ED'. DEFT. Of b. THE LIBRARY The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Toronto, Canada LIBRARY THE ONTARIO INSTITUTE FOR STUOMS IN EDUCATION rCRONTO, CANADA THE LIFE, LETTERS AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GALTON LIBRARY THE ONTARIO INSTITUTE FOR STUDIES IN EDUCATION TORONTO, CANADA Cambridge University Press Fetter Lane, London New Tori Bombay, Calcutta, Madras Toronto Macmillan Tokyo Maruzen Company, Ltd. All rights reserved Francis Galton, when about 75 years of age. THE LIFE, LETTERS AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GALTON BY KARL PEARSON GALTON PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON VOLUME IIIB CHARACTERISATION, ESPECIALLY BY LETTERS INDEX CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1930 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN £k/6 ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME IIIB Frontispiece. Francis Galton, when about 75 years of age PLATE XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIII. LIV. LYr. LVI. LVII. LVIII. LIX. to face page Francis Galton's Room at Trinity College, Cambridge .... 453 From Galton's Egyptian Sketchbook. Bob, aged 10, left in charge; Ibrahim ............ 454 From Galton's Syrian Sketchbook. Ali, Galton's servant in Palestine and Syria ............ 454 d'Arnaud Bey, a sketch from a photograph ...... 455 Water-colour Sketch of Francis Galton in the Fallow Years . . . 456 Francis Galton's Niece Milly — Mrs J. C. Baron Lethbridge . . . 471 Francis Galton, the Meteorologist, when about 65 years of age . . 472 The Medallion of Erasmus Darwin by Fassie ..... 473 Facsimile of one of Francis Galton's weekly letters to his Sister Emma, 1893 . 494 Francis Galton, aged 75. lloyat, July, 1897 502 Francis Galton's Great-Niece Evelyne Biggs — Mrs Guy Ellis . . 507 Experiment of Francis Galton on the exhibition of all aspects of a bust on a single negative .......... 520 (i) "Sister Emma"; (ii) Francis Galton as Geographer; (iii) Francis Gabon's Mother 531 Galtonia (Hyacinthus candicam) from tropical South Africa . . 534 Sample of the conventionalised Finger-Print Ornamentation on the Stones at Gavr'ims, from the series of photographs in the Galtoniana . . 543 Francis Galton and his Great-Niece, Evelyne Biggs, at Bridge End, Ockham, in August, 1906 576 The Rock on the Lake at Otchikoto, Ovampolaud, where Galton's name can still be read, inscribed in 1851 . 617 Specimen of Galton's Annual Medallions commemorating an event of the year. This marks the year in which he obtained composite photographs of the tuberculous patients at Guy's Hospital. Bookplate of Samuel Tertius Galton. CHAPTER XVII CHARACTERISATION, ESPECIALLY BY LETTERS "His interest was nearly as promptly and vehemently kindled in one subject as in another; he was always boldly tentative, always fresh and vigorous in suggestion, always instant in search." Morley, Diderot, Vol. II, p. 37. In this final chapter the reader will find printed a selection from the innumerable letters which Francis Galton, during a long life, wrote to his family circle and friends. Mv aim in the earlier chapters of this biography, after describing Galton's ancestry and childhood, has been to give a full account of his contributions to science, and to reproduce portions of his scientific correspondence. I have not wholly excluded from this chapter letters to scientific friends — failing a complete publication of Galton's letters it must be an "omnibus" appendix — but its main purpose is to paint a side of Galton's nature which I fear has not been adequately emphasised in the earlier chapters. Francis Galton to his scientific colleagues was courteous, generous and marvellously humble. To his relatives and close friends he was sympathetic, helpful and always full of fun. His wonderful patience with an invalid wife, and after her death his splendid loyalty to her memory, can only be lightly touched on here. His limitations were as well known to himself as to others; he had no musical sense, and art, whether in colour, form or verbal expression, was not for him an essential need of his being. I do not think he was fond of animals, nor had he a keen comprehension and love of young things; perhaps they suggested too bitterly what was lacking in his own life; he seemed to be alarmed by children, and did not find the right words to say to them. I doubt whether he could have placed a child on his knee and told it a tale. With young people beginning to think and to take an interest in life's problems he was wholly sympathetic; he respected their views, however callow, and entered with jest and anecdote into all their fun. At "biometric teas" his presence was never over-aweing, indeed it was he who generally started and led the mirth. The letters which follow will show clearly how deeply he could sympathise with those who failed to appreciate the contributions he was making to the great revolution in human thought which marked the last quarter of the nineteenth century. I have said that he did not understand children, yet lie did understand and sympathise with those simple childlike natures which still found comfort, and a crutch for the conduct of life, in the faiths of mankind's infancy. He would endeavour to interpret their conceptions in terms of his own wider aspirations. To those who stood nearer to his own standpoint he made no pretence of reconciling the old with the new — "It pa in 56 442 Life and Letters of Francis Galton aids them, but it would be of no service to you and me." Thus he would explain to his biographer that sympathy in expression and action which might not unreasonably appear irreconcilable with his own faith. Without being deeply interested in history he had, as every man of culture, an under- standing for the past; he realised that each worn-out phase of mankind's mental evolution is not a ruin to serve as a quarry for to-day's uses, but rather a monument to be preserved, even fenced about to protect it from the ravages of the profit-seeker, or indeed from the sacrilege of the scoffer. It is in this spirit that the reader must weigh some of the letters of Galton and some of the statements about him in the following pages. Galton was as strong an agnostic as Darwin or Huxley, but he was not, like the latter, an iconoclast; as I will venture to put it, the stirps of Galton and Darwin had a more generous historical background than that of Huxley, and this even more so in Galton's case. He has spoken in several places of the unconscious working of the mind. There is a conscious family tradition, and again an unconscious one; our mentality is what it is in accordance with the tradition of our stirp, and works unwittingly in the track of the past. The Galton stirp — witness its quakers and its devout catholics — had a deep religious sense — not unbroken by a tendency to wander at times from the current phases of morals and of religion, but it had also a kingly spirit in the best sense of the words — an understanding of the nature and the needs of those dependent upon it. Roll into one the characteristics of the Planta- genet, the Stewart, the Savile, the Sedley and the Darwin stirps, and we can thus, and only thus, fully appreciate the complex nature of Galton's mind. We can trace therein his impulse towards travel, his fallow years, his inventive genius, his sympathy with deeply religious natures, his zeal for knowledge, and his mirthfulness. Width of mind in any individual usually takes its origin in the happy combination of several stirps of strong but diverse intellectual character. A danger arises when intimates, especially relatives, appraise a great and wide-minded man; they are apt to emphasise that side of his character which has appealed most strongly to them, and of which for that very reason he may have sounded the note. In the case of blood relatives that note may be the characteristic of the part of their stirp common to both, or indeed, if they are of the full blood, as brothers, the one may be dominated exclusively by one factor of their common stirp *. In reading family letters written originally for no other eyes than those of the recipients, we must ever bear this in mind. When a man soars above his fellows to altitudes they have not yet attained, it is only natural that his intercourse with them should remain largely on the old plane familiar to all of them. The letters of Galton show him as son, as brother, as uncle, and as great-uncle — those which might have limned him in his courtship and marriage failed to reach his biographer. Yet the letters which I have seen, apart from their bearing on Galton's own history, cover upwards of a century of family life, and are in themselves witness to the great changes * Thus in the children of Charles Darwin one marks in isolation factors which were comhined in their father and great-grandfathers. Characterisation, especially by Letters 443 which took place in our national life, both economically and psychically, during the nineteenth century. We see children, born in an age of canal-building and stage-coaches, dying as motor-boats and airplanes come into being. We note men, great and mediocre, passing from the vigour of youth to the weakness of old age and leaving behind them records of actions which will survive for generations, or which have already perished. And we ask why, with a common environment, does one man achieve and another fail to do so? The answer can only be : " Such is the law of inheritance," and that was Galton's answer. But even with his work, supplemented by that of Mendel and the followers of both, we yet fail to solve the riddle of family history — why one man here and there is so markedly differentiated from his stock, noteworthy as that may be. It will probably aid the reader to have a short account of the environment of Galton during the successive years of his life, taken from the hasty notes written down by his wife or himself on different occasions. Brief Record of Galton's Travels and Visits, 1853—1883. Francis Galton was married on August I, 1853, and toured in Switzer- land and Italy, spending the winter in Florence and Rome. ■> 1853 Rome. '54 Chambord. '55 Farnborough, Paris Exhibition. '56 Innsbruck, Vienna, readen. '57 Courmayeur, Gressoney, Corniche. '58 English Lakes. '59 Lakes, Bonn. 1860 Richmond, Pyrenees. '61 Zermatt, Monte Moro. '62 Glarus, Pilatus, Chainpery, Chamounix. '63 Glion, Stresa, Corniche. '64 St Gall, Hauderes, Sepey. '65 Spa, Holland, Birmingham. '66 Cannes, Mentone, English Lakes, Nottingham. '67 Mentone, Sorrento, Bt Moritz. '68 Auvergne. '69 Heidelberg, Berchtesgaden. '70 Grindelwald, Folkestone. '71 Scarborough, Whitby. '72 Brighton. '73 Ilmenau, Moselle. '74 Lynton, Chettle. '75 Fontaine- bleau, Murren. '76 Bavarian Lakes, Venice. '77 Tunbridge Wells, Bournemouth. '78 Vichy, M'.n; d'Or, Paris Exhibition. '79 Vichy, Black Forest. '80 Dinant. '81 Bournemouth, York, Vichy. '82 Baden, Constance. '83 Devonshire. Notes on Galton's Visits, Friends and Occupations, 1875-1883. I B75 with Emma and Lucy to Fontainebleau ; in June to Seelisberg, to Paris, met Emma. F. G. went to Bristol, British Association and returned to Paris. Russell Gurneys went to Egypt. Twins. Sweet peas. 1'hU. Mag. Law of Error and Ogives. 1876 Sweet peas. Miss Christie. Loan Collection. 8. Kensington; Whistler. Jenkinsons at Fawley. (moms at Syston. With Emma and Brodrick to Bavaria, Venice and Italian Lakes. Arthur engaged to be married. 1877 Louisa's bad illness. Tunbridge Wells. Bournemouth. Plymouth British Association. Arthur married. Mr Holland died. 1878 Rheumatic gout in my knee, March. Composite photos. R. Gurney died. Silver wedding year. Vichy, Mont d'Or, Tours, Blois, Paris Exhibition. Folkestone, F. G. back to Paris. 1879 Lady Grove died. Bournemouth (Tower). Vichy with (Roes and Martiudales). Gerardmer. Black Forest. Judge Grove at Wakehurst in Sussex. Generic Images. 1880 Vichy. Boulogne (May and Spencer). Swansea, Brit. Assoc. Liphook. Meuse (Dinant). Spa. Brussels Exhibition. Photographed at home. 1881 Home early in October. Easter Leamington. Guy's Hosp., composite photography. Bournemouth. York, British Assoc. Vichy late. Paris. Douglas broke his ankle. Composite phthisis photos. 56—2 444 Life and Letters of Francis OaUon 1882 Easter Ola verdon and Leamington. Rhine. Black Forest. Baden Baden. Constance. Axeofela. C. Darwin died. Graef picture. Guy's Hospital photography (Bethlehem and Banwell). Life Histories. ( leorge, Canon of Winchester. Anthrop. Album. L883. Qeorgina died. H[enry] Smith died. Bournemouth. New Forest. Spottiswoode died. Jenkinsons. Newton Abbot. Torquay. Southport B.A. Adele died. Leamington. Borne Oct, 1. The above records, written in a scarcely legible hand, were found in one of Galton's note-books. I give a continuation from Louisa Galton's diaries to 1897, and have then filled in the remaining years to 1911 from my own knowledge. The series will serve as a convenient reference for the later of the following letters. 18.84. Early February Brighton one week. Easter Ventnor April 1-17, llede Lecture at Cambridge on May 27, 4 days. No British Assoc, but were prevented going to S. France by outbreak of cholera. Lakes, Windermere on July 15, Keswick 17th for about a month, Patter- dale for a week. At end of August home for a week, then Claverdon and Leamington, home September 24. October 7-11 to Stanmore. 1 885. February 7-9 Leamington. Easter family gathering at Harrow, a week at Tunbridge Wells and a week at Ramsgate. End of July Holm bury St Mary for 6 weeks. British Assoc. Aberdeen. Owing to cholera in Italy had a dull week at St Leonards and a visit to Oxford. 1 886. February 25 Paris, Hyeres, Mentone, Rome, Sorrento, Amalfi, Castellammare, Florence. Easter Vevey. Home May 5. Late in July to Contrexeville 3 weeks, Bussang in Voeges returning by Nancy, Paris and Boulogne. September 1st visited Marianne North at Alderley for 2 weeks, Hills at Newbury, Montagu [Butler] at Gloucester, Claverdon, Leamington; home early in October. 1887. Early March 10 days with Montagu at Trinity. Whitsuntide at Tunbridge Wells. Mid-July Homburg 3 weeks, Freiburg, Constance, Zurich, 6 days' tour to Rhone Glacier, Eggis- horn, Rieder [Furka] and Belalp and Brieg to Domo d'Ossola, San Rosso [? M. Rosso, N. of Pallanza] and the Falls of Toce, back to Zurich over Gries. Engelberg a week, by St Gotthard to Locarno, Lugano 9 days, then Basle, Calais and home. Leamington. 1888. Easter Leamington 1 week. In July visited Lethbridges at Clifton and Mfarianne] North at Alderley, returning for Montagu's wedding on August 9th. August 10 Brighton 1 week, returned to Alderley. September 1st Vichy 3 weeks, Paris 3 days, home end of September. Visits: Arthur [Butler], Mr Brodrick, Stanmore (the John Hollonds) and Trinity. 1889. Early March-May 3rd: Cannes, Mentone, Genoa, Milan, Baveno, Cadenabbia, St Gotthard, Paris. J uly nine days with M. North. August Paris one week (Congress on Heredity), August 12 Carlisle to Corby Castle (Hills) 10 days, and 2 weeks at Wetheral. Alnwick with E. Wheler for 3 days, Newcastle B.A. meeting, staying at Gateshead Sept. 10-18. Saw Durham and York. Leamington for Lucy Wheler's wedding on Sept. 26. Nov. few days at Trinity. 1890. Easter fortnight at Alderley, ending with 2 days in Forest of Dean. July, Switzer- land, St Beatenberg, Stoos [?Stoss, near Altstetten], Freudenstadt, Strasburg, Nancy, Paris, home September 8th. Leamington, home end of September. 1891. Easter Leamington 10 days. In May 2 days at Cambridge with the George Darwins. Tunbridge Wells mid-July for a fortnight, returning to London August 10-15 for Congress of Hygiene. Vichy to September 9th, Chatelguyon, Royat, the Lozere, the Gorges of the Tarn (long F. G.'s ambition), Montpellier-le-Vieux, Nimes, Avignon, home October 9th. 1892. First week of the year with Emma, Leamington. End of March Biarritz 2 weeks, Cambo, home early in May. August 8th to Corby for 10 days, Edinburgh for 2 weeks, Cal- lander. September 9th to the E. Whelers at Alnwick, 23rd-27th to Lady Welby near Grantham ; a little time at Peterborough, Leamington. Home early in October. 1893. March 13 Riviera: Hyeres, Valescure, Cannes. Home April 20. May 11-15 Trinity. End of July Holyhead, 3 weeks (the Institute under Miss Adeane). Short visit to Lady Stanley at Penrhos, Bettws-y-Coed 3 weeks, tour by coach to Capel Curig, Beddgelert, Aberglaslyn to Port Madoc, toy railway to Festiniog, and next morning through Bettws-y-Coed to Conway and Chester 2 nights, Shrewsbury and Leamington for 2 weeks. Home September 30. Characterisation, especially by Letters 445 1894. February 27-April 7 Cimiez. In May to Edmond Hills at Darland House. May 12- 14 at Merton. June 1 Trinity. June 19 Arthur [Butler] at Oxford. Towards end of July Spa for 2 weeks. Kbln, Heidelberg, Bodensee, Landeck, Innsbruck, Berchtesgaden nearly 2 weeks, Salzburg, Ischl, Gniunden Sept. 17-19, Regensburg, Niirnberg, Wurzburg, Kiiln. Home on September 27. Leamington 1 week. 1895. April 9 Leamington for 9 days, then to Mrs McLennan at Hayes for a short visit. May 13-16 Cambridge for D.Sc. In June to Mrs Hodgson at Tanhurst (Leith Hill). July 3 Nauheim, Garmisch for more than a month. August 12 Munich, Niirnberg, Rothenburg 2 nights, Frankfurt, Bonn, home August 27. Fortnight at Tunbridge Wells. September 21—30 Leam- in, and then home. 1896. March 13 Hastings. March 25th Eastbourne. April 2 for Easter, Leamington. July 10 Wildbad (treatment for L. G.), Oberstdorf (treatment for F. G.), Lindau, Davos 10 days, Zurich, Freiburg, Strasburg, Rheims, Amiens. Home September 7. Sept. 25 to Oct. 2 Leamington. Oct. 13 Trinity a few days. 1897. March 2-1 Bournemouth. April 20-23 Leamington. June 5-8 Oxford (Arthur). July 14 Boulogne, 15 Royat. (August 13 Louisa died.) F. G. left Royat Tuesday 17th, home on 18th. Leamington 1 week. Himbleton nearly a week. Corby till Sept. 13. Sept. 25 Boscombe. Weymouth (to Emma). Oct. 16 to G. Brodrick 3 days. Oct. 23 Leamington, to Emma Dec. 4 to Bessy, and then to the Studdys. 1898. I have but few records of this year. Galton was at Rutland Gate in January, July, and November, and travelled with his wife's nephew, Frank Butler, to Royat and to the Riviera, and then to Italy (Castellammare). 1899. March 21 at sea; 22 Gibraltar; 23 Honda; 26-April 3 Seville; April 3-5 Cadiz; 5 Tangiers; Morocco, Malaga; 13 Granada; 18-20 Toledo; 20-26 Madrid; Barcelona, Carcas- sonne, Nimes, Clermont-Ferrand. July and August Royat for 3 weeks. Switzerland for 2 weeks. Home middle of August. December 15 Luxor; 18-22 Assouan. 1900. January 1 Luxor; to the Petries for a week. January 22-February 9 Luxor; February 15-March 4 (?) Cairo. 1902. November 12 at home; November 28 Valescure. 1903. January 8- Rome, Naples, Ischia; April -8 Siena, Bologna, Milan (for Easter), Cologne, Brussels; April 20 London. June 10-12 Loxton; 14-16 Cambridge; July 22 Norwich for 2 or 3 days. August-September (?) Norfolk Broads; December Italy— -Sicily. 1904. February -2 Girgenti; February 2- Taormina. August -26-Sept. 6- Bibury, Fairford; 15-19 Bovey Tracey; 19-20 London; 20-24 Claverdon. Home early October. November 4-7 Leamington; December -10 Bournemouth. 1905. January at home ; February 18-20 Calais; February 20-May 1st Bordighera; May 1st home. July 29-August 1 Claverdon; August 1-5 Lakes; 5-7 or 8 Highhead Castle, near Carlisle: August 17-September 27 The Rectory, Ockham; 27-30 Hindhead; 30 home. Nov- ember 1(f) started for Fan; November 10 (?) December 1(f) Pan; December 4- Biarritz. 1906. January -10 Biarritz; 1 < (-February 1 (?) St Jean de Luz; February 1-27 Ascain; l!7 March 11 Biarritz; March 9-26 San Sebastian. Home April 6. April 21-26 Claverdon; May 15 Cambridge (Trinity); June 3 days at Oxford (Arthur Butler's); 20(?) Trinity Fellow- ship. July at home. August 2-29 Bridge End, Ockham; September 1-10 Bovey Tracey; September 16-24 Malthouse, Bibury, then home; October (1 week) Sidmouth; October 19 Edymead, Bovey Tracey; November 7- The Hoe, Plymouth. 1907. January -30 The Hoe, Plymouth; January 30- March (?) Hoe Park Terrace, Plymouth. July 21 (?)-26 Helmingham Hall, Stowmarket; August 7 September 12 Yaffles, Haslemere; September 12- Quedley, Haslemere. 1908. Quedley, Haslemere to February. August 30 Shirrell House; September 16-23 Claverdon; October 26- Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth. 1909. February 26 Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth; February 26 or 27- April 3 Crown Hotel, Lyndhurst; April 3-21 Forest Park Hotel, Brockenhurst ; then home till August 10(?)-October 1 Fox Holm, Cobham, Surrey; October 4- The Rectory, Haslemere. 1910. March 21 The Rectory, Haslemere; then home till August 16 or 17, then The Court, Grayshott; moved November 15 to Grayshott House, Haslemere. 1 It; Life (did Letters of Francis Galtou I shall commence this chapter of Galton's Life and Letters with an appreciation of her uncle by his niece, Mrs Lethbridge — Millicent Bunbury — the child of Galton's beloved sister and instructress Adele. She most kindly prepared it for me on Galton's death, 19 years ago, and it seems best to me to publish it now just as it was written. She is the "Milly" of many of the letters printed below. It is very characteristic of Galton that when his "home" letters ceased on the death in 1904 of his Sister Emma, aged 93, he felt the need of continuing the family correspondence, and selected his niece, Mrs Lethbridge, to exchange letters with him. Recollections of Francis Galton by Millicent Lethbridge. I will begin these short "recollections" of my dear uncle, Francis Galton, by repeating the child-stories my mother has told me, but first you must allow me a digression that I may explain the share she had in his early life. My mother spent a dreary childhood and girlhood, seldom leaving the sofa to which she was condemned owing to curvature of the spine. She had little to amuse or interest her in those weary years, until, when she was eleven, my uncle Francis was born. My grandfather took the baby to her, saying: "Here, Adt'le, is a baby brother come as a present for you! How do you like him?" — "Like him!" A new life began then and there for my mother. She set feverishly to work, teaching herself Latin, Greek, German, Italian, and I know not what besides, to fit herself for the task of educating the baby. All her interests, thoughts and ambitions were wrapped up in the little creature. It lay by her side on the sofa, and with the enthusiasm and impatience of a child, she lost no time in eramming it with all her miscellaneous, self-acquired knowledge. I believe the baby could read at two, and what it had learnt by the age of four, I do not venture to report! Strange to say, the baby throve on the system, and delighted as much in learning as his sister in teaching. The two were devoted to each other, and it was a bitter wrench to my mother, when, at eight years old, her darling was sent to a school at Boulogne. I recollect two or three anecdotes my mother told me of his very early years. My grand- father, anxious to render his boys self-reliant, sent Francis, then about seven years old, to pay a visit to a relative at some distance. The child was to ride his pony, spend the night at a certain inn, and finish the journey next day. A servant was instructed to follow (unknown to the boy) two or three miles behind in case of accidents. When Francis was questioned about his adventures, he related how, on reaching the inn, he had ordered supper and a bedroom, and had then proceeded to empty his purse and hide a shilling under a pillow, a sixpence under a chair and so on, "because then, if a robber came, he might take some of my money, but not all, so that I could still pay my bill!" I am sorry, however, to say that I cannot verify this story, my uncle having entirely forgotten the occurrence. He had a remarkably sweet temper, and it used to be a joke between his brothers to see if they could not make him angry. Do what they would, they hardly ever succeeded. My mother once said : "Frank, how can you keep your temper as you do?" "I don't," he answered, "but I've found out a capital plan. I go to my room as soon as I can get away, and I beat and kick my pillow till I'm tired out, and by the time I've finished, my temper's all gone." In later life my uncle's self-control was really wonderful. I have seen him, on more than one occasion, "keep himself in hand" under the greatest provocation, although I presume the "pillow-recipe" had long been abandoned. Another child-story is that of his falling off his pony into a ditch, and being dragged out by the legs by his elder brother, the seven or eight year old boy, half-choked with mud, spluttering out Hudibras, "I am not now in Fortune's power, He that is down can fall no lower!" One more story and I have done. A lion had escaped from a menagerie and the child was in terror lest it should suddenly pounce down upon him. His father found him trembling in bed, and said : "Why, Frank, you know the lion has no pocket-money to pay the turnpike, so Characterisation, especially by Letters 447 of course he can't come through!" "I never thought of that, papa," said the child, as with an immense sigh of relief he turned over and went to sleep. If my uncle derived his genius through his Darwin mother, it is nevertheless certain that the Galton father was most in sympathy with the boy's character. His devotion to his father's memory was most touching, and only a few weeks ago, when the Copley Medal was offered him, he wrote : "People are always very kind to me, but I wish my father were alive. It would have given him real pleasure." His father had then been dead 6G years! I looked upon my uncle Francis as my special uncle, ever since I was quite a little child, but it was not until after the death of his wife (whom 1 also loved dearly) in 1897, that 1 wns admitted to a closer friendship, and that I ventured to discuss many things — religious matters especially — with him. Later still, in 1904, when his beloved Sister, Emma Galton, died, he asked me to correspond regularly with him, just as she had done for many years, so that the custom became established from that time forward until his death, for me to write every Friday, and he every Monday or Tuesday. I have an amusing recollection of a little trip to Auvergne which he and I took together in the summer of 1901 only a few weeks before he sustained the great sorrow consequent on his Sister, Emma Galton's, death. The heat was terrific, and I felt utterly exhausted, but seeing him perfectly brisk and full of energy in spite of his 82 years, dared not, for very shame, confess to my miserable condition. I recollect one terrible train-journey, when, smothered with dust and panting with heat, I bad to bear his reproachful looks for drawing a curtain forward to ward off a little of the blazing sun in which he was revelling. He drew out a small thermometer which registered 94°, observing: "Yes, only 94°. Are you aware that when the temperature of the air exceeds that of blood-heat, it is apt to be trying?" I could quite believe it! — By and by he asked me whether it would not be pleasant to wash our face and hands? I certainly thought so, but did not see how it was to be done. Then, with perfect .simplicity and sublime disregard of appearances and of the astounded looks of the other occupants of our compartment, a very much "got-up" Frenchman and two fashionably dressed Frenchwomen, he proceeded to twist his newspaper into the shape of a washhand basin, produced an infinite.siin.il ly small bit of soap, and poured some water out of a medicine bottle, and we performed our ablutions I fear I was too self-conscious to enjoy the proceeding, but it never seemed to occur to him that- he was doing anything unusual ! He had ordered rooms at Royat, insisting that they should have a southern aspect. On arriving at the Hotel it was found that they looked due north. Then, for the first and only time since I had known him, he was guilty of a very forcible and by no means parliamentary ejaculation. A minute or two later he turned round and saw me. He appeared exceedingly uncomfortable, and at last could stand it no longer : " Br 61 did you bear what er I said just now?" I could not resist the temptation of declaring myself extremely pained and shocked, but he was so genuinely distressed 1 had to hasten and assure him I was only talking nonsense. He half-killed me by his energy at Royat. We used to sally forth at 1 a.m. and take a walk before the heat of the day. That was really enjoyable, but I felt by no means enthusiastic when we started off again when the sun was at its highest, and walked and trammed whereso ever it was hottest. He always chose the sunny side of the mail, bin occasionally I rebelled and left him to his sun whilst I walked in the shade. He really was a salamander! I can see him now, sitting at his work-table in the window at Royat) with the broiling sun streaming down upon his bald head. Even to think of it is almost enough to give one a sunstroke. Hut it was not long after our Royat visit (where he had gone to visit, his wife's grave) that his strength gradually began to fail. His sister's death, soon after our return, was a terrible blow to him. I do not know what he would have done, hut for his great niece Eva Biggs, who devoted herself to him as if she had been his daughter. The few remaining years of his life brought him much sorrow -the death of his eldest sister at the age of neatly 98 and of his brothei-, aged 94, leaving him the only survivor of his family. My Mother — his Sister Adele — ■ had died many years before. However, with the exception of his deafness, he retained all his faculties to a wonderful extent. His eyesight was extraordinarily good, and he could lead the smallest print up to the last. The diaries he kept for many yean were not, I suppose, more than 2 or at most 2.', inches square, and his writing in them was necessarily so minute that I could not see to read it. Hi BO B of smell was also singularly acute, and I imagine that of 448 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon taste likewise. He enjoyed his food as keenly as a child, although he was a very small eater and most abstemious in every way. He delighted in after-dinner coffee, of which he allowed himself two teaspoonfuls, and that only when 1, or some other coffee-drinker, was staying with him to set a bad example! The joie de vivre remained strong in him even after he had lost the power of walking, and when he could not rise from his chair without help, and then only with pain. Still he was as keen and full of zest as ever, and I believe that if a ten, or even a twenty years' extension of life had been offered him he would gladly have accepted it, for his heart was bound up in his beloved " Biogenics" and he would have loved to watch its progress, even at the cost of prolonged pain, weariness and suffering. Whilst he was still able to move about a little, his indomitable energy prompted him to do extraordinary things. For instance, at a time when he could hardly stand alone, I have known him (by holding on to things) climb out of the staircase window on to a sort of lead roof, where he would spend an hour or so in the open air. It was a perilous proceeding, and on one occasion lie had the narrowest possible escape from an accident which, if it had actually occurred, would certainly have killed him. He was touchingly "grateful for small mercies." I remember his telling me one day that he had had a "glorious time" that afternoon. The "glorious time" was just sitting in a bath- chair, helpless and unable to move, in a garden-shelter watching the trees and sunshine. Any little ingenious contrivance was an absolute delight to him, and I have known him amuse himself for quite a long time with some penny toy such as those hawked about the London streets. I do not think he could "do nothing." His brain was always busy even when his hands were idle. It is true that sometimes when I asked him what he had been doing, he would quote from Punch: "Sometimes I sits and thinks, and sometimes I only sits" — but I never believed it. He was fond of reading aloud, and he read better than almost anyone I ever heard. He enjoyed reading Tennyson and Shakespeare to me, but I think he excelled himself in reading the Bible. On one occasion he read the Book of Esther right through, and although I had imagined I knew it well enough already, he convinced me I had never known it at all before then. The whole scene started into life, I was transported into the Oriental surroundings, thousands of years back — the dramatis personae lived and moved, and I felt as if I had dived into another world. If it had all been acted before me, the impression could not have been more vivid. I think he cared little for fiction unless he was tired or poorly. On those occasions I found Don Quixote was oftenest in requisition. In novels he evidently preferred fun to sentiment and last year (1910) he delighted in Countess von Arnim's Princes.* Priscilia's Fortnight, The Caravanners, etc. Art to a certain extent, and Music entirely, seem to have been omitted in his composition — an inheritance perhaps (or rather non-inheritance) from his Quaker ancestry. He delighted, however, in the artistic nature of his great-niece, Eva Biggs, as much as she in her turn prided herself in his science. Music, I think, he positively disliked, although he only confessed to "not caring for it." His brothers and sisters were also, one and all, absolutely unmusical. Certainly he was a living refutation of Shakespeare's "The man that hath no music in himself etc." — for never was any man further from "Treasons, stratagems and spoils! " It would be hard to find anyone with so high an ideal of duty as his, and I do not hesitate to affirm that nothing — not self-interest, praise, blame, or anything else, would have made him swerve a hair's breadth from what he conceived to be right. To that which he believed to be true, he felt bound to give utterance, even though it cost him the disapprobation and even the deep sorrow of some whose love and sympathy he most valued. This was especially the case when his work on Human Faculty came out in 1883, with a chapter on prayer, which I rejoice to find is suppressed in a recent edition*. Although the chapter in question only attacked the crudest and most materialistic notion of prayer, and was obviously written under a complete misapprehension of the real Christian position with regard to it, nevertheless a storm of indignation was raised, and some whom he most loved, and whose good opinion was dearest to him, were distressed and scandalised. I always felt that his attitude with regard to Religion was absolutely misunderstood. I have heard him called hard names — "Atheist," "Unbeliever" and so on. My own description of his creed would be that of a Religious Agnostic. Faith was denied him, and, as he has often told me, all intuitive witness to the * At the urgent request of the publishers. Characterisation, especially by Letters 449 Divine. The question of the reality of this "intuitive witness" in others, however, interested him deeply, and he would have given much to convince himself whether it was real or imaginary, subjective or objective. James's Varieties of Religious Experience was a book that occupied his thoughts a great deal, and I have a copy that he gave me. That he had the will to believe I am sure, but it was the power that was denied him. If he could not believe however, he could seek, and a more earnest truth-seeker could surely not be found. He has told me that at one time of his life (I imagine when he was very young), the asceticism of the Roman Church appealed to him very strongly. His admiration for the uncompromising monotheism of Mohammedanism was recurrent. I imagine that he was latterly much attracted by Spinoza. But early love and sentiment were all on the side of Quakerism. He would sometimes ask me where such or such a parable or discourse of Our Lord was to be found, and on finding it for him in the New Testament, he would read it aloud, saying, half to himself, as he shut the book "Perfect — very perfect." 1 [e was scrupulously careful not to say anything on religious topics that could possibly distress or injure the faith of anyone — especially the young — and I never knew him say anything that was not absolutely reverent. He was apparently incapable of accepting anything he considered unproven. Thus, although a devoted admirer of Tennyson, I never heard him allude to The Tiri i Voices without a stamp and "Pshaw!" of impatience. The philosophic discussion being concluded by nothing more convincing than the emotional "Sabbath Morn" and "Church-bells" irritated him beyond endurance. In spite of his much-abused chapter on Prayer in Human Faculty I know he used to pray himself, indeed in one of his letters to me he wrote (May 12, 1907) : "Did I ever tell you that I have always made it a habit to pray before writing anything for publication, that there may be no self-seeking in it, and perfect candour together with respect for the feelings of others." — And in another letter (April 9, 1907) : "I think in earnest prayer of you and poor F. for I can pray, and do pray, conscientiously and fervently, though probably in a different form to that you yourself employ. God help you*." There were many beautiful traits in my Uncle's character upon which I cannot now expatiate. His old-world courtesy, displayed not only in society, but still more at home, to those with whom he was in daily intercourse, and to his servants (falsifying the saying "that no man is a hero to his valet-de-chambre") — his almost exaggerated dread of appropriating any laurels due to others, which feeling led him to the opposite extreme of magnifying the achieve- ments of others whilst minimising his own — his horror of self-advertisement, coupled though it was with a naive delight in unsought appreciation — all this is familiar to those who had the privilege of knowing him. I do not think I have more to say. His patience and cheerfulness during the helplessness of the two or three last years was very wonderful, even when his sufferings were aggravated by the constantly recurring attacks of asthma which made every breath a struggle. His devoted nurse and great-niece, Eva Biggs, told me that the last thing he said, when the breathing became very painful and she asked him if he suffered much, was: "One must learn to suffer and not complain." I could not be with him in his last illness, being ill myself at the time, but he was surrounded with love and affection. Eva Biggs, his valued nephew, Edward Wheler, and his devoted Swiss servant, Gifi, who had been in his service for 40 years, being with him at the last. Thus ended the earth-phase of a great life. Selection from the Galton family Letters. Letter from Adele Galton to Iter Sisters, Emma and Bessie. [1830?] .My dear Sisters, We have just received a letter from sweet Francis, and I cannot help thinking (at least hoping) from its contents that he still preserves his taste for study but here is the copy: "My dear Papa, I hope you have been pretty well lately. It is now the Easter Holidays and I was asked out last Monday and then I saw a review of the National Guards which I liked very much — It has been very warm for some months and I think we shall soon begin to * See my footnote, pp. 271-2 of Vol. mA. pom 57 4;">0 Life and Letters of Francis Galton bathe in the sea — Thank you tor buying me those five shillings of (lower seeds- -please to thank Emilia for taking such care of my Garden and Bessy for my carnations when they return Home — I suppose that almost all the Mowers at Home are beginning to blow — I hope that little Herman is better of the Croup — Please to tell me if the Alderney Cow has calved. I ran now speak french pretty well. In your next letter please to tell me if Adcle has any german master or mistress as Miss Abick is married. — It will not be more than three Months to the Midsummer Holidays — I have been learning a great deal of Oonchology lately — I hope that all at Home are quite well- — -Have you had any letters from Darwin or Erasmus*. When do you think Erasmus will come home? for it is a long time since he left us — I suppose that Mrs French has a great deal of land to herself as Mr Millington is dead — I have neither begun dancing or fencing. Good bye and believe me your most affectionate Son, F. Galton." Is it not a nice letter? dear little Fellow, I am sure he is not aware what pleasure it gives us all to hear from him else he would write oftener. We all enjoy Leamington much and were it not from a calculation that I have made viz. that I shall lose thirty-six hours of practising that is allowing three hours for each day, I should wish never to leave it. Lucy has told yo.u almost every thing except that we have seen Mr Jones the Surgeon who alas! did not recognise us. We have just received a letter from Darwin, who still seems to be anxious to enter the Army but has not yet received Papa's letter about advising him to enter the Infantry, instead of the Cavalry. The letter is written in very good French, and he tells us that Uncle Howard is going to make a Tour in the south of France and that Little Robert is growing a Beauty. Uncle Darwin t has also sent us a very kind letter, saying that he has had a personal interview with Lord Hill, who has been most gracious and condescending with regard to Darwin, and assures him that his Nephew requires no introduction, and that he will send my Uncle in writing his opinion about what steps ought to be taken, so now I think Darwin is in a fair road for entering the Army. Really I begin to like Uncle Bob after all. — Thank you, dear Bessy, for your letter. How happy you both seem to be. What a kind (or what Francis would call kindissimo) Aunt Mrs Gurney is. From your affectionate Sister, M. A. Galton. Letters of AdMe a ml Emma Galton to their Sister Bessie at Duddeston on, the death of the i)- Grandfather, Samuel Galton (see Vol. i, p. 40 el se([.). [1832.1 Dearest Bessy, I cannot tell you how often I have thought of you and my dear Aunts during this great trial, more especially of you as this being the first time you have witnessed death it must have made such a deep impression on you. I also wish with you that I had been able to see my dear Grandfather's remains. I never shall forget the last time he shook hands with me; I felt as he walked out of the Dining room that I might never see him again and so it has happened. Thank you for telling me he mentioned my name among those of the other members of the family for it did indeed make me very glad to think that he had so kindly remembered me. We all, dear Bessy, feel very much obliged to you for writing such nice long letters to us, what a deal of writing you must have had to do and how happy you must feel in being of use to my Aunt. I must own I felt very sorry to hear that Aunt Sophia* has fixed * Francis Galton's elder brothers. t Dr Robert Darwin, Charles Darwin's father. X Aunt Sophia: see Vol. i, Plate XXXV. The following lines of Tertius Galton on his sister Sophia may be cited here: A description of Miss Galton of Dudson by S. T. G. 1831 to her amusement. "My head wears a cap that makes all the world stare, My face sports a nose of dimensions most rare, •My eyes like two saucers that roll in their sphere, My waist thin as a lath, my back straight as a spear, My manners precise, yet my looks full of fun And tho' rather coquettish, yet grave as a nun; A very neat seamstress, I make my own frocks ; A very good housewife, knit stockings and socks, If one farthing is missing I make a great fuss. My age, upwards of forty — my name it is 'Puss.' " Characterisation, especially by Letters 451 to live near Birmingham as I could not help hoping that she might live near here; we could see her so much oftener and there are such a many pretty houses of all sizes and descriptions ; however wherever she may be I do hope we may often be able to be with her for I do love her most affectionately. From your letter I fear Aunt Booth has suffered much, will you give my love to her as well as to my Aunt Sophia. Lucy conies to us to-morrow, we shall as you may suppose be delighted to see her and James. Only think sweet Francis sets off from Boulogne to-day week. Dearest Child, bow rejoiced we shall be to kiss again his dear freckled face. A card was left at our door to say that a Mr White from Cambridge is anxious to give lessons to private pupils in Greek, Latin and Mathematics. I have kept the card asjt may hereafter be useful either to Francis or myself — Good live dear Bessy. Ever believe me your very affectionate Sister, Adele Galton. [1832.] My dear Bessy, I wish vou would tell Aunt Sophia and Aunt Adele how much I feel for them, and 1 should have written to tell them so, but knowing how much they have to do and think about, felt that it would only be a trouble to them. Tell Aunt Sophia I wish I could have made myself useful to her, but Papa requires so much attention that I really think it is quite necessary I should be here, as Mama and Adele are neither of them strong enough to walk up and down stairs much. It will give us such pleasure to see Aunt Sophia here, and I am sure nothing shall be wanting on my part to make her as comfortable as I can, for I can never forget how very kind she and Aunt Adele have always been to us, indeed they have been more like sisters than aunts. Tell Aunt Booth she has promised to come and see us soon and that 1 am looking forward with such pleasure at the thought of seeing her, and that I think she will be pleased with the pretty views about this place. What a consolation it must be to Aunt Sophia, to consider how materially she has conduced to my poor Grandfather's comfort during his lib; time and how she has given up the enjoyments of her friends' society that she might be always with him. I am so glad you have been at Dudson, for I think you may be useful to Aunt Sophia. Believe me ever, Your very affectionate Sister, E. S. Galton. At Dr Jeune's School*. [February 12, 1838.] My dear Bessy, T would have written before, only 1 have had so little time and that time was spent in writing Valentines as 1 have; bought a Valentine Book and T also am so happy at thinking that the Glorious Conquest of St Vincent was fought on the 11th, and by the by please send me a list of the days of the month that the principle [sic] battles were fought, like your card. To-day we had a poor fellow handcuffed in my presence; for trying to commit a grievous assault by means of his fist on the person of whereby the said was put in B3 treme bodily fear for he would have been hurt without the said had luckily sprung back and avoided the blow (this is his indictment only the worst is 1 cannot put in — for I have forgotten them) well the fellow kicked at and knocked off another boy ; we and the person who was with us chased, when he veering to the larboard up Bonnet's [fill with about two hundred small craft nearly all Free School boys after in chase; till at last we came alongside and captured the prise [tie] and then towed him aloft in the Free School when; he was ordered to until the petty sessions. I am very happy indeed and am glad I am come here I have only seen P. once and have hardly got time to do anything. X. is a radical, says he hates Wellington and, as hi; says, his country, and likes the French and Italians more; he does not know what ship Nelson was in when he fought Trafalgar nor that he lost an arm. Is it not shameful? Xow [ wash from top to toe every morning, head and all. I feel as if I know a great deal more than when I first came here. We fag a great deal, for instance we have to learn 50 lines of Homer and to pane any word and also the derivations in 2 hours only, which is very hard work, but now I begin really to like stewing. I would write a longer letter only I have been * King Edward's Grammar Scliool, Birmingham. This letter is very difficult to decipher, and the spelling and grammar sufficient to send Dr Jeune, had he seen them, into hysterics! 57—2 4") -2 Life and Letters of Francis Galton •Sowed to sit up after bed time, only for a little time, as I have not 20 minutes to myself at any other time. Good bye and believe me ever your brother, F. Galton. P.S. I have lately got another hand in writing as I find I can do it much quicker. Give my love to all. I am very well, indeed much better. Mrs Ridges is an odd craft. I like Dr J. very much, we always touch our hats to him. They say that the P.S. is the most important part of a letter, at least it is here for I just want somebody to remember that Monday 16th is my birthday, a little grubbing is very accepttible [sic] here. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 2, 1906. My dear Lucy*, The letter, which I return as you wish, is an amusing reminder. I see it was written according to the post mark in IS.iS, and according to its contents on Feb. 12th, and from Dr Jeune's School. His house, where I and a dozen other boarders lived, was at the Five- Ways, Edgbaston. Its garden (a rather large one) is wedge- shaped and its wall forms the angle of one of the 5 blocks. It was a daily walk of one mile, to and fro from the Free School as it was then called. It is now commonly called King Edward's School. The present buildings did not then exist but the school was held where the Theatre is, in a big room just opposite to Bennet's Hill and in New Street. I had quite forgotten the incident about X. He was such an ass, and was a butt of ridicule. But he improved as he grew older and when he had married. The letter testifies to the influence of your Mother over my social and historical creeds. I wonder where I got the nautical language from. Mrs Ridges was the housekeeper, a good and kind-hearted old soul with peculiarities, some of which struck us as funny. I am getting well of a sharp sort of feverish attack which kept me from going to Claverdon last Monday, and at the last moment. The Doctor was peremptory and I felt myself fit for nothing but bed. So we telegraphed, and to bed I went, and was rather bad for a time. We look forward much to seeing you. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. This pen scratches abominably. Heartiest congratulations on your embroideries. Birmingham Hospital. August 16, 1839. Dear Bessy, Beg pardon, full of 'trition — May go of course — took that for granted before asking — thought you did ditto. Ready on Monday, the 2nd (I think). Hodgson was most amiable — thought it would do me good. Uncommon clever man to have found that 'ere out. Tell the Governor that I have got to be examined before I can enter at Cambridge by a Trinity M. A., but Lea is out, so that won't do. However as there is nothing like two strings to one's bow I have got both Mr Gedge and Dr J. Johnstone, separately and individually, to promise to get me examined at the time of the Association. I should have written before, only I thought that I could have been examined here by any Cambridge M. A., but I was dished. Poor old Mr Corrie died suddenly this morning — Hodgson told me so. Now then about our travelling. First comes the Tin. I propose that you carry the fund, and give me some sum, say £2, every morning, and every evening balance accounts, thus making you the banker and me the paymaster. The route I leave to your "superior judgement." I will come to Leamington on the Saturday before our departure and go with you to Coventry on Monday morning. Please write to me pretty soon about your arrangements. Bye the bye how often on an average daily are we expected to cry over the different affecting places, because it will make a considerable difference in the number of my pocket handkerchiefs. I must however give warning that when I come to Leamington neither Mamma, Emma, nor Stone are in any way to help, alias incommode, me in my packing up — neither are they to inspect nor give their judgement thereupon without, of course, my sovereign will and pleasure. I have got nothing else to say. Bye Bye, loves right and left, Fras. Galton. * Lucy was Mrs Studdy, the daughter of Mrs Wheler (Sister Bessie). She obtained prizes for her very beautiful embroidery. PLATE XLIII .. ■^ . bc~3 a> .— 0) S | -C P §1 J d 03 0> o ^ 0) g o o 1 § J S _, a> 13 ■" re ^~ S s ■5 IS So c i CS it ffl s c^ X 5 Oh § o -C go 4) •M GO 0) PLATE XLVI d'Arnaud Bey, a sketch from a photograph. Characterisation, especially by Letters 455 and pronounced a virgin. We are expecting a large fete and rejoicing in one of the Jewish families, and I hope I shall get invited. I have made acquaintance with Mile Hanoum of singing celebrity. Don't tell the Colonel. There has been one of the regular Damascus pieces of tittle tattle about the French doctor, who was living here and whom I take to be no great things. I don't know anything about the rights and wrongs of the accusations against him, but von know how the people here must have talked about a little bit of scandal, which is their greatest treat. I staid at Eden some days, and made great friends with all the people there especially your acquaintances the well-whipped Welleds, one of whom offered for sale a cake of chrome yellow that I suspect has been in your paint box before this. I staid too a clay or two at the Cedars. I must bring this scrawl to an end, but before so doing 1 must assure you, my dear fellow, of my best and hearty wishes for all possible health and good luck in all your future peregrinations, whether homeward or outward bound. If you return to England pray give my remembrances to any of my friends you may happen to come across. With the same once more to yourself, believe me to remain, Ever sincerely yours, There are so few records of the " Fallow Years " that I gladly note here what contributed to their termination. The d! Arnaud Bey Incident. Life, Vol. I, p. 200. " However, we got on very well and made him talk of his travels and tell us of the country ahead, we had then no map and knew nothing hardly. He said : ' Why do you follow the English routine of just going to the 2nd cataract and returning 1 Cross the desert and go to Khartoum.' Thai S( nl> iic was a division of the ways in my subsequent life." Memories of my Life, p. 96. "That chance meeting with Arnaud Bey had important after-results for me by suggesting scientific objects for my future wanderings. I often thought of writing to him in order to bring myself to bis remembrance, and to sincerely thank him, but no sufficiently appropriate occasion arose, and it, is now too late. " In the winter of 1900-1901 I visited Egypt again and, calling at the Geographical Society there, learnt how important and honoured a place d'Arnaud Be)' had occupied in its history. He bad died not many months previously, and I looked at his portrait with regret and kindly remembrance. Being asked to communicate a brief memoir to the Society at its approaching uniting, I selected for my subject a comparison between Egypt then and fifty years previously. ik that opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to Arnaud, which posthumous tribute was all I had the power to pay." March 20, 1900. Dear Sir, I am happy to present you hereby M. Bouda's letter with the interesting photograph. Mr Somers Clarke will come with us to-morrow. I send the carriage at S\ to your Hotel. Yours sincerely, G. Sciiweinfurth. A photograph of d'Arnaud was enclosed and from this our sketch was made. "II habitait dans uno petite hutte de terre, entouree par one legere palissade de roseaux et que son genie avait transformed en quelque sorte en un sanctuaire de philosophe an milieu d'un pays presque barbare. La distribution artistique de sa petite collection d'instruments scienti- fiques, livres et curiosites, donnait un air singulicrement recueilli et studieux a cette modeste demeure. J'etais enchante de sa conversation et des nombreuses anecdotes qu'il nous racontait des pays du sud." " Je n'ai plus eu l'occasion, depuis lors, de voir ou d'etre encore en rapport avee d'Arnaud Hey, mais je l'ai toujours considerc dans mon cceur comme un bienfaiteur, car e'est lui qui m'a donm- l'idee des voyages serieux que j'ai faits plus tard en explorant la terre des Damara dans le sud-ouest de l'Afrique; e'est lui qui a dirige mon gout et mon energie vers la geographic et !es sciences; j'ai su employer mon temps utilement au lieu de le eonsacrer a de frivoles amuse- ments." From Galton's "Souvenirs d'Egypte." Bulletin de la Societe Khediviale de Geographie, No. 7, Mai, 1900. 456 Life and Letters ofFraneU Qati&n CoLRAIN, BoNAR BRIDGE, SUTHKRI.ANDBHIRE. AuffUSt 28, 1848. Df vrfst Mother, The grouse won't come just now. All those killed M yet Fa.akerly of eouS ', sp Led h; may give us some fow to send soon ; if he does 1 fust they wdl arrive safely ScESST He is a oa/i£ fellow. 1 enjoy myself more ^.^-e for a ye« and^aW- everything is so free and open. I stay with trim till he goes if I like His son, Col Wa ngton r,Va.W?J^mT..r;I«rty. ^^^J^^SE^- S^E^S " 1 : Stf amffSgSe) it his proved a beauty and I with my one ?oSe(mT^e S my fellow gues.s with two each Shouldn't you hke toW f un aUhe end of the grouse season ? He would find you hares so well in Paul s Piece and I would part J h him to my Mother (mind, only to my Mother) for the money I gave for him (£10). Write m an occasional note and tell me how Lucy is, for I am most anxious to hear Ever your affectionate Son, Frank Oalton. The heather is beautifully out on the moors— I pulled a piece to send to you as a memento but I have lost it Lots of fishing and really of everything. It is a most civil thing of Fazakerly asking me. Letters and note-books are very scant during the years that followed Gabon's marriage. Probably like other husbands, he left correspondence to his wife. Tea Making, My Experiments [1859]. There are among Galton's papers and note-books accounts of various experiments made by him, scarcely with a view to publication but rather with the purpose of amusing himself and gratifying his msatiable desire to observe and measure. One especially characteristic series of experimental measurements dates from early in 1859, and deals with the^ "Flavour, Freshness, Body and Softness" of Tea. The experiments were made morning and evening, and must have tried severely the patience of Mrs Galton, and not unlikely of the household. Galton begins with the following preliminaries: "The teapot holds 26 ounces = 3± break&st cups. One breakfast cup holds 8 ounces. The teapot requires 3 minutes to become warmed through. It radiates heat at the rate of 2° per minute." Then we have the categories to be used : G = good, 7? = bad, D = decocted, IF = weak, F= flavour, C= body, a = best, b = 2nd best, c - 3rd best. We next proceed : "To find the capacity for heat of the teapot. n = number of ounces of water used, e = excess of its temperature above that of the teapot, t = additional temperature attained by the pot after the water has been poured in, C = required capacity, C+ne = (C+n)t, C=n (e- *)/(*- 1). I will give a few illustrations from the notes which extend through February and March. his ,lf — We like to buy hi E\ I < ■ obably li 71 and note-books : to publication, bui . i The experin hold. ot hol ie warmed throi (?=go 1, IF = weak. F =s flavour, 3rd bee "To find tl for heat oi I ipot. »= nun • >f water used, iiat of the tea]" t = :■• attained by th< poo C~ I will from tl PLATE XL VII 5 way ua ( Water-colour Sketch of Francis Galton in the Fallow Years. Characterisation, especially by Letters Experiments. 457 Original temp. Temp, attained No. of ounces f = additional temp. —B - A of pot A after mixture B of boiling water n e = 2U°-A e-t (-1 c 75 170° 6 137° 95° 42° 94° 2-6 91° 1 83 9 121' 92° 29° 91° 2-8 119° 187° 10 93° 68° 25° 67° 3-7 58° 158" G 154° 100° 54° 99° 7* 64° 148' G> 148° 84° 64° 83° 5 57° 151° 4 155° 94° 61° 93° 4-3 54° 161° 7 158° 107° 51° 106° 3-4 * N.B. "Carter [presumably the maid] 'frothed up' the water." "Feb. 13, 1859. Sunday Evening. [Pot] heated to 140°. Put in tea at 192° vi h. 35 //'. and water ,'0^0 at vih. 46 m. Tea good, but a little too much of a decoction. 184 174 180° at vi h. 64 m. Tea weaker but decocted somewhat. 178° Feb. 15. Tuesday Morning. [Pot] heated to 174°. — 6 [in] 4 minutes 194° 1943 + 0 [in] 7 minutes hot and decocted. 2nd cup = -, [in] 1 1 minutes hot 186 1/4 and weak. 1 72° 19^° 1 87° Feb. 16. Morning. L. G. fecit rVr2'n+ 10l5m+i - 3m. Black not [fj 18/ 184 188 ' decoct., fullish body, fresh, hot. 2nd cup —— ^ 14m fairly good. If more tea had been placed in the pot (4 spoonfuls) I think the brew would have been successful. .ri ozs. of tea to be henceforward used in the morning. Feb. 16. Evening. body (I have a cold). 40' 48m 4gm 191 58r 178 1 Decoct, slight. Louisa says fresh and little 160 very good. had been added, good, a little bitter 40m Feb. 20. Sunday Morning. 44" 3rd cup 7m, 142°. No water 186° 180 . 44m (filled up to make it so) + 170 + 46r 48r 184" (filled up) ; very excellent (it is true it had cream). 45m 48m 61' 178° 189° good, a little flat. 3 J cups altogether." POIII 168 58 458 Life and Letters of Francis Galton It is difficult now to determine exactly what the temperatures signify ; presumably the fall in temperature of the teapot in the intervening number of minutes ; a plus sign seems to denote a tilling up or repeated experiment, while j| signifies second cup. By the middle of March the' record is syste- matised, but more cabbalistic : 1st cup 2nd cup March 13 March 16 192° ISO 186° 8 Qb . Db 1.84° 174 179° 8 72° 2ni + 90° 5ni + 185° 10 Gb . Cb ? 179° 14 85° 31'1 Gc . Be About March 27 the experiments appear to have been discontinued, but were started afresh in November of the same year. Presumably the same tea was used throughout. But no conclusions are drawn, and we are left in doubt as to the meaning of the values recorded. We are not left in doubt as to Galton's taste for a very strong cup. "Quite good, I think it would bear strengthening. L. G. says not." "Admirable, strong and fresh and pure (there was plenty of tea put in), excellent." There is evidence that visitors were occasionally present during these experiments, and the mistress of the house must have had some difficulties when the tea was weighed out and the thermometer popped in and out of the teapot. I have not cited these experiments for any result that flowed, or indeed was likely to flow, from them, but solely to indicate how strong was Galton's passion for measurement, and that, already in 1859, he was giving full play to his statistical tastes. These teapot data are indeed the "Puffing Billy" stage of Galton's statistical career ! Cambridge. August 3, 1863. My dear Galton, In consequence of Phillips's* retirement from the Office of General Secretary, which he has held temporarily for the last year, a Committee was recently appointed by the Council of the Brit. Assoc, to recommend a successor to the Office. According to the general rule of the Association there ought, as you are probably aware, to be two General Secretaries, and one paid Assistant Secretary. Now Mr Griffith of Jesus Coll. Oxford, has succeeded Phillips in that office, and during the past year Phillips has nominally held the office of one of the General Secretaries in consequence of my illness last autumn. The purpose at present is to elect a second permanent General Secretary as my coadjutor, Griffith taking the labouring oar as Phillips had clone before him. Now comes the question — Will you accept the office if offered to you? The Committee are Sir R. Murchison, Sabine, Vernon-Harcourt, Phillips and myself, and I think I may venture to say that in proposing you there will be no dissentient voice. The Office is a very pleasant and gentlemanly one, requiring of course attention and courtesy, without much time or trouble. On account of my absence last year Phillips will act with me at Newcastle this year. After that he will retire entirely, but I am now getting pretty au fait at the work, and should of course take it as much as might be necessary on myself till my future coadjutor should have gained the requisite experience. I need scarcely say, I hope, how much I should rejoice if you could be installed as my partner. Believe me, Yours very truly, W. Hopkins t- * Professor John Phillips, the geologist. He was Assistant Secretary of the British Association, 1832-1859. f Galton's instructor in mathematics, the famous Cambridge Coach. Characterisation, especially by Letter* 459 The Chateau in the Heart of the Ardennes. Poem found among Galton's papers. I do not know when the visit to the Chateau in the heart of the Ardennes came off, or who wrote the skit ; if it was Galton, it was at his own expense. The visit may have been as late as 1879 or 1880, but probably much earlier. They told me of a chateau in the heart of the Ardennes, A pension kept charmingly by two young chatelaines; They told me of some English people who had summered there, On next to nothing for the best and most abundant fare ; They could not tell me where it was, or who the chatelaines, But they knew it was a chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. The heart of the Ardennes is large, if it be somewhat cold, And chateaux are in plenty there, the homes of barons bold ; The ruins that were homes in ages past, that is to say, And not at all like pensions where English people stay; But all the information that they really could obtain Was this, — it was a chateau, in the heart of the Ardennes. They both were very anxious to be able to make out The way to reach the chateau they had heard so much about; 'Twould be so charming, after all the towns where they had been And after all the gay and noisy places they had seen, To go and live for nothing, far from all the haunts of men, At a veritable chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. They left. No more they dejeuner'd at healthy Souveniere, No more they meant to dejeuner at distant Geronstere; No more abused the Ninth for all the tuneless things the}' played, No more encored " La ronde qui passe " in Leopold's arcade. They left; and 1 was lonely for a day or two, and then I went to find the chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. There met me, on the way to join the luggage at the gare, About the most experienced of travellers that are, The Art himself of Travel; and, though not born yesterday, 1 listened to the guileful tale he told me by the way; For he told me with descriptive tongue, as clever as his pen, Of what sounded like the chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. Ilr told uk' of the demoiselles who kept a charming place; Of English people, how they praised its cleanliness and space; He told me of a brother, too, who helped his sisters dear, And how for almost nothing they gave most delightful cheer. It was not called a chateau by his friend, he said, but then It really was a pension in the heart of the Ardennes. A Belgian lady staying in the Britanui<[ue hotel Had told him. That was where and how my ladies learned as well. It clearly was the very place. I took the train at one; Then drove across the bitter moors, and when the day was done We pulled up in a dirty town amid the drenching rain, Anil o'er the door was painted H. — not chateau — des Ardennes. A hugger-mugger maid appears, with pail and brush in hand, And makes a sound or two which she perhaps may understand; And then there comes another, with a wart upon her nose, And she must be, as I at length unwillingly suppose, At least the mother of the pair of blooming chatelaines Who kept the charming chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. 58—2 460 Life and Letter* of Fennels Gallon But if a pair they ever were, the other's not alive, And this one is the only one, and she is fifty-five; The brother is a page in blouse, who won't do what he's bid, The people call him Jacquot, but with Madame he's "stupide" — We've thus disposed of brother and of blooming chatelaines; But what about the chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. I'm ushered in, and there, I find, are fellow victims three, Prepared to eat their souper, fixed for sept heures et demie; A monsieur with a napkin tucked beneath his double chin, A mother, and a giggling girl for ever on the grin. Then knives begin to shovel in the meat and beans, and then I feel I'm in a pension in the heart of the Ardennes. The mother tells of glories which have quite possessed her brains, The salons of a wealthy fabricant of counterpanes ; Discusses is it proper for a V^rificateur To ask to dance the daughter of a public Inspecteur. It sounds perhaps a little insignificant, but then We're very near a chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. Monsieur gets purple over "non!" and shouts it six times o'er; And when he feels affirmative, a dozen "si's" or more; Elisa nips her mother when I don't take haricots, Which smell so strong of onion I'm glad to see them go ; And this within a yard or two, not more than eight or ten, Of a most undoubted chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. The morning breaks in beauty, and romantic dreams take flight, As through the open window streams the sun's fast growing light, Romantic dreams of sylvan courts, and eke of banished dukes, And pensive Jaqueses who meditate by sweet meandering brooks. I rise and seek the window, feeling sure that there and then I shall realise the chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. The noises that the pigs are making really pass belief; The cocks are louder still, — to shut the window's no relief; And ah! for dreams of sylvan glades so sweet and fresh and pure, At every door are soaking heaps of excellent manure. But what are trifles such as these, when close within my ken There stands at last the chateau in the heart of the Ardennes. The guide book says ninth century, but carved in stone the date Of this remaining morsel is but sixteen twenty eight; It's now a shop for carpet-slippers, sweets and boots and wool, And Madame takes a room in it when her "hotel" is full; The rest was all "fait sauter," not by Revolution men, But to build a new Hotel de Ville in the heart of the Ardennes. The meats are very tender, and the bedrooms very good; Madame is very pleasant, and there's quite sufficient food; The coffee's sometimes perfect, and there seem to be no fleas, And it costs you very little by the day at Houfl'alize; But yet I'm not at all inclined to go and see again That smelly — not a chateau, in the heart of the Ardennes. Letter of Charles Darwin to his Aunt, Violetta Galton (nee Darwin), Francis Galton s Mother. Down, Beckenham, Kent. July 12, 1871. My dear Aunt, I am very much obliged to you for your great kindness in writing to me in your own hand. My sons were no doubt deceived and the picture-seller affixed the name of a celebrated man to the picture for the sake of getting his price. Characterisation, especially by Letters 461 Your note is a wonderful proof how well some few people in this world can write and express themselves at an advanced age. It is enough to make one not fear so much the advance of age, as I often do, though you must think me quite a youth ! With my best thanks, pray believe me with much respect, Your affectionate nephew, Charles Darwin. Letters to George Darwin, Esq.* British Association, Bradford. Wednesday, Sept. 24, 1873. The paper came off yesterday and, as an amusing fact, Carpenter had afterwards to speak about some "current" questions and found the mercator's map of the north parts so inscrutable that he left it and went to your globe to point out to the audience what he meant. The application that most commends itself at present to me, is to have the hexagon-pentagon map on the scale of about a 9 ft. globe, to mount the map on screens, stoutly made (? with pro- jecting mouldings to represent the mountain chains, made by pasting a few successive contours upon it), and to have a couple of stout frames to hang them on, one having a hexagon and the other a pentagon as its middle compartment. 1 will take care, and I am sure Strachey will too, that the plan gets properly discussed at the Geographical Here, in a room full of ladies and no one to understand, it is impossible to do so. I have often thought of procuring a really artistically made and coloured globe and once had much correspondence about it. Ruskin wrote a very good letter. It seems to me that one might set to work by making a spherical shell, then cutting it up into convenient parts like a puzzle-map, and mounting the parts that were temporarily wanted on a convex table for consultation. These could be multiplied by casts, also by electro-type. With my kindest remembrances to all your party. Ever yours, Francis Galton. (I return off and on to London.) •">, Bertie Terrace, Leamington. Oct. 3, 1873. My DSAB Dakwin, Mr Qeach forwarded your note. I extracted the enclosure and sent it to him. Also 1 sent for the Contempvrary, but instead of the August they sent the number of this month with quite another subject of yours; but I will get the August one. I am most grieved to hear of your Father's recent illness, but I firmly believe in his powerful underlying constitutional powers as sure to assert themselves whenever there is real need. Do you know or has Dr Clark t heard of that half incredible but uncontradicted assertion made in a long paper at Bradford before a rooM crowded with physiologists, that albumen mixed with water in a short time becomes undistinguishable from the contents of the lacteals, white corpuscli that you could assimilate it without any stomach at all!) and the very practical conclusion was drawn that if an egg be broken into cold water (just as it is broken into hot water for poaching) and left to stand 12 hours, it becomes opaque, — then if you boil the whole affair slightly, the result is a food that the author asserted to be digestible when nothing else could be digested! It seems worth trying. I enclose a printed solution of a problem which I received yesterday and which I think (and hopi') may interest you. I sent the question to the Educational Times some months ago, when a .Mr Can- of Woolwich gave an answer making a frightful mull of it, — a total miscon- ception. Then I asked Watson who got the enclosed very elegant result, but still it is not one of practical applicability. Is it really hopeless to obtain a more manageable solution? Would you please send me back the paper in a few days as I want to have it put in the Statistical Society Journal and I have no other copy. * Later .Sir Oeorge Darwin, second son of Charles Darwin. t Afterwards the well-known consultant, Sir Andrew Clark. 462 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Send inc some "cousin" circulars that I may distribute. I heard of them at Bradford. My antecedents of scientific men is fairly in hand. Out of the 186 asked, between 120 and 130 have either sent or promised. I have about 80 in hand now. Are you quite sure Hadley of St John's is a relation. Miss Parker's* eldest daughter married Mr Hadley (there was one other daughter who died unmarried) and had one son, l)r Henry Hadley, and one daughter who died unmarried. Ever very sincerely, Fkancis Galton. To George Darwin, Esq. Copy of Genealogical Tree enclosed in letter of October 3 to George Darwin. I got this from my Sister Emma. Miss Parker and Dr Erasmus Darwin ! i I Mr Hadley in. Daughter Daughter Surgeon (d. unmarried without issue) I I Son Daughter Henry Hadley (d. Surgeon without issue) I Children1 1 The Hadleys of St John's are not descendants of this Henry Hadley (?)f. Miss Parker ultimately married a Mr Day and had two or three children, of whom one daughter turned out very ill. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. Xmas Day, 1874. My dear George, I also quite forgot about your maps till just after you went; but Gen. Strachey is the man. He has the thing in his hands and I am only an occasional assessor. It is the framework that gives the difficulty. He had, at last, two great machines constructed down in the Isle of Dogs, by an Engineer who makes bridges and the like for his department. They were both heavy and crooked. I went down with him and we suggested a much amended plan of which he sent me the working drawings but my illness has prevented my seeing him since. The immediate object is to produce two frames, 10 ft. diameter, that can go in a cab or be sent by luggage train and yet be easily mounted in the lecture room. The great point is to have them as the regular maps at the British Association at Bristol next year, when Strachey may be counted on as being elected President of the Geography Section. You had better write to hiin and keep at him periodically, and whenever I see him I also will "nag." Thanks greatly for your bits of criticism, they are all valuable to me and helpful. I am gratified to hear that your Father is interested in the book. Henry Parker J is not wholly my fault; the entry in your Father's schedule is "distinguished classic, and good artist and chemist." I quite see now that the last half of the sentence was intended to be amplificatory, merely for my own information, but it happened to chime in with some vague recollection I had of his having occupied himself much with chemistry and I did not inquire further but put in the "chemist" (or whatever the exact phrase was — my book is not at hand). * Miss Parker was the mother of two natural daughters of Erasmus Darwin: see Vol. I of this Life, p. 17 and Plate X. The surgeon with the spurs is Hadley. f The Hadleys of St John's College, Cambridge were distinguished mathematicians, and the problem was, and remains, whether they were related to the Darwins. Sister Emma's diaries continually refer to the Hadleys. But the pedigree of the Derby Hadleys has not yet been ascertained. J See English Men of Science, p. 48. Characterisation, especially by Letters 46£ I was grieved beyond measure at reading of your brother's ill-luck in New Zealand with Venus. As regards that ogive* of which we were talking, I was stupid and explained myself ill, and boggled. In the ordinary way x is the magnitude and y the frequency. In my plan y is the magnitude and x is the sum of the frequencies, the frequencies being taken from the e c' tables and the sum of the requencies from the tables of the integration of it, viz. Tables I and n respectively of the usual publications (? II and III in the Encycl. {etropolilana). What a pleasant man Dr Andrew Clark is! He examined me most thoroughly, pronounced it a concurrence of irregular gout and influenza and that my heart was weak. I mend, but not over-fast. Best Xmas greetings to you all. Ever yours, Francis Galton. Extract from a Review by Francis Galton in "The Academy" Jan. 30, 1875. "Heredity; a Psychological Study of its Phenomena, Laws, Causes and Consequences." From the French of Th. Ribot, author of "Contemporary English Psychology." (Henry S. King Co., 1875.) 'It may be affirmed with much truth that if we wish to learn what pursuit ranks highest in public opinion, we shall find it in the career of those men to whom statues are erected by public subscriptions. It happened that the writer of these lines not long since revisited Cambridge, where, as he walked admiringly among the many new improvements, his eyes fell upon a recently erected bronze statue. It was the only out of door statue in the whole town; it occupied a commanding position in the market-place, hard by the University Church, and only a few steps from being in full sight of the Senate House. He walked reverently up to it, pondering as he went as to the manner of the man whose memory it so proudly perpetuated, and lo! it was Mr Jonas Webb of Babraham, the famous breeder of Southdown sheep. The erection of this statue by the agriculturists of a county in whose capital a great university happens to be located, is worthy of note. It expresses their genuine appreciation of the practical application of the laws of heredity to all descriptions of farm produce, and it may be accepted as an omen that the time is near when the study of those laws and of their logical consequences shall permeate the philosophy of the university. It must do .so, because there is no branch of science which refers to bodily structure or to mental aptitudes, neither is there any theological doctrine in which the theory of heredity, either directly or as one of the principal agents in evolution, can hereafter be left out of consideration. " In the coarse of formation of every science there has always been an embryonic or pre- scientific period. Nothing then existed but detached pieces of evidence, of an unsatisfactory kind, laxly discussed and explained by wild hypotheses. But, at length, the methods of science succeeded in catching with a firm grip some of the loose materials, then more were seized, and so, with an ever-increasing rapidity of conquest, the whole of them became gathered together within the pale of law. Heredity has, at the present time, developed into a science; much is definitely established, and many questions seem to require for their solution little more than direct experiment or the simple but careful collection of statistical facts. There is consequently oMio need of a work that shall concisely and clearly set forth what is already known, and what he undecided questions which most urgently will for solution and might at the same time 'Ived by any person who chose to devote a fair amount of intelligent and steady work to the purpose." The remainder of the Review deals with Ribot's book, emphasising its ladequacy. * Qalton's "Ogive Curves," giving the deviations at the percentiles, etc. See our Vol. n, I.).. 387-390. 464 Life and Letters of Francis Galton June 4, 1875. Dear Mrs Hertz*, Fechner's Elemente tier Psychophysik, Leipsic, 1860 (Breitkopf and Hartel) is a 2 vol. 8° containing in the aggregate 1000 pages, not very closely printed. It is a thoroughly standard work and lays the foundations of a new science which is beginning to attract serious attention in Belgium, France, America and England. In Belgium, Delboeuf's memoir upon it in the Acad. Roy. last (?) year (reprinted in a separate pamphlet by F. Hayez, Brussels) shows the primary importance of the work, though Delboeuf criticises and pushes the investigation a step further. In France, Ribot has lately been an exponent of Fechner's, or rather of Delboeuf's, views in a slight article in the Revue Scientifique. In America, Nipher (or one of his set) has recently been referring to him in Nature t and in England Sully in his papers in the Fortnightly, recently republished as a separate volume on "Intuition" (? exact title), renders full justice to Fechner. A mass of work by Arago, Herschel, and various astronomers, falls in as a part of the wide generalisations of Fechner, and much criticism and recognition of him will be found in Helmholtz. Therefore though the work dates as far back as 1860, it must rank practically as a new book, and the reading world is only now prepared to recognise its merits. Its object is, in a few words, to show that one fundamental law connects the amount of sensation (in the widest sense of the word) with the magnitude of the exciting cause. The generalisations are exceedingly curious and the experiments upon which the law is founded are most delicate and ingenious. The very science of such experiments, suitable for other applications, is laid down in the book and is one of the valuable parts of it. Fechner modestly ascribes the discovery of the law to his old master, Wagner, but it is Fechner who, by the admission of all who know about the matter, is practically the founder, exponent and establisher of the law. I should be heartily glad if an English publisher were to bring his work out in translation, believing that it would interest many scientific men and introduce a new and much needed branch of scientific investigation into England. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 18, 1875. My dear Bessy, Overleaf is the prescription and description. I heartily hope it may also succeed with you. The merits of this, compared with what I have had before, lie principally in the opium and in the absence of spirits of wine, etc. Those dulled the ear and disagreed with it; this does not, but is bland. After putting it in, of course the hearing becomes more defective as the wax is softened and plugs the ear effectively; but when the time comes for syringing the wax is all driven away quite easily. No forcible syringing is wanted but you can't do it properly yourself, you must have a gentle surgeon. Heroic surgeons (like Pritchard) assassinate the ear. Mem. Hamlet's uncle murdered his brother by dropping hellebore into his ear; I protest against being hung, if any ill effects follow my prescribing opium to be dropped into my sister's ear. What a happy and moist time Edward J is having in Devonshire. Many loves. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Galton was very fond of prescribing on the basis of his early medical experience. To George Darwin, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge. May 2, 1876. [Post-card] What a very interesting memoir you have sent me. It does one good to read about such large subjects. I wonder if the conditions of a nebula shedding a satellite could be illustrated by a whirling drop spluttering off, as shown and analysed by that curious method by which (in the last but one (?) number of the Proceedings of the Royal Society) the successive shapes assumed by a drop of water splashing down on a plate were investigated. My wife is going on quite comfortably, and gaining strength, but Sir J. Paget, who saw her last Saturday, confirms all that Dr Chepmell has said. Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof! Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate. * Mrs Hertz was a lady, who established a "scientific salon," and it flourished from 1865 onwai-ds. On her death letters to her from Huxley, Galton, Clifford, etc. were sold to booksellers, the above and others being purchased by the Galton Laboratory. t See May 20, 1875. \ Gal ton's nephew, sister Bessy's son, Edward Wheler. Characterisation, especially by Letters -465 42, Rutland Gate, 8.W. August 1, 1876. My dear George, Mrs Jebb'a account of tho twins and the way she puts it, is most striking. How one wishes one could have such a case under close examination. A single instance verified in a large number of particulars would carry such immense weight. Thanks very many for sending it to me. What a pleasant Autumn you have before you. We shall not meet first, as we leave Town to-day week (Aug. 8) to stay with Judge Grove and thence on Aug. 24 we go abroad to the Tyrol. I am rejoiced at the fair promise of all your earth axis work and especially at the fact that you can do so much without being upset by it. What laborious work it must have been. I have just left Hooker at the Club, very matrimonial-looking, studying the Bravo case*. Ever yours, Francis G Alton. To George Darwin, Esq. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 5, 1877. My DBAH Geobqe, How wonderfully inventive you are. I am most anxious to learn your plan about the curve-drawing. May I venture to trouble you with a request, not a great one? It is to look through a short, clearly written (orthographieally, I mean) memoir on "Typical Laws of Descent" which I pro- pose sending to the Royal Society and which would occupy four to five pages of the Proceedings, and tell me if it is sufficiently intelligible. You did me real good service in burking my memoir of last year. This is certainly very much better than that, but tell me — is it good enough? I will send it at once, if you will have it. Affectionately yours, Francis Galtox. P.S. Pencil anything you like on it. If possible I want to send it in soon to the Royal Society so as to be read before my February 9 lecture. To George Darwin, Esq. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 12, 1877. My dear Geobgb, How can I thank you sufficiently. I am aghast at the trouble nay unlucky memoir gives, and at the great pains you have taken to put clearness into it. I will certainly adopt your suggestions generally and rewrite the thing. Let me mention an illustration of one of the principles (Family Variation), which I think may interest you. You recollect that apparatus of mine with the shot; — well, suppose I want to show by a modification of it, how it comes to pass that when the ordinates of an exponic t ^n#TJTTTnW mountain subside, each of them, into an exponic hillock, as in the sketch, the sum of the hillocks is an exponic curve of larger modulus. In I (see p. 466), I pour shot, and it makes an exponic heap at the bottom. In II, I have cut the apparatus across at AH, and have interposed a row of vertical compartments with trap door bottoms that I can pull out and in B Jb' i in a temporary landing for the shot, when I so desire. If these are open, the shot falls through and of course makes an exponic mountain at the bottom of II, exactly as it did in I. But if they A' are closed, they intercept the shot and an exponic mountain (of less * A famous trial of that day ; Mrs Bravo was tried for poisoning her husband. t I do not remember Galton using this word elsewhere as an abbreviation for "exponen- tial." It seems itself slightly "out of place." pgiii 59 406 Life and Letters of Francis Galton modulus) is formed on A' B'. Now I open the trap doors, successively; the shot in each vertical compartment rushes down and forms its own exponic hillock, and we have already seen what ^ £ — B the sum of them will be. The ratio of the moduli of these heaps is self-evident (they vary as the square root of the indices which vary directly as the length of passage of the shot). For * , * i my Royal Institute lecture, I shall simply go into generalities to show what Reversion, etc., mean and how a law is possible, and shall hang up the formulae, but not speak a word about them. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. To George Darwin, Esq. The substance of this letter appears in Galton's R. I. Lecture of Feb. 9, 1877: see Vol. mA, pp. 6-11. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 14, 1877. Dear Stokes*, With reference to our land meteorology, would you kindly consider and advise on the following point (which notwithstanding first appearances really falls within that branch). It is, what form of mechanical indication or registration would best convey "sea-disturbance"? I presume what is wanted the most is some idea of the shipwrecking or * Later Sir George G. Stokes. Characterisation, especially by Letters 467 even sea-sick-making power of the sea. Now what element or elements should be measured in order to show this? Am I right in supposing that the two measurements of maximum height i during the past (say) 5 minutes and the sum of the heights during the same or some other uniform period would give this? The first, alone, would distinguish between big waves and little waves, tht! last would make the further distinction between an abrupt tumultuous sea and simple regular waves. Do not trouble about the mechanics part as yet. These and many other elements can easily (I think) be measured and I can readily explain and show drawings. NV liat I merely want to know is ivhat would (for the purposes of those who read our weather reports and of ship insurers who dispute claims for wrecks on our coasts, on the ground that the weather was not really bad, and who apply to our office for evidence) be the best elements to measure. Pray look at the July number of the Philosophical Magazine, at a paper by George Darwin on interpolation. It may greatly improve our office calculating. I had begged him to examine and investigate the subject, especially with a view of interpolating in three dimensions (latitude, longitude and time), as he has shown how to do in the latter part of the paper. I have asked him to send you a copy of it. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 8, 1877. Ml dear Professor*, We are now not only nearly but quite "in focus," T think. (1) The fiducial marks: — a scale is cheaply cut. We can try the " web " and if it confuses the picture we can ultimately adopt a simpler plan. (2) Weight, or spiral spring? — whichever the "nstrument maker prefers — (One can't do the equivalent easily with a spring, of lifting up the :ounterpoise). (3) Zenith adjustment: — your plan is the simplest and best. (4) Azimuth: — Allah forbid, that I should propose to carry a theodolite about with each instrument, for the sole purpose of laying down rough azimuth. I was merely thinking of Kew and of fixing in the ground there two or more permanent slabs with fiducial marks, and as there is a meridian line laid down, and a theodolite at Kew, I thought it might be just as well to use them — (It is more important to sight one instrument from the other than to get an exact azimuth). (5) Single or doable camera: — I quite agree to beginning with a single one, though when the clouds are low and drift rapidly, I doubt whether it would be possible to work with a single one. The expense of the box, single or double, will be trifling. Our first attempt is sure to be not over good, and whether we have fitted one or two lenses to our first camera, they will serve again. Neither Deed we lmy a lens on purpose for trial — we could easily borrow one — I could lend one, but perhaps it would be better to get one of a large angular field of view. I would meet you at the Athenaeum on Wednesday if you are disposed and will send me a post-card to say about when. Very faithfully, F. Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. December 10, 1877. My dear Professor*, I went yesterday to Maudsley's place at Clapham Junction, saw him, and ordered three dozen plates and accompanying gear (solutions and dropping bottles) — total cost £1/8/0 or thereabouts. Also, I have written to Kew and find that Whipple the Superintendent understands our proposed photographic requirements. There will be trouble about the theodolite, I find, as none that they have there will admit, he says, of viewing an Object placed vertically below the telescope. (There may prove to be some simple way of lengthening the axis for the occasion, or rather for performing some equivalent process.) Thanks for your letter. Uniformity of wind velocity and direction at all altitudes can never I fear be expected, as all balloon ascents have shown the contrary. There will probably be Bome curious effects when the pictures are viewed stereoscopically — as, if the clouds move iu opposite directions at different levels, the plates which must be disposed left and right to * Professor G. G. Stokes. 59—2 468 Life and Letters of Francis Galton give a stereoscopic image of the lower clouds must be disposed right and left to give one of the upper clouds. I fear that our real difficulty will relate to time of exposure. I should propose to begin by taking four or five consecutive pictures at somewhat different degrees of exposure, and seeing what can be learnt from them in every way, including various stereoscopic combinations — and will certainly follow your suggestion of making the first trial on a suitable cloudy day, as well as the other suggestion in your letter. Sincerely yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 23, 1879. M y dkar Professor*, About MacAlister's paper ; it might be well to look at the marked passages in the enclosed letters from him, sent to me a few days back. Do not return them. The principal people who have used the law of error for vital statistics, since Quetelet, are the compilers of the War Department Statistics of the N. American Forces after the war between the N. and S. States. And again, curiously enough, Fechner himself in his Psychophysik (l, 108) introduces a long mathematical investigation by his mathematical colleague (I have lent the book and forget his name) wherein a series of law of error tables, " Methoden iler richtigen unci falschen Falle," are formed to help him in his own investigations. In short, he ignores his own law! He uses tables on the Arithmetic Mean principle to discuss results of observations on phenomena that have the Geometric Mean condition. So the question treated in the paper is really one of importance to statisticians. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 14, 1879. Dear SpoTTiswooDEf, I venture to enclose some suggestions for increasing the interest — negatively if not positively — of the meetings of the Royal Society. If they seem reasonable to you, perhaps the Council would in due time take them into consideration. The recognition of the fact that very dull papers do not need to be read at all, and that difficult papers should not be discussed after only one simple reading of them, would I think be a boon. I fancy, too, that under the proposed plan the experimental part would gradually develop and the discussions ought certainly to improve. I have talked the matter over with a few persons and thus far with a favourable result, but I leave the matter to your much better judgment. Ever sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Suggested procedure for the Meetings of the Royal Society. The first publication of a memoir by the Royal Society to be not as at present by reading it to the meeting, but by laying revised copies of it, printed in sheet with paper cover, title and date — in fact, the author's copies — on the table and reading the title only. The subsequent issue of the memoir in the ordinary publications of the Society to take- place exactly as it does at present. The subjects advertised for such meeting should generally be memoirs that had previously been published. The authors or their deputies should give explanations of them, illustrated as far as may be by experiments and drawings, and followed by discussions. The President to have full power as at present to select the subjects for the meeting and the order of taking them. For the most part they would come before the Society in one or two weeks after their publication. Some however would never be brought forward at all, and others would perhaps be most advantageously discussed on the same day as their publication. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 23, 1879. My dear Miss HertzJ, Please accept by letter, as you were out when we called and I could not verbally give, our very warmest congratulations and best wishes for many years of future happiness. I can assure you that I think your intended ought to consider himself * Professor G. G. Stokes. The letter refers to Donald MacAlister's paper on the Law of the Geometric Mean: see our Vol. ii, pp. 227-8. f President of the Royal Society 1878 to 1883. J Daughter of Mrs Hertz (see p. 464 above). Characterisation, especially by Letters 4(59 a very fortunate man indeed, and have not the slightest doubt but that is his frame of mind. It will give us great pleasure to make Mr Macdonell's acquaintance, and I hope you will soon give us the opportunity of doing so. What a great deal of new happiness and new life you have before you, and what a break-up of Harley St life will be the result. Once more with our united kindest wishes, believe me, very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Thanks about the Generic Images paper. I have sent to-day a copy to Professor Oscar Liebreich and will gladly send you a few — for friends — in a day or two. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 28, 1879. My dear Miss Hertz, On coming back last night from the country I found your book of readings awaiting me. Thank you so much for it. I have been reading ever so much of it already. What a true idea of yours that is, in the preface, about aesthetic training not being a step by step affair, like that of science, which has to make each foothold sure before venturing another pace. But I suppose the same is true of morale — conduct — and much else besides. Even language ; though when this is taught classically it is a step by step affair. I find as I write that the subject enlarges and there is evidently much to be said about the two ways of teaching ; in fact it seems to open out the whole education question. Requiescat in /" That "galloping" poem of Browning's is certainly wonderful rhythm. I wonder if a great artist could write a poem in a rhythm that should bore one most insufferably: — a sort of "Ancient Mariner" from whom there was no escape, who bewitched and made one half mad at one and the same time? Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. What a deal of kind, good educational work you must have done by your readings. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. March 6, 1880. My dear George, About those visualised numerals — of which by the way I have now colli ited much information — can you easily answer me this question? T want to know ^. whether the graduation belonging to any mini- \^OJ ber, say 10, does really occupy very exactly the j \ \ \ position at all times in reference to the I v | I | axis of vision and the horizontal plane passing through it. In short — if yon look at a ship on the horizon and think of 10, does that number always appear in the same altitude and azimuth reckoning from the ship and horizon? I suspect that in many cases it docs so with considerable accuracy, and that these visualised numerals are the strongest case known of "topical " recollection, which implies some system of division of labour in the brain elements. In short, that the 10 always occupies a spot corresponding to a speck that would be seen if a certain part of the retina were injured, and also to a spot that would be produced if the part of the brain in physiological connection with that spot on the retina were injured. If this be true of each of the numbers, then it seems to follow thai a particular part of the brain is charged with the care, so to speak, of one particular number. It is quite extraordinary how in the great majority of cases (not yours) the want of coincidence between the names and the values of the numbers betrays itself in the numerical forms. There is almost always a hitch and a bother at 12 and at the teens, which repeats itself at 120 and the scries hardly ever runs regularly except between 20 and 100, 120 and 200, etc. Children tire puzzled and the puzzle continues throughout life as shown by the persistence of the misshapen form. T wish you had been in Town and that 1 could have persuaded you to come next Tuesday to a paper of mine about these numerals at the Anthropological. I have got at least G "seers " of these things to dine witli me and then to go to the Society and stoutly maintain their veracity there: viz. Bidder, G. Henslow, Schuster (wave length), Woodd Smith and Col. Yule — besides Mrs Haweis and (I have no doubt) lioget. My collection exceeds 00 forms, curiously diverse in some respects but almost all alike in fixity, extremely early origin, and in the 12 difficulty — and I have got returns from schools. It, seems that about I man in 30 has the tendency, and twice as many women. Many other odd things come out. A left-handed twist of the forms is about as common as a right-handed one etc. 470 Life and Letters of Francis Galton We heard two days ago from Mrs McLennan's* sister, who says that she (M is McL.) has been nearly dying but that she is now somewhat bettor. They are preparing for leaving Davos, and arc inquiring for a good place to go to. I am sorry to hear that your visit of charity did little good to your own self. It was very good of you to go. Ever yours, Francis Galton. August 12, 1880. Excuse bad paper, ink, etc., our house is in the plasterers' hands. Dear George, The enclosed was sent to me asking me to read it and forward it to you. The writer, Walter Smith, was a bracketted 2nd Wrangler some few years back and of Trinity College — you would know all about him. I knew his people well, especially his father, Archy Smith. Did I tell you that during a happy day I spent among the idiots at Earlswood I learnt from the very intelligent medical director, Dr Grahame, that his inquiries about the parents of the idiots quite confirmed your conclusion about cousin-marriages, and that he had said so in print? I suggested to W. Smith that if he wished to work up the subject de novo he should get an old Burke's "Peerage" and "County Families" and pick out the first hundred or so cousin-marriages, also of ordinary marriages that he came across, and partly by the help of more recent editions but chiefly by that of gossips about the aristocracy compare the results. If the difference was not a notable one he might be at rest as to harm done by not forbidding the banns. I wonder if he has a personal interest in the inquiry. What a charming episode in a novel — the conscientious young Scientist collecting laborious statistics before he ventured to propose. We go to McLennan's to-day, to stay till Saturday afternoon at Hayes Common. Ever yours, Francis Galton. P.S. Thanks for grouse. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. December 11, 1881. My dear George, Here are the three sets I circulated of Mental Imagery questions. They were usually followed up by correspondence. What a wonderful application of your earth-history theory is this big tide in early geological times ! I want particularly to read your account of the matter when it appears, and to have your own views thereupon. It is a grand idea indeed — the grandest since the Origin of Species. Have you thought over the corresponding air tidal-wave? Now, in the tropics, the diurnal barometric range is (...? say * inch), what will it have been in those times? And what would be the corresponding wind force? I can't understand how any thing could live on dry land under such blasts. Talk of catastrophes, why, that time must have been a continual series of catastrophes. Dante's Hell is nothing to it. But I had rather have the facts from you than through the Astronomer Royal of Ireland. Don't of course bother to answer this, but I hope we shall soon read a short article from you in Nature or somewhere on this extraordinary revolution in old ideas. Have you too (I ask not for an answer) talked over or thought about the air flying off from the earth, and notably from the moon, to somewhere else? I mean what we were talking about. Lord Rayleigh seemed to think it worth considering and within range of calculation. Just now I suppose you are busy up to the eyes with Tripos preparations. We look every morning in the column of births in the Times for news from Horace f. Ever yours, Francis Galton. The Athenaeum. December 11, 1881. What frightful nonsense I have just despatched in a letter to you about air-tides. There was conversation — I had two ideas in my head and they blundered together as in a dream, the letter went and I could not correct it. In sober sense I should have written: Supposing height of air-tide in an imaginary homogeneous atmosphere to be the same height as water-tide (Herschel says so), say 8 feet, then the corresponding barom. pressure due to air-tide would be O008 inch. Under the supposed ancient condition of a 216-fold height of tide this would become 216 x 0-008 = 1-728 inches, so that the barometer would go up and down 1| inches in every 12 hours, which implies a constant state of hurricane. F. G. * The wife of Donald McLennan, the writer of The Patriarchal Theory. f Horace Darwin, Charles Darwin's fifth son. PLATE XLVIII Francis Gal ton's Niece Milly— -Mrs J. C. Baron Lethbridge, Compare Plate XIV, Vol. i. Characterisation, especially by Letters 471 Inglewood, Bedford Park, Turnham Green. April 27, 1882. My dear Mr Galton, I thank you heartily for your note. And I so fear to trespass upon the profound sorrow that tills the home at Bromley that I cannot venture to obtrude directly even an expression of the gratitude I feel that my name should have been remembered in giving out invitations to the funeral. It was, indeed, with deep satisfaction that I learned that our Minister, Mr Lowell, was to be a pall-bearer, and his countrymen will regard it as a most happy circumstance that they were represented, on such an occasion, by no mere politician but by a man so worthy to bear the pall of Charles Darwin. I see also that the venerable Robert C. Winthrop was present, the President of the Massachusetts Historical Society and in many ways a representative American. The experience you speak of, in connection with the generalisation worked out by your great relative, corresponds with the experiences of others who were watching by night when the glory of this new star shone around them. A few years ago when, through that considerate- ness of a heart which could hold a workl and at the same time not overlook the smallest opportunity for kindness in it, I was invited to Down, and when I was walking with him in his garden, I felt as if I would fain clasp his feet and try to tell him what he had been to me. At night I well remember lying sleepless for some hours tracking the steps of my pilgrimage which had begun in an Egypt of Darkness and been able to clear Wildernesses by his aid. This spiritual effect of a pure scientific generalisation, as I have known it in myself and in many other minds, is the most significant phenomenon of this age. It is a thing to be pondered on by those who consider what is to be the God-spell or glad tidings of the coming time. On Sunday last I had a very large audience to attend our memorial service and discourse in honour of Darwin. I am now engaged in preparing a sort of memoir which I shall probably deliver before the American Assoc, for Advancement of Science at their meeting in August. It occurs this year at Montreal, and Steny Hunt has tempted me to cross the ocean merely to remain one month. (I wish I could tempt you to go also.) I shall aim, in what I am writing, to give the facts of Darwin's personal life, so far as I can obtain them ; the dates of his works, etc. I shall also try to trace carefully the history of the doctrine of evolution — tracing it from the empirical suggestions of Newton, and then Bufibn, to Erasmus Darwin, then to Lamarck, Oken, Goethe, Geoffroy St Hilaire, and Darwin. (And by the way, do you know that more than forty years ago Ralph Waldo Emerson was basing his entire idealistic philosophy on evolution 1 — in his first book, 183G, writing — " And striving to be man, the worm Mounts through all the spires of form." As for this matter of a memoir concerning Darwin, I should hope to consult you about it at some time. I send you an American paper with a little Essay of mine written last year. I sent it to Mr Darwin in January. It is not much, but may interest you and Mrs Galton. Ever yours, Moncure D. Conway. Harlech House, Bournemouth. March 26, 1883. My DEAD PROFESSOR*, Thank you much for your pretty cloud problem. I have been on the look out for an opportunity of experimenting with it, but have not hitherto had a chance. It has however suggested to me a plan which I enclose, and which I have tried, that really looks as though it might be regularly employed in many stations where there are cliffs or neighbouring hills, and which might even give good results for clouds up to 2000 or so feet. I experimented by using the Kew Pagoda to serve as the AC in the enclosed. The sea here is bare of ships, but I have tried the method this morning upon one that happened to be passing and it seemed very convenient. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. 5, Bertie Terrace, Leamington. September 27, 1883. Mv hear .MillyI, From your very liberal standpoint, the arguments in the Chapter on Prayer have necessarily little value. They are directed to those who either (1) like the great * Professor G. G. Stol: f Mrs Millicent Lethbridge, daughter of (ialton's Sister Addle, Mrs Bunbury. Galton is referring to the section on Prayer in his Inquiries into Human- Faculty: see our Vol. II, pp. 100-101, 115-117, 258-2G1. 472 Life and Letters of Francis Calton majority of Puritans and theological writers assign a magical — (? right word) power to prayer, or ('-') whose ideas are habitually confused as to what they believe, what they doubt about, and what they disbelieve. I fear that everyone belongs in some degree to the last category and that it is most important for reasonable beings to extricate themselves as far as may be out of it. If there is a lingering tendency to believe in the magical (?) objectivity of prayer, which would not be avowed if the question were put in a straightforward way, then I should say try and eradicate that tendency. Let your thoughts and the outward expression of them be conformable. I am sure that the average; clerical mind is in hopeless disaccord with its outward expressions, and that was one reason why I wished to discuss a class of views that appear to me (and to most of those who consider them plainly) to be untenable — those which refer to what I call the objective efficacy of prayer. Your " Einverstiindniss " view seems to be undoubtedly that which deserves investigation. Is it a reality or is it a fancy? I have endeavoured in the book to show that the solution is by no means so easy as religionists say, because very much of what arc commonly taken as evidences of it, innate feelings, aspirations, etc., are demonstrably of very little weight indeed. I want to knock away all fictitious supports, and to get the evidence pro and con that we possess clearly before us and to look at it fearlessly. Men lead happy, useful and honest lives under so many forms of belief that I cannot suppose the precise form of belief to be of much importance. But it is of course cheering to the heart and ennobling to the mind if the belief be that of being a missionary, as it were, in a high cause affecting humanity. Beyond that I suspect there is little, and that each man puts a great deal of his own self into the ideal that he sets before him. How infinitely little we know ! I like to look at a mongrel cur sitting on the doorstep of the house he belongs to, looking as if he were the master of the situation and as though creation presented no difficulties whatever. He is so like most men in this. Thank you much for the letter, which I will keep and read again when, if ever, I write on the topic a second time. People are often so crude and unreasonable that I get quite savage and then it does me a world of good to read such letters as yours, which tend to lift the discussion to a higher level. About the numerals and teaching: have you thought of writing the declensions, etc. not only in different coloured inks but in different shapes, even differently shaped borders would be something? If you could somehow associate the shape (or colour) with the matter taught in a reasonable, or even in a suggestive way, it would be a help. For my part, I think I should recollect best by gesture and in a kindergarten kind of way — -thus if I learnt one thing with my right arm waving like a Salvationist's and another while beating a tattoo on the table, I should find the association easy. Some people associate with sound very readily. Thus one declension might be sung to one tune, another to another. Even a high-pitched or low-pitched tone would go some way. But the associations should not be haphazard, they should in some way be natural, whether by a reasonable, a long since acquired, or by a punning connection — Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 1, 1883. My dear Professor*, I am just back in London and ready at any time for a Council at the Meteorological, and have written to Scott to say so. Wo must proceed cautiously but thinly in this self-recording observatory matter. One plan would be to draw up a brief and cold- blooded statement of the reasons pro and con as we understand them, and ask the memorialists whether in their opinion they cover the ground ; after receiving their replies, to reconsider and decide. However eminent the men may be, they cannot see the matter in the same light as if they had administered the affairs of the Office and knew details. I left Southport on Saturday morning and never attended the Committee. Indeed, as I said, it did not seem to me quite the right way of proceeding on the part of the objectors. They might more properly have first sent in a memorial ; then, if that produced no effect, they might use pressure if they liked ; but should not I think have begun with external pressure. * Professor G. G. Stokes. PLATE XLIX Francis Galton, the Meteorologist, when about 65 years of age. PLATE L The Medallion of Erasmus Darwin by Fassie, from the copy in the Galton Laboratory. Characterisation, especially by Letters 473 For my own part, one strong reason for suppressing the observatories and diverting the money saved to more pressing inquiries lies in the belief that hereafter it may become possible to note a (/renter variety of data — such as upper air currents, total humidity of a vertical column of air, some electrical facts, possibly by the captive balloon, and generally, data from the wide tit-Id of the now unknown. What we have recorded during these past years is such a very little bit of what we want to know before we can understand the weather, that it seems a pity to prolong unnecessarily the present system — we might probably recommence 20 years henco on a much more favourable basis. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. In 1884 Galton gave the Rede Lecture in the Senate House at Cambridge. Some account of this will be found in our Vol. II, pp. 268-271. The impres- sion formed on the mind of a competent critic is conveyed by the following post-card headed in Galton's handwriting: "My Rede Lecture. Note by the Rev. G. F. Browne." You will have heard that you were admirably audible ; I only hope I didn't overwork you. It was beyond measure (!) interesting and several of us have vowed that the thing shall be set going for undergraduates. G. F. B. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. September 25, 1884. DEAREST Emma, The news of the pencil fills my heart with rejoicing. I dreamt an eventful dream last night of which the climax was that it was discovered in the pocket of my dressing- gown, and awoke rejoicing to tell Louisa ; — and lo ! it was a dream. I must never again wear it together with your door key. The two do not agree in the same pocket. The pencil case is flipped out by its great cuckoo half-brother, which hangs from the end of the watch-chain and is also stowed in the pocket of the waistcoat. This is the second time it has occurred ; I have been watchful since the first time, but now I look on the reconciliation of key and pencil case as impossible, and will hereafter carefully separate them lest they quarrel on the sly. I went to the British Museum to-day with my earthenware god Bess. Another, but I am happy to learn a smaller one of the same god, has just been discovered by Flinders Petrie in his excavations in the Delta. I have given mine to the British Museum. They are to give me three casts of it: one to bow down to in my own house as heretofore, the others for the archaeological collections of Oxford and Cambridge respectively. Then I produced the E. Darwin medallion, which was discussed in the medal room just as Lucy's coins were. They say it was by a Scotch- man called Fassie, who made many fair medallion portraits about the end of last century in a paste of his own composition. There will not be the least difficulty in making plaster casts of it. They will make a mould and turn out as many as are wanted. I have ordered a batch and you and Bessy shall each have one ; also Mrs Oldenshaw (to whom I have sent a line) and Emma \\ iltnot. When the medallion comes back to me, I will take it both to 8. Kensington and to Scharf at the National Portrait Gallery, to see if they also know anything about it. To-day has been a considerable scurry. Louisa will, I am sure, tell you about herself and Chepmell. She discussed six raw Whitstable " Natives " at dinner with considerable gusto (she was told by Chepmell to try oysters), but I fear the pain is not sparing her just at this moment (indeed it is not). I cannot sufficiently tell you, and it is needless for me to try to express what you know, how much we feel the sense of your affectionate kindness to us both. It comes so much as a matter of course and is received SO much at the time in that way, that it looks as though we w.rc not really half as conscious of it as we should be, but we are, and I am sure you know it. Milly is iu a way about Eddy's* future, naturally enough. She has written such nice letters in answer to those we sent her ; Baron f clings to Edward's being sent to a private tutor and thence to Oxford, while she wants differently. Cyril will have been there by now and I am very curious to learn the result. Best loves to Bessy and the MoillietsJ. I wrote a paragraph at the Meteorological Office to-day about the little inquiry I had made there in reference to Edward's foggy voyage. I dare say it may get quoted in some newspaper in a few days. Ever affectionately, F. Galton. * Edward Galton Baron Lethbridge, now of Tregeare. t Mr J. 0. Baron Lethbridge, Millicent Galton Lethbridge's husband. { Francis Galton's second sister, Lucy Harriot Galton, married Mr James Moilliet. ram 60 474 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon 42, Rutland Gate, London. October 4, 1885. My dear Sir, Excuse delay in reply, as though I date from town I am still in the country. Let me first cordially thank you for your kind letter and the many interesting remarks it contains. (1) I have written to the Secretary of the Anthropological to tell you exactly wliat the annual cost of the journal is, I think it is £1, viz. 4 parts at 5/- each. Also I told liini to send for your acceptance from me, a recent number in which there is an exceedingly good paper about the Jews, illustrated by some rather successful "composite" photographs of Jews by myself, which it may amuse you to look at. (2) I have ordered both the books you speak of: thank you very much for telling me of the latter especially, I mean that about the sex of the child. (3) You were so kind as to send me some time ago your investigation into the colour of hair, and I feel myself open to blame for not having drawn attention to it already at the Anthropological or elsewhere, but the fact is that I wanted to work up my own data, and to give both results at the same time. My data are now worked up, but there still remains some- thing to be done, so that there will be a little further delay. Did you ever consider the physiology of clear green eyes — bright green I mean, such as Dante says Beatrice had ? The common often repeated statement that blue eyes are merely the effect of seeing pigment through a semi-transparent medium, and that there is only one sort of pigment, cannot possibly explain the existence of blue and green eyes, both equally translucent. There must be a green pigment somewhere. I have asked all our best physiologists, and have looked through many German and French memoirs, thus far in vain, for a rationale. I am assured that the pigment particles are not so minute as to affect the light by any iridescent effect. In short, that the blue and green cannot be due to such causes as those that make the waters of the Rhone, blue, and that of some of the Tyrolese rivers, green. Believe me, Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. This letter is a reply to that of Alphonse de Candolle, published in our Vol. ii, p. 210. Hotel Victoria, Sorrento. March 24, 1886. Dear George, At last we are in the promised land, most comfortable, and all most beautiful. It was a disagreeable journey, so far as railway went, to Genoa. Genoa most Italian, and yet quite fresh and full of bustle. Then we tried Nervi but it is cramped. I got a biggish, Ste Agnes*, sort of a walk in the afternoon and we left for Pisa next morning. Pisa glorious. I felt there was more in man than I was wont to think looking at the artistic triumphs there. Next day to Rome (Hotel dTtalie — very recommendable for sunshine, and good generally); Saturday, Sunday and Monday we saw old scenes. We had a very social afternoon with Mrs Grey and Miss Shirreff; also I looked up an Anthropologist (G. Sergi) and saw his studio, and learnt at the Vatican Manufactory much about mosaics, as affording good standards of reference lor anthropologists, tints of skin, etc. Left Rome yesterday, Tuesday, morning and got to Sorrento at 8. Slept at another hotel, but rooms not sunny enough so changed here this morning. Vesuvius smokes famously. Yesterday the air was saturated and clouds lay here and there among the hills at all levels. The steam from Vesuvius mixed with the clouds and occasionally showed itself distinctly as growing in volume as it left the cone. I strongly suspect the sulphur in it formed centres of deposition for the fresh cloud. The effect was rather striking. We shall, 1 expect, settle here for a full fortnight. Tell us how you are going on, and what has taken place at Mentone since we left. Any good excursions'? Louisa sends her kindest remembrances, Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galtox. To George Darwin, Esq. April 9, [1886]. In a dull railway carriage, all alone. My dear George, You will be in England I suppose now, so I write there and to the Meteorological Office. Both your letters came safely. The first reached me just after I wrote, * Presumably the well-known excursion from Mentone. Characterisation, especially by Letters 475 so this is my second letter only. I never have enjoyed a holiday so much and daren't trust myself to look towards its close. We have been three nights at Quisitana*, and I write this in a railway carriage en route to Paestum for the day, whither I make a solitary journey of a total of ten hours' travelling and detention in order to get a two hours' view of the ruins, twelve hours altogether. Yesterday I did Vesuvius, with George Butler, a lady-like chaperone, a pretty daughter, and also a Newnham young lady. We got on admirably by being pulled up the ashes on the side Ali and then up the much more difficult ashes on the cone, CD, and I feel this morning as though I had been all night at a hall held on the sandy seashore, dancing reels and not missing one. It gave one a vivid idea of the muscular effort required to fly ; that is, to support oneself in a yielding medium. The sulphur colours were glorious, the "lapilli" came up in occasional volleys and fell about us dull-red-hot. It was a grand sight looking into the crater at the steam with its glowing foundation; — then we scuttled down, to get out of the way of the next shower of lapilli. The Haines were beautiful last night and reached above the cone at times, to a height equal to the height of the cone. To-night they reach to three times its height. Sorrento was the acme of felicity. Amain was a falling off and, to our taste, Quisitana is a further descent. We turn northwards in three days to or towards the Italian lakes, thence to the Lake of Geneva, to stay a few days with my niece Milly Lethbridge, and then home, where 1 am pledged to be by May 11 at latest and probably & few days earlier. My Wife has thoroughly enjoyed herself, but of course is not up to the longer excursions, and is beginning to feel the climate. Josephine Butler t joined her husband at Quisitana last night. — Well, well ! one can't talk to her about her favourite topics, holding as I do most diametrically opposite views in nearly every particular of faith, morals, and justifiable courses of action; but for all that she is, or was, very charming and keenly alive and sympathetic. I was very glad to hear your own satisfactory home news and trust that your American letters show that all is going on well and happily there, and also that your Mother is fairly if not wholly well again. We have not been fortunate; in meeting many pleasant people. One agreeable acquaintance was an American, Mi- Andrew White, once president of, and now a history professor in Cornell University, and for some years U.S. minister in Berlin J. He knows both Oxford and Cambridge pretty well. I dare say you may have met him and his wife. I wonder whether you have been able to strike out important ideas about our procedure of weather predictions, I am sure you will strike out some new ones, and it is high time that original ones should be struck out. Will you kindly give the enclosed card, or post it, to Scott? You will see what it says. If it should prove quite convenient to fix the first May Meteorological Meeting during the second and not the first week, all the letter for ma Ever affectionately yours, Fkancis G ALTON. To Gkoroe Darwin, Esq. • I have failed to find any such place. Tt is possibly a very obscurely written Positano, which is S. EL of Sorrento. t See our Vol II, p. 130. J During the biographer's student-days there, 1870-1S80 ; he most courteously invited to his house English as well as American postgraduates. 60 2 4715 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon From Louisa Gallon : 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 4, [1886], Private. (It's not private at all. P. G.) Dearest Emma, Sec the Telegram just come, quite unexpeeted hut not the less welcome. I am so glad. Frank works on so patiently and quietly, there is less to bring him to the front than with many who do less. He is very pleased but do not talk about it for a few days, as the President of the Royal Society puts " private " till confirmed by the Queen (a mere farce). It is given for his Statistical inquiries and investigations in Biology. You will be pleased, I know, more than anyone next to ourselves. I write in bed having been sick half the night, but hope the attack has passed its worst, still I cannot write much. The encomiums on Montagu* are delightful and not too great. I long to hear we shall soon see him. Friends are so hearty and pleased ; we were none of us satisfied with his Deanery from the first and very dissatisfied with Gladstone. I am so thankful he has this rather than a bishopric, but he will sadly need a wife. I am grieved your Cookery has been troubled by Miss Ellis's illness, and that so much has devolved on you. We shall anxiously await tidings, how all goes on, including Miss E. November 5. Dearest Emma, I finish the letter as Louisa is arranging with cook. We are very sorry indeed about Miss Ellis and your troubles in consequence. The full-sized design for the Lichfield memorial is ready to be seen and sent down, and I shall go to the Sculptor this morning, but being rather busy afterwards at distant Committees will not be able to send an account of it to-day. I was so pleased last night about the Royal Medal. Stokes, the President, wrote to me this morning to say it is for my "statistical inquiries into biological phenomena." These things don't get into the papers, certainly not for a couple of weeks, as the names of the Royal medallists have to be submitted to the Queen, because she gives the medals. But this is a pure form. The medal contains some £50 worth of gold. George Darwin got one as you will recollect, two years ago, for his most elaborate researches into the early planetary history. Two Royal medals are given each year. There are also two others usually given to foreigners, the "Rumford" and the "Davy," but by no means always; beside the great medal of all, the "Copley." Tell Bessy with thanks that the book covers have returned safely. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 15, 1886. Dear Mrs HERTzf, Best thanks for "Vain Discourse" which I have thoroughly enjoyed and return. I stole an "umberella" from your house yesterday, taking it by mistake for my own — really by mistake, and it is a better one, which I know throws doubt on my honesty. If you can tell me who the owner is, I will penitently return it. Yet my own had merits. It was of real silk, very light, and I bought it new from an itinerant dealer in Lombard St for 4/6. I could have got one of inferior silk for 4/-. The "umberella" deserved study; it was made up of clippings of silk. It certainly acted and looked handsome and I took it abroad. The one I stole probably cost a guinea or more. Very faithfully, Francis Galton. The "Ascidian flippant in an infinite azure" as heraldic bearing for the Darwinians is charming. Can't you get someone to draw it? Letter to Alphonse de Candolle. 42, Rutland Gate, London. May 26, 1887. My dear Sir, It gave me great pleasure to receive the "Extrait" from the Revue d'Anthro- pologie of May 15 containing your article on the relative healthfulness of the brown and blond types. You had told me of the suspicion you then had of the accuracy of the American references and I had long wished to see your article. Their statistics are clearly imperfect * Henry Montagu Butler, Galton's brother-in-law, appointed Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1886. j" See my footnote p. 464 above. I have a letter of Huxley to her from the year 1870, expressing great sympathy with the Prussians. Characterisation, especially by Letters \11 from neglecting important data. No doubt, however, you have remarked that the soldiers — the accepted men — of German birth are usually ranked high for their physique in Baxter's Statistics (see Vol. i, p. 169 and again pp. 182, 215, on the one side, and pp. 199, 206, 227, on the other). I cannot find in my English statistics any sign of the dark race supplanting the fair. The persistence of the proportions during four generations between them (see Diagram on p. 405, Royal Soc. Proceed., 1887* — I send the memoir "Hereditary Eye-Colour" for your acceptance) is very remarkable. Neither do my data show that either is more prolific or less healthy than the other. The data are but scanty; still I imagine that the English climate and surroundings may In1 equally suited to the two types. Moreover the Scandinavian contingent to our population, contributing largely to the blond type in Eastern England and Scotland, seems the most vigorous though least aesthetic of all our stocks. I have failed in obtaining trustworthy results from my data concerning sexual predilection for, or aversion from, concolour marriages; there are too many interfering causes of importance on which I am insufficiently informed. It is, as you most justly say, among the irregular liaisons that data are most preferably to be Bought. Together with the "Hereditary Eye-Colour" I send " Hereditary Stature" which will I fear hardly interest you being very mathematical in its reasoning, but as the Eye-colour inquiry depends on formulae derived from it I may as well send it also. It also describes my data. Thirdly I send a recent Presidential address, the last part of which beginning at p. 394 may be worth while glancing at. When I had the great pleasure of making your personal acquaintance a little more than a year ago, you were in domestic anxiety. If you should ever again favour me with a letter, I should lie very glad to learn that that anxiety was lessened. Believe me, my dear Sir, Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Genkve. 20 avril, 1888. Mox cher Monsieur, II y a longtemps que j'aurais du vous donner signe de vie en reponse a votre lettre obligeante du 26 mai dernier, mais I'age m'a rendu tres lent et m'empeche de faire des recherches d'aucun genre. J'aimerais pourtant bien savoir si vous avancez dans vos utiles publications, auxquelles je porterai toujours de l'intcret. Un de mes derniers efforts a. ete de rediger pour la Societe de Psychologie physiologique fondee a Paris, une serie de questions a poser sur l'heredite. J'ai su, par M. Taine, que la Suciite a recu des reponses et qu'on s'occupe de les utiliser. Reste a savoir comment les per- sonnes questionnees out 6te a la hauteur d'impartialite et de jugement nccessaire. La lecture de la correspondance de votre celebre cousin Charles Darwin m'a cause beaucoup de plaisir. J'aurais bien aime connaitre les questions qu'il agitait avec Sir Joseph Hooker, en 1852-54, lorsque je m'occupais moi-meme de l'origine des especes au point de vue geographique, ce qui me conduisait en 1855 a constater l'anciennete geologique des causes de la distribution actuelle. Dun autre cote cela m'anrait retarde dans les recherches et je n'aurais publie ma Geographie botanique raisonnSe que plus tard, apres peut-etre l'ouvrage classique de Darwin (1859). II y a dans ses lettres des phrases caracteristiques et admirahles sur les principes et les methodes dans les science- d'oDServation. Je veux relire les trois volumes pour les extraire. Quelle re- marquable exposition des idees successive de l'auteur! On ne trouve rien de pareil dans Montaigne, Gibbon, Rousseau et autres qui oat emit sur eux-memes trop tard et avec une impartialite souvent douteuse. L'hiver a cause des desastres en Suisse comme ailleurs. Ici ce sont surtout des avalanches. Malgre cela nos lacs et nos Alpes auront toujours de l'attrait. Ne viendrez vous pas les visiter de nouveau cet etc? Ce serait fort agreable pour votre tres devoue Alpii. de Candolle. Letter to Alphonse de Candolle. 42, Rutland Gate, London. May 6, 1888. My DBAK Sir, It gave me very great pleasure to hear from you about a fortnight ago, and I should have replied at once only I thought the enclosed scrap (winch might have been printed a week earlier) would interest you and I delayed till I got it. Dr Venn's memoir will not appear * Reproduced in Vol. mA, p. 35 of this work. 478 Life and Letters of Francis Galton till November. He is the author of a most thoughtful book called the Logic of Chance which young statisticians ought to read, for it explains what statistics cannot as well as can do, in a m tv masterly way. The third edition is just out. If you happened to think of any logically disposed reviewer it would be worth while suggesting this book to him as well deserving notice. I was very pleased to read how much Charles Darwin valued and profited by your labours and views — What an immensity of work in science has been performed in the last 50 years ! It must be an endless pleasure to yourself to look back upon your own large contribution to it. It will be very curious to watch the results obtained from your questions circulated by the Societe de 1'sychologie physiologique, and the way in which the veracity of the answers may be tested. I have myself lately had a batch of rather disappointing replies to questions circulated among teachers in schools of all grades, concerning the signs and warnings of mental fatigue. There was great absence of skilful self-analysis and of suggestion, and not a few transparent indica- tions of exaggeration here and of suppression there. I was hearing the other day from a par- ticularly trustworthy source, a list of unveracities of one of our own men of science, formerly one of the leaders of science, but whom I must not indicate further. The general facts and many particulars I had long known, but was surprised to learn how much more there was that I had not known. It is strange that a man who had so little care for truth could succeed in science at all. It is a most painful case of psychological interest and made me think how painfully it would have interested you when writing that paragraph on the general veracity of men of science in your XlXme Steele. I had a pleasant summer last year in Eastern Switzerland, etc., but in the autumn fell sud- denly ill with a most severe gastric attack at Lugano and was got home somehow in a wagon-lit. Then I fell ill again in another way with violent catarrh, then again in a third way with inflammation of the csecum, and lastly in a fourth way with severe bronchitis. In short I had four separate severe illnesses within five months. I suspect there was some microbic poison at the bottom of it. However I am clear of all illness just now. I was grieved to see the black-edged paper of your letter, and beg of you to accept my sympathy. I shall deem myself very fortunate if the next time that I pass through Geneva I shall have the great pleasure of finding you at home and inclined for a half hour's conversation. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Geneve. 28 mai, 1888. Mon cher Monsieur, Je regrette d'apprendre par votre lettre du 8 mai que vous avez ete si longtemps malade, mais heureusement vous ajoutez que maintenant votre sante est retablie. Quant a moi les fatigues et le chagrin causes par la maladie et la mort de ma femmo out singu- lierement affaibli mes facultes morales pendant que l'oui'e, la vue et la memoire diminuaient par un eff'et naturel de l'age. J'ai perdu mon ancienne activite et ma confiance dans le resultat possible des recherches. II faut prendre mon parti de la retraite et me souvenir qu'ayant commence a publier en 1824, ma carriere scientifique n'a pas dure moins de 64 ans. Mon ancien gout pour la statistique persiste encore, au moins lorsqu'il s'agit de suivre de bons travaux faits par d'autres. C'est done avec plaisir que j'ai lu votre analyse des recherches du Dr Venn sur la tete des (■tudiants de Cambridge. II y a bien des comparaisons probantes a faire sur des jeunes gens de memos conditions, ages, etc., qui se conduisent diversement a l'universite. Par exemple, comparez les fumeurs intrepides, fumeurs mediocres et non fumeurs, au double point de vue des succes intellectuels et des succes dans les exercices du corps. L'antagonisme entre les aptitudes intel- lectuelles et corporelles, si bien connu des Anciens, ressortirait sans doute d'une eomparaison statistique dans les ecoles. A propos d'exercices, je vous recommande un volume qui vient do paraitre dans la collection internationale d'Alcan (autrefois Alglave) a Paris. C'est Dr F. Lagrange: Physiologic des exercices du corps. 1 vol. in 8", Paris, 1888. Prix 6 Jr. L'auteur traite la physiologie des muscles, nerfs etc., d'une manicre trcs savante et vraie, ii ce qu'il me parait, et j'ai remarque une definition dont on ne parle pas encore, c'est que certains exercices fatiguent a, la fois la tete et le corps tandis que d'autres reposent le cerveau tout en employant les muscles. Par consequent les premiers (escrime par exemple) contribuent au surmenage dont on se plaint dans les ecoles, tandis que les autres (la marche par exemple) n'ont aucun inconvenient et oft'rent beaucoup d'avantages physiques. II faut recommander les exercices qui exigent une tension d'esprit aux Characterisation, especially by Letters 479 oisifs et les exercioes betes aux etudiants qui vcuillent travailler aux coimnis, employes, etc., dont la Mte est fatiguee. J'ai connu deux savants distingues qui n'etaient pas bien veridiques, mais je dois dire qu'ils ne meutaient pas sur des affaires scientitiques, conime leurs experiences ou observations. O'etait plutta pour rendre service a un ami ou pour nuire a quelqu'un qu'ils n'aimaient pas. Tous deux aimaient la vie politique. Les homines de science manquent parfois de force morale et il en resulte une disposition a cacher certaines opinions plutot qu'a mentir. En general cependant j'estime que l'habitude dea reeherches rend veridique. Si vims passez a Geneve cet ete je serai tres heureux de vous voir. Dans le moment des grandes chaleurs j'irai peut-etre dans les montagnes, mais ce ne serait ni loin ni pour longtemps. Recevez, won cher Monsieur, l'assuranee de mes sentiments les plus devoues. Alph. de Candollk. P.S. Je demanderai l'ouvrage de Dr Venn. S'il est trop mathematique pour moi je le com- muniquerai a quelque calculateur de mes amis. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. December 16, 1888. DKAB Db Wabd, Thank you very much indeed for your valuable letter, which will be of considerable guidance in devising and varying the experiments. It shows me that difficulties which I had not seen so clearly before must be evaded. All, for example, that are connected with mistaking an incapacity to make out the "Bulgarian's cat," with imperfection of seeing power. And I think I see how; but will not bother you with details. By the way, I once made some experiments on the above, intending to bring them into a lecture I had to give at the Royal Institution, but the examples selected seemed rather melo- dramatic and I had not much time, so I wholly left them out. I used two Magic Lanterns; in one slide was a picture of a number of dots and splashes; in the other slide a selection of these was made that spelt the words Blood and Murder and there was a hand pointing. When the light was faint in slide 2, nothing of the Blood and Murder was seen, but as it increased they began to catch the attention and soon became prominent. On reducing the light again, the level at which the image disappeared was much lower than that at which it first appeared. The curious thing was its sudden disappearance. I tested this latter point in many ways with the game result*. Thank you very much for the reference to "Urbanschicht" which I have already looked up in Nature. I had read it at the time, and was greatly struck by it, but had wholly forgotten the name and wanted to refer to it. I shall get the paper in I'Jiiiger to-morrow. As regards Kussmaul, I have made less progress in reading his very able and exhaustive work than I had hoped, and must I fear content myself with what little I have already done, which bears on the question in hand, as I am very busy and get through work slowly. The book shall be sent back to-morrow. It should have gone earlier but I delayed a little, partly in hope of hearing from you and partly because 1 had not your address at hand and did not like to trouble you by lending it to Trinity. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Geneve. 15 sept. 1889. Mom OHKB Monsieur, Je viens de lire dans le Times vos observations sur les examens du Civil Service et j'ai lu egalement des articles dans le Nineteenth Century sur le meme sujet qui m'interesse particulierement. Voici pourquoi: J'ai un petit-fils, ne en Angleterre, sorti avec honneur du college de Rugby, et qui se fatigue depots 18 mois a preparer un examen du Civil Service, qui (bi'las!) n'est jamais annonce et sera peut-etre encore renvoyc longtemps. Je n'ignore pas qu'on veut red u ire le nombre des places et qu'on ajourne les examens a cause de cela. Mais il serait pourtaiit equitable d'avoir egard aux jeunes gens qui se pre 'parent. Ce serait fair play. En France il y a des examens pour l'entree dans les ecoles polytechnique, militaire, etc., et ces examens ont lieu a des epoques fixes chaque annee. Ainsi au bout de quelques mois un jeune hoinme sait s'il est admis ou s'il doit viser a une autre carriere. * The two slides still exist in the Galloniana and, before seeing this letter, I was much puzzled to discover their purpose. K. P. 480 Life and Letters of Fronds Galton Vos rcllexions sur les conditions physiques a stipuler dans les cxainens sont de toute jostegse quand il s'agit du service militaire on du service [ndien, et je crois que dans ccs cas on a deja, pris des mesures convenables. Quant au Civil Service proprement dit, je remarque an defaut capital. On exige les niemcs connaissances pour des services d'une nature trcs differente. Ainsi, pour des occupations sedcntaires ou actives, ]>our des services d'ingcnieur, de calculateur, etc., qui deniandent des matheinatiques, ou des services diplomatiques ou litteraires, qui demandent des connaissances de langues vivantes et d'histoire, on oblige les candidate a 86 botirrer la tete egalement de grec, latin, matheinatiques, histoire, econoinie politique, etc., etc. La nioitic des objets ne servira a rien dans chaque carriere. C'est le systeme Chinois, dans lequel chaque lettre est suppose apte a tout et utile dans toute carriere. Une premiere reforme desirable serait d'avoir deux categories d'examens pour les jeunes gens de la division dite superieure. Pour les una on exigerait des connaissances specialenient litteraires et pour les autres specialeincnt matheinatiques. Les conditions physiques ne sont pas du meme importance dans tous les cas. Pour iuspecteur des travaux publics une certaine force musculaire, une taille elevee, une bonne vue, sont des avantages. Mais pour les metiers sedentaires de la poste, de divers bureaux d'administration et dans la diplomatic, c'est assez indifferent. Les gens un peu faibles et sedentaires par nature valent mieux dans un bureau que ceux passionnes de sports. Le plus habile diplomate du XIX1' siecle a ete Talleyrand, qui etait boiteux et myope. Le vrai principe devrait etre d'obtenir des homines speciaux : "the right man in the right place." On s'en eioigne dans le systeme actual anglais du Civil Service. C'est peut-etre la consequence des idees fausses de la democratic actuelle qui juge tous les hoinmes egaux et propres a tout, ce qui conduit a une mediocrity generate. Je pense avec plaisir a la continuation de vos recherches. Votre perseverance sera recom- pensed et deja on sait a quel point elle est meritoire. Recevez, mon cher Monsieur, l'assurance de mes sentiments tres devoues. Alph. de Candolle, Cour St Pierre, 3, a Geneve. P.S. Si vous connaissez un emploi dans lequel il soit avantageux de parler et ecrire egalement bien le francais et l'anglais, de savoir assez l'allemand et d'avoir des connaissances etendues dans les sciences historiques, je pourrai vous recommander mon petit-fils, age de 21 ans. II rentre dans vos conditions de families intellectuelles, par trois generations du cote paternel et autant du cote maternel. Letter to Alphonse de Candolle. 42, Rutland Gate, London. November 13, 1889. My dear Sin, The long delay of two months in replying to your very kind letter has been wholly due to the hope that I might have something to say that you would like to hear. The particular scheme about which you wrote, of our introducing marks in our competitive exami- nations for physical efficiency, has not yet publicly resulted in anything, but from private information I learn officially, though confidentially, that the question will almost certainly be examined into by a very favourably disposed committee of one of our great public Departments, among whose officials the need of high physical efficiency is great. Also several of our public schools are, I believe, making experiments in marking for it, and in seeing how far the examiners agree between themselves and with the general verdict of those masters who know the boys thoroughly in the cricket field, at football, and in other games. I venture to send you the paper in full that I read at the British Association (of which the last part was published witli good illustrations in Nature, Oct. 31). On looking at the second page where I have marked a paragraph, you will see how careful I was not to commit the fault you feared in your letter, of supposing that high bodily efficiency is of universal importance. I only speak of professions in which it is. I was very sorry to hear of the inconvenience to which your grandson has been put, by an absence of an opportunity of competition on which he had reckoned. Probably the expected vacancies did not occur. I do not at all profess to defend the action of our Civil Service Com- missioners either in giving a notice of expected examinations which was not fulfilled, or in exacting much the same knowledge from candidates for widely different offices. But they have a very difficult task in fulfilling as far as may be two conflicting wishes. One is not to disturb the regular course of education, so that a youth may be educated at any great school without Characterisation, especially by Letters 481 going to a special "crammer" up to nearly the last moment, and the other is to require a sufficiency of special knowledge. This is accomplished in some cases by two examinations, the one at a comparatively early age, to qualify for entering; the second one which is special, and not so severe, but that every lad who passed the first might be expected to succeed in the second. Then if he failed in the first, he would be in the same position as other boys who looked forward to any one of a multiplicity of possible careers. No one however seems satisfied with what is now done either in the Government examinations or in the public school teaching; but no one here has yet had the wit to suggest a course that commends itself to the general judgment as an improvement. The question is apparently a most involved one; so many interests and prospects being seriously affected by any change of system. As regards the particular question you put, as to any satisfactory employment for a person having the high qualifications you mention, clearly they must exist in abundance, but personally I have not any one of them distinctly in view at present. I should have thought that a private secretaryship to some political person would be eminently a post to try for, or that to some person in the higher branches of commerce or manufacture, who has varied foreign connections. All such posts give a young man excellent opportunities for afterwards succeeding by his own efforts, and adequately educated candidates for them are hardly equal in number to the demand. In concluding let me express the great pleasure that it gave me to receive your kind letter, for there are now few persons whose sympathy I prize more than your own on those many subjects in which we feel a common interest. You say nothing of your health but I trust and believe that it is maintained more fully by far than in the great majority of your con- temporaries. Believe me, very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 25, 1890. Dearest Emma, I have hardly anything to tell, owing to being so shut up and seeing and hearing nothing. I am glad that at least one of the three brothers, Erasmus, is well again. There is ever so much spasmodic asthma with me, it comes on so oddly and violently and then goes. I wish it would say "good bye" finally. I am trying to get a grand display of weather information stuck on to the balcony of our office in Victoria St. I have long wanted to show, as soon as it arrives, the weather on the coasts near to London. It does not get into the newspapers until five hours after we receive it. My colleagues agree, and it is now a question of detail. I carpentered a board in the proposed way, and painted the lettering thus [see figure below] and we had it up for inspection on Wednesday. Literally on passing the turn to Victoria Station I could see the glimmer of the board all that distance off!! — a good i mile. I propose to give the facts for Yarmouth, Dover, the Needles, Scilly, Valencia, Holyhead ; all the ways of Valencia changing the slips are worked out and feasible, but there are still some details to be fixed and the written permission of the landlord to be obtained. The slips would be changed at 8.30 a.m., 3 p.m., and in summer at 8 p.m. It would make much difference to many persons to know this: for instance, if doubting whether to cross by Dover or Harwich or Newhaveo. I am sorry that you think Tertius* not well. I do hope that Bessy and you continue all right. It is grievous about Temple'sf eyes. How depressing eye ailments are. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * Galton's nephew, Tertius Galton Moilliet, son of his sister Lucy Harriot Galton, wife of James Moilliet of Cheney Court, co. Hereford. t A maid of Emma Galton, who had been many years in her service. p a in 61 NE "FRESH MttE sea moderate 482 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Letter to Michael Foster, with a memoir entitled: "Decrease of Mortality by Smallpox, 1838-1887." 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. March 19, 1890. Dear Foster, I have gone through the paper, corrected and added. 1 am ashamed of having sent it in so slovenly a way. Look at the addition to the bottom of p. 9. As the previous part stands by itself it might lead to a misapprehension. I have confiscated the lithographed map (of which doubtless you have plenty of copies) by marking it and attaching it to the paper. It is wanted to explain. If you should find it desirable to put the paper as it now stands into the evidence, I have no objection. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. The paper to which this letter refers deals with vaccination statistics. The data are divided into three periods: (i) 1838-1853, vaccination op- tional; (ii) 1854-1871, vaccination obligatory, but not efficiently enforced ; (iii) 1872-1887, vaccination obligatory, but more efficiently enforced by the vaccination officers. The treatment of the data is rendered difficult by (a) the absence of records for 1843-1846 inclusive, (b) by very severe epidemics in 1838 and 1871, and by lesser epidemics in intervening years, i.e. the graph of the mortality rate is very jagged. Galton deals only with crude death rates, he had no incidence rates. He could not therefore test the effects of (i) any change in the age distribution of the population, (ii) how far the lower mortality rate was due to better nursing, nor did he (iii) en- deavour to allow for any hygienic improvement. The statistical methods he adopts are quite simple, but adequate for his purpose, and his final conclusion is stated in guarded terms : " For the whole period under review the maximum reasonable decrease in the mortality rate is 500 per million and the minimum reasonable decrease is 150 per million." He makes no statement as to what the source or sources of this reduction may be. A discussion of the data brought up to date on Galton's lines would be of interest. I am unaware if the memoir was ever presented to the Royal Commission on Vaccination (1889-1890), or printed elsewhere. Together with the letters of Galton, it was apparently sold by the executors of Sir Michael Foster, and was purchased by me from a Cambridge bookseller on May 9, 1914. This was the first occasion on which I had information that Galton had ever dealt with the statistics of smallpox. He never referred to that topic in conversation with me, although several memoirs dealing with smallpox were issued in Biometrika. The Philosophy of Snoring. Notes found in Francis Galton's Handwriting. The philosophy of snoring. Married ladies have remarked that husbands past the age of 50 or GO are apt to snore. I have enough reason to believe in the correctness of this generalisation to assume it to be true and more generally to ask the reason of it. What is the cause of snoring? I have not found this interesting and domestically important topic treated anywhere in a scientific manner. I write for information. I have only a few ideas and observations of my own of the scantiest, and mention them merely to elicit those of others. First I have been surprised at the silent sleep of men in bivouac. The breathing of some 30 or 40 men, mostly savages, though old men, of whom I had many months' experience in travel, was inaudible. Conversely hot bedrooms stimulate snoring. Again a deep sleep is more accompanied by snoring than a light one. The uvula droops more. It is analogous to the fallen jaw of death. Characterisation, especial/// by Letters 483 Lastly the mucus of the throat becomes more tenacious and more copious as life advances, consequently bronchitis then begins to be dangerous. I suppose that snoring is generally due to the concurrence of two causes, to the drooping of the soft palate and to the presence of much mucus and that of a tenacious kind. Onuses: Mucus in old age; Drooping of the soft palate in hot bedrooms, also in deep sleep. Geneve. 23 juin, 1890. Mon cher Monsieur, Je ne vous ai pas encore remercie des informations que vous avez bien voulu me donner au sujet du Civil Service et des examens renvoyes indefiniment. Mon petit-fils a du n'y plus penser, apres avoir perdu 18 mois a s'y preparer. II est alle en Allemagne apprendre le droit. Ne pouvant plus travailler pour la Science, je m'amuse a observer le.declin de mes facultes, it j ai cru un moment pouvoir ajouter quelque chose a vos recherches sur l'influence relative de " Nature and Nurture." Je me disais: Les facultes qui se maintiennent le mieux chez moi, a, 84 ans, sont-elles de naissance (nature) ou le resultat d'un exercice frequent? II se trouve qu'elles sont a la fois un effet de naissance et d'un usage continuel. Inversement les facultes devenues tri's faibles etaient faibles a l'origine et n'ont guere ete cultivees pendant ma vie. Ainsi, j'ai con- serve la faculte de marcher mieux que beaucoup de vieillards. Or, mon pere avait ete un grand marcheur dans sa jeunesse et j'ai toujours aime la marche; j'ai fait autrefois de fortes marches dans les montagnes, c'est le seul exercice que j'ai cultive. J'ai herite de ma mere une memoire faible. Maintenant elle est tres faible. Or, j'ai eu toujours de la repugnance a apprendre par coeur et j'ai cherche toujours a remplacer la memoire par des notes. Ma conclusion est que la plupart des homines font les choses auxquelles ils se sentent naturellement propres, et negligent celles pour lesquelles ils ne sont pas bien dou^s. L'usage lisulte d'une disposition naturelle et le non-usage d'une faiblesse aussi de nature. Voila qui est bien contraire a ce que pensent les instituteurs, les professeurs et beaucoup de parents. lis veulent forcer les jeunes gens et les jeunes filles a faire ce qu'ils n'aiment pas, tandis que la jeunesse aimerait faire ca pour quoi chacun se sent bien doueM II y a ainsi beaucoup de temps et de force perdus; mais la jeunesse echappe bient6t a la contrainte, et alors on voit les jeunes gens qui ne sont pas calculateurs abandonner les mathcmatiques, les jeunes demoiselles qui ne sont pas naturellement musiciennes fermer leurs pianos, etc. Les pedagogues veulent faire tous lea individus semblables et les individus voudraient etre dissemblables, ce qui serait un grand a vantage pour la societe en general. Avez- vous ete informe que les naturalistes ont fait depuis deux ou trois ans de grands progres sur le procede de la fecondation dans les deux regnesl Ce n'est plus le protoplasme qui joue le principal role mais les noyaux (nuclei) males et femelles. Ces noyaux s'accouplent. lis renfer- ment des filaments, en nomine determine, dont les positions changent d'une maniere curieuse. Vous pourriez jugerdeces decouvertes en regardant les planches d'un memoire de M. Guignard, dans la Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France de 1899, qui se trouve aussi dans les Actes du Conyres de Botanique a Paris en 1889. Les zoologistes ont observe les memes faits. Kecevez, je vous prie, mon cher Monsieur, l'assurance de mes sentiments les plus deVom's. Alph. de Candolle. Letters of W. F. R. Weidon dealing for the first time with the Correlation of Characters in Organisms other than Man. 1, Hoe Villas, Elliot Street, Plymouth. May 14, 1890. Dear Mr Galton, Forgive the long delay in the preparation of the correlation curves. The measures are practically finished — 1000 Plymouth, 400 Southport, 380 Sheerness. Unless yon feel anxious to see the results very quickly I will not do arithmetic by daylight, because I want very much to do some anatomical work. By the help of Crelle* the arithmetic will not take many evenings. * Crelle's Multiplication Tables, 1000 x 1000. At that date Weidon did not possess any arithmometer. 61—2 484 Life and Letters of Francis Galton I want to ask you about a possible experiment with the Illustraria — of which I am allowed to rear another set. You remember that though the ratio between the races is the same whether the creatures are reared by Miss Pridham, by Mr Merrifield, or by myself, yet the absolute size of each race varies. Call the mean size of Mr Merrifield's A race = Am. I receive eggs whose inherited tendency should be to vary about Am as a Median. The resultant moths vary about something else = Aw as a Median. It appears that the offspring of my moths, reared at Brighton, vary again about Am. Therefore the increase of size causing the median value of the race to rise from Am to A„. was not inherited. This seems a very typical instance of an "acquired" character. Would it be worth while to devote a few spare pairs of one set to the foundation of a race which should live for several generations here in Plymouth, and should then be returned to Brighton — in order to see through how many generations the external conditions can act without producing an inherited change? I shall be here till the end of this year, = 2 generations, and I can easily find someone at the Laboratory who will deal with the following generations. Yours very truly, W. F. R Weldon. I believe I have not yet thanked you for your kind congratulations on the action of the Royal Society. 30a, Wimpole Street, W. October 29, 1891. Dear Mr Galton, I hope to send you, in a little while, detailed tables of the correlations of which I spoke to you this morning in the Senate House. The organs are the four which I had previously used in the Shrimp : and the rough figures for the relation a to b or b to a are at present Plymouth race (1000) 0-84 Roscoff (Finistere) (500) 0-88 Southport (400) 0-83 Sheerness (380) 0-85 The values obtained for each deviation clustered about the line r=0'85 so well that I thought it worth while to determine the second place of decimals by taking the arithmetic mean of all observed ratios in each case. Between character b and "telson length" the ratio is Plymouth 0'25 Roscoff 0-29 Southport 0-30 All the other values are, in the Plymouth race, so small that I have not thought it worth while to determine them in the other races at present, because of the small number of indi- viduals in each sample. But I have just obtained, and nearly measured, 400 additional Shrimps from Southport : so that I hope soon to have a set of 800 measures of this race, which will give a fair basis of comparison with the 1000 from Plymouth. When these preliminary determinations are finished, I hope to determine a reasonably numerous set of constants for homologous organs in one or two species. An enthusiastic student, to whom I have preached you, has already under- taken to measure 20 organs in each of 1000 Prawns. Yours very truly, W. F. R. Weldon. Selection of Galton' s Letters to Mr Howard Collins dealing with Finger-Print Data*. Hotel Cherbourg, Vichy, Allier, France. August 19, 1891. Dear Mr Collins, You must have thought me very forgetful of your most kind offer to help in some of the matters over which I bother myself, and in which I am making far too slow progress. But in truth I have been very far from forgetful, and have delayed only through difficulty in seeing the direction in which I could reasonably ask your help. And the difficulty is not yet overcome, because as a rule my work is in no respects straightforward, but I have to plan as I proceed, and am consequently much bewildered between theory and detail. There is * These letters, with a considerable amount of Galton's unpublished material on finger-prints, were purchased by his biographer from a Birmingham bookseller. Characterisation, especially by Letters 485 however one matter which it is just possible you might care for, that does not fall quite into this category, and which if you cared to undertake it for publication as a joint work with myself, would I think repay the trouble well, both from a scientific and a popular point of view. It is to undertake the analysis of a large and growing collection of finger-prints from the racial and the fiereditary point of view. Thus, I have the impression of the three first fingers of the right hand of rather more than 1000 Jewish children, and those of more than 1000 ordinary English ones. My assistant is at this moment engaged with purely Welsh children. Orders are sent by Sir G. Goklie, with the needful materials, to the Niger regions, to procure me the prints of at least five distinct races of Africans, in abundance. Professor Haddon has taken steps to procure me those of natives of N. Australia and on to the Solomon Island groups, and when I come back in the autumn I propose to set much more agoing. My impediment has been to find someone with a genius for classification and power of work. I myself can do but little. As regards families, my collection as yet is small, but I propose to make an effort, and a sustained one, in that direction. The classification is, of course, laborious on account of the numbers, but it is not at all difficult after the right way of setting to work is well explained, and those specimens have been examined which are to be accepted as transitional cases between the classes. There would be great difficulty in doing this satisfactorily by written or printed description. Nearly but not quite as much as I can do in this way appears in the last number of the Royal Society Proceedings and is hinted at in an article by me in the Nineteenth Century of this month. I am sure the inquiry is a promising one. I find, for example, a distinct statistical difference between the finger markings of the Hebrew and the Anglo-Saxon *. I also find them to be as strongly hereditary as anything else. As they are independent of age, and cannot be falsified, they form a solid basis for work. Should you be inclined, when I come back in October, to work at these conjointly with me, you doing the analysis and I advising, but doing little more? The object would be to produce joint papers (1) on racial differences; (2) on the measure of hereditary tendency; I should add a third, or a previous one perhaps, based on other material that is already in hand, viz. (3) on the measure of the tendency to symmetry. I shall be at the above address for nearly three weeks, and a letter to 42, Rutland Gate will always reach me in time. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 22, 1891. Dear Mr Collins, The beautifully neat packet and roll reached me three hours ago with your letter, since which I have carefully gone through the first 59 and purposely cease there, that my pencilling may not interfere with your revision of the rest. I return them both. You clearly are on the threshold of doing it quite right, but the threshold is just the place at which people are apt to stumble when entering a house. Your chief difficulty is with the Whorls, not taking a bold enough view of them. You will see what I mean, by looking at my pencillings. Another minor common fault is interpreting an ordinary loop as though it had an eye in it thus These Jewesses are deficient in eyes of this kind (however well they may be endowed with real ones). In the Primariesf it is better not to make outlines thus but thus i^N. I think it will be a useful guidance if I send you, as I do herewith, a packet of thumb- prints (Nos. 3000-3164) which have been carefully outlined and measured; these are all rolled prints, so the nature of the patterns, especially of the Whorls, is much more easily understood than in the finger-prints. They will teach confidence in outlining by inference. (Please let me ultimately have these back again.) Will you then again go over the Jewesses, and finish the 60-100 by the light of what is now sent, and let me see them when complete and before you take the trouble of making a fresh table? There is a little difficulty about some few imperfect prints. It would not do to * Galton was much less certain about this later: see Vol. Ill, pp. 193-4. f Galton's original name for Arches. 486 Life and Letter* of Francis Gallon replace them by now ones taken at hazard, because these imperfect prints are all Whorls and owe their imperfection to their bigness. They must be made the best of. If anything in this letter, etc., is insufficiently explained, pray write to me at once. Very faithfully yours, Fkancis Galton. A Mr T. V. Hodgson, a microscopist of Mason Science College, who writes from 52, Francis Road, Edgbaston, has sent me beautiful finger-prints to see, and offers to take further prints. I suggested that he should make your acquaintance and show you what I had written to him as an introduction. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 12, 1891. Dear Mr Collins, I am sure that I appreciate the general principles that easy writing makes hard reading and that what has to be said ought to be logically put. Alas, for one's incompetence to do what is right! But I can assure you that I will well go over all your suggestions and will re-write the chapter. Let me wait a while, before speaking of the next chapters, as I have had quite a bother about the best plan of the index which has rendered much of what was written nugatory and introduces much modification in already drawn-up tables, so I am behindhand. Did I tell you that I have another batch of negro prints? Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Letters of Galton to Dr W. F. Sheppard*. "Cardrona," Berkhamsted, Herts. May 17, 1926. Dear Pearson, Would you care to look at the letters I had from Galton between 1891 and 1907? There is not much of interest to the general public in them: they are rather of interest in showing the amount of trouble he was prepared to take in helping other people on. Indeed, looking at the letters now, I seem to have caused him an unjustifiable amount of trouble! His criticisms of my successive efforts were of great value to me. On the whole I think my mathematical work has been fairly lucid; what there is of lucidity in it I really owe to Galton's criticisms. Yours sincerely, W. F. Sheppard. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. December 3, 1891. Dear Sir, Hearty thanks for your full and very interesting account of your Number-forms. They have clearly grown in your case, together with the years, and seem to have done so automatically with possibly a little conscious assistance on your part. The wonder is why a particular "form" is so congenial to each several mind. What is the relation between the form and the peculiarities of association, in the working of the mind? If you can trace any such relation in your own modes of thought I should be exceedingly glad to hear of it. I fancy I have some slight clue to a relation, but it is very slight, and when I last thought on the matter, I did not find out any good way of putting the notion to the test. With renewed thanks, Faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 24, 1892. Dear Mr Sheppard, Am I right in supposing that it was you who were Senior Wrangler in 1884? It is needless to say how highly, under those conditions, I value your mathematical remarks. They shall be carefully considered. In the meantime I have read them somewhat cursorily. I wholly agree with you that the book would have been made much better, by giving a brief resume of the mathematical results. It is obscure and confused as it stands, largely owing to misgivings as to how far the basis of the whole would be accepted as established. I think now this might be assumed. What is greatly wanted is a clean elegant resume of all the theoretical work concerned in the social and biographical problems to which the exponential law lias been applied. I believe the time is ripe for any competent mathematician to do this with much credit to himself. I am not competent and know it. Edgeworth has his own work and interests, and fails in sustained clearness of expression. He is moreover somewhat over fond of using higher and more mathematics than is always necessary. Watson is over busy * For further letters to Howard Collins, see pp. 488 e.t seq. I hesitated to break too seriously the chronological sequence of letters and papers in this Chapter. Characterisation, especially by Letters 487 and I think too fastidious and timid. I have often considered what seems wanted and been very desirous of discovering someone who was disposed to throw himself into so useful and such high-class work. He might practically found a science, the material for which is now too chaotic. Faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 9, 1895. Dear Sir, "Would you give me the pleasure of your company at dinner at the Royal Society Club next Thursday. The enclosed card gives all needful particulars except that it is not the custom to dress. You can get away easily by 8|. There are many topics I should like to have the opportunity of talking over. Might I venture in the interim to send you a brief MS. on a new point of very wide application? I propose to send it to the Royal Society if I can persuade some mathematician to communicate a brief supplement to it, much as MacAlister did to one of my papers, H. Watson to another, and Dickson to a third. I can work out the problem in definite cases but it wants generalising. If your occupations preclude the chance of your being able to do this, of course you will tell me; otherwise I fancy that a pretty little stroke of work might be the result. Faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Karl Pearson and Burbury are I know both full of "law of frequency" work, so I do not like to trouble either of them with the problem. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 29, 1895. Dear Mb Sheppard, I am rejoiced at your success in arriving at such wide generalisation of the problem. It will be far better that you should write the paper wholly by yourself, and I feel no doubt that it would be a very acceptable one to the Royal Society. After the recess we shall I hope discuss this. For the present, there is no need. During the vacation you may find time to do what you propose about the table. I am quite indifferent as to the fate of my preamble, the real object with me being to get the problem properly solved. The passage on my p. 12 was indeed most bunglingly as well as inaccurately expressed. What I meant is written in the enclosed (to which 12a is put for the page). I should like to keep your MS. for a few days longer, being extremely busy just now. Then, before going abroad, I will return all the papers, — mine, partly for possible convenience to you in future reference and more especially with some curiosity to learn hereafter how far my little tables prove correct. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. We leave town on Wednesday. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 6, 1896. Dear Mr Sheppard, So far as I can judge, you seem to have boiled down the original very judiciously, but I am much below par and not able to read it carefully, only to look through it. The question is, — whether in its present form it is suitable for publication? I should say decidedly so, in the pages of any mathematical serial other than the Royal Society. Whether or no it be suitable for the Transactions of the Royal Society, Forsyth would be the judge; but, for the Proceedings of the Royal Society, I think decidedly that under the new Regulations, the part you have sent me is not suitable. On the other hand, the Introduction of which you speak ought to be the very thing for the Proceedings, and would serve as the "Abstract" if the complete paper were offered for the Transactions. I would therefore urge that particular pains should be taken with the Introduction, the business of which is to explain to members of the Royal Society generally, what the paper is about, and wherein its novelty consists. Imagine that it has been just read to any small representative body of those men, — such as John Venn, Frank Darwin, Inglis Palgrave, who are all statisticians but not especially mathematical. The test would be that they should severally be able afterwards to give a lucid and consistent account, though probably a very imperfect one, of what you desired to show. It was to that end that I suggested the introduction of a few interesting types of problems that your methods enable statisticians to deal with, which otherwise would be very difficult problems. Of course the Introduction would contain your tables, or adequate samples of them. If the Introduction fulfilled the end proposed, it would certainly be translated into French and German, and reprinted in America, and your labours would become widely known and set many persons thinking. It ought to be a work of art — simple, clear of unnecessary detail and readable. I think you have a great opportunity of becoming an exponent of modern theories of statistics and should be delighted if you would rise to the occasion. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 488 Life and Letters of Francis Galton 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. February 13, 1892. My DKAit BlRMY, We will write to Emma after the wedding on Wednesday to tell news of it. I saw Douglas* on Thursday, he had rather a bad boil on his face which looked painful but as though it had reached its worst. There were others by, and I had no family talk. He did not look over well. Yesterday I went to see George Darwin receive his gold medal from the Astronomical Society. The President read an Address of no less than 40 minutes of quick reading on his merits. It is a considerable honour to him, but one that he has more than deserved. It is such a pleasure to be able to think of Emma in her drawing-room and not in bed. I get strong rather by fits and starts than regularly, and still want a good sleep some time during the day. I think 1 nave now no illness left in me, but was not so sure of that five days ago. Poor Reginald t. I often think of old times when he was a sort of glorious Bob Sawyer, as medical student in London. It is pleasant getting back to work again. They want to nominate me as President of the British Association for 1893, but I have definitely declined, as I did for 1891, being out of my element in dining out day after day, and making speeches, which I detest. Besides, I am too deaf to do the ordinary Presidential duties well. This is of course intended as a letter to Emma also. Dear Mother, I often thought of her yesterday. To think it was as much as 18 years since she died. We expect to be cut off from London proper this afternoon by the Salvationists, who are to disport themselves in Hyde Park round General Booth, so as I have things to do in London proper, I must start earlier and lunch out. I was very glad to hear that William Eccles had had a favourable crisis. I suppose a big gall-stone cleared itself out. With both our very best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. February 27, 1892. Dear Mr Collins, I am utterly humiliated. The registered letter was laid quietly on the table, while I was sorting and tying up MSS. books. When I ultimately saw it, I mistook it for the Introductory chapter, which you took such pains about, and which ever since has been distinguished by being wrapped in the same envelope in which it arrived, and which was pre- cisely like the envelope in which you sent the last. So I heedlessly tied this up along with the rest and never opened it. On receiving your telegram I made thorough hunt and found the missing MS. I don't ask you to forgive me, only to try to forgive me for causing all this trouble, which I greatly regret. Thank you very much for your emendations and suggestions to this last chapter, which I have read through and will adopt, except perhaps the transposition, believing still that it is best to show first that the proposed principle of indexing is feasible, and secondly to consider the best of many alternative ways of applying the principle. As I said on my post-card, the corrections you made to the previous chapter have vastly improved it. I have a set of 50 Welsh which you ought to have had, and which I now enclose — they may be acceptable. I am trying heredity with some success, partly to test the convertibility or relationship of the patterns (not classes of patterns). There is no possibility of doubting the tendency here to hereditary transmission. Can you let me have back the "Album" which contains specimens of relations? I want next to revise the set of standard patterns and have already something useful and hope before long to send a revised plan for consideration. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. March 1, 1892. 1 >kar Mr Collins, I send some more Primaries to cut up, for the purpose of defining your frontier. Don't throw away those you don't use, as I should like the opportunity of giving in the book photolithographs of transitional cases, Primary-loops, Primary-whorls and Loop- whorls, * Francis Galton's cousin, Sir Douglas Galton, the engineer. t Reginald Darwin, son of Sir Francis S. Darwin, Galton's maternal uncle. He died on Feb. 7 of this year. Characterisation, especially by Letters 489 and they would be useful for that. It takes many failures before a 7ieat collection can be made, equal in depth of tint and all clear. What shall I tell Randall* to collect for you next? Enclosed I also send back your own family prints that, if you would kindly do so, you might add to them a more complete print of your sister's right forefinger. This one has been printed too much on the tip, as in Fig. e, instead of thus consequently, a very interesting F.g.e part of it is left out. Please let me have them all back. I shall be able to tell you more about hereditary matters in a few days. I get much better results even than those of your family. They take time to work up. Yesterday evening's post brought me the enclosed from you on the 14-21 patterns, dated (? by mistake) February 22. So I treated it as subsequent to the one received yesterday morning, Feb. 29, though the latter contained "certains" and "doubtfuls"; was I right? There seems no racial difference, and it also appears that the English group (at least) is very discordant inter se. Please let me have it back. If all your work should end by showing that race goes for nothing, and if (as I am sure it will) the other work testifies to hereditary transmission, we shall have got, not what was hoped for, but something quite different and of great interest of its own, namely a perfect instance of the effects of "panmixia." This will be charming. There is none other that I know of that approaches it in completeness. The whole subject becomes more and more curious. About the Bar-lock f: I made good progress, but domestic arrangements interfere with its use, at least at present. I write in three different rooms and the click of the thing in the drawing-room ■Iter dinner is voted a nuisance. So I sent it back. However my back study is being now fitted up with extra shelves and will be turned into a liveable room, and I may perhaps before long revert to the Bar-lock. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Just before I finished the above, the packet of relations' cards arrived by post. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 13, 1892. Dear Mr Collins, The results are certainly very curious of the 31 F.'s and M.'s and of the 44 sons and 83 daughters. The comparison between a parent influencing the patterns of the offspring of the same or of opposite sexes shows approximate equality, thus : Opposite Sex Same Sex F. D. M. S. P. S. M. D. 52 31 \ / 83 18 69 \ / 87 on same fingers 111 72 \ / 183 44 166 \ / 210 on opposite fingers * Sergeant Randall, the officer in charge of Galton's Anthropometric Laboratorj'. 1 At the suggestion of Howard Collins Galton started a typewriter, but typewriting never became customary with him. pom 62 490 Life and Letters of Francis Galtoti But when the comparison is made between the paternal and maternal influences it certainly (Ices mem that the father's influence on the son is uncommonly smaller than the mother's influence on the daughter : Paternal Influence F. S. F. D. 18 52 \ / 70 44 111 \ / 155 Maternal Influence M. S. M. D. 31 69 \ / 100 on same fingers 72 166 \ / 238 on opposite fingers It is 18 against 69. It is true that there are only half as many sons as daughters: therefore the corrected proportions are as 36 to 69, but this is an enormous difference ; too great for mere chance, apparently. Also, the other figures give 88 against 166. The influence of mother on son seems also equal to that of mother on daughter : the figures uncorrected being 31 : 69, 72 : 166, or corrected by doubling the sons, 62 : 69, 144 : 166. On comparing paternal with maternal influences, the results are not sufficiently congruent, for 70 : 100 (14-3) is a different ratio from 155 : 238 (13-5). One must not be too much impressed by the lesser magnitude of the latter number. It would be fairer to compare the number of the 31 families in which the maternal influence prevailed, than to compare the individuals in those families. Taking the last paragraph into account, I should not dare to ascribe to the results more than a suspicion that the mother's influence is stronger than the father's. This really ought to he worked out and placed beyond doubt*. I will see what evidence I can collect for you. In haste, Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. A Bar-lock is busy in my room, copying the MS. at a great rate. 42, Kutland Gate, S.W. May 29, 1892. Dear Mr Collins, Here is all that seems to come out of the fraternal heredity. (I will leave the maternal, just for the present.) It would be satisfactory were it not for the curious anomaly of the loops, referred to in the last paragraph. Also, I cannot succeed in bringing these data within the grip of the formula in Natural Inheritance, or even to make a proper comparison between the two. It is too puzzling for me at present, the problem being a peculiar one. These data give one much to think about. I will go again at Race now. If a. Royal Society paper can be made out of the Heredity and Race, it will have at this late season of the year to be merely nominally read. There is only one meeting after the next, towards the third week in June, and that is technically called the " Massacre of the Innocents." The papers are not read except hurriedly, or only their titles ; but they get printed all the same. I am pegging away steadily but the work is slow. I am truly glad that you really like the book thus far. The chapter on Identification will he greatly improved. The first Introductory Chapter will of course now be written the last. Hardly any of that which was done will do now. What a glorious day Saturday was. I rushed off after luncheon finding there was just time to catch a special Saturday train to Hampton Court. The boats on the river were most pretty and numerous, and full of nice, merry-looking people. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. * I have had to correct Galton's figures in the above schemes, and, corrected, they modify to some extent the results as they stood in his letter. I have cancelled the very strong he put before suspicion. On the point in question : see Vol. iiia, p. 192. Characterisation, especially by Letters 491 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 1, 1892. Dear Mr Collins, Bravo thus far. Your figures tally well and conviction is at a measur- able distance. Still a total of 44 families is not large. The figures show that the ratio of paternal to maternal influence is as 7 or 8 to 10. Now if 44 families are divided in that ratio they would split into 18 and 26 (18 x 10 = 180 ; 27 x 7 = 189). What your figures really show is that 18 of the families have preponderating paternal influence and 26 have preponderating maternal. If the influences were really equal, the chance against the figures coming out as yours do, would be as that of tossing 44 pence and only 18 of them coming down heads instead of 22. This is not highly improbable by any means. I don't see that the number of children mends matters. They tell the variation in the degree of preponderance of one parent or the other in the various families, but that is all. It strikes me as hazardous in exactly the above proportion to publish the results. You say, I have tossed up 44 pence, 18 only have come down heads, therefore those pence were weighted, like false dice. The judge would say — the evidence is strong but not cogent enough to convict. I should certainly advise your working hard to get more cases, the inquiry being very hopeful ; and when you have enough, it might be well to try the effect of eliminating loops, because they seem to be less hereditary than arches or whorls, so their inclusion may dilute the results. So glad that you are safe back, well refreshed. All is well with us. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 3, 1892. Dear Mr Collins, By all means, in respect to Miss H. I should be delighted to give her £5 towards a holiday with a roving commission for families and Quakers. For my own part, I doubt the Quakers worth inquiry in the face of the fact that racial differences are so minute. Moreover on going carefully into Race, I feel sure that nothing can be substantiated without dealing with large numbers. The Jews are all right being upwards of 1000, but 50 is inadequate, as shown by the non-conformity of 50 groups with the larger ones. I should certainly say " concentrate upon families " never minding their origin, but settle (1) the comparative paternal and maternal influence, (2) the parento-filial, (3) the fraternal. I think (3) is already good enough to justify publication, but it would be improved by more cases. As Quakers drop in you might if disposed work them up apart, as a luxury rather than a necessity. I would write to Miss H. and enclose the cheque, but it would be nicer through your hands. When you have fixed with her, please tell me what I otherwise owe. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 5, 1892. My dear Mr Collins, Miss H. has written to me enjoying the prospect of her holiday and asking for the papers of lists of relatives, which I have returned to her. I said that I had sent the cheque to you, which I do herewith. There were two reasons for not sending it to her, one was that you might have already given her the money and the other is that quaere would it not be better to give her more tether, another two or three pounds will do for twice as many extra days. So I send the cheque unfilled but with " not exceeding £10 " written on it for you to fill up. (Besides I am in your debt for much else which this will not and is not intended to cover.) Might it not be well that I should anyhow pay her as usual for the families she gets, in addition to her holiday fund. It would prompt her to work all the harder. You will understand better than I do what is right and reasonable, without fear of spoiling her. I am going through the chapters you corrected at Ryde. Your criticisms are most just and the corrections most welcome. I am sincerely obliged for them. This Whitsuntide breaks into postal arrangements so I don't know when you will get this. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. September 20, 1892. Dear COLLINS, I welcome the briefer and more cordial mode of address. Your paper reached Callander yesterday in time for getting everything done before post time ; the contents being re-written in the train and posted en route. I shall get proofs of these, of Index, etc., here, and then that too will be closed. We stay here (Alnwick) for three days — then go to Lincolnshire for three or so more, and thence to Leamington, 5, Bertie Terrace, on this day week, or the next day to that. I hope it will be fine and may tempt you to come as you have proposed after all. 62—2 492 Life and Letters of Francis Galton You are indeed most good to offer continued help and I appreciate its value. We will have a good talk. I have had an inquiry in view for long and must now begin to beat the bushes as it wore, to see if the covert I want to shoot over holds a fair quantity of game. If it promises well, I shall think of taking it up steadily. It would be a growth out of one chapter or rather paragraph of Human Faculty, which must in the meantime be disposed of in a 2nd edition. I am very glad you like the job just completed. I wonder if it will produce results. A good deal of routine work will now be set going, in continuation of what has been done, at the Laboratory. Among other things, I must form a good standard collection of enlarged prints. I must start a photographer to attend some hours, say three days a week, at the Laboratory. I must talk over with you my plana about all this. What grand mountaineering you have had. But it will be difficult to change into a sedentary life. Till we meet. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Address to: 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. September 22, 1892. Dear Collins, It would take long to explain, as the idea is at present nebulous and capable of concentrating round one or other of many alternative centres, but briefly it is on the measure of motives. For example, that interesting little book of Leffingwell showed how little influence race, religion, etc., etc., severally had on illegitimacy. What is their relative influence and what is it that governs the variety of result 1 Men coolly face death under many conditions — what are these conditions (this is the substance of the paragraph to which I referred) 1 Bribery can do so and so — what can it do 1 In all cases measuring statistically the commensurability of extremely different motives and temptations, shown by money bribes and compensations. The final interest of the inquiry and its truest centre lies in the fact that the old religious motives of deterrence and of reward are ceasing to be efficacious and we have to consider what can take their place. I shall have a curious variety of facts to look up — some bearing on incidents in barbarous life — some in very various civilisations — some in our own. Also the power of illusion forms one very large branch. Then again the economic laws of value and their mathe- matics, and very much else. I hardly know whether this random account will convey a provisional notion of what I mean, but it is the best I can at this moment give in a small space. Sometimes I lean towards making the illusion the dominant idea. But it is very inadequately thought out at present. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. We shall be at 5, Bertie Terrace, Leamington, on Monday, and are going in the meantime to Lady Welby near Grantham. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. December 15, 1892. My dear Bessy, Very many thanks indeed for your capital account of Sir M. C.'s teeth. It is particularly appropriate for quotation (of course without names), as it concerns imagination in three different senses, Feeling, Touch and Sight. Merely as a story not vouched for, it would do as an illustration ; but we scientific men always desire to be as careful as possible about our alleged instances, and I should be uncommonly glad to get some verification of the story. Is Dr Henry Gisborne alive and resident in Derby 1 If he is, do you think he is a sort of person to whom I could write, with the chance of getting an accurate reply ? Is there anybody you can think of who could help me with further information in respect to this 1 I might for example write to the Editors of the Derby newspapers (do you happen to know the names of the news- papers ?), and could at least get a sight of the original article at the British Museum. Sir M. C. would be the right person to ask !!! If you can give me any useful hints I should be truly obliged. I am so glad to hear that you are out of doors at length. All fairly well here. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. The story runs thus : Sir M. C. of Derby made one of a week-end party. Retiring to bed, he suddenly missed his denture, and, coughing violently, he became conscious of having swallowed it and could feel it in his windpipe. The nearest doctor and surgeon were summoned. The doctor looking down his throat saw the end of the denture, and the surgeon touched it. Hurried Characterisation, especially by Letters 493 preparations were made for an operation, and the patient was laid on a table in an adjacent room. Just as the surgeon and doctor were prepared to start, Sir M. C.'s valet came into the room and presented his master's denture on a silver salver ; he had picked it up by the bedside. Letter to Professor James Ward. Hotel Valescure, St Raphael, Var, France. March 24, 1893. Dear Mr Ward, Thank you heartily for your careful and valuable criticism, which I have read and re-read and shall I hope profit by. The object I had in speaking about what was called the measure of the Imagination, at a Royal Institution lecture, was to invite criticism and to hear objections before taking much further pains in experiment, and to get opinions as to what it is that such experiments measure. (I had a good look at James' book first.) Probably we shall meet before long at Trinity, and I should be very glad of the opportunity then of talking a little further about it, and of submitting myself to your questions. It would be a great help towards clearing my own mind. As regards a measure of familiarity, it does not seem to me an absurd notion. The maximum of familiarity with objects gives the complete sense of being at home. It is very interesting to analyse this feeling when returning to familiar haunts. Complete strangeness can also be imagined pretty easily, for every one has now and then dropped into very strange sur- roundings and the feeling is easily recalled. Between the two limits there must be intermediate conditions which it is possible, very rudely, to appreciate. About Weber or Fechner : I know only too well the inadequacy of the statement, but having first looked at James, Sully and a few others, I thought that the very brief statement, reserved as it was, might pass. I wanted chiefly to show that a spiral balance might represent with sufficient approximation and in a very conspicuous manner, the narrowness of the limits of the scale of sensation. I know well that many quite disagree with the view that increased sensation is produced by accumulation of increments, but for my own part I habitually use the imagined sense of waxing fatigue (for example), from zero up to extreme fatigue, as a standard whereby to judge how tired I really am on any particular occasion. But I must not tax your patience further and can only repeat how very grateful I am for your criticisms. It is lovely weather here on the Riviera. I, and my wife too, had both suffered in England from influenza and came out ten days ago, with the happiest results. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. What a blank Croom Robertson's* death has left ! The Oxford Honorary Degree. To Francis Galton. From the Rev. Bartholomew Price, D.D. Pembroke College, Oxford. May 22, 1894. Dear Galton, I had yesterday the great pleasure of proposing to our University Council that in recognition of your long and excellent service to science and especially of your anthro- pological work, the Honorary Degree of D.C.L. should be conferred upon you at the ensuing Commemoration ; and I have the greater pleasure of informing you that the proposal was received and carried most enthusiastically, and with such observations as would be most gratifying to you, were I at liberty to repeat them. Will you kindly inform me, whether you will accept the proffered Honour, which is, as you are perhaps aware, the highest of its kind that the University bestows on distinguished persons, whether its own children or extranei, so that I may report to the Council on Monday next. The Commemoration takes place on Wednesday, June 20, at 1 2 o'clock. It is usual for the Proposer to entertain his candidate at the time of the Encaenia, but owing to the death of one of our daughters, Mrs Price and I shall be absent from Oxford * Professor Croom Robertson was an old friend of Galton, and a portrait of Croom Robertson and his wife was highly valued by him. It is now in the possession of the present writer who greatly appreciated the kindness and friendly aid of one of his early colleagues at University College. 404 Life and Letters of Francis (1 alt on at the time and we are in consequence unable to offer hospitality. You have however many friends in Oxford, and there will be, I know, no difficulty in this matter. I can say nothing more until in accordance with our standing orders your acceptance has been ratified in council. Believe me, Yours very truly, Bartholomew Price. The sole statements I have found about the conferment of the Oxford degree are the following: Sophy Bree* reported on June 21, 1894: The candidates for D.C.L. all followed up in their turn. Uncle Prank came last. He was very much clapped and then the R.P.C.L. (Professor Goudy) stated that Mr Galton was a cousin of the celebrated Charles Darwin (shouts and claps), while still a young man he made a long and dan- gerous journey of exploration up the White Nile and afterwards undertook a similar expedition in Southern Africa, obtaining the medal of the Royal Geographical Society in respect of the latter journey. He was also described as a distinguished meteorologist and anthropologist. In recent years he had devoted his attention to the study of natural selection and the descent of man — having propounded a theory of heredity which is now becoming recognised as of the first importance. All that of course was in Latin. The newly made D.C.L. 's were in their Doctor of Law gowns. After that the Public Orator made his Oration in Latin. And again: "At the dinner," Frank said, " Lord Rosebery made an effective speech. Lord Justice Fry, having to return thanks for the new Doctors, was funny about my composite portraits." L. G. The degree was conferred at the same time on the Earl of Kimberley, Bishop Mandell Creighton, Sir Horace Davey, Sir Edward Fry (Galton's old foe : see above, p. 122), Captain Mahan of the U.S. Navy, Emile Boutiny, Prof. Mendeleef, Prof W. M. Ramsay the archaeologist, John Henry Middleton and the Latin scholar Arthur Palmer, an all-round noteworthy batch. The Oxford Gazette contains no report of the speeches. The Cambridge Honorary Degree. (From Trinity Lodge, Cambridoe.) 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 16, 1895. Dearest Emma, The ceremony went off this afternoon and Grace, who was there, will I daresay write about it. The Public Orator made some amusing hits in his speech. He will send me printed copies (2 or 3) in Latin, which I daresay Archdeacon Bree, or some other friend, will translate to you. It was all very nice — quite a quiet ceremony and several old friends present. We are on the point of returning to London after a very pleasant stay at this most hospit- able house. Excuse more now. Bessy will be on her way to Alnwick t, so I send no message to her. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Frank bore his part bravely and looked very well, the red gown very hecoming. It is so cold to-day, I hope Bessy will not suffer on her journey. Much love, Ever affectionately, L. Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 21, 1895. Dearest Emma, Here is a copy of the speech in the Senate House, of which the Public Orator has sent me a dozen. One is being forwarded to Archdeacon Bree — the ingenious Latinity of it will amuse him — and I said that when he next happened to be with you in Leam- ington you would probably be glad if he translated it to you. I will send a copy to Bessy also, very likely she will soon come across a translator. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. * Sophy Adele, a daughter of Lucy Amelia Moilliet and therefore Galton's great-niece ; she is sister of Lucy Evelyne Biggs, Galton's companion in later years, and married the Ven. William Bree, Archdeacon of Coventry and Rector of Allesley. f At that time the home of her son, Edward Galton Wheler (later Wheler-Galton), now of Claverdon Leys. ^H 1 T*3 ~i f*» sS ^ * i^40. V L ^ \n ■i 03 '4 ^A t% , - s ^ ^ ri^j * 1 3 ^3 ^ y ^1 PLATE LI >1 ^4 -r4^ hi H i J * ;\< -J Mfevj 4 Characterisation, especially by Letters 495 The weather is improving here and the lilacs, laburnums, etc. will be glorious when the sun shines. There was a chilly geographical river party yesterday to see the Franklin remains at Greenwich, which I did not care to join. What is Arthur Galton's address in Sydney? I owe him a letter of thanks for a published lecture which he recently sent me (unaccompanied by an address). The following is the Speech delivered by the Public Orator on presenting Mr Francis Galton, M.A., F.R.S., of Trinity College, for the honorary degree of Doctor in Science*. Sedes olim sibi notas hodie revisit alumnus boater, qui flumine Nilo quondam explorato, et Africa Australi postea perlustrata, velut alter Mercurius omnium qui inter loca deserta et inhospita peregrinantur adiutor et patronus egregius exstitit. Idem, velut alter Aeolus, etiam ipsos ventos caelique tenipestatcs suae provinciae audacter adiunxit. Hodie vero Academiae nemora nuper procellis minium vexata non sine misericordia contemplatus, e frondibus nostra caducis capiti tam venerabili coronam diu debitani imponi patitur. Tempestatum certe in Scientia iamdudum versatus, ventorum cursus tabulis fidelibus olim mandavit, gentesque varium caeli morem praediscere docuit, laudem philosopho cuidam antiquo a Xubium choro Aristo- phanico quondam tributam uno saltern verbo mutato meritus : ov yap av aXXto y waxowai/iev twv vvv fx.eTto>po\oyom'Tv. Longum est avorum et proavorum ingenia magna in ipsorum progenie con- tinuata ab hoc viro, Caroli Darwinii cognato, virorum insignium exemplis illustrata percensere. Longum est tot honores titulosque ab ipso per tot annos cunmlatos commemorare. Hoc autem in loco, eloquentiae eius undecim abhinc annos conscio, instituti anthropologic! praesidem non corporis tantum sed etiam mentis humanae mensorem appellaverim. Inter antiquos quidem celebratum erat illud Protagorae, omnium rerum mensuram esse hominem. Inter recentiores autem notum est hunc praesertim virum hominum omnium, imprimis pessimorum, mensuram ad amussim velle exigere. Ceterum plura hodie dicere supervacaneum est ; constat enim ne optimorum quidem virorum a laudibus abessedebere mensuram. Duco ad vos virum de scientia anthropologica et meteorologica praeclare meritum, caeli et terrae indagatorem indefessum, studiorum denique geographicorum etiam inter nosmet ipsos fautorem insignem, Franciscum Galton. Translation of Dr Sandys' speech by Archdeacon Breefor the benefit of Miss Emma Galton, mid possibly of some of my Readers. The Public Orator, Dr Sandys, in presenting for the honorary degree of Doctor in Science Mr Francis Galton, F.R.S., M.A., Trinity, referred to Mr Galton's early travels on the White Nile and in the Damara- and Ovampo-lands in South Africa, adding that the author of the "Art of Travel," "velut alter Mercurius omnium qui infer loca deserta el inhospita peregrinantur adiutor et patromu egregius exstitit. Like another Aeolus, he had also taken the winds and tempests for his province, and on his return to his former haunts at Cambridge he had doubtless looked with pity on the "groves of Academe," lately laid desolate by a disastrous storm. As meteorologist he had been the first to map out the course of the winds on an extensive scale, and had thus facilitated the forecasting of the weather; the high regard in which he was held in this department of science might perhaps be expressed in language partly borrowed from the < 'h,, nl* of Aristophanes: ov yap av aXXw y vxamwaifwv twv vvv paTempoXoyovvTinv. Descended from the same grandfather as Charles Darwin, he had himself written largely on subjects connected with heredity. His Rede lecture, on "The Measurement of Human Faculty," delivered in the Senate-house 11 years ago, entitled the former president of the Anthropological Institute to be called a measurer, not only of the human body, but also of the human mind. Protagoras had in ancient days taught the doctrine that " Man was the measure of all things." Mr Galton had in modern times taken a leading part in insisting on taking the measure of men in general and of criminals in particular. It was, however, superfluous to expatiate any longer on his merits; even the praises of eminent men had their limiting law and their proper measure. * Cambridge Reporter, May 21, 1895. 490 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Letters of Galton copied from the Originals by Maud Gardiner Odell. " The first letter is an answer to a letter from my husband asking about possible observations and measurements, yielding desirable data, to be made upon infants. My daughter arrived Nov. 5 at Naples where we were spending the winter, my husband being on leave of absence from his work at the University of Colorado, U.S.A. Dept. of Biology." 42, Rutland Gate, London. October 6 (?), 1894. Dear Sir, I cannot help you much. Preyer's books are probably within your reach at Naples. I have received from time to time from the United States pamphlets on the subject. There is now one on my table by a Mrs Shand (?) — California — Part III, this being on a child aet. 3, the preceding parts being presumably about an earlier age. (It is in a cover like the Smithsonian publications.) I have had so little to do with children in my life, that I have not interested myself in the inquiries about them and am therefore too ignorant to be an adviser. I should think that the observation of the increasing power of muscular co-ordination, and that of muscle with will, would be as good a clue as any to direct you. I suppose the colour-sense is developed quite early? I heartily wish you would take finger-prints of the child at the earliest possible age, with a view of determining whether there is any alteration in the papillary ridges during babyhood. I have next to no data for investigating this. They are by no means easy to take, partly on account of the restiveness of the infant, chiefly on account of the very slight relief of the papillary ridges. In effect it is very delicate printing. You ought to use the thinnest possible layer of rather fluid printer's ink, spread on a polished plate, and dabbing the child's fingers on it, dab them immediately after on smooth paper. Don't attempt to get any more than a lightish brown impression — Black is an impossibility. It is clearness that one wants. Unquestionably the most delicate impression of all, is in varnish thickly spread, that has been exposed suffi- ciently long to the air to have a slight pellicle over it. Dabbing the finger on this leaves a beautiful but transient impress, not so transient however as to prevent a cast being taken from it, if the plaster is at hand and in readiness to use. In regard to instruments for measuring the growth of the soft dimensions of a baby, I cannot tell you and doubt much if such measure- ments are ever to be trusted. You would have to exercise a strictly constant pressure. Faithfully yours, Francis Galton. P.S. I am not " Sir Francis." To Prof. John Gardiner. Address to: 42, Rutland Gate, London. July 21, 1895. Dear Mrs Gardiner, Your letter and the most interesting series of prints of your baby's R II reached me on the Continent yesterday morning and I have already gone over them carefully twice, with the aid of such lenses as I have by me. The general result is that about eight points of reference admit of being compared at different periods of growth and show in a very instructive way how the ridges become more and more sharply differentiated. I must wait till I get back, to study them as thoroughly as they deserve. They ought to be photographically enlarged — that is to say, the best prints and the most im- portant of them. This I will do when I return home. On more than half of the days after birth, from the ninth to the thirty-fifth, on which prints were taken, namely, in the first 18 sets of prints, one and sometimes two prints are clear enough to study. These are always the darkest of their respective sets. From the ninth week to the thirty-first inclusive, six sets were taken, but unfortunately not one of these is distinct enough to be of use. I wonder what the cause of failure here can be? Perhaps the materials were not so good. That taken in the thirty-sixth week is quite serviceable. What remains to be done, to thoroughly deal with this finger, is to get some really good impressions now, such as will show the delta as well as the core. For this purpose, if you cannot roll the finger a little, you might take some of the prints slightly from the side of the finger, the thumb side in this case. Also to very kindly let me have some prints, one set in each future Characterisation, especially by Letters 497 year. The result will be to create a truly valuable series, and at present a unique one. I pre- sume that R II means the right forefinger, so that R I would be the thumb, and R III the right mid-finger? Kindly tell me the baby's full name for future reference. If I publish anything about these, should you object to my mentioning names? If you dislike this, I would idenitfy them by initials. As regards the other digits of which you have taken prints, which you kindly offer to send me, I should be very grateful for them. Whatever is said about the R II which I have, would apply to these also. Your zeal is deserving of the warmest recognition. I can assure you that I fully appreciate and am grateful for what you have done. I would be greatly obliged if you would describe the method you adopt of getting the prints — how do you pacify the baby? How do you hold it? What printing materials do you use? I am very ignorant of baby-ways, but my assistant, who tried hard with his baby-granddaughter, found he succeeded best when it was sleepy. I could fancy drilling the child to a game of pat- mid, at the judicious moment, direct two of its pats, the first upon the inked slab, the second upon the paper. I hope to be back in England in time to receive any letter that may be written by you a week after receiving this. With kind regards to yourself and your husband and with every wish for the baby's health in whom I naturally shall always take interest, Believe me, Faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Note by Mrs Gardiner. When my daughter, Dorothy Gardiner, was six days old I sat up in bed long enough to take the prints of her fingers. After that prints were taken every day of all digits, for some time. Then every week — subsequently every month — and later on yearly until she was about seven years old. The prints were sent to Mr Galton — a few of them proving good enough for reference, but the majority of the early ones were not very good. I should judge from the letter above that I sent a sample of one finger only, before burdening Mr Galton with the great number taken. We returned to Boulder, Colorado in August 1895. [Post-card.] 42, Rutland Gate, London. May 7, 1896. Just a line to acknowledge safe receipt of the very good finger-prints. You have (mite acquired the art of taking them. In a few days I shall be free to photographically enlarge them and to send them with a duplicate of those that were accidentally destroyed, and will write then more at length, in the meantime let me say how grateful I should be for the prints of such Other babies as you may hope to obtain repeated prints from, at an interval of not less than about a year, the object being to accumulate evidence for or against persistency during early childhood. Red Indian dabbed prints of the three first fingers (fore, mid, and ring) of right hand only would be very acceptable. In that form, they would be comparable with all my other race collections. Those from school-children would be every whit as good as those from adults. Very faithfully, Francis Galton. [I had offered to obtain prints from American Indians, if desired, through the services of some University Students whose homes were close to an Indian School at Grand Junction, Colorado. M.G.O.] Copied from the Original by Dorothy Gardiner. 42, Rutland Gate, London. June 2, 1896. Dear Mrs Gardiner, At last I have the pleasure of sending the photos of your baby's fingers. My photographer was busy about preparations for the eclipse, hence the delay. Those I enclose are direct from the enlarged negatives; those I send separately by book post, are paper enlargements in the camera, from those negatives. T have not regularly studied them yet. It will take time to go into all their details in the way I want, and I must defer it. You probably will like to examine them, and I think in doing so, you may find help from my book Decipherment of Blurred Finger-prints which my publisher will send for your acceptance. p G in 63 498 Life and Letters of Francis Galton A good way to mark an enlarged print is by a fine needle (not ]>in) prick and making a pencil circle O round the hole at the back, with a number attached to identify it hereafter. (You may prick through a blank paper underneath at the same time, so as to have a duplicate.) The prick holes do not in the least damage an enlarged print. Believe me, Faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, London. November 7, 1896. Dear Mrs Gardiner, The prints of the baby, with "Winifred Palmer, arrived safely, and I have carefully gone through, picked out, and mounted the most effective ones, for future photography. It is indeed difficult to take legible prints of such young creatures. The following seems the most hopeful direction for improvement. In your sets the only fairly clear ones were those taken on the 7th, 8th and 37th days, and all these happened also to be dark. I suspect that on those days the ink was in a more suitable condition than at other times; therefore that great care as to the right fluidity of the ink is an important condition of success. As you are doubtless aware the mixture of a very little "drying oil" makes a great difference in its con- sistency. Another point in these very delicate printings is to grasp the baby's finger firmly and to print from it rapidly. There are signs of its having moved in the great majority of the prints. The marks left by the ridges below the joint are often very sharp and clear, while those on the bulb are illegible. The last thing I would mention is the use of the same sort of smooth paper as the enclosed, which is employed in all those high class illustrated journals in which the delicate photo-process printing is used — such as Harper's Journal. I wonder whether the more or less dampness of the baby's hand has much to do with the success in printing? It is needless to say how much I should prize any more baby prints you may send me. A few, ivell printed, taken at an early age, and not necessarily of many fingers, would be the most welcomed. Of course with the hope of getting prints from the same fingers a few years later. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. [Winifred Palmer is the daughter of Charles Skeele Palmer, at the time of this letter and tor some years Professor of Chemistry in the University of Colorado. I obtained prints of Winifred when she was (I believe) less than a day old, certainly less than two days, and con- tinued from time to time as subsequent letters will indicate. M. G. O.] 42, Rutland Gate, London. July 7, 1897. Dear Mrs Gardiner, Thank you very much for the two sets of ringer-prints. I am glad to infer from the firm, plump marks of your child that she thrives well. Both hers and Winifred Palmer's are very good records and I will put them carefully with the rest. But I cannot now have them enlarged as I am packing up for a summer on the Continent. Thank you also about the hope you hold out, of sending me next September some prints of American Indians. They will be very acceptable. I wonder if by any chance you happen to be acquainted with any authority (of a scientific bent) on American trotting horses and their pedigrees. I ask, because I have just been able to verify a law of heredity (which I proposed tentatively a few years ago) on a certain pedigree stock of hounds. If I could get the racing speeds of the pedigree stock of the trotting horses, with some completeness for three generations back, i.e. at least the grandparents and better the great-grandparents of the "subjects," I could make good use of them. The first notice of my paper (which is not yet published but will be published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, in three or four weeks) appeared yesterday in Nature, p. 235. (That is the name of our principal scientific weekly paper.) Excuse my troubling you on the distant chance of your being able to help me. I know and have written to Mr Weston, Pittsfield, Mass., and I also know of the existence of the American Trotter by H. T. Helm, 1878. Also of yearly Year Books which up to 1896 contained the speed of nearly 13,000 trotters, but I do not know particulars about them. Mr David Bonner of New York (I do not know his further address) seems to be one of the principal authorities. Believe me, faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Characterisation, especially by Letters 499 42, Rutland Gate, London. May 30, 1903. Dear Mrs Gardiner, Your letter of Feb. 23 reached my house while I was away for the winter. Now that I have returned, let me thank you very much for the enclosure of Winifred Palmer's, act. 6 years, prints. They will do very well, hut perhaps as the years go by you will kindly let me have another set when she is older and becomes more submissive to the printer. I should also be very glad of future prints of the other children so far as you can easily get them. There are sure to be some useful points of comparison, which can be utilised. Now to show my "gratitude" (in the cynical sense given to that word, of a "lively hope of future favours"), let me tell you my present needs. I am taking up finger-prints again, from a new and hopeful point of view and send printed papers by this post to explain. You will see that I want two things, of which the second includes the first: ( 1 ) Prints of the two forefingers of many adults in quadruplicate and rolled. (2) Prints as above of batches of relatives of all ages. The circular speaks of a small outfit that would be willingly sent to those desirous of helping, but I hardly know how to send this to America at a reasonable cost. However I will make a trial, believing them to fall under the head of "Printed paper" (etc. or, 1) "Samples." The tin box is this size. [Here follows a sketch of the box in plan and section, showing red india-rubber inker and tube of ink. Enclosed with the letter was a circular of instructions and explanations concerning a "Proposed Collection of Finger-Prints. By Francis Galton."] It can be passed in England as a liter, in a "safe-transit" envelope, together with forms, ami a printed envelope to return it, all for two-pence, in fact they only just exceed the 1 .',v\ov is just what we want — viz. primarily a "set of any living beings naturally distinct from others." It has been used for a swarm of gnats — for the races of birds, beasts, fishes, also in the sense of "the whole tribe of them," as applied to the Sophists. Further, as a race, a nation, or "a clan or tribe of men according to blood and descent." * Extract from a letter of Mrs Hertz from 40, Lansdowne Crescent, W., dated November 17, 1896: "I enclose a leaf torn out (rather ruggedly) from the Programme resume of the popular concert last Saturday. It struck me that the facts therein related concerning Mozart's celebration, if you have not already come across them, might be of interest to you. To me it seems little short of miraculous that he could write out that sublime composition, the Ouverlure to ' Don Giovanni,' while his wife read aloud to him. Indeed the statement that he did so during the night before its performance excites much doubt in my mind. For he would have had to write the part of each instrument separately, and when could the members of the Orchestra have studied and rehearsed their parts ? Nevertheless it seems probable that Otto Jahn, his biographer, a writer of repute and standing, took trouble to verify the main point, which is that he had the faculty of thinking out a composition in its full detail and complete- ness before he set pen to paper, and that he could then write it down correctly while devising a fresh composition, or while concentrating his mind on some quite different subject. Have you met with any other such surprising manifestation of the twofold simultaneous action of the brain 1 Are you on the track of fresh discoveries about the animal whose behaviour and whose motives grow more and more bewildering and perplexing, more and more difficult to control, guide and regulate t " f Meldola's suggestion of this word as a name for what we now term " biometry " deserves to be recorded. It is about coeval with the use of the latter term. When I adopted the word " biometry " for the science which applies the modern theory of statistics to the study of variation and correlation in living forms, I was unaware that Christoph Bernoulli in his Handbuch der Popnlationislik of 1841 had termed the study of life tables " Populationistische Biometrie." Characterisation, especially by Letters 501 What do you think? The question suddenly presses, as I find that the Committees of the Royal Society are formed at its Council next Thursday. Failing a better name I would propose to the Council of the Royal Society that our present title be changed as above to "Phylometric Committee." What do you say? I wrote to Weldon and to F. Darwin in the same sense. Also I should propose to ask the Council to add the words "with power to add ordinary and accessory members." "Accessory" is a phrase in use at the Royal Society to signify, as I understand from Harrison, either non-fellows or paid fellows or both. Do you agree? Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. P.S. I have looked up the Minute of Council under which we were originally appointed. It was on Jan. 18, 1894 — Minutes, p. 71: "...for conducting statistical inquiries into the measurable characteristics of plants and animals." The notice of our Friday meeting is gone back for revise so you will not get a copy before Wednesday. F. G. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. February 15, 1897. My dkar Professor K. Pearson, You will not, I am sure, doubt that I fully share the view that the future of biology lies mainly in exact treatment of homogeneous statistical material. The first thing is to get it. Now the Sub-Committee seems to me better adapted than perhaps any other collection of men that could be named, to do this. They represent between them the departments of mammals, birds, fishes and insects. They know the conditions of rearing and the existing workers, and they have the confidence of the latter. I have already a considerable list of suggested experiments such as would be statistically serviceable. The details of each would be of course a serious problem, so to be arranged that neither sterility nor disease shall interfere with it, and, again, such that will lead to no ambiguous results. After Tuesday's meeting of the Committee it will be more easy than it is now to anticipate, but at present I am in high hopes that we shall ultimately succeed in the really important task of controlling, in a useful sense, a vast amount of existing work that is wasted for want of scientific sympathy, criticism and encouragement. It must always be borne in mind that we are dealing with human workers, who have their own ideas which must be respected and humoured, if we are to gain their cordial co-operation. We have, to speak rather grandly, statesmanship problems to deal with. I trust we shall often have occasion to consult with you as to the best of alternative plans. Just now, we must busy ourselves in finding out lines of least resistance in pushing forward our nascent work. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. I had warned Francis Galton that his Committee, extended into an "omnium gatherum" of various schools of biological thought, would achieve nothing further in the way of "conducting statistical inquiries into the measurable characters of plants and animals" — a prophecy which unfor- tunately was only too soon and too fully realised. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. March 14, 1897. Dear Professor K. Pearson, Pray try and forgive my troubling you with a question. It is whether the enclosed problem is a recognised one and, if so, where I can read about it? I have a big batch of very promising statistics in which it would be very serviceable, and at present I do not see my way clearly in respect to it. Any guidance from you would be most acceptable. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. If, when your proofs of spurious correlation reach you, you could spare me one copy I should be much obliged. A Problem relating to Fallible Judgments. Suppose two kinds of balls, A and B, which differ so little as to be often mistaken for one another when viewed somewhat carelessly, though they are surely distinguishable on minute scrutiny. A rather careless examiner, No. 1, is given a batch of 1000 of these mixed balls, in which there are known to be a balls of the A kind. He has to select out of them the a balls 502 Life and Letters of Francis Galton which he considers to be A. Then each of the selected group is marked with an A,, of so minute a size as to he readily overlooked. A second examiner, No. 2, who overlooks the Aj marks, proceeds in the same way, and each of his selected set is scratched with an A.,. Subsequent investigation shows that: I. a, of the balls marked A1 are truly A. II. a., of the balls marked A„ are truly A, III. a3 of the balls marked Al and A,, are truly A. (Question. What is the trustworthiness, when measured on a scale of equal parts, of the three estimates defined by I, II and III1? Mum. The scale of trustworthiness is bounded, below at a zero point, of no trustworthiness at all, when a = l^i , and, above, where precision is absolute, when a = a. F. Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 20, 1897. My deak Professor Karl Pearson, You were not, as I heard, at the Royal Society Soiree last night, where I had hoped to have thanked you sincerely for the book and for the exceed- ingly kind writing on the fly-leaf. It is one of the great pleasures left me, to know, now that I grow older and stupider, that anything I may have done has proved serviceable to others who, to misquote Tennyson, can "step from my dead self to higher things." I was absent from London all the day-part of yesterday and have only very cursorily as yet looked through the book, but have seen enough to astonish me at its wide range and serious reasonings and at its substantial unity among apparent diversity. You must indeed have had difficulty in assigning a title to it. What an awful time to live in the 14th century must have been to most persons, with its plagues and endemic manias of flagellations, tarantellas and the like, and savage wars. No wonder that dances of death were popular. I look forward greatly to reading the two volumes properly. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Grand Hotel, Royat. August 13, 1897. 5 a.m. Dearest Emma, It is ill news that I have to send. You heard that Louisa* had been ill since last Sunday, when she packed up in good spirits and with much interest for a tour among the Dauphine mountains, beginning with the Grande Chartreuse. But it was not to be. She was seized with a severe attack of diarrhoea and vomiting during the night, a repetition of what she, I and Mme de Falbe had all had in a lesser degree. Still Dr Petit thought little of it on Monday morning, even on Tuesday morning he was not anxious, but she grew steadily worse. The bile thrown out was exceedingly disordered and I think its presence throughout the body poisoned her. She had of course discomfort at times, but was on the whole drowsy. Yesterday she was evidently sinking. I had a nurse to sit up through the night, who awoke me at 2 J a.m. when dear Louie was dying. She passed away so imperceptibly that I could not tell when, within several minutes. Dying is often easy! I believe French formalities require very early burial, probably to-morrow, but I know nothing now. When the people are up and moving I shall hear all about necessary legal formalities, which may take time. This is written to catch the morning post to England. You shall of course hear again very soon. I cannot yet realise my loss. The sense of it will come only too distressfully soon, when I reach my desolate home. Please tell the brothers and sisters. I am too tired to write much, having had long nursing hours. Mme de Falbe is our one friend here, but she was in bed yesterday and to-day with a slight attack of the same malady. Her maid has been very helpful. The landlady is all kindness. The nurse (a religieuse) did her best, and so did the chambermaid, they and another woman got up in the night to do the sad and necessary offices. Dear Louisa, she lies looking peaceful but worn, in the next room to where I am writing, with a door between. I have much to be thankful for in having had her society and love for so long. I know how you loved her and will sympathise with me. God bless you. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * Mrs Francis Galton, nee Butler. PLATE LII Francis Galton, aged 75. Iloyat, July, 1897. Characterisation, especially by Letters 503 Address, 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. Grand Hotel, Royat. August 15, 1897. Dearest Emma, I hardly know how much time has really passed since I wrote, for each da v lias been divided into two or three by intermediate dozes or sleeps and the last week has been terribly long. Dear Louisa was buried with simple decorum yesterday in the cemetery of Cler- mont-Ferrand. The day was lovely, the mountains looked singularly imposing, the English Chaplain, Mr Wilcox (of Battersea Park Road) officiated, and a most kindly and tactful clergy- man, Mr Jennings, the clergyman of St Stephen's in Cheltenham, who is now copying documents at my side, came with me to the grave. The landlord of the Hotel came also, and • I as a perfect courier in managing all the numerous details and formalities. A feeling allusion was made in the sermon of to-day, and appropriate hymns were sung. I shall, I trust, see you for a day before long and can tell more and answer questions. Mme de Falbe has written a full and independent letter to Spencer Butler, describing all she knew, and filling in some needed details. She could not help, or come herself, during the latter part of the illness, being then, and still is, confined to her bedroom by doctor's orders, but she sent a useful maid. You will easily understand how desolate I have felt, but thanks largely to Mr Jennings' tact, con- sideration and manly sympathy, I have already, perhaps, gone through the bitterest period, though I look forward with dread to the most painful task of distributing her familiar personalia, etc. Dearest Louisa, — I have very much to be grateful for, but our long-continued wedded life must any- how have come to an end before long. We have had our day, but I did not expect to be the survivor. I got for the first time in touch with England yesterday, through receiving a telegram from Spencer I Sutler, who is still in London. I thought he had gone to the Engadine. I have had also to-day a telegram from Gifi. These telegrams are a boon to me. People generally do not (and I did not) realise that you can telegraph in English if you please. In any case the cost is only 2d. a word. I hope to get to-morrow, or at all events by Tuesday, any letter you may have sent to Grenoble. < )n Tuesday evening I propose to start home, arriving there on Wednesday evening. I am anxious to hear about yourself; it seems to me that I have not heard for a fortnight, but, as already said, I am astray as to time, and my papers are huddled up in disorder. Of course Bessy will understand that in writing to you I write also to her and, through her, both to Edward and Lucy*. I had not written either to Darwin, Erasmus or Milly, but have done so to-day, and enclose the two latter letters for you kindly to address and forward. Excuse more for I must husband strength. Ever very affectionately, Fbanois Galton. Examination showed the cause of Louisa's long ill-health and final death to be an extremely small stomach and an extremely constricted outlet due to her illness 19 years ago. The stomach was barely one third the natural size, and the outlet leading out of it no larger than would just contain a common lead pencil. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 13, 1897. Dear Mrs Hertz, An absurd piece of ill luck has prevented my yet reading von Lippmann's pamphlet. I am just now sorting accumulations of pamphlets, letters, etc., and the pamphlet in question seems to have got into one of the heaps of unsorted materials, whence in due time it will emerge, but at present I cannot find it. I should be much gratified if he does not lose but reads mine, of which I enclose a copy. There is to me no difficulty in fraternal variation. The wonder would be if brothers did not vary considering the multitude of unseen disturbing influences on the general tendency of like to produce like. In my theory, the prophecy is that so many per cent, of individuals having like progenitors, will be this or that, and it is the nearly exact fulfilment of the prophecy that the memoir is intended to show. The Basset hounds of the same family are by no means all of the same colour, but the per cent, law holds good notwithstanding. Imagine a pair, whose ancestors arc all known, to produce 100 puppies; then, what I prophesy is that from knowledge of the stry I can tell how many of them would be T and how many N\. The "coefficient" expresses that number. It varies according to the case from 96 to 52 in my Table VI. Very truly yours, Francis Galton. •Mr and Mrs Edward Wheler-Galton. The latter appears as "M. L." in later letters, probably to distinguish her from other members of the family with the same Christian names, t ?= Tricolour, JV = Non-tricolour. 504 Life and Letters of Francis Galton 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 4, 1898. My dear Professor K. Pearson, You have indeed sent me a most cherished New Year greeting. It delights me beyond measure to find that you an; harmonising what seemed dis- jointed, and cutting out and replacing the rotten planks of my propositions. We shall make something out of heredity at last; all the more, when new and more abundant data arrive for testing the soundness of each advance. 1 wish many more mathematicians would attack the subject. A mere statement of your results — what can be done — would perhaps help to make people understand that there is a science of heredity, approximately understood at present, but sure to be developed. Let me please keep the MS. for two or three days. I have gone through it superficially twice, but want further time to do it more, thoroughly. I will write again. You are very flattering to me. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 10, 1898. My dear Professor K. Pearson, You overwhelm me with sentiments of gratitude. I cannot help feeling them partly in respect to your most flattering references to myself, but really and honestly chiefly in respect to your furtherance of the just understanding of the effects of heredity. The subject is so enormously important that my own personal interests in it are quite secondary. It is indeed a big work that you are carrying on and which you have advanced to a point at which the results cannot but impress the scientific public, being large and palpable, simple and consistent. I hope on those grounds that you may see your way to publish it soon. It will be a vast encouragement to those who collect and to those who furnish data, to be assured that there is a clear and very important object in view, in collecting them, and that their efforts will not be wasted. Such remarks as I might venture to make, would be of little importance to you. I wish however that you would not mind the appearance of prolixity, in expressing the first paragraph on p. 3 at greater length, so that its meaning should be unmis- takably clear. Also, if you use the word "mid- parent of the 5th order" instead of "mid-ancestry of the 5th order," the word "parent" in that context should be defined. It is true that we say grand-parent, etc., but "parent" strictly means either a father or mother. I am stupid in realising the meaning of the new values of r', r", etc. (p. 8). I wish you could somehow make the rationale of it clearer, as distinguished from the mathematical proof. In the comments, p. 22, on the contents of p. 21, would it not be well to be somewhat more diffuse, in order to do away with the mistaken idea that first presents itself to the mind, that they contradict the well-observed fact that pedigree stock are very "even," i.e. they vary little among themselves. It is the regression that you speak of, and therefore the ratio may well be maintained, all the same. Your coefficient of stability will be of great use and importance. But all is so valuable. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. The cross-heredity is a charming piece of work. It has just reached me. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 25, 1898. Dear Professor K. Pearson, The memoir you send, and which I return, is full of interest to me. The cephalic index seems an admirable subject for hereditary inquiry, making observa- tions on school-children available, and it is excellent too for Christmas family gatherings. The index of conjugal fidelity in a race is delicious! I am very glad to see how closely theory and observation run together in all Indian kinships except the paterno- filial. Not the least of your many achievements is that of "enthusing" (as Americans say) such competent workers as you do. I hope Miss Cicely Fawcett will continue her investigations. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Of course I shall be at the Royal Society on Monday. I am grieved that influenza still grips you. Characterisation, especially by Letters 505 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 1, 1898. Dear George Darwin, Your small son has, I hear, a faculty about which I have been par- ticularly interested in another child, namely the aptitude of identifying the perforated discs used for musical boxes. I wish you would talk it over with your wife, and perhaps make a few experi- ments and tell me the result on Wednesday. The experiments I mean, are by taking the pile of discs and pulling out one of them very gradually from among the pile until he recognises it. Does he know them with equal ease, face upwards or face downwards? How many does he distinguish? At what age did he begin to do so? Am I right (do you think) in supposing that it is a similar act of memory to that of recollecting a hieroglyph or a scroll pattern, or the like, or is there any possibility of suggesting the tune, in the distribution of the holes? I should be very glad of some verbal information about this, as the case I have heard of in Northumberland seems to be a very curious one, hard to explain except on the hypothesis of a portentous memory of patterns. Do you think that you yourself could easily recollect and distinguish the discs? Can the other children? Ever yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 16, 1898. Dear Professor Karl Pearson, Possibly you may intend going to the Royal Society "at home" on Thursday (to-morrow). If so, or otherwise, will you dine as my guest at the Philosophical Club? It is not necessary or even usual to dress. It would, I thought, have been possibly a breach of etiquette, had I written, as soon as I knew it was settled, to congratu- late you heartily on the forthcoming award of the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society. It seems in every way most appropriate. I am delighted at the wisdom of the choice. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. The enclosed card will give needful particulars as to the Phil. Club. 7, Well Road, Hampstead, N.W. November 30, 1898. My dear Mr Galton, I quite realise the difficulty about the term Reproductive Selection, but I sought in vain three years ago for a better, and failing to find one have used it ever since in my papers. I think also that it has something, not very much perhaps, in its favour. Evolution takes place by taking out of the community A, B, C, D, E, F, X, Y, Z, certain members L, M, X, and putting them into a position of advantage for propagating their kind. Anything which contributes to this advantage is selection, a differential death-rate is Darwin's natural selection, it should be Selection of the Fitter as all selection in wild life is "natural." Selection by a differential birth-rate is my reproductive selection; it is selection of the most fertile. There is a third kind — selection by a differential pairing rate, individuals L, M and N pair, or on the whole pair, more frequently than A, B, C, This is also a possible progressive source of change. It can be demonstrated to exist in civilised man, I am uncertain whether it is actual as well as potential in wild life. All these three kinds of selection are factors in potentia of evolution, but the last two involve no destruction. A uniform, non-differential death-rate will still cause progressive change. Thus a selection of Celtic over Teutonic elements in a population might arise without any survival of the fitter, if (i) the Celts married equally frequently with the Teutons, but were more prolific, or (ii) if the Celts and Teutons were equally prolific, but the Teutons married less frequently than the Celts. In both cases we might speak of selection. In the former case we have selection by differential fertility, in the latter case by frequency of pairing. In both, to be effective, the fertility must be inherited or the relative tendency to pair, inherited. The former is what I term Reproductive Selection, the latter is — what? Please send me a name for it, before I find it absolutely needful to coin one. Yours always sincerely, Karl Pearson. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 30, 1898. My dear Professor K. Pearson, It is not so much the word " Selection " that seems to be a stumbling block, as A'eproductire. I did my best to think it out, owing to the fact that the Royal Society paper was sent to me as one of the Referees, and it was a duty to do so. What I then wrote was somewhat to this effect: (1) The termination of the adjective should accord with natural, artificial, sexual, and therefore be "-al," or its equivalent "-ic," for p g in 64 506 Life and Letters of Francis Galton "-ical." Reproductive Selection conveys the idea of a Selection that reproduces itself, which of course is absurd. The termination " -ive " seems quite misleading. The Re in " Reproductive " also, as it seems to me, misleads. It implies the substitution of a unit by a similar one. There is no advance, but it leaves things, statistically speaking, as they were. " Production " is much less objectionable. What is wanted, is to express production to more than the average amount, such as a prefix like " pre-" or " super-" might imply. Rut this might be dispensed with for the sake of brevity. Two words occur to me as worth consideration: — " Progenic Selection" (I won't say Pre-progenic), " Genetic Selection " (I won't say Hyper-genetic). I am afraid that " superior fertility" cannot be expressed by any tolerable word that has "fertile" for its base and ends in "-ic " or "-al." "Proles" is a good word to force into an adjective, " Prolic Selection." I am afraid " Prolifical" would be too cumbrous, and "prolific" is too differentiated a word to use. Your idea, as now expressed by the words " Reproductive Selection," will hereafter become so important an element in all questions of Evolution, that before they are too firmly established I really think it most advisable to change them. It will be otherwise a continual stumbling block to new students. Pray forgive me for all this. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 30, 1898. (2) Dear Professor K. Pearson, I was stupid about " fertile," for, looking into a Latin dictionary, I am reminded of the word "fertus" for fruitful (ferta arva — fertile fields), so perhaps " Pre-fertal Selection " would be the best of all. I will think over your other question. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. December 4, 1898. Dear Professor K. Pearson, The phrase "Prefertile Selection" does not sound right to me. Why not drop Selection and use a phrase, which in full would run "effects of differential fertility on race"? It would currently be shortened to "effects of differential fertility" (30 letters) or even to " Differential fertility " (21 letters). I left London on Friday for three nights in the country and left behind your last memoir by accident, which prevents me from judging how far some such phrases as the above could be substituted for " Reproductive Selection " with- out bungling the sentences. I cannot think of a couple of technical words that should express "the effects of early marriage on fertility," but are they needful? Yet that may not be what you want, rather " the effects of differences in age of marriage on race." What you say about a Committee to discuss and pass new words is prima facie very attractive. Some few men have a great gift in striking out good words. Huxley had it in an eminent degree. Sir John Lubbock used to take immense pains in giving names to species that would suit the genius of the French and German languages as well as our own. I return to London, to-morrow, Monday. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. March 9, 1899. My dear Emma and Bessy, Thanks, Bessy, for your letter. It gives a very painful account of the Lloyds*. There is much to tell: — On Monday I called at Chester St and saw Evelyn Cunliffe. The fact appears to be that Douglas t is by no means in so exhausted a state as I had understood, but is able to sit up in bed and take food and even to get partly out of bed himself. Also that the ear and the lung have both got well. On the other hand, phlebitis has set in, which is of course very serious and the swelling of the wrist continues very painful. It may prove to be an abscess. This was on Monday. I have not heard since. The Horse photos and measures ended very successfully. Thanks wholly to Sir Jacob Wilson a number of big and little difficulties were smoothed away, any one of which would have been fatal. On Monday evening I met him and the photographer at the yard in the Agricultural Hall. A level platform of three rows of flag-stones was laid down on sand shovelled in for the purpose alongside a temporary structure that served as a background. The camera was 30 feet off and a dark room was improvised for changing plates. Mr Reid, the photographer, brought 36 slides and during the process refilled 24 of them. Tuesday morning * On the relationship of the Galtons to the Lloyds: see our Vol. I, Plate C in the pocket at the end. f Sir Douglas Galton, the engineer ; he died from blood poisoning in the same year. Evelyn Cunliffe was his elder daughter. PLATE LIII Francis Galton's Great-Niece Evelyne Biggs — Mrs Guy Ellis. Compare Plate XIV, Vol. i, and Plate XLVIII of the present volume. Characterisation, especially by Letters 507 was fair in Rutland Gate but as I approached the Agricultural Hall the fog began and worsened until at 9 a.m., the time for beginning, nothing could be seen at a short distance! However, in time, the day cleared, with the result that all the horses selected for making the final judgment were taken. The only mistake was in not securing a lighter background. My stall' consisted of the photographer, his son who did the main part of the work, and a most intelligent stud-groom (whom he borrowed from Lord Arthur Cecil to help him) and two collegiates sent by the Veterinary College to make the measurements. There were others in the yard, besides the groom that led in each horse in turn. I was surprised at the facility with which they placed them. Of course some of the beautiful brutes stood on their hind legs and pawed in the air, and others kicked fore and aft, but on the whole they were hustled into place, and in every case stood on the middle row of flags which was only 25 inches wide. So all the photos are in standard position. I wanted to mark the position of the hip bone and did so with paper wafers, each the size of a shilling, with a dab of very thick paste in the middle, which was laid on with a little spud, that I cut from a pencil. It was held by its edge, clapped on the right place, and adhered | \Cd> firmly. They told me that the grooms were puzzled as to the object, but on the whole thought it was a mark of distinction, so they left them on and in the afternoon parade there were the spotted horses! It must have puzzled the spectators. I was standing about helping, on a coldish day from 9 to 2 ; then there was lunch, and afterwards the final judging, but by 4 I began to feel cold, and left before being formally introduced to the Duke of Portland, etc. It certainly teas cold (to me). A friend of Edward's, Sir John Gilmour, to whom I was introduced, asked me for some particulars, but at that moment my teeth were chattering so that I could hardly reply intelligibly. The upshot is that I have got material for a useful little paper, but time will be needed to work it up. I shall have the photos* sent to me abroad, to work at when otherwise idle. Yesterday Frank Butler came for final instructions. He will act altogether for me, in emergencies, and will answer my letters, which will be forwarded to him. His address is A. Francis Butler, Esq., Haileybury Cottage, Hertford. I will take every care of Eva Biggs t- She comes to me on Monday. I want to tell Edward Wilder about the photography but have little time just now to write more. Will you send this, therefore, to him? Ever affectionately, with much love, Francis Galton. At SKA, past Lisbon. March 21, 1899. DEAREST Emma, I begin now, as there will probably be hurry and sight-seeing to-morrow morning at Gibraltar. The sea has been unexpectedly favourable, but weather is so cold that I have used all my wraps the whole day and over the bedclothes at night. Eva and a very few other ladies have been squeamish and sick and she is not yet quite right, though sitting on deck. It is a wonderfully well-arranged steamer. WTe each of us have had the good luck of having a cabin all to ourselves, which, as a cabin is 6 ft. 3 in. long, the same or a little more in height and 6 ft. wide, is luxurious. With two in a cabin it would be rather hugger-mugger, at the best. The ship rolls so slowly, it takes 17 seconds to roll to one side and back again. There is no jar or smell of steam engines whatever; the ship seems propelled by attraction or some other smoothly acting force. This is the section as I under- stand it. Nobody but the ship's officers are allowed on the upper deck, but we walk and sit mostly at A, which is under the eo\er of the captain's deck and very pleasant to be in. We can walk along B but it is much narrower than A. The first class passengers are separate from the and walking all round their part at A is just , ', , 1 1 1 of a mile, as I find; so 10 "laps" are 1 mile. They feed us nver abundantly. Esehbach (the courier) makes a capital lady's-maid for Eva, and evidently knows all a courier's duties very perfectly. There are about 100 first class passengers, some pleasant to talk to. I think much of you all, also of the great sorrows left temporarily behind. So much for the present. •These photographs have disappeared entirely, and Mr Reid informs me that after taking two sets of prints he destroyed the negatives. Alas ! f Galton's great-niece was about to travel with her uncle for the first time, and Spain and Tangiers were to be visited. G4— 2 508 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Wednesday midday. March 22. Yesterday was calm, warm and enjoyable. We reached the neighbourhood of Gibraltar during the dark and got up quite early to see the grand outlines of the hills and a brilliant planet. Some time after the day broke and ultimately we landed at 7 a.m. Then we took a walk and afterwards a pleasant hour's drive under the big rock, then to breakfast at 9i and a sleep after. It is quite warm, flowers in masses and green all about. To-morrow (Thursday) we reach Ronda late, sleep two nights there and reach Hotel Madrid, Seville, on Saturday to stay there nine days, that is over Easter Monday. Eva is very bright and has been practically free from sea-squeamish- ness since yesterday afternoon. We both left the ship with some regret, having begun to enjoy sea life and having made various acquaintances. I quite see how pleasant it might be to take summer cruises on these big ships with a party of friends. Good-bye now, with best love to Bessy and to all. Ever affectionately yours, Fhancis Galton. Note the Id. Gibraltar stamp on the envelope. Address up to April 9, midday post, H6tel Washington Irving, Granada, Spain. Seville, morning of April 3, 1899. (Your letter of Tuesday, March 28, arrived last night, Easter Sunday, 5 or 6 days on the road.) Dearest Emma and Bessy, It seems so odd to have only just received a reply to my Gibraltar letter, for though we have been only 1 2 days in Spain, it seems to have been months, and we have been eight days at Seville, doing something fresh every day and getting a more complete change of ideas in a short time than I had thought possible. Eva is a capital companion and Eschbach is quite a first-class courier. Though old and half-blind, he always knows every- thing or finds out everything we want. He is always at hand and ingratiates himself everywhere. I would back him and Gifi, each in their way, against any men in their profession whom I have seen. The religious processions and church services were almost constant in the late afternoons of Thursday and Good Friday, and in Saturday morning's service the "veil was rent," pistols fired, bells rung everywhere and Lent was over. We drove out to see the bulls, which had just arrived and had been driven along with belled oxen to keep tbem quiet ; they were in a paddock beyond the suburbs. All fashionable Seville was there, and the bull-fighters too. Nay more, Eschbach made friends with one of them and suggested that we should take him inside our little open carriage, to explain everything, which we did, to our mutual satisfactions. He chattered away and was most amusing and gave us a good lesson in elementary Spanish at the same time. He was quite a natural gentleman. Of course I went to the bull fight, which did not horrify me as I had expected ; I found it full of interest. I won't go into details, though they differed in importance, as it seemed to me, from what others have said. The six bulls between them tossed and killed at least a dozen horses and the riders got ugly falls, but none were hurt. The bull heaves them in the air, rider and all, with his great force. It is not a rapid dash that he makes at them, but a murderous business-like push, working his horn deeply in. I don't mean that all four legs of the horses were lifted off the ground at once, but three of them were sometimes, and always two. Every one of the six fights had its peculiar features, and it is this variety of incident that makes it so attractive to Spaniards. Moreover there is no cry of pain, no visible sign of pain to curdle one's blood. The badly wounded horses still obey the bridle, showing that they are not in any agony. One must not read one's fancies into facts. The squeal of a scared rabbit affects my own nerves more than anything I saw in the ring, and the feats of cool daring and agility were marvellous. I am glad though, that Eva did not care to go. She had her experience, by lighting her mosquito curtains by accident, while dressing for dinner. The blaze was furious, but there is so little material in them to burn, that the body of heat was really small and insufficient to set a house on fire. It is like those futile attempts to light a coal fire with a newspaper only. She was neither hurt nor frightened, but was wet through by pouring the contents of two big cans of hot water and two jugs of cold water upon the blaze and partly on herself. She sketches much and makes many studies of heads, and goes about to churches in Bessy's beautiful black lace shawl as a mantilla, having been well instructed in the art of wearing it by an Anglo-Spanish lady, who vastly admired the lace. We have both been quite well, except that I was slightly out of sorts with a usual traveller's ailment for two or three days. As to my old cough, it has gone away, though the throat does not seem yet to be quite strong again. It betters every week. We leave here to-day (Monday) for Cadiz, cross to Tangiers Characterisation, especially by Letters 509 by (seven hours) steamer on Wednesday, and then plans are uncertain for a few days, but we ultimately get from Morocco somehow to Malaga and thence on to Granada, which, as our time- table now stands, we should leave on April 14; but I dare say we may find it wiser to give more time to this forthcoming and most interesting bit of travel. It is perfect English summer here. I began writing this letter at 6 a.m. this morning, with the windows wide open. The sky has been cloudless for many days and we read with wonder about snow, not only with you, but at Nice also. It is a grievous affair about the Earl of Warwick's property. I will give your messages to Eva, but must close now for the post. With best loves to all. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Tell me about your own health when you write; please do. Address next to: Hotel de Rome, Madrid, Spain, but I shall not get there till about the 18th, and propose staying till the 25th, at least. Dearest Emma and Bessy, Your joint letters of April 1 reached me to-day at Tangiers, Thursday, April 6th. We were called out of bed yesterday when in Cadiz at 4| a.m. and finally, in such a bustle and clamour, landed here about 2 p.m. ; since when we have been busy sightseeing. It is such a very Oriental-looking town with crowded streets of costumed natives; a most complete change after Spain. We passed Cape Trafalgar, and Eva made sketches as we did so, and has copied and will send herewith one for you, Bessy. What a historical part of the world we are in! Cadiz is a flat Portland Island, connected with the mainland by a long narrow strip of land, corresponding to the Chesil Bank. We had a breezy passage, calm sea at first and then abundance of "white horses." Among other things here, we saw a snake charmer who put out his tongue for the snake to bite, which it did very thoroughly, opening its mouth very wide and fixing on to it. Then he put out his tongue for us to see and sure enough there were the two bleeding punctures made by the two teeth. Then he chewed straw for a while, and putting out his tongue again — hey presto — it was healed. I called to-day on the wife of the British Consul, Lady Nicholson, to whom Mrs Robb gave me a letter. He is the son of an old acquaintance of mine, Admiral Sir Frederick N. (no relation of Marianne's*) — such a beautiful situation and gardens. Sir William Dalby, the aurist, turned up to-day, and gave me a full medical account of Douglas's last illness. The details were much as I had heard from Marianne, but he did not think his sufferings had been so terribly great as she seemed to think, when speaking to me about them. He, his son, Eva and I have been to a Moorish coffee-house with singing, and in the middle of our cups were rushed out to see a Moorish bridal procession. The paving of the narrow streets is atrocious, but I have not yet had a tumble. My cough came on a very little in consequence of a draughty railway carriage from Seville, and it was fortunate for me that it did, for I was hesitating about accepting a very flattering invitation to the jubilee in July of a university in America. They wanted me to give three lectures or conferences, said their usual fee was .£100 but begged me if I did not think that enough to ask for more, and assured me of various honours. The writer is a man I highly esteem, he is the President, but I am not strong enough ; my voice might fail and I should disappoint. But I am sorry to refuse, having some new things to say that appear suitable for the occasion. Anyhow I have refused. I must close the letter now for to-morrow morning's post, and send Evelyne's sketch with her best love. The yellow in the sketch seemed to be pure sand. There is of course much more to tell that has interested us greatly, but it is hard to explain briefly. We are both in excellent health. Good- bye, best loves to all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I am glad, dear Emma, of the fairly good account you give of yourself and hope you are now regularly in Cor spring at last. It is too hot here in the middle of the day for out of doors and we always have taken a long siesta then. It has been a very healthy life. You must not risk measles, though the risk may be very small. * Marianne Nicholson, wife of Sir Douglas Galton. S 510 Life and Litters of Francis Galton Hotel Washington Irving, Granada, Spain. Friday, April 14, 1899. (But please address up to midday post of April 20 to Hotel de Rome, Madrid, Spain. If a little later, I think the letters will be forwarded, I will certainly tell them to do so.) Dearest Emma, Your letter of April 8th welcomed us on arriving here last night. We have continued to have great variety of interest and pleasure in the journey and are both quite well and happy. At Tangiers we stayed five days and made several acquaintances, among them an English lady whom I had long greatly desired to see, the widow of the late Sheriff of Wazan. My friend, Dr Spence Watson of Newcastle, wrote a book about her, long ago. She was a handsome girl (? a governess) some 18 )'ears ago and the Sheriff of Wazan, who is a sort of rival Emperor of Morocco and of most holy Mussulman origin, but who affected European ways, met her. They mutually fell in love and married, she going to Wazan, continuing Christian and wearing European dress, but of course much shut up, and he remaining the religious and temporal head of a large and fanatical community there. She did her part with great tact and got on excellently. At length her husband died at Tangiers, and left her with two sons and an adequate property. She is now a plain, sensible, rather brusque but very kind, middle-aged and fattish woman. We quickly became great friends and she told us any amount of her experiences. The people kiss her hand and her shoulder which is the correct homage from an inferior, and she showed us the house and room where the Sheriff died and which her eldest son, for whom she has just found a correct Mussul woman to marry, is to occupy. The trousseau box was gorgeous to look at. All this was quite a feature in our stay. On Monday wo sailed to Spain again, opposite to Gibraltar, and went in seven hours to Malaga, where there are wonderfully beautiful gardens to be visited, all sorts of tropical trees and clumps of bamboos, but I thought them as muggy as they are beautiful. Yesterday, ten hours railway brought us here, to stay for three or four days. Then we go to Cordova where (at the Hotel Suisse) I may possibly find some letters. After that to Madrid till the 25th, then to the South of France, then to Hotel de la Poste, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy de Dome, France, which I hope to reach about May 3, and home by about May 7, or a few days later. Eva is a capital companion, always cheer- ful and punctual and interested; moreover she always sees the good side of things and of persons. Eschbach continues to be perfect. We are idling this morning, as I have many letters to write, and the weather is a little dull and unsuitable to give an excellent first impression of the Alhambra, to which I am now close by. You will have missed Bessy during this week ; give her my best love, of course. I am so glad the bicycle tour was a success. What a scandal it is about the Warwick and the Beaufort properties, and to think too of the Stoneleigh pictures! I gave your letter to Eva to read, so she knows of your messages and will write. I am very glad that Guy has a free passage to England and another chance for his career as a soldier. Amy Johnson's is a sad case. I trust she will be guided by her lawyer's opinion (Win. Freshfield) before going to law. She told me the whole matter. What fun about Lady Harberton ! I hope Punch will make something, good-naturedly, of it. About Lady Stanley, she was a kind friend. Louisa and I stayed some days with her, near Holyhead. Your "ups" will I hope increase and the "downs" diminish as the weather gets warmer. It was like midsummer in Malaga, but this place is 2000 feet high and cooler. Best loves, ever affectionately, Francis Galton. [Enclosed with previous letter.] H6tel Washington Irving, Granada. My dear Aunt Emma, Your letters are such a pleasure, Uncle Frank gave me the one of last night to read. I don't suppose he ever mentions, his cough, so I will tell you about it. It has never actually gone yet, but is much better and he looks very well and is tremendously energetic, the Spaniards all ask me his age, and won't believe it when I tell them; you should see his complexion when he is on the sea, it is splendid, just like Sophy's when she is very well. He is really a perfect person to travel with, because he never fusses or gets impatient or grumbles if we are kept waiting ever so long for food or luggage ! I hear from Sophy as usual with accounts of you; a letter from her last night tells me you were "in your tea gown and very delightful" when you last met. Poor Mr Lloyd, I am so sorry he is still so ill. I wrote to Gwen from Cadiz, I felt so very much for her and was truly fond of Mrs Lloyd. I am so happy out here, I love the Spaniards, they are so kind and polite to us, but all the same they are poor creatures and not a bit strong-minded or intellectual, but so picturesque. We hardly Characterisation, especially by Letters 511 ever see any English, if we do they are men and rather second-rate. Plenty of fat overfed Frenchmen! Very much love to you and Aunt Wheler, Your ever affectionate niece, Evelyne. Uncle Frank was a saint over my fire, wasn't it dreadful! I am ashamed of myself. I did not burn Aunt Wheler's mantilla, but my evening bodice and night-dress and dressing-gown. Extracts from Letters of his Sisters to Francis Galton. 5, Bertie Terrace, Leamington Spa. Friday, April \Uh, 1899. Erasmus goes to-day to Ryde, and will stay there till June — He says — Vessels without sails to steady them, must roll — In his clay, a three-decker scudding in a gale of wind, having so much top hamper, caused by three tiers of guns, took he believes nearly 30 seconds in recover- ing herself — I wrote him word, what you said, about the Packet rolling* E. S. Galton. Tell Eva that Gussie went with Sophy Bree t to see the Twins. It appears they can't speak English, only Hindustani. Margot sat on the rug listening to the conversation and hearing Gussie say "Sophy Bree and the Archdeacon..." Margot with a face full of fun mimicked her, saying "Soapy Bree and Archchicken" to their great amusement E. A. Whelek. Address up to April 29 inclusive, to Hotel de la Poste, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy de Dome, France. Madrid. April 21, 1899. Dearest Emma and Bessy, Your letters of Friday 14th were here on our arrival last night, which had been delayed two days by our taking Toledo by the way, instead of doing it, as was intended, during our stay at Madrid. Nothing can have been more successful than our tour thus far; perfectly healthful, full of interest, while Eva is a model companion with abundant artistic pursuits of her own; so, on the few dull days, I take to my arithmetical figures, and she to drawing human figures, and we are both happy. In an hour or two, we go to the grand picture gallery which is the last great sight left to us in Spain. It is grievous to come north already. The glorious vegetation of S. Spain is now left quite behind, and Madrid has a northern and Parisian look. But all good things must finish, and so must this long-looked-for journey. I gave both your letters to Eva to read; it was she (not I) who drew for you the sketch of Cape Trafalgar. What a budget of news you send. I chanced to see Lady Frere's death J in one of the few English papers that I have lately come across. It was very suitable that she should be buried in St Paul's. I am very glad that Darwin § seems distinctly better. The coming summer will bring pleasure to you all. Eva asks me to say how interested she is to learn that the "bat" pattern, which Lucy is working, comes out well. If a bat is a symbol of sleep, a mosquito should be one of wakefulness. We have not however been much teased by them. There are none here, not even mosquito curtains, nor at Toledo, which has the repute of being the centre of Spain. We shall stay some four days here in Madrid (Hotel de Rome), then a hateful railway journey of some 18 hours to Barcelona, after which all will be straightforward. There are two ancient feudal towns in France that 1 have always longed to see and which are on our way to Clermont-Ferrand, viz. Carcassonne and Aigues-Mortes. Very amusing about the "twins and Archchicken." With best loves, ever affectionately, Francis Galton. So glad that Bessy enjoyed the outing. Address up to May 1 inclusive to H6tel de la Poste, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy de Dome, France. I propose leaving Clermont-Ferrand early on May 5tli and to be home on or about May 7th (Sunday). Madrid, on the point of starting. April 26, 1899. Dearest Emma, We have done Madrid and leave in three hours for Barcelona, thence by Carcassonne, etc., to Nimes and to Clermont-Ferrand. Nothing could have been more successful * See our p. 507 above. t See the first footnote p. 494 above. Gussie, Augusta B. Stewart, Herman Galton's second wife. { Wife of Sir Bartle Frere. § Gal ton's brother. 512 Life and Letters of Francis Galton than our journey. Eva's many good points as a companion have made it very pleasant throughout) and Eschbaeh takes off all trouble. He trots us about and arranges everything and I believe would be prepared to wheel us like two babies in a double perambulator. We have been at least four times to the picture gallery, mainly to see those by Velasquez. Moreover we have picked up pleasant acquaintances, and a half-English lady, who is married to a high Spanish official, to whom I had a letter of introduction, has been most friendly. We gave her a drive in a smart carriage yesterday into the Queen's private park and she comes here to tea at 4 to-day ; we start for the railroad at 5. I have a little really good English tea, which we learnt that she prized. She knows numbers of English persons whom I also know, and we much enjoy each other's company and talks. Moreover she tells Eva about art matters and parasols, boots, etc. The finances of the Spanish upper classes are seemingly greatly reduced through the war. An English sovereign changes for 30 Spanish francs (pesetas) instead of the customary 25, so the purchasing power of their incomes is reduced one-sixth by that cause alone. We failed to see either the Queen or the King, but have done the palaces and all very thoroughly. The Premier had had a long call at our friend's (Sefiora G. de Riano), just before we arrived to take her for the drive ; she was however reticent on Spanish politics. We have a long railway journey before us; the train starts at 6 p.m. and does not reach Barcelona until 11 a.m., where we shall have dipped down from the highlands of Madrid, above 2000 feet, to the level of the sea and to mosquitoes, of which we have not had one specimen since leaving S. Spain. Of course I have engaged sleeping berths. Barcelona is said to be a beautiful place. In the bull fight here, that I saw, one of the six bulls leaped over the barrier twice, among the people behind it. Also two of the bull fighters were knocked over and one of them hauled himself clear of danger by laying hold of the animal's tail and coming out between its hind legs. It was a terrible looking business, but neither were really hurt and both did some very plucky feats after a little rest. Two of the horses were lifted wholly in the air with their riders, all four legs being in each case off the ground at the same time. A bull when he has been tired is not so quick as the quickest of the men, who will let him rush at them without any red cloak or other thing to distract his attention, but he seemed to me quicker than most of the men. Many bulls jump and bound in the air like buck rabbits. It is a very strange scene altogether, and certainly a fascinating one. I have ever so much to tell, but it would be tedious to you to hear details about places you do not know. How I wish you had health and strength still to enjoy travel. Eva begs me to send her very best love with mine to you and Bessy. I trust that Darwin's betterment continues. What a pleasant outing Grace* seems to have had. Ever very affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 13, 1899. Dearest Emma and Bessy, It was so very pleasant getting your letters when I arrived here on Monday evening, but I wish, Emma, that your account of yourself was better. I have waited writing, wanting to propose a day to come to Leamington, but things do so press and I cannot even yet get through arrears. Besides, Eva goes home with her brother, Walter t, on Saturday. I want her father J to lend her to me a good deal, and she wants to come. I wrote, and so did she, a week or more ago to Sophy about it. Of course they are short handed at Ettington, and it will be difficult for her father to spare her, but if she could make my house a good deal her home and be with me again when abroad, it would help me a great deal. The people I have talked to, insist that I ought to spend future winters in sunny lands ; that my throat and cough are well-known ailments of advanced life, and that there is no option but to go. Of course, I shall inquire further, but this prospect has to be faced, so I have arranged gradually to drop my only two scientific ties to London, and to keep myself free to go next winter. Then again, of the brief six months between now and then, I may be ordered to Royat to give the throat more strength, for though all regular cough has long since gone, I feel the * Tertius Galton's wife. t The Rev. Walter Bree Hesketh Biggs, brother of Eva Biggs and of Sophy Bree, and Vicar of Ettington. See our Vol. I, Pedigree Plate A in pocket. J The Rev. George Hesketh Biggs. Characterisation, especially by Letters 513 tendency is still, there, and I might have a bad attack of it if I got a cold. One must submit. Forgive this long story. I am quite well now and full of engagements. We go to-day to lunch with Lionel Tollemache at the Crystal Palace Hotel. Next Sunday I go to Mrs Simpson (nee Senior) who now chiefly lives near Guildford (I think you know her). Then there is to be a grand affair of three days, beginning on May 31, at .Cambridge — "the Stokes' Jubilee." Then comes a big dinner in the City, at which the Duke of Northumberland presides. It is the Centenary of the Royal Institution and is given, I fancy, by the Secretary, Sir F. Bramwell. Eva is a capital companion and I shall miss her much. She is exceptionally good-tempered, prompt, and inclined to see the best side of men and tilings, and she takes her part well in entertaining. Mr Henry, the Chief Inspector of Police in India, dined with me on Tuesday. He uses finger-prints in India (all India and Burmah), exclusively as a means of finding out whether prisoners have been convicted before, and he has got a law passed in India to allow the evidence of experts on finger-prints to be accepted in Courts of Law. He will read a paper at the British Association (which meets at Dover on Sept. 16) upon it. Hubert Gal ton's brother- in-law, H. Clifford of the Malay Peninsula, is in town. They two, and their wives, come to dinner on Tuesday. My news is much scattered ; many small things difficult to bring into one. Lady Galton has gone to Himbleton for a fortnight or so, but will return in a week. Mrs Robb is as gay as ever. Eva and I went to pour out heart-fulls of gratitude for her useful introduc- tions. I was sorry to miss Grace. I look forward to a Monday morning letter. I trust Darwin continues as well as he was when you wrote. Best loves, ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Address to: 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 3, 1899. Deau Eva, The grand doings are just over here at Cambridge. I talked to Miss Pertz (the artist) who asked much after you. Previously, in London, I happened to meet your friend Miss Julia Young, who did the same. I asked her to come and see you when you are with me. You must arrange to see both. The amusing thing was discovering a man whose face I knew and who kept looking at me. He was a chance acquaintance at Castellammare when travelling last year with Frank Butler, and he turned out to be Herkomer. I talked to him about you. We sat near together at dinner last night, and I asked him if there was any truth in the tale current about him and the posthumous portrait of the Hungarian baron*. He exploded with negatives, and I asked him to tell the story, which he did with admirable emphasis. His explosive denials had attracted attention some way up and down the table, and his tale excited roars of laughter. You recollect the story ? He said it was told of many painters, especially, as I understood, of Howies (am I right in the name'?). Lowes Dickinson, the old portrait painter, was next to me and three good pictures of his (portraits) were hanging against the wall of the great Hall of Trinity just in front. The ceremonies and the swards and the trees and the red and all sorts of bright-coloured robes and the niceness of the people have been charming. I shall lie so glad when you come. L. Tollemache comes to town for an afternoon and holds a party on J line 1 '2, to which you must go with me. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. .M. ile Falbe goes to lioyat at about the same time as ourselves. Leonard and Horace Darwin go this month. We .shall hardly overlap them. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. September 9, 1899. Dear PROFESSOR K. Pearson, I have been back three weeks, and on my road northwards saw Weldon at Oxford, and heard of a hitch in the way of granting Miss Lee the doctor's degree. A few days later a batch of papers reached me from the Registrar. The Joint Report of * A Hungarian baron asked an artist to paint a portrait of his deceased father, sending him photographs and verbal descriptions. When the picture was completed, the son came to the studio to see it ; and, looking for a time very sad and silent, said : "My poor dear Father, how you have changed." The story, perhaps, is of small humour in print, but it was otherwise, when Galton told it with the proper emphasis. pom 65 514 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Sir W. Turner and myself had been referred to the original examiners and the whole matter on receiving their report was discussed by the Senate, who sent all the material to myself and I presume to Sir W. Turner also, asking certaiu questions. (They don't want to hear in reply before October.) I thereupon drafted what I had to say and, on returning to town last night (on the way to Dover), posted it to Sir W. Turner. Half an hour after this was done, your letter arrived ! ! About the reaction time idea* ; I send the only account on which I can lay my hand of the pendulum apparatus that I used regularly at South Kensington, and which Groves of 79 (?), Bolsover St made for me. We called it, from its shape, the "A" machine. The jar of sudden stoppage is there prevented by nipping a thread kept parallel to the rod of the pendulum by an elastic band. For your case, I should propose a heavy frame for a compound pendulum. The working part being threads with attached weights, whose periods of oscillation are a little shorter than that of the framework, so that for all the useful part of the oscillating they should never leave the frame. The frame should retard them. The nipping would be either by parallel-rule fashion, one pair of them for each string pushed separately, one pusher to each person, or by a vertical arrange- ment on some simple double-lever, pianoforte-key, plan. I find it most difficult to draw what I mean intelligibly, but it appears to work out quite simply and to require no skilled workmanship. You formula for graduations. I have forgotten all about it, except that I got hold of some useful tables of Elliptic Functions to calculate them by. Please let me have my printed paper back as I have hardly any copies left. I am writing at a strange Athenaeum is in the builders' of the Royal Commission on a Report for Dover. Also I very simple but ratherpretty It was only sent in three or will know the '-/ b. rod fo - push, uifk club, to which we are handed over while the hands. When I go home I will send you a copy Horsebreeding Report, on which I have written have (probably) a little probability paper there, and which (I think) may be practically useful, four days ago, and may be crowded out. I heartily hope you are strong and well again. I have been first for three weeks at Royat in France and then for two weeks in Switzerland, which were marvellously health giving. Yours very sincerely, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 22, 1899. Dear Professor Karl Pearson, I cannot suggest anything useful in respect to your paper (which I return), though if you were about to write afresh I should have been inclined to wish the "Logic of Chance " could be more developed. What a difficult subject it is to treat other- wise than technically ! As to the forthcoming lecture at Leeds, let me suggest a diagram f such as the enclosed (see both sides of the paper). It would take people from abstractions down to realities. Also the topic of " nearness of relationship " would interest everybody. To show it off, the string might end in a little longish bag or bucket, into which the tip of the pointer could be slipped. You could then work the string high above your head and all the audience would see it. You will have a very intelligent audience at Leeds, judging from what I saw there some time ago. Very sincerely, Francis Galton. * See our Vol. II, pp. 219-220. We have one of Galton's old Reaction Time pendula in the Galton Laboratory, wbich I purchased since his death from an instrument maker. f A very rough model of a genometer : see Vol. mA, p. 30 and Plate I. Characterisation, especially by Letters 515 42, Rutland Gate, 8.W. October 27, 1899. Dear Professor K. Pearson, Sir H. Roscoe told rue last night that Miss Alice Lee had got her degree. The mathematicians were however troublesome. In your paper the wording of the most interesting experiment with the poppy capsules seems to me obscure. I am not sure that I even now understand it correctly. I have pencilled "obscure" on p. 33. Would it not be well to use some totally different word for the phrase net fertility! The word "zygote," though a direct derivative from the strict sense of conjugation, seems to me unhappy. I have been seeking for occasion to protest against its use by Sedgwick in his British Association address. To speak like St Athanasius might have done, a yoke divides the persons and does not confound their substance ; it applies to the stage when the spermatozoon approaches the ovum that is pouting to receive it, but not to the stage in which the nuclei of the two have become fused together, and which is that which it is desired to express. I have a parental weakness for my old word "stirp." Enclosed I send a copy of my little British Association paper, just received, which may amuse you. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. G Hotel Karnak, Luxor, Egypt. December 15, 1899. Dearest Emma and Bessy, Your letters have come like the wind and have just reached me. I sent a provisional post-card yesterday and now send a proper letter. Particulars of Lord Methuen's serious repulse and heavy losses have just come here, not names of officers, only the numbers of them. He seems to have been out-generalled, and in other battles also the Boers seem to have shown more generalship than we have done. The Army is doing its best and we can't expect more. It is very very sad; inadequate intelligence of what the power of the Boers really was, and much else. May this terrible experience lead to good. I am glad that Lord Kelvin wrote his letter to the Times. It exactly allots due share to all concerned and emphasises what had already been expressed elsewhere. I am so sorry that Leonard Darwin failed in getting into the London County Council. Lucy* must be very pleased at her prize and com- mendations. How unlucky both she and you too, Bessy, have been with colds. As to the prize- winning cat, on this the third occasion congratulations are effete, so I send a reminder of the serious aspect of cat life. Cats must die. When they died in Egypt, at all events at Denderah, they wen- mummied with reverence; so were dogs. I was at Denderah (D on map) three days ago, and there picked up the mummied leg of a dog, but it might have been that of a cat, and cut off a scrap of the mummy cloth, which I enclose. It might be put between two bits of glass gummed round the edges. The map and pictures, which I enclose, will explain. Our vessel, the " Mayflower," is very like the " Puritan," there represented. It is comfortable having a big vessel with plenty of attendance all to oneself. Some of the people, indeed most of them, are nice or fairly nice. To-day we had an excursion of seven hours including about 14 miles of donkey ride. I was lucky in beast and in saddle, and enjoyed it as much as any horse ride that I can recollect. The wonders are just unspeakable. All I can venture to say in addition to guide books is that the clearings of the very few last years have added immensely to what was to be seen before, especially to the many bright-coloured wall paintings and hieroglyphics. The unearthed bases of many columns have made them much more stately. The only drawback here is that we are aloof from the natives. In a dahabieh one lived among them. On the other hand the convenience of river steaming is great. We start for nan to-morrow and get there in two days. Then wait four days there for a little steamer that between the 1st and 2nd cataracts, and ultimately return here to Luxor on Jan. 1. Then we go to Petrie for a week or so, and then return to Luxor for a stay of at least a week, probably more. I have made friends with a geographical Pasha, who promises to introduce me to people when we return to Cairo. You shall of course hear from time to time. It is rapidly growing dark, so I must stop. With all loves, ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * Galton's niece, his sister Bessy's daughter, Mrs Studdy. 86—2 tlzi& gije 51(5 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Hotel Kaknak, Luxoh, Egypt. January 14, 1900. Address now to Hotel Angleterre, Cairo, Egypt. Dearest Emma and Bessy, We returned late last night from our most interesting stay of a week with Mr and Mrs Flinders Petrie. We had each a room with mud walls, nine feet long, seven feet wide and eight feet high, and a bedstead and empty packing oases for furniture. There was no regular door, but a mat, hung in front of the doorway, kept out the prowling dogs. It was on the desert sand, 150 yards from the palm trees, etc., and the floor of the hut was made by that sand. Every one had to throw away their own slops. A well was dug close by, to supply water. Besides our hosts there were three Oxford men who had grants for making researches, „, . , , . il'it noforc doni* and a Miss Johnson (a lady doctor), the image of Miss Cobb in her early days, I think you saw her then, stalwart, merry and capable in every way. We dined on a table made of three rough deal boards and we ate tinned meats and jams, with bread made in the native way. No milk, butter, wine or spirits, nor potatoes nor onions. But every one seemed in the pink of health, and was at full work from day-break to at least 9 p.m. The quantity and variety of work were quite remarkable; the diggers had to be superintended, there were 130 of them in three parties; everything found was assessed and paid for to the workmen; it was drawn, catalogued and often photographed; bits had to be pieced together and every day some interesting "finds" took place. We had a very pleasant and instructive time of it, but life was very rough. No one wore stockings in the day time, on account of the sand. We were 2J to 2| hours from the Railway Station (7-8 miles). All our luggage went on one donkey, who carried the donkey boy as well. Finally we started yesterday from the station in bright moonlight at 7.26, and reached Luxor (104 miles off*) at 10.40, dusted through skin deep. But a good washing last night, repeated copiously this morning, has made us normally clean. Far more occurred than I can put down here. It has been to both of us one of the most interesting experiences of our lives. I am more than ever taken with admiration of Petrie, and his wife is as nice as possible. The costumes were astonishing at first, but soon the eye became accustomed to them. The Marquess of Northampton, who is cruising on the Nile with his hopelessly sick wife (Lady Ashburton's daughter), rode over on a donkey to see Petrie for a couple of hours, and there was much good talk. I had met him when staying Saturday to Monday with Sir John Lubbock (who I am glad to see is to be a peer), and have arranged to call when his boat readies Cairo. He knows Egypt well. As regards future plans, we have the choice of two steamers to return to Cairo, they leave here Jan. 26 and Feb. 9. You will receive this letter about the end of January and I shall get your reply somewhere about Feb. 15 at Cairo, at the Hotel Angleterre, which will (I think) be about the time of arrival of the Feb. 9 steamer from here. The Nile is so low and shrinking so fast, that it will possibly stop the running of the steamers soon. It has shrunken in width, since we left a week ago, to about that of the Thames at Westminster, if I judge rightly; during the inundation it must be quite seven miles broad. Such a difference! There are very few English tourists on account of this terrible war, very few Americans and hardly any of other nations. The church to-day was not \ full. Doubtless more will come later. There were only four persons at lunch at this hotel, which has table-room for 60. We are sitting out of doors in its very pleasant garden, half orderly, half disorderly. Eva is painting studies of the changes in colour of the only remaining chameleon*. It was the biggest, the tamest and the most interesting. The other two escaped at different times when with the Petries, and were lost. I told you in my last letter that we had met the famous African hunter, Mr Barber. We talked then a good deal about Seton-Karr, who is his equal in that way, but whose adventures are in other lands. Oddly enough, I met Seton-Karr to-day, who had returned two days since from Omdurman and is on his way back by Cook's steamer. I have just waved a parting adieu to him. So much for ourselves. Your nice letters dated Dec. 29 reached me when at the Petries (I think, but am confused). Mr Forsyth's death is another break with old days, and so in another way is that of Sir J. Lennardf. How well I recollect him at old Mr Hallam's. So the Cameron Galtons have left * This chameleon was brought home, but died soon after1. Its skin and some eggs it laid are in the Galton Laboratory. t He married Miss Julia Hallam referred to in our Vol. I, pp. 179-80. Characterisation, especially by Letters .">17 Paris. I am not surprised. I wish my house could be of some use to them, but until Chumley* lias been operated on and is cured, it would be impossible to offer it. I will certainly call on the Miss Homers when I return. I trust Milly and her household have got over their influenzas and that Guy may be finding some opening. I will write to her. In the scanty newspapers I have seen there is no ill news of Bob. It is very gooil and plucky of M.L.'s brother to go out with the yeomanry. I feel very painfully the contrast between my enjoying myself lazily in this glorious climate and the sufferings of our countrymen at the Cape, but cannot think of anything I can iiiiir do usefully, except get thoroughly well. I am very glad that Darwin's cough is not worsened by the horrid weather you are having in England. Ours is sunshine from sunrise to sundown, but it can be bitterly cold on a still and cloudless night. It was so on three occasions at the Petries. I heaped everything on my bed with Eva's assistance, and next morning made a list of what I used. It was necessary to sleep between the blankets because the sheets struck cold; so a sheet was placed on the outside, tucked in at its top round the blankets to keep the fluff off. This was the section of myself lying in bed taken at my feet : 12 A jlillouJ tl ouercott lO Ulster «»>t 9 thin J^ejjer skwul 8 dressing fepwn 7 thick morainQ cost 6 Hie sheet 5 thick J&eger rug 2,3.4-. doubled bl&nkets 1 hot bottle ( (Wjlfb^ -~- My foot in a. sock . Besides this I slept in thick socks, in a jersey, drawers and in complete pyjama suit. Thus I felt warm, but by no means stuffy. The air is so nimble that it gets through everything woollen. Here, as in South Africa, skins and furs ought to be the best. I love your letters. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. f We have had a very nice queer time in the desert, very healthy! Uncle Frank just a little pleased to give up teetotal ways and have a glass of wine! My best love to you both. E. B. Karnak Hotel, Luxor, Egypt. January 22, 1900. But address to Hotel Angleterre, Cairo, Egypt, please. Dearest Emma and Bessy, Your letters of the 13th arrived, as I had hoped they would, to-day. We an- all right, and have taken a bit of a walk this morning; only four miles, but the roads are very dusty and tiring. Donkey riding is the correct thing, but we wanted exercise. You doubtless got my letter (followed by a post-card) a week ago. Nothing particular has happened since. Of the few people here are Professor Macalister the Cambridge anatomist ■ he has gone to Petrie — Professor Sayce in his large house-boat (he comes every winter to the Nile on account of his chest), and Lord Northampton. Lady N. was at church; carried there and back in a chair by magnificent sailors in gorgeous dresses and sat in it by the door all the time. It is most piteous, having had fortune, beauty, rank, and high spirits and nice children, and now to be hardly alive except in the brain. >She is powerless to move and her head is continually agitated by a shaking palsy. Her state is said to be hopeless. Sayce is the «reat orientalist and has been a thorn in Max Midler's side (who has been long very ill, but is now better). .Macalister started on Saturday as we did last week, early in the morning, for Baliana and Petrie. His wife and daughter were left behind to join him at Baliana this morning on their return steamer, but a telegram came yesterday to say that the steamer has broken down so they are at sixes and sevens. There is nothing like an hotel at Baliana and Petrie's camp is a good seven miles off. 1 low they will meet, I can't guess. A beautifully ornamental tomb, as fresh as if newly painted, has lately been got at here. It is not yet open to the public, the air inside * A maid of many years' service at Rutland Gate. t Postscript added by Galton's great-niece, Eva Biggs. 518 Life awl Letter* of Francis Gallon s~\ LJ Edward Wheler must being very bad. Macalister, however, saw it, and says it is more gorgeous than any other he lias seen. But it is of late date, only as far back as Hehoboam ; Abraham's time is thought here to be rather late. The interest now is in the people who lived here be/ore the pyramids were built, ending with about 4000 B.C. There are beautiful Hint knives of far earlier date, the most beautiful I have ever seen in workmanship and iu art. The Nile is very low and is running out fast. One of the people connected with the irrigation told Lord Northampton that he expected it might become a mere chain of pools before the next freshet. Maud Butler returns to-morrow from Assouan, and will stay a fortnight at our hotel, which will be pleasant. I did to-day a somewhat silly thing. They imitate ancient Egyptian things, sometimes very well, at Luxor (mostly to sell as originals), so wanting a small seal I gave them my hieroglyphic to cut on an imitation "scarab" for 4/-. The man proved to be a poor hand and has made for me the enclosed, which is legible but very badly cut. However it will serve its purpose. Both Petrie and an Egyptologist (Dr Lieblein) approved it. I have no right to a cartouche, not being a king, but Maud Butler, whose pet name was "Queenie," might use one. We have had no war news to-day. How glad Bob* must be that he was not fatter, else the bullets that went through his clothes might have gone through his body. Nelson's cocked hat was once shot through; had he been a taller man, he would have died long before Trafalgar. I am glad that Gascoigne Trench is going out. He knows the work that is needed, and is still young enough. Guy's* recurrence of Indian fever will make it unlikely that he should be passed as fit for service now. I am glad that you all keep fairly well notwith- standing the wretched weather you have had. Give my love to Darwin and to Erasmus when you see them next. I am very glad that George Darwin receives those family mementoes. He is the best representative of the Darwin family, and had great affection for the Admiral, of whom he saw much at Malta (I think) when flag-lieutenant to the Admiral's ship. feel the war fever in his veins, from his brother-in-law's going out so pluckily and from his many neighbours doing the same. I see in the newspapers a quoted chorus of disapprovals of Arthur Balfour's speech, which I myself like very much. Professor Sayce has just called and taken us off to tea in his boat. It is the largest and broadest on the river, its yard- arm is 134 ^eet l°ng> so three of them end to end would reach far higher than any English Cathedral ; I think Strasburg is only 400 feet high. v ' ' Eva sends you a drawing of her only surviving pet, with her best love. It is about § scale. Ever very affectionately. Francis Galton. Address still to Hotel Angleterre, Cairo, Egypt. Sunday, March 4, 1900. Posted March 5. Dearest Emma and Bessy, We are still at Helouan (Tewfik Palace Hotel) but the above is our address. The last letter I had from you was dated Feb. 1G ; it was received Feb. 22, and was answered the same day. We are quite well, but are bothered by the difficulties in the way of simply camping out in the Desert, which I thought had been overcome, but are still going on. According to what an excellent dragoman now assures us, there is always a risk with the Bedouins unless elaborate and costly arrangements are made. We shall hear more from him after his inquiries. There has been something of interest nearly every day since I wrote. On Friday I drove with Professor Schweinfurth in one carriage, and Admiral and Mrs Blomfield in another, across the desert and along valleys for two or three hours. Then we picnicked, botanised and geologised for four hours and then returned, after seeing (1) an ancient barrage, built of stones, in the time of the Early Pharaohs, to dam the water when it ran down the creek, (2) some true Jericho roses, of which I send a few (see further on). Tf you dip them in water they begin to expand, almost instantly, into a true flower. The false Jericho rose is the one usually so called, but it is merely aseed- vessel with dryfibres grasping it, and which expands imperfectly and slowly. * Sons of Galton's niece, Mrs Lethbridge. Characterisation, especially by Letters 519 On Saturday, the 24th, my short geographical speech* came off, quite successfully. I will use the letter in French received to-day from the Secretary (in evidence) to wrap up the Jericho roses in. Sunday and Monday were days of heavy rain. Cairo was flooded and the desert was quite wet. We had tea with a Syrian, by name Makarius, who is a literary man and a printer, both in Arabic and in English, and whose acquaintance I made last autumn at the British Associa- tion. He showed me an Arabic periodical that forms a fat annual 8V" volume, and which describes what goes on in the scientific world everywhere. There was a chapter in last year's volume about my latest work (the "Ancestral law," as people call it). We go with him to-night to hear some Arabic music. Tuesday we walked to see some big quarries of white stone, whence files of camels take the stones all day long to the Nile. On Wednesday I had a lunch and a tea party; Maud Butler and her companions came, also Eva's cousins with three children, and Mrs Procter. On Thursday we (Eva and I and a friend) went on donkeys about six miles, to see the wonderful quarries from which the stones were cut, which formed the Pyramids. The stones must have been rafted across the Nile, when flooded. From my window I can see at least seven large Pyramids (including those at Gizeh). I am told that it is possible to count seventeen of them. On Friday Eva and I made a desert expedition by carriage, and then onwards on foot. Yt sterday we went for the clay to Cairo, to do things, and to-day is Sunday. Schweinfurth and Professor Sayce (whose boat is 2J miles off) come to lunch with me to-morrow. The weather has now turned hot, with a southerly (sirocco) wind, of which this month of March is sure to have plenty. They call it the Khamsin wind. Those Jericho roses — they will make a letter unsafe, as the post office people may think they are something valuable. So I have enclosed them in a separate packet, which may or may not reach you, and I send the crumpled letter of the Secretary in this — tear it up. The above was written yesterday. We went in the evening to an Arab concert. The singers wrere five Syrian Jewesses. The room had a gallery round it with muslin draperies, behind which the native ladies sat. The few European ladies v/AVS, WVY^aMoi and all the men sat below. Eva was taken up to see the native ladies yC\G fr ' 1. e j* 9 OOOvVv and says they had very good and pleasant manners and some were very picturesque. They were all powdered on the faces, and the eyes and eyebrows were much painted; not much perfume. Yesterday Mr W. Bearcroft introduced himself. His father was the clergyman at Hadzorf. He is on the engineering staff of the railroad. He had heard that the Cunliffes (Evelyn \) were on the point of going, perhaps had already started for Cairo. I am anxious for home news of all sorts, for Gifi also is a little later than usual with his letter; so also is Frank Butler. I only know that Chumley has been successfully operated on. I hope that Darwin is recovering steadily, and that you, Bessy, have lost your cough at last. Mine is practically gone for present purposes, but I know that bad English weather would soon bring back that peculiar abomination. As for you, dear Emma, you do not often tell me about your- self, so I imagine ups and downs. I hope Erasmus is now quite right. Bob Lethbridge has not apparently been in the late heavy fighting. I wonder how soon the regular fighting will be over, and armed occupation begin. This is only a sort of diary, you must please interpolate many affectionate thoughts in my bald matter-of-fact story. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. The following Postscript from a letter indicates that Galton had by mid- summer exchanged the desert for Pall Mall. The Athenaeum, Pall Mall, S.W. June 29, 1900. P.S. I am enjoying this afternoon at the Club, and my favourite (but unwholesome) afternoon provender is just set down at my elbow, viz. tea and muffins, with a muffineer and a large napkin to wipe buttered fingers on. * Bee our Vol. mA, pp. 158 and 159. r See our Vol. I, p. 53 and Plate XXIX. % See p. 506, second footnote, above. 520 Life and Letters of Francis Galton 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 29, 1900. My dear "chattell" Eva, I am delighted that you are now to be altogether transferred to me and to take charge of my household henceforth. You weren't transferred qui/, as a "chattell " (I don't know how many t's or l's there are in the word) as 1 said in my letter to your father "if she acquiesces " So you will now have "42, Rutland Gate " at the bottom of your visiting cards. I am very glad we shall meet so soon. Violet left this morning. It was pleasant having her. She will get a sight of the C.I.Y.'s to-day. I have not been sight-seeing. It rained heavily till near two, and the ground in the park must now be sloppy. I forgot to tell you that one of the first persons whom I met after you left me, was James Knowles (the Editor of the Nineteenth Century and originally an architect) ; it was he who built Tennyson's house. He told me much about it, which I will tell you. He was staying some weeks at Hindhead this summer and was curious to learn about the Townshends. Knowles was a great friend of Tennyson, and of many notabilities — rather Boswellry in his disposition. Guy Lethbridge made his appearance yesterday, looking very nice and gentlemanly. He has been horse-buying on commission, in Ireland. Tommy and Grizel is wonderful. I finished it last night, after eleven o'clock. The characters "grow up" quite naturally, so it is an exact sequel to the other book. I took Milly and Amy to see Julius Caesar (last representation) on Saturday, and learnt immensely. 1. Julius Caesar is made so egoistic and vain as to be odious to the assassins, or to most of them, and to be insufferably arrogant. So they hated him. 2. Cassius is not a pale thin student^like man, but vigorous and powerful (which his story of saving Caesar from drowning justifies). He is a lean, bilious man, full of energy and hatred, and a very d — 1 as an enemy. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Poor Walter Butler is at death's door, but his state is not hopeless, quite. British Museum, London, W.C. July 19, 1901. Dear Mr Galton, Here is the result of our experiment. How do you like it 1 I do not doubt that with more careful preparation one could increase the area of sharpness a little, but probably not very much. The developed neck irresistibly suggests shoulders, and the best way of restoring it to intelligibility is to bend the print backwards into a cylinder. It is curious and pretty the way in which the square pedestal has come out. Yours very sincerely, Arthur II. Smith. Photograph enclosed. As by the aid of a panoramic camera the whole view round a hill top may- be photographed on a single plate, so the idea in the above experiment was to take on a single plate a continuous picture all round a statue or bust. The result is shown on the accompanying plate. Hotel des Anglais, Valescure, pres St Raphael (Yar), France. Nov. 28, 1902. (We stay on here for quite a week longer.) Dearest Milly, If you can only let your Knole Lodge and get the pretty Prestbury ! I am so glad you are strong again. I am quite well too. The asthma left me more than a week ago and the bronchitis went a little later, so that — pity my sense of loneliness, at missing the habitual cough ! Even a grumbling farmer could hardly beat that. My room was stuffily carpeted, so notwithstanding the pure outside air I had violent bouts of asthma every night. So I had the carpets taken up, and a large sackful of straw that had been spread beneath them for warmth went with them. I feel sure on reflection that all my worst coughs have been connected with well warmed and stuffily carpeted rooms. So I am about to take strenuous measures at Rutland Gate. The floors of the dining and drawing rooms and of my bedroom are to be parqueted. The very old paper of the drawing room is to be stripped off and the walls painted white, like the staircase, and carpets abolished in favour of rugs. So I hope to be able to spend more months out of the 12 in my own house than hitherto. " Hope springs eternal " < - Tab c O 3 s » 0 X .2 "^ 1i -^ O — -^ 02 O 0 S -SH o cS 2 a o St, M Characterisation, especially by Letters 521 Tell Bob * I am sorry not to be in England to welcome him and his wife when they call. It is glorious weather here for the most part, and there are nice people in the villas about, but it is early for the visitors and we are the only two in this big hotel. There have never been more than two others, of which we are glad. Eva does much painting and seems as happy and as well as can be. I have as much work as I can do (which is very little), and am quite happy too, and can accomplish a good four miles walk without fatigue. (Alas, I have accomplished a measured Jfi miles, but with fatigue, in old days.) Hearty thanks for your congratulations. I am particularly pleased with the Hon. Fellowship of Trinity College, Cambridge. Ever very affectionately, Francis Galton. With Eva's love, and both our loves to Amyf. Hotel de l'Europe, Rome. January 8, 1903. Dearest Milly, Twelfth day is past, but it is not too late to send hearty New Year wishes. On Twelfth day just 50 years ago I first made the acquaintance of Louisa and of her family party. We were married in the autumn of that year. The post has this instant brought me tidings from Emma of Darwin's death J. It is more of a shock to me than I could have expected, for many happy incidents of early days crowd the memory. His was a complex character, veins of clay and veins of iron and gold. He was loved by many and admired by many — not, as you know, by all. The most pathetic figure in the funeral cortege would be William Yeates, if paralysis enabled him to attend it. Darwin used to have a terror of death and was extremely moved if he heard unexpectedly of the death of any one he knew. Now he is initiated into the secret and has passed the veil. He is well out of suffering and the sense of incapacity with absence of hope for a better bodily condition. If his infant son had lived and grown up healthy in mind and body, how different his life would have been. T am sure that a candid retrospect would judge his to have been an exceptionally useful one. I can't write more on this sad event. We are most pleasantly situated in Rome and most healthy. Two days ago we had a glorious afternoon on the Palatine among the recently exhumed foundations of the vast palaces of various Caesars. The overwhelming might and magnitude of ancient Rome struck me more than it has ever done before. I hear that your desired lease is not yet signed, that Frank has gone to Durban, but no news about Guy's suffering nerve. When you write — after Darwin's funeral is over — please tell me what your own family news is, and what seems to be the consensus of opinion about Darwin. Emma will I am sure send me Leamington newspapers. I should think that Eddy would much regret his death. Love to Amy from both of us as well as to yourself. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. I address to Blenheim, but believe you are with Bob. Grand Hotel Royal de Sienne sur la Lizze, Siena. April 8, 1903. Dearest Milly, (En route) Alas, your letter of the 12th, or which Emma forwarded to me on that day, and which I am sure was a particularly nice one, is lost, utterly gone astray. Where it now reposes, I have not the slightest idea. We were in two hotels in Ischia and our letters had been addressed to a third, which was not then open, and I suspect that the letter came to grief between those jealous three. And I have been so anxious to hear of you, more especially of late, now that your African sons are probably back. But I am on my way home- wards, hoping to be in London on the 20th, via Bologna, Milan, Cologne and Brussels. We spend Easter Sunday in Milan. Our tour has been most interesting, with interludes of ailments from sewer gas both in Rome and Naples. Our rooms were high up at both places, and the foul air came up the rain-pipes under our noses. But we are fit now, and look forward to the grand Easter music in Milan Cathedral. It was to have been Cologne, but Eva had to spend four days in bed. The glories of the South are great, when there is sun to show them. I have never seen greater beauty of rock, sea and sky than on this journey. Panoramas from the mountain tops both of Capri and of Ischia. Rows and sails round cliffs and a drive on a marvellously beautiful new road, round the peninsula from Amalfi to Sorrento. Also, we have had some simple life * A son of Mrs Lethbridge. t Amy Lethbridge, Galton's great-niece. % Galton's eldest brother, p a in 66 522 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon and pleasant friends; also Vesuvius erupting. It has been an Indian summer to my life. Now it is time to be home to greyer skies. I hear that you sent a sketch of the new house, Prestbury or Edymead. I shall hear much when I return. But I share your anxiety about the boys. I trust all has ended better than you seemed to have feared. The Italian papers are alarmist about strikes everywhere, at Rome and in Holland especially. I suppose we shall get through. The last and only time that I was in Siena before, there was a threat of a universal railway strike, (hiring which, and while reinforcements of soldiers could not be sent, the mob were to sack Milan. But the scheme got wind. Siena was put under martial law while Frank Butler and I were there, and the riots at Milan were quelled, but not without blood. It is curious how soon an army of conscripts feel themselves detached from their countrymen and become ready to fire on them, if ordered by their officers. I have nothing of interest to tell you, but am burn- ing to learn more of Radium. What with it, with air-telegraphy and with Rontgen rays we have suddenly become impressed with the magnitude and prevalence of unseen agencies. It will greatly change the view-point of ordinary materialists. As I understand it, if you constructed a suitable carriage for radium, radium could climb a hill. Fancy self-acting locomotives. Ex- pensive though to make. Love to Amy and to you all at your home. Ever affectionately, Fhancis Galton. Correspondence with F. II. Perry Coste. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 20, 1903. Dear Sir, I have spent 2 \ hours in partly deciphering your letter, and as I cannot easily spare more time now, have sent it to a typewriter, who will probably make out some phrases that still puzzle me. I was too boastful in saying that I had mastered the art of decipher- ment; when the typewritten copy reaches me I will answer it in full, but some things I can say now. I feel thoroughly your difficulties and your zeal in overcoming them, as regards catching the subjects to print from whether fathers or children, and am heartily obliged for your pains. The new Olivers shall be underlined with red in their pedigree. I will study the latter carefully to-morrow. All your pedigree work has thus far seemed very good to me. I fear that I am not likely to find any one at Penzance, who would take trouble for me about the Olivers there. The suggestion as regards Scilly is valuable. I will bear it in mind. Partly from difficulty of decipherment I fear that I have not rightly caught your question as regards the finger-prints of the "odd " parents. Every family pedigree must have an alien fringe, but the odd parent ceases to be alien {/* he has children, but only then. It would be indeed interesting (if easy) to compare the surnames (as from parish registers) at 50 years interval in some small but conservative place. In those I have seen they change, much. You may recollect Doubleday's book, written three-quarters of a century ago, in which he declares that all the families of parishioners, who occupied any notable position, as a rule die out. But the laws of fertility puzzle everybody. Pray tell me in good time whenever you want forms or schedules. I shall be from home on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday next. The typewritten copy will I hope be ready by my return, when I shall be able to answer further. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. F. H. Perry Coste, Esq. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 22, 1903. My dear Sir, The typewriter (Dickens's grand-daughter) has performed miracles of decipherment and placed your valuable letter on clear record. Will you very kindly correct it where necessary and insert a few omissions. I return your letters for the purpose. Please let me have all back. I shall not have returned home till Friday evening. Let me tell an anecdote. The late Sir George Gabriel Stokes was a member for many years together with myself of the Meteorological Council. We protested against his handwriting which was perhaps half-way as cacographic as your own. One day he informed us with a mysterious air that his writing would henceforth become remarkably improved. And so it was ! He bought a typewriter and used it ever afterwards. In great haste for an early train. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. F. H. Perry Coste, Esq. Characterisation, especially by Letters 523 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 29, 1903. Dear Sir, The packet of 50 Puckeys has just come, together with the very legible letter for which pray thank Mrs Perry Coste most sincerely on my behalf. I will bear your suggestions about scrutinising pedigrees well in mind. As yet I have not found time to begin a careful re- vision, etc., of them, but shall be free very soon to do so. I find your notes of relationship, thus far, perfectly clear. Thanks for the hint about the chamois leather dabber. I dab with the india-rubber, which I keep scrupulously clean. The small children make beautiful prints when the ink is spread thinly and evenly and when the children are submissive. It is a good plan just before pressing the child's finger on the paper to direct its attention to the window, then its curled-up finger relaxes at once, and a good print is taken. The " odd " persons are acceptable. As I said in my circular (or in a revised re-print of it) I am just now glad of a large collection of unrelated persons in addition to the related ones. They are wanted for the first purpose to which I alluded, of getting a natural classification. You are indeed carrying through a big work * ; it is most useful to myself. It is impossible not to see evidences of finger-print relationships when outlining the patterns prior to a more exact study of them. I have now greater hopes than ever of extracting much good out of this inquiry. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. F. H. Perry Coste, Esq. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. August 21, 1903. Dear Sir, I had written to the Vicar of Lizard before your second letter arrived, and have had a very courteous reply from him, but he declines for want of leisure. I shall treat Polperro folk as a much intermarried group, and this fact comes out conspicuously in the much greater frequency of arches in their finger-prints, than occurs in the population at large. Their f ~*\. prints have not yet been strictly isolated in my preliminary statistics S/"^****^^ though they will be. At present, a large infusion of them is sufficient to raise '^*- *\ the arch-frequency of a mixed lot. Enclosed I send more schedules and forms. On Monday we move to a house I have taken for four weeks certain, viz. "Manor House, Peppard Common, Henley- on-Thames." It will be better to address letters there for the present. One reason for my going there is to be in the neighbourhood of Prof. Karl Pearson who also has taken a house there. Moreover Prof. Weldon comes down each week-end, Friday to Monday, so biometric affairs can be discussed and especially some problems connected with these finger-prints before I finally commit myself. The ins and outs of Statistics are as you well know singularly intricate and apt to mislead inquirers. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. F. H. Perry Coste, Esq. Manor House, Peppard Common, Henley-on-Thames. August 28, 1903. Dear Sir, (1) The large contribution of < 'urtises, (2) the schedules, and now (3) your letter of yesterday, have all reached me. 1 am working as hard as I can at my material with a niece to help, and am gradually getting it into order. As yet I do not see my way to discuss more distant relations, as siich, than first cousins, but propose to deal with batches of inter-related persons as wholes. It is most remarkable to Dote the frequency with which particular patterns affect such groups, and I shall before long get this into a numerical form. But there is much to be done before I can even attempt this. Thank you much for your otter of help in getting such members of the odd parents' fraternities as it may prove desirable to have. I will bear this in mind. You also say that you could get " 200 or 300 more finger-prints " in order practically to ex- haust the population of Polperro. Of course I should be most grateful for such a large contribution, but I am diffident in asking for so much. The utility would be many-sided. They would be welcome merely as prints, to establish the first of the objects of the inquiry. They would per- haps include something of the native Polperro types, and they would serve in some degree as a " control " series. Should you really brace yourself up to this great additional labour I for my part should be greatly obliged and should value the finger-prints highly. Please in that case take particular care never to use loo much ink. Your fault as a " finger-printer " is blottiness. This * Mr Perry Coste had taken the finger-prints of nearly the whole population of Polperro, a Cornish fishing village with much inbreeding. 66—2 524 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon cannot occur if the ink be spread over the tin box with thinness. Whenever too much ink has been accidentally squeezed out, the superfluity should be removed by dabbing the over-inked rubber on waste paper. The best of all your impressions are of children. One of a child of 2 yean and 8 months is as good as can be. I will give your message to Prof. Karl Pearson. I feel inclined to let Dr Appleton senior stand over until I have got some results and know more exactly than I now do what I shall want ultimately. This place is exceedingly grateful, pure air, breezy commons, and geographical height. Very faithfully, still with many thanks to your Wife, Francis Galton. F. H. Perry Coste, Esq. Manor House, Peppard Common, Henley-on-Thames. September 1, 1903. Dear Sir, First, accept my congratulations on the domestic event and best wishes. Enclosed is a copy of the Oliver-Toms' fraternity. If you want the part that I have omitted pray tell me. Do not think of putting yourself out now, by making and sending the big series of which you so kindly spoke. I propose to make a temporary halting place where I am now, and to work up the material thoroughly so far. 1 have quite enough for provisional results, viz. 865 sets. Let me reiterate how strongly I feel my obligation to you. It is a grand collection that you have made for me and, whether for individual lines or as a group of nearly related persons, it will give me abundance of work and I will do my best to do justice to the large material so laboriously obtained by you for me. I can assure you that I realise the difficulty of printing from the worn fingers of perhaps unwilling and often stupid fisherfolk, but what prompted my remarks was chiefly that in some sets of prints some are good, others blotted in parts, and others again densely blotted all over. One always tries to work up to a high ideal ! Small has sent me three full books taken during his holidays in North Cornwall. They are perfectly beautiful, but they are taken from a non-labouring class. I have not yet noticed the occurrence of any of your Polperro names in his lists, but have yet to examine them thoroughly. I hope you will finger-print the baby as soon as its mamma permits. I have an enthusiastic correspondent in America who began to finger-print her own baby six days after it was born, and did so on every day of that week. From the many dabs I was able to select a complete and very fair set, which I enlarged and have compared at intervals with prints subsequently taken from the same child who is now 5-6 years old. There is no change anywhere. It will become a classical case. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. F. H. Perry Coste, Esq. Letter of Miss Emma Galton to her brother, Francis Galton. 5, Bertie Terrace, Leamington Spa. Thursday Evening, Dec. 17, 1903. Dearest Francis, We long to hear that you are in Sicily, for the weather is not genial, but I see by the Papers the floods have been very bad in Rome and in Venice, but I do hope you and Eva will have a good journey. Your account of Mr Herbert Spencer's cremation has interested us much, and Erasmus has just been here and read it with much interest, and I have shown your letter to some of my callers, and all were so interested about the ceremony. Cameron* called this morning — he and his wife Lucy came on a visit to Grace Moillietf. Cameron was at the funeral at Hadzor yesterday (Wed.) — a very long affair, Incense and Bells and many Priests — Charles Galton officiated — Hubert, Howard and his wife Maud, were of the party who attended. May Barclay's f maid (Mrs Cowie) has written to Temple to say how very kind Hubert and Howard § have been to them ; May had left £100 to Mrs Cowie who had been 29 years with her, and £50 to Mrs Beal, the cook, who had been about 29 years with May, but Hubert and Howard have promised Cowie an annuity of £50, and the cook an * Ewen Cameron Galton, son of Robert Cameron Galton and grandson of Francis Galton's uncle, John Howard Galton of Hadzor (see our Vol. I, Pedigree Plate A, and Plate XXIX). t Wife to Tertius Galton Moilliet, Galton's nephew, son of his sister Lucy. J Mary (" May") Barclay Galton, the only remaining child of Hubert John Barclay Galton. Her mother was a Barclay. § Sons of Theodore Howard Galton, Francis Galtou's first cousin. Characterisation, especially by Letters 525 annuity of £26 and to Ann the housemaid an annuity of £26. The servants will stav on till January Ml to. had thought of all sorts of things for the CanTero„tbut htnTnin" a letter came that Mr berocold was very ill indeed, so Cameron left at 3 o'clock and his Tfe was dfe hiwt, 7 " T t0 g°, i°the Riviera t0 See Mr 'Serocold' as *ey think he will die— na\ing had two operations and being very feeble Edward Wheler writes how very cold it is, and so much snow at Alnwick. My House smells of Puddings and Cakes-and now the Mincepies will be begun to be made. Bessy will have EdwKncf M ^Day-the Studdys* «* a Nephew Studdy and other PeSa.TLS left hv S?. i T> '■ !uanV1" fam^ haVe had t0 Pfty some duty on Breadsal Lodge t, left by Sir F. Darwin to his unmarried daughters. He died 40 years ago, and Aunt Darwin dWytoUiaegp^aers rttttT^f*** ^ "* ^^ ^ should ^ as Annie S^k did, to the Papers. \\ ith much love, yours most affectionately, Emma Galton. Letters to IT. F. R. Weldon. 12, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 12, 1903. My dbab Wkldos, C. Herbst's book fills me with shame at my ignorance-When will yon wake up or another Darwin arise, to consolidate and co-ordinate the mass of scattered ^rb^^eef ttafCCtUm"-ated ° t 'lYr8- \ haVe d,PPed ^P int° the bookfaStC:eveeiea1 m sterinc" t . T t0° W0™?* "" creatures sP°ken about to have any hope of mastering it. Besides, as you say, I read German with difficulty, and don't like it or take cure^urnTet7"^ bl".e..shad°7 "n a W£te. road> (2) Prevention of bronchitis better than cure, (3) purple irises in Sicily while Piccadilly is in mud slush-have been so "fetching" that tha„VW 5 *T!*& my?lf Wit1' 8 fulei«" BradshaW and al" linking ™«ch more definite :^ a If6 D,rmber ** * S°' * W°uid P''0l'a% be> *S direct to Genoa- hen first fin, ,itt f^i™?"^ a duy °r, tW° at NaPleS' and then to cross to ^lermo the n st fine night I am trying to find out the relative merits of the Palermo Hotels, and whether the Igea is really good or only costly and out of the way. Also I heard of a new hotel at Porto I'.no (near Rapallo), said to be suitable for a week's stay, to rest and to acclimafee I Zlst treat myself as somewhat of an invalid. u acclimatise, l must 'fifties S?K dCath maTet ,ne r,T,Sad- He W a" °ld Mend> back to th« 'forties or early I don't want to H ^ J *T feW left TD °f his generation, far fewer of my own. Ye^ LS a^iCBrfe^t*!^- in a gouty and p— ic *~ * Very sincerely yours, Fbancis Galton. Hotel Thinaciua, Messina. March 12, 1904. En route to Lipari— don't address as above. I'kak \\ kldoh, Your interesting letter greeted me here on arrival, after a glorious week a 8, racuse and previously at Cirgenti. You are by far too kindly a crit c. The Lt sTteT u'( of the intended circular are rather illogically arranged and will be altered. You shou Id £' ■ a cuios, y, the corrections made by P. Howard Collins who did so much for Herbert Spence and has been very helpful often to ,„e. He is ruthless, and has (I hear) scored the proof all over as is his wont. Some of his revisions are however always valuable P About the cancer cells-Have not any full series of experiments yet been made on trans itl J °Va "? alTStageS °f thdr development? It ought to be done^oth in warn and cold blooded annuals. Immature spawn in frogs and fish. The separated contents of an ovaT each grafted into some different part of the body of a mouse, guinea-pig, fowl (not neXtiL the :5"";:; ca&ttft;*' »- «sl"«"> «*'—'=- *££?%%% 5-26 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon OQMQ As regards your problem. I dare not now trust myself to analysis and to criticism of formulae ; but have no doubt from elementary considerations that your results are sound. The upward and downward movement* of P depend equally on those of A and of B. If those of A range less widely than those of B, the latter will on the whole have the predominant influence. If A does not move at all, the movements of P will be wholly due to B. Again, the connection between small variability and small Arithmetic Mean value is clear (for symmetrical curves of frequency at least.) on the supposition that negative values are impossible. A quasi-albino race (one witli a small A. M. value) cannot produce individuals who are whiter than white, but if it sometimes produces such as are dark, its curve of frequency must necessarily be humped up against the axis of Y, and its positive tail can hardly be thicker at its root than in the figure. In this case 3fQs is small (though larger than MQJ and — — — , which is 2 a fair measure of the S.D., must be smaller still than MQt. On re-reading, I fear my explanation may be found less lucid than it should be, but you will probably understand what is meant. I have written it under epistolary difficulties of table and light. I have amended it, but not well. We are looking forward with keenest interest to a stay of some days in the Lipari Islands, among sulphur, pumice-stone, two active volcanoes (Vulcano and Stromboli) and deported Camorrists and Maffeists. They are allowed much freedom during the day but are confined and locked in at nights. There are no robbers among them, only murderers, one of another, and they are said to be very interesting and communicative. You, with your fluent Italian and Italian sympathies, would make out a good deal from them. We are fortunate in having introductions to the principal among the few honest people who live there, as to the officer now in command and to the agent of the chief landowner. It will be a funny experience. I expect to be housed like a pig, and not to be treated as a convict; but even they receive oO centimes from the Government a day, which they supplement by working for wages. The weather is very variable, some sun every day ; glorious sun most days. Now and then gales of wind. The post that brought me your letter brought one also from K. Pearson, so I am posted with your Easter plans. I had hoped to be home just before Easter, but expect now to be delayed abroad a few days longer. Kindest remembrances from both of us to you both. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gatk, S.W. April 10, 1904. My deau Wkldon, I was so very sorry to miss you, and by only five minutes, yesterday. I did not dare to read your letter till this morning, being rather dangerously overworked and fearing disaster. With a lot of correspondence I begin with the least important, to ensure this not being overlooked, and end with the important. So your letter came the very last. As regards albinos of all kinds, there is evidently an unusually close correlation between the soma and the germ (generative cell); total absence of colour in the one going with total absence in the other. When albinism is confined to the eye, the correlation is less close, but still close-ish. Perhaps the day will come when the mean correlation between soma and germ (generative cell), in respect to certain exceptional qualities, will be studied. What a puzzle it all is! The mice will be mines of facts. Those three beautiful volumes by Amari! I am ashamed to accept so valuable a present, but will do so, and read them through, and be more and more saturated with gratitude. I have a strong leaning towards Saracens. Eva Biggs will have told you our news. We both go into Warwickshire to-morrow for three or four days, but to different places. I to my dear old sisters, 96 and 92 respectively* (5, Bertie Terrace, Leamington) ; she to her sister, Mrs Bree. The cold is as much as I can bear, but I am getting acclimatised again to my native country. It would amuse you to see F. Howard * Bessy and Emma Galton. Characterisation, especially by Letters 527 Collins's revision of my paper. No boy's exercise at school could be more scrawled over. But some of his suggestions are good. As soon as I have finished this letter, I will take it finally in hand and post it to the printer. If you care for a bit of pumice-stone you shall have some. All good pumice-stone comes from Lipari. There is a white mountain wholly composed of it, and convicts cut galleries into its sides to get at the choicest bits. Kindest remembrances to Mrs Weldon and to the Pearsons. Ever sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Alas! since writing this he has gone to bed with a temperature of 101. I think he won't go to Leamington to-morrow. It is, O, so cold — with snow in the wind. (E. B.)* 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 20, 1904. Dear Mrs Hertz, You ask me a difficult question about probable purchasers of Roger Bacon's Magnum Opus. The combination of scientific tastes, history of science tastes, purchasing power, and possession of library room, is rare. I have from time to time thought who might be suggested, but always in vain, so much so that I do' not venture to send even the five least unlikely names. The book seems to be more suitable to a public library than to any but a few very exceptional book collectors. I am ashamed of being so helpless. The physically scientific peers and baronets, who are Fellows of the Royal Society or of other societies, might be circularised, but from what I know of them I should doubt much success. It is too archaic a book for their wants, and they are hard pressed to keep their knowledge up to date. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 5, 1904. Dearest Emma, You may like to have an authentic copy of my " Eugenic " lecture. I have just received the usual few advance " Author's copies." The lecture and the long (wishy- washy) discussion upon it, will be published in due time by the Sociological Society. It is well printed, anyhow.... Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Malthouse, Bibury, Fairford. Friday, August 25, 1904. My dear Be&SY, Your letter was very welcome, T feared you might not have shaken off the illness. Milly and I have been corresponding about the inscription for dear Emma's grave f. I enclose two, marked (A) and (B). The (A) was the one to which her letter refers, I have just written out the shorter form (B) to see how it looks, but I prefer the (A) as being more interesting to the reader. How do you like the wordsl We have made many trials. You will see Millv's approval in her letter enclosed where I have marked the passage. Of course the proportions would have to be carefully attended to. Would you care to leave the matter at first quite in my hands, as Edward was disposed to do? If so, I will take much care to get a really good design that in respect to appearance shall be as nice and simple as possible, and I should be truly gratified if I might be allowed to defray the entire cost, in case my proposal should in the end he accepted. To get the nicest and simplest result one must consult persons of real taste. Very little changes of proportion make vast differences in effect. Then the material has to be considered ; but I will not say more now, beyond that I wish to do every- thing with all the best advice I can get, and that 1 see my way to get it. We went to the Cameron Qaltons to tea. It is a curious place, very large in some respects, greatly cramped in others. The surroundings are mean, the gardens are very extensive, and the place is curiously rambling. Its history accounts for it, it was in part a wool-merchant's store, mid that part has been pulled down by previous owners and its place otherwise utilised. My map (see p ~vl*) is 1 fear very incorrect. The house; has excellent rooms, but the place gave me the idea that two persons could not pervade it; it has, however, great capabilities and I date say they will settle happily. I hope Edward enjoyed Loxton J. I go there to-morrow (and return here on Tuesday evening). Eva then goes to Adele Bree and returns also on Tuesday. We made an expedition yesterday to join our two Professors at tea in a country town. I drove, they * Postscript by Gal ton's great-niece, Eva Biggs. f Galton's sister Emma died in 1904. } Loxton, the quaint home of Erasmus Galton: see our Vol. I, Plate XXIX. 528 Life and Letters of Francis Galton and their wives and Eva bicycled. Then we talked "shop" and other things to our hearts' content and separated after two pleasant hours. We did this every Saturday last year. How the autumn A butcher Hires here not nice ueru •pretty mm —i i - Liirge uralled kitchen g&rderc fjfcsertJ" _ Yea-d -I h {jfokbles n&rrou)r & dull roj^d creeps on! I grieve at the departing summer. Give my best love to the Studdys — Eva would join if she were in the room. There is such a handsome old manor-house here. We went over it yesterday morning. A clear trout stream runs by its side. Ever very affectionately, Francis Galton. Malthouse, Bibury, Fairford. September 6, 1904. My dear Milly, I am anxious to hear about your eyes. How are they? Any news from the Cape? Now that dear Emma is gone, the family is like a wheel that has lost its tire. We must contrive means of keeping in closer touch. Bessy and I write every week. You and I must do the same. I went to Loxton a week ago. Erasmus most hospitable, but what an un- comfortable life it would be to most; but he takes real pleasure in it and it suits him to a " T." And the quantity of occupation that he gets out of it is surprising, for he does not a little foreman's work, besides agent's work and, loving to do things substantially, takes much time over each. Then he keeps minute accounts and reads books and does kind things, and so, although he sleeps little, the day is full. It is very pleasant having the two professors, Karl Pearson and Weldon, within reach. Weldon has astonishing energy. He cycled over last Sunday from Oxford, 28 miles, taking Pearson by the way. He walked here, some 5 miles, and talked till past 8 p.m. and then cycled back the 28 miles, and does his hard professorial and other work all the same. They two went to Cambridge and had a (verbal) fight with Bateson and his followers on Mendelism. There was a pretty long account of it in the Times, out of which some rather savage phrases of Bateson had fortunately been left. They both, with wives, etc., come here to-morrow to tea. I had one of the Master of Trinity's charming letters about the British Association. Balfour, the Duke of Devonshire, and Lord Avebury's party were his house guests. He describes Balfour as a miracle of detachment, full of interest in high subjects, fresh, delightful, showing no sign of the wearying work he had gone through nor of the serious foreign anxieties of the moment. And he was immensely pleased with the Aveburys, five of them; he, she and three daughters. I look forward much to coming to you on the 15th (we sleep in London on the 14th). Please tell me if this itinerary is right? Paddington dep. 12.25, Newton Abbot arr. 4.59, dep. 5.45, Bovey arr. 6.6, or should we take a fly from Newton Abbot? We can stay over Monday night, leaving you on Tuesday 20th, if that suits? Love to Amy and to all of the party who may be with you. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Claverdon Leys, Warwick. September 23, 1904. Dearest Milly, Claverdon is so pleasantly changed. Edward and his wife bring in so many new interests, and they play their parts so well. I spent three hours in Leamington on the way here with Bessy, who looked singularly well; but she has rheumatic pains rather severely. She lives now at No. 5 and expects to migrate there altogether, being warmer and brighter and Characterisation, especially by Letters 529 even fuller than No. 3 is of old associations on account of my Mother. There has been difficulty in dealing with the accumulation of dear Emma's things, but Edward tells me that all her books were most methodically kept, all bills paid up to almost the last, and everything was so neatly stored. I called on Temple and saw the other two maids there; she was very lachrymose, then cheered up, then, when I went away, became all tears again. As to you, so to me, she bitterly bemoaned her sudden isolation. Anyhow she. has a charming house with a little grass plot and summer-house behind and a narrow plot in front. It is close to Bertie Terrace, on the same side of the main road, and nearly opposite to, but short of, the Post Office. I go again on Monday for the greater part of the day to Bessy, and hope to find Eva there. She is, or was, Berne Terrace J amLjzzn 1 1 1 1 ir Warwick Sx- Post OPP.ce not sure whether she could leave London by Saturday morning. I had not time on Wednesday last to go to the cemetery. We lunched to-day at Wroxall Abbey, with Edward's brother-in-law. All so hospitable and family-like. I called on Grace Moilliet, but she was out. Gussy* is at Hiinbleton with Lady Galton f. Yesterday I went to Wootton Wawen Church where Darwin is buried and Maryj and Mrs Phillips and others. I liked all the memorials much, Darwin's included, which had been hardly criticised, but not deservedly, as I thought. I trust, dear Milly, that your eyes are really mending. That horrid pamphlet tried them, I know. I wish I had never shown it you. It is so pleasant now to realise your surroundings and to think of you amidst them. It was a very delightful visit indeed to me and to Eva. Grimspound was grand and the moor most striking and beautiful in many ways, and the air felt so healthful. Give my best love to Amy. Also to the Captain and his Wife§. We expect to lie back for good early in October. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 8, 1901. Deakkst Milly, I am to blame for letting the time slip by without writing. All is well here, but 1 have been full of my "Eugenic" plans, so full that I have not even written up my little pocket journal for a week. I stayed last Sunday with Lady Welby at Harrow, who is a most zealous friend, and have consulted with Sidney Lee, the Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, with Barron, the Editor of the Ancestor, with Professor Weldon, with Branford, the Secretary of the Sociological and with Lionel Robinson, a general litterateur, and i less than seven different ways of making the first effort, between which a wise choice has to be made. Every one of them seems hopeful at present. The iron is kept red hot on the anvil, and I am simply continuing to write concise family biographies, like that of the Stracheys which you saw (No, you didn't, it wasn't ready then). They too are giving me friendly help, and writing out ideas and getting them into shape. I cherish every day before winter, with its too faithful bronchitis, sets in. Lucy Wheler is staying a week with us, and is massaged every morning. She and Eva are quite happy, and shop, and see art things together. Bessy seems to be going on very well and will have all the changes of furniture made while she keeps on at No. 5, No. •'! will .soon be, perhaps is, advertised to be sold. How quickly events move. I think I must have told you of my stay at Claverdon and of the tree thinning. It was all very pleasant there, where also events are moving quickly. I am curious about the newly discovered drive * Augusta B. Stewart, second wife of Herman Ernest Galton: see our Vol. I, Pedigree Plate A. t Marianne Nicholson, Sir Douglas Galton's wife. J Mary Phillips, wife of Darwin Galton. § Captain Guy Lethbridge. rem 67 530 Life and Letters of Francis Galton on the moor. I havo often thought of those pleasant ones that you took me. We must fall into regular Jays of correspondence. I always used to write to dear Emma on Saturdays, and will to you. The lettering in the design for the bronze tablet has been improved and approved. It is now being engraved. I have ordered photos of it before being mounted on the stone, and will send you one. Give my love to Amy, also to Hugh* if he is still with you. I shall be glad of tidings when you next write (1 on Friday) about Fred and Frank. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 15, 1904. Dearest Milly, You send good news of Frank. I trust the IF may go well. I have had an eventful week in fixing and carrying out the most hopeful of my numerous alternatives. You know that I have long been putting by a reserve of money for scientific purposes, either during lifetime or after death, which now amounts to a good round Bum. Armed with the in- tention of bestowing £1 500 of this in aid of " Eugenic " research, I determined on the University of London as the best of the 7 or 8, so on Monday I went to the Principal, my friend Sir Arthur Riicker, to talk the matter over. Now the University has the reputation of being a slow-moving body that requires everything to be done (1) through formal notice to their Academic Council, (2) through Committees appointed by the Council, (3) by adoption of the Report of the Committees by the Council, (4) by ratification by the supreme body, the Senate. The Meetings are fortnightly or monthly, so you may imagine the time any new piece of policy requires to go through, in the usual course. Now, as to what has happened in this matter. I went on Monday to Riicker, fired my proposal ; then it turned out that the Academic Council met that very afternoon, and that as a "matter of urgency" my proposal could come on. So then and there I wrote it. It was proposed and accepted, and a good Committee of three important men, plus Riicker and the Registrar as officials, and myself, were appointed to meet on Friday (yesterday). On the day before, Riicker, the Registrar and I carefully drafted the details of the proposal to lay before the Committee; we met yesterday, improved and passed it, to go before the Senate on the 26th, when I have no doubt it will be confirmed. You shall have full details when it is. The result is that the £1500 is for 3 years (£500 a year) to appoint a "Research Fellow in National Eugenics" at £250 a year (the term is neatly defined, and so are the duties). Also an assistant at £100 to £120 a year, who may become titled "Research Scholar." All precautions are taken for superintending them and superseding them if they don't work well, and rooms are to be assigned to them. Also many academic advantages, too long to explain, are to be given them. Also a prospect of extending the Endowment beyond three years, if it is found to answer. So much helpful good-will exists, that I feel the seed is planted in good soil. Whether it will grow and flourish is another matter; very much depends on the holder of the Fellowship. But with inquiry and with advertisement, I have hopes of attracting a fairly high university man with lots of energy and sympathy and general intelligence, who sees in it an opening to future work of a more paying character. It has undoubtedly many attractions in that way, and the salary is as good as an ordinary college Fellowship. Sibbie and Frank Butler f are with us for three nights. We had a particularly nice dinner party last night for them. John Murray, the publisher, told many anecdotes. Lady Pelly was there, and very helpful; so were the Riickers, and the Coleridges (she the novelist), etc. I have heard no more of the bronze tablet and do not expect news yet, but will write to the man in a week. Good-bye, Eva's love and mine to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 22, 1904. Dearest Milly, Yes, the weekly letter must become an institution. You must have glorious tints on the moors. Eva and I spent a day at Peppard Common where we had such a pleasant time last year, partly to see the woodland colours, and Professor Weldon joined us. One of our then neighbours was Sir Walter Phillimore, the Judge, whose daughter married the son of my old friend Mrs Hill. She, the daughter, had a bicycling accident a few days ago and was killed instantaneously by an omnibus. I have just been to the first part of the funeral service, held in a church in Sloane St. It was very affecting to see how many old retainers, * Frank, Fred and Hugh, Galton's great-nephews, the three youngest sons of Mrs Lethbridge. f Nephew of Francis Galton's wife, Louisa Butler. PLATE LY (i) " Sister Emma " (Miss Emma Galton). (ii) Francis Galton, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, 1856-63. (a) (») (iii) Mrs Tertius Galton (nee Violetta Darwin, Mother of Francis Galton and Aunt of Charles Darwin), in later years, (a) From a photograph taken at Leamington, (b) From a water-colour sketch in the Galton Laboratory. Characterisation, especially by Letters 531 I suppose, were there, in obviously deep sorrow. I walked out with Mrs Leonard Courtney. The last time we met was at the cremation of Herbert Spencer, when her husband delivered the beautiful, simple and forcible farewell to him. It will be nearly a fortnight before you get full tidings of Frank. You said that Guy was learning finger-print work; I suppose, how to read off and classify. They will of course have plenty of prints for his purpose available at the prison? I fear I could not help him with specimens as mine are all classified already. My fellowship affair comes before the Senate of the University of Loudon next Wednesday, so nothing could appear about it in the papers before Thursday and then probably a mere notice under University intelligence. They will advertise for candidates, and that may attract notice; also inquiries will be made privately, for they do not bind themselves to select from those who answer the advertisement. At the best, it is "buying a pig in a poke," for so much depends on points of disposition and capacity that can only be guessed at, however elaborate the descriptions may be. I will tell you the results of course. I lunched last Tuesday with the Principal of University College, to see what rooms they could allot there for the "Fellow." It will shortly become an integral part of the London University, instead of being as hitherto a separate College. The professors are such a strenuous lot; I had coffee after lunch with them. Everything was simple. They, or the chemists among them, make the coffee; a big brew out of which each ladles his own cupful. I had a chat there with a charming professor, Sir William Ramsay, just back from a lecturing tour in America. He does not rate American science in his branch any higher than others have done in theirs. They have a few good men, mostly imported, as Professors, but not much that is indigenous. Edward Wheler and M. L. were here three or four days ago*. He fills his place uncommonly well and I am proud of him. He does real good work. Love to Amy. I do wish that your eyesight were better. Eva is off today to Constance Pearson. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 30, 1904. DearestMilly, Your autumn must be glorious. We two, Eva and I, had a glorious day out in Surrey. The trees were everywhere a uniform gold; no red whatever, but gold, gold, gold. I have never seen the like before. There were, as I heard, beeches on chalk soil, some three iiiilcs from where we were, that flamed in red, but I saw none of them. The portrait of me, by Charles Furae, which Eva insisted on having done for herself, is come. It was painted at his house last autumn, but not quite completed to his taste; so it was agreed that it should remain with him, to be retouched in the spring (he being full of work and obliged also to spend many weeks at Davos in the winter, for health's sake). He came back and was overwhelmed with orders for pictures and it was agreed that I should again stay with him this autumn. Well, as you know, he has suddenly died, leaving a large number of unfinished pictures. But mine is practically finished and is now here. It is an excellent piece of work and would hold its own in any gallery of pictures; besides, it is very like. It is Eva's property. She won't tell me any further particulars, but keeps it as a secret, which I respect. The Fellowship arrangements are being rapidly pushed forward. While writing this, printed copies of the requirements have reached me, of which I enclose one for you as a memento. You see now (1) that everything is done in the name of the University and (2) that the word "Eugenics" is officially recognised. I am very glad of all this as it gives a status to the Inquiry, so that people cannot now say it is only a private fad. Mrs Eustace Hills was not the lady you met. Was she not Mrs Hills, Judge Grove's daughter, and mother-in-law to Mrs Eustace Hills? Judge Grove was one of the very kindest friends I ever had. It was at his house, hired for the shooting season, that dear Louisa was suddenly taken so alarmingly ill with violent haemorrhage from the stomach. Mrs Hills, then Miss Grove, was so very kind and helpful. It laid the foundation of an affectionate friendship between them. That illness was many years before the end of dear Louisa's life. The cause of it was never properly explained. Lecky's remarks on Gladstone are in the preface to his second edition (the last one) of Democracy and Liberty, tell Amy. The photo of dear Emma sitting in her drawing room is excellent; perfectly life-like and domestic; perhaps her figure is a little * Writing to his aunt, Emma Galton, in October 1898, Edward Galton-Wheler remarks: "I most thoroughly enjoyed being at Uncle Frank's. He is the best of hosts, always hospitable, and one feels it ' Liberty Hall' where one can do anything one likes." 67—2 532 Life and Letters of Francis Galton still* but the whole is a valuable memorial. Ethel Marshall Smith* dined here the other day. She is quite an altered person, so radiant, healthy looking, and (how shall I phrase it?) expanded. You heard of Edward Wheler's retriever getting a second prize? Her breed is too gentle a one for your purposes. What a relief this morning the news is re Russia! Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gatb, S.W. November 12, 1904. Dearest Milly, Sidcf\, You must be anxious about Prank J still. It was an awkward business. Guy ' will soon be with you. All is well here. Eva has been three nights in the New Forest, with her brother at Emery Down, and bicycled gloriously with him. Sensible girl — she made him take a short rope and tug her thereby, up hill and against the wind, like a trailer. I have been busy in relation to the new Fellowship. We four who form the Committee met yesterday to consider applications, and selected the three most promising to see next Friday, and probably then to elect. They are all good in somewhat different ways, and I am happy in the prospect of getting the best. A newspaper cutting came this morning, fuller than usual. You may like to see it, but do not trouble to return it. The photograph of the tablet for dear Emma, which has been engraved some days past, ought to arrive to-day. I trust the whole thing will be completed and set in place very soon, perhaps by the end of next week. I am grieved at the death of Emma Phillips^, for I saw so much of her between 45 and 55 years ago. There was something very nice and cheerful and sympathetic about her when at her best, and then a sudden wave of shyness, indifference, and dominant sense of self would come over her, and she was an altered person. It was very odd. I wonder what sort of a person the heir to all the strictly en- tailed property of Edstone is. Beyond knowing his name, which I have forgotten, I have heard practically nothing of him. He is Irish, and was hardly ever in Warwickshire. Somehow or other I missed seeing the graves of Aunt Sophia and Mr Brewin. There is much that is radically wrong in our British aesthetic sense, or peaceful burial grounds like that of the Friends in Birmingham would not be so rare||. I often marvel at the way in which an artistically minded person succeeds in turning a mere plot, with no particular natural advantages, into a beautiful garden. The Japs do this. This horrid, horrid war! Did you see some weeks ago of a Russian and a Jap locked in death. The Russian had gouged out the Jap's eyes and the Jap had bitten through the Russian's throat. However, dogs delight to bark and fight, and the same delight lies at the bottom of much human nature. Many loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. P.S. I overlooked your P.S. T U has turned rather silly, posing as a lady and calling her niece and Mary " the maids." She sits doing nothing in a grandly furnished drawing room, and in a house furnished far beyond her station, and I understand gets laughed at. Her head is turned. She told me that after what she had been used to, she could not have endured going to a smaller house. Blessed be Higgins for his paste. [The P.S. was pasted to the sheet.] 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 28, 1904. Dearest Milly, I had to omit my weekly letter, being in bed (mostly) all Saturday and Sunday with cough and cold, no asthma I am rejoiced to say, such as I always had when my bedroom was carpeted. Your rats sound almost alarming. There used to be a professional rat- catcher, who gave himself a high name, and who walked about London in a brown velveteen coat with silver rats sewn on to it as ornaments. He was a picturesque figure, and knew it, but he has long since disappeared — gone to the "rats," I suppose. I am so glad to be at home and not away in a comfortless place, this cold weather. * Ethel, daughter of Cameron Galton, married Mr Marshall Smith. f Si da is Galton's abbreviation for " sister's daughter." His niece Milly, Mrs Lethbridge, was his sister Adele's daughter. See above, p. 446. | Sons of Mrs Lethbridge, Galton's great-nephews. § Sister of Darwin Galton's wife, Mary Phillips, and coheiress of Edstone. || See our Vol. I, p. 52 and Plate XXXII. 51 A pensioned servant of Galton's sister Emma. Characterization, especially by Letters 533 You are doubtless an admirer of Wordsworth's "We are seven"; the following will serve as a pendant to it: Dramatis Personae: Dirty boy, alone in an Edinburgh garret. Philanthropist Visitor. Ph.V. Where's your mither? Boy. Oot charing. Ph.V. Where are your brithers? Boy. Twa are oot begging. Ph.V. What ither brithers have ye? Boy. One in the Univarsity. Ph.V. Maybe he's studying for the meenistry? Boy. Na; he's in speerits in a bottle; he wa' born with twa heids. Applicants for the Fellowship begin to be heard of. A very likely man is almost certain to apply. I had three hours' talk with him last Thursday. There are already five others, possible or actual candidates. Forgive this short letter. I have arrears to get through and am not yet wholly fit. Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. December 3, 1904. Dearest Milly, I trust you are satisfied with your "Lethbridge rat-research dog." My Research Fellow is still unfixed, but I hope daily to hear from the present favourite whether he will formally apply or not. He is now in France. What good news it is that Frank has got a permanent appointment of a kind that he likes, and apparently on his unassisted merits. I wish I were fit to go to S. Africa with the British Association next autumn, but of course that is out of the question. The people who do go will have a hard and busy time of it, and must I fear take nearly all of their Science with them, for there is not much of it there — at least only few signs of it. If George Darwin's health stands the work, it will be very congenial to him, for the most important feature will be the survey, as proposed, of an arc of the Meridian, to join the Cape surveys with the Russian, via Egypt. Geodesy is one of his special subjects. My past week has been one of coddle, until I am aweary of fires and blankets, which make me cough. We go to Branksome Hotel, Branksome Park, Bournemouth, on Monday for a few days, where "I may heal me of my horrid cough." It is a sort of "Island-valley of Avilion," with Poole Harbour on one side and the sea on the other. We are now looking forward to leaving for the South, somewhere early in February. I can't easily get away, and doubt if it be wise to get away, earlier. Then the almond trees are in blossom and spring is in the Southern air and the days are lengthening, and winter is' past. Of course your rats are only the invading Hanoverians, not the more gentle and graceful black British ones. The latter are apparently almost extinct, under the action of blind Eugenics. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. Saturday, December 17, 1904. DeabBST MlLLY, What villains they must be in Pretoria! If you hear, please tell me whether, and how, the finger-print system acts out there. Without a bureau manned by a really capable man and a couple of clerks, it would probably get into a complete muddle, so far as classification is concerned. Is there an Identification Department? I have not lately seen anything of the Scotland Yard doings, but I believe all goes on swimmingly. Dear Emma's gravestone is not even yet put up. Edward Wheler has seen it in Leamington, at the yard of the man to whom it is entrusted and likes it much, but there are certain details which delay. 1 send you a photo of the inscription, which you will like to keep, all the more for having helped in drawing up the words. The Galtonias at either side are utter failures*. The artist has no excuse, for lie was supplied with many drawings; but accuracy is not the strong point of artists. They think as much of shadows as of substances, and a bandbox casts as black a shadow as a block of granite. (That metaphor might be worked up!) Hugh will delight in Rome. I am very glad that Fred is now so strong and happy. The last rose of summer — the last rat of the year! You will have to keep and pet him or her. But the large probable families of rats are appalling. I heard that all the hives full of Ligurian bees in England, for * Few things pleased Galton more than the naming in 1880 by J. Decaisne (Professeur au Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris) of the Hyacinthus candicans, from South Africa, the "Galtonia." It is one of the most beautiful and hardy bulbs, shooting out a spike five feet and upwards in height. It differs much in habit though less in floral construction from our ordinary hyacinths. I well remember Galton's delight at finding two or three Galtonias growing in a bed of the garden of (lie house I was staying at, when the biometricians were at Peppard in 1903. Wove pp. 523, 530. It was characteristic that he should place it on his sister's tombstone. 534 Life and Letters of Francis Galton man}' years, were descended from a single queen bee, sent by post to England from the Riviera. Is it possible1! I am not sorry to remain several weeks longer in England, being not strong enough now for the risks of an ordinary journey. We hope to be off in the second week of February. Things go on here in a humdrum regular way. No real advance just now. Loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Galtonia*. Floret hermaphroditi, regulares, penduli, bractea membranacea stipati, longe pedicellati, pedicellis summo apice articulatis. Perigonium corollinum, candidum, campanulatum, limbo 6-fido, patente, laciniis planis vix apice papilloso-incrassatis, exterioribus oblongis, interioribus obovatis basi angustatis. Stamina biseriata, subaequalia, tubo ad faucem inserta, inclusa, filamentis subulatis, glabris ; antheris oblongis, dorso medio affixis, oleaginis; polline aureo. Ovarium sessile, oblongum triloculare, loculis pluriovulatis septis glandulis nectariferis minimis; ovula biseriata, anatropa. Stylus cum ovario continuus, erectus, obsolete trigonus stamina superans v. subaequans; stigmata tria, sessilia. Capsula sessilis, oblonga, membranacea, reticulata) venosa, loculicide f trivalvis, polysperma. Seraina ovata, mutua pressione angulata, testa membranacea, nigro-fusca ; albumen carnosum ; embryo cylindricus longitudine albuminis. Herbae bulbosae, Africae australis incolae. Bulbus tunicatus. Folia pauca, magna, linearia, erecta v. patula, crassiuscula, glauca. Scapus metralis. Flores racemosi, inodori, albi, speciosi, bractea membranacea integra v. inferne lobulata stipati; pedicelli in fioribus virgineis reflexis, fecundatione peracta, erecti, summo apice sub perianthio articulati. * Galton (Francis), auteur du "Narrative of an Explorer in South Africa," London, 1853. From "Note sur le Galtonia (llyacinthus candicans), nouveau genre de Liliacees de l'Afrique australe," Flores des Serres et des Jardins de I' Europe, Tom. xxm, p. 32, 1880. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 1, 1905. Dearest Milly, This is my first letter in 1905, written with a new pen and in a new suit of clothes. Also I feel a new man, the cough having apparently gone with 1904. A very happy New Year to you and all yours. I was so glad to hear what you told me about Frank. All your sons and your daughter are so much liked. It must be a great pleasure to you. I got out this morning for a long drive (for me) round Regent's Park, without being tired. I suppose it has turned cold with you as with us. The N. wind has driven the fog away, and we saw some sun at last. If life that has no history is happ)', mine now must be supremely so, for I have no news whatever. I got to the Club yesterday; people seemed older; even Lord Avebury who was boyish for half a century looks at last rather old, the hair changing from colour to colourless. Dear Emma's grave- stone is not even yet put up. Bessy tells me that the grave is prepared for it and that she has seen the tablet, which the stone mason brought to her, but there has been some delay about the stone itself, which is due from Portland. I wonder if it is quarried by convicts, or do they only quarry stone for Government works'! This terrible Jap war ! and the soldiers freezing with cold. How they do quarry mines ! Fancy the explosion of two tons of dynamite. It was, I think, one ton that blew up in a barge some time ago in the Regent's Canal — or was it only gunpowder? — and shattered all the windows near and sent the tigress in the Zoo into hysterics. It must have been only gunpowder, or the canal would have been destroyed, and much besides. Love to you all and regards to the rats if more than one remains. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 8, 1905. Dearest Milly, It must have been a great shock to you, that horrible accident close to your gate. Poor fellow, even if drunk, the punishment to him and his family exceeded apparently his sins, by far. I have often wondered and talked with people about what the results would be if our sympathies were vastly keener, or to put it in another way: What should f Mr. V. Summerhayes, who has kindly looked for me at the specimens of Galtonia in the Herbarium at Kew, informs me that the capsules seem to be dehiscing for a short distance both loculieidally and septicidally, along six sutures in all. The capsule then seems to act as a censer or pepper pot mechanism, since dehiscence apparently never goes beyond the upper third. PLATE LVI Galtonia (Hyaciathus candicans) from tropical South Africa. Characterisation, especially by Letters 535 be the colour of a clergyman's dress? It must be suitable for marriages, christenings, sick-beds and deaths. One suggestion was violet. My mother was fond of saying that she had had a much happier life than most, but that if she were given the choice of re-living it she would rather not. It is all very queer and no thinking about it gets one any "forrarder." Do you happen to recollect that skit of Voltaire, when describing the range of knowledge of his almost super- naturally informed Zadig. "...and as to metaphysics, he knew all that has been known since the creation, c'est a dire Ires pen, de chose." That bitter Monday last upset me in another direc- tion, viz. gave me gastric catarrh, three or four days of sofa and slops. Eva was able to leave me on Wednesday for two nights at Allesley. She saw the cemetery at Leamington where the stone had just been placed, and she saw Bessy, whom she reports as looking exceptionally well and happy.. I got out in a " growler " both yesterday and to-day. I was sorry to hear of your attack. Next Friday is the day of electing the " Eugenic" Fellow*; I shall be very glad when that is finished off. But though it will be practically settled on Friday, confirmation is formally needed by two bodies, (1) the Academic Council, (2) the Senate, before which the election cannot be final. I don't foresee the slightest difficulty in all this, only a week or two of further delay. Best loves. Is Guy with you? Is Hugh on his Swiss tour? I gather that Amy is with you. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 15, 1905. Dbabkbt Milly, I am grieved for Fred's mishap. When you learn more, do send me a post-card to say if it is simple or compound, and an ordinary or a bad fracture. An ordinary simple fracture is not such a very bad thing and need not lose him his appointment. I hope it is not worse. My own small malady is better. Slops, hot bottles and bed are my prescriptions, but at this moment I am writing on my lap, well wrapped up in an easy chair. On Friday I got to my Committee for an hour and hack straight to bed. We unanimously agreed to recommend a man who will be formally elected by the Senate on the 25th, and I am perfectly satisfied, and so we all are. He is not the man I had chiefly in view, but his merits came out stronger and the drawbacks to the favourite became more conspicuous, so there was no doubt in placing him first. It is better not to mention names till the election is final. All this is a very great relief to me. Much is going on independently now re Eugenics. You will be glad to get the other half of your " pair of scissors " back. The Arabs somewhere have a list of things which are in pairs and cannot work singly, and which they say must have been created so at the beginning. The only one I recollect is a pair of tongs. With them a blacksmith can make everything, but he cannot make them without another pair. Your garden, birds, and possibly rats, will all show signs now of the incoming spring. Snowdrops ought to show soon. What lies the Russians will tell. That in Stiissel's memorandum about the number of Russians in Port Arthur, was not one half of the real number. What an ingenious idea that of painting the surrender of Port Arthur on kites and sending them over the Russian lines. I am assured that there is no fun extant equal to that of nyiiiL; meteorological kites from a swift steamer equipped for the purpose. It is easy to explore the air in that way for much more than 1 mile high. It requires a great deal of skill and constant attention. Much has been done and is doing in that way. They are shaped quite differently to common kites, something like Venetian blinds, and carry no tails. They require a steam-engine to wind in the wire rope that holds them, and they are sent up in tandems. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 12, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 16, 1905. My dear Weldon, I should dearly like to see your views about the nature of dominance and their effect on Mendelian theory. If you really do send them, be assured I will read them with all the care I can. Can you explain (in a way) each necessary step in the imaginary case, say, of only three sorts of interfering germs? I have spent days, some wholly in bed and others mostly so, by strict doctor's orders for gastric catarrh now. Really I am rather liking it, and don't object to slops for food. Hot bottles are delightful companions — I regularly have two. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. * The reader will have observed that Francis Galton here and in several earlier letters uses the adjective " Eugenic." Perhaps he already saw the fun of this ; but several years later he solemnly warned me that I was not to allow any one to speak of the Eugenics Laboratory as the " Eugenic " Laboratory. .">:!() Life and Letters of Francis Chiton 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. February 5, 1905. Dkarest Milly, I shall be glad to hear next Saturday how you have I ided over your many small calamities — indeed rather big ones. It was a great pleasure finding Bessy so unusually well and bright. She will be now at Claverdon. Thanks to Eva's dragonship, I managed it all without fatigue, including a sight of Edward and his wife and of Erasmus. But after returning, and not I think in consequence of the trip, I got poorly and the Doctor kept me in bed all yesterday and to-day up to the afternoon. Just a slight feverish attack and need for a dose. He tells me I may keep an engagement of lunching quietly tomorrow with Major Leonard Darwin. I want to hear all the latest news about George Darwin's preparations for South Africa. He has a particularly strong staff of associates, as Presidents of the several Sections of the British Association. Schuster has been here frequently and is working away. He gets into his rooms at University College to-morrow, and spends half of each week there and half at his home in Oxford. Our Committee meets on the 10th to arrange particulars. I have already drafted an " unauthorised programme," which will be read with my other paper at the " So so " Society on the 14th, Schuster going on with it if I break down. I shall try some of Warren's (£10,000 a year) method. You know, he had to lecture at Leamington when at the height of his fame. He awoke with a stomach attack. His wife gave him some brandy. As he travelled down he felt no better and took more. He went to Jephson who said — take a couple of glasses of port. At length the lecture-hour came and he was got somehow into his seat on the platform, where he sat with eyes shut and arms folded. The chairman arrived late and at once began with a modest disclaimer of his own power of speaking, but "that does not matter as you will now hear the eloquence of our distinguished guest, Mr Warren." Warren sat still ; his neighbour nudged him, saying " Warren, get up." With difficulty he did so. Then, looking round the eager audience with bloodshot eyes, he simply uttered the words "Bow, wow, wow" and collapsed back into his chair. About the Darwins, Mrs Litchfield has just sent me a charming two volume Life and Letters of her mother*. It is privately printed. The second volume is particularly interesting. I have taken salon-lits from Calais to Bordighera on the 20th. We leave London on the 16th and stay at Calais in the meantime. Love to all of you. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Insurance Data. During the course of this year (1905) Francis Galton endeavoured to move the Institute of Actuaries to undertake, or prompt the Life Insurance Com- panies to undertake, an inquiry into the heredity of disease. To the outsider the proposal seems not only of great scientific interest, but of the highest com- mercial importance to the business of life insurance. The biometricians had shown definitely that length of life and general health were inherited charac- ters. Galton's somewhat slender data indicated that certain diseases tend to run in families (see our Vol. IIIA, pp. 70-76). My own more numerous family schedules are convincing in their evidence that most broad classes of disease, whether as cause of death or of ailment during life, have familial incidence. But when we remember the variety of familial relationships, and these for the two sexes, the range of age groups and the number of even broad classes of disease, it will be recognised that the full data for a thousand families, covering fifteen to twenty thousand individuals, are far from adequate to obtain a definite numerical answer to such a question as the following: A.B., of aye1 a, has a certain number of relatives C, D, E, F, ... who died at ages c, cl, e, f, ... of diseases belonging to certain broad classes, and a certain number of relatives C, D', E', F', ... of ages c', d', e',f, ... who are now suffering from * Mrs Charles Darwin's A Century of Family Letters issued some years after to the public. Characterisation, especially by Letters 537 particular diseases. What is A.B.'s expectation of life? The inheritance of various types of disease is a subject on which there is very little medical literature and that not of a kind from which a numerical estimate of duration of life can be based. The present system by which Life Insurance Companies vaguely select the better lives by aid of their medical officers is wholly out of date, and even if it can be made profitable to the companies is not just to the insured. Every life has its individual expectation, and its corresponding pre- mium, and from the standpoint of the insured it is unfair to reject a life because the insurer is too ignorant, or too inert, to obtain the knowledge requisite to insure it at a reasonably approximate rate. The fact is that insurance com- panies as now run are in the bulk commercial enterprises, having little regard for the needs of the population as a whole, unless those needs are such as with little scientific inquiry can be turned to easy profit. The time is ripe for the State to take over not only the insurance of the handworker, but of the whole community. It possesses in its records of births and deaths material from which, with labour and scientific oversight, an approximate picture could be made of how the entire population in its classes and families lives and dies. Such must be the basis of any insurance scheme fair to the individual, what- ever be his health or his family history. And if there must be a profit made out of life insurance, as there certainly is at present, it is surely best that it be made by the State, rather than by commercial companies. The State would at least enforce the medical examination of annuitants as well as of the would- be insured. Gal ton often referred to the importance of measuring the expectation of life with due regard to the susceptibility of the family to various types of disease which have high mortality rates at special ages. He considered it not only of value for scientific life insurance, but also fundamental for a right development of Eugenics. He consulted on the matter the well-known actuary Mr W. Palin Elderton, who at a meeting of the Sociological Society had stated that possibly the insurance offices had material for the measurement of the heredity of disease. Mr Elderton, after a very careful consideration of various proposals, suggested an appeal to the Institute of Actuaries. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 22, 1905. Dkab Mr Elderton, If I could see ray way a little further I should be glad to take steps to give effect to your suggestion about obtaining Eugenic data from Insurance Offices. Can you help me with a little information] 1. Are the records kept for any considerable time after the death of the person insured'! 2. What size number of them could be in likelihood obtained ? 3. Could permission be easily got to have them copied 1 4. If so, to whom should T apply? 5. What should you imagine would be the cost per 100 of obtaining copies? 6. Could I get 2 or 3 samples (without names) 1 Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. January 25, 1905. Dear Mr Oalton, I think I had better deal with each of your questions separately : 1. The records are kept for various periods depending on the practice of the particular office ; in some cases for more than thirty years after death. 2. If you could get many offices to join, you would be able to take out thousands of cases, some records, however, giving little information. p g in 68 538 Life and Letters of Francis Galton 3. I fear I can't say whether permission to copy would be easily obtained ; I fancy most offices would insist on a member of their own staff being employed, as much of the information in the papers is confidential. 4. Application would really have to be made to each office. 5. The cost would probably depend on the time taken, which would vary with the accessibility of the material, some of the papers being stowed away in awkward places. 6. I would try to get samples if you like from my own office. With regard to (4), (5) and (6) would it not be a good way to try to get the offices to combine to investigate the data at their disposal? If offices could be got to see that the data would be of practical use (which is the case) they would be more willing to agree, and would probably bear some or all of the copying expense. The difficulty is how to approach them. This might be done through the Institute of Actuaries, the Life Offices Association (a body which is a collec- tion of Insurance Officials who meet for consideration in connection with practical routine) or the Life Offices Medical Officers' Association (a body formed from the medical examiners of assurance companies). If the Institute of Actuaries could be induced to issue a circular to the offices asking if they would contribute, I think assurance companies would more willingly hand over their particulars than to a private individual, even if it were known that the collected statistics would be investigated by private individuals. I enclose a draft card which with slight alterations might be adopted. It will show the particulars you can get. I will if you like mention the matter officially in my own office (the " Guardian "), but I fear we could do little for some months as we have our quinquennial valuation on hand which means that the whole staff is stopping late over that, and additional work is quite impossible at present. I could mention the matter to one or two people in other offices if you think a preliminary sounding would be a good thing. Of course, you will recognise that I am merely expressing a personal opinion in my letter, but I shall be only too glad to help you in any way I can. Very faithfully yours, W. Palin Eldekton. On the basis of Mr Elderton's suggestions Galton drew up an address to the Institute of Actuaries which ran as follows : February 11, 1905. To the President and Council of the Institute of Actuaries. Gentlemen, Permit me to address you and call your attention to a serious actuarial need, namely of better data than are now available for computing the influence of family and personal antecedents on the longevity and health of individuals. A vast quantity of appropriate and trustworthy material appears to be stored in Life Insurance Offices, out of which authenticated extracts might be furnished for the purpose of statistical discussion. (To avoid suspicion of breach of trust, names might be replaced in the Forms by register numbers, the keys to which would be confidentially used for the purpose only of determining relationships between persons assured.) A Form on which the extracts might be entered is enclosed in order to save lengthened explanation. It might doubtless be improved. I am assured that no person or Society would be more competent to arrange the details of such a scheme, or to bring it more weightily before the notice of the various Life Insurance Companies, than your own. My justification for interfering in the matter is that the desired information would be especially serviceable for my own inquiries into what the University of London has now recognised under the title of " National Eugenics." On this account I am prepared to pay such moderate preliminary expenses as may be needed for an experimental trial, being not without hopes that the Insurance Companies may hereafter contribute to what will be of use to them- selves. In the event of a prima Jacie approval, I would ask the President and Council of the Institute of Actuaries to appoint a Committee to consider it in detail, with instructions to report on what it might be useful and feasible to obtain from life Insurance Companies, on what would be the probable cost of the extracts at the rate of so much per thousand, and on the desirability of further action. Characterisation, especially by Letters 539 A rough draft of this letter had been made, when a passage in the recent Address by your President was brought to my notice, which gives hope that this proposal may meet with a still more favourable reception than I had ventured to anticipate*. Francis Galton. FORM (su ggested by Mr W. Palin Elderton). " Registe Date of Assu ranee r Number" of the life assured Age Age at Entry Date of Death . Cause of Death . FAMILY HISTORY If living If dead Age Age at Death Cause of Death Reg. No. if any Father Mother ... Brothers ... Sisters Remarks on personal antecedents prior to date of assurance. * fJalton's appeal made twenty-five years ago has led up to the present day to no investiga- tion of this basal problem ; it is doubtful if it will do so as long as the chief assurance work is done by commercial companies who can select enough first class lives to pay ample dividends on their invested capital. 68—2 540 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon Casa , Boiidighera, Italy. March 2, 1905. DKABBST Milly, This stationery that wo find drawers full of here is grand, is it not? It is all put at my service. I am grieved at your account of Guy and sympathise all the more, from my somewhat similar afflictions, but the coming spring is in favour of him and this change of climate is fast curing me. But the weather here is far from paradisical. It has been so for 2| days in all, but rainy and often chilly all the rest. The past frost and drought have made cruel havoc with the gardens, so the spring show of flowers will be far poorer than it has been within recent memory. "We are lodged luxuriously. It was very lucky for us that the lessor of this villa had to leave it for some weeks in order to seek a divorce from her husband in Edin- burgh, and that she wanted cash for the purpose. So I made an offer of § of what she asked and got the house and two excellent servants, all in perfect order, till the end of March. I shall try and get, first the Arthur Butlers (he and his daughter) who are at San Remo, and then Mrs Litchfield*, who is at Cannes, to come here successively, each for a week. The garden is such a nice, rambling luxury, with good shelters against wind. It is mostly sold already to be broken up and built over in the spring. The Italian railroad services are greatly hindered by the methodised obstruction on them, adopted in lieu of strikes. There seems so little public spirit in Italy, that strikers of all kinds are free to bully the public. I dare say they would retaliate interference with the knife. I constantly wonder how society can be carried on by people who are so abject as most people are. I have been reading Hodgkin's account of the slowly perishing Roman Empire, and the pictures of depravity in it are horrible; yet the Empire was long in dying. There are capital books about here; some in this house, others at friends' houses, and others again at a good subscription library. 1 have been hearing folk-lore tales lately. Thus, a shepherd was missing; his sheep returned, but not he; three or four days passed and the relations consulted the priest, who said, he will come back soon but you must ask him no questions. He did come back, silent and altered, but at length told his tale. He saw a cavern and went in and found a joyous company, dancing and feasting, who made much of him. This modern Tannhauser remained as he thought many days and at length entreating to go, they conducted him out, but on taking leave said: "If it was not for what you have in your pocket, you never could have got away." It was a piece of salt, a bit of what he had taken with him to give to the sheep. Salt is supposed to have many occult virtues. Another story was about a man falling in on a particular saint's eve with a masked procession carrying lighted tapers; the last who passed him gave him his or her taper, which he took home and put in a drawer ; in the morning he found it was a dead man's finger. So he consulted the priest, who said, wait a year and then go again, and give back the finger to the man who gave it you, but take a tom-cat with you. This he did, carrying the cat in an apron. When all was over, the cat was dead. The priests must be full of these legends, and ought to be very suggestive too, if they are always consulted and must give appropriate advice. I have been reading again White's History of Selborne. Besides all its natural history, merit and charm, what beautiful English it is. It was written about 1770, the time when my father was bornf. Loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Casa , Bordigheea, Italy. March 10, 1905. Dear Weldon, Alas for optional Greek ! — We are now in brilliant sunshine and warm weather, and I sit most of the day in a wooden shed in the garden, where I get through a fair amount of work. I wish you and Mrs Weldon were in this pretty villa to enjoy it also. You have a capital subject in working up latent characters in races that apparently breed true. Shorthorns ought to yield useful facts. It is interesting about the Af mice; J instead of \. The enclosed cutting was sent to me; though the conclusion is rubbish, you might like to see the alleged facts if you do not already know about them. What you say is quite a new idea to me, that the loss of power by the embryo to regenerate the whole from a part is unconnected with the loss of power in the adult to regenerate lost limbs. Certainly a remaining piece of begonia leaf does not renew the lost part. Your book when it comes out will be full of interest. I don't expect to go farther South than here. The place suits me perfectly and I want to get as well as I can, and not to fall back into invalidism * Charles Darwin's eldest surviving daughter. f White's History first appeared in 1789, Tertius Galton was born in 1783. Characterisation, especially by Letters 541 by rash acts of fatigue, etc. But I envy you Ferrara, about which I have been lately reading in Hodgkin's big work on the last days of the Roman Empire and of the Goths, etc. I have this villa only until the end of the month, but shall try for a prolongation of my sub-lease. We are quite at home here, having many friends about. I see that K. Pearson has delivered his three lectures, but detailed news does not reach me here. Oh ! this blessed Riviera (when it is in good humour) for invalids. It is almost worth having been ill to enjoy the balm of its air. With both our kind regards to you both. Ever sincerely, Francis Galton. Be sure to remember me to the Pearsons when you write. Schuster seems energetically at work. 43° 46' = Bordighera, 44° 50' = Ferrara. Casa , Bordighera, Italy. March 11, 1905. Dearest Milly, I am indeed grieved at your continued anxieties. The coming spring is however all in favour of your invalids. We have had three or four days of perfect weather here, and I have sat out most of each day in a wooden shelter in the garden and got through a goodish deal of work there. Carnival with its mild tomfoolery is happily over. It was got up by a socialistic town-council of all things. There is a superstition against it still, on account of the earthquake having come nearly 20 years ago, on (?) Ash Wednesday, owing to the sins of carnival during the preceding week. I am not sure of the exact logic, but it is something like the above. The owner, from whom we took this house, has lost her divorce suit; the Judge considered the action void of just foundation. She is much liked here. I know nothing, and care less, about the ins and outs of the case. He is "adored" (so an old Scotch lady told me) in Edinburgh, so presumably there are faults on both sides. I do not know whether she will let us prolong our lease until Easter, but I shall ask permission, not knowing any more suitable place to go to. I wish your invalids felt the blessing of returning health as I do, but I am not up to further travel now, and intend to risk nothing needlessly. One of the doctors here is a very interesting Italian, Agnetti by name. He was born in humble life at Parma, did well at College, became doctor, and settled here, much disparaged by his already settled competitors. There was then a government movement in favour of introducing suitable plants, and people having gardens were invited to help. Agnetti had a small plot and distinguished himself by what he did in planting and reporting, so much so that he was made "Commendatore," which gave him considerable social position. He doctored me when I was here before and I thought him a particularly capable and pleasant man. Now he has become fired with political zeal and has been elected representative for Parma. So he is now "Onorevole," a much coveted distinction, and sees his way to combining parliament in Rome with physic here. It seems odd. I have not yet seen him, only messages have passed. He was full of the Italian quinine treatment and had good stories about it; one to the disadvantage of Koch, the Prussian, whom the Italian is hated for his arrogance, but the story is too long to tell properly. Briefly, Koch looked at a patient who seemed dying (in a ward placed at his disposal) and simply said: "Let his body be kept for me when I come to-morrow." The Italian physician thought, after Koch had gone, he might fairly intervene, so he injected quinine into the man's vein. When Koch called the next day the patient was sitting up in his bed devouring a hand-full of macaroni!! Of course the Italian doctors were delighted at Koch's stare of astonishment. Ever affectionately, with loves to you all, Francis Galton. Casa , Bordighera, Italy. March 12, 1905. Dear Schuster, Enclosed are heavy but important letters, every one of them for you to read, and those to Miss Kii by, Miss P. Strachey, Sir J. Crichton-Browne for you also to for- ward. You might like to correspond with Dr Urquhart, and even with Miss Philippa Strachey and the rest. If so, write on official paper and enclose my letter with yours. I send stamps. You will see about the latter in the Strachey biography. She is very accomplished and might give useful help. I am strongly inclined to think that, as Dr Mott has the insane in hand, you would do well to ■ oncentrate on the feeble- minded. My reasons are based not only on what I hear from you about Miss Kirby, but especially from what was told me a week ago by a most intelligent lady- doctor, who keeps a "home" in London (in Wimpole Street I think), Dr Lillias Hamilton, of Afghanistan celebrity. She was nurse and doctor to the late Ameer during five or six years. 542 Life and Letters of Francis GaUan Well, she was two years at a home for the feeble-minded, and explained to me the careful loving way in which the lady nurses inform themselves of the patients' family history — and their wide-awake scientific knowledge too. She promises to send me information, and I rely much on her. If you see your way to act on the lines mentioned in my letter to Miss Kirby, it seems quite possible that you might do a really big and useful thing, that would be your cheval de bataille on which to win the approval of the London University. You will have zealous women to work with, and the aid of women who are zealous (and wisely directed) is invaluable. Think well of this. The refusal of the Life Medical Officers Association seems to finally extinguish our hopes in that direction. Dr Urquhart opens other fields. Don't merge your work in Dr Mott's. If he is working hard in his own province, be chary of trespassing. Mr Eichholz is a first-rate man. I mentioned him to you as having given by far the best evidence before the Physical Deterioration Committee. By all means cultivate his acquaintance and seek his help. The Jews are a singularly well looked after body. I have seen a little of their organisation and know how thorough it is. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. March 31, 1905. On and after April 10 to May 1, we shall be at Villa Stratta, Bordighera. My dear Weldon*, Your photos sent to Miss Biggs are wonderful. I wish you had brighter and warmer weather. We have lots of sunshine but of course nothing of historical grandeur. Yon have justly convicted me of gross geographical error. Another, one is liable to make, is to suppose Dover to lie nearly south of London. "Humanum est errare" and I feel at times very human in that respect. Your mice give an unending problem. It is grand to have five generations. I don't believe anybody would have appreciated your work more than Mendel himself had he been alive. Dear old man; my heart always warms at the thought of him, so painstaking, so unappreciated, so scientifically solitary in his monastery. And his face is so nice. — I can't give you any useful hints. I wish I could. I am just a learner, and bad at that now. During the last week or fort- night I have been busy with my "Measurement of Resemblance," and am getting it into Royal Society paper state. It comes out all right. The only question with me is whether to wait, or to give it only in a theoretically complete form. In the first case, 1 should illustrate it photo- graphically and provide apparatus to show ; but I feel I have not power now to do such things properly, so I shall probably content myself with the theory for the present, and give minor illus- trations.— Schuster seems eager and thorough. He has had a week or so of old work on skulls to revise arithmetically, but he has done that. He has useful relations too, whom he can get to give some help. There is quite a large, vacant, and promising field of work, anent the "feeble- minded." Very capable and enthusiastic ladies work up the family histories and are anxious to be of use. With a little intelligent direction they ought to be of much use. We shall see. The sensation of the Riviera is the motor-boat competition. The boats will all arrive at Monaco to-morrow, and the show and races are to go on for more than a week. On April 10th we change our quarters, having rented Villa Stratta, Bordighera, till May 1st, and then home. Kindest remembrances to Mrs Weldon. Ever yours, Francis Galton. Villa Stratta, Bordighera. Easter Sunday, 1905. But post nothing here later than Thursday next, April 27. Dearest Milly, All things come to an end, Riviera residence included. We leave next Monday morning, with many regrets, but still desirous of change. All visitors feel the air less good about this time, and begin to go. We propose to return leisurely; it is difficult to fix by which way, on account of Italian railway strikes. Your May 22nd ought to be a charming time for Brittany, if not still too cold. It is a land unknown to me, which I keep as a preserve to go to, some future day. I do not realise yet where Parame isf. I happen to know a good deal * I much regret the paucity of Galton's letters to Weldon. I have all Weldon's letters to Galton, but few of his letters to Weldon have survived, and those only by being mislaid, for Weldon systematically destroyed all the letters he received. I doubt the legitimacy, or at any rate the wisdom, of such destruction, especially in the case of men as noteworthy as Galton and Huxley. ■j" On the coast slightly east of St Malo. PLATE LVII Sample of the conventionalised Finger-Print Ornamentation on the Stones at Gavr'inis, from the series of photographs in the Galtoniana. Characterisation, especially by Letters 543 about Gavr'inis and have photographs of the big stones — casts of them are in the Museum of St Germain. They are cut apparently as conventional renderings of the marks made by a bloody thumb or linger on a flat surface. They are certainly not exact copies of any real finger mark, being far too regular, but their patterns seem clearly to be based on the general appearance of one or more. The museum authorities allowed ine to have the photos to examine. My resemblance problem hangs fire, for the makeshift apparatus I have been using proves inadequate, and 1 must get some (of which I possess the essential parts in London) properly fitted together. There are many alternative ways of carrying out the same principle and I am somewhat l)ewildered which finally to adopt. The subject too has many ramifications and I ought to show many illustrations. So the whole thing must wait awhile and mature. The greenery with you in England seems little short of what it is with us. There are however not many deciduous trees here to judge by. One horse-chestnut is in bloom, but the mass of the verdure is olive, palm and orange. What a sight a flourishing orange garden is! One understands their ancient name of golden apples. How pleased you will all be with your holiday trip. Best love to you all in which of course Eva would heartily join. Miss Cuenod asks after you. Do you recollect her at Veveyl Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Letter of Erasmus Galton to his brother Francis. Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde, I. op W. May 3, 1905. My dear Frank, I am so very glad to hear you are now quite well and on your way home. Yesterday was bitterly cold, but this morning we have sunshine and all appearance of summer coming on. Your idea about fruit trees is excellent in theory but not in practice. Fruit, to be first class, must have sunshine and room. Fruit trees planted as you saw them at Loxton have plenty of it, and have two wide avenues and two narrow ones, so that carts, bush harrows, and mowing machines may pass between the trees, in fact everything can be done by horse cultivation in place of manual labour. For instance, hay is cut, made, stacked and finished entirely by machines. Turnips are cultivated in rows of from 28 to 32 inches apart, cabbages still wider to allow horse hoes to work between, one horse and one horse hoe easily doing the work of twelve men. The Royal Agricultural Society's Journal of this quarter gives a long account of fruit farming, which I think you should read before sending in your paper, which paper I enclose in this letter for your re-consideration. I would advise sending it to the Royal Agri- cultural Society Journal or to the Field, to which papers I have sent a few articles which they accepted. Ever very affectionately yours, Eras. Galton. P.S. Bessy has been so good as to tell me every fortnight about you. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 13, 1905. DEAREST Milly, My letter is belated, for you have no Sunday delivery, but there is nothing to say. Eva and I go toClaverdon on Monday, for four days or so. We are nearly square again at home. There is now a mahogany rail put into my house, from the ground floor up to the second floor, up which I pull myself like an orang outang, and find it very handy in descending also. You will be very glad to be off and enjoy spring and change in Brittany. I feel now as though the past winter were a half-forgotten dream. The first letters almost that I opened on returning, were to say that the Council of the British Association had nominated me as Presi- dent next year at York. They were very kind, assuring me that I need not attend Committees on account of my deafness, and might absent myself much, leaving the duties to a Vice-Presi- dent, but I dared not risk it. The social duties are what chiefly knock me up. I think T could get through the Address, but even that, with my uncertain throat, would be a doubt. So I refused at once. Something of the same kiud occurred to me before, and not only once, but 1 am conscious of many limitations to my strength, and then, as now, declined. It is a bore to renounce the opportunity of having so good a pulpit to set forth one's fads; it is in fact a unique opportunity for addressing all men of science and the public as well. George Darwin will have a very fatiguing time in S. Africa, lie has to give two addresses, one at Cape Town and one at Johannesburg, and the travelling will be very long. It is a great way, and by slow trains, to the Victoria Falls. I fancy more than 48 hours each way, and there is ever so much more to be done. The Diplodocus (big beast 90 feet long, when measured along the undulations 544 Life and Letters of Francis Galton of his back) is at last on view. I shall call upon him to-morrow. You may have seen in .the papers an account of the public presentation of him to the Natural History Museum yesterday. My Eugenics Research Fellow has been grinding on, but possibly he needs more go. Statisticians, like the children of Israel in Egypt, have not only to make bricks but to collect materials. Here it is that men differ so much in their success. The most hopeful line just now seems to be in the direction of the feeble-minded, about whom a Commission is now sitting. Several eager and capable ladies are engaged in the work, and they seem desirous of scientific guidance, so I hope something may be done there. They are to have a big meeting next month and are preparing their programme of work. I am so very glad that many of your family anxieties are over. Amy will, I trust, improve under the sky of Brittany. It is said to be a rainy part of the world, but it cannot always rain. At Marseilles and at Paris it poured while we were there, two nights at each place. I ate a Bouillabaisse at Marseilles which had been an epicurean dream for years. They say you ought never to eat it unless you have a spare day to get over the effects. It contains a vast variety of shell-fish, as well as other fish, which may be half poisonous. However, mine proved particularly digestible. Affectionately, with many loves, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 13, 1905. Dearest Milly, Your card of this morning gave great relief. The weather is all in your and Amy's favour now, but the "flu" is a nasty thing. My sister Bessy seems to have had a touch of it. Temperature only 1 00, but continuously, or almost so, for a week. She has been in bed at Claverdon. Since Saturday I have not heard. I think they ivere anxious about her. We, thus far, are all right. To-morrow I go to Cambridge where there is the function of degree- giving, lunch and dinner, which I hope to digest. A few days ago I was invited and went to a big Statistical dinner, at which when the visitors' healths were drunk, after talking about me, the proposer said I should leave my mark — he would not say on the foot-prints, but — on the finger-prints, of time ! Rather forced, but it did for an after-dinner speech. About a week ago, Eva and I went to the Farm Street Roman Catholic Chapel, to hear "Father" Galton preach. He is not the Bishop of Demerara, but Charlie Galton. Two of Theodore's sons became priests*. He preached uncommonly well, with singularly good articulation, as though he were fond of the sound of every word he uttered. He would be an excellent master of elocution. The chapel itself is one of the most beautiful and decorous I have ever seen. The congregation most reverent, and the music perfect. As you will have heard, and perhaps experienced in Brittany, we have had the rainiest week almost on record, to greet the King of Spain. I passed Windsor to-day and saw the King's flag flying. They are making ready a royal wedding for a king-to-be, but of only half the kingdom — Sweden — that he expected to have. Good-bye, love to you all and may you all pull happily through this hateful scourge of influenza. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 25, 1905. Dearest Milly, What a very gallant act of Guy! I wish it had been some millionaire whose life he saved. It was such an English act too, unselfish, single-handed and prompt, while others were "disposing themselves" to launch a boat. I cannot realise how with only one arm such a feat could be done, though I know he used to be an excellent swimmer. I suppose that the water was not deep and that the rough sea was not dangerous to a man accustomed to water, and able to keep his wits cool, and that Guy was able to touch ground and to push. It would have been most dangerous had the drowning man retained enough vitality to grapple. A sea bath is usually ruinous to clothes and watch. I hope he had nothing on or with him that suffered much? The excitement of this family event may have harmed, or may have helped, Amy in her convalescence. I sincerely hope the latter. Much has happened here during the past week of "Eugenic" interest, but it relates chiefly to administration, which was more than my "Fellow" could manage, together with research. So a readjustment of duties has had to be made and there will be a Lady Secretary. Also Murray, the publisher, will publish for us (on the half-profit plan) books of families on the same principle as that little pamphlet you saw, but on a substantial scale. There is material for one now, that Schuster has put into order, but to * Theodore Howard Galton, Francis Galton's cousin. Characterisation, especially by Letters 545 which I shall have to write a preface. We have taken the Rectory at Ockham for six weeks, beginning with August 18th. Ockham is in Surrey, north of Guildford, and we have friends near, especially a very old and kind friend of Eva, who has suddenly become quite blind and whom she wishes to cheer and read to. I am afraid that my sister Bessy has been much pulled down by her influenza. The doctor ha." compelled her to stay in bed more than she likes. She is very calm and cheerful, but feeble. I hope to see Edward* to-day, who is in London about cattle shows, etc., and witli whom it was fixed to go to the Zoo this afternoon. Penelope t dined here yesterday. I had two Syrians to take care of. One of them took great and hospitable care of us when we were in Egypt, so I had a little party for them. I wonder when and where we shall next meet. Amy's perfect recovery must be your primary occupation. I am for the present drifting aimlessly, but with a great deal of work to do ahead, for 1 must now "boss" these Eugenic matters a good deal, to make them "hum" as the Yankees are pleased to say. Arthur Butler and his daughter slept here the night before last and the Master of Trinity came yester- day morning. There had been a great function at Haileybury College. Lyttelton, the old Master, taking his leave, before going to Eton. Arthur B., you may recollect, was elected long ago to re-create Haileybury on its present footing and lost his health finally in doing so. I will keep this letter open till to-night in case there be anything to add about my sister Bessy. She is on the sofa: no anxiety. Ever affectionately, with loves to all, and with much respect for Guy, Francis Galton. Claverdon Leys, Warwick. July 31, 1905. Dearest Milly, Your letter was full of information. I came here on Saturday. Eva writes from "The Log Hut, Teigncombe, Chagford" very happily. She has "a dear old curtseying woman to wait." Thank you much for your sympathetic telegi'am and writing. My precious Eugenics has now been advanced a notable stage in University recognition and ought to prosper. Murray is in full swing printing. I go to the Lakes to-morrow, touring about through once familiar scenes till Saturday, when I get to Highhead Castle, near Carlisle, for a stay of four days, or five, with my old friends the Hills X- A letter there would rejoice me. I saw Bessy this morning, wonderfully well in face and talk, but rheumatic. Otherwise she would have been here in Claverdon, whither I have brought a calorif § for her amusement. Edward and I have been constructing a mechanical "toss-penny." I want to illustrate what T have to say in my preface about Statistics that "chance" means merely the result of unrecorded, and by no means necessarily of unknowable, influences. The example I take is that of tossing a penny, which is typical of a "chance" result but which few would deny is the result of pure mechanism. I thought it would be well to see what sort of influence on the results would follow by using a machine, how far the chance could be reduced to a certainty. So we made a machine, and though it is a little shaky and uncertain, on one occasion it gave two sequences amounting between them to 48 "tails "out of 50 throws. A minute change in adjustment greatly alters its action, so a good "toss- penny" ought to be as well made as agunlock. The new owner of E , Mr Z , is here today. Ho is quite a stranger, young and perky. Emma Phillips |j never saw him, which is rather unfortunate. But he will not enter into possession yet. Indeed he could not for two years, as the house is let. He comes from the Colliery district near Bristol. Love to Amy. I trust she is now settled in her new bearings. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Archie fiir liassen- und Gesellsc/iafts- Biologie, Berlin-Schlachten-See, Victokiastr. 41. zur Zeit, Swixemunde, den 17 August, 1905. Dear Sir! We thank you very much for your kind answer and permission to translate your paper on Eugenics! Excuse, please, the delay of this letter, since 1 was travelling in the last time and lacking the necessary leisure. Regarding the permission by the Sociological * Edward Wheler, Galton's nephew, who had succeeded Darwin Galton as squire at Claverdon. t Darwin Galton's widow, Galton's sister-in-law. % The lady of the house was a daughter of Francis Galton's old friend, Mr Justice Grove. I I suspect this stands for " calorifere," a heating apparatus, such as old ladies from the Midi sometimes placed when sitting down under their ample skirts to keep themselves warm. [j Sister of .Mary Phillips, Darwin Galton's first wife. pom 69 546 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon Society, I shall apply for it to the Secretary. We take the highest interest in your eminent And important Eugenics, which is so closely connected with the subject of our Archiv, and shall keep our readers acquainted with the further development of your ideas. That you will belong to our readers is, of course, a great satisfaction for us. We hope that an article in the now appearing number, "Die Familie Zero," the history of a family with its degenerating and regenerating branches, will be of interest for you. From your standpoint you perhaps take also some interest in a little book, which I published ten years ago and which I allow myself to send you with the same mail. I started from an English use of the word "race" and tried to investigate the conditions of preserving and developing a race — race-hygiene ("Rassen-Hygiene"). Afterwards, in the first introducing article of our Archiv, I tried to sharpen the meaning of the word "race," so as to make it suitable for the theoretical and practical needs of a man, who will seize the real long (beyond the individuals) lasting unities of life, their conditions of preservation and development. I should be very much indebted to you, the senior of the practical application of the principles of evolution on man, if you would in an hour of leisure read my essays and write me your cool judgment. My book is written mostly in a small town, where I practised as physician, absent from a good library and therefore without much knowledge of current litera- ture. That, together with the haste, with which I was compelled by my editor to deliver my paper to the press, may declare many omissions in respect of modern authors. Excuse, please, my bad English. I am sitting here at the sea without a dictionary, and have to feed on that little English fat which I have by and by gathered on my German body during my lifetime. Yours highly respectfully, Alfred Ploetz, M.D. To Sir Francis Galton, London. The Rectory, Ockham, Surrey. August 20, 1905. Dearest Milly, I am so glad the French Humane Society have done their belated duty to Guy, and I return the scrap of newspaper, which you will wish to keep. We came here on Thursday in beautiful weather, and had our tea on the lawn in a selected place by a big trie. But the bees began to buzz alarmingly; and well they might, for they had built a thriving hive in the hollow tree, and were flying in and out of a hole therein as fast as they do in an ordinary hive. No harm was done. We changed our place quickly enough. It is all green fields here, much timbered, chiefly with oaks, and very English. We are three or four miles from the Downs near Guildford, and go to-morrow afternoon to tea at a friend's house on the top of them — Sir H. Roscoe, the chemist's — 600 feet above the sea; this is a not uncommon height hereabouts. Our "landlord," the clergyman, is our guest for last night and to-night for his Sunday duty. His wife, Mrs Ady, is a well-known writer, chiefly on Italian subjects. The book that first gave her her reputation is well worth reading, if you care about our Charles II and his sister "Madame" (the title of the book), who married the brother of Louis XIV, and did a world of sisterly good *. She had all the grace and not the faults of a Stuart. She died young, immensely regretted in France. What an adventurous drive, both for you and Patrick t, and then the sad Princetown. Why don't they use false webbed soles for swimming? They ought to get through the water much faster if they did. A neat patented design might bring in lots of money, if brought well out, just before the bathing season. George Darwin's Presidential Address at Cape Town (the first part) is first-rate. I am most curious to read the second part which will be delivered at your favourite Johannesburg. I suppose, as time goes on, that place will purify itself as the American gold-digging camps did. "Honesty, boys, is the best policy; / tried them baith." Will the Japanese send missionaries to Exeter Hall? Their reception would be amusing to a cynic. My Lady Secretary begins work to-morrow. Ever affectionately, B'rancis Galton. The Rectory, Ockham, Surrey. August 26, 1905. Dearest Milly, Don't regard this magnificent address stamp. (That of the Royal Institution of Great Britain.) It is only that I am up in London to-day and am writing here. It is a quiet * I have retained this paragraph, although it is repeated in the following letter. This is the first occasion on which I have come across a repetition in letters to the same person, a sure sign that Galton, strong as he remained mentally to the end, was still liable to one at least of the failings of old age — he was now 83. t A much treasured horse of Mrs Lethbridge. Characterisation, especially by Letters 547 place, with lots of books, and my club is temporarily closed for repairs. I quite forgot this morning to put your letter in my pocket; I feel sure there was something in it I wanted to write about, and have forgotten it for the moment. All goes on happily with us. We have friends about and the country is delightful. Perhaps too many wasps; one stung Eva yesterday through a thin cuff and left ever so much poison in a stain on the cuff. I read somewhere that more people died — I forget where — of hydrophobia through bites of ivolves than of dogs, the reason being that wolves fly at the face, but dogs bite through the clothes, wiping their teeth thereby, so their bites, as a rule, are far less dangerous than those of wolves, though much more numerous. You would enjoy seeing Upton Warren, where the widow of my old friend Charles Buxton still lives. Fondness for animals is the tradition of the house. They have parrots that fly loose in the woods and sometimes build nests, and there are very many artificial birds' nests, nailed against trees about five feet above the ground. I was told that they often opened the lids to see how the eggs or broods were getting on. Why don't you try a few at Edymead? They must be arranged (i) so that a cat can't get at them and (ii) so that a tom-tit's reasoning powers would be satisfied that it could not. The birds who used these artificial nests were principally tom- tits. There is an excellent library at the Rectory. The clergyman's wife, Mrs Ady, better known as Julia Gartwright, has written not a few im- portant biographies, that of "Madame" (the sister of our Charles II, who was married to Monsieur the Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV) is one of the best and well worth getting from Mudie. She was a far more interesting and good person than I had any idea of, and played an important sisterly part in politics. She died before thirty, immensely regretted*. . One knows so little of the actors on the big stage of the world, so big that there is room for many important ones. Loves to Amy and to all with you. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. The Rectory, Ockham, Surrey. September 11, 1905. Dearest Mii.ly, Poor Patrick f, "hors de combat"; add an e and he would be a war-horse, a "horse de combat." You can gather my state of weakness of mind to attempt such a pun. I was bothered here to write a motto for a sundial, and after many attempts wrote this, "Love rules Man, Sunshine rules Me" — not wholly bad; anyhow it is a new one. "Viventle roi d'Angleterre et M. le Capitaine Lethbridge "! Don't let King Edward hear of it, or he will be still more savage than he is said to have been when General Baden-Powell struck coins under his own name at Mafeking. What an excellent time the British Association has had in Africa. We are very well placed here and happy in a quiet way, which I like above all things, with a scrimmage now and then to stir us up. Tin-foil is a trouble to get good. They adulterate it with lead, it looks equally shiny but is not so good. I shall be in London to-morrow for a few hours and expect to pass near a trustworthy shop. If I do, I will get and send you some. Your garden must be very pretty, ours has lost its best flowers already. Excuse more, as there is much to do and little free time before post. Loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. The Rectory, Ockham, Surrey. September 11, 1905. My dear Bessy, You will be glad to have Gussy back. How much did Edward and his colleagues fine the motorists? Eva was taken in a beautiful one, and said she felt her disposition worsening. Every minute she felt more careless of other people on the road and more superior to them, and it was doing bad to her morals! It was Lord Rendel's motor and probably made at the Armstrong works, in which he is a partner. Life passes very pleasantly and quietly here. Now and then an interesting luncheon or tea. There are very nice people hereabouts. Our Oxford friend Professor Weldon stayed with us last night and we went this morning to look at the "Swallows," or big pits made by rain in the chalk. One was as big as a small Coliseum, we did not go down to the bottom where there was probably a hole into the depths. Another was not * See the footnote to the previous letter, f See the last footnote p. 546. 69— 2 548 Life and Letters of Francis Galton a "Swallow " at all hut an immense chalk-pit with vertical sides 100 feet high ami grass and trees growing in it. Quite a charming place to spend hours in. It is melancholy how late the sun gets up now, and how early he goes to bed. Did you hear of Guy Lethbridge's reception at the banquet in France, and of the toast (in French) of "King of England and Captain Lethbridge" ! ! ! He had better nut communicate the news to King Edward, who might not like it! They gave him both the medal and the diploma. I am very glad of it; it will brighten him up and he richly deserved them. Loves to all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. The Rectohy, Ockiiam, Surrey. September 17, 1905. My dear Bessy, Remember me to Fanny Wilmot*; you will be glad to have her by you. 1 am very sorry about your continued rheumatism, etc., especially as cold weather is comiDg on gradually. Edward will I hope be able to give much help to Erasmus, who thoroughly appre- ciates and trusts him. I have at last finished my small but troublesome book, and sent it yesterday to a friend to criticise and revise, before it goes to the printer. Its title is Noteworthy Families (Modem Science). I hope the rats at Claverdon do not mean drains out-of-order. There used to be a professional rat-catcher to be seen in London who has long since disappeared. He dressed in a sort of uniform, I think a greenish coat, with silver rats round the collar and a leather band crossways, also with silver rats. He was very picturesque, and reputed a great scamp. All goes on well here. Frank Butler is with me for a couple of nights. We have many nice friends within reach and I shall be very sorry to go, as we must, on Thursday week, so I shall only get one more weekly letter from you here. Only think of Mrs Gilson and others going as a matter of course to Khartoum and even to Gondokoro from the North, and the whole posse of the British Association going to the Zambezi from the South, and those places being actually undiscovered until lately. Bruce first wrote about Khartoum, but not much, and Livingstone of the Zambezi. It is much the same in N. America, where Fenimore Cooper's scenes of prairie and wild Indians are now big towns. It is a good story you send from Grant Duff about D'oyleys. The Sandwich Islands were of course called after Lord Sandwich, who I presume was then at the Admiralty, but how did the things we eat come to be called "Sandwiches"!? You know of course the old riddle: "How can sailors, wrecked on a barren coast, support life?" Answer, "By eating the sand-which-is there." The town Sandwich is an uncommonly interesting old place and so is the ancient Richborough which is near it, with its big fortifications, and which was the main landing-place when Kent was covered with thick forest through which were very few roads. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. The Rectory, Ockham, Surrey. September 17, 1905. Dearest Milly, Poby...stett \ (I can't spell the name) vastly attracted Bishop Creighton when he went over to the Czar's what-was-it? There is much about him in Creighton's "Life." I wish that I could be sure whether it was he who was the ecclesiastic about whom Archbishop Benson told me in connection with the Jew persecution. I dare say Torquemada was an amiable man to some. Wasps, too, may be beloved in their own nests. So glad the Dartmoor pony is good and fit. We are dependent here on a dear old pony, sixteen years old at least. No, he is older than that — that is the age of the still dearer but less useful dog. My plaguy little book is finished ! I sent it off yesterday, partly typed and partly in proof sheets, to my critical friend, Collins, to score over with corrections as he is sure to do. I always learn much from him. An amusing measure of memory about relations has cropped up. The paternal uncles (fa bro), and maternal uncles (me bro), are recorded in exactly equal numbers, so they are equally well recollected, but the different sorts of great-grandparents and great-uncles add up in impossibly different pro- portions. There are f (fur sorts of each. One of the sorts fa fa fa and fa fa bro bears the writer's * A daughter, Emma Elizabeth, of Sir Francis Sacheverel Darwin had married Edward Woollett Wilmot of Chaddesden. t Said to be named from the fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), who had provisions brought to him in this form at the gaining table, so that he might not be compelled to leave it in search of food. % Galton is probably referring to C. P. Pobedonosteff. Characterisation, especially by Letters 549 surname; call this group A. Another sort me fa fa and me fa bro bears the mother of the writer's maiden surname ; call this group B. The other two sorts bear different names ; call them G and D. Then the numbers recorded are in this proportion: A 1 : B i : C \ : D \, showing how largely family recollections stick to the family surname. It all comes out very sharp and clear and consistently. The male first cousins follow the same rule, but less emphatically. I had somewhat tired myself about the book, but am quite rested and well now. I wish Bessy was more free from her rheumatism, etc. She seems at present to be quite confined to her sofa, but writes as cheerfully as ever. Frank Butler came here yesterday evening for two nights, quite well and not apparently overwhelmed by his three little daughters. I begin to count the days that remain to us here. We have to go on next Thursday week. There are very nice people and not a few old friends within pony-trap distance. I called on one, Mrs Archibald Smith, the mathematician's widow, whom I had not seen for many years. Her hall was hung :" round with African trophies. There was a beautifully strong and light iron chain with v-n loops in it, which I thought was some kind of chain ladder, the loops being for the feet. "; But it was a slave cfiain. A gang of slaves was found by her son, the men were released \ and the chain kept. The loops went round their necks. Another thing was what looked O like a big firescreen, with black leathern drapery. It was made of the two ears of an } elephant. Enclosed is some tin-foil. I had an amusing hunt after it in London and learnt much. It is only made at two or three factories, partly for druggists, partly for wine merchants to cover their bottle-mouths. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. September 25, 1905. (This will be my address now.) My dear Bessy, You are a "bonne icrevisse" in the sense the gentleman meant. One never gets the big crayfish to eat in London, hut I see them in shop windows. They are the most di\ -ine-right-of-King sort of fish. The biggest one in an aquarium sits as it were on a throne and the others gather round like courtiers in the most comically humble positions. I know they are v'ood eating and must get one when we return. We pack up to-morrow and leave here on Wednesday, but not direct to London, which we reach on Saturday evening. We are sorry to go, but have a store of pleasant things to recollect. Evelyn Cunliffe* was to come to tea to-day, but it rains and we hardly expect her, it is a long drive. It gets cold too at nights. I have started winter underclothing to-day, and wanted it. I shall be interested to hear Edward's report of Erasmus. It seems so dreary for him to be practically alone in that wooden hut, but he has friends near and likes it. Thank you for Miss Johnstone's address; I will write soon to her. All my things are in arrear now, that blessed book has thrown them all behind. A packet with the MS. of it, addressed to the publisher, is at this moment lying on the table by my side. It will go off by the same post as this. What a disagreeable intruder upon her finger Gussyt seems to have had. Suppose it had come suddenly beyond her rings ! There is some Arabian Night, or the like, story of a man who has a ring of mystic power, about which he knows nothing and is on the point of selling it to a wicked magician, when his guardian fairy takes the form of a wasp and stings the finger, which swells, so the ring cannot be removed. I wish some fairy would give me abetter pen than this to write with. It scratches like a needle. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. September 27, 1905. (This will be my address now.) Dearest Milly, The convicts must have been depressing. They are not however so home- less when set free, as big societies work in unison with Government to take care of them. But a broken-kneed horse and an ex-criminal are not favoured. It is all very sad. Government can't sit up a factor}', for all the trade unions are up in arms against competition by state-aided workers. We pack up to-morrow and leave on Wednesday, not directly for home but for three nights with friends near, and return to Rutland Gate on Saturday. It was amusing about your * Sir Douglas Galton's elder daughter. •f Second wife of Herman Ernest Galton, Francis Galton's cousin: see our Vol. I, Pedigree Plate A. 550 Life and Letters of Francis Galton dog and the looking-glass. Probably the little creature was terrified because the reflection did not smrll. We shall be very sorry to leave; the people about are very nice and sociable and the quiet country is delightful. My little book is as troublesome as an ague, I thought it was oil' my hands but it has bothered me up to this instant, when I sealed up the MS. in a packet to go by post to Murray. And still there are odds and ends left and revises to come, etc., etc. But it is comparatively calm now. And it is such a small book after all. My friend F. H. Collins, who is a prince among proof correctors but cannot now leave his arm-chair, has been giving all his working time last week to putting Schuster's contribution into better shape. The material was good but the arrangement too higgledy-piggledy. I started winter underclothing this morning. Among the people we have met is that wonderful Arab-horsey lady, Lady Anne Blunt. She had a great deal to tell. She and her husband go to Arabia to buy horses. She lives by the Tombs of the Kings near Cairo where a stud is kept, and they have annual sales in England. She is apt to appear in marvellous dresses, of some outlandish cut and colour, not necessarily Arab. She came out on one occasion in bright scarlet from top to bottom, as I heard. She is grand-daughter of Lord Byron, so may do mad things with propriety. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 27, 1905. Dear Mr Constable, I am flattered that you have thought my book worthy of attack, hip and thigh. You have chipped off many bits of paint but I am so incurably self-conceited that I do not yet feel any timber to be shaken. If I were to reply in print I should fix on the second paragraph of p. 138 and follow out the conclusions to which it leads. You will be scandalised at a forthcoming volume, Noteworthy Families {Modern Science), but if you see it, I think you will find the Chapter on " Success as a Statistical Measure of Ability " worth reading. Now I not only take your scourging with a smiling face but have the impudence to ask if you could get the enclosed forms suitably filled up for me? If you do, the reply will probably arrive after I have left London (for Pau) for the winter. Therefore the address at the bottom of the Circular is the best to use. Faithfully yours, Francis Galton. I send this via your publisher, being not sure of your present address. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 28, 1905. My dear Bessy, I more than fear that it would be very unwise for me to yield to the pleasure and wish of seeing you, before we start for Pau next Thursday. I had a sharp attack of shivering on Wednesday morning, and the doctor sent me to bed on fever diet all Thursday ; yesterday the fever went, and to-day I may get downstairs a little while. He says I ought to be fit to start next Thursday, and the sooner I get away the better. So I must reserve every ounce of strength for the longish journey, and fear much that a long day to and from Leamington beforehand is more than I can stand. As soon as I cross the channel, as a rule, 1 feel better in breathing and general fitness. I am very sorry indeed. I wanted so much to see you and Erasmus before these many months of banishment. Louisa* will write her views and she must represent me in person. You always take such interest in family matters, such as mine, that I send you a letter just received from the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. It is about a copy of the portrait which Charles Furse painted of me. I heard unofficially that the Fellows of the College would be very glad to have one, so I got an excellent copy of it made by Frank Carter, and sent it with a suitable letter. You will see that they accept it both warmly and gratefully. It will be hung according to the recommendation of their " Memorials Committee," probably in the Great Hall alongside of many far more distinguished worthies. Anyhow, as a picture it would hold its own in any collection. Don't destroy the letter. It ought to be preserved somewhere. If it can be copied and returned it would be a good plan. I am very sorry that the rheumatism continues. Your news of Lucy and the Colonel is not quite as good as we could wish. You will have been hearing much of Lord Leigh's funeral. The death of a foremost man in a county must leave a large void for a time. Before we go, I shall certainly write again and send my address, which cannot be fixed until the reply of an hotel-keeper to my note arrives. It is due this evening or Monday morning. Ever very affectionately, Francis Galton. * I believe this is a slip for Eva, Galton's great-niece and comrade. He used by accidental habit the name of his dead wife. See the following letter. Characterisation, especially by Letters 551 Enclosure in letter above: Trinity College, Cambridge. October 27, 1905. My dear Frank, The Council is over and I am desired in the name of the College to thank you warmly for this beautiful gift and to say that it is gratefully accepted. It is left to the Memorials Committee, of which I am Chairman, to consider the question of where it is to be hung, and to report to the Council. We are now arranging for a very early meeting of the Memorials Committee. You know how very earnestly I hope that this noble portrait will soon be on the wall of our Hall. Always affectionately yours, (signed) H. Montagu Butler. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 28, 1905. Dearest Milly, So glad that you would like to have James's book. It shall be ordered this morning, but, being Saturday, you will hardly get it before we are off to Pau on Thursday morning next. I have had a stern reminder not to delay, in the form of a sudden severe shivering for nearly a couple of hours on Wednesday morning. The amplitude of the shiver was remarkable and interesting; my hands shook through a range of fully 7 if not 8 inches. The doctor sent me to bed at once (two days before yesterday) on fever diet ; yesterday I was much better and to-day I may leave my room a little. He promises that I shall be fit to go on Thursday and recommends it. So much for self. You recollect my picture by Charles Furse? The Master of Trinity saw it and wrote me a letter urging me to send a copy of it to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he felt morally sure it would be accepted by the Council of Fellows. Asking elsewhere, I heard the same thing, so I had an excellent copy of it made by Frank Carter, and sent it for acceptance. The Council met yesterday and accepted it " warmly " and " gratefully." The place where it is to be hung is referred to the Memorials Committee and will, as I am told, in all probability be in the Great Hall, alongside many of my betters. It is a great honour any- how. I could never have dreamed in old times that they would elect me an Honorary Fellow and care to have my portrait. What a nuisance your Range must be. It might have occurred in bitter weather, so that trifling favour is something to be grateful for. You don't speak of the poor horse. If you want a nice animal book, get from Mudie The Call of the Wild, by Jack London. It has had an immense sale. I read it through yesterday from cover to cover, almost without stopping. They tell me that good as Hotel Gassion is, a new one, H. du Palais et du Beau Si-jour, is better. It is quieter, has a large sunny balcony, and the same south view. Moreover it is next door to the Winter Garden; so 1 have written for particulars which should arrive to-night. I will recollect about the " K" in Acland. Thanks for the introduction promised. I am living in hope that I may get the revise of my little book in page all sent to me to-night. If not, before I start, I must delegate the final look over and the index making to Schuster, but I should like to have a share in it. Always, at the very last, there is some difficulty to be settled. I think now, what with Schuster's willing help, Miss Elderton's business-like ways and the Advisory Committee, the Eugenics Office ought to run on its own legs while I am away. I will write again, at least a post-card, before we are off. But I dare not give a previous day to Leamington. Every ounce of strength must be reserved for the Pau journey, but Eva will go to Bessy for a day. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Hotel Gassion, Pau, France. November 14, 1905. Dearest Milly, At last, we are all again in normal condition and comfortably housed, with the splendid view (when we can see it) right in front of our windows in the very middle of the second story. I have not yet seen Mr Acland-Troite, on whom I called on Friday, leaving a letter explaining and saying we were about to change quarters. But I went to his church on Sunday. There were two clergymen and I do not yet know which was he. How the forms of Christendom do change! A Rip van Winkle, sent to sleep at the time when I was young, would have been bewildered at this service and have thought he must have mistaken the building. Do clerks still exist? The three decker arrangement of my youth has wholly disappeared, and one never sees the Royal Arms. It always used to be there with the White Horse of Hanover in its middle and often quartering the fleurs-de-lis of France. I recollect it gave me quite a shock, when I first went to Cambridge, hearing the choristers singing in their white surplices, but I had never, I think, at that time been at an English Cathedral Service. We 552 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon were brought up on such a Quakerish-Puritanical diet. The names of the Colleges also shocked me. Talking of Cambridge, I have now heard that the Council of Trinity College unanimously and warmly accepted the portrait, and that the Memorials Committee to whom the question was referred as to where it was to be hung unanimously recommended that it should be in the Hall (at a specified place), which was agreed to by the Council*. And there I presume it hangs at the present moment and may hang for an indefinitely long time. It is needless to say how pleased I am. Everything was done by the parties concerned in such a nice and kindly spirit. And Eva is equally pleased. We have had the whole gamut of Pau weather. At first it was wild and stormy, then perfectly beautiful; then more or less broken, and during the last two days a big thunderstorm, followed by swirls of rain with intervals of dry; now the sun is out and the weather promises to mend. What a picturesque place it, Pau, is in many parts, but I have not yet been able to get about much. The climate seems thus far to be something like that of Biarritz, damp soft air; perhaps like Rome too; without the dry, cold winds and piercing sun of the Riviera. It is quite a new experiment for me. This hotel is, as it was in your time, excellently managed and very clean, but rather dear. However I can stand that. We have two communicating bedrooms and Seabrooke's is just on the opposite side of the passage. A lift comes up whenever we ring for it. We have as yet made no friends here. The season is not yet begun. Those in the hotel are Russians, French and Americans, and one couple half-Euglish and half-foreign (nice), and though the front rooms are full, those to either side of the big hotel are not. You recollect Charlotte Wood, afterwards Charlotte Batt, of old days? She died here. When Louisa and I were for a day at Pau we hunted out her gravestone, but I fear it will be difficult to identify it now after more than half a century has passed by. My book, all except the index, has at last gone to Press, so you will get your copy about the end of this month, probably. I am so glad you like James's book. The criticism I would make on it is that he confines himself to selected cases. It would have been better if he had also given a resume of all cases known to him, and of the experiences of doctors of the insane. George Fox must have been crazy when he went like a Jeremiah, and shoeless, into the heart of Lichfield. Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Wednesday, Nov. 15. I reopen the letter to add that Mr Acland-Troite made a long call yesterday evening, and was most pleasant. He told us ever so much, and has already undertaken to get me an introduction which I wanted to the Director of the great horse-breeding establish- ment here. Thank you so much for the introduction. He struck me as a cultured gentleman, full of interests, the chief of which was his church, which he called his baby. There are two other English churches here, plus a Scotch Presbyterian : four in all ! ! His wife just now is a little unwell. So we are not to call just yet. F. G. Fragment of a Letter to Mrs Wheler (Galton' s sister Bessie) written in 1905 from Pau. To go on with my broken off letter; I shall be glad to hear that Lucy's visit to Southampton did her no harm. It is very unfortunate for Col. Studdy that both his cough and his other malady continue to plague him. Please tell Erasmus when you see him that I feel I owe him ■a full letter in reply to the nice one that he sent me before T left England, but he must take what I write to you as partly to himself also I was so wry glad to read of George Darwin's K.C.B.ship. He thoroughly deserves it. His work in science has been of a kind that cannot be pojmlarly appreciated, but is rated by ex- perts as very high indeed. In every way it is a good and timely distinction. His wife will I am sure like it; though it is said that these titles always increase the charges of tradesmen! Ever affectionately, with many thanks to Fanny Wilmot, whose letter I will keep, Francis Galton. P.S. The death of Edward Darwin f from angina pectoris is an interesting link between Dr Erasmus and Charles, both of whom died of that comparatively rare malady. * This is a second instance of repetition to the same person. f Son of Sir Francis Darwin, and grandson of Dr Erasmus, thus whole cousin to Francis Galton. Characterisation, especially by Letters 553 HOtel Gassion, Pau, France. November 14, 1905. (Post-card.) B ■ had a nephew, I believe; that is all I know about his family. I wish indeed that I knew more. Your letter reached me after a long round, hence the delay. The acceptance of the portrait by the Council, and its destination, have given me the greatest pleasure. Thank you all. I am so sorry to miss your fresh account of S. African experiences. We are probably here for the winter. F. Galton. Professor Sir G. H. Darwin, K.C.B., F.R.S. Hotel Gassion, Pau. November 24, 1905. My dear Bessy, The blowing up into the air of the "pincushion" legend* is like the loss of a dear friend to me. I can only bow my head in grief, and submit. But it outjht to have been true. Did not at all events our grandmother see a Doctor every week 1 — also with some ceremony ? Where can I have got these notions from? Mrs Schim.'sf virtues, however, I will still stand up for. She had plenty of warm friends up to her death, and Douglas, to whom I mentioned her iniquities, rather laughed at the account with scepticism. T have latterly found a fourth admirer but only of her "Port-Royal" collections and enthusiasms. We spent last Tuesday afternoon, which was beautifully fine, at Lourdes, and saw the place pretty thoroughly, including the going up a, funicular railway to a famous mountain view. The place is wonderfully beautiful, and white, and clean, with abundance of smooth sward and a rushing river, which comes on here past Pau. I drank the holy water, of course, straight from the tap, and did not find it cold. Oh! the flare of wax candles in the Grotto, and the crutches and sticks fastened to its sides and roof, as votive offerings. There was no crowd of pilgrims, but many very devout-looking, praying people. We can't get lively. The air is so unexhilarating even on the finest days. This place has, I find, that reputation, so I expect we shall soon make trial of Biarritz (three or four hours off). I am very sorry about the Studdys' bad drains. I gave your messages to Eva. Tell us when you next write, how Mrs Skipwith progresses. You will be glad to see PenelopeJ again. It is of course a trial to every one to see alterations in old places, but what we two went through that day, in our search for Ladywood, Duddeston, and the Larches, can hardly be beaten by the experience of any one else. I am news-less, day follows day monotonously with its meals and sleeps, newspapers, novels, and with sadly too little out of door exercise. The weather is usually so bad. Yesterday was execrable, and we have no GO in us just now. They want me to write a book on " Eugenics" and I am disposed to accept the offer. If I see my way to do it, it will give pleasant occupation for a year. But it will be a difficult job to do creditably. Many loves to all. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Hotel d'Angleterre, Biarritz. December 10, 1905. Dearest Milly, I will go through your letter in order, leaving the Tollemaches to the end, after I have seen them. Deniolins is the man you mention. I have not yet read but have sent for his Anglo-Saxons. His French of To-day is, to say the least, stimulating, but I find it raises many unsolved questions and criticisms, and especially as to whether his foundations are as solid as he believes. But I must read more before judging how far his methods would really help in "Eugenics" inquiries. So glad that you have Amy back, and a house full of sons and grandsons. The "Hilda" disaster must have come very home to you; all the more after your "Alliance" shock. I am so glad that you are again in correspondence with Mrs Benson, whom I myself knew only slightly, but whom I always heard so highly spoken * The good lady was reported to have found it difficult to remember the names of the various parts of her frame and still more the locality of the pains she had experienced during the course of the week previous to the doctor's visit. So she caused a doll to be made and stuck a pin into the appropriate place as each pain troubled her. The doctor at his weekly visits gravely extracted pin after pin and discussed the corresponding pain and its cause. f Mrs Schimmelpenninck, Galton's aunt, the well-known writer. % Widow of Francis Galton's brother Darwin. pgiii 70 554 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon of; also that Amy's visit to Cambridge proved so interesting to her. The week here has passed pleasantly. There are interesting people here and very sociable ones. Mrs Tollemache is invaluable with her big collection of books and intelligent sympathy. He is greatly invalided and can work little, if at all, now. I sit with him and talk the philosophy he likes. He is quite blind, or rather can just distinguish light and dark out of the corner of one eye. Even that much is far better than pure darkness. You recollect (or if you do not my little book when it arrives will remind you) my nomenclature for kinship. It occurred to me that its particularising power would be greatly increased by foot-figures, thus bro3 would mean the 3rd brother in the family. Taking yourself as the Subject of a pedigree, I am your mes bro3, Eva is your me3 si2 dax das. In other words your mother was the third sister of her ("Geschwister") brothers and sisters, and her second sister's eldest daughter's third daughter is Eva. So a great deal of additional information can be given by these foot-figures without necessarily interfering with the general simplicity of the formulae. I sent a brief paragraph to Nature illustrating it by the more highly placed relatives of the newly elected King of Norway, and have just posted their proof of it, with corrections. It will be used in the next publication of the Eugenic Office, whenever that may occur, for which Schuster is now busily collecting materials. I wish I could get information about the principal Eugenic centres or districts in England. I mean those that are reputed to turn out the best sort of people, however the phrase "best sort" may be interpreted. The finest men come from Ballater in Scotland or thereabouts. I am trying to get an inquiry into this made. I suppose the "best sort" of persons are those who have so much energy that they are fresh after finishing their regular day's work to get their living, and who employ their after hours in some creditable way. The sun is at length out in fitful gleams. It has been foggy and rainy most days. The clay before yesterday there was a marvellous sea and turmoil of waters at the Barre (the mouth of the Adour). I will add a scrap about the Tollemaches. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Tollemache recollects well all about you and reminded me that I had suggested the book to be given to you. Hotel d'Angleterre, Biarritz. December 11, 1905. Dear Schuster, You have indeed your hands full with Miss Elderton's batch of extracts. It is a big job and will be very interesting at the end. About my "Extension of the Nomen- clature," you will see a letter of mine (I presume) in this week's Nature. But I heartily wish I had waited a bit and got the thing clearer in my head before writing it. Please — in the letter — imagine the Fls to be replaced everywhere by Fu and that this sentence had been inserted — "The foot-figure to every male, whether he appear under the title of fa, bro or son, refers to his rank among his fraternity; so the same person, who happens to be a third son, may appear as_/a3, bro3 or son3. Similarly as regards females, in respect to their sisterhoods; the same second daughter may appear, according to circumstances, as me„, su or da2." Of course, other things might be conveyed by foot-letters, but it would not be wise to encumber overmuch. Still, the phrase "only son" or "only daughter" seems to deserve a special sign, u (for unity) might do, as "faa," but z might do better — not 8, which means son. This can stand over. Of course footnotes would often be wanted, tn (1), wi (2) must stand for 1st or 2nd wife — then wi2(l) or vriu (2) would be easily understood. I am sorry that the "Advisory Meeting" does not seem useful. If experience confirms this, have them less frequently and for special occasions only, or drop them altogether. You do not mention whether any replies are coming in to the circular issued by the Sociological; when you next write, I should be interested to hear. I am afraid that Branford is overworking himself dangerously. When the corrections to Miss Elderton's papers come in, you will probably attack first some particular class of noteworthies and get them as far as may be off-hand before beginning another. However you will soon discover the lines of least resistance. I find this place suits me much better than Pau did. It is rather too foggy and rainy, but this month in the Republican Calendar is called "Brumaire," the month of fogs. I hear the Riviera weather is far from good, so I am well where I am. The waves are sometimes magnificent. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. A» M. /« ./«]« /;;•( ., fih* «S ./''.- si, son, ./' ] I got him to do a brooch like the above (Eva sketched the outline), which I will send as a memento, when we return within reach of easy and honest posts. After beginning this letter by abusing the weather it has suddenly changed into calm sunshine and we are going at once for a good expedition, so I will finish this later. Monday morning. We had a grand day yesterday to Loyola's place — perfect weather, two hours train, four and a half in carriage in all. The place itself seemed hardly what it should be. 1 had hoped to find a record in portraits, pictures and maps, of the progress and misfortunes of 568 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon the Order, and a good library, besides some idea of Loyola's own surroundings. Bat there is nothing of that. Plenty of gorgeousness in marble and gold, small taste, and nothing of graphic historical value. However the drive, etc., was most picturesque and to-day the cold rain has recommenced. I got a ring of no value, which may do for Amy, with the Spanish equivalent to Souvenir op Loyola upon it. It shall be sent with the brooch. I am writing on my knee in a bad light, the morning is so dark and dreary. We sleep to-night at St Jean de Luz. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I don't know where to tell you to send your next letter to me, so don't write at all ! 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. April 7, 1906. (I enclose the German pamphlet of which I wrote and promised to send.) Dearest Milly, It is so pleasant feeling in one's own clean home again and receiving smiling welcome. We had an excellent passage cross-channel and all is well, except that Eva has a rather bad head cold and keeps half this day in bed. I send the brooch and ring; also, I have ordered to be sent to you, from me, Skeat's Concise Ethnological Dictionary which is the book you refer to and is I find a capital book to lie about, at hand when wanted. You praise me too much in your letters, please don't any more. This reminds me of a true story of the present Lord Thring when he was Parliamentary draughtsman and had in consequence to discuss familiarly the terms of proposed Government bills with the Cabinet Ministers who introduced them. He was very outspoken and uncourteous-like and talked of everybody as d...d fools. Bob Lowe one day said to him "Now, Thring, we will understand once for all that everybody except ourselves are d...d fools, so you need not trouble to repeat it, and let us stick to business." By the way, Lord Thring told me in answer to a question, that of all the many Cabinet Ministers with whom he had worked, he rated Gladstone and Disraeli as quite the first. He said they were of different "clay" from other men. On the first occasion, ho put Ayrton third, but in later years when I asked him to verify my recollections, he did not particularly dwell on Ayrton. We did not do much sight-seeing in Paris, only Notre-Dame, Sainte Chapelle, Louvre twice, etc. Eva quite thinks our unpretentious hotel would suit you. You have to give three days' notice before leaving and would of course have to arrange before coming, and not take your chance on arrival. I have seen but few friends yet, being busy. One was William Darwin just now, when for the first lime I saw the Noteworthy Families book, Murray having omitted to send me a copy, knowing I was abroad. I tea-ed yesterday with Miss Baden-Powell (who does the honours of the house), having just found a card asking me to come. There is a wonderful collection of curiosities, Ashanti as well as S. African. She had a wire gauze thing like this with a cross-bar to hold it by to put tea in, and to lower it into the teapot. It is taken out after standing long enough. She got hers at the Army and Navy Stores. It seems a capital plan. I have just got such a pretty card of invitation to a golden wedding, with portraits of the pair 50 years ago and now. It is from Sir William and Lady Crookes. Also, a still more ornate and grand card, engrossed in black and red letters, of invitation to a 400th centenary of Aberdeen University in September. It is all in Latin and drawn up in a very complimentary form. But I can't accept, it is too far and bustly. Sir George Darwin has gone to Philadelphia, as the representative of England at the forthcoming Benjamin Franklin commemoration. His wife is a descendant, great-grand-daughter, of a fellow-worker of Franklin. So it is very appropriate. Ever affectionately, with many loves, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. April 17, 1906. Dearest Milly, I am glad you like the brooch and Skeat, and Amy her very unpretentious but characteristic ring. The sudden death of my — I might almost say colleague and — friend, Professor Weldon, has been a great grief and will be a serious scientific loss to my other colleague and friend, Professor Karl Pearson. Weldon came to London alone for a night or two, while Characterisation, especially by Letters 569 suffering from incipient pneumonia. He became rapidly worse and was put by friends in a nursing- home, his wife having no previous idea of it, and being then happy with the Pearsons, and he was dead in a few hours, his wife reaching him while he was still conscious but very ill indeed. He was one of the strongest of men constitutionally, but took liberties with his strength. It has cast a gloom over this house. We go to Lucy Studdy to-morrow, Wednesday, and the plans are to stay there over Friday night and to go to Claverdon Leys from Saturday to the ensuing Thursday. The next Saturday— Monday I go to the Frank Butlers who have a charming little house at Witham. He is now full Inspector of Schools and will probably before long be pro- moted to London work. One effect of the tire at St Jean de Luz has been to show how much fatter I have grown of late years. Certain clothes, left in my wardrobe of recent years, have l>een tried on and found too tight, and are being sent to the tailors to alter up to date. I heard of a man who said to his tailor, "I am now forty and never had occasion to be re-measured liy you." The tailor smiled and said, "We generally ease the fit a little when our customers seem growing stout, without troubling them about it." I can't now take enough exercise to keep muscles fit; it is no good trying. It only fatigues and I have capital digestive health as it is. Chamberlain never takes exercise, neither did the late Lord Salisbury. I have now got back with proper appliances to my "Resemblance," but am less confident than I was of getting useful results ; the theory is all right, which is something though not enough. You will have enjoyed this weather. I hope that Dartmoor won't be set alight. Many moors are burning, I see. We have had long sits in the Park, which is growing beautiful. Dear old England. She Ms merits. Best loves. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Claverdon Leys, Warwick. Saturday, April 21, 1906. (I go to Rutland Gate on Thursday.) Dearest Milly, On arriving here about lunch-time I found your letter. Guy's chill, Amy's influenza, and the combined want of Cook and Parlour-Maid are a large tale of mishaps. The bitterly cold weather of the last few days and the blackened moor fill your cup almost to over- flowing. Claverdon gardens and shrubbery are greatly improved. All the former stuffiness from overgrowth of trees is gone without any sign of bareness. The ground too is judiciously levelled here and banked there, so it is becoming both pretty and interesting. Edward and M. L. look very well. The voyage and change of scene had become a necessity, for they were overworked. Lucy and Col. Studdy seemed quite well, though he is not so really, but he mends slowly. Their house is very pretty. Lucy's embroideries, framed and hung on the walls, make a brave show. I read through the typewritten copy of Bessy's memoir, which is very readable by any one and full of interest to her own family. It wants "perspective," treating all occurrences too much on the same scale. We are discussing how to treat it to the best advantage, by adding notes and illustrations, and probably printing it for private circulation. Eva is quite done up, I fear, and tit only for quiet at present. She has Gwen Chafy with her, otherwise the house for the moment is almost shut up. The loss of Weldon is a severe one, from many different points of view. I attended the funeral service at Merton College on Wednesday, but the weather was far too bitter for me to go to the Cemetery. All was very sad, and through change of address I am temporarily out of touch with the Pearsons, and through them with Mrs Weldon. His death will modify many of our future plans and movements. It is very sad for us, and almost desolation to the Pearsons. I did not l;" yesterday to see Eva's stained window given over to the church at Ettington. It was too cold, but Lucy went and brought back Constance Pearson for the night. I left her with them. What a large scale she is on! I must leave off now as tea is coming in and it is nearly post-time. Very best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. April 28, 1906. Dearest Milly, Yes, the window in Ettington new Church was put up by Eva and her brothers and sisters to the memory of their Father, Eva taking all the trouble and bearing nearly all the cost. She has lent Count Russell's book; you shall have it in time. There is little in it bearing on the picturesqueness of the lower heights, but great lamentation over the want of enterprise in not building hotels, etc., upon them, as in Switzerland. I will read the pgiii 72 570 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Bishop's Apron as soon as I can get a sight of it. The rain had not reached Claverdon when I left on Thursday, but there had been some snow. Edward is greatly improving the place by cutting down a great amount of overgrowth and re-forming much of the garden. He is also evidently becoming an important man in the county, being so familiar with county duties, and eminently useful and kindly. His Land-Agents' Society is quietly growing into a great institu- tion. The Studdys have arranged their house very prettily. He looks well, but is not yet quite well. I go this afternoon to the Frank Butlers for Saturday to Monday. He is now full Inspector of Schools and lives at Witham, in what I hear is a very pretty house, with his wife and three little daughters. His eldest brother, Cyril, will be there. Cyril married a rich Miss Pears many years ago, bought latterly a country place near Shrivenham and is High Sheriff this year for Berks (or is it Bucks?). Anyhow it is the county in which Reading is. I can't think of the preceding lines to Canning's "Buck-, Buck-, Buckinghamshire dragoon." How Canning must have bubbled over with fun ! Last week or ten days have been in great part melancholy. Weldon's funeral on Wednesday week in bitter weather, and the cold weather subsequently, had given me a sort of chill, which all the warmth and hospitality of the Studdys and Edward Whelers did not wholly overcome. You would have laughed to see how I was covered up at night, and fired — big fires, I mean, in bed-room — just like a decrepit nonagenarian. I drove over with Edward (shut up) to see the last of 5, Bertie Terrace, which has been a second home to me for more than fifty years. It was very painful. Bessy's old house, which with the garden went to Lucy, 1ms been sold. We lunched with Gussie and had news of Grace from Athens. Eva would have added a line, but is just now upstairs. She is still far from strong, I am sorry to say. With loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 6, 1906. Dearest Milly, You will be growing restless like a migratory bird. I shall be curious to learn your plans and dates generally; by the 27th the weather ought to be warm in the south, but early June is full early for the Pyrenees near the bigger mountains. You will find flowers at all events. Your son Frank will have a busy and responsible time in Natal, such as young men love and parents fear. Eva and Walter Biggs* (who is up here for two or three days) went last night to the great meeting of Roman Catholics in the Albert Hall. That big building was full to overflowing, and vast crowds gathered in the streets. It was very impressive, I hear, most enthusiastic but well-ordered, and the speaking both good and temperate. The whole eleven thousand sang a hymn in unison. Frank Butler (as School Inspector) tells me that he thinks the bill would be quite workable, independently of its merits, I mean. I am going with Eva this morning to hear, or rather to try to hear, a sermon in its favour. All the same, I don't profess to really understand it, and have not fairly tried as yet to do so. Ethel (Galton) Marshall Smith t lunches here to-day and Violet looks in after. Then Eva and Walter go to St Paul's, and he is to hear the Education Debate in the House of Commons to-morrow. It is "history in the making." Lunch is over. The sermon was, alas, almost inaudible to me, to my great regret. I have no news. Eva and I went to Hampton Court yesterday afternoon. The morning was brilliant, but clouds and cold wind came, and the expedition was a failure. So many things of Bessy's and Emma's have been offered very kindly to me, by both Edward and Lucy. One of these is the original picture of my Father, signed by Oakley, which I have put up in the place of the copy, also by Oakley, which I had. The latter is good, though not equal to the original, and it is now of no use to me. Would you like to have it? It ought to be in the family. I will send it at once, frame and all, in quite good order, if you like. Family matters remind me of Mrs Schim., and she, of Bristol Cathedral where she is buried, and that of the Bishop of Bristol, with whom I was talking two or three days ago at the Club. He is delighted at being asked to be President of the Alpine Club and has gladly accepted. He was a great climber in old days and more especially an explorer of caverns ! Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * The Rev. Walter Bree Hesketh Biggs, Evelyne Biggs' brother. f Ethel, daughter of Cameron Galton, married a Marshall Smith. Characterisation, especially by Letters 571 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 14, 1906. My dear Lucy*, X Laduarood ' Re^_ - _^ Xr, aa > Duddeston X L&rckes My impression is that the three places f are the corners of an equilateral triangle, three miles to the side — but I have no map of Birmingham whereby to verify. Ladywood is by the "Crescent," to the right of the road from the Town Hall to the Five- Ways. Duddeston is located 1 >v 8t Anne's Church, and the Larches by Sparkbrook ; I can give no more exact reference to the latter. The River Rea, once sparkling, subsequently filthy beyond compare and finally diverted into a sewer, fed the Duddeston ponds. One was called the Mill Pool and, I presume, not only had acted but did act during my grandfather's life-time, as such, to the Duddeston Water Mill, which subsequently was partly if not wholly replaced by steam power. I am very glad that Arthur takes kindly to the idea. He is not handicapped, as I am, by crowds of ancient recollections, which had my Father and Mother, Uncles and Aunts, as their focus, and are with difficulty adjustable to the focus in which you are concerned, namely, your Mother. I feel as if I did not deserve to be forgiven for my blunder about the paper of dates. It confirms a strong impression I have long had, that the way to mislay a document is to put it in some peculiarly safe place. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 15, 1906. I lEABBST Milly, It is a relief to hear that the picture arrived safely. Glass, when cracked over a water-colour, does or may do great harm. Our letters will get again into order this week. To-morrow we go to Cambridge for the day to see Montagu Butler and my portrait. Also, some of the Darwins, not George I am sorry to say, who will be away on business. Eva went yesterday with Gwen Chafy to see both Lucy Studdy and the memorial window at Ettington which they both liked greatly, I was glad to learn. Eva is much better. Guy must be glad of a fortnight of his old work, which he does so well. What an account you send of Johannesburg lity. I have arranged to have a look shortly at the Identification Department in Scotland Yard. The Chief Commissioner', Mr Henry, was, as you may remember, lent by the India Office to the Colonial Office, in order to get the Johannesburg Police into order, before taking ii]i his present appointment under the Home Office. He told me that for Kaffir police purposes, ;i great desideratum was that each man should have, and be always compelled to use, the same readable txunr.. It would be all the more necessary with the Chinese, whose names have less variety than those of Scotchmen (Highlanders). We have been very quiet at home. Last week there was a "gentlemen's soiree" at the Royal Society, where one of the most beautiful exhibits was a set of four large maps including only a small part of the Milky Way. The multitude of small stars that photography reveals far exceeds what could have been imagined, and the brilliancy of these multitudes of specks is astonishing. Edward Wheler comes to us on Thursday for two or three nights. He has much business to get through — the Land Agents' Society, and so on. I am going to subscribe to the Times library and shall put down the Bishop's Apron on my first list. * Mrs Studdy, daughter of "Sister Bessy." It may interest the reader to know, that on the death of her mother, Mrs Wheler, she came into possession of several Darwin relics, and of these she left, on her death, the armchair of Dr Erasmus Darwin and silhouettes of his second wife and him to the Galton Laboratory. f With regard to these three homes of the Galtons, closely associated with Francis Galton's boyhood, see our Vol. I, pp. 50-51 and Plates XXIX, XLV. 72—2 572 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon I am quite enthralled by one of Renan's books, the Antichrist. (lam reading it in an excellent translation with an excellent introduction by W. Hutchinson.) He makes out that Nero is the Beast of the Apocalypse, and brings in an enormous amount of the history of those times, most of which was quite unknown to me. It is a book well worth reading. Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 20, 1906. Dearest Milly, The paragraph about Guy is pleasant reading. Edward Wheler, who has been staying here three nights, heard to the same effect from Smith (son of the publisher), who is (?) Colonel of Guy's regiment, a few days ago. Eva and I had a most pleasant 24 hours at Cambridge, lunching and spending the bulk of the day at Trinity Lodge, and sleeping at the George (Sir George) Darwins. The portrait looks particularly well in the Hall. The background being much lighter than those of the other pictures, and all being surrounded by dark oak, gives a welcome light to the general effect. Nothing could be better all round. Eva is also quite pleased with the memorial glass window in Ettington Church. She went down to see it on Monday last and to lunch with the Studdys. She has got Count Russell's book back and proposed to, perhaps she already has, post(ed) it to you. I can quite fancy Biarritz becoming enormously expensive. This is the beginning of its summer season, when wealthy French and Spanish grandees visit it in large numbers, and ordinary French and Spanish go in shoals and sleep six in a room, as we were assured often occurred. I shall be eager to know where you yourselves finally go to. We went last night to Stephen Phillips's play of Nero, having read it first. It is very "spectacular," but the acting was on the whole not quite first-rate. Still it was extremely interesting and apparently a just rendering of Roman Court life in those days. What villains they were ! Talking of villains, I spent an hour in the morning yesterday seeing the finger-prints in Scotland Yard. Mr Henry (the Chief Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police) has got them into good order. The methodical arrangements are excellent. He has about 84,000 sets of prints and thinks he could deal with 150,000 without straining the method. There are more than 500 identifications a month, now; in the old days, there were not so many in a whole year. The burglars begin to use gloves, and now and then they destroy the skin of their finger-tips, but this grows again. Ever affectionately, with loves to you all, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 2, 1906. Dearest Milly, I wonder where and how you are, after your very hot start. To think of your having been so near Rutland Gate on Monday! It was fortunate for you that you did not call, for on that day we had arranged to go to Claverdon. But in the morning I was suddenly seized with a strange ague-fit like I had last autumn ; the doctor sent me at once to bed, and Claverdon had to be telegraphed to. I was rather bad for a few hours, and could not have seen you. The thing is gradually working itself off with bronchitis, and I get out, but am still over-weak When inquiring about interesting places, did you ever hear any tiling of the Mediterranean side of the Pyrenees — Port-Bou, etc.? The places are said to be very picturesque, but the accommodation is not smart. You reach them via Perpignan. Louisa and I once spent some time at Vernet-les-Bains, at the foot of the Canigou. It had merits but is probably now a noisy bath place. Ibrahim Pacha was sent there in his old age to recuperate from his excesses. The doctor said that he must stop wine. On a second visit Ibrahim was worse and the doctor rebuked him for not obeying orders. Ibrahim flew into a fury and said, "Oh, pig-brained son of a she-ass, I have not touched wine, only two bottles of Cognac each day." Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 8, 1906. Dearest Milly, If you are having splendid weather, like us, you will indeed be joyful. Eva will enclose her letter to Count Russell. She saw more of him than I did and has corre- sponded with him already. What an ovation you have had at Montauban. Amy must have rejoiced in the Bishop, and you both have been delighted at the happy ways of Jeannie Ronsell and her kindred. We English are a nation of natural snobs, which Southerners rarely are. We do however bear some polish, though it is costly and laborious to rub it on. The servility to Characterisation, esj>ecially by Letters 573 persons of high social rank seems an expression of a conscious want of the polish that those have acquired and that they have not. If so, it is a pardonable feature, so far. I am glad you recall the zinc figure in the garden at Royat. It has left a deep impression on myself, not unlike that of Millet's "Angelus" — very sad, very brave, very noble. I had no idea that one of your sons had the honour of having played hockey with the present Queen of Spain ! A lady who was here had joined in eating a bun with her, some years ago, at a pastry cook's. What a deal she has gone through already. Among the minor Spanish events is, I see, a resignation of the Premier, followed by a reconstituted cabinet. I am getting straight again and have driven out the last three days, and to-morrow we go for the week-end to friends at Haslemere. Next week I (and Gifi) go for three or four nights to Oxford, to the Arthur Butlers, which I think can be now safely effected. It is always such a great pleasure to see him. I am pitching into " Eugenics " again, seriously discussing the possibility and advisability of offering certificates, that must be trustworthy in reality as well as in popular appreciation, and that must be inexpensive and yet self-supporting. Though the thing is full of difficulty, I now think I see my way, so have just sent a paper to be typed, and to be submitted to a few critical friends before taking the next step. Lucy Studdy is in town and dines here to-night. Her embroidery won two prizes at a recent exhibition at Oxford. If you come across a Pyrenean sun-dial, such as the shepherds VL4 always carried with them, I wish you would invest in one for me. They can hardly cost more than 1 franc. I gave mine to the Pitt-Rivers Museum. The principle is to find the time by the altitude of the sun at any given season. The head of the dial is turned to the right place (month and day). The gnomon sticks out and casts a shadow. The cylinder is marked with proper curves, and is dangled at the end of a string, and the hour is read off. I have drawn the top badly here. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 16, 1906. Dearest Millv, Your letter is very interesting, but I grieve at Edward's rheumatism. We have had three cold and rheumatic days here but the bad spell seems just over. Thank you much about the Shepherd's sun-dials. The rougher and more everyday order that they are of the better. I will even ask you to get me two of them. I had neat box-wood ones made for me in England some fifty years ago, and I calculated the curves, and had them cut in them, for the latitude of London, but I liked the rough native ones better as objects of interest. I hope yon may come across Count Russell after all. Amy is well out of Montauban hospitality. Your account of her reminded me vaguely of Vathek, who, absolute and incomparably learned monarch that he was, was so upset by his inability to decipher the magical letters on the Bword given him by the magician, that of the 163 dishes presented to him at dinner he had so lost appetite as to l>e only able to taste 35 ! We had a most successful week-end visit last Sunday, when I was well "molly-coddled" under the surveillance of Eva, and three other nights at Oxford with the Arthur Butlers — all most pleasant. George G. Butler (whom you know) and his boy are with us now. They all go to the theatre to-night, with others who dine here. I shall smoke the cigarette of peace and quiet in great comfort at home. Fred's account of the Chinese would have been most welcome to the Unionist newspapers a few days ago, but after Mr Churchill's confession on the part of the Government that only twelve Chinese in all had asked to be repatriated, the case is closed. 574 l/ifi and Letters of Francis Galton The Ministry seem learning to blunder less, but have a difficulty in carrying out their party pro- gramme, etc., as stated at the Elections. I heard a good story of, let us say, Lady A., a great lady who lives in Grosvenor Square. She told her friend, say Mrs B., "I have asked all the new Ministers to my reception in July." Mrs B. said, "What, all of them? Have you asked John Burns and his wife?" Lady A. answered, "No, not them: they are impossible. Besides, I have never called there." Mrs B. said, "But you must ask them, or it will he a .slight and they and many others of their party will be angry." So Lady A. went home and wrote, " Dear Mrs Burns, I hope you and Mr Burns will give me the pleasure of your company at my reception on Pray excuse my not having called, but the distance is so great from Grosvenor Square to Battersea." The answer came: "Dear Lady A., I fear that Mr Burns and I shall be unable to avail ourselves of your kind invitation, for I have studied the map, and find the distance from Battersea to Grosvenor Square to be just as great as that from Grosvenor Square to Battersea." Neat, wasn't it? Mrs B. told Lady Galton who told me. I am getting answers and suggestions to my typewritten circular1 about the Eugenics Certificates, which were sent to about half-a- dozen experts. We shall see the final results, probably in the first instance in a paper published somewhere. Best loves, ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 24, 1906. Dearest Milly, July 12th or 13th, as you propose, will suit excellently; so come here at once on your arrival. Eva will stay two or three days to overlap you and to have the pleasure of seeing you. What about Amy? The little dressing-room will be the only room available for her. It would be heartily at her service if she came with you. As the time approaches, you will tell me more particulars? —day and train, etc. To continue business, you will, of course, stay a full fortnight. Later on / should greatly like a week with you and I would arrange about Gifi in the way you describe, but I can't say more just now, as Eva's plans are not certain — cannot be certain — just yet, and mine would be somewhat governed by hers. The plan in outline is that she should go with her artist friend, Mary Savile, to some picturesque place, yet to be decided on, in conformity with Miss Savile's portrait-painting arrangements. Eva writes to-day to fix more particularly, but cannot hear for some three days, I expect. One idea was to go to Polperro, which would be very convenient to her and to myself. But this must stand over for a few days. She is most obliged for your very kind invitation, but she wants a bit of artistic Bohemianism badly. Miss Savile, too, who is coming into high vogue with great people, wants the same. Lucky for Bob, not to have been blown up! So glad the Pyrenees have been a climatic success, though not a social one. Hugh and Fred will, I trust, enjoy it all thoroughly. I have been in what is now for me a whirl of doings. There was a big dinner at Trinity College given to us old fogeys, once undergraduates at Trinity. T was the oldest fogey but one, but it was very interesting meeting many scattered friends. Llewelyn Davies was one, who sat next to me. Lord Macnaghten (the Judge of Appeal) was one of the guests at the Lodge and talked to me very pleasantly about R. Cameron Galton, who was his contemporary. They both won rowing prizes and were great friends. Macnaghten was a Senior Classic of his year. Then I had a good deal of talk with Sir Fowell Buxton, who told me he had a genealogy of the descendants of the Gurneys of Earlham. There are upwards of 1000 now living, but of these some 200 must be subtracted owing to cousin marriages, which include duplicate entries of the same name. He has sent me some figures and asked me to suggest how to work the thing to the best advantage. I had some ideas and have written them out fully and sent them. There were many others of great interest to myself, but tedious to narrate. Then, one day, I went with George Butler and his boy, with Eva, into the country to hunt up family portraits of the boy's family, contained in an old house, whose representatives welcomed us warmly. In the evening at 11.15 I went to a big affair in the offices of the Daily Telegraph, to which the German Editors now visiting London were invited, and a lot of English to meet them. We saw the set-up of the paper in all its details and the beginning of the printing of it at 12.15. The scale of the whole thing is enormously costly. One ,sees that home industries, in producing things in tvide demand, have no chance against big machinery. There are eight big machines, all fed from duplicates cast from the same type. Each machine is fed from a roll of paper four miles in length and drops out Daily Telegraphs, ready folded and dried, faster than it is possible to count — certainly at least five in each second. It was a wonderful display. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Characterisation, especially by Letters 575 Bridge End, Ockham, Surrey. August 12 (St Grouse of the Philistines), 1906. Dearest Milly, The four letters which I return are like the opening of an Etruscan tomb, where all the contents appear just as they were deposited 2000 and more years back. How human we all are ! I can quite understand your having felt just the same about your child and grandchildren as your mother did about me. Erasmus might, or might not, greatly like to see his own letter and others about Loxton. I have to write to him, and will mention their existence, especially that of July 19, 1839, so he can apply to you if he wishes. I recollect so clearly coming home — to Leamington — in 1840, and my sisters all in mourning array for my grandfather ; Eva's gretit-grent-grandiaihev. It is pleasant to read of the strong affection that your mother then had — even at that early date, I mean — for Aunt Brewin, or Aunt Sophia as she then was. We were rated by outsiders as a most united family and the letters show that we were so then. But after my Father's death the hoops that bound together the staves of the family cask seem to have given way, and with independence we mostly flew off in different directions. What good paper and ink they used in 1839-40. It is the bleaching and the shoddy (short fibres) and other material than linen, that cause modern paper to be so weak and perishable. But it is marvellously cheap. I suppose that paper is " pulped " over and over again until it serves no other purpose than to give bulk. The strength, such as it is, being due to a scanty intermixture of proper fibre. It is worth while to scrutinise paper through a strong lens and to notice its curious structure. I have been busy with my machine, out of doors, I sitting under an awning and the machine projecting out into the open, and now that I can test the plan experimentally and for the first time with proper appliances, am more doubt- ful than ever as to its real usefulness. But there are still some tests to be applied and some variations of method. Yes, this August is a sad month to me, or rather a month that brings sad and solemn recollections. Dear Emma, I feel the want of her more and more, but she fully lived out her life. There were grounds for fear that her faculties would noticeably weaken before long. There is a Greek phrase, I think, "he was still young and his tomb was not yet in sight.'' In my fancies, I don't see a tomb but a greenery with some cypresses in it showing over a bit of old brick wall on a hill about a mile off, where the peaceable cemetery lies. There are many small, nice, old-fashioned churches hereabouts and, as Sir Lucius O'Trigger expressed himself, nice quiet lying in the attached churchyards. We feel much at home here, having made many friends last year. The weather continues lovely — no rain ; the trees don't show the want of it, though the gardens do. Your rain is wanted here by the farmers. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Try to excuse smears and blots. Lucy Cameron Galton comes here next Saturday for a week. I much look forward to going to you on or about September 4. We leave this on Thursday, August 30, thence to town to refit and to settle matters, and I should be free to come to you on September 3 or 4 (Monday or Tuesday). Please let the exact date stand over for a bit. (You must of course consider your own convenience first.) Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde, I. of W. August 14, 1906. My dear Frank, Our friend Collins is quite wrong about the compass points as used by en. No sailor would dream of saying N.N. West by West half North ; he would say N.N. West half West. No doubt Collins had picked the term up among yachtsmen, who do make ridiculous mistakes among themselves, and there is no one to correct them. In mercy to Collins pray tell him. Many thanks about sister Allele's letter and F. Miller's address. I am glad you like your quarters so well. What a cheerful companion Jenny would make for me; how we would converse and understand each other — like yourself and the camel did some 40 years since at the Zoo, when the camel flopped down on its knees and toppled over a lot of children and two ancient parties. I simply made a run for it — yourself ditto. I get afloat in steamers often, but not in sailing vessels. How curious it is how people keep on using old terms, nou meaningless. The newspapers and others constantly say such and such a company's steamers Sail on such a day in place of saying Leave. They carry no sails and have no masts except for signal uses. I am as well as possible, but the toss by a cow three years since has spoilt my walking powers and my sea legs. Rver very affectionately yours, Eras. Galton. P.S. Kindest remembrances to Eva. 57(5 Life mid Letters of Francis Galton Bridge End, Ockham, Surrey. August 18, 1906. Dearest MlLLT, I am glad that the proposed time for my visit suits you. The progress of the drains must be interesting to watch! We, like you, have at length had much rain, sorely needed here, and it is cold in the evenings, so we have begun fires and sit but little out of doors. The hammock had been put up and the tent peg seemed as firm as iron when I lay in it, but after the rain had soaked the ground, Eva tried it and out came the peg and down she came " Hammock and all " like the nursery song of the bird in its nest on the tree-top. We had tea yesterday with an interesting man, Mr Stokes, the iron contractor for the big Egyptian dams. His wife, an Ionides, is half-Greek, and grand-daughter of the Ionides who gave the collection of pictures to our government. Everything about his cottage by the side of a rushing mill-stream is thought out, home-made for the most part, and interesting. The stream is of considerable width and he built with his own hands two bridges across it ; each is on a peculiar principle, and a water-wheel pumps water high up to his garden. Lucy Cameron Galton is with us for some days. The weather has been much against her sketching but she thoroughly appreciates the paintability of the place. Cameron is taking a walking tour in Wales with Violet. You recollect my pinched thumb-nail. It happened about July 26, more than three weeks ago, during which time the black has travelled only 7 millimetres forwards, say at the rate of 2 millimetres a week. It is now, as well as I can draw it, like this — and there is more black to an as yet unexplored distance below the flesh. In fact, it gets blacker and the nail seems more rotten nearer its root. I wish the surgeons would make bioscopes of healing wounds. In fact everything that grows might be bioscoped — humans, trees, etc. For a landscape, either a stone, or three smaller stones or bricks, would have to be fixed permanently in the ground, with holes in them for the legs of the camera, that it might be always in exactly the same place, then the photographs would have to be taken at the same hour on different days*. My machine t is now worked in my little so-called dressing-room here — some- times still out of doors. All it wants is a common (it can't be too common) table to put it on, and it does not hurt a good one. A small table, so long as it is not less than 2 ft. 8 in. in length and 9 in. in breadth, is handier than a larger one. If you have not such, I could easily buy one in Bovey, or if none are to be bought, I could get a carpenter to nail up something thus : — So I will bring the machine down on spec, unless I shall have done enough with it before then. But the inquiry is very troublesome. I am still uncertain as to the real utility of such results as I am likely to get. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Bridge End, Ockham, Surrey. August 26, 1906. Dearest Milly, If all goes well and the May Bradshaw is to be trusted, Gifi and I will reach Bovey Station on Saturday next at 3.9, and will drive straight thence to Edymead. with the awning and with the machine. I have only just got it all into fluent working order, though it is so simple. Best congratulations to Amy on the Pope's autograph. May it convey a blessing! I feel quite interested about the progress of your drain. About the black on my nail, it is now 10 millimetres long and has five more to accomplish to reach the end. By pushing the skin back at the base I fancy I see the root of it (the black part), and its very rough commencement. This too is a subject of present interest and amusement. Nothing out of the common way has happened here since I wrote, and being at this moment rather hand- weary with much writing, and as we shall meet so soon, I will not write more. Lucy Cameron Galton has been a most pleasant visitor. She left two or three days ago. I take such a sound sleep in the middle of the day that each one seems to be two days and my dates are apt to be mixed. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * The coming of spring, or the passing of summer, might be effectively represented in tins way. j- The " Measurement of Resemblance " apparatus, still preserved in the Galton Laboratory. PLATE LVIII Francis Galton and his Great-Niece Eva, — Evelyne Biggs, at Bridge End, Ockham, in August, 1906. iracteri&itioH, especially by Letter* Address now to 42, Rutland Gate. S.W. Awfmtt 29, 1906. Dejle Schtetex, Tbe advantage of Dowbledays work is ha direct way of —"'"g tbe ---;:-■:-- -r ::.:':-.:_.--■ .-.;...:'.-.. :. .1 ---~ : -- ._ 7 -.:"...::. .: :-.---. -- fertile than another in one particular generation cannot be Unutcd altogether. It may well he the case that the marriage rate is different in small and large families or again (for which some grounds exist) that the tendency to fertility is more or less periodic- It is astonishing how often large families have few descendants in the next fxnuatiun owing to < an r.n that may be partly social, partly physiological, whose existence we may suspect but of which we as yet know next to nothing. "The fate of huge families" would be an interesting inquiry, in its war. me more precisely the use that yon think might be nvade of Burke's LamJtJ Grmtry. I leave Ockham to-dav for three nights in London and thence, first to Devonshire and after- wards to tbe Midlands, but letters to 42. Rutland Gate, London, will always be fin raided on. Very sincerely yours. Fsxsras G altox. SepJy to a request on the part or -'deric Whyte to knotc tchat he thought of Phrenology, September, 1906. The localisation in quite modern times of the fumtiow of the brain sends so far aware no corroboration whatever, but quite the reverse, to the divisions of tbe j capable observers should have co— c to such strange rnwrtorisnn has to be accownted for— most easily on the supposition of unconscious bias in colbwjiag data. Whoever may seriously re-examine the notation must procure a collection of appropriate cases by persons who know well the characters of the person nimrd, and who, if pwahle, should he wholly unacquainted with the pm poses of the collection. A good way would be by fixing after much consideration on some strongly contrasted characters appropriate to tbe inquiry, and then to obtain letnins from masters, etc.. of huge schools of the names of those boys in whom they were notably in excess or deficiency and to photograph tbe heads of those boys on a uniform method for subsequent comparison. Trustworthy conclusions might be reached ; but what qualified persona will undertake the labour of what will probably end in showing phrenological hampn to he nteaningless? 42. RrTLASD Gat - aliailir 12, 1906. M v peak Kv a. Will you verv kindly do the following job for me, and send the results to me to Clarerdon Leys, Warwick I I have traced a few of Hbs Baden-PoweUa nilhont.Mi.il and send them herewith. Also I send a sheet made up of 15 smaller ones pasted togUhu, all numbered. I want two or three of the silhouettes enlarged according to the instructions by the side of the sheet of numbers. All I want in the end it sonwthing like this on a very huge scale. You can mess the paper with crayon as much as you please but in each case draw a thin, firm, equally thick line through all the mem, to indicate clearly the outline. Choose whichever of the silhouettes you prefer, Marconi and myself being comparatively beardless womld — • do for two of tbeiu. Generalise the hair and beard as much as yon can. fancying it has to be worked in tapestry. I shall be so much obliged for this, I have been working hard and getting on. The Athenaeum is shut up and I don't care to go to its temporary substitute, but tea and lunch and dine here. There are various little things to tell hardly worth writing about. I got a big strong kit-bag yesterday, to replace the burnt one. Kindest remembrances to your fellow-lodger. Ever afiectionately. Francis Gal Tell me your plans when you write ; I have somewhat forgotten what we arranged. brass Malthouse, Biburv. Fairford (Glos.). [Cutudox Lets.] Sunday, Srpttmhtr 16, 1906. Dearest Miixy. Tbe past week seems to me an age through change of scene, though there have been no notabh are barricaded, I suppose, more or less. Here at Claverdon, where I am at this moment, there are big waterworks going on. In a spare spot rem 73 578 Life and Letters of Francis Galton between the garden and the stables a cistern 20 x 10 x 10 feet is just dug out and built round, and in an ingenious way all the water that falls on the many roofs connected with the farm-yard is collected into a pipe to feed it. Ever so much is going on besides. I had a quick but stuffy journey from Newton Abbot. The fast train was easily caught there, but there was overcrowding in it. The three nights in London were very profitable, for I finished my little paper and did various jobs, and I reached here, as arranged, on Thursday. Eva is at Bibury. I join her there to-morrow, for the week ; then I go home, and she for a few days to Warwickshire, and we converge in London afterwards. I wonder if the drought has continued with you. There has been a little rain here, and yesterday a big threatening cloud, with apparently waterspouts of rain, hung over Leamington and elsewhere, but only a few drops touched us. The newcomers at Gannoway Gate (where Darwin lived as a bachelor, and the Torres till lately) were here while getting their furniture in. It transpired that the male could whistle through his fingers and after moderate persuasion he did. He gave us lessons in that musical and very useful art, but although I blow with his diagram by my side, in front of the looking-glass, for five minutes at a stretch, I have not yet caught the trick. Edward occasionally succeeds. I shall go on night and morning till I can. How many useful accomplishments are neglected in our youth! — this of making "cat-calls" among the number. I want it every day to get a cab in London. It beats all whistles hollow, but confessedly is not elegant to the eyes. I do not suggest Amy's acquiring it. 5, Bertie Terrace is not yet sold, several things that they all are glad to have stored are still there. I had not the heart to look at it. Gifi cycled over to Leamington and saw Temple, who had been here for a little while in Claverdon, and learnt that since then she had been somewhat seriously ill, a doctor-three- n< times-a-day business; I don't know more. She is convalescent now, but / \5o weak. Yeales is, I hear, losing her memory. Everything ages, and is extruded when of no further use. Among others, I am glad to reckon my pinched thumb nail, only one half of the old one is left now. Good- bye, loves to you all. Fred was very patient. We were \ hour too early at the station and the train was late as well! Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I am writing before breakfast so have no message to send. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. September 23, 1906. Dearest Milly, I am really at this moment still in Bibury, but go home for good to-morrow. We, like you, have much sunshine and warmth, but I hear dismal stories from the Cumberland Lake country of what the weather is and has been there. Thank Amy ever so much for Mrs Benson's letter which I keep and which confirms essentials. Amy seems to have told her that I said it was Fob etc.*, my point was that I thought it could not have been him but that I quite forgot who it was and wanted to learn. This, Mrs Benson supplies. The object of the visit to Lambeth was to see some papers in the library there which bore on the history of the Greek Church. For all the rest, I can trust my own memory. The interview was described by the Archbishop most graphically and forcibly. I have now been a week here at Bibury in extreme cottage-comfort. Eva has a lady artist friend, Miss Savile, who has to sleep out but takes her meals here. The post has just brought me the photo-process reduction of the diagram in my forthcoming paper (composed at Edymead); the proof will doubtless be at Rutland Gate. I shall be glad to have this preliminary off my hands. You shall have a copy of the thing when Nature has published it. I am receiving excellent tracings of profiles, full of character, from Dance's big works. They are large enough to fill (allowing a full margin) one page of this note-paper, and are all of well-known contemporaries, sketched from life. They are making a most interesting subject for study and comparison. The caster of the British Museum coins is on his holiday, but undertakes to cast them all when I come back. I mean all in the list of 100 or so that I sent him. To cast all in the British Museum would indeed be a large order. To-morrow we all separate. Eva goes for a week to Warwickshire and then she rejoins me for good in London. We have not yet absolutely, but approximately, decided against wintering partly in England. The probable event will be that of going slowly Rome-wards early in November. I look back with ever so much pleasure to Edymead. Pray give suitable remembrances all round, not omitting the Signora. Ever affectionately (from the awning as usual), Francis Galton. * This probably refers to C. P. Pobedonosteff. See p. 548 above. Characterisation, especially by Letters 579 Edymead, Bovey Tracey. October 19, 1906. M v DEAR Edward, At length a newspaper notice has appeared of your Report which I enclose. It is by Prof. R. T. Hewlett, as I see from the table of contents of this number of Nature, Oct. 18, 1906. They have spelt your name with twoe's. I am surprised that nothing was said about it at the British Association. It should have been referred to by the President of the Biological Section, but he (Lister) gave an Address by no means up to the mark, in at least certain particulars, and which is at this moment undergoing scathing criticism by Prof. Karl Pearson. I have had a trying 1 2 days of Rheumatics and Bronchitis and though much better, am not yet sound. I funk now foreign travel and probably shall try Plymouth for November and December. Eva went down for a night to prospect, and reports favourably. Milly and I are to go down on Monday and conclude. London in November would help to, or quite, kill me. It is sad being banished. There are great offsets however to the discomforts of invalidism, in the care and affec- tion one gets, the fires in one's bedroom, and the lots of sleep. Guy has been from home, but returns to-day. His renewed adjutancy hopes are now finally disposed of, by the appointment of Captain Weston as his successor. Sidmouth was a haven of rest to me for a week in bed. Thence I came here on Tuesday last in two easy stages, sleeping at Exeter. I was far too ill to see Beer*, but I read about it and saw a picture of it. Neither could I make an excursion anywhere. I have learnt nothing whatever during the last fortnight except the virtues of a new (to me) pill — Podophyllum, with a little colocynth and hyosciamus. I shall adopt them in the place of compound rhubarb, of which in average health I take about one in two months. Of these, I have already had to swallow three. Erasmus wrote me such a nice affectionate letter in reply to mine; so also did Grace Moilliet. How beautiful Devonshire is, and how varied! Two seas, two (?) moors, lots of harbours and rich pastures, besides red earth and red cattle. Best love to M. L. I trust your Agents' meeting went off as usefully as hitherto. Eva goes to-day to London to look after winter clothing and the house. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 7, Windsor Terrace, The Hoe, Plymouth. November 7, 1906. Dearest Milly, I must write my first letter from this charmingly placed club (Royal Western Yacht Club of England) to you, to ask you to thank Guy again for procuring me admission to it. We get on quietly and happily. I have one friend at the Aquarium, Bidder, grandson of the "calculating boy," and have made acquaintance with the others there. They do excellent work. Their steam trawler, the " Huxley," is just back from the north seas, and is off westward for a few days, anil 1 am to go over her when she returns. Bidder has been making prolonged experiments on the drift currents of the North Sea, by sinking closed bottles with a paper inside and with a very legible label asking the tinder to break the bottle, take out the enclosed small roll of card, fill up the spaces with date and place of recovery, and to post the card to him. It appears that fishing with trawls is so searching, that 77 per cent, of the bottles are recovered by the fishermen, some after drifting up to even 140 miles. My other important experience regards cutting a cake. The object aimed at is to make the arcs of the two slices equal, without regard to the part of the circumference, so (1) does as well as (2). I have tried both, and rather incline to (1). It is an excellent plan for keeping the cake moist. An indiarubber band keeps the halves together. Cross cutting is not necessary, (3) being as good as (4). We were grieved at your bad cold. I hope it is disappearing at a normal rate. It has been too cloudy and rainy to tempt us out much, but the day before yesterday we had a grand forenoon seeing the dockyards. The \asinyth hammer worked beautifully. Do you happen to recollect the crayon picture of a meteor^ that I have? It was drawn and given to me by Nasmyth, who saw the meteor at his own place in Kent, I having seen it (and * "Beer" or "High Beer," near Winterbourne-Kingston, one of the homes of the original Galton yeomen; see our Vol. I, p. 40, ftn. 2. f This drawing is deposited in one of the drawers of Galton's writing table at present in the Galtoniana in the Galton Laboratory. 73—2 580 Life and Letters of Francis Galton published a brief account of it) at Boulogne. What a noise it made! People thought a magazine had exploded somewhere, and the trail of white that it left behind lasted for a long while. With many loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 7, Windsor Terrace, The Hoe, Plymouth. December 20, 1906. My dear Edward, Best wishes of the season. It will be the shortest day when you get this, and then the year will turn — Hurrah ! I am particularly glad you will be on the Advisury Council re Agricultural Biology. It will be just the thing you could help so well in, especially when the stage is reached of the Agricultural Farm. Very amusing and pleasant your Gloucester host's account of Erasmus at the Regent. I heard of his luncheon party there a few days since, from Lucy, aud how happy he seemed to be. She too seems at last to be getting strong and happy, and her husband as well. A friend of mine, Pryor by name, has a collection of old silhouettes, mainly of certain Quaker relatives and their friends including my Grandmother of Duddeston (whose pastel portrait you have) and one of dear Mrs Schim.*, made at Bath in 1809, according to my Father's note in pencil upon it. She was then an uncommonly handsome woman of 30 odd years with a profile greatly like that of her very promising brother, Uncle Theodore*, who died young of plague at Malta. You naturally do not share my (reserved) admiration for Mrs Schim., for your Mother certainly did not, but she interests me on family grounds, so when I return home I think I shall frame her. So James Keir Moilliet is buried to-day. Poor Lewis with his twin brother gone and himself blind. Amy Lethbridge is quite well again, after a bad sore throat to begin with. Then she was taken to Weston and got quite well. Eva saw her at Edymead House two days ago, just returned. Plymouth atmosphere is not enlivening, but I get on well enough by leading an invalid life. Driving is no good, for the ground is very hilly and the ugly suburbs stretch far. You mentioned that you read Nature. Look in to-day's issue at a paragraph, with small diagrams, on how to cut a cake scientifically, signed by a certain F.G. We have used the plan regularly for at least a fortnight. It suits our modest wants. So you have two bulls ! Claverdon Leys will become "Bashan" (I have however no conception what the Biblical "Bulls of Bashan" refer to). I am delighted that you are so lit, so busy and so happy. Loves to you both. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 7, Windsor Terrace, The Hoe, Plymouth. January 17, 1907. My dear Edward, So glad to hear of your doings, of the house " bursting full of boys and girls" and of the six calves. — Also of the forthcoming wild geese in Wales. — The poor old bank in Steelhouse Lane!!t Nothing endures. One of Bewick's vignettes is of a churchyard on the edge of a cliff that is crumbling into the sea. The havoc has reached so far as to cut a monument in two. The part that remains is inscribed "To the immortal memory of..."; all the rest is gone. I was more sentimental about the little Slaney Street, where there was an Office connected with the bank, which my Father kept up till his death, I think. It had an old copying machine, given him I believe by James Watt its inventor, and which looked not unlike a mangle. A huge thing worked by cross arms. I went with him there on not a few occasions, but never into the big bank house. I wish I could get rid on fair terms of the small remainder of my Duddeston property, for the reason you mention. But after all there is not enough of it left to be risky overmuch. The cistern must now be a pleasure, also the pond. I am not yet by any means fit, having had a week ago another shiver with bed and doctor, but I feel now well cleared out and particularly comfortable in myself, leading at present an invalid life, which I hope will not last for many days longer. I am to take regularly every morning a purgative fizz, and strychnine after meals as a nerve tonic. The prescription seems reasonable. I should greatly like to accept your kind invitation later on, but dare not make any plans yet. I suppose I must stick here till spring sets in. The doctors strongly urge it. * See our Vol. I, Plate XXXV. t See our Vol. I, Plate XXXII. Characterisation, especially by Letters 581 Poor Milly Letli bridge has had nearly a fortnight in bed witli influenza; Dim* was again sent to bed, I hope only for a short time. Their principal maid has been quite ill, etc., and is gone away for a while to get strong again. I expect Eva back to-morrow, but have urged her to stay on, if good for her head. This is a season of sad recollections for you. I can hardly think that it is only one year since your Mother's death. Best love to M. L. Tell her that I have learnt one good cooking receipt — viz. not to serve Whitings boiled with their tails through their eyes, but to spitchcock, take out their bones, and fry them. They are quite good eating in this way. Very like soles and, if possible, better. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 3, Hoe Park Terrace, Plymouth. February 4, 1907. My dear Edward, What an escape! Don't let the Egyptian sun get into the head, which may be tender for a while. I hope you will be able to go, and to enjoy and learn. Also that you may not get too much of the March Khamsin hot winds. "Khamsin" means "50," = the number of days during which that sometimes detestable wind is apt to blow. Thank you for the newspaper slip which seems to give a fair account so far as it goes. The news that compound drenches are being well tried is good. In some future time, babies will undergo "suction" at the same time as their baptism, to preserve them from all microbic ills, and will repeat the same at about the age of confirmation. I am just now at some statistics that might interest you. They are those of a weight-judging competition of the West of England Agricultural Society — 800 returns. They show the sort of value possessed by the Vox Populi. The distribution of error is curious. Half of those who judged below the average of the whole lot were more than 46 lbs. lower than that average; on the other hand, half of those who judged above the average were more than 28 lbs. above it. So the distribution of error is skew. Why it is so, and what the correction should be for skew- licss, T cannot yet make out, but am busy at it. The average was 11 lbs. wrong. My "Eugenics" has started on a revised scheme very hopefully. The laboratory is now attached to Karl Pearson's department in University College, and will be well looked after by him and become in all probability important. The staff consists of a Fellow, a Scholar and a Computer, and all statistical work will be rigorous and of the most recent kind. It, in fact, constitutes a new department of Professor K. Pearson's excellent Biometric Laboratory. All goes on here comfortably though rather monotonously. Presumably you will start (if you go) for Egypt from here. It would be nice if you were to stop a night or so at Plymouth en route, but I am sure that you are unlikely to spare time for the purpose. Pray tell me the date of your start that Eva may have a chance of accompanying you on board. / am wholly confined to the house for most days. I expect Eva to go away (for a week) and Milly to take her place, on the 14th. Best love to M. L. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Archdeacon Bree was very much better two days ago, and out of danger (at Bournemouth). Edward Lethbridge's girl has been very dangerously ill with typhoid. The last news is cheerful. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. March 30, 1907. 1 )k .\ it est Milly, Being alone, I was doubly glad of your letter. Karl Pearson simultaneously sent me a copy of the paper. Seabrooke has written to me, with an added postscript from Eva, to say that a longer letter from her is coming. Probably it will not arrive till after the last outgoing post of to-day. All seems going mi favourably, but to what end who can foretell? Pace to face as I now am with solitariness, it seems more endurable, even during illness, than I had feared, so long as servants work happily together. Also it draws me back to old friends, which is a moral gain. I have been busy with an old method of mine, adopted only at long intervals, of stock-taking of my own character, and grieve to find it has somewhat deteriorated in two particulars. The process may interest you, and if on this occasion I can elaborate it further, it may be worth publishing. Its essence is (1) to catch oneself unawares and to consider carefully the thoughts and moods that were at that moment in the mind, and (2) to note them. The (1) is not difficult at first, but after a while it becomes very difficult without independent aid such as a person calling out or a machine striking. (2) requires a good deal * Pet-name of Miss Amy Lethbridge. 582 Life and Letters of Francis Galton of thought and experiment to make a logical classification, and yet a brief one, of moods and subjects of thought. I based mine originally on the Ten Commandments (leaving out the 2nd, 3rd and 4th as archaic), but find this division can be much improved on for the present purpose. Thus, it is convenient to have a preliminary division into vigorous virtues and vices, and to sn/isi'rrii'iit ones. Almost any reasonable system will work fairly well. I use generally two letters ; one for the class, the other for the subdivision, with a dash (v') to signify "faint" and an underscore (v) to signify " strong." One does' not like to put too much down with pencil or pen. I have hitherto burnt my notes (though they were mostly hieroglyphics), but memorised the results. Where I have deteriorated is firstly in a general weakening of the moods — perhaps this is merely the result of age. The second failure is more easily remedied; it is the want of frequent withdrawal into one's self and of looking at and directing one's own conduct as if it were that of an alien, together with all that action connotes, such as communion with a higher power. The fact is, I used to overdo this, and feeling myself becoming priggish, thought that simple naturalness, for a bout, would be good. But I have overdone this phase too, and must revert to the old one, which it will be grateful now to do. If you have ever attempted anything of this kind, or heard of any one doing so briefly (not by gushing out-pourings and self-revela- tions), do tell me. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I shall be most interested in your and Fred's Swiss plans. I have been laid up during most of the week with my inflamed and eczematous ear. It is practically well. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. April 11, 1907. Deakest Milly, You will all be most welcome at luncheon (1 h.) to-morrow. I shall be particularly glad to make Miss Trail's acquaintance. Your tidings concerning Bob are very encouraging and will lighten the skirts of the hitherto terribly gloomy sky. Enclosed I return the beautiful letter of your monastic friend. Thank you much for letting me see it. No creed can compare with Christianity in its conviction of an all-pervading love. Stoicism and most pantheisms are cold and cheerless for the want of it. Ever most affectionately, Francis Galton. I have not yet heard from Eva, but probably shall do so either by a late post to-night or early to-morrow. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 29, 1907. Dearest Milly, Eva's address is Moor House, Ringmer, Sussex. I had a letter from her yesterday — short, but pleasant. George Butler leaves to-morrow. Lucy Studdy does not come, as her maid's " shingles" has now attacked the leg and made stairs impracticable for her. She goes into lodgings. I am steadily recovering from the effects of an awkward fall on to the floor of my bedroom Saturday-Sunday night. It was about midnight, and getting up I rested on the edge of a three-legged table with "invalid comforts" on it. It tipped over and came down with a clatter of crockery, and I fell with it, heavily, on to the floor. I was so bruised and battered that I had not strength to lift myself up, so there I lay helpless till 6| a.m. when the united forces of the awakened household lifted me, in no small pain, on to my bed. Things are mending one by one, and I can already almost get out of or into bed unaided. Hibbert, the nurse-house- keeper, sleeps in my dressing-room, and Gifi and she are most anxious to help. So my Oxford lecture, "to be delivered by myself," is abandoned. I have sent everything prepared for printing to the authorities there. Excuse bad writing, my hand is still sprained. Here is an Art of Travel experience. It has twice occurred to me for want of better accommoda- tion to sleep on a billiard table. I now find that an oak floor is less hard, also that it carries off the body heat less quickly. I dare not make any plans yet, but if improvement continues to-morrow, the doctor thinks I may. As it stands I should go to Claverdon for a few nights on the 7th. Love to Amy. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 6, 1907. Dearest Milly, I do trust that you and Amy are now in a fit state for the calm and serenity that Italy can give. All my earliest and pleasantest recollections of the Italian lakes are associated with Baveno. How I used to watch the boatmen manipulating the heavy slabs of granite and getting them on rollers into boats, and there used to be simple merry-makings Characterisation, especially by Letters 583 at night, all very picturesque and very Italian. My lecture* went off well yesterday. Arthur Galton delivered it effectively, as I am assured, and there was a large and attentive audience. I was utterly unfit for the exertion even of going to Oxford. All pains from the fall have wholly gone, but bronchitis remains, ever on the watch to become bad on the slightest imprudence. Cameron Galton made a brief call this morning. Lucy Studdy goes to-morrow to stay a few days with Eva. I shall be quite sorry to lose Lucy, she has exerted herself in every way to be pleasant and helpful, and allowed me to be quiet as long and often as I wished. Eva, according to Seabrooke, is better physically than she has ever known her, but complains of the headaches. T must whip up friends to keep me company occasionally, when Lucy is gone. I am so much stronger that I hope to be able now and then to get to the club all by myself, or at all events with Gifi to help me in. Mrs Hibbert seems to do very well and the cook is excellent. Girt highly approves. I saw your post-card of Baveno, sent last Monday. Eva sent it to Lucy Studdy who gave it me. Is all that white on the hill behind and on those in front, snow or bared granite? I wonder if they spear fish by night at this time of year? The lights in the boats are so pretty when they do. Writing rather tires me, so I will leave off here. With most affectionate good wishes to you all. Ever yours, Francis Galton. When you next write, tell me how Bob goes on. Lucy would, I am sure, send her best love if she were in now. You shall have a copy of the Lecture as soon as I receive any. The Yaffles, Hindhead, Haslemere, S.O. August 25, 1907. Dearest Milly, You are going through a sad and trying time and I greatly sympathise with you. It will be difficult for you and Amy to get as much rest as you want, the home duties being so many and so various and the terrible memories so obsessing. All goes well here and promises well for the future, thus far. The house and grounds arc singularly agreeable and we have old friends within reach. Karl Pearson came on a bicycle (2.', hours each way !) to lunch yesterday and we had much pleasant talk together. Violet Macintyref leaves us on Tuesday, I am sorry to say ; she sails for America on Wednesday to see her husband's relations there. After that, she returns to England to sail by steamer to Penang. It is as short and cheaper and pleasanter than going there by way of San Francisco. I shall be very sorry to leave this place and may perhaps take another house somewhere hereabouts for the end of September and early October. Our tenancy is out on September 12. We had a most interesting afternoon with Mrs Watts, the widow of the great artist. She has a large collection of his works in a studio to which the public are admitted, and there is a beautiful memorial chapel designed by herself. The spirit of his works is so lofty that one feels the studio to be a chapel. Longfellow's intro- duction to his translation of Dante quite expresses my feelings and rang in my ears all the time. As she wrote me a very nice letter, I have ventured to transcribe it from memory and to send it you. With Eva's best love as well as mine to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. The Yaffles, Hindhead, Haslemere, S.O. August 30, 1907. Dear Schuster, Part III of the Eugenic publications has just reached me and I have read your excellent memoir in it with great interest. Also I have heard good news of you from Professor Pearson who bicycled to this pretty place last Saturday. I am here till September 12, and then the owner of the house returns, and I must go, with much regret. Miss Elderton seems to be doing an immense deal of good work at the Laboratory. What a nice and capable lady she is. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Willsham, Brendon, near Lynton, N. Devon. September 2, 1907. Dear Mr Galton, Very many thanks for your kind letter ; it gives me very great satisfaction that you approved of the memoir. I seem to have been very lucky in the time of its appearance, since the University has come to the fore through its educational and pecuniary deficiencies and there is no parliament sitting to fill the papers. * The Herbert Spencer Lecture : see our Vol. mA, p. 317 et seq. t Evelyne Biggs' half-sister. 584 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Miss Elderton has certainly been a remarkable success at the Eugenics Office ; but I think her marvellous energy and quickness to learn anything new would have enabled her to succeed at anything she undertook. Hoping that you are in good health, and have not been too much troubled with bronchitis lately. Believe me, yours very sincerely, Edgar Schuster. Quedley, Haslemere. September 30, 1907. Dearest Milly, I was remiss yesterday in letting the Sunday post-time pass, without writing to you. A lady who says that she knows you, Miss Bennett (? as to number of n's and t's), has been staying with our friends here, the Lionel Tollemaches, and returns to Bovey to-morrow. She will tell you about these surroundings and ourselves. I continue to think the choice of this place a wise one. The neighbourhood is rich in nice people and there are numerous drives, each different from the other. The house too is convenient in itself, very much so in its position, and is growing pretty inside under Eva's artistic touch. I have been occupying all my novel-reading hours with reading Sir Charles Grandison, and am ashamed rather to say how much I am carried on with it. Richardson has a remarkable power of keeping his charac- ters distinct and vivid before the reader. What an enormous length his novels are ! My edition of Sir Charles Grandison is in four closely-printed, large 8vo volumes, and Clarissa Marlowe is I believe about the same length. Violet Macintyre arrives in England to-day from America. Her baby is with Walter Biggs. She goes straight to Constance Pearson. The baby vastly improved while here, hardly any of her fits of yelling, of which she had many at first when with her former nurse. Poor little thing ; her look-out in life is not a happy one, to all appearance. If Violet finds a good ayah to take her back, it will be a great gain to the child. I trust your own many domestic troubles are dispersing. Has Guy actually begun his new work t How is Amy? Where is Hugh] Is Bob better? We had a pleasant visit from my old and rather invalided friend, Lady Welby, who motored here for lunch all the way from Harrow and back again. She is a wonderful woman in many ways, and of wide experience in life, beginning as a pet godchild of Queen Victoria, and for the last ten or more years steeped in metaphysics ! It is so pleasant to meet Mrs Tyndall and to talk of old times, as for the most part : "All, all are gone, the old familiar faces." Best loves to all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I have not yet found out the meaning of Quedley. Quedley, Haslemere. November 2, 1907. My dear George Darwin, I fully sympathise with H. M. Taylor's [blind Fellow of Trinity *] proposal [for the blind *] and gladly send £2 to help it. But my strongest sympathy is with the deaf. Had I a fairy godmother, I would petition that every experimental physicist should be made as deaf as I am, until they had discovered a good ear trumpet, and then that as many fairy-gifts should be heaped on the discoverer as should exceed all he could desire, as well as the thanks and gratitude of all whom he had relieved ! I am spending most of the winter here in hopes of evading much bronchitis and asthma. The place promises well. Miss Biggs is not quite recovered. But now she is in a healthy position, among old friends who love and break-in horses, and she is busy and hard working all day, with little time to worry herself. You will be particularly interested just now at Charles' debut and progress. All good luck to him. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. To Sir George Darwin, K.C.B. Quedley, Haslemere. November 25, 1907. Dearest Milly, You will be most welcome here on or about January 7, and for as long as you like. Eva will be pleased too, very pleased, to see you. She does not now seem to care about going clean away, but I am glad she should have variety, for I unaided can be but a tedious companion, and next to no companion at all out-of-doors. What you say about not requiring Charlotte, removes the only possible difficulty. I fear she would be impossible. Matters go on as smoothly now, though hardly so securely, as in old times. I have had a little bronchitic warning but nothing more, no fever at all, and sleep like a baby and eat like a boy. Methuen, * Interpolations by Sir George Darwin. Characterisation, especially by Letters 585 the publisher, or rather his man of business, has written me a "fetching" letter asking if he might have my autobiography for publication. A curious double coincidence occurred, (1) Methuen himself, who has been seriously ill after some operation, lives here, though I do not yet know him, and (2) Frank Carter, the artist who copied my picture for Trinity College, was staying here for the week-end, and was engaged to lunch with Methuen (a connection of his) last Sunday. So I made him a sort of go-between. Briefly, I am disposed to attempt the job, making no further terms than the usual half-profits and an assurance that the book will be handsomely brought out and that I am liberally allowed to correct proofs. Also to have some simple illustrations and perhaps Furse's portrait. This will keep my hands very full indeed for months to come. Have you any old diaries or letters or documents that would help as to ancient dates ? Now that Bessy and Emma are gone I feel singularly at sea about much. I have Louisa's diaries, but they refer little to myself ; however, they should be very helpful. What a curious account you send of Guy's "dowsing." Edward Wheler had a like experience, but his dowser proved unsuccessful. There is a firm of dowsers. If I belonged to it and believed in it, I should construct a paved yard with waterpipes below and stop-cocks (x), any of whichcould 5? be turned off or on, and should test people by it =3C | Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Quedley, Haslemere. December 2, 1907. Dearest Milly, The Bogatzki*, which I return, has given just the events I wanted at this moment. I got between 70 and 80 dates from it, many of which help me much. The search into one's memory opens so many doors of the past that are usually passed by unregarded. A strange bygone experience (which 1 published) testified to the same thing. It was that when capturing, as it were, the first associations connected with any word the moment it was presented, they were often connected with some long past and habitually forgotten experience. I am working at different periods of my life in turn and have done a lot already about my medical epoch. How the ghosts arise ! What touching mementoes there are in Bogatzki's pages. So many by Aunt Brewin referring to 1700 odd. I can't, of course, decipher most of her initials, but some of them I can. A man with a much more horrid name, which I can't venture to reproduce from memory, wrote to me yesterday asking permission to translate my recent " Herbert Spencer Lecture " into Hungarian, for his Sociological Review, of which he enclosed a prospectus. They do these things well in Buda-Pest. An old friend of mine, Kdrosi, lately dead, was the head of the Statistical Department there and wrote valuable memoirs. The numerous accents they use are to me unintelligible. I hope I have put them right in Orosi's name. It was pronounced Keresi. We have at last been visited by a " Yaffle," a green woodpecker. The old gardener had never seen one in this garden before, though they are common (they say) among the woods higher up. There were plenty about when our previous house "Yaffles" was built, but they disappeared it was built and named. Two starlings are on the lawn now, picking up the crumbs I threw out for the Yaffle. How cpjickly they gobble them up. Our next neighbour is a famous Some beautiful specimens of his doing are now on exhibition in London. It has been much pleasure to make his acquaintance. They are Mr and Mrs Fritton, with an uncommonly attractive 10-year-old daughter, still at school. All goes on well here. You must be much grieved about Mrs Northy. How does Guy get on with his motor? Any further news from Africa? Many loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Address now : 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. February 9, 1908. Dear Miss Eldkbtoh, The tidings in your letter about the Eugenics Education Society t pain me much. Thank you greatly for sending them, 1 have written to Dr Slaughter with- drawing an offer of help that I made in response to an exceedingly sober and well-written letter from him, and said that I cannot consent to be connected with it at present. It is very sad. We are turned out of this house, " Quedley," for a fortnight by a damaged kitchen boiler, but letters will be forwarded either from here or from London. I hope when the spring is advanced and the place around grows beautiful, to tempt you down for a week-end. I think you would enjoy it then. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. * A work by the well-known pietist, used by the originally Quaker Galtons like a family bible for personal records. f See Note at the end of this Chapter. pom 74 58(3 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Address now : 42, 1 Jutland Gate, S.W. August 29, 1908. Dearest Milly, This will reach you in, or via, your new home. I look forward to your next letter, anxious to hear that you are all at length settled at Shirrell House, hut we go home to-morrow for a bit. Hubert Galton had asked us and we had accepted to go to Hadzor, but his wife is unhappily ill again, so that is off. We shall have some house-hunting to do from London on fair days. Otherwise I think I shall be chiefly in London all September. The recent storms and chilly wave of air make me less adventurous-minded, and a study of Bradshaw reminds me what a long journey it is from London to Minehead, so I fear that running down there is and will remain a dream till winter is overpast. How well and cheaply the Germans illustrate books and newspapers ! I post you one — don't return it please — in which I come in on page 178. I don't know why on earth they include me, for 1 take no part in the Geographical Congress, but the shape of the little photo was convenient to them. Proof revising and index making is tedious, but I am nearing the end of my book at last. It cannot, I should think, be brought out before mid-October, but that is wholly in the hands of my publisher, who has first to bring out a new book by Marie Corelli ! Eva went yesterda)' to the Isle of Wight, and came back disillusioned as to Ventnor and the like being suitable for us next winter, as I felt sure she would. I enclose one of the new programmes of the Eugenics Education Society, which may possibly interest you. If you can sow it (like a seed) in any likely place to meet with a favourable response, please do so. T am busy on a paper wherewith to open its proceedings next October, and find it very hard to steer between the Scylla of mere platitudes and the Charybdis of disputable details. If there proves to be time enough, I will venture to send you a typed copy for suggestions, if I may? We have had squally weather with fine intervals. To- day it is as calm as a cat sleeping in a comfortable arm-chair after a night of fighting and caterwaulings. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. September 14, 1908. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W., but please address next letter to me at Claverdon Leys, Warwick, where we go on Wednesday ; I for a week. Dearest Milly, Your painful attack is grievous. One of my very few quasi-superstitions is that change into a new house spells illness for someone. In this case, you are the sufferer and Amy has escaped. What pleasant news you give of Guy's appointment. How many years does it last? and what pay does he get? I am so extremely ignorant about army matters. I suppose the " Brigade " is one of the new territorial army ? Adele Bree is going on rightly but though the operation was not a serious one, the healing, as I understand, is a little delayed. Eva saw her for a few minutes one day last week, going down for the purpose, and returned quite happy about her. The Archdeacon too is quite well. So the house proves quite a success. I am so glad — also, that you do not feel at all cramped in it. The desideratum in life is to have all that you really want and as few superfluities as may be, and your house appears to fulfil that desideratum. The Roman Catholic Congress seems to have been uncommonly well managed by its officials. Eva has been to two or three services, and we both went together to see the school-children's long procession. I don't care much for great length in one. A sample is to nie quite as good. Did you ever go to an oil-cloth shop, where they drop a box with reflectors on to a pattern, say one foot square, and at once the pattern is reflected and re-reflected into a great surface. One or two of these children, or of Eton boys, who outwardly are as much alike as peas, might be put under one of these boxes and, hey jyresto, they would grow into a multitude. But what a blunder the Home Secretary made in first permitting the procession for yesterday and then retracting it. The Premier shares the blame. I should have thought the question quite deserving of having been made a Cabinet one. The papers will shortly come in and we shall see what they say. They have just come, and say what I thought they would say. My personal news of this week is largely connected with dentists, tailors and hosiers, of no interest to others. Eva and I went to Methuen's and arranged about the cover for the book. Smooth green cloth with a flat gold band. ^^^ I have been very busy over a small matter which requires care, viz. a brief opening f"»-— -nl address to the Eugenics Education Society. It has been typed and then much cut \'~-~\ up by the skilled hand of Crackanthorpe, and is now being re-typed in a shrunken ' and disembowell- ed form, but made much more suitable thereby. It is a delight to me to put myself again to school, as it were, under a competent critic. Generally my friends are diffident and won't slash, but I have two excellent friends who happily feel no compunction in performing that operation, and I learn much thereby. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Characterisation, especially by Letters 587 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. September 27, 1908. Dearest Milly, This is a prompt answer; Ravenscourt seems quite a success. Enclosed is one of the prospectuses of my book, which I hope may he published next Saturday. A small misunderstanding of the printer threw it hack for a while. Adele Bree is rapidly getting well and has no dread, I believe. The removal was an easy matter, though the healing was prolonged. — So you have to do with one of the "Feeble-Minded" of whom so much has been brought to light by the Royal Commission. In these border-line eases it is most difficult to know how to act. I know the Porlock Hill, perhaps it was then not quite so steep as you drew it, but was perilous- looking, and there were beautiful views. Motors are certainly great comforts, and bring far-off places neai- to one. The London taxi-cabs have a rare time of it in the afternoons; every one of them in the neighbouring stand being always taken. Eva is off to-day to Malvern to stay with Mrs Keir Moilliet and to bicycle on Monday to Lewis M's. She returns on Tuesday. Give my love to all of yours. You will be a large party now, if Guy has returned from Exeter. I am about now to be trundled in my sister Bessy's bath-chair into the park, which I find very pleasant. Sometimes Mrs Simmonds, sometimes Gifi, pushes it, and I have lost all sense of oddity in the matter and enjoy it without drawback. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 10, 1908. Dearest Milly, You are indeed enthusiastic. The book seems successful, as a second edition of it is being printed ; but I find that the first edition was only 750 copies. Still, it shows that the book has already paid its way, and my publisher writes prettily and congratula- torily (is there such a word?). The idea of your troubling to join the Eugenics Education Society ! I never meant to cajole you into it. Still, it is not a bad thing to do, and a few of us are taking pains about it. I shall understand "the ropes" better after next Wednesday's meeting The absurd part of it is that the proper President of it, Sir .lames Crichton-Browne, has wholly absented himself for ever so long, and won't answer the letters of the Secretary to him. It was this that obliged me to take the lead, which I did not at all want to do. It is a funny thing that none of us can comprehend; Sir J.C.-B. is quite a pleasant man and seemed originally keen for the work. Personally I like him much. I [e sent much of value to Charles Darwin, who appreciated it. It did seem extraordinary in those far back days, that Crichton-Browne, then quite a young man and looking still younger, should have the control and mastery over the biggest lunatic asylum in England. He looked more like a man whom the hostess of a ball would introduce to partners lest he should be too diffident to ask them. Your gardening must be a great pleasure and matters of storage room must be difficult to solve. The Gibbons have built a cheap studio by their cottage. I sent them a perambulator and now the poor child is dead ! How they will hate the sight of the little carriage ! \ pity them much. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 17, 1908. Dearest MlLLY, It would be amusing if the next year's camp in the neighbourhood of Dorchester should be placed on "Galton Heath." There is a wide extent of open land there and the high Downs are within marching distance. But how the midges bit me there, one Bummer ! You must be full of gardening and hopes of Howers in the Spring; I now see flowers in shop windows here, that is all. My book is well reviewed thus far by most of the leading papers, but not yet by the Times, who kindly gave half a column to my paper at the Eugenics Education Society. It will be printed in full in the next (?) Nature, for they have sent it in proof to me to correct. You shall have a copy when it comes out. I contrived to read it myself and got through it creditably to a rather large audience, but was tired and bronchitic in consequence. All right now. Next Monday (to-morrow) week, 26th, we go to "The Meadows, Brockham Green, Dorking," so I shall get here your usual Friday letter, but thenceforward the address will be as above. How I hate the thoughts of the coming winter. Era went yesterday to see Mrs Gibbon, who is very sad. My old friend, Lady Pelly, has just undergone a very serious operation, I know not what. She is doing fairly well. I had to break off, owing to the earlier-than-expected arrival of a Bordighera friend, .Mr Bicknell, to stay with us. Such an interesting man. He is the scientific and literary soul of Bordighera and a good botanist and artist. He gave a small museum with a good sized meeting 74 2 588 Life and Letters of Francis Galton room and a beautiful little garden round it, to the place. His religions life has been in rough waters. At first a clergyman, then throwing oil' what he felt to be the trammels of orthodoxy, and now calm and sympathetic to all creeds. Just after my own heart! Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I am rejoiced to find that my book pleases the Butler family. It was a difficult task to write about them without gush and yet appreciatively. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. October 24, 1908. Dearest Millv, Henceforth please address to me at "The Meadows, Brockham Green, Betchworth S.O., Surrey." This is the correct address of Brockham Green according to the Postal Guide; " Dorking" does, but it involves delay. We are packed up ready to go on Monday, taking such a lot of things, but four months is a long absence. How wonderfully well you get on with birds. I take bread with me in my arm-chair into the park, and feed pigeons and sparrows, but they are tame and easily attracted. I send a Nature herewith. The Address begins on p. 645. The book continues to be reviewed very favourably. The Times had a careful review in its Literary Supplement last Friday. Possibly some of the weeklies may be down on it to-day. I must go to the Club to see. As soon as we get to the "Meadows" I shall recommence the work I was at when with you at Edymead, about " Resemblance," and expect to be at it a good deal this winter, which, with some Eugenics, will keep me busy most of the time. How very bright much of Fraulein Schmidt is. It is rather too protracted, so I skipped a good deal and read the end. How those of this German middle-class who read her must hate her. What a hand- some gentlemanly-looking man, judging from his portrait in the. Graphic, the fourth son of the Kaiser must be, who is just married. This coming cold is formidable. Fortunately the "Meadows" is particularly well supplied with warm water and various cosinesses. Did you happen to hear of the military mayor of some small town in France and his interpretation of the order from his Governor to make all ready for an impending attack of cholera? The Sanitary Inspector called to see what he had done. It was confined to digging a big trench for the ex- pected dead people. He was highly pleased with his work, saying of the cholera, "Je l'attends, pied ferme." I am sorry and glad, both at the same time, at leaving London. Love to Amy and to Guy, if he is with you. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Eva sends her love also. She is very well, occupied and happy. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. November 1, 1908. My dear Leonard Darwin, Your letter was grateful. We are planted here for the winter. In my Memories, p. 204, I say something about Speke's memorial in Kensington Gardens, and I am now sending a letter to Keltie which I have asked him to lay before Council, asking that a Committee may be appointed to consider a report on the question. If you think well of the idea, perhaps you will help its furtherance. Will you? Re Sven Hedin. He arrived at Simla in tatters and was made the guest there of my wife's nephew, Monty Butler, who clothed him out of his own wardrobe and made him presentable at once! Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. November 6, 1908. My dear Leonard Darwin, You have indeed appointed a powerful Committee in which the artistic taste of the Harry Johnstons will be most helpful. As regards funds, T am prepared to give quite £100, as the object has long been a hobby of mine, if the design seems to me appropriate, and not too grand, and if I can do it anonymously, without ostentation. Your suasion about my giving a copy of my book to the R.G.S. is irresistible and I have instructed Methuen (the publisher) to do so, as soon as the 2nd edition is published. Ever sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. December 7, 1908. Dearest Milly, I trust that by now Edymead is quite off your hands for at least 3i years. You will all be desirous to hear the doctor's report of Bob. Lady Galton is again downstairs, but I should fear not permanently recovered. We heard from Evelyn Cunliffe, who returns to her home near here to-day. Characterisation, especially by Letters 589 I have a donkey-cart and donkey lent me for two months and am just returned from a four- mile, in all, expedition. The donkey is an aged pet, much accustomed to have her own way. Still she pulls. I have no news. Life goes on monotonously and pleasantly and novels, etc., are read. A good deal in the Eugenics line is going on this week. Miss Elderton, the very capable Research Scholar, reads a memoir on Cousin Marriages. She has been working at 2000 of them for some months with the usual result that their ill-effects are statistically insignificant. When observed, they seem due to both cousins having the same bad quality. But I have not seen her paper yet. She is such a zealous, capable, nice girl, and is now familiar with the higher statistics. Her brother is a first-rate actuary too, which is all in the same way. I take it that the actu- aries are, as a class, the hardest headed men in the community. The problems they have to deal with are sometimes very stiff ones. Tell me of any good book you know of, to get from the Times library to read. Best loves to you all from us both. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. December 14, 1908. Dearest Milly, I have nothing to tell. My life is largely taken up with donkey drives and novel readings. At this moment with Waverley, just previously with Guy Mannering. Eva went up to some Eugenics gatherings last week and reports enthusiasm in many quarters. Also some good work is being done. I have just got (from the. Times library) Waldstein's new book about Herculaneum, which gives, to most persons, a new view. It is not embedded in lava. No lava came near the place until long after its burial, and then only in patches which afford useful covering to excavators. He, Waldstein, is very sanguine, and has been pushing forward international help with rather too much zeal, so that the Italians are made jealous. However, they are going to begin and have voted money. We, I in the donkey-chair, called to-day on some people. By a strange coincidence the daughter-in-law, Mrs A'Court, of the (blind) owner, Mrs A'Court senior, of the chair and of the donkey, Jemima, was staying there. Now Jemima has been petted all her life and the meeting of the two old friends was touching. Jemima is turned out into our meadow when the weather is suitable. She follows Eva like a dog through the garden on the way to it, and comes up and does the same conversely, when wanted for the carriage. Odd creatures donkeys are, — so near to perfection and yet short of it. With best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I am too late for the post to-day. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. December 19, 1908. Dearest Milly, This will be my Xmas letter to you, with all good wishes to all of you. You tell me many things, showing how occupied you must be at this time. On the contrary, I am sadly un-Xmaslike in arrangements. Lucy and Cameron Galton come down to us on Friday for a few nights; that is all the family gathering possible to me here. We asked Alice Corbett for Xmas but she was engaged. Also, three days ago we lunched and spent some time at Henrietta Litchfield's (1 J hours' drive off) to meet Frank Darwin, his daughter and Mr Cornford to whom she is engaged. It was all very pleasant. She (the daughter) managed the Comus masque at Cambridge, but did not act in it. He did. He is a Fellow of Trinity College. You say I have a kindly heart towards donkeys. You recollect perhaps Coleridge's not very wise ode to a young ass and Byron's comment on it: " A fellow-feeling makes us wondrous kind." An ass is certainly a mysterious animal, and the continual and usually independent movements of his long cars testify to the busy thoughts or perceptions of the beast. But its obstinacy ! What a martyr an ass would make to any cause that it pleased to favour. I write this by Saturday's evening post and wonder whether it will reach you Sunday, Monday or even Tuesday. All depends on the route it has to take. I am puzzling all day, day after day, over an apparently simple problem in my favourite statistics, but can't wholly satisfy myself even yet in explaining it on paper. Ever affectionately, with love to you all in which Eva joins, Francis Galton. 590 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Meadow Cottage, Bkockham Gheen, Betchworth, Surrey. December 27, 1908. My dear Sir George Darwin, Thanks for your letter — I am so glad you like the book, and am grateful for the corrections. It is, alas, impossible for me to attend the Darwin Celebration. I could not do it with safety, if at all, even in midsummer. I get about partly in a donkey-chair. The movements of the animal's ears in connection with his presumed perceptions and thoughts are an unfailing object of interest. My brother (simply Erasmus Galton, Leamington ; he has a post-bag there) would I am sure be highly flattered by an invitation, but I am still more sure that he would be unable to accept it. He suffers from an old man's ailment that keeps him always in tin; immediate neighbourhood of his home. But lie reverences your father's memory, — if possible, as much as Ida I am pulling through the winter fairly well thus far, thanks to the pure air of these parts. I see in a Times article, that they seem to have discovered an anti-toxin to bronchitis. It would be indeed a blessing to me. I grieve to hear of your bad knee, one limb out of two cannot be easily spared. A centipede would not mind it. Love to you all — not least to Charles. I would have sent him the book, had I foreseen that it might have been liked. One hates so to intrude. I hope his mathematics continue to prosper. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. January 7, 1909. Dear Cousin George Darwin, This is I think the correctest commencement of a letter! Thanks for your letter in the Times, standing up for me. I only found it out this morning by reading the replies by Sir H. Cotton and Pollaky. In my Finger- Prints I translated Purkenje, having got his exceedingly scarce pamphlet with great difficulty, and through a curious coincidence. As to Sir Wm. Herschel I have acknow- ledged my debt to him in print over and over again, and dedicated my Finger-Print Directory to him. He however did none of the three things that (as you quote from me) are essential preliminaries. Sir H. Cotton is I think mistaken in saying that Sir Edward Henry had organised the method in India before he had visited my laboratory. He had then organised the Bertillon system in India with great care, but found it a failure there. But I shall not bother to write to the Times unless Sir E. Henry himself should write what seems to require an answer. Your son Charles lunched here to-day. It was very pleasant seeing him, so bright and capable-looking. Few will be more interested on his behalf next June than myself. He tells me you have that painful malady, a gouty knee. I once had one which ultimately got quite well, and speedily, though it hurt badly at the time; I never felt better and happier than when ill with it. I suppose the gouty humours drained away mischief. That active man, Sir John Evans, had it also, badly, and I think more than once, but got quite well. Lord Avebury, who as you know is of the goutiest stock, told me that he had tried all diets, but the advice that suited him best was "Eat whatever you like but only a little of it"\ Small quantity rather than good quality. This will reach you via Cambridge. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. To Professor Sir George Darwin, K.C.B. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. January 12, 1909. Dearest Milly, I have been somewhat bothered and busy and cannot recollect whether I did or did not write to you on Saturday. If I did, excuse some repetition. You must feel quiet after the departure of two such restless though amusing guests, besides that of your own son. Quietude prevails here. Violet came two or three days ago for a week. My bother lay in newspaper letters declaring that my share in the Finger-Print System was very small, and it was indeed disregarded in a Times notice. Thereupon G. Darwin wrote a letter on my behalf, which led authorities (from India), on the other side, to write. It seemed at last necessary that I should say my say, which I have done in a longish letter to the Times which (if they insert it) will probably appear to-morrow. It gave me trouble to refer to past things, and to write Characterisation, especially bij Letters 591 in a way that shall not irritate but be conclusive. I have clone nry best, and I hate newspaper controversy. There is really some spring now in the air, and a snowdrop in the garden, but much that is nasty may happen before spring comes. I suppose your home will be in much beauty even before May. How you will all enjoy it. The account of Guy's motor expenses is very interesting. I see that much effort is being now made to produce small motors at small cost, that will travel at a moderate pace and be good machines. Being one's own chauffeur greatly facilitates matters. My loaned donkey grows lazier and lazier, and more caressing at the same time. If she was not so old, and so prized by her owner, and if neither Eva nor other humani- tarian persons saw me, T should make her "taste stick." Do you know that "walloping" is derived from the names of the two (?) Generals or Admirals (?) who were ancestors of Lord Portsmouth, and who walloped the enemies of England? Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. January 17, 1909. 1>i;akkst Milly, As to that newspaper correspondence, I enclose my reply of which I have duplicate; please therefore return it when you next write. It is in answer to very positive assertions by two men of Anglo-Indian weight, who ought to have informed themselves more exactly when they wrote. I purposely wrote as civilly as possible. Whether more will follow, I know not. Also, I enclose a short letter of mine in this week's Nature, on quite another subject, "Sequestrated Church Property," which may interest Amy. It arose through Eva's inclination to believe in the supposed curse. Please let me have this back too, when next you write. What interests me the most in this little inquiry is that the average tenure of landed property in England is between 25 and 26 years. Yesterday I had a long letter from Har- court Butler, from India, enthusiastic about the finger-print system. He has indeed succeeded in life, being now Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, though still young. How responsibility brings out character. It seems to have done so with Signorina Cotta. I pity you with your fire-places. You may recollect my own troubles in Rutland Gate many years ago about the kitchen chimney, when I called in an advertising expert who spoke like an oracle : "Sir, I am a practical man and can assure you that all that is wanted is to enlarge the opening of the chimney pot." I allowed him to try, and the chimney smoked as badly, if not worse than before. Then I called in a still greater expert and be began just as the other, "Sir, I am a practical man and can assure you that all that is wanted is to constrict the aperture of the chimney pot." I think that plan also was tried. Anyhow a much more intelligible cause of the fault suggested itself and thai was remedied and all went well. If you could remember, as I do, my dear Bister Adele, your mother, long before you were burn, you would probably have associated her as I often do with the fire-place of her bedroom in Lansdowne Place, which had two hobs, <>n one of which a kettle always stood most conveniently at hand. Your ants must be a great interest. Do you yet know the features of any one of them? 1 we that Guy's motor account works out at a trifle under 3d. a mile, exclusive of depreciation of the value of the motor. That ought to be included, but I have not a notion of what it is — somewhere between 16 and 20 per cent, of its original cost, 1 suppose, but quere. Eva is gone for two nights to London. Lady Galton is very ill but not worse, and with DO hope of ultimate recovery, for it is senile gangrene. Ever affectionately, Francis G.w/roN. .Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. January 31, 1909. Dearest Milly, Poor Erasmus! He is so very stoical. When he felt "something give" as he was about to enter the tram and fell on the road, the first thing he said to those who picked him up was, "It's all arranged, and mind I'm to be cremated"! 1 hear that he is as free from pain and as comfortable as may be, but that the broken bone can never heal, so all his habitual walks and independencies must end. I am extremely sorry for him. He somehow seems to me to have failed to get as much interest and "go" in life as his circumstances might have given him. Thanks for returning the newspaper cutting. Sir W. Herschel wrote subsequently a very nice letter to the Times, which I was very glad of, for he of all men can speak out best on the early stages of finger prints in India. Why don't you try Charles Darwin's perfectly successful plan of warming your room? The air enters through the wall, behind the fire-grate, into a compartment closed in front and top, 592 Life and Letters of Francis Galton at the back of the grate, and issues warmed underneath the mantel-shelf, on either side of it, above its jambs. Campbell (of Italy) did the same to a summer-house in Niddry Lodge. Both were perfectly successful. Some fellow took out a patent, but spoilt the idea. He made it "decorative" and it acted badly. You, of course, can have anything you like set up for your $ectioiz zX one • Side of nz&eiel ; IlWtel shelf Fire -,- does not properly', appear iti ihis scciioii ; §r&ti,'ri{> Floor own use, but the patent laws may prevent your selling similar things to friends. I have not heard very lately from the Butlers. ...I expect a long letter from Frank Butler in a few days.... Miss Elderton, of the Eugenics Laboratory, is staying with us for this week-end. She is a bright capable girl, and does her work excellently. I have not seen Evelyn Cunliffe* since her mother's death and doubt if she has yet returned home. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. My section of the fire-place is vile, but I think you and Amy will understand it and could make a cardboard model for consultation with your builder. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. January 31, 1909. My dear Lucy, Thanks for letter and enclosure of Gussie's which I return. Poor Erasmus ! How stoical and how characteristic ! The effects of the accident will take much pleasure out of his life of the sort he is accustomed to, but will I daresay lead to some compensations such as invalids learn to enjoy, as being taken care of. I have intended to write to ask whether you would care to read, what to me is very interesting, the Journal kept by Sir Francis Darwin of his travels in Spain, Greece and Asia Minor, the first part in company with Theodore Galton f. It has been copied clearly in a limp quarto MS. book by Mrs Fellowes, a daughter of Mrs Oldenshaw, who has lent it to me. We are writing to her for permission to send it you. I was pleased to find confirmation of the fact that Dean Burgess of anti-Revised- Version notoriety did meet them abroad. There is not a word about eastern travel in his published life, but my recollection seemed certain that it was he, who spoke to me most appreciatively of Uncle Theodore at an Oxford dinner where I sat next to him. He thought him a man of rare promise, as so many others seem to have done. The pluck of Sir F. D. and of Th. G. was amazing. They travelled during most troublous times, viz. about 1809 — brigands, pirates, and murderers everywhere. Keir Moilliet's widow J, her son Hubert and a daughter come to us to tea to-day. They are come to stay for a few days with a neighbouring relative of theirs, Miss Townshend. Is it not a pleasure that one'more winter month has passed by? You both will get out soon I hope. I too have been much kept in by the weather. It seems that your foxes are not. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * Elder daughter of Sir Douglas and Lady Galton. t See Vol. I, pp. 22-23. This diary has recently been published by the Cambridge University Press under the title: Travels in Spain and the East 1808-1810, by Sir Francis Sacheverell Darwin, Cambridge, 1927. J James Keir Moilliet, son of Gallon's sister, Lucy Harriot, married Sophia Harriet Finlay. Characterisation, especially by Letters 593 Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Betchworth, Surrey. February 7, 1909. Dearest MlLLT, Erasmus is, I believe, as comfortable as the case permits, and not in pain at all when still. I have not the least notion how soon he will be allowed to sit up and to attempt getting about in the smallest degree. It is difficult to see how his future life can be best arranged. Anyhow he has many comforts at the Regent Hotel which he could not easily meet with elsewhere, so at the worst he could remain where he is. Edward anil M. L. were to have been with us to-day, but of course their plans had to be changed. The end of our stay approaches. The donkey and cart go to their home to-morrow and I part with them without much regret. Too much of a donkey like that would do permanent injury to one's temper, and make one revel in imaginary thwackings, pokes and imprecations. I have renewed a long- lapsed acquaintance here with the widow of a college chum, Mrs Ray, and find it very pleasant. There are many very nice people about here, as everywhere in England. My lease is out on March 1, but we shall leave a little earlier and go to Lyndhurst (or thereabouts) for March. In mv walking tours of long ago, I came to the conclusion that the New Forest was the best place to find shelter from the cold March winds and to get sunshine. Besides, Lyndhurst is close to Eva's brother, the clergyman, who has a singularly pretty vicarage. You have not of late mentioned Hugh, your clergyman son. Doubtless no news is good news. The Eugenics Education Society is about (in a month or two) to publish a quarterly shilling publication, the Eugenics Review. There is a good Editorial Committee and it may be a success. I have just written a page or two as a "send off." Also I am again busy about the Feeble-Minded, being asked to help in a publication with Sir E. Fry and one or two others. This may possibly not come off. I have got the immense Report, eight folio volumes, of as yet unmeasured weight but certainly equal to that of a good-sized, well-packed portmanteau, out of which a few facts have to be gleaned. Best loves to you all. I heard of Guy at Claverdon, and hope that Amy has by now shaken off her cold. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Meadow Cottage, Brockham Green, Bf.tchworth, Surrey. February 15, 1909. Dearest Miixy, Excuse this paper. I am writing before breakfast, and all of my proper letter-paper is finished. This squared paper is very convenient for my usual work and I always use it for that. Erasmus seems very comfortable, all things considered, and will I am sure find many compensations in the life of an invalid with attentive valet and muses and plenty of friends. I hear of him from many quarters and all is to the same purport. The end of our stay is in sight, next Saturday will be our last Saturday lure. I am in treaty for rooms in the Crown Hotel, Lyndhurst, which Eva went down to see. Though we are one hour S.W. of London, the only practicable way of reaching Lyndhurst by train is to go back to London and change there. It may prove more convenient by far to motor direct, and good motors are to be hired in Dorking. We shall see. A merit of the New Forest in March, which I realised in old walking davs, is that the bare trees check much of the March winds and practically nothing of the March sun. Besides, Eva's brother, Walter, has his living two miles off. How the days roll on! I shall be 87 to-morrow and find on consulting Whitaker's Almanack that my "Expectation of Life" is now reduced to three yearn. In other words, that I am as likely to die before as after the age of 90. Also, that only one male out of every 50 reaches that age. Females are longer lived. i have got off two little bits of work this week. One is the contribution I spoke of to the Cambridge hand-book, as it were (I don't know its title), to the Report on the Feeble-Minded. If they send me off-prints when it is printed, I will send you one. Also, I will send you the first number of the Eugenics Review, when it comes out in mid-April, that you (and 1 ) may see whether it promises well. Heron (the "Research Fellow") has been week-ending here, and brings good reports of the progress of heavy work at the Eugenics Laboratory. Once again, about Erasmus' broken neck of the thigh bone. It is broken just below the cartilage : a common accident in old people. The fracture f\_»yf: never mends but the broken end forms itself into a false joint, that is not wholly 1 fy£ useless. I suppose that all inflamma- tion has now subsided, so lie can be moved, // with much care, without pain. Sucli a capable man tea-ed here yesterday ! // Col. Melville, a doctor, the head of the Central Army Institution for tropical diset (chiefly). It is in fact what Netley I to be under I >r (.' Sir) E. A. Parkes and is situated close by the Tate < lallery at Millbank. Heron is to go to bis laboratory this week, to see how far the information collected there will be useful to the Eugenics Laboratory. He offers it freely to us. Guy knew Netley well, but pom 75 .">!U Life and Letters of Francis Galton I think it was then somewhat in a transition stage, so far as its avowed object was concerned. Parkea was a first-rate, original man, and ranks easily as the founder of army and other medical hygiene in this country. Evelyn Cunlift'e lias gone with her husband to Switzerland to be set up after all her anxiety and cares. Himbleton is to be let. It now belongs to the Gascoignes. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Fkancis Galton. Address: Crown Hotel, Lyndhurst. February 25, 1909. Dearest Milly, Thanks for letter. Erasmus' death* is another great break. He died very peacefully. To-morrow, Friday, he is to be cremated at Birmingham, and, at his express wish, without any mourners or signs of mourning. His instructions were minute and unusual. Edward is doing his best to carry out his wishes. Ever affectionately, with loves to you all, Francis Galton. Crown Hotel, Lyndhurst. March 21, 1909. Dearest Milly, I am up for an hour in my dressing-gown, fit to write a short letter, though weak and with the sense of lumbago being just round the corner ready for a spring. It would not have done for you to come here now, as you so very kindly proposed. When turned out from this hotel, it proves quite practicable to return to London, for the Cameron Galtons will have by then left our house and their servants behind, only too glad if we keep them on for our use. I dare say that I shall be fit to move then, without risk of sharp pain. We must arrange to meet before long. I lie in bed doing nearly nothing and fancy that illness exudes slowly all the time. Have you ever had the opportunity or patience to read the booklet that Jaeger printed and issued with his clothing1! It is original and curious. He himself was the executive head of the Zoological Garden in Vienna, and is an enthusiast. His view is that all illness is one in essence, with many aspects, and, so far as I recollect, argues his point with some force, enough to make the view not wholly absurd. I read very little. J. G. Frazer has just sent me his Psyche, a quaint name derived from the task somewhere assigned to her of picking out the good seeds from a mixture of good and bad. He shows the important help given by superstition, even of the absurdest kind, in building up society. It is an interesting subject, which I thought much about many years ago on the occasion of a memoir being submitted to the Anthropological Institution on the paradox "Why Nations who believed in auguries, etc., over- came those who did not." I felt then that any creed was of more importance to a nation than none, in that it saved them from anarchy and disruption. Frazer's book takes the same line, with a wealth of illustration. I think frequently of Erasmus and feel that somehow he had not a fair chance in life. Circumstance and his own temperament were often much against him ; and all that was visible ending in a small shovelful of ashes, scattered over the flower-beds of a crematorium ! Edward, on the whole, liked the simplicity and common-sense of the last function. It is gratifying to know that many unexpected, kind remembrances of him were sent. They included one from the Committee of his London Club, to which he had belonged between 60 and 70 years. I wrote on this picture paper, partly as a safeguard against too long a letter. In fact, I have nearly reached the limit of my strength. With many loves. Ever affectionately, good-bye, Francis Galton. Forest Park Hotel, Brockenhurst, Hants. April 16 (I think), 1909. Dearest Milly, Read this please as though written with the whining voice of a beggar. For it is to ask if you will very kindly tell me exactly what the enclosed German letter conveys. I am ashamed at troubling you and will write a proper week-end letter all the same. The Whelers come here from Loxton for two nights, to-morrow afternoon. Ever affectionate^, Francis Galton. Is "Werter Herr" all right? * The last of Galton's brothers and sisters. It was a long-lived family. Putting aside two who died in infancy (Agnes and Violetta), Lucy Harriot (Mrs Moilliet) died in 1848, aged 39, but Bessie (Mrs Wheler) died in 1906 at 98, Adele (Mrs Bunbury) in 1883 at 73, Emma (unmarried) in 1904 at 93, Darwin in 1903 at 89, Erasmus in 1909 at 94, and Sir Francis him- self in 1911 at 89. His mother Violetta Darwin (Mrs Tertius Galton) died in 1 874 at 91, and her grandmother Elizabeth Hill (Mrs Robert Darwin of Elston), mother of Erasmus Darwin, in 1797 at 95. Characterisation, especially by Letters 595 Forest Park Hotel, Brockenhurst, Hants. April 19, 1909. Dearest Milly, Tliauk you ever so much for translating that German imposter's letter for me, asking for pecuniary assistance in return for communicating early news of a big secret. I have sent him a card regretting that I cannot do what he asks. Yes, "Brennpunkt" is certainly "focus." The Edward Whelers are still with us, but leave to-morrow for Claverdon direct. He is busy planning small alterations to the house at Loxton, enough to make it liveable-ill during occasional visits there of his wife and himself. It is a most difficult job, but he now has evolved something that is both simple and effective. We have had some beautiful weather here and the New Forest looks very attractive. But I get about with difficulty. Though quite at ease when still, the cramps and rheumatics are sharp, when I change position. I do hope your grandson will get over his present ear ailment. We go to Rutland Gate next Wednesday, the 21st. The landlord begged us to do so rather than stay a day longer as intended, on account of a customer in whose family there had been a death. So, as matters stand, we shall stay a full week in London, and I hope to see some old friends there, before going on to Cameron Galton's house at Eynsham. I occupy myself in muddling away at my hobbies. I am glad you like the look of the Eugenics Review. Eva and M. L. are just back from croquet at the Walter Biggs, five miles from here. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. April 25, 1909. Dearest Milly, We are back home and delighted that your home is on the point of becoming home-like. How beautiful this April is ! We go next Thursday to Cameron Galton's house, Newlands, Eynsham, for a month; then back here. My rheumatics were driven away for one day by a wonderful medicine, some preparation of salicine (willow-bark), but it has returned, all the same. These sudden and transient effects are curious. I don't see much notice taken of the Eugenics Review, but it is noticed. It will, I trust, grow more solid. But how many people are ready to talk, and how few to work. There is no news for me to tell you. The parks here have already some beautiful bits of greenery and great patches of garden flowers. I was trundled* in Hyde Park for an hour this morning, and the same yesterday. Also I have been round Battersea Park in a taxi-cab. The old "growlers" and hansoms have almost disappeared from the cab stands. Spencer and May Butler and their classical son, Ralph, came to tea yesterday and Lady Isabel Richards (nee Butler) came with her four little girls this morning. They don't look a bit as if they had ever been from England. She even looks younger, and fresher if possible, than when she started for India five years ago. Her husband returns next Sunday, "for good." Ever affectionately, and I fear ever rheumatically, yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 3, 1909. Dearest .Milly, It would be very pleasant if you could come in June, when Eva would enjoy a sketching, etc., holiday. But she says that if I am not better then she would not like to leave me J. (But you will come all the same, I hope. I should anyhow stay the first week of June to enjoy your visit, but if Uncle Frank is really himself again I would like to go off sketching the three other weeks of June. At present he wants a great deal of care, and if left alone, quite forgets he isn't 25. Eva. This isn't my blot!) Let me then defer reply until next weekly letter. I am very helpless, and the swelling of one leg mends very slowly; still it mends, and the other is normal. So far as appetite, spirits and sleep are concerned, I am as well as I ever was, no>r\ but how long this may remain so is a quere, I feel sure that I shall never be able to climb the stairs of this house again. I am carried up every night by Gifi and the man-nurse (Charman), who find me heavy, but I walk downstairs in the morning. I am thinking of parting with this house and of moving into a, flat. Also of looking out for a well-built bungalow in some sunny place not far from London. Newlands, as I think I told you, has been quite given up. I did not feel fit to go, and the Doctor confirmed me. Poor Lucy Cameron, she is unfit to go to Aix, and I think may feel relieved that her house remains unoccupied while she is in Folkestone, in case she wants "home." Of novels, read An Immortal Soul by Mallock. It is * This term now begins to appear in Galton's letters and signifies an airing in a bath-chair, f The sentences in the brackets are in Evelyne Biggs' handwriting. 75—2 596 Life and Litters of Francis Galton well written and healthy throughout, though the first chapters do not hold out that expectation, and his philosophy at the end of it is sound and interesting, and so far as it may clash with your own views, will at all events stimulate. I get through hardly anything. A sheet of scribblings conies upstairs every night and goes downstairs every morning with hardly any daily additions to it, and may come to nothing in the end. Best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I had a blessed two hours' scientific chat with Karl Pearson, last Saturday, which was most cheering. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 10, 1909. Dearest Milly, It will indeed be a pleasure to us both to have you here on June 5. Eva has no definite plans yet for 'the end of the month, waiting, as she said, to see how I get on. But I get on very slowly, the rheumatics are as painful as ever. However I am engineered into my sister 1 Jessy's wicker-work bath-chair, and am trundled in it to the beautiful parks. My doctor, McCaskie, told me to-day that he was about to leave off practice, and to hand his patients over to his sons. This is a grief to me, for he is a very capable man and I shall have difficulty in finding a substitute. My plans are gradually crystallising into a moderately sized London flat, and a low country house where I can live on one floor. In the meantime, I am going to live here on the drawing-room floor, turning the back drawing-room into tny bedroom and having the man-nurse in the studio. Eva has been very busy planning this and the servants are now hard at work in carrying it out. Lucy Studdy comes here for a few nights next Saturday on her way to you. She will give you our latest news. I trust that Dim will soon get stronger. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 16, 1909. My dear Milly, Lucy arrived at tea-time full of enthusiasm about the beauty, comfort and picturesqueness of your house and with the box of peppermints you sent me. Each of us three eat one after dinner with good stomachic comfort. I send with this a copy of the Problem of the Feeble-Minded, which contains a very useful analysis of the Royal Commission evidence. Please accept it. Lucy gives a good account of Dim*. I do hope the coming rest — you said she was going to Chester Square — will strengthen her as much as you could desire. She told me too a little about Guy, whom she just saw. To-day I have had two trundles in the bath-chair. The wind is cold but I go in a fur coat, which is a complete shield from it. I don't think that I am a bit better, though Eva and the doctor insist that I am. Anyhow, I do not gain in muscular strength, nor do the rheumatic cramps leave me. Perhaps they are a trifle better in the arms. Excuse bad writing, due to its being done on an arm-chair table to which I am not yet quite accustomed. The plan of turning the drawing-room floor into my floor answers perfectly. The man-nurse sleeps in the studio. The back drawing-room is my bedroom, and the front drawing- room is still the drawing-room. I get down to the dining-room for lunch and dinner, being carried upstairs after each. It all acts so well that I have given up the idea of a flat, but am looking out for a country house to rent on trial, with option of buying or of prolonging the lease. In this I should spend the winter. I have no news. Ever affectionately, with loves to you all, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 22, 1909. Dearest Milly, It will be nice when June 5 arrives. I have taken a house for August and September, near Cobham. Eva went down there yesterday to inspect and to report. Nothing is yet decided about next winter. I doubt if I am getting one bit better; they say I am, but I don't feel it. Of course, this warm weather is most grateful. This morning I have heard of the sudden death of my dear friend of very many years' standing — Mrs Hills, formerly of Corby Castle, now, or rather lately, of High Head Castle, near Carlisle. She was recently widowed, and spent a few days with us at Brockham Green, the last visit she ever made. She was the daughter of Justice Sir W. Grove, at whose house Louisa was taken so alarmingly ill more than 30 years ago, and who has been like a sister to me ever since. Very few friends are * Pet-name of Amy Lethbridge, Galton's great-niece. Characterisation, especially by Letters 597 left to me like her. I can count one, but not more without some reservation. And in my own family there are none of my generation, and very few of yours besides yourself. Sic transit. I am just beginning Saleeby's new book, Parenthood and Race Culture. He dedicates it to me as "The August Master of all Eugenists." I read it in proof and, though there is much I would myself strike out, expect it will do good. Ho has eminently the art of popular writing with fluency. Mrs Horace Darwin spent a night with us, and her nice daughter* came to luncheon. She, the daughter, goes in for botany. Eva and I taxi-cabbed through Bushey and Richmond Parks a few days ago. It was town the whole way to one end of Bushey Avenue, but still countrified on the way back through Richmond Park. Love to you all three. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 31, 1909. Dearest Milly, You send me three grateful bits of news. 1. Frank's new appointment; L'. Guy's success in connection with the car trip; and 3. The new American grandson. Best congratulations thereon. I look forward to next Saturday with much pleasure. But you will find me a very helpless host. I can only walk a few paces and those totteringly and with pain, but get out sometimes twice in the day in my bath-chair. Kensington Gardens have been, and still are, lovely in parts, almost beyond expression. I am grateful to have lived to see this Elysian spring. Good-bye till Saturday. Ever affectionately, with loves to you all, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 15, 1909. My dear Eva, The exact breadth of the arm-chair is 28 inches. If the garden gate be 30 inches wide, it will do well. 29 would do, but it would be rather a shave. I am so glad you have had an interesting day at Fox Holm. Curious that the Lawrence Jones's should have been there. Yesterday a letter came by post with "Prime Minister" printed on the cover and "Confidential" written inside. At first, I thought it must be some wine-merchant's circular, but its contents were "Confident ial. My dear Sir, I have the pleasure with the King's approval of proposing that you should receive the honour of Knighthood on his Majesty's approaching birthday. Yours faithfully, (signed) H. H. Asquith." So I have to live till November 9f and then shall blossom. Don't make any fuss about it. I told Giti and Mrs Simmonds, as they would both like to know. I will keep this letter open till near post-time for news of the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos, which was issued this morning. Tea-time. Charles G. Darwin is neither 1st, 2nd, 3rd nor 4th, but the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th are bracketted equal, and he is one of these. Mrs Flack has been worse than useless. The result has been that, with my approval, Mis Simmonds has got her 15-year-old sister to act as tweeny until we leave London. She will arrive to-night. Affectionately yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate. June 29, 1909. My dear Eva, I was so tired yesterday that I did not write; Milly helps greatly with my letters and I am at last nearly through with them, about 100. A letter came from the Home ( office saying that I was to appear to receive Knighthood at a time to be fixed by H.M. I wrote back a piteous appeal against going to the ceremony, being unfit for anything of the sort, and to my joy a reply came this morning to the effect that I need not go, but that the patent of Knighthood would be sent me. Had news for the tailors who sent circulars to fit me up for £32 odd. It was fair this morning and I went out in the bath-chair, but a sharp thunder shower suddenly came on, and Charman, I fear, got a little wet. Such nice letters come. I was wrong in rather ridiculing the Salvation Army missive, which, to tell the truth, I had not wholly read through. The last paragraph is very dignified and I respect their motives. So much so, that I am half inclined to frame and hang it up. Things go on here much as usual. Mc< tskie comes to-morrow. My legs are not one bit better, but I feel well in myself. Bateson has not sent his book. I will wait a little longer and then buy it if he does not. * Ruth Frances Darwin. f The actual, but not necessarily the official birthday of King Edward. 598 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Best love to Lucy and Cameron. T fear the weather has been too dull for your sketchings. It will be pleasant to have you back on Thursday. Leonard Darwin was here and we talked to him of the approaching dinner. Neither he nor I then remembered the day. Doubtless you and they are in complete accord, especially as to week ! I said that the time was wholly in your hands. He will have a busy time on Monday next, with Lieut. Shackleton and Royalty at the Geographical. I saw something of the procession to South Kensington on Saturday, out of my bath-chair, from a path leading from the Park to opposite the Alexandra Hotel. It was very "spectacular" and well proportioned though not long and only three or four carriages. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 8, 1909. My dear Meldola, Your kind and hearty appreciation is peculiarly welcome, for your judgment is especially valuable to me. The last time we met was at the final ceremony to Herbert Spencer. Nothing in that made so deep an impression on my imagination as the volumes of smoke rising from the chimney as we all went away. It meant "business." My time for leaving the world cannot be far off, for I am become very and increasingly infirm. It was a great grief being unable to join in any way in the Darwin celebration. How admirably it went off! How much there is to do in life and how very much has to be left undone! I follow your work, and from time to time I see accounts of it, always with keen interest. Believe me, yours sincerely, Francis Galton. That stupid error of address in the Royal Society Year Booh ! I took the house during the past winter and they printed it as my permanent address — I am still, as always, a cockney as to my home. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 18, 1909. Dearest Milly, It was but a scrubby message that I sent you through Eva, being at the time tired and sleepy. Pray, in your next,'tell me the latest news of Jim *. His father kindly wrote me a very hopeful account. Has the visit to Folkestone confirmed it? And did you succeed in alleviating the "uncouthness" of Hugh's "solitary life"? You may recollect something of the sort about a great nonconformist Divine whose friends in consequence hunted out a wife for him, with great after happiness. I put the story into my Hereditary Genius, under the "Divines," but have not the book at hand. The cold weather has been against my mending, but has not made me worse. Are you a reader of Peter Pant A group of small figures is to be set up in Kensington Gardens at the Bay where he landed. So Sir George Frampton told us, who is the sculptor. He came yesterday to tea, about doing a bust of me, which (but I shall hear more exactly to-morrow) he will begin at once. It will be amusing to witness the operation. It is to take place in my old dressing-room, above my present bedroom. I suppose a hodman will arrive with a bucket of clay. He will send the necessary furniture, stool and table, to work on. I miss you often. Do tell me how you found the garden, after the storm had treated it so rudely. We still get copious supplies of very big strawberries. It seems they send daily consignments of some sixteen tons of them from Alnwick, when the season in these parts is coming to an end. Loves to you all. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 24, 1909. Dearest Milly, Good as your account is of Jim, I wish it could have been still better. There are so many dangers before abscesses in the bone of the ear can be wholly cured. Indeed the cessation of the wonted discharge is a danger in itself. It will be a pleasant experience for his brother to go to Claverdon. What an amusing but terrible enfant George must be! Poor Mary, pluck does much, but not everything. As regards home matters, one event last week was seeing a singularly beautiful black and white canary perched fast asleep on the frame of one of the pictures. He was carefully captured and put into the conservatory, pending inquiries. In the meantime I got him a cage, but in two days he died. I know not what from. It was a piteous sight. Sir G. Frampton gets on busily with the bust. He first gets the profile exactly, and does much of the side face, then goes on to the full face. He is wonderfully capable and painstaking. The time of our departure, August 9 or 10, approaches only too fast. Frank Butler comes next Saturday to clear out and arrange, as far as he can, my old instruments * Second son of Mrs Lethbridge's son, Edward. Characterisation, especially by Letters 599 and papers. There is so much that I shrink from parting with, but which I can never use again and which would be useless to others. Mere rubbish in short to all but my past self, so it must go to the scrap heap. All I saw of the fleet were the few destroyers and submarines moored at Westminster and the Tower Bridges. I ventured on that much in a taxi-motor. So sorry about your horse. He must be a great loss for the time, notwithstanding the occasional drives in Guy's motor. A Eugenics Review, under the title of "Rassen-Hygiene," has been started in Munich, by a very capable man, Dr Ploetz, who is the editor of a really solid anthropological periodical. The society that issues the review has five honorary members among whom are Haeckel and Weismann, and I am asked to be its honorary Vice-President, which honour I have gladly accepted. But I must work up my German ! Both our loves to you all. You will be solitary when Amy leaves you for a week. Ever affectionately, Francis G Alton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. August 7, 1909. Mv deak Milly, Thanks many, re Miss Annie Butler. I fully believe that the National Institution for the Feeble-Minded is the Society in which Dr Alice Johnson is much interested, as the Eugenics Education Society also is. Its secretary, Miss Kirby, is a very nice and capable woman. The model of my bust is finished, except just the coat which is being modelled at the studio — I mean a little of it. Sir G. Frampton has had my coat and overcoat nearly two days already. I hope to get them back to-day. But it is so delightfully warm that I am putting on still cooler tilings. The bronze cast won't be read}' till near Xmas. The operations take much time. I should like to see the white-hot metal poured in. A 11 that part is done by specialists. We have quite fixed to go to Torquay for the winter. My two doctors severally and collectively recommended it. I don't think that in essentials I am any better, perhaps a little worse. No diminution of swelling of the legs, rather less strength, but happily much less rheumatics. Recol- lect my address after Monday will be Fox Holm, Cobham, Surrey, for two months. Eva will run down to Torquay in a few days to house-hunt, escorted by a lady friend who is staying there. Edward Wheler came up for a few hours to see and criticise the bust. Also, Cameron Galton slept a night here on his way to Geneva. They were of decided help. The likeness was brought out much better through their hints, and seems satisfactory to all now. Edward told me about Edward Lethbridge's visit to him. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Loves to you all. Fox Holm, Cobham, Surrey. August 29, 1909. My dear Milly, What a house-full you have ! Please tell Edward that my conscience pricks me at never having answered his letter about Jim, saying how much better he was. I was very glad to receive it. We get on very pleasantly here, especially when the sun shines. My man-nurse is an accomplished poacher and snares rabbits in our own grounds, which we eat. We see various members of the large Buxton family, all nice and interesting. The big house, " Fox Warren," now belonging to the Postmaster-General, .Sydney Buxton, is occupied by a cousin. I get into a carriage most days, by means of an artful contrivance and the help of two men, and so for a 1J hours' drive. Also, my tent is an immense comfort. It keeps out the wind and lets in the sun. Yesterday I had a good 2 hours' steady work in it. Much love to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. There is an appreciative article on Lucy Studdy as an embroidress, with an excellent portrait, in a monthly magazine called Needlecraft. Fox Holm, Cobham, Surrey. September 6, 1909. My dear Milly, Your account of Jim's health and hearing is unexpectedly grateful. Best congratulations to all concerned. You must indeed be a house-full. Here is a story sent me by Lionel Tollemache: Some French ladies were deploring the spread of scepticism (which word is, I think, pronounced with a softer c in French than with us), whereon one said "Heureusement on a invente les antiseptics"!! Our plans are quite shaped now. We go from here straight to Haslemere and 1 lend 12, Rutland Gate during the winter to the Gibbons. It will be a great comfort to them. She was Qwen Chafy, as you know, and he will be a kind of man of business to me. Also my bedroom will be intact and I could come back at any time. The Buxtons' house close by is called "Fox Warren." It might appropriately be called "Buxton Wan in." There are so many of them there and thereabouts, and all are attractive. 600 Lifo ((ml Letters of Francis Galton Eva is not as strong as is her wont. An old strain, at least nine years old, has been too much ignored of late, and she is ordered rest, and to get fat, if possible. I expect Lucy Cameron Galton to-day for the inside of the week. She will tell me about Cameron, who is somewhere in the Alps, and of Violet who was with a friend in Venice. Life goes on here much as usual; quietly and contentedly. My man-nurse continues skilfully to snare rabbits, which we continue to eat. Edward Wheler killed 131; they devour his corn. Loves to all under your hospitable roof-tree. Ever affectionately, Fhancis Galton. Fox Holm, Cobham, Surrey. September 11, 1909. My dear Milly, Yes, the c in the French " scepticisme " is "muet," which improves the anecdote. What a difference of sense one letter makes ! I have no new ones to tell. To-day is glorious and I have had a trundle in my bath-chair, very successfully. Galtonias are sensitive to soil. Those hereabouts are very good. More than half of our stay here is over. I shall be glad to be safe in Haslemere before wintry weather arrives. I have been won over by a piteous appeal, in consequence of an offer from Karl Pearson, to accept a puppy. It is a pure albino of pure albino descent, — a Chinese pug with the name of Wee Ling. Albinism has been a recent study of Karl Pearson. This little creature may prove ancestor to a valuable breed of them; valuable, I mean, from a scientific point of view. Eva will rejoice in the young pet, of whom I have a photograph. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. The Rectory, Haslemere. October 4, 1909. My dear Milly, We are just arrived after a very easy 1 A hours' motoring. "We" includes the puppy, who bewailed most of the way in an unknown dog-language, very like the self-made noises in a bad telephone. This place seems very suitable, but I have only seen this one room, the drawing-room, as yet. They are unpacking upstairs and in £ hour after tea I shall be carried up to my bedroom. I am indeed grieved at poor Jimmy's renewed ear-trouble. It sounds so very serious. It feels very nice to be again near to many old friends and to have again seen familiar roads and scenery. The trees are just beginning to show autumn colouring, but some cottage creepers that we passed on the way were fully turned into gorgeous reds. Eva is distinctly better under her regimen of fattening food and rest. The latter will now, I hope, be taken in full doses, as Violet* will be here to-morrow afternoon for her long stay. She, Eva, has shown me your letter which was awaiting her. I learn now that the house is the "Rectory," not "Vicarage," as I had been told. The latter address has however sufficed. I am so glad you liked the Gibbon-Salomons. This is an ideal country parsonage, such as a cultured clergyman would enjoy. Excuse more. Ever affectionately, with many loves, Francis Galton. The Rectory, Haslemere. October 19, 1909. My dear Milly, Again I am unpunctual and blush (internally). All goes on steadily. Eva is happy in bed, and Violet seems to enjoy her double occupation of nurse and housekeeper and of companion to me when out of doors — twice yesterday, but often nil owing to bad weather. I have had calls from two scientific friends, full of information and pleasant talk. You will have received the Eugenics Review. Miigge's paper strikes me as very good. A substantial but com- paratively thin book on Eugenics by the Whethams is just out. It is well written and well got up. He is a Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge, and his wife and coadjutor is zealous and able. He takes a broad and sensible view of the necessity for our Race Improve- ment. It is so well written that it may win its way. The albino puppy grows in body and mind. His tail curls tightly already, and he has had his first lesson in Sociology, through offending the cat and receiving a wipe of her claws upon his little pink nose. Lucy Studdy comes to Haslemere next Saturday. We can't take her in, but there is a fair hotel very near and sin: can meal with us. Three invalids in one house would tax domestic resources too much. There will be much "high fainting" in Birmingham this week. An extension of the University there will be opened and their power of giving degrees will be exercised for (I think) the first time. Oliver Lodge will be in his glory and will, I have no doubt, act his part exceedingly well. My horizon is now so narrowed that I have little to tell that would interest you. Eva would send her love if she knew I was writing. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * Violet Galton, a sister of Cameron Galton; both were Francis Galton's first cousins once removed. Characterisation, especially by Letters 601 The Rectory, Haslemere. November 25, 1909. Dear Miss Elderton, Thanks for your book, now safely received and read through. I sincerely hope that it will have the success that it merits and which you and your brother and myself have all at heart. Enclosed I send in return a reprint, just out, of my own lectures. They might all have been improved much, but I thought it better to let them stand just as they were; besides, I am grown too infirm to do anything of value now, I fear. The post has just arrived, and among press cuttings I found the enclosed by Dr Saleeby, which refers to your work. Also, I read lately a speech by the Poet Laureate, who gave the advice "Do not resent criticism and never reply to it." As a general rule this is excellent, but if you should care to reply, it would be well to confine what is said to justifying the appropri- < (ffDB dropped on it through a hopper at A, they grow, frisk, and age, and drop off in senile imbecility at B. I don't yet feel my faculties to wane distinctly, but I tire very soon. An article of mine, of which I return the proofs this day to Nature, may perhaps interest you. It is a literal fact that you can convey a very respectable profile likeness in four telegraphic "words"; that is, in four groups of figures, five figures in each group. I give illustrations. With kindest remembrances to your wife. Ever sincerely yours, Francis Galton. The Rectory, Haslemere. January 9, 1910. My dear Leonard Darwin, It was a pleasure to hear some talk of you. I am settled here for the winter, very comfortably but increasingly feeble in body. The air of Haslemere suits me well. I am very glad you continue well disposed towards Eugenics. The problems connected with it are difficult and statistically most laborious. I notice that in your lecture you do not take account of differential fertility, which to my mind is the most important of all factors in Eugenics. H. Spencer's law about the diminished fertility of the most differentiated animals seems to be an excellent guess founded on a priori data. Characterisation, especially by Letters 603 I read your excellent Geographical appeal for funds for a larger house*, and shall in due time send my quota. Just at this moment I am rather entangled with prospective obligations, or fancy that I am. What an eventful Geographical Presidency you have had. I am very glad of it for your sake. With every appropriate New Year wish to you and your wife. Ever sincerely yours, Francis Galton. The Rectory, Haslemere. January 25, 1910. My dear Eva, By all means let Sir G. Frampton send the bust to the Royal Academy. My poor shrunken nose! I feel like Wee Ling looking into a glass. The little beast is as merry as can be, and we have a grand game of hob-sugar after dinner. He has grown disdainful of bob-indiarubber-ball. Yes, ask Pan ami Hesketh for Feb. 5-7. Dr Barnardo must have been a wonderfully good organiser. I should be glad of particulars. Milly dragonises well. Sir A. Geikie tea-ed here yesterday and told me much iti the scientific way. His book about Seneca's philosophy is printed, but held back until the election turmoil has subsided. Major Norris has got me a good account of Daddy Tin Whisker from Australia. It is aluminium, rubbed by an amalgam (= a metal combined with mercury). Its filamentous growth has been noticed, but no explanation is given. I can fancy a scab being produced, but don't understand the hairy growth. 1 am quite in "my usual " again, — and Miss Jones is busy at Miss Baden-Powell's silhouettes (which you traced for me) — but I was trembling on the verge of being bad three days ago. Drives on two successive days, and an hour in the shed on the third, were too much for me. Milly seems quite happy, and I gather that you are also. Give much love from me to the Brees. I am wearing Adele's muffetees with much sense of comfort. The partial discolouration has been washed out by Charman. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 1 lave you news of Bessiet yet? The Rectory, Haslemere. March 13, 1910. (42, Rutland Gate, S.W. on and after Monday 21st.) My DRAB Milly, Your spring is a full week in advance of ours, I think. Here are lots of crocuses, but no green tips yet to the trees. William Darwin J is here with his motor for the week-end. Edward Wheler comes on Wednesday for a night or two. Then we pack up and send off most things by Giti on Friday. Eva, man-nurse and I by motor on Monday, and the one remaining maid by train on that day. Amy and Guy will enjoy their Loxton picnic. Poor Frank ! A man, Mr M. W., who was in office in the Cape, married a wealthy lady here and has now returned, did not speak in the same gloomy terms that Frank does. Probably he got his foot early in the stirrup and mounted a good horse, and so pushed forwards. Col. Melville spoke strongly in favour of Mr Haldane^, who he thinks has done and is doing wonders in the face of great difficulties of tradition, organisation and the like. Eva sends her best love to you all, so do I. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. March 27, 1910. My dear Milly, Somewhat battered by coughing, mostly asthmatic, here I am, settled in home again. Everything looks homely and suggests old associations. Dim's portrait, in photo, stands conspicuously on the chimney-piece opposite. But the room has to be rearranged, owing to structural alterations in the form of a built partition between the front drawing-room, now my only drawing-room, and the back one, now my bedroom. It will take time to make it all comfortable, new bells, etc. I understood from a line in Lucy's letter that a picture of Ravenscourt is in this week's Queen newspaper. I will order it as soon as Bank Holiday is past. We are trying Coalite, said to burn more purely and with loss heat than coal; a desideratum for my small bedroom. Do you ever use it? A friend comes to-day to show off his hearing apparatus, which, when in good * Major Leonard Darwin was at this time President of the Royal Geographical Society. t N'osv Mrs Simmons, Evelyne Biggs' former maid. J Charles Darwin's eldest son. \f tor wards Lord Haldane, then at the War Office. 76—2 004 Life and Letters of Francis Galton humour, acts very well indeed. It is a telephonic arrangement. That which I tried some months ago, made by , was always out of humour and made its own internal noises which over- whelmed what the speaker said. So my hopes are pessimistic, but I shall soon learn more. Lucy will be with you now or now-abouts. Tell her that the Venetian window onto the balcony of my drawing-room, and the swing ventilator above, are a great success. They were put in after she left. With much love to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. April 12, 1910. My dear Milly, The time is in sight, though still a long way off, when I shall have the pleasure of having you here. Eva is looking forward much to Rome and to becoming a Roman Catholic. She is being "instructed" and I both hope and believe the change will suit her tem- perament. She is a very thoughtful and kind nurse to me. I don't get as quickly better as I hoped, but am stronger, a little. Yesterday I was able to sit half an hour on my balcony while the afternoon sun shone on it. Every day we shall get longer sunshine. I am doing as nearly nothing as can be, but began to revive yesterday on Moliere. One advance is that I have at length got a really serviceable hearing apparatus, so that people can talk audibly to me without raising their voices, and Eva is reading out to me, each evening, a bit of Mrs Schimmelpenninck's biography. How vividly and well she tells her version of the tale. I heard from Edward of Guy at Loxton. What trouble the water supply gives. When you come, there will be a room available for Amy, if she likes to come too. She will of course be always most welcome. I am writing without your last letter at hand and mistrust my memory about many of your matters, your repairs, etc., and so do not write about them. With loves to you all. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. April 16, 1910. My dear Milly, It would give a very welcome addition to Eva's holiday, if you come on May 17 as you propose. She would welcome you and start the day after. Thank you very much. Miss Jones* will be here also during three weeks of your stay. She will do a good deal of pen and ink and pencil work, and she knows all my ways and the servants too. That will leave you your mornings free. Will Dim come on Friday, June 3, and stay up to the time of your return, Tuesday, June 14? Eva proposes to return on the 15th to get the house ready to receive her (and my) friend, Mrs Townsend, on the 17th. She will add a postscript. So you have really finished your long labour of "Brailling" my Memories\ I trust that you will thereby give a pleasure to many by enlarging the choice of books readable by them. I am getting on a little, I think, and believe that, as you say, the coming summer will help. I got out in a bath-chair this morning, but the day, which had been brilliant, clouded over and a sharp hailstorm followed almost immediately my return. I had not time to get as far as the flower walk in Kensington Gardens and have as yet seen next to nothing of the glories of the coming spring. There has been much dusting and rearrangement of pictures and books in the drawing-room, which already looks quite pretty and harmonious. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Overjoyed you can come earlier for that gives me a nice jaunt. Also I hope Dim will now come for quite 10 days. Your loving Eva. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 12, 1910. My dear Milly, I owe you a letter, and, as the time is so near of your coming here, lose no more of it before writing this. All goes well, but I have been unable to face the cold winds and have been a prisoner in-doors for some weeks ; but to-day seems milder. The King's death must bring forcibly back to you all his great kindness to your son Bob, when he was lying so ill. The act seems to have been a characteristic one on his part. What political storms, now temporarily lulled, are coming again soon ! I hear that the new King and Queen will probably do much good by purging the Court of many undesirable persons and habits, and by * Miss Augusta Jones, who in the last two years of Galton's life did occasional secretarial work for him. Characterisation, especially by Letters 605 introducing more simplicity where needed. Eva will receive you here on Tuesday and goes to Rome next day ; in the first instance through to Baveno, where she will meet friends. I am rejoiced that she is now strong and very tit for travel. Miss Jones came here yesterday. She will take much trouble about me off your hands, being very vigorous and serviceable. I trust you will find all here as you want. The drawing-room is much improved, thanks to Lucy Studdy's idea of a solid partition instead of a curtain. Did I tell you that the bust, or rather a cast of it, is in the Royal Academy? Sir G. Frampton only sent one other exhibit, out of the six he is entitled to as R.A. Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 21, 1910. My dear Eva, You will be so immersed in Italian feelings and atmosphere, that news from here will seem petty and even profane, for a time at least, to you. The facts are: (1) I miss you. (2) Edward and M. L. returned last night and spent an hour here, looking very well and with much to say. (3) Grace Moilliet, by tact and enterprise, saw both the lying-in- state and the funeral procession. Both Milly and I, each in our several ways, went to Hyde Park to see the crowd. It was totally impossible to get near to the route. The crowd was singularly orderly and quiet and all in black. (4) Sir G. Frampton comes to-morrow to see where the bust is to stand and to fix for the pedestal accordingly. (5) The Times has a favourable leading article and a long analysis of Miss Elderton's paper about the children of drunkards, which will make Saleeby tear his hair. All well and happy. Our best loves, F. Galton. (6) Miss Jones returned last night. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. May 31, 1910. My dear Eva, I do most thoroughly enter into your happy feelings in this the crowning epoch of your life. Everything seems to combine to enhance its happiness — the air and climate of Italy and the sound of the language, the quiet affection in the convent, the ceremonial at the Vatican, all combining with the great function itself of your entering the church that your temperament most requires. I heartily congratulate you. It is pleasant to me to hear how helpful dear Louisa's relations have proved to you. I have no particular news. Sometimes more, now less of asthma — the usual round. A letter I wrote last night to the Times joining issue with one of Ray Lankester, is published this morning in biggish type. Miss Eldsrton and a sister of Miss Jones came yesterday to tea, 'and such-like events at present complete the round of my daily life. I have now no tearing wants or ambitions. My race has been run, and I have simply to await the close of life. Milly seems very well and happy. Dim comes towards the end of this week. Miss Jones does all she can, and goes to-day for me to the Soutli Kensington Art Gallery to add something to the tracings from Dance. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. June 26, 1910. My dear Milly, It is well that your stay here has not, after all, interfered with the house-cleaning before your guests arrive. I miss the tapping of your tool for making the papers for the blind, and I often lift up my eyes and, not seeing you on the sofa, wonder for a moment if you are elsewhere in the room. Thank you again for coming. Eva has a " clergyman's " sore throat, brought on she thinks by talking too loud and long to me in eagerness to relate her story. She writes for me now what she wishes to say, but will probably be quite right again in two or three days. Mrs Townsend* is here. She has (while here) three big speeches to make, a masseuse to operate on her, and a weak heart. So she is in her room and takes her meals there most days, quaffing champagne (in moderation) which is her usual drink, and very grateful for the opportunity of being quiet. Beak's t wife was moved to St Mary's Hospital on Thursday. He will be allowed to see her to-day. It appears that a quantity of stale blood has to be drawn from the tumour on her wrist, and that she may get well afterwards quickly. Karl Pearson had a large reception hist night at the Eugenics Laboratory. I am curious to hear about it. The Academic Registrar of the University of * Well-known in relation to the " Girls' Friendly Society." t At this time Galton's valet-nurse. 606 Life and Letters of Francis Gallon London (Hartog) called here to explain many matters. The authorities there are most friendly to the Laboratory, and, as funds permit, will increase its scope. Hartog is an excellent official, very able and of a very able Jewish family. One of his brothers was Senior Wrangler of his year at Cambridge and another is a distinguished professor in Ireland. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. [In Evelyne Biggs' handwriting.] Please thank Dim for her charming letter this morning and for copying out the Rosary so beautifully, it is sweet of her. Thank you also for your nice letter. Eva. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 2, 1910. My dear Milly, The artistic touch of Mrs St Maur will indeed be grateful to you, and leave abiding results in the garden. Beak's wife is steadily mending. The Doctor made a " culture " of microbes from the contents of the swelling, and injected it as an anti-toxin. She leaves hospital to-day and Beak is absent on the errand of escorting her home. I have had two rather bad days and the Doctor on each, but am now in a fair way of getting well. Thanks for the Morning Post. These journalists cannot write a column without blunder. It is so in this case, but I won't go into details. The novel* has had a long set-back, having found the plot not to be as useful a one as was wanted. I have at last re-cast it in a better form, but written nothing yet. Some of what was written will still serve. I will keep you au courant. I expect Miss Elderton every moment for the week-end and have asked a few friends for a Eugenics tea to-morrow. Ploetz, the German author of the paper you kindly looked at for me, and who is in London now about a Race Congress, will come. It is long since I last ventured out of doors, but a convenient alteration has been made in my balcony fittings, which will make going in and out of it still easier. What an extraordinary cavern seems to have been discovered in Crooks' Peak, at Loxton. 300 feet long (as asserted) and wide in proportion. But measurement may greatly reduce the figures. Fancy in digging a deep well, suddenly breaking through the roof of a big cavern and tumbling through!! Eva is quite well again and sends her love. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 11, 1910. My dear Milly, Best congratulations on your motor. May it serve you well and safely to others! A dear old dog of Arthur Butler's has just been knocked down by one, much hurt, but they hope not mortally. You do not say who drives you in Guy's absence. Mrs Beak seems to go on well. I told him of your inquiries. She has to go weekly to the Hospital to he injected and seen to. Ploetz proved to be a pleasant acquaintance and full of " go." A fair- haired South German. My novel gets on but is quite re-written. I now get up an hour before breakfast and lie down for a bit after. The plan seems to suit well. A particularly good article in the Westminster Review on " The Scope of Eugenics," signed by H. J. Laski, was sent me among other Press cuttings. The name was unknown to me, so I wrote to him " Care of the Editor," and hear from Laski this morning in a very nice, modest letter that he is a school-boy at Manchester, aged 17!! It is long since I have been so much astonished. The lad has probably a great future before him and he will make a mark if he sticks to Eugenics, which he says has been his passion for two years. I as yet know nothing more about him, but hope to learn. Gertrude Butler has been staying for a few days with us. She and Eva get on very well indeed together. You on the West Coast have sunnier weather than we have. I have not been able to get out for a full fortnight, more than once, and that only for half-an-hour, on the balcony. How good strawberries are this year! Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * This is the first mention in a letter to Mrs Lethbridge of Galton's Utopia, Kanlsaywhere. It had clearly been a topic of conversation between Sir Francis and his niece during her visit to Rutland Gate in May and June of this year. The first idea of the " Eugenic State " appears to have come to Galton in 1901, for I find in a note-book of that year, taken to the Riviera, the draft of the family characteristics and a description of the home of the " Donoghues of Dunno Weir" (" Don't-know-who's of Don't-know-where "). Galton had obviously been planning his Utopia for nine years. It was thus not a mere hasty product of his last days. Characterisation, especially by Letters . 607 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 19, 1910. My dear Milly, You have indeed a full programme. May the weather befriend the motor trip. I have practically taken a house near Haslemere for either a month or six weeks. It has a Roman Catholic chapel attached to it, for the use of which we pay in the rent ! It is called " The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere, Surrey," and has excellent grounds and roads for my arm- chair on wheels. No news worth recording. My novel gets on and I live a new life with its characters. I have often read of this faculty but never experienced it before. An uncommonly neat and well got-up German translation of my Hereditary Genius has been published. It was translated by Dr Neurath of Vienna, aided by a Dr Lady of the same name*, presumably a near relation. Grace Moilliet comes to us early in August, and that is all that occurs to me to tell. I had a long morning in the Park to-day. Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. July 31, 1910. My dear Milly, I do indeed sympathise with your having to forgo the long desired motor expedition to Tregeare. Perhaps it will come off after all when the bad colds are gone. An efficient ex-chief examiner of the Civil Service asked me whether I knew that the word "Whisky'' appeared in the Bible? As I did not, he referred me to the 2nd chapter and 3rd verse of Hezekiah. Is it new to you, to Amy, to Guy, and to Hugh 1 When you write again, tell me the result ; ask them separately. Our move approaches. In little more than a fortnight's time we ought to be settled at Haslemere, or rather Grayshott, which is in a different county, viz. in Hampshire. Haslemere is very near to the border of Surrey and Grayshott is over it. My cough has departed and now I am at " my usual " again, and have recommenced daily trundles in Kensington Gardens. Three Butler nephews have taken their several leaves, one to be a guest of a wealthy admirer in Canada (or ? the U.S.A.) for his holiday. Another for three weeks in the Auvergne country, and who will report on the state of dear Louisa's grave. Another, Ralph, to be assistant to the Times correspondent in Berlin, and I should add Harcourt, who will soon return to India, as a newly elected member of the Viceroy's Council. He has been made much of by people in high places and among others was struck by the keen interest of the King in Indian affairs. Howard Galton and his wife have just had tea here. He sticks to his story that the very oldest will in Somerset House is that of a Galton progenitor and that the wills of all his descendants are there in unbroken succession. The history of the first part of this is that the wills were registered at Old Sarum and that the earlier collection was transferred in recent years to Somerset House. There are hundreds of letters preserved at Hadzor that relate to the Galton family, who were not Quakers till after they settled in Birmingham t. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. August 7, 1910. My dear Milly, Did any of you really look in the Bible for "Hezekiah"? I hope they did ! ! That is the fun of the thing. I should not have attempted such a " sell " without the prefix of the "Chief Examiner," which is literally true. It was G. G. Butler. Gladstone could not see the fun of the story about the Austrian Archduchess and her successful lottery ticket of No. 28. She had been inquiring everywhere for the holder of the then sold No. 28 and bought it back at much cost, and, lo and behold, No. 28 did really win the big prize. Her friends clustered round, begging to know her secret of divination. At last she said: "Well, I will tell you. I had dreamt it was 9, but said to myself 'a mere dream is nothing.' The next night, I again dreamt it was 9. Then I thought, this is becoming serious. — What will happen on the third night? It was 9 again. So I said 'as 3 times 9 is 28, that must be the lucky number; and so it was.'" Gladstone, who had no more fun in him than an average Scotchman, simply * The title of the translation is Genie und Vererbung von Francis Galton, Autorisierte Ubersetzung von Dr Otto Neurath und Dr Anna Schapire-Neurath. It was issued in 1910 by Werner Klinkhardt in his Vienna PhUosophisch-soziologische Biic/ierei as Bd. xix. The translators inscribed the copy sent to Francis Galton: " Dem Meister der Eugenik in Verehrung." O. Neurath u. A. Schapire-Neurath, Wien im Juli, 1910. t I think this should at least read, " till after they settled in Bristol." 608 . Life and Letters of Francis Galton stared and said " but 3 times 9 is 27," which caused roars of laughter among the company, one of whom told me the story, which Gladstone himself was quite incapable of appreciating. Eva goes to Grayshott on Tuesday to lunch with my hostess and to learn about sundry details. .My wonderful boy Jew, Laski by name, came here with his brother to tea. Eva was out, but Miss Savile fortunately called and did the necessary. The boy is simply beautiful. She is an artist and quite agreed. He is perfectly nice and quiet in his manners. Many prodigies fail, but this one seems to have stamina and purpose, and is not excitable, so he ought to make a mark. The two boys are grandsons of a famous Russian Rabbi, a mystic and a great Kabbalist. They told me much about the Kabbala ; how only the initiated in it know the proper pronunciation of Jaliveh. I told them about Professor Robertson Smith, who knew it, and on pronouncing it before a great Rabbi visitor at Cambridge was cursed by him from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet, and withered and died within three months! Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. Sunday, August 15?, 1910. My dear Milly, I write full early, as to-morrow will be a busy time, though indeed I do next to nothing except saying "yes" or "no" when asked whether or no a particular thing is to be taken. Did you happen to read in one of Lord Morley's recent speeches that he looked upon having to say "yes" or "no" as the hardest part of his duties? In my case, I leave things very much to Eva, who works hard for me. I have been below par last week through the forceps of a dentist. The tooth had done good service for eighty-one years, so it was a moral as well as a physical shock to lose it. I am just going out for the first time for many days in my bath-chair into the park ; among other things, to look at the four big beds of Galtonias by the Albert Memorial. They were beginning to flower when I saw them last a week ago. We start on Tuesday afternoon by motor for The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere, Surrey, which according to the Post Office Guide is the correct address. Please when you next write, send to that address. The past week has been, as you have recollected, one of sad memories to me. One of the young Butlers is now in Brittany for a tour in Auvergne, and will visit the cemetery and report. The death was in 1897, thirteen years ago ! I had a miserable week after, sorting out dear Louisa's trinkets, etc., but all her family were most helpful and affectionate. Harcourt Butler came two days ago to say good-bye. He starts in a day or two for India. He is given the control of education and sanitation, with his seat on the Legislative Council. It is a five- year appointment, that which he vacated was more important, but it was, I believe, terminable with the tenure of the Vice-Royalty. So he gains in one important way. He had 150 persons on his staff!! He is fairly satisfied with the interest and knowledge of influential persons about Indian matters. The King especially was keen and full of memories. Lord Morley seemed rather despotic, he thought. What an amusing story about your small American grandchild and the galloping pony ! Best loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. I have seen the Galtonias, which are good in a way, but warm rain and sun are wanted to plump them out. (Post-card.) The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere. August 23, 1910. My dear Milly, I am so asthmatic that you must excuse this card. We are in a beautiful and spacious house, high up, but for all that my asthma has been bad. I was in bed all day on Wednesday, and again all yesterday and some other half-days. But every now and then, it suddenly goes and I breathe freely. Some kind friends came on Friday and I was able to enjoy tea with them. One of the visitors was Captain Lyons, F.R.S., the retiring Surveyor-General of Egypt, who is full of interesting information. His work is reputed to be of the most thorough order. The plan of my novelette has been often altered, but is, I think, approaching its final form. I hope that Guy's fever is passing off. With best loves. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere. August 26, 1910. Dear Laski, Were I to rewrite now the extract which you quote I should alter it. The exceptions I had then in mind were the large families of many conspicuous personages. Thus Maria Theresa had sixteen children. Of those of very modern times the Kaiser has a large family, and so on. The question might be usefully discussed by comparing the size of the families of Characterisation, especially by Letters 609 newly created peers with those of other persons of the same date. The data for this are easy to get. A great error, for which I am partly to blame, has been in laying too much stress on breeding from the very highest. If the matter were so simple as to be reducible to this form : — such and such a sum is available to induce persons to marry, is it best policy to spend it on the few very best or to distribute it more widely1? In that simple case the former of the two alternatives would be best. But the case to be dealt with is different. It is largely a question of social approbation or the reverse. I am thinking of writing on this subject and am getting the plan of what I want to say in a clear shape, before beginning. Anyhow, it would be excel- lent eugenic policy to favour the marriage of those who are somewhat but not necessarily much more likely than the rest to produce capable citizens. The average level might thus be raised a giade or two, with little difficulty, and sports from that level, two or three grades higher than it, would be common and would produce very able men. Whereas an equally high deviation from the lower level would be very rare. (By "grade" I have the Probable Error in mind.) Excuse more; 1 have had rather bad asthmatic troubles since arriving here, but am "at my usual " to-day, or nearly so. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere. August 31, 1910. My dear Mili.y, Again I am late in writing and cannot excuse myself, especially as I am materially better (for the while), having thrown off I know not what, but anyhow a sense of illness and much asthma. We are househunting for the winter and know of likely ones, but have not yet seen all. I go to one in a quarter-of-an-hour with my nurse and a light carrying-chair on the box of a victoria, Eva and myself inside. I trundled in my bath-chair to one this morning, which had in its garden "a grove" of Galtonias. We are 800 feet high hereabouts. Edward Wheler was with us last Saturday-Sunday, looking very well. I am simply without news or anything of interest to tell you. I expect that Bob Butler will be at Clermont-Ferrand to-day. Hi' will report to me about the grave*. He is a very nice young fellow, working at architecture, a son of Professor Stanley Butler of St Andrews, who is a nephew of Louisa, being a son of her brother George and of Josephine. He has been via Brittany and Angouleme, looking at wonderful architecture. His first stage from England was to Chartres, the finest, some say, of all cathedrals. We saw two old Bordighera friends yesterday and heard much of it from them. But this is all dull to you and, besides, it is written very badly, so I will stop short. With best hives to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Tin: Court, Oraysiiott, Haslemere. September 6, 1910. My DKAB Miu.y, I am late again in writing. The Frank Butlers and their last baby were here for the week-end, and there are tin, tempting houses to be had. I was to have gone to decide this very morning, but Eva is shut up in bed with a chill and I am rather afraid of the sunless cold of the day. 1 wish vou had told me more of your impressions of Loxton, which T shall never see again. I often think of Erasmus, whose sterling qualities came out strongest towards the last. I have heard very favourably about the grave at Clermont-Ferrand, from Bob Butler, whose real Xtian name I doubt, but he "answers" to Bob. He will be here next week- end and will tell me more, bat anyhow the grave is well attended to by the gardener there whom I pay for doing it, and the rose bushes by it are described as very pretty. A lady resident at Clermont-Ferrand, who taught French to Eva and who came frequently and with whom we have corresponded, looks after it from time to time. I have been occasionally not over well and done nothing, but as soon as this scribble is finished I shall begin again upon Kantsaytoher&. How do your birds thrive'? I was touched by the confidence of a wren here, who hopped about my feet while I was seated in the garden in front of a dense hedge. She popped in and out but brought none of her belongings with her. Oh — this horrid coining winter! I am about 750 feet above sea-level and one of the two houses is about 50 feet higher and the other as much lower, but they are well sheltered and look due South. Best loves. Ever very affectionately, Francis Galton. * That of bis wife, Louisa Oalton (nee Butler). pqiii 77 610 J.[l< 'Hi'/ L f Frmiris Galton The Court, Grayshott, Haslemkre. September 19, 1910. My dear Milly, Your sick list is sad. I hope Guy got comfortably to Loxton. Tell me the latest news about the well. Did you happen to see in the Obituary, or hear from Claverdon, of their sad adventure — of their friend. Mr Avhner, dyiny at their house ? I know no particulars vet. So Hugh is to be a curate in Exeter, good fortune to him! Devonshire air is certainly relaxing to most strangers, but what tough and hardy men have come from there ! And Hu^'li is quasi- Devonshire in origin, having been reared just over the border. Beak's* wife is a slow case, but she is working towards the good, though it appears that her arm is permanently crippled. .She is tortured by having it twisted and stretched weekly to prevent, I suppose, adhesions, and goes to the Hospital for the purpose. Bob Butler has been with us for the week-end and told us much about his tour besides Clermont-Ferrand. He is very observant and is already an advanced student in architecture. The country West and South- West of Auvergne has man)' architectural interests and some imposing situations, of which Rocamadour is one. It is Uuilt o'l'i'iust a steep cliff, near its top. He and Eva went to London early this morning. She to inspect doings at Rutland Gate and to bring some things back with her. A rather pretty girl called here with her people, she wore a big hat at which I exclaimed Baying it was as long round as she was tall. She wouldn't believe it. but it appears that on going home the measurements were made and I was right as she confessed yesterday, when she called with a still more absurd hat than before on her head. It was not so large but shaped like a cask. What absurdities abound just now. The Times will begin a weekly J*S. p nj supplement of ladies' fashions in November, I believe, M y old friend, General Sir Richard Strachey, was a famous Engineer Officer, and once upon a time when in a very out-of-the-way part of India his wife sud- denly required a smart dress for some important function. He rose to the occasion and drew a pattern for it with the same care that he would have taken over the plan of a fortress and the gown proved a success. At least he said so. With loves to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galtox. It will be nice to have you both here, first Dim and subsequently you. Has the motor yet arrived t Of course you can do little with it while the gardener is ill. The Court, Grayshott, Haslehere. 8eptembti 88, 1910. My dear Milly, Again I am late and without valid excuse! Beak is just off to fetch his wife here for a week or fortnight's fresh air and good food. We are going on as usual. What a tragedy it was at Claverdon. I hope M. L. does not suffer really much from her rheumatism, but the Harrogate treatment seems drastic. At the temperature of her air baths not only would a cup of water boil in her hands but a joint would roast and turn brown. I grieve at Lucy Cameron Galton's bad carbuncle. They ought to go to Bordighera in less than a month, but an actual or possible carbuncle is a bad travelling companion, and one never knows when the risk of a new one is over. I had a pleasant letter this morning from Mary Spencer Butler. Her son (the lame one), Geoffrey, has been having a lovely time in America. The equivalent then- to our " Leader of the Parliamentary Bar" wanted a young Englishman as a guest, and hearing of Geoffrey and that he was looking out for a vacation pupil, invited him to his house and has taken care of him in every way, introducing him right and left and having him at a camp, where they live the so-called "simple life." The only ill-luck he had was through a mis- directed letter from Roosevelt, asking him to stay a day or two with him. It was directed to Geoffrey Baker instead of Butler. This from M. L to finish up with : Scene, Breakfast table, a small boy and his nurse who is reading the Christian Herald. Boy: " Nanny, I don't like this egg." Nurse, without looking up: "Be a good child and eat it." Boy, after a while: "May I leave half of it!'" Xvrse: "No, be good, eat it all up." Boy, after another pause: "Nanny, must I eat the beakl" Best loves, affectionately, Franxis Galton. The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere. October 3, 1910. My dear Milly, Your account of Olympet is pityful. I am vegetating on pretty happily, only vegetables don't cough in spasms and require cigarettes either of haschisch or of stramo- * Galton's valet^nurse. f Olympe Chapuis, a little Swiss girl who came as companion to Millicent Banbury. She eventually married the Rev. T. K. Lethbridge. Characterisation, especially by LetU 'jll niutii to allay them, as J <\<>. Our few peaches have just BOOM to BO end, hut hop that »ix dj -till on their tree, will o ripen. We ha/I an orange coloured turnip lot lunch today. J had never seen one before. I> tatted just like a white o How is Bob getting on in Wall be dream of mil.. fl'rey Butler is week from America with plenty to tell II ire of bun and tw many pi myself with devising a workable constitution I writing ever -o much I find over and over again that -,ome arrangement won't work rightly and everything baa to be altered. I live quite as much in / I do in Baslemere. I go there continually, as on a villeggiatura by a suburban train. (Jut I find itch very t, and rJernolished quartan have to \i>: replanned and rehuilt. • cheap to build castles in the air. With all loves. Ever affectionately. I 'I'm ' -hav-hoit, If 5, 1010. Mv i.Ku: hum m;i< Dabwib, I can't help in solving your question. The answer mast greatly depend on where the |>eopIe live and how. In many villages, notably Scotch sea , the fi-iherfolk never marry outside their immediate neighbourhood. In such an extreme case the number of their forefathers, any number k, would hardly exceed that of the nt villagers. On the other hand, a migratory population might have greatly intermarried with outsit PBOBLRM. Noah and his wife have an increasing Dumber of descendants during n rations; find the r"' generation in which the number of ancestors is largest. .'I; ime the problem in its utmost simplicity of every 100 pe oming 100 t-a • - •' • in the Deration) — the figure- is something of this sort. I worked it out once, but forget the result, except that r wa • - - • We are settled in the Hindhead district tor the winter, in the above house till Nov. 15, and then in ano by. I pull on — sometimes rather badly, often rather well, hut very infirm always, and am wheeled about and carried up and dowi Bat 1 have nothing to complain of. I sleep like Morpheus and enjoy a chastened dietary, and have had my day. I bear, from time to time, personal and scientific news from men like Sir A. Oeikie, who lives within a distant reach and there are many nice people about. My niece takes excellent care of me. The village is not far off where the following occurred — told me by the Vicar's son : Vicar. " Why, Mary, is the old woman dead at last? she seemed to me fairly well yesterday." Mary. "Yea, -ir. Her cough had been bad and noisy at nights for 'I Jim said to BM last night, 'I can't abide that . t up, Mary, and put the pillow on your up and put the pillow on her, and she was that weak, her spirit flew away like a bird." Bhang— ( Hasehischj — i- 'A is, I find, a great sola/* in fits of bad asthma and cough. How good the pb< »re in the Royal Geographical Jimrnal. Too will lie hard at work soon with those stirring |*ople. Remember me please most kindly to your wife and two brothers now with you. ncerely yours, Fra.vcis Galto». The Cockt, Gbayshott, Haslemebk HO. Mv nEAK Millv, Dim left us this morning perfectly well. I wish she could have stayed r. I had a "private" note last week from the President of the Royal Society to say that the Council had awarded me the Copley Medal, but that it was not to be publicly announced i ue ribbon " of the scientific world, and I am of course deeply gratified. One is awarded annually, without distinction of ■'.;/ or •'. when the scientific work was done, whether lately or some years back. As a fact, an ihrnan g quite so often as once in two years. About five other living ive it. People are always very kind to me, but I wish my Father and Emma were alive It would have given them real pleasure. We move to the new bouse in a month's time. Eva is off for the day to her old friend the blind M irt affectionately, Fbaxcis Galtos. What a nuisance about your motor! What a shameful blot!! 77—2 612 Life and Letters of Francis Galton The Court, Ghayshott, Haslemere. Octob&r 1G, 1910. My dear Milly, I am glad that you are safe home, though it be to a wind-wrecked garden, after so long and adventurous a journey. Did the motor go well? You had, I think, not a little beautiful weather. Lynton I know well, having spent a summer there with Louisa. That wonderful river teems with salmon. They pointed out a pool in it not much bigger than my drawing-room, so far as I recollect, out of which sixteen had been caught in the preceding year. They called it the "Slaughter Pool." It is wonderfully beautiful thereabouts, as you say. I am glad you liked the improvements at Tregeare. When such things really improve a well-known place how charming they are. This is the case with Claverdon, which I shall never see again ! nor any of my old haunts, being so tied up by infirmity. Asthma comes and goes and I have frequent long respites, but it is always en cache, ready to spring. My Kantsaywhere gets on slowly, but I think surely at last. I want the Abbe Sieyes (spelling?)* to put its constitution into the best shape. I find it difficult to evolve a stable one out of nothing. Are your birds beginning to migrate? Ours have gone through various pranks. They seemed to be pairing again, mistaking the fine autumn for next spring. As I write, four of the plumpest of blackbirds are hopping in front of my window. I think it would be nice if they had been 24 and if the cook could make them up in a pie, at the same time putting a complete stop to their singing! Poor Portugal ! The making of a respectable nation out there seems as difficult as that of a silk purse out of a sow's ear. But there may be good stuff left in their most ignorant peasants, though very little in their politicians. I have a Press cutting from New Zealand from which it appears that the Chief Justice, Sir Robert Stout, in his charge to the Grand Jury at the Autumn Sessions in Auckland, advocated the formation of Eugenics Societies, and that much is being done in that way there. I have forwarded the cutting to the Eugenics Education Society for them to keep the ball rolling. Ever affectionately, with loves to all, Francis Galton'. The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere. October 19, 1910. My dear Eva, Your news of the acting is most gratifying. 1 saw in yesterday's paper that there were to be four Rosalinds this week and two of each of the male actors. The purpose is of course to test their relative merits. Here is another gratifying incident. A long letter from Lionel Robinson describing how he and his wife had just attended service at St Margaret's, Westminster, where he heard Professor Inge preach on Eugenics. You know that L. Robinson is far from a gushing man but he fairly gushed over the sermon. He says it was "not only bold and eloquent but carried reflection if not conviction to every listener." Though he " had heard him on a previous occasion he never seemed so clear and attractive as then. He made no shifty evasions and spoke with startling clearness on many points which preachers as a rule evade or dilute beyond taste. My wife was delighted with the sermon," etc., etc. You shall see his letter. I will write to him. Dakyns came yesterday and asked after you. He will gladly revise the MS. of Kantsatoah which in a provisional sense has been finished. But I must interpolate some pages before sending it to the typist. Thus far, it would fill 17 pages of a magazine like the Nineteenth Century. It is now sunny but uncertain. Whether it be fit for me to do more than trundle will be doubtful until after lunch. Yes, if it can easily be managed by the servants, ask Mrs Stanley Butler and Bob for the night as you propose. I am so glad you approve of Louisa and Mrs Phillips. Your bottle of Chianti was very characteristic! Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Miss Jones is excellent, gives no trouble and writes from my dictation with almost short- hand swiftness. * Galton is clearly referring to Comte E. J. Sieyes, the man trained as a Cleric, but he was one who had never preached nor confessed. He was the great constitution framer at the time of the French Revolution and after. Characterisation, especially bij Letters 613 The Court, Grayshott, Haslemkre. October 23, 1910. My dear Mjlly, Eva returned yesterday and sends her love. We shall be so glad when the time arrives to see Dim. I have at last finished Kantsaywhere, if that be the best ortho- graphy. Miss Jones has been staying here during Eva's absence and copied it in fair writing. But I must keep it by for a little while and add and alter before sending it to be typed. Then I must ask you and other friends to kindly read and criticise. Itwould nowfill about 20 to 30 pages of Nineteenth Century size and type. I have no news except of an invalid sort, so will not bother you with that. I quite agree with you that the re-visiting places one has known well is usually disappointing. The personal element has changed, and that counts for much more than one had anticipated. The feeling that a once familiar place "knows one no more" is disheartening. I am glad your motor went so well and falsified the grim remarks of the natives about the character of the roadway in front. I wonder whether Switzerland is all round such a good place as many say it is. The owner of the house we have rented for the winter is Swiss, named Le Pury, a very nice man. He married a daughter of Mr Whitaker, the big vine-grower of Marsala, in Sicily, lie too lias a big house whose grounds adjoin Le Pury's. Good-bye, loves all round. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. American Breeders' Association — Eugenics Section. Eugenics Record Office, Cold Sprim; Habbob, Long Island, N.Y. October 2C, 1910. My deak Gai.ton, Your post-card of Oct. 14 just received. I thank you for taking the trouble to reply. You must think me a nuisance to add thus even a letter to your correspondence. But I must tell you of recent events here. As the enclosed printed matter will show in some detail, there has been started here a Record Office in Eugenics; so you see the seed sown by you is still sprouting in distant countries. And there is great interest in Eugenics in America, I can assure you. We have a plot of ground of 80 acres, near New York City, and a house with a fireproof addition for our records. We have a Superintendent, a stenographer and two helpers, besides six trained field-workers. These are all associated with the Station for Experimental Evolution, which supplies experimental evidence of the methods of heredity. We have a satisfactory income for a beginning and have established very cordial relations with institutions for imbeciles, epileptics, insane and criminals. We arc studying communities with high consanguinity also. Altogether the work is developing in a satisfactory and interesting manner. We have thought that, though our work is mostly in "negative eugenics," we should put ourselves in a position to give positive advice. We cannot urge all persons with a defect not to marry, for that would imply most people, I imagine, but we hope to be able to say, "despite your defect you can have sound offspring if you will marry thus-and-so." I want to tell you how much I have enjoyed reading your autobiography. You have quite put yourself into it, and that makes it much more valuable than any "Life" by another hand. It would please you to realise how universal is the recognition in this country of your position as the founder of the Science of Eugenics. And, I think, as the years go by, humanity will more and mure appreciate its debt to you. In this country we have run "charity" mad. Now, a revulsion of feeling is coming about, and people are turning to your teaching. With best wishes for continued strength and health, and with the expression of my profound esteem. Yours faithfully, Chas. B. Davenport. The Court, Grayshott, Haslemere. November 1, 1910. My dear Milly, This will, I suppose, reach you about the time when Dim starts. We shall welcome her with all pleasure. Winter is now at the door. Gifi is for the moment in London looking out the warm winter clothing and we migrate to "Grayshott House" on the 16th. That beastly Kuntsawhere (or whatever its name is to be) has been delayed by a 2| days illness of mine in bed. I am quite "at my usual," however, to-day. Some talkers knocked me over. It is odd how invariably one of these asthmas follows any form of fatigue, mental, vocal or otherwise bodily. The Doctor here, Lyndon, is as capable a man as could be found anywhere, which is a comfort. Do you care for the present Poet Laureate, A. Austinl Few do. This story against him was told me yesterday by the President of the Royal Society (Sir A. Geikie). It appears that the Scotch Judge, Lord Young, was noted for his sharp sayings. He met 614 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Austin and said, "Well, have you been writing any more poems?" Austin replied, "Yes, a little; you know one must keep the wolves from the door." "How did you do it?" said Lord Young, "Was it by leading your poems to 'em?" !! What a contrast between Austin and his predecessor Tennyson. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. November 5, 1910. My dear Meldola, Excuse my not writing with my own hand. I am very glad that you are going to do justice to Herbert Spencer as an investigator, but I cannot help you with facts about it. I know of course about his experiments on the effect of wind on the upthrow of sap, but do not know where the account of the experiments is published. I feel myself unable to help you, as I wish I could. As regards his influence on contemporary science I feel it is small; on my own work it has been nil, but Romanes ascribed the idea of his beautiful experiments on the formation of nerves on medusae wholly to Spencer's published views. What a sad scene it was at Golder's Green*. I am very infirm and have taken a house for the winter near Hindhead. Ever sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Grayshott House, Haslkmere. December 8, 1910. My dear Meldola, Best congratulations on D.Sc, or Sc. D., as the case may be. It has been long deferred. The enclosed letter is one you may like to read, and will I think sympathise with. Poor Collins; he gave, I know, much assistance to H. Spencer in revising MS., but my knowledge of this is not accurate enough to warrant my writing an obituary paragraph about him. Possibly you might be able and inclined to do so. His death was noticed in Nature, Dec. 1st, p. 146, 1st column. I wrote to Miss Killick and mentioned that I had forwarded her letter to you. Poor Collins! His life was tragical. Extraordinary physical powers, shown in his first attempt at Alpine climbing ; then, arm-chair-ridden by pleurisy. Next, an unhappy event in which the She was not to blame. Then, frequent failures to do good intellectual work, all combined with the most unselfish and eager wish to help others, by revising and criticising, which within limits he could do well. Requiescat in pace. If you see your way to writing a brief memorial paragraph to the Times, poor Miss Killick would rejoice. Please send me back her letter. I am wintering here, being now far too infirm for London fogs, etc. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Grayshott House, Haslemkre. November 13, 1910. (This will henceforth be my address.) My dear Milly, Thanks for congratulations. Sir George Darwin will receive the medal for me on the 30th. People are very kind about it. There are only five other Englishmen alive who have received it: (1) Sir Joseph Hooker (Botany), (2) Lord Lister (Antiseptics), (3) Lord Rayleigh (Mathematical Physics), (4) Sir William Crookes (Molecular Physics and Radiometry), (5) Alfred R. Wallace (Zoology and Darwinism). I have pretty nearly finished Kantsayrvhere in typewriting; but shall lay it by when quite finished for yet further revision, and then have two typed clean copies for friends to criticise, you to be one of them of course. I have no news. The weather has turned chilly and, according to advice, I spent most of yesterday in bed. They say it will be good economy if I lie up one day per week, selecting a nasty day, as yesterday was, for the purpose. We move on Tuesday. Love to those of your party who are at home. Guy wrote me a letter of congratulations from which I gather he is now at Claverdon, whence two fat pheasants have reached me. One is just eaten — so good! Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. * Galton's account of Herbert Spencer's cremation, which would have had historical interest, seems to have perished. I have added at the end of this Chapter his reminiscences of Spencer, found in rough draft among his papers: see p. 626. Characterisation, especialty by Letters 615 Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey. November 29, 1910. Mr dear MlLLY, There is nothing to say, the ups and downs of invalidism interest none except the persons concerned. I have been down and am up again, "le vieux (mieux) persiste." To-morrow the Copley Medal is given. The papers are too full of politics for anything about the Royal Society to be inserted beyond bare facts. It is very nice of Sir George Darwin to receive it for me. This morning's post brought the neatly typed Kantsaywhere revised and done up in book form. Methuen comes here if he can on Sunday or Monday afternoon, so I must keep it for him. This is, I expect, just the most awkward time for new publications, polities and Xmas both in front. I shall soon know more about all this. The Edward Whalers come here for two or three days about Xmas, and 1 shall hear much I hope then about Claver- i iciii and Loxton. This house proves quite a success, but I have been very little out of doors, not at all of late. Excuse if you can this extra dull letter and believe me all the same, Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Higher Comise, Haslemere, Surrey. December 2, 1910. M v dear Sir Francis, 1 very much enjoyed Professor Donoghue's account of Kantsayivhere yesterday. I like the additions, particularly about the resemblance of the young women to Guido's Hours. Wouldn't a reproduction of the engraving or a photogravure of the picture make a pretty frontispiece to the book? I hope you didn't bother over my minute criticisms. I can't recall the particular sentence verbatim where I boggled over the grammatical form, the sense being plain enough. "Its absence etc...." I wonder if "Its freedom from..." or "immunity from...'' would please me better. I am looking forward to my next visit, but I find on Tuesday, Wednesday ami Thursday 1 have to be in London. So it must be Monday?? or Friday? Perhaps Miss Biggs would kindly let me know if Friday suits. Yours affectionately, H. Graham Dakyns. Or that failing — Monday. You will have seen Methuen by that time. Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey. December 6, 1910. My dear Milly, Thanks many for all you say. The President of the Royal Society had tea here yesterday. I don't think I told you his last story, viz. that at the recent University celebrations in Liverpool, lie stayed at Knowsley (Lord Derby) where Lord Morley and Lord Rosebery also were. He overheard this bit of conversation between them. Roaebery: Do you play at cards? Morley: No, it has never been my taste. Rosebery: Rut your Cabinet is keen upon a game, namely " Beggar your neighbour." Lord Morley tried to reply, but could not find a rejoinder. What a storm in polities. There must arrive a time for compromise. If so, I hope they will combine to diminish the Irish vote. The late Liberal candidate for this place, Methuen the publisher, had tea here two days ago. He asserts that Lloyd George has an extraordinary charm of manner in conversation, and that Lord , at the Conference, who is a stubborn Tory and hates him politically like Satan, was quite won over by him socially after three meetings. I doubt whether Methuen will take Knutxiyirhi re. I showed it to him and asked him to submit it to his reader, which he said he would do and ultimately marched off with it, but at first sight he was very dubious. He takes no interest in Eugenics. I have not ventured out of doors for a whole fortnight and crave somewhat for fresh air. Much love to you all. Ever affectionately, Francis Galton. Eva is in bed, recovering fast from a sudden chill (of no real consequence). Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey. December 11, 1910. My dear Milly, Methuen came to tea on Monday and took Kantsaywhere with him to submit it to his reader. He was not at all taken with the idea at first sight and may more likely than not decline it. We shall shortly see. What an inconclusive pother this election has stirred up. I wish both parties would agree to dock off the disproportionate number of Irish electors. They are a nuisance to both sides in turn. Nothing has occurred this week worth telling. I have not ventured out of doors for nearly a month. It trill be a month next Tuesday. The Doctor inspects me and gossips once a week. I am grievously distressed at 616 Life and Letters of Francis Galton the tragic death of Sir Archibald Geikie's only son. I am glad the Coroner returned "accidental death." I never saw him nor any of his three gifted sisters nor his mother (who is mostly unwell), who live in Haslemere, though his father kindly comes pretty often and tells me scientific news. I write supposing you have seen what I am writing about in the newspapers. What a strange commercial world it now is. The defeated candidate here on the Liberal side is Davy, a son of the late great lawyer, Lord Davy, whom I used to know well. His income is derived from an agency to an American firm for making bandoliers for soldiers, on a principle that is partly patented, partly secret. The cylinders that hold the cartridges are woven together with the belt and so cannot come off. The firm has acquired the monopoly of supply, not only to the American and to our Armies, but also to most of the big continental nations. Each belt costs 2s. to make and is sold for £1. This was Methuen's story to me. lie is a keen business man and stood as the Liberal candidate here last year, just as Davy is doing now; so probably his story is quite correct. Good bye, it is too early yet to send Xmas wishes; they shall go later. Eva, who has been shut up during the last week, is off to her Catholic chapel. She looks quite well, but the K is a little painful at times. Ever affectionately, with loves to you all, Francis Galton. Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey. December 20, 1910. Dear Mr Perry Coste, Excuse writing by dictation. I return your very interesting account of your boy's colour-faculty. A very great deal has been written on the subject, especially in America, so it is not surprising that Nature is not able to find room for it, but I hope it will ultimately be utilised in some other way. You do not mention how the boy sees the colours, are they in coloured figures? or are they black or white figures on a coloured ground? or is there no figure at all, but a sense of colour conveyed by the sound alone? I think you ought to get this clear, even at the cost of making the boy somewhat introspective. There must be some explanation of the reason why particular colours adhere so readily to the several figures, but the whole thing is very mysterious as yet. I hope you are all well at Polperro. I am grown infirm and have to winter out of town. I hear from Karl Pearson frequently, and hope to have him here shortly for one night ; he has done a truly great work. Very sincerely yours, Francis Galton. Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey. December 28, 1910. My dear Milly, (What a blot!) You and Guy more especially must have had a wretched time of floods and tempests. We on the high ground feel like Noah on Ararat. Edward Wheler left us yesterday for a night at Loxton and M. L. leaves us to-day. The glorious frosty sunshine of this morning picks me up. I have been "throaty " and obliged to rest a good deal. Karl Pearson comes this afternoon for one night. I am saving my voice for him. Kantsaytohere must be smothered or be superseded. It has been an amusement and has cleared my thoughts to write it. So now let it go to "Wont-say-where." My very best New Year wishes to all of you and best love. Ever affectionately yours, Francis Galton. Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey. January 2, 1911. Dear Miss Elderton, First — my best new year wishes to you, to Dr Heron and to Miss Barrington, with many thanks for your joint Christmas Greeting. Enclosed I return both The Child and the New Zealand papers. Tt is gratifying that Eugenics has taken so strong a hold there. Professor Pearson will probably have mentioned that he has been with me. It gave me great pleasure to see him apparently not at all jaded by his hard work. I have read and shall re-read the recent Eugenics publications, full of hard and conscientious work. Very faithfully yours, Francis Galton. Gross-Lichterfelde-West (Wannseebahn), Drakestr. 37. den 6 Januar, 1911. Hochverehrter Sir Francis! Nach langeren Bemiihungen ist es mir gelungen, eine Photographie des Otjikoto Sees im Damaraland zu erhalten. Ich sende Ihnen anbei zwei Photos der Stelle ein, auf denen Ihr Name eingemeisselt ist. Ich verdanke die Photos der Freundlichkeit des Herrn Tonnesen, des Direktors der South West Africa Co. Auf dem einen Bilde steht Herr Tonnesen und zeigt nach der Stelle hin, auf dem anderen Bilde ist der PLATE LIX The Rock on the Lake at Otchikoto, Ovampoland, from photographs of Herr Tonnesen. The upper picture shows the rock where Galton carved his name and below other names added since. The lower picture shows Herr Tonnesen pointing to the rock to which Galton swam out in 1851. Character isat ion , especially by Letters 617 Name links deutlich zu sehen "F. Galton." Auffallend ist, class der Wasserspiege urn etwa 5 oder 7 Meter gestiegen ist. Vor 10 Jahren war er erheblich niedriger. Ich weiss nicht, wie Sie ihn Ihrer Zeit gefunden haben. Ich hofle, dass Ilinen diese Erinnerung am Damaraland eine kleine Freude machen wird. Ich erinnere mich mit grosser Freude an den Mittag, den ich im Sommer 1909 in Ihrem Hause verleben durfte. Indem ich bitte mich Ihrem Friiulein Nichte empfehlen zu wollen, bin ich, mit ausgezeichneter Hochachtung, Ihr sehr ergebener, Ph. Kuhn. Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey. January 9, 1911. My dear Milly, I am not sure when I last wrote — possibly quite lately, for I was then writing many letters. If so, excuse repetition of nothing. You certainly have the art of attracting and taming birds. I can't induce them to come, when I try. But we have now put up coco- nuts for the tits, and we drink the fluid in them ourselves. Violet Galton is with us for the week. I hope Guy was none the worse for his long trudge in the flooded way, on returning from Loxton. I wish I had something interesting to tell you, but have nothing to say more, beyond affectionate wishes to you all, individually. Francis Galton. [This is the last letter which I know of in Francis Galton's handwriting. Ed.] Grayshott, Haslemere. January 16, 1911. Dear Milly, I am so sorry to hear of your illness now, and do hope you will pick up soon. I am thankful Dim is better. I am sorry to have no good news. Dr Lyndon considered Uncle Frank worse this afternoon — his breath is so difficult to get, he is in great discomfort and very weak, but so sweet and cheerful, always saying something witty if he can speak a few words. Will write again to-morrow. Edward is such a comfort to me and to him also. Your loving Eva. The Athenaeum, Pall Mall, S.W. January 19, 1911. Dear Miss Biggs, I am grieved to see the announcement in this morning's papers and send you truest sympathy. Sir Francis has been for so many years your charge and filled so large a part in your life that the loss of his presence, always so bright and kindly, will be a sore bereavement. I trust you may be enabled to bear up under so heavy a sorrow. I sincerely regret not to have been able to get to Grayshott for weeks past and have missed seeing your Uncle. But my own tragic bereavement, the illness of my Wife and the urgent business connected with my Son's death have kept me busy and much in London. I am still tied down here by business which I cannot shirk, otherwise I would come up to Grayshott to see if I could be of any service to you. With my sincere sympathy. Yours very truly, Arch. Geikie. The Athenaeum, Pall Mall, S.W. January 19, 1911. Dear Miss Biggs, The telegram which you so kindly sent me yesterday reached me after I had written to you this morning. At the meeting of the Royal Society to-day the news of the death of Sir Francis Galton was received with the deepest regret. He was I think our oldest and certainly one of our most distinguished fellows, and the feeling was expressed on all Bides that it was well that the Society even at the last had recognised his genius by awarding to him its highest honour, the Copley Medal. I shall never cease to regret that I was un- able to pay him a visit during these last few weeks. But from the kindly note I had from him I knew that he understood how I stood. The Royal Society desires to pay the last tribute of respect to its venerated colleague by being represented at his funeral, and I made the arrange- ments this afternoon. I sincerely regret that I shall he prevented from attending myself. With renewed sympathy. Yours very truly, Arch. Geikie. 8t R\dkgi:nd's, Cambbjdgb. January 21, 1911. Dear Darwin, I feel I must write to some one to express my sincere regret at the loss of our dear and venerated old friend Francis Galton. I don't know his own people. Ripe as his years were — and I am sure he would have hated to live in any crippled state — yet so sturdy and keen was lie that his death seems a surprise and a shock. I had not seen him for some P G in 78 618 Life and Letters of Francis Galton / / S 7 Side to- wards Side to- vards the the lec- spy! turer. • • / ) months and he may have been failing. What a splendid life it has been; personal courage and adventure, admirable mental and bodily endowments, and a powerful intellectual grip upon the problems and work of his time. And with all this no freaks — sane, humane and sociable. Ever yours, Clifford Allbutt. To Sir George Darwin, K.C.B., F.R.S. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. January 25, 1911. Dear Professor Pearson, If you were thinking of giving little amusing incidents in Uncle Frank's life, I wonder if you would like to mention a neat dodge he had for seeing comfortably in a London crowd. He got a wooden brick with a hole in it through which he passed thick string, with a big knot at the bottom. This he carried under his arm*, and if a tiresome tall person stood before him, he would gently and slowly drop his brick and stand on it with one foot, and when it was time to go, draw it up again by its string, and no one noticed anything. Also you know the "Hyperscope," I suppose, which he used for the same purpose. You put your eyes to the two holes and the matinee hat drops a few inches, and you see the lecturer quite clearly; the opposite side being arranged with a sloping looking-glass let in. He used this last, I think, when Queen Victoria came to open the Albert and Victoria Museum close by, and the whole of Brompton Road was crowded to see her pass by. I wonder if you would mention his extraordinary good temper — it was quite a joke when he was a child, the boys at the school he went to used to stand round him in a ring trying to irritate him, but always failed. This was such an advantage in a household, as it made the servants love him; the Scotts at Bibury used to say they would like to work for him for love, because he was so delighted with every single thing they did for him, and yet they all had a reverence for him and no servant was ever impertinent. He was just like a child in his jokes and always said he was a tiny bit jealous of Wee ling in the house! Another thing you might like to say is how extraordinarily keen he was about things, everything was so intensely interesting to him, any workman in a foreign country he would have a long talk with and ask how he did this, that and the other, and then tell the man how clever he was; he would then take a lesson himself from the man, or child as the case might be. Just before he died, when almost too feeble to speak, he was given a prick of strychnine in the wrist; this interested him intensely and though we didn't want him to exhaust himself talking, he wouldn't let the doctor alone without having it clearly explained what the strychnine would do for him. He was most excited about the oxygen they gave him and wanted Edward Wheler to tell Dr Lyndon all about his experiments with it — this an hour or so before death. By the bye, it is a mistake to think, as some of the papers reported, that my uncle died in his sleep; he became unconscious about f of an hour before death; Gifi looked in and Uncle Frank opened his eyes and smiled at him, and then never opened them again; he seemed in a sort of torpor. He looked so sweet and of such a good healthy colour after death, that I could not believe the doctorVhen he said the heart was not beating. I kept candles burning by him till the coffin was taken from the house and visited him continually in the nights to pray for his soul, and he was buried with my crucifix on his breast ; he looked so sweet in his coffin with his own dear smile on his face, it was sad to leave him in that box, but he looked just like himself to the last E. B. 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. February 26, 1911. Dear Mr Perry Coste, Your kind letter has lain unanswered all this time simply because I have been so occupied, not because it was unappreciated. The sympathy of my Uncle's friends and admirers has been my great comfort. How very curious that you should have been writing to him — you are indeed quite correct about his intellect, it was keen up to the day of his death, and when the doctor pricked [* Done up as a brown paper parcel. Ed.] Characterisation, especially by Letters 619 strychnine into his wrist, hoping to strengthen his heart which was rapidly failing, he would know all about it and exactly how it would act — this an hour before death. He died very peacefully and looked so natural and sweet after death, I could not believe he had gone. It is a terrible blow to Professor Pearson, who was his greatest friend. Thanking you for so kindly writing to me, and hoping all of you are well. Yours sincerely, L. E. Biggs. Extract from the Claverdon Parish Magazine. The following has been written specially for this Magazine by the Rev. Dr H. M. Butler, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge : Sir Francis Galton is best known to the public as an African traveller and a very eminent man of science. With certain branches of science his name is likely to be linked for all time to come as that of a leader and discoverer. In this short paper he will be sketched from another point of view by one who has known and loved him since the close of 1852. He was a man of singular sweetness of temper, courteous, considerate, prompt to sympathise in little things as well as great. He was a charming companion in any travelling excursion, at home or abroad, skilful in planning the various localities to be visited and the various stages, bright and resourceful in dealing with any incidents, imperturbable and amusing if any of these were of a troublesome or perplexing kind. In conversation he was keen, vigilant, always on the look out for something new or beautiful or wonderful. His interests were by no means only scientific. He had an intimate knowledge and an ever-fresh enjoyment of not a few of our greatest authors, among whom Shakespeare, Keats, Tennyson might be specially singled out, poets who had been among the favourites of the exceptionally able young men with whom he had lived during his happy days at Cambridge. He enjoyed greatly any novels that naturally stirred and encouraged thought, especially if these were read out of doors by two or three friends during a walking tour in beautiful countries. Among such novels may be named Kingsley's Alton Locke, Yeast, Westivard Ho! He was a very faithful friend, and drew his many friends from many various quarters and very different lines of thought and creed. He was very happy in his long married life with the daughter of Dr George Butler, formerly 11 fal .Master of Harrow School and Dean of Peterborough. After her death abroad, as old age came gradually on, he retained all the freshness of his intellect and the warmth of his heart, but his bodily activities became less and less. As far back as July, 1908, he wrote to a near kinsman, "The sunset of life is accompanied with pains and penalties, and is a cause of occasional inconvenience to friends. But for myself I find it to be on the whole a happy and peaceful time, on the condition of a frank submission to its many restrictions." Two years and a half of life were still to be granted to him, but the words just quoted might have been written even to the close. He died in his 89th year, leaving behind him not only an abiding fame, but a beautiful memory, for he was in truth "a man greatly beloved." H. M. B. Clavkrdon Leys, Warwick. July 11, 1911. DlAB Pearson, Sir George and Lady Darwin have been here, and he has taken much trouble re-drafting the proposed epitaph to my Uncle. I must say I like it much better than 's, but do not tell the latter! Sir George specially asked me to consult you about it, and if possible to suggest any amendment. I like it as being short and simple. What do you think? I have to go to the Meeting to-morrow, but do not expect to see you as I hope you are still in the North and taking a rest, so I will write no more. There is no immediate hurry for an answer. Yours very sincerely, E. G. Wheler. [The epitaph just as it now reads in Claverdon Church was enclosed : see Vol. mA, p. 434.] Extracts from, Francis Galtons Rough Note-books. It seems to me worth while illustrating in a single instance Francis Galton's method of work. He would take a note-book arid write suggestions in pencil in it. In these his handwriting is very minute, very indistinct, and the text 78—2 620 Life and Letters of Francis Oalton full of gaps to be filled in later when the required data might be accessible. He always carried such a note-book about with him, when on his travels or visits, and made rapid jottings in it. Often he would start the whole suggestion or idea afresh, sometimes it led up to the subject of a lecture or a paper ; occasionally the matter is merely referred to in a paragraph of one of his publications, although it is far more developed, if disconnectedly, in the note-book. To illustrate the whole process I publish here a few extracts from note- books on Eugenics from 1900 onward. Galton is concerning himself with the topic he often talked about — the average value to the State of the child of picked parents. The factors he has in view are: (i) The degree of superiority of the child of superior parents, (ii) The higher wage or income of such child over the average of its class, (iii) These differences which form the additional profit to the State of the child of superior parents, (iv) This additional profit capitalised is what the State ought to be willing to pay in order to obtain such children. I have made no attempt to fill in Francis Galton's gaps, although it would in several instances be feasible. I have given these extracts from the note-books simply to illustrate Galton's method of research, but at the same time I have chosen a suggestive topic, of which the general purport is obvious notwithstanding the fragmentary state of the notes. The Money Worth to the State of an Infant Male Child of Selected Parents. From the Papers of Sir Francis Galton, F.R.S. Dr Farr has discussed this question with high actuarial skill in respect to the child of an ordinary Essex labourer, supposed to work and get on like the average of his class. He compares the present value of the expenditure incurred in his maintenance and that of the wages he will gain wherewith to maintain his own children, and striking a balance finds it <£ to the good. This was in 18 . The figures would now require revision. My problem is of the same kind but depends on different data; it deals with the offspring of parents who have been selected for their civic worth at the rate of 1 in 50 or 1 in 20 of their class. In other words 2 per cent, or 5 per cent., as the case may be, have been picked out as the best by the judgment of the selectors, much as the 2 per cent, best pears might be picked out of a basket and charged for as being of a higher grade. It will be convenient to use the term " per cent, selects " with an appropriate figure prefixed, as 2 per cent, selects or 5 per cent, selects, to express both the fact and the rigour of selection. In considering the money value of a select we may be guided by the wages he is likely to earn. If say 2 per cent, of the men of his class earn shillings a week, but that the remaining 98 per cent, of them earn shillings, then the excess of the former sum, duly capitalised to its value at the time when the calculation is made, represents fairly enough the superior worth of the children of the selects to the average worth of the children of the class*. The actuarial calculation must be difficult and take many things into account on which we need not now dwell, but the general principle will be intelligible from this outline sketch of it. The point immediately in view is that if A be the money worth of a child to the State, it would be good economy to spend any sum less than A in procuring and maintaining such a child, and bad economy to spend more than A. It is clearly important to ascertain the value of A in each particular case. * The regression of the children of the selected parents referred to below has here been overlooked. Characterisation, especially by Letters 621 (a) How does a better workman obtain better wages and to what extent? ( 1 ) By becoming a foreman or a higher grade workman ; (2) By change of occupation ; (3) By off- work ; (b) Distribution of wages among the most successful 5 per cent. On the reasonable supposition that the distribution of civic worth follows the Gaussian law, the value of the deviate corresponding to an Z-select can be found from my small table on p. * or the larger one by Sheppard in Biomelrika, IV. Then by the formula of Heredity as thus far determined, the mean deviates of the offspring of deviates, which we will call , can be found and its class place n from the above tables. This does not give the mean value of the offspring of L and all above L parents, but considering that fertility decreases as the severity of selection increases, and that we are as yet ignorant of the rate of decrease; also bearing in mind that an inferior limit of possible values of L is almost as serviceable in the argument as its exact value, it will suffice to say that the mean deviate of the offspring of Z-selects and of all higher than Z-selects exceeds n, and that their average value v is determin- able. In short, it would be good economy to purchase infants whose cost of maintenance etc. capitalised to present value did not exceed v. Some purchases would turn out ill, others good, but taking them all round as in any large business, the rule would be founded on a statistical certainty. This general idea requires elaboration and a criticism by experts of the results reached. Worth estimated either by Class Place or by Scale Value and their mutual Con cert Utility. Ministers of State, Heads of Departments, Bishops, Judges, Commanders and Admirals in Chief, Governors of Colonies and other appointments. Foreign Ambassadors, Ministers and other diplomats. Choice out of many applicants as Secretary, Clerk, superior servant. Choice of candidates for M.P., Guardians and other municipal officers. Choice of a Doctor, a Lawyer, an Agent, a School, a Governess, a Shop, a tour, a means of conveyance. Selection of a Profession, a House, Investments, a Dress shape or colour, a book or any other purchase, an Hotel, food, wine, a dog, a pianoforte, a cigar, a horse. Classification by marks at school or college examinations, and competitions for Government services. i ting fruit into classes differently priced. Appraisement in money value of pictures, curios, horses, actors and actresses. Pondering before choosing (Scotchmen). Arrays — Class place and scale I, •, their convertibility into centile values, always feasible — Judgment by intercomparison. Place in Scale of Distribution. Position in scale 0° to 100° up to array. Mid-Parental Deviations in units of q Places of A in Class Scale 0°_100° .Mean Filial Deviations =j A in units of q Places of B in Class Scale 0°— 100° A 3°0 2°-5 2°0 l°-5 ro Separatee from lower part of class the upper 2 = the upper 50th part 5= „ 20 „ 9= „ 11 „ 16= „ 6 „ 25= 4 „ B 2°-0 r-7 r-3 ro 0°-3 Separates from lower part of class the upper 9 = the upper 11th part 13= „ 7 „ 18= „ 5> „ 25= „ 4 „ oo = ,, o „ * Gal ton is, I think, referring to Table 6 on p. 203 of his Natural Inheritance. 622 Life and Letters of Francis Galton Worth defined by Class Place. The phrase that so and so ranks among the upper half, quarter, tenth or other division of a class consisting of a hundred persons is a definite fact and of substantial importance. I have often had occasion to comment on this, but propose now to elaborate the idea somewhat more fully. The comparison of the merits of alternative objects is a familiar act and the classification of a large number of objects of like kind in order of merit, however defined, is merely a prolonged application of this power. Class lists are familiar in competitive examinations, when candidates are given marks, by which their order of merit is expressed according to the judgment of the examiner, but the faculty of accurate classifying is far more widely exercised when there are many competitors for a coveted place and only one or a few vacancies. No electorate doubts its capacity of so placing the men that the right ones shall be on the whole generally approved of. The selective process is gone through in renting a house, or buying an article, a dress, wine, a horse, a pianoforte and, as a rule, whenever a purchase has to be made. It is gone through with care in selecting an agent, a governess, or other employees ; Ministers of State, Heads of Departments, Bishops, Judges, Ambassadors and other diplomatic agents, recipients of honours, are all selected always with careful consideration, not seldom with anxious care. Appraisement in money value of curios and objects of art falls under the same head. If we please to take the trouble we may arrange a class in order of any specified description of merit. I will now suppose this to be done for Civic Worth (a term that I need not now stop to define) and that examples have been recorded of the qualifications of those who stand at any two specified practical lengths of the array. It is convenient to take those at or about its middle and at or about its upper fourth division. Let us call them M and Q. The difference between M and Q we take as the unit of Civic Worth. This difference will be called q (describing briefly the Quartile difference). All children of — of all parental couples to be Wards of Government; ?i = say, 10. No. of children to be provided for 4 per family (Average 4 children to parent, total children 40) —$ x population. Expenditure on scale of upper artisan families say 5s. a week. (p) at 5s. per week £13 a year. Free from other expense „ 2s. 6c?. „ £6. 10s. „ up to ... years. Looked after without interfering with parental responsibility, unless grave faults of management. ^ = 2 £ 1 0 a year. Competitive insurance of male children when adults to partly repay at age or death - th of expenditure. Marriages per thousand of population. 4 times as many children, ^ take or multiply marriages by 0-4. 5s. a week = 5 x 52 = 260 shillings = £1 3 a year, to be continued for 15 years, 13 x 15 = £195 say £200 total for each child, in a population of 1000, 20 (say) marriages a year or a yearly capital to be put by of £4000, i.e. £4 per head. Army cost? This is 4 times too much to be reasonable; make n = 20 to halve it, P = If 20 more per thousand and 1 in 20 taken, that is (4 children to 1 marriage) 4 per thousand of population to receive this at 4s. a head = £40 ann. = 40 x 15 = 600 total per 1000. Ignore compound interest, the are far greater than the allowance for it. £10 annually = ?■££■ shillings = 4s. about weekly. It is deviation from M measured to units of q that we shall be solely concerned with here. Characterisation, especially by Letters 623 It has now become widely known, and is very familiar to modern statisticians, that the distribution of nearly all faculties among the members of an array, when referred to units of q, follows approximately, often very closely, the important theoretical law with which the name of the mathematician Gauss is associated. It is based upon the supposition that all variability is due to variety in the combination of a large number of small and independent elements. Be the cogency of the logic what it may, the Gaussian law is found to be an excellent approximation to observed fact in a multitude of cases, many of them analogous to the Civic Worth of which we are speaking. Assuming its application here and having determined q as above we can proceed with numerical precision. I give a brief table by which the worth for any specified class place (or rather for the upper half of any specified class place) can be determined by adding to M (reduced to units of q) the value of the deviation stated, read in terms of q. The partition values refer to a centennial scale (0° to 100°) placed alongside the array of class places which are described by the "ordinal" numbers of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ... 100th and correspond to the partitions that separate the class places of the same name. They are both reckoned from the lowest upwards. Then the scale value divides the upper 25 per cent, or one quarter of the class places. That of 50 per cent, cuts off the upper half from the lower half. Scale 0° to 1000°. Evaluation which separates those beneath from the upper Corresponding deviation in units of q 21 46 89 156 250 very roughly 1/47-6 or say l/50th 1/21-7 „ l/20th 1/11-2 „ 1/11 tli I 6-4 „ 1/ 6th 1/ 4-0 „ 1/ 4th 3-0 2-5 20 1-5 10 Evaluation which separates the upper from those below it <1 x-674 points per mille 0°— 1000° say 2-5 2-0 1-5 1-0 202 1-68 1 -35 1-01 0-67(45) 22 46 88 155 249 2 5 9 16 25 in : Galton and Herbert Spencer at, IIIA 317, IIIB 626, 627; Galton's asthma at, IIIA 238 Athenians, ability of, II 107, 108 Athletics, and tests for physical efficiency, II 394 Atkinson, with Galton on reading party, I 166, 169 Atoms, variation in, IIIA 314. 316 Atwood, Rev., schoolmaster to Galton, I 77; sees Galton at Cambridge, I 150 Audibility, at limits of, II 215, 216; in men and women, II 221, 222. See also Whistles, Galton's , I uditory Sensation, experiments on the, II 272, 308. See also Hearing Austin, Mr, letter from, on composite portraits, II 192 Australia, recent discoveries in, II 24, 25 Australian Native, ability of, II 106 Austria, colour associations and number forms from, II 240 Autobiography of Galton, IIIA 329, IIIB 585-588; appreciation of, IIIB 613. See also ' Memories' Auvergne, Galton's trip to, I 93, 94 Avebury, Lord, takes chair at Galton's Huxley lecture, IIIA 226; congratulates Galton on Coplev Medal, IIIA 400; grows older, IIIB 534; on gout, IIIB .Tin Average, misleading use of, II Inn. |o| Averages, and individual variation, II 174 Aversion, Galton on, II 258 Avignon, Galton at, I 199 Avuncular and cousin resemblances, IIIA 329, 333, 334, 356 Bach, Sebastian, cited by Galton as a sport, IIIA 85; not a sport, IIIA 120 Bacon, Francis, ability of, II 107 Baconian method, and work of Galton and Darwin, I 58 Baden-Pmvell, Galton calls on, IIIs 568 Baden-Powell, Miss, silhouettes of, IIIs 577, 603 Bain, Prof. A., and tests on idiots, II 272 Baker, Sir Samuel, and African exploration, II 25, 30 Balance, invented by Galton, I 149 Balbiani, views and statements of, II 181, 182 Balfour, Earl, elected to Trinity Fellowship, IIIA 236, 238; President of the British Association, IIIA 276; speech of, IIIB 518; appreciation of, IIIB 528 Balfour, Francis, experiments of, on pangenesis, II 176 Ballad, of Whittier on David Barclay, I 28, 29 Ballaler, fine men from, IIIB 554 Banking, enterprise of the Galtons in, I 32, 33, 50, 51 Barbarians, and the barbarous, IIIA 336 Barber, Mr, the African hunter, IIIB 516 Barclays, in Galton ancestry, I 10, 26-35, also Pedigrees in pockets at ends of Vol. I and Vol. IIIA Barclay, David, I 10, 30, 33; sufferings of, I 28: slave emancipator, I 32; Thomas Young brought up in house of, I 48; portrait of, I 28 Plate X \ 1 1 Barclay, Hedworth, Galton up the Nile with, I 200-203 Barclay, Lucy (wife of Samuel Galton the second), parents of, I 33, 46; cousin to Priscilla Farmer, I 33; marriage of, I 33, 46 ; character of, I 48, 49 ; portraits of, I 44 Plate XXVI, I 46 Plate XXVIII; silhouette of, I 44 Plate XXVI; sampler of, I 46 Plate XXVII Barclay, Margaret (Mrs Hudson Gurney), parents of, I 33; shows Galton over Ury, I 104, 105; portrait of, I 91 Plate XLVII Index 635 Barclay, Robert (the Apologist), I 10, scholarship and character of, I 27, 28; in London, I 35 Barclay, Robert (father of Lucy Barclay), I 10; portrait of, 1 30 Plate XXIV Barclai/, < 'apt. Hubert (the pedestrian and athlete), I 10, 30; portrait of, I 30 Hate XXIV Barings, the, a noteworthy family, IIIA 113 Barlow, logograph of, II 192 BaromeU r, limited use of, II 55 Barometric prediction of weather, II 54, 55 Barrington, - 1 m y, work and assistance of, I viii, IIIA 305, 314, 322, 368, 372, 387, 426 Barron, Gallon consults with, II1B 529 ■■■■-•, Miss, work of, III* 426 Barik, and an African memorial, II 25; geographical discoveries of, II 31, 71 Bartlett, and experiments on pangenesis, II 159 •s, finger-prints of, 111* 193; language and habits of, I11A 279; Galton's appreciation of, 1I1B 564 Basset Hounds, law of ancestral heredity applied to, I1IA 40-44, IIlB 503 Bateson, II'., on evolution committee of Roy. Soc., lllA 126, 127. 290. 291; as referee at Koy. Soc., 1 1 lA 241 ; and ( Chun's views. IIIA 81, 82, 86; and the foundation of ■!Siometrika,'IIIA 100; on actuarial and experimental methods, I1IA 260, 288; on scientific knowledge, 1I1A 288; hostility of, IIIA 383, 388, 111" 528: in the Report of the Hybrid Conference, III* 314; on sports, 111* 120; at the Darwin-Wallace celebration of the Linnean Soc, IIIA 340; and the Darwin Commemoration, IIIA 369; on horse colour, III" 561; (Saltan's letter to, on Eugenics, III* 220, 22 1 ; letter of, to Evelyne Biggs, 1 1 I* 288 . Mrs II .. assistance of, IIIA 220, 288 Bath Chair, Galton enjoys, IIIs 587, 595, 596, 600, etc. Bait, J as far, a strenuous Quaker, I 35, 37, 59 r, on hair colour and liability to disease, II 354, 371 Bayonets, source of name, IIIB 666 Beale, l)r J., in letter to Boyle, II 229 Bearcrofi, II .. units Galton in Egypt, IUB 519 'Beauty-map,' Galton's project of, II 341 Beddoe, l>r. sod anthropology, II 334; on medical life histories, II 359; paper of, for ' Biometrika,' IIIA 249, 256; on Galton's sense of humour, II 310 md fertility, 111*218; andsweet-peas, 111*325,326 and (rasps, Wallace on. Ill-*- 370 and the 'long drop,' II 407, los . for testing, II 297. See also Creeds tct, on identification of criminals in Vienna, II1A 148 /,'/ roc rs, am ristics of, I 203 Beren Ptolemy III, portrait of, and composite, II 296 Plate XI. II fiMiiilis dans l'accomplissement des foncti itrices...,' 11 142, 143 aerie images, II 298 Bernoulli, Chr., uses word 'Biometrie,' III15 500 Bertit Terrace (home of Galton's mother and of his sisters in Leamington), visits to, II 88, and in most years; last risit, IIIB570 Hon, his system of identification of criminals, II 301, 306, 380, 383, 397, 398, 1IIA 5, 66, 140-142, 144, 160 152, 155, 187, 188, 199; letter of, to Galton, II lA III. 146; letter of, to Dr Faulds, 1IIA 144; vanity of, 111* 249 •BertiUonage,' III* 140, 144, 148-153,159,187, 188,200 Besant.SirW'nlti r, and tin- 1 niversityof London, III-* 289 Galton procures the vase with the God upon it, I 202; presented to the British Museum, II1B 473; casts of the vase, IIIs 473 Beverley, and use of finger-prints in India, IIIA 147 Bewick, T., his thumb mark, IIIA 175; vignette of churchyard, IIIB 580 Biarritz, Galton at, IIIB 553-559 ilirhiiell, Mr, stays with Galton, IIIB 587, 588 Bidder, G., experiments with, II 195-196; number form of, II 242, IIIB 469; inherited faculty of, II 276; at Plymouth Aquarium, IIIB 579 Biggs, Evelyne ('Eva,' great-niece to Galton), plans to be much with Galton, IIIB 512, 520-522; to live with Galton, IIIB 520; with Galton, IIIA 279, 280, 282, 285, 287, 310, 324, 360, 374, 375, 388, 389, 391, 429, 433, IIIB 447, 449, etc.; travels with Galton, IIIB 507-512, 515-519, 520-522; her care of Galton, IIIB 595, 617, etc.; Galton's appreciation of, IIIB 512, 513, etc.; first ride in a motor car, II I B 547; on Eugenics Education Soc, III* 433; Galton's letter to, on family prayers, III* 271 ; Galton's letters to, IIIB 577, 597, 603, 605, 612; Bateson's letter to, III* 288; Mir Archibald Geikie's letters to, IIIB 617; letters of, to Karl Pearson, IIIA 433, IIIB 618; to Lady PeUy, III* 433; to Perry Coste, IIIB 618; sketches of, III* 278; becomes a Roman Catholic, II1B 604, 605; health of, IIIB 583, 605, etc.; portrays the per- sonality of Galton, IIIB 618; portrait of, IHb 507 Plate L1II; with Galton at Ockham, IIIB Plato LVlll; sketches of Francis Galton, II viii, 425 Biggs, Rev. G. H., father of Eva Biggs, IIIB 512 Billiards, and thought without words, II 274 Billings, Dr, and composite crania, II 294 Binet, A., and 'Psychologic des Grands Calculateurs et Joueurs d'lSchecs,' II 275 Binomial Polygon, and normal curve, II 338, 339; and statistics of stature, II 339 Biographer, dilliiulties and duties of, I v-ix, 1-4, II v, 88, III* vii, 413 Biographers mislead, III* 277 Evangelical of Middleton, II 100, 101 vphical Register, Galton's, II 355 Biological Farm, proposition for, III* 133, 134. See also Experimental Farm, Biometrie Farm Biologists, mechanical aptitude in, II 151; and Bio- metry, III* 254, 256, 283, 286, 287 Biology, and Galton, II 62; source of Galton's interest in, II 201; future of, IIIB 501 Biometrie Farm, nerd for, III* 251 Biometrie Laboratory, IIIA 224; and Eugenics Record Office, 11 lA 258, 297-299; and Eugenics Laboratory, III* 296-299, 303-305, 315; motto of, II 233; apparatus used in, III* 308; post-graduates in, III* 345, 356 Biometrie Soiree, III* 335, IIIB 605 Biometricians, future outlook for, III* 381 : on holiday, IIIA 277, 280, 322, 342, 368, 369, 388 -390, 111" 441, 527, 528, 583 •Biometrika,' and Galton, II 69, III* 248-250, 325; foundation of, III* 100-102, 235, 241, 243-245, 248, 281, 285, 319; guaranteed fund for, III* 214, 245, 250; early struggles of, III* 239, 254, 256; first proofs of, III* 246, 247; vol. 11 of, III* 251 ; progress of. III* 368, 425, 431; re.-onstitutioi, of, III* 281, 302; skull photographs in, III* 257: definition of technical terms in, III* 334; new year greeting to Galton in. III* 394; Royal Societj and, III* 283; Biologists and, 111* 254; 'Journ. of Anthropological Institute' and, 111A 247; Weldon memorial and, III* 285,301 Biometry, and the Royal Society, 1 1 lA 100, 101; early dilliiulties of, HI* 101, 282, 283, 280-288; Bateson's contempt for, 111* 288; Mendelism and, III* 357, 358; Eugenics a branch of, 111* 309; loss of Weldon to, III* 280 80—2 636 Index 'Biometry' and 'phylometry,' IIIB 500 Bioscopes, of all that grows, IIIB 570 Bi-projection, photographic, II 298-300 Birds, Samuel Galton on, I 48; Galton's early interest in, 1 88; artificial nests for, Iff8 647; eggs, measure- ments of, III* 243, 244 Birmingham, Galton houses in, 1 46, 49-51; photo- graphs of, I is Elate XXX, 49 Plate XXXI, 50 Plate XXXII; Samuel (Saltan in, 1 40,47; Galtuns buried in. I 52, 50 Plate XXXII; Galton at school at, 1 SI ill i; medical student at, I 90,99-104, IIIA452; mediaeval education at, I 81 Birmingham and Midland Institute, Galton lectures at, I11M2 Birmingham Philosophical Society and Samuel Galton, I 47 Birth, of Francis Galton, I 62, 63; order of, and health, 111 v 404, 406 Birth-control, and Eugenics, II 80; dangers of, II 111 Blending, and inheritance, 11 173, 397 Jlli/id, sensitivity of the, II 218 Blomefield, with Galton on reading party, I 155, 156 Blomjiild, Admiral and Mrs, Galton meets in Egypt, IIIB 518 Blood, and hereditary characters, II 157; experiments in transfusion of, II 156-169, 174-177, see also Pangenesis; examination of, Galton's prediction concerning, IIIB 564 Blood-pressure, and measurement of emotional shock, II 270 Blow, force of, and pain occasioned by, II 408; rapidity of, and instrument to measure, II 220, 221, 374, 376 Blu.nl, Lady Anne, Galton meets, IIIB 550 Boar, wild, as a pet, IIIB 562-564, 566 Board School, degeneracy among chddren of, IIIA 266 Boccaccio, on Dante, II 99 Boers, interfere with Galton's plans in Africa, I 219, 220; war with, IIIB 515-517, 519 Bogatzki, Galton uses family copy of a work by, IIIB 585 Boils, Galton's treatment of, I 107, 108, 110, 111 Bond, Or, offers Galton a clinical clerkship, I 184 Bonner, Mr David, on trotting horses, II1B 498 Bonnevie, K., and measurements applied to finger- prints, III* 168 Books, by Francis Galton: 'Art of Travel,' 1855 (and many editions), II 2-6; 'Decipherment of Blurred Finger Prints,' 1893, IIIA 194-197; 'English Men of Science, their Nature and Nurture,' 1874, II 87, 130, 142, 145, References to, I 5, and to do Candolle, 11 134, 149, 207; 'Record of Family Faculties,' 1884, II 363 etc.; 'Life History Album,' 1884, 1903, II 366 etc.; 'Finger Print Directories,' 1895, 11 1A 199-215; 'Finger Prints,' 1892, IIIA 174-194, References to, IIIA 141, 142; 'Hereditary Genius,' 1859, 1892, 1912, II 87-115, References to, I 5, 7, II 70, Charles Darwin on, I 6; 'Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development,' 1883, II 248-267, References to, I 5, II 87, 207 (de Candolle), 212, 238, 241, 361; 'The Knapsack Guide for Travellers in Switzerland,' 1864, 1867, II 11; 'Memories of my Life,' 1908, I1IA 354-355, References to, IIIA 329, 339, 342-346, 354-355, IIIB 585-588, 613; 'Meteoro- granliica, Methods of Mapping the Weather; illus- trated by upwards of 600 printed and lithographed Diagrams...,' 1861, II 38-43, Plate VII; 'Natural Inheritance,' 1889, IIIA 57-77, References to, I 5, II 84, 87, IIIA 79-82; 'Noteworthy Families (Modern Science),' 1906, IIIA 113-121, Reference, II 149; 'Tropical South Africa,' 1853, 1889, I 215 etc., References to, I 215, 240; 'Vacation Tourists and Notes of Travel,' 1860-1862, ed. by F. G., II 6-7 Booth, llr, medical sponsor to Galton, I B0, 99; con- sulted by Galton, 1 152 Booth, C. his survey of the population of London, IllA 228, 231 Booth, Johnny, death of, from scarlet fever, 'I 81 Booth, Mrx (Allele Galton, aunt of Francis Galton), at birth of Galton, I 02; at death »f bei father, lllA 46; old letters of, III" 676; silhouette of, 1 54 Plate XXXV; portrait of, I 64 Plate XXXVI Unrdt r-line Cases, and 'mechanical selector,' II 308 Boredom, measurements of, II 277 Ilorlkiewicz, von, and Galton's difference problem, II 413 Boscastle, visit to, II 130 Botany, Galton studies under Lindley, 1 121, 123 Boulogne, Galton at school at, I 68, 70-73 Boulton, H. \V., at the Rev. At wood's school, I 77 Boulton, Mathew P. W., Galton's friendship with, I 77, 188; at Cambridge, I 141, 143, 150 Boulton, Montague, at Cambridge, 1 171; Galton up the Nile with, I 200-203; Galton meets at Beyrout, 1 204; death of, I 204 liourdillon, J., and use of finger-prints in India, IIIA 147 Itt'iilmij, 6., honour conferred on, IIIB 494 Bowen, and 'The Reader,' II (is Bowman, Sir IF., Galton's early tour with, I 92-97, IIIB 565; Galton works at anatomy under, I 105; Galton's acquaintance with, 1 126 Jlowring, a wrangler at Cambridge, I 167 Boyhood, of Galton, I 62-91, I1IB 449-452, 618; associations of youth and, II 235 Boyle Lecture, given by Karl Pearson, 11IA 309, 313-315 Brabrook, Sir /<;., on low literary standard of scientific memoirs, III-*- 330, 332 Bradford, effect of Factory Acts in, IIIA 368 Bradlaugh, and Neomalthusianism, IIIA 243 Bradshaw, Henry, advice from, 1IIA 322 Brain, Galton on activity of, II 234-236; selective action of, II 256; weight of, in eminent nun, IIIA 248; pigment of, and insanity, 111A 372; in the sane and the insane, 1HA 298, 356 Braine, Elizabeth, marriage of, with Robert Barclay, I 35; ancestry of, I 31, 34, 35 lira in work, unconscious, 1IIA 115 Bramah, his lock and Galton's, I 148 Branford, V. V., on architects of science of sociology, IIIA 261; Galton consults with, III" 529 Breadsall Church, sketch of, I 74 Plate XLIV Breadsall Priory, home of Dr Erasmus Darwin, 111" 525 ; visits to, I 74; sketches of, I 74 Plates X LI 1 1. XLIV Breathing, its submission to the will. II 247 Bree, Adile (great-niece to Galton), ill8 586, 587 Bree, Archdeacon, translates honorary degree oration at Cambridge as to Galton's achievements, III" 494, 495 Bree, Sophy (great-niece to Galton), IIIB 611, 512; sees Galton receive the D.C.L. in Oxford, IIIB 491 Breeding, art of, and stud-books, II 321; experimental, IIIA 128-131, 272, 273 Breeds, establishment of, and regression, IUA 31; suitability of, for experiment, 111A 135 Bream, Mrs (Sophia Galton, aunt of Francis Galton), character of, I 54; mementoes from, 11IB 585; portrait of, I 54 Plate XXXV Brewster, Sir David, parentage of, II 137 Brewster, E. T., on a measure of variability, etc., IIIA 95 'Bridgewater Treatises,' authors of, II 151, 162 Bristed, C.A., his 'Five Years in an English University,' I 171, 182 Index 637 British Association, and Galton, II 13, 18, 80, 22, 27-30, 34, 36, 49, 61, 53-55, 59, 61, 70, 77, 233, 334, 347, 362, 386, 388; Galton's first attendance at, I 104: Tertius Galton attends meeting of, I 90: Galton's papers and addresses at. 11 22s. 838, 288, IIP* 11, 57. Ill" 461; Galton asked to accept office of Gen. Sec, IUB 468; Galton asked to stand as President, III* 275, 270, 111B 488, 543; attack on Biometry at meeting of, 111-1 297; Cambridge meeting of, 111" 528; meeting of, in Africa, III1* 648; Lister's address at, IIIB579; maps for the, IIIB 462; collection of records of pedigree stock and, II 321; marks for physical efficiency and, II 394; experimental zoology and, UP* 129: finger-prints and, IIP* 140, 148; onjScctiou of Economic Science and Statistics of, II 347, 34s British Museum, Galton presents 'Bees' to, IIIB 473 British Race, deterioration of, IIIA 251. 364-367; defects and i(ualities of, II L v 252. 253; improvement of, III* 253. See also Anglo-Saxon Type, union of, with Scandinavian, 11 371 ley, . I a a-, describes a visit from the youthful Galton, I 98; amanuensis to Galton, I 217 Brodrick, '.'., death of, III" 525 Brooh , 8ir A., takes Galton to see a clairvoyant, 1 190 Brother*, Galton's values of eon-elation and regression for pairs of, 111-* 86 Brownt , Hi v. 0. F., on Galton's Rede lecture, IIIB 473 Browne, Sir T., and use of word "aberrance,' IIP* 99 Brovmintj, Oscar, and a circular walk in Heidelberg, III* 404 Broum-Seqaard, experiments of, on guinea-pigs, Galton's criticism of, II 182-184 . and the African memorial, II 25; writes first on Khartoum, III" 648 Brussels, Galton's early visit to, I 94 Buck-land, F., and Galton, II 87; 'The Land and the Water ' of, II 87 , achievements of, II 42o a at, I 135 ■ dton on, 11 190 Buffalo, African, in Italy. II 31, 32 episode of mad, I 82 '■Of, effect of continued selection of size of head in, lil* 94 Bull-fight, Galton's description of, III" 608, 512 Bulloch, II'., material from, ill* 359 try, Mrs (Adele Galton, Bister to Francis Galton), on birth of Galton, I 62, 63; her early training of Gallon. I 83, 86, 66, lis. 69, 111" 446; early letters of Galton to, I 60, 71, B0, 86, 87, 96, 102, 108, 119; Gait . 1 126; Gal' . I 68; letters of, to her sisters, 111" 419 461; marriage of, 1 193; Galton visits, 11 130; portrait, of, I 213 Plate LV bis; silhouette of, I 52 Plate XXXIV clinical scientific terms, 111-* 334; work of, 111" 487 Burg meets Sir Franeis 8. Darwin and Theodore Gallon abroad. Ill" 592 Burglar, visitations of a, I 79; finger-print of, on window frame, III* 160 111" 532 Burn and a cartoon in ' Punch,' III * 375 Burns, Mr and Mrs J., and Lady A., Ill" 574 Burton, the Afriean explorer, 11 30; and Galton, II 86, 27, 88, 68; and Speke, 11 25 27 expedition, II 86, 26 Bury, Mr, Galton's schoolmaster, I 70 [acuity in, 11 239, 840, 252: hod of drawing in, 1 1 239. jfo lauel Galton in, I 46, 48; capacity of Sir Douglas Galton, I 53 Busk, Sir A,'., and the Fellowship in Eugenics, IIIA 222, 223; and Galton bequest, II1A 301, 302 Busk, Dr 0., craniology of, II 334; Galton's obituary notice of, II 396 Bust, of Galton, proposals regarding, 111* 374, 375; Sir G. Frampton models, I1IA 388, 389, II1B 598, 599; in the Academy, III" 605; all aspects of a, on a single negative, III" 520 I'latc HV Buttt r, on mimicry, IIP* 370 Butler, Arthur (brother-in-law to Galton), to stay with Galton, III" 540; Galton to visit, III" 573; death of, IIIA 370 BuUi r, Frank, to act for Galton, III" 507; with Gallon, III" 548, 549; assists Galton, III" 598, 599; Galton to visit. 111" 509, 570 Butler, George, to be consulted regarding plans for eugenic certificates, IIIA 296; sees Vesuvius with Galton. Ill" 475; visits Galton, III" 573 Butt r, Bareourt, on finger-print system in India, III" 591; member of Viceroy's Council in India, III" 607, 608 Butler, II. Montagu, appointed Master of Trinity, 111" 470: writes to Galton on his election to a Trinity Fellowship, IIIA 230, 238: writes on receiving portrait of Galton for Trinity College, 111" 551; on the characteristics of Galton, 111" 619 IJutli r, James (son of H. Montagu Butler), wins scholar- ship, III" 558 Butler, Mrs Josephine, II 130; meets Galton in Italy, III" 475 Buffer, Louisa, •'see Qalton, Mrs Francis Hull, r, Maud, meets Galton in Kgypt, III" 518, 519 Butter, Prof. Stanley, at St Andrews, 11IA 361; son of, III" 609 . pedigree of the, III* 343 Hull, rworth, captain of the 'Dalhousie,' I 217 Button, Elizabeth, I 36 Button, Hubert, a strenuous Quaker, I 35-38, 59; and i leorgi l-'ox, I 37 Button, Surah, married John Galton, I 36 Button, Admiral Sir T., travels of, 1 36 Buttons, Quaker strain of, in Galton ancestry, I 10. I I ; family of, I 36, 37; heavy infant mortality of, I 36, 37 Buxton, Charles, at Cambridge, I 141, 164, 166, 167; with Galton on reading party, 1 168; his widow's love of animals, III" 547 Buxton, Sir Powell, with Gallon on reading party, 1 168; takes a poll degree, 1171; in London, 1 188, 189; meets Gallon at Trinity College, III" 57 1 Buys Ballot, meteorological assistance of, II 39 . and • The Header.' 11 68 i 'aim, Galton at, IIP* 240. See also Egypt , on scientific cutting of, III" 579. 580 ilniiinj Boys nod inheritance, II 270 use of, 111" 646 Calri,,, influence of, II 137, 139, 142 Cambridge Anthropometric Laboratory, II 220, 379, 387, 388 Cambridgi I nion Society, and Galton, I 173-175 Cambridge University, Gabon's plans for going to, I loo, lo7, 110; Darwin advises concerning education at, I 1 10; Gallon s mathematical studies and career at, I 140 195; bis breakdown at, 1 194; influence of, on Qalton and Darwin, 1 12; on Galton, I 141, 142, 191. 195, III* 238; affection for, 1 140, 141, IIP* 237, 238; confers honour on Galton, III" 494. 495; Galton gives Rede lecture at, 11 268, 270, 271, III" 473; Karl Pearson lectures on statistics at, 111* 314, 315; mathematical lecturers at, 111* 315. See also Trinity CoUcijc 638 Index Camden Antiquarian Society, Galton becomes a member of, I 163 Camden Medal, Galton's poem in competition for, 1 176 Camel, and gregarious instinct, II 73 ; incident with a, III® 575 Camera, Qalton'a, for enlarging finger-prints, IIIA 214, 215; panoramic, IIIB 520 I 'aincnm, the African explorer, II 30 Cameron, Sir Ewen (great-great-great grandfather of Galton), strength of, I 30; portrait of, I 27 Plate X X I Camp Life, models illustrative of arts of, II 18; in Egypt, at Flinders Petrie's settlement, IIIB 516, 517 Camplnll, on generic image of 'man,' II 298 Campbell, Lord, at Cambridge, I 141; letters to, from Galton in Africa, I 224-226, 233, 234; on morality of judges, II 94, 95 Campbell, J. F., Galton's roview of his 'On Frost and Fire,' II 53 Canals, Samuel Galton's interest in, I 48. See also III* vi r, proposals regarding, IIIA 72-73, IIIB 525 Candolle, A. de, and Galton, correspondence of, II 131- 149, 204-210, IIIs 474, 476^81, 483; his criticism of Galton, II 145, 146; deficiency of method in, II 146, 147, 149; on inheritance of acquired characters, II 147, 148; on composite portraits, II 204; on dreams, II, 205; on the Jews, II 209; on the effect of maternal impressions, II 209, 210; on inheritance of eye-colour, m* 34, 37; at age of 84, IIIB 483 ( 'apt Town, and Table Mountain, model of, II 34 Capri, Galton at, IIIA 256, 257 Cardiograph, and measure of emotional shock, II 270 Careers, and natural dispositions, II 258 Carlyle, heroes of, II 94 Comae, old temples at, I 200 Carnegie Institution, IIIA 290 Carpenter, on ocean currents, IIIB 461 Carpenter, Dr, on idiocy in children of drunkards, II 148; on transmission of acquired characters, II 148 ( arpets, and asthma, IIIA 238 Carter, Brudenell, on Roy. Soc. Committee on Colour- blindness, II 227 Carter, Frank, to copy the Furse portrait of Galton, 1118 550, 551; visits Galton, IIIB 585; sketches of Galton, aged 88, by, II iv, IIIA 432 Plate XL Caseo-Tostic Club, last meeting of, I 181 Plate LIV Caste, among the gifted, II 120, 121 Castle, Prof., Karl Pearson criticises, IIIA 261 Casualties, minor, of Galton due to ' Eilwagen,' I 96, 97 Catholic Church, Galton on the, IIIA 271 ; evils of policy in the past, II 111, 112. See also Roman Catholics Cats, hearing of, II 216; Galton on, IIIB 515 Cattle, of Damaraland, gregarious instincts in, II 73, 74; hearing of, II 216 Causation, and correlation, IIIA 315 Cave, Miss F. E., meteorological paper of, IIIA 282 Cayley, Prof., Senior Wrangler, I 164; Galton joins reading party under, I 168; not the ideal teacher for Galton, I 194; his size of head and stature of, II 150 Celandines, Galton to collect, IIIA 251 Celibacy, evils of Catholic regulation of, II 111, 112; at Oxford and Cambridge, II 266; customs regarding, 1IIA 269. Centiles, table of, IIIA 303, 304. See also Percentiles, Ogive Curve Cephalic index, values of, IIIA 54 Certificates, proposal for Eugenic, IIIA 272, 292-296. See also ' Kantsaywhere ' Chamberlain, Joseph, never takes exercise, IIIB 569 Chameleon, brought from Egypt by Galton, IIIB 516 Chance, Galton's schoolfellow, I 160 Chances, paradox in theory of, II 405 Character, of Galton, early, I 64, 67, IIIB 618; develop- ment of, I 112; Galton's stock-taking of, IIIB 581, 582 ; sources of physical and mental, 1 55, 56, 59, 60 ; mental, compared with that of Darwin, I 57, 58; coin pared with that of George Fox, II 122; of Galton, later, II 60, 64, 65,385,396,IIIA 121,239,240,262,278, 279, IIIB 441-443, 446-449, 486, 618, 619; independ- ence of, in scientists, II 151 ; Galton on estimation of, II 208; measurement of, II 209, 268-270; inheritance of, II 269, 272; multiple factors of, II 269; correlation of factors in, II 269 ; innate, of different races, II 352 , 363 Characterisation, of Galton by letters, IIIB 441-619 ( iiararteristi.es, and talents of Darwin and Huxley, II 178, 179; of Herbert Spencer,IIIA 317,IIIB 626-628 Charities, and Eugenics, 1IIA 234; evils of, IIIA 243, 274, 323, 348, 352; future reduction of, IIIA 273 Charterhouse, statistics from boys of, II 237 Chau-tao-Chen, visits the Galton Laboratory, IIIA 385, 386 Chemistry, Galton studies, I 105, 109, 121; under Liebig, I 126-130 Chemists, mechanical aptitude in, II 151 ; lack of imagination in terminology, 11IA 337 ( la jiinell, Dr, advises Mrs Galton, IIIB 464, 473 Class-players, blindfolded, II 252 Chesterton, O. K., on proposals of eugenists, II 366, IIIA 374 ( Mldhood, and boyhood of Galton, I 62-91; teaching in, II 127 Childlessness, of the male in Galton's ancestry, 121 Chimneys, their faults and remedies, IIIB 591 China, lessons from revolution in, IIIA 90 ; use of finger-prints in, IIIA 146 Chinaman, Galton on the, II 33, 85 Chinese, finger-prints of, II 195; identification of, IIIA 175; honours among the, IIIA 265 ' Chips from the Workshop,' Galton asks for, IIIA 300 Chree, Dr, and Kew Observatory, II 60 Christian, the, and sense of sin, II 102 Christianity, Galton on, IIIB 582; and missionary enterprise, II 28, 32 ( in allograph, designed by Galton, II 226, 227 liiuinley, maid at Rutland Gate, IIIB 517, 519 Church, effect of the, on evolution, II 111, 112; se- questration of property of, II 410, 411, IHA 370, IIIB 591 Church, on Roy. Soc. Committee on Colour-blindness, II 227 Churchill, Col., Galton meets in Syria, I 203 Churchill, Mr, teaching of, I 78 Churton, Dean of King's College, Cambridge, I1IA 345 Cinematograph, foreshadowed by Galton, II 28 1 Circle, photographic reduction of, to ellipse, II 300 Circular, issued by Galton regarding 'sports,' 1IIA 87. See also Schedules Circulation, Galton's definition of, II 164 Circumstances, and success, IIIA 111, 112, 116 Civic Worth, propositions regarding, IIIA 227-220, 24 1 . 242, IIIB 620-626; classification of, IIIA 351; and differential fertility, IIIA 264; and caste, IIIA 352; encouragement of, II 120, 121, IIIA 231-233, 242, 352, IIIB 609. See also Eugenics, ' Kantsaywhere ' Civil Service, and marks for physical qualifications, II 387, 388, 394; examinations for, IIIB 479-481, 483; as tests of ability, IIIA 232; failure to demonstrate the efficiency of the examinations, IIIA 232 Civilisation, rise and fall of, II 108, 109; influence of Church on, II 111, 112; effect of differential fertility on, II 112; best form of, II 112, 113; evil of cen- tralising tendency of, II 118; and fertility, IIIA 264 Index 639 Clapperton, and African memorial, II 25 Clark, IF. G„ at Cambridge. I 141, 164; at meeting of Caseo-Tostic Club, I 181 Plate LIV Clarke, Dr A. (Sir Andrew), advises Galton, II 130, 180; praised, III"* 463 Clarke, Sir /•.'., on Roy. Soe. Committee for Measure- ment of Plants and Animals, IIIA 127 Class, intermarriage within the, IIIA 231 Class-representation, Galton's definition of, II 171 Classes, social, physical inequalities in different, II 35, 125, 126; relative fertility of, III* 218, 219 Classical Scholars, fertility of, II 96 "■$, Galton works at, I 107. 146, 164; in education, I 88, 89, II 155; senior, at Cambridge, and heredity, IIIA 347 Classification, of criminals, II 230; in pedigree work. IIIA 343, 344. See also Fingi r-prinis, classification of Claverdon, purchased by .Samuel Tertius Galton, 1 51; a family centre. I 52; Galton' s visits to, I 208, II 11, IIIB 569, 577, etc.; Darwin Galton farms at. 1 125: the Wheler-Galtons at, IIIB 528, 529, etc.; sketch of house, 148 Plate XXIX I In,; ril,,„ { liiin/i. Galton's memorial tablet in, IIIA 434; sketch of, I 48 Plate XXIX: Galton's burial-place, lllA 433 Plate XLI; obituary notice of Galton in 'Claverdon Parish Magazine,' IIIB 619 ( "lay, Rev. Mr, instructs Galton, I 67 Queen of Egypt, composite portrait of, II 295, 296 Plate XL ■iini. Queen of Syria, portrait of, and composite. 1 1 296 Plate XLII ■■'/. among men of science. II 15] ; colour of die III'1 534, 536 /, W. A"., unconvcntionality of, I 94; and agnosticism, II 102; as a scientist. 11IA 333 Climate, Galton on, II 7. 36 19, 63 82; ami geography, II 29. See also Meteorology, Weather Clock, for cumulative temperature, designed by Galton, II 361 Clouds, height of. II 61 Cobalt, Dr, seen by Galton in Heidelberg, I 95 Cobb* 'Hereditary Piety' of, II 160 Cocierell, '/'. I>. A., on experimental zoology, lllA 129 ■portraits, II 291, 292; examples of, II 296 Plates XX XVI I. XXXIX Coddington Lens, Galton purchase*, I 115 on, ami pigtails, II 1 " 601 " , decimal, 1121 iik a. definition of, 1IIA 19 Colbert, law of, touching oak forests, II 122 Ige and Byron, Galton recalls. IIIB 589 rats, of great men, IIIA 111 . Elizabeth (grandmother of Francis Galton). ancestry of, I 18-22: birth of. II 193: descendants of, I 22—26, 7): characteristics of, I 49, 74; marriage of, to Colonel Pole, I 19; marriage of, to Erasmus Duwin. I 18, 74; death of, I 74; poem to, I 18 Plate XI; portrait of, I 20 Elate XVI: sketch of, I 18 Plate X: silhouettes of, I 14 Plate IV bis, I 21 Plate XVII , //., and 'Art of Travel,' II 6; researches of, on finger-prints, IIH I to. 174. 19(1. 191: letters to, fron m finger-prints, II IB 484-486. IX* 192; definition of Eugenics and, IIIA 269; proof-reading of. Ill" .'.25, 527, 51 •! ; and compass points, III" 575 %s, Inspector, and finger-prints at Scotland Yard, IIIA 145, 151 . Galton visits Cathedral at. I 95 . associated with number, II 214, 253; effect of, on irritability, II 214; associations, II 240, 241, 243, 253; measure of resemblance in, II 303; of hair, skin and eyes, tests for and standard scales of, II 223-226 ; hereditary in horses, IIIA 95-98 Colour-blindness, Roy. Soc. Committee to investigate, II 227 Colour Mixing, experiments in, and Samuel Galton, 1 47, 48 Colour Sense, tests for, II 223; Galton's measure of sensitivity of, II 226; in men and women, II 376 Coloured Light, and earthworms, II 196, 197 Colyear, Lady Caroline, and Elizabeth Collier, I 19 Colyear, Charles (Lord Portmore), and parentage of Elizabeth Collier, I 19; portrait of, I 18 Plate XI II I 'olyear, Gen. Sir David (Lord Portmore), distinction of, I 19: portrait of, I 18 Plate XII Commanders, fertility of, II 96 Committee, for Measurement of Plants and Animals ('Evolution Committee'), IIIA 126, 127, 131. 133, 1 34, 135, 286-291, IIIB 501 ; change of name, IIIA 291 : history of, IIIA 290, 291; papers regarding, IIIA 311, 312; for matters concerned with the fellowship of national eugenics, I1IA 222, 223; to inquire into methods of identifying criminals, IIIA 140, 148-153 Committees, difficulties of working through, II 362, 366, 367, 418, IIIA 223 Communities, prosperous and decadent, IIIA 402 Comparates, definition of, II 332 Competition, evils of. I 171 I 'ompositePhotog raplis, Galton's first announcement as to, I I 229, 230: use of, II 230-233, 288, 294; of criminals. II 230, 231, 286, 293, 295, II 286 Plates X XVIII, XXIX: of the Darwins, II 192: of men and officers of Royal Engineers, II 290, II 286 Plate XXIX; of horses. II 399, II 288 Plate XXX; of members of a family, II 296, II 2X8 Plates XXXI. XXXII, X X X 1 1 1 ; of Welsh ministers. II 288 Plate X X X 1 1 1 ; of phthisical subjects. II 290-293, II 291 Plate X XXIV; of skull, II 288, 290, II 288 Plate XXXIII; of Jews, II 290. 293, 294. II 294 Plate XXXV; of Alexander the Great, 1 1 295, II 296 Plates XXXVI, XXXVII; of Antiochus, King of Syria, II 295, II 296 Plate XXX VIII; of Demetrius Poliorcetee, II 295. II 296 Plate XXXIX; of Cleopatra, II 295, II 296 Plate XI.: of Nero, II 295, II 296 Plate XLI; of Greek Queens, II 295. II 296 Plate XLII: of Roman ladies. II 295. II 296 Plate XLI1I: of Napoleon, II 296, II 296 Plate XLIV; Quetelet's 'mean man' and. II 297: psychology and. II 297: racial, II 290; de Candolle on, II 204; American examples of. II 290 Photography, If 283-299 Conxle, A., religion of, IIIA 93 i'limi, influence of parents' states at time of, II 136, 138-140. 140 i nullum l, ami application of mathematics to social phenomena, IIIA 1; on correct judgments, IIIA 320 Confinement, effect of. on fecundity. IIIA 129 Congenital Peculiarities, ami organic units. II 184 Conjugate Foci, of lens, mechanical determination of, II 50 ience, in criminals, II 230; inherited and acquired, II 257 Conscientiousness, correlation of, in pairs of brothers, IIIA 247 ciousness, antechamber of, II 256; and sub- consciousness. II 236 Hption, effect of, on racial characters. II 191 Conscripts, French, unfitness of, II 120 ' unstable, Mr, criticises Galton, IIIB 550 Constantinople, Galton's journey to, I 128, 131-138 ' Consumptivity,' IIIA 74 640 Index Controversies, pending, TTIA 320 Controversy, Gallon's attitude regarding, TI 27, 131, IIIA 138, 397-400, 404, 407, III" 690, 601 Convicts, freed. Ill" 549 Conway, Moncure D., letter of, to Gal ton on death of Darwin. Ill" 471 Conway, II'. .1/.. in the Inner Temple. 1IIA 302 Cookts. Drnliam. travelling companionship of, I 199 Cooper, with Galton on reading party. I 155, 169; at Cambridge, I 164 Co-operation, in scheme for work on heredity, etc., 11 1 a 135 Coordinate! of point in space, Galton's photographic determination of, II 3IS. 319, Diagram vii, Figs- 1-5 Capiat Medal, ..inferred on Galton, III * 400, 431.432. IIP5 till. 614, 615; other Coplev medallists. HI* 431. Ill11 6) I Copts, profiles of. II 324 Corporal Punishment, Galton on, II 408 Correlation, and the application of statistics to the problemsof heredity, II lA 1-137. Gallon approaching the idea of. II 66, 383. 384; first use of word byGalton, II 160; Qaltan reaches conception of, II 392, 393, IIIA 1, 2, 50; definition of. II IA 50; of grades and ranks, II 393, IIIA 3; early methods of measuring, II 301; Gallon's measure of, IIIA 50-56; coefficient of, IIIA 5, 9, 48; regression and variability, II 384, IIIA 3-5; multiple, IIIA 47, 66; multiple, and pre- diction of character of individual from study of kinsfolk, IIIA 27; and regression for pairs of brothers, IIIA 25; of factors of character, II 269; between characters of Bertillon's system, II 383; of finger- prints in right and left hands, 1 1 T A 2.")."). 256; of finger-prints on different fingers, IIIA 140, ,161; of physical characters, II 390, 398; of eugenic qualities, IIIA 273: between physical and mental characters, II 301; between moral and physical sensitivity, II 408; between pain felt and force of blow, II 408; parental and fraternal, IIIA 329; of stellar characters, IIIA 326; first examples of, in characters of organisms other than man, IIIB 483, 484; Mendelian hypo- thesis and, IIIA 378; table, elliptic contours of, IIIA 13, 14; earliest for inheritance, IIIA 64; for stature and cubit, IIIA 52 Correlational < 'olenitis, foundations of, II 380; Gallon and the, II 357, 377, 378, 383; first Stages in development of. 1 1 1 A 5, 6; scope of, II 383; psychology and, II 213; factorial genetics and, IIIA 3, 5. See also Correlation Correlations, and their measurement, IIIA 60 67 Carrie, Mr, death of, IIIB 452 Cotton, Sir H., and finger-prints, IIIB 590 Country Life and Sir Francis S. Darwin, I 23 Court, Mrs A', lends donkey chair to Galton, IIIB 589 Courtney, Mrs L., Galton meets, IIIB 531 Courvoisier, Galton sees him hanged, I 126 Cousins, omission of, from Galton's records, II 363; marriage of, II 188, IIIB 470; resemblance of, III* 310, 322, 328, 329, 333, 334; in a double degree, IIIA 241 Cox, Sergeant, and spiritualism, II 63, 64 Crackanthorpe, M., and Eugenics Education Soe., IIIA 339, 345, 346; attacks Galton Laboratory, ]IIA 405-408, 427-429, IIIB 586; paper of, IIIA 303, 322; on the feeble-minded, IIIA 343; on the sight of hawks, IIIA 380; visits Galton, IIIA 429 Cranial Composites, II 288, 290, 294, II 288 Plate XX XIII ' 'raniometry, debt of, to Galton, II 334, IIIA 256, 257 Crawley, A. C, on Anthropology and Eugenics, IIIA 268 t 'ray fish, concerning, IIIB 549 Creative Mind, a peculiarity of the, II 412 Creeds, founders of, IIIA 217; and nations, IIIB 694 Creighton, Bishop Mandell, honour bestowed on, IIIB 494 Cremation, concerning, IIIA 375 Cremorne, Viscountess, ancestry of, I 32 Cresheld. Hall, Darwin portraits at, I 24:! < 'rcwdson-lirnington, Dr, work and death of, IIIA 425 (lit hlon-Browne, Sir ./., and Bngenios Education Society, IIIA 335, 839; material from. 1 1 1 A 356; Galton on, UIB 587 Crime, effect of education on, II 417 Crimean war, and Galton, II 13, 14. IS Criminal Anthropology, II 286, 293; Maodonell on, IIIA 247 Criminal Class, perpetuated by heredity, II 231 Criminals, identification of, II 326. 383, IIIs 55. I to 142, 144, 146-155. 176, 177, 195. 199, 249; errors in identification of. IIIA 153, 154, 249; from composite photographs, II 230. 231, 286, 293, 295, II 288 Plates XXVIII, XXIX; characteristics of, II 230; classification of, II 230; sensitivity to pain in, 11408 Criticism, Galton's attitude towards, IIIA 397-400. 108, 409, IIIB 550, 601 ; of Galton's work, II 249, 250. 268, 261; value of, IIIA 318; Galton welcomes from his friends, IIIB 586 Crookes, Sir W., and spiritualism, II 62-66, 167: radiometer of, II 63; a Copley medallist, II1A 131. IIIB 614; golden wedding of, I'll8 568 Groom- Robertson, O., and Galton, II 212; and mea ment of sensation, II 362; appreciation of, II 1A 355. Ill" 493 Cubit, and stature, IIIA 51, 52; statistics of, IIIA 64 Cuckoo, Galton on the, II 191; and foster parents, II 127; nature and nurture and the, II 258; eggs of. IIIA 247 Cunliffe, Evelyn, daughter of Sir Douglas Galton, IIIB 506, 549 Cunningham, Prof., and anthropometry, II 379, 380 Currents, of North Sea, experiments on, IIIB 579 Curve of Errors, used by Galton, II 90. See also Normal Curve Customs, acceptance of, IIIA 217 Customs Officer, Austrian, Galton describes, I 96 Cuvier, and correlation, IIIA 2 Cyclones, Dove's work on, II 39; and anticyclones, 1139-41 'Daily Telegraph,' Galton visits office of, IIIB 574 Dakyns, H. 67., to revise MS. of 'Kantsay where,' IIIB 612; writes to Galton, IIIB 615 Dolby, Sir W., and Galton's whistle, II 216: meets Galton, IIIB 509 ' Dalhousie,' Galton's ship to Africa, I 217, II 54 DaUmeyer, assistance of, II 313 Dalyell, at Cambridge, I 153, 164; at meeting of the Caseo-Tostic Club, I 181 Plate LIV; friend of Galton, I 214 Damaraland, Galton proposes to cross, I 215, 217. See also Travels, African Damaras, Galton's protection of the, I 226-230 Dance, use of profiles of, II 323, 326, 328, II I B 578 Ihinirll, Galton studies chemistry under, I 105, 109, 126, 127 Dante, Boccaccio's account of, II 99 Danube, Galton travels down the, I 133, 134, 136 Darbishire, on influence of ancestry, IIIA 378 Darmstadt, Galton visits museum at, I 95 Darwin family, history of, 1 viii; pedigree of, IIIA 343, 345. See also Pedigrees of distinguished ancestors of, in pockets to Vols. I and IIIA Index 641 Darwin, Charles, Howard ancestry of, I 244-246; work of, I 15, 58; mentality of Galton and, I 57, 58; talents and characteristics of, 11 178, 207, 208; early hit of, in entomology, I 68 ; early meetings of Galton and, 1 51, 01, 108; gives advice on Gallon's education, I 110; on spiritualism, II 62-67, 167, 168; on dis- i ovcrers, II 1; and the pangenesis experiments of Galton, II 113, 156-197; influence of, on Galton, II 170, 200-202, 206; disagreement of, with Galton, II 156, 157, 162-165, 184-190; affection of, for Galton, II 197, 199; letter of, to Galton, on publication of ' Tropical South Africa,' 1 240, 24 1 ; letter to Galton on ipt of 'Hereditary Genius,' 16,11 115; correspond- ence of, with Galton, II 157-201 ; letters of, to 'Nature' on Pangenesis, II 103; to his Aunt Violetta Galton, II 183, III8 460, 461 ; and on Galton's rabbit (needing, II 65; on Galton's theory of heredity, II 187; on Galton's eugenic policy, II 176; and statistical methods, IIIA 246; on birth control, II 111; on the inheritance of acquired characters, II 147, 148, 170, 173, 174; views of, on latency, II 170; on elements of reproduction, II 174; on domestic animals, II 71; on earthworms, II 196, 197; on fertilisation of sweet- peas, IIIA 325; on popularisation of science, IIIA 333; on admission of women to examinations at Cambridge, II 134: 'The Reader' and 'Nature' and, II 68, 69; letter giving religious views of, II 102 Plate XII; on his grandfather Erasmus, II 192-194,196,204; visualising faculty of, II 194, 196, J07: size of head and stature of, II 150; health of, II 166, 175, 179, 197, IIIB 461; death of, II 197, 361; burial of, II 198, IIIB 471; memorial to, II 199, 200, IIIB 47$. fortune of, II 206; portraits of, I 56 Plate XXXVII, I 68 Plate XLI, 1IIA 340 Plate XXXV; study of, at Down, II 200 Plate XIX; Mr Faulds writes to, on finger-prints, IIIA 143; de CandoUe and, IIIB 477, 178 Darwin, Mrs Charles, letter of, referring to the pan- genesis experiments, II 158 ". Charles Gallon, wins scholarship, IIIB 558; mathematical tripos of, IIIA 368. 385, 386, III" 597 ',. <". IC. assistance of. I viii. 243 Darwin, Edward (ancle to Francis Galton), I 22 ., Edward I • <■< II (cousin to Francis Galton), early bequest to, I 69; death of, IIIB 562 mma (aunt to Galton), I 22; sketch of, I 18 Plate X Darwin, Dr Erasmus (grandfather to Galton), de- scendants of, I 16, 22; influence of. on Darwin and Galton, I 13, 14. II 201; mechanical ability and of. I 16, 49, 68, 60; marriage of, to Elizabeth Collie,. Mr- Pole, I [8, 22; life of, I] 192-194, 196,202; natural daughter! of, I 17, III" 462; and Samuel Galton, 1 46, 47; and Watt, 1 16; the Lunar iety and, I 61; and Samuel Johnson, II 194; and mental imagery. II 196: visualising faculty of, II 194; on extinction of families, II 96; doctrine of evolution of, II 202. 2n.:: poetrv of. II 206; lines of, on air-ships, I B3; poem of. to Mrs Pole. I 18 Plate XI: contri- bution of. to posterity, II 204: monument to, II 202- 201: reproduction of tablet to, II 204 Plate XX; portraits of, I 13 Plate III, I 76 Plate MAI. II 192 Plate XV; sketch of, I 18 Plate X; silhouettes of, I 14 Plates IV and IV bis; medallion of, IIIB 473 Plate I.; visiting card of. I 196; armchair of, III" 571; Dr Kratise's life of. II 192 Darwin, Erasmus (son of |)r Erasmus Darwin), genea- logical notes ,,f, [244 Darwin. Erasmus (brother of Charles Darwin), ami spiritualism, II 66; and life of Dr Erasmus Darwin, II 192 pom Darwin, Sir Francis (son of Charles Darwin), assistance of, I viii; on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, IIIA 126, 290; on farm for experimental breeding, IIIA 134; achievements of, II 208 Darwin, Mr Francis Rlwdes, assistance from, I viii Darwin, Sir Francis Sachei-erell (son of Dr Erasmus Darwin), character and tastes of, I 22-24; interest of, in plague, I 23; travels of, I 22, 23; journal of travels of, IIIB 592; resemblance of Galton to, I 24, 137; Galton sends to Darwin a portrait of, II 192 ; portraits of, I 22 Plate XVIII, II 192 Plates XV, XVI; sketches of, and by, I 18 Plate X, I 22 Plato XIX Darwin, Sir George Howard (son of Charles Darwin), on Galton's wave machine, etc., II 52. .">:;, 56; on maps, II 22, III" 461, 462; on spiritualism, II 62, 66; on marriage of first cousins, II 188; and the pangenesis experiments, II 189-191; on Galton's 'transformer,' 11 315; on finger-prints, IIIA 153, IIIB 590; on technical scientific terms, IIIA 334; on interpolation, IIIB 467; correspondence of, with Galton, II 179, 180, 188, 190, 191, 200, IIIA 276, IIIB 461-466, 469, 470, 474, 475, 505, 584, 590; receives Copley Medal for Galton. IIIB 614, 615; gold medal of Astro- nomical Soc. conferred on, IIIB 488; receives the K.C.B., Galton's pleasure, IIIs 552; President of British Association in Africa, 1IIB 533, 536, 543, 546; at the Benjamin Franklin commemoration, IIIB 568; Galton on work of, II 206, 208; assistance from, I viii, 244; family portraits in possession of, I 243 Darwin, Lady George, assistance from, I viii, 244. See also II I A 340 Plate XXXV Darwin, Barry 1 (daughter of Dr Erasmus Darwin), I 22 on of Dr Erasmus Darwin), I 22 Darwin, Sir Horace (son of Charles Darwin), anthro- pometric instruments of, II 226, 227, 388; on Galton's chronograph. II 227 ; interest of, in the feeble-minded, 1 1 1* 373; Galton on, II 208; assistance of, II 311 Darwin, Mrs Horace, visits Galton, IIIB 597 Darwin, John (son of Dr Erasmus Darwin), I 22 Darwin, Major Leonard (son of Charles Darwin), interest of, in Eugenics, 1IIA 311, 312, 323, IIIB 602; address of, I1IA 426: the L.C.C. and, IIIB 515; Speke's memorial and, III" 588; Pres. of Roy. Geographical Soc, IIIB 603; letters to, from Galton, III" 688, 802, til 1 ; Galton on, 11 208; assistance of, II vii Darwin, Reginald (cousin to Galton), death of, IIIB 488 Darwin, Robert, of Elston (great-grandfather of Darwin and Galton), portraits of, I 16 Plate VI, I 243 Plate LXII 11, Root rt ll'iin'/iy (brother of Dr Erasmus Darwin), • Principia botaniea' of, I 15; portrait of, I 16 Plate VI tor Darwin, Robert Waring (father of Charles Darwin), portrait of, I 16 Plate VUI; character of, I 51; Galton visits at Shrewsbury, I 186, 187; assists Darwin Galton, III "450; letter of, to his sister Violetta It., n. Ill" 454 Darwin, Violetta (mother of Galton). Bee Galton, Violetta Darwin, William Ahey (brother of Dr Erasmus Darwin), portraits of, I 16 Plate VI his, I 243 Plate LXII Darwin, William Erasmus (son of Charles Darwin), birth of, III "453: portrait of, IMA 340 Plate XXXV; assistance from, I viii. 243, 244 Darwin Commemoratu lambridge, IIIA 369, III" 590, 598 Darwin's Bouse. See Down .!/"■ la! . See Medals Hypothesis, and man. II 109; a religious creed, II 263; statistical methods and, IIIA 126; grave reaction against, IIIA 432 81 642 Index Dnnriiiiti/i Institute, a future possibility, IIIA Sll Data, storing of, IIIA 101 Davenport, C, as American editor of ' Biomotrika,' [HA 244; on Inheritance of Eye Colour, IIIA 376; letter of, to Galton, IIIB 613 liar, i/. Sir Horace, honour conferred on, 1IIB 494 Davies, l.hwelyn, meets Galton at Trinity College, IIIB 574 Day, Mr, marries Miss Parker, IIIB 462 Demi Sea, Galton proposes to navigate the, I 205 Deaf-mutes, speech of, II 192 ; pigmentation of membrane of perilymph chamber in, IIIA 372 Deafness, of Galton, II 280, IIIA 276; aided by imagination, II 308; apparatus for, IIIB 603-604; Galton's sympathy for sufferers from, IIIB 584 Death, age at, of various classes, II 116; statistics regarding, IIIA 70, 71 Debenham, W. E., on Galton's composite portraits, II 293 Decaisne, J., names a South African hyacinth 'Galtonia H. candicans,' IIIB 533, 534 Degeneracy, effect of differential fertility on, IIIA 9; a theory of, III-*- 372 Degenerate Stocks, social danger of, IIIA 373 Degeneration, of race, effect of conscription on, II 191, 192 Deity, Galton's conception of, II 114 Demboa Lake, Galton determines to reach, I 220, 231 Demetrius Poliorcetes, composite portraits of, II 295, II 296 Plate XXXIX Democracy, and evolution, II 385; and Eugenics, III* 348, 349 Democratic Judgment, trustworthiness of, II 403—405 Demographers, Galton's address to, IIIA 218 Dimolins, 'Anglo-Saxons' of, IIIB 553 Dendy, Miss Mary, data of, on the feeble-minded, IIIA 373 Denison, E. B., and Galton, on ability and fertility of judges and peers, II 93 Derby, The, Galton at, with Herbert Spencer, IIIA 123, 124, IIIB 627; flush of excitement at, IIIA 124 Descent, on value of, II 84, 93, 364; diagram illustrating scheme of, IIIA 230, 231 Desert, Galton's experiences of the, I 201-203 Desirables, and undesirables, IIIA 348 Deviation, from an average, and degrees of independence in cattle, II 73. See also Variation, Standard Deviation Devil, Catholics and the, IIIA 432, 433 Dew-Smith, anthropometric instruments of, II 226; photograph of Galton by, IIIA 217 Plate XXXI Diagram, of instrument for compounding six objects, II 285; of camera, for composite portraiture, II 289; illustrating photographic reduction of circle to ellipse, II 300; of 'absolute values at each rank,' II 390; illustrating standard scheme of descent, IIIA 230; illustrating graphical process of finding slope of regression line, IIIA 52 Diamandi, arithmetic of, II 275, 276 Diary, Galton's, of school days, I 83-86 ; tiny diaries of his late years, IIIB 618 Dice, suitability of, for verification of laws of frequency, II 405 Dickinson, Lowes, portrait painter, IIIB 513 Dickson, J. D. H., and frequency surface, IIIA 12; and mathematical analysis of Galton's problems, IIIA 12, 13 Diet, effect of, on stature of races, II 210 Difference, just perceptible, II 307, 308; 'Greek girl,' to illustrate, IIIA viii Extra Plate, facing Table of Contents Digital Defect, in twins, II 181 Dinners, at Trinity College, Galton as undergraduate, 1844, complains of, I 182; in 1899, III" 513; in 1908, IIIB 574 Ih iiltidocus, Galton calls on the, III8 543, 544 Diplomas (or register), for eugenically fit young people, II 120, 121, IIIA 231, 232, 234, 241, 242, 388. Sec also Certificates, ' Kantsaywhere ' Discontinuity, in statistical frequencies, II 411-414; in evolution, IIIA 31, 32, 79-82, 84-87 Discoverers, plans for, II 27; scientific, and statesmen, II 135 Discovery, geographical, II 1, 2 Diseases, and piety, II 101 ; liability to, and hair colour, II 354, 371 ; screening of liability to, II 360, 368, 369; heredity of, IIIA 70-76; Galton's schedules for, IIIA 71-73; antagonistic, examples of, IIIA 73 Disraeli, not as other men, III" 568 Dissolute Lives, effect of, on weight, IIIA 136, 137 Distance, photographic measurement of, II 316-318 Distant Ancestry, appearance of traits from, II 84, 364 Divers, spectacles for, II 34 Divines, Galton on, II 99-103; of Middleton's Collection, II 100, 101; fertility of, II 96, 101; parentage of, II 101, 102; marriages of, II 101; sons of, II 101-103, 137; moral oscillations of, II 102; health of, II 101, 116; age at death of, II 101, 116 Dogs, hearing of, II 216; suggestion of, for breeding experiments, II 76; transmission of acquired habits in, II 147, 148; judge by smell, II 275; albino Pekingese, IIIA 356, 357, 389; and a pair of new trousers, IIIA 431 Dohrn, IIIA 290 Domestication, historical, II 70-72 ; Galton on, II 70-73 : 258; suitable animals for, II 71; in Damaraland, II 72-74 Dominance, and the Mendelian theory, III" 535 Donkeys, Galton's use of, and interest in, III" 515, 519, 589-591, 593 Donovan, the phrenologist, on Galton's character, I 1.57 Dots, and continuous lines, II 308, 309. See also Difference, just perceptible Doubleday, work of, III8 577 Double-image Prism, for optical superimposition, II 287 Dove, meteorological assistance of, II 39 Down, Darwin's home at, as station for experimental evolution, IIIA 133, 134, 287; a national possession, IIIA 135; photographof.il 134 Plate XIV; Darwin's study at, II 200 Plate XIX Dowsing, IIIB 585 Drapers' Company, grants of, to Biometric Laboratory, IIIA 368, 384 Drawing, in education, II 155 Dreams, genesis of, II 247; de Candolle on, II 205 Drowning, Galton's narrow escape from, I 116-118 Duddeston (or Dudson), home of Samuel Galton. I 49, 50 ; visits to, I 74, 76 ; sketches of, 1 48 Plates X XIX. XXX Duncan, on medical histories, II 359 Duncan, Dr J . M., data of, on fertility, II 265 Dosing, C, work of, on sex-incidence, etc., II 210 Dyer, Thiselton, on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, IIIA 127, 128, 290; resigns from, IIIA 291; on experimental breeding, III* 130, 131, 287; on Galton's contribution to theory of natural selection, IIIA 369 Ear, convolutions of, and identification, II 306; syring- ing the, III8 464 Earle, Ann, and Galton ancestry, I 17 Earle, Erasmus, I 17; portrait of, I 246 Plate L.XV Earle, Thomas, portrait of, I 246 Plate LXVI Index 043 Earp, ' tremendous rows with,' I 84, 86, 87 Ecclesiastics, English and Swiss. II 142 Eclipse, Galton sees total, II 6-10 Economics, and ideals, II 254, 255 Eddis, the Cambridge tutor, I 155, 156, 160, 163 Edgi worth, Prof., work of. IIIB 486 Editors of ' Biometrika,' I II* 244, 245, 281 Edouard, silhouettes of, II 309 Education, of Galton, I 110, at Cambridge and London, I 141. 142: of Darwin and Galton, II 155, 156, 179; power of. II 91: and Catholic control, II 139; reform of, II 166, 158, 344: and schools, II 344; and primary schools, II 416, 417; science, classics and mathe- matics in, II 155; visualising faculty and, II 241, 26S Educational Systems, value of. Ill* 233 ,;l VII, kindness of, IIIB 604: funeral procession of, IIIB 605 Edwards, at Cambridge, I 167, 171 Eggs, measurements of, IIIA 243, 244 Egypt, Galton's travels in, I 197-203. 205, IIIB 515- 519; Galton's sketchbook in, IIIB 454 piate XLIV; need for identification office in, IIIA 157, 158 Egyptians, some characteristics of, IIIA 157 Eichholz, Mr, on physical deterioration, IIIB 542 EUwagen, Galton's experiences of, I 96 Einsti in, ability of, II 107; his theory foreshadowed by Galton, II 263 Ehl. rton, Eth, I M., work of, III-*- 328, 329, 356-358, 360, 37 1 . 37!;, 384, 385, 387, 392, IIIB 605; on finger-prints, IIIA 140, 258; on resemblance of cousins, III-4 310, 322.- on employment of mothers, III* 345: career of, III* 268; at Eugenics Record Office, IIIA 27S. 279, 300; as Francis Galton Scholar, IIIA 305, 307, 330. 332; 'Primer of Statistics' of. I II * 317,320, 363, 864; appreciation of, IIIA 358, 359, IIIB 683, 684, 589; visits Galton, IIIA 336. 361, 439, 111" 592. 606; letters of Galton to, IIIB 585, 601, 616; assistance of, II vii. IIIA vii, 63 m, W. /'., work of, IIP* 383; on heredity and environment, III* 73. 260: on data for measurement of heredity of disease, III8 637-639; 'I'rimer of Statistics' of, III* 320, 363, 364; correspondence of, with Galton, IIII! 537. 638 Elephants, in Africa, I 237 Ettipti . of correlation table, IIP* 13, IIIA 14 Fig. 4 Ifw. See Biggs, Evelyne Ellis, ■). A., and Galton's whistle, II 216 Ball, original home of the Darwins, sketch of, I 30 Plate Will: Darwin portraits at. I 243 Ely Cathedral, Galton's sketch of, I 167 Plate Lit '. /!. II'.. on evolution, III8 471 appreciation of, II 89, 104; and ability, II 91, 92, 104; and mathematics. II 97, US ; criteria of, II 136; inheritance of, II 104-106; assortative mating and, II 106 Emotion, measure of changes in, II 270 'Encyclopa idTOrtisemenl for. 111*251 , measurement of, 1 1 368 E„, ray, Galton on, II 251 ; in scientists, II 151, 261; and size of head, II 149, 150; inheritance of, II 251 ; need of tests for measurement of, II 368, 395 , Galton's rotatory steam, I 150 I aptitude in, II 151 English, language, in education, Galton on, I 88 Engh Society, Galton gets up, I 176, 178, 187, 189 Englishmen, colour associations and number forms of, II 240; type of skull of, III* 253; diversity of type among, II IA 257 Enthusiasm, Galton on, II 260, 261 Entomological Society, Galton reads a paper to, on moth breeding, IIIA 47 Entomology, Galton's early interest in, I 68 Environment, limited influence of, II 118, 127, 128, 146, IIIA 348; and history of twins, II 126-130; and scientific achievement, II 96, 97, 148, 149; and ability, IIIA 112, 116; and deterioration of the British race, IIIA 251, 252; effect of, on eyesight, IIIA 345; and heredity, IIIA 260. See also Nurture Epigram. Sec English Epigram Society Epileptics, issue of, HI* 373 Epitaph, I 189, III8 562, 567; Galton's in Claverdon Church, IIIA 434) m8 619 Error, Law of. See Normal Curve Eschbach, Galton's courier on journey to Spain, III8 507- 512 Eskimo, drawings and mental imagery of, II 240, 252 Ethnology, Galton and, II 68; composite photography and, II 294 Eton, Galton lectures at, II 361 Ettington Church, stained window for, IIIB 569, 571, 572 Euclid, and modern geometrician, II 107; Darwin on value of, II 179 Eu,,, nice, and Francis Galton, II 74, 77-80, 86-88, 110, 113, 114, 117-122, 174, 176, 231, 249. 264-267: the founder of, III* 217; definition of, II 249, 251, 252, IIIA 221-225, 2H2. 263, 289, 306, 318, 321; positive and negative, IIIA 350; problems of, III* 274, 275: coining of word, IIIA 318; naming of science of, II 249: needs of science of, IIIA 265; origin of, as academic study, IIIA 259; science of, III* 372: official recognition of, III8 531 ; a social code, IIIA 321 ; conscience, growth of, IIIA 268; as a creed, IIIA 217- 432. 348; religion of. 1 1 249, 250. 261, IIIA 267, 272- 274; a social and religious programme for, IIIA 87-93, 355 ; Galton's policy and plans for, II 1 10, 128, 139, 1 76, 266. Ill* 220-226: means of promoting, IIIA 264, 265: certificates, proposals regarding, II 386-396, IIIA L.7o 292-296, IIIB 573, 574; grant for scientific study of, 0IA 258; plans for chair of, III* 381-383; fellowship in, IIIA 221-223, 300. 301, 305, 306; grant for scientific study of. Ill* 258; plans for memoirs in, III* 306, 313: institutes for research in, III-* 217; popularisation of. 111* 339. 351; administration, a forecast. Ill" 824-626; national and international, IIIA 220; future of, IIP* 219. 220: difficulties of, II 120, 121. 176, 249. 252; biometry and, III* 309; and actuarial methods. III* 221. 274. 320; qualities, correlation of, IIIA 273; and civic worth. I N-* 227-229, 231-234, 241-243; and birth control, II 80, I 10-112; and charitable expenditure, III* 234. 243. 273. 274, 323. 34S. 352: anil the modern woman, 11 133, 134; and evolution, II 267; and public opinion, IIIA 321 ; anthropology and. III-* 226. 227; Darwin on, II 176; passages in Plato, 111* 312; need for knowledge before anion regarding, 111* 253; sociologists' views on. Ill* 259 261; I calton lectures on. III* 261-265, 818-321; German translation of Galton's memoirs on, IIIB 562-564; in Norway, Switzerland and Roumania, II 267; in America, III8 613 E'1,,1 nice Education Socii ty, foundation of, IIP* 332, 335, 346, 348, 349: activities of, IIP* 371, 378; origin of, III8 02S; ( talton'a address to, 1 1 1 * 3 15 350, Ill's 586; Galton and. Ill8 585, 586; Hon. President of, 111*355; Journal of, 111* 362; Galton's 'Essays in Eugenics.' Ill* 3117: Biometry ami, IIIA 404, 405; Eugenios Laboratory and, IIP1 362, 363, 372, 379, 397. 404, 105, 107.408, 409,427, 430, 431; unfriendly members of, IIIA 398-400; in last year of Galton's life, IIIA 404-407, 433 81—2 644 Index Eugenics Laboratory (Galton Laboratory of National Eugenics), work of, and plans for, lllA 346, 849, 350, 368 362, 368 373, 376, 377, 381-389, 486, 426, 432; early publications of, IIIA 269; and biometry, lllA"315, 12S; reception at, IIIB 605; Darwin relics left to. Ill" 671; plans coneerniiiL', I1I» 581; origin of, 1IIA 223. 299, 332. 333; directed by K. Pearson, III* 299-302, 304, 322; early plans of, 304 307, 330; Galton's gifts to, IIIA 304; work of, II 1A 327-329, 342 Eugenics Record Office, original, 1904, Galton's plans for, IIP 268, 260, 274. 276-279, 296-299, 303, 339; re- eonstitution of, IIIA 296-299 ; Americans start a, 1910, III" 613 ' Hui/, nice Review' Galton's foreword to, IIIA 362, 371, 380, III" 593; progress of, IIIA 378, 379, IIIB 595 Evans, Sir J., on Roy. Soc. Committee on Colour- blindness, II 227; size of head and stature of, II 150 Eve, on measurements taken on Marlborough boys, II 396 Events, the observed order of, II 262 Everest, Sir G., and triangulation, II 23 Evidence, from finger-prints, IIIA 160, 182, 183, 195, 196 Evolution, and Galton, II 13, 33, 171, 263, 264, 267; by mutation, or continuous variation, IIIA 31, 32, 79-82, 84-86, 99, 126; regression and, II IA 48, 58, 60-62; and natural selection, II 79, 80, IIIA 170; progressive, IIIA 94; and law of ancestral hereditv, IIIA 48; of man, II 86; of mankind, II 74, 75, IIIA 219, 220; and the average man, II 385; and Eugenics, II 249, 267; of the germ-plasm, II 171; source of, IIIA 431; duty of man regarding, II 263; purpose of universe in, II 261, 262; doctrine of, and religious belief, IIIA 89-93; effect of the Church on, II 111, 112; palaeontological evidence of, IIIA 82; Erasmus Darwin's doctrine of, II 202, 203; Max Miiller's theory of, II 274, 275 ; need of experimental farm for research into, IIIA 128 Evolutionary Study, tribute to Galton's contribution to, IIIA 236 Examinations, Galton's place in, at Cambridge, I 154, 164, 165, 179; evils of competitive, I 170, 171; value of, IIIA 232, 233; as test of ability, IIIA 247; personal equation of examiner and, II 388, 389, 407 ; physical and mental proficiency and, II 382, 386-396; marks of, and number of candidates, II 89 Exceptional, and habitual occurrences, strength of im- pression in, II 296 Exceptionality, definition of, IIIA 121 Excitement, flush of, at the Derby, IIIA 124 Experimental Farm, need for, IIIA 81, 128-135; dis- advantages of, IIIA 130; Galton's desire to establish, IIIA 135 Experiments, Galton's, on pangenesis, II 156-177, 181- 183, IIIA 129; in moth breeding, IIIA 40, 45-47, 49, IIIB 484; with sweet-peas, II 180, 181, 187, 189; on association of ideas, II 233-236; concerning free-will, II 245-247 ; on interference with automatic breathing, II 247; with auditory sensations, II 272, 308; with scents and arithmetic, II 275; concerning insanity, II 247, 248; on fetishism, II 248; on tea-making, IIIB 456-458; Galton's, on himself, II 270 Exploration, Galton's, in Africa, I 214-240 Explorer, career of, II 29-31 Exploring Expeditions, equipment of, II 34, 35 ''Expression of the Emotions,' Galton on the, II 175 Extinction, of inferior races, II 264; of families of great men, II 341; of surnames, II 341-343; of families, II 141, 143; prediction of, II 360 Eye Colour, II 223, 224, 226; inheritance of, IIIA 34-40, 60, 376; Mendelians on, IIIA 324; percentage of types of, in successive generations, IITA 36, 36; prediction of, in olTspring, I11A 39; hazel, IIIA 37, 38; blue anil sen, III11 171: in British, II 371. 397 Eyesight, defective, investigations regarding, IIlA 322, 368; test for acutcness of, 11IA 382 /•'.. Miss, and spiritualism, II 63, 62 66 Factory Acts, effect of, on fertility, I11A 368 Vacuities, human, variability of, II 274 Faith, of Galton, when at Cambridge, I 176, 177 Falbe, Mme de, with the Galtons at Royat, III8 502, 603 Fallacies, in considering totals instead of rates, II 76 ' Fallow Years,' of Galton, I v, 4, 1 96 2 1 0, 1 1 1 " 454, 455 Familiarity, measurement of, IIIB 493 Families, extinction of, II 141, 143; the fate of large, IIIB 577 Family, size of, in urban and rural populations, II 123- 125: and age of mother, II 123-125; variation in of, IIIA 391, 392; criteria for merit in a, I1IA 121; composite photograph of members of a, II 290, 295, II 288 Plates XXXI-XXXIII; links, IIIB 575 Family, Limitation of, II 110-111, 132-134, 265, IIIA 243, 304, 322 Family Records, Galton's collection of, II 356, 357, 363- 370; prizes for, II 359-362; photographic, 11 302, 356; in Biographical register, II 355 Fantasies, in children, II 244 Fanner, James, marriage of, I 33 Farmer, Joseph, and the iron industry, I 38, 39; a gun- smith, I 49 Farmer, Priscilla, cousin to Lucy Barclay, I 33 Farmers, in the ancestry of Galton, I 11, 31-34, 38 40; banking enterprise of the, I 32 : gun factory of the, I 32 Farming, of Erasmus and Darwin Galton, I 125 Farquharson, Dr, on Roy. Soc. Committee on Colour- blindness, II 227 Farr, Dr, and statistics of population, II 123; on statisticians and science, II 348; estimates the value of a labourer's baby, IIIA 228 Farrar, Canon, at Darwin's funeral, II 198, 199 Fassie, his medallion of Erasmus Darwin, 1IIB 473; reproduction, IIIB Plate L Fathers, of Fellows of the Roy. Soc, IIIA 118; sons of gifted, IIIA 102, 103; aged, and male offspring, II 210. See also Parents Fatigue, mental, II 276, 278, 351, 352; physical, II 278; measure of, II 277, 278; reaction time and, II 277 Faulds, Mr //., work of, on finger-prints, III A 141, L43 148, 150, 175, 177; and Galton's work on finger- prints, IIIA 176; letter from, to Darwin, on finger- prints, II 195 Faustina, wife of Antonius Pius, portraits of, and com- posite, II 296 Plate XLIII Faustina, wife of Marcus Aurelius, portraits of, and composite, II 296 Plate XLIII Fawcett, Cicely, work of, IIIB 504 Fazakerley, Galton visits, III8 456 Fear, in mother at conception, II 209, 210 Fechner, Galton on his 'Elemente der Psychophysik,' III8 464, 468 Fecundity, effect of confinement on, IIIA 129 Feeble-minded, work on the, IIIA 371-373. ITIB 593; fertility among the, IIIA 373; voluntary homes for, IIIA 366, 367 Fellowship. See Trinity College, Galton Research Fellow Female, transmutation of measurements of, IIIA 59 Females, excess of, in West Indian islands, 11 337 Fencing, of Galton at Angelo's rooms, I 109 Fergus, W., on statistics from Marlborough Col II 343 Index 645 Ferris, Major, and finger-print identification in India, III* 187 Fertilisation, of sweet-peas, 1 1 1 A 325, 326 Fertility, differential, II 79, 80, 110-113, 118, 123-125, IIP 9, IIIB 577, 602, 608, 609; intelligence and, II 77-79, 94, 96; of able men, II 341; of judges, II 93-95; of statesmen, II 94; in families of Fellows of Roy. Soft, IIIA 109, 110; of heiresses, etc., II 95, 96; of various professional classes, II 96, 99, 101; of urban and rural populations, II 123-125; of twins, II 12S; of latent, germs, II 186; of hybrids, III* 130; of highly bred animals, II 264; and divergence from mediocrity, IIP 48; relative, of classes and of nations, IIP 218, 219; suggestions for selective, I1IA 233, 241-243; in a stable community, IIIA 117; civilisation and, IIIA 264; effect of small causes on, IIIA 368; observations regarding, IIP 135; feeble- minded and, IIIA 366, 373; age of parents and, II 110, I1 '8-410; hair colour and, II 354; inheritance of, II 95; Dr Duncan's data for, II 265 Fetishism, Galton's experiments on, II 248 Fidget, measure of, II 277 Fiducial 8ysU m, for profiles, II 294 Finger, middle, measurements on, IIIA 54 r Impressions, on ancient pottery, IIIA 174, 175 Fiwj.r-PrinU, historical, IIP 138-154, 215, IIIB 590, 591; early use of, IIIA 174, 175; Galton's investiga- tions on," IIP 254-258, 369, IIIB 485; summary of Galton's work on, IIIA 140, 176, 177; classification of, III* 139, 140, 152, 153, 158-165, 167, 171, 172, 179 181, 189, 190, 199-202, 204-207, 210-211, III* 213 Plates XXIII-XXV, XXVII-XXX; outline of patterns to assist classification, IIIA 180 Plate X, UIA 181 Plates XI. XII. XIII; defects of Galton's rification of, IUA 207. 208; analysis of, IIIA 161, 162, 163, 167; indexing of. IIIA 140, 149-153, ISO, 164, 165, 167, 170-174, 186, 187, 197-214. IIIB 488; permanence of, IIIA 142, 143, 145-148, 152, 161, 166, 170, 176, 181, 182, 195-197, 257, 438; persist - ■■ of minutiae in, IIP 166 Elates VII. VIII, IIP 182 Plates XVI, XVII; patterns of, IIP 178, 179-181, 183-186; ambiguous patterns in, IIP 212. 213; standard patterns of Purkenje, IIP 179 Plate IX; transitional patterns, IIP 181 Plates X I V. X V; types of loops, arches and whorls, IIP 162, 167, 209,210,213: n q m 1 icy of types of, IIP 161, 184, 185, 192; correlation between type and fir IIP 140, 161. 203. 266-267; of different digits, HI* 171-173, 183-186, 203; on right and left hands. IIP 168, 184, 185, IIIB 486; illustrative examples of, IIP 139, 142. 166, 160, 162-165; Gallon's symbolic notation for types of, II P 214; origin of ridges of, II P J 61 ; measurable characters in, II P 264; Galton's method of counting ridges in loops, HP213and Plate XXVI: blurred. IIP 194 -197: Galton's treatment of, IIP 197 Plates XIX XXII; method of taking, IIP 161, 177, 196; apparatus for taking. IIP 165, 177; method of comparing, IIP 156, 166, 163; Galton's collection of, II 378, IIP 139, 140, 16). 193, III" 485; racial collection of, IIP 139, 193; racial differences in, IIP 139, 143, 193, 194; in like twins, IIP 191 and Plate XVIII; effect of injuries on, IIP 154, 155, 167, HI* 154 and Plate VI; effect of occupa- tion on, IIP 155; in infants, IIIB 496 499. 524; after ih, IIP 181; of different dosses, IIP 194; normality of distribution of, IIP 167, 168; in the Chinese, II 196; heredity in, IIP 140, 168, 189-193, 20.3. Ill" 485, 488-491. 522 521; correlation of, with other characters, IIP 168, 178; touch and, IIP 168, 169; sexual selection and. IIP 168-170; natural selection and, IIP 169, 170; left-handcdncss and, IIP 169; of Bengal criminals, IIP 254; camera for enlarging, IIP 197, 214, 215; criminal identification by, IIP 140, 141, 144, 146-149, 176, 195, 249; identification by, II 307, 380, 398, IIP 156-159, 176, 195, 369, 1IIB 572; use of, in China and Japan, IIP 145, 146, 148; use of, in India, IIP 146, 147, 151, 153, 155, 157-159, 176, 187, 195; as evidence, IIP 160, 182, 183, 195, 196; of Galton's friends, IIP 216; letters of Galton to Collins regarding, IIIB 484-486, 488-492; Mr Faulds' letter on, II 195; folding sheet of Galton's classified types, Pocket in binding, Vol. IIP Fire, destruction from, IIIB 566; in Eva Biggs' room at Seville, IIIs 508, 511, 618 Fischer, E., hair scale of, II 226 Fisher, Dr, Galton dines with, I 165 Fishing, of Galton at Duddeston, I 76 Fit-roy, Admiral R., and English meteorological office, II 43, 53 Fleas, in Lebanon, I 203; the stimulus of, to dogs, II 251 Flower, Sir W., craniology of, II 334; proposes Galton for President of British Association, IIP 276 Fluency, Galton on, II 256 Flying Machine, Galton's 'Aerostatic Project,' I 83 Foley, Thomas (ascendant of Charles Darwin), portrait of, I 245 Plate LXIIl Folk-lore, in Italy, IIIB 540 Word, K. Onslmv, medallion of Dr Erasmus Darwin, II 202 Forecaster of Stature, IIP 13, 15, IIP 16 and Fig. 5. See also Genometer Forecasting, from promise of youth, IIP 232 Forecasts, anthropometric, II 346 Forefingers, finger-prints from, IIP 140, 171-173, 186 Forensic Medicine, Galton delights in, I 105, 121, 126, 127 ot, work of, on finger-prints and prints of whole hand, IIP I US Forster, L., Galton calls on, I 113 Forsyth, Mr, death of, IIIB 516 Foster, Sir Gregory, on Committee of Galton Laboratory, IIP 385, 386 Foster, Michael, as to Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, IIP 128; as to Evolution Com- mittee, IIP 287, 289, 290; on Committee on Colour- blindness, II 227; foundation of 'Biometrika' and, IIP 100; letter of Galton with memoir on smallpox sent to. Ill" 482 Fox, Oeorge, compared with Galton, II 122 II'. liarwin, cousin and friend of Charles Darwin, I 68 Frampton, Sir G., models bust of Galton, IIP 388, IIIB 598, 599, 603, 605 France, use of finger-prints in, IIP 144; identification of criminals in, IIP 149. See also lirrtillon I fort, Galton at, I 95, 132 Front.; II"., and identification by finger-prints, IIP 176 Friii. nml 1 'orrdations, for mental characters, IIP 247 Fraternal Means and variability, IIP 221, IIIB 503 ■'. words to express, IIP 157 r, •/. 67., congratulates Galton, IIP 239; 'Psycho' of, IIIB 594 Frazer, P., composite photographs by, II 290 nes, in Galton's ancestry, I 10, 31-34. See also Pedigree Chart C, pocket at end of Vol. I Freedom, of man, Galton on. IIP 91 Freemason 1 11, Galton's initiation into, I 187, 189 Free-thinkers, destruction of, II 111, 112; and religious dogma, II 257 thought, Galton on, II 97 Free-lnule, II1B 561 646 Index Free-will, Gallon's introspective inquiry concerning, II 24."> 848 Fn nek, Mrs, Galton at school of, I 67 French, the, visualising faculty of, II 23!); colour associations and number forms of, II 240 Frequency Distributions, of sociological phenomena, II 887, 228; in nature, II 338-340; first U -shaped, 1111 7+ Frequency Surf ace, asymmetrical, Galton's introduction to, II 3 4 + Frere, Lady, death of, IIIB511 /•';'. rt, Temple, Galton meets at Malta, I 199 Friends' Meeting House, Birmi 'milium, where Galtons were buried, I 50 Plate XXXII Friiton, Mr and Mrs, Galton's neighbours, III" 586 ' Frost and Fire,' J. F. Campbell's, II 53 Fruit Farming, 1UB543 Fry, Sir K.. pedigree of, IIIA 343, 345; on the feeble- minded, III* 365, 371, 373; on the age of the in- habited world, IIIA 122; controversy with Galton, IIIA 122-123; honour conferred on, IIIB 494 Fry, Elizabeth, ancestry of, I 33; relationship of, to Hudson Gurney, I 64; and the infant, Francis Galton, I 65; visit of, to Samuel Galton, I 64, 65; portrait of, I 91 Plate XLVII Funerals, Galton on ceremonies in the Abbey at, II 198 Furrows, on hands and feet, and identification, II 306 Furse, C, his portrait of Galton,IIIA 125, 379, IIIB 531, 551; death of, IIIB 531 Galton, origin and ancestry of family, I 31, 34, 35, 39, 40, etc.; banking enterprise of, I 32, 50, 51; gun factory of, I 32, 45, 49; slaves of, I 32, 40 Galton, Adele (aunt to Francis Galton). See Booth, Mrs Galton, ^Irfcfe (sister to Francis Galton). See Bunbury, Mrs Gallon, Agnes (sister to Francis Galton), I 63 Galton, Arthur, IIIB 566; delivers Galton's 'Herbert Spencer' lecture, IIIA 316, IIIB 583 Galton, Cameron, spends Christmas with Galton, IIIB 589 Galton, Lucy Cameron, visits Galton, IIIB 575, 576, 589, 600 Chiton, Father Charles, Galton hears him preach, IIIB 544 Galton, Darwin (brother to Francis Galton), I 63; early bequest to, from Galton, I 69; farms at Claverdon, I 125; desires to enter the army, IIIB 450; marriage of, I 218, IIIB 454; portrait of, I 76, Plate XLVI; letters to, from Galton, early, I 76, 77, from Africa, I 219-221, 231, 232; death of, IIIB 521 Galton, /.>i'ana(daughterof Hubert Galton), death of, 1 123 Gallon, Sir Douglas (cousin of Francis Galton), ability and fame of, I 53; advises Galton, I 214-215; letter to, from Florence Nightingale, II 416; illness and death of, IIIB 506, 509 Galton, Edward Wheler, nephew to Francis Galton, IIIA 281, 433, IIIB 449, 571, 617, etc.; work of, IIIB 563-566, 580; at Claverdon, IIIB 528, 545, 570; Galton's appreciation of, IIIB 531; letters to, from Galton, IIIB 558-560, 563-567, 579-581 ; assistance from, to biographer, I viii, II vii Gallon, Emma (sister to Francis Galton), early bequest to, from Galton, I 69; attends a meeting of the British Association, I 90; visits Galton at Cambridge, I 162; travels of, I 193; in Dresden with Galton, I 178, 179; visits the Gurneys, 1 191 ; 'Guide to the Unprotected ' of, I 162; letters of— to Galton, I 62, IIIB 524; to her sisters, IIIB 451; letters to— from Galton, I 95, 106, 151; on death of Charles Darwin, II 198, 199; on award of the Darwin Medal, ITIA 237; on election to a Trinity College Fellowship, IIIA 238, IIIB 473, 476, 481, 494, 495, 502, 503, 506-513, 515-519, 527; facsimile of Galton's letter to, IIIB 494 Plate LI; aged 91, III* 238; death of, IIIB 447, 527-530; tombstone of. IIIB 533-535; portraits of. I 213 Plate LV bis, II 198 Plate XVII, IIIB 531 Plate LV; silhouettes of, I 52 Plato XXXIV, I 96 Plate L; sketches of, by Galton, I 180 Plate LIII. See also II 70, 88, 130, 175 Galton, Erasmus (brother of Francis Galton), I 63; early I » -quest to, from Galton, I 69; farms at Loxton, 1 125, III" 528, 543; aged 87, IIIA 238; breaks his leg, 111" 591-593; characteristics of, IIIB 594, 609j death of, IIIA 374, I1IB 594; letters of, to Galton. IIIB 543, 575, 579; silhouettes of, I 52 Plate X X X I V, I 69 Plate XLII Galton, Francis, ancestry of, I 5-61 ; childhood and boyhood of, I 62-91; medical studies and flight to Constantinople, I 92-139; mathematical studies and Cambridge pleasures, I 140-195; 'Fallow Years,' 1 196-210; scientific exploration. I 21 1-242 ; transition studies, art of travel, geography, climate, II 1-69; early anthropological researches, II 70-130; early study of heredity, II 131-210; psychological in- vestigation, II 211-282; photographic researches, II 283-333; statistical investigation, anthropometry, II 334-425; correlation and the application of statistics to problems of heredity, IIIA 1-137; personal identification, finger-prints, IIIA 138-216; ISogenios as a creed, and last decade of Galton's life, I1IA 217-436; characterisation, by letters, IIIB 441- 619; 'Wanderlust' and travel of, I 24, 55, 58, 92-97, 199-205, II 1, 6, 7, 11, 14, 21-25, IIIA 279, IIIB 507- 512,515-519,566-568; mechanical ingenuity of . I tin. 83, II 3, 18-21, 35, 44-53, 59-61, 219-221, 226, IIIA 177, 279, etc.; mentality of, I 56-59, II 1, 3, 4, 10, 12, 19, 27, 75, 88, 98, 106, 134, 153, 157, 165, 308, 317, III* 50, etc.; generosity of, II 60, 65, IIIA 244, 245, 250, 257, 258, 284, IIIB 588; humour of, I 59, 60, II 5, 310, etc.; eugenic ideals of, I1IA 87-93, etc.; religious views and philosophic outlook of, II It 12, 117, 119, 261-263, IIIA 271, 272; correspondence of, with his father, I 92, 94, 97-111, 113-115, 118, 122- 137, 142-181, 184-190; with Charles Darwin, I 6, 240-241, II 156-197; with Karl Pearson, 1IIA 224, 225, 240-251, 254-258, 261, 266, 277-291, 297-317, 322-336, 339, 342-346, 349, 350, 355-361, 368-100, 408, 409, 425-^32, IIIB 501, 502, 504-506. 513 515; with de Candolle, II 131-149, 204-210, IIIB 474, 476- 483; with Mrs Lethbridge ('Milly'), IIIA 412, IIIB 471, 472, 520-522, 528-536, 540-617; early letters of, I 65, 66, 71-80, 82, 86, 88, IIIB 449 162. (For other letters or correspondence see names of individuals.) Married life of, I 241, 242, II 281; as to honours conferred on — Huxley Medal, IIIA 226, 235; Darwin Medal, IIIA 236-238, 249, 250; Medal of Linnean Society, IIIA 340, 341 ; Royal Society Medal, II 201, IIIB 476; Copley Medal, IIIA 400, 431, 432, IIIB 611, 614, 615; Medal of Royal Geographical Soc., I 239; Medal of the French Geographical Soc, I 239; knighthood conferred on, II IA 386, IIIB 597; Hon. D.C.L. at Oxford conferred, IIIB 493, 494; Hon. D.Sc. at Cambridge conferred, IIIB 494, 495; Hon. Fellowship of Trinity College, Cambridge, IllA 236-238, IIIB 52l; see also IIIA 388, III" 509, 551, 552, 599; health of, I 103, 145, 146, 166, 167, 170, 173, 238, II 280, IIIA 249, IIIB 454, etc.; death of, IIIA 433, 434, IIIB 617, 618; wills of, IIIA 224, 225, 299-303, 382-384, 437^138. See also under Books of F. G., Character of F. G., Memoir", 1'n/i: n and Letters to Journals of F. G., Portraits of F. G., Eugenics, Finger-prints, Composite Photographs,etc. Index 647 Qalton, Mrs Francis (Louisa Butler), marriage of, I 241, 242: extracts from -Record' of, 1111, 51, 53, 59, 70, 88, 130, 161, 246, 298, 281, 361, 362, 393; illness of, II 130, 179, 180, 196, 245, etc.; death of, II 281, IIIB 602, 503; -rave of, at Royat, IIIB 609: oortraits of, I 241 Plate LX, I 242 Plate LXI, II 88 Plate X . John (married Sarah Button), I 36, 37, 49 Gallon, John Howard (uncle to Francis Galton), I 53, 91 ; promises to propose Galton for the Athenaeum Club, I 114 Gallon, John Hubert Barclay (undo to Francis Galton), 1 53 Gallon, Lucy (sister to FraneisGalton). Sec MaMiet, Lucy Galton, Maty Anne (aunt to Francis Galton). See Schimmelpenninclc, Man/ Anne Galton, Robert, of Bristol, I 31, 39, 40 . Samuel (great-grandfather of Francis Galton), appreciation of, I 41—13; home of. I 49, 60 Galton grandfather of Francis Galton), some characteristics of, I 43, 46, 49; marriage of, to Liny Barclay, I 33, 46: friendship of, with Dr Priestley, I 11 46; supporters of, for Fellowship of Roy. Soc., I 44: Dr Erasmus Darwin ami. 1 411. 47: asso of, I 47; gun trade of, I 32, 45, 50; disowned by Society of Friends, I 45: banking of, I 50; career of, I 46; Lunar Society and. I 46. 47; scientific tastes of, I 47, 48; statistical bent of, I 48; on colour mixing, I 47, 48; on canals, I 48: on birds. I 48: homes of. I 49, 50, I 48 Plates XXIX, XXX, XXXI, I 50 Plate XXXII; death of, I 74, III" 460, 451; wealth of, I 74, 75; portrait of, I 43 Plate XXV; bookplate of, IIIA iv (facing preface) Qalton, Samuel Tertius, father of Francis Galton, characteristics of, I 62, 63, 59; banking of. I 50, 51; relationship of, to Hudson Gurney, I 34; homes of, I 51; attends a meeting of the British Association, I 90; the education of Francis Galton and, I 87, 88; letter of, to his son, on his admission to hospital dies, I 91: wishes Galton to concentrate on medicine. I 1 111 : require* accounts from his son, I 107, L09, 112. 114, 115, 121, 123-126. 148, 154; early letters of Galton to, I 86, 76 78, 82, 88, 92, 94, 97- 106; letters of Galton to, whilst at King's College, London, 1 105-1 11, 113, 114, 115, 118, 122-137; letters of Galton to, whilst at Cambridge. 142-181. Is) 190; m affection of, for his son, I 192; health of, I 161, 185, 191, 192: death of, I 193; portrait of, I 62 Plate XXXIII: silhouette of, I 52 Plate XXXIV; lines of. on his sister Sophia, Til" 450; book plates of, IIIA xii, IIIB iv . Sophia (aunt to Qalton), lines on, by Samuel Tertius Galton, IIIB 450: plans for, on death of her father, III" 450, 451 ; portrait of, I 54 Plate XXXV. Iso Brewin, Mrs Gallon, Theodori (nri'-lc to Galton), travels with Sir Francis S. Darwin. Ill" 592: portrait of. I 54 Plate XXXVI; silhouette of. I 54 Plate XXXV Gallon, Throdore Howard (cousin to Galton), at Cam- bridge, I 141-143. 115. I 19, 162, 172, 173 Gallon. Violet, visits Qalton, III1! BOO, 602, 617 *, Violetta (Violetta Darwin, mother of Galton), characteristics and tastes of. I 25. 26; her accounts of her son, I 63, 67, 68, 70, 71; sample page of 'Life History of F. (;.' by, r 63 I'latr XL; early Liters of Galton to, I 72-74, 79, 80, 112. 1 13. 120. 121; le to. from F. Gallon, on liis South African expedition, I 217-221, 23I. 234 239: letters of Charles Darwin to, II 183. Ill8 460. 461: letter of Dr R. \V. Darwin to, IIIB 454: of Qalton to. [11*456; Illness of, II 160; •ti of. H 130, 179; portraits of, [ 26 Plate XX. Ill" 531 Plate LV; sketch of, I 18 Plate X; as child, I 246 Qalton, Violetta, sister of Galton, I 63 Gallon Bank, I 49-51, I 50 Plate XXXII Gallon Laboratory. Sec Eugenics Laboratory Galton- Mac Alister Currc, II 228 Gallon Research Fellow, IIIA 258, I1IB 530-533, 535; first appointment of, IIIA 232, IIIB 535, 544; dis- cussions regarding, IIIA 296-301, 305, 306; duties of, IIIA 222. 223. 225. 226 Gallon Scholar, IIIA 222. 306 'Galtonage,' IIIA 149, 152 Galtonia H. candican-s, IIIB 533, 534, 608, IIIB 534 Plate LVI Galtoniana, relics in — concerned with finger-prints, II 378, IIIA 139, 178, 191, 216; with composite portraits, II 288, 290, 356. See also II 3, 11, 36, 41, 93, 230, etc. Gallon's 'Toys,' II 49 QametU Characters, correlation of, with somatic char- acters, II 171-173 Gametic "Elements, II 170 Gardiner, Mrs, takes finger-prints of her baby from the sixth day, IIIB 496-499 QardtM r, I'rof. John, Galton writes to, on measurements of infants, IIIB 496 Gars, m. Dr, on identification of criminals, IIIA 5; scientific adviser to Convict Office, II lA 151, 153; at Scotland Yard. IIIA 249 Gassiot, J. P.. and Qalton, II 11. 59 Gaussian Hypothesis, and Weber-Fechner Law, II 227 Qavt'inis, 111" 543: finger-print ornamentation on stones at, HI B 543 Plate LVII Gedge, Mr, reports on Galton's progress at school, I 89; assists Galton, III" 452 . Sir A., on low standard of scientific literature. IIIA 329-332; friendship of, with Galton, IIIA 393, 431. Ill" 603. 615. 616; letters from, on death of Galton, III" 617 Qemmnles, and Pangenesis, Darwin and Galton on, II 113. 156-190; Galton's theory of heredity and, II 185, 186, 189, 190 '. and Species, II 171 Generalisation, an easy vice. II 270; in artists. II 296; regarding man, II 298 ml. Galton's conception of the, IIIA 20; K. Pear- son's definition of, IIIA 29 lages, Gallon's papai on, II 295-298, I1IB 469 Genetic Characters, Galton on, II 146, 148 Genetics, and composite photography, II 294; human, material for study of, II 359 Genius, Qalton on, II 91, 92, 94, 98, 99, HI A 1 15, 116 and imagination, II 98; inheritance of, II 106; and sterility, II 341: descendants of men of, IIIA 278 hereditary. II 70, 87-115 aster, const nut ion of, IIIA 30; use of, IIIA 243 proposals regarding, I11A 335, III" 514; illustration of, IIIA 311 Plate I r, aids to the II 28-26; goal of the. II 29 Qeography, and Qalton, II 4, 21-35; in schools, II 27, 28; human side of, II 70 Geologists, mechanical aptitude in. II 151 G( ology, Galton's early interest in, I 68 Germ-Plasm, continuity of, II 81, 82. 114. 147, 169- 171, 174, 186, 187; priority of Galton's idea regarding, IIIA 340, 341; selection and evolution of, II 171; of individuals, 1 1 lA 60 German Language, Galton studies, 1 99-101, 129-131 Germans, Galton on the, I 95-97; colour associations and number forms of, II 240; interest of, in Eugenics, IIIB 545. 546 any, Galton's visits to, 1 178, 179, II 140; hints of unfriendliness in, IIIA 379, 380 648 Index Germinal Selection, and Evolution, II 171; and de- velopment, II 185, 186 Germs, latent and developed, II 182, 186 Gestation, observations regarding, II1A 186 OMs, II'. F., Gallon takes rooms with, I 196 Gietten, Galton's vacation in, I 128-132 Qifi, devoted servant to Francis Galton, IIIB 449, 503, 60S, 519, 582, 583, 587, 595, 597, 618; tablet at Rutland Gate and, IIIA 311; portraits of, II 11 Plate III, III* 390 Plate XXXVIII (lilhey, Mr, collects pedigrees of deaf-mutes, IIIA 380 OUton, Mrs, at Khartoum, IIIB 548 Giraffe, shot by Galton, I 223 '/ Ctithrrlrnl. acoustic properties of, IIIB 563 Gissing, G„ noteworthy book of, IIIA 312 Gladstone, W. 47., large head of, II 379, IIIA 248; not as other men, IIIB 568; lack of humour of, IIIB 607, 608; at Galton's South Kensington laboratory, 11 379; H. Montagu Butler and, IIIB 476 Gttaisker, and Galton's exponential ogive, II 191 Glanvill, J., and use of word 'aberrance,' IIIA 99 Gexlliness, and material well-being, II 100, 101 Godman, F. D., on Committee for Measurement of Hants and Animals, II I A 127, 291 (loil lie, as example of sane exercise of senses? II 99; pictures seen with closed eyes by, II 244 Gold, in the world, II 21 'Golden Book,' proposals regarding, IIIA 264, 265 Goldie, G., to send finger-prints of Africans, IIIs 485 Goring, C., criminal investigations of, II 232, IIIA 377 Gorst, Sir J., Galton meets, IIIA 266; his 'Children of the Nation,' IIIA 310 Gotto, Mrs, and Eugenics Education Society, IIIA 342, 350, 371, 372, 379, 380, 427, 428; visits Galton, III* 370 Goulds, marriages of, with the Freames, I 32 Gout, IIIB 590; and asthma, I 185; strawberries and, IIIA 124 Governments, democratic, and the elimination of ' weeds,' IIIA 349 Grade, of individual, and the statistical scale, II 337. See also Percentiles and Ogive Curve Graduates, Cambridge, measurements on, IIIA 247 Graef, portrait of Galton by, IIIA 125, 126 Grahame, Dr, on cousin marriages, IIIs 470 'Grammar of Science,' by Karl Pearson, received by Galton, IIIA 240, 241 Grandsons, and nephews, nearness in kinship of, IIIA 33 Grant, and Galton, II 25; and African exploration, II 30, 36 Grassi, a Darwin medallist, IIIA 237 Graunt, Capt. John, on Bills of Mortality, II 123 Gray, anthropometry of, II 380 Great Barr, home of Samuel Galton the younger, I 49; sketch of, I 49 Plate XXXI Greek Girl, of 'Just Perceptible Difference' lecture, II 309, IIIA ix (reproduction facing) Greek Queens, composite portrait of, II 295, 296 Plate XLII Greeks, ability and culture of, II 107-109 Greg, 'Enigmas of Life' of, II 176 Grew, N., work of, on finger-prints, IIIA 141, 142, 176, 177 Grey, Mrs, seen by Galton in Italy, IIIB 474 Griffin, N. W., his 'Optics', and an epitaph, I 189 Griffith, 0., Sec. of Brit. Assoc, IIIB 458 Griffiths, A., and identification of criminals, IIIA 148 Grosvenor, Lady Constance, eugenic proposal of, IIIA 377 'Groundwork of Eugenics,' Lecture of K. Pearson, IIIA 38o Grove, Sir If., Galton's visits to, II 130, 161, 180, IIIB 465; appreciation of. 11111 531 : size- of head and stature of, II L60, lllA 24S: death of, II 280 Grove, and Galton's 'Efficacy of Prayer,' II 131 Growth, statistics of, in plants, 'I 191. 192: laws of, II 380; bioscopic representation of, IIIB 576; curves of, for vital capacity, II 377 Grundy, Mrs, power of, IIIA 342 Gruppe, his definition of 'religion,' II lA 89, 90, 93 Guido, Bent, his picture of 'Aurora and the Hours,' IIIA 422 Plate XXXIX Gull, on medical life histories, II 359 Gumption-reviver, machine used by Galton at Cam- bridge, I 144 Gun Trade, of Farmers and Galtons, I 32, 4-">, 49,50 Gurney, Emily, death of, II 280 Gurney, Hudson, on the future fate of the Barclays, I 30, 33, 34; relationship of, to Elizabeth Fry, 1 64; Thomas Young and, I 48; portrait of, I 91 Plato XLVIl Ghtfneys, Russell, and Galton, II 11, 88, 161 Haddon, A. C, and anthropometry, II 379, 380; on social evolution and marriage customs among primitive peoples, IIIA 267, 268; to procure finger- prints of native races, IIIB 485; letter of, to Gallon. as to Huxley Lecture of Roy. Anthrop. Inst., II1A 236, 236 Hadleys, genealogy of the, IIIB 462; sketch portrait of Mr Hadley, surgeon, I 18 Plate X Hadzor, Galton's visits to, II 11, 70; letters preserved at, IIIB 607; sketch of ; I 48 Plate XX I X Haeckel, E., medallist of Linnean Soc, IIIA 340; hon. member of German Eugenic Soc, IIIA 388; death of, IIIA 342 Hahn, disastrous expedition of, I 240 Hair, on male face, IIIA 321; colour of, II 223-226; in husband and wife, II 149; and liability to disease, II 354, 371; and fertility, II 354; darkening of, in the English, II 353, 354; in the British, II 371; analysis of pigments in, IIIA 97, 98; investigation into, IIIB 474; of Galton in childhood, gold brown, I 71, cf. IIIB 456 Plate XLVII; Sorby's paintings of trees from pigments in, IIIA 97 Plates III, IV Haldane, Lord, army achievements of, IIIB 603 Hallam, Henry, at Cambridge, I 140, 141; sees Galton in Dresden, I 179, 180; Galton's friendship with, I 190, 191; letters of, to Galton — refusing invitation to travel, I 198, 199; after Galton's travels in Egypt and Syria, I 205-207; characteristics of, II I A 354; death of. I 238, IIIA 354; Bristed's obituary notice of, I 171 Hallam, Julia, sketch of, I 180 Plate LIII Ilallams, the graves of, Galton's hour of grief alongside, IIIA 354 Halsbury, Ijord, on supposed deterioration of the British race, IIIA 364 Hamilton, Dr, on louping-ill, IIIB 566 Hamilton, Dr Lillias, IIIB 541, 542 Hamilton, Sir W., on generic image of man, II 298 Hampstead, Galton considers moving his home to, IIIA310, 311, 316, 317 Handwriting, and identification, II 306 Happiness, of segregated feeble-minded? IIIA 366, 367, 373, 374 Harcourl, Sir IT., elected to a Trinity College, Camle Hon. Fellowship, IIIA 236, 238 Bawdy, Thomas, and London University, IIIA 289 HarmswortK s 'The World's Great Books,' Galton's work included in, IIIB 601 Index 649 Harrison, Frederick, gives first 'Herbert Spencer' lecture, IIIA 313 Bartog, and London University. TTIA 224. 225. 270. 300-302, 420. etc.; Galton's appreciation of, IIIB 605, 806 HasUm, Lewis, assistance of. IT v BasUmere, Galton at, IIP* 322. 326-336, 393-300. 425- 427. 430-432. TTTB 583-585, 600-617 Or S„ and the 'long drop', II 407 Havelorf; SKs, his study of British senilis. TITA 261 ; and Eugenics, ITTA 206. 372 Ilarilnml, T>r. advises Galton, I 180: on gout and asthma, I 185 Haweis, Mrs, association of words and visualised pictures in. IT 243. 244: number form of, ITTB 460 Hawkins, Tamilian, on size of families of the rich and poor. TTTA 393 is, in confinement. TIIA 380 Hawhsley, and Galton's whistle. IT 217: and Galton's 'registrator,' TI 341 Bead, measurements on. IT 373, IIIA 54: size or shape of— and ability, IT 94. 343, 387, 388. Ill* 247-240: and energv. IT 150: and sturdiness of build. TTTA 2 18, 240: of scientists. TT 140. 150; of Gladstone. IT 370: of stablemen, ITIA 240: of Francis Galton, phreno- logists on, I 157 Head/am. I. <'.. proposed for Galton Laboratory Com- mittee. TTTA 385 Headmasters, and the needs of schoolboys, I 87, 88 Heald, Mr, reports death of AM, IIIB 454 Health, and climate, TT 36: and piety, TI 101 ; of savants. IT 141 ; inheritance of. IT 151 : and longevity. TT 340: influence of, on delicacy of perception, TI 308; and pigmentation, IIIB 476, 477 If: ape, W., on Comm ittee for Measurement of Plants and Animals. TTTA 127. 201 Hearing, of insects and animals, II 216, 217 Beat, Galton delighted in extreme, IITB 447 Jews Blight, of boys in town and country schools, TT 125. 126, 337: absolute values of, at each rank. TT 390: percentile values of, sitting. IT 376. See also 8ta BeiresseS, and fertility. TI 05, 96 Bdiostat, Oalton's invention of a pocket, II 18-21, 50 rr.l,,/. II. 7'.. 'American Trotter' of. TTIB 498 Belmhotiz, a vice-president of section of physics at loan collection of scientific instruments. TT 215 Belmingham Hall. Galton stays at. TTTA 323 Henri/. !■'.. R., becomes Chief Commissioner of Metro- politan Police, ITIA 151, 152; on finger-prints. TTTA 151. 152. 153. 158: on use of finger-prints in India. TITA 157. 158, 187. 199, 254, ITTB 590; at land Yard. ITIA 249, TTTB 572; the Kaffir police and. ITTB 571: dines with Galton. IIIB 513; visits Galton's Laboratory for instruction in finger-printing. IITA 151 Benslow, Prof, .1. 8., the botanist, assists Galton. T 179 Henshw, Rev. a., number form of. TI 242. Til15 469; pictures seen with closed eyes by. 11 244: his criticism of the law of ancestral inheritance. TTTA 42 'Herbert Spencer' Lecture, Galton's, ITIA 309. 311-313, 316-321. niB 583: translated into Hungarian, II I B 585 lh rlirtte. on value of anthropometric records, IT 30S : on personal identification. !TTA 188 Berbtt, 0., book of. TTTB 525 Bereulaneum, Waldstein's views on, IITB 589 Berd Instinct, in man. IT 72, 73. 122; psychology of, II 73 llinlman. Prof. II'. A., letter of, to Galton. asking him to be President of Brit. Assoc., TIIA 27)1: directs Weismann's attention to Galton's work, I1IA 340 'Hereditary'' and 'Heredity,' history of words in English, IIIA 347 Hereditary, mannerism, IT 63; savagery in man, TT 85; liabilities, desire to screen, IT 360; link, nature of, TI 173: principle, and the Upper House. TTTA 33 'Hereditary Genius,' I 5, 7, II 70, 76, 87-115, 145. 147, 156; Charles Darwin on. T 6: reception of, TT 88: Miss Shirreff on. II 132. 133; de Candolle on. IT 134, 135, 136, 149; German translation of. TIIB 607 'Hereditary Piety,' by Frances Power Cobbe, II 160 Heredity, application of statistics to problems of, IT 80. 92. 113, 357, ITTA 1-137. 264: earlv studv of. II 131- 210: Galton's theorv of. TT 182 -190. TTTA 190. etc.: Law of Ancestral. TT 84. 113. ITTA 21-23. 34-44. 47^49, 251: measurement of. II 02. 31 S. TTTA 240. 242: Galton's five constants of. ITIA 47, 48: theory of progressive evolution and, ITTA 04: Galton's critics on, TTIA 42: graphical representation of, TTTA 44-45: with law of regression, IIIA 46; assumptions of. ITIA 251; and Mendelism. ITTA 320: doctrine of. II 170; science of, TTIB 504: smallest unit trans- missible by. ITTA 101: state-blasts in. ITIA 245: tradition and, ITTA 409-411; ancestral pietv and. II 100. 101 : the criminal class and. IT 231 ; the blood and. TT 177: knowledge required for study of, TI 321, TTIA 70-73, 221 : in man. TI 72. 73. 75. SI -S3. 86. 117, 118, 122; in twins, IT 126-130, 181; in man. plants and animals, TIIA 266; insurance data and, TTTB 536- 530; environment and, sec Nature ami Nurture; Galton reviews Ribot's book on. TTTB 463. Inheritance —of acquired characters, II 81, 147, 169, 170, 173. 174, 182-184, 186. TTIA 57, 50. 129-132. 374; of mental and moral characters. I 5-7, IT 72, 75-78, 81-83, 86, 87, 89, 117. 118, 126, 128. 135. 146. 174: of physical and mental characters. TT 230. 231, first determination of. TTIA 247: of ability, II 104-106. 141. 146. ITT* 102, 103, 108-121, 347, 348: of legal abilitv. IT 93: of scientific abilitv. TT 07: of mathe- matical ability, IT 07: of artistic faculty, IITA 68, 60: of talent, IT 75-77: of physical and psychical characters. TTTA 60: of energy. TT 251: of mental inertia, TT 257; of memory, TT 151; of perseverance. IT 151 ; of piety, II 101 ; of independence of character. IT 151: of character and temper. TT 269. 271; of temper, II 271: of conscience, TT 257: of vicious instincts, IT 230; of visualising facility, TT 239, 242. 253: of number forms. IT 252 Plate XXTV: of physical characters. TT 76. 135; of muscularity, TT 104: of constitution, TT 151: of longevity. TT 348. 340: of stature, ITIA 11-34: of cephalic index. ITTB 504: of finger-prints. T1TA 140. 168, 203. 180- 103. TTTB 485. 488-401. 522-524: of fertility. TT 95: of eve colour, TIIA 376; of eye characters. TTTA 345. 356.' 368; of defective eyesight. TTTA 322. 368: of pathological states, II 80, IITA 70-76: of sports. TTTA ]O0; of degeneracy, TTTA 373, 374: of insanity. ITIA 322: of tuberculous diathesis. TT 202. TTTA 260, 326; in plants, ITTA 251 : in bearded wheat. TTTA 314: in weight of seed. TTTA 3: in size of sweet-pea seeds, TT 392; of colour in horses, TTTA 95-08 ; blended or alternative. TT 307. IITA 27, 29. 34. 50. 60. 76: natural, sec Natural Inheritance. Sec also BeredUary Berlcomer, Calton meets, TTTB 513 Hermaphrodite*, twins among. TTTA 350 Hemes, of Galton and Carlvle. TT 04 Heron, D.. Eugenics Research Fellowship of. TTTA 280, 330, 332: appointment of. TTTA 304. 305; work of, IITA 304, 325. 327. 345. 355-360. 371. 376. 382. 387, 426, 427: on statistics of insanity. IIIA 311, 322; visits Galton, IIIA 225, 342, IIIB 503 Herschel, Sir ./., and Quetelet's advice, II 418 82 650 Index lUrvhil, Sir II'.. /..work of, on finger-prints, IIIA 140- I4!t. 161, 166, 174-177, 187, 195, IIIB 590, 591 ; letter of, on finger-printing, IIIA 152; Galton's dedication to, IIIA 199; illustrations from material on finger-prints of, III* 183 Plate \\ I. 1I1A 197 Plates XIX-XXII; forefinger-prints of, at interval of 54 years, IIIA 439; Coal met of. with Rajyadhar Konai, first known Indian print for legal purposes, II 1A 146 Plate V Hi rtz. Miss, Galton congratulates her on her engage- ment, IIId 468, 469 Hertz. Mrs, founder of a scientific salon, Galton write* to. 11IB 464, 476, 500, 503, 527; letter of, to Galton, IIIB 500 Hewlett, Prof, R. T., notice by, of E. Wheler-Galton's work, II1» 579 Hcudon Hall, home of the Earles in Norfolk, I 246 Plate LXIV Hibberl, Mrs, Galton's nurse-housekeeper, IIIB 582, 583 Hill, Elizabeth, Erasmus Darwin's mother, I 17; portrait of, I 16 Plate VII II ill. Sir John, the botanist, I 17 Hill, Leonard, and the inheritance of ability, IIIA 103, 229 /////, Sir Rowland, size of head and stature of, II 150 Hill-James, Col., Galton meets at Biarritz, IIIB 557 Hills, Mrs (nee Grove), Galton's warm friendship for, IIIB 096 Bindhead, Galton at, IIIA 277, 323-326. See also Ha.demere (with Grayshott) Hindoos, finger-prints of, IIIA 195 ' Histoire des Sciences el des Savants depuis deux Siecles ' of de CandoUe, II 134, 135, 145, 207, 208 Historical Society, foundation of, at Cambridge, I 171, 172, 174, 178, 183 History, in educational scheme, II 155; of personal identification by finger-prints, IIIA 138-154 Hobbes, on generic image of man, II 298 Hobhouse, L. T„ on Eugenics, IIIA 260 Hodgkin, on the Roman Empire, IIIB 540, 541 Hodgson, Mrs Brian, her photograph of Galton, IIIA 303 Hodgson, Prof. J ., at birth of Galton, I 62; physician to Tertius Galton, I 192 ; medical sponsor to Galton, I 90; advises Galton, I 99, 103, 113, 126, 127, 130, 152, 187, IIIB 452; Galton's recollections of, IIIB 565 Hodgson, T. V ., on finger-prints, IIIB 486 Hodograms (isochronous curves), II 57 Holy Land, Galton's first impressions of the, I 203 Home (the medium), and spiritualism, II 62-66; and Mr Sludge, II 63, 64, 66 Homes, of the Galton and Darwin families and of their ancestors, I 28-30, 49-52, 62, 74, IIIB 571, 580, I 30 Plate XXIII, I 48 Plates XXIX, XXX, I 49 Plate XXXI, I 50 Plate XXXII, I 74 Plate XLIII, I 246 Plate LXIV Homogeneity, Galton on, in statistical data, IIIA 303 Homoscedasticity, definition of, IIIA 5; in sweet-pea experiments, IIIA 7, 13 Homolyposis, reception of paper on, by Roy. Soc, IIIA 241, 243; lecture on, IIIA 247 Honours, concerning, IIIA 236, 237; conferred on the young and on the old, IIIA 249, 250 Hooker, J. D., and Galton, II 140; on farm for experi- mental breeding, IIIA 134; on fertilisation of sweet- peas, IIIA 325; medallist of Linnean Soc, IIIA 340, Copley, IIIA 431, IIIB 614; size of head and stature of, II 150; death of, IIIA 342 Hope-Pinker, models bust of Jowett, IIIA 126; and bust of Weldon, IIIA 281, 301, 302, 374; visits Galton, III* 333 Hopkins, Alice, Biography of, IIIA 357 Hopkins, W., Galton reads mathematics with. I 1 68, 162- 167, 181; pupils of, I 171; not the ideal teacher for Galton, I 194; asks Galton to accept office of Gen. Sec. to Brit. Assoc, IIIB 458 Boppti, Mrs (bedmaker at Cambridge), lights Galton's fires, I 143; sevenfold offspring of, I 164 Homer, Li iiimnl. and the child Francis Galton, I 65; at- tends a meeting of the lii it . Assoc.. I '.»(); (Salt on visits his house in Loudon, I 108, 111, 1 11" 453; praises Galton, I 143; gives Galton introductions at Cambridge, 1 145 Hornets, specimens of, IIIA 251 Horses, composite photographs of, II 288 Plate XXX; photographed for Galton, II1B 506, 507; standardised method of photographing, II 320, 321, 322; breeding of, II 322, 323; effect of continued selection in. II 399; prepotency in trotting, IIIA 98-100; speed of American trotting, II 399, 1IIB 498; hereditary colour in, IIIA 95-98; Galton's papers on, II 396-400 Borstey, Sir V ., attacks work of Eugenics Laboratory, II I A 408, 430 Hospital, Galton admitted as pupil to Birmingham General, I 90; letter to Galton from his father on admission to, I 91; Galton's studies and experiences in, I 92, 99-104; at Frankfort, I 95 Hospitals, two purposes of, II 344 Holham, at Cambridge, I 167, 171 Hottentot Ladies, study of the peculiar anatomy of, I 231, 232 Houghton, Lord, on epitaphs, IIIB 562 House of Lords, reform of, IIIA 33, 34, 405 Howard Ancestry of Charles Darwin, 1 17, I 244-246 Hugging, Sir W., and dog 'Kepler,' II 66; speech on award of Darwin Medal to Galton, IIIA 236 Hughes, friend of Galton at Cambridge, I 153 Hughes, Thomas (author of 'Tom Brown'), aids 'The Reader' newspaper, II 68 Huguenots, gain to England from, IIIA 229 Human Faculties, measurement of, II 268-270 ' // idiiidi faculty a»d its Ihrelopment,' Galton's 'In- quiries into,' I 5, II 87, 207, 212, 238, 241, 248-267, 361 lluiiie, on generic image of man, II 298 Humidity, register of, II 50 Hungarian, Galton's lecture translated into, III" 585 Hunter, D., Galton calls upon, I 148 Hunting, and shooting, Galton's enthusiasm for, I 208, 209, 234 Hurst, Capt., on inheritance of eye colour. III 324. 370 II ulihinson, Jonathan, life register of, II 369: museum of, IIIA 324 Hutchinson, W ., and Renan's 'Antichrist,' IIIB 572 Hurley, T. H., and Galton, II 62; on the principles of Charles Darwin, II 203; at Darwin's funeral, II 198; on Dr Erasmus Darwin. II 203. 204: London I'ni- versity and, IIIA 289-291; Romanes lecture of. II 82; talents and characteristics of, II 178, 1 1 IA 333, IIIB 506; on trickery of a medium, II 63; and spiritualism, II 67; and agnosticism, II 102; 'The Reader,' 'Nature' and, II 68, 69; size of head and stature of , II 150; chaffs Herbert Spencer, lllA 142; letters of, to Galton, in the (laltoninna, II 228 Huxley Lecture, given by Galton, IIIA 226-235, 246 Huxley Medal, presented to Galton, IIIA 226, 23S Hyacinthus candicans, named (,'ullmiiu. Ill11 534: on Emma Galton's tombstone, I1IB 533 Hybridisation, and variation, II 84; co-operation re- garding observations on, IIIA 135 Hybrids, Galton and Darwin on, II 169, 189; fertility' of, III> 130, 131 Hydrogen, use of, with Galton's whistle, II 217 Hydrophobia, through wolves and dogs, IIIB 547 Index 651 i, Galton at, 1 1 [A 249 Byperseope, invention of, II 20; use of, by Galton, IIIB 618 'Ibis,' Galton's boat up the Nile, I 200 Ibrahim Pacha, obeys order not to drink wine by drinking brandy, III15 572 Iceland Spar Compounder, Galton's, II 287 Ideals, and economics, II 254, 255 I'l: (i-i, association of, II 233-236, 256; limitation of, II 236; subconscious, and will, II 247; and con- sciousness, II 256; abstract, and nurture, II 255; selective action of brain in storing, II 256 Identification, personal, IIIA 138-216: history and con- troversy regarding finger-prints, IIIA 138-154; popu- larisation of finger-prints as method of, IIIA 154-160; scientific papers and hooks on, IIIA 161-216; by profiles, II 30*, 306, 326; Hcrtillon's system of, 11 304-306, 380, 383, etc.; anthropometric register and, II 398; American system of, IIIA 188. See also Fin'/: i-Pn ids Identification Offices, uses of, IIIA 157, 158, 160 /. in children of drunkards, II 148; and cousin marriage, lll,s 47o V, in Col. 14., regarding mention of injuries, II 270 Idiots, in general population, II 90; mental capacity of, II 272 Illegitimacy, among the feeble-minded, II1A 366 lUnesses, grave. Galton's list of, II 366 Ittustraria (Selenia moth), experiments with, UK 17. 40, III" 484 Illustrious men, definition of, 11 SO Images, optica] combination of, II 280 Imagination, in science, II 98; in literary men, II 2"'ii: analytical power and, II 08; measurement of, II 307; aid of. in deafness, II 308; power of, 11115 492, 493 Imaginativi Power, and lunacy, 1I1A 115 Impregnation, under effect of alcoholism. II 139 Impressions, and blended memories, II 296; general, frequent incorrectness of, II 296. 207, lllA 274, 364, 405; moral, in childhood, II 127 '. statistics regarding terms of, II 406 Inaudi, mental sums of, II 275, 276; cited by Galton as a 'sport,' IIIA 85 ding, following selection, IIIA 94; Galton on, in man, IllA 270; intensive, and evolution. III* 431 Incommensurable Motives, Galton on. II 246. 247 Indepen haracter, in cattle, II 73. 74 . of finger -printo, IIIA 140, 140 163, 159, 160, 164, 165. 167, I7H 174, 186, 1*7. 197 214: of pedij IIIA 103, 104; of mistakability, II 329-333, depends on vision of operator, II 330, 331. See also Finger- Printt .„,. of profiles. II 304. 323. 324, IIIA 325. 326; and numeralisation of portraits, II 323 32s ; diagrams, II 325, 327; and the Bertillon system, II 383, 398 India, queries regarding our treatment of, II 417; use of finger-prints in, IIP 146, 147. 151. 153-155, 157- 159. 176. 187, 106, 111" 501; need for identification office in, 1IIA 157; finger-prints of criminals in, II I A 254 Office, and marks for physical qualification for admission to Indian Civil Service, II 388, .'i'.it vice, appointment in, as test of ability, II 1A 247, 327 nis, some characteristics of, IIIA 157 I ndifferenlism, effect of, II 154 'I aal. anthropometric description of the, II 380; and type, measure of difference between, II 311; life, control of, II 113, 114 Individual Difference Problem, Galton's paper on, II 411- 414 Individuality, measurement of, II 303-306; of profiles, II 323; extreme and modal examples of, II 412; limitations of, II 413; of very gifted men, II1A 32; permanence of, IIIA 279 Industrial Anthropometry, foreshadowing of, II 358; value of, II 382 Inebriates, report regarding, IIIA 301 Infants, measurements on, IIIB 496; finger-prints of, IIIB 496-499 Infectious Illness, at the Birmingham Free School, 1 81, 84,85 Influences, effect of small but persistent, IIIA 403, 404 Inge, Dean, and Eugenics Education Soc, IIIA 339; preaches on Eugenics, IIIB 612 Inheritance. See under Heredity Innate Taste, for science, fostering of, II 153 Inquisition, and free-thinkers, II 111, 112 Insane, General Register of the, proposals regarding, IIIA 365, 366 Insanity, and alcoholism, II 148; Galton's experiments as to, II 247, 248; in descendants of the very able, IIIA 32; heredity and, IIIA 277, 298,322; convolutions of the brain in, IIIA 298 'Insectivorous Plants,'1 Darwin's, II 181 Is, hearing of, II 217 Inspiration, from an unseen world, II 260, 261 Instincts, Galton on vicious, II 230; observations re- garding, IIIA 135; of higher animals, IIIA 130 Institute of Actuaries, Galton's appeal to, IIIB 536-539 'Instrumental Instructions for Mr Consul I'ltlnrick,' II 27 Instrana ntiirinni, of Galton, II 3 Instruments, or apparatus designed by Galton — anthro- pometric or psychometric. 11 212. 213. 215-228, 370, 373; meteorological, II 44—40 (drill pantograph), 59; a lock, I 148; a lamp. I 148, 149; a balance, I 149; a printing telegraph, I 212. 213: for compounding six objects. II 286; hyperscope. II 20, IIIU 618; wave engine, II 51; heliostat, II 19; 'Tactor' machine, II 50; for optical combination of images, II 285; Iceland spar compounder, II 287: measurement of resemblance machine, II 332-333; instantaneous attitude snapper, IIIB 629 (Addenda); spectacles for divers, II 34; whistles for high notes, II 212, 216; pocket registrator, II 341; for testing the perception of tint differences, II 219; for measuring rate of movement of a limb, II 220 Instruments, standardisation of, for Kew, II 59, 60, 223-226 Insurance Offices, eugenic data from, III" 537-539. 542. See also I nsHtule of Actuaries Intellectual Ability, and the normal curve. 1 1 00, 01 ; and eminence, II 91; and sensitivity, II 222 Intelligence, inheritance of, II 75-77, 104-106; and physical characters, II 77, 94, 388; and fertility, II 77-80, 94; and size of head, II 94, 343, 387, 388; of different races, II 106-109, 351, 352; normal curve and, II 104; dominance of, II 108; sign of high, II 236 / uli r marriage, within the class, II 121, I1IA 231 International Eugenics, IIIA 219, 220 International Health Exhibition, Anthropometric Lab- oratory at, II 357, 362. 370-386 Interpolation, George Darwin's paper on, IIIB 467 Intra-uterine Influence, 1 1 lA 59 Introspection, in women, II 242; free-will and, II 245- 247 Iris, markings on, II 306 Iron Industry, and the Farmer family, I 39 Irresolution, and free-will, II 246 82—2 652 Index Irritability, effect of colour oil, II 214 Island of St I'aul, geographical model of, II 33 Plate IV Isle of Wight, model of, II 34 Isochronic Passage Cltarts, construction of, II 35 'Isochronous Curves,' LL 57, 58; machine for plotting, II 58 Isodic Curves, for sailing ships, II 56, 57 Isogcns, for parental ages, II 408, 409, 410 Isograms, of stature and vital capacity, II 301, 302 Isoscope, definition of, II 332; Galton's use of, III-* 280 Italians, colour associations and number forms of, II 240 Italy, Galton visits, IIIA 251, 276, 1IIB 474, 475, 521, 522, 540-543 J -Curves, examples of frequency distributions following, 11406 Jackson, Cyril, on Galton Laboratory Committee, III* 386 Jacobs, J., and experiments on prehension, II 272; and composite portraits, II 290, 291, 293 Jaeger, on the nature of illness, IIIB 594 Jahn, Olio, biographer of Mozart, II1B 500 James, Sir H., on maps, II 30 Janes, W., 'Varieties of Religious Experience' of, IIIB 449 Japan, anthropology in, II 397; use of finger-prints in, 1IIA 145, 146, 148 Jaslrow, composite photographs by, II 200 J ebb, Mrs, and twins, IIIB 465 Jenkinsons, visit to the, II 130 Jennings, Mr, at Mrs Galton's funeral, II1B 503 Jep/ison, Dr, physician to Tertius Galton, 1 185 ; advises Galton, II 53 Jeune, Dr, schoolmaster and bishop, I 81; Galton at school of, I 81-90; classical torments of, I 82; his reports on Galton, I 83, 87, 89; Galton's reports on, I 83-89; Galton visits, in Jersey, I 119; diary of Galton at school of, I 83-86; letters from Galton whilst at school of, I 82, 86-89, IIIB 451, 452 Jevons, size of head and stature of, II 150 Jewish Type, composite portraits of, II 293, 1118 474, II 294 Hate XXXV; variation in, II 385 Jews, the, Galton and de Candolle on, II 209; finger- prints of, IUA 193, 194, IIIB 485, 491 Johansen, pure line theory of, IIIA 58 Johnson, Dr Alice, in Petrie's camp in Egypt, 1IIB 516; interested in the feeble-minded, 11IB 599 Johnson, H. Vaughan, Galton shares rooms with, I 196 Johnson, Paddy, with Galton on visit to Eazakerly, IIIB 456 Johnson, Samuel, and Erasmus Darwin, II 194 Johnson, W., of the Epigram Club, I 141; wins the Camden Medal, I 176 Johnston, Harry, and Speke memorial, IIIB 588 Johnstone, Dr J., assists Galton, IUB 452 Jones, Augusta, acts as Secretary to Galton, IIIA 398, IUB 603, 605, 612, 613 Jones, Dr Bence, experiments of, II 163 Jones, H. Gertrude, assistance of, I viii; work of, I1IA 426 Jonker, promises to keep the peace in Damaraland, I 226, 227, I 226 Plate LVII1; Galton's opinion of, 1229 Jordan, Galton's journey down the, I 204 Journalism, and Galton, II 67-69 Journalists, and phantasmagoria, II 256 Jowett, B., sits for Hope-Pinker, IIIA 126 Judges, fertility of, II 93-95; morality of, II 94, 95; judgment of, II 406, 407; personal equations of, II 406; in Utopia, II 408 Judy meat, of physical efficiency on inspection, 11 304; of weights, 1I1B 581; of weight of fat stock, 11 403, 404; of democracy, II 403-405; of judges, 11 406, 407; problem of fallible, II1B 501, 502 Judgment, measurement of time to form, II 350 Jukes family, II 231 Julia, daughter of Augustus, portraits of, and com- posite, 11 296 Plate XL11I Julia, daughter of Titus, portraits of, and composite, II 206 Plato XL1II Julian Hill, visits to the Butler family at, II 11, 88, 161 Kuhn, A., travelling fellowships of, II 152 Kant, ability of, 11 107; his definition of religion, 111A 80, 00 ' Kantsaywhere,' Galton's Utopia, II1A 411-424, 434, IIIB 609, 611-616 Kay, E., on reading party with Galton, I 168, 169; and freemasonry, I 187, 189 Kay, J., the 'Cambridge idler,' 1 141, 164, 166, 167, 160, 171; Galton visits, I 168; on reading party with Galton, I 168; and freemasonry, I 187, 189 Keats, quotation from, IIIA 217; the 'Hyperion' of, IIIA 319 Keltic, Dr J . Scott, assistance of, I 215 Kelvin, Lord, remarkable head of, 1I1A 248; letter of, to 'The Times,' IIIB 515 'Kepler' (Sir W. Huggins' dog), and butchers, 11 66, 148; Darwin on, II 173 Ker, W. Paton, assistance of, I viii, II vi, 298 Keswick, Galton joins reading party at, 1 153, 155-162 Kew Gardens, and experimental work, I1IA 131, 287 Kew Observatory, and Galton, II 49, 59, 60, 280, 282 Keynes, J . M., attacks work of Eugenics Laboratory, IIIA 408 Khartoum, Galton at, I 200-202 Kidd, B., 'Social Evolution' of, IIIA 88, 92; on Eugenics, 1IIA 260 Kimberley, Earl of, honours conferred on, 11IB 494 King's College Chapel, Galton's sketch of, I 167 Plate LII King's College, London, Galton at, I 105-127 Kinsfolk, number of, IIIA 107, 114, 116, 117; of Fellows of Roy. Soc., IIIA 107-121 Kinship, between parents and offspring, etc., II 169, 170; method of tracing, II 306; nearness of, II1A 59; arithmetic notation of, II 354, 355; nomenclature of, II1A 105, 106, 116, 111B 548, 549, 554-557 Kinsmen, Galton's method of measuring resemblance between, IIIA 24 Kipling, K., quotation from, I 197 Kirby, Miss, Sec. of Inst, for the Feeble-minded, 11IB 599 Kites, meteorological, IIIB 535 Klaalsch, work of, on finger-prints, II1A 142 Klein, Dr, assistance of, in pangenesis experiments, II 167 Kleinwachter, as to definition of like twins, II 188 Knavery, a tinted map of, 11115 567 Knee, height of, IIIA 54 Knowledge, increase of, and Charles Darwin, I 57, 58; scientific, Bateson and Karl Pearson on, IIIA 28* ; and mental endowment, II 75; and science, II 347, 348 Knowles, J., Galton meets, IIIB 520; 'Efficacy of Prayer' and, II 131 Koch, and Italian physicians, IIIB 541 Kollmann, work of, on finger-prints, 1IIA 141, 161 Konai, Majyadltar, signing of contract by finger-prints of, with Sir W. J. Herschel, IIIA 146 Plate V Korosi, data of, on fertility and age of marriage, II 408 ; work of, 1IIB 585 Index 653 Krauze, his Life of Dr Erasmus Darwin, II 192, 202, 203 Kreil, meteorological assistance of, II 39 Kubalecs, atrocities of, in Africa, I 237 Kubo, researches of, on finger-prints, IIIA 140, 194 Ktiltit, P., letter of, with photographs showing Galton's name on rock in Ovampoland, IIIB 616-617, II1B 017 Plate LIX Labour, capacity for, and civic prosperity, IIIA 401 inge, Or F., 'Physiologic des exercices du corps,' IIIB 478 Lake Ngaini, first explorer to reach, II 35 Lake Nyanza, and climate, II 36 Lake at Olchikoto, rock on, where Galton's name can still be read, IIIB 617 piate LIX; see also I 216 Plate LVII (Galton spells also 'Omutchikota') Lalanne, anamorphic geometry of, applied to ogive curve, II 402 Lamarck, and transmission of acquired characters, II 147; Dr Erasmus Darwin and, II 202, 203 » :th Palace, Galton's inquiries at, II1B 578 Lamp, Galton's, I 148, 149 Lander, and the African memorial, II 25 Lane Fox, and anthropology, II 334 Lang uages, defects of , 1 1 25 1 , 252 ; modern, in educational scheme, II 155 Sir E. Hay, on Committee for Measurements of Plants and Animals, 1IIA 127, 128, 291; on heredity and tradition, IIIA 410, 411; eugenic ideas of, III* 341 ; and experimental zoology, IIIA 129; Galton and, IIIB 605; Medallist of Linnean Soc, 1IIA 340; death of, III* 342 Laplace, Galton introduced to theorem of, I 163; and application of mathematics to social phenomena, IIIA 1 Laplace-Oaauian Curve. See Normal Curve Larcltes, The, Galton's birth at, I 62; Darwin's recollec- tions of, I 241; left by the Galtons, I 74; description of, I 75; plan and sketch of, I 75 Plate XLV; Dr Priestley and, I 51, 62, 75 , //. •/., Galton's interest in, II1B 606, 608; letter of Galton to, IUB 608, 609 Latency, Galton on, II 170, 171, 182, 364; and fertility, II 186 Latex . IIP 76 Latin, in education, I 07 Law of Ancestral Heredity. See Heredity. Law , applied to discussions on heredity, II 89; Galton on, II 335. Sec also Ogive, mal < 'urve net, Sir T., albino orchids of, IIIA 360, 370 . Gallon lavs down, for Namaqualand natives, 1 226-230, I 226 Plate LYII1 Leaders, amongst wild animals and men, II 73, 74 League of A I racial boundaries, 1IIA 219; and international Eugenics, IIIA 220 Leamington, Galton's home at, I 74; visits to, II 11, 53, 70, 161, 180 Least difference, Galton's method of measure- ment by, U 303', 304, 307; outline of Greek girl to illustrate, III-*- ix, Extra Plate Lecotj 4 Index Lock, ('. S., his opinion of Eugenics, IIIA 260 Lock, R. //., on heredity, IIIA 303 Lock, invented by Galton, I 148 Locke, on generic image of man, II 298 Lockyer. Norman, and journalism, II 67-69 Logic, in educational scheme, II 165 Lombroso, and modern criminology, II 232; on in- heritance of ability, IIIA 102 London, Galton's early stay in, I 91 London, Jack, 'Call of the Wild' by, I1IB 561 London County Council, and the Galton Laboratory, IIIA 322; material provided by, IIIA 386 Longevity, of various classes, II 116; and health, II 266, 349; inheritance of, II 348, 349; inquiry concerning, II 349, 350; of the Galtons, IIIA 347, 1IIB 594; source of, in the Galton family, I 26 Loops, in finger-prints, types of, IIIA 209, I1IA 213 Plates XXIV, XXVI; sheet of types, I1IA, pocket in case; counting ridges of, IIIA 201-202 Loti, Pierre, at Ascain, IIIB 561 Louping-ill, E. Wheler-Galton's report on, IIIB 564-566 Lourdes, Galton at, 1IIB 553 Lovelace, Lady, presents collection of casts to Galton Laboratory, I 180 Lowe, E. J ., on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, IIIA 127 Lowell, J . R., pall-bearer at Darwin's funeral, IIIB 471 Lowell institution, and Galton, II 361 Loxton, home of Erasmus Galton, sketch of, I 48 Plate XXIX; Erasmus Galton farms at, I 125, 11 IB 528, 543; improvements in, IIIB 595; cavern at, IIIB 606; Galton visits Erasmus at, I 111, 147, IIIB 527, 528. See also IIIB 601 Loyola, IIIB 567, 568 Lubbock, Sir J., and anthropology, II 334; and care in choice of words, IIIB 506; peerage of, IIIs 516. See also Avebury, Lord Lunar Society, and Samuel Galton, I 46, 47 ; Dr Erasmus Darwin a member of, I 61 ; meeting place of, I 48, 49 Plate XXXI Luschan, von, skin colour scale of, II 226 I. /Islington, Sir V., pedigree of, IIIA 343, 345, 356 Lutz, F. E., paper of, in 'Biometrika,' I1IA 251 Lyall, A., on the Indian Civil Service, IIIA 327 Lying, Salonika centre of gravity of, in Europe, II 341 Lynch, surveys the Jordan and Dead Sea, I 205 Lyndhurst, Galton at, II 130, IIIA 374-377, IIIB 593, 594 Lyndon, Dr, attends Galton, IIIB 613, 617, 618 Lyons, Capt. (now Sir H. G.), visits Galton, IIIB 608 Lyrics, of Sir Charles Scdley, I 20 Macalister, Prof. A ., on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, IIIA 126; on Evolution Com- mittee, IIIA 290; meets Galton in Egypt, IIIB 517, 518 MacAlisler, Sir D., and Galton-MacAlister curve, II 228 ; interest of, in Eugenics, IIIA430; on law of geometric mean, IIIB 4Dg McCaskie, Dr, attends Galton, IIIB 596, 597 Macdonell, Mr, becomes engaged to Miss Hertz, 1IIB 469 Macdonell, W. R., correlation coefficients of, compared with Galton's values, IIIA 53, 54; on correlation of Bertillon measurements, II 305, 383, IIIA 188; on criminal anthropometry, IIIA 247; paper of, for ' Biometrika,' IIIA 248, 249 ; one of original guarantors for 'Biometrika,' IIIA 250 McFadyean, Mrs, on limitation of families, IIIA 322 Machine inventing, Galton takes to, II 51 Macinlyre, Violet, visits Galton, IIIA 324, IIIB 583, 584 Mackenzie, W. L., on nature and nurture, IIIA 260 Mackindcr, 11. ,/., and the Fellowship in National Eugenics, IIIA 222, 223 McLennan, D., Galton visits, IIIB 470 Mac Malum, P. A., and technical scientific terms, II1A 334 Macmillan, on 'Finger Print Directory,' IIIA 151 Macnaghten, Lord, elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, Hon. Fellowship, I1IA 236, 238; meets Galton at Trinity College, IIIB 574 Macnaghten, M. L., and identification of criminals, IIIA 149 Macrobius, IIIA 290, 291 Magazines, mid-Victorian, II 117 ' Magnum Opus,' of Roger Bacon, possible purchasers for, IIIB 527 Magnus, Sir Philip, and Galton Committee, IIIA 386 Mahan, Capt. A. T., honour bestowed on, IIIE 494 Mahomed, Dr F. A., and composite portraits of the phthisical, II 290-292; and the 'Life-History Album,' II 366, 367 Maine, Sir H., at Cambridge, I 141, 153, 164; obtains Chancellor's English Medal, I 167 Mair, D., to be consulted regarding plans for eugenic certificates, IIIA 296 Maitland, Prof., elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, Hon. Fellowship, IIIA 236, 238 Makarius, Galton meets in Egypt, IIIB 519 Mattock, W. H., novel by, IIIB 595, 596 Malthas, Galton on maxims of, II 110, 265 Malthusian League, IIIA 304 Mammals, need of work in their case, IIIA 401 Man, Darwin and Galton on, II 86; ancestry of, 1 1 85, 274, 275; source of slavish aptitudes in, II 72, 73; herd instinct in, II 72, 73; domestication of, IIIA 219, 220; and his environment, IIIA 218, 219; nature and nurture of, II 254; and heredity, II 117; and civilisa- tion, II 85; duty of, regarding evolution, II 263; future of, IIIA 217-220; inequalities in, IIIA 347, 348; on earth, IIIA 318; Galton, on salvation of, II 109, 110; generalisations regarding, II 298; and woman, artistic gifts in, IIIA 66; sensitivity of, II 221-222 Manhood, forecast of, from youth, IIIA 232; associations of, II 235 Mann, Dr, on drawing of Bushmen, II 239-240 Manouvrier, his lecture on ' bertillonage,' IIIA 148 Map Making, and measurements in Africa, I 232, 234 Maps, II 21, 22; proposals for, II 29, 30, 33, 34, IIIB 461 ; stereoscopic, II 283; meteorological, II 36-43, II 36 Plates V, VI, II 38 Plate VII; portable frames for maps of world, IIIB 462 Marking, system of, for bodily efficiency, II 382, 386- 396 Marks, desirable tests carrying, II 388 Marlborough College, statistics from, II 343, 396 Marriage, early, and fertility, II 110, 123-125, 265, 266, 408, 409; factors influencing, II 112, 149, IIIA 265, 270, 273; customs regarding, IIIA 233, 234, 267-270; among primitive peoples, IIIA 267-270; German and Austrian laws regarding, IIIA 268; interference with freedom of, IIIA 269; and religion, IIIA 269; and civic worth, IIIA 233, 242; within the caste, II 121; into tainted stock, II 132; of cousins, II 188, II1B 470: encouragement of, in good stock, II 139; the modern woman and, II 132-134; Bernard Shaw on con- ventions regarding, IIIA 260 Mars, signals from, II 279, 280 Marshall, Prof. Alfred, criticises work of Eugenics Laboratory, IIIA 408, 430 Martin, Prof. R., eye scale of, II 226 Martin, Sophia, poem of, on Eugenics, IIIA 357 Mason, Mr, teaches Galton mathematics, I 88, 99 Index 655 Masters, Maxwell. T.. on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, III* 127, 291 Mali nud Impressions, II 279 ; Gallon's views on influence of, II 146, 209; de Candolle on, II 209, 210 Mathematical Analysis, Gallon's, and coefficient of re- version, IIIA 7-9; aid from Dickson in, IIIA 12, 13 Mathematical Studies, of Gallon, I 88-90, 99-101, 107; advice from Darwin and Bowman regarding, I 110; advice from Hodgson on, I 113: at Cambridge, I 115, 140-195 Mathematicians, and 'Biometrika,' IIIA 256 Mathematics, inherited abilitv in, II 97: success in life and, II 97, 98; in educational scheme, II 155, IIIA 3(12: mental imagery and. II 243; application of, to social phenomena, IIlA 1 ; and science of hereditv, IIIB 504; need of, in statistical work, IIIA 302, 303 Mathison, Tutor of Trinity College, 1 153, 155, 156, 158- 160, 162, 163 Mating, ami parentage, instincts of. IIIA 218 M nndsley, Dr Henry, on Eugenics. 1 1 1 v 259 :l>i Mautier, <:.. drawing in 'Punch' of, IIIA 375 Maxwell-Masters, see Masters Ma rii, II, clerk, size of head and stature of, II 150 Mi mi, Galton's method of determining, II1A 24, 25; tables, giving some values of, for bodily characters with standard deviations, IIIA 54 dton's passion for, IIIB 458; value of habit of, II 382; need of, in anthropology, II 334; advantages of, to the measured, II 381; diurnal changes in. II 380; choice of, II 372, 373; by photo- graphy. II 310-323; of resemblance. II 329-333; III1* 562. 684, S66, 669, 576; by least discernible difference, II 303; anthropometric, II 336, 337, 370, 373; of individuality. II 303 306; of difference be- tween individual and type, II 311-315; of physical powers, II 336; of bodily efficiency. II 387, 388; of acuity of vision. 1 1 222. 223, 336; of sight differences, difficulties of, II 303: of imagination and sensation, II 307, III" 493: of pain. II 41 IS ; of infants. Ill" 496: of animals. II 317, 318, 320-323; of correlation, IIIA 60-57; and map makimr in Africa, I 232 Measurer, fallibility of. II 380 Mechanical Aptitude, in scientists, II 151 Mechanical Ingt nutty, in Galton and his ancestors. 1 16, 60, 148-15(1, 181, 212, 213, II 8, 19, 36, 40-63, 60, 274. Bee also Qalton, Fronds, mechanical ingenuity of Mechanical Manipulation, in educational scheme. II 165 ' Mecht ii'i-.' for border-line cases, II 305. 306 Mechanics, Hopkins compliments Qalton on his. 1 166: mental imagery and, 1 1 243 Medallions, of Erasmus Darwin, by ( mslow Ford. 1 1 202, II 204 Plate XX; by Fassic, III" 473 Plate L; Galton's annual, specimen of, III", below list of il- lustrations Medals awarded to Qalton, Royal Geographical, I 239; French Geographical Silver. I 239. I ft* 236; Huxley . rf Anthropological Institute, III* 226. 235: Royal Gold Medal, II 201, III" 476: Darwin, of Royal Society, IIIA 236, 237; Darwin-Wallace Medal' of Linnean Society, III* 340 :si2; Copley Medal of Society, III1 400, III" 61 1. 61 1. 616 Milium Value, Galton's definition of, II 338 Mediant, and means, II 344: Qatton'i use of. III-* 61, 54, 422; papers concerned with. II loo 106 Vuliiiil I.,]. History, value of. II 359; Galton'* internet in, II 360; difficulty in obtaining, II 360; scheme for obtaining, falls through, II 361 Medical Men, visits to, in Heidelberg, I 95: indices of capacity for, II 407 Mettica i nun,,!, "rants of, IT I A 361 Medical Research FeUowehtpt, need for, II 153 Medical Studies, of Galton — in Birmingham, I 92, 99- 104; at King's College, London, I 105-128; at Cam- bridge, I 180, 181, 184-187; at St George's Hospital, I 190, 191; Galton gives up his, I 193, 194, 196 Medicine, Galton dislikes the idea of practising, 1 199; Sir Francis S. Darwin and, I 22, 23 Medico-metric Laboratory, II 359 Midi,, rnlii, Galton on, II 384, 385 Meldola, Prof., on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, IIIA 126, 133, 290, 291 ; on a farm for experimental breeding. IIIA 134: suggests use of the word ' phylometry,' IIIB 500; Galton congratu- lates, IIIB 614; letters of Galton to, IIIB 500, 501, 598, 614 Melville, Col., interest of, in Eugenics, 111* 392: calls on Galton, IIIB 593; praises Lord Haldane, I1IB 603 Memoirs, Papen and Letters to Journals of Francis Galton : (1) 'The Telotype,' a printing Electric Telegraph (1849), I 212 (2) 'Recent Expedition into the Interior of South- western Africa' (1852), I 215 (3) 'Modern Geography,' Cambridge Essavs (J. W. Parker) (1855), II 21 (4) 'Ways and Means of Campaigning' (1855). II 14. 16, 16. 17. 18 (5) 'Course of Public Lectures in Camp at Aldershot' (Privately printed) (1856), II 15 (6) 'Catalogue of Models, illustrating Camp Life' (Privately printed) (1858), II 18 (7) ' TheExploration of Arid Countries '( 1 858). 1 1 24,25 (8) 'Sun Signals for the Use of Travellers ' ( 1859). 1 1 2 1 (9) 'Table for Rough Triangulation. etc.' 1860), II 23. 24 (10) 'On a New Principle for the Protection of Riflemen' (1861), II 18 (11) 'Additional Instrumental Instructions for Mr Consul Petherick' (1861), II 27 (12) 'Zanzibar.' a Lecture at the C.M.S. (1861 ), II 28 (13) 'Weather Map of the British Isles for Tuesday. September 3, 9 a.m.' (1861?), II 36 Plate VI (14) 'Synchronous Weather Chart of England, January 16, 1861, 9 a.m.' (1861), II 36, 38 Plate V (15) 'Circular asking for Synchronous Observations daring one month three times ilailv, with Map' (Privately printed) (1861), II 37 (16) 'English Weather Data. February 9. 1861, 9 a.m.' (1861), II 37 (17) 'Meteorological Charts' (1861), II 37 (18) 'Recent Discoveries in Australia' (1862), II 21 (19) 'Report on African Explorations' (1862). II 27 (20) 'A Development of the Theory of Cyclones ' (1862), II 39 (21) 'Hereditary Talent and Character.' (Written 1864), II 75,88,92. (Published 1866), II 70 (22) 'On Stereoscopic Maps taken from Models of Mountainous Countries' (1866), II 33. 34 (23) 'Spectacles for Divers and the Vision of Am- phibious Animals' (1866), 11 34 (24) 'The first Steps towards the Domestication of Animals' (1865). II 70 (25) ■ Domestication <>f Animals' (1866), II 258 (I'll) 'tin an FOrror in tin- usual Method of obtaining Meteorological Statistics of the Ocean' (1866), 1 1 63, 54 (27) 'On the Conversion of Wind Charts into Passage Charts' (1866). II 55, 56 (28) 'Drill Pantagraph, reducing horizontally and vertically to different Scales. Also a mechanical Computer of Vapour Tension. Report of Meteoro- logical Council' (1869), II 45-49 656 Index (29) 'Barometric Prediction of Weather' (1870), II 54, 55 (30) 'Experiments in Pangenesis by Breeding from Rabbits of a pure Variety, into whose Circulation Blood taken from other Varieties had previously been largely transfused' (1871), II 156 (31) 'Address to Geographical Section of the British Association at Brighton' (1872), II 28, 29 (32) ' Gregariousness in Cattle and in Men' (1872), II 72 (33) 'Statistical Inquiries into the Efficacy of Prayer' (1872), II 115-117 (34) 'Blood Relationship' (1872), II 169, 170, 184; reference to, II 146 (35) 'Africa for the Chinese' (1873), II 32-33 (36) ' On the Employment of Meteorological Statistics in determining the best Course for a Ship whose sailing Qualities are known' (1873), II 57 (37) 'Hereditary Improvement' (1873), II 117-122; quotation from, II 131 (38) 'The Relative Supplies from Town and Country Families to the Population of Future Generations ' (1873), II 123-125 (39) ' On the Causes which operate to create Scientific Men' (1873), II 146 (40) 'English Men of Science, their Nature and Nurture' (Lecture R.I.) (1874), II 145 (41) ' Proposal to apply for Anthropological Statistics from Schools' (1874), II 336 (42) 'Excess of Females in the West Indian Islands from Documents communicated to the Anthro- pological Institute by the Colonial Office' (1874), II 337 (43) 'Proposed Statistical Scale' (1874), II 337 (44) 'Notes on the Marlborough School Statistics' (1874), II 343 (45) 'The History of Twins, as a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture' (1875), II 126-128; reference to, I 8 (46) 'A Theory of Heredity' (1875), II 177, 182-188 (47) 'Statistics by Intercomparison with Remarks on the Law of Frequency of Error' (1875), II 338 (48) 'On the Probability of the Extinction of Families' (with H. W. Watson) (1875), II 341-3 (49) 'On the Height and Weight of Boys aged 14 in Town and Country Public Schools' (1876), II 125-6 (50) 'Short Notes on Heredity in Twins' (1876), II 128-130 (51) 'Whistles for determining the upper Limits of audible Sound in different Persons' (1876), II 215 (52) 'Apparatus for the Rapid Verification of Ther- mometers; now in Use at Kew Observatory' (1877), II 59 (53) 'Whistles' (1877), II 212 (54) 'Address to the Anthropological Department of the British Association' (1877), II 228. (Anthro- pology, a department under Biology, founded 1 866) (55) 'Typical Laws of Heredity' (1877), IIIA 6 (56) 'Hints to Travellers' (1878), II 4, 23 (57) 'Review of Letters of H. M. Stanley from Equatorial Africa' (1878), II 30 (58) 'On Means of combining various Data in Maps and Diagrams' (1878), II 284 (59) 'Composite Portraits made by combining those of many different Persons into a single resultant Figure' (1878), II 285 (60) 'Composite Portraits' (1878), II 286; reference to, II 212 (61) 'The Average Flush of Excitement' (1879), III* 124 (62) 'Psychometric Inquiries* (1879), II 212 (63) 'The Geometric Mean in Vital and Social Statistics' (1879), II 227 (64) 'The Law of the Geometric Mean' (1879), II 228 (65) 'Psychometric Facts' (1879), II 233 (66) 'Psychometric Experiments' (1879), II 233 (67) 'Generic Images' (Lecture R.I.) (1879), II 295 (68) 'Generic Images' (Nineteenth Century) (1879), II 297; reference to, II 212 (69) 'On Determining the Heights and Distances of Clouds by their Reflexions in a low Pond of Water and in a mercurial Horizon' (1880), II 61 (70) 'Visualised Numerals' (Nature) (1880), II 242; reference to, II 195 (71) 'Visualised Numerals' (Journal Anthrop. Inst.) (1880), II 242 (72) 'Statistics of Mental Imagery' (1880), II 236 (73) 'Pocket Registrator for Anthropological Pur- poses' (1880), II 341 (74) 'Opportunities of Science Masters at Schools' (1880), II 344 (75) 'Galtonia (Hyacinthus candicans)' (1880), IIIB 533-534 (76) 'The Equipment of Exploring Expeditions, now and fifty years ago' (1881), II 34 (77) 'On the Construction of Isochronic Passage Charts' (1881), II 35 (78) 'The Visions of Sane Persons' (1881), II 243 (79) 'On the Application of Composite Portraiture to Anthropological Purposes' (1881), II 288 (80) 'An Apparatus for testing the Delicacy of the Muscular and other Senses in different Persons' (1882), II 217 (81) 'A Rapid View Instrument for Momentary Attitudes' (1882), Addenda III" 629 (82) 'An Inquiry into the Physiognomy of Phthisis by the Method of Composite Portraiture' (1882), II 291 (83) ' Photographic Portraits from Childhood to Old Age' (1882), II 302 (84) 'The Anthropometric Laboratory' (1882), II 358 (85) 'Conventional Representation of the Horse in Motion' (1882), II 399 (86) 'Hydrogen Whistles' (1883), II 216 (87) 'Arithmetic Notation of Kinship' (1883), II 354 (88) 'Medical Family Registers' (1883), II 359 (89) 'Outfit for an Anthropometric Laboratory (Privately printed) (1883), II 370 (90) 'The American Trotting Horse' (1883), II 399 (91) 'Table of Observations ["on physical characters of 400 Persons!' (1889), II 378 (92) 'The Weights of British Noblemen during the last three Generations' (1884), III* 136, 137 (93) 'Free-will, Observations and Inferences' (1884), II 245 (94) 'Measurement of Character' (1884), II 268 (95) ' Anthropometric Laboratory arranged by Francis Galton, F.R.S.,... International Health Exhibi- tion, 1884,' II 370 (96) 'Address to Anthropological Section B.A.' [On Inheritance and Regression] (1885), IIIA 11 (97) 'Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature' (Journal Anthrop. Inst.) (1885), IIIA 12 (98) 'On the Anthropometric Laboratory at the late International Health Exhibition' (1885), II 371; reference to, 221 (99) 'Measure of Fidget' (1885), II 277 (100) 'Photographic Composites' (1885), II 293 (101) 'Some Results of the Anthropometric Lab- oratory' (1885), II 374 Index 657 (102) 'The Application of a Graphic Method to Fallible Measures' (1885), II 375 103) 'Anthropometric Percentiles' (1885), II 375-370 104) 'A Common Error in Statistics' (1885), II 377 105) ' Presidential Address, Anthropological In- stitute' (1886), III* 12 106) Motes on Permanent Colour Types in Mosaic' (1886), II 225 107) 'Anniversary Meeting of Royal Society (Galton's Speech at the dinner)' (1886), II 201 108) 'On Recent Designs for Anthropometric In- struments' (1886), II 226 109) 'The Origin of Varieties (Curve of Attractive- ness)' (1886), II 272-273 110) 'Chance and its Bearing on Heredity' (Bir- mingham Lecture) (1886), IIIA 12, 29 111)' Family Likeness in Stature' (1886), IIIA 1 2 112)' Family Likeness in Eye Colour' (1886), IIIA 34 113) Hood and Bad Temper in English Families' (1887), II 271; reference to, IIIA 69 114) 'Thoughts without Words' (1887), II 274 -275 115) 'Presidential Address, Anthropological In- stitute' (1887), II 396-397 116) 'The Proposed Imperial Institute, Geography and Anthropology' (1887), II 411 117) 'North American Pictographs' (1887), II 411 118) 'Pedigree Moth-breeding as a means of veri- fying certain important Constants in the General Theory of Heredity' (1887), IIIA 47 119) 'Remarks on Replies by Teachers to Questions respecting .Mental Fatigue' (1888), II 276 120) 'Presidential Address, Anthropological In- stitute' (1888), II 397 121) 'Personal Identification and Description' (Lecture 1888, publication 1889), II 303 808 reference to, IIIA 141 IS2) '< 'o-relations and their Measurement, chiefly from Anthropometric Data' (1888), IIIA 50 123) 'Instrument for testing the Perception of differences of Tint' (1889), II 218 124) 'Presidential Address, Anthropological In- stitute' (1889), 'Human Variety,' II 383 125) 'Notes on Australian Marriage System' (1889), Addenda IIP 629 126) 'On the Advisability of Assigning Marks for Bodily Efficiency in the Examination of Candidates for those Public Services in which Bodily Efficiency is of Importance' (1889), II 386 127) 'Head Growth of Students at the University of bridge' (1889), II 387 128) 'On the Principle and Methods of Assigning Marks for Bodily Efficiency' (1889), II 388 129) -The Sacrifice of Education' (Tests of l'i Capacity) (1889). II 393 130) Feasible Experiments on the Possibility of transmitting Acquired Habits by Means of In- heritance' (1889), IIIA 57 131) 'I irtificates of the Kew Obeerratory, issued by the Kcw Committee of the Royal Society' (1890), il 59, BO 132) 'A new Instrument for measuring the Rate of Movement of the various Limbs' (1890), II 220 133) Anthropometric Laboratory, Notes and Me- moirs No. V (1890), II 381 134) 'Why do we measure Mankind?' Section of (133), II 381 136) ■ Human Variety,' Section of (133), II 383 Hon of (133), II 384, 385 137) "The Measurement of Variety,' Section of (133), 1 1 385 (138) " Physical Tests in Examinations' (1890), II 394 (139) ' Dice for Statistical Experiments ' (1890), II 405 (140) 'The Patterns in Thumb and Finger Marks; on their arrangement into naturally distinct classes, the permanence of the papillary ridges that make them, and the resemblance of their classes to ordinary genera' (1890), IIIA 161 (141) 'Sexual Generation and Cross Fertilisation' (1890), IIIA318 (142) 'Decrease of Mortality by Smallpox, 1838- 1887' (1890), IIIB482 (143) 'Method of Indexing Finger-Marks' (1891), IIIA 170 (144) 'Identification by Finger Tips' (1891), IIIA 154 (145) 'Address to the Demographers' (1891), IIIA 218 (146) 'Retrospect of Work done at my Anthropo- metric Laboratory at South Kensington' (1891), II 378 (147) 'Galton's Pantagraph and Vapour Tension Computer (German)' (1892), II 47 (148) 'Identification' (1893), IIIA 155 (149) ' The Just-Perceptible Difference ' (1893), II 307, IIIA viii, Extra Plate (150) 'Enlarged Finger Prints' (1893), IIIA 155 (151) 'Discontinuity in Evolution' {Mind, 1894), IIIA 84-86 (152) 'The Part of Religion in Human Evolution' (1894), IIIA 88; reference to, II 102 (153) 'The Relative Sensitivity of Men and Women' (1894), II 222 (154) 'Review of A. Binet's "Psychologie des Grands Calculateura et Joueurs d'Echecs"' (1894), II 275 (155) 'Arithmetic bv Smell' (1894), II 275 (156) 'A plausible P*aradox in Chances' (1894), II 405 (157) 'Results derived from the Natality Table of (Corded bv employing the Method of Contours or fsogens' (1894), II 408 (158) 'Physical Index to 100 Persons on their Mea- sures and Finger-Prints' (1894), IIIA 197 (159) 'Terms of Imprisonment' (1895), II 406 ( 160) ' A New Step in Statistical Science ' (1895), II 41 1 (161) 'The Wonders of a Finger Print' (1895), III1 l.v.i (162) 'Intelligible Signals between Neighbouring Stars' (1896). II 279 (163) 'A ourioua Idiosyncrasy' (1896), II 279 ( 1 64) 'On Bertillon's System of Identification ' ( 1896), II ill, II lA 144 (165) 'Three Generations of Lunatic Cats,' Letter only (1896), IIIA 87 (166) 'Scheme for further accurate Observations on Variation, Heredity, Hybridism, and other Pheno- mena that would elucidate the Evolution of Plants and Animals' (1896), IIIA 135 (167) 'Prints (Finger) of Scars' (1896), IIIA 154 (168) 'Lesemprcintcs diintales' (1896), IIIA 159 (169) 'The Average Contribution of each several Ancestor to the total Heritage of the Offspring,' Boy. 8oe. Pro,-. (Basset Hounds) (1897), IIIA 40 (170) 'Relation between the Individual and Racial Variability' (1897), II IA 96 (171) ' Dr Haughton and the Long Drop' (1897), II 407 (172) ' Rate of Racial Change that accompanies Differ- ent Degrees of Severii y in Selection' (1897), IIIA 93 (173) 'Retrograde Selection' (1897), IIIA 95 (174) 'Hereditary Colour in Horses' (1897), IIIA 95 (175) 'Temporary Flooring in Westminster Abbey for Ceremonial Processions' (1898), II 198 (170) 'Photographic measurement of Horses and i Animals' (1898), II 320 (177) ' Photographic Record of PedigreeStock'(1898), II 321-322 83 658 Index 178) 'An Examination into the Registered Speeds of American Trotting Horses, with Remarks on their Value as Hereditary Data' (1898), II 400 179) 'A Diagram of Heredity (illustrating the Ancestral Law)' (1898), IIIA 44-^5 180) 'The Distribution of Prepotency' (in Trotting Horses) (1898), IIIA 98 181) 'The Median Estimate' (1899), II 401 182) A Geometric Determination of the Median Value of a System of Normal Variants, from Two of its Centiles' (1899), II 402 183) 'Linnaeus' Strawberry Cure for Gout' (1899), IIIA 124 184) 'William Cotton Oswell, Hunter and Explorer' (1900), Preface to, by Galton, II 35 185) 'Analytical Photography' (1900), II 311-316 186) 'Identification Offices in India and Egypt' (1900), IIIA 157 187) 'Souvenirs d'^gypte' (1900), III* 158, IIP 455 188) 'Biometry' (1901), IIIA 100 189) 'On the Probability that the Son of a very highly gifted Father will be no less gifted' (1901), IIIA 102 190) 'The possible Improvement of the Human Breed under the existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment' (1901), IIIA 226 191) 'The most suitable Proportion between the Values of First and Second Prizes' (1902), II 411 192) 'Finger-Print Evidence' (1902), I1IA 160 193) 'Pedigrees' (1903), IIIA 103 194) 'Sir Edward Fry and Natural Selection' (1903), IIIA 122 195) 'Our National Physique — Prospects of the British Race — Are we Degenerating?' (1903), IH* 252 196) 'Nomenclature and Tables of Kinship' (1904), IIIA 105 197) 'Average Number of Kinsfolk in each Degree' (1904), IIIA 107 198) 'Distribution of Successes and of Natural Ability among the Kinsfolk of Fellows of the Royal Society' (1904), IIIA 108 199) 'Number of Strokes of the Brush in a Picture' (1905), III* 125 200) 'On Dr Faulds' "Guide to Finger Print Identi- fication" ' (1905), IIIA 147-148 201) 'Eugenics, its Definition, Scope and Aims' (1905), IIIA 262 202) 'A Eugenic Investigation, Index to Achieve- ments of Near Kinsfolk of some of the Fellows of the Royal Society' (1905), IHA 266 203) 'Restrictions in Marriage' (1905), IIIA 266 204) 'Eugenics as a Factor in Religion' (1905), IIIA 273 205) 'Studies in National Eugenics' (1905), IIIA 274 206) ' Cutting a Round Cake on Scientific Principles ' (1906), IIIA 124 207) 'Measurement of Resemblance' (1906), II 329- 333; reference to, III* 279 208) 'The Measurement of Visual Resemblance' (1906), II 331 209) 'Anthropometry at Schools' (1906), II 345 210) 'Classification of Portraits' (1907), II 325 211) 'One Vote, one Value' (1907), II 400 212) 'Grades and Deviates' (1907), II 401 213) 'Vox populi' (1907), II 403 214) Probability — the Foundation of Eugenics' (1907), IIIA 317-321; quoted, II 415, IIIA 309 215) 'Suggestion for improving the Literary Style of Scientific Memoirs' (1908), IIIA 336 216) 'Address on Eugenics' (1908), IIIA 346 (217) 'Local Associations for promoting Eugenics' (1908), IIIA 350 (218) 'Sequestrated Church Property' (1909), II 410, IIIA 367 (219) 'Segregation (of the Feeble-Mindcd)' (1909), IIIA 365 (220) 'Numeralised Profiles for Classification and Recognition' (1910), II 326 (221) 'Eugenic Qualities of Primary Importance' (1910), IIIA 401 (222) 'Note on the Effects of small and persistent Influences' (1910), IIIA 403 (223) 'The Eugenic College of Kantsaywhere' (1910), IIIA 4n Memories, blended, and general impressions, II 296 'Memories; Galton's, IIIA 330, 333, 335, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346, 354, 355, IIIs 585-588, 613 Memory, inheritance of, II 151; physiological basis of, II 296; of form and number, tests for, II 359; of form in men and women, II 376; a deceitful guide, II 367; will and, II 241 Ma, inequalities of, I 61, II 89-92, 121, 122, 135, 137, IIIA 252; and women, sensitivity of, II 221, 222 Mendel, O., and Galton, born in same year, IIIA 335; Galton's appreciation of, 1IIB 542 Mendeleef, Prof., honour conferred on, IIIB 494 Mendelians, and eye colour, IIIA 36, 37, 324; and albinism, IIIA 388; on Galton's Ancestral Law, I1IA 41 Mendelism, and Law of Ancestral Inheritance, II 84, IIIA 329; Galton's approach to, II 190; some modi- fications in, IIIA 81 ; biometry and, IIIA 287, 288, 357, 358; bearded wheat and, IIIA 314; and white man and albino negress giving mulattoes, IIIA 370 Mental, character — of Francis Galton, I 56-60, II 1, 4, 10, 233-236, 308, 317, 355 (see also Gallon, Francis, mentality of); inheritance of, II 72, 75-77, 81, 82, 86-89, 126, 128, 135, 146, 174; and physiognomic character, II 231-233; and anthropometric char- acters, II 229, 232, 233; resemblance of, in twins, II 127; correlation of, with temperament, etc., II 229; source of, II 72, 73; of different races, II 31, 88; of criminals, II 230; measurement and classification of, II 229 Mental Capacity, tests for, II 272; of school children, and physique, IIIA 356 Menial Defect, in the general population, IIIA 365-367; plans for work on, IIIs 541, 542, 544 Mental Discomforts, weariness in Galton, I 56, 58, 69, 70 ; fatigue, signs and warning of, IIIB 478; overwork, circular concerning, II 351, 352; and idiosyncrasy, II 279 Mental Imagery, in Dr Erasmus Darwin, II 196; in Charles Darwin, II 207; Galton and, II 236. 238; in scientists, II 237, 243; in different races, II 239, 240; in artists, etc., II 243; in women, II 242; accounts of, II 240; desirable power of, II 241; and abUity, II 243 Mental Impressions, source of error in, II 296, 297 Mental Processes, and imaginary smells, II 275, 276 Mental Types, distinguished by portraiture, II 301, 303 Menzies, Mrs, Galton sees, in Cape Town, I 219 Menzies, Sir N. and Lady, hospitality of, I 168, 169 Mercier, C, on Eugenics, IIIA 259 Meredith, George, and London University, IIIA 289 Merrifield, C. W., and Galton's wave-machine, II 52, 53 Mirrifield, F., cooperates with Galton in breeding ex- periments on moths, IIIA 46, 47, 49. 130, IIIB 484 Mesmerism, Galton's experiments in, II 197 Meston, A. J., graphical representation of Galton's ancestral law by, IIIA 44 Metaphysicians, mental imagery in, II 243 Index 659 Meteor, seen by Galton, IIIB 579, 580 1 Meteorographtca,' work by Galton, II 38, 40-43, II 38 Plate VII Meteorological, data, appeal for, II 37; predictions, IIIB 475, 481; instructions for travellers, II 44 Meteorologicc . II 43, 44, 56, 57 Meteorologists, need for co-operation among, II 38, 39; biometry and, III* 282, 283 Meteorology, and Galton, II 7, 13, 35-49, 53-62; on how to measure data regarding, IIIB466-468, 471-473 Methuen, asks Galton for an autobiography, III* 329, IIIB 585; considers ' Kantsay where,' IIIB 615 Meyer, Dr, Galton travels to Frankfort with, I 132 Meyrici, on experiments at Marlborough, II 396 Mice, experiments and work on, II 139, 140, IIIA 251, 316, IIIB .-,42 Middle Classes, lower, Galton on, III-4 2.">2 Middlcton, 'Biographia Evangelica' of, II 100-102 Middhton, J. H., honour conferred on, IIIB 494 Midparent, Galton's definition of, IIIA 8, 15 Mill, John Stuart, definition of 'religion' of, IIIA 89, 90, 93 MiUais, Sir E., Reports on Basset hounds of, IIIA 40 Miller, W. A., works in Liebig's laboratory, I 126, 130; his advice to Galton, I 129; chemical investigations of, I 130 Mi until- Insects, and natural selection, III* 122, 123 Mimicry, argument from, III* 370 Mind, and body, exercise and fatigue of, IIIB 478, 479; over-concentration of the, II 241 ; of others, as a field for exploration, II 243 rs, Welsh, composite portrait of, II 288 Plate XXXIII .1/ into, Lord, on permanence of individuality, III* 279 Minutiae, of finger-prints, III* 181, 183; definition of, III* 178; persistence of, III* 181, 195, 196; re- semblance of, in twins, III* 191. See also under Finger-prints Miser,/, and fertility, III* 218 Missionary Enterprise, II 32 Models, geographical, II 33, 34, II 33 Plate IV; to illustrate action of Weber's Law, II 307 Mohan . Galton's interest in, and respect for, I 207, IIIB 449; and missionary enterprise, II 82; Boaworth Smith on, I 207. See also Moslems MoiUii t. Cine. . writes to Galton, IIIB 579 t, J. K., brother-in-law to Galton, IIIB 473; death of, IIIB 580 MoUliet, Lucy, sister to Galton, visits to, at Selby Hall, I 155; messages to, IIIB 453 Monkeys, Galton's pets in Egypt and Syria, I 202, 203 Monogamy, from the eugenic standpoint, III* 86 Mont Wane district, model of, II 34 Montford, bust of Darwin by, III* 374 Mom (mental Tablet, to Erasmus Darwin in Lichfield Cathedral, II 204 Plate XX Moral Character, source of, II 72, 73; inheritance of, II 72. 75, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 89; and natural selection, II 83 Moral Lapses, and piety, II 102 lity, relative nature of, III* 263 Morals, and the legal profession, II 95; and the Greeks, II 108 Morley, John, quotation from, IIIB 441; anecdote of, and Lord Rosebery, IIIs 616 Mosaic Code, and Eugenics, III* 223. 224 Mosaics, as colour standards, IIIB 474 Moslems, civilising effect of, II 28, 268 Motherhood, endowment of, and Eugenics, II 134 Mothers, of II 96, B7, 103; of divines, II 102; transmission of talent by, II 76, 77; mental influence on, III* 135; and mothers' ancestry, influence of, III* 102; fathers and offspring, finger-prints of, III* 192 Moths, breeding experiments with, III* 40, 45—47, 49, IIIB 484 Motives, valuation of, II 351; material and immaterial, III* 270, 271; and temptations, changing character of, III» 492 Mott, F. W., on segregation of defective children, III* 268; on internal pigment, III* 372; material of, III* 298 Mount Carmel, Galton's experiences at, I 204 Mountaineering, and Galton, II 6 Mozart, extraordinary powers of, IIIB 500 Milgge, paper of, IIIB 600 Mulattoes and Mendelism, III* 370 Mules, on Galton's African journey, I 222-225 Midler, Prof. Max, on thought without words, II 274, 275; Prof. Sayce and, IIIB 517 Midi go Park, and African memorial, II 25 Munro, R., and Kew Observatory, II 59 Murchison, Sir R., and Galton, II 61; on Committee of Brit. Assoc, IIIB 458 Murie, and experiments on pangenesis, II 159 Murray, travels of, in Africa, I 214 Murray, Prof. Gilbert, on religion of Pagan Greeks, III* 272 Murray, John, and publication of eugenic matter, III* 277, IIIs 544, 545; dines with Galton, IIIB 530; advice of, to writers, IIIB 564 Muscle, hereditary character of, II 104 Muscular, power and training, II 9 1 ; co-ordination, measure of, II 358, 359; sense, testing of, II 217, 218 Musical Box, facility in identifying perforated discs of, II I B 606 Musical Sense, lack of, in Galton, IIIB 441, 448 Musicians, fertility of, II 96 Mutations, and origin of species, II 84; evolution by, III* 31, 32. Sec ids,) 8portl Mutiny, among men on Galton's African journey, I 223- 225 Mm/bridge, his photographs of the horse in motion, II 399 Mi/mrs. M i.i.i, Galton's interest in, IIIB 453 Mylton, Jack, extravagant exploits of, I 211 Nail Murk, on Chinese coin, III* 174 Nomaquae, behaviour of the, I 224-227, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235 ; Galton calls on, and gives laws to Jonker, the captain of the, I 226; and rewards him for keeping the peace, I 235 Nome, change of, and loss of hereditary record, III* 119 Nangoro, African chief, crowned by Galton, I 233. 236; death of, I 240; sketch of, I 59 Plate XXXVIII, I 237 Plate LIX lean, composite portrait of, II 295, II 296 Plate XLIV; on undesirability of mental imagery in com- manders, II 263 Naqada Crania, measurements of, III* 247 Nash, Mrs Vaughan, gift of, to tho Galton Laboratory, of Florence Nightingale's copies of Quetelet, II 414 Nasmyth, and picture of a meteor, IIIB 579 National Brat of Progress, Galton on, II 254, 255 Motional Physical Laboratory, Galton on deputation regarding. Ill* 248 Nations, modern, nature of, II 118; influences affecting natural ability of, II 109-115 Sat a rat Ability, among kinsfolk of scientific men, I 6 Natural Children, of Erasmus Darwin, I 18, 19; of Col. E. S. Pole. 1 19 Natural Equality, I 61, II 90-92, 121, 122 83—2 (560 huh x 'Natural Inhiritaxcc' work by Galton. I 2, 5, II 84, 87, II I » 57 «8 : Wcismann's appreciation of, IIIA 340, 341 Xaiiiral Selection, Galton introduces idea of, into his work. III* 9; quincunx, to illustrate action of, III* 10; Galton on. Ill* 122; Sir E. Fry on, IIIA 122, 123: union of. IIIA 81, 82; survival and, II 74; ami man, II 74, 75, 79, 82, 83, 86; and evolution, II 79, 171: and civilisation. II 83: and original sin. II 86; Eugenics and, IIIA 355: popular lecture on. Ill v 247 Xature, carelessness of, II 109; requirements of. II 119; and the improvement of man, IIIA 218-220; and man, IIIA 318 'Nature,' origin of, II 67, 69; letters of Galton and Darwin in, on pangenesis experiments, II 162-165. For Galton's many letters and papers in, see under Memoirs Xature and Nurture, I 7. 8, 60, II 81, 118, 254-258, 358, 397, IIIA 260, 374, 384. 390, 392. 400; and measure of heredity in twins, II 126-130: of scientific men. II 177-179; de Candolle on, IIIB 483 Navigation, II 55—58 Xavy. characteristics of boys in, II 120 Naworth Park, the birthplace of the coefficient of correlation, II 393, IIIA 5, 50 X'ebula, shedding a satellite, IIIB 464 Negro, The, Galton on, II 28; characteristics of, II 31-33, 81, 106, 107; and Africa, II 32, 33, 264, 265; profiles of, II 324; finger-prints of, IIIA 193; in America, III-4 219. 262; in Africa. IIIA 262 Neolithic Man, and domestication, II 72 Neo-Malthusianism, II 111, 132-134, III A 243, 302, 304. See also Malthus and Limitation of Families Xephews and grandsons, relative nearness in kinship of, IIIA 33 Nero, composite portrait of, II 295, II 296 Plate XLI: the Beast of the Apocalypse, IIIB 572 Nervous Disorders, in parents of the sane and insane, IIIA 277 Nettleship, E., meets Galton. IIIA 327, 330, 393; albino dogs of, IIIA 356, 357, 393 Neurath, Drs Otto and Anna, translate 'Hereditary Genius,' IIIB 607 Netccastle, lecture at, IIIA 394 Newnham Orange (Sir George Darwin's home), Darwin portraits at, I 243 New Year's Greeting, to Galton, IIIA 248 New Zealand, Eugenics in. IIIB 012 X garni. Lake, and Galton's projects in Africa, I 214, 215 219 Nietzsche, and Galton, II 109, 119 Nightingale, Florence, and the Crimean War, II 13: and statistical inquiry, II 156, 250; on treatment of the wounded, II 416; 'The passionate statistician,' II 414—124; correspondence of, with Galton, II 416- 424; on Quetelet, II 414, 418 Nile, The, Galton's impressions of, I 200-203 Xobility, ability of the, II 93 Noel, Captain, Galton and his sister stay with, I 179, 180; collection of casts from living heads, I 180 Normal Curve, Galton's use of, II 89, 90, IIIA 5, 7-10, 30, 31; and Galton's ogive, II 338, etc.; and the binomial, II 338, etc.; intelligence and the, II 104; physical measurements and the, II 384, 386; finger- prints and the, IIIA 167, 168 Normal Surface, IIIA 63 Nome, Major, and 'Daddy Tin Whisker,' IIIB 603 Xorthampton, Marquess of, Galton meets, in Egypt, IIIB 516-518; invalid wife of, IIIB 517 Northbroolc, Lord, characteristics of, IIIA 113 Xorths, The, and Galton, II 1 1, 53, 70, 88 Nontay, Culton plans a tour in, I 122, 123, and gives it up, I 124, 125: Eugenics in, II 267 ■rlh ies, proportion of, in population, IIIA 1 1 6, 118, 120; percentage amongst kinsmen of Fellows of Roy. . IIIA 119 Xoteworthiitii*. Galton's measure of, IIIA 108, 114, 115, 118, 119, 121; of kinsmen of Fellows of Roy. Soc., IHA 108-121; register of, IIIA 112; ability and, III* H6 tnrthu Families,' work by Galton and Schuster, IIIA 113-121 ; publication of, IIIB 548. 550. 504. 687, 568 Novel, Galton's. See ' Kantsaywhere' Number, associated with colour, II 214. 253 Xumber-Forms, Galton on, II 205. 206, 240. 243. 263, IIIB 486; types and associations of, II 241; Galton's collection of, II 241, 242; examples of, II 252 Plate XXIV: heredity and, II 242: frequency of, II 242: in the sexes. II 242; of de Candolle, 11 207. 208 Nurture, of Galton, I 11, 12; weeds and. IIIA 220; problems regarding State aid and, I1IA 253, 254: limited power of, II 118, 127, 128; dependence of abstract ideas on, II 255 : early sentiments and, II 250, 257: conscience and, II 257; domestication and, II 258; and nature, see Nature and Nurture Oakley, his portrait of Tertius Galton, IUB 570, I 52 Plate XXXIII; his portrait of Francis Galton I 93 Plate XLVTII Obituary Notices, written by Galton, II 396 O'Brien, tutor to Galton at Cambridge, I 143-146, 149, 153 Observation, in Galton's educational scheme. II 155 Occupation, effect of, on finger-prints, IIIA 155; of parents and health of children, IIIA 356 Ocean, meteorological statistics of, II 53. G determination of currents in, IIIB 579 Octogenarians, inquiries concerning, II 349, 350 Odell, Maud Gardintr, takes finger-prints of her child, sends to biographer copies of Galton's letters to her, IIIB 496-499 Ogive, exponential curve of Galton, II 191, 239. 335. 338-340, 402-^04, IIIA 62, 167, 16S, 422. I1IB 463, IIIA 31 Plate II Ogle, Dr, case of crooked finger in twins, II 181; on medical life-histories, II 359 OUeniuaw, Mrs, to have medallion of Erasmus Darwin, IHB473 Omabonde Lake, Galton reaches, I 231, 233, 235 Omutchikota Lake. See Otchikoto Lake Opinion, necessity to test, II 296 Optical Contin it ity and just perceptible difference. II 308, 309, IIIA Extra Plate facing Table of Contents Orators, mentally reading manuscript, II 252; gifts of, II 256 Ord, Dr W. M., on medical life-histories, II 359 Organisation, spirit of, in the Galton blood, I 124 Oriental Subjects, and political power, UIA 279 'Origin of Species,' and Galton. I 207, 208, II 4. 82, 201, 206; letter of Galton to Darwin on, II 200 Plate XVIII Order Spitze, geographical model of, II 34, II 33 Plate IV Osborn, H. F., on palaeontological evidence for evolu- tion, IIIA 82 Osborn, Admiral S., large head of, IIIA 249 Osier, Prof., assistance of, IIIA 343 Ostwald, erroneous statement as to priority of de Candolle and Galton, II 145 Oswell, W. E., Galton on, II 35; travels of, in Africa, 1 214, 215 Index 661 ' ake, Gallon's name on rock by side of, mB 817, Plate LIX | In-Tropical SouthAfrica.' 1st ed; this lake, on pp. 200 and 238 is banned 'Otohikoto.' (lalton ivas there tho .second time on June 25, 1851; in his sketeli of that date (see I 216 J 'late LVII) it is termed "Omutchikota"; the modern Staff map gives no aid] f/i-ulirreros, atrocities of the, I 236 Ovampo (Karupi), a sketch of, by Galton, I 216 I 'late LVII •'"/;< . (lalton crowns the king of, 1 233, 235) 237 Plate LlX; country and welfare of, 1 233, 235, 236; fowls of, I 233; subsequent difficulties of. I 240 [101 103, 108, 1 Hi, 151. 166-172, 194; of Cambridge students, 1 ]7I, 194; victims of , II 278 Oxen, on African journey, I 222 226, 23] 236, 239, I 2:S7 Plate LIX ! Philosophical ( lull, Karl Pearson lectures to the, IIP 31S /. and W'eldon memorial. IIP 286, 287; anthropometric laboratory for students of, I11A 828; honours Galton, 111" 4!i:(, 494 Owen, R., size of head and stature of, II ISO; asks for specimens from Africa, 1 210 una at, III " 175 Paget, Str ./., singular case of, II 163; analyses the of his pupils, QJi 62, 6 .Mrs Lalton, III" 464 Pom, sensitivity to, in criminals, II 4118; relation of It to force of blow, II 108; measurement of unit of, 11408 HUM, and metal bridges, IIP 148 Painters, fertility of, II 96, 99; Galton on, II 96 'Pairs of Things,' Arab rieti of, III" 636 Palm and domes! ii ation, II 71; drawings of, and mental imagery, II 210 r, A., honour conferred nn, III" t'.ll '. finger-prints of, III" 498, 499 , adopted by Galton, D 113; experiments on, II IS6-177, 181-183, IIP 129: rejected by Galton, II 163, 164, 182-184; letters of Darwin and Galton to 'Nature' on, II 193, 164; danger of theory of, II 173 Panm m oti observation . IIP 186 .11 12, 46 17 ism, of Galton, II 117, 119 mi, good and had, III" 575 tage, Galton on, II 110; and marriage, II 184; and mating, instincts of, IIP 218; in complex nisations, 1 1 182, 185; sex prepotency in, 1 1IA 17, 18; exceptional, and regression, IIP 32; of able men, III* 27 Parental I • ■..■ ins, IIP 275 id offspring, rasemblaitoe of, II 169, i~o, 18."), 186,111*2-4, 17 19,229,242; relationship of. II 172 174; finger-prints of, IIP 192; latent elements in, II 170, etc.; age of, and fi I 108-410; ( and rigour of offspring, II 848, 849; modern youth and, II 257: and training of children, II 127 I 118, 1 19, 147 ■il. novel of. 111" 656 Parker, Sir II., Galton meets in Cape Town, I 219; yachting wit h, 1211 i, of Haddington, in the Temple, IIP :to2; ■ liiomctrika'and, IIP 250; to I ...IIP 326, 327 r, The Misses, natural daughters of Krosmus in, I 18 Plate ,\, I 17. Ill" 102 /'. A'. ,1., on ncdical hygiene, III" 593, 594 Parkvns, Mansfield, (lalton meets at Khartoum, I 201, 202 Party, Major, Galton on the Danube with, I 133, 134 Parthenogenesis, observations regarding, IIP 135 Partridge, Prat, /.'., (lalton in the house of, I 105, 106, 113, IIIB 565; Galton studies anatomy under, 1 105; diagnoses a carbuncle on Galton, I 108 /torts, Gallon's early, I 93, 114 Potency, and latency, II 172, 173 Paterntty, finger-prints in determination of, II 307 Patholoyieal Slulr.i, inheritance of, II 80; resemblance of, in twins, 11 127 Patronage of landowners mighl aid Eugenics, IIP 231 Pan, Galton at, III" 551-553 Paupers, marriago restrictions about, III* 268 Pearl, R., work of, 111* 103, 279, 283, 297, 383; post held by, III* 381 Pearson, H. S., assistance of, II vii, 311 Pearson, Prof, II. II. II., on Qalton'i name on rock at lake in Ovampoland. I 216 I'late. lA'II; hears of Galton in Kohoboth, I 223. See also OtchikotO I Pearson, Karl, some personal recollections of Galton, IIP 239. 202, 432 130; correspondence of, with Galton. see Oalton, Francis, correspondence of; views on GaltOn's School, IIP 57; KlC'onic Record (Hiiro and, III* 296-299, 303, 804; early plans of, for the Galton Laboratory, 111* 304 806; directs the (lalton Laboratory, EH* 299 802, 804, 322, 332, 333, eto.; Fellowship in .National En I. IIP 222, 223, 300, 301, etc.; higher mathematics in statistical work of, III1 219. 3oi, 80S; on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals (Evolution Committee), IIP 120. 127. 128, 286 291, III" 501; resigns from Evolution Committee. IIP 291j farm for experi- mental breeding, III* 134, 135, 251, 287; fellowship of Royal Society of. Ill* 282, 283; University of London and, IIP 289, 290; Weldon memorial and, IIP 281 287, 291, 297. 801; Chairman at Galton'l lecture to the Sociological Society, IIP 261, 202; Boyle lecture of, IIP 809, 314, 815; lectures to Oxford Philosophical Club, 111*315; Darwin Medal awarded to, III" 505; 'Chances of Death' by, received by Galton, HIB 502; death and characteristics oi Cat bet of. IIP 327, 328; last, visit of, to (ialton. IIP 432; portrait of, with (lalton, IIP 353 Plate X \ XVI. al o under ' Biometrika ' ■a, M, V., assistance of, IIP viii Pedigree, showing dire ta oi (ialton, I 10; of immedia! and collaterals of Galton, Plato A in pocket of Vol. I; showing connections of liarclays with noteworthy ancestors, Plate Ii in pocket of Vol. I; showing relationships of i'roainc, liarclays and Callous. Plate C in pocket of Vol. I ; of A lira! DU(| and Qaltons, Plate I) in pocket of Vol. I; sho. action of Charles Darwin with note- worthy ai Plate K in pocket, of Vol. I, and Plate P in pocket of Vol. II P ; of Darwins and V. woods, 1 1 1 * 813,814; of Darwin ancestry , I 244 246; of Polydactyly and twinning, 11 129; of multiple births, II 129; of criminality (the '. hikes'), II 231 frets, indexing of, IIP 103 105; classification iii, lllA 343, 84 I; sche.li, in collecting, IIP 105, 106; difficulties in working out, I 9; of able families, IIP 848 ion of n OOrds of, II 321 323; oj mot I, . Qalton ' nciii,, [ regarding, IIP 16, 46 I 'nil, r, Sir . i ., on use of finger prints in India, III* 153 Peek, .1. /•-'., ami In I'aulds letter 0O finger-prints, IIP 113 Peeragi . extinction of, II 95, 90, 311, 313 Pekingi and Pommeraniaus, cross-breeding of, II 232 662 Index Pelly, Lady, III* 400, 433, IIIB 530, 587 Pember, E. //., delivers Galton's lecture before Roy. Soc. of Literature, IIIA 336 Pom, Margaret, married Thomas Freame, I 32 Pensioners, use of finger-prints of, I1IA 176 Peppard, biometricians at, IIIA 135, 279 Percentiles, Galton's method of, II 125, 236, 374-376, 381, 401^104; table of anthropometric, II 376. See also Normal Curve and Ogive Perception, delicacy of, under varying conditions, II 308 Perry, mathematical lectures of, at Cambridge, 1 142, 1 •">.'! Pern/, Sir E. Cooper, in the Temple with Karl Pearson, III* 302 Perry Coste, F. H., takes finger-prints in Polperro for Galton, IIIB 522-524; correspondence of, with Galton, IIIB 522-524, 616; colour faculty in son of, IIIB 616 Perseverance, heredity of, II 151 Pertz, Miss, Galton meets, IIIB 513 Pel Animals, II 70-72 Petit, Dr, attends Mrs Francis Galton, IIIB 502 Petrie, Flinders, Galton stays with in Egypt, IIIA 240, IIIB 515-517 Petworth, biometricians on holiday at, III* 322-326 Phantasmagoria, II 244; in journalists, II 256 Phidias, ability of, II 107 Philanthropy, views of, IIIA 402, 403. See also Charities Philistis, Queen of Sicily, portraits of, and composite, II 296 Plate XLII Phillimore, Sir W. and Lady, white ducks of, IIIA 360, 361; daughter of, killed in accident, III8 530 Phillips, Emma, Galton's appreciation of, IIIB 532 Phillips, Prof. J ., retires from office of Secretary to Brit. Assoc, IIIB 458 Phillips, Mary, marries Darwin Galton, IIIB 454 Phillips, Stephen, 'Nero' of, IIIB 572 Philosophers, and mental imagery, II 240 Photographic Researches of Galton, and portraiture, II 283-333; indexing of profiles, etc., II 298-311; method and study of mental characters, II 297; for family records, importance of, II 302; reduction of circle to ellipse, II 299, 300; bi-projection, II 300; measurement of distance by, II 316, 317; measure- ment of animals by, II 317, 318, 320-323; records of pedigree stock by, II 321 ; lecture on composite portraiture to Photographic Society, II 288 Photography, air plane, colour and stereoscopic, II 29; Galton turns to, II 229; composite, II 192, 204; Galton's first announcement on, II 229; composite, as method of measuring association of mental and physical characters, II 229; analytical, II 311-316; photograph of a smile, II 312; measurements by, II 316-323; finger-prints and, IIIA 187, 196, 197 Phrenology, I 157, IIIB 577; Captain Noel's interest in, I 180 Phthia, Queen of Epirus, portraits of, and composite, II 296 Plate XLII Phthisical, diathesis and physiognomy, II 290-293, composite portrait representing the, II 291 Plate XXXIV Phthisis, inheritance of, II 292, II IA 73-76, 260, 326, 399 ' Phylornetry' and 'Biometry,' III8 500 Physical Characters, source of Galton's, I 55, 56; of the Negro, II 31 ; inheritance of, II 76, 82, 135 (see also under Heredity); resemblance of, in twins, II 127; psychological significance of, II 212; correlation of, II 390; correlation of, with mental qualities, II 128, 229 232 388 Physical Efficiency, marks for, II 382, 386-396, IIIB 480; measurement of, II 90, 336; ability and, II 94; intelligence and, II 77 Physical Overstrain, and mental overwork, II 351, 352 Physicists, mechanical aptitude in, II 151 Physiognomic Characters, and mental traits, II 231 233, 283; weight given to, II 301; and phthisical tendency, II 291-293, II 291 Plate XXXIV Physiognomy, Charles Darwin on, II 335 Physique, correlation of, with ability, II 128; of the British. II 336, IIIA 252, 253; of school-children, and mental capacity, IIIA 356 Pietographs, of American Indians, II 411 Pictures, seen with closed eyes, II 244, 247; visualised. associated with words, II 243; signalling of, II 280 Piety, and health, II 101; hereditary nature of, II 101, 103; and the sceptic, II 102; and the sense of sin. II 102; and moral oscillations, II 102; and instability of disposition, II 103 Pigmentation, and relative healthfulness, IIId 476, 477 Pigments, internal and external, IIIA 372; in hair, analysis of, IIIA 97, 98; painting of trees in, 1IIA 97 Plates III, IV Pigs, Gallon's interest in, IIIA 390, 391 Pinoushion Doll, legend regarding lady and doctor, 1II» 553 Pimsent, Mrs Hume, on segregation of the feeble- minded, IIIA 374 Pitch, of musical note, measure of sensitivity to, II 226, 227 Pitfalls, in experiments on theory of chance, II 405, 406 Plague, and Sir Francis S. Darwin, I 23 Planimeter, Amsler's, use of, II 144 Plants, laws of inheritance in, IIIA 251; in windy and still air, III* 131-133 Plato, ability of, II 107; eugenic passages in works of, IIIA 312 Playfair, Dr Lyon (afterwards Lord), Galton intro- duced to, at Liebig's laboratory, I 130; on Catholic control and education, II 139 Ploetz, A., interest of, in Eugenics, IIIA 388, 389; 'Kassen-Hygiene' of, IIIs 599; visits Galton, IIIA 429, 111° 806; letter of, to Galton, IIIB 545, 546 Plymouth, Galton at, III* 296, 297-310, III8 579-581 Poem, of Dr Erasmus Darwin to Mrs Pole, 118 Plato XI ; of Galton on birth of Prince of Wales, I 167. See also Verses, Epigram, Ardennes Poetry, and Science, IIIA 337, 338, 343; in educational srliPirtO T I 1 ^i t Poets, Galton on, II 99; fertility of, II 96, 99; and expression of ideas, IIIA 337, 338 Pole, Mrs Chandos. See Collier, Elizabeth Pole, W., on Roy. Soc. Committee on Colour-blindness, II 227 Pollaky, and finger-print work, III8 590 Pollocks, pedigree of, IIIA 343, 345 Polperro, finger-prints from, IIIs 522-524 Polydactyly, in siblings of twins, II 129 Ponies, hearing of, II 216 Poole, W. H., material on visualisation provided by, II 237, 344 Poor-Law, effect of working of, II 417 Poppy, Shirley, work on inheritance in, IIIA 251, 279, 280, III8 515 Popular Lecture-'!, difficulties of, IIIA 246, 247 Population, Galton on, II 335; error in treating statistics of, II 147, 265, 266; of distinguished scientists in British Isles, II 151; prediction of, from measurement on small sample, II 179; and Malthas' conclusions. II 265; effect of town life on, II 123- 126; stability of, IIIA 58, 61, 65; reproduction of a stable, IIIA 28, 29; limitation of, IIIA 322; over- growth of, IIIA 218; sudden advances in, IIIA 426, 427; descent of qualities in, IIIA 229; from early and late marriages, II 266 Index 663 Portmanteau word*. IIIA 337 Pori/more, Lord. See Colyear, Charles Portrait*, of the Darwin family, 1 243. 244; indexing and numeralisation of, II 283, 323-328; telegraphy of. II 283, 309, 324; measure of resemblance between, II 329-331; composite family, II 356. See individual names for reference to portraits of all members of Galton and Darwin families, except Francis Galton ■lion : (1) Aged 8. silhouette, I 63 Plate XXXIX (2) Aged 18, from water-colour bv Oakley, I 93 Plate XLVIII (3) Aged c. 26, from a water-colour sketch, IIIB 456 Plate XLVII (4) Aged c. 28, from a daguerreotype, II 1 Plate I (5) Aged 30(?), from photographs on glass, I 211 Plate LV (6) Aged 31, with Louisa Galton, from a photograph, I 241 Plate LX (7) Aged 33, from a photograph, II 2 Plate II (8) Aged 38, from a photograph, IIIs 531 Plate LV (ii) (9) Aged 38, from a photograph, II 40 Plate VIII (10) Aged 42, from photographs, II 67 Plate IX (11) Aged 45(?), with Louisa Galton, I 242 Plate LXI ( 12) Aged 50, compared with Charles Darwin, aged 51, from photographs, I 56 Plate XXXVII (13) Aged about SO, from a photograph. II 131 Plate XIII (14) Aged 66, from a photograph, II 11 Plate III (15) Aged 56, in holiday garb, from a photograph, II 226 Plate X X 1 1 (16) Aged 60, from the oil-painting by Graef, II 99 Plate X I (17) Aged about 60, from Galton's standard photo- graphs of himself. II 350 Plate XLIX (18) Aged about 60, from photographs, II 211 Plate XXI (19) Aged about 65, from a photograph, II 283 Plate XXVII (20) Aged 65, silhouette, compared with that of 8, II 310 (21) Aged about 65, from a photograph, IIIB 472 Plate XLIX (22) Aged 66, copper-engraving from 'Biometrika.' II I A Frontispiece Aged about 68, from a photograph, II 334 Plate XLVIII (24) Aged 71, photographed in two aspects as criminal by Bertillon, II 383 Plate LII (25) Aged 73, from a photograph, II Frontispi' (26) Aged about 74, from a photograph, II 270 Plate XX V (27) Aged 75, from a photograph, II 281 Plate XXVI (28) Aged about 75, from a photograph, IIIB Frontispiece (29) Aged 75. in holiday garb, July at Koyat, III1'- 602 Plate LII (30) Aged X'K from a photograph by Dew Smith, HI* 217 Plate XXXI (31) Aged about 80. from a photograph. IIIA 249 Plate XXXII (32) Aged about 80, a reverie 'caught when the spirit was not there,' IIIA 354 Plate XXXVII (33) Aged 81, from the oil-painting by Pane, I Frontispiece (34) Aged 82, from a photograph, IIIA 269 Plate X X X I V (35) Aged 83, from a photograph by W. F. R. Weldon, II 332 Plate XLVII (36) Aged 84, with his great-niece Eva Biggs at Bridge End, IIIB 576 Plate LVIII (37) Aged 85, from a sketch by Eva Biggs, II viii (38) Aged 85, in donkey-chair, from a photograph, II 415 Plate LIII (39) Aged 87, with his biographer on the Stoep at Fox Holm, IIIA 353 Plate XXXVI (40) Aged 87, with the faithful Gifi and Wee Ling on the Stoep at Fox Holm, IIIA 390 Plate XXXVIII (41) Aged 88, from a sketch by Frank Carter, II xi, tailpiece to 'Contents' (42) Aged 88, from a sketch by Frank Carter, IIIA 432 Plate XL (43) Aged 88, from a sketch by Eva Biggs, II 425 Plate LIV (44) Aged 89 all but a month, from a photograph taken after death, IIIA 433 Plate XLI Portraiture, and photographic researches, II 283-333; used to distinguish racial and mental types, II 301, 303 Portugal Street, Galton living in, II 11 Post-mortem examination, Galton sees his first, I 100 Poulton, J'rof. E. B., co-operation of, II 321; on Com- mittee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, IIIA 126; on Evolution Committee, IIIA 290; calls attention in his translation of Weismann to Galton's ideas, I1IA 341 Practice and proficiency, II 372, 373 Prayer, nature of, II 115; efficacy of, II 115-117, 131, 250, 259, 260; subjective value of, II 117; effect of Galton's article on, II 175, 250, 258; Galton on, in letters to his nieces Millieent Lethbridge and Evelyne 58, I1IA 271, 272; chapter on, in 'Inquiries into Human Faculty,' IIIB448,449,471, 472; Galton's, on writing for publication, IIIB 449 Prediction, of character of population from knowledge of a small sample, II 179; of extinction of families, II 360; of speed of fastest horse, II 399; of fertility, from ages of parents, II 408 Prepotency, and sports, III-4 98, 99; in sires, IIIA 44, 99, 100; co-operation regarding observations on, IIIA 135 Bartholomew, proposes that Hon. D.C.L. bo con- ferred upon Galton at Oxford, IIIB 493, 494 Price, Bedford, pedigree from, IIIA 371 Price, Jlonami/. and Wordsworth, IIIA 115 Pridham, Mia*, helps with experimental breeding, IIIB 484 Priestley, Dr, and Samuel Galton. I 44, 45; house of, I 51,62 Primates, finger-prints of, IIIA 143 'Primer of Statistics,' bv \V. P. and E. M. Elderton, IIIA 316, 317, 320, 363, 364, 376-379, 385, 386, IIIB 601 ;• niluc, , and heredity, IIIA 405 Prince of Wales, plot to kidnap, IIIA 159; verses by on on birth of, I 167 ' I'm, a y, 'hi botanica,' of Robert Waring Darwin, I 15 Pritchard, llr. physician to Tertius Galton, I 185 mini. Galton, in Anatomy and Chemistry, I 119 Prizes, ofhfed by Galton for family histories, II 359- 368, 870; method of proportioning first and second, II 411-414 Probability, and isogenics, IIIA 274, 320; the basis of knowledge, IIIA 314 Probable Error, Galton's determination of, IIIA 63 Procter, Mrs, meets Galton in Egypt, IIIB 519 Professorship «/ Eugenics, proposals and plans for, II I A 224, 225, 300, 381-384, 437, 438 Professorship of Applied Statistics, proposals for, by Florence Nightingale, II 414-424 664 Index Proficiency, and practice, II 372, 373 Profiles, identification by, II 304, 306, 324, 321! ; of Greek girl from a gem, II 309; formula for, II 809; indexing of, II 304, 323-328, EH* 826, 826; Qalton'i collection of, II 323, 324: racial, 11 324; resemblance of, in relatives. II 809, 310, 324; Gallon working on, III" 578, 602, 605. See also Silhouettes Progenitors, value of life-histories of, II 302, 303; knowledge of, in 'Kantsay where,' IIIA 415, 422 Projxtganda, and scientific research, IIIA 371, 372, 379; needs and difficulties of, IIIA 407, 408; Galton's methods of, IIIA 412 Pryor, collection of silhouettes of, IIIB 580 Psychical, measurements, and normal curve, II 90, 91 ; in schools, II 344; characters, ranking of, II 351; measure of strength of resemblance in, IIIA 69 Psychological, investigations of Galton, II 211-282; papers, English and Continental, II 213 Psychologists, and the correlation of ranks, II 393 Psychology, experimental, and Galton, II 211-213; of the herd, II 73, 74 Psychometric, instruments devised by Galton, II 215- 228 ; observations and experiments of Galton, II 228- 248 Psychometry, definition of, II 233 Psycho-Physics, II 229; science of, II 307 Public Opinion, power of , IIIA 352,367; instability of, III* 321, 404 Pull, strength of, II 374, 376 'Punch,' drawing in, IIIA 335, 375, 376; on 'the squeeze of 86,' II 375 Punishments, legal, result of Florence Nightingale's queries on, II 417 Pure Breed, IIIA 76, 77 'Pure-Line' hypothesis, II 171, IIIA 10, 11, 58, 221 Purkenje, work of, on finger-prints, IIIA 141, 143, 161, 174, 179, 184; standard patterns of, IIIA 179 Plate IX Pursuits, and early interests of Galton, I 68, 69, 71, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 90, 101, 109, 111 Quagga taint, II 159 Quakers, and Galton ancestry, I 9, 11, 27-49, 59, 74; persecutions of, I 31, 32, 34-38; and commercial enterprise, I 32^0, 46; Samuel Galton disowned by, 145 Quartiles, Galton's definition of, II 338; Galton's use of, IIIA 51, 54, 55, 422; and standard deviations, II 339 'Quedley,' meaning of, IIIA 325, 326 'Questions of the Day and of the Fray,' II 27 Quetelet, and Galton, II 12, 39 ; and Florence Nightingale, II 414, 418; 'mean man' of, II 295; and composite portraits, II 297; and application of mathematics to social phenomena, IIIA 1; and the normal curve, II 90; on expectation and realisation, etc., II 418; achievements of, II 420 ; ' Letters on Probabilities ' of, II 89, 335 Quincunx, Galton's, IIIA 9, 10, 63 Rabbits, and experiments on pangenesis, II 156-169, 174-177 Race, Galton's definition of, IIIA 84, 85; improvement of, IIIA 233-235, 241, 242, 252, 253, 355 (see also under Eugenics); survival of, II 82, 83; extinction of, II 264; selection and, II 120, 263; influence of man upon, II 264 Races, inequalities of, II 32, 33, 106-109, IIIA 252; mental peculiarities of, II 88; innate character and intelligence of different, II 352, 353; civilised and uncivilised, mental imagery in, II 239, 240; com- parison of types of, IIIA 325, 326; finger-prints in different, IIIA 139, 140, 143, 193, 194, IIIB 485, 489- 491; relative fertility of, IIIA 218, 219; ami stirps, II 171; composite photographs of, II 290, 294 Racial mentality, and physical characters, II 301 Radiometer, of Crookes, and spirit' influence, II 63 Radium, Galton's interest in, 111" 522 Ramsay, Sir W., on American science, 1IIB 531 Ramsay, Prof. W. M., honour conferred on, III1* 494 Randal (Randall or Randle!), Sergeant, at Galton's anthropometric laboratory, II 378,IIIB489; injury to, and finger-prints of, IIIA 154 Ranking, Galton's method of, II 236; and mental imagery, II 238; of psychical characters, II 351; and the ogive curve, II 335 Ranks, theory of, II 337, applications of, II 389-391 ; correlation of, II 393, IIIA 3 Rats, experiments on, II 166, 167, 176; and rat-catchers, IIIB 532-534, 548 Rawson, Sir R. W., and International Statistical Institute, II 397 Ray, Mrs, Galton meets, IIIB 593 Rayleigh, Lord, chairman of Roy. Soc. Committee on Colour-blindness, II 227; Karl Pearson writes to, on the trusteeship of the Weldon Medal, IIIA 285, 286; Hon. Fellow of Trinity College, IIIA 236, 238; re- markable head of, IIIA 248; presidential address of, IIIA 301; on possibility of the earth losing her atmosphere, IIIB 470; a Copley medallist, IIlA 431, 111= 614 Reaction Time, instrument for determining, II 219, 220, IIIB 514; classification on basis of, II 229; measure- ment of, II 277, 278, 359 'Reader, The,' and Galton, II 67-69; supporters of, II 68 'Recessive,' discussion of term, IIIA 337 'Record of Family Faculties and Life History Album,' II 363-370 Recreations of Galton, changing with age, IIIA 353 Rede Lecture, Galton's, II 268, 270, 271, IIIB 473 Register, national, proposed by Galton, II 120-122; general, of the insane, IIIA 365, 366; biographical, II 355, IIIA 264 (the 'Golden Book') Registrators, for anthropometric data, Galton's pocket, II 340, 341 Regression, first idea of, IIIA 6-11, 13; coefficient of, IIIA 25, 47; and correlation, IIIA 50; and progression, IIIA 58- and selection, II 221, 263; in Galton's sweet- pea experiments, III A 6, 7. 13 ; nature of, illustrated by quincunx, IIIA 9; and heredity in stature of man, IIIA 11-34; and the generant, IIIA 20; establishment of breeds and, IIIA 31; law of, II 79, IIIA 46: and stability of types, IIIA 46; evolution and, IIlA 4S; formula for multiple, II 54, 55; Galton's fallacious reasoning regarding, IIIA 23, 24, 58, 61, 76, 78-80, 82-84, 86, 87, 93, 94, 170 Regression Line, Galton reaches his first, II I A 3, 4; determination of slope of, from contour lines of correlation table, IIIA 13, 14, 52; of offspring on midparent for stature, IIIA 13; earliest published, IIIA 24 Rehoboth, Galton remembered at, I 223 Reid, Mr, photographs horses for Galton, IIIB 506, 507. [N.B. It has now been ascertained that all the negatives of these were destroyed by him after printing! Reid, Archdall, and inheritance of tuberculosis. 1 1 1 v 260 Relations, average number of, IIIA 390, 391, 396, 397 Religion, widening of Galton's views on the function of. 1207, 208; and science, II 147, 151, 152, 261; and Eugenics, II 249, 267, IIIA 265, 272 274: and the public conscience, IIIA 267; and celibacy, IIIA 269; and national stability, IIIA 88; early training and, Index 665 II 256, 257; reformation and, IIIA 90-93, 272: three definitions of, IIIA 89; as source of strength, IIIA 424; three kinds of, IIIB 564 ifM, relativity of, II 32 Religious, authority and science, II 135, 139; belief and doctrine of evolution, IIIA 89-93; dogma, and free inquiry, II 257; faiths, Galton's attitude regarding, IIIB 441. 442; sentiments, source of, II 82, 83; views of Galton, II 117, 119, 261, 425, IIIA 271, 272, 424-425, II 102 Plate XII Reminiscences, of Mrs VVheler, I 63, 64, 82; I 48 Plate • XXIX Renan, the 'Antichrist' of, IIIB 572 Rentoul, Dr, views as to book of, IIIA 304, 305, 312 'Report on African Explorations,' II 27 Reprodxictive Organs, Darwin on function of, II 174 Reproductive Selection, II 79, 80, IIIB 505, 506 Reputation, a measure of ability, II 89, 91, 92 Research Fellowslap in Evg< Hies, IIIA 113, 221-223, 258 Resemblance, measurement of, II 329-333, IIIA 24, IIIB 562, 564-566, 569, 588 Retinal Picture, retention of, II 241, IIIB 629 Reversion, coefficient of, IIIA 9, 11; phenomena of, illustrated by quincunx, IIIA 9 icers, short-sightedness of, IIIA 174 Rhinoceroses, shooting of, in Africa, I 237 Riano, Senora G. de, Galton sees, in Madrid, IIIB 512 Rihot, T., book of, on heredity, reviewed by Galton, IIIB 463; and Fechner's work. IIIB 404 Richardson, Dr II. II'., on medical life-histories, II 359 net, novels of, IIIB 584 Richmond, painting of Darwin bv, IIIA 340 Plate XXXV s of hands and feet, IIIA 178; coarse- ness of, and tactile sensitivity, IIIA, 178, 179; use of, IIIA 178, 179 . Mrs, housekeeper at Birmingham school, IIIB 452 Ridgeway, Prof. IT., and Eugenics. IIP 346 /, Galton. aged 3 J years, his ponv unaccompanied, I 70 Riflemen, protection of, II 18, 19 Sight and left rides, strength of hand and keenness of ;t on, II 377 i ».//«'. biography of, II 101 Rohb. Mrs, gives introductions to Galton, IIIB 509, 513 i nd robbers, I 78-80 RobertsDn. ./. M ., on forces of kakogenics, IIIA 260; on eugenic ideals, II IA 263 Robinson, L., IIIB 529; and Galton's work on finger- prints, IIIA 176: praises Dean Inge's sermon on Eugenics, IIIB 612 F., on statistics from Marlborough College, II 343 Roget, 'Thesaurus' of, II 269; number forms of, IIIB469 ( 'atholics, in the Albert Hall, IIIB 570; Congress of. III" 586 ■ omposite portrait of, II 295, II 296 Plat.' XUII Bomcau I'rof.. C'roonian lecture of, II 191: and Galton's work, II 25(1: and the origin of varieties, II 272; on need for experimental zoology, IIIA 81, 129; and use of term 'Eugenics,' IIIA 221 . German opinion of Galton. II I B 602 //., and 'The Keader'and 'Nature,' 1168,69; and Eugenics, IIIA 385; garden of, IIIA 278; and Galton, IIIA 400. IIIB 546 Roseli Kugenics Laboratory, IIIA 335, 336; speaks at Oxford on conferment of degrees, IIIB 494; and John Morley anecdote, IIIB 615 A.,,,,. Miss, work of, IIIA 426 Roumania, Eugenics in, II 267 Royal Commission, on deterioration of the British race, IIIA 251, 252, 364-366; on the poor law, IIIA 323, 324 Royal Engineers, composite portraits of men and officers of, II 286 Plate XXIX, II 290 Royal Geographical Society, and Galton, II 2, 4, 13, 18, 24-27, 34-36, 50, 67; and Galton's African travels, I 214—216, 239; Galton elected to membership of, I 215; medal of, awarded to Galton, I 239; H. M. Stanley on, II 30 Royal Institute of Public Health, Galton at, II 345 Royal Institution, Galton becomes member of, II 88; Galton lectures at, II 243, 294, 307, 337, IIIA 6; A. R. Wallace lectures at, IIIA 370; Karl Pearson lectures at, IIIA 369, 370; Galton on scope and value of, II 420, 421 Royal Society, Galton elected to Fellowship, etc., II 13; Galton's papers before, II 39, 40, 57-60, 156, 163, 164, 169, 408, IIIA 12, 25-27, 34, 40, 50, 161-174; on kinsfolk of Fellows of, IIIA 107-121; and large heads of Fellows, II 94; questionnaire to Fellows of, II 145, 149; Galton on Kew Committee of, II 59, 60; on Committee to investigate Colour-blindness of, II 227; on Council of, II 361 ; Gold Medal of, awarded to Galton, II 201, IIIB 476; Darwin Medal of, awarded to Galton, IIIA 236, 237; Copley Medal of, awarded to Galton, IIIA 400, IIIB 611, 614, 615; Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals, or Evolution Committee of, IIIA 126, 127, 133-135, 286-291, 311, 312, IIIB 501; biometry and. IIIA 241, 243, 279, 282, 283, 287; foundation of 'Biometrika' and, IIIA 100; nominates Bateson as a referee for biometric paper, IIIA 100, 241; referees of, II1A 297; and memoir on albinism, IIIA 315; on literary standard of memoirs of, IIIA 331, 332. 337; Galton suggests new procedure at meetings of, 11[B 468: Karl Pearson's fellowship of, IIIA 2H2 -284 : 1 lie Weldon memorial and, IIIA 127, 281, 285, 286; on death of Galton, IIIB 617; Samuel Galton and, I 44, 47 Royal Society of Literature, and low literary standard of scientific memoirs, IIIA 329, 330, 332, 333, 336-339 Royal Society of Medicine, debate on heredity at, llIA357 Royat, death of Louisa Galton at, II 281, IIIB 447, 514 Royds, on the characters of rabbits, II 159 Rue, Warren de la, and Galton, II 59 ; and exhibition of scientific instruments. II 215 Rilcker, Sir A., and research fellowship in Eugenics, IIIA 222, 223, IIIB 530; scheme for Galton Eugenics Laboratory sent to, IIIA 305, 306; letter to, on Eugenics Record Office, IIIA 303, 304; and Galton bequest. IIIA 301; letter of, to Galton, accepting gift for London University, IIIA 307; definition of Eugenics and, IIIA 269; on lady secretaries, IIIA 278 Rural Populations, fertility, etc. of, II 123-126 Ruskin, letter of, IIIB 461 Russell, Count, caves of, IIIB 559, 560; book of, IIIB 569, 572 Russell, Dr, Galton's early tour with, I 92-!). Russia, lessons from revolution in, III A 90 ; war of, with Japan, IIIB 532, 534 Russians, colour associations and number forms of, II 21ii Rutland Gale, No. 42, Galton's home 1857-1911,11 11,12, II 11 Plate III; determination of latitude of, II 50; workroom at, IIIA 238 ; tablet above porch of, IIIA 311 Ryley, Kathleen V., work of, IIIA 386, 387, 426 Sabine. Sir A'., influence on Galton, II 59, 61; on Com- mittee of Brit. Assoc, IIIB 458 84 666 Index St Andrews, Dr Heron's lectures at, IIIA 360, 361 St Qiiintins, the, at Keswick, I 156 Saleeby, C. W., controversial methods of, IIIA 404, 405; attacks Eugenics Laboratory, IIIA 408, IIIB 601 ; his views on Eugenics, IIIA 372, 428, 430, IIIB 605; his 'Parenthood and Race Culture,' IIIB 597; prepares abstracts of Galton's books for Harmsworth, IIIB 601 Salisbury, Galton visits, II 130 Salisbury, Lord, never took exercise, IIIB 569; size of head and stature of, II 150 Salvin, on Evolution Committee, IIIA 127, 291; char- acteristics of, IIIA 325 Sampler, of Lucy Barclay worked at Ury, I 46 Plate XXVII Sandow, pupils of, IIIA 253; physique of, IIIA 253 Sandwich, origin of word for food, IIIB 548 Sandwich Islands, named after Lord Sandwich, IIIB 548 Sandys, Dr, speech on presentation of Galton for Hon. D.Sc. at Cambridge, IIIB 495 Sanitary Administration, needs of, II 156 Savage, Elizabeth, wife of Sir Charles Sedley and ancestress of Galton, I 20 Savage Peoples, suggested tests for, II 385 Savages, character of, II 74; and domestication of animals, II 70, 71 Savants, characteristics of, II 141 Savile, Elizabeth, mother of Sir Charles Sedley, I 20 Savile, Mary, on holiday with Evelyne Biggs, IIIB 574, 578; calls on Galton, IIIB 608 Savile, Sir Henry, ancestor of Galton, scholarship of, I 20; portrait of, I 20 Plate XV Savile-Sedley, ancestry of Galton, its characteristics, 121 Sayce, Prof., in Egypt, IIIB 517, 518, 519 Sayers, Captain, Galton meets, I 113; possible influence of, I 214 Scales, for testing hair, skin, and eye colours, II 223- 226 ; for standardisation of colours, II 224—226 Scandinavian Hybridisation of British race, II 371 Schedules, reluctance to fill in, II 357; dealing with — age of parents and vigour of offspring, II 348, 349; persons of advanced age, II 349, 350 ; social stability, II 350, 351; mental fatigue, II 276, 351, 352; innate characters and intelligence of different races, II 352, 353; alleged darkening of hair in English, II 353, 354; for composite family portraits, II 356 ; for analysis of men of science, II 149-155; on faculty of visualisation, II 236-238; on same from Charles Darwin, II 194, 195; for phthisical patients, II 291; as four-yearly reports from 'old boys' to their schools, II 346; statistics by, II 348-356; as biographical registers, II 355; for use in pedigree work, IIIA 105, 106; sent to Fellows of the Roy. Soc, IIIA 108, 113-114; to form register of able families, IIIA 121; for heredity of disease, IIIA 71, 72 Schimmelpenninck, Mary Anne (nee Galton), aunt to Francis Galton, memoirs of, II 193, IIIB 604; her appreciation of Samuel Galton the First, I 41—43; ability of, I 53-54; Francis Galton on, IIIB 553, 580; silhouette of, I 54 Plate XXXV, IIIB 580 Schmidt, Dr, at Keswick, I 156, 157 Schoolboys and headmasters, I 87-88 Schoolmasters, their neglect of opportunities, IIIA 232, 233; their opportunities for observational work, II 344-348 Schools, attended by Darwin, his views on, I 12; at- tended by Galton, Mrs French's, 1 67, 1 75 Plate XLV; at Boulogne, I 70-74; Mr Atwood's, I 77-80; King Edward's at Birmingham, I 81-90, Francis begs to be removed from, I 86-89 ; anthropometric data from, II 336-337, 343-346; should serve two purposes, as place of education and place of research, II 344; value of, for statistical inquiries, II 344-345; and myopia, IIIA 356 Schuster, Sir A., number form of, II 242, IIIB 469 Schuster, Edgar, first Galton Eugenics Research Fellow, IIIA 258, 274, 291, 296, 300, IIIB 536, 541, 542; resignation of fellowship, IIIA 291, 296-298, 300; his anthropometric work at Oxford, IIIA 328, 379; Galton's letters to, IIIB 541-542, 554-558, 562, 577, 583; letters of, to Galton, IIIB 561, 583-584; joint work with Galton on ' Noteworthy Families,' III A 264 ; work on the human brain, IIIA 315, 325, 326; memoirs by, IIIA 258, 259, 279; on inheritance of mental characters, IIIA 291 ; on promise of youth and performance of manhood, IIIA 232; on sequestrated church properties, IIIA 370; his opinion of Ethel M. Elderton, IIIA 305 Schweinfurth,Q '., geographical discoveriesof,II31 ;Galton has two days in the desert with, IIIA 240; with Galton in Cairo, IIIB 518-519; sends Galton a photograph of d'Arnaud Bey, IIIB 455 and Plate XLVI Science, how sciences develop, Galton, IIIB 463, Pearson, IIIA 262; scope of, II 347-348; and religion, II 135, 147, 151, 152, 261; priesthood of, II 156; inheritance of — ability in, II 97, imagination in, II 98, power of analysis in, II 98; inborn taste for, II 152; need for travelling fellowships in, II 152; ways of furthering, II 153-155; as a profession and as a pursuit, II 154— 155, IIIA 331 ; in education, II 155; at school, Francis Galton's craving for, I 89 Scientific, memoirs, low literary standard of, IIIA 329- 332, 336-339; achievement and environmental causes, II 148-149, in relatives of scientific men, II 151, IIIA 107-121; ability, waste of, II 153; superintendence, value of, II 153; low general culture ' of modern writers of memoirs, IIIA 331, 338; research and propagandism in Eugenics, IIIA 371, 372, 379; Societies Committee, Local, Galton Chairman of, II 362 ; salon of Mrs Hertz, IIIB 464 ; discoverers and statesmen, II 135; tastes of Samuel Galton, I 46-48; ability of Erasmus Darwin, I 16, 49, of Sir Douglas Galton, I 53; ability, sources of Francis Galton's, I 48; imagination in Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin and Francis Galton, I 48; tastes, reawakening of, in Francis Galton, I 209-211, Chapter vn, I 211-242: chat, Francis Galton's delight in, IIIB 596, 611 Scientists, fertility of, II 96; motives of, II 96, 97; distinguished, number of, in British Isles, II 151: energy of, II 151, 251; independence of character in, II 151, 155; mechanical aptitude in, II 151; religious faith of, II 152; teaching of, II 155; mediocre academic degrees of, II 155; antecedents of, II 177, 178; nature and nurture of, II 177-179; mental imagery of, II 237; phantasmagoria of, II 244; veracity of, IIIB 478, 479; size of head and stature of, II 149, 150; English men of science, II 87, 130, 134, 142, 145; characteristics of, II 149-155, 207 Scotland, Galton's tour in, I 104-105 Scotland Yard, Galton visits, to see finger-print index- ing, IIIB 572 Scott, Dr Dukinfield, President of Linnean Society at Darwin-Wallace Celebration, IIIA 340-341 Scott, R. H. (Secretary to Meteorological Council), IIIB 475 Scottish Lowlanders, ability of, II 106 Seabrooke (Evelyne Biggs' maid), adventure at Biarritz, IIIB 561; mentioned, IIIB 583 Seal, and parchment carried by Galton in Africa, I 220; made for Galton in Egypt, IIIB 518 Sedgwick, Adam, views on farm for experimental breeding, IIIA 134; and Darwin Commemoration, IIIA 369 Index 667 Sedley, Catherine (Countess of Dorchester), character and ancestry of, I 19-20; portrait of, I 19 Plate XIV Sedley, Sir Charles, character of, I 20; notices of, I 20; portrait of, I 27 Plate XXI Sedley, Sir William, founder of Sedleian professorship, Oxford, ancestor of Francis Galton, I 21 Seeds, inheritance of weight and diameter of, in mother and daughter plants, II 392, IIIA 3-7 Seeley, Prof. J. R., and 'The Reader,' II 68 Segregation, of the feeble-minded, III-4 365-367, and their happiness under it, III-4 373-374 Selection, and variation, II 171; Darwin's Natural, II 171; Galton's Germinal, II 171, 185, 186; Pearson's Repro- ductive, IIIB 505 etc.; effect of long-continued, II 399; and man, II 72-73; artificial, II 120; of plants grown in windy and still air, IIIA 131-132, 133; selection of germinal elements, II 172; stringent, in man, II 263-264; effect of artificial, on birth-rate, IIIA 92; effect of continued, IIIA 93, 94; and pro- Ill-4 94; and multiple regression, IIIA 94; and correlation of characters in organism, IIIA 94; of size of head in bull-dog, IIIA 94; retrograde, IIIA 95; and variability, I1IA 27; natural, and new forms, III-4 32, 170; of size, and its limits, IIIA 49; observa- tions on, IIIA 135; sexual, and finger-prints, 1IIA 168- 169; natural, and finger-prints, IIIA 169 Selector, Galton's mechanical, to pick out individuals of given character, II 305, 306, III-4 149 !>!!: leaves relies of Erasmus Darwin to Galton Laboratory, IIIB 571 Buheonteioui Mind, II 236, 247, 307; inspiration a product of, II 412 Success, as measure of ability, III* 111, 112; of kinsmen of Fellows of Roy. Soc, III* 108 Sullii. Prof. J '., and tests on idiots, II 272 Suit Signals, Galton's, II 20-21. See also Heliosiat Sundial, Galton writes motto for, IIIB 547; form of, in Pyrenees, IIIB 573 Superman, reasoned method of producing, II 78, 79, 86 Superposition of Images, methods of attaining, II 284, 285, 287-289 Superstition, as a source of national or tribal strength, III* 88, 423-425, IIIB 594; as opposed to facts, II 260 Surgical Operations, Galton studies at King's College, London, I 121 Survival, of fittest, Galton on, II 110; of a breed menaced by regression, not a reality, IIIA 94 Sutherland, Alexander, his book on 'The Origin and Growth of Moral Instinct,' reviewed by Galton, IIIA 100 Sven Hedin's arrival at Simla, IIIB 588 Sweet-Peas, Galton's experiments with, II 180, 181, 187, 189; IIIA 3-7, 11, 13; inheritance of size in seeds of, II 392; cross or self-fertilisation of, III* 325, 326; conclusions from experiments on, III* 64 Switzerland, Galton's knapsack guide to, II 11; his visits to, II 144, IIP 514; Eugenics in, II 267 Sylvester, J. J., size of head and stature of, II 150; large head of, III* 248 Symbolism, in science, III* 330, 333, 336 Symmetry, of the two sides of the body, II 377, 379; tendency to, in finger-prints, IIIB 485; attempt to show normal, in finger-print distributions, III* 168 Syria, Galton's travels in, I 197, 198, 203-205, 207, IIIB 454-455; sketchbook in, IIIB 454 Plate XLV Tables, showing mathematical tripos marks and number of candidates, II 89; 'eminence' in fathers and sons, II 105, 106; size of family in rural and urban popu- lations, II 124; occurrence of twins among relations of twins, II 129; size of head and stature in scientists and others, II 150; sensitivity in hearing of men and women, II 221; of associated ideas and period of life at which they originated, II 235; estimate of dressed weight of living oxen, II 403; assortative mating in stature, III* 17 ; correlation, for stature and cubit, III* 52; colour inheritance in horses, III* 96; concerning finger-prints, III* 184-186, 189, 192, 195, 211 Taboo, influence of, on conduct, III* 270 Tabor, proposes use of finger-prints for registration of Chinese, III* 175 'Tactor' Machine, diagram of, II 50 Tailoring, effect of, on finger-prints, III* 155 Talents, inheritance of, II 75-79; and characteristics of Darwin and Huxley, II 178, 179; new version of the parable of the, III* 227-229 Tanganyika, Lake, discovery of, II 25 Tangier, Galton at, IIIB 509, 510 Taylor, Henry, his couplet on advantages of unattractive- ness, III* 112 Taylor, H. M., proposal of, for the blind, IIIB 584 Taylor, Sedley, and Eugenics, III* 378 Tchapupa, and his wife from Damaraland, sketches of, I 216 Plate LVI I Tea, experiments on the making of, IIIB 456-458 Teachers, replies of, to questions, IIIB 478; Guild of, Galton attends a meeting of, II 276 Teaching, on effect of, II 135; men of science not made by, 155; by association with form, IIIB 472 Technical Terms, in scientific memoirs, III* 334, 336, 337 Teeth, and personal identification, III* 188; anecdote of missing artificial, believed to be swallowed, I1IB 492, 493 Teelotalism, Galton takes the pledge, I 183-185, 191 Telegony, Darwin's belief in, II 159; co-operation re- garding observations on, III* 135 Telegraph, a printing (the 'telotype'), designed by Galton, I 212, 213 Telephone, Galton's anticipation of, I 213, 214 Telescope, superposition by aid of, II 284, 285, 287 Telotype, I 212, 213, 217 Temper, measurement of, II 270-272; categories of, II 271; inheritance of, II 271, 272, III* 70; assortative mating in, II 271, III* 70; good and bad in English families, II 271, III* 69 Temperament, measurement of, II 268, 269; correlation of, with mental qualities, II 229; in husband and wife, II 149 Temperature, cumulative, effect of, on vegetation, II 206-208; charts of, II 41 ' Temple of Nature,' Dr Erasmus Darwin's, II 95 Tennyson, Alfred, and observation of emotional change, II 270; imagination of, II 308; Galton's appreciation of, III* 337, 338 Terror, Galton on nature of, II 258 Theocratic Intervention, possible effect of, on statistical conclusions, II 258-260 Theologians, and Galton's work, II 258 Theory, verification of statistical, by experiment, II 406 Thermometers, standardisation of, II 59 Thompson, 0., uses finger-prints to sign money drafts, III* 175, 176 Thomson, Arthur, composite cranial photographs by, II 290, 294 Thomson, Prof. Arthur, Galton gives his anthropometric instruments to, III* 328 Thomson, J. Arthur, his book on Heredity, III* 335 Thomson, Sir If., aids 'The Reader' and 'Nature,' II 68, 69; at exhibition of scientific instruments, II 215 Thought, Galton's categories of, II 233; abstract, and mental imagery, II 237; mechanism of, II 256; without words, II 274, 275 Thrills, associated with roughness of surface touched by finger-tips, III* 179 Thring, Lord, on the ablest Cabinet Ministers, IIIB 568 Tichborne Trial, and need for anthropometric measure- ments, II 398 Tickner, Life of, II 192 Tides, big, and the earth's history, IIIB 470 Tiedemann, Galton sees, in Heidelberg, I 95 Time, sense of, not absolute, III* 354, 355 Tint, average, of a picture, method of obtaining a measure of, III* 307, 308; instrument for testing perception of difference in, II 219 Tints, Galton's scale of, II 313, 314, II 314 Plate XLV; photograph of spinning wheel of, II 313 Titchener, E. B., finds no relation between sensitivity and ridge interval of finger-prints, III* 168, 178 Tocher, Dr J . F., anthropometric survey of, II 380 Todd, Dr, I 179, 190; Galton studies physiology under, I 105, 106 Tonnesen, photographs Lake Otchikoto, IIIB 616 Plate LIX Index 671 Tollemache, L., and Galton, IIIB 513, 554, 557 Tones, Galton's scale of, II 313, 314, II 314 Plate XLVj painting of portrait in various, II 314 Plate XLV; mosaics of different, II 314 Tooth-Drawing, Galton's first experiment in, I 102 Topmard, scale of hair colour of, II 225; on value of anthropometric records, II 398; letter of, to Galton, II 226 Torsion Anemometer, devised by Galton, II 44 Toss-Penny, Galton's mechanical, IIIB 545 Touch, and muscular appreciation, II 218; sensitivity of, in men and women, II 222; measurement of, II 374, and finger-prints, III* 168, 169, 178, 179 Town Life, Galton on, II 118; deterioration arising from, II 124-126, 143; queries regarding effects of, II 419 Townsend, Mrs, at Rutland Gate, IIIB 605 Toyama, K., work of, on silkworms, IIIA 301 Trace Computer, Galton's, II 47, 48 Tracey, J., on eugenic certificates, IIIA 296 Trades-Unionism, and racial progress, II 121 Tradition, and heredity, IIIA 409-411 Training, early, effects of, II 96, 97 ' Transformer,' to measure difference between individual and type, II 311-315 Transfusion, experiments begun, II 88. See also Pangenesis Transition Studies, of Galton, II 1-69 on, of hereditary characters, II 76, 77, 170, 182; mechanism of, II 182-186 Travel, Galton and, I 24, 25, II 2-35, 49, 53, 73, 88, 152; need of aim and preparation for, I 197; Galton's enthusiasm for, I 122; and object in, I 24, 25; and rights of natives, II 30, 31; and climate, II 36; fellowships for, II 152, 153. See also Travels Travels, early, of Galton, I 92-98, 118, 120, 127-137, ITS 180; in Egypt and Syria, I 199-205; exploratory in Africa, I 214-240; summary of Galton's, IIIB 443- 445; in Spain and Tangier, IIIB 507-512; in Egypt, IIIB 515-519; of Sir Francis S. Darwin, I 22-24; of Charles Darwin, I 24; of Admiral Sir Thomas Button, 136 'Treasury of Human Inheritance^ prospectus and first appearance of, IIIA 345, 3 tions regarding, IUA 336, 342, 343, 361, 369; Galton's introductory note to, IIIA 361, 362; progress of, IIIA 356, 357, 360, 371, 372, 376, 377, 379, 389, 390, 126 Trench, 0., to go to Boer war, IIIB 518 Trevelyan, Sir (1., 'Life of Fox' by, 1I1A 137; hon. fellow- ship of, at Trinity College, Cambridge, IIIA 236, 238 Triangulation, table for, II 23, 24 Trinity Cottege, Cambridge, Galton's entry at, I 140; rooms at, I 149, 150; sketches of rooms at, I 150 Plate LI, IIIB 453 Plate XLIII; Galton elected to honorary fellowship at, IIIA 236-238, 250, III8 521; Galton's portrait at, IIIA 379, IIIB 550-563, 572; Galton dines at, IIIB 574 . Mr A., and Galton, IIIB 551. 552 ' Tron Kirk,' material of, on colour of horses, IIIA 95 I, and the white races, II 33, 395, 397 Troup, ( . /?., and identification of criminals, IIIA 148 Tubercular disease, course of, and physical characters, II 292. See also Phthisis Tuppy, on careers of Indian Civil Servants, IIIA 217 Turin it, and application of mathematics to social phenomena, IIIA 1 Tumer, Prof. II. 11., and Galton, III* Ion r, Sir W., and Miss Alice Lee's degree, IIIB 514 . heredity in, II 126-130, 180, 269; pedigrees of, II 129; statistics concerning, II 128, 129, 180; fertility of, II 128; Df Ogle's case of, II 181; like and unlike, II 187, 188; hermaphrodites among, IIIA 359; finger-prints of, IIIA 190, 191, IIIA 191 Plate XVIII; Mrs Jebb's account of, IIIB 465 Tylor, and 'Xature,' II 69; and anthropology, II 334 Tyndall, J., lecture of, II 191 ; at exhibition of scientific instruments, II 215; a friend of Galtons, IIIA 434 Tyndall, Mrs, at Hindhead, IIIA 277, 323, IIIB 584 Type, anthropometric description of, II 380; and indi- vidual, measure of difference between, II 311 Types, origin of, IIIA 31; stability of, and regression, IIIA 46; change of, and law of ancestral inheritance, IIIA 48, 49; of races, comparison of, IIIA 325, 326 Umbrella, lost and 'stolen,' IIIB 476 Unemployed, parentage of the, IIIA 327 Unicorns, reports of, in Africa, I 237 Unit Characters, and heredity, II 182-186, 189, 190 Universe, the, Galton on, II 262; a correlated system of variates, IIIA 2 . anthropometric laboratories in, II 337 University College, experiments at, II 162, 167 University Honours, Galton's early desire for, I 69 University of London, Galton's offer to, II1A 222-225, 258, IIIB530; chair of Eugenics in, IIIA224; Eugenics Record Office and, IIIA 223, 224, 303; Galton Laboratory and, I1IA 304-307, 386, 387, 393, 428, 429, 432; attempted foundation of a real, II IA 289-291 Urban Population, fertility of, etc., II 123-126 Ury, the home of the Barclays, I 28-30, I 30 Plate XXIII; Galton visits and sketches at, I 104, 105 Utopia, in dreamland of philanthropists, IIIA 220; of Galton, II 119-122, ' Kantsay where,' IIIA 234, 411, IIIB 606-608, Galton's and others', 1IIA 411 ' Vacation Tourittt,' II 6, 7, 11 Vaccination, and smallpox (paper by Galton), IIIB 482 Variability, regression, and correlation, IIIA 3-11; in offspring of a riven parentage, IIIA 11 ; fraternal and co-fraternal, IIIA 19, 77, 78, 221; within the family, IIIA 26, 47; influence of selection on, 1IIA 27, 93; of mid-ancestor, IIIA 29; interracial and intraracial, IIIA 95; Brewster's measure of, IIIA 95. See also Variation Variation, nei essity of, II 174; and selection, II 171; in human faculties, II 274; and hybridisation, II 84; heredity of, and man, II 86; measurement of, II 384, 385, IIIA 51, 54; individual and specific, IIIA 95; continuous, and evolution, IIIA 126; universality of, IIIA 314 and sports, IIIA 79-86, 170; on observations regarding, IIIA 135 Varieties, Romanes and Galton on origin of, II 272, 273; mode of formation of new, II IA 94 V alii, I:, legend regarding, IIIB 573 Veins, bifurcations and interlacements of, and identi- fication, II 306 hies, Galton joins reading party under, I 168 Venn, l)r ./., and head size of students at Cambridge, 1 1 387, 388; his 'Logic of Chance,' IIIB 477, 478 Veracity, in family histories, II 368, 369; in men of science, IIIB 478, 479 Vernon-Harcourt, on Committee of Brit. Assoc, IIIB 458 Versailles, peace terms at, and rights of small nations, II 204 Verses, of Galton, I 90, 175-178, 183, 184; of Tertius Galton on his sister Sophia, ill8 450; of Waller on Elizabeth Savile, I 20; on 'The Chateau in the Heart of the Ardennes,' IIIB 459, 460. See also Poem I !alton sees, IIIB 474, 475 i. Queen, Galton and his brother Darwin at coronation of, 191 Victoria Nyama, discovery of lakes of, II 25, 26 672 Index IV. mm, Galton at, I 96, 133, 134 Viriculture, II 119. See also Kugt MM Virtue, characters associated with, II 197 Vision, measurement of acuity of, II 222, 223, 336; in Jewish children, IIIA 426 Visionaries, Galton on, II 254 Visionary tendencies, repression of, II 244, 245 Visions and visualisation, II 244 Visits of Galton, summary of, IIIB 443-445 Visualised Numerals, IIIB 469. See also Number Forms Visualising, faculty of, II 236, 244; in Darwin, II 194, 195; in Dr Erasmus Darwin, II 196; in scientists, II 237, 243; in artists, etc., II 243; in orators, II 252; in women, II 242; in different races, II 239, 240, 252; on starvation of, II 240; descriptions of, II 240; ideal form of, II 241; utility of, II 253; and use of words, II 274; inheritance of, II 239, 242, 253; acquired by training, II 253 Vital Capacity, maximum values of, II 374; percentile values of, II 376; growth curves for, II 377; corre- lation of, with strength of squeeze, II 377; values of, at each rank, II 390; and stature, isograms of, II 391 Vivacity, in pairs of brothers, IIIA 247 Vogt, paper of, II 195 Voltaire, skit of, IIIB 535 de Vries, H., and Galton's views, IIIA 82; cited by Galton, III* 12o Wadi Haifa, Galton reaches, I 203 Waste, H., work of, on finger-prints, IIIA 140 Waldstein (Sir Charles Walston), on Herculaneum, IIIB 589 Walfisch Bay, Galton at, I 221, 222, 236-238 Walker, E., at Cambridge, I 167, 190 Walker, Prof., on mimicry, IIIA 370 Wallace, year books of American trotting horses, IIIA 98 Wallace, Alfred Bussel, and spiritualism, II 62; as- sociated with 'The Reader' and 'Nature,' II 68, 69; on ' Hereditary Genius,' II 115; on Galton's theory of heredity, II 187; on Galton's paper on Twins, II 187; on need for experimental zoology, IIIA 81, 128, 129; correspondence of, with Galton, on experimental breeding, IIIA 128-133; and statistical method, IIIA 133; on Darwinism, IIIA 370; medallist of Linnean Society, IIIA 340; Copley medallist, IIIA 431, I1IB 614; at Darwin's funeral, II 198; death of, IIIA 342 Waller, on Elizabeth Savile, I 20 Wallington, Col., on visit to Fazakerley, with Galton, IIIB 456 ' Walloping,' and its derivation, IIIB 591 Walston, Sir Charles, finds finger-prints on a Greek seal, IIIA 174. See also Waldstein Wanderlust, in Galton, I 24, 55, 58, 120, 122, 123, 126- 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 139, 205, II 1, etc. Ward, Dr J., letters of Galton to, II 214, IIIB 479, 493 Warming rooms, Charles Darwin's method of, IIIs 591, 592 Warner, Francis, on Eugenics, IIIA 259 Warren, Samuel, and a lecture at Leamington, IIIB 536 Wasps, work on, IIIA 312 Watson, Rev. H. W., and Galton's wave machine, II 52, 53; work of, IIIB 486; on the extinction of surnames, II 341-343, IIIB 461 Watson, Dr Spence, Galton's visits to, II 103, 393; and the widow of the Sheriff of Wazan, IIIB 510 Watt, James, copying machine of, IIIB 580 Watts, O. F., Galton's appreciation of pictures of, IIIB 583 Wave Engine, Galton's invention of, II 51, 52 Wavell, Mrs W., assistance from, I viii Wax, in the ear, Galton prescribes for, IIIB 464 Wealth, evils of inherited, II 83, 118; misuse of, II 164; and social stability, II 113 Weather, charts, origin of, II 41-43; preparation of, II 42; problems concerning, II 54-58; proposals for posting up at the Meteorological Office, information regarding, IIIB 481 Webb, Jonas, breeder of Southdown sheep, statue to, at Cambridge, IIIB 463 Webb, Mrs Sidney, appreciation of Galton by, IIIA 239, 240 Webbed Soles, for swimming, IIId 546 Weber-Fechner Law, Galton's use of, II 227; and Gaussian hypothesis, II 227; as source of error in mental impressions, II 296, 297 ; and tests of muscular sense, II 217, 218; model to illustrate action of, II 307 Webster, Mr, Basque scholar, IIIB 559-561 W edderburn, pamphlet of, II 181 Wedgwood, Hensleigh, and spiritualism, II 66 Wedgwood, Josiah, and Dr Priestley, I 44 Wee Ling, an albino Pekingese puppy, finds a home with Galton, IIIA 391-393, 395, 397, 398, 427, IIIB 600, 603, IIIA 390 Plate XXXVIII; and Confucius, IIIA 399 Weeds, in the garden of humanity, IIIA 220 Weight, of boys in town and country schools, II 125, 126, 337; and muscular sense, II 217; maximum values of, II 374; percentile values of, II 376; values of, at each rank, II 390; of British noblemen during three generations, IIIA 136, 137 Weismann, A., letter of, to Galton, on continuity of the germ-plasm, etc., IIIA 340, 341 ; medallist of Linnean Soc., IIIA 340; hon. member of German Eugenia Soc, III* 388; death of, IIIA 342 Welby, Lady, and Galton, IIIA 379, 380, IIIB 529, 584 Weldon, W. F. R., and Galton, II 419, IIIA 239, 241, 318; and Galton's School, IIIA 57; co-operation of, II 321, 322; and experiments with dice, II 405; 'Biometrika' and, IIIA 100, 243-245, 250, 281, 334; on Committee for Measurement of Plants and Animals (or Evolu- tion Committee), IIIA 126, 127, 287, 288, 290, 291; early correlations determined by, IIIB 483, 484; some work of, IIIA 126, 127, 251, 259, 279; on farm for experimental breeding, IIIA 134, 135; letters of, IIIA 285, IIIB 542; correspondence of, with Galton, IIIB 483> 484, 525-527, 535, 540-542, 561; death of, IIIA 280, 291, 292, IIIB 568-570; characteristics of, IIIA 282; eloge on, IIIA 281, 285, 287, 289, 301; memorial to, IIIA 281, 284-286, 291; portraits of, IIIA 282. See also Weldon Memorial Weldon, Mrs, work of, on mice, IIIA 315, 360 Weldon Memorial, IIIA 127, 224, 281, 284-286, 291, 297, 315, 328, 333 Wellington, army of, IIIB 555 Wells, H. 67., on Eugenics or stirpiculture, IIIA 259;. on methods of improving the human race, IIIA 259, 260 Welsh, finger-prints of the, IIIA 193 Wen, inheritance of a, IIIA 375 West Indian Islands, excess of females in, II 337 Westcott, Bishop, Hon. Fellow of Trinity College, IIIA 236, 238 Westermarck, E., chairman at Galton's lecture on marriage restrictions, IIIA 266, 268, 269 Westmacott, bas-reliefs of, for Royal Exchange, I 189 Wetherby, studbook of, IIIA 96 Whaley, home of Hubert Galton, sketch of, I 48 Plate XXIX Wheatstone, Sir 67., Galton on, II 208 Wheler, Elizabeth Anne, Galton's 'Sister Bessie,' on the birth and childhood of Galton, I 63-65, 82; early letters of Galton to, I 95-97, 110, 111, 116-120, 159; Index 673 on Galton's escape from drowning, I 116; on a tour with Galton in Scotland, I 104, 105; concerning Charles Darwin, I 68; early bequest of Galton to, I 69 ; her ' Account of the Galton Family,' I 48 Plate XXIX, and sketch of Great Barr, I 49 Piate XXXI; 'Reminiscences' of, I 51,52; marriage of, 1 193; Galton advises on education of son of, IIIA 302; aged 94, IIIA 238; death of, IIIA 278, IIIB 559-561, 570; letters of Galton to, IIIB 451-153, 464, 488, 492, 506, 508, 509, 511, 512, 515-519, 527, 528, 547-550, 552, 963; portraits of, I 96 Plates L and L bis, II 332 Plato XLYI; silhouette of, I 52 Plate XXXIV Whethams, the, interest of, in the feeble-minded, IIIA 373; lecture of, III* 427; on Eugenics, IIIB 600 Wkewdl, Master of Trinity, his wooing, I 157-159, 162, 163 Whipple, and use of composite photography in meteorology, II 290 ' Whisky,' occurrence of the word in the Bible, IIIs 607 Whistles, Galton's, for high notes, II 215-217, 221, 222 Whistling, through the fingers, IIIB 578 117. 7. . A., Galton meets in Italy, IIIB 175 White, Gilbert, ' History of Selborne,' IIIB 540 White Man, possible descent of, IIIA 369, 370 ley, M. A., her work in ' Biometrika,' IIIA 256 Whiting, on the best method of cooking that fish, IIIB 581 Whorls in finger-prints, types of, IIIA 209, 210, IIIA 213 Plate XXV. See also Finger-Prints White, F., and phrenology, IIIB 577 II ikox, Mr, at funeral of Mrs Galton, IIIB 603 Wihlbad, visit to, II 280 II ikes, Samuel, on medical life-histories, II 359 WiH, limitations of the, II 241 Willis, Galton to attend lectures of, at Cambridge, I 172 Wilmol, Rev. Darwin, and portraits of Darwin ancestry, II 192 Plates XV, XVI; assistance of, I viii Wilnmt, Emma, to have medallion of Erasmus Darwin, IIIB 473 Wilson, Sir ./., assists in photographing horses at Horse Show, IIIB 506 -mere, Galton on, I 155, 156 Winds, chart of, II 42, 55, 56; problems concerning. II 54-57 Winthrop, R. C, at Darwin's funeral, III8 471 Wise Men, and foolish, IIIA 310 Withering, Dr, and 'The Larches,' I 62 . of eminent men, II 105, 106; of able men, HI* ifl2 Wolf, L., on the Jews, II 208. 200 Wombwelfs Menagerie, Galton in the lions' den at, I 151 Women, strength of, II 5, 107, 374-376; atid marriage, II 132-134; of Spain and England, II 7; emancipation of, and Eugenics, II 134; mental imagery in, II 242; introspection in, II 242; Galton on, II 131-134, IIIA 67, 278, 317; number forms of, II1B 469; measurements on, II 374; selection of civic worth in, IIIA 232; academic work of, IIIA 359; noteworthiness in, IIIA 117, 118; and limitation of families, IIIA 322; sensitivity of, and men, II 221, 222 Woodd, S., number form of, IIIB 469 Woodward, Dr, visits Galton Laboratory, IIIA 385, 386 Wootton Wawen, Gallons buried at, IIIB 529 Words, and associated ideas, II 235; association of, with visualised pictures, II 243; poetic and scientific use of, IIIA 337, 338; proposals regarding, for types of selection, IIIB 505, 506 Wordsworth, imagination of, II 308; associated by Galton with insanity, IIIA 115 Work, capacity for, II 91, 92; queries regarding hours of, and value of output, II 419 Worms, Galton's and Darwin's observations on, II 196, 197 Wright, Mr, and the title page of ' Biometrika,' II I A 246 Wright, Harold, his assistance in obtaining information as to Galton's Cambridge days, I 173, 175 Wundt, W., work of, II 211, 212 X-Clvb, dinners of the, IIIA 239 ' Yaffles,' Galton stays at, IIIA 323-326, IIIB 585 Yeoman, joins reading party with Galton, I 168 Young, with Galton, on reading party, I 159 Young, Thomas, Samuel Galton and Hudson Gumey, 147-48 Youth, promise of, as a forecast for manhood, IIIA 232; on modern, II 257; and age, IIIA 318 Yule, Col, number form of, II 242, IIIB 469 Yule, 0. U ., paper of, in 'Biometrika,' I1IA 251; and technical terms in science, IIIA 334 Zanzibar, as centre of missionary enterprise, II 28; as travellers' starting place, II 30 Zeometer, designed by Galton, II 50 Zoological Gardens, and experimental breeding, IIIA 131, 287 Zoological Society, Galton's membership of, II 88; and experimental work, IIIA 129 Zoonomia, of Erasmus Darwin. Darwin's and Galton's views of, I 13 'Zygote,' Galton's criticism of term, IIIB 515 Heredity counts for much, for more than we reckon in these matters. We breed horses and cattle with careful study of the principle; the prize bull and Derby winner are the result. With mankind we heed it little, or not at all... .What is genius? None can tell. But may it not be the residt in character of the conflict of violent strains of heredity, which clash like flint and steel, and produce the divine spark ? Lord Rosebery. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY W. LEWIS, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS THE LIFE, LETTERS, AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GALT< By KARL PEARSON, F.R.S., Galton Professor, University of London Volume I. Birth 1822 to Marriage 1853. With 5 Pedigree Plates and 72 Photographic Plates, Frc piece and 2 Text-figures. Price, Bound in Buckram, 36s. net. Sold only with copies of Vol. II. "It is not too much to say of this book that it will never cease to be memorable. Never will man hold in his hands a biography careful, more complete." — The Times "A monumental tribute to one of the most suggestive and inspiring men of modern times."- — Westminster Gazette " It was certainly fitting that the life of the great exponent of heredity should be written by his great disciple, and it is gratifying i to find that he has made of it, what may without exaggeration be termed a great book." — Daily Telegraph Volume II. Letters and Labours of Middle Life. With 50 Plates and many Figures in the r. Price, Bound in Buckram, 45s. net. Ch. VIII. Transition Studies: Art of Travel, Geography, Climate. — Ch. IX. Early Anthropological Researches. Transition ( Geography to Anthropology. — Ch. X. The Early Study of Heredity: Correspondence with Alphonse de Candolle and Charles D; — Ch. XI. Psychological Investigations. Transition from Physical to Psychical Anthropology.- — Ch. XII. Photographic Research! Portraiture. — Ch. XIII. Early Statistical Investigations with regard to Anthropology. Transition to Statistics as fundamen Biological Enquiry. 'For the student of the History of Science, as well as for the student of Galton- this volume is of prime importance. . . .The voli important and deeply interesting. It is splendidly illustrated." — Glasgow Herald "Galton's personality and achievements have taken their place in the history of science, and more than justify the sumptuous Letters, and Labours' on which Professor Pearson has lavished special knowledge and labour." — The Times Literary Supplement 'It is a wholly worthy memorial of a very great man." — Science ' We prophesy that Pearson's Life of Gallon will be ranked by our descendants not very far behind Boswell's 'Johnson,' and Treve MacaulayV — British Medical Journal ' If our race continues to progress in the right direction, our descendants of, say, five or ten centuries hence will be insatiable in need of information about such men as calton and darwin. They will bless Pearson for his devotion. If the greatness of a man is Treasured by the product of his originality by his energy — and this seems the right way of measuring it — GALTON is certainly a very nan and his greatness will increase, and not decrease, as years and centuries go by." — Isii BIOMETRIKA. A Journal for the Statistical Study of Biological Proble Volume XXI, Parts I to IV. 1929. 64/- net (including postage) CONTENTS Biometrika Portrait Series, No. VI. Pierre Simon Laplace, 1749 — 1827, Frontispiece. I. Tables for ascertaining the Significance or non-Significance of Association measured by the Correlation Ratio. By Woo, Ph.D. II. A Contribution to Basque Craniometry. By G. M. Morant, D.Sc. With five plates, three figures in the folding table of measurements and three tissues in pocket. III. On Measurement of the Internal Diameters of the Sk Relation: (I) to the Prediction of its Capacity, and (II) to the "Pre-eminence" of the Left Hemisphere. By M. F. Hoa: and K. Pearson. With two diagrams (one folding) and four folding sheets of tables. IV. On the Distribution of the Ra1 Mean to Standard Deviation in Small Samples from non-Normal Universes. By Paul R. Rider, Ph.D. With five figui the text. V. Albinism in Dogs. By Karl Pearson and C. H. Usher. With two pedigree plates and eight plates (two colon VI. On tfae Distribution of the first Product-Moment Coefficient, in Samples drawn from an indefinitely large Normal Po tion. By Karl Pearson, G. B. Jefi-ery, F.R.S. and Ethel M. Elderton. With thirteen figures in the text. VII. Lay Notes on bis Ancestry and Life. By L'Abbe G. A. Simon, M. le Comte de Colbert-Laplace and K. Pearson. With Pcdi VIII. Studies in the Theory of Sampling. By Joseph Pepper. B.Sc. With three figures in the text. IX. The Distributi Frequency Constants in Small Samples from Non-normal Symmetrical and Skew Populations. By Egon S. Pearson, I assisted by N. K. Ahyanthaya, B.Sc. With six figures in the text. X. Sampling when the Parent Population is of Pear Type III. By Cecil C. Craig, Ph.D. XI. Note on Dr Craig's Paper. By Egon S. Pearson. XII. On Racial Differenc Stature Long Bone Regression Formulae, with Special Reference to Stature Reconstruction Formulae for the Chinese Paul Huston Stevenson, M.D. XIII. Measurements of Macedonian Men. By Margaret M. Hasluck, B.A. and C Morant, D.Sc. With four plates, one figure in the text and one folding map. XIV. Some Notes on Sampling Tests with Variables. By E. S. Pearson, D.Sc. With three figures in the text. XV. Inequalities for Moments of Frequency Func and for Various Statistical Constants. By J. Shoiiat (Jacques Chokhate). XVI. The Standard Error of Mean Square tingency. By Prof. T. Kondo. Miscellanea: (a) Variability in Girls and Boys (Glasgow). By Ethel M. Elderton. (j8) on a paper in Biometrika, Vol. xix. By J. O. Irwin The subscription price, payable in advance, l« 44s. net per volume for Great Britain, and 45s. net per volume abroad (including pa ind postage): single numbers 16«. net (including postage). Owing to the scarcity of early volumes, the following rates must n( [■barged for complete sets. Vols. I to XXA and XXs: Bound in buckram £85. I0s., in wrappers £79 net. Recent volumes may st obtained at wrapper prices. Standard buckram cases with Darwin block, price 8*. M. + Cxi. postage per volume. Index to Vols. I 2s. net. Index to Vols. I to XV, 7s. Oil. net. Cheques must be made payable to Professor Karl Pearson and sent to the Seen Biometric Laboratory University College, London, W.C. 1, to whom all orders for series and single copies should be addressee cheques must l«? properly stamped and should be crossed "Biometrika Account." Issued by THE BIOMETRIC LABORATORY, University College, London, W.C.I (i) ANNALS OF EUGENICS A JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RACIAL PROBLEMS EDITED BV K. PEARSON and E. M. ELDERTON Volume III, Parts III & IV. April, 1929. 35/- net (including postage) CONTENTS I. The Problem of Alien Immigration into Great Britain Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children. By Karl Pearson and Margaret Moul. (With twenty-two figures in the text.) Part III. Special Eye Examination. Section F. On the Relation of the Ocular Characters (Visual Acuity, Refraction Class, General and Corneal Refraction, General and Corneal Astigmatism, Distance of Near Point) to Cephalic Characters (the three Cephalic Indices, Interpupillary Index, and Index of the Sunken Eye) and Pigmentation Characters (Hair Colour, Eye Colour). II. Hereditary Brachydactylism and Interphalangeal Ankylosis. By G. A. M. Hall, M.D. (With two pedigrees in the text and four plates.) III. The Age of Onset in Hereditary Optic Atrophy. By Julia Bell, M.R.C.P. (With one figure in the text.) IV. The Growth Curves of certain Characters in Women and the Inter-relationship of these Characters. By Ethel M. Elderton and Margaret Moul with some assistance from E. Mary Page. (With forty-seven diagrams in the text.) V. Studies of Palaeolithic Man. Part III. The llhodesian Skull and its relations to Neanderthaloid and modern Types. By G. M. Morant, D.Sc. (With six plates, three figures in the text and three contours.) VI. A Study of the Epidemiology of Measles. By Percy Stocks, M.D., Reader in Medical Statistics, University of London, assisted by Mary N. Karn, M. A. (With seven figures in the text.) Review: William Bateson, F.R.S., Naturalist (His Essays and Addresses together with a short account of his life. By Beatrice Bateson, Cambridge University Press, 1928). By E. A. Eraser, D.Sc. Volume IV, Parts I & II. April, 1930. 35/- net (including postage) CONTENTS I. On a New Theory of Progressive Evolution. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. (With two plates and one figure in text.) II. Some New Pedigrees of Hereditary Disease. A. Polydactylism and Syndactylism. B. Blue Sclerotics and Fragility of Bone. By Julia Bell, M.A., M.R.C.P. (With two pedigrees in text and ten plates.) III. A Biometric Investigation of Twins and their Brothers and Sisters. By Percy Stocks, M.D., D.P.H. (With four figures in text.) IV. Studies of Palaeolithic Man. Part IV. A Biometric Study of the Upper Palaeolithic Skulls of Europe and of their Relationships to Earlier and Later Types. By G. M. Morant, D.Sc. (With twelve plates, sixty-three contours, a folding table of measurements, and sixty-three tissues in a pocket at the end of the part.) V. Two Pedigrees of Retinitis Pigmentosa. I. A Pedigree of Retinitis Pigmentosa. By C. H. Usher, M.B., B.Chir. (Camb.), F.R.C.S. (Edin.). II. A Pedigree of Retinitis Pigmentosa. (With two pedigrees in the text.) By C. H. Usher, M.B., B.Chir. (Camb.), F.R.C.S. (Edin.) and T. Shennan, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Edin.). VI. 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The Continuity of .Mental Defect. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S., and Gustav A. Jaederholm, Ph.D. Price Is. Qd. net. IX. Mendelism and the Problem of Mental Defect. III. On the Graduated Character of Mental Defect, and on the need for standardizing Judgments as to the Grade of Social Inefficiency which shall involve Segregation. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. (Double Number.) Price 2s. net. X. The Science of Man. Its Needs and its Prospects. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Being the Presidential Address to Section H of the British Association, 1920. Price Is. Qd. net. XI. Francis Galton, A Centenary Appre- ciation. With portrait sketch. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price is. net. XII. Charles Darwin, 1809-1882. An Ap- preciation. With an unpublished portrait. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price 2s. Qd. net. Eugenics Laboratory Publications MEMOIR SERIES. I. The Inheritance of Ability. By Edgar Schosteb, I l.Sc., Formerly Galton Research Fellow, and E. M. Elderton. [Out of Print II. A First Study of the Statistics of nity and the Inheritance of the Insane Diathesis. By David Heron, D.Sc, Form- erly Galton Research Fellow. [Out of Print III. The Promise of Youth and the nuance of Manhood. By Edgar Schcster, D.Sc. [Out of Print IV. On the Measure of the Resemblance of FiiM Cousins. By Ethel M. Elderton, h Fellow, assisted by Karl Pearson, F.R.S. /'rice 5s. net. V. A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and of the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight. By Amy Harrington and Karl Pearson, I-'. U.S. /',/.< 6a /" '. VI. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Parts I anil II 'double part). (Diabetes in- sipidus, Split-Foot, Polydactylism,Brachy- dactylism, Tuberculosis, Deaf-Mutism, and Legal Ability.) Price 14s. net. VII. On the Relationship of Condition of the Teeth in Children to Factors of Health and Home Environment, By E. ('. Rhodes, D.Sc. Price 9s. net, VIII. The Influence of Unfavourable Home Environment and Defective Physique on tin.' Intelligence of School Children. By David Heron, M.A., D.Sc. [Out oj IX. The Treasury ofHuman Inheritance. Part III. (Angioneurotic Oedema. Herma- phroditism, Deaf-Mutism, Insanity, Corn- mercial Ability.; Price 10s. net. X. The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Intelligence of the Offspring. By Ethel .\I. Elderton, as- sisted by Karl Pearson. Price 8s. net. XI. The Treasury of Human Inheritance. Part IV. (Cleft Palate, Hare-Lip, Deaf- Mutism, and Congenital Cataract.) Price 10s. net. XII. The Treasury ofHuman Inheritance. ParteVandVI. (Haemophilia.) Price \bs.uet. XIII. A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Intelligence of the Offspring. By Karl Pearson, E.B.S., and Ethel M. Elderton. Price li.-.'. net. XIV. A Preliminary Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults. By Amy Barring- \ and Karl Pearson, F.K.S., assisted by David Heron, D.Sc. Price Be. net. XV. The Treasury of Human Inheritance. Dwarfism, with 49 Plates of Illustrations and 8 Plates of Pedigrees. Price 15*. net. XVI. The Treasury of Human Inheritance. Prefatory matter and indices to Vol. I. With Frontispiece Portraits of Sir Francis Galton and Ancestry. Price •">•■■•. net. XVII. A Second Study of Extreme Alco- holism in Adults. With special reference to the Home-Office Inebriate Reformatory data. By David Heron, D.Sc. Price 7s. Qd. net. XVIII. On the Correlation of Fertility with Social Value. A Cooperative Study. Price 7.s. <>l National Eugenics. By KABL I'earson, F.R.S. Third Edition. Price Is. fid. net. The Groundwork of Eugenics. By Karl PEARSON, F. U.S. Second Edition. Price Is. 6d. net. The Relative Strength of Nurture and Nature. Much enlarged Second Edition. Part I. The Relative Strength of Nurture and Nature. BvEthblM. ElDERTON. Part II. Some Recent Misinterpretations of the Pro- blem of Nurture and Nature. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price 2s. (id. net. On the Marriage of First Cousins. By Ethel M. Elderton. Price Is. fid. net. The Problem of Practical Eugenics. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price Is. fid. net. Nature and Nurture, the Problem of the Future. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Second Edition. Price Is. fid. net. VII. The Academic Aspect of the Science of National Eugenics. By Karl Pearson. Price 3s. net. Sold only with complete sets. VIII. Tuberculosis, Heredity and Environ- ment. By Karl Pearson. Price Is. fid. art. IX. Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eu- genics. The Cavendish Lecture, 1912. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price Is. fid. net. X. The Handicapping of the First-born. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price 2s. (id. net. XI. National Life from the Standpoint of Science. (Third Issue.) By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price Is. (id. net. XII. The Function of Science in the Modern State. By Karl Pearson. Price 2s. net. XIII. Sidelights on the Evolution of Man. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price 3s. net. XIV. The Right of the Unborn Child. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price 3s. net. Walter Raphael Weldon. 1860—1906. A Memoir. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price 6s. net (6d. postage). A few copies of the following are still available : The Skull and Portraits of Sir Thomas Browne. By Miriam Tildesley. Price Three Guineas net. The Skull and Portraits of King Robert the Bruce. By Karl Pearson. Price One Guinea net. The Skull and Portraits of George Buchanan. By Karl Pearson. Price One Guinea net. The Skull and Portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley. By Karl Pearson. Price £1. Is. (id. net. Application should be made to the Secretary, Biometric Laboratory, University College, London, W.C. 1. At the Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, B.C. 4. The Chances of Death and other Studies in Evolution By KARL PEARSON, F.R.S. Reissue. Price 30/- net. Vol. I 1. The Chances of Death. 2. The Scientific Aspect of Monte Carlo Roulette. 3. Reproduc- tive Selection. 4. Socialism and Natural Selec- tion. 5. Politics and Science. 6. Reaction. 7. Woman and Labour. 8. Variation in Man and Woman. Vol. II 9. Woman as Witch. Evidences of Mother- Right in the Customs of Mediaeval Witchcraft. 10. Ashiepattle, or Hans seeks his Luck. 11. Kindred Group Marriage. Part I. Mother Age Civilisation. Part II. General Words for Sex and Kinship. Part III. Special Words for Sex and Relationship. 12. The German Passion Play: A Study in the Evolution of Western Christianity. Mounted Charts of the Weight and Health of Male and Female Babies Price 7s. Gd. net the pair, suitable for the walls of Baby-Clinics, or for plotting the growth of individual babies to mark their progress. The following works prepared in the Biometric Laboratory can be obtained from H.M. Stationery Office. The English Convict, A Statistical Study. By Charles Goring, M.D. Text. Price 9s. Tables of Measurements (printed by Convict-Labour). Price 5s. The English Convict. An Abridgment, with an Introduction by Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price 3s. Tables of the Incomplete P-Function. Edited with an Introduction by Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Price £2. 2s. Od. or by Post £2. 2s. 9d. (vi) RECENT ISSUES OF THE GALTON AND BIOMETRIC LABORATORIES THE TREASURY OF HUMAN INHERITANCE. Vol. II. Part III. (Nettleship Memorial Volume.) Blue Sclerotics and Fragility of Bone. By Julia Bell, M.A., M.R.C.S., M.R.C.P. Hon. Galton Research Fellow. 58 pp. of Text, Chronological Bibliography of 150 titles, Figures of 102 pedigrees on 6 Plates and 17 Illustrative Plates, two in colours. Price Thirty-six shillings net. Tracts for Computers XIII. BIBLIOTHECA TABULARUM MATHEMATICARUM being a Descriptive Catalogue of Mathematical Tables. Part I. Logarithms of Numbers. By James Henderson, Ph.D. Price 9s. net. XV. RANDOM SAMPLING NUMBERS. By L. H. C. Tippett, M.Sc. With a Foreword by the Editor. Price 3s. 9d. net. XVI. LOGARITHMETICA BRITANNICA. A Standard Table of Logarithms to 20 Decimal Places. By A. J. Thompson, Ph.D. Part IV. Numbers 40,000 to 50,000. Price 15s. net. Cambridge University Press Fetter Lane, E.C. 4 At the Biometric Laboratory, University College, London. TABLES FOR STATISTICIANS AND BIOMETRICIANS. Edited by karl pearson, f.r.s. The third edition of this book will consist of two Parts Part I issued in 1930 embraces the Second Edition revised. It may be obtained direct from the Biometric Laboratory, University College, London, price 155. net, plus is. postage to any address, or through any bookseller. Part II will contain all the Tables issued in Biometrika during the last sixteen years together with a number of Tables not yet published, but at present being computed. It is hoped to issue it this year. PRESS NOTICES OF THE FIRST EDITION "To the workers in the difficult field of higher statistics such aids are invaluable. Their calculation and publication was therefore as inevitable as the steady progress of a method which brings within grip of mathe- matical analysis the highly variable data of biological observation. The immediate cause for congratulation is, therefore, not that the tables have been done but that they have been done so well..., The volume is in- dispensable to all who are engaged in serious statistical work." — Science "The whole work is an eloquent testimony to the self-effacing labour of a body of men and women who desire to save their fellow scientists from a great deal of irksome arithmetic; and the total time that will be saved in the future by the publication of this work is, of course, incalculable To the statistician these tables will be indispensable." — Journal of Education "The issue of these tables is a natural outcome of Professor Karl Pearson's work, and apart from their value for those for whose use they have been prepared, their assemblage in one volume marks an interesting stage in the progress of scientific method, as indicating the number and importance of the calculations which they are designed to facilitate." — Post Magazine (vii) AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS THE TREASURY OF HUMAN INHERITANCE. Vol. II. Part II. (Nettleship Memorial Volume.) Colour Blindness. By Julia Bell, M.A., M.R.C.S., M.R.C.P. 143 pp. of Text, Chrono- logical Bibliography of 425 titles, Figures of 235 pedigrees on 15 Plates and frontispiece portrait of John Dalton. Price Forty-jive shillings net. "The name of Edward Nettleship is among the great ones of ophthalmology. He was in the succession of Bowman, von Graefe and Donders, but his mind was of a philosophical cast, and he was particularly interested in hereditary defects, and comparatively early in life he retired from practice in order to devote himself entirely to the study of this subject. His pupils founded a medal in his honour, which, at his request, is awarded for the encouragement of scientific and ophthalmic work. His best memorial, however, has been erected by Professor Karl Pearson, who has devoted one of the fine volumes of The Treasury of Human Inheritance to the subject of hereditary diseases and anomalies of the eye, to stand as a Nettleship Memorial Volume and record of Nettleship 's own work and that of his immediate students and friends. Part I, which was published in 1922... contained an account of the life of Nettleship and dealt with the subjects of retinitis pigmentosa and allied conditions, congenital stationary night-blindness, and glioma retinae. Part II, which is now published, is devoted to colour-blindness, and under the capable authorship of Dr Julia Bell exhibits to the full the high standard of workmanship that we are accustomed to expect of the Cambridge University Press. The volume, indeed, may be considered as an Edition de luxe, which will give equal satisfac- tion to the bibliophile and the man of science. An excellent reproduction of C. Turner's engraving of the portrait of Dalton by Lonsdale forms an appropriate frontispiece, since Dalton was the first to give a scientific description of colour-blindness." — British Medical Journal " Diese grossziigige, dem Gedachtnis Nettleships gewidmete Monographic bringt an der Hand einer 425 Nummern umfassenden Literatur und der Reproduktion von 235 Stammbaumen, die alle naher nach den Originalien erlautert werden, eine ausgezeichnete Darstellung der Erblichkeitsverhaltnisse der angeborenen Farbenblindheit. Klar und schon ist auch die einleitende historische Darstellung der Lehre vom Farbensinn. Man kann die Verfasserin und den Verlag nur begliickwunschen zu dieser auch in der Form hervorragenden Leistung, der vollstandigsten, die unser Fach besitzt und die dies fur die Erblichkeitslehre so wichtige Kapitel in einer sehr erwtinschten Weise zusammenfasst." Prof. Axenfeld in Klinische Monatsbldtter f. Augenheilkunde Tracts for Computers XIII. BIBLIOTHECA TABULARUM MATHEMATICARUM being a Descriptive Catalogue of Mathematical Tables. Part I. Logarithms of Numbers. By James Henderson, Ph.D. Double Number. Price 9s. net. "This Tract is a first and very substantial contribution to the realization of another of Professor Pearson's projects — the publication of a new bibliography of mathematical tables. It is a descriptive catalogue of all the more important log tables, antilog tables and tables for the calculation of logs or antilogs to a large number of places. Anyone who has attempted even on a small scale to examine and describe collections of tables will recognise the magnitude of the task that Mr Henderson has undertaken, and will appreciate the devices which he has adopted in this first and perhaps heaviest part of the work to co-ordinate the results of his researches and to present them clearly and in a reasonable space. Apart from the value of the catalogue as a work of reference, the Introduction and the historical notes throughout the bibliography will render the Tract of interest to all students of logarithms." — Journal of the Institute of Actuaries "Even the professional computer of to-day does not find it by any means easy to keep his knowledge of tables up to date. The last two decades have witnessed the complete modernising of our equipment of logarithmic, trigonometrical and calculating tables.. ..The computer is frequently at a loss to know where to turn for information concerning these new tables, and for guidance as to the best tables to use in his particular problems. The work before us is designed to satisfy this much-felt need, and in our opinion, achieves its object admirably. ...Because of the scarcity of comprehensive literature on the subject, and not less because of its intrinsic merits, we welcome Mr Henderson's production." Journal of the British Astronomical Association "This is a very complete and well executed index to published tables of the logarithms of numbers. Each table is described in such a way as to give the computer all the information he needs to decide whether it would be useful in his work. Conversely, if the computer has definite requirements in mind for any special task, this volume will at once call to his attention the best tables for his purpose. It should be on the shelves of every institution that has a variety of computing to perform." — The Astronomical Journal (viii)