océanien, 3, Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 2. f. 1. Accipiter hyogaster, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 33. Amboyna and Gilolo (Wail. Coil.). ASTUR GRISEOGULARIS. B.M. Adult. Greyish-slate colour; more decidedly grey on head and mentum; nape and between the shoulders tinged with rufous vina- ceous ; beneath the body rufous vinaceous, narrowly banded with greyish-white. Young male? Head and throat slaty-grey, paler on the latter ; nape castaneous ; back and wings brown and greyish-black mixed ; tail brown, and some feathers greyish-black, banded with darker ; breast, sides of abdomen, and thighs rufous, barred with white, which is margined with black ; abdomen white, broadly barred with fuscous; beneath the tail, old feathers rufous-white barred with black, new feathers grey barred with black. Female. Head, occiput, and ear-coverts black, varied with black and slightly with rufous ; back and wings brown, each feather spotted with white and margined with pale rufous; upper surface of tail brown, banded with black, paler brown between the bands near the shaft ; beneath the body white, marked with streaks on the breast, and crescent-shaped bands of black on the abdomen. Length 18" 6!", tarsi 2" 5". Batchian, Djilolo, and Ternate. This bird approaches Astur approximans (Vig. & Horsf.), but the bill is larger ; the head and throat are decidedly grey ; the tarsi are much shorter, though the toes are about the same length. *ASTUR HENICOGRAMMUS. Juv.? Head and back of neck black, varied with white, and slightly with rufous; back, wing-coverts, and tertials black, spotted with white, the former colour narrowly margined with rufous ; quills and tail-feathers black and rufous banded; under surface white banded with rufous, the rufous colour on breast varied with black ; 344 under surface of wings and tail rufous white, spotted or banded with black. Length 16", wings 8" 9". East Gilolo. Probably a very young stage of Astur griseogularis. * ACCIPITER ERYTHRAUCHEN. Slaty-black ; lore, cheeks, mentum, abdomen, and under tail- coverts slaty-white ; side of neck and nape castaneous rufous ; breast, sides of abdomen, and thighs whitish-rufous ; under wing-coverts rufous-white, varied with slaty-white ; quills beneath banded with rufous or slaty-white and slaty-black. Length 11” 9'", wings 8! 9!" East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). MICRONISUS SOLOENSIS. Falco soloensis, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 137. Falco cuculoides, Temm. Pl. Col. 110. 129. Tachyspiza soloensis, Kaup. Classif. der Saug. und Vég. p. 116. Micronisus soloensis, G. R. Gray. Batchian (Wall. Ooll.). STRIGIDZ. * ATHENE RUFOSTRIGATA. This bird approaches the Athene connivens in general appearance, but it is of a blackish-slate colour on the upper surface; the bands on the quills and tail-feathers are less prominent, and the white spots on the wings are less numerous ; while the longitudinal streaks on the white under surfaces are of a rufous colour, slightly varied with slaty- black. Length 17" 9!", wings 11" 6". East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). ATHENE HYPOGRAMMA. B.M. Upper surface uniform deep rufous-brown, more obscure on the head ; scapulars and some of the wing-coverts banded with white ; front and throat white ; under surface entirely white, broadly banded with brownish-rufous ; tail banded with paler colour; tarsi plumed and rufous-white ; toes covered only with strong scattered hairs. Length 15" 3, wings 8" 9!". Batchian and Gilolo. This bird bears a great similarity to the dthene variegata(Q. & G.), but it does not exhibit the marks visible on the upper surface of that bird and it also differs in having the barring of the under surface extending on the tail-coverts. It is also larger in all its proportions. Athene squamipila, Pr. B. Ceram. EPHIALTES LEUCOSPILA. B.M. Upper surface rufous, speckled and irregularly striated longitu- EEE a, 345 dinally with black ; the marks on the head are broader and more defined ; under surface varied with rufous and white, with black irregular marks down the shaft of each feather; scapulars, wing- coverts, outer margins of quills, and of the outer tail-feather spotted with white ; tarsi plumed; toes entirely naked. Length 11", wings 6! 6”. Batchian and Eastern Gilolo. In general appearance this bird is very like Ephialtes manadensis (Q. & G.), but it is larger in all its proportions, and is more promi- nently marked with white on the wing-coverts. Ephialtes magicus, Mull. Amboyna; Banda Islands. CAPRIMULGID&. BATRACHOSTOMUS PSILOPTERUS. Rufous-cinnamon ; front, middle of throat, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts varied with rufous and white—the latter colour margined with black ; wing-coverts, scapulars, and some of the ter- tials spotted with white, surrounded with black ; a spot behind each eye and at the base of mandibles white; tail irregularly banded with black ; quills black, with the outer web cinnamon colour ; bristles lengthened and deep black. Length 12", wings 7". Batchian and Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). HIRvUNDINID4. MACROPTERYX MYSTACEUS. B.M. Cypselus mystaceus, Less. Voy. de la Coqu. Zool. i. t. 22. Macropteryx mystaceus, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 340. Dendrochelidon mystaceus, Boié, Isis, 1844, p. 166. Batchian and Eastern Gilolo ; Amboina. CoLLOCALIA HYPOLEUCA. B.M. Collocalia hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. S. 1858, p. 170. Batchian. Collocalia esculenta (?). Amboyna. HiruNpDO GUTTURALIS. : B.M. Hirundo gutturalis, Scop. Hirundo panayensis, Gmel. S. N.i. p. 1018. Hirundo javanica, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. t. 100. Batchian and Gilolo. CoraciaDz&. EuRYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS. Coracias orientalis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 159. Eurystomus orientalis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 99. Colaris orientalis, Cuv. Rég. Anim. 1817, i. p. 401. Batchian and Ternate (Wail. Coll.). 346 EURYSTOMUS AZUREUS. | B.M. Bronzy-black, tinged with green on the back ; the feathers of the wings, rump, and beneath the body broadly margined with deep blue, but the latter varying, in certain lights, to bright cobalt-blue, espe- cially on the quills, tail-feathers, and beneath the body ; the throat blue, with the shaft of each feather more bright ; the quills near the middle with a pale verditer spot. Bill and feet red. Length 13" 6'", wings 8", bill from gape 1" 9!"". Batchian. Eurystomus pileatus, Reinw. Molucca. ALCEDINID. *HALCYON FUNEBRIS. B.M. Halcyon funebris, Forst., Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 157. Cyanaleyon funebris, Pr. B. Djilolo. Haxcyon couzaris (var.). B.M. Alcedo collaris, Scop. Del. Flor. & Faun. Insubr. p. 90. Halcyon collaris, Swains. Zool. Ilustr. pl. 27. Batchian and Gilolo. The bill appears to be of a smaller size than those of the Indian continent. HALCYON LAZULI. B.M. Alcedo lazuli, Temm. Pl. Col. 508. Halcyon lazuli, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 79. Todiramphus lazuli, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 157. Amboyna. HAucyon DIOPS. B.M. Alcedo diops, Temm. Pl. Col. 272. Halcyon diops, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 79. Todiramphus diops, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 157. Amboyna, Ternate, Batchian, and Gilolo. *HALCYON SANCTUS. Halcyon sancta, Vig. & Horsf. Linn. Trans. Ternate. (Wail. Coll.) TANYSIPTERA NAIs. Alcedo dea, Linn.? Upper surface black, with the feathers broadly margined with in- digo, those of the cheeks, nape, and wing-coverts brighter blue ; top of the head margined with silvery-blue; eyebrows, round the occi- put, shoulder of wings, and the narrow central portion of the two middle tail-feathers verditer-blue; beneath the body, rump, and 347 lengthened spatular ends of the two middle tail-feathers white ; the outer tail-feathers white, broadly margined with blue-black. Length 12", wings 4", bill from gape 1! 11". Amboyna (Wail. Coll.). This bird, it is supposed, will eventually be found to possess some characters distinguishing it from that described by Linnzeus, as from Ternate, and therefore the above name has been given to it provi- sionally. TANYSIPTERA istst. B.M. Upper surface dull black, with the feathers of the nape margined with deep blue; cheeks and some of the wing-coverts margined with bright blue; top of head silvery-blue; eyebrows, round occiput, and margins of shoulders verditer-blue ; beneath the body and rump white; tail-coverts deep blue; two middle tail-feathers verditer- blue, margined with bright blue, the inner margin near the base and the short spatular ends white; lateral feathers deep blue, with the ends and inner webs more or less white. Length 11" 9", wing 3" 8", bill from gape 1" 8!" Batchian and Gilolo. This species is nearest to the remains of an example of this genus which I described under the name of Tanysiptera nympha ; but the middle tail-feathers are of a bright indigo-blue, and not so narrow near the ends, which are also not so spatula-shaped; the outer feathers are entirely of a bluish-black ; the crown of the head is also of a bright indigo-blue. TANYSIPTERA SABRINA. (Pl. CLXX.) B.M. Upper surface black ; cheeks, nape, and upper part of back deep blue ; top of head bright blue ; eyebrows, round the occiput, and shoulders of wings, silvery-blue ; spot in the middle of back, beneath the body, and lateral tail-feathers, white ; the two middle tail-feathers with the basal part and the lengthened spatular ends white; the narrow part silvery-blue. Length 12" 9!"', wings 4!' 3!, bill from gape 1" 8!". Kaisa or Kiou Island. This species is like Mr. Gould’s Tanysiptera sylvia, in having the white spot on the middle of the back ; otherwise it is most like Tanysiptera nais, though the blue is of a different hue. The genus Tunysiptera now consists of the following species :— T. dea, Linn. 'Ternate. (?) T. nais, G. R. Gray. Amboyna. T. galatea, G. R. Gray (4. dea, Less.). _New Guinea. T. hydrocharis, G.R. Gray. Aru Islands. T. nympha, G. R. Gray. Philippine Islands? T. isis, G. R. Gray. Batchian and Gilolo. T. sabrina, G. R. Gray. Kaisa Island. T. sylvia, Gould. Cape York. + This seems to be the bird described by Herr F. Heine in Cabanis’ ‘ Journal fiir Ornithologie,’ 1859, p. 406, as Tanysiptera margarethe.—P. L. S. i” er 348 CrYX LEPIDA. B.M. Ceyx lepida, Temm. Pl. Col. 591. f. 1. Amboyna and Batchian. CrEYX UROPYGIALIS. B.M. Black, with the feathers of the head and wing-coverts bordered with prussian blue ; cheeks streaked with the same colour ; the back and tail-coverts streaked with bright ultramarine blue; the rump verditer, narrowly banded with white ; the throat, and spot on the side of neck, yellowish-white ; frontlet and beneath the body ru- fescent, tinged with yellow. Length 5" 1!", wings 2" 4'", bill from gape 1!" 7!', Batchian and Ternate. Alcedo ispida, var. des Moluques. Bourou or Bouro; Banda. ALCYONE AFFINIS. B.M. The form of the bill agrees with that of Alcyone lessoni of New Guinea, but is rather shorter; the blue of the upper surface is of a paler hue, while the breast and abdomen are of a more uniform dark rufous colour. In these latter respects it agrees best with Aleyone pulchra of Mr. Gould. Batchian. *MEROPS ORNATUS. Merops ornatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxv. Ternate (Wail. Coll.). PROMEROPIDZ. NECTARINIA ASPASIOIDES. Nectarinia aspasia, pt., Mill. This bird seems to agree with the figure given by Lesson in Voy. Coqu. t. 30. f. 2, in its general coloration, but the bill is much s longer. Amboyna (Wall. Coil.). NECTARINIA AURICEPS. B.M. This bird is closely allied to the last, but the top of the head is rich golden green; and the throat, lower part of back, and wing- coverts are of a rich glossy steel-blue. Batchian and Ternate. NECTARINIA FRENATA. B.M. Nectarinia frenata, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 61. Cyrtostomus frenatus, Reichenb. Batchian and Ternate. Nectarinia solaris, Temm. Amboyna. _ Nectarinia zenobia, Less. Amboyna; Gilolo. 349 DICZUM SCHISTACEICEPS. B.M. Head, neck, and breast greyish-slate ; the latter with a large spot of vermilion ; back, sides, and under tail-coverts olive-green ; upper tail-coverts yellowish green ; wings and tail zeneous. Length 3" 5!", wings 2". Batchian and E. Gilolo. Diceum erythrothorax, Less. Bourou; Amboyna. Diceum rubrocanum, Temm. Banda. MELIPHAGIDZ. MyzomELA SIMPLEX. B.M. Rufous greyish-brown ; paler beneath; quills and tail obscure brown, margined with brownish-crimson ; bill black ; feet pale brown. Length 5" 2", wings 2" 3!"’, Batchian. Myzomela boiei, Mill. Banda. ANTHOCHAERA SENEX. B.M. Tropidorhynchus gilolensis, Temm. Pr. Consp. Av. p. 390? Fuscous-black, with the shafts pure white, especially on the throat and breast ; wings grey, with the tips and shafts of the feathers pure white ; orbits of the eyes naked ; bill and feet black. Length 9", wings 4" 3!’, bill from gape. Batchian and Gilolo. Tropidorhynchus subcornutus, Temm. Ceram. Tropidorhynchus bouroensis, Less. Bourou. Tropidorhynchus ? moluecensis (Gm.). Molucca. LuscIniIDz&. ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS. B.M. Calamoherpe orientalis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 285. Batchian. ; ACROCEPHALUS FASCIOLATUS. Deep olivaceous-brown, with the shafts of the feathers on the head and upper part of neck of a pale colour; the lores and cheeks yellowish-white ; the throat and breast yellowish-white, banded with dusky ; the abdomen yellowish-white, darker on the sides; the under tail-coverts pale rufous-white. Length 7", wings 3". Batchian (Wail. Coll.). SYLVIA FLAVESCENS. Greyish olivaceous-green, with a narrow band from nostrils over the eyes and ear-coverts yellowish-white ; beneath the body white, tinged with greyish on the throat ; breast and sides with dashes of pale yellow; the abdomen and under tail-coverts tinged with pale 350 yellow ; upper mandible black, lower yellowish-white ; feet pale horn- colour. Length 4" 10!", wings 2" 6!” Batchian (Wail. Coll.). ZOSTEROPS CHLORIS. ; B.M. Zosterops chloris, Mill. Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 398. Ternate. ZosTEROPs (?) ATRICEPS. Yellowish-green ; the head, tail, and quills brownish-black, the two latter bordered narrowly with yellowish green ; beneath the body and under wing-coverts white ; the under tail-coverts pale king-yel- low ; the circle round the eyes white ; bill black, with base of lower mandible yellowish ; feet horn-colour. Length 4” 10!, wings 2" 41", Batchian (Wail. Coll.). MoracILLA FLAVESCENS. Timor Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iv. p. 104. Motacilla flava, var. 3, Lath. Ind. Orn, ii. p. 504. Motacilla flavescens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. x. p. 559. Amboyna and Gilolo (Wall, Coll.). ANTHUS ARBOREUS, var. Alauda trivialis, Linn.? Anthus arboreus, Bechst. Pipastes arboreus, Kaup. Batchian (Wall. Coll.). TURDIDZ. *Turpus (MonTICcOLA) ERYTHROPTERUS. Blue grey, each feather margined with black and then white or - dusky white; wings and tail black, margined externally with blue grey and tipped with pure white ; some of the under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts castaneous rufous, marked with bluish-black and margined with white. Length 10", wings 5! 3!", Djilolo (Wail. Coll.). PitTa INORNATAF. B.M. The appearance of this bird is very similar to Pitta mackloti and P. celebensis, but it is without any sign of the pale blue vertical band, and without the prominent black mark above and below the broad blue pectoral band ; the bill is larger, and the tarsus a trifle longer, than in either of the above-mentioned species. The blue on the lower part of the back and on the wings is less apparent. In size it is very similar to the other allied species. Batchian and Gilolo. + Described by Herr F. Heine (Journ. f. Orn. 1859, p. 406) as Coloburis ruji- ventris.—P. L. S. 351 *PITTA MAXIMA. B.M. Pitta maxima, Forsten, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. p. 14. Brachyurus maximus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 253. Gigantipitta maxima, Pr. B. Gilolo. *PITTA CYANONOTA. B.M. Very similar to the former species, but the back and wings are entirely of a whitish-blue colour. Ternate. Pitta cyanoptera, Temm. Molucca. Pitta brachyura, Linn. Molucca. CRINIGER FLAVICAUDUS. B.M. Trichophorus flavicaudus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 262. Trichophorus sulphureus, Temm. Batchian and Djilolo. *ORIOLUS PHXZOCHROMUS. Obscure olivaceous-brown ; beneath the body greyish-olivaceous, especially on the throat ; wings and tail pale olivaceous-brown, with the shafts of the quills and tail rufous-white ; the feathers are also slightly margined with pale olivaceous white. Bill and tarsi black. Length 10", wings 5" 3!" East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). Muscicarip&. RHIPIDURA TRICOLOR. Rhipidura mimoides, Mill. MSS. Mussieapa tricolor, Vieill. N. Dict. H. Nat. xxi. p. 490. Muscipeta melaleuca, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de 1’Astrol. Zool. i. p. 180. Rhipidura melanoleuca, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B.i. p. 259. Sauloprocta melanoleuca, Cab. Mus. Orn. Hein. p. 57. Rhipidura atripennis, G. R. Gr. Batchian ; Ternate; Djilolo; Amboyna. The specimens from these localities are so similar to those from New Ireland, New Guinea, and Aru Island, that it is not possible to define characters to distinguish them from one another. I was induced to separate those of the last-mentioned place, from their wings and tails being of a deeper black colour, which may be owing to the age of the bird. In Australia this species is represented by R. mo- tacilloides, which is altogether smaller. Rhipidura squamata, Mill. Banda. *MONARCHA CINERASCENS. Drymophila cinerascens, Temm. Pl. Col. 430. Monarcha cinerascens, G. R. Gray. Ternate (Wall. Coll.). 352 MonARCHA BIMACULATA. Like M. trivirgata, Temm. (ex Timor), but the bill is very small, and entirely black ; the tail has the white only on the end of the two outer feathers. Length 6", wings 3", bill from 7!"’. Batchian and Djilolo (Wail. Coll.). MonARCHA NIGRIMENTUM. B.M. Like M. trivirgata (ex Timor), but the bill is rather longer and more compressed; the black on the throat only occupies a small space beneath the bill ; the tail also differs in not having any white on the ends of the four middle feathers, but only on the three outer feathers, decreasing in quantity inwardly ; bill blue lead; feet lead- colour. Length 6! 10", wings 3", bill from gape 9!". Amboyna. It may be concluded that each locality has its own peculiar spe- cies, as we find that the Timor examples are different from the others, in having a greater quantity of white on the ends of the outer tail- feathers, and that this colour is even found on the inner web of the fourth feather ; while in the Australian examples, the white colour is only found on the three outer feathers, and does not extend so far up the feather as in the former species ; the bill is also a trifle smaller. This latter may be considered as Monarcha gouldii, G. R. Gr. An allied species has been described in the New Guinean list as Monarcha griseogularis., G. R. Gr. Myi1AGRA NITENS. B.M. $. Black, with the feathers broadly margined with glossy deep green ; quills and tail black, both narrowly margined with glossy green. Q. Upper part of head black, with broad margins of glossy deep green ; nape rufous-grey, slightly mottled with black; back, wings, and tail rufous; beneath the body pure white. Length 6" 6", wings 3" 4!" Batchian (Wall. Coll.) and Ternate. ‘ This bird is very like the M. lucida, G. R. Gr., in its general appearances and colour ; but it is less in all its proportions. MyIAGRA GALEATA. B.M. Head glossy greenish-black ; back, wings, and tail grey, tinged with glossy green; beneath the body pure white. Length 5" 6!", wings 2" 6!’, bill from gape 8!”’. Batchian. Myiagra manadensis (Q. & G.). Amboyna. OE EE a ae atta = 353 AMPELID. PacHyCrErPHALA XANTHOCNEMIS. Olivaceous brown, obscure on the head; wings fuscous black, margined with rufous brown; tail*rufous brown; ear-coverts pale rufous; beneath the body rufous white, tinged with yellow on the abdomen ; thighs and under tail-coverts yellow, slightly tinged with rufous ; under wing-coverts white, tinged with rufous, and the bent of the wings beneath yellow ; bill black ; feet fuscous. Length 6" 9'", wings 3! 4'". Amboyna (Wall. Coil.). PacHYCEPHALA MELANURA. B.M. Pachycephala melanura, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 66. Turdus armillaris, Temm. Lanius cucullatus, Licht. Batchian and Ternate. Myjiolestes phaionotus, Mill. Banda. NXenogenys azureus (Temm.). Banda. CAMPEPHAGA MAGNIROSTRIS. B.M. Graucalus magnirostris, Forsten? ; Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 354? Gilolo. CAMPEPHAGA MELANOLORA. B.M. Very like C. mentalis, Vig. & Horsf. ; but the bill is much larger, being 1" 32! from gape; quills and tail feathers margined, and the latter tipped with grey. Length 11! 11!"; wings 5" 11'". Batchian and Ternate. CAMPEPHAGA MELANOTIS. Blue-grey ; lores, ear-coverts, wings, and tail black; with the margins of the greater wing-coverts and quills and the two middle tail-feathers blue-grey, but the latter have black ends. This bird is very like Campephaga tenuirostris (Jard. & Selby), but the bill is rather shorter and broader at its base ; the bird itself is also less in all its proportions. _ Length 9" 6!", wings 4" 9!". ‘Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). CaMPEPHAGA (LALAGE) AUREA. B.M. Ceblephyris aureus, Temm. Pl. Col. 382. f. 2; Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 10. f. 3. Campephaga aurea, G. R. Gray. Lalage aurea, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 355. Batchian and Ternate. Campephaga atriceps, Mill. Ceram. Campephaga nove guinee (Lath.). ~Molucca. No. 439.—ProceEpines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 354 Campephaga papuensis (Gmel.). Banda. Campephaga bicolor, Temm. Banda. Campephaga fimbriata,Temm. Banda. Campephaga ceramensis, Pr. B. Ceram. Pericronotus flammeus (Forst.). Banda. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNCHUS. B.M. Artamus leucorhynchus (Gm.), Pr. B. Batchian and Gilolo. Artamus fuscus, Vieill. Molucca. DiIcRURUS ATROCERULEUS. Deep blue-black ; the wings and tail and spots on the head and breast rich glossy green. Length 13", wings 8" 9'', bill from gape 1!" 5!"’, Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). This species approaches most to the New Guinean bird in the form of its bill, but is larger in all its proportions, and is without the chalybeous spots on the back and abdomen. DICRURUS AMBOINENSIS. Very like the D. forficatus ; but the steel spots on the head and throat have a purplish hue, and the back and abdomen are less glossy. Length 11! 9", wings 5" 8'", bill from gape 1" 5!". Irides red. Amboyna (Wail. Coil.). This bird is most like the Javanese and Celebes examples in the form of its bill, though they all differ in their relative proportions from each other. LaNnripDz. Tephrodornis gularis (Raffl.). Banda. Corvipz. CorvVUS VALIDISSIMUS. B.M. Corvus validissimus, Schleg. Not. sur Cory. p. 12. Batchian ; Djilolo and Gilolo. CorvUS ENCA. B.M. Corvus enca, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 164. Kaisa Island and Ternate. Corvus violaceus, Temm. Ceram. — Corvus validus, Temm. Ceram. Crypsirina varians (Lath.). Banda. 355 PARADISIAD. SEMIOPTERA WALLACII. B.M. Paradisea (Semioptera) wallacii, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. 8S. 1859, p- 130. Semioptera wallacei, G. R. Gray; Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pt. 3; Sclat. Ibis, 1860, p. 26. pl. 2. Batchian and E. Gilolo. The Gilolo examples have the lateral pectoral plumes longer than those procured in the first instance from Batchian ; yet they cannot be considered as more than a local variety. STURNID2. Lycocorax PYRRHOPTERUS. B.M. Corvus pyrrhopterus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p: 384. Lycocorax pyrrhopterus, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1854. Pica pyrrhoptera, Schl. Bijd. tot de Dierk. ii. Batchian and Dijilolo. This species, in the form of its bill, agrees with those birds that compose the genus Manucodia, rather than with the Corvide, among which it is placed by Temminck and Schlegel. CALORNIS AMBOINENSIS. B.M. Calornis amboinensis, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. S. 1858, p- 182, Calornis metallicus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 417; Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 16. f. 2. Amboyna and Ternate. CaLoRNIS OBSCURA. B.M. Lamprotornis obscura, Forsten; Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 417. Batchian ; E. Gilolo. STURNIA PYRRHOPOGON. Lamprotornis pyrrhopogon, Schleg. & Temm. Fauna Jap. p. 86. t. 46. Heterornis pyrrhogenys, Miill.; Pr. B. Consp. Av. p- 418. Batchian (Wall. Coil.). FRINGILLIDZ. AMADINA MOLUCCA. B.M. Loxia molucea, L. Amadina molucca, G. R. Gray. * Munia molucca, Bl. Batchian and Ternate. 356 BuceRorip#, BUCEROS RUFICOLLIS. Buceros ruficollis, Vieill.; Temm. Pl. Col. 557. Buceros plicatus, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 445. Batchian (Wall. Coll.). Buceros lunatus,Temm. Banda, Buceros hydrocorax, Linn. Molucea. Buceros exaratus, Reinw. Molucca. Buceros payanensis (Scop.). Molucca. PsITTACID. *PLATYCERCUS HYPOPHONIUS. B.M. Psittacus (Platycercus) hypophonius, Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. p. 181. Platycercus hypdphonicus, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 408. Aprosmictus hypophonicus, Pr. B. Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p- 153. East Gilolo. Palaeornis cyanocephalus (Linn.). Ternate. LorIvUs GARRULUS, var. B.M. Psittacus garrulus, Linn, 8. N. i. p. 145. Psittacus garrulus, var. moluccensis y, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 334; Pl. Enl. 216. Domicella garrula, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 570. Lorius garrulus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 132. Batchian and Djilolo. The examples from Batchian are uniform in having a large sub- triangular spot of yellow between the shoulders; while those of Djilolo have the yellow spots on the back smaller, and the ends of the tail-feathers of a greenish-purple. Lorius domicella (Linn.). Molucea. Lorius tricolor, Steph. Molucca. Eos COCHINSINENSIS. B.M. Psittacus cochinsinensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 116. Psittacus riciniatus, Bechst. Psittacus cucullatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 461. Lorius cucullatus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 132. Lorius isidorii, Swains.: Zool. Ilustr. pl. Eos cochinsinensis, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 560. Los riciniata, Pr. B. Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 156. Fos isidorii, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 417. Batchian and Gilolo. Eos RUBRA, B.M. Psittacus borneus, Linn, S. N. i. p. 141. 357 Psittacus ruber, Gmel. S. N.1. p. 335. Psittacus moluccensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 116. Psittacus ceruleatus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. p. 937. Psittacus cyanonotus, Vieill. N. Dict. dH. N. xxv. p. 334. Eos rubra, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 558. Lorius borneus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 132. Amboyna. Eos indica (Gmel.). Molucca. Eos cyanogenia, Pr. B. Molucca. Eos semilarvata, Pr. B. Moluccea. Eos squamata (Bodd.). Bourou. Eos unicolor (Shaw). Molucca. Eos ater (Scop.). Amboyna. CoRIPHILUS PLACENTIS. B.M. Psittacus placentis, Temm. Pl. Col. 553. Conurus placens, Bourj. Perr. t. 46. Psittacus (Trichoglossus) placentis, Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesc. Nederl. Ind. p. 209. Coriphilus placentis, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 417. Psitteuteles placens, Pr. B. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 157. Batchian and Djilolo. These examples appear to be of a larger size than those obtained in New Guinea. Coriphilus solitarius (Lath.). Molucca (ex Voy. Coqu.). ' TRICHOGLOSSUS CYANOGRAMMUS. Psittacus hematodus, Bodd. Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent. p. 4. Psittacus hematotus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 316; Pl. Enl. 61. Trichoglossus cyanogrammus, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 554. Amboyna. The New-Guinean examples are smaller than those of Amboyna, but otherwise they are similar. Trichoglossus hematodus (Linn.). Molucca. Trichoglossus ornatus (Linn.). Molucca. ECLECTUS GRANDIS. B.M. ' Psittacus ceylonensis, Bodd. Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent. p. 3; Pl. Enl. 683 (var.). i puniceus, pt., Gmel. S. N. i. p. 335; Brown, Illustr. Pa. Psittacus grandis, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 683. Eclectus grandis, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 572. _ Eclectus ceylonensis, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 418. Psittacus (Psittacula) grandis, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ind. pp. 107, 108. Kaisa Island and Gilolo. Eclectus cornelia, Pr. B. Ceram. Eclectus cardinalis (Bodd.). Amboyna; Ceram. 358 ECLECTUS POLYCHLORUS, var. Psittacus polychlorus, Scop. Del. Fl. et Fauna Insubr. p. 87; Sonn. Voy. t. 108. Psittacus magnus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 344. Psittacus sinensis, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 337; Edw. Birds, pl. 231. Batchian and Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). Eclectus intermedius (Pr. B.). Molucca. Liclectus westermani (Pr. B.). Molucca, TANYGNATHUS MEGALORHYNCHUS. B.M. Psittacus megalorhynchus, Bodd. Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent. -45; Pl. Enl. 713. Psittacus macrorhynchus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 338. Psittacus nasutus, Lath. Ind, Orn. i. p. 118. Tanygnathus macrorhynchus, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 677. Batchian and Gilolo. Tanygnathus gramineus (Gmel.). Amboyna. Psirracus (GEOFFROIUS) PERSONATUS. B.M. Psittacus personatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 544 ; Levaill. Perr. t. 112, 113. Psittacus geoffroyanus, Vieill. N. Dict. ?H. N. xxv. p. 311. Psittacus geoffroyi, (Vaill.) Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 85. Amboyna; Molucca. Psirracus (GEOFFROIUS) CYANEICOLLIS. B.M. Psittacus cyanicollis, Mill. & Schl. Verhandl. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ind. p. 108. Psittacus (Psittacula) cyanicollis, Mill. & Schl, Geoffroyus cyanicollis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 6. Batchian and Gilolo. Psittacus fuscicapillus, Vieill. Bourou. CACATUA CRISTATA. Psittacus cristatus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 143. Cacatua cristata, Vieill. N. Dict. d’H. N. xvii. p. 10. Cacatua leucolopha, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 182. Kakadoe cristata vel albocristata, Bourg. Perr. t. 82. Batchian and Ternate (Wall. Coll.). Cacatua moluccensis (Gmel.). Molucca. Cacatua sulphurata (Gmel.). Bourou. Picip#. Megalaima australis (Horsf.). Banda. Megalaima philippensis (Gmel.). Molucca. Picus (Hemicireus) concretus, Reinw. Banda. 359 CucuLip2. CENTROPUS GOLIATH. B.M. Centropus goliath, Forsten; Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 108. Batchian and Gilolo. Centropus medius, Mill. Amboyna. Centropus bicolor, Less. (ex Bl.). Gilolo. ScyTHROPS NOV HOLLANDIA. B.M, Scythrops nove hollandia, Lath. Cuculus presagus, Reinw. Batchian. CucULUS CANOROIDES. B.M. Cuculus canoroides, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 235. Batchian. Cucutus (CACOMANTIS) SEPULCRALIS. B.M. Cuculus sepulcralis, Mull. ? Cacomantis sepulcralis, Pr. B.? Batchian. *Cucu.ius (CACOMANTIS) TYMBONOTUS. Cuculus tymbonotus, Mull. ? Cacomantis tymbonotus, Pr. B.? Ternate (Wall. Coll.). Cuculus poliogaster, Mill. Ternate. Chrysococeyx lucidus (Gmel.). Amboyna. Eudynamys ransomi, Pr. B. Ceram. Eudynamys punctatus. Amboyna. *EUDYNAMIS PICATUS. Eudynamis picatus, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. p. 167. Ternate (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna. CoLuMBIDZ. Pritonorus (loTRERON) IOGASTER. B.M. Columba hyogastra, Reinw. Pl. Col. 252. Columba iogaster, Wagl. Ptilonopus hyogaster, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 466 Treron ionogaster, Reichenb. Totreron iogastra, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 25. Batchian and Gilolo (Celebes, Reinw.). Pritonorus (CYANOTRERON ) MONACHUS. B.M. Columba monacha, Reinw. Pl. Col. 253; Knip. Pig. t. 53. Ptilonopus monachus, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 466. Cyanotreron monachus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 24. Kaisa Island and Ternate. 360 Pritonopus (LAMPROTRERON) SUPERBUS. Columba superba, Temm. Pig. t. 33. Ptilonopus superbus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 279. Lamprotreron superba, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 18. Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna; Ternate. The bird from Batchian appears to be a trifle larger than that from Amboyna, and the band on the breast is also broader ; while that from the Aru Islands is similar, but altogether smaller. P#tzlo- nopus cyanovirens § (?), Less., is probably the 92 of this variety, Knip. & Prey. Pig. t. 8. The Australian specimens are very similar in size to the Amboyna examples; but the band on the breast has a distinct mixture of green within it. The Celebes specimens are those of a decidedly distinct species, and are at once distinguished by the purplish-grey breast and the deep green band on the lower part of the latter ; the female has, ac- cording to Mr. Wallace’s specimens of that sex, the top of the head of a deep purple, with deep bluish-green intermixed ; while on the head of the true P. superbus it is of the same colour as the spot on the shoulder of the wings. I have named the Celebes bird Pézilo- nopus formosus ; the 9 is represented as Columba superba, Knip. & Prev. Pig. t. 42. Ptilonopus porphyreus, Temm. Molucca. Ptilonopus diadematus, Temm. Banda. Ptilonopus viridis (Linn). Amboyna. Treron aromatica, Temm. Amboyna. Treron vernans, Temm. Banda. *CARPOPHAGA (MEGALOPREPIA) FORMOSA. B.M. ¢o. Emerald green, each feather of the body margined with golden and washed with white on the nape and breast ; head greenish-white, varied with yellow; lower part of breast with a rich carmine spot ; abdomen orange-yellow ; lower tail-coverts rufous orange-yellow. Q. Similar to the male; but without the carmine spot on the breast. Length 11” 3!’, wings 5" 9'". East Gilolo. CarporHaGa (Ducuta) BASALIS. B.M. Columba basalis, Temm. Carpophaga basalica, Sundev. Ducula basalis, Pr. Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 35. Batchian and Gilolo. CARPOPHAGA PERSPICILLATA. B.M. Columba perspicillata, Temm. Pl. Col. 246. Carpophaga perspicillata, G. R. Gray, List of Gall. B.M. p. 6. Batchian, Kaisa Island, and Gilolo. The Amboyna specimen differs in having the head, neck, and 361 breast greyish-white, but is a little darker on the back of the neck ; the back is of a more golden-green, while the wings are of a more de- cided grey. CarropuaGa (MyrisTIcIvoRA) MELANURA ? . Differs from Carpophaga luctuosa, as described and figured by Temminck, Pl. Col. 247, in having the tail of a more uniform black colour, with the inner webs of each feather only white ; this latter colour decreases in depth to the middle feathers, and the quills are of a uniform black. It is of a much smaller size, but is other- wise like C. luctuosa. Batchian and Djilolo (Wail. Coil.). Carpophaga alba (Gmel.). Molucca. Carpophaga enea, Temm. Molucca. *CARPOPHAGA ALBOGULARIS. B.M. Carpophaga albogularis, Temm. Janthenas albogularis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 44. Janthenas halmaheira, Pr. B. East Gilolo. MACROPYGIA AMBOINENSIS. Columba amboinensis, Linn. Macropygia amboinensis, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1840, 58 Amboyna (Wall. Coll.). MACROPYGIA ALBICAPILLA, var. B.M. Columba albicapilla, Temm. MSS. Macropygia albicapilla, Pr. Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 57. Batchian and Ternate. Macropyeia (REINWARDTZENA) REINWARDTII. B.M. Columba reinwardti. Temm. Pl. Col. 248. Macropygia reinwardtii, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 349. Reinwardtena typica, Pr. Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 59. Batchian and Djilolo (Celebes, ‘Temm.). _ Macropygia leptogrammica, Temm. Amboyna. Turtur bitorquatus, Temm. Molucca. TURTUR SURATENSIS. Columba suratensis, Lath. Turtur tigrina, Temm. Ternate and Amboyna (Wall. Coil.). CHALCOPHAPS MOLUCCENSIS. B.M. Chalcophaps javanica, Auct. Front white; top of head bronzy-brown ; occiput grey ; streak 362 over eye greyish-white; cheeks, neck, and breast, and beneath the wings cinnamomeous-red ; scapulars and wings rich emerald-green, varied in places with golden colour; back rich bronzy-black, with two bands of grey; rump, tail-coverts, and tail bronzy-black ; the lateral feathers of latter grey, with black ends and grey margins ; under tail-coverts deep black ; vent greyish ; abdomen rufous-brown. Length 11", wings 5" 10!, bill from gape 11!". Amboyna and Batchian. CALZNAS NICOBARICA. B.M. Columba nicobarica, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 288. Columba gallus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Col. sp. 113. Calenas nicobarica, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1840, p. 59. Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wail. Coll.). Goura coronata (Linn.). Banda. MEGAPODID. MEGAPODIUS FREYCINETI. B.M. Megapodius freycineti, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, ii. p. 125. BPE Megapodius freycineti, Pl. Col. 220. Juv. Alecthelia urvillii, Less. Voy. de la Coqu. i. p. 703. t. 37. Kaisa Island, Batchian, and Gilolo. MEGAPODIUS FORSTENI. B.M. Megapodius forsteni, Temm. MSS.; G. R. Gray & Mitch. Gen. of B. iii. pl. 124. Amboyna. *MEGAPODIUS WALLACEI. (Pl. CLXXI.) B.M. Front of head and throat greyish olivaceous-brown ; hind part of head castaneous-brown ; nape and upper part of back olivaceous, slightly vermiculated with black; middle of back, greater wing-coverts and external web of some of the tertials, deep castaneous, with most of the feathers margined with slate-colour ; rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, and abdomen slate-colour ; lesser wing-coverts, tertials, and tail pale olivaceous-brown ; middle of abdomen pure white; prima- ries brownish-black, spotted or partly margined on the outer webs with buff-white. Bill yellow; feet horn-colour or black. Length 13", wings 7" 6!". East Gilolo. This bird differs from all its congeners in the variability of its coloration, a peculiarity which imparts much interest to this new discovery of Mr. Wallace. STRUTHIONID. Casuarius emeu, Lath. Ceram; Banda. 363 CHARADRIAD&. *SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, var. Tringa helvetica, Linn. Vanellus melanogaster, Bechst. East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). CHARADRIUS GEOFFROYI. Charadrius geoffroyi, Wag]. Hiaticula inornata, Gould ? East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). CHARADRIUS CIRRHIPEDESMUS. Charadrius cirrhipedesmus, Wagl. East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.). CHARADRIUS LONGIPES. B.M. Charadrius fluvialis orientalis, Temm. & Schl. Fauna Jap. p. 105. . 62? Batchian (Wall. Coll.). Cdicnemus magnirostris, Geoffr. Molucca. Glareola grallaria, Temm. Molucca. *CINCLUS INTERPRES, Tringa interpres, Linn. Strepsilas interpres, Leach. Strepsilas collaris, Temm. East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.). ARDEID. ARDEA TYPHON. Ardea typhon, Temm. ? Ardea robusta, Mill. Typhon temminckii, Reichenb. Typhon robusta, Pr. B. Batchian (Wail. Coll.). *ARDEA (EGRETTA) ALBA? Ardea alba, Linn. » Ardea sysmatophorus, Gould. : Ternate (Wall. Coll.). ARDEA (ARDEOLA) RUSSATA. Ardea russata, Temm. * Ardea coromandelica, Licht. Ardea coromandelensis, Steph. Bubulcus coromandelensis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 125. Batchian (Wall. Coll.). 364 ARDEA (ARDETTA) FLAVICOLLIS, Ardea flavicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 701. Ardea nigra, Vieill. Ardetta flavicollis, Bl. Herodias flavicollis, Cab. Batchian (Wail. Coll.). Ardea nove hollandie, Lath. Molucca. *ARDEA (BUTORIDES) VIRIDICEPS. Ardea javanica, Bl. Ardea scapularis, Schl. Ardea chloriceps, Hodgs. East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). Argala javanica (Horsf.). Molucca. Ibis peregrinus. Molucca. *NycTICORAX CALEDONICUS. Ardea caledonica, Lath. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). ScoLoPACctp&. *N UMENIUS AUSTRALASIANUS ? Numenius australasianus, Gould. East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). NuMENIUS MINOR. Numenius minor, Mill. & Schl. ? Batchian (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna. *LIMOSA LAPPONICA, Var. East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.). *Toranus (GLOTTIS) HORSFIELD! ? Totanus horsfieldi, Sykes. East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). ToTANUS GRISEOPYGIUS. Totanus griseopygius, Gould, B. of Austr. Totanus pulverulentus, Temm. & Schl. Fauna Jap. p. 109. t. 65. Actitis brevipes (Vieill.), Bl. Gambetta griseopygia, Pr. B. Batchian (Wall. Coll.). Toranus (TRINGOIDES) HYPOLEUCUS ? B.M. Tringa hypoleuca, Linn. S. N. i. p. 250. Totanus hypoleucus, Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1815, p. 424. Actitis hypoleucus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 649. — att. 365 Tringoides hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1841, p. 88. Actitis schlegeli, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 2% Batchian. Tringa subarquata, Gmel. Molucca. ScoLoPpax UNICLAVATUS. Scolopax burka, Lath. MSS. Scolopax uniclavatus, Hodgs. Journ. A. 8. B. 1837, p. 492. Gallinago burka, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1855, p. . Gallinago scolopacinus (Pr. B.), Bl. Cat. of B. p. 272. Gallinago media, Hodgs., Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 86. Batchian (Wall. Coll.). PALAMEDEID&. Parra gallinacea, 'Temm. Banda; Molucca. RaLuip2&. Porphyrio smaragdinus, Temm. Banda. HABROPTILA. Bill longer than the head, strong, with the culmen at the base elevated, broad, rounded posteriorly, and gradually descending to- wards the tip, which is suddenly curved ; the sides compressed to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the gonys moderate, slightly angulated and advancing upwards ; nostrils placed in a membranous groove, which extends beyond the middle of the bill, with the opening linear and near the base of the groove. Wings very short, lax, with the fourth to the seventh quills equal and longest. Tail very short and lax. Tarsi robust, as long as the middle toe, and covered with transverse scales. Toes rather robust and long ; the lateral toes equal, the hind toe moderate and strong. Claws moderate and compressed. Plumage in general very lax. The wings armed at the bend of the shoulder with a small spine. Hasroprita wauracii. (PI. CLXXII.) Slate-colour, with a mixture of olivaceous-brown on the body, wings and upper tail-coverts ; tail and quills black ; bill and feet red. Length 16", wings 7" 6'", bill 3", tarsi 3!" 2!" East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.). This curious bird approaches the Ocydromi in the shortness and softness of its wings; the feet are those of a Porphyrio. Yet its general appearance might cause it to be taken, at first sight, for a species of Hematopus. ANATIDZ. TaDORNA RADJAH. B.M. Anas leucomelas, Garn. Anas radjah, Garn. Voy. de la Coqu. Zool. i. p. 602. t. 49. Radja eytoni, Reichenb. ; Batchian, E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.), and Bourou. 366 The Australian specimens differ from these in being more rufous on the upper part of the back. Dendrocygna badia. Molucca. CoLyMBID2. *Popicrers (SYLBEOCYCLUS) TRICOLOR. B.M. Like P. minor, but with a very slight appearance of the black on the mentum ; the bill is longer ; upper surface of a deep zneous black ; cheeks and front of throat deep rufous ; under surface zeneous black mottled with rufous white. Ternate. LARIDZ. STERNA VELOX? B.M. Batchian ; Amboyna. PELECANID. *SULA FIBER. Pelecanus fiber, Linn. Sula fiber, G. R. Gray. N. E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.). GRACULUS MELANOLEUCUS. B.M. Phalacrocorax melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Dict. H. N. viii. p. 88. Phalacrocorax flavirostris, Gould. Pelecanus dimidiatus, Cuv. Batchian. GRACULUS SULCIROSTRIS. Carbo sulcirostris, Temm. Batchian (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna. 8. Description oF New Species or MiTRA FROM THE COL- LECTION oF Hucu Cuminec, Ese. By H. Dourn. Mirra pia. Testa fusiformis, costis crebris, spiralibus, subregu- lariter distantibus, flavis, nitidis, elatis ; interstitia liris mi- noribus intercostariis et longitudinalibus angustissimis reticu- lata; alba; sutura distincta ; anfr. 7-8 parum convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus magnus, subtus attenuatus, vix recurvus. Apertura fusiformis, intus alba ; columella 4-plicata. Long. 58, lat. 18; ap. long. 34, lat. 8 mill. Hab. Australia. Mirra praset. Testa subulato-fusiformis, hyalino-albida, spi- raliter obsolete crebricostata, subtilissime longitudinaliter striata ; sutura simplex; anfr. 8 planiusculi, ultimus paulo ventrosior, subrecurvus ; apertura fusiformis ; columella 5- plicata. - Long. 37, lat. 11; ap. long. 20, lat. 5 mill. Hab. Australia. 367 Mirra autuMnayis, Testa turrita, parum nitida, longitudina- liter acute et anguste costata, spiraliter subremote lirata, albina, maculis fuscis nebulosa, supra medium anfractuum albizonata ; anfr. 8 subplani, ultimus basi rude plicatus ; apertura elongata; columella 4-plicata. Long. 18, lat. 9 ; ap. long. 54, lat. 33 mill. Hab. Nova Caledonia. MiTRA ANTONELLII. Testa oblongo-fusiformis, fusca, costis spiralibus,apicem versus evanescentibus, longitudinalibus validis, griseis, fenestrata, fascia albasupra medium cingulata, nitens ; sutura distincta ; anfr. 8-9 vix convexiusculi, ultimus 4 longi- tudinis equans, subrecurvus ; labrum callo dentiformi junctum, intus crenatum; apertura fusca, dentibus 5 columellaribus armata. Long. 27, lat. 9; ap. long. 133, lat. 4 miil. Hab. Philippine Islands. Allied to M. obdeliscus, Reeve. Mirra astyacis. Testa conoidea, levigata, nitida, sub epider- mide cinereo-viridi cerulescens, apice fuscescente, prope suturam subacute carinata, carina interrupte fusco cingulata ; spira acuminata; anfr. 7-8 convexiusculi, ultimus latus, 3 longitu- dinis equans, ad basin pauci-liratus; apertura linealis, callosa, intus fusco-ferruginea, labro albo; columella 4-plicata. Long. 26, lat. 10; ap. long. 18, lat. 3 mill. Hab. New Caledonia. Readily distinguished from M. bacillum. Mirra cyri. Testa fusiformis, spiraliter late striata, nitida, alba, seriatim maculis quadratis fuscis picta ; sutura simplex ; spira mucronata ; anfr. 8-9 lente accrescentes, convexiuscult, ultimus 3 longitudinis equans, ad suturam subangulatus ; aper- tura alba, elongata, angusta; columella 4-plicata. Long. 18, lat. 455; ap. long. 10, lat. 1} mill. Hab. New Caledonia. Agrees in some respects with M. fulgetrum ; distinguished by the smooth spiral lines, colouring, &c, VY Mirra wisemant. Testa ovato-turrita, longitudinaliter arcuato- costata, spiraliter sulcata, interstitis granosis, alba, fulvo medio interrupte unifasciata ; sutura distincta ; anfr. 7-8 planiusculi, supra medium subangulati, lente accrescentes, ulti- mus basi contractus; apertura alba, oblonga ; columella 4- plicata. Long. 25, lat. 10; ap. long. 12, lat. 54 mill. - Hab. Sandwich Islands. 5 Nearly allied to M. arenosa, Lam. Mitra supzoruM. Testa elongato-ovata, plicis longitudina- libus, sulcis spiralibus ornata, parum nitida, aurantiaco-fulva, 368 plicis et basi columellari albis, varie albo et fusco fasciata vel punctata; sutura distincta ; spira acuminata ; anfr. 8 convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus basi viz recurvus ; apertura angusta, cerulescens, intus fusca, crenata ; labrum callo crasso junctum ; columella plicis 4 validis armata. Long. 22, lat. 8; ap. long. 10, lat. 3 mill. Hab. Red Sea. This fine species approaches M. ecruentata, Chem., in general aspect. Mirra SAMUELIS. Testa oblongo-ovata, solida, fulvo-viridis, spiraliter remote fusco lirata, subtilissime decussata ; sutura marginata ; anfr. 7-8 plani, ultimus antice ascendens ; aper- tura angusta, intus cerulescens ; labrum incrassatum, album, denticulatum; columella 4-plicata. Long. 28, lat. 10; ap. long. 15, lat. 5 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands. Mirra PLEBEIA. Testa elongato-oblonga, apice acuto, subremote spiraliter striata, albescens, maculis fulvis vel fuscis nebulosa ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 7-8 subplani, lente accrescentes, ultimus basi attenuatus ; apertura albida ; columella 5-plicata. Long. 23, lat. 8 ; ap. long. 12, lat. 33 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands. Mitra ANTONI. Testa acuminato-cvata, nitida, spiraliter an- guste sulcata, unicolor flavida, apice albescente ; sutura mar- ginata ; anfr. 6-7 planiusculi, ultimus ventrosior, medio sub- angulatus ; apertura albescens, ovato-rhombea, labro crenato ; columella 4-plicata. Long. 20, lat. 8; ap. long. 10, lat. 3 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands. Mirra cippa. Testa acuminato-ovata, solida, levis, sub epi- dermide cornea unicolor fusca, obsoletissime raro lirata ; sutura crenata; anfr. 6 planiusculi, ultimus antice descendens, pone aperturam gibbus, basi distinctius liratus ; apertura intus cerulescenti-albida ; labrum callosum, crenulatum; columella 4-plicata, Long. 27, lat. 12; ap. long. 144, lat. 4 mill. Hab. New Caledonia. MiTRA NUX-AVELLANA. Testa ovata, solida, albina, fusco ma- culata, spiraliter suleata, longitudinaliter striata ; sutura in- distincta ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, apice obtuso, ultimus magnus, ventrosus, basi minime recurvus; apertura pyriformis; colu- mella 4-plicata. Long. 15, lat.83; ap. long. 103, lat. 3 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands. Allied to M. texturata. —_—— en EEE 369 8. On two New Genera or ACEPHALOtsS MOLLUSKS. By Henry Apams, F.L.S. My attention having been lately directed to the genera Cultellus and Macoma, the former belonging to the Solenide, aud the latter to the Tellinide, both families of Acephalous Mollusca, it may, I think, be interesting to point out two species hitherto included in those genera, viz. Cultellus cultellus and Macoma bruguieri, which are so aberrant in their characters as to render it desirable that they should be constituted the types of distinct groups. The former may be considered a genus, for which I would propose the name Ensz- eulus, and the latter a subgenus of Macoma, and be distinguished under the name Macalia. Genus Ensicutvus, H. Adams. Testa tenuis, transverse elongata, arcuata, utraque extremitate votundata et hiante ; umbonibus subanterioribus, interne costa brevi curvataque jirmatis. Cardo in dextra valva duobus den- tibus, in sinistra valva tribus dentibus instructus. Anterior impressio muscularis subtrigonalis ; sinus pallialis brevis et latus. E. cu.retuvs, Linn. Shell thin, transversely elongated, arcuated, rounded and gaping at each end ; beaks sub-anterior, strengthened internally by a short curved rib. Hinge composed of two teeth in the right, and three in the left valve. Anterior muscular impression subtrigonal ; pallial sinus short, wide. This genus is most nearly allied to Cultellus, but differs from it in its arcuated and more elongated and parallel form, and in the strength- ening callus of the umbo being short and curved. The genus Macoma, I would observe, will probably, when an op- portunity of examining the animal of Gastrana shall occur, be found, as pointed out by Mr. Clark in his ‘ British Mollusca,’ to have closer relations with Gastrana than with Tellina; and the chief peculiarity of Macalia, as distinguishing it from Macoma proper,—viz. the large size and strength of the hinge-teeth, which are strikingly similar to those of Gastrana,—tends to confirm this opinion. The general form of Macalia, however, which is subrotundate and compressed, toge- ther with the solidity of the shell, prevents its being included in that genus. The entire absence of lateral teeth serves to distinguish the species of Macoma and Gastrana from the Telline. I may take this opportunity of referring to a paper by Mr. Pease lately read before the Society, in which he describes a new Vevilla from the Sandwich Islands under the name of V. nigro-fusca ; and, as the species hitherto recorded of the genus are few in number, this addition is interesting. The shell in question, however, differs from the typical species, in the spire being acuminate, and in the aperture being somewhat contracted or narrowed, and should, I think, be regarded as the type of a subgenus, which might be named Usilla. No. 440.—Proceepines or THE Zoouoeicat Socrety. 370 9. On some New Species or NUCULACEZ IN THE COLLECTION or Hucu Cumine, Ese. By Sytvanus Haney. Lepa taytori. Testa elongata, antice aliquantum brevior et rotundato-lanceolata, postice attenuata et subrostrata ; sub- tenuis, compressa, nivea, densius longitudinaliter striata ; strie antice concentrice et elevate, mox acclinate et (certissime in valvula sinistra, ubi inferne prope plicam umbonalem planulatam demumque sublevigatam prorsus desunt) magis minusve oblique. Margo dorsalis uterque vir declivis ; anticus convexiusculus, posticus subretusus. Margo ventralis multum arcuatus, utrin- que subequaliter acclivis. Nates vix eminentes. Area dorsalis postica angusta, planulata, margine plice umbonalis depresse crenulato et valde prominente perspicue circumscripta; area dorsalis antica concentrice striata, subinconspicua. Long. 1,5, lat. 4 poll. Hab. Guatemala. Of the only three examples known to me, one belongs to Mr. Tay- lor and two to Mr. Cuming. The species approaches L. crenifera and L. electa. Lepa metcauFil. Testa elongata, valde inequilateralis, postice rostrata, compressa, albida, plice umbonalis elevate expers, lon- gitudinaliter striata (vel corrugata) : strie dense et argute ante radium anticum impressum remotiores et lamellose, postice autem elevate et valde oblique. LExtremitas lateris antici brevioris subangulata, superne eminentior, inferne oblique ro- tundata, lateris postici, sensim sed valde attenuati, angusta, obliqua, subtruncata, recurvata. Margines dorsales paululum declives: anticus convexiusculus ; posticus subrectus, denique autem incurvatus. Margo ventralis utrinque valde acclivis, antice oblique arcuatus, postice converus. Nates acute, satis prominentes. Aree dorsales sicut in L. crenifera. Long. 3, lat. 4 poll. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Hauley. This graceful shell, of which only two, and scarcely full-grown, in- dividuals are known to me, reminds one of L. erenifera and the young of L. electa. In the larger only of the specimens do the oblique strize extend to the crenated ridge. Youp1a woopwarpi. Testa subelliptica, valde inequilateralis, multum compressa, pertenuis, utrinque (presertim antice) hians, epidermide tecta valida, nitida, flavescente-olivacea, plice um- bonalis et radii impressi antici expers, sublevigata, rugis in- crementi tantum notata. LExtremitas lateris antici, producti, inconcinne rotundata ; lateris postici brevis rotundato-acumi- nata, et supra, potius quam infra medium sita. Margo dorsalis anticus vix declivis, principio subrectus, demum converus ; pos- ticus declivis, subrectus ; ventralis antice arcuatus et multum acclivis, in medio late converus, postice subarcuatim acclivis. EEE 371 Nates parve, acutissime, tamen haud prominentes. Aree dor- sales haud circumseripte ; antica planulata ; postica labia cari. nato-protrusa. Long. 14, poll., lat. ;4, poll. Hab. Apud insulas Falklandicas. Mus. Cuming, Taylor, Hanley. There are only from eight to ten teeth on one side of the cartilage- pit, and from ten to twelve on the other. I have named the species in honour of Mr. Woodward, who has delineated the animal (as Yoldia, n. sp.) in his admirable ‘ Manual of the Mollusca’ (p. 270). The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and purchase, during the month of May, was read :— 1 pair of Doves.........seeeeee+e Turtur risOrius .s..csccereeeee Mrs. Low. PURDUE ECRS ic eccs3's'eccnoess de Oporto. 4 Chestnut-breasted Finches ..| Donacola castaneothoraz...... = Alf. Denison, Esq., F.Z.S. 2 Portuguese Foxes ............ Vulpes vulgaris ...c00.ss0000 | | S j C. Pringle, Esq. 1 Wanderoo Monkey ......... Silenus vetus ...... | J. Pittman, Esq, | H.R.H. the Infanta Duke 1 Gannett Sula bassana ... © | J. H. Hunt, Esq. 1 Common Adder............... PCS OCFUS <0. vacucesesestunen a2 As | James Murton, Esq. 1 Cat (from Carthagena)...... OR Oona a, cowusaanpouaps A. F. Hurt, Esq. 1 Common Badger ............ Meles taxus .....ccecccecesscees J. T. Sharp, Esq. 1 Australian Goshawk ......... Astur nove hollandie ......... P. Frazer, Esq., Corr. Mem. 1 Kangaroo Rat .........eee00 Bettongia cuniculus ....++....++ P. Frazer, Esq., Corr. Mem. 1 Herring Gull....... masibnauea Larus argentatus .....ccccseves. Lady Hill. G Kingfishers.........isseeeserees Alcedo ispida .0....00.seeeeee E. Lukyn, Esq. IURVCT DD consuvensssacccatsccsres Castor americanus Earl of Southesk, F.Z.S. 2 Philantomba Antelopes...... Cephalophus maxrwellii......... Vise. Powerscourt, F.Z.S. 1 Australian Wild Duck ...... Anas superciliosa .........+0+++- Edward Wilson, Esq. 1 Australian Water-hen ...... Porphyrio melanotus ......... \ Edward Wilson, Esq. Yellow Wagtails ............ Budytes rayi......ceecceceecseees 1 Ring Ouzel...........ceeceeeees Turdus torquatus ....++......0++ 3 Red-tailed Finches............ Estrelda ruficauda ............ 4 Many-coloured Parrakeet...|Psephotus multicolor ......... 3 Adelaide Parrakeets ......... Platycercus adelaide ......... 1 Red-fronted Parrakeets ..... Trichoglossus concinnus ...... 1 Golden Eagle.................. Aquila chrysaétos .....+.....000 1 Rufous-bellied Wallaby...... Halmaturus thetidis........-... 2 Spotted Emeus ............... Dromeus irroratus ........+... VACUA vnc tseeesacsdscsonsees LAMA ViCUNA «22. ...ee verses eevee Purchased. 1 Triton Cockatoo ............ Cacatua triton ........sceceee ees Mysevere Aga...) fesscscsccsasves APG SEVETA .....ccncerscnsecees 1 Cuban Capromys ....... +s«..| Capromys prehensilis ......... 3 Red Birds ..........+.. soeeeeee|PYPANGA B8LIVA..6. ce. ceccecveees } 2 White-winged Doves.........|Zenaida leucoptera .........++ 1 Red-bellied Wallaby ......... Halmaturus billardieri......... 1 Red-necked Wallaby......... Halmaturus thetidis............ 1 White-crested Tiger-Bittern| Tigrisoma leucolophum......... 2 Australian Rails...... FE .-|Rallus australis........cse0.ss00e 372 i Of these, the following species were stated to have been exhibited for the first time:—Hoplocephalus superbus, Pseudechis porphyriaca, Sceloporus chlorolepidotis, Donacola castaneothorax, Anas superct- liosa, Estrelda ruficauda, Dromeus irroratus, Cacatua triton, Py- ranga estiva, and Tigrisoma leucolophum. The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and purchase, during the month of June, was read :— 1 Boa Constrictor.......++...++. Boa constrictor....++... reer 1 West Indian Turtle ......... ‘Chelonia Midas ........0..0e00e0s 1 Monkey from the Mozam- Cercopithecus rufo- viridis ome bique. 2 Harlequin Beetles ............ Acrocinus longimanus ......+-- 2 Common Herons ......+++... Ardea Cinered ......c0cecercsers MeddeWal esc cocepsccteossencscee Canis (from India) .........++- 1 South American Boa......... Boa constrictor......sceeseceveee Ports PA ARE snc. ccncssecner ews. Lepus hibernicus ......0.0+00++ 1 Spider Monkey ....... seeeeeee| Ateles pentadactylus....+....... 1 Ringed Parrakeet ............ Paleornis torquata ........+... 2 Carolina Water Tortoises ...|Emys Pen ite on uaeateesat eos | Young Brown Bear ......... Ur gUt ON ClOReasessesssceessectsee 2 Baboons.......0s....sscccee ....|Cynocephalus hamadryas ...... 2 Weaver Birds........-+2+..0+0+ Ploceus sanguinirostris......... 4 Little Bitterms .............. Ardetta minutd.........seeces0ee 2 Passerine Owls .........++0+++ Athene noctud ...cccsescceseeees 1 Red Kangaroo ..........+.++- Macropus rufus LE SSMCU),.0cesscecses'voceouentusars Dromeus nove hollandie...... 2 Kangaroo Rats ............++ Bettongia penicillata? ......... 4 Spotted Woodpeckers ...... PiCUS*THAJOT ..0.05.-.0eccee-. a0 6 Green Frogs ....0+..sseceeseee Ayla arborea .....seeeeeseseees 2 Blue-mountain Lories ...... Trichoglossus swainsoni ...... 1 Macaque Monkey ............|Macacus cynomolgus ......... 1 Australian Water-hen ...... Porphyrio melanotus ......... 1 South Australian Lizard ...|Monitor gouldi ..........+....++ 1 Yellow-footed Rock Kan-|Petrogale xanthopus............ garoo. 2 Shieldrakes ...........s0.002- Tadorna vulpanser ........+... 4 Kentish Plovers............... Hiaticula cantiana .......+.... . = C HNTAUS, O oceceincses: 2 Leporines (hybrids) ......... jet ee ae sah 2 Palm Squirrels ............... Sciurus palmarum ....++..+++. 6 Black Salamanders .........|Salamandra nigra.........+++... 1 Vulpine Phalanger......... ...|Phalangista vulpina ........-... 2 Armadillos..,.........+ se seeass Dasypus encoubert ....++....4. 1 Indian Starling ............... Acridotheres ginginianus...... 1 African Lizard ............... Regenia ocellata ...... soncsases 1 Blue Macaw .........000+ sovss| ALGIMUACH esnascve se. cosec esse 1 Military Macaw............... ATA IELAT IS: wavccccnsenchcoss: Of these, Cercopithecus rufo-viridis, Acridotheres ginginianus, Ara glauca, Monitor gouldi, Regenia ocellata, and Petrogale xanthopus were stated to have been exhibited for the first time. \ Capt. Sparks Moline, Esq. G. Billing, Esq. | G. Bond, Esq. Donor unknown. : E. Percy Thompson, Esq. | J. Fforde, Esq. R. J. Montgomery, Esq. | Col. Charles Ford, R.E. Richard Tress, Esq., F.Z.S. . A.Russell,Esq.,M.P.,F.Z.S. J. T. Hamilton, Esq. . Gordon Sandiman, Esq. Presented by — t Purchased. 373 November 13th, 1860. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Dr. Hamilton exhibited some hen Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) which had partially adopted the male plumage, and pointed out that they were all affected with disease in the ovarium, and that those in which the disease had made greatest progress had advanced farthest towards the male in external appearance. Mr. Gould called the attention of the meeting to a Kangaroo living in the Society’s Gardens, generally believed to be Macropus rufus, but which he was inclined to consider distinct, and for which he proposed the temporary appellation of Macropus (Osphranter) pictus. The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed to him by the Rev. G. Beardsworth, of Selling, Kent, giving an account of two Cetaceans, mother and young (probably Hyperoodon rostratus), killed on the North Kentish coast, near Whitstable, October 29, 1860 :-— “Dam: extreme length 26 feet; greatest girth nearly 20 feet ; snout or beak 17 inches long by 7 wide; pectoral fins 29 inches long, dorsal one rather shorter. Tail set transversely, and very slightly bifurcated, in fact very nearly straight, 7 feet across. The blow-hole set transversely on the crown of the head, a single straight line, about 6 inches long, and slightly behind the eyes. Eyes of human shape, about twice the size, and furnished with eyelids. The pectoral fins set very low, so much so that a straight stick would touch the roots of both without bending. Not the slightest traces of baleen or of teeth. Tongue entirely detached be- neath, and fringed with a kind of papille in a double row, about 3 of an inch deep. Forehead rising abruptly to the height of 13 inches from the snout, and very slight traces of any ridge between them. ‘Two diverging grooves beneath the throat, about 18 inches long. The dorsal and pectoral fins divide the whole length into three portions, of which the two end ones are about equal, the middle one rather longer. Colour, a brownish-black ; quite black on the back and tail, shading to a dirty white below and on the cheeks.” ‘Young one about 14 feet long, differing only from the old one in being slighter and of a lighter colour.” ‘One circumstance I think deserves recording. One of the coast- guardmen who killed these animals told me that the animal ‘sobbed’ very much, but that its only efforts were to smother itself by push- ing its snout into the sand. May not this give some clue to the use of the beak? May it not be to procure food by suction from the sand? This might show some reason for the papillz-like fringe to the tongue, which was alike in both specimens.” 374 * As showing the nature of the animal, it should also be stated that the cub could easily have escaped, and, in fact, went away three times, but each time returned from hearing the cries of her dam; on the last return, the water had become too low to permit its further escape.” Mr. O. Salvin stated that he had lately received from Mr. Robert Owen, Corresponding Member of the Society, specimens of the eggs of twenty-three species of Guatemalan birds. Amongst these were two eggs of the Quezal, or Long-tailed Trogon (Pharomacrus para- diseus), which he exhibited, as he believed, for the first time. Mr. Owen’s note relating to their capture was as follows :—“ In an ex- pedition to the mountains of Santa Cruz, one of our hunters told me that he knew of a Quezal’s nest about a league from Chilasco, in the same range, and offered to procure me the eggs and one of the birds if I would send my servant with his gun to help him. This I ac- cordingly did, and my man returned with two eggs and the hen bird, which he said that he shot as she left her nest. He described the nest as being placed in the main stem of a decayed forest tree, about 26 feet from the ground. The hollow or nest had but one entrance, not more than large enough to allow the bird to pass,—the interior cavity being of barely sufficient capacity to allow of the female bird turning round. Inside there were no signs of a nest, beyond a layer of small particles of decayed wood, upon which the eggs were deposited. “The mountaineers all say that the Quezal avails itself of the de- serted holes of the Woodpecker, probably founding their statement upon the unfitness of the bird’s beak for boring into the trunks of trees.” The following papers were then read :— 1. Nore on THE FEMALE OF CUSCUS ORNATUS. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c. On the 11th of January of this year* I described a new species of Cuscus, under the name of Cuscus ornatus, from a male specimen sent by Mr. Wallace from the Island of Batchian. Mr. Wallace has now sent three female Cusci (two adults and one younger specimen) from Ternate, which appear to be the females of the species above-described. The older female only differs from the male from Batchian in being darker. One specimen has many more spots on it than the other ; the spots are small, irregular in size, and not disposed sym- metrically. The younger specimen is yellower than the others, but, still, darker and browner than the male, and only indistinctly spotted. The dorsal streak is distinct and well-marked in the whole of the three, and disposed exactly as in the male. * See anted, p. 1. ~~ 375 2. Ow A New Species oF KANGAROO, OF THE GENUS HaLMa- turus. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S., &c. HALMATURUS STIGMATICUS. Face, sides of the body, outer side of the fore limbs, and the flanks rufous, more or less interspersed with whitish-tipped hairs ; outer side of the hinder limbs rich rusty-red ; occiput dark brown, inter- spersed with silvery-tipped hairs ; ears externally clothed with long black hairs, and narrowly fringed on the front edge with white ; upper surface of the body blackish-brown, interspersed with nume- rous whitish-tipped hairs, and gradually blending with the rufous hue of the flanks ; down the back of the neck an indistinct line of a darker or blackish hue ; across each haunch a broad and conspicuous mark of buff; upper lip, chin, and all the under surface of the body and the inner side of the limbs dirty white ; hands and feet dark brown ; upper surface of the tail dark brown ; on its sides the hairs are less numerous, and the scaly character of the skin becomes con- spicuous. ft. in. Length from the tip of the nose to the extremity LT SS 2 SER ERS Se a Cea Pee ge d GER ANEEM aah cna Licecea PhS a class cute malin gh race ——— of the tarsus and toes, including the nail 0 52 — of the arm and hand, including the nails 0 63 ——— of the face from the tip of the nose to the ane OF ENE CATA, 6 - 9.5.42 vic -k mele ats 0 42 BOM CA aot gx oa aid nigel ied oariota. i A 0 Hab. Point Cooper, on the north-eastern coast of Australia. Remark.—Nearly allied to H. thetidis, but differing from that species in being of a somewhat larger size, in the more rufous colouring of the fur, particularly of that clothing the hind limbs, and in having a broad brand-like mark of buff on each haunch. For the discovery of this new species we are indebted to the re- searches of Mr. John Macgillivray. The typical specimen is now in the British Museum. 3. Nore ON THE JAPANESE DEER LIVING IN THE SOCIETY’S Menacerisz. By Paruie Lurvey Scxuater, M.A., SECRE- TARY TO THE SOCIETY. I venture to call particular attention to one out of several im- | portant additions made to the Menagerie since the last meeting for scientific business. A pair of a very beautiful small species of Deer, quite new to the collection, were presented to the Society in July last by J. Wilks, Esq. They were obtained at Kanegawa, in Japan, and brought to this country by Captain D. Rees, of the ship ‘Sir F. Williams.’ 376 Dr. Gray has described these animals, believing them to be new, in a recent number of the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ as Rusa javanica (Ann. N. H. ser. iii. vol. vi. p. 218, Sept. 1860). But on reference to the figure of Cervus pseudaris of MM. Eydoux and Souleyet in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Bonite’ (Atlas, pl. 3. Zool. p. 64), and to the further details concerning the same animal given by Dr. Pucheran in the ‘Archives du Muséum d’ Hist. Nat.’ (vi. pp. 416, 489), it seems probable that our new acquisition may belong to the same species. The locality of the example figured in the ‘ Voyage of the Bonite’ was not ascertained ; but a second speci- men, brought home by the expedition of the ‘ Astrolabe and Zelée,’ was said to have come from the Soolvo Islands. This discrepancy of localities is a fact which would lead me to believe that our animals are different from Cervus pseudazis ; but in the structure of the horns, in the general colouring of the body, in the elongation of the hairs of the mane and throat, and in the disappearance of the white spots in winter, our specimens seem to me to agree well with the peculiarities indicated by the French authorities ; and the male possesses partially developed canines, which are likewise spoken of in the case of Cervus pseudazis. Mr. Blyth has also recently described a Deer from the island of Formosa, under the name Cervus taiouanus (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxx. p. 90), which is probably likewise referable to this same species. At the time of writing this description, Mr. Blyth was inclined to consider the Formosan animal different from a pair of the small Deer of Japan, which he had living with him in Calcutta at the same date. This opinion, however, he has subsequently modified, stating, ina letter, addressed to me, dated July 4th of the present year, with reference to the Formosan and Japanese Deer, which he had then turned out together in his garden at Calcutta, that he was “ satisfied that they were of one and the same species.” My opinion therefore is—though I do not state it without hesita- tion, against so high an authority on the subject of the Cervide as Dr. Gray—that Rusa javanica is probably a synonym of Cervus pseud- axis, Eydoux and Souleyet, and Cervus tatouanus, Blyth. But there is, perhaps, a still older appellation for this little Deer. The figure of Temminck and Siebold’s Cervus sika, in the ‘ Fauna Japonica,’ certainly looks very little like the male of this species. The uniform colouring and the third branch to the horns are very noticeable points in which it differs from our male Deer. To the description given in the same work I have unfortunately had no access, the sheets containing it being deficient in the only copy I have been able to consult. But Mr. Bartlett, who has lately returned from Hol- land, informs me that a female Deer living in the Gardens at Am- sterdam, and there considered as Cervus sika, is undoubtedly the same as ours; and as the Dutch naturalists have consulted the type in the Leyden Museum, there appears to be little doubt of the fact. I am therefore induced to believe that the following may prove to be the correct synonymy of this species of Deer :-— i tl 6 377 CERVUS SIKA. Cervus sika, Temm. & Sieb. Fauna Japonica, Mamm. pl... (fig mala). Cervus pseudaxis, Eyd. & Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool. p. 64. pl. 3, Buch. Arch. Mus. Par. vi. pp. 416, 489; Wagn. Suppl. Schreber’s Saiig. v. p. 364 (?). Cervus axis, ec China, Cantor, Ann. N. H. ix. p. 274. Cervus taiouanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix. p. 90. Rusa javanica, J.B. Gray, Ann. N. H. ser. 3. vi. p. 218. Mr. Blyth, it may be remarked, is of opinion (J. A. S. B. xxix. p- 90) that this Deer “ belongs strictly to the Hlaphine, and not to the Avine group,” and states that its skull “has the same large round infra-orbital foramina as C. elaphus, and its immediate con- geners. 4. On THE AFFINITIES OF BALZNICEPS. By Proressor J. REINHARDT, For. M. Z.S. The majority of ornithologists seem to look upon the Baleniceps as approaching nearest to Cancroma, and to consider it the African re- presentative of this South American type. Now it shall be freely con- ceded that it indeed appears more nearly allied to the Boatbill than to the Pelicans, to which Mr. Gould was inclined to refer this, perhaps the most extraordinary of the numerous highly interesting new forms introduced by him in ornithology. The Baleniceps seems, further, better placed in the neighbourhood of the Cancroma than between the Spoonbills and the Flamingos, as proposed by M. Des Murs,— a position admissible, I think, only when the texture of the egg is made the ruling principle of classification. But it may be question- able whether the large Storks (Leptoptilos) do not make a nearer approach to it than the Boatbill; and I do not hesitate to advance, that at all events this last-mentioned bird is not its next of kin. When several years ago I became first acquainted with the de- scription and the admirable figures of the bird in question in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society of London, I was struck with some features in the gigantic new form, recalling to my mind another curious bird, and I wondered why it had not been compared with this as well as with the Pelicans, Cranes, Herons, and the Boat- bill ; but having no opportunity to examine the Baleniceps itself, I could not arrive at any settled opinion. The Museum at Copenhagen having last year obtained a female specimen of this rare bird from the Imperial Museum at Vienna through the generous interference of Prof. Steenstrup, I have at length been able to substantiate, through immediate comparison, that (indeed as I presumed) the equally African Scopus is the nearest relation of the Baleniceps. I may be permitted shortly to state my reasons for this rapprochement. The Cancroma does not, in my opinion, represent a peculiar sub- 378 family ; it is in every respect a Night Heron gifted with a very sin- gular beak. The plumage, the feet and their serrated middle claws, and further the colour, manifest the affinity. Even in the bill, ano- malous as at first sight it may appear, a minute examination will enable us to recognise the beak of a stout-billed Night Heron (A. vio- lacea, for instance), strongly modified, it is true, in shape, but still exhibiting many of the essential characters. To the beak of the Bale- niceps, on the contrary, it seems to afford only an analogy (and not even a very strong one), but no true affinity. Its flattened form, and the slender and pliable branches of the lower jaw, prove, in my opinion, that the beak of the Boatbill is calculated to be rather a very capa- cious than a very strong one ; whilst the bill of the Baleniceps, being higher than broad, evinces an extraordinary strength in almost every feature, but especially in the powerful hook, in which the culmen terminates. In the Boatbill there is no such hook, but the upper mandible is provided with the usual notched tip of the Night Herons, not separated from the sides of the bill by a well-marked groove, as is the hook of its presumed kindred; and if we carry on the com- parison further, we shall find that the lower jaw does not offer the truncated apex, characterizing this part in the Baleniceps, and being indeed the consequence of the shape of the hook. The different form of the nostrils and the different size and extent of the nasal groove afford other notable points of diversity between the two birds ; and though the skin of the throat may be dilatable in a certain degree in the living Baleniceps, I should not think that this bird possesses a true pouch like that of the Cancroma. At all events the fact of the mentum being very thick-feathered throughout two-thirds of its length induces me to doubt it; and the stout and apparently little pliable under-jaw seems also to make it not very probable. It must be conceded, that the Baleniceps approaches much to the Cancroma in the general structure of the feet; but it has not, like this bird, a pectinated middle claw ; and this circumstance affords, in my opinion, a strong warning not to class it with the Boatbill, as this peculiar serrature never fails in any member of the Heron tribe. As to what relates to the nature of the plumage, the Baleniceps differs also in not unimportant points from the Cancroma, the downy part of each feather being proportionally larger, and genuine down being intermixed in considerable quantity among the feathers, as in Leptoptilos, while in the Cancroma and the Herons there is hardly any down at all amongst them: moreover the hyporhachis is well developed in the last, but very small in the Baleniceps, which also in this point seems to adhere to the Storks, in certain species of which itis even entirely wanting. The distribution of the feathers on the body (the pterylose) cannot be accurately studied on a stuffed skin ; therefore 1 am not able to give any sufficient account of it in the Baleniceps; but even now I think I may say, that the pterylose of this bird, when minutely examined, will probably show notable differences from that of the Boatbill. It especially appears that the neck is feathered nearly all over, while in the Boatbill and the whole Heron-tribe there are large apteria on this part. attri, IXYY erndey $7 o0sg 395 12. On THE Genus MANovuRIA AND ITS AFFINITIES. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc. (Reptilia, Pl. XXXI.) In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1852, p. 133, I described, and in the quarto Catalogue of the ‘Shield Reptiles in the Collec- tion of the British Museum’ I described at greater length and figured, the imperfect shield of a Tortoise which had long been in the posses- sion of the Society, under the name of Manouria fusca. Dr. Cantor, in his ‘Catalogue of the Reptiles of the Malayan Peninsula,’ describes a specimen of the same Tortoise under the name of Geoemyda spinosa, considering it as the adult of that curious and interesting species, and most unjustifiably copies my description of the animal of that Tortoise as that of the animal belonging to the shell which he was describing. Dr. Cantor sent the specimen here referred to, to the East India Company, and it has passed from them into the Collection of the British Museum, so that there can be no doubt about the identity of the two animals. Mr. Le Conte, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia’ for October 1859, vol. vii. p. 187, describes a Tortoise from Java under the name of Teleopus luxatus, which evidently belongs to the same genus, and is probably the same spe- cies which I had previously described and figured under the name of Manouria fusca. When I first described the genus from a shell in a very imperfect condition, I referred it to the family Hmydide, on account of its «depressed form and the divided caudal plate.” Dr. Cantor, in the Catalogue above quoted, not only refers it to that family, but considers it a species of the genus Geoemyda, and describes the animal as having the feet of that genus, which are provided with strong, separate toes. . Mr. Le Conte seems to have had a perfect animal, for he de- scribes the feet thus:—‘Toes and claws 5:5; fore-claw long and rather sharp: hind-feet clavate ; claws nearly globular, the inner one wide and flat, the edge sharp-edged:” yet he places the genus Teleopus, in his arrangement published in the same volume of the ‘ Philadelphia Proceedings,’ between Platysternon and Lutremys with the true Emydes, observing that “it possesses a strong mixture of the characters of this family with those of the next.” The British Museum has just acquired from Mr. Gould a very fine and perfect specimen of the genus, which he received with a series of skins of Kangaroos and other Australian mammalia and reptiles from Australia, thus enabling me to lay before the Society a - completion of the character of the genus before established from the examination of an imperfect specimen of the shell alone, to correct the position of the genus in the order, and to show the geographical arrangement of the single species on which it is founded. The genus Manourta is a typical Land Tortoise (Testudinide), which verifies the fact stated by Dr. Cantor, that it is “found on 396 the great hill at Pinang at a distance from water.’ Like the other genera of that family, it has very short toes on both the hind and fore feet, which are all united together into a club-like foot, with only the claws separate,—very unlike the distinct, more or less webbed toes of the Freshwater Tortoises or Hmydide, with which it has been hitherto united. Its fore-feet are covered with very large, thick, triangular scales, like the feet of the genus Kinizys; and it has the spur-like conical scale, situated between the hinder thigh and the base of the tail, which is found in several genera of this family. It is easily known from all the other genera of the Emydide, and from the more terrestrial genera of the family, by the small size and position of the pectoral plates and the divided caudal plate. The pectoral plates in some genera of the Freshwater Tortoises, as in Kinosternon and Sternotherus, are smaller than the other plates, and narrowed on the inner edge; but I do not know of any genus where they are reduced to such a small size and removed so far towards the outer edge of the sternum as in the one under consideration. The separation of the caudal plates, which is universal in all the Freshwater Tortoises and Marine Turtles which have come under my examination, is not found in any other genus of Land Tortoises that I am aware of: but in several species of the true Testudines there is a more or less distinct groove, showing where the plates are united ; and in Manouria they are quite separate. The head is covered with symmetrical small shields. The jaws are crenulated on the edge, without any distinct sharp hook at the top of the upper one. The neck is covered with small granular scales. The fore-feet are depressed, club-shaped, covered with large, thick, triangular, sharp-tipped shields, forming five rather irregular rows on the front or upper surface. The outer side of the under surface and the soles of the fore-feet are covered with large flattened plates. The fore-claws are five in number, large, thick, conical, acute, and nearly of an equal size, the outer one being rather the smallest. The hind-feet are large, with four very large, strong, conical, acute claws, the outer one on each foot being rather smaller than the others, which are all of equal size. The soles of the hind-feet are covered with large unequal-sized scales—those on the hinder edge being largest, thick, conical, trihedral, and prominent. On each side of the hinder part of the body, near the tail, is a group of large triangular scales,—the hindermost, nearest the base of the tail, being very large, conical, and prominent, forming a large spur. Tail short, conical, with three rows of flat shields above, and three or four rows of squarer, smaller ones beneath. The Manouria fusca appears to inhabit Pinang, where Dr. Cantor says it is ‘‘ found on the great hill at Pinang at a distance from water ;” also Java, as I cannot discover from Mr. Le Conte’s description that there is any specific difference between his Teleopus luxatus and my species from Pinang ; and likewise Australia, for the specimen which we have received from Mr. Gould is marked the “ Murray River Tortoise,’ and it came with a collection of the skins of mammalia and reptiles which are all Australian, There is very little difference 397 between the three specimens of this Tortoise which we have in the British Museum Collection, two of them from Pinang and the other from Australia. They vary a little in the size and form of the pec- toral plates, and in the size of the axillary and inguinal plates, but not more than is the case with other Tortoises of the same species. 13. Descriptions or SrveNTEEN New Species or MARINE SHELLS, FROM THE SANDWICH IsLANDs, IN THE COLLEC- TION OF HuGuH Cumine. By W. H. Pease. 1. ViruLARIA SANDWICENSIS, Pease. Shell fusiformly ovate, rather thin, white, with about three trans- verse rows of brown spots on varices ; whorls five, sharply angulated, body-whorl angulated just below the suture; varices six, slightly oblique, wrinkled; aperture white, oblong-ovate, outer lip denticu- lated within ; columella slightly arched ; canal short. _. 2. RANELLA PRopDUCTA, Pease. Shell solid, small, depressly pyramidal, sublanceolate, ribbed lon- gitudinally, ribs overlapping at the sutures, and cancellated by trans- verse granulose ridges, lateral varices compressed, arranged like the ribs by overlapping ; aperture small, oval, coarsely lyrate within ; canal short, recurved ; colour chalky-white. 3. RANELLA LUTEOSTOMA, Pease. Shell ponderous, solid, ovately turreted, varices prominent, nodu- lous and canaliculated ; spire consisting of about six angulated whorls, girdled with a close series of granular belts, the upper and lower generally the most prominent, and the angle traversed by a row of bipartite nodules, which latter are continued on the upper third of the body-whorl ; body-whorl angulated above, beaded like the spire, and beneath the bipartite nodules are alternate series of granular belts and obsolete raised lines, four rows of the former and five of the latter ; columella arched, closely wrinkled, wrinkles more distant and larger at the extremities ; outer lip much thickened, flat and coarsely denticulated within ; aperture oval, canaliculated at both extremities ; colour pale-yellow, variegated with more or less distinct transverse articulated brown lines, lips yellow passing into white within the throat, denticulations and the upper and lower wrinkles on the colu- mella white. 4. Disrorsio pusiLua, Pease. Shell solid, oblong ovate, gibbous, somewhat distorted, four or five varices ; whorls beatifully latticed, with rather coarse granular raised ridges and fine microscopic spiral strie; aperture small, narrow; outer lip thick, strongly dentated on inner edge and sinuated above ; columella deeply excavated and plicately toothed ; canal short. Only a single specimen has been found, too much faded to deter- mine its colour. It is pale yellow, with faint traces of brown, iF be 398 5. Conus NEGLECTUS, Pease. Shell solid, slightly swollen above, orange-brown, girdled with a white belt on the middle and an obsolete one at the superior angle, base purple-black ; surface faintly decussately striated, lower half with small spiral ridges; spire depressed, its profile very slightly convex ; aperture narrow and straight, interior white, tinged with orange on the edge, and two large deep-purple spots within ; epi- dermis thick, opake, velvety, dusky or fulvous brown. 6. Conus FUSIFORMIS, Pease. Shell small, fusiform, attenuated at both ends, closely and regu- larly grooved spirally, and reticulated by fine irregular longitudina. striz ; spire acuminate, sharp; whorls encircled by two granulose ridges, sutures marginated ; aperture narrow, rather more than half the length of the shell; colour dark chocolate-brown, with a row of irregular white spots on upper edge, margin of the sutures light yellowish-brown. ~ 7. FossAR MULTICOSTATUS, Pease. Shell small, thin, globose, of a chalky-white colour, spire small, acute, consisting of three or four moderately convex whorls separated by a linear impressed suture; surface ornamented with a nearly uniform series of small, rdther sharp spiral ridges, and the interstices decussately striated with fine raised lines, of which the spiral are most developed, periphery of the last whorl rounded and narrowly umbilicated ; columella slightly oblique, scarcely arched, covered with a thin callous deposit and slightly sinuous at the base ; aperture large, subcircular, lip thin, crenulated by the external spiral ridges. 8. TuRRIS MONILIFERA, Pease. Shell fusiform, turreted, light brown; whorls numerous, encircled with a row of semitransparent slightly oblong tubercles, disposed in a somewhat imbricated manner, with a prominent keel between and a lighter one just below the rows of tubercles, interstices concave, ornamented with raised striew, and crossed by oblique lines, last whorl encircled by raised strize, which are most prominent on upper part ; aperture ovate ; canal rather long, slightly recurved. 9. STROMBUS CANCELLATUS, Pease. Shell solid, abbreviate, somewhat fusiformly ovate; spire short, acute ; whorls seven or eight, subangulated above, latticed with lon- gitudinal ribs (or ridges) and spiral lines, margined next the sutures, about three varices to each whorl ; sutures well impressed, last whorl irregularly verrucose on the back at the upper part, and latticed like the spire; outer lip thin, slightly thickened behind ; columella strongly callused and closely wrinkled throughout ; aperture narrow, contracted, lyrate and granulose within. All the specimens found of this species have had the outer lip fractured and repaired. The nearest allied species is 8S. hemastoma (Sow.). bX 399 10. AMATHINA BICARINATA, Pease. Shell thin, subpellucid, triangularly ovate, contracted posteriorly ; colour vitreous-white ; traversed by longitudinal, diverging, irregular- sized ribs, two of which are more prominent than the others, giving the shell a somewhat bicarmated appearance, and crossed by fine, close, concentric lines of growth ; spire consisting of one evolution, recurved laterally and projecting beyond the posterior margin of the shell ; aperture oval, edges smooth; epidermis thin, membranaceous, covering the entire shell. 11. CoRALLIOBIA CANCELLATA, Pease. Shell small, rather solid, depressly ovate, white ; spire concealed by the upper termination of the outer lip ; surface coarsely latticed with longitudinal and transverse ridges, the former disposed so as to give the surface an imbricated appearance; columella smooth, very slightly arched, and attenuated below; outer lip widely dilated; aperture large, extending the whole length of the shell. A singular species, resembling somewhat a minute Concholepas, and allied to R. madreporarum (Sow.). Only a single dead specimen found. 12. RuIzoCHILUS EXARATUS, Pease. Shell abbreviately ovate, deeply umbilicated; spire short, acute, less than one-half the length of the shell; whorls about six, convex, subangulated, the last large and gibbous, encircled with small, close, irregular, minutely scaled ridges and longitudinal ribs, ribs slightly oblique and becoming obsolete or altogether wanting on body-whorl ; aperture wide, semicircular, finely and closely lyrate within; outer lip thin ; inner lip produced so as to form an even surface with the outer lip, smooth and slightly arched ; canal very short and slightly recurved ; colour dirty-white. 13. CoLUMBELLA PELLUCIDA, Pease. Shell elongate-oval, turreted, thin, pellucid, smooth, shining ; spire prominent, consisting of six or seven volutions ; apex obtuse ; whorls smooth, plano-convex, last whorl but slightly swollen, and furnished with close obliquely transverse impressed striz on the basal half; su- ture impressed, and margined below with a fine spiral impressed line ; aperture about one-half the length of the shell, oblong oval, slightly effuse above; outer lip simple; columella smooth, slightly arched ; whitish horn-colour; last whorl ornamented with one or two rows of oblong brown spots and an opake white spot, intermediate rows extending to and encircling the lower part of the upper whorls near the suture. 14. CoLUMBELLA LINEATA, Pease. Shell small, solid, fusiform, turreted, whitish or variously marked with reddish brown; spire acute ; whorls plano-convex, smooth, the last somewhat ventricose, and spirally striated at the base; canal produced ; sutures faintly impressed ; outer lip thickened by a stout 7h Rr (9 bi 400 outer varix, and dentated within ; columella smooth, strongly arched ; aperture small, tortuous. 15. SCALARIA MILLECOSTATA, Pease. Shell small, pyramidal, white, thin; whorls nine, contiguous, rapidly enlarging, rounded, the last one ventricose and perforated at the base; varices numerous, crowded, appearing like raised lines ; sutures deeply impressed ; aperture rounded. 16. ScaLarta FUCATA, Pease. Shell elongate, imperforate, white, with a spiral brown band on the periphery of the whorls; whorls 8-9, rounded, separated and closely decussately striated with fine raised lines ; varices 7-8, distant, compressed, rather large, continuous and toothed above ; aperture ab- breviately oval. 17. CrirsoTREMA ATTENUATUM, Pease. Shell small, elongate, solid, imperforate, slightly distorted; spire obtuse; whorls plano-convex, nodulous at the suture, encircled with fine, close spiral lines, upper whorls longitudinally ribbed ; varices few, irregular, suture faintly impressed; outer lip thickened by an external varix ; aperture oval. 14. Review or THE Genus TENAGODUS, GUETTARD. , By Orro A. L. Mércu or CopENHAGEN. Worm-tubes, with a branchial slit, were figured by Aldrovandus, Buonanni, Rumphius, and Argenville; but this character, either overlooked or regarded as accidental, was first described by the ac- curate Lister in his ‘ Historia Conchyliorum,’ pl. 548. fig. 2: ‘* Ver- miculus fissura quadam secundum volutas insignitus.”” A porous slit was first described by Linnzus, although Rumphius first figured the same species. Guettard, 1776*, in his, for the time, admirable treatise on ‘ Worm-tubes,’ first recognized the generic value of the slit—a view adopted by Bruguiére, Lamarck, and most subsequent authors, under the new name Siliqguaria, preoccupied by Forskal for a genus of plants. Lamarck supposed Tenagodus to belong to the Annelides. Blain- ville brought it first, guided by conchological reasons, to the Mollusca, close to Vermetus; but erroneously imagined, from the median posi- tion of the branchial slit, that it had affinities with the animal of Fissurella. In the year 1829 Audouin+ set the question respecting the mol- luscous nature of the genus at rest ; but it was first im 1836 that Phi- lippi, in his ‘ Enumeratio,’ gave a clear description and figure of the animal and its operculum. Montfort, too, has given some account of the animal ; but one part * Guettard arranged the Tenagodus, figured by Davila, pl. 21. f. L, in the genus Tulaxodes, because he regarded the septa more important than the pores. + Audouin, Société Philomatique, 1829 ; Annales des Sciences, 1829 ; et Rang, Manuel, p. 188. 401 of his description is taken from an Annelide, and the other part is founded on a fragment of a shell found on the deck after a storm in the Bornean sea—very likely the Ianthina exigua, which, like Sili- quarius, has a deep notch in the lip, and is of about the same dia- meter as the specimen figured: “II flotte et nage dans la mer et il enfle son manteau en forme de voile.” Dr. Gray has formed for the genus a section Siliquarina in the family Vermetide. It seems to me to have the same relation to Vermetus as Haliotis to Stomax and Delphinula. Tenagodus differs principally from Vermetus in the operculum, which is spiral like that of Torinia, composed of a spiral band ciliated at the margin, forming a cylinder or cone the axis of which is filled up by a series of spiral radiating cells, and which in the last whorl looks like a Robulina or Semen medicaginis (subgenus Siliquarius). In Siliquaria lactea, Lam., the axis is filled up with transverse parallel septa without radiating cells (subgenus Pywipoma, Mérch). The marginal spiral band appears composed of radiating bristles, united at their base by corneous matter, only leaving the points free. Dr. Chenu has figured (in his ‘Manual,’ p. 321, f. 2308*) an operculum quite different from those I have seen, and which, if correct, must belong to a distinct genus, perhaps to the typical Tenagodi. The foetal shell is wanting in all the specimens I have seen, except in Siliguaria lactea, where it has the form of Ampullaria, the under part of the outer lip being produced, and of a brown colour. Chemnitz has described the young shell as Helix incisa, and Brocchi as Serpula ammonoides. Sowerby, in his ‘Genera,’ first showed the real nature of the former, and Bronn of the latter. In the subgenus Siliquarius the surface of the shell is curiously fissured transversely in a manner I do not re- collect to have seen in any other shell. I am very much inclined to regard this outer layer as a calcareous epidermis, like that of Lucina pennsylvanica, L. tivela, and Margaritifera. In Siliquarius lacteus this layer is very little developed. The aperture is round and simple in all the specimens Ihave seen. Martini has figured (pl. 2. fig. 13 B) a species with the outer lip strongly dentated. Perhaps it is Sipho- nium nebulosum, Dillwyn, with rubbed spines, The slit is wanting in some species in the first whorls ; in all it becomes closed more or less with age. In the subgenus Pyzipoma it is closed by a lamella, but not filled up outside. In the fossil species Siliquaria dubia, Defr., and S. lima, Lam.., the slit is very short like that of Pleurotoma ; in the fossil genus Agathirses it appears to be different. The typical Tenagodi seem, according to Rumphius, to live on tocks and corals. The subgenus Siliquarius lives always in sponges like Vulsella. The only affixed species is the fossil S. forina, Defr., figured by Dr. Chenu on Cerithium giganteum ; perhaps it must form a new genus, if not the young of dgathirses, Montfort. Tenagodus is only found in tropical seas (East and West Indies) ; Siliquarius is subtropical. Pyzxipoma is found in Australia, the West Indies, and perhaps at the Cape of Good Hope. * Perhaps copied from Adams’s ‘ Genera.’ No, 442.—Proceepinés or tHE Zootocicat Soctety. 402 The longest species is found in the Mediterranean ; the most pon- derous at Port Essington (Australia). DESCRIPTIONES SPECIERUM. TENAGODUS, Guettard, Mém. 1774, p. 128. T. in gyris obliquis contorta, substantia dura leviuscula nitida, plerumque sqamifera, striis incrementi simplicibus ; apertura postice elongata. Animal et operculum ignota. If the figure of the animal of Audouin (Chenu, Ill. et Legons) is represented of the natural size, it belongs probably to this genus, as Rang asserts the specimen was brought from the East Indies by Dr. Busseuil of the frigate ‘Thetis.’ The known species of the follow- ing section, Stliquarius, from the East Indies, are all of a compara- tively small size. Perhaps it may be the Tenagodus gigas, Lesson, brought from the Moluccas by ‘la Coquille’ about the same year. I suppose that Rumphius describes the operculum in the following passage: ‘‘Solen anguinus van binnen met diergeylk een slymerig Deer, en een getand Mytertye voor in den mond.” I suppose that the cilia of the operculum are meant by “getand ;”” but we cannot de- pend much on the text of Rumphius, it having been written originally in Latin, and translated after the death of the author into the Dutch language. 1, TeENAGODUS ANGUINUS, (Serpula) Linn. 1758. a. Testa semiadulta, typica. Solen anguinus, Rumph. t. 41. 7. H. Serpula anguina, Linn. 8. N. ed. 10. p. 700, excl. var. 6. Serpula anguina, var. 3, L. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 701. no. 431; Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 12.-p-147>n0- 804; A» /247 ~2 fry Tubulus testaceus solitarius, anguinus, p.p., Mart. Conch. Cab. f. 14 (copy). La Chenille, Favanne, p. 653, t. 6. f. M (copy). Serpula volvoz, Dillw.p.1079. no. 26 (founded on Favanne) ; Wood, Index, Serpula, f. 25 (copy). B. Testa adulta. S. muricata, Born. T. alhescens pallidissime aurantio tincta ; liris 10 parum promi- nentibus, squamis sparsis ornatis ; interstitia lirarum levigata, rugis transversis distantibus, unde obsolete foveolata, interstitio magno subventrali lirula abrupta; apertura elongato-trigona. Long. 54 cm., alt. aperturze 10 mm. (Mérch)*. Serpula muricata, Born, Testacea, p. 446. t. 18. f. 16. Serpula anguina, (3, Born, Index. Serpula anguina, Shaw, Miscell. xiv. 575 (from Born). Hab. Moluccas (coll. Cuming). Specimen unicum. * The length is measured with a string; as the first whorl is always wanting, it is not very exact. 403 It is evident that Linneus, in the tenth edition, regarded the spined form as the type, figured by Rumphius, from whom the specific name was borrowed. This is still more evident by the synonyms of the variety /3, which all belong to the subgenus Siliquarius. Rumphius says his shell is white, which proves it must be S. muricata, Born, and not the following. In the Linnean collection, according to Mr. Hanley, several species of Tenagodus are to be found. 2. TENAGODUS RUBER, (Anguinaria) Schum. 1817. Differt a precedente. T. gracilior solidior et tamen liris 6 validio- ribus interstitia fere equantibus. Squame parve, in liris in- ternis approximate ; lire externe rudes, obsoletissime nodu- lose ; interstitia costarum foveis quadratis obsoletis. Sculptura aperturam versus obsoleta. Color saturate purpureus. Long. 24-25 em., alt. ap. 6-7 mm. : Anguinaria rubra, Schum. Essai, 1817, p. 262 (excl. syn. Mart. . 13, 14). Siliquaria muricata, B, Lam. Hist. v. 338?; Chenu, Illustrations, p. 2. pl. 2. £14? Siliquaria suleata, Gray, List of Genera, Proceed. 1847, no. 261. Hab. Moluccas.—One specimen in the collection of Mr. Cuming ; gent ten specimens are found in the different collections of Copen- agen. 3. TeNnaGopus Potyeonus, (Siliquaria) Blv. Var. Dunkeri. T. annulatim convoluta, liris prominentibus et regularibus 10-11, externis validioribus, internis approximatis parvis, syuamis mi- nutissimis (detritis) ornatis. Interstitia lirarum plana trans- versim rugulosa unde irregulariter foveolata. Rima regula- riter pertusa, aperturam versus utrinque denticulata, poris elongatis approximatis, dissepimentis angustis arcuatis. Color eretaceus pallidissime roseo-tinctus. Long. 221 decim., alt. aperture circ. 6 mm. Specimen dealbatum extat in coll. cl. Dunkeri. Perhaps this variety might prove a distinct species ; but as I have not seen the 7’. polygonus, I cannot yet decide the question. Subgenus Srirquarius, Montfort. T. spiraliter (plus vel minus) contorta, substantia calcarea molli, cortice peculiariter transversim fissurata. Operculum spirale, centro cellulis radiantibus. Sect. A. Rima porosa. 4. Tenacopvus (SiL1quarius) cumriner, Morch. T. anfr. 5 primis scalariformibus, postice angulatis, angulo in anfr. ultimis evanescente ; inferne granuloso-lirata, liris distantibus, interstitiis hue illue lirula intercalante; transversim leviter 404 Surcato-fissurata, fissuris in anfr. ultimis evanescentibus. Regio umbilicalis longitudinaliter undulato-striata, sulcis radiantibus distantibus sigmoideis decussata. Rima poris oblongis irregu- laribus plerumque geminatim confluentibus, in anfr. 8 primis clausis; rima in anfr. ultimo aperta utrinque denticulata. Color albus, nebulis ferruginets. Long. 221 em., diam. circ. 6 mm. Operculum alveariforme (farinosum) pallide flavum, gyris 11, margine pulcherrime ciliato; area centralis parva saturate castanea nitida, obsoletissime impresso-punctata, late umbili- cata; segmentis radiantibus bullatis leviter flexis circiter 11, sulco profundo peripherico circumscriptis; lamina marginali latissima pallide flava. Diam. 4 mm., alt. 3 mm. Siliquaria anguina. Blainv. Man. t. 1. f.11? Hab. Ins. Philippin. (coll. Cumingii). Specimen unicum. Among the whorls are the remains of a sponge, with spiculz subu- late at both ends. Var. a. RUDIS. T. trochlearis, crassa, anfr. inferne planatis, umbilico pervio, liris granulis validis approximatis asperis. Long. 15 em., alt. aperturee 4 mm. Hab. Ins. Philippin. legit H. Cuming (coll. Dunkeri). Rumph. t. 41. no. 2? Var. 8. CONIFER. S. anguina, Chenu, Man. p. 321? T. valida, poris rotundis geminis rarius confluentibus. Diam. 5 mm. Operculum concavo-conicum, apice (casu?) truncato, gyris 13 ; area centralis lata, centro profunde et anguste umbilicato ; seg- mentis radiantibus 15 planatis, canali peripherico excavato circumscriptis ; lamina marginali angusta bipartita, annulo inferno castaneo, externo flavo. Diam. 33 mm., alt. 44 mm. This operculum differs from that of the type by its deep and rather narrow umbilicus, by its much larger central area, and by its nar- row marginal ring, which in the specimen appears damaged. The sides are concave, not convex, and the height is greater. The inter- stices of the whorls are in many places filled up with a chalky white matter. Whether these differences are of specific value, or depend on age or on long desiccation, I cannot judge, having seen only a single operculum of this variety ; I cannot discover important differences between the shells. Hab. Ins. Philippin., H. Cuming legit (coll. Dunkeri, specimen fractum). ‘ a) ae oo 405 Var. y. PLATYOMPHALA. YT’. leviuscula, liris distantibus obsoletissime granulatis. Diam. 5 mm., long. 18 em. Operculum cylindricum, apice late (casu?) truncato, gyris 10; area centralis lata planiuscula, umbilico fundo plano et obliquo, segmentis radiantibus, sulcis intermediis rectis, canali periphe- rico profunde impresso; lamina marginali angusta bipartita annulo interno castaneo, margine externo flavescente. Diam. 32mm., alt. 3 mm. Hab. Ins. Philippin., legit H. Cuming. The operculum most like that of var. 3; but the umbilicus is not deep, and has a flat bottom. The sculpture of the shell appears very different, but the size of the granulation varies much in the same in- dividual. In case the difference of the operculum (as in Serpula) should prove specific, I have named the variety with reference to the umbilicus of the lid. Var. 0. LUMBRICALIS, Rumph. t. 41. f. N1? T. crassa, lirulis compressiusculis, granulis obliteratis. Long. 22 cm., diam. 5 m. ‘Hab. Ins. Philippin. (coll. H. Cumingii). Specimina 3. One of the specimens has a spiral impression under the porous slit. Var. €. LEVI-LIRATA. YT. gracilis, liris angustissimis levigatis, ports rotundis distanti- bus rarius confluentibus, rima aperturam versus simplice. Color albus sordide flavescens. Long. 17 cm., diam. aperturee 5 mm. Hab. Singapuhra (coll. Cumingii). Specimen unicum. This variety seems a good species if the smooth lire prove con- stant; but the preceding is exceedingly like it. Var. . JAPONICA. T. gracilis, crassa, liris angustis leviusculis approximatis, in anfr. primis divaricatis (an morbo?). Rima in anfr. ultimis simplici ; poris approximatis rotundis fere confluentibus. Color albus inferne fascia ferruginea lata irregulari. Long. 18 em., ap. diam. 43 mm. Hab. Japan (coll. Cumingii). Not unlike Rumph. t. 41. f. N 1. 5. Trnaconvs (Siz1euartus) Tostus, n.sp., Mérch. T. tenuiuscula, spira turbiniformis, liris disjunctis angustis le- viusculis obsoletissime undulato-granulatis, granulis distantibus. Rima utrinque linea undulata marginata, poris immersis ellip- ticis subregulariter distantibus. Color albus ; anfr. ultimi inferne pallide ferruginei, anfr. 4 et 5 saturate castanei. Long. cire. 12 cm., apert. diam. 5 mm. Siliquaria anguina, Chenu, pl. 1. f. Y, non absimilis. Hab. Ins. Ceylon (£. L. Layard), specimen unicum. 406 This species differs chiefly from the last in the elliptical distant pores, the slit being bordered by a narrow elevated undulated line on both sides. Except in the last whorl, the slit seems situated on the top of a feeble carina. Although the shell is smaller, the aper- ture is larger than in the preceding. 6. Tenaconus (SiL1QUARIUS) AUSTRALIS, Quoy & Gaimard. Var. a. SCALARIFORMIS. T. anfractibus 6 subregulariter spiraliter contortis, tenuiusculis, postice angulatis, inferne liratis, oblique obsolete sulcatis, trans- versim conferte laminato-fissuratis ; apertura dilatata. Rima utrinque undulato-dentata, dentibus in anfr. primis tangentibus unde poris rotundis approximatis. Color candidus, inferne Serrugineus ad basin teste. Long. 213 cm., diam. ap. 11 mm., alt. 14 mm. (circiter). Operculum subcylindricum medio paululum contractum, gyris cir- citer 13, truncatum (casu?); area planiuscula, centro impresso sed non umbilicata ; segmentis radiantibus angustis circiter 15 interdum obsolete bifidis, arcuatis vel leviter sigmoideis sulco peripherico profundo circumscriptis ; lamina marginali angusta dilute castanea, margine radiatim dense lirato, lirts in cilia brevissima euntibus. Diam. 6 mm., alt. 8 mm. Australia (coll. Cuming. ), specimen unicum. The specimen looks somewhat like Scala scalaris, and is not un- like the top of the figure 1 7. pl. 1 in Chenu’s ‘ Illustrations.” I am not quite sure that this is not specifically different from S. australis in Chenu’s ‘ Illustrations.’ Var. 3. MULTILIRATA. T.. spiralis irregulariter contorta, longitudinaliter liris angustis- simis perspicuis, interstitiis lirula intercalante. Rima aper- turam versus clausa; poris rotundis plerumque fissura con- junctis in anfr. primis 3 clausis ; apex decollatus, dissepimento conoideo clausus. Long. 213 cm., diam. ap. circiter 10 mm. Australia, specimen detritum in coll. Dunkeri. Var. y. ran1aTA, Adams, Genera, t. 39. f. 5 d. T. lave spiralis, longitudinaliter liris angustis parum prominen- tibus ; rima aperturam versus simplex, utrinque acuta, in anfr. superioribus utrinque undulato-dentata, dentibus sepe tangenti- bus unde poris ovalibus, in anfr. 5-6 primis clausis. Color teste albus, strati externi ferrugineus ; rima utringue lineis castaneis marginata. Long. 30 cm., diam. ap. 12 mm. Siliquarius anguilus, Montfort, fig. p. 39, simillima. Operculum cy.indricum late truncatum (casu?) gyris 6 ; area in- flata, centro profunde immerso, segmentis radiantibus angustis 407 circiter 22 convexiusculis, sulco peripherico impresso cireum- seriptis ; lamina marginalis bipartita, annulo interno angusto saturate castaneo nitido, externo radiatim dense lirato, liris in cilia minuta triangularia euntibus. Diam. 9 mm., alt. 7 mm. This operculum differs chiefly from that of var. a by its great con- vexity round the centre. The specimen in the collection of Mr. Cuming is marked ‘“ Medi- terranean ;” but in the interior were found rudiments of an Elenchus, a genus only found in Australia. It is so closely allied to the pre- ceding variety, that I do not doubt it is the same species, although the Mediterranean often affords species closely allied to Australian. Var. 0. FERRUGINEA, linea castanea infra rimali. T. gracilis, obsolete longitudinaliter lirulata ; saturate ferruginea aperturam versus albescens. Long. 104 cm., diam. apert. 14 mm. This and the following must be regarded as young specimens, al- though the diameter of the whorls is less than that of the pre- ceding. Hab, Australia (coll. Cuming.). Var. 6*. Precedenti simillima sed spira turbinata. South Australia (coll. Cumingii), specimen unicum. Sect. B. Rima simplex ; apex plerumque haliotoideus ; primus Jfissuram nullam habet. 7. TENaGopus (S1L1quaRius) oBTusus, Schum. 1817. Stliquaria anguina, Philippi, Enumeratio, i. p. 173, t. 9.f. 24; M. Gray, Figures, i. pl. 58. f. 1 (copy). Tenagodus anguinus;Adams, Genera (copy). Serpula anguina, Born, Index, p. 457; Born, Testacea, p. 440, t.18.f.15; Shaw, Miscel. (copy from Born). Anguinaria obtusa, Schum. Essai, p. 262. §. Serpula annularis, Dillwyn, 1817, p. 1081. no. 29; Wood, Index, f. 28 (copy); Buonanni, i. 20. no. C; Scilla, de Corporibus, t. 12. f. 3, p. 55 (copy) ; Mart. Conch. Cab. i. t. 2. f. 16 (copy). y. Siliquaria anguina, Sow. Genera (cum juvenili) ; Chenu, Illustr. pl. 1. f. 1 2, 9, v, 7, 6. I have not seen any authentic specimen from the Mediterranean of this species. I do not know which name has priority. Schumacher’s « Essai’ is dated March 1, 1817, and the first volume of Dillwyn Jan. 1, 1817, but the second volume has no date. I have not referred Montfort’s Siliquarius angustus to this species, which has a simple slit, while Montfort indicates the following characters :—‘‘ Une fente étroite, plus ou moins dentelée, peut-étre méme dans quelques espéces indiquée par une file sériale de trous. Amboine, d’ot viennent ceux que !’on voit dans nos collections.” 408 8. Tenacopus (SiL1quaRivs) TROCHLEARIS, n. sp., Morch. T. trochlearis, tenuiuscula, umbilico angusto pervio; anfr. 6, primis conjunctis, ceteris tangentibus, inferne et superne pla- natis, transversim dense rugoso-fissuratis, longitudinaliter ob- soletissime striatis et sulcatis, lineis pallide-lavis spiralibus ornatis ; apex turbiniformis, fissura nulla. Rima utrinque undulato-dentata, dentibus acutiusculis sepe tangentibus. Long. 23 cm., diam. ap. 6-7 mm. Tirrebourres, Davila, Cat.i. p. 99, t. 4. f. E, non absimilis. Siliquaria anguina, Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 15 (quoad formam spire) ; Legons, p. 189, f. 604 (copy). T. philippii, coll. Cumingii, specimen unicum. The specimen described has not the straight last whorl of the figure above-mentioned. 9. TenaGopus (SiL1quaRivus) ENcAusticus, Morch. T. crassa, rudis, irregulariter contorta ; anfr. apicis subdisjunctis, compressis, medio angulatis (casu?), aperturam versus teretibus, transversim profundissime fissis et striatis,“regio umbilicalis callo encaustico obtecta. Rima nulla in anfr. primis 3-4, deinde utrinque denticulata, unde poris oblongis et rotundis sepe confluentibus, aperturam versus simplex. Long. ]2cm., diam. ap. 32 m. Hab. Ins. Ceylon (£. L. Layard). Specimen unicum in coll. Cumingii. The pores perhaps more like those of the preceding group, but the closed spiral slit shows more affinity to this section. 10. Tenacopus (Sitiquarivs) rncisus, (Helix) Chemn. 1786. Var. a. Spira superne spiraliter excavata. Helix incisa, Chemn. Conch. Cab. ix. p. 5, t. 129. f. 1166 ; Gmel. 3630. no. 238; Dillwyn, 924, p. 85; Wood, Index, t. 34. f. 85 (copy); Pfr. Monogr. Helic. 1. p. 426. Var. B. Spira superne plana vel convexiuscula. Siliquaria senegalensis, Recluz. Siliquaria anguina, Chenu, Mlustr. pl. 1. f. 1 1, non absimilis. T. crassa, spira trochleari ; anfr. primi conjuncti padolliformes, pallide carnei, umbilico angustissimo, anfr. superne conferte radiatim unduloso-sulcati, transversim profunde et conferte fissi et striati, spiraliter confertissime et obsoletissime striatt. Rima aperta utrinque leviter undulato-dentata. Long. 123 cm., diam. apert. 4-5 mm. Hab. Senegal (coll. cl. Dunkeri). Var. y. LINEATA. T. candicans ; anfr. inferne lineis spiralibus confertis pallide aurantiis ; apice spire prominente, albo. Hab. Senegal (Bernardi). 409 Var. 5. ROSEA. Color saturate roseus, apice teste albescente, umbilico pervio. Long. 15 cm., diam. apert. 6 mm. Hab. Zauzibar (coll. Cuming. ). A specimen in the collection of Chr. VIII., which I suppose is the original specimen of Chemnitz, although it is somewhat smaller than the figure (Diam. maj. 11 mm., min. 10 mm., diam. apert. 4 mm.), offers no important difference from the specimens of S. senegalensis, Récluz. The var. é is of a bright rose-colour; but I cannot regard this circumstance as of specific value, although the locality indicated is very different. Var. 6, with a pale yellow-red apex, shows a trans- ition in colour. 11. Tenaconus (Siz1quaRius) PONDEROsUuS, Morch. T. crassa ponderosa candida trochleatim contorta, umbilico pervio latiusculo ; anfr. 3} (primi desunt) compressiusculi, obtuse an- gulati, superne planati, radiatim leviter sulcati, spiraliter le- viter undulato-striati unde decussati, transversim profunde et conferte fissurati et striati; anfractus ultimus longus rectus subdeclivis, inferne grosse liratus, stratis crassis irregularibus circiter 8 compositus. Rima canaliculata simplex, margine superiore leviter undulato, aperturam versus angulata, in anfr. primis clausa vel omnino obliterata. Long. 44 cm., diam. anfr. ult. 20 m., diam. ap. 10 m. Operculum ut id 8. australis, var. 3, sed ciliis longioribus, anfr. num. 7-8. Diam. 8 mm., alt. 5 mm. Hab. Port Essington, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (Jukes) ; col. Cuming. A single specimen, attacked by a burrowing Annelide. This is one of the newest and largest Univalves. Subgenus Pyxreoma, Morch. (véis et ropa.) Rima hians marginibus utringue acutis, postice lamina interna clausa sed non repleta. Operculum spirale, margine ciliato, axis dissepimentis simplicibus. 12. Tenacopus (Pyxrpoma) Lacteus, Lam. T. gracilis nitidiuscula, pellucens, alba, obsolete fuscescens, longitu- dinaliter limbata, liris inferne prominentioribus, spiram versus evanescentibus ; striis incrementi expressis et reflexis, juxta rimam obsoletissime fissuratis. Testa infantilis castanea am- pullariformis. Rima hians utrinque acutissima. Long. 13 cm., diam. ap. 3 mm. Operculum subcylindricum, gyris circiter 18 confertissimis, ciliis marginalibus validis ; axis polythalamius superne mammillatim prominens; area levigata profunde immersa, peripheria exca- vata; lamina marginalis convexa, nitida flavescens, linea im- pressa peripherica notata. Diam. 2 mm., alt. 21 mm. 410 a. erassiuscula, opaca, alba (coll. Cuming.). fb. pallidissime rosea. y- fuscescens, rima utringue violacea, apice alba (coll. Dunker.). Jun. Siliquaria lactea, Lam. Hist. v. p.338.no.5; Dh. v. p. 585 ; Blainv. Dict. xlix. p. 213 ; Chenu, Ill. pl. 2.f. 1. Hab. Mer des Indes, Voy. de Péron (Lam.) ; les mers australes, Pér. et Less. (Blainv.) ; Kangaroo Islands (coll. Cuming, a nume- rous group, quite filling a sponge). War. y. Adelaide. 13. Tenacopus (PyxrpomA) TauHiTENs1s, Morch. T. crasiuscula albescens, ferrugineo-tincta, longitudinaliter ex- presse lirulata, striis incrementijucta rimam refleais regularibus expressis unde interstitis lirarum cancellatis, aperturam versus juata rimam obsoletissime fissurata ; rima coarctata, margine dextro incrassato. Long. rime apertee 45 mm., diam. anfr. ult. 5 mm. Tahiti, coll. Cuming., specimen fractum, long. 6 cm. Differt a precedente T. multo majore, liris fortioribus, interstitiis cancellatis, rima coarctata. 14. Tenacopus (Pyx1PpoMA) ANGUILL&, Morch. T. gracillima, tenuis, candida, hic illic pallide carnea tincta, lon- gitudinaliter subtilissime lirulata, unde obsoletissime multiangu- lata ; rima regularis margine sinistro acuto suberecto, in anfr. primis clausa, lamina interna; striis incrementi validis, juata rimam reflexis. Long. 43 mm., diam. 2 mm. Differt a S. actea, T. graciliore crassiore opaca, rima angustiore. Hab. Oc. Atlant. ad ins. Anguillam Antillarum (Dr. Hornbeck). 15. Tenacopvs (Pyx1pomMa) CyLINDRELLA, Morch. T.. elongato-cylindrica, trochlearis ; anfr. leves, teretes, medio ob- tuse angulati, ferruginei et pallidiores, transversim dense fis- surati, striis incrementi flecuosis inferne valde reductis ; rima angusta in anfr. primis lamina interna clausa; apertura ovalis inferne oblique labiata. Long. 74.cm., axis 18 mm., diam. testee 7 mm., alt. ap. 4 mm. Hab. Caput Bone Spei? Var. ? Vermiculus fissura quadam secundum volutas insig- nitus, Lister, Hist. Conch. sect. 3, pl. 548. f. 2=Tudbulus testa- ceus solitarius, §c., Mart. Conch. Cab. i. f. 13 A. Cylindrella seminuda, Adams, gives in miniature an idea of this shell. From some fragments of a Mytilus (Aulacomya), probably erenatus, Lam., being among the whorls, I suppose this species is from the Cape of Good Hope. The figure of Martini shows the colour, but the form is too broad. eS 411 SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM. TrenaGopus, Guettard. Subgenus 1. AGaruirses, Montfort. Sect. a. Testa affixa. 1. T. florina, Defr. Dict. Se. xlix. p. 216 ; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 9, fossil. Sect. 8. Apertura rotunda ; testa libera. . T. furcellus, Mont. 8. squamosa, Lam., fossil. . T. striatus, Defr. Dict. Sc. xlix. p. 214, fossil. . T. sulcatus, Defr.l.c.; Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 8. . T. multistriatus, Defr. ; Chenu, t. 2. f. 2. . T. occlusus, Chenu, t. 2. f. 7. Ooh ob Sect. y. Rima brevi, aperta. . T. dubius, Defr. ; Chenu, t. 2. f. 4 a-d. . Lima, Lam. ; Chenu, t. 2. f. 3. Cony | Subgenus 2. Tenacopus, Guettard. a. Rima porosa. 9. T. anguinus, L.=T. muricatus, Born. Ind. orient. 10. T. ruber, Schum. Ind. orient. 11. 7. gigas, Lesson, Voy. de la Cog. Moluccas. 12. 7’. roseus, Blainv. 1827 ; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 13? 13. 7. polygona, Blainv. 14. 7. levigata, Lam. ; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 11. 15. T. porosa, Bolt.; Mart.i.f.13C. Var. precedentis? T. papillosa, Rees ? 8. Rima simplice. 16. 7. squamata, Blainv. Martinique, Chenu, t. 2. f. 12. ee Subgenus 3. Srt1qauarrus, Montf. A. Rima porosa. 17. T. cumingit, Morch. Ins. Philippin. ; Japan ; Ceylon. 18. J. tostus, Mérch. Ceylon. 19. 7. australis, Q. et G. Australia. SS B. Rima simplice, apice haliotoideo. 20. T. obtusus, Schum. M. medit. 21. 7. trochlearis, Mérch. Ins. Philippin. 22. T. encausticus, Mérch. Ceylon. 23. 7. incisus, Chemn. Africa occid. Var. S. senegalensis, Récluz. 24. T’. ponderosus, Mérch. Port Essington. 25. Tenagodus, sp. n. (coll. Bernardi). 412 Subgenus 4. Pyxrpoma, Morch. 26. JT. lacteus, Lam. Australia. 27. T. tahitensis, Morch. Ins. Tahiti. 28. T. anguille, Morch. Ins. Anguilla Antill, 29. T. cylindrella, Mérch. Cape of Good Hope? I am much inclined to regard the subgenera as of generic value. Alphabetical List of the Species of the Genus Tenagodus. AMMONOIDEs (Serpula), Brocchi, Conch. Subapp. 1815, ii. p. 629. t. 15. f. 24. 7. teres polythalamica in spiram planam convo- luta. Fossile nel Racentino. The figure in Bourguell, t. 49. f. 309 sinistr., quoted by Brocchi, is very likely a Planorbis. Bronn (Lethzea) has shown that this shell is the young of Sili- quaria anguina. . ANGUILL2, Morch, n. sp. ANGUILUS (Siliquarius), Montf. Conch. Syst. 1810, ii. p. 39. f. 38. Is perhaps S. australis, Q. & G. ANGUINA (Serpula), Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, no. 700. T’. tere- tiuscula, fissura longitudinali subarticulata. Founded on Rumph, t.41.f.H. The figure of Argenville, t. 29 H, repre- senting Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw., is, in the twelfth edition, made to refer to Serpula arenaria. ANGUINARIUS (Serpula), Born. Miswriting in Schum. Essai, p- 262, for Serpula anguina. ANNULARIS, Dillw. Cat. 1817, ii. p. 1081, no. 29. Serpula sub- cylindric, with annular contractions, and an obsolete longitudinal fissure. This name is founded on Le tire-bourre annulaire of Fayanne, i. p. 662. t. 8. f. G 2, copied from Buonanni, Recr. pl.1. f. 20 C (=Seilla, xii. f. 3; Mart. t. .f. 16; Karch. pl. 4. f. D; Wood, Index, f. 28). It is not quite evident if Favanne’s de- scription is made after the figure alone, or after specimens. It is not unlike S. anguilus, Montf. ARCHIMEDIS (Serpula), Konig, Descr. des Animaux Foss. de Bel- gique, pl. 9. f. 6-=S. anguina, according to Chenu. AUSTRALIS, Q. & G. Voy. de l’Astrol. ii. p. 302, 1833. TT. recta regulariter spirali, subcylindrica, transversim rugosa, longitu- dinaliter tenuissime sulcata, alba postice rubente. Long. 4 pouc. 2 lig., diam. 8 lig. Port Western. This species is, according to Dr. Chenu, unique in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes ; but the figure in Illustr. Conch. pl. 1. f. 3 (copied from Chenu, Man. p. 322. f. 2310) differs in several respects from the descrip- tion. It can scarcely be called “‘ réguliérement roulée en hélice, dont les deux avant-derniers tours sont trés-rapprochés, sans se toucher cependant, et presque horizontaux ;” and p. 303: “ Il parait que c’est avec la partie postérieure du manteau que le Si- Kquaire oblitére sa fissure, toujours ouverte et non ponctue a 413 Pendroit o& sort constamment la branchie.’’ Although this latter assertion seems to be of a general character, without re- ference to the species, it must be observed that the figure of Chenu shows a porous slit. The measure given seems to me to correspond well with the figure. CLAIRBONENSIS, Lea, Contrib. to Geology, 1833, pl. 1. f. 1; Chenu, 2. f. 15. Very like S. vitis, Morton. cost, Cantr. Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1836, no. 3.p.21. A-small species from the Mediterranean, not described, in the collection of M. O. Costa at Naples. cristata, Kénighaus, Bronn’s Jahrbuch f. Mineralog. 1831, p- 139. A fossil species from Touraine without description. cumini, Morch., ex ins. Philippin. CYLINDRELLA, Morch, n. sp. busi, Defr., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 4a. Fossil from Grignon. EcuHrINaATA, Anton, Verz. 1838. Fossil from Paris. ENcausticus, Morch, n. sp. FLORINA, Defr. Dict. Sc. 1827, t. 49. p. 216; Chenzu, Ill. t. 2. f. 9 a—c, original specimens. Is the only affixed species of the genus, perhaps the type of a new genus. FURCELLUS (Agathirses), Montf. Conch. Syst. 1808, p. 398. Fossil from Grignon. eicas, Lesson, 1830, Voyage de la Coquille, p. 409. Moluccas. According to the expression “‘ caréne garnie de lamelles spines- centes,”” must be a Tenagodus. GLABRA, Risso, 1826, Hist. iv. p. 115. T. tenuissima, glaber- rima, pellucida, fragilis, sulcis et lineis longitudinalibus equa- libus exiguissimis sculpta; epidermide succinea. Lg. 0-086. Régions coralligénes profondes.=S. coste, Cantr. ? GRANTII, Sow. Geol. Trans. v. p. 327. t. 25. f. 2¢. Fossil. tncisa (Helix), Chem. 1786, ix. p. 129. f. 1116. T. depressa umbilicata alba, margine inciso et quasi dissecto, apertura ro- tunda (Wood, Index, copied)=S. senegalensis, Récluz, young. LaCTEA, Lam. Hist. 1818, p. 338. no. 5; Chenu, Ill. (Pyxipoma). LzvicaTa, Lam. ib. p. 338, T. tereti obsolete costata, laxe con- voluta; rima articulata. T. blanchétre, Mont. f. 13 C?; Blainv. Dict. t. 79. p. 213; Chenu, Ill. 2. f. 11; Coll. Mus. f. 11 6, from the coll. Delessert, is perhaps S. rosea, Blainv. It is doubtful to me if it is a Tenagodus or Siliquarius. Lzvis (Vermetus), Bellardi, Foss. Num. de Nice, 1852, p. 228. t. 15. f.4. TT. laze contorta, cylindrica, levis. This species belongs perhaps to Siliquaria. ta, Lam. Hist. v. 1818, p. 338. no. 6. T. tereti, per longitu- dinem multistriata, laxe contorta ; striis squamulis asperatis, 414 Grignon. Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f.3,; Dh. Traitéd, pl. 71. f. 5-7 (Agathirses). MULTISTRIATA, Defr. Chenu, Ill. p. 3. pl. 2. f. 2 (coll. Defr.). Fossile de Marquemont. MuRIcAaTA (Serpula), Born, Test. 1780, p. 440. t. 18. f. 16 (Te- nagodus). Is very likely the full-grown 7. anguinus, L., Rumph. 41H. ostusa (Anguinaria), Schum. Essai, 1817, p. 262. Founded on Serpula anguina, Born, p. 440. t. 18. f. 15. occiusa, Anton, Verz. 1838, p.55. no. 1980. Fossil from Paris. ornatA, Mus. Univ. Hafn. 24° Versammlung deutscher Natur- forscher, p. 118. no. 15, 1847. Fossil from the chalk of Taxoe. PAPILLOSA, Rees, Encycl., gen. Serpula, teste Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f.16 (copied from Humphrey’s Conchology, pl. 11. f. 3). Very likely S. porosa, Bolten. POLYGONA, Blainv. Dict. 1827, xlix. p. 213. From the coll. of the Prince of Essling! according to Blainville, contrary to the assertion of Dr. Chenu. III. Conch. pl. 2. f. 6 is a copy of Humphrey, pl. 11. f. 2. PONDEROSUvs, Morch, nu. sp. porosus, Bolten (Serpula), Verz. 1795, pp. 49, 892; Martini, i. f. 13 c, p. 50, is the type ; perhaps a Stliquarius. ne Blainv. 1827, Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 49. p. 214; Chenu, pl. 2. See ROSEA, Gray, Fig. of Moll. iv. p. 83; Guide, p. 128, is a Verme- tus. Stephopoma rosea, Quoy & Gaim. RUBRA (Anguinaria), Schum. Essai, 1817, p. 262: ‘Cette co- . quille est sillonnée trés-profondement dans sa longueur, et la cou- leur en est rouge tirant sur le violet.” Mart. f. 13, 14 (13 4,a species unknown to me; 13 ¢, S. porosa, Bolt.). SENEGALENSIS, Récluz (ubi?) ; coll. Dunker et Bernardi. spinosa, Lam. v. 1818, p. 338; Faujas, Géol. t. 3. f. 6. Grignon. = Agathirses furcellus, Montt. SPIRALIS, Risso, 1826, Hist. p.115. no. 277. T'. rugosa, crassa, transverse striata, anfractibus inferioribus approximatis, spiram orem efformans, epidermide griseo-fusca.=S. anguinus, Phi- ippi? sauamara, Blainv. Dict. Se. t. 49. p. 213 ; Chenu, IIl. p. 3. pl. 2. f. 12; Id. Manuel, p. 322. f.2309 (copy). Rima inarticulata. striata, Defr. Dict. Sc. t. 49. p. 214; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 10. Fossil. sutcata, Defr., Chenu, Ill. p. 4. pl. 2. f.8 a, 6. Fossil. sutcata, Gray, 1847, List of Genera, P. Z. 8. 1847, no. 261.= Anguinaria, B, Schum.=S. rubra, Schum. TAHITENSIS, Morch, n. sp. ——— TEREBELLA, Lam. vy. 1818, p. 338. no. 4. ment de la Placis. 415 Fossil from St. Clé- S. anguina, var., Chenu, pl. 1. f. 1 g-l. tostus, Mérch, n. sp. TUBERCULATA, Anton, 1838, Verz. p. 55. Fossil from Paris. VARIEGATA (Serpula), Perry, 1811, Conchology, pl. 53. f. 14. West Indies. Very likely a bad imitation of a Siliquarius. vitis, Conrad, 1832, Fossil Shells of the Tertiary formation of N. America, i. t. 17. f. 2=S. clairbonensis, Lea, teste Conrad. votvox (Serpula), Dillwyn, 1817, p. 1079. no. 26. Rumph. pl. 41. f. Founded on H. Tenagodus anguinus, L. The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift, purchase, and exchange, during the months of July, August, Sep- tember, and October, was read :— JULY. | Presented by A pair of Zebus..........++++- Bos zebu, Var. .........4.. Baron Jackman. 1 Vulpine Opossum ......... Phalangista vulpina ..... R. Nunn, Esq. 1 Common Tortoise ......... Testudo gr@cd......00+... Mrs. Robinson. 1 Thick-tailed Opossum ...| Didelphis crassicaudata His Exc. W. D. Christie. 2 Egyptian Foxes ............ Canis niloticus ? ......... J. A. Olding, Esq. PZ LEOUPIAIS, "6250 .an0 cn cevasese Ieterus jamacait .......+. F. Bernal, Esq., H.B.M. | Consul at Carthagena. 1 Great Sulphur-crested |Cacatua galerita ......... Richard Tress, Esq., F.Z.S. Cockatoo. SS LOFtOISeS — .....scc.seecsec- Testudo ——? ......++- A. Kelly, Esq. 1 Common Weazel .........| Mustela vulgaris ........- E. D. Hewkes, Esq. 1 Antiguan Iguana ......... Iguana nudicollis......... Capt. Abbott. 2 Japanese Deer ............ Cervus Sth? ... 2.2.0.0 I. Wilks, Esq. 2 Chinese Pheasants......... Phasianus torquatus ... Capt. Rees. 2 Turkey Buzzards ......... Cathartes atratus ...... 'Dr. Holbeck, Charleston, U.S.A. 1 Diana Monkey ............ \Cercopithecus diana ... 1. Mann, Esq. 1 Billardier’s Wallaby ......|Halmaturus Lillardieri.. John Salmon, Esq. 2 Peregrine Falcons ......... Falco peregrinus ......... /H. Footner, Esq. 2 Nightjars ........scsecesees Caprimulgus europeus ...R. W. Archibald, Esq., 58th Regiment. 5 Water Tortoises............ |EimysS ——? .........000 Dr. Holbeck, Charleston, 4 Land Tortoises ............ Cistudo clausa.........+++ U.S.A. Clotho arietans ......... p neepenss scm. Natal -.. Causus rhombeatus...... | 5 Faikland Island Geese ...|Chloéphaga rubidiceps, | sp. nov. MOH VTA OBE | Jccocoucoreersaccs IPEUSICUINE 0 o0s2cnecs sso: aWe TMB ELS. clonscecensceets Numenius pheopus...... 2 Kentish Plovers............ Abgialites cantianus ...| 4 Sonnerat’s Jungle Fowls..| Gallus sonneratii.........| Banchased: 1 Doreas Gazelle ............ |Gazella dorcas........+.4. 1 Spotted Dasyure ......... Dasyurus maculatus ... 1 Amazonian Parrot......... Chrysotis S hpectea 1 Tawny Eagle ........... .---| Aquila nevioides.........| 6 Ruffs ....... aw cpses Censuses Machetes pugnar ...... 1 Necklaced Pigeon ......... Columba speciosa ...... | J Of these, Didelphis crassicaudata, Causus rhombeatus, and Chloé- phaga rubidiceps were stated to be exhibited for the first time. 416 Aveust. 1 Bonelli’s Eagle ............ Aquila bonellii...... read 2 Imperial Eagles .........../ Aquila imperialis ...... 1 Common Kite ............ |Miluus regalis ........+06 6 Barbary Mice......... soeeee| Mus Darbarus vre.cseeeeee 3 Slow Worms ...............|Anguis fragilis ......06+ 1 Ocelot (from Carthagena), Felis pardalis (?)...+++... 1 Ring Parrakeet ............ Pal@ornis- So pevane 1 Common Buzzard ......... Buteo vulgaris........0..+ 2 Sparrow Hawks ........... Accipiter nisus ...+.- aa 1 Ichneumon ....... Jeenrodens Herpestes griseus ...+0. 1 Chameleon............s000.. Chameleo africanus ... 2 White Guinea Fowls...... |Numida meleagris ...... 1 Toco Toucan .............6. Ramphastos toco........ 1 Capuchin Monkey.........|Cebus apella......c.00+000. 3 Indigo Birds ...... awepeewes Spizd CYANEA ..ceevseeeee 1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus ......... 1 Passenger Pigeon ..... ....|Hetopistes migratoria... 2 Indian Ichneumons ...... Herpestes nepalensis ... 4 Black-tailed Godwits......|Limosa melanura ...... DO RIUTS! advo save cas says savedde Machetes pugnar ...... 3 Magellanic Geese ....... -.| Chloéphaga magellanica. 1 Capuchin Monkey......... [Cebus apella...ses.rs+00e eel | 1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus ......+0- 1 Red Ground Dove........,| Geotrygon montana 2 Mountain-witch Doves ...|Geotrygon sylvatica 2 Stinging Weavers .........|Zrachinus vipera ...+.. 2 Seals ..... POO CCE Basse soe Phoca vitulina.........++ 1 Moor Macaque ............ Macacus maurus......-+- 1 Long-tailed Flying Opos- Belideus flaviventris ... sum. Presented by His Majesty the King o Portugal. M. H. Pierre Pichot. R. H. Holman, Esq. D. A. C. Festing, Esq. Mr. Strutt. J. Gurney Barclay, Esq. R. W. Archibald, Esq. Percy Dodgson, Esq., 14th Light Dragoons. A. Crosbie, Esq. Right Hon. The Speaker, F.Z.S. The Viscount Powerscourt. ‘Archibald Weir, Esq. 'G. Johnson, Esq., F.Z.S. ‘Mr. Morris. \ Purchased. Of these, Herpestes nepalensis and Macacus maurus were stated to be exhibited for the first time, SEPTEMBER. 1 Bonelli’s Eagle 1 Musquash..............000+ 1 Indian Paradoxure ...... 4 Chameleons ...........++- UBGSi Retecescostacccss ereeea: 2 Moscow Rabbits ......... 2 Green Parrots .........++ 1 Paradoxure 2 Black Swans ....... eae 1 Rhesus Monkey 1 Water Tortoise............ 2 Honey Buzzards ......... 1 Wood-Pigeon .......... : 1 Entellus Monkey......... 1 White-nosed Monkey .. eet ereee Aquila bonellii.........+6 Fiber zibethicus Paradoxurus typus ... Chameleo vulgaris ...... Boa constrictor Lepus cuniculus, var. Chrysotis aenteeene ...|\Paradoxurus aureus ae Cygnus atratus Macacus erythreus...... Emys, sp. (?) Pernis apivorus Columba palumbus ...... Cercopithecus entellus.. a eeeeeeee 1 Wanderoo Monkey ...... Macacus silenus .....++++ ‘| Cercopithecus petaurista B. Durrant, Esq. Presented by .|Baron I. I. de Forester. ‘Lieut. T. H. Archer. E. Lowry, Esq. iH. Longman, jun., Esq. Capt. Selby. ao) Darwin, Esq., ¥.Z.S. .. Miss Robinson. . 8. G. Rawlins, Esq. Dr. Mueller of Melbourne. Burnet Tabrum, Esq. Mrs. Luihmenant. C. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. C. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S. . G. Gray, Esq. ‘Capt. Reader, 12th Lancers ! ——— ~ 417 SEPTEMBER (continued), UN OCCarY sasstsaetered scons 1 White-headed Pigeon ... 10 St. Thomas Lizards...... 3 Passerine Ground Doves 1 South American Rat Snake. 1 Green Snake ............ 12 Water Tortoises 1 Nilotic Monitor 4 Mocking Birds............ 1 Black African Kite 1 Lory errr Ce eee ree rere Dieotyles torquatus Columba leucocephala... Anolis r Chamepelia passerina... Spilotes variabilis Philodryas viridissimus. Emys ? Monitor niloticus Mimus polyglottus Milvus parasiticus ...... Trichoglossus ornatus... ee eees eens seeeee 2 Quaker Parrakeets Conurus murinus fee eee .. JA. Arcedeckne, Esq., F.Z.S. T. O’Connor Morris, Esq. Capt. Sawyer. Sir Charles C. Smith, Bart. ) J Dr. Wucherer of Bahia. Purchased. | | | | Of these, Spilotes variabilis was stated to be exhibited for the first time. A Spotted Hyzena...... An African Civet ...,.... = An African Goat . A Marabou A Philantomba Antilope ... A Duyker Bok ............ A Crested Eagle An American Black Bear... An American Eagle 2 Fisher Martins A Red Tinamou MBEUZZATASsc.s.15s+.4et eae A Snowy Owl ............. 2 Javan Paradoxures A Stanley Crane 2 Indian Geckos An Alexandrine Parrakeet.. A Brahmin Bull A Tawny Eagle........ ‘ An African Buzzard 2 Indian Green Snakes...... A Glaucous Gull 1 Kangaroo Rat ............ 2 Wagtails............ ane sao 2 Rock Pippits 3 Tree Sparrows I Jungle Fowl ............ wes see rrr er i eee Per eeeeesaes see receccres seeeee seeneee tees ee neenee sereee eeeeee .| Buteo vulgaris .|Nyctea nivea OcrToBErR. Hyena crocuta Viverra civetta Capra hircus, var. Leptoptilus crumeniferus Cephalophus monticola ? Cephalophus burchellii .. Spizaétus occipitalis . Ursus americanus seeeeenes Mustela canadensis...... Tinamus ——? ......... Paradoxurus musanga .. Grus paradisea ... Gecco verus Paleornis alexandri Bos zebu, var. Aquila nevioides.. Buteo tachardus ......... Dryophis prasina ...... Larus glaucus’......+. Bettongia ogilbii? Motacilla yarrellii ...... Anthus aquaticus Passer montanus Gallus furcatus .. eee ee eweeee et eeees | Presented by E. Gabriel, Esq., H. B. M. Commissioner at Lo- anda, Angola. Capt. Herd. Capt. Herd. Mrs. Christie. ..|Mrs. Belgrave. George Clive, Esq. Charles Martin, Esq. ... (Capt. Taylor. E. Blyth, Esq, ...|Robert Scott, Esq. — Fitz Gerald, Esq. E. L. Layard, Esq., E. L, Layard, Esq., 7 Z.8. ZS. . -Purchased. Received in exchange. first time. No. 443.—ProcreEepiInecs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctety. | vseees{f. Maleolm Wingfield, Esq. Of these, Spizattus occipitalis was stated to be exhibited for the 418 November 27th, 1860. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Sclater exhibited some bird-skins, procured by Capt. Herd at Port Churchill, Hudson’s Bay. Amongst them was a Crane, similar to Grus canadensis, but much smaller in dimensions, and probably referable to the species described by Mr. Cassin as Grus fraterculus (Birds of N. Am. p. 656) from an immature example obtained in New Mexico. It was of interest as being the second specimen ob- tained, and the first in adult plumage, of this species. Another skin was probably that of Bernicla hutchinsii, though rather larger in di- mensions than the described individuals of this species. Capt. Herd had likewise presented a living pair of this dwarf variety of the Canada Goose ( Bernicla canadensis) to the Society’s Menagerie—which was the first occasion of their having been exhibited alive in this country. Mr. Gould brought under the notice of the meeting several Crested Penguins, and remarked that there appeared to be some species of this truly oceanic group which had not yet been characterized. Upon the present occasion, however, he only referred to those forming the genus Ludyptes, and, after a few cursory observations upon the de- scribed species of that form, proceeded to characterize two others from his own collection under the names of Hudyptes nigrivestis and E. diadematus. Mr. Gould remarked that the species of this well-defined crested group now known were :— Eudyptes chrysolophus. Eudyptes nigrivestis. chrysocome. —— diadematus. pachyrhynchus. The following were the descriptions given of the two new spe- cies :— EuDYPTES NIGRIVESTIS, Gould. Face, chin, upper part of the throat, and sides of the neck black ; feathers of the forehead and crown long, narrow, and silky-black ; those on the sides of the head considerably prolonged ; a stripe of pale straw-yellow commences at the nostrils, continues over the eye, and extends in lengthened narrow filamentous feathers behind that organ; upper surface black, each feather with a narrow line of greyish-blue at the tip; outer side of the wing shining black, edged posteriorly with white ; tail black with grey reflexions; all the under surface of the body and the under surface of the wing, except at the base and tip, silky-white, the base and tip being sooty-black ; bill chestnut- brown; eye pinkish-chocolate ; feet livid. Total length 211 inches, bill 2, wing 53, tail 4, tarsi Z. Habitat. The Falkland Islands, where it is known by the name of «* Rock-hopper.”” —s 5 tee tts Proc. 4. 8.Mammatlia LXXXI. DU vury bith MACACUS OCRBATUS. 419 ' Remark. The species to which this bird is most nearly allied ‘appears to be ZL. chrysocome; but it differs in being of a smaller size, in its much darker colouring, particularly of the throat, sides of the face, and wings; the superciliary stripe and the filamentous feathers into which it is prolonged are also much less developed. EupyrtTes DIADEMATUS, Gould. Face, chin, upper part of the throat, and sides of the neck sooty- black ; feathers of the forehead and crown long, narrow, and silky- yellow at the base, and silky-black for the remainder of their length, those on the sides of the head considerably prolonged ; a stripe of » ehrome-yellow commences at the nostrils, continues over the eye, and extends in lengthened narrow filamentous feathers behind that organ; upper surface black, each feather with a narrow line of greyish- blue at the tip; outer side of the wing dark-grey, edged posteriorly with white ; tail black with grey reflexions ; under surface of the body and the under side of the wing, except at the base and tip, silky- white, the base and tip being sooty-black ; bill chestnut-brown ; eye pinkish-chocolate ; feet livid. Total length 25 inches, bill 23, wing 6, tail 43, tarsi 1}. Habitat. The Falkland Islands. Remark. This is a somewhat large species, and bears the same relationship to #. chrysolophus, that EL. nigrivestis does to E. chry- socome ; it differs, however, from L. chrysolophus in the darker colouring of its chin and the presence of the rich chrome-yellow stripe which passes over theeye. It differs also from FE. pachyrhynchus in the more lengthened and less robust form of the bill. For both these new species, science is indebted to Captain Abbott. The following papers were read :— 1. Notice oF soME Rare Species OF QUADRUMANA, NOW LIVING IN THE SocretTy’s Menacerie. By Puiiie LUTLEY Scuater, M.A., SrcretTary TO THE SOCIETY. (Mammalia, P}. LX XXII.) The Society’s collection of living Quadrumana, though not large at the present moment (embracing about sixty individuals, belonging to twenty-six species), contains examples of several rare and little- known animals of this order, concerning which I beg leave to be allowed to make a few remarks. ‘The difficulty of accurately descri- bing living animals, particularly of this kind, is so well known, that I shall make no apology for confining my observations to the general characters by which I hope to make the species more easily recog- nizable, trusting that, as when dead they will be offered to the Bri- tish Museum, there will be better opportunity of examining them more fully hereafter. 420 1. Macacus ocreatus. (The Ashy-black Macaque.) (Pl. LXXXiII.) Papio ocreatus, Ogilby, P. Z.S. 1840, p. 56; Ann. N. H. vi. 517. Macacus fusco-ater, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 58; Wagn. Saug. v. p- 99. We havea male Macaque, obtained by exchange out of a travelling menagerie in the summer of 1858. It was somewhat paralysed in the hind-quarters when received, and does not promise to be very long-lived. The species seems certainly the same as that described by Mr. Ogilby before the Society in 1840 from a specimen observed living in a menagerie, and is probably identical with Macacus fusco- ater of Schinz, in which case, however, Mr. Ogilby’s name has pre- cedence. It belongs strictly to the division of Macacus in which the tail is very short, sometimes reduced almost to a tubercle as in M. arctoides* and M. maurus. There is no example of this species in the British or French National Collections ; but the Leyden Mu- seum contains two specimens (labelled, if I recollect right, maurus), which, I believe, belong to it. The example in the Frankfort col- lection (Schinz’s type) is said to have been brought from Celebes. Wagner’s diagnosis, slightly altered, “ Niger, artubus intus ante brachiis tibiisque cinereis, cauda brevissima,” suits our specimen very well, and is quite sufficient to distinguish the present species from its allies. 2. Macacus maurus. (The Moor Macaque.) A young male Macaque, lately purchased from a dealer, seems to belong to this species as figured by F. Cuvier}. It belongs strictly to the same group of Macacus as the last species, having the tail re- duced to a mere naked tubercle, hardly an inch in length. The hair is of a uniform brown without annellations, and the naked face black. Two examples of the same animal, rather lighter in colouring, are in the British Museum, lately acquired at the sale of Lidth de Jeude’s collection. The locality of this Macaque is not accurately known ; but the occurrence of this example is interesting as tending to con- firm the species, which the French authorities themselves have cha- racterized as “une esptce trés-douteuse§.’’ It appears to be de- cidedly different from Macacus arctoides of Cochin China. 3. CercoriTHEcus RUFO-viRIDIS. (The Rufous-backed Mon- key.) * Tt may be remarked that Papio melanotis, Ogilby (of which the type is now in the British Museum), is certainly not Macacus speciosus, as attempted to be shown by Wagner, but more nearly resembles M. aretoides, having a very short tubercle for a tail. In M speciosus of Japan the tail is considerably longer and covered with hair. + F. Cuvier and St. Hil. Mamm. livr. 4. + Mr. Bartlett informs me that there are two Monkeys of the same species, only rather larger, and darker in colouring, alive in the Zoological Gardens at Am- sterdam. § I. G. St. Hilaire in Cat. Mamm. Mus. Paris, p. 31. 421 Cercopithecus rufo-viridis, 1. Geoffr. St. Hilaire, Compt. Rend. xv. p. 1038; Arch. Mus. ii. p. 564. pl. 4. In June 1859 we received a Monkey, obtained, living, by Com- mander Bedingfield, R.N., in the mouth of the Zambesi River when in company with Dr. Livingstone’s expedition. It agrees so nearly with the description and figure of M. St. Hilaire’s Cercopithecus rufo-viridis, that I have no doubt of its belonging to that species. The feet of our specimen are rather darker-grey in colouring, which is really almost the only difference I can make out. As the typical example of this species at Paris was the only one previously known, it is of much interest to possess a second, coming from a determinate locality. Referring to Dr. Peters’s ‘Zoology of the Mozambique,’ we find no species indicated as likely to be intended for the present, though the true C. pygerythrus (a species generally confounded with the South African C. delalandit) is said to occur in that coun- try. The nearest ally of C. rufo-viridis is the Grivet (C. griseo- viridis, Desm.) of Eastern Africa. 4. CynocepHatus anusis, F. Cuv. & St. Hil. The Society have lately purchased of Mr. W. C. Finlason a fine young male example of a Cynocephalus, which that gentleman brought home with him from Lagos in the Bight of Benin, on the west coast of Africa. It was captured when quite young, about midway be- tween Lagos and Abbeokuta. Mr. Finlason informs me that it is very seldom that these animals can be obtained, the natives having a fearful horror of their strength and ferocity when attacked. This Cynocephalus seems to be the Anubis, as figured in F, Cu- vier and G. St. Hilaire’s ‘ Mammiféres ’ (livr. 50), a species not ge- nerally recognized by systematists. It agrees perfectly with the example lately in the Society’s collection, but now in the British Museum, which was named Cynocephalus anubis by Mr. Water- house*, and with other similar specimens, which all bear the same name, in our National Collection. It is very different from Cynoce- phalus babuin of Eastern Africa, of which Wagner+ has made the C. anubis a variety, and is more like C. sphinz of Senegal. The Cyno- cephalus olivaceus of Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s Catalogue of the French National Collections is undoubtedly of this same species, our speci- men agreeing perfectly with the characters there given, and being from the same locality. The most noticeable points in this Cyno- cephalus are the very elongated black face, and the uniform dark olive-green fur, traversed below the surface with annellations of yellow and black. I may take this opportunity of remarking that Mr. Ogilby’s Cy- nocephalus thotht, of which the type specimen is now also in the * See ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia preserved in the Museum of the Zoological Society of London,’ ed. 2, 1838, p- 8, sp. 51 A. T Schreber’s Siiug. Suppl. v. p. 63. ¢ P.Z.S. 1843, p. 11; Fraser’s Zool. Typ. pl. d. 422 British Museum, has nothing to do with C. hamadryas, as supposed by Wagner in the work above referred to*, but is most closely allied to C. babuin. It may be of interest to add a complete list of the species at the present moment in the Menagerie, although in this group of animals deaths and fresh accessions are so frequent that the names are liable to perpetual change. 1. Presbytes entellus, India. . Cercopithecus petaurista, W. Africa. - mona, W. Africa. diana, W. Africa. delalandii, 8. Africa. sabeus, W. Africa. rufo-viridis, Zambesi. griseo-viridis, E. Africa. 9. Cercocebus fuliginosus, W. Africa. 10. Macacus radiatus, Continental India. rr; pileatus, Ceylon. 12. —— cynomolgus, Malay countries. 13. —— szlenus, Malabar Coast. 14. —— rhesus, India. 15. —— nemestrinus, Malay countries. 16. —— ocreatus, Celebes (7). Wir MaUrUs. 18. Cynocephalus hamadryas, Aden. anubis, W. Africa. 20. Cebus apella, 8. America. cirrifer, S. America. capucinus, 8. America. 23. Ateles pentadactylus, 8. America ft. 24. Lemur nigrifrons, Madagascar. albimanus, Madagascar. hybridus, ex L. nigrifronte, 3, et L. albifronte, 9. 26. The following species have within the last few years bred in our menagerie :—Macacus pileatus, M. rhesus, Cercocebus fuliginosus, and hybrids between M. pileatus and M. radiatus, between M. eyno- molgus and M. nemestrinus, and between Lemur nigrifrons aud L. albifrons. 2. On THE Genus HyPeROODON: THE TWO BRITISH KINDS, AND THEIR Foop. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc. At the preceding meeting of the Society, a letter was read from the Rev. G. Beardsworth, the Vicar of Selling, on a female Whale and * Schreber’s Saiug. Suppl. v. p. 63. + Our Aleles has one hand with the thumb, and one without it, and is thus intermediate between 4. pentadactylus and A. paniscus. But the face is black. 423 3 young, which had been caught on the coast near Whitstable, ent*, Through the kind agency of Mr. Beardsworth, the complete ske- leton of the older, and part of the skeleton of the younger specimen have been secured for the British Museum. The species is Hypero- odon rostratum. It is well figured, from a drawing by Mr. Beards- worth, in the ‘ Illustrated News’ for the 18th of November, 1860. There has been some discussion about the form of the blow-hole in this genus,—some, as Voigt and Wesmael, describing the ends of the opening as pointed forwards, as in other Dolphins, while Dale, Boussard and Doumel describe them as pointed backwards. Mr. Beardsworth, in his description, calls the blow-hole straight ; but his figure represents it as slightly crescent-shaped, with the ends pointing towards the nose; and Mr. Crotch, who has sent me a note on a specimen of a female Hyperoodon which was shot near Weston-super- Mare, as exactly agreeing with the specimen obtained at Kiel in 1801, only that the cusps of the blow-hole are directed forwards 3 and he inquires, ‘‘ Does the cusp of the lunate spiracle turned forward mean anything?” At any rate it appears to be the normal direction in this species. Mr. Beardsworth observes in his note :—* I enclose you a portion of thé food found in the stomach. There was more than half a bushel of this (which I am told is the claws of the Cuttle-fish), and nothing else.” It is not a new fact that Cetaceans, at least the Whales with teeth, feed on these animals; for the beaks of some Cephalopods are found interspersed in the substance of ambergris, which is a con- cretion found in the intestines or stomach of the Spermaceti Whale. Tn this substance they are in general few in number; but their pre- sence is so universal that the druggists do not consider the amber- gris true if they are not found in it, and they thus distinguish the artificial substitute from the real article in the market. The Black Fish (Globiocephalus macrorhynchus) is said to have the remains of Cuttle-fish in the stomach; and Bennett, in his ‘Whaling Voyage,’ states, “the ordinary food of the Sperm Whale is the Cuttle-fish or Squad, Sepia” (p. 176). I suspect that Cuttle- fish or Squad, or even Sepia, is intended to represent the Linnean genus Sepia, not the genus as now restricted, and is synonymous with the class Cephalopoda: at least that must be the case in the whale now under consideration ; for if the beaks belonged to Deca- podous Cephalopods either of the genus Loligo or Sepia, there would no doubt be some remains of the dorsal shell of the Sepia, or of the dorsal glade of the Loligo and its allied genera, found inter- mixed with the beaks. The articles sent were certainly the horny beaks of a Cephalopod, and appear to be those of the common Ocfopus, or Sea Spider. * The person who procured the Whale is Mr. Smith. As his card shows a trade in an article that is new to me, I give it entire :—‘ Henry Smith, Horse Bridge, Whitstable, Fish Agent for Five-fingers, Mussels, and Sprats.” sup- pose the first are Star-fishes. 424 It is very curious that these beaks should form such a mass, as this indicates that they must be very abundant in some parts of the sea, and proves that they must form at least a large portion of the food of this animal. I have never seen the Octopus in large numbers either at sea, in the nets of the fishermen, or thrown up on the coast ; yet ar they are abundant somewhere these beaks are a sufficient proof. _ The beaks sent me by Mr. Beardsworth all appear to belong to a single species; but he informs me there were some of a larger size intermixed with them when they were first taken out of the stomach, but they were selected and taken away by the bystanders. As there are only an upper and a lower beak to each fish, and they are of a small size, it would require many thousand animals to make up a half-bushel of them. The measurement of the younger Cetacean, as given by Mr. Beardsworth’s account, is interesting as showing its large size while yet in company with its mother, and proving that Dr. Knox’s ob- servation, that the foetus of the Porpoise is half the length (that is one-fourth of the size) of the parent before it is born, and that the young appear to attain their full size very rapidly, is probably equally true in the genus Hyperoodon. It is to be observed that both the female from Whitstable and the female from Weston-super-Mare have the dorsal fin on the hinder part of the back, about two-thirds the distance from the head, as in Hunter’s figure of the Bottle-nose (Phil. Trans. vol. Ixxvii. t. 19), and not in the middle of the back, as in the Bottle-head or Flounder’s- head described and figured by Dale in his History of Harwich, p. 411. t. 149. In my Monograph on Whales, published in the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,’ I described and figured a species of Hyperoodon from the skull of an animal which had been caught at the Orkneys, under the name of Hyperoodon latifrons, on account of the great height and very great thickness of the reflexed part of the maxillary bones, which form the crest in front of the blowers. Professor Eschricht considers that this species is founded on the skull of an adult male of the common species (which he calls Hyper- oodon butzkopf), because the specimen of the animal with this kind of skull which he received from Faroe was of that sex. The following facts I think will dispel such an idea :—first, I think I can prove that males and females have been seen and preserved of both species; and secondly, the structure and form of the two skulls is so different, that it is much more likely that they should be refer- able to two very distinct genera than to species of the same genus. I may state that I have examined four skulls of the H. latifrons, and Professor Eschricht has another. There is a skeleton with the skull of an adult animal of this species in the College Museum at Edinburgh, which was obtained from the Frith of Forth on the 29th of October, 1839. Mr. William Thomp- son (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, vol. xvii. p.153) informs us that this specimen was a female 28} feet long, accompanied by a young 425 male. So there can be little doubt that there are females of Hy- peroodon latifrons as well as males. It appears to be a northern species. As I have seen specimens from Greenland, the Orkneys, and the Coast of Lanarkshire, this is the most southern example that has yet occurred to me. It is also pro- bably a much larger species than Hyperoodon rostratum, as the skull from Greenland in the Newcastle Museum is 92 inches long, while the largest skull of H. rostratum that has come under my observa- tion does not exceed 60 or 65 inches. It is only necessary to examine the figure of the two skulls of Hyperoodon rostratum and H. latifrons in the Plate to the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ to see how exceedingly different they are from each other, not only in the form of the skull, but also in the form of the lower jaw. The skull of H. Jatifrons not only differs from that of H. rostratum in the thickness and solidity of the frontal crest of the maxillary bones, but in the crest being much higher than the hinder part of the skull; while in all the skulls of H. rostratum I have seen, the crest is of the same height with the frontal ridge. As regards Hyperoodon rostratum, Mr. Beardsworth states his specimens to be a female and a young female. The specimen which was shot at Weston-super- Mare, Mr. Crotch informs me, is a female. I may also observe that the specimen of this species described by Mr. William Thompson in the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1846, vol. xvii. p. 150, is said to be a male: its skeleton is now in the Belfast Museum. So there are certainly male and female of this species also known. Mr. Crotch has furnished me with the following measurements of the female specimen taken at Weston-super-Mare, which was exhi- bited at Bristol :— o ® ial St 5 sah, Lema sap 21, ie WEE Reeee aloxs% B ~)n- 26 From posterior origin of dorsal fin to insertion CACY re) en eo ane —" 6 1 — in height sapiens ee g sil Hailanvigehatert 5 308K so sxee, Aina ted cies - 7 aC HO Siglo: tists »a/sleverbicd an ae Hes 2 Cloaca to insertion of tail................ 5 Length of elogeal fold o...5.. 2 scj00 tienda cna. -)..0 of body at anterior end of dorsal.... 4 of body at origin of tail .......... 1 Brom gape to muggle)... 2% 2... ee ene 2 Vertical height of forehead from gape ...... 1 from insertion of upper jaw.. 0 Bromieye ti papi ss oe ike sae sa bwin 2 From eye to spiracle . Lepaeaiaist- ait apiece Girth at, the doraals . of: ..52..5..-03... SomokhowoancowooureS of coco 426 feet. in From cloaca middle to navel middle..... Avert Da From pectoral to pectoral, beneath ........ 18 The latter measurement shows a character that the figures gene- rally misrepresent, the closeness and lowness of the pectoral fins : they are generally represented as if they were about one-third up the sides of the body, and consequently far apart; but Mr. Beardsworth par- ticularly says that they are so low on the sides, that a stick placed across the body, under the fins, would touch the base of each. 3. Notes oN THE REPRODUCTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN WATTLE- BIRD (TALEGALLA LATHAMI) IN THE Society’ s GARDENS. By A. D. BartLett. The pair of Talegallas kept in the Gardens of the Society, during the spring and summer of the present year formed a large mound composed of leaves, grass, earth, and other materials. Within this mound the female deposited twenty eggs. The time of laying, the interval of time between each egg, and the period of incubation are at present unknown to me. But on the morning of the 26th of August a young Talegalla crept out of the mound, and, quite regardless of its parent, ran about searching for worms and other insects, upon which it fed with as much adroitness and apparent knowledge as the chick of a common fowl would exhibit at a month old. Towards night this young bird flew about among the branches of the trees and shrubs in search of a safe roosting-place, and, having selected one about 6 feet from the ground, settled down and appeared as comfortable and unconcerned as an adult bird,—the female taking no notice whatever of her offspring. Upon carefully looking into the mound two days afterwards (on the 28th), I observed a second young bird moving about and busily engaged cleaning its feathers with its bill, the wing-feathers at this time being encased in quill-sheaths. This young bird remained in the mound about twenty-four hoursafter ithad escaped from the shell; and during this time the wing and other feathers were freed from their covering, so that the bird was enabled to fly immediately upon quit- ting the mound, which it did on the morning of the 29th. This second young bird conducted himself in the same manner as his predecessor. The two young birds took no notice whatever of each other, or of the old female, the three birds appearing perfectly independent of each other, eating, drinking, and roosting separately ; and although an occasional small voice was heard from the young birds, it did not appear to indicate or excite any notice among them. These young birds grow amazingly—so rapidly, that at the age of three months they can scarcely be distinguished from the adult birds. The foregoing observations lead me to believe that two or three ed - 427 days may elapse between the laying of each egg. The young birds will consequently come out of the mound in the order in which the eggs were laid, as it is evident that incubation must commence imme- diately the egg is laid. If, therefore, twenty eggs are laid in forty or sixty days, there must be this number of days difference in the age between the first and the last of the brood, and no two of the young birds could possibly be of the same age. Perhaps the most remarkable feature connected with this bird is the very perfect development of the young, reminding us strongly of the next division of the vertebrate animals (the Reptiles),—not that I can see any connecting links between the great divisions of the Vertebrata. But although it is only in the Mammalia that the young are fed by the fluid secreted in the mammary glands, yet in the highest order of the class Aves (the Parrots) the young are fed partly by the fluid secreted in the cesophagus, mixed with the softened and par- tially digested food from the crop of the parent birds. Now in the Talegalla we seem to approach the reptilian character not only in the form and general appearance of the eggs, but in the manner in which they are deposited and the absence of care be- stowed upon the young. I believe I am correct in saying that, with this exception, all birds feed or provide food for their young, while, on the other hand, I am not aware that any reptile is known to do so, and that all the reptiles that lay eggs leave them to hatch, and the young to provide for them- selves,—their young, as in the Talegalla, coming forth in a very perfect and well-developed condition, and being enabled to seek and obtain their food without the aid of the parents. I therefore cannot avoid considering the Talegalla and its allies as exhibiting in this respect the lowest form in birds. 4, On a West-Arrican Genus oF Snakes (Merzopon). By Dr. ALsrert GUNTHER, Fischer has described a Colubrine Snake from West Africa with the name of Meizodon regularis*. Finding its dentition similar to that of Coryphodon, from which it considerably differs in general habit, he thought himself justified in separating it generically as Mei- zodon. I have had the opportunity of examining not only Meizodon regularis, but also two other Snakes which, in their dentition and in general habit, are the species nearest allied to it, and from which it becomes evident that all three are to be removed from the family of Colubride to that of Coronellide. In order to fix their position in the latter family, and to see whether it were possible to keep up a West-African Coronelline form of Snakes with the maxillary teeth gradually increasing in strength, for which the name of Meizodon * Hamburg. Abhandl. Gebiet Naturw. 1856, p, 112. 428 might be retained, I was induced to re-examine all the other African Coronellide. But I could not convince myself that such a genus would form a naturally defined group. Coronella cucullata, with its posterior maxillary tooth grooved ; Adlabes rufulus, with all the teeth equal in length; Coronella olivacea, C. fuliginoides, and pro- bably C. semiornata, with the posterior tooth longest; and finally, the three species of Meizodon, with the teeth gradually increasing in strength,—are so similar to each other in the proportions of the single parts, in the arrangement of the shields of the head, in their physiognomy, in the structure and number of the scales, in the dark- ness of the colours, that the other character, that of dentition, must give way for generic distinction—the more so as it is very difficult in many specimens, even in some species *, to say which of the dif- ferent categories of dentition is prevalent. I add, for completeness’ sake, the diagnosis of Metzodon regularis : CoroNELLA (MEIzODON) REGULARIS. Syn. Meizodon regularis, Fischer, Hamb. Abhandl. Gebiet Na- turwiss. 1856, p. 112; Gthr. Catal. Col. Snakes, pp. 109, 250. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows ; anal bifid; two posterior oculars. Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Entirely blackish-olive ; each scale with a black centre aud a pearl-coloured speck at the upper edge ; posterior part of the neck with a broad, darker, lighter-edged collar. Hab. West Africa. The typical specimen is in the Hamburg Museum ; another in the Collection of the British Museum. Coronetia (MErzopon) BiToRQUATA, n. sp. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows ; anal bifid ; two posterior oculars, Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Brownish-olive above; a black band across the occipitals, a second across the neck, and a black spot behind the latter on each side of * In many specimens of Adlabes rufulus the teeth are, strictly speaking, not equal, but increase in strength posteriorly, In Liophis