ack & Le beter re ee Ua RCH ak Pt) Ces Mae MC ie wh Wi ite An bh iy yey ie ey tity Mite Pa ae we iv hy V Naina Dey no) ' i ‘ i ty SOUND \ ot sya 4 Hint Peete 4 DONIC sh! fa ee Maen Cy epee 2 ue NU litay etaae iu ‘ yay st it hin! aaa he ‘ ' hy, \ 4) ' i He AN VW th aeae pe ~ BAAN ie 0 HAC NT BRANT Deity AS atti satiate . ~~ % ee 2 tee Ne ne i ne COUNTY he NS en ©; ~ rAd Te ww OD 4 ; e ATs “ wr “ AAs » ~ dere — “9 | @epAa ir, 7 vl Vw %% ‘is “\ < \ j Eee ere eece > AAA te ater = ee apart sy d SrESss j seals pb A x Vey { - aan ae i XS ee = ORCS: = - 1uay bites V p ‘4 is <* ov e't Sy et v s ‘ v~ ap Ns | eatin i ster ee oe all 1 PAL ‘, } 5 Ds Seu Se Nhe ice SUBS OVE SE BNO wf ie ~~ ., & ‘ ‘hd = hel" wr “SONAL 4 ake OPEL wig pee ws vegarze peal" a *SENA rarer POS pa PAisie AES se | eve = rar POUE NA wre edd ant owky 21a ~ AS t Vv ve ‘yy ose na an? awky es lt tel wi nie . ; werevee \wwy Merrthg ree s Tal We ; aa tt | 2 1 Sidahkas ao ~! poe” nib te on AS ier fp Th Puystanaedul Coe weighs OEL SY 7 NN Hd ewe at Prag an ttieghttthy , os | ci ee | Ny hh" , \ bial | | AhKe aA Naylesyertn. 4 i ages e at ALY aah | N47 Rane led ste “S845 a ee ry iid i “YA. MAA, | Bye e WRe . a Ste TE Pee INST P ithahe : a0 Digitol Ne ‘vw- . Md LL ahha TNR 3 a ote stew, v date aes, = : j ESE v ‘ : WNUL. FALL pill - 4 wh es a) SyFrTeIN bah hk CNet G6 PS aNUSASS La HH ey. t | , Ve ral a Woot: Ww Oe. +S we Ny, ‘ BEE ise 4 la y v = ch i s . rr on oa x rr OURAN 4 FT" n oy A ~~ ~~ italy” a , aco thing -_ a, 1 ee = $ wet » gh a D, ite SSCS ids | tae vig oi "eee wh Nee Miri Juss Mtrnarenge heen LL tive ne wt? - ty) \~ <5 f ™ Fersaiiiall Sree = tie bd Oat At) ie re by = es (tw ( — - POCA” ¥ Nord a Wh Ro Pa ee tL rete Mes sin | Ngo Ss. - vO 5 Jive : a TAS We 4 3 yin rar, $ . | =a 4 Se” vg eee : a at | had Pe fryty, é “WEN EY ay TNH + Rags adil Bs , NNR ee Wry MLL ce S| on SV iin iit Hee tea ass Sodan Woes ~~ v: e =) wwwies Maa ic weee iN: sta wow ~ wr SX” é td SN ha” ~ aaa ees ~s 5% wees ¢ ey vei srvweye aan AU Utes ; 5 ory i = . a y mess ATT TTT ay \ noe bit PA hor tb - wT Mh | AIS AL TERT ae . bt bitheht sy a remy PMG cere whew w aS | : yt, / NY I e uw | a We =U se ee Ae F ‘ Win Wen ey “A&A; ) ~~ -y ~~ am: Nee: ~~ he a wn Nee MORAL Dard, . AAS ‘yg Ty yu tf See Ys Wage nt , ; ve ‘ * ‘whyew + WEE : S a3 B wr : id ? rie 7 ao ee Ye ~ A tg <> = é Tty Ney \ | pet mel hae Pras Serle 25; THT LLL Sa | Ld 2 Uayel | raver 7 hd I 1 it B. ava eS | | 5 } 1 vi ie sh | A eeyaut Tt Wey veerery oe adteyytt "bea yo Vit AY TS 1 loll Se eed OM pet “By. es ‘° aN ‘ Wwe rey { Toye ’ An oy ras ‘Serey : Os, Pe) jVyity 3 MA, WyAlyaaeen~ wg ty, it bas ON wy ey Wh LD Vwi j : . rahe Wiarive Na), ~ og ef Wy von ae wine a At Vad ts Ww Md be bd ws rae yy ’ TTT TTT | v ya MTN, MUGeReeeee Hit a Wesvcsw” be 2 Pie P aes eh fl inti ae baad gts ec Ot Nae sri 76 5 ve ios Be ae hd ‘ lJiduqer ™, s ib oe Soe Sees re US nt lag -o De | | | wits VV er eee le heey, ay eet 4 ww - 7 veg : » Now Tiehihaht Pe, dott wey” Oe, tbe. Monn “Ta! a7 Pat | a : Ow: . Ow Ve ctaune " WeTMiee wv wwy a ry, AM, 1yenned MT EEL TUTE Tey raster ant ay crag wry TT 1) pUaes ‘A . y we gl ' ao ] Pipex - +N ny } => Seu we ows o% LU 7 ar co ae - Smee ‘wh ‘ ‘wy EE bhi pgm 4441 | RRR a TUT PT ete Caen al tytn ttle ee ceee ye ATTA ‘wy ST ae bill uf Bere uyse vere. tye efoverory’ F rai, ea v hd TT he at iwi 11 Nght weaved. cyrvey v wnt . | Nite Tit! Sey” va weerety vores’ Case bere See rironeeyleeetinceneniyy enneesee. eee tay ain mt Vere See ne - a van, gilt = UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BULLETIN IssuED WEEKLY ~ Vol. xvi ~- = JUNE 7, 1920. ; No. 41° we pores as second-class matter December 11, £912, at the ace office at Urbana, Illinois; under the Act of 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at the special fate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of poner: 1917, authorized July 31, 1918. ; _ LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE ~ : ae OR : ec ee GLACIAL PERIOD ‘By FRANK COLLINS BAKER - Curator of the: Museum of Natasa History. University of ee Paice eee e PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF SLL INOS "URBANA ; 4920 Qe Te) Bo* y pAL THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL PERIOD AS RECORDED IN THE DEPOSITS LAID DOWN BY THE GREAT ICE SHEETS BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER CURATOR OF THE Museum oF NATURAL History UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 1920 Nome Af COPYRIGHT BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 1920 DIsTRIBUTED, May, 1920 * , _ CONTRIBUTION FROM THE Musreum oF NATURAL HisvT0!1 NuMBER ip ay PREFACE About nine years ago, Mr. A. Scharf, a gentleman interested in the study of Archaeology, discovered a bed of mussels, containing the species Elliptio crassidens, near the old village of Bowmanville, in the northwestern part of the City of Chicago. These specimens were referred to the writer who doubted their having been found near Chicago, the present distribution of crassidens being upwards of a hundred miles from the City, southward and westward. Investigation revealed the presence, hitherto unknown to either the geologists or the zoologists of Chicago, of a fossil deposit of wide extent, which contained not only the species in question but many others, both pelecypods and gastro- pods. These deposits were in a new drainage canal, called the North Shore Channel, which now extends from Bowmanville northward to Wilmette, a dis- tance of about eight miles. The writer was fortunate in being able to follow the excavation of this canal foot by foot and thus to secure fresh exposures. During a period of two years the entire length was carefully surveyed with the results described in the pages that follow (Part I). The new Calumet-Sag Channel, draining the southeastern part of the city, was also studied, but in no such detail as was the North Shore Channel. It is greatly to be regretted that this canal, pre- senting quite as important data as did the North Shore Channel, could not have been given equally as exhaustive study. The small amount of time available was used to the utmost and important data were obtained. As the work proceeded, it became evident that here was an opportunity to reconstruct the life and conditions of this ancient glacial lake; to ascertain the bearing of this life upon the migration and repopulation of the glaciated area; and to compare the postglacial with the recent fauna and flora. To this end the literature was searched for data relating to this region and much time was spent in different parts of the area in quest of additional material. The study of the Chicago region very naturally led to a consideration of other regions once covered by the great ice sheet and also to other periods of glacia- tion—the little-known interglacial intervals. The result of these studies is embodied in the two parts of this volume. Part I embraces an account of the postglacial geology and life of the Chica- go region, and also a resumé of our present knowledge concerning the post- glacial life of the entire glaciated region of the United States and Canada. In Part II the life of the interglacial intervals is discussed and the species of plantsandanimalslsted. Thisis largely a compilation, all available literature having been searched for data. In this part the placing of a record in a parti- lil iv LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE cular interval has often been attended with great difficulty on account of the ambiguity concerning its stratigraphic position—its relation to a distinct and well known drift sheet. In some cases only a suggestion has been made, while in many others not even this has been possible. Not a few records, however, have been of such a character as to leave little or no doubt concerning their relation to one of the drift sheets. Only such have been available for recon- structing the life of these intervals. Many of the references are not available because of gross errors of identification, as well as of stratigraphy; such as Aughey’s list of Missouri loess mollusks, which is worthless for this reason. In all lists the modern nomenclature is used. In correlating these records with the particular interglacial interval in which they are supposed to belong the writer has used his judgment, based on the original stratigraphical data or upon some later local geological map or record. It is probable that this judgment has not in all cases been correct. In the list of biotic remains all groups of animals and plants (excepting the Diatomaceae) have been included, in order that a comprehensive view might be presented of the life of each interval. The lists of species at the end of the volume (Chapter XIII) are so meager that they pitifully expose our lack of knowledge and indicate forcefully that much is yet to be done before we are in a position to write intelligently on the life of the Pleistocene. The title of this volume may be thot to be too inclusive, the region from which the data have been gathered forming but a part of the entire territory in which Pleistocene animals and plants have been found. It was thot, how- ever, that the only way in which a knowledge of the life of the interglacial inter- vals could be obtained would be to study the life which had been entombed between the till sheets, and which could only have lived during the interval represented. For this reason the area selected for study includes only that part of the United States and Canada (east of the Rocky Mountains) that was covered by the great continental ice sheets. Deposits outside of this area, therefore, cannot be included, except for purposes of comparison, as there is no way of deciding just which interval they may represent. In fact, many of the records beyond the glaciated territory represent deposits which were forming continuously thruout the entire time of the Pleistocene, they not being greatly influenced by the great ice sheets. With this statement of the purpose of the work, it is easily seen that the title “Life of the Pleistocene” is not inappro- priate. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer is greatly indebted to many persons, professional and others, for assistance during the preparation of the work. Chief among these may be mentioned Dr. T. C. Chamberlin and Dr. Rollin Chamberlin, of the University PREFACE v of Chicago, for kindly criticism and advice. To Mr. Frank Leverett of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Mr. Frank B. Taylor, of Fort Wayne, Indiana, the author is indebted for information and criticism. The following gentlemen have placed the writer under great obligation by determining the groups of life in which they are specialists. Dr. Edward W. Berry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Plants. Dr. Charles A. Davis, United States Geological Survey, Washington (de- ceased). Plants. Dr. C. R. Eastman, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Fish. Dr. C. H. Eigenman, Indiana State University, Bloomington. Fish. Dr. O. P. Hay, Carnegie Institute, Washington. Mammalsand Fish. Dr. A. E. Ortmann, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Penn. Crustacea. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D.C. Bird remains. Dr. V. Sterki, New Philadelphia, Ohio. Spheriide. Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan. Ancylus, Amnicola and other Mollusca. Dr. H. F. Wickham, lowa State University, lowa City, lowa. Insects. The gentlemen and institutions whose names appear below have greatly assisted, either by supplying material, publications, data, or advice. Dr. C. C. Adams, Syracuse University, N. Y. State College of Forestry. Dr. W. H. Dall, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Dr. U.S. Grant, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Dr. T. E. Savage, University of Illinois, Urbana, Hlinois. Dr. W. W. Atwood, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Mr. W. H. Over, Museum, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, S. D. Mr. A. W. Slocum, Geological Museum, University of Chicago, Chicago. Mr. Ira Meyers, Francis Parker School, Chicago. Mr. Henry T. Mortensen, Chicago. Mr. A.S. Lewis, formerly superintendent of Lincoln Park, Chicago. Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ontario. Chicago Academy of Sciences, loan of plates XX XI, LVI, and LVIII. U.S. Geological Survey. Green and Sons Company, Chicago. Great Lakes Naval Station, Illinois. To Mr. Frank M. Woodruff, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, acknowl- edgment is due for assistance in surveying the North Shore Channel (as well -as in other field work) and for many of the photographs here used as illustra- tions. The collections upon which Part I are based have been generously loaned to the University of Illinois by the Chicago Academy of Sciences for study during the preparation of this volume. These are numbers 24300 to 24400 vi LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE and 25301 to 25600 of the collections in the Chicago Academy of Sciences. A duplicate set has been deposited in the museum of the University of Illinois by the Academy and are numbered P 1 to 500. In a recent work, Salisbury! says of the Pleistocene record ‘‘ The to-and-fro movements of the land floras and faunas must have introduced an elaborate series of superpositions, giving an elaborate, orderly, and unusual succession. The record of this succession has not been worked out in its completeness, and unfortunately there is little chance that it will be worked out in its fulness unless by the most persistent care.”” The present volume may be considered a contribution to the end indicated by the above statement. It is fully ap- preciated that it contains much that is incomplete and perhaps faulty. That itis a first attempt to cover a wide and difficult field may ina measure explain some of its shortcomings. It is thot that the bringing together of the widely scattered data and literature relative to the subject will be found useful to all students of the life of this last geological stage of the history of the earth. It is confidently hoped that its publication will inspire a desire on the part of local students to supply the deficiencies and to add the much-needed information necessary before we can write a comprehensive account of the ‘Life of the Pleistocene.’ 1 Physical Geography of the Pleistocene, p. 273. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pace [EPSETON GES Sees oma oa BUN EELS ES ERE Fe Poa Tee MPP eRe Te er ras aT a tar aT mr ay iti PART I BIOLOGY OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO REVIEW OF OUR KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN THE GLACIATED AREA DURING POST- WISCONSIN TIME CaapTer I. Historicat REVIEW fie Generales tatemen tis c% «cea. 2s soe srecas eo ameTA Soares Coy oie Mere A SE aS ee nee i Hee Pen OuswReCOrd Seo Mite 284 oc fate pct aso chleeaaste eect ee seneh sea nT Oe 1 NSGSEBBANIISECT eatery arse one eh Ie re cet aye eRe Teer teeter Le ee 1 TSAO MP Andrewseeer ae t-te Rene ete eh ieee ns ee Tan canis 3) DSSS RPS VELL cy sten see a ces es het sd ab oration skate ans veiar stay sraLel arena aD eaten EG 3 TROtePP en hallow, verses seve d Coo eon teal A ae oad aca eee ORE RAL 5 TSO sigleysand Rad dimes rps vcpoy nes ale conse asa eee ea eee eee 5 IKE NS 81S) OL APEN is Bs ya ae eR aI IDR OR Ree eT rare 8 SS TRIS VIELE EE Ut arth ceil aston oR AS a Me Cec E UE Sr Chee 8 tS Blatchleyss. . cosas. s svteichsraeahaysleaetece iets atm char ates Seam dean stamens 11 (Posi BPA) oe eleanor es SE aa ASE ob ERUPT Ira rs il PSO MSalisburyzandvAldenisays scare sigs aes eal ssais overs re rsh etal eee 12 SOOM CV CLE EERE rete 0 he stat Satie eA TT ee a RR eee 15 TITEL VAN EG Sse a ee NC ea eae ter a BL Ae ne er NN 16 POQSREATAG EES OMI Serer yeh se Stored eis oe spe Neth ec sa Vet inet OE NE 16 FSOGM Gold Elayy ea tetera Noe es eer ee shee lahat at eee aed 16 10 ea Goldth wart eee ee acct oe Rane rat lant Aton a mee os ae 16 TOOS 0 Gold thwart yates Sis chk ee oe aah el FEES hepa va aicyah dete ae 17 EDI OA1OIT Baker sia eertccca sae ses Posed sf IS cy Ae oN ADM nee Ae ar 18 NOTE aye see ats een ccces Se tes SEE SAIS Samra Hic ucts CTO ROe: 18 DO TAPE CALC ate ert te, aero ee ieta eee eke HUA SO DOD DA ots stat pete 18 Tepe ere Es vee ey Nn Sa. ol Shiny Sic pen OIE Sees OD eve 18 1 RUG STE Ey KOo ce Lae Mae SRS one eee no Ranh Bey SPE OF oa REE 19 LOT AW iri ee en reset roid faces! SUR roles anh a ea a eae Cee yet a et 20 BI Ke ola Ee Pern gs Pk ea ter a Oe Cane YON eae OR OR aS a Ce et 20 BES STINT AEY 7 1 reac ie he My pees iase in iss Poa dene cc He a EOE ie eR 20 Caapter II. Detatep Stupy oF THE SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BAsIN ee Generalt Statements. tee pen es aay dd ere a ba rete LAS Maer aoeet ee 22 Sep bue North! Shore! Channel's Jeers toy oe ester ie te eie see eis Naa as a 22 Ae eawrence Avene toslincoln Aventie...0../42 aes cetaceans 23 B Emeoln Avenue to Devon Aventie......- 405 25.. 0ccen oun ones lees Al Ca WeyouAvente toichurchustreetser eccrine nck eee 44 DP Choreh Street to’ Central Avenue. senicee cece fos ce enn eel catiee 49 preaWentralyAventtesto: tne daleeu. 1 ayachh Seed sists nec, tana: | ahi tae RnR 51 MF General Records ixom the! Chicago Basim.=...... 040.2 6s0csel esse en ene 54 emirate wrcinttyg or Wey ersid ery.) siere. sacs iaaove alte eos ee Ee 54 viii LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE B: South of Jackson Patks Uw). UO RE opin aeaiveisie note ote ieeeraten 55 C.South:of Calumet: Eakes, (3.5 vcs aecre aco cc tnet eee eee 55 Di Near: Temonti)4 6 aco aageiee dale e GR Onn ae eden tne a eee 55 KE. Calumet-Sag’ Channel ooo 35c'o sooyecce eeteaes s See OEE ae 56 F.Scattered Records. 0.3. 0c as wc cis peiee cee eC ee OE eee 60 IVewhypical:sections/or Beachesin man came miseries eee ee 61 AY Glenwood 633.003 ot ce on cis tis mane aterace tint icle Resta a a Cee et 61 BeiCalumlets oc ecco sek en ere eeene ete econee de eats Ae Rete 62 Cp iMoleston's 2 ejeyja le hee Ne ae ec ee Bae OOS Oe ea ee 62 V. Previous Glaciations in the Chicago Region.........:..2...::-0:sscneee 64 WE Summary. 3 2 5 SSNs Bae Ral ira Ait Aes eee ee 65 CHAPTER III. THe LiFe oF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO AND ITS SUCCESSORS LL General 'Statement;.,.coeab dao viee ote e Goan ee ene J Be Eee 68 II. Waning of the Wisconsin Ice Sheet and Formation of Ponded Waters...... 68 WIT. Glacial Lake: Chica goss ssc See ee eek ee 68 A. The Glenwood! Stage ssw) saowieeee nce ee eee eee 69 1 Uibearare ner nt ate me rE Eee a bt oUt Ack sete ht SLY Od ea 69 B: Dhe Bowmanville: Vow Water Stagelsi ae sn ee eee eee 69 a. Dife-of Wilmette Bayo). eee hE Se eee ee 71 b. Other Deposits belonging to this Stage...................20-0--- 73 cx (Cause of Mow Water Stages =the aoe nah een eee eee 74 C.. The Cahimet Stage? 0.0 Ps atte col eae io ee Ee 77 Pia ba Coe ei ee eR CRA MRE EMA hoch yh mia jd 3.9 O10 6 C 78 b: Supposed: Byvidences'of Marine Liteleee 2.2) ane ee hearer eee 79 ID: The Poleston Stages et ete ee eee 79 a. Comparison with Modern Embayments..........:............-- 80 bs Mollusk Wauna of Braddock’s Bayantel teen ee eines 81 c. ite/of the mMolestonustagem emir eter eer eee eee ere 82 1; “Wilmette ‘Bay +60 /0c2. 80 2.5 Gee ee oe aa 82 ii. Toleston Deposits in or near the Outlet..........2.........-- &4 ili: Wertebrate Lite i .rhr. ne eptwate essere ee EE eee 8&5 E. The Sag Low Water Stage (Kirkfield Stage of Lake Algonquin)....... 86 a. The North Shore Channel’ (Wilmette Bay):.....5:°72)2. 25-4 87 b. The Calumet-Sag Channel (Sag-Outlet) .........0..20. 000i. 22% 88 c: 7 Lhe Desplaines; Valleys 2s sasite. ove tiee eteerere one eee eee 89 d. Windsor ParkSouth Chicdco™ 4s. eee een eee 90 e. Evanstomes silos Sai ttee See ee Eee 90 Ha heiramimondiStagesss). en eee eee hee sa bg cls valet Up ace al age a 90 a. Wilmette Bay, (North Shore) @hannel)ess 20 eee 91 b: Sag Outlet (Calumet-Sag' @hannel) a. 3s eye ee ee eee 92 ¢, NearCalumet Lake, hi0 50 gcse. ope dee A sce te oe 93 G. Low Water Stage. The Champlain Submergence................--- 93 H. The Englewood Stage... 5.526) cehalgessse ste ote eee 93 2...) Life-of Wilmette: Bary ii) scp cye cies cases mea aces et cee eRe ge are ne ene 94 b:-The SagiOutlet’s 3060s lose Sasa ee eee 94 I. The: Present Great: Lakes) 5b occu ae ei cer eo eee 95 a. List of Mollusca now Living in the Waters of the Ancient Lake Chicago: -Basimi3'3i2.3322c:0% sec orci ee eee 96 CONTENTS ix b. Higher Invertebrates and Vertebrates of Post-Wisconsin Deposits 100 c. Table of Species inhabiting Wilmette Bay during its Successive Changes? seo 428 nvr e nese see ae ee NTS aed nagar aval evaie 101 J. Correlation’ of Eocal and ‘Great Lake”Stagesoo?: =. ¢.5.:........... 105 K. Altitude of Old Wake Beaches: :2 3500s he ee ee ene 106 Be interglacial Literot the Chicago Area iio -1-ceen eae ote a aie elolee 106 Mie «Suamitrnareye ss 9f-sttstes sheen Se id FR ETERS Pl a WN 107 CHAPTER IV. THE PostGLaciAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION Py GeneraliSta tement cusas a RACE Ey a eS od wots sci aca Wlobnuanees 112 G»Huron-Erie- Ontario, Basins... sepia, REO Ae RA. Bilis + soe eden. 112 Ps Wake Arkon ay..5 592.5, 5,< foe REPRE RM eat Peed BER oaaiolsfure wlerensave eso erate 112 2kakes Whittlesey and Sapinawrdie seereesia de ae os oa oer 113 eLWakesWayney.e2seot death and. whe sllelids oid. beni aobh os 113 Bae Wea Og NV ALT CT oe cates}. «s5pay css isi a inches al eieatn geen ooo a Ree TORS NGI coces et ais 113 S2 ake Mundy, (wakes Dana andebPlkton) ep aah et se: ob cicieeelee 113 (5 “1 Werle] Dh of eae SE eae CERO ONS cso UCL aA Sis Oy eee Re cao 114 Ontario Basins Wake Iroquois... isc cise 4,0s) RSMO ome ole ah nein ies sleiecs 114 De ake; Mon givin 65 Sy ssopeet seco) 5 201 060%: alos os yoy ORLEANS Re also acer 115 eeeNapissings Great Wakes). ve .ce)- da C51) rr er A RGD E EN Yel nwmbo.an00 + 155 Rl; Canadas) ioe cise Wicjenaytte ale Maerasohes ae ee oe eee 156 1 Wake Algonquin’Stagel. <2 y.nane. stiae cine en reenter eee 156 2. Lake\ Iroquois Stages205% sett iis cle-speiatc a ened eres eee eee 158 3. Nipissing Great Wakes. ./vo2. dace eeee 166 IV. Records of Life Outside the Area and Influence of the Great Glacial Lakes 167 A. IN@we Jerseys cciclsse-d cs ciek Siciaee aerate rele raysaersde ol UA ere eat eed ee 168 1 Hreshi Water; Formationsin.ceneseacioe eee eee ee eee 168 - 2. Land Hormations, |... / cscs etre cereus se cee ee 168 3, ‘Plant Remains) c/o.) sic Meee nel eeeiolee hee ee ee 169 B. Massachusetts :'sjo).icifc sci te Lio se celovers sels, ory ere Oe oe ee eee 169 GC. Connecticut isco. ek eyssuns po oaretanonotere eae OR Re EEE eee 171 1D 0) ee a Miner ria ne ead dy dotacaa boos cS 171 HE: South Dakota: ihc facials marlslos ee Gn eee SEE 176 V. The Champlain Substages 2s saan aateie saeme eel eee eae eee eens 176 A. The Ottawa! Valley. ooiesciceei eae ate ten dn Bas eae eee eee 178 iB: Montrealiand Vicinity. joes nee Lee eee eee eee ee 179 C. Bake:St.,Jobm iio. .2 eink Bi Gein deicion aneeshatti e 180 D: Wake Champlain Valley... .))2328 sagas ee acetate eee 181 E. Marine Deposits of the St. Lawrence Valley...................-+-- 181 B- New Brunswick: 2/500) citys iiccstnal eis atece ie ee a yee eer 132 G! Novas Scotia: 0.20) 005 sons eai tis teen oe Oe aces EST eee 182 Vi... Wisconsin Loess). 3isécieic tings eenels cleo oe eee eee 182 Fen Ce), el eee MC Mm EAE Biod Auda biscac odes 00 183 Be TMM O18 5.60: secs piece erevele hbeare A Se ere 183 C. Wisconsin’. ico 5 dele sa he ahs Src RG Es a EO Ee 183 VII. Systematic Catalog of the Biota at Present Known from the Postglacial Deposits Considered in this) Work ech tetera eee teeeieletoiae 184 VENTS Summary. oe scece ls sssscs heed io isa 2 Sees Sis wes etal Ne a i 191 J.) Duration: of the: Glacial Takes: ee ee cree eee eee ete 191 2. Repopulation of the Glaciated Area). Seiya. selene) ste etelereeieieie late 192 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 3. Variation of Climate as Evidenced by the Biota...................- 194 CONTENTS xi AS Percentage of fiving and! Extinct Spectesar....he e+e. sc) le wslas sole = + 195 Soehhe Wabashiauna 455.055 0s ane Sect a reves A ctee se alae ayia es aheiero'g 195 PART II REVIEW OF OUR KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE LIFE OF THE GLACIATED AREA DURING THE PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL PERIOD Caaprer V. PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LITE feeAncient Drainage: se Lees ee weet ES cere Ee Baik eA Slrsdena a latstley ars 197 a. The Basins of the Great Lakes and the Buried River Valleys............ 197 b. Ancient Rivers with Reversed or Altered Modern Drainage............. 199 ZePreclacialulate of the, Glaciatedw Areas js c7-7- clsaerncve eerieis seme cee os eee = 202 a. Fish-house Clay Fauna and Flora, New Jersey..............--2+-ee005 203 i. Section of Strata at Fish-house............. Sa stat atte Ae apt Sense petiser 203 ieeiteorthe bish-house: Clay. 5 cls vested cece 0 eve tiste sneer eee 204 qi AvevoiatheyHish-house! Clay sss 545 -teiareisiars alee nicieeelste la ave as tcterevelerns 206 b. Port Kennedy Cave Fauna and Flora, Pennsylvania..................- 207 ebay Springs Hauna, Nebraskaies aise ioe cele tae cette mcrae, exes we eine 209 PmOchers aural Areas 2 sectecyarecz «cing eters ovtetah or nase eo tia ekas sua maone heal eee aT 209 3. Catalog of the Preglacial Biota Referred to in this Chapter................ 2411 RPM SETTYNTRE ARS Re Poses eas oR ey ape as seas actoon pat elena abeTvalic atobonegene fol ur oiclodsacayareteleronnts 245 Preplacial’ Conditions of the! Glaciated/Areay.. /)50)) 2 neo. e seas eles 215 ere OL ACIA ESTO bala epee ese vs clei o. 3 Sele cares GUST Gl sia Goat cliche ha eeatn oa las auol spate 215 Cuapter VI. THE GLACIAL OR PLEISTOCENE PERIOD pence olathe ce on the Toporraphy ic. seaec ccd doe «stele versie cis siarei es 216 pee ilect of theudlcei on) thew Biota. x 'sic sesrsycideace wa classi atelele © ele lotel sv abeie eurerersie 216 pemeVTe PL CE MIL VASIONS occ eis Speeessic here siete aie as weiei ys aisle ey alelaes ah She alle aur ve sy pero 219 A-winterctacialsbare and Conditions 4. ells ele sia eeele celtic ee eto wy 249 Fe MU TICATIONOM DTIs tA SNECLS = ya, sc ie ciereiasveie hence cee tates Seep abeekcietere 220 CrmAveomther DyrittsSheetss 5 sas. ae acinar a GAs son Selle ttn echt ateeiee rab 221 d. Centers of Ice Accumulation and Radiation................--++-++- ++ 221 e. Effect of Glaciation on the Englaciated Territory.................--.-- 221 f. Length of Time since the Earliest Ice Invasion.................--+++5- 222 AE ee SLETINEREA BV op ooo oie eo ep ch rs SSN Te Ne NTIS Siena ahaue nis oystar sear eue el Gsereralons ushehe. bua seals 223 Caapter VII. THe NeBRASKAN Ick INVASION AND THE AFTONIAN INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL ie Phe Nebraskan Tce Invasion 30s... cic ctalovets alse ated ciao eee eta s eke. 224 ES Dev Attonianilnterglactal\ tapes 525-5 steyors ares vases /cia.e a cielo niettievele: ete: stele 224 IME A Or ANIGHR CEIATHS 3 yepos feyesnte See sve taceTeneine: sibel a sone eleven ane a renee oy ailaea alors 224 Amey pica Exposures! Ol epositsiaraiyisclaiieieleoielee= vere sisteteretale hs lore 225 b. Typical Aftonian Fauna.......... Fee OO RUMEN TO GAELS ORDO EE 225 cy Distributionot the Attonian Biotassa-n- acces te see ee venir 227 PP SEQ WAS EA G50 fe RT Lt aT ees hoor Seer ane eas RIS as eieiese Pe 227 DPN EDYASKcays Ss iwiet SS SUNN shee AI eons Sole Ant fem Ghai MGR erhe as er ice 232 SP WESSOUTIE ES aut e e eve a a Se eT A oe inate avelete 232 AENNGANSAS ee eee FSS Soe ye oe ae aU eM ee ee uci elehe enero a, abo uapoysratens 234 xii LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 9:, South Dakota li.i..0. 2.2/2), os Seralays Cane seid en ee nee 235 6¢ Montana .,.0..3 2 0.5.28 sc Seno Re ee eee Eee CEE 237 7, Minnesota ice. css + syepeyarree thine eee Gee eee 238 8. WISCONSIN. fos 4.2 heelea ee ee ee EERE ECE Ee 239 Or Illinois 04 VAS a. BOGE ee ie, eee 239 10; (‘Canada Pet y.Ue LOVE BATA LASSE CUE RA eee 240 III. Systematic Catalog of the Biota of the Aftonian Interval................ 241 DV. Sema ary ofa Food oscars sa ses sPouae deem a oat Geshe eee EEO ee 343 CHAPTER VIII. THE KANSAN Ice INVASION AND THE YARMOUTH INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL I: ‘The: Karisan Ice Invasion 06. 702 22 ASA R en hd tee A 246 I Lhe Yarmouth Interglacial Interval sy7e. see se ona ee ee 246 1. The Yarmouth Soil and Weathered Zone; Typical Exposures.......- 247 1m: Distribution of the’ Yarmouth Biota ves... oy. oe eee ee 248 Vs Towa tins ne 2 52 ee ne eet ee ae en 248 a. Post-Kansan' Loess 0." Se coe tee ene Oe eee Doi bi Vertebrate: Animals22 3% S228 Sees Eek eR ee ee 258 25 Nebraska's rir hetero 259 The hoess. 710 2 n275 a ee Ee tee eee 259 32)South Dakota 2 $0 225 Pee Sos Se eA see en ene ee er 260 4.iMonnesotar, ocr ace eee RE, ROE eae ee nea 262 52 Wisconsin ise 25 re ia hee Oe ee SN AA a ee 265 Os Missourl eee ee ee ee ee TO ETT eee 266 7) Kansas eo ied hee ee Se Rs Ss ee ee 269 8.) Hlinots2 otic ee UU Ee 269 as::Silveria Formation: 200 oo Sue as Gi ee Nene ee Oa 270 by Loess nse cee ee ee See ey oa er 271 Oy Indiana. re BP SR Gh PAO aR a ces 272 10. Ohio oF 2 he EOP NS eS SEER 276 MM (Canadas se. Po Age A Saar ee 278 12s Alaska 2 3 SUN Rao Re ect TENTS ESN Oe ee 279 iI. Systematic Catalog of the Biota of the Yarmouth Interval........... 280 TV, SOUIDIDATY Oo iis Fe tcrecs coe a csatere neh etree een enero enere a 283 CHAPTER LX. Tue ILiinorAn Icr INVASION AND THE SANGAMON INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL I. The: Dlinoian: ‘Ice ) Invasion. ides ie 3 Sesto ee ee eee 285 II. The Sangamon Interglacial Stage................. POS cae td Nees 4 Gol cx 285 A. The Sangamon Soil and Weathered Zone; Typical Exposures.......... 285 B. Distribution of the Sangamon’ Biota ®.,.)4. o.5* d+ e deceee eso 286 LT. Towaicccc de ciel lcialg le ia Ril gare ae ee 286 2. Wimoisy ss 2 ssc cces eS Re a Oa I ea 289 a. Deposits of Fluyiatile Origin’ 4), a-ha eee 289 b. Old Soil Horizons. 204)... wan nth pee hee bE Eee 290 c:, Florencia Formation, .,.5243 access siete aio eee ae 294 d, Hlinoiam Tooesss i... 62 se bts Lakai wished ial cle oleh eee eR Tee oleae 296 e. Vertebrates... 35.0.) scas5 ods 2) atic eile eg ee eee 298 3. Indiana ...eiseie Nahe we diosa he 5 nels Se en ee ore 301 a. Old Soils .1ox5 ci ag ished sei teie Oe Ge ate Oe, Se ea 301 De, Loessy isi ioe laid aka ea 5 Bo eof tad ats NO ete ee 306 CONTENTS Bx OLAESOUS hase neccrarctnesci aes atenctearatet states Mat Ta Ee ER BL oe b. Fluviatile Deposits c. Mammalian Fauna nw WISCONSIN ooesseleejoterotere carats evaretate tats MRP TAS A TER OT Me ce . Minnesota SIVAN GTAN GATS dees ok ys ees Lebo Rae Se Eee onan eres alec shire eee pene . New York SoM NI AM — bs Other Canadians Mepositss a..5 sas sea ce scdtslten espe tsce ey terete III. Systematic Catalog of the Biota of the Sangamon Interval CuapTerR X. Tue Iowan Ice INVASION AND THE PEORIAN INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL ee Rhewrowanticevinvastom 3 25 rcs Ps See hae ea emo e ees e EUs II. The Peorian Interglacial Stage III. The Iowan Loess 9. Kansas 10. Canada BURA SHRETEN ERT MGV (2 roapce Seav nse tone eeas esis ee Shes) ol atrovo aw Uae, eee arena alos ala seein ametidar et Special Characteristics of Loess Fossils Table of Loess Formations CuHapter XI. THE WISCONSIN IcE INVASION The Earlier Wisconsin Glacial Stage The Fifth Interval of Recession CaarTer XII. SuMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE WITHIN THE ENGLACIATED Portion oF NorRTH AMERICA a] xiv LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 3.) The Vertebrata i...) 00 2 3 ede ale cannes eo a a ee 371 T..Man in the Pleistocene-.. . fvic2d: ace eeic eet tee eee ERE ene ee eee 373 EV. Conclusion... nbd oe ee jee eee Se CRE EEL Cees 374 V. Systematic List of Species. 205.02. cscs cece eer heen eee 377 CHAPTER XIII. Some SuGGESTIONS FOR FuTURE STUDY Glacial Lake! Agassizia 2 .ic/).)s st sre ea eile ie eieiains eee Ree ee eee 399 Make Maumeee isis i) fs.ca. sib is ns dele cies Gh ee RR OE Cee eee eee 399 Lake Whittlesey ii... - 14 With Unios Til SiG ee eae 10 With wood. AE Senile ea NT ack 3 ; I (Bouldenclaysicsis see eee 24+- Total thickness....| 12814 32 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE STATION 15 (Plates I, VIII) 2150 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T; 10 feet A.L.M. peer Os ne Strata Deposit Depth Remarks IV Siltiand!] oamibeseter eee 31 III SU ee nA AU Meee 13 II Gravel and sand..............cccccceee 15 With Unios. I Bouldericlayea ener 66+ Total thickness...) 125 STATION 16 (Plates I, TX) 2200 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T; 10 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks XII Siltiandjloame ese ee 19 Few shells in pockets in lower part. XI Sil Gee rs aN AEA ONE er Pete 914 | With crayfish holes. x Beata: cu unica nets aaa tone = IX SIRs eR Oana = | Mollusks, leaves, twigs; crayfish burrow. VIII 414 | Solid bed of shells. Vil 14 | With twigs and sticks. VI 9 With shells. V 13 IV 15 With Unios. Ii 18 With wood. TI 344 I 27+ Total thickness...) 132% BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum IV Fusconaja undata Pisidium affine Crenodonta peruviana ”” — compressum Quadrula pustulosa » pauperculum ” lachrymosa » politum Rotundaria tuberculata » — splendidulum Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris ” — walkeri « Elliptio crassidens ” — variabile ¢ ” — gibbosus Campeloma integrum * Sphaerium rhomboideum Goniobasts livescens DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 33 Stratum VIIL Sphaerium sulcatum y rhomboideum 2 solidulum Pisidium compressum ” splendidulum ” — sariabile virginicum Campeloma integrum Amnicola limosa » — lustrica ” Valzata tricarinata Physa warreniana ” integra Planorbis antrosus ” — campanidatus »” deflectus © » parvus » — trivolvis Galba reflexa Lymnaea stagnalis appressa STATION 17 (Plate X) 2250 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Pemex a Siltvand loam <2) ser TE: IOP EST EX a ae nee ot eee CO DS 9 | ISS TBS ae Oo eT 9 Saini hao le MM er See et 1D} SENG Kessel ee aaa ep aeie eee a cle ae prey ce ee E. Pee WM Ca beater eit aer ocr sas eee rene 1B Sud DECI (RST Eee eee te er ts eae ei ae CRVIPI Site ee ere ee a eel Wiha Sandie sy tk One a i 15 Fv AY Ad SSS cee Se a en OR ee OAV HN SII oe er ca Pa Vel eGraveliand sand)... se Ee FO Boal | Coy a ete ee ers ee II Total thickness.... Depth Remarks 20 6 10144 | Some bog ore. VY 6144 | Some bog ore. 1144 | Few shells. 20 a Yg | With shells. 243 15 Layers of sand with shells. 11144 | With Unios. 18 With wood, bog ore, shel's. 2 10 13014 34 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE STATION 18 2345 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks XVII 23 XVI 6 XV 12 With few shells. XIV 14 | With few shells. XII 21 Pockets of shells. XII 1 With pebbles. XI 5% x 2 With shells. IX 4 Vill 3 With shells. VII 5 VI 14 ‘| With shells. Vv 5 IV 12 With Unios. Tit 18 With shells, logs, leaves. II 2 I 10 Total thickness....| 13014 BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum IV Fusconaja undata Elliptio crassidens Crenodonta peruviana ” — gibbosus iH undulata Sphaerium sulcatum Quadrula pustulosa 3 levissimum Rotundaria tuberculata Campeloma iniegrum Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris Gontobasis livescens Stratum VI Pisidium compressum Lampsilis luteola » — -virginicum Quadrula pustulosa Goniobasis livescens Rotundaria tuberculata Campeloma subsolidum Stratum VIII Lampsilis luteola Campeloma integrum Sphaerium striatinum 2 subsolidum Pisidium affine Galba reflexa ” — variabile Planorbis parvus Goniobasis livescens Q DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN Crenodonta peruviana Goniobasis livescens Valvata tricarinata Sphaerium rhomboideum Pisidium compressum " » — gariabile ” walkeri ” — politum ”” — noveboracense Valvata tricarinata Amnicola limosa Campeloma integrum Stratum X Physa integra Stratum XII Planorbis antrosus Stratum XIII Physa integra ” warreniana Planorbis deflectus » — parvus trivolvis antrosus campanulatus Galba palustris ” reflexa Lymnaea stagnalis appressa 3? ” ” STATION 19 (Plates I, XI) 2390 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 feet A.L.M. Deposit II | Sand and gravel.......... a) Bouldericlays. Total thickness... Depth Remarks 23 314 | Vegetation in layers. 7 Bog ore and twigs. 114 | With shells. 9 16 3 3% Unio bed. 18 With bog ore and wood. Rete Bat 5 pal tereet 34 12834 } 5 Very thin beds of sand in silt. J 35 36 Rel 2500 feet north of Foster Avenue. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE STATION 20 Deposit Total thickness.... Surface 590 feet A. T.; 10 feet A. L. M. Depth Remarks 22 1714 | With bog ore. 4 With Unios. 9 With bog ore. Thickness varies from 9 to 40 inches on slope of ground moraine. 78 13014 STATION 21 (Plates I, XII) 2630 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A. T.; 10 feet A. L. M. Deposit Total thickness... Depth Remarks 17 With Unios. 15 With wood. DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN STATION 22 (Plate I) 2690 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A. T.; 10 feet A. L. M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks SilGandiloam@esremsetr tee 21 ee oe el apa 12 Sie ace PASSAe ce eR ER Yé | With shells. Se ESM, Sete AORN Oger a ORY 13 WE alee trian een etee si Pal 16 | With shells. gots SPU oP ee aie OR ones 314 aati a de 4 | With shells. Be eee Seen, Bete iste ene k 164% PERE ean BOR oes entre tiee Ae 1% | With shells. pa ac oe eared eins Poe eee § Humerus of duck. eA sels sek oe eee PN LD, 1% | With shells. Pee oh goth Beco eee rete 4 Sand jand-sravelics sceccsstsssesecoocstecs 2 With Unios. 1 ere are a Sena ae ae RS 12 With wood. iM Sandtand) gravel cee tee 12 I Boulder clayet en rte 25 Total thickness...) 12814 BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum IV Crenodonta peruviana Amygdalonajas elegans 22 undulata Lampsilis ventricosa Quadrula pustulosa Sphaerium striatinum ” — lachrymosa 7% flavum Rotundaria tuberculata Pisidium compressum Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris ” — variabile Elliptio crassidens ” —-virginicum ” . gibbosus Campeloma integrum Obliquaria reflexa Goniobasis livescens Amnicola limosa Stratum VI Fusconaja undata Elliptio gibbosus Quadrula pustulosa Lampsilis luteola Stratum VII Mergus serrator (humerus) Stratum VIII Crenodonta undulata Elliptio gibbosus Quadrula pustulosa Amygdalonajas elegans lachrymosa Sphaerium flavum 37 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Rotundaria tuberculata Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris Elliptio crassidens Quadrula pustulosa Anodonta species Sphaerium flavum Pisidium politum Sphaerium stamineum ia solidulum Musculium transversum Stratum X Stratum XIT Stratum XIV Campeloma integrum Goniobasis livescens Amnicola limosa Campeloma tntegrum Goniobasis livescens Amnicola emarginata Planorbis parvus Physa gyrina Planorbis trivolvis Galba palustris Ammnicola limosa porata STATIONS 23 To 26 2750, 2860, 3200, 3240 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A. T.; 10 feet A.L.M Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 23 24 25 26 VII Siti ewe Cae 54 72 50 53 | Interstratified with sand. VI Sandie eae A A A Yy Vv Silene ew aia 6 6 4 5 IV Gravel and sand........ 2 11 2 9 | With Unios. Tl Silt, oxidized.............. 7) tae Dyn eae ch I Grave line las Bes LR ees rere 15 ee I Boulder clay.............. 44 41 34 63 Total thickness....| 13014} 13014] 13014| 13014 STATION 27 (Plate XIII) ® 3750 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 fect A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks AR ROEV) A/S Sites Ace ek oe cree alae ase 60 Interstratified with sand. Bel |Sandiandieravele svete 4 With Unios. Gey wg | Sil ete San oes eed 22 With wood, leaves and shells. I) | sBouldericlay ewe eee 36 Total thickness....| 122 3585 feet north of Foster Avenue. > Strata DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum IT Plants Quercus species Animals Anodonta grandis Pisidium affine ”” — compressum variabile Sphaerium sulcatum Gontobasis livescens Campeloma integrum obesum Amnicola limosa ” — lustrica ” Valvata tricarinata Physa warreniana ” gyrina Planorbis antrosus ” — campanulatus » deflectus ” — trivolvis Galba palustris Lymnaea stagnalis appressa STATION 28 (Plates I, XIV) Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 A.L.M. Deposit Depth Remarks STUN oe eee een eer rear eee 66 Interstratified with sand. Sand and) gravel... se tecsscsecces 4, With Unios. Sil Cope Oech NN re Senet 23 | With wood, oak, shells. Sandiandieravelie ete ee 4 Bouldeniclaye ee ee 34+4- Total thickness....} 131 BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum IIT Plants Potamogeton species Quercus species Animals Anodonta grandis Valvata tricarinata Pisidium affine Physa warreniana ” — compressum ” — gyrina ” vartabile Planorbis antrosus Sphaerium sulcatum ” — campanulatus Goniobasis livescens » — deflectus Campeloma integrum obesum ” — trivolvis Amnicola limosa ” — lustrica Galba palustris Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Stratum IV Crenodonta undulata 4 peruviana Amvygdalonajas elegans Sphaerium striatinum 40 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Quadrula pustulosa Campeloma integrum Rotundaria tuberculaia Goniobasis livescens Elliptio crassidens Amnicola limosa STATION 29 (Plates I, XV) 3625 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks A. VIII | Silt and loam........... Uae Oe 18 BS VETTE [FS Beet akh Wise Beet scales sean aaa 23 CATIA VA BH lac) Uh ae ane aR De SA are A ler al 39 Sand and shells intermixed. De uM oleSandvandberavel ee eee 4 With Unios. Be AVC Sande he ee REUSE 1 EO Sitiand!peatave nce ae 714 | Carbonaceous, with peat, wood, and a few shells. G SE Sandee ea RU ECU Ser ae H Ti iBouldericlayte ae 32+ Total thickness.... [12914 STATIONS 30 AND 31 (Plate XVI) 3675 and 3750 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 30 31 VII Siltandsloamine sessed 21 21 VI Site aca ae CN Oe 23 23 Vv STD ECE UE ite OUT ENN a 39 39 IV Sand and gravel........0......... me 416 414 | With Unios. Ti STAY URES eras, 4 814 | With logs, leaves, peat. IT Nand andtstavelet. ns. 5 714 | Gravel, very irregular in thickness. I Bouldericlaya aan 36 31 Total thickness...... 132144 | 132% DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN STATION 32 (Plate I) 4100 feet north of Foster Avenue. Surface 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. 41 Strata TI I Strata XVII XVI A. XV Be XV. XII Ce XTE By. XI E. x FE 5X G. VIII H. VII es. WE V IV III II I Deposit Sand yj loam eee te ee eele Bouldericlayesscicccseete cere scoters Total thickness.... Depth Remarks No life. B. LINCOLN AVENUE TO DEVON AVENUE STATION 33 (Plates I, XVII) 500 feet south of Devon Avenue. Deposit Occasional sand pockets................|.. Graysandes eee ee ee SanigianGigravelsss: eee Wood withisands.-22) ee Sand with some gravel......00..000000.... Bouldentclayre et. eee Total thickness.... 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Depth Remarks 20 32 38 Interstratified with thin beds of sand. Rarely as thick as 12 inches. Very thin layer. 6 Anodonta and wood on top of this layer. 4 With wood and Sphaerium. 4 24% 2% 11 1 Solid layer. 6 114 | With spruce cones. 4 With shells, wood, and spruce cones. 4 44+- 180 o 42 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Picea canadensis Proptera alata Anodonta grandis Sphaerium stamineum ” striatinum Pisidium species Picea canadensis Picea canadensis Abies balsamea Larix laricina Thuja occidentalis Picea canadensis Picea mariana Picea canadensis Picea canadensis Picea canadensis BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum III Plants Animals Valvata tricarinata Amunicola limosa 23 emarginata Stratum IV Stratum VI .- Stratum VIII Cast of Unionid Stratum IX Sphaerium stamineum Stratum X Sphaertum striatinum ” “1 solidulum Stratum XI Anodonta grandis Sphaerium stamineum wisconsinensts tH striatinum Stratum XII ae Sphaerium stamineum wisconsinensis Anodonta grandis a solidulum Sphaerium flaoum Stratum XV stamineum wisconsinensts DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 43 STATIONS 34 AND 35 530 and 495 feet south of Devon Avenue. Surface 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit 6 Depth Remarks 34 35 Vil Sandy soil (loam)... 21 20 Vil Sandsyellowiesr ee see 28 39 | With pebbles and a few boulders. Vv Peat, interstratified with sand} 78 67 | Peat layers 44 to % inches thick; pieces of wood. IV Pa] b 2 oes, J pee Ae Se 8 8 Til Sand tay eeer terns) eae tele 14 14 | With wood. II Shing letkins Mace ec coer ee st 3 3 | Varies from 2-3 inches in thick- ness. I iBouldenclayen 28 28 Total thickness....| 180 | 179 STATIONS 36 AND 37 (Plate XVIII) 505 and 490 feet south of Devon Avenue. Surface 595 feet A. T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 36 37 XIV Sandysoil(loam)s ee eee 20 20A XIII Siler ree Been sdinstt isrsesieenaees 32 32B With plant remains. XII 1 BRETT ae ee ee beeen ee or 32 32C XI SLL Eee ee, Se RI RI de, 8 64D x Grayssandin.. 2.207 eee a eh 334 2E With wood. IX SST see an Sa Mem se lea, 1% 1F Vill Gray isand!iy ve Meni fer 34 1 With wood. VII AS ct en et ate a ce ee OR 1% 3 VI Graygsand serrate ie nome ans 14% 214G Vv BST Baca ee a ee ee eee scan 7 1H With shells. IV Silt, interstratified with sand...... 29 2916K | With wood. ut silfiand fine/sandy... see 6 2 With bivalve shells. II Gravel and coarse sand.................. 4 8L I iBouldemclaye se ee ee 34 40 Total thickness...... 18034 | 18014 44 Strata Ut II I LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENF. BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Station 36 Stratum IIT Plants Picea canadensis Animals Lampsilis luteola Pisidium idahoense Anodonta grandis footiana Amunicola limosa Sphaerium stamineum wisconsinensis ” —_ emarginata ts striatinum a acuminatum Station 37 Stratum between IV-V Anodonta grandis footiana Sphaerium striatinum i acuminatum Stratum V Picea canadensis STATION 37 A (Plate XIX) 400 feet south of Devon Avenue. Surface 595 feet A. T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Deposit Depth Remarks Sandy soil (loam)...0...0...0..ccceee 20 Sand\and! gravels 18 Varies in thickness. Bouldericlayea ee oe 142 Total thickness.... 180 C. DEVON AVENUE TO CHURCH STREET STATION 38 1000 feet north of Devon Avenue. Surface 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Deposit Depth Remarks Sandy loan wie eh arene 33 3 feet south this deposit is 36 inches thick. Coarse gravel and shingle.............. 6 Bouldericlaye en ees 141 Apparently water laid in upper portion. 75-100 feet south all is in boulder clay. Total thickness... 180 DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 45 STATION 39 (Plate I) 500 feet south of Touhy Avenue. Surface 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks IV Sandtloameee eee eee 26 Til Gravelenrincs ie per cries 4 II Waterlaidiclaysesseste ae 81 Upper 40 inches without boulders and with roots of plants; lower 40 inches with few boulders. I Bouldericlays ee aie ees 69 Total thickness.... 180 Pocket in stratum II CSET (6 Lobe ann ae Ee aa 14 Gravel and coarse sand..............0 15 These pockets are of greater or less size and occur about midway of stratum II. Clay, interstratified with sand...... cl Coarse sand and gravel.................. 2 Total thickness.... 38 STATION 40 Touhy Avenue, north of bridge. Surface 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks IV Sitandiloam= eee ee 36 With shells. Ill Gravel coe aries eee, 3% II Watenladiclayee . so ee ee 72 1 Bouldericlay:te. es 108 Total thickness....| 21914 46 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE STATIONS 41 AND 42 2000 feet north of Touky Avenue and 200 feet north of Oakton Avenue Surface 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit VII Silt and loam.............25:0::0 VI Gravels, pebbles, and sand...... Vv CO) Ea a Re ESR AAU ray IV Laminated clay... Ill Bluei clayeveviet.: fc ccs II Laminated clay...........c.ccssecfees I Boulder clay.............:cccceseecees Total thickness... Depth Remarks 41 42 39 45 | With shells. 2 4 20 | 21 | With plant roots. 30 18 Ns 4 156 96 217 | 218 BIOLOGICAL REMAINS (Station 42) Stratum VII Sphacrium stamineum i emarginatum Physa gyrina Segmentina armigera Planorbis parvus Planorbis trivolvis Galba caperata ” reflexa Succinea retusa Cambarus blandingit acutus STATION 43 (Plates I, XX) 1000 feet north of Oakton Avenue. Strata Deposit Vili Sil@andiloam se. cee sete VII Sand and gravel.............0::cceeees VI Laminated clay interstratified with layers of very thin sand.. Vv Cs Fh gee Le ee erey IV Waminated|clayiecs-ce terete Iii Blue clays net ee II Sandy; \Clayee ee eee nse eons I Boulder:claysncet ee Total thickness... Surface 595 feet A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Depth Remarks With shells. Rootlets in upper 10 or 15 inches. With boulders. DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 47 STATION 44 (Plate XXI) 500 feet south of Dempster Street. Surface 595 fect A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks VI Silgandsloameeee eee 30 With shells. V Sand and gravel; few boulders... 5 This deposit lies from 30 to 40 inches below the surface, and varies from 2 to 6 inches in thickness. IV IBhie claysn. ties Se 36 With rootlets. III Brownish-yellow sandy clay........... 10 See rule in photograph. If || Laminated blue clay...................... 60 I Bouldenjclayete sneer 84 Total thickness.... 225 STATION 45 (P late XXII) 200 feet south of Dempster Street. Surface 595 fect A.T.; 15 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks Vv Silgand loameneoc see 33 Shells begin 12 inches below the surface. IV Sand’andgravelsc-s. er 2 In places nearby 3 inchese Til Blu eiGlayawivccceseceth sic.deaearecveey atresia: 30 With rootlets. II aminated)iclayre: 1 escree 30 I Bouldersclayin sree cnet 132 Total thickness....). 227 BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum V Musculium truncatum Segmentina armigera Pisidium affine Galba caperata Physa gyrina ” reflexa Planorbis trivolvis Succinea retusa ”» —avara LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE STATIONS 46 AND 47 (Plate I) 100 feet south of Dempster Street; 200 feet north of Dempster street. Surface 597 feet A.T.; 17 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 46 47 IX Silt and loamiieiAie..2ee te 23 23 With shells. Vill Sand andboravelee sy 20 12 Vil Blue iclay even Oa aes 26 40 With rootlets. Vi Yellow sand ).2iic5.0.itate. cen Yy 14 | Very fine. Vv Blueiclayicteecc ee ee 1 I : IV Wellow;sand!i.. oe ne en aan Yy 14 | Very fine. iit Bluejclays esc Aue wh wi Naina) 1% 3 II Yellow sand.......ccccccccceeees Vy Y | Very fine. I Bouldericlayi ae 144 144 Total thickness...... 21614 | 224% BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Same as section 45 STATION 48 (Plate XXIII) 800 feet south of Church Street. Surface 597 feet A.T.; 17 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks VI Silt/and loam. Se eae 33 Shells rare. V SandJandigravel nas 3 This stratum thins out 200 feet south of Church Street. IV S11 tai Ts A ES I 3 Iii Blue clay ie as cision nara 416 II Coarse sand and gravel................ 64% I Bouldersclaye eee 180 Total thickness....| 230 DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 49 D. CHURCH STREET TO CENTRAL AVENUE STATION 49 (Plate XXIV) 300 feet north of Church Street. Surface 597 feet A.T.; 17 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks VI Silgian del oamitee eee ee 12 No mollusks. V Blue clayine anes 60 With rootlets. IV Yellow sand 1 ur Sandy clay, with pockets of sand.. 36 II Yellow sandy clay...........:ccssssessoseee 4 I iBoulderclaysacss sere 144 Total thickness...) 257 STATIONS 50 To 53 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 feet north of Church Street. Surface 597-598 feet A.T. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 50 51 52, 53 Vv Blackloame 12 12 12 12 IV iBluetclaysie 48 48 48 48 With rootlets. Ill Sand ene ee Aes ie Yy Yy yy Yy II Laminated clay.......... 48 48 48 48 With pockets of sand. I Boulder clay.............. 144 144 156 168 Total thickness...) 25214 | 25214 | 26414 | 27614 50 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE STATION 54 (Plate I) 650 feet south of Northwestern Railroad bridge. Surface 598 feet A.T.; 18 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks x Siltiandloaminse vce tee, 24 IX Gravel and coarse sand................... 4 VIII Laminated! clays). isc. l.ccsetesscoese: 44, With rootlets. VII SAN el ee eM hee rence 1 Some gravel. VI Clay ehe ce Ne Sa) NOT I ne 40 VAM Sarde icc, cs Seren aul meine neta % | IV Clay ee ee Beet 12144 Hil Dando wy tara ee nomen 74 it layer Ete enh pera Re 12 I Bouldericlay, seen. eee es 108 Total thickness....| 24614 STATION 55 500 feet north of Northwestern Railroad bridge. Surface 599 feet A.T.; 19 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks Vv Black sandy soil... 24 This deposit begins 100 feet north of bridge. IV Wellowisand 005.0 e eee 16 iil Gravel ee eee ue I II Clay eee pore ees Hed 40 With rootlets. I Bouldericlayeree. cece 156 Total thickness.... 237 DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 51 STATIONS 56-58 (Plate I) 300 fect south of Central Avenue; Central Avenue; 300 feet north of Central Avenue. Surface 600 feet A.T.; 20 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 56 57 58 Vv Black top soil, sandy ............ 85 Seek wade mal alesemirtens IV Wellow, sands ee 20 42 13 Sand at surface in 58 Ill Coarse sand and gravel........ Te OOS eee 17 II Clay ee eee Rete ae 42 40 44 With rootlets. I Bouldericlay= ee ee 156 156 168 Total thickness....} 24014 | 238 242 E. CENTRAL AVENUE TO THE LAKE STATION 59 400-600 feet north of Milwaukee Railroad bridge. Surface 600 feet A.T.; 20 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 400 | 600 IV IST bere eee cee epee rete 7 30 Tit Gravelie Po 28 ee 17 12 Ir Clay ere rae cee ee eens 49 42 | With rootlets, I Bowlder: cla yiis1208:.2.. 20sec 168 | 156 Total thickness...... 241 240 52 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE STATION 60 (Plate I) 1500 feet south of the Lake shore. Surface 610 feet A.T.; 30 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks Vil Blackisand 2a ae ee 9 VI Black sand and gravel................. 85 More or less stratified in lower _part. Vv Gray.sand omen sri aires 15 Several layers of fine wood. IV Peatiandiwoodiicen nce 9 Ill Gravel:and)sand:t2)). ss 5% Il 1G FT A a Ee a LT 14 With rootlets. I Boulderclayz.. eee es 223 Total thickness....| 36014 STATION 61 (Plate I) North edge of beach ridge (station 60). Surface 605 feet A.T.; 25 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks IV Beach sand and gravel.................. 34 : Til Carbonaceous sand with wood...... 28 Gravel in lower part. Il ey Fe ne pee eee een tian are ees 25 With rootlets. Tt Boulder: clayxe i ee 156 Total thickness.... 243 DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN STATION 62 (Plate I) 500 feet south of Lake Michigan. Surface 602 A.T.; 22 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks XII Bla ckysan dons te eee estan! 8 XI Wellowssand ssi... 2 114 inches in some places. x (OO) FEY oaee et et tee aan ee UH SA 2 1D.¢ NVellOwaSan Giese steetin Meet caters ae 2% Vu Sandiwithiwoodee. 0 ee 214 |} 11% inches in some places. VII Wellowssand eaten stern ui 2 VI Sandycclayieni ocr coat, 2 Vv Wicodiinier a. tes linme La en A 1 IV RSET a La a Se Se ee ee a 2 TI Gravele ee eo at ee elidel go ake 2 1 inch in some places. II Chaya ea cum ae tee, Bids 25 With rootlets in upper part. pee Boulder clays. sees ee oe 192 Total thickness....) 24234 STATION 63 (Plate I) Gross Point, Lake Michigan. Surface 600 feet A.T.; 20 feet A.L.M. Total thickness....| 24014 Strata Deposit Depth Remarks XII Blackisand eens. 2.2e cc ee, 17 Beach deposit. XI BVellowssandees nu decency. 17 ” oH x % Ix 144 VIII 134 VII 2 VI YY Vv 1 IV 314 | 2 inches in some places. Til yy II 4 3 inches in some places. I Bouldericlayien 30 ee 192 | | ) BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Strata III, VI, VIIL, X Coniferous wood (Picea canadensis?) Oak (Quercus species) 54 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE III. GENERAL RECORDS FROM THE CHICAGO BASIN A. IN THE VICINITY OF RIVERSIDE OGDEN DITCH AT AUSTIN AVENUE Surface 590 feet A.T.; 10 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks Vv Silttandjloamye ce. a eee ee 24 IV Silty aes e 24 | Unios in upper part. III Pea te oan Wa icen bona pene 12 Il Marlibedsies 20. ee 12 | With shells. I 6) Ey OR ae + Total thickness... 72 BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum IT Musculium secure Physa warreniana 2 truncatum ” walkeri Pisidium medianum Planorbis antrosus % tenuissimum ie campanulatus Amnicola limosa H parvus ue lustrica Galba obrussa decampi Valvate tricarinata unicarinata Stratum IV Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris Elliptio gibbosus Fusconaja rubiginosa Eurynia recta Rotundaria tuberculata NEAR OAK PARK AND OGDEN AVENUES Surface 605 feet A.T.; 25 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks VI Black*sandy;soile eee en 22 Vv Wellow sande eres 11 Iv Roy Re a Lr a eee 10 Oxidized. Ill Grayzsand sea eee ea 6 With pebbles and shingle. II Clayne eae 9 Total thickness.... 78 DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 55 B. SOUTH OF JACKSON PARK It is reported! that a ledge of rock, 300 or 400 feet in width, extends a short distance west of Yates Avenue, north of 75th Street. The rock here does not show at the surface, but on Kingston Avenue, about one-half block north of 75th Street, there is a small outcropping. On the corner of 75th Street and Jeffery Avenue, about five feet beneath ‘the surface, a sand and gravel deposit occurs, in which the following mollusks were found by Mr. Ira Meyers, of the Francis Parker School, Chicago: Alasmidonta calceola Physa integra Sphaerium siriatinum Valvata bicarinata perdepressa Pisidium virginicum Goniobasis livescens ” — compressum confertume? Ammnicola lustrica ”” superius’ ” — emarginata ” (resembling mainense, but ” — letsoni apparently distinct) Somatogyrus integer Galba catascopium The sand and shells were evidently washed behind the submerged limestone barrier which outcrops on Kingston Avenue, and is about 585 feet above sea level or 5 feet above the lake. C. SOUTH OF CALUMET LAKE South of Calumet Lake (130th Street) and east of Michigan Central Railroad Surface 585 feet A.T.; 5 feet A.L.M. Unio beds beneath Indian graves? Fusconaja undata Eurynia recta Quadrula pustulosa Lampsilis ventricosa Elliptio gibbosus Goniobasis livescens D. NEAR LEMONT Lincoln Park property, Lemont, near Santa Fe Railroad (Section 16, Du Page County). Surface 595 feet A.T. 15 feet AL.M Strata Deposit Depth Remarks Vv Black carbonaceous loam.............. 30) |) Withiplant remainsen IV Black carbonaceous soil................ 26 Til eat Wed sess. -ge ye te eee | 12 | With shells. Il Marland'stlt bedi 2:2...) 9 e ie I Niagara limestone..............c0cc000 + Total thickness.... 83 1 By Mr. D. W. Roper, of the Chicago Telephone eae 2 Collected by Mr. A. Scharf. 56 Likle OF J EE PLEISTOCENE BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum IT Plants Potamogeton Animals Pisidium compressum Segmentina armigera ” — splendidulum Planorbis antrosus ” —_ mainense ” — campanulatus Valvata tricarinata » deflectus Amnicola limosa » exacuous ” — lustrica » — parvus Goniobasis livescens ” — trivolvis Campeloma integrum Galba reflexa Physa integra ” obrussa ” warreniana Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Succinea avara Stratum IIT Mollusca Valvata tricarinata Planorbis parvus Amnicola limosa ” — trivolvis ” — lustrica Galba obrussa Physa gyrina ” obrussa decampi Segmentina armigera ” reflexa Planorbis exacuous Lymnea stagnalis appressa Vertebrata Odocoileus virginianus Portion of skull I Fiber zibethicus Skull Lincoln Park property, Lemont, edge of Desplaines River. Surface 590 feet A.T. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks Vv Blackloamie ica ee enna 28 IV Black earth, carbonaceous........... 12 III Brown soil with shells.................... 37 II Sticky blue clay............ 58 I Niagara limestone + Total thickness... 135 E. THE CALUMET—-SAG CHANNEL (PLATE XXV) The Calumet-Sag channel of the Chicago drainage system extends from the Little Calumet River half a mile west of Halsted Street, to the sanitary ship canal about a mile west of Lambert Station (technically from the westerly — DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 57 reserve line of the Illinois and Michigan canal in Sec. 14, T. 37 N., R. 11 E. of the 3rd P.M. to the north and south center line of Sec. 32, T. 37 N., R. 14 E. of the 3rd P.M.) a length of over 16 miles. The channel is cut in both rock (western end) and dirt (eastern end); the deposits consist of peat, clay, sand, gravel, and boulder clay. The depth of the channel is about 34 feet. The channel is cut thru the center of the southern arm of the outlet of glacial Lake Chicago, which separated Mount Forest island from the main part of the Valparaiso moraine. The cut should, therefore, clearly reflect the history of the postglacial waters of the Chicago basin, and, except for the physical differences, this history should agree with that shown in the cut of the north shore channel. The physical differences, however, were considerable, the north shore channel being cut thru an old embayment of the lake, while the Calumet-Sag channel is partly in one of the old outlets, which was a large river almost a mile in width. A section of the channel at West 92nd Avenue exhibited the strata shown below. Calumet-Sag channel at west 92nd Ave. Surface 593.5 A.T.; 13.5 A.L.M. (Plates XXVI, XXVII) Strata Deposit Depth Remarks 1B.4 Surface soil; oxidized peat.............. 24 Vill Peat, almost; pure’ acrc-sc--crsceceee: 114 Shells and plants, especially in lower part. Vil Beaty; claves aaa teeta 12 Pockets of shells in lower part. VI Clay, sandy in lower patt.............. 48 Upper part impalpable clay. V Bine prayisands 2. 24 But few shells. IV Fine sand, coarse sand and fine gravel; sand cross bedded in some places; lenticular pockets of fine gravel, shells, and wood, apparently beach worn.............. il Some large stones and a few naiad shells. HI Boulders, clay, sand, pebbles; boulder pavement on top of | Tee cceieceecetencsicenter conten ucens eet errerian: 2 Naiad shells on surface. II Bouldericlayy 2a ene 65 Very hard. I Niagara limestone.............s:cseecs000 78 Total thickness....| 408 = 34 feet, BIOLOGICAL REMAINS Stratum III Elliptio crassidens Campeloma integrum >? gibbosus 2% integrum obesunt 58 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris Goniobasis livescens depygis Crenodonta undulata Vavata tricarinata Fusconaja undata Amunicola limosa Eurynia recta » — lustrica Lampsilis veniricosa Physa warreniana Pisidium virginicum Planorbis deflectus Stratum IV. (One foot from bottom) Quadrula pustulosa Valvata tricarinata Fusconaja undata ” — tricarinata simplex Sphaeriwm acuminatum tricarinata confusa Pisidium virginicum tricarinata unicarinata ” ” ” — compressum (variable) Planorbis antrosus ” — splendidulum if parvus ” medianum 2 deflectus Goniobasis livescens depygis Physa warrentana Amunicola limosa Galba obrussa exigua ” — lustrica ” palustris Stratum IV. (Two feet from bottom) ' Pisidium virginicum Amunicola limosa ” — compressum Physa warreniana ” — splendidulum ” integra Sphaerium occidentale ” walkeri Sphacrium acuminatum Planorbis antrosus Gontobasis livescens depygis on campanulatus Campeloma integrum obesum 39 parvus Valvata tricarinata deflectus ” — tricarinata simplex Galba obrussa decampi ” tricarinata confusa ” palustris Ammnicola lustrica. ” woodruffi Stratum IV. (Three feet from bottom) Sphaerium acuminatum Valvata tricarinata Pisidium virginicum ” —_ tricarinata simplex ”» — compressum ” — tricarinata confusa » fallax Physa warreniana ” — splendidulum ” integra ” ~ medianum ” walkeri Goniobasis livescens depygis Planorbis antrosus Campeloma integrum (1 reversed) ” — campanulatus Amanicola limosa (many forms) ” parvus » — lustrica » — deflectus Segmentina armigera (1 spec.) Stratum IV (Top of sand deposit) Elliptio gibbosus Amnicola limosa Sphaerium acuminatum * lustrica Pisidium virginicum Physa integra Gontobasis livescens Planorbis parvus Valvata tricarinata Galba obrussa ” — palustris DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 59 Stratum VII (Just above clay) Animals Naiad, fragments Planorbis antrosus Anodonta species ”” — exacuous (rare) Valvata tricarinata ” parvus Amnicola limosa Ancylus parallelus » lustrica Galba palustris Physa warreniana ” reflexa Planorbis campanulatus Lymnea stagnalis appressa Donacia proxima Coleoptera, punctostriate elytron The till beneath these sedimentary deposits is a portion of the Valparaiso moraine, exhibiting the charactertistic undulating topography of a terminal moraine. A mile or so west of the 92nd Street section, the naiad deposit and the boulder pavement come within five feet of the surface, the boulder clay increasing in thickness and the peat deposit decreasing in thickness. A few hundred feet farther west these deposits again fall away to the bottom of the canal. This élevation may have been an island during one of the low water stages. The sequence of strata is the same in all locations, the variation being in the relative thickness of the deposits. The interpretation of these deposits may be summarized as follows: Stratum IT, boulder clay. This deposit is very hard and contains an abun- dance of rock material. Stratum III, boulder pavement, sand gravel. This stratum evidently repre- sents the Glenwood, Bowmanville, and Calumet stages. During the Glen- wood stage there would be some erosion of the boulder clay, notably, when the water was lowering, preceding the Bowmanville stage. It was at this period, probably, that the boulder pavement was formed. Later, during the Bowmanville stage, a little clay was deposited, and, as the water was rising to form the Calumet stage, a little gravel resulted. The bed of Unio shells lying on the surface of this boulder pavement was probably deposited during the latter part of the Calumet stage and the early part of the Toleston stage. Stratum IV, sand and gravel. The heavy bed of fine gravel and sand was evidently formed during the low water period succeeding the Toleston stage as it contains much beach-worn wood, worn shells and the usual mixture found on a gravel y shore or in shallow water where there is somewhat of a current, a condition easily provided by an outlet from a shallow lake such as Lake Chicago is supposed to have been at this time. As the moraine beneath these deposits is notably rolling the deep gravel and sand deposit may rest against one of these dome-shaped elevations, which may have been near the surface during this time. Stratum V, fine gray sand. This deposit is believed to represent a time when the water was rising to form the Hammond stage. 60 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Stratum VI, clay. The clay deposit is believed to represent the bottom of the lake during the Hammond stage. The upper part of this deposit may have been a land surface during the low water period. Stratum VII, peaty clay. This deposit contains many shallow water mol- lusks and probably represents the Englewood stage (Nipissing stage) at its highest level. Sivatum VIII, peat. This thick bed of peat indicates a shallowing of the water and records a change from flowing water to swampy conditions. At this time the lake had ceased to discharge thru the Chicago outlet. Stratum IX , surface soil. This deposit represents the recent period when the area had changed to a swamp, such as existed in the Sag region before the canal was excavated. The interpretation indicated above may be graphically expressed in the diagram on plate XXVIII, which indicates the depths of water at each stage.® F. SCATTERED RECORDS There are a number of records of life in the museum of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, and in local literature, which cannot be referred to any parti- cular sedimentary deposit, tho belonging undoubtedly to postglacial fossil strata. These are listed below, with comments. Corner Wrightwood Avenue and North Clark Street Fusconaja undata.4 In excavation for building. In Toleston beach, Corner Frederick and North Clark Streets Crenodonta undulata. In excavation for building. In Toleston beach. Corner Sheffield and Lincoln Avenues Goniobasis livescens* Pleurocera subulare These possibly belong to the Toleston stage. No geological data was sup- plied with the specimens. Balmoral Avenue, Bowmanville Goniobasis livescens.4| This record is on the Calumet beach but should probably be referred to the Toleston stage. Swnmit, bed of Sanitary Canal S phaerium sulcaium Valvata tricarinata Amnicola limosa Planorbis deflectus » — lusirica » parvus 3 It is greatly to be regretted that there has been no opportunity to give to the Calumet- Sag channel the careful study accorded the north shore channel. The writer was able to visit the excavations of the Calumet-Sag canal but a few times, and while the information secured is of value and corroberates the interpretations given to the north shore deposits, it is still true that much interesting information has been lost. Science is apparently not yet in position to take full advantage of the opportunities which commerce and industry so often provide, frequently at great expense. 4Collected by Mr. Car! Dilg. DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE CHICAGO BASIN 61 No record was kept of the stratum from which these shells came, but they are believed to be referable to the Hammond stage of Lake Chicago.® Corner of West Monroe and Morgan Streets Unio shells® Chicago Heights The tooth of a mammoth (Elephas columbi) was found in the bank of Wal- lace Creek, at a depth of 18 or 20 feet.” This creek flows in the Valparaiso moraine in which it has sunk its bed for twenty feet or more. The tooth was probably washed from a higher source. It is impossible to determine with just which lake stage the fossil is to be correlated; it is, however, certainly postglacial. IV. Typicat SECTIONS OF BEACHES A. GLENWOOD BEACH Haas’ gravel pit, Oak Park. Surface 625 feet A.T.; 45 feet A.L.M.§ Strata Deposit Depth 1 Brown-stained gravel, capping summit BMG SLOPEs eee reece ere cee el tes 18-30 inches DZ Fine gravel, fresh or stained but little...... 24-48 ” 3 Sand, very thin at top, but increasing LOWALG! Side GL Dats. etettecteseretee 0-36 =” + Fine gravel, increasing like no. 3 048 =” 5 Fine gravel, nearly 4 feet in thickness, which passes upward from near the east side of the excavation, assuming a near- ly horizontal position beneath the crest Oltheerid fein nace sor eee eaten ere 40-48 inches 6 Sand, thickening toward the higher part Ofthe rid ces se ee ee ea 6-36 ” ' Jt is exceedingly unfortunate that systematic records and collections were not made when the large drainage canal was being excavated. Its entire length is in the bed of the old outlet, and, judging by the fragmentary records which are obtainable from this region, it undoubtedly presented quite as fully the biological history of Lake Chicago as did the strata uncovered in the north shore channel. ° Higley and Raddin, p. XV. It is not known from what horizon these specimens were obtained. 7 Collected by Mr. James H. Knapp. Identified by Dr. O. P. Hay. 4 Leverett, Pleistocene Features, p. 70. This section is on the Oak Park spit and not in the beach proper, which attains an elevation of 50 feet. 62 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE B. CALUMET BEACH. (PLATE XXIX) About 1500 feet south of the Lake shore, North Evanston, Station 60. Surface 610 feet A.T. 30 feet A.L.M. Strata Deposit Depth Remarks Vil (Black sand) 2h 2) ace el ee eae 9 inches VI Black sand and gravel.............ccccccceseseseees 85 i More or less stratified in lower part. Vv Gray-sand (fine) ce ee 15 A With wood in strata. IV Peatiand wood....cc eh ae 9 3 Til Graveliand!sand22 nce ee Spy ie II Clay ie eis OEE Ie compressum ” integra ” — splendidulum ” walkeri ” — medianum Planorbis antrosus THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO 89 Pisidium fallax Planorbis campanulatus Campeloma integrum obesum ” deflectus Goniobasis lizescens depygis ” parvus Amnicola limosa Segmentina armigera ” — lustrica Galba obrussa exigua ” obrussa decampi ” palustris ” woodriffi c. The Desplaines Valley In the Valley of the Desplaines River near Lemont a bed of silt and marl overlies the Niagara limestone, which contains molluscan species similar to those in the Wilmette Bay deposits. The location of this deposit is near the 595 foot contour and the mollusks evidently lived along the edge of the old outlet in shallow water, out of reach of any strong currents. The level of the lake at this time was probably too low to allow of much of a discharge thru the Chicago outlet and the valley may have been simply a long narrow bay during this low water period. The water was evidently loaded with fine sedi- ment, a deposit nearer the center of the valley, which is believed to be correla- tive with this episode, being 58 inches in thickness. The life of the strata at Lemont is as noted below. Pisidium compressum Planorbis antrosus ” ‘mainense 7 campanulatus ” — splendidulum ” — trivolvis Valvata tricarinata ” — deflectus Amunicola limosa ” — exacuous ” — lustrica » — parvus Goniobasis livescens Galba reflexa Campeloma integrum ” obrussa Physa warreniana Lymnaea stagnalis appressa ” integra Succinea avara Segmentina armigera A peat bed above the silt deposit.contains biotic remains indicating a still greater shallowing of the water, perhaps preceding a temporary land surface. The fauna of this bed includes: Mollusca Valiata tricarinata Planorbis parvus Amnicola limosa ” — trivolvis ” Llustrica Galba obrussa Physa gyrina ” obrussa decampi Planorbis exacuous ” reflexa Segmentina armigera Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Vertebrates Odocoileus virginianus. Skull Fiber zibethicus. Skull 90 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE d. Windsor Park, South Chicago At the corner of 75th Street and Jeffrey Avenue a deposit of sand and gravel occurs, five feet below the surface, which contains fourteen species of mollusks, as noted below. Sphaerium striatinum Valvata bicarinata perdepressa Pisidium virginicum Goniobasis livescens ” compressum confertum? Amnicola lustrica ” — superius ” —_ emarginata ” — ‘mainense (related to, but distinct) » — Tetsoni Galba catascopium Somatogyrus integer The bedrock (limestone) outcrops nearby on Kingston Avenue, and is 585 feet above sea level or 5 feet above Lake Michigan. The shells were evidently washed behind this rock barrier during the low water stage. The presence of Amanicola letsoni is noteworthy. e. Evanston In Marcy’s section of the Toleston beach, in the ridge which crosses the University campus, a number of shells were found in peat and silt deposits, beneath heavy beds of beach sand and gravel believed to be of Hammond age. From this, and from an equivalent deposit in a section more recently studied by the writer fourteen species have been identified. Sphaerium sulcatum Ancylus species Pisidium dubium (= virginicum). Planorbis trivolvis Goniobasis lavescens ” — campanulatus Pleurocera eievatum » — parvus Amunicola limosa Galba palustris » — lustrica ” reflexa Physa warreniana ” caperata Naiad shells were observed but too much decomposed to permit of identi- fication. Anodonia grandis footiana was probably represented. An oak, named Quercus marcyana by Prof. Penhallow, was obtained in considerable quantity from the sand deposit above the peat bed (see 4 and 5 in I of Plate IV). F. THE HAMMOND STAGE™® Differential uplift in the region of the Trent Valley eventually raised the height of the Kirkfield outlet until the waters again discharged thru the Chicago 58 In a previous paper (Baker, Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 109-116) the two last stages of the postglacial lake were designated ‘“‘ Middle Toleston”’ and ‘Lower Toleston.” Strati- graphically this produces a geological absurdity, Lower Toleston being placed above Upper Toleston. These terms are correct for the lake stages but are not correct for geological strata. For this reason the term Hammond is here substituted for Middle Toleston and Englewood for Lower Toleston, these names being quite as appropriate as the terms Glenwood, Calumet, and Toleston. THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO 91 and St. Clair outlets. At first nearly all of the discharge was by way of Chicago, but as that outlet was controlled by a rock sill, the greater outflow was shifted to the St. Clair outlet, that being in till which was cut thru ina relatively short time. Of the Chicago outlet at this time Taylor®® says: ‘The time of this large-volume discharge at Chicago was the time when the Toleston beach was made, and if there was a beach of Lake Chicago there before and controlled by the same sill, it must have been overwhelmed and worked over entirely by Lake Algonquin waters.”’ This is probably just what did happen, the first or Toleston beach being formed when the water dropped from the 35 (Calumet) to the 20 (Toleston) level; the beach usually called Toleston is evidently what is here designated as Hammond and was formed during the large-volume dis- charge following the low water or Kirkfield stage. Lake Chicago at this time had about the same outline as during the Toleston stage. Mollusks and other animals survived the low water period, and an extensive biota is preserved in the strata of this second high water stage. a. Wilmette Bay (North Shore Channel) Mar! and silt beds in this channel south of Devon Avenue contain a varied biota referable to the Hammond stage. Plants Potamogeton species Najas species Scirpus species Nymphaea advena Carex species Typha latifolia Animals Sphaerium levissimum Campeloma integrum a stamineum Valvata tricarinata ie rhomboideum Amnicola lumosa » flavrum » — lustrica % sulcatum Physa warreniana ss solidulum ” integra Hi Striatinum Planorbis antrosus Pisidium compressum » campanulatus ” affine / ” — trivolvis ” — moveboracense » deflectus ” — splendidulum ” — parvus ” — variabile Galba reflexa ” virginicum Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Wilmette Bay had about the same outline at this time as during the Toles- ton stage (see Plate XX XVIII). North of Devon Avenue the bay was shallow with swampy shores. The water contained such plants as Chara and Potamogeton, and the shores were probably lined with Typha. This shallow, marshy portion was over four miles long and from one to two miles wide. This +9 Smith. Rep., 1912, p. 319. 92 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE part of Wilmette Bay must have been comparable to the southern portion of Braddock’s Bay, especially that part bordering the shores (see map Plate XXXIX, and Plate XLIII). This habitat afforded an ideal home for shallow water mollusks, as indicated by the subjoined list. Sphaerium stamineum Planorbis parvus a emarginatum Segmentina armigera Musculium truncatum Galba caperata Pisidium affine ” reflexa Physa gyrina Succinea retusa Planorbis trivolvis » avara Cambarus blandingi acutus The crayfish is a pond or lake form, not a river form, and is the only repre- sentative of the subgenus Cambarus living in this territory (vide Ortmann). The remains of this crayfish were numerous, but always poorly preserved, consisting of a broken carapace, several chela, and fragmentary legs. This crustacean lives among vegetation, in woodland swamps, shallow ponds and pools, burrowing occasionally in the black muck soil. Dr. A. E. Ortmann, to whom specimens were submitted, remarks upon the material as follows: “The specimen, of course is awfully poor; but as it hap- pens, one very important character is seen: the corpulatory hooks of the ischiopodites of the 3rd and 4th peraeopod of the left side, are distinctly seen. Species with this character (subgenus Cambarus) are all southern, with the exception of C. blandingi, and this excludes all other species found at the present time in your region. After ascertaining this, and also ascertaining that the specimen is, according to these hooks, a male of medium size in the second form (impotent, not able to copulate), I compared it with specimens of the living form, C. blandingi, of the same size and condition, and found com- plete agreement. The fortunate circumstance that this is a male, and that it shows the characteristic hooks of the ischiopodite is all-important, and I do not hesitate at all, to assign it to the species as given above.” b. Sag Outlet (Calumet-—Sag Channel) In the Sag outlet a deposit of fine sand overlying the gravel deposit evi- dently represents the deeper water of the Hammond stage. Eleven species of mollusks have been noted from this stratum. Elliptio gibbosus Valvata tricarinata Sphaerium acuminatum Physa integra Pisidium virginicum Planorbis parvus Goniobasis livescens Galba obrussa ) Anmicola limosa palustris ” — lustrica THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO D3 Four feet of fine, almost impalpable clay cover this sand deposit, indicating that the water at this later stage was heavily filled with sediment. No life was observed in this stratum. c. Near Calumet Lake South of Calumet Lake, near 130th Street, east of the Michigan Central Railway tracks, a number of mollusks were found beneath Indian graves. They are believed to be referable to the Hammond stage. Six species are represented. Fusconaja undata Eurynia recta Quadrula pustulosa Lampsilis ventricosa Elliptio gibbosus Gontobasis livescens G. LOW WATER STAGE—THE CHAMPLAIN SUBMERGENCE The continued recession of the ice to the northeast eventually uncovered a low pass thru Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa Valley and the lake waters fell upwards of 60 feet,®° forming a three-lake condition. At the same time the land to the east was submerged and the sea entered the St. Lawrence basin, forming two arms, the southern arm extending well into the Ontario basin and the northern arm entering the Ottawa Valley. Oxidized silt beds overlying the deposits of the Hammond stage are believed to represent this low water stage, at which time all of the land covered by the lake waters was made dry. As no evidence of terrestrial (or other) life have been found in this stratum it is to be presumed that the low water stage did not endure long enough for a fauna and flora to develop or migrate from the south. H. THE ENGLEWOOD STAGE® Continued uplift in the northern portion of the Nipissing outlet raised the level of the lakes until they again overflowed southward thru the St. Clair River, producing a condition known as the two-outlet stage. The lakes at this stage are also known as the Nipissing Great Lakes, the area covered being but little greater than that of the present Great Lakes. In the Chicago region the waters rose to about twelve feet above the present level. The shore lines of this stage ‘‘are characterized by an exceptionally strong development of cut bluffs and terraces, rather than by beach ridges. In this manner they express the vigorous encroachment of a lake which was rising upon its shores. ’’6? During the Englewood stage (Plate XLIV) the shores of the lake differed little in position from those of the two preceding stages, except in the northern region. Wilmette Bay (Plate XLV) became much smaller; the Graceland 69 Goldthwait (Records of Extinct Lakes, p. 66) suggests a sea-level stage. 61 See foot-note page 90. * Goldthwait, Records of Extinct Lakes, p. 67. 94 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE barrier became a bar varying in width from one-half to nearly two miles. From North Avenue to Foster Avenue the bay had a length of nearly five miles and a maximum width of a mile and a half. From Foster Avenue the bay extended northward as a narrow bayou less than a quarter of a mile wide; near Lincoln Avenue it spread out, forming two arms, and becoming a little over half a mile wide. The total extension of the bay north of Foster Avenue was a trifle over two miles. It varied from 4 to 12 feetin depth. The character of the deposits, as well as the life contained therein, show that the bay was for the most part shallow and its waters quiet. It was doubtless bordered by cat-tails, rushes, and reeds, and the shallow waters are known to have contained Chara, Potamogeton, and other aquatic vegetation. Sometime during the Englewood stage a long bar was formed which ex- tended from the southern end of the Graceland bar, at the south end of Lin- coln Park, to the Hammond shore line near South Englewood, passing east of Englewood and thru Auburn Park (Plate XLIV). This bar completely shut in the bay north of Mt. Forest island, producing a huge marsh, similar to that now existing in the Sag region near Worth. a. Life of Wilmette Bay The mollusks which have been found in these deposits are suggestive of a shallow-water, marsh-bordered bay, the Valvatas and Amnicolas occupying the deeper parts and the small bivalves and the fresh water pulmonates living in the shallower portions near the shore. Fourteen species occur in these deposits, as shown below: Plants Potamogeton and Najas were common plants judging by the abundance of their remains, Animals Sphaerium sulcatum Physa integra 3 stamineum » gyrina x solidulum Planorbis antrosus Musculium transversum HY campanulatus Pisidium compressum ai trivolvis ” — variabile 2 parvus Amnicola limosa Galba palustris ” — limosa porata ” caperata Valvata tricarinata The borings of crayfish were very numerous in this deposit, attesting the presence of these crustaceans. b. The Sag Outlet In the Sag channel a bed of peaty clay lies between a clay and a peat deposit and is believed to represent the bottom of the Sag outlet at the time of the Nipissing (transition) stage. It is probable that but little water flowed thru THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO 95 the Chicago outlet at this time, this region being for the most part a quiet bay. Thirteen species of mollusks, an insect or two, and a few bones of fish were obtained from these deposits. These are noted below. Mollusks Anodonia species Planorbis exacuous Valvaia tricarinata » parvus Amnicola limosa Ancylus parallelus ” — lustrica Galba palustris Physa warreniana ” reflexa Planorbis campanulatus Lymnaea stagnalis appressa C » antrosus Insects Donacia proxima Coleoptera, punctostriate elytron Fish Fragments and small bones. The insec's were referred to Prof H. F. Wickham, Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa, who writes as follows concerning the Donacia: “The specimen is a fragment showing the base, part of the humeral and sutural regions and a portion of the disk of the left elytron, with colors well preserved, the wing-cover being blue-black over the disk and bright metallic green about the humerus. The sculpture is remarkably clearly exhibited, agreeing even in minute detail with recent specimens of D. proxima in the size, shape, arrange- ment and dist nctness o the punctures, the lack of interstitial rugosities on the inner half of the elytral disk and the presence of fine transverse wrinkles in the humeral region. Donacia proxima is one of the most characteristically colored and sculptured of all the North American forms and is pretty easily recognized by those features alone. There is no reason to doubt that the fossil is specifically the same as the modern specimens with which it has been compared. “Donacia proxima is now classified as a race or variety of D. cincticornis Newm. It occurs in Canada from Vancouver Island to Newfoundland as well as in California, Oregon, Idaho, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana Pennsylvania New York, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, on the leaves of water plants. No special conclusions as to climate can be drawn from its presence as a fossil. “Tn this connection, it is interesting to note that the genus is well repre- sented in fossil condition, about thirty species being noticed or described from Tertiary and Pleistocene beds. The habits of the insects and their hard integu- ments combine to render their preservation more than usually likely.” I. THE PRESENT GREAT LAKES Following the Nipissing stage the lake waters were gradually lowered by the cutting down of the St. Clair outlet. This gradual lowering of the lake 96 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE waters resulted in the formation of the broad sand terrace and dune ridges north of Waukegan, near Rogers Park, and in other places. During the recession of the lake a series of small bars and beaches were built up east of ‘the Englewood barrier; particularly large beaches were developed in the neigh- borhood of Wolf Lake. Minor beachlets to the number of a hundred or more were formed along the south shore of the lake, in Indiana. Between these beachlets may now be found, particularly in the spring of the year, sloughs of greater or less extent. The fauna of the Englewood stage, as the waters fell sought refuge in the small sloughs, in the small lakes (Calumet, Wolf, George, Hyde) and in the rivers. Doubtless other species have migrated northward and mixed with the fauna of the last postglacial stage. The present fauna is rich and varied as indicated in the table which follows:* a. List of Mollusca Now Living in the Waters of the Ancient Lake Chicago Basin Recent Post- Lake Small Rivers | Sloughs; Glacial | Micnigan| lakes swamps Fusconaja Undated .o.......ccccccccccccecceeee & GN mee areata tele Wares nsin Bia pM a Hele ata 5 ? TUDLTUNOST entree ene! x x Crenodonta peruvidnd.........cccccceeerees x x UNUUIGEO ree ee ee DIN fen ear ae m8 Xi ny Meal eae Quadrula pustulosa.........c.cccccererceeeees DSN PES SUM ant Fe a a a X ae es He LACEY NLOSA eee XM 2) ene cara ieee ane pa Wie Aaa 8) Rotundaria tuberculata....cccccccccceccceee Ms) leeds can ests) a aan ta x) 2 GIDE UR alge PleuroDemasCOCCUnGumn nis. ee eerste eee eee ee eA es Xt SMS eaee Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris.. RL hssetdewstadeedlea [lags eC Oe Se ee EN UpitoN St DOSUS Meester ce ste deterrents De eA ean, x XK 7 [Lele eee BPN PED DOSTES CELLC CULES 3 cece ccc gic Mle Mopper ca ea ee ee X | area 170s TUCTUSSUGCNS cree teehttntera chore wee Ke «3 Mesos sccesteccsnseel|cccgeduucaeste vets | eaewet eee eae ieee | eee SQSINUZONG CONLDTESS Othe ec) cette eseeea| eee meets | Conan oe aeeee | Peace xX!) 2: 5 eee i COSTAE a cae Xi MiG Ree ee eee x eee es id COM PLANAR AS 2. ie Ghee AES) Seer ees Deen aaa tole ee xc.) || Soeee Amodoniaimbectlisrctn ti. teen ene A sera st in bod Nemo eae X un 0 Eaters H EN ANALS en ne ae ena 04a IR eee eee nce x x K uy grandis fOOtiaNd......c.c.cccceceee >t ai| eee ai xg x x Ainadontordes) ferUuSSACLUNUS tne ee ccs |e ee eee ees ee ae =). ee 1 ferussacianus subcylin- n GLACE USN ie Mie LW SU Gal eeyaytcl Nadeem x x 1, ee nein VALASMAd ONLD MARINA ee eel | eee x p ern yeas toss 2 GOLCCOLG es x x x Xo |e 83 Only the aquatic forms are listed. 64 These occur in the strata of glacial Lake Chicago. THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO 97 Recent Sloughs; swamps Strophitus edentulus 2 pavonius OBliquaria reflerd..........cveccecreereeeneies Nephronajas ligamentind. ccc eects eecies [eos ees ee eeseesies|eoeeeneeesen ican Amygdalonajas clegans.......e.eccveceveee] KX [ecssecssesesessese[eoseeeseecsceeees 4 CLUE OEP TEES Hecocee toccetec|j Barco ceeeror ever coeeeo0G eacares Keecoccercerorees x wR A Aw AK WK A TMG YIU POLO ctcccsnnecnsesoasecsccnesonesssecnoesnees|coonesnserncansees|srveceessteezzsees|ccecoressesseveste|| | KE [ececvecsnetseseeee ” — ellipsiformis BSA NE MMR CGE DN aos e ec clooei tc iaetbex es oats Dan AO Peano a yA MMR EP LS IR et AA oe ete acecendtanvsst! Replys seeseeeeeends Lampsilis Witeol a. ............cccceecceecesereeee De tarets | ee es SPC a DEVLNTGOS GP rN. mn i feesionrecnet: Deis aesteunrces Kapaa |e eee INL zy TROLL ROTLIT LTT ee eRe es rel Ec ercteyeces) Heras BACH [ID ED. A UT LGR ase ECHO Feet see NU SUGGES SUC ETHTL Te rereeecco reer neeer||) 22 |Pecccererboccoeell eS 0 | ei Eeceeecmnconeasac Ma ACUMANALUM. .....0sp0.0-cereecenenees 4 stamineum Hh stamineum wisconsinensis.. » ” ” ” ”? ” »” a COU CO Duce NepCEe ecechonee | ae neD-© NLnI| Learner teeter a cree eer Enter cecccacy PRON ay alter a A AESCUAUML PATUINCUUML. ..2.00..20-c20.vecevee-|eosseosereonseesss|ecenotesetsasests® if TEL CURLIG, Une POCOCEEE EECEEO CE 2 'S COUN E excrete see essea cence Ke transversum... a PAsidium® ADdWUIQ..cccccccecccesierecesceeeeeeee 7 QUE SSOTUMNG corsa coe sens soc tinc sh sbeceses| tavsevteapenscstts cz GQUOMIST OGINE..0 200... .cecscensncaveces iis COMUPT ESSUM 100. ccnccocs cst sopeeesens- ¥ compressum confertum..........-. ci compressum laevigatum.......... COMPLESSUM TOSETALA.........c.00.|eceeeereerereeee id CC SITEITTT Li oe oe Poe Veep ee ee ceca Fea ere LEeeCeeERE ELE HA TOE arene ortere PRE Ree kia ae. Son) (Ula ereers eeeceecs be eeeeear ee % Tt will be noted that there are a number of Pisidia from the fossil deposits which have not yet been found in the recent fauna, 98 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Recent Post- Glacial Sloughs; swamps Pisidium 1dahoense....ccccccccccsssvveesevees Y RAg RLONGt es So ed ees eee eK a | eee ene a MCGIONUM scccervevrssecictictersnestee| 0 UK) OM aigaateeceselll 7 Ke % MAUNENSE sassscicovsecssicedescetecseseael| i) MORO) EAN sce ndeieesallece cee veeteses | ae eee be Be NERIEGIUML COTPULENUUM. .v.tes-2.|srretn etree enreerars asian | eoeeeee eee ? MOVEDOFOCEIISE screen ecco e ea Ul Ma aSCaN ny ae teaeeseae ees He MOVEDOVACENSE CLEVALE. 685. ceccd) ened cssacsestud|cecsssentescvssssa| tevseteredtieetera]| 0) RES) A POPES ic sectiiec vedios eietete seed ema A OVW) i TS To oe 2 POlibUtt... ce eeeeeeeee ies Mea cna | aad eee kena y politum decorum. “ e ee ay pauperculum...... A} me i ys punctatum.... i punctatum Sineplen....cccccccee feces 22 TOPCTUs<.soasecsesatvreteseca: secasesstevas| tusecssusssete cua) seusotasrcss scons |ncetezeanse (oceere]| any Sanam lace 22 SOP LONED.. cccecctetseechetncssessseatevers(UINE | Rh 1) Wee URS Mie Nec ee eee | Oe ; a SCULELL UMM erent ter chtectneenees 7 Splendidulte:..scecccsciscesectecee fl) 0K) 3) NSS OR AGH Ox y SUPCTIUS Seis i votiial crete seccest ; 2 LEWUASSUMUNDS roe PLES A ISIS SUNS EMR ay VAPLQDUE Ms ren eer eee ? VU ZUNICUIN: «ces anettsacescestossstecees a WOURera Oe Ne AL SEA IO EK TAIN [sate ecwanu el | Sea Vivi pard Contectotdes..........csseccssecesereseefeseceeseseeeceeaes Cam peloma decisuttii..ccccccccscccccceceere Sanh DAES Ear ena BPP ere, af ANLCRTUTI co 8) Bots cose cesectans ee MD) PEE Vl accuses ateceee st || (Ihl eX ana | (eae ara ee 2 integrum ODESUM. .1..ccees000- si TUSUM..000-5-. ” subsolidum.... 3) Valvata tricarinata.... subsolidum exilis.. ” tricarinata Simplex... ” — tricarinata confUusa.............+- Pr I>. > SSI ol 7 33/8 Bh i & Seals hal nis ales Seales Bes i2| seieselseelee2| fz PESSES| SS/LE oF aglSe ble as. ONS HEh as aleSaa a|/o 2 ale. a sul a SRE SU ales alsy SselZosS(m2FElF ORs Ss SHR si oas CHK OISVO/S COS VO/ORB OIA aA o/og od AROIDARIAASITZOR AAR Ian |s4e Plants EEC IATELLUIIUD ee ence eo ete teen eX a Ki lli|Secescezcesa| seeces aceon ececessccsea Naeem Picea canadensis (=evanstoni).........0.0.... PS Wh essa SUH || [Paeeecen tal eee eserte| Uccear ca raeal ea eee USUI ATLL CUTE son 5a co cba sate sosa cot csevect estes: ba [Se oH Perea rel ores Petree [Petes ae PEMUIRE SA ULEES INCE oso. soc devas dosasesadinsactvsniccesss BE ese ae eth peer at atta eaeal eater eel Secrnn be se LST ONT AETG AI KI ee Pe th NEON ales silos e Adega ae eave, [ane eae CL OSTELG OTE UTEP EERE PERE SA RSE Tod een De ace erase Ree Pr WRELENES SPICCIES. «5-05. sescetced eee ssudeosisusee.20thee 5 eee Hild Mesronviseea srsseanccagalurectcastce Populus balsamiferd...........ccceccssesevscesesesss bi) bana eed Leer oe Peernepeewer | pera rua See ttl WP MAITED MECCA UL OCTEE et oceans etet et one pert poosovotiag 8.8) | Eocccsccnece| bocccaotsonc PESTLE LL OVE sostcc cca css istvcsessccesunsutelesatdses Seeseutesesa| schon a ae nese 5 an EAB PER reer en Mollusca LPL IOT AGE LLIN Eee er ere Perera PeeeeCeee Crenodonta undulata... # DEMULON Caer erect Quadrula pustulosa........... 2 lachrymosd...... ies Rotundaria tuberculatd.......cccccccccceccccsereee|eoee Pleurobema coccineum magnalcustris Elliptio crassidens... MR LD DO SUS 222 .2-fuxshcce. se seuirst ssa ccadsctetone |osatieses-ve WEASIILSONME COSLALO... .2-.scscense-cscnscensnieecssavees OBiquarid refler eee eesescssesseststesestesesseses Amy gdalonajas cle gans.....2..ccccccccccsccssseee: PERSENOIEL OL: ON UIULES So 5- 88s Sensnccutecsschde eis . Sean PRCA ee Pa Bes elias ens) Wy SEVLQUINUTIVE svevesecissceossssnssesessonts x x x Xo zh hee x Y QCUMINGIUM Loos cvececcccssessecseeserseee ea ie lll al a my rhomboideum X ? LOUUSSTINUII. ..ccccscssoccoescectssseoeeeté Musculium secure 4 transversum. Pisidium affine............ li aes x ” — compressum.... BAM |b. < x % — compressum laevigdtUm.......se|ecrrecsereee|ecerereseees TN AA MHOCNSE Sea fot OL OUR LUE Ra bd MeCN PARMBeoRa PANS Dieta Ll E Di AIARIBO TION ens unease Miao x x x Kio) ees Del Ba er ” — kirklandi............. SPEER pepe an Vel eaananinal eae D8 ON A SCULCULGIUIN 2 cactets eee ron eee x x PUM EOVCDOTACENSE testes testes reer eee x MAUL SUIICUN Se eres eee ries me eee | ax x 7 WARETI: 0.1.0.0. Seer ea tHE AOH Paste peccee x x Sa DOUG bb II Mi Moka aa mer Lake Lee iat Gace x x MD OLUIN A ECOTUIT AD Tn tees ite | erences neers X ME SPLENALAULLIN to een eee eee x x Le SOPLENIT tie aun BEEN LU Raed ESS a CO x 97 PAUP EP CUNUM.....sccccescsssrsoresvscsces|ervesseciece x x » — abditum?... x Valvata tricarinata...... x Somatogyrus subglobosus.. x Amunicola emarginata.... x ied AMOS GU Te aie ed x x x i LemOSa Por aha ee vine sei anes aenraetn | ane noe ya arene Pees yetrec x el ana ONE fe VUSEPICO I Aen ee D.giiF ell beeen x KX fii eee eee 4 a VOUSONG 1s: LAR ee Ts MUL BU S20 Eco ee XC ae eRe Le aaa PL CULOGEN A CLEVALUIN est tee acer eae | Coosa satel eee pL Beers reel Ly Fee [ia Rue Goniobasis iveSCONS....c.cccccescsesseecssseeresseees x x Kei te ee | PER ert ah, Cam peloma tntegrum.ccccccccccccccecscccserevseees x x x 2 eee gs: Bi Integrum ODESUM.c...cecceesereres Ks pegssevadded deccedoessa] sosvecebacee | sacecamteeea meee dea] Uoneusenas iy Hf SUbSONAUMS Bao ee x 0 aN Perec by8 te ee x (PUVSO;WATENTONG i Xi jig eawae x Xo eae sebaacea] Seen — ie 2 THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO 103 a a 8 > > > Me 2 a a Lal a 228s gil 8 = oO uw a SEG S2| yeiessisssisss| se a, €Jts3ssa SsiSsesie¥slo 3 43 PESILS S| SPlSF S/F a gle Ble as BeorjEnaol Fag oar ales sla. a. 3979/5 g fleas 813 | 2 S3a|5 0 we a ogl|es cong Og Og S/S YVYO/ZFOO/SVO/OSOVIC a oIog oO ANROIOAE|AAEITOR| AAA IAnE|s ae 122 GTEC ACLU era REA ey CRE EEE OCOD b tate beara Daeg (Renee) Perens x x MMR EIRIC LT etre ese ee Nn eh ree sare eeccnczaea |i crares tices | gcse nso x 5 Tal Coleen 5 tial [eaten PRPREDNAES J UES CUS ccc taes ccuscssceasieeearsgucscswseseons da Tero >, Sr Lect ees Cavey tl neers Pere 7 ‘paratlelus....:...... RATHI [tecsescenss Bat all Wasi Vr ee cea x Segmentina armigera Xa | ea bcm Reese (ec cel Pea ee x MT aMOLDES IV LVOLUES....<.c, ION Beene > ait Weare SMM GLY OSUS: 2 ooo crt ance ces teasers oi Persaencnd x BG) | Perera ba ee eM LC SLCCUUS. ccco2s. ca cte ccccccccesssisssaretect 7-3 | epperene x 2-4 | Lecce bstaeo stand Bosrrececan cf CLOCUOUS! Fo cnc orto tstet caste ee 5a ee ea Kel Hest Na dee aes seeiserr Paar er ren a DOV UUS soos ett Fe coensecccltavieie tates Da ede ae x > ed Fee x x NRE E RC JLOX ID ence sas ne oo: 2s ecb ec atectes tet eae Xj || eee x RL pyl|Seceereeersa [Micra x MED CLUESE I Siete nen aoe cae > pl Paneer 6 ar eer ae (OM nop X55 jh Almac MMO DESESS Cs ns LAR ee gccton 98 Sess s Pe feck eet ea aera aes pat ae I ate ad eee x OCTETS Bete pn ar Lee at pc [cen ba eee ce Bo ea a las x x Lymnaea stagnalis Ap pressd..ece.cc.ccccccc00- pram eee te a x bah (aie etal Be ay RGA a hy Total species of Mollusca ...... 36 35 58 26 0 17 13 Crustacea Cambarus Bland in gt Acts. ......ccc.scc.ccss01|-eoesesvesd|sexesesassee|teseosesses Shey) | enero x x Vertebrates PRET USES ELILOV cc Ee eset ecto ehas i ceareed| ee stsieast bd VN ee pa ie Ma dl Leena ea x LLGLTE GLTLGTT Bae re ae tie optin ee p e | EeSO e Sep My Pee emer WoC S oa Pe cloy a X Lepomis specieS............00000-+ Beet Me i aed ee AINA | eae 5.4 Pir Bea an beaks eal Mer eannaenl Lorem IMO Cy br inorder ee Ns | Senses Da bt Le eBSPECENC| Poly Ber cree] Eo epee eeee eee The portion of Wilmette Bay from which the above data was obtained lies north of Foster Avenue and south of Devon Avenue. It is therefore a typical portion of the bay, the sedimentary strata of which faithfully portray the history of this body of water. The changes in the biota are marked and sup- port the statement of Chamberlin that there should be a succession of strata after each glacial period ranging from cold to warm and from warm to cold. In this case the change is only from colder to warmer, as would be the case when but the first part of a postglacial period is included. Should the ice again form and again advance, ponding the waters of the lake, there would be a reversal of the life, ending with arctic or subarctic types, which would be covered finally by the succeeding till sheet. At Toronto the oncoming of the glacial ice is reflected in the biota and we may see the opposite of the Chicago 104 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE condition—warm-cold temperate-ice. The deposits at Chicago and Toronto, taken together form an almost continuous cycle of an interglacial interval. The biota listed in the previous tables also present a perfect picture of the ecology of this ancient bay, the plant and animal communities reflecting the varying physical conditions as the water became shallower or deeper. As has been stated by Shimek, to interpret accurately the species entombed in these clay and sand beds, and to reconstruct the environment in which they lived, the student must have an extensive and varied acquaintance with the same animals as they are found today. In the tables the change of types from the shallow water Bowmanville stage to the deeper water Calumet—Toleston stages, and from these to the shallower Hammond and Englewood stages is very marked, irrespective of climate. The first stage (36 species) had a silty, muddy bottom, supporting pond types of naiades and cyclads, and the fresh water pulmonates which usually inhabit such stations. A few gill-bearing mollusks were also present. The second stage (35 species) had a sandy or gravelly bottom, the water was deeper, and there was a change to the river type of naiades, the deeper water cyclads (for the most part) and a few gill-bearing species. The fresh water pulmonates were entirely absent. The third stage (58 species) shows a shallow- ing bay, the bottom becoming muddy. ‘There was a total absence of the river type of naiades and a return of the fresh water pulmonates. The number of cyclads present is noteworthy. The fourth stage (26 species) shows a return to deeper water with a sandy or silty bottom, inhabited by a few cyclads and gill- bearing species, with fresh water pulmonates. There was a total absence of naiades. The fifth stage was probably a land surface with a few creeks. No life has been observed from this stage. In the sixth stage (17 species) the bay had become still shallower, the life consisting of a few cyclads, a very few gill- bearers, and a number of fresh water pulmonates. The bottom was covered with mud and fine silt. The seventh and last stage is of the present time (13 species) the water has receded and the surface has become dry land with a few small ponds and swampy streamlets. Here the molluscan fauna consists of pulmonates, with a very few cyclads. The ecological succession shown by these seven stages is approached in completeness only at Toronto, Canada, where a somewhat similar alternation of strata occurs. The vertebrates of the Chicago deposits, while not numerous in species, are of great interest, and include fish (3 species), birds (1 species), and mam- mals (5 species). We can imagine the waters teeming with fish life, the pres- ence of ducks on the surface of the lake and bays, and the deer, mastodon and mammoth roaming the shores, while squirrels chased one another among the tree tops. It is also probable that the caribou, musk ox, snow goose, and other tundra animals inhabited the region, and during warmer times the peccary may have lived here, as its remains have been found in Ohio, Michigan, .and THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO 105 at Rochester, N. Y. Early in the lake history a vigorous forest of spruce also gave a boreal aspect to the country. J. CORRELATION OF LOCAL AND GREAT LAKES STAGES®S Lake Chicago Basin®® Glenwood stage, 640-635 feet. Outlet at Chicago. Fluctuation of ice front. Bowmanville stage, 590 feet. Outlet possibly north of Green Bay. (Possible relation to Lake Wayne.) Readvance of ice. (Possible second Glenwood stage.) Calumet stage, 620-615 feet. Outlet at Chicago. Ice front reaches Straits of Mackinac and Lake Chicago unites with Lake Huron. A portion of the Toleston stage probably belongs to this episode. Huron-Erie Basin Highest Maumee, 790 feet. Outlet at Fort Wayne, Ind. Lowest Maumee, 760 feet. Outlet near Imlay, Mich., to Chicago. Readvance of ice : Middle Maumee, 780 feet (L. Saginaw). Outlet thru Imlay channel. Huron-Eric-Ontario Basin Lake Arkona, 710-694 feet. Outlet, Grand River to Chicago. Readvance of ice. Lake Whittlesey, 735 feet. Outlet, Grand River to Chicago. Lake Wayne, 600 feet. Outlet past Syracuse to Hudson River. Readvance of ice. Lake Warren, 680 feet. Outlet, Grand River to Chicago. Lake Lundy (Grassmere 640, Elkton 620 feet). Outlet past Syracuse to Hudson River.| LAKE ALGONQUIN Chicago Basin Toleston stage, 600-605 feet. Union of lakes. Sag low water stage, 590 feet. Possibly dry land (Taylor). Hammond stage, 600 feet. Outlet at Chicago. Low water stage, 580 feet (or less) Probably dry land. Englewood stage, 592 feet. Closing of Chicago outlet. Present stage, 580 feet. Dry land and rivers. 8 After Leverett and Taylor. Huron—Ontario Basin First stage. Outlet to Lake Erie. Kirkfield stage. Outlet thru Trent Valley. Port-Huron-Chicago stage. Outlets at Chicago and St. Clair. Closing stage. Outlet into Champlain Sea, via Ottawa Valley (North Bay). Nipissing Great Lakes. Two outlet stage, North Bay and Port Huron. Great Lakes. Outlet at Niagara Falls. 6° The relation of the moraine near Milwaukee (Whitehall) and that near Two Rivers (Manistee) to the rising of the water level succeeding the Bowmanville stage is not definitely known The latter does not carry the high water beaches (60 and 40 feet) while the former is said by Goldthwait to show traces of these beaches in Sheboygan County. The lake possi- bly fell from the Glenwood to the Calumet level before the low water stage and the lake sub- 106 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE K. ALTITUDE OF OLD LAKE BEACHES Dr. Goldthwait has measured the altitude above sea level of the three highest beaches at several widely separated localities,”® and his data are of interest in connection with the previous discussion. Glenwood Calumet Toleston Evanston and Niles Center, Il........0.....:cceeee 636 619 605 Zion City Min ois ieee i 20 ee enn tel 643 627) ee eee State Line, Illinois and Wisconsin...............0:..::0:s+. 634 616 eee , Line between Racine and Kenosha countieg.......... 637 621i) |. See eee Holland iMichigan: 20 i sw ol PAE nee eels eat 638 621 605 Spring Lake and Eastmanville, Mich...................... 633 6137 602 South end of Lake Michigan basin..............0:c000 636 619 604 L. INTERGLACIAL LIFE OF THE CHICAGO AREA Well records from different parts of the region indicate that more than one ice sheet passed over the Chicago Area. Other preglacial conditions are also indicated in several places. A buried valley enters the lake near Lincoln Park, and can be followed for several miles back from the lake, in a north- westerly direction. The wells drilled along this valley penetrate rock at 115 to 125 feet below lake level.”2 Rock is found at varying depths showing that the region had suffered marked erosion previous to the glacial period. Some of the depths at which rock has been found, and the location of the wells, is of interest and illustrates this variation. Wilmette 140 Turner Park 80 Bowmanville 80 Washington Heights 71 Jefferson Park 68 Morgan Park 90, 163 Irving Park 79 Riverdale 45 Norwood Park 90 Dalton 35-40 Near County Infirmary 71 to 101 Harvey 20-25 Oak Park 45, 65, 85. Glenwood 30-35 Near Cragin 20 2% miles north of Arlington Heights 195 sequently rose to the Calumet level after the low water stage. It is also possible that the low water stage was inter-Glenwood, as is suggested by some of the results of Alden’s studies near Milwaukee. 79 Journ. of Geol., XVI, p. 464, 1908. 1 Very obscure, probable error of few feet (Goldthwait). ™ Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, pp. 583-590. THE LIFE OF GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO 107 In the northwestern part of Cook County, wells penetrate a black soil below till at a depth exceeding 100 feet.” This is probably post-Illinoian or Sangamon in age. Near Elgin a lower till is encountered at 67 to 70 feet. In other places near Elgin the lower till occurs at 165 feet. Near Arlington Heights a black soil was observed beneath blue till at a depth of 70-75 feet, under which there was another till sheet. In Township 41, Range 10 east, a well section shows the following strata:® Vellows tills 2 es 10-15 feet Blues tillignwas haan 12502 Blackisoule sek is tases Ay) Sand ytil lee aie eer 50 ” Gravel with watert................ Da A section of the Joliet Mound, near the city of Joliet, presents interesting data. SiepeterererCOACIN EOL (Sil Ey, CLAY 2.c:. acc scscsen ss oe eis csepess 35s Chaasces oars ee ne tee ae 14 feet Meeemete ra veland) COB arose. cccteses asc se eect ea estes feast eases oeiieoh shes UTES ore ees 10-12 ” Sandy gravel of medium coarseness cemented in places...........scssseseceseeseeeresereeteeenenenees 25-30 ” PIES Sea] Ope rE Re an ci a ee en een ea 4” iBine pepbleless clay, laminated, calcar€Ous?...-..<:.. records several mammals as occurring in postglacial deposits in southeastern Wisconsin. They may have been buried during any of the lake stages and a few may belong to recent time. Certus canadensis. Antler. Wauwatosa at depth of 4 feet. Mammut americanum. Tusk and other bones. Racine County, Dover township, in well. Elephas primigenius. Bones and upper jaw. Milwaukee at depth of 13 feet. 358 Smith Contr. to Knowledge, XV, Act. 2. 2b Professional Paper 106, U. S. G. S., pp. 346-347. \\\ Ny < \\}) 1 Mn, anny \)) \\ yy » UAC (CCQ (ate eta Ct CQ CECE TELAT Figure 2. Diagram illustrating terrace deposits on Rock River. A. Ground plan of river; a-b, points between which section was taken; c, point near which section was taken; d, sand bar on which fossil shells are deposited after being dug from bank by river. of Polygyra (Mesodon), Succinea, Lymnaea, Physa, etc., almost exclusively Pulmonata; b, mixture of top and under stratum, 2 feet thick, containing also a mixture of both kinds of mollusks; c, pure sand and fine gravel, 4 feet thick, containing great numbers of fresh water Mollusca, as Unio, Sphaerium, Pisidium, Campeloma, Pleurocera, Amnicola, Pyrgulopsis, Somatogyrus, etc.; d, loose sand; e, Rock River (Copied from Shimek, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. B. Section of terrace at cin A. a, fine rich black alluvium, 3 feet thick, containing shells State Univ. Iowa, II, plate XIII). POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 123 Undetermined proboscidians. Near Madison, teeth and small bones; Fond du Lac, small leg bones in ditch; Lake Monona, Madison, vertebra. II. ILLINOIS An account of the lake stages, with their attendant life, has been given in Chapters II and III. Outside this lake basin there are many records of life which are referable to post-Wisconsin time, but which cannot be definitely placed in any one of the lake stages. These may be considered under two heads; 1, fluviatile, and 2, terrestrial. 1. Fluviatile Deposits Shimek” has described a deposit of shells near Rock Island, in a terrace north of Turkey Island. The terrace is said by Leverett!” to be of Wisconsin age. The diagrams in figure 2 indicate the position and sequence of the strata and the location of the section. Shimek!® believes that C was evidently an -old sand bar upon which were heaped the shells while it lay in the path of a strong current, this supposition being indicated by the coarseness of the mater- ial. The middle stratum was deposited while strong currents of flood times alternated with the more sluggish currents of low water and we find a conse- quent commingling of coarse and fine material. The upper deposit containing carbonaceous material was deposited during floods when silt-laden water backed up and overflowed the land after the river had receded from the old sand-bar. The upper deposits are somewhat loess-like in character. As shown by Lever- ett, this terrace is of wide extent. Shimek made borings 40, 50, and 150 feet from the edge of the bank and found the sections substantially the same as the river bank section. This deposit was probably contemporaneous with an early stage of Great Lake history, perhaps correlative with the Calumet stage, and certainly as early as the Toleston stage. As indicated in the diagram the lower deposits contain fluviatile life only, while the upper deposits are made up mainly of terrestrial life. The absence of Unios, other than fragments, is noteworthy. The upper stratum represents a period of time somewhat later than the lowest stratum, indicating that the volume of water was much less. Fluviatile species, mostly from stratum C! Unio, fragments Pyrgulopsis scalariformis Sphaerium striatinum Somatgyrus subglobosus ” simile( =sulcatum) i integer Pisidium abditum Pomatiopsis lapidaria 6 Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, I, pp. 170-171. 17 Illinois Glacial Lobe, plate VI. 18 Op. cit., pp. 173-174. 19 The newer nomenclature is used in these lists. The species here listed as coarctatum was possibly a form of exilis; coarctatum is a southern species. 124 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Pleurocera subulare Valvata tricarinata Amnicola limosa ” bicarinata ” — cincinnatiensis (=sayana) Vivipara intertexta ” — emarginata(=Bythinella obtusa) Campeloma subsolidum Hs coarctatum Pulmonate species, mostly from stratum A Polygyra multilineata Bifidaria pentodon ” — profunda Galba reflexa ” — clausa ” caperata Vitrea hammonis ” obrussa ( =desidiosa, of authors) ”” indentata ” humilis modicella Zonitoides arborea Segmentina armigera » — minuscula Planorbis trivolvis Succinea ovalis (= obliqua) » — parvus ” avara Physa gyrina Bifidaria contracta Ancylus rivularis The strata described by Tiffany”° at Rock Ilsand evidently represent the same period as the above deposits described by Shimek. “The locality is situated at the western extremity of the arsenal grounds and the shells were discovered in an excavation 300 feet long and 8 feet deep. Three feet from the top (which is 18 feet above the highest level of the river) is a deposit of shells, mostly Unios, with Campeloma subsolidum, and two species of Helix. The shell bed is from 6 to 16 inches thick. Human remains were found in the lower part of the shell bed, associated with antler of elk or deer and part of shin bone of Bison(?).’’ Shell beds referable to the same period (post-Wisconsin) as those described by Shimek and Tiffany, are reported from the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa, Figure 3. Diagram of shell bed at head of Rock Island. 0, Bed of limestone; b, shell bed; cc, general surface; r, river (After Pratt, Prac. Daven. Acad. Sci., II, page 161, fig. 16). and Rock Island, Credit Island, Gilbert, Moline, and New Boston, Illinois. These beds are from 1-114 to over 3 feet in thickness, and range in position from just above high water mark to about 5 feet above high water. A section at the head of Rock Island is diagrammatically pictured by Pratt in figure 3. The shell beds lie immediately above the bed rock (limestone) and are covered by deposits brought down by the river. Pratt? lists a number of fluviatile mollusks but ascribes the shell beds to the agency of modern ice which he believes has pushed them from the river bed to their present location. While this agency does perform such feats with boulders and other objects, it is totally 20 Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., I, pp. 42-43. 202 Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., IT, pp. 156-162. POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 125 inadequate to account for the present shell stratum. The deposits are evidently the same as those described above by Tiffany. Thirteen fluviatile and four land mollusks are listed by Pratt. Fusconaja undata (=trigonus) Crenodonta plicata Quadrula pustulosa ”» — metanevra Rotundaria tuberculata (=verrucosus) Plethobasus aesopus Elliptio crasidens ” — gibbosus Obliquaria reflexa (=cornutus) Obovaria ellipsis Nephronajas ligamentina Vivipara subpurpurea Campeloma subsolidum Polygyra profunda » — thyroides multilineata Pyramidula alteranta ” Limnaea (Galba) tazewelliana and Pyrgulopsis scalariformis, described by Wolf from post-Pliocene deposits on the Tazewell side of the Illinois River, are probably referable to the same age as the Rock Island fauna. No fossil species other than the Lymnaea (now known as Galba parva) and the Pyrgulop- sis have been recorded from this locality, altho they are doubtless to be found in the same deposits. Leverett” reports “molluscan shells in sand at 6-10 feet” from section 3-4, T.33, R.SE, LaSalle County, but the nature of the shells is not stated. Near Mahomet, Sangamon County, on the Sangamon River, fresh-water mollusks have been collected by Dr. T. E. Savage, of the University of Illinois, in a sand stratum about four feet below the surface. The species, 8 in number, are mostly fluviatile, and are listed below: Unio, fragments Sphaerium solidulum Pisidium compressum Campeloma integrum (young) Valvata tricarinata Amnicola limosa porata Pleurocera elevatum Planorbis antrosus Pyramidula solitaria About three-quarters of a mile below Mahomet, on the north bank of the Sangamon River, a sand stratum occurs in the flood plain of the river, about 8-12 inches below the surface of the river and five feet above the level of the water (in July). The deposit is several hundred feet in extent and is evidently somewhat younger than the deposit examined by Savage. The species col- lected from this stratum are noted below: Sphaerium sulcatum - ” — stamineum » — solidulum Pisidium virginicum : ” — compressum illinoisesnse Campeloma integrum 21 Amer. Journ. Conch., V, p. 198. 2 Tilinois Glacial Lobe, p. 640. Valvata bicarinata Amunicola limosa Pleurocera elevatum Planorbis antrosus ” — campanulatus Pyramidula alternata 126 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Mr. J. L. Tunison, of the Page Engineering Co., Chicago, has brot to the writer’s attention an interesting deposit situated one mile from Cary, McHenry Co., near the Fox River. The section shows the strata indicated in the table below: LBlack#l ogame ees 2% feet 2. Brown earth..............:... 24% ” Si Mair) eee An aaon 4 i Ae Mioss il aut San fe ok Mies 2 uy Saya ees ies ea 2 ad The two marl beds and the moss bed contain the remains of life. Stratum 3, the first marl, contains six species of mollusks, as noted below: ° Valvata tricarinata Amnicola lustrica Valvata lewisii Planorbis parvus Amnicola limosa Planorbis exacuous The moss bed, stratum 4, is an almost solid mass of vegetable matter. Dr. E. W. Berry, of Johns Hopkins University, examined some of the material and reported as follows: “The moss layer between two layers of marl is cer- tainly very interesting, illustrating as it does changes of level. The form is a sub-species of Plagiothecum denticulatum (Linné) B. & S., probably near the subspecies rosaceum (Hampe) B.& S. This moss is very common and wide- spread in middle latitudes and may possibly be a composite form. It grows in various moist (not necessarily swamp) situations from the Atlantic to the Paci- fic? The marl beneath the moss, stratum 5, contained but one species of mollusk, Galba galbana, a species characteristic of the colder period following the retreat of the ice sheet. The cause of the changes of level in the body of water in which these animals and plants lived is not at present known. a. Lake Kankakee Leverett* and others have shown that a lake once occupied a large part of the Kankakee marsh area, and Bradley,™* a number of years ago, reported species of Unio and Paludina (=Campeloma) from sand banks along the Iroquois River, 15-30 feet high, which he believed were made by an old lake. This lake is believed to have been very shallow and there is no reason to doubt the possibility of a biota migrating up the Illinois River and occupying this old lake basin, even while the ice was not many miles away. A careful study of this basin would no doubt reveal many evidences of Pleistocene life. 2 Tllinois Glacial Lobe, pp. 328-338, plate VI. * Geol. Ill., IV, p. 227. POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 127 6. Small Lakes Many small lakes and streams have become filled up since the beginning of post-Wisconsin time. The proof of the existence of these ancient lakes is in the remains of mollusks and other animals which are now embedded in the clay which fillsthem. In Iroquois County,” six miles northwest of Hoopston, a mastodon was found in a bed of clay, associated with the following mollusks: Planorbis parvus Pisidium, resembling abditum Valvate tricarinata Valvata, resembling V. striata(=Tlewisiz). Two miles southeast of Fairmount,” Vermilion County, the shells of Lym- naea, Physa, Pianorbis, and Sphaerium occur in a light brown tenaceous clay beneath one or two feet of black soil. A mastodon was secured from this deposit; it was lying upon and partly embedded in the marly clay. The location is in an old slough. On the Champaign till sheet, near the inner side of the Champaign moraine several marl deposits occur which represent the bottom of old ponds which filled kettle holes. Such deposits occur near the new greenhouses at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign County. The fauna, which is quite extensive, indicates a climate colder than at present in this latitude, several of the species now living far to the north of this locality, viz., Galba obrussa decampi, Valvata sincera, Pistidum tenuissimum calcareum, and Pisi- dium costatum. Collected by Dr. T. E. Savage. Section of strata on the University Campus, Urbana 4, Topsoil or black clay without pebbles, grading into number 3 below................ 20-24 inches 3. Clay, dark above, becoming light gray and more calcareous below; contain- MA PSTMETOUS Shells Of LaStLOPOUS: scsescesaccs.sacccssssessesscatscoseeveseseeceeibestecsseassoustes 18-20 inches 2. Marl or limestone composed of more or less completely broken shells some- what consolidated: by cement Of Ca@O 9 ...2-2).c.sec. Sa) Rarer x “0 SLUM CUE oe on AN x 5d eee seer reer baum: > ahi Pa a? torsum (vide Sterki)............ 5 cepa: | RRR Wate lene Fat tes Pala ey LAM sa WESSUTUUIN TIT BUNICUML...-...cscecsosnsnssescesseveesses Bet a Pere [Peeper Perle kan ater eeater ey erie ye Ib andi ”, COMPTESSUMPT Soe t assseie ss paid car entry Serer teal Peet i be eres aed (et pee | pee eye OSES F ege teeee eaerreel (gard 2s een Ne EI a a ULtYd-MONLANUM,......eceseceeseeveees sd | seer sevesth [Mace ree onda | Poste Daas dc | east eames [Pegee eereany eat z) STITT Bereoe gee orp Ko [essere oeeaies 3 | oie eas eae, car et eaeed Eu Camipelome GeCisum.......ccccccceccsceerssesesees: bile eae hs tee al Una bae| Brig Ta ae ey ae x WIDE UF ACO TINEA... cccccsessssescsesvesesseeess 5 aan [eae yee [ee al el (Lae ene | Lint eepetirn | ee x aM SOIECER C052 ono ha cn Se vacte Shcsnenses ott x PAITSCONDLELSOMNT. ..:20.a.00..scececeneescesessessssveess x a INOS ee RN het hn ae Kat | Peeceeett |e ead | asaya a | A EAE | a x ? emarginata (=obtusa).............. 5 UN A RA oA Ui a ae 2 eg NY PAARL | Maaco NG [la bo PRCT PIRES UGG 1 ITT Oo ibcere econ peat ieee eae ee Re (Rl etl Bee eed | aeripe ae Ni pe x x Pletsrocera Subulare..u....ccccccsesccssscscssseesseees si | ae ae Rec cancer eben A Nee a yactae 2 aAeA DR es Gontobasis lavescens.....ccccccccccssccscsceceseesseeeee: x x x x x bel yy ee a livescens Nidgarensis..........2.2.-. Sep) [ee aees [erate nee | ea Vela (Uae ra ern 2 haldemani Be Loe ae ee a pe Le cy Ue ba Physa heterostropha bc 17 BE ere VE DR Lee x x Planorbis antrosus (=bicarinatus).......... 5 Coll Bab vee cane vec eel el bs a eal eu PN Lent A x de PORTUSR Ae ete ee Late 5 ce Ee eo De | Vy We x Pseudosuccinea columella...........cccccccccc00-- Dee SEE er eee eel Peep emcel PEON Revel a aR Galba obrussa (=desidiosa)......-.0ecccccc0c0-- 5 obi ee AUCs) a cn aoe RE | a aA x X MME COMISCO PME... 3. posts oe anscleoetetes > ey! Pree ee 0 TN 2a S| Le SRL x Xs Deposits referable to the Iroquois stage* (which is thot by Goldthwait to be older than the formation of Lake Algonquin™) occur near Ithaca, at the south end of Cayuga Lake. These deposits were discovered while making *® Tarr, Journ. Geol., XII, p. 79. * Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXJ, pp. 227-241. 150 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE artesian well borings. The lacustrine deposits rest on the till and are from 200 to 300 feet in thickness. The sequence of strata is as follows: Surface soil Clay Sandy clay, containing trees and mollusks Gravel Clay and stones Clay Til The upper clay varies from 40 to 60 feet in thickness and contains frag- ments of mollusks and pieces of reeds and wood; logs were encountered in two cases at 38-39 and 33 feet; the sand and gravel varies from 20 to 70 feet and contain plant fragments, mollusks and many logs, several of good size; beneath the coarse material is a second layer of clay of considerable thickness, which overlies the true till. Prof. Penhallow identified the wood as follows: from south well, 30-35 feet in clay, Pinus rigida; from well No. 1, 50 feet, in gravel, Larix americana. Dr. Dall identified the molluscan genera as Valvata, Planor- bis, Amnicola, Pisidium, and Sphaerium. The evidence, according to Tarr, seems conclusive that these sands and gravels were either shallow-water, lake-margin deposits, or else stream-made land deposits, and that they were succeeded by lake conditions. To the writer they seem like lake-margin deposits, such as may be found on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, where a great stretch of beach is covered with fragments of lake debris, consisting of mollusks, crayfish, fish, and hundreds of logs of all sizes. Like the Huron-Erie basin to the west, these deposits mark fluctua- tions in the level of the lake, and their interpretation would perhaps be as interesting as that already worked out at Chicago, and other places. Six species of fresh water shells have been reported from New York City which are referable to late postglacial time. The deposit from which they came is thus described:® “The shells here mentioned were found at what is now 171st street and Morris Avenue, Borough of the Bronx, New York City. The swamp which is situated at this point lies in a long, narrow, anticlinal valley which has been eroded in limestone. When the street, now known as Morris Avenue, was filled in across the swamp, the peaty deposit, which had accumu- lated here, was forced up to heights of several feet on either side of it. This caused the peat to crack in all directions and revealed numerous pockets which were full of small shells.”” The species recognized are noted below. Amnicola limosa Planorbis antrosus (= bicarinatus) Valvata tricarinata # parvus Physa heterostropha Pisidium variabtle *% Humphreys, Nautilus, XXIII, p. 10. e POST GLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 151 There are doubtless numerous small lakes in New York State which have marl deposits containing the remains of an ancient fauna. No records of such have come to the writer’s notice, except one at West Chartton, Saratoga County, from which Galba obrussa decampi was obtained. The locality is said to be an extinct lake and the marl bed is under six feet of muck.% Near Schenectady, fossil leaves have been found, 10-12 feet below the surface of the flats or alluvial banks of the Mohawk River, in fine, black river mud.” 2. Remains of Land Animals a. The Mastodon That the mastodon once ranged over the entire state of New York is clearly indicated by a large number of its remains which have been found in widely separated localities. Clarke®® has published a list of the known records, which is summarized below, arranged from the eastern to the western portion of the state. Orange County. Montgomery, in marl beneath peat bog, 10-20 feet — beneath the surface; Near Chester,°® Newburg,!°° Scotchtown, Hamptonburg, Otisville, Monroe, Arden, Balmville, and Salisbury’s Mills. The bones were found in sand, clay, or shell marl, beneath a bed of muck or peat. Suffolk County. Between tides, four miles east of Riverhead; head of Beaseley’s Pond near Jamaica, on gravel under about 4 feet of muck." Sullivan County. Between Red Bridge and Wurtsboro. Ulster County. Ellenville. Duchess County. Poughkeepsie, in marsh. Greene County. Near Baltimore, Greenville, and Freehold. Columbia County. Claverack. Albany County. Coeymans. Wayne County. Macedon. Monroe County. Rochester, in hollow or watercourse; in Mount Hope cemetery; along Genesee Valley canal, where it crosses Sophia Street, 4 feet below the surface, in grayel covered by clay and loam, beneath a deposit of shell marl, and about 2 feet above the poilshed limestone; bank of Ironde- quoit Creek, two and one-half miles from Pittsford, 5 feet below the surface. * H. B. McWilliams, In Smith. Inst. Coll. 7 Tomlinson, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXIII, p. 207. %8 New York State Museum, Bull. 69, pp. 921-933. 59 Hovey, in Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XVIII, p. 147, says that this material was 6 feet below the surface in soil consisting of loose black mould, mingled apparently with com- minuted fibres of sea weeds, etc., underneath a pale bluish clay. 100 Stearns records the mollusk Planorbis parvus, with a mastodon from this locality (Nautilus, XII, p. 101). 101 Brevoort, Proc. A. A. A. Sci., XII, pp. 232-234, 1858. 152 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Ontario County. Seneca, beneath marl and diatomaceous earth, about 3 feet from the surface. Livingston County. Geneseo, mixed with marl and fresh water shells, a | few feet below the surface; Nunda, Scottsburg, and Fowlerville. Genesee County. Stafford, beneath muck, on clay and sand; Leroy, in bed of marl; Batavia. Tompkins County. Near Ithaca, in deposit of modified drift. Orleans County. Halley, in excavation for Erie canal. Niagara County. Niagara Falls, in fine gravel and loam containing fresh water shells; found in digging a mill race on Goat Island, 12-13 feet below the surface. Wyoming County. Pike; Attica, in unlaminated clay, 2-3 feet beneath surface, overlaid by clayey muck and loam. Cattaraugus County. Hinsdale, with remains of deer (elk?), 16 feet below surface, in gravel and sand. Chautauqua County. Jamestown, in muck, a little below present level of Lake Chautauqua, associated with bones of elk; Westfield, on pavement of heavy boulders, and under several feet of black clayey muck; at Levant, four miles east of Jamestown, leaves have been reported between layers of clay at a depth of 15 or 20 feet. The vertical section at this locality is reported to be as follows: Yellowssands... 22.000 4 ft. Oin. Quicksand... 0 4 WVellow clay... 002. ee DO IBlierclay nent ere? 70 «200 Hardpan niacin Xue eX Total eer wes 79 4 The hardpan is probably referable to the old drift thot to be Kansan. (Why may it not be Illinoian?). Staten Island. A mastodon’s molar tooth, associated with twigs and cones of Picea canadensis, in a deposit two feet thick, 8 feet below the surface, was found in a Moravian cemetery at New Dorp. The locality is a swamp and is 1200 feet from the margin of the moraine. Whether this deposit is pre- or post-Wisconsin has not been stated. , Additional records are, Lisle, near Binghamton, Broome County;! Geneva, Ontario County;!™ Belvidere, Alleghany County.!% The remains of mastodons, as well as of other mammals, are usually tound in clay or marl beneath a bed of muck or peat. 102 Reis, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., III, No. 12, p. 103. 103 Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), X, p. 390, 1875. 104 Hitchcock, Science, VI, p. 450, 1885. 106 Amer. Geol., XX XIII, p. 60. POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 153 b. Other Veriebrates Cervus canadensis.’ Jamestown, Chautauqua County, in muck a [ittle below present level of Lake Chautauqua, associated’ with the mastodon; Seneca, Ontario County, beneath marl and diatomaceous earth about 3 feet from the surface, associated with mastodon; Farmington, Ontario County,!” in cedar swamp, in peat, 6 to 18 inches beneath the surface; New Hudson, Alleghany County (vide Hall). New Hudson, Alleghany Co.'°* Horns of elk and deer were found many years ago at New Hudson, four miles from Cuba, at the summit level of the old Genesee Valley canal, in a deposit of muck 12 feet beneath the surface, associated with pieces of wood gnawed by beavers. Odocoileus virginianus. Cattaraugus, Green,’ and Alleghany counties (Hall). Platygonus compressus.°° The remains of this animal were found by Prof. Henry A. Ward, many years ago, in a gravel bank excavated for a railroad near Rochester. This is the northernmost record for any member of this family. There seems to be no question concerning the occurrence of this extinct peccary during post-Wisconsin time. Rangifer tarandus. The barren-ground caribou is reported from Sing Sing, New York, where antlers were found in the bed of anancientlake (nowa deep peat deposit) 6 feet below the surface." Castoroides ohioensis™ has been reported from a swamp near Clyde, Wayne County, at an elevation of the Ridge Road (Iroquois Beach). The strata exhibit the following sections: pepe amar SON oo 2 22 ecto Oc ee od sh oe RRR A tates ae sean MA, suet EAR 2 feet 2. Fine sand with occasional bands of clay, with alternating layers of sand, twigs, leaves and other fragments of vegetable mattel..............:c.ccccescccsssssseosssesonssnsesssseesseseecers 2-3 feet 3. Much peaty soil, composed oi fragments of wood, bark, leaves, and trunks of trees erlarce size. Skullof Castorordes im this Stratum.......:2.:....c.ccsceccssssceessssssssececesssssesoseesesed 4 feet 4. Fine sand with shells of Planorbis, Valvata, Cyclas, etC...eccccccccccscsssssscessscsessseasssessesees 2-3 feet 5. Ancient drift Elephas columti."* Two specimens of this elephant were found several years ago near Irondequoit River in Monroe County, ten miles east of Roches- ter. They were in a deposit of sand 4 feet below the surface, partly under the i0¢ Clarke, op. cit. 107 Hall, 6th An. Rep. State Geol. N. Y., 1886 (1887), p. 39. 1072 Ffall, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, p. 391, 1846. 108 Hall, Geol. N. Y., part IV, 1843, pp. 364, 367. 108 Leidy, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., II, pp. 41-50. "0 Leidy, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1859, p. 194. 11 Wyman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, p. 138; Hall, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, p. 385-391. 12 Miller, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., VI, No. 29, p. 373. 154 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE stump of a large forest tree."? The remains of a mammoth (species not recorded) were also found in a swamp near Crawford, Ulster County." Equus complicatus (=major). Miller" records a fossil horse from “‘Keenes — Station, near Oswegatchie River oxbow in Jefferson County.” Dr. Skelton"® also cites a fossil horse (Equus major) from near Troy, Rensselaer County. No evidence is at hand to show that these records have been substantiated. Hay!” has recently remarked that ‘‘no authentic specimens of fossil horse remains have been reported from any deposits overlying the latest sheet of drift, the Wisconsin,” and the two records cited above are open to question. They may have been founded on the bones of the recent horse, that of Dr. Skelton being so considered by Hay.1!® Bison bison was recorded many years ago!!® from the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, 10 feet below the surface in unbroken soil. Only a tooth was found, in a deposit of black muck. Vertebrate remains have been found in postglacial deposits near Syracuse. These deposits are believed to be post-Iroquois and to have been made in a dimnishing Onondaga Lake following the Mohawk drainage of Lake Iroquois. They are 400 feet above sea level and 36 feet above the present Lake Onondaga. ~ Mollusks were also found with the vertebrate remains but these have not been identified, as far as known." Four species of mammals are represented, as noted below: Ursus americanus. Will and Baumer factory, north side of Ley Creek on east shore of Onondaga Lake. Odocotleus virginianus. Same locality as above; Harbor Brook, near Avery Avenue (city line on west), Syracuse. Bison bison. North side of Croton Street (near East Raynor Avenue) and 210 feet west of Renwick Avenue, Syracuse, about 10 feet below the surface at junction of muck and clay. Elephas primigenius. East side of Limestone Creek near Manlius Station (now Minoa) on West Shore Railroad. Vill. CONNECTICUT The mastodon roamed about Connecticut during post-Wisconsin time. Stewart!?®, long ago, reported this animal from two localities: in Farmington 113 Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXXII, pp. 377-379, 1837. 114 Thompson, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXIII, p. 249. "5 Bull. N. Y. State Mus., VI, No. 29, p. 373. 46 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 303-304. 7 Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., XXXVI, p. 586. u8 Science, N.S., XXX, p. 890, 1909. 19 Knight, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XX VII, pp. 166-168, 1835. 1192 Smith, Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 171, pp. 64-72, 1914. 120 Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XIV, p. 187. POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 155 canal near Cheshire, thirteen miles north of New Haven, in diluvial gravel; and at Sharon, in Litchfield County. In a later publication! a vertebra of a mastodon was reported from a canal in the town of Berlin, twelve miles south- west of Hartford. It was found in a tufaceous lacustrine formation containing the shells of Planorbis, Lymnaea, and Sphaerium. IX. VERMONT The remains of an elephant (species not indicated) were found in a cut in the Green Mountains, on the line of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad in 1850. The location was in the Township of Mount Holly, at an elevation of 1360 feet above sea level. The remains, consisting of a tooth, two tusks and several bones, were found in a muck bed, about 9 feet thick, resting on a gravel bed.” Fossil wood was also found near the elephant bones, 13 feet beneath the surface, covered by sand and gravel; the wood was cut by beaver’s teeth. The deposit, 15 feet thick, rested partly on solid rock and partly on rounded masses of rock closely compacted together. 1% X. MAINE The northeastern part of Maine is studded with lakes, which are due to the last glacial mvasion. Many of these lakes are, geologically, of very recent ori- gin, dating from the Champlain submergence, and hence referable to Nipissing time. Many of these lakes have extensive marl deposits of great thickness, which contain an abundance of molluscan life. The deposits examined are all in Aroostook County, and their biotic contents have been made known by Mr. Olof O. Nylander. The mollusks, as listed by this gentleman, are indicated below. Those sp cies not now living in these bodies qf water are marked with an x. Shells of Barren Brook bog, near Caribou,!* Anodonta fragilis Pisidium walkeri mainense Sphaerium simile x Valsata sincera? 2 rhomboideum Physa heterostropha x Musculium secure x Ancylus parallelus x Pisidium adamsi Planorbis trivolvis 4 compressum x a, campanulatus D4 is contortum x “i antrosus x 2 pauperculum 2 parvus » — ~rotundatum 2 species (near cristc) x ” — scutellatum? Galba obrussa ” — variabile Succinea obliqua is ventricosum Vertigo species 41 Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XX VII, pp. 165-166, 1835. 2 Thompson. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), IX, p. 256, 1850. % Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. 33-34, 1851. 4 Nautilus, XIV, pp. 101-104. 156 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Shells from Lovely Brook bog, near Fort Fairfield. x Pisidium contortum ty ventricosunt ? splendidulum x abditum variabile Physa heterostropha x Planorbis crista cristata x ay, hirsutus x 4 parvus Galba obrussa (=desidiosa) Shells from Little Mud Lake, Westmoreland.’ Anodonta fragilis x Sphaerium simile (=sulcatum) x i rkhomboideum x Musculium secure? Pisidium variabile x # compressum x if adamsi affine 2% mainense ventricosum x z3 costatum ff medianum ninutum x dH contortum x Pisidium triangulare x a tenuissimum Hd splendidulum 22 splendidulum, var.* x H abditum? x Valvata sincera, var. x Ancylus parallelus x Planorbis campanulatus x i antrosus (= bicarinatus) He parvus x hirsutus x Galba obrussa ” Mr. Nylander remarks that living mollusks are very rare in this lake, but that the fossil shells are very abundant. The water is evidently impregnated with mineral salts and the environment is becoming unfavorable for molluscan life. XI. CANADA Records of postglacial life have been definitely recorded from the territory north of the Great Lakes, notably in Ontario. The biota contained in these deposits is mainly lacustrine, altho a few land forms are represented, especially among the plants. Toward the east there is an admixture of both fluviatile and marine species, showing the close association of the lakes, rivers, and the sea during the Champlain substage. will be exhaustively considered. Only the lacustrine and fluviatile life 1. Lake Algonquin Stage “No animal life has been found in the beach itself. But in a terrace adja- cent to the Saugeen River (bridge east of Southampton), where there is an embayment of the Algonquin beach, there is a bed of fresh-water shells, dis- covered by Mr. Spillman. Thisis at an altitude of 90 feet above the lake, or 40 feet below the beach. This deposit may have been on the floor of the lake dur- ing the Algonquin episode, or it may belong to a lower water level. At the head of Georgian Bay, fresh water shells have been found up to 78 feet.”!° No list of the species from these deposits has been observed. 1% Nautilus, XXII, pp. 105-106. The deposit is said to be many feet in thickness. 126 Spencer, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLI, p. 16, 1891. POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 157 Dr. Stearns!’ lists the following species from the “‘fossiliferous sands over- lying the clays of Essex County, Ontario,” associated with mastodon remains. The deposits are probably referable to the Algonquin stage tho they might belong to an earlier period. Valvata sincera Planorbis parvus » — tricarinata ” — campanulatus Physa heterostropha Galba humilis modicella Near Collingwood, Simcoe Distirct, on the Nottawassaga River, several species of mollusks occur in sedimentory deposits,”* which are probably refer- able to the Algonquin stage, altho the section near Collingwood seems rather low for this stage, but it is above the level of the Nipissing stage (632 feet).!29 The section near Nottawa seems referable to the Algonquin stage. Fossils are reported as follows: North side of Pretty River, Nottawa, in deposit from 3 to 414 feet beneath the surface. Polygyra albolabris Pyramidula alternata ” tridentata Omphalina fuliginosa According to Penhallow, the vegetation on the whole is about the same as that now living in the same locality. Animals (Mollusks) Planorbis species 200 Dawson, Can. Nat., N. S., III, p. 69; Bell, Geol. Can., pp. 972-973; Can §Nat., V, p. 43; Ami, Rep. Prog., Can. Geol. Siise 1899, pp. 51-56, G. fis 261 Penhallow and Coleman, Rep. Bat A.A. Sci., 1898, pp. 522-529; 1899, pp. 411-414. ‘ Gramineae species Populus balsamifera ” _grandidentata Potentilla anserina ” — -norvegica canadensis ” — tridentata Thuja occidentalis Trifolium repens 9 Potamogeton pectinatus Be natans perfoliatus pusillus rutilus Typha latifolia? Vallisneria spiralis ”? species ” ” > Lymnaea stagnalis appressa POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 179 Insecta Tenebrio calculensis Fornax ledensis Byrrhus ottawaensis Phryganea ejecta At Pakenham, about thirty miles west of Ottawa, a deposit of fresh and brackish water mollusks occurs. The section in which these shells occur con- tains the following strata: Mee eriebectelele SUTIAGE SOI, ADO E, ce 2.he cece scie orn cc doses hs Mice ctecseotn doe 10 feet 0 inches ELSES? no ceed eea er e o eon e D ere an g LO FO 3? Se Pine gray sand with shells of Valvata, €te...........-.scscccsssscsssccsssecccscsessenszences LU Saal aed se TF cvccome cde ene EEE Eo RE oR Sr SEO ieee BemGraysand, laminated, with Dellis1d......c....ccsc-scsssecsevscsscscsssereseensesenscesasecevers OM eae Saute | EET? Le coseclocareet i 2222 2 Bee een er oR ie Ori (2? 7. Light gray sand, with Valvata, Sphaerium, Amnicola, Planorbis and 2 Fyne eset ate Sa aR A TIRE UC EO AM ce ROR TR Opa ee LO M2 Seer eL ern ee eh ire oa ee ake ee ee 1 a a Peay Aa 9. Brown sand and layers of clay with Planorbis, SPphaeriutt.c.cocccccssccoesseee Opa ae In the bank of a brook emptying into the Mississippi River, two miles below Pakenham, shells occur in a deposit of sand and gravel corresponding to number 7 of the above section. Eight species have been identified?” Valvate tricarinaia Planorbis parvus Amnicola limosa porata Galba elodes? Planorbis bicarinaius(=antrosus) Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyt “4 trivolvis Tellina groenlandica(=Macoma balthica var. groenlandica) These strata doubtless represent different periods of time as well as varying physical conditions, facts attested by the alternation of beds of clay and sand. The locality was evidently at the mouth of the Mississippi River and the water was fresh or only slightly brackish. The large volume of fresh water which was constantly discharged thru the Nipissing outlet doubtless freshened the sea for a long distance. This whole region possibly formed an estuary. B. MONTREAL AND VICINITY At Montreal fresh water shells occur mixed with marine mollusks, in sandy strata, immediately above the Leda clay. As suggested by Bell? these shells might have been washed down from fresh water ponds on the top of Montreal Mountain, which rose over 200 feet above the level of the Champlain‘{ Sea. This mountain is now 700 feet above the level of the sea and a number of 20 Dawson, Can. Nat., V, p. 194; IV, p. 36. 23 Can. Nat., VI, p. 42. a 180 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE | ponds occupy the highest points, and contain a varied molluscan fauna. ~The fresh water and land forms, as well as the typical marine species found in these deposits, are listed below: Fresh Water and Land Species Marine Species Galba caperata Saxicava arctica®* ” wmbrosa (=elodes) Macoma groenlandica Sphaerium species Mya arenaria Thuja occidentalis?" ” truncata Larix americana Mytilus edulis Picea nigra Zostera marina Populus grandidentata Algae Menyanthes trifoliata The marine species are all shallow water forms, indicating that the deposit is the Saxicava sand. In the clay beneath this deposit Leda portlandica was found, indicating a period of deeper water (the Lada clay). C. LAKE ST. JOHN Unio shells have been found in a brickyard at Reberval, on Lake St. John. The strata of this region are distributed as follows:?% . Peat and bogs and decomposing vegetable matter. 2. Lucustrine and fluviatile sands and clays sometimes containing shells of Unio. Except for the presence of these shells it would be difficult to distinguish the sands of this series from the Saxicava sands. 3. Saxicava sand and Leda clay. . Boulder clay. 5. Decomposed rock in situ. _ rc On the west side of Lake St. John, fresh water shells have been observed in clay beds at heights of 25 and 30 feet above the lake, which is 341 feet above sea level. Marine shells have been observed in deposits at Chicoutimi, some distance down the Saguenay River. The lacustrine deposits evidently repre- sent a time later than the Champlain submergence when Lake St. John stood some 40 or 50 feet higher than at present. It is probable that the land had been elevated sufficiently to cause the sea to retreat far enough from this region to hold the accumulating fresh water at this height. In other words, these strata were formed during the waning of the Champlain substage. 204 In Leda clay at Mile End; see Geol. Can., p. 976. 2048 For a full list of the Marine fossils from this locailty, see Stansfield, ’15, pp. 65-67. 205 Chalmers, An. Rep. Can. Geol. Surv., XVI, 1904, pp.’250-263A, 1906. POSTGLACIAL BOITA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 181 D. LAKE CHAMPLAIN VALLEY Near Clarenceville, about four miles north of the Vermont boundary line, beds of fresh water shells occur about ten feet above Lake Champlain. The specimens are mixed in sandy clay as follows:2% Lampsilis ventricosa Macoma groenlandica Eurynia recta Mya arenaria Lymnaea species As Lake Champlain was first a glacial lake and later a marine estuary, it is possible that the fresh water shells occupied the former and the marine shells the latter body of water. Additional stratigraphical data and material are needed to satisfactorily determine this point. The marine deposits of the Champlain Valley have not been studied as thoroughly as have those of the St. Lawrence Valley. Evidences of the presence of the sea have been observed in the northern part of Vermont and New York, bordering Lake Champlain. Fossil shells, as well as other marine life (including the bones of a whale), have been noted at the following locali- ties? Vermont East Panton (Elgin Spring) West Milton Vergennes Checkerberry Village Shelburne (Morses and Shelburne Falls) Swanton Charlotte (Mutton Hill) Burlington Colchester (Mallett’s Bay) Panton New York Port Kent, Clinton County Norwood Plattsburgh, Clinton County Willsboro Ogdensburg Crown Point peninsula Freydenburg’s Mills on the Saranac 114 miles below Mooer’s Forks, at the bend of the Big Chazy. E. MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY Thruout the St. Lawrence Valley, east of Ottawa and Montreal, many de- posits occur which contain the remains of an abundant and varied fauna. None of these, as far as at present known, contain fresh water mollusks. The most important localities at which marine fossils have been found are, Beauport, near Quebec.2% 20 Dawson, Can. Nat., V, p. 195. **7 Baldwin, Amer. Geol. XIII, pp. 170-184; Woodworth, Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 83, p. 49; No. 84, pp. 208-215. 208 Dawson, Can. Nat., II, p. 408; Billings, Can. Nat., I, p. 338. 182 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Cacouna, and Riviére-du-Loup.?” Tattagouche River, near Bathurst, N.B.?! Bay de Chaleur, Bonaventure District, Quebec.?!4 Near Greenville on the River Rouge.?” One of the most westerly points at which marine fossils have been found appears to be Renfrew, Ontario, from which deposits the following species are recorded :?8 Saxicava arctica Macoma balthica groenlandica Mallotus villosus?'* F. NEW BRUNSWICK Marl deposits occur in New Brunswick and on Anticosti Island, but no data are available concerning their contents. They are doubtless of post- Champlain origin. Dall? has described Galba anticostiana from Marl Lake, Anticosti Island, associated with Galba galbana. Ells?!® refers to a deposit near Belledune Point, which is 2 feet thick and is overlaid by 5 feet of peat. Fresh water shells were found in the marl bed. Similar deposits occur two miles north of Charlo Station, in the bed of a small lake. G. NOVA SCOTIA The mastodon ranged as far as Nova Scotia in post-Wisconsin time, the bones of this animal having been found near Lower Middle River settlement, Victoria County, Cape Breton Island. From a stratum of sand and gravel beneath 5 inches of meadow soil a molar tooth was found at Baddeck, Victoria County, on the northwest side of Little Bras d’Or Lake.”!” VI. Wisconsin LogEss Both the early and late Wisconsin till sheet bear evidences of loess deposi- tion, clearly showing that the agencies which formed this characteristic deposit have been more or less active thruout the entire Pleistocene period. The 209 Dawson, Can. Nat., N.S., II, p. 85. 10 Paisley, Can. Nat., N. S., VII, pp. 41, 268. 211 Chalmers, Can. Nat. N. S., X, p. 193; Matthew, of. czé., VIIL, p. 104. 212 Geol. Canada, p. 973. 213 Billings, Can. Nat., I, pp. 338-346. 214 Also found at Flat Rapids, Madawaska River. 3 Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, p. 79. 216 Geol. Surv. Can., Rep., 1879-1880, p. 42. 217 Piers, Proc. & Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., XIII, pt. 2, pp. 167-168. } POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 183 Wisconsin loess, however, is very scanty when compared with the great loess deposits of the interglacial intervals. A. IOWA In Clay and Obrien counties, northwest Iowa, on the edge of the early Wisconsin till, loess occurs and varies from several inches to some feet in thick- ness. No mollusks are reported.”48 B. ILLINOIS The early Wisconsin drift bordering the Illinois River from Peoria to Henne- pin received a partial covering of loess.7 This loess mantle has an average thickness of 2 to 6 feet, and in some places attains a thickness of 10 to 14 feet. The bulk of the thicker deposits is a buff-colored calcareous silt, often contain- ing lime concretions and the shells of mollusks, thus closely resembling the loess of Iowa. The weathered surface is brown and is leached to a depth of from 2 to 4 feet. No lists of the particular species contained in these deposits has been seen. Near Palos Park, Cook County, a loess deposit occurs but no fos- sils have been observed.” C. WISCONSIN Loess deposits of late Wisconsin age have been reported from Wisconsin by Prof. Salisbury.“1 Near Green Lake, Green Lake County, about two miles northeast of the village of Dartford, the loess rests on Wisconsin drift and is 150-200 feet above Green Lake. This loess contains no fossils, but at the west end of the lake, in section 4, on a slope at a lower level, facing the lake, the loess contains both concretions and gastropod shells. The character of the mo!- lusks is not stated and no list is given. Near Devil’s Lake, loess occurs, but without evidences of life. At Ablemans, eight miles west of the Wisconsin moraine, ina ravine tribu- tary to the Baraboo River, the loess is rich in concretions and gastropod shells. The bones of a small animal were also found 10 feet below the top of the loess. At Logansville the clay in the valley is somewhat loess-like, is distinctly strati- fied, and contains shells. This deposit is probably not true loess, but silt formed by streams. 118 Geol. Surv. Iowa, XI, p. 485. +19 Barrows, Ill. State Geol. Surv., Bull. 15, p. 48. 220 Personal communication from Dr. W. W. Atwood. 21 Journ. Geol., IV, pp. 929-937, 1896. 32 Salisbury, op. cit., p. 934. 184 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE -VII. SystEMATIC CATALOG OF THE BIOTA AT PRESENT KNOWN FROM THE PosTGLACIAL DEposits CONSIDERED IN THIS WORK”? PLANTS BRYOPHYTA HYPNACEAE * Drepanocladus fluitans (L.) Warnst. ‘ Plagiothecum denticulatum roseanum (Hampe) B. & S. CHARACEAE Chara species DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA FAMILY EQUISETACEAE Equisetum sylvaticum L. » fluviatile L. (=limosum L.) Hd scirpoides Michx. Famity LycopopIACEAE Lycopodium selago L. DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE FAMILY PINACEAE Pinus rigida Mill. ” taeda L. Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. (= Picea nigra Link) 7” canadensis (Mill.) BSP. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. (= Larix americana Michx.) Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Taxodium distichuwm (L.) Richard Thuja occidentalis L. Juniperus virginiana L. (?) . ANGIOSPERMAE FAMILY TYPHACEAE Typha latifolia L. Famity NAJADACEAE Potamogeton natans L. H perfoliatus L. 2 pusillus L. rutilus Wolfgang pectinatus L. Najas sp. FamILy HyDROCHARITACEAE Elodea canadensis Michx. Vallisneria spiralis L. 323 Extinct species are preceded by an *. * POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION FaMILy GRAMINEAE Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. FAMILY CYPERACEAE Carex paupercula irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fernald. (=magellanica Man.) Carex species Scirpus species DICOTYLEDONEAE FAMILY SALICACEAE Salix uva-ursi Pursh. Populus grandidentata Michx. ” — balsamifera L. FAMILY JUGLANDACEAE Juglans cinera L. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. ” — glabra (Mill.) Spach.? FamILy BETULACEAE Betula lutea Michx. 2 Cite Ae Alnus species FAMILY FAGACEAE Fagus grandifolia Ehth. Quercus marcyana Penhallow 2 alba L. » rubra ambigua (Michx.) Fernald » phellos L. FAMILY POLYGONACEAE Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill FAMILY NYMPHAECEAE Brasenia schreberi Gmelin (= peltata Pursh.) Nymphaea advena Ait. FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus aquatilis capillaceus DC. FAMILY DROSERACEAE Drosera rotundifolia L. FAMILY PLATANACEAE Platanus occidentalis L. FAMILY ROSACEAE Potentilla mons peliensis norvegica (L.) Rydb. zy tridentata Ait. 2 anserina L. canadensis L. Prunus virginiana L. FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE Trifolium repens L. 185 186 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE FamILty ACERACEAE Acer spicatum Lam. ” saccharinum L. Famity VITACEAE Vitis estivalis Michx. * Vitis pseudorotundifolia Berry Famity RHAMNACEAE Zizyhus species Famity VIOLACEAE Viola palustris L. Famity ERICACEAE Vaccinium uliginosum L. He oxycoccus L. Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng ¢ uva-urst (L.) Spreng Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. (=resinosa T.&G.) Famity GENTIANACEAE . Menyanthes trifoliata L. ANIMALS MOLLUSCA CLASS PELECYPODA ORDER PRIONODESMACEA Famity UNIONIDAE Fusconaja undata (Barnes) Anodonta cataracta Say (= fluréatsls) 2 solida (Lea) 32 Crenodonta peruviana (Lam.) = plicata, Authors ws undulata (Barnes) Quadrula pustulosa (Lea) ” — pustulosa schoolcraftensis (Lea) ” — lachrymosa (Lea) metanevra (Raf.) Rotundaria tuberculaia (Rafinesque) Plethobasus esopus (Green) Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad) 4d coccineum magnalacustris (Simp.) Elliptio crassidens (Lam.) ” — gibbosus (Barnes) complanatus (Dillwyn) Lasmigona compressa (Lea) ” costata (Rafinesque) Anodontoides subcylindraceus (Lea) ay ” grandis Say grandis footiana Lea marginata Say (=fragilis) Alasmidonta marginata (Say) i calceola (Lea) Obovaria circula (Lea) » ellipsis (Lea) Obliquaria reflexa (Rafinesque) Amygdalonajas elegans (Lea) Nephronajas ligamentina (Lam.) Proptera alata (Say) Eurynia iris (Lea) — ” — ellipsiformis (Conrad) ” recta (Lamarck) Lampsilis luteola (Lam.) ” — ventricosa (Barnes) ” — anodontoides (Lea) ” ” POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 187 ORDER TELEODESMACEA Famity SPHAERIIDAE epee simile (Say) =sulcatum (Lam.) striatinum (Lamarck) * stamineum (Conrad) ” stamineum wisconsinensis Sterki ” acuminatum (Prime) ” solidulum (Prime) 2 torsum Sterki ” levissimum. Sterki ud flasum (Prime) a emarginatum (Prime) oe rhomboideum (Prime) SN fallax Sterki kirklandz Sterki a2) matnense Sterki BY medianum Sterki WD medianum minutum Sterki ” —— milium (Haldeman) D noveboracense (Prime) D ohioense Sterki » — pauperculum Sterki » — politum Sterki B politum decorum Sterki 7” occtdentale (Prime) u roperi Sterki Musculium secure (Prime) a2 rotundatum (Prime) wy transversum (Say) 22 sargenti Sterki 2 truncatum (Linsley) » —— scutellatum Sterki ” partumeium (Say) =orbicularis Barrett ” splendidulum Sterki 7 rosaceum (Prime) — superius Sterki a abditum (Haldeman) 27 tenuissimum Sterki adamsi (Prime) a2 tenuissimum calcareum Sterki 7? adamsi affine Sterki id compressum (Prime) ” —_ compressum confertum Sterki ” — compressum laevigatum Sterki » —_ compressum illinoisense Sterki ” contortum (Prime) » costatum Sterki ” — idahoense Roper ” — trapezoideum Sterki 2 triangulare Sterki ” —— atra-montanum (Prime) ” — variabile (Prime) ” veniricosum (Prime) ” ——_-ventricosum costatum Sterki ay vesiculare Sterki? virginicum (Gmelin) 2? walkeri Sterki CLASS GASTROPODA ORDER PROSOBRANCHIATA Famity HELICINIDAE Helicina occulata (Lamarck) Famity PLEUROCERIDAE Pleurocera subulare (Lea) vg elevatum (Say) Goniobasis livescens (Menke) ”» — depygis (Say) litescens niagarensis (Lea) haldemani Tryon ” ” Famity AMNICOLIDAE oe limosa (Say) limosa porata (Say) limosa parva (Lea) emarginata Kiister= obtusa Lea id lustrica Pilsbry z letsont Walker cincinnatiensis (Lea) =sayana Anth. Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry iz galbana (Say) Paludestrina nickliniana (Lea) Somatogyrus integer (Say) 2 subglobosus (Say) Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say) Pyrgulopsis scalariformis Wolf 188 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE FAMILY VIVIPARIDAE Campeloma integrum (DeKay) 2, integrum obesum (Lewis) sd subsolidum (Anthony) i subsolidum exilis (Anthony)? Vivipara subpurpurea (Say) ” — intertexta (Say) Campeloma decisum (Say) FAMILY VALVATIDAE Valvata sincera Say Valvata tricarinata Say ” — lewisii Currier ” — bicarinata Lea ” — bicarinata perdepressa Walker ” obtusa Drap? ” tricarinata confusad Walker tricarinata simplex Gould tricarinata unicarinata DeKay tricarinata infracarinata Vanatta ORDER PULMONATA FAMILY PHYSIDAE Physa walkeri Crandall Physa ancillaria Say warreniana Lea ” — heterostropha Say integra Haldeman niagarensis Lea sayit Tappan Famity ANCYLIDAE Ancylus parallelus Haldeman » — rivularis Say ” — kirklandi Walker ” ” ” ” gyrina Say gyrina hildrethiana Lea elliptica Lea aplectoides Sterki A plexa hypnorum (L.) Ancylus fuscus Adams Gundlachia species FAMILY PLANORBIDAE Planorbis trivolvis Say binneyt Tryon campanulatus Say iM antrosus Conrad =bicarinatus Say ie antrosus striatus Baker 23 antrosus angistomus Haldeman crista Linn? crista cristatus Drap. xi rubellus Sterki Planorbis exacuous Say deflectus Say hirsutus Gould (=albus Miller?) altissimus Baker parvus Say parvus urbanensis Baker umbilicatellus Cockerel Segmentina armigera (Say) FAMILY LYMNAEIDAE Galba galbana (Say) Lymnaea stagnalis appressa (Say) Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) Acella haldemani (Desh.) Binney. Galba caperata (Say) ” parva (Lea) = tazewelliana Wolf » humilis modicella (Say) » humilis rustica (Lea) » — obrussa (Say) =desidiosa Authors ” obrussa decampi (Streng) > obrussa exigua (Lea) dalli (Baker) anticostiana (Dall) bakeri (Walker) palustris (Miiller) reflexa (Say) nashotahensis (Baker) catascopium (Say) emarginata canadensis (Sowerby) POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION Carychium exiguum (Say) Vallonia parvula Sterki Vallonia pulchella (Miiller) Gastrocopta contracta™4 (Say) _ tappaniana (Adams) pentodon (Say) corticaria (Say) armifera (Say) Pupoides marginatus (Say) » ” Succinea ovalis (Say) =obliqua Say. » ~— avara Say Famity AURICULIDAE Carychium exile H.C. Lea. Famity VALLONUDAE Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. FAMILY PUPILLIDAE Vertigo milium Gould. ” ovata Say morset Sterki tridentata Wolf elatior Sterki Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) ” — affinis Pislbry ? ” ” Famity SUCCINEIDAE Succinea retusa Say FAMILY ENDODONTIDAE Punctum pygmeum (Drap.) Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) Gastrodonta ligera (Say) Zonitoides minscula Sterki » jaeviscula Sterki arborea (Say) Euconulus fulous (Miiller) » — chersinus (Say) ” ” Agriolimax campestris (Binney) Pyramidula alternata (Say) ie solitaria (Say) pers pectiva (Say) cronkhitet anthonyi Pislbry ” ” Famity ZONITIDAE Euconulus sterkii (Dall) Vitrea hammonis (Strém.) ” wheatleyi (Bland) indentata (Say) rhoadsi Pilsbry Omphalina fuliginosa (Griffith) ” ” chersinus polygyratus (Pilsbry) Famity LIMACIDAE Limacid, species indet. FAMILy CIRCINARTIIDAE Circinaria concava (Say) monodon (Rackett) hirsuta (Say) mitchelliana (Lea) clausa (Say) thyroides (Say) elevata (Say) multilineata (Say) Polygyra ” pennsylvanica (Green) zaleta (Binney) =exoleta Binn. Famity HELICIDAE Polygyra albolabris (Say) a2 albolabris dentata (Tryon) sayana Pils.=sayi (Binn.) profunda (Say) inflecta (Say) fraudulenta Pilsbry tridentata (Say) palliata (Say) Eggs of land snail. #4 This genus was previously known as Bifidaria, Gastrocopta is an earlier name. 189 190 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE ARTHROPODA CLASS CRUSTACEA ORDER OSTRACODA Cypris species ORDER DECAPODA Cambarus blandingi acutus (Girard) CLASS INSECTA ORDER COLEOPTERA FAmILy BYRRHIDAE * Byrrhus ottawaensis Scudder FAMILY CHRYSOMELIDAE * Saxinis regularis Scudder * Donacia elongatula Scudder ” — proxima Kirby FAMILY ELATERIDAE * Fornax ledensis Scudder Corymbites aethiops Hbst? FAMILY TENEBRIONIDAE * Tenebrio calculensis Scudder Famity CARABIDAE * Cymindis extorpescens Scudder Famity DyTISCIDAE Species indet. ORDER TRICHOPTERA FAMILY PHRYGANEIDAE * Phryganea ejecta Scudder ORDER DIPTERA Unnamed fragments VERTEBRATA CLASS PISCES Famity AMIIDAE Amia calva Linn. FaAMILy SILURIDAE Fragments of undetermined species FaAMILy CENTRARCHIDAE Lepomis species CLASS AVES Famity ANATIDAE Mergus serrator (Linn.) POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 191 CLASS MAMMALIA FamiIty MEGATHERIIDAE * Megalonyx jeffersonit (Desmarest) Famity TAYASSUIDAE * Platygouus compressus LeConte * Mylohyus nasutus (Leidy) FaMIty CERVIDAE Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) Cerzus canadensis Erxleben Rangifer caribou (Gmelin) = » muscatinensis Leidy * Cervalces scotti Lydekker * ” — borealis Bensley Famity BovIDAE * Symbos cavifrons (Leidy) Ouibos moschatus Zimmermann * Bodtherium sargenti Gidley ? : * Bison latifrons (Harlan) ” bison (Linn.) FamMILy ELEPHANTIDAE * Mammut americanum (Kerr) * Elephas columbi Falconer=jacksoni and americanus. * ” — primigenius Blumenbach Famity MuRmAE Fiber zibethicus (Linn.) FAMILY CASTORIDAE Castor canadensis Kuhl Famity CASTOROIDIDAE * Castoroides ohioensis Foster FAMILY CANIDAE Canis latrans Say VIII. Summary The data embodied in the previous pages may be summarized under four heads: 1. Duration of Glacial Lakes; 2. Repopulation of the Glaciated Area; 3. Variation in Climate as evidenced by the Biota; and 4. Percentage of Living and Extinct Species; the Wabash Fauna. 1. DURATION OF GLACIAL LAKES It is believed that the Glacial Lakes, while but temporary from a geological standpoint, still persisted for a period sufficiently long enough to allow living organisms to occupy them and become well established. The length of time was also sufficient to permit the building up of huge beaches and the cutting 192 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE of tall clifis. The early lakes were probably of short duration and of fluctuating size, but the later ones, especially the larger lakes in the Huron-Erie-Ontario and Michigan basins, existed for a long period of time. Of the Nipissing beach Taylor says,” “It is altogether the most remarkable littoral feature of the Great Lake region. It is a shore line well advanced to- ward old age. All other beaches are youthful in comparison. . . . Instead of the slender spits and barrier bars of the Algonquin and the other beaches, the Nipissing has what may be called barrier plains, made up of many, sometimes forty or fifty, massive beach ridges laid one against the other. Many bays were entirely filled with these beach plains and others were cut off, so as to form small littoral lakes. Some of these plains are a mile and a half wide. In some instances the old deltas of other beaches are large and conspicuous, but the constructive products of wave action have no comparison to those of the Nipissing beaches.” 2. REPOPULATION OF THE GLACIATED AREA It may be stated without fear of contradiction that the Wisconsin ice cap absolutely exterminated all life within the area covered by this huge glacier.” The area covered by this drift sheet 1s shown in Plate LVI. In the Great Lakes region the return of the fresh water life could be made only by way of the larger streams forming outlets from the glacial lakes, such as shown in Plates L and LI. From the Mississippi Valley the biota reached Lake Erie via the Fort Wayne outlet; Lake Michigan by the Chicago outlet; Lake Superior by the St. Croix outlet; and Lake Agassiz by the Lake Traverse outlet. An outlet from Green Bay, via the Wisconsin and Fox rivers is also believed to have afforded means for reaching this portion of Lake Michigan. The data considered in the previous pages show conclusively that the Chicago outlet was used by the fresh water biota to reach the Lake Michigan basin, and that the Lake Huron basin was reached via the Grand River outlet. No direct data has been seen relative to fossiliferous deposits in the Fort Wayne outlet, but such deposits undoubtedly exist and will some day be brought to light. It is believed by some biologists, including the writer, that this outlet was used in restocking the waters of Lake Erie.”? The present distribution of the naiad fauna of the Great Lakes, as well as the distribution of the fossil fauna, points conclusively to a postglacial 225 Amer. Geol. XVII, pp. 398. 26 Scharff, in his work “‘ Distribution and Origin of Life in America”’ states his belief that there was an unglaciated region in central North America, where a part of the fauna found refuge during this cold period. He believes that the peculiar naiad fauna of Lake Erie is a relict. Studies in the geology, as well as the present distribution of the naiad fauna, fail to provide data for this theory. 27 See Walker, The Nautilus, XX VII, Numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 1903. POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 193 migration also from the southeast, possibly by way of the Mohawk-Trent outlet (Plate LII), at which time certain species characteristic of the Atlantic fauna migrated into the Huron basin and have now reached as far westward as eastern Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Elliptio com- planatus, 2 member of the Atlantic fauna, is found as a fossil as far west as Simcoe District, Ontario (town of Angus). The two faunas, the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic coastal plain, as represented by fossil examples, may be tabulated as follows. The Atlantic fauna invaded the territory north and east of Lake Superior, the Lake Huron region, a portion of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan and the territory east of central New York. Mississippi Valley Fusconaja undata f solida Crenodonta peruviana 2 undulata Quadrula pustulosa ? i lachrymosa Rotundaria tuberculata Pleurobema coccineum ”? Elliptio crassidens » — gibbosus Symphynota compressa a4 costata Anodonta grandis ” — grandis footiana ” —_ marginata Anodontoides subcylindraceus Alasmidonta marginata = calceola Obovaria circula » ellipsis Obliquaria reflexa Amygdalonajas elegans Proptera alata Eurynia iris % ellipsiformis 7 — recta Lampsilis luteola “ ventricosa u anodontoides pustulosa schoolcraftensis coccineum magnalacustris Atlantic Coast Anodonta marginata ” cataracta 194 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE It will be seen that the greater number of species is characteristic of the Mississippi Valley, 16 genera and 31 species being from this region, while but 3 genera and 4 species are from the eastern fauna, and only 3 of these are strictly confined to the Atlantic faunal region. The inference to be drawn from these data is obvious and is in complete accord with Dr. Walker’s re- marks on the distribution of the recent naiades of the same region.”* Equally interesting data could be provided from a study of the distribution of other groups of animals. 3. VARIATION IN CLIMATE AS EVIDENCED BY THE BIOTA Some years ago, Dr. T. C. Chamberlin”® made the following statement, “The to-and-fro movement of the faunas and floras introduced into the record exceptional superpositions of faunas upon one another. The succession was orderly but unusual. Where a complete record could be made, as in a deposit- ing tract just outside the limit of the invading ice, the full series for the ad- vancing stage of an ice invasion should embrace a succession of faunas and floras ranging from the temperate, through cold-temperate and sub-arctic, to the extreme arctic types, while a full record of the retreating stages of the ice should embrace the same series reversed.”’ As remarked by Dr. Chamberlin, this theoretical succession is rarely per- fectly represented. In several places, however, as at Chicago and some other places, a partial record has been preserved, and a characteristic biota is represented, abundantly supporting the statement of Dr. Chamberlin. At Chicago a series of deposits are superimposed one upon another, which contain the biota of several climates. The lowest, and therefore the oldest of the retreating series, contains two spruces, Picea canadensis and Picea mariana, a tamarack, Larix laricina, the balsam fir, Abies balsamea, the arbor vitae, Thuja occidentalis, and the balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera, as well as a molluscan fauna characteristic of a cold-temperate or even subarctic zone. The deposit overlying this cold fauna is filled with an abundant and varied fauna characteristic of a temperate climate as warm as, or even warmer, than that of today. That there was a period during which the climate of the region immediately adjacent to the lower Great Lakes was somewhat warmer than at the present time is apparently evidenced by the presence of a peccary (Platygonus com- pressus) in both Michigan and northern New York. The Megalonyx also lived in Ohio. Deposits in northern New Jersey contain a flora the species of which indicate a period of higher temperature. Of the 9 species represented in this deposit, 4 do not now range north of southern Maryland, and 1 (Zizyhus) is mainly tropical and is not now represented in the northern coastal plain (Vide _ 28 Nautilus, X XVII, pp. 21, 30, et seq. 29 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, p. 487. POSTGLACIAL BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION 195 Berry). In Massachusetts a fossil flora indicates a subarctic climate, evidently living not far south of the retreating glacier. A later deposit, not far distant, indicates a temperate climate. The variation of climatic conditions as the huge glacier retreated to the northward, is thus indicated by the remains of life contained in the deposits left by the glacial waters. 4, PERCENTAGE OF LIVING AND EXTINCT SPECIES Sixty-eight species of plants and 271 species of animals are represented in the deposits overlying the Wisconsin drift. An analysis of this biota shows that of the plants 66 are still living and 2 are extinct. Of the animals 245 are recent and 29 are extinct. Among the animals, the mollusks have 231 living and 7 extinct, while the insects have 7 extinct and 3 living, and the mammals have 13 extinct and 8 living species. It will be noted that the in- sects and the mammals, the highest and most complex types of the inverte- brate and the vertebrate branches of the animal kingdom, have passed thru the greatest changes during the postglacial period, the majority of the species represented being extinct. The plants and the mollusks show little or no change, the percentage of extinct species being very small. 5. THE WABASH FAUNA Recently, Dr. O. P. Hay”*° proposed the name Wabash beds for the deposits laid down subsequent to the retreat of the Wisconsin ice sheet, and to the biota he gave the name of Wabash fauna, believing that the period between the waning of the ice sheet and the historical period should bear a name and be equivalent in value to the interglacial periods between the different ice sheets. The proposed distinction seems appropriate, especially’ when considered in relation to the insect and mammal faunas, which, as we have shown, contain a large percentage of extinct species. The same relation between the plants and the mollusks, and the insects and mammals continues thruout the inter- glacial periods, the former consisting largely of species now living while the latter are made up largely of species now extinct. Among the vertebrates, the fish and birds are too poorly represented to per- mit of generalizations. Those species identified are all living. Of the mam- mals it is to be noted that the megalonyx, peccary, extinct musk-ox and bison, mastodon, two mammoths, two extinct elk (Cervalces), an extinct caribou, and the giant beaver lived and roamed the territory left bare by the retreating glacier for a long period after the ice had entirely disappeared from the Great Lakes region, and it would be difficult indeed to declare with accuracy just how recently some of these animals formed a part of the existing fauna (see Chapter XII, page 371). #0 Smith, Mis. Coll., No. 20, p. 13, 1912. 196 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE. The biota cataloged in the previous pages forms but a small part of the life which actually invaded the englaciated territory. Many additional species will doubtless be found as more attention is given to the subject and more systematic work is carried on. Careful discrimination of the different strata of old lake deposits will add greatly to our knowledge concerning the succession of faunas, and it will be found that the greatest results can be obtained by studying the material from the modern ecological standpoint, as was the case with the Chicago deposits described in Chapters I, I, and III. PART II REVIEW OF OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE LIFE OF THE GLACIATED AREA DURING THE PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL PERIOD ( a tas: af ik Ki CHAPTER V PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE It is believed that the area covered by the great ice sheets had been sub- jected to subaerial conditions since the close of the Paleozoic Era. During this vast period of time there occurred changes of level, resulting in deepening or otherwise modifying the valleys cut by erosion and subjected to atmospheric agencies. Previous to the Pleistocene Period, the country embraced in the northern and northeastern portion of the United States, as well as in British America, had been reduced to a condition of great maturity, or, in other words, base leveled, producing a grandly rolling surface, covered with a deep residual soil and subsoil. 1. ANCIENT DRAINAGES a. THE BASINS OF THE GREAT LAKES AND THE BURIED RIVER VALLEYS For many years the belief was held by the majority of geologists that the basins of the Great Lakes—Superior, Michigan, Huron, Ontario, Erie—had been scooped out by the great continental glacier. Data supplied by lake soundings and well borings have clearly indicated that this theory can no longer be held, and that these lake basins represent ancient river valleys, occupied by a great river system comparable to that of the Mississippi in magnitude. These valleys and their connections and tributaries have been carefully worked out by Prof. J. W. Spencer, and others, and are graphically shown on the accompanying map.! (Plate LIV). 1J. W. Spencer, The Falls of Niagara. Can. Geol. Surv., 1907, pp. 391-412. Discovery of the Preglacial Outlet of the Basin of Lake Erie. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XIX, pp. 300-337; Second Geol. Surv. Penn., Rept. Progress, 1879, QQQQ, pp. 357-406, 1881. High Continental Elevation preceding the Pleistocene Period. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., VI, pp. 141-166, 1895. Relationship of the Great Lake Basins to the Niagara Limestone. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, pp. 229-232, 1913. Newberry, On the Origin and Drainage Features of the Basins of the Great Lakes. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX, pp. 91-95, 1883. 198 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Toward the end of the Pliocene Period the entire country experienced a considerable elevation, amounting in places to 2500 or 3000 feet, and in the Grand Canyon region to as much as 6000 feet. This elevation initiated a fresh cycle of erosion, which was not finished at the beginning of the Glacial Period. The Grand Canyon is an erosional result of this uplift. On the At- lantic coast the evidences of such an uplift are found in the submerged canyon of the Hudson River, which extends to the edge of the steep continental slope, about 105 miles from Sandy Hook. “The outermost twenty-five miles are a submarine fjord three miles wide and from 900 to 2250 feet in vertical depth measured from the crests of its banks, which with the adjacent flat area decline from 300 to 600 feet below the present sea level” (Upham). Spencer® later stated that the floor of this canyon is 8736 feet below the level of the sea, and the walls, at the deepest sounding, are some 4000 feet high (or deep), rivaling in magnitude even the Grand Canyon of Arizona. Stoller* states that the Hudson from Corinth eastward flows in a channel cut in an interglacial interval. ‘During an interglacial epoch a stream from the north, following the course of the preglacial Luzerne River, was diverted from the old channel at Corinth and initiated the present Hudson valley from Corinth eastward.” Submerged fjord outlets have been observed in the Gulf of Maine, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Hudson Bay, at depths of 2264, 3666, and 2040 feet, re- respectively. Equally striking submarine valleys have been observed on the Pacific coast. Just outside of the delta of the Mississippi River a submarine valley 3000 feet in depth has been located by the United States Coast Survey. Similar drowned valleys are known in other parts of the country. An elevation of 2000 feet would raise the basins of the Great Lakes suffi- ciently to provide the necessary grade for such a large river system. Spencer’s4 map shows a large stream, called the Laurentian River, which has its head waters in the northern basin of Lake Michigan, flows thru a portion of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, thence to Lake Ontario by way of a buried channel passing just west of Lake Simcoe and between Newmarket and Richmond Hill; thru the basin of Lake Ontario it flows eastward at the base of a submerged — escarpment, and near the east end of the Lake Ontario basin it bends to the northeast and enters the St. Lawrence Valley near Kingston. Two tributaries join the main river in the Huron basin, one, the Huronian River, flows thru Saginaw Bay and another, unnamed, flows from the St. Clair River northward. A large river system, known as the Erigan River, flows thru the shallow Erie basin and joins the Laurentian River in the Ontario basin by a buried ? Warren Upham, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLI, p. 36, ef seg. Spencer states that this elevation may have been as much as 9,000 feet. 24 Glacial Geology of the Saratoga Quadrangle. Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 183, p. 31. 3 Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), XLX, pp. 1-15, 1905. 4 Falls of Niagara. PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 199 channel cut thru the Niagara peninsula about fifteen miles west of the present Niagara River. This main channel has several buried tributary channels, one of which is in the form of a crescent and connects with the Whirlpool canyon of the present Niagara gorge and with the drift-filled Whirlpool-St. David Valley. Other buried river valleys occur at Port Stanley and Victoria in the Erie basin and at Dundas and Hamilton in the west end of the Ontario basin. Lakes Seneca and Cayuga’ are believed to be ancient river valleys cut in the bed rock and connected with the Laurentian River by buried channels. At Cleveland a preglacial channel has been found in the Cuyahoga Valley, and the ancient river has been christened the Newberry. Ortmann® believes that the north and south portions of the United States were separated by a divide consisting of the Allegheny Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau, which are thought to have joined the Ozarks and the high western plains in front of the Rocky Mountains. North of this divide the drainage was into the old St. Lawrence system and south of the divide the drainage was into the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The Tennessee and Cumberland rivers are thot to be the old headwaters of the Lower Mississippi River in preglacial times. The ice sheet is believed to have dammed up the rivers, forming lakes, and the Upper Mississippi system cut through the divide between the Ozark Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. The present distribution of the fresh water mussels and the crawfishes suggest such a pre- glacial and postglacial history, these groups of animals being strongly affected in their distribution by the glacial changes. : b. ANCIENT RIVERS WITH REVERSED OR ALTERED MODERN DRAINAGE Several modern rivers are made up in part of the reversed tributaries of this ancient Laurentian River. The upper Allegheny has been shown to be the upper portion of an ancient river which flowed northward and entered the Erie basin east of Dunkirk, New York( Carll River). The upper Ohio, includ- ing the Monongahela and the lower Allegheny, also flowed northward thru the Grand River and entered the Erie Valley. This old stream has been named the Spencer River.?_ The Genesee River is a preglacial stream (one of the few retaining the preglacial northward direction of flow) which has been forced by the drift deposits to cut a new canyon-like channel at Portage and Rochester. Irondequoit Bay is believed to be the outlet of the preglacial Genesee River.® In Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, ancient, now buried, river channels have been discovered by means of well borings. In Ohio a wide area has been studied ® Tarr, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., V, pp. 339-356. ® Chamberlin and Leverett, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVII, pp. 247-283, 1894. * Topog. Geol. Surv. Penn., 1910, 1912, Appendix E, p. 138, 1912. 7 Forshay, Amer. Jour. Scl., (iii), XL, pp. 397-403, 1890. ® Fairchild, Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci., III, pp. 236-239, 1906; Chadwick, Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci., V, pp. 123-160, 1917. 1 200 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE and many channels have been mapped, indicating the preglacial drainage systems of the Ohio, Muskingum, Great and Little Miami, Mad, Wabash, Vermilion, Black and Rocky rivers, besides numerous smaller streams.? These buried valleys indicate changes of channel in many places, the change in some instances being notably marked. Several streams with a present southward drainage are shown to have drained northward in preglacial times. In southern Indiana, the lower Wabash and its tributary rivers, as well as the Ohio River, flowed in preglacial channels which are now drift-filled and the present streams have excavated new channels for the most part.!° The Ohio River did not exist at that time as a separate stream. Its present channel was occupied by a series of disconnected water courses, varying in size from small ravines to large rivers. Many of the streams in West Virginia and Kentucky flowed northward across Ohio, using the drainage channels now occupied by streams flowing in the opposite direction. Presumably they entered river channels now the site of the Great Lakes and the Wabash River. In western Illinois a river system composed partly of the present Pecatonica, Rock, and Illinois rivers, has been more or less perfectly worked out by Leverett and other geologists. The drainage was southward and indicates that the Mississippi above the Rock Island rapids turned southeast and joined the southward trunk of the Rock River (in a preglacial channel) near the Town of Ohio, the combined streams forming a large river (the preglacial Illinois) which joined the modern Illinois below Hennepin. Well records made in Iroquois, Champaign, Livingston, and McLean counties indicate that an old valley extends southward from Lake Michigan thru portions of these counties. At Chatsworth, Livingston County, its depth is 200 feet, and at Bloomington the trough is 230 feet deep. Between Onarga and Gilman it is 268 feet and near Spring Creek station it is over 400 feet beneath the surface! Similar buried channels are known in the region bordering the southern shore of Lake Michigan." In Iowa a number of preglacial river channels have been traced, especially in the southeastern portion of the state, where the Mississippi and tributary streams have been shown to have occupied other and larger valleys in preglacial 9 Tight, Bownocker, Todd, Fowke, The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio, Special Papers, No. 3, Ohio Acad. Sci., 1900. 10 Leverett, [linois Glacial Lobe, plates 8 and 9; pp. 93, 96, 102, etc. 1 Tight, Professional Papers, U.S.G.S., No. 13. The map, plate 1, indicates the pregla- cial drainages of these rivers, which are given names. Two of the rivers seem to have been christened already. Thus Tight’s Pittsburg River seems to be the same as the Spencer River of Forshay, and the Cuyahoga is the same as the preglacial Newberry River. 2 Tll. Glacial Lobe, plate 12. 13 See Geology of Ohio, II, pp. 13-14; Bradley; Geol. Lll., [V, pp. 229-230, 1870. 14 See Chapter III. Sete PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 201 times.= Near Des Moines a number of preglacial ‘‘cut-outs” have been located while sinking mine shafts. Other buried channels have been found in different parts of the glaciated territory, but they need not be referred to at this time. In southeastern Wisconsin, Alden* has traced a number of preglacial channels buried beneath glacial till, several of these draining into Lake Michigan. A few years ago,!* Prof. A. W. Grabau, using the data published by Spencer and other geologists, worked out a theory of preglacial drainage, in which the main or consequent streams are made to flow southwestward, or in a trans- verse direction to the Niagara cuesta. Four streams are postulated; (1) a stream flowing thru the narrow straits of Mackinac into the Lake Michigan basin; (2) a large stream, the Saginaw River, flowing southwestward thru Georgian Bay and Lake Huron; (3) a large river, the Dundas, flowing from the highlands of Canada thru the western end of the Ontario basin, thence by the . buried Dundas Valley to the Erie basin; and (4) the ancient Genesee River, flowing across the Ontario basin into southern New York. These four major streams are shown by later adjustment (principally piracy) to develop into two large river systems, the Saginaw and the Dundas (Plate LV). The valleys of Cayuga and Seneca lakes are made to contain southward flowing streams and the beheaded Genesee flows southward. This theory of Tertiary drainage, while highly ingenious, does not seem to accord with the known data, when surveyed as a whole, as well as does that of Spencer. The indicated direction of the Genesee River is not in accord with the facts as presented by an examina- tion of the territory, nor does Prof. Grabau give sufficient weight to the old valley of Irondequoit Bay which has been shown by Fairchild to be the ancient outlet of the Genesee. The buried channel between the Erie and Ontario basins, which is given such weight by Spencer, is not given sufficient promi- nence in this theory. Miller’ considers Grabau’s interpretation more tenable than Spencer’s theory of a preglacial St. Lawrence drainage. The St. Lawrence is said to be almost certainly postglacial in its course at the Thousand Islands as shown by the lack of any real channel, and by the presence of a belt of hard pre- Cambrian rock extending across the river and connecting the Adirondacks with the Canadian pre-Cambrian rocks. This hard rock belt is thot to have formed a preglacial divide until the recent formation of Lake Ontario and the downwarping of the land, which allowed the drainage to pass over the divide for the first time (p. 82). The drainage of the St. Lawrence is believed to have © See Iowa Geol. Surv., II, pp. 239-255, 1895; also Leverett’s Ill. Glacial Lobe, pp. 468-469; Keyes, Iowa Geol. Surv., II, pp. 183-185, 292, 346, 1894. 44 Professional Papers, U.S. Geol. Surv., 106, pp. 102-128, 1918. 16 Geol. and Pal. of Niagara Falls and Vicinity, pp. 37-54. 162 Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 168, pp. 82-86; 96-107, 1913. 202 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE be:n southwestward into the Mississippi River. A preglacial Rome River is thot to have flowed thru Oneida Lake, and Black River flowed northward into the St. Lawrence. Rivers in the Cayuga, Seneca, and Genesee valleys are believed to have flowed northward into the St. Lawrence River. Investigations by Leverett!” and other glaciologists indicate that some pre- glacial streams, especially in southern Michigan and northeastern Illinois, had a southerly direction and flowed into the Gulf of Mexico. Whatever the direction of the drainage of this region may have been does not materially affect the established fact that the Great Lakes were once river valleys and that they, together with the buried river channels, formed avenues by which the preglacial biota spread over the country. 2. PREGLACIAL LIFE OF THE GLACIATED AREA In the preceding pages it has been shown that previous to the advent of the Glacial Period, the physiography of the country was quite mature and that. large river systems occupied extensive river valleys. If the physical features were of such maturity, it follows, obviously, that the biota-was equally mature. Unfortunately the data bearing upon this point is of the most meagre character, as only a very small portion of the surface was left intact by the first ice inva- sion, and the diversity of the biota can be judged only by the life contained in deposits laid down beyond the limits of glaciation or in the first interglacial deposits of the Aftonian stage. Among the mammals the sloths, Megalonyx, Mylodon, and Megatherium, several species of the horse, Equus, members of the cat and dog families, the hornless rhinoceros, the tapir, the peccary, numerous species of deer, rodents, some of gigantic size and the proboscidians, the mastodon 4nd mammoths, roamed over the country in great numbers. Of invertebrates, little is definitely known, tho it is believed that the molluscan fauna differed but little from that of today. The insect fauna is said by Scudder to be composed largely of extinct species. According to Penhallow,!* a forest of great denseness extended far into the Arctic regions, consisting of such species as beech, sycamore, tulip tree, oak, sweet gum, walnut, magnolia, and many others. A temperate climate, very much warmer than now and somewhat subtropical, extended to the northern boundary of the United States, as shown by fossil plants about the Arctic regions. An Arctic bog floragmust have existed north of this great forest, in polar lands. Data concerning the life immediately preceding the first glacial invasion are rare and meagre. Some remains of life found in caves not far removed from the border of the ice have been thot to be preglacial, but the exact age 17 Mich. Acad. Sci., 12th An. Rep., p. 22, 1910. © Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., X, pp. 56-74, 1904. PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 203 is quite uncertain; in some instances the time of deposition may have been much later. A few of these supposed preglacial deposits may here be considered. a. FISH-HOUSE CLAY FLORA AND FAUNA, NEW JERSEY Many years ago, Prof. E. D. Cope obtained from a deposit at Fish-house, Camden County, a number of fresh-water river mussels (Unionid@), associated with the remains of an extinct horse, which were described by Lea!® and referred to the Cretaceous horizon. Later,?? Whitfield fully described and illustrated these species and added two more, considering them as belonging, stratigraphically, near the base of the New Jersey Cretaceous.. Prof. Cope?! and Dr. C. A. White,” in later publications, have considered the deposits as of Pliocene or Pleistocene age. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry* considers the deposit as “either interglacial or preglacial and a divergence of a part of the species from the most allied forms, as well as the fact that the fauna was an abundant one, composed of large and well-developed individuals, point rather to preglacial than to interglacial conditions.” t. Section of Strata at Fish-house** Well section i. DOjD COTL cae eee eee 31% feet DeeMM@ Heng SAN........2../...cc0c-cceceesceeeess 1%” BEMEAHICTOTAV EL 802.2. 0.-.--nse.ecnonsatcnasuten cts 4 u Pembre ClAVeY SAN... ..........csc.ceseesrecss 4 B 5. Heavy gravel with large pebbles... 114 ” Bempiaekor blue Clay. :..:.....<4:...--..000--0- 51%” Equus above shell bed; Unios near base of bed; plants thruout bed. PET AYISEOTIC (CEUSE........0-00:-0.-tecessececceceeess %” Le LAE St a ae ene 2% ” Cross bedded. DPM N TONE SAIC. ..:..2-2.0cscecsevssensecsceaeeie 4 2 MEMBER SANG Sisco scoseccuaseieertaveesiseassese O" 11. Light sand and gravel... 3 ze ' Height of section...................33 feet The cross bedded sand stratum under the clay deposit indicates that it was laid down in “‘a former Delaware River bed, the river at that time flowing in a 19 Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1868, p. 162. *» Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, pp. 243-252. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XIV, pp. 249-250, 1869. % 3rd. An. Rep., U.S. G. S., 1883. % Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1896, pp. 567-570. * Woolman, Geol. Surv. New Jersey, An. Rep., 1896, p. 247. 204 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE direction practically parallel to its present course, as shown by the direction of the oblique lamination of the strata. A change of the river’s course, such as cutting across the neck of an ‘ox-bow,’ or some similar shifting, left the for- mer bed at this point a lagoon, similar to the so-called ‘sloughs’ of the Missis- sippi River. A lagoon of this nature, while it quickly becomes dammed at the up-stream end, for a time receives a portion of the current in time of high water. In the case under consideration, the layer of red, more or less arenaceous, clay was probably deposited during this period of partial isolation. Further separa- tion of the slough from the stream is effected by the growth of willows and other vegetation upon the alluvial ridge at its head, which rapidly gains in height by the debris collected thereby. The lagoon thus formed is a very favorable station for molluscan and other aquatic life, sedentary animals, or those of weak locomotive powers becoming far more numerous than in the active current of the parent stream. Such a lagoon thus gradually fills up with fine mud partly composed of organic material. In the case under consideration, the black clay represents this period. Finally the lagoon or ‘slough’ became dry land, this being the ordinary result of the process. The naiad fauna of the Fish-house Deposit is precisely similar in general character to that of the ‘sloughs’ of the Mississippi River today.” ii Life of the Fish-house Clay Plants? Coniferous and deciduous wood represented by plant stems and seed. Birch (Betula) Maple (Acer) Pine (Pinus) Basswood (Tilia dubia) Oak (Quercus) Gum (Nyssa biflora) Animals (Mollusca)?? Fish-house species Alleged allied living forms Present habitat Unio subrotundoides Lea subrotundus Lea Mississippi drainage ” rectoides Whitfield rectus Lam. 2 Y ” praeanodontoides Whitfield anodontoides Lea x % Anodonta corpulentoides Lea cor pulenta Cooper oe v, ” — grandioides Lea grandis Say Mississippi and St. Law- ~ rence drainage Unio ligamentoides Lea ligamentinus Lam. ” alatoides Lea alatus Say ” humerosoides Lea complanatus Sol. Atlantic and St. Law- rence drainage ” radiatoides Lea radiatus Lam. % Pilsbry, op. cit., pp. 568-569. 26 Woolman, op. cit., p. 211; Berry, Torreya, VII, pp. 80-81; X, pp. 260-261. 27 Woolman, op. cit., pp. 211, 208. The writer has rearranged the habitats to correspond with the present knowledge. The old nomenclature is used. PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 205 Unio nasutoides Lea nasutus Say Atlantic drainage ” cariosoides Lea cariosus Say “4 33 ” roanokoides Lea roanokensis Lea 4 Hf Vertebrata (Pisces) Fish scales of undetermined species. Mammalia Equus complicatus Leidy. It will be noted that of the twelve species of mollusks listed, only four re- semble the species now living in the Delaware River.** Of the balance three are compared with species found in the St. Lawrence and Mississippi River drainages, while four of the compared species are confined exclusively to the Mississippi River and its tributaries. It will also be noted that there is a total absence of the heavy, rounded or tuberculate naiads of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers and this feature of the fauna is believed by Pilsbry to indicate a migration via the Great Lakes region, and thru some river systems in New York, where head waters were near the head waters of the ancient Delaware River. Pilsbry further states that the fauna is “either interglacial or preglacial, and probably the latter.” The fact that thereisa total lack of trans-Alleghenian species in the present molluscan fauna of the Delaware River points to the great antiquity of the Fish-house fauna, and the presence of the river type of mussels indicates a migration by a river system, which could only have been preglacial as it is believed that subsequent to the Kansan Glacial Epoch, the Great Lakes region has contained a lake rather than a river system. The abundance of the fauna taken in connection with their ‘‘divergence from the most allied living forms, point to preglacial rather than interglacial conditions.’’ Ortmann” does not agree with Pilsbry, Lea, and Whitfield in the relation- ship assigned to these mollusks. He says “‘ But for the present time these fos- sils are absolutely useless, because western affinities have been maintained for these species, which surely do not exist. The species have been identified mainly from casts, and Lea as well as Whitfield have indicated, by the names given to them, their supposed affinities to western species. I have taken the trouble of making plaster casts of the inside of specimens of the living species with which they have been correlated, and practically in all cases it became evident at a glance that there was no similarity at all. “But this should be the subject of a special paper. It suffices here to make the statement, first, that the number of species described from this deposit (about a dozen) should be reduced to not more than three or four, and second, that there is not a single one which has distinct and unmistakable affinities to any typical western species.”’ % The four species are complanatus, nasutus, radiatus, cariosus. 29 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., LI, p. 280, 1913. 206 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE In order that Ortmann’s statement might be tested, casts were made of several of the western species (recta, anodontoides, ligamentina, and alataas well as the eastern zasuta and radiatus) and the fact became evident that Ortmann’s statement was abundantly borne out by the experiment. The casts bear little or no resemblance to the species with which they are compared. Internal casts are always uncertain objects to accurately identify and it will be difficult to correlate the Fish-house material with modern forms. It seems evident, however, that the fauna does not represent a recent migration from the west, but an indigenous fauna, perhaps of long occupancy, modified by time and related intimately to the present fauna of the Atlantic drainage. Many of the figures published by Whitfield are strongly suggestive of such species as complanatus quadrilaterus Lea, dariensis Lea, and jayensis Lea. All facts at hand indicate that the fauna, while old, was not derived from western stock (except remotely) but was a typical Atlantic coast fauna, living in waters warmer than those of the present Delaware, and related intimately to the species now living in the Carolinas and Georgia. : ut. Age of the Fish-house Clay Dr. Berry,** who has studied the plant remains, places the Fish-house clay flora and fauna in the late Pleistocene; he remarks that ‘‘in the judgment of the writer the fossiliferous stratum at least is not older than the last interglacial and the probability is strong though unverified, that it is post-glacial in age.” Recent geological works*! place the Fish-house beds in the Pensauken stage of the Columbia formation, which is about midway of the Pleistocene series. In the Philadelphia Folio, the following statements occur. “The Delaware River phase of the Pensauken is composed of debris which is believed to have been brought down by streams from the north during one of the early glacial epochs, an epoch which antedated the last glacial epoch by a very long period of time. The streams, such as the Delaware, leading out from the ice sheet and laden with debris which the ice had prepared, aggraded their valleys, and the ice floating down the streams helped them to transport the large pieces of rock, occasionly of bowlder size, which occur in the formation of this region. The same agency—floating ice—helps to account for the un- worn character of some of the coarse material of the formation, and at the same time affords a rational explanation of the presence so far from its source of such soft materials as the friable Newark shale and sandstone. It is not believed that rivers, unaided by floating ice, could have carried them so far, and it is still more incredible that they could have been transported from their original position by waves. Furthermore, a single well-glaciated stone has been found 34 Torreya, X, pp. 260-262, 1910. 31 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, ITI, p. 451. 32U.S. Geol. Surv., Atlas, No. 162, p. 14, PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 207 in the Pensauken at Falsingtwn, Pa., a few miles north of this district. Material much like the Pensauken occurs up the Delaware as at Raven Rock, at much higher levels (200 feet), seeming to point to the direction whence the material came. At least one distinctly glaciated bowlder has been found at Raven Rock. As already indicated, the material of the tributary valley phase of the formation had a different and more local source.” “The blocking of the minor post-Lafayette channels in later Pleistocene time produced ponded areas in which were laid down the thick deposits of black clay so typically developed at Fish House and at numerous other points toward the south, through New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.”** Fuller refers the Pensauken to the pre-Kansan (Nebraskan) stage and it seems best, all facts considered, to place the age of these beds, for the present at least, as antedating the first glaciation (Nebraskan or Jerseyan) which, per- haps, was the cause of the extinction of the biota. b. PORT KENNEDY CAVE FAUNA AND FLORA, PENN. At Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in a cave containing extensive bone deposits, a large and varied fauna and flora was discovered many years ago. It is believed to be contemporaneous with the Fish-house clay beds.» Osborn* considers this fauna as early mid-Pleistocene, but with 80 per cent of the mammalian fauna extinct, it would seem to be more logically referred to late Pliocene, as suggested by Hay.*’ The insects are all extinct.*? In a later paper*® Hay expresses the opinion that the Port Kennedy fauna is the equivalent of the Aftonian beds of western Iowa. As the question is still unsettled, the biota will here be considered as antedating the first glacial period (Nebraskan or Jerseyan). The biota of the Port Kennedy deposits contain 13 species of plants and 70 species of animals, as noted below.*’ Plants Quercus alba Pinus rigida % _ palustris Carya alba ” macrocar pa ” — porcina Fagus ferruginea Ampelopsts quinquefolia Corylus americana Crataegus crus galli? Prunus species fs species Sphagnum species % Op. cit., p. 19. * Amer. Geol., XXXII, pp. 308-312, 1903. * Woolman, op. cit. % Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 361, p. 84. 37 Science, N. S., XXX, p. 892, 1909. 44 Scudder, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVIII, p. 181, 1894. 329 Smith. Mis. Coll., LIX, No. 20, p. 15. “ Cope, Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., XI, pp. 193-289, 1899. 208 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Aphodius praecursor a micans scutellaris Phanaeus antiquus Choeridium ebeninum Chlaenius punctatissimus We punctulatus ” Clemmys inscul pta i percrassus Meleagris allus Erethizon? dorsatus Sciurus calycinus Castor canadensis Zapus hudsonius Peromyscus, cf, lucopus Anaptogonia hiatidens Sycium cloacinum Microtus diluvianus 24 speothen 2 didelta 2 involutus Lepus sylvaticus Ochotona palatinus Osmotherium spelaeum Mephitis fossidens 4 orthostichus 22 leptops obtusatus species Pelycictis lobulatus Lutra rhoadsi Taxidea americana Machaerodus gracilis i mercerit Felis inexpectatus ” eyra ” calcaratus Animals (Insects) Cymindis aurora Dicaelus alutaceus ie species Pterostichus laevigatus a longipennis Cychrus wheatleyi ”” minor Amphibia Rana species Reptilia Terrapane anguillulatus Bascanion acuminatus Aves Gallinago species Mammalia Mylodon harlani Megalonyx wheatleyi ed loxodon fe tortulus te scalper Blarina simplicidens Scalops? Vespertilio species Arctodus haplodon Ursus americanus Canis latidentatus ” — cinereoargentatus priscolatrans Mustela diluviana Gulo luscus Mammut americanum Tapirus haysii Equus fraternus ” — fraternus pectinatus Tayassu tetragonus (=Mylohyus) ” —— pennsylvanicus nasutus species Teleopternus orientalis Dama laevicornis ”” species ” ” ” PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 209 Cc. HAY SPRINGS FAUNA, NEBRASKA In the northwestern part of Nebraska, at Hay Springs, near the Niobrara River, a plains fauna has been found which is comparable in point of time with the Port-Kennedy biota. The mammals as listed by Matthew are as follows.‘ Cants latrans ? Dinocyon species Felidae {foot bones of several species) Fiber zibethicus Arvicola cf. amphibius (= Microtus) Cynomys ci. ludovicianius Equus? scotti Elephas columbi Platygonus vetus 2 compressus Leptochaerus species Camelops kansanus ” vitakerianus Thomomys species Castoroides species Paramylodon nebrascensis Equus complicaius » fraternus Camelus americanus Antilocapra cf. americana Capromerysx furcifer d. OTHER FAUNAL AREAS In Kansas a fauna has been reported by Udden® which, judging by the species represented, might be referred to the Aftonian stage. Howarth and Beede,* however, do not think that these deposits, which extend thru McPher- son, western Marion, Harvey, and eastern Reno counties, are in any way con- nected with the Kansan ice, the altitude of McPherson County being much higher than that of the nearest Kansan drift. The deposits are in an old river valley (probably preglacial) cut in the underlying bed rock, and the deposits are thot possibly to be the result of a change of drainage at which time a greater volume of water flowed thru the valley. Hay“ refers the vertebrate remains in the gravel (number I) to the Pliocene, and this is probably the best disposi- tion. The deposits present the following section: V. Yellow sand IV. Volcanic dust III. Clays II. Sand I. Gravel Rock In the gravel number I the following mammals were found: Megalonyx leidyi “ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, pp. 317-322, 1902; Brown, op. cit., XIX, pp. 569-584, 1903. * Amer. Geol., VIL, pp. 340-345. * Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, II, p. 287. “ Bull. 179, U.S. Geol. Surv., p. 578. Equus complicatus 210 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE In the sand above the gravel a number of mollusks occurred, in the upper part of the deposit. Anodonta species Pisidium abditum Sphaerium striatinum Valvata éricarinata ” — simile( = sulcatum) One crustacean, a Gammarus, occurred with the shells. Williston* lists the vertebrate fossils of Kansas, referring them to the late Pleistocene (Champlain stage). In view of the modern conception of the com- plexity of the Glacial Period, and in view, also, of the high percentage of extinct species recorded, the fauna would seem to be referable to preglacial time, or late Pliocene. As Williston remarks, however, all of the material may not be contemporaneous in time. The species listed (excepting Homo sapiens) are as follows. Manmut americanum(= gigantenm) Equus complicatus Elephas primigenius ” curvidens ” imperator? Platygonus compressus Bison americanum (?) Camelops kansanus ” antiquus Auchenia huerfanensis ” crampianus Camelids, species indet. ” allent Megalonyx leidyi Alcés species Equus major ” excelsus Mylodon? species Canis lupus ” species ” occidentalis Geomys bursarius The Nebraskan drift frequently contains wood which it has picked up as it has overridden a preglacial forest. Such are recorded from Louisa County, and Jefferson County,’ Iowa. Interesting deposits of Pleistocene animals, as well as plants, have been found in caves in Newton Co., Arkansas‘ (the Conrad fissure) and near Cumberland,** Maryland, but these are thot to be of later date than the Port Kennedy and Hay Springs deposits. Hay believes the Conrad fissure fauna to be of Sangamon interglacial age. As these deposits are beyond the limits of the ice-covered territory, the fauna is not here listed. 45 Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, II, pp. 297-308. “; Udden, Geol. Iowa, XI, pp. 101-111. 4 Udden, op. cit., XIL, pp. 422-428. 478 Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 157-208, 1903. “4 Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., XLVI, pp. 93-102, 1913. PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 211 3. CATALOG OF THE PREGLACIAL BiotrAt*? REFERRED TO IN THIS CHAPTER PLANTS BRYOPHYTA SPHAGNACEAE Sphagnum species SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE PINACEAE Pinus rigida Pinus species ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDONEAE JUGLANDACEAE Juglans species Carya alba(L.) K. Koch ” glabra (Mill) Spach. (= porcina Nutt). BETULACEAE Corylus americana Wait. Betula species FAGACEAE Fagus grandifolia Ehrb, (=ferruginea Ait) Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Quercus alba L. ” palustris Meunch. MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia species Liriodendron tulipifera L. HAMAMELIDACEAE Liquidambar stracifiua L. PLATANACEAE Platanus occidentalis L. ROSACEAE Crataegus crusgalli L. Prunus species ” species ACERACEAE Acer species VITACEAE Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene “ This catalog is necessarily very fragmentary and includes some species which may be- long to a later period than that assigned. It is believed, however, that it will serve a useful purpose as a basis for comparison with later biota, which are definitely fixed in their relation to certain drift sheets... No tangible evidences of life have as yet been found beneath the Nebraskan drift, and we are compelled, therefore, to rely upon the territory outside the drift area for evidences of preglacial life. Extinct species are marked with an *. 212 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE TILIACEAE *Tilia dubia Newberry CoRNACEAE Nyssa sylvatica biflora (Walt.) Sorg. ANIMALS MOLLUSCA” UNIONIDAE *Unio subrotundoides Lea *Unio roanokoides Lea * ” rectoides Whitfield * ” radiatoides Lea. * ” praeanodontoides Whitfield * ” nasutoides Lea * ” ligamentoides Lea * ” cartosoides Lea * ” alatoides Lea *A nodonta corpulentoides Lea * —” humerosoides Lea - ” — grandioides Lea + SPHAERIIDAE Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.) Pisidium abditum (Hald.) ” simile (Say) =sulcatum Lam. VALVATIDAE Valvata tricarinata (Say) CRUSTACEA Gammarus species INSECTA COLEOPTERA SCARABAEIDAE *4 phodius praecursor Scudder *Phanaeus antiquus Scudder * ” — micans Scudder *Choeridium ebentnum Scudder * ” — scutellaris Scudder CARABIDAE *Chlaenius punctatissimus Scudder *Pterostichus laevigaius Scudder * ” — punctulatus Scudder “a ? longipennis Scudder *Cymindis aurora Scudder *Cychrus wheatleyi Scudder *Dicaelus alutaceus Scudder * —” ~~ minor Scudder * ”” species VERTEBRATA PISCES Scales of fish, undetermined 49 The species described from the Fish-house clay beds are here listed as recorded by Whitfield. There seems to be no other course open until the original material is carefully compared with Atlantic coast species. They are also here recorded as extinct for the same reason altho probably correlative with living species. PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 213 AMPHIBIA RANIDAE Rana species REPTILIA EMyYDIDAE *Clemmrys insculpta LeConte *Terrapene anguitlladata (Cope) ~ ” — percrassus Cope COLUBRIDAE *Bascanion acuminatus (Cope) AVES SCOLOPACIDAE Galllinago species PHASIANIDAE *Veleagris superbus Cope(=altus Cope) MAMMALIA MEGETHERIIDAE *Magalonyx wheatleyi Cope *Megalonyx leidyi Lindahl * is loxodon Cope *Mylodon harlani Owen = 4 tortulus Cope *Paramylodon nebrascensis Brown - He scalper Cope. EQUIDAE *Equus complicatus Leidy (= major Cope) *Equus occidentalis Leidy * ” fraternus Leidy (=cursidens Leidy) * ” — scotti Gidley * ” excelsus Leidy * ” — pectinatus Cope TAPIRIDAE *Tapirus haysii Leidy TAYASSUIDAE *Leplochoerus species *M ylohyus pennsylvanicus (Leidy) *Platygonus compressus LeConte * ” nasutus (Leidy) 3 m2 vetus Leidy * —” tetragonus (Cope) CAMELIDAE *Camelops kansanus Leidy *Camelus americanus Wort. (=Auchenia huerfanensis Eope) *Teleopternus orientalis Cope # ” vitakerianus (Cope) CERVIDAE Alces americanus Clinton (?) *Capromeryx furcifer Matthew *Odocoileus laevicornis (Cope) ANTILOCAPRIDAE Antilocapra americana Ord. (?) 214 *Bison antiquus Leidy wenn LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE BoOvIDAE *Bison allent Marsh = B. crampianus Cope ELEPHANTIDAE * Mammut antericanum Kerr = Mastodon giganteus *Elephas primigenius Blumenbach - * ” — columbi Falconer * ” — imperator Leidy SCIURIDAE *Sciurus calycinus Cope Castor canadensis Kuhl. Peromyscus leucopus (Raf.) *Anaptogonia hiatidens Cope *Sycium cloacinum Cope Fiber zibethicus (Linn.) Geomys bursarius (Shaw) Zapus hudsonius (Zimm.) Erethizon dorsatus (Linn.) *Castoroides ohioensis Foster *Ochotona palatinus (Cope) Cynomys cf. ludovicianus (Ord) CASTORIDAE MoRIDAE *Vicrotus diluvianus Cope * ”” — speothen Cope ” — didelta Cope ig ” involutus Cope i ” cf. amphibius Cope GEOMYIDAE Thomonys species DIPoDIDAE ERETHIZONTIDAE CASTOROIDIDAE OCHOTONIDAE LEPORIDAE Lepus sylvaticus Bachm.(=Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen). Scalops? species *Blarina simplicidens Cope Vespertilio species Ursus americanus Pallas TALPIDAE SORICIDAE VESPERTILIONIDAE URSIDAE *Arctodus haplodon (Cope MUSTELIDAE Taxidea taxus (Schreber) = T. americana Bodd. *Osmotherium spelaewm Cope *Mephitis fossidens Cope *Pelycictis lobulatus Cope PREGLACIAL CONDITIONS AND LIFE 215 *Mephitis orthostichus Cope *Vustela diluviana Cope * ” — obtusatus Cope Gulo luscus (Linn.) : » — leptops Cope *Lulra rhoadsit Cope CANIDAE Canis latrans Say *Canis latidentatus (Cope) _* ” priscolatrans Cope ” occidentalis Rich.(=/upus) * ” cineroargentatus Schreber Dinocyon species FELIDAE *Machairodus gracilis Cope *Felis inexpectatus (Cope) = 2 mercerit Cope ” eyra Desm. * ” calcaratus Cope 4. SUMMARY Preglacial Condition of the Glaciated Area. Previous to the Glacial Period the region now occupied by the Great Lakes formed an immense river valley comparable to that of the Mississippi, the outlet being possibly by way of the St. Lawrence Valley. The watershed of the country was at this time quite different from that of the present, many streams flowing northward and emptying into the large Laurentian River. The land was also much higher then than now, and many of the rivers (the Hudson, St. Lawrence, and others) extended seaward and formed great canyons which are now deeply buried beneath the ocean. Preglacial Biota. ‘The life which existed prior to the ice age was different in many respects from that which occupies the same territory today. The plants experienced little or no change. Of the 23 species listed in the previous catalog, but one is doubtfully extinct. The mollusks have probably remained much the same, altho the land forms might contain some extinct races if the record was complete. The fresh water species (with the exception of the problematical casts from the Fish-house clay beds in New Jersey) are identical with living forms. During the long period from the Cretaceous and thru the Tertiary Period the fresh water shells, and especially the naiades, spread over the eastern and southeastern part of the United States, probably by way of the river systems which connected with the preglacial Laurentian River. The 14 species of insects are all extinct. Of the 86 vertebrates, 64 are extinct, or over 74 percent. Several families, as the sloths, the horses and the camels, are represented by a number of species. These families, as well as the proboscidians, have become entirely extinct, as far as the region under consideration is concerned. | CHAPTER VI THE GLACIAL OR PLEISTOCENE PERIOD The warm Pliocene Period was followed by an interval of intense cold during which time nearly the whole of British America and the United States as far south as northern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, _ central Missouri, eastern Nebraska, central South Dakota, nearly the whole of North Dakota and northern Wyoming, Idaho, and Washington, was covered by immense ice fields, embracing altogether an area of approximately 4,000,000 square miles and attaining a thickness of over 5,000 feet! (Plate LVI). Formerly the Glacial Period was thot to consist of but a single ice invasion, but it is now known that as many as five well characterized invasions occurred, each separated by an interglacial period of considerable duration. 1. EFFECT OF THE ICE ON THE TOPOGRAPHY This thick mass of moving ice planed off the hills carrying with it the residuacy soil which had formed during the long Mesozoic and Cenozoic interval, ground up and removed much of the underlying rocks and scratched and grooved the surface of the more resistant rocks. The first effect of the presence of this ice sheet was probably the ponding of the many northward flowing streams, the valleys forming vast lakes, the drainage from which caused the formation of new river valleys, which in their turn cut canyons and gorges. 2. EFFECT OF THE ICE ON THE BIOTA The effect on the life of the glaciated area was marked and to a certain degree cataclysmal. As the ice advanced the winters became long and the summers short, the seasons being marked by fogs and violent storms. The luxuriant vegetation was overridden, the trees being broken and their remains incorporated in the drift with the other debris—soil and rocks. In many places the newly formed ponds covered the forests and thus killed the trees. The biota was not, however, all killed at once. The process was slow, occupy- ing many years. It is probable that the Arctic plants and such north tem- perate trees as some conifers, oaks, ash, and a few others, kept possession of the territory in front of the ice, much as do the same genera at the present time in high latitudes. The temperate species migrated, by seed, to points far 1 The thickness of the ice has been variously estimated at from 3 to8 miles. See Cham- berlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, p. 357. THE GLACIAL OR PLEISTOCENE PERIOD 217 enough removed to be beyond the direct influence of the Arctic climate. Many species found refuge in the southern part of the Appalachians where we now have a mixed flora of spruce, arbor vitae, pine, hemlock, etc. South of the Ohio River such deciduous plants as elms, maples, magnolias, walnuts, chest- nuts, and hickories found refuge and now flourish in great abundance. During each successive stage of glaciation the biota was completely oblit- erated in the englaciated territory, the species which were unable to migrate suffering extinction. Later studies have indicated that during each inter- glacial stage an extensive biota flourished, migrating from the south as the territory became suitable for occupancy. This oscillation of life is thus graphi- cally portrayed by Chamberlin and Salisbury.” “A distinguishing feature of the effects of the ice invasions on the life of the glacial period in northern latitudes was an enforced oscillatory migration in latitude. With every advance of the ice, the whole fauna and flora of the affected region was forced to migrate in front of it, or suffer extinction. The Arctic species immediately adjacent to the ice border crowded upon the sub- arctic forms next south of them, the sub-arctic forms crowded upon the cold- temperate forms, and these in turn upon the warm-temperate types, and so on. It is not unlikely that the limits of the tropical zones even were shifted, and the torrid belt appreciably constricted. With the succeed ng deglacia- ion of the inter-glacial stages, a reversed migration followed. Present evi- dence seems to warrant the belief that five or six such to-and-fro migrations were experienced in America and Europe, and that the southward and north- ward swing of these movements was several hundred miles in extent, in some cases perhaps one to two thousand miles. Some of the inter-glacial epochs saw a northward extension of mild-temperate forms greater than that of today, from which it is inferred that the inter-glacial climates were milder than the present, and hence that the ice-sheets were at least as much reduced as now. There is in this also ground for the inference that the northern tracts were at least as extensively peopled by plants and animals as they are today. This carries the conclusion that the migratory swing in these more pronounced cases was at least 2,000 miles in North America, and more than 1,000 miles in Europe. As indicated in the physical description, the geological evidences drawn from erosion, weathering, and organic accumulation warrant the belief that the inter-glacial intervals were long enough to permit a complete northern return, and the fossil evidence supports the conclusion that the climates were congenial enough to invite it. “The forced migrations must, in their nature, have been peculiarly effective in bringing to bear a severe struggle for existence, and in calling into play the full resources of the plastic adaptation of the life. Forms previously specialized to meet local conditions were put to a most adverse test, for the invading ice 2 Geology, III, p. 485. 218 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE forced every form within the glaciated area to move on, while the fringing zones of depressed temperature encircling each ice-sheet forced plant and animal life, even beyond the ice border, to seek new fields and new relations, both physical and organic. An incidental result of this wholesale migration was an unwonted commingling of plants and animals, for every aggressive form pushed forward in the van of the advancing zone, and hence came into new organic environment, while every laggard form fell behind and was over- taken by the less reluctant migrants.” Professor Osborn?* does not believe that the biota was greatly affected by the ice sheets, at least until toward the latter half of the Glacial Period. He says: ‘‘Until the close of Third Interglacial time no traces of northern, much less of Arctic forests and animals, are discovered anywhere, except along the borders of the ice-fields. It would appear as if the animal and plant life of Europe were, in the main, but slightly affected by the first three glaciations. We cannot entertain for a moment the belief that in glacial times all the warm flora and fauna migrated southward and then returned, because there is not a shred of evidence for this theory. It is far more in accord with the known facts to believe that all the southern and eastern forms of life had become very hardy, for we know how readily animals now living in the warm earth belts are acclimatized to northern conditions.” The facts, in America at least, seem to indicate a mingling of Arctic, sub- aractic, and temperate types of animals south of the border of the ice sheets, and a migration northward during each interglacial interval. In another place (p. 241) Osborn says, “As a result of favorable interglacia! conditions arboreal vegetation flourished to the far north along the Arctic Ocean, and the present tundra regions of Siberia and British America then supported forests which have long since been extirpated, the northern limit of similar living trees now lying far to the south.”” There is apparently no reason why this condition may not have prevailed during the first two interglacial inter- vals—th: Aftonian and Yarmouth. At the maximum extension of the ice sheet, the biota of the upper Mississippi Valley was concentrated along the southern border of the ice, in Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The aquatic biota was massed in the lower Mississippi and Ohio rivers and in tributary streams. There were five areas from which the biota could repeople the wasted territory left bare by the retreating ice sheet (Plate LVI). (1), that part of the United States lying south of Illinois and Ohio, west of the Allegheny Mountains, and of the Missouri River Valley, and east of the Rocky Mountains, including the lower drainage area of the Mississippi Valley and the adjacent prairies and plains; _ (2), an area south of British Columbia and Assiniboia, including Montana, Idaho, and Washington, and embracin z the upper drainage areas of the Missouri 24 Men of the Old Stone Age, p. 108, 1916. THE GLACIAL OR PLEISTOCENE PERIOD 219 and Columbia rivers; (3), the whole of northern and western Alaska, embrac- ing the Yukon River Valley, besides other smaller streams; and (4), the drift- less area in southern Wisconsin bordering the Mississippi River. A fifth region of survival was provided in New Jersey and Pennsylvania east of the Appalachian chain and south of New York.’ 3. THE ICE INVASIONS Five distinct ice invasions, separated by four well-marked interglacial intervals are now known, with a possible sixth invasion and a fifth interval. For many years the Glacial Period was thot to be a unit, the complexity of the margin being attributed to minor fluctuations in the ice sheet. Accumu- lated evidence first noticed in the west by Chamberlin, McGee, Salisbury and other geologists, and more recently recognized in the east by later investigators, have conclusively demonstrated the complexity of the Glacial Period and have established beyond question the reality and significance of the interglacial intervals, which are now believed to have been, in part at least, as extensive and far reaching as is the period in which we live. The six ice invasions and the five interglacial intervals, as they affected America, may be tabulated as follows:4 1 Nebraskan and Jerseyan, first recognized invasion. a. Aitonian, first interglacial interval 2. Kansan, second glacial invasion. b. Yarmouth or Buchanan, second interglacial interval. 3. Illinoian, third glacial invasion. : c. Sangamon or Toronto, third interglacial interval. 4. Iowan, fourth glacial invasion. d. Peorian, fourth interglacial interval. 5. Early Wisconsin, fifth glacial invasion. e. Fifth interval of deglaciation (unnamed). 6. Later Wisconsin, sixth glacial invasion. {. Glacio-fluviatile sub-stage. g. Champlain sub-stage (marine). The extent of the interval between the earlier and later Wisconsin invasions is not definitely known. No soil horizons referable to this interval are at present known. a. Interglacial Life and Conditions The data upon which to reconstruct the fauna and flora of the interglacial intervals are necessarily meagre, consisting of scattered records of imperfectly * There is reason to believe that favorable conditions for the survival of many boreal mollusks existed in Greenland, Newfoundland, Anticosti and other places along the Atlantic coast and also along the Pacific coast (side Scharff, 1907, and Adams, 1905). “Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, p. 383. The table has been reversed. The name Nebraskan of Shimek replaces the old Sub-Aftonian. Whether this is to be correlated with the Jerseyan of the east is not at present decided. 220 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE preserved material. It is obvious that but a small percentage of the remains of the biota could by any possibility be preserved during the invasion and occupancy of a gigantic ice field, suchas is known to have covered the engla- ciated region. It is likewise evident that the greatest care is necessary in using this data, in order that errors may be eliminated; and only that informa- tion can be used that is known beyond reasonable doubt to be referable to the particular interval discussed. ‘There are many records that cannot be admitted because of lack of precise geologic data. In many cases it is difficult to deter- mine whether certain deposits are to be correlated with the till sheet (Kansan, Iowan, etc.) upon which they rest, or are the product of much later geologic influences. Likewise, it is practically impossible to correlate the deposits beyond the englaciated territory with those within this area. It is evident, therefore, that only that datum is available which lies in or between the drift material deposited by the great continental ice sheets. b. Imbrication of Drift Sheets Fortunately, the different drift sheets are imbricated and we are thus able to study their physical characteristics, and to trace one drift sheet until it disappears beneath that of a later period. Beneath the later drift sheets, the 6 Figure 4. Diagram to illustrate superposition and imbrication of drift sheets (After Chamberlin and Salisbury). earlier deposits are largely discontinuous and in many places, especially be- neath the later Wisconsin drift, are practically absent. The five drift sheets are superimposed as shown in the annexed diagram? (figure 4). “Theoretically and perhaps really, the several sheets of drift are imbricated as shown in the figure, but each sheet of drift is discontinuous beneath the overlying one, and this discontinuity goes so far that beneath the Wisconsin drift, for example, the several sheets are more commonly wanting than present.” It is to be noted that the earlier, or Nebraskan drift sheet, does not extend beyond the limits of the next younger, or Kansan, and the limit of glaciation of this period is believed to have been considerably less than that which followed. In New Jersey, an old drift, the Jerseyan, extends beyond the limits of the later drift and is believed to be the equivalent of the Nebraskan. 5 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, page 394, 6 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, p. 384. THE GLACIAL OR PLEISTOCENE PERIOD 221 c. Age of the Drift Sheets The proofs of the great age of the earlier drift sheets are found in the great depth of erosion and the amount of leaching or oxidizing (weathering) that took place before the later sheets were laid down. The intercalated forest beds and old soils also provide criteria of value and the fauna is now proving a criterion of large importance. d. Centers of Ice Accumulation and Radiation In the central and eastern part of North America there were two centers of ice accumulation from which the glaciers moved outward in all directions. (1) the Keewatin, west of Hudson Bay, and (2) the plains of Labrador. From the first came the ice sheets known as the Nebraskan, Kansan, and Iowan; from the second came the ice sheets known as the Jerseyan, Illinoian, Earlier and Later Wisconsin. The Jerseyan is correlated doubtfully with the Neb- raskan. e. Effect of Glaciation on the Englaciated Territory’ “The great and unequal erosion of the ice-sheets, and especially the great and unequal deposition of the drift, produced a profound effect upon the topo- graphy of the planer parts of the area affected by glaciation. One of the conspi- cuous results of this alteration of the topography was the derangement of the drainage. One of the results is seen in the thousands of lakes which affect the surface of the later drift, and to a less extent, the surface of the older. The ba- sins of these lakes or ponds arose in various ways. There are (1) rock basins produced by glacial erosion; (2) basins produced by the obstruction of river valleys by means of the drift; (3) depressions in the surface of the drift itself; and (4) basins produced by a combination of two or more of the foregoing. The third class as above, may be subdivided into depressions in the surface of (a) the terminal moraine, (b) the ground moraine, and (c) stratified drift. Since the stratified drift in which the lakes of this last subclass lie is largely in valleys, it would not be altogether inappropriate to class them with group 2. “Tn addition to the lakes and ponds now in existence, there have been others of a more temporary character. Some of them have already become extinct by reason of filling or by the lowering of their outlets since the ice melted; others depended for their existence on the presence of the ice, which often obstructed _ valleys, giving rise to basins. The ice also developed basins outside of valleys, when the surface slope was favorable. “Another result is to be seen in the changes in the courses of the streams. In many cases, pre-existing valleys were filled with drift, so that when the ice melted the old channels were obstructed at many points, and surface drainage 7 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, pp. 379-381. 222 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE was forced into courses which were partly new. In other cases, the ice, by encroaching on the middle course of the valley, as in the case of the Ohio, forced drainage around its front, and the drainage lines thus established by force, were often held after the ice melted.” These changes in topographic relief produced profound changes in the habi- tats of the fauna and flora. Where previously were rivers and their tributaries, now were ponds, lakes, and swamps (Plate LVII, figures 1, 2). Many fresh water species, upon re-entering the glaciated territory, were compelled to change their normal habitats from river to pond, lake, or swamp. It is probably this change in ecological relationship that has so greatly increased (apparently) the number of species of certain fluviatile animals within the englaciated terri- tory (the fresh water mollusks for example). It is believed that the old drainage basins of the Laurentian River have been occupied by lakes since an early invasion, perhaps since the Nebraskan and Jerseyan, as old shore lines and biota are known from several interglacial periods. f. Length of Time since the Earliest Ice Invasion The length of time which has elapsed since the beginning of the Glacial Period and especially the time involved in each interglacial stage is of consider- -able value in estimating the changes which have taken place in the biota during this long period. McGee® thus graphically portrays this time element: “Let the period of written history be represented by a day; then a month or a year of such days will measure the period that has elapsed since the first Pleistocene ice sheet invaded northwestern Iowa. ‘The uncertainty as to the date of the invasion is great; but it was so long ago that the date would be but vaguely conceived if it were possible to write it.”’ Chamberlin and Salisbury,® collating the judgment of five of the glacial geologists who have most studied the available data, give the following table: “The time datum for each sheet of till is the stage at which it began to suffer erosion, which, of course, would be slightly after the beginning of the ice retreat. The time-unit is the period which has elapsed since the Late Wiscon- sin began to be exposed for erosion: From the Late Wisconsin to the present... ...0.0.0.ccccccccccccceeseessceseseseeeseeesees 1 time unit From the Early Wisconsin to the present............0.c:ccccsecsesesesscseecseseenetenese 2 to 214 time units Erom’ the) Towan)to ithe presenters cect ee eit aN nen 3 to 5 ” M From the! Ilinoianitoithe present...) secs see crete ete ee a 7 to9 4 HY Brom) the Kansan to’ the/present.-)i.0..iccd.scesee eee 15 tome a From the Nebraskan to the present............cccccccccscscccscscsescscscseseevscssecesenenes x xy a * 11th An. Rep., U.S. Geol. Surv., p. 567. 2 Geology, ITI, p. 414. THE GLACIAL OR PLEISTOCENE PERIOD 223 Based upon the time which has elapsed since the cutting of the Niagara gorge (that which is not preglacial) and the Falls of St. Anthony in the Missis- sippi River, the time limit may be expressed in years as follows:" MifrmemstOhlate WISCONSIN <.....vec. iss Ss cleat diaegesecetee toes 20,000 to 60,000 years ago- Bibrmcesso Barly, WISCONSIN. ....3..-.cesccrsc-secnceseeeteececeteeeessdeniov ens 40,000 to 150,000 ” ” EL Esrg re GET PEE Di ea - 60,000 to 300,000 ” ” Mbbsreaxte fel iriolan ==) 25 cach kak ee eel ne eee 140,000 to 540,000 ” ” -LUISERS: GOT RESTS E Ti Ra ee ae eee eee 300,000 to 1,020000 ” ” DUARTE CEI G)0) 2 y to Z ye? These figures are only approximate at best and perhaps possess but little scientific value, but they serve to indicate that a great period of time has elapsed since the beginning of the last ice age, a period long enough for faunas and floras to wax and wane and for many groups to become extinct. The ex- tent of these changes in some groups of animals and the lack of such changes in other groups appear in the pages which follow. 4. SUMMARY The Pleistocene Period was followed by an interval of intense cold during which British America and the northeastern portion of the United States was successively covered by five or six huge ice sheets. The maximum area covered was 4,000,000 square miles and the thickness is estimated at from 3 to 8 miles. The ice invasions completely changed the topography, replacing the old rivers and streams by ponds, lakes, and swamps. All life was exter- minated within the englaciated area, or driven south of it. At each successive interglacial period (of which there were four and possibly five) the biota fol- lowed the retreating ice and again occupied the devastated territory, only to be again driven southward by a return of the ice. After the last ice invasion (the Wisconsin) the aquatic life followed the waterways from the melting ice and spread over the territory that we see today. The terrestrial life followed closely the margin of the ice, Arctic, Subarctic, Cold Temperate, and Temperate biota occupying the area in turn, as the climate became suited to each. The different ice sheets are imbricated at their edges and the drift, as well as the interglacial deposits, may be traced beneath the material of a later drift sheet. The criteria upon which to build an interglacial biota is very fragmen- tary, and must be selected with care to avoid serious errors, only material from a known geologic horizon being available for use. For this reason deposits outside of the area as well as much material lying upon the drift sheets cannot be used. It is believed that upwards of a million years have elapsed since the first field of ice covered the country, a period of sufficient length to permit great changes in the species of plants and animals inhabiting this region. 10 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, pp. 415-420. CHAPTER VII THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION AND THE AFTONIAN INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL I. Tut NEBRASKAN IcE INVASION The extent of the Nebraskan invasion is not positively known, as it fell short of the later Kansan invasion and is buried beneath the drift sheet of this stage. It has been recognized in many places in Iowa and Nebraskaand is correlated with early drift deposits in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Jer- seyan). Between these two areas few deposits referable to this stage are known. The ice radiated from the Keewatin center of accumulation and apparently extended down the Missouri Valley to an unknown extent. The Nebraskan drift is described as ‘‘a dark blue-black joint clay, some- times more or less ferruginous, which when dry is hard and brittle, and breaks up into very small angular blocks (resembling lumps of ordinary starch, as has been suggested). It is almost impervious to water,and when wet is very tough, tenaceous, ‘rubber-like,’ and so difficult to work that it is the abom’na- tion of well-diggers and road-workers, being the despised of all ‘gumbos.’ ”? The clay contains a few usually dark colored pebbles and small boulders, many of which are angular and exhibit planed and striated faces, indicating that the Nebraskan is a true drift sheet. Prof. Upham? believes that the Nebraskan ice invasion occurred in the latter part of the Lafayette formation, following the Ozarkian epeirogenic uplift. Il. Toe AFTONIAN INTERGLACIAL STAGE Resting upon the Nebraskan drift are deposits of gravel, sand, and fine silt ‘variously interbedded and cross-bedded, and evidently deposited by currents of different velocities.” The gravel is variously disposed, being at the bottom in one place, at the top in another, and in a few sections it is irregularly interbedded with the sand (Shimek). A. ORGANIC REMAINS The biota of the Aftonian Interglacial stage has been carefully investigated and described by Prof. B. Shimek,’ whose data form the basis for the discussion 1 Shimek, Geol. Towa, XX, p. 307. 2 Amer. Geol., XXX, pp. 135-150, 1902. 3 Geol. Iowa, XX, pp. 271-486. The name Aftonian was first used by Dr. Chamberlin in Geike’s ‘Great Ice Age,”’ 1894, pp. 773-774; and in the Journal of Geology, III, p. 272, 1895, THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 225 of the life of this stage. Other records of life from the surrounding territory are correlated with this stage, and it is believed that a biota large and varied enough for comparison with earlier and later stages is now available. 3 a. TYPICAL EXPOSURES OF DEPOSITS The most typical exposure of Aftonian gravel and sand occurs between Afton and Thayer in Union County, Iowa,‘ where the deposits lie below Kansan drift. Sections nearby show the Nebraskan resting on bed rock. No organic remains were found here, but in Harrison and Monona Counties, evidences of life are found in abundance. A typical section is given by Shimek as follows: _5. Loess, appearing above the cut, and ascending to top of bluff 4. Loveland, a reddish joint clay, with lines of very large calcareous nodules, more (ILE. bp eepeme soe etek eA a oe er ay Ae eS ee ee eC BS EL 15 feet 3. Kansan, typical bluish, very calcareous till... wa eiesaa star Beet haved een tvcry 2 2. Aftonian: Brey PFEISHSI Lestat OU ts... 55 err tes redo eM DL A A Ae En a TS oh Rie sie omixed swith sands Shelli bearing: ...c..scc-ccorectessnecssees eee eee see he oes Shia @oarse pravel, veryateErUsINOUSs\a DOU tes ecccccccecceccc re rcec se cee eee a eae tee OS MG? This reaches 10 feet in the northernmost cut EareTErOss-DeEdcded Sarid’: tee eR oe ccc dbo caeeacaalae eee 6to12 ” 1. Nebraskan drift, exposed 10 feet, but running out both ways The cuts in which these sections are shown form an almost continuous section over 500 feet in length; it is 25 feet above the Little Sioux River, about half a mile south of the county line between Harrison and Monona counties. ° b. TYPICAL AFTONIAN FAUNA The typical Aftonian fauna as described by Shimek® and Calvin’ is as follows: MOLLUSCA Aquatic species Quadrula nietancvra Ancylus rivularis Lampsilis anodontoides Galba reflexa Sphaerium sulcatum ” caperata Pisidium abditum ” humilis modicella Ye compressum Physa integra? Amnicola species Planorbis antrosus (=bicarinatus) aa emarginata parvus Valvata tricarinata dilatatus ” — bicarinata Segmentina armigera 4 Bain, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, pp. 86-101, 1897. 5 Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 338. ® Ob. cit., pp. 316-342; Hay, Iowa Geol. Surv., XXIII. The vertebrate names have been made to conform to this work. 7 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, pp. 341-356; XXII, pp. 207-216. 226 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Terrestrial species Zonitoides arborea Bifidaria armifera Succinea ovalis ” — avara retusa Polygyra (fragments) Pyramidula alternata ” —— cronkhitei anthony Vallonia gracilicosta Vitrea hammonis " The molluscan remains were found chiefly in the finer sands, showing that they lived in comparatively quiet water. Exceptionally, odd valves of Sphae- rium and fragments of Unios were found in gravel. The terrestrial mollusks in the above list were swept into the river by floods or winds, as happens today in similar situations in Iowa and other parts of the glaciated territory VERTEBRATA Pisces Small vertebra of a fish Mammalia Mammut americanum Camelus species ” — progenium Camelops kansanus? Rhabdobunus mirificus Mylohyus? temerarius Elephas columbi Megalonyx leidyi? ” primigenius Mylodon harlani? ” — imperator Alces shimeki Equus laurentius Aftonius calvini ” — complicatus Bison, cf. allent ”” — miobrarensis Castor canadensis ” — excelsus Castoroides ohioensis Neohipparion gratum Ursus americanus The bones of these animals are for the most part isolated and in some cases fragmentary, and evidently belonged to animals which had died either in a river or had been washed into a river and the bones separated from the body as it decomposed, either lying upon a sand bar or caught in rubbish along the shore. remains have been found in sand and gravel pits, of which those listed below are the most noteworthy. Harrison County Cox pit, Missouri Valley Payton gravel pit, Pisgah McGavern and Robinson pits Sol Smith Lake Logan, Rodney, and Woodbine Monona County Wilkinson and Griffin wells Hawthorn pit, Mapleton Elliott pit, Turin McCleary pit Castanea Shimek® refers to a somewhat doubtful section in Snyders Hollow, Harrison County, which is characterized at the base by a deposit of interstratified black * Geol. Iowa, XX, pp. 365-366. In Harrison and Monona counties the vertebrate (as well as other) THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 227 manganese dioxide. Indications are that this should be referred to the Afton- ian. Shimek remarks that ‘‘while the fossil shells from this stratum are some- what unlike those which were collected in the Aftonian beds, the difference is no greater than that which we might expect in different parts of the same region, especially since no doubt special conditions existed. It is probable that the deposit was formed in a swamp or shallow lake, and both its shores and bottom would produce environment unlike that of the Aftonian streams. The preponderence of terrestrial species is, however, very unusual.” The life of this deposit is indicated below: Polygyra monodon Helicodiscus parallelus Y multilineata Succinea avara ” — profunda ” ——_ ovalis Strobilops labyrinthica Sameer CLUS “4 virgo Carychium exiguum Bipfidaria armifera 4 exile re contracta Helicina occulta Vitrea hammonis Galba caperata Euconulus fulvus ” humilis modicella Zonitoides arborea A plexa hypnorum 4 minuscula Physa gyrina Pyramidula alternata Planorbis parvus a cronkhitet anthonyi Pisidium abditum C. DISTRIBUTION OF THE AFTONIAN BIOTA There are a number of deposits beyond the limits of Harrison and Monona counties which are referable to this interglacial stage. 1. Towa Near Oelwein, Fayette County, a fine white sand deposit, overlying a peat bed, occurs in a railway cut, which is referred to the Aftonian stage. The section may be summarized as follows: UNTER GIG ei A tee eh 8 aa oe A Re oe IME UE Me Ra oe 0 to 10 feet PeeBrehanan pravel (Yarmouth stage)...c....::.cc:cccecssncsescsessssssesvsestossesvsesescasteanstusssiess Oxtor Zin MM Anisast ATIfE, WIEN TEMAIDS Of WOOK .......2.20scecctscssscoseesecssvesssosesseicsecsteeveosssvesceessessses Sitor2 Ome 2. (a) Sand, fine-white, well water worn, often with little silt and clay (Aftonian) 0 to 6 inches (b) Vegetal layer and soil, 2-4 inches almost pure carbonaceous matter, the rest largely charged with humus. Moss (Hypnum) common in peat layer “A TOTIEST) ais Se oe Me Se ek ON YaD el ge Hest eS A te ea te oglloabe ae Geet 0 to 4 feet 1. Sub-Aftonian (Nebraskan) drift, greenish blue when wet, greenish cast UST CES 7icece deca ieee Oe enon RU 10 feet exposed * Beyer, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, p. 59, 1897. ————— 228 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE The peat moss has been identified as follows:!° Hypnum (Harpedium) fluitans L. ” 4 revolvens Swartz (Calliergon) richardsoni Lesq. and James ” The wood in the overlying Kansan drift ‘which is to be correlated with the Aftonian because it was incorporated in that sheet from the underlying soil horizon) is identified as Larix americana. Of the mosses, revolvens occurs in deep swamps from northern Ohio to Alaska; richavdsoni has been reported only from British America and the coast of Greenland. It is thot by Savage, therefore, that the climate in which these plants lived was of a more boreal character than today. This is thot to be indicated, also, by the presence of coniferous trees and the apparent absence of deciduous trees. It is probable that the fauna reported by Calvin and Shimek represents the warm-temperate climate and the Oelwein deposit the subarctic or cold-temperate climate, as suggested by Chamberlin. Another exposure in Dodge Township, Union County, in the bank of a small stream, tributary to the Grand River, gave the following section: 4. Fine-grained, pebbleless soil, dark gray in color at the surface, changing to yellow In deeper Portions ee ee ee AMEE acer ee 2 feet 3. Yellow colored drift bearing numerous pebbles and small boulders, maximum thickness: ee Eh uo CeO eee OU 21 feet 2. Bed made up of alternating layers of brown colored vegetable matter and fine grained light gray sand. Greatest exposed thickness..........0.0....:0000 We ee 64 feet 1. Blue colored boulder clay containing numerous pebbles and small boulders of granite, greenstones, quartZ and quartaite..........0.cccccccecssyeceeeseseeseseseseeseseseres Banc 10 feet No. 2 is referable to the Aftonian. At the base of the stratum is a layer of clean, fine-grained sand, light colored, about 4 inches thick. Above this a layer of vegetable matter 34 inches thick, crowded with branches and frag- ments of wood. In the upper vegetable layers are leaves, stems and rhizoids of mosses. The rootstocks of ferns, blades of grass-like leaves, fragments of leaves resembling Populus and leaves and twigs of cone-bearing trees (Picea?) were also found as well as the wing covers (elytra) of beetles. The moss has been identified as Hypnum nitens (Schreb.) Schimp. » fluitans L. It is thot that this region was first a land surface, then a shallow pond, during which time the moss (which is aquatic) developed; this was drained or filled up and again became a land surface. This was finally covered by the 10 Macbride, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 63-66, 1897, Savage, op. cit., XI, p. 108, 1904: Holzinger and Best, The Bryologist, Nov. 1903. 1 Savage, op. cit., p. 105. THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 229 Kansan ice sheet. The vegetation here, as in the section at Oelwein, is of a boreal or at least a cold-temperate character. ; In Buchanan County,” the Kansan till is filled with fragments of wood, which are particularly abundant in the lower part. This wood has been identi- fied as Larix americana, and is referable to the Aftonian Interglacial Stage. In Dubuque County, Calvin found these drift relics and remarks, “almost as characteristic are the battered, frayed, and splintered fragments of trees which are distributed promiscuously throughout a thickness of many feet in the lower part of the drift sheet.” In Tama County, Savage records the following section, in Otter Creek Township: PEMTO TERCOLOFE CA SOILS (LOESS cacti ese cns eek ae seca ash cee ee Ree SRT EU 4 feet eHow clay: with boulders, (Kansan)-.:.4....50 A.sstincccncssessioti eee ae 95 feet wapetererclay with boulders (Kansan) ::...2..2/.0 85802 ec) NS Oey 260 ” 1. Bed of sand containing numerous pieces of wood 2-3 feet in length, 1 inch in diame- ferrasiwellasymollusean Shells.v..sc.dh2sckccec joneiy aleten doses e ease aes aan ogee 12)7 22 PERRET CL oe et ee TMU A cee EN aN ie LINN A RNa REM NRUR ar aa Key? Another section in Toledo Township” showed an Aftonian deposit con- taining wood and vegetable remains between Kansan and Nebraskan drift sheets. The mollusks in the above section have not been identified. From a well 20 feet deep, two miles east of Akron, Plymouth County,!* the bones of Mammut mirificum (now Rhabdobunus mirificus) have been taken; and at Le Mars (same county) a pelvis was secured which probably belongs to the same species. Possibly the tusk found in Grimes pit, at a depth of 40 ft., may be referred to the same horizon (Hay, p. 389). The foot bones of a Megalonyx were also found in the Jensen well, near Akron. From near Afton Junction a species of Hipparion'’ (now identified by Hay as Neohipparion gratum) was secured. Near Council Bluffs'’ (Henton Station) Camelops kansanus?, Equus laurentius, E. complicatus, and Elephas columbi have been observed. At Sioux City, Woodbury County, the remains of Megalonyx have been found!® and also Equus major (=complicatus) which Todd!’ records from sand beneath the upper (Kansan) till. Hay!’ also finds Equus laurentius from this locality, and records \Mylohyus? temerarius'” from the Anderson gravel pit, at North Riverside, near Sioux City (page 227). In Mills County, in sand below drift, a claw phalange of Megalonyx was observed by Todd. Equus complicatus is also reported from Lyons Township. ® Calvin, Geol. Iowa, VIII, pp. 240-241, 1898. 13 An. Rep. Iowa Geol. Surv., X, pp. 463-470. ™ Geol. Surv. Iowa, XIII, p. 234. © Op. cit., pp. 231-232. 6 Calvin, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, pp. 355-356. 17 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, p. 211, Hay, Iowa Geol. Surv., XXIII, p. 149. 18 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, p. 215. 19 Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., VI, p. 126. 230 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE In Washington County, a well section disclosed wood and cones of black spruce (Abies nigra= mariana) at a depth of 115 feet.2° Five miles east of Iowa City, Johnson County,”! a peat bed occurs at a depth of 28 feet, which contains grass, wood and twigs, seeds and other plant remains, besides coleop- terous insects. In Linn County,” deep wells have indicated the presence of Aftonian deposits beneath Kansan and Iowan tills. A well section in Township 86 N. R. VI W., 180 feet above the flood plain of the Wapsipinicon River revealed the strata indicated below.” 7/0 3) Ce) <0) | Ee ee ee i caoneungony vernae 6 feet 6. Yellow clay, almost clear grit (Iowan loess).......0.....cscceccsssessscseecsesesesssescaesesessatsbecseans 20002 5. Blue clay, pebbly (Iowan drift)..00.00.0.0.ccc cee Tb said WG RI LO 38% 4. Clay, yellow, mixed with sand (Yarmouth) ...0.0.00.0.ccccssssesesesecteeeeseecsesneneesenevereeeaees She 3. Blue clay, with a few feet of muck (Kansan) !0.02/2.2..0-46s tess ee 152022 2. Whitish clay (Aftomian) :.:20.0.2 ee. csleeesicecccnctoe esse eceec ee a 2% Te Tame! rock 0) es A a a cee aes ot rr Lig Height of section::.20....5:cce ee 224 ” A section near Central City, believed to be in an old channel of the Wap- sipinicon River, gave a better showing of Aftonian.”4 Ppp 8) FN) cat 0) | VeRO Mere me ee Aer ee a eS a ood ee oe saber lscnoacacccoones ccc A feet 6: Yellow clay, pebbly (Lowan drift)... 003 00. 2 Os ner Sie 5. Yellowsand (Yarmouth) ie) is eee ae Seed se 4” 4. Blue clay, changeable from hard to soft every few feet (Kansan).........0....:cccccseeces 190 ” 3: Sand, fine white (Aftomiam) ji). ile dike lten! csi Dee ea 13:30 2. Sand. coarse, with wood (Aftonian)...2..0 2... se 12 a 1; Coarse gravel. (Aftonian))......:s2.40.204 ie ee 34 Height ;of section!: .t........0csnee ee OR Similar sections have been noted in other parts of the county. A very deep section of Pleistocene strata occurs at Stanwood, in an ancient (preglacial) river valley, in Cedar County.% This is indicated below: 9: Yellow clay’ (Eowan loess))..) vues a AU ie ee 8. Blue muck, ashen (Kansan loess) 7. Green, bright hard clay 6. Yellow clay (Loveland) 20 Bain, Geol. Iowa, V, pp. 153-154. 2) Webster, Amer. Nat., XXII, pp. 414-415. #2 Norton, Geol. Iowa, IV, pp. 168-184. OD) cit. ps L719: “OD. cit., p. Lid. % Norton, Geol. Iowa, XI, p. 344. THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 231 Supbte clay pebphy: (RaSai) Sos sscccce son ee ecke mene esee cial era er cartes odes Ceaceeie caesar sBeatee sr 65 feet 4. Sand with fragments of wood, 5 feet very fine, coarser below (Aftonian)................ eile Morais Seeblyrevclay. hard ipebbly; (Nebraskan)... en (5) 07 Zoe SEDITION EE One 1. Clay, black, hard, tough, dries like shale (Maquoketa shale)..........0..0.ccccuee 44.” Heightiolsectionie see 340 ” In Henry County, on the poor farm at Mt. Pleasant, the bones of a mastodon were found in a well, either in or immediately below the Kansan drift.” In Page County, near Blanchard, the bones of a mastodon were found in a well 54 feet below the surface and pieces of wood at 90-95 feet (vide Calvin and White). An old soil beneath Kansan drift has been recorded from the follow- ing localities, but no definite species of plants or animals are mentioned. Decatur,?” Benton,” Poweshiek,?® Wayne,*’ Iowa,’! Chickasaw, Monroe, Mitchell,** Kossuth, Hancock, and Winnebago,*> Cherokee and Buena Vista,* Clay and Obrien,” Henry,?* Howard,*® Cedar,‘® Worth,# Dubuque,” Ply- mouth,” Delaware,* Johnson,* Marshall,“ Guthrie, 7 Pottawattamie,‘*® Mills,*® Fremont,*® Lyon and Sioux, and Wapello counties.® 76 Anderson, Augustana-Lib. Pub., No. 5, p. 27. 27 Bain, Geol. Iowa, VIII, p. 286. % Savage, Geol. Iowa, XV, p. 201. 22 Stookey, Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 260. 80 Arey, Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 224. 31 Stookey, Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 172. * Calvin, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 279. % Beyer, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 379. * Calvin, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 326. * Macbride, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 100. * Macbride, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 317. 37 Macbride, Geol. Iowa, XI, p. 483. 38 Savage, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 289. 3° Calvin, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 62. “0 Norton, Geol. Iowa, XI, p. 343. “ Beyer, Geol. Iowa, X, p. 357. “ Calvin and Bain, Geol. Iowa, X, p. 463. * Bain, Geol. Iowa, VIII, p. 340. “ Calvin, Geol. Iowa, VIII, p. 164. * Calvin, Geo]. Iowa, VII, p. 84. * Beyer, Geol. Iowa, VII, p. 230. “7 Bain, Geol. Iowa, VII, p. 468. *® Udden, Geol. Iowa, XVII, p. 496. *° Calvin, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, p. 344. ®° Udden, Geol. Iowa, XII, pp. 165-167. Wilder, Geol. Iowa, X, p. 124. % Shimek, Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 307. 232 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Hay (Iowa Geol: Surv., XXIII) adds the following data concerning the vertebrate fauna of Iowa: Lee County, Montrose. Tooth of Equus niobrarensis at depth of 25 feet (p. 77). Pottawattamie County, near Oakland. Incisor tooth of Castoroides ohioensis from sand in Nishnabotna River (p. 82). Lyon County, Doon. Tusks of proboscidian in gravels, 25 feet below the surface (p. 83). | Mahaska County, near Oskaloosa. Right innominate bone of probosci- dian, brot from bed of Skunk River by hook of fisherman (page 440), possibly Aftonian. Leighton*” records Aftonian wood fragments in a soil zone beneath Kansan till, im new cuts on the C. M. & St. P. Ry., in the vicinity of Delmar Junction. 2. Nebraska In Nebraska, the Aftonian stage has been identified in Douglas County, good exposures occurring at Omaha, where Equus and Elephas imperator have been found, as well as at Council. Bluffs, just across the river.** In a cut near Hartington, Cedar County,™ the Kansan drift rests upon a calcareous marl from which the following mollusks have been identified: Valvata tricarinata Planorbis parsus Galba obrussa (=desidiosa) Succinea obliqua (=ovalis) ” palustris (imperfect specimen) Sphaerium striatinum Todd also describes a “volcanic ash”? stratum beneath drift, five or six miles south of Santee, Knox County. Beneath this stratum is a bed of lami- nated clay containing a multitude of the shells of Limnophysa desidiosa (= Gal- ba obrussa). Hay (op. cit., page 141) records Mylodon harlani? from Tecum- seh, Johnson County. 3. Missouri In Missouri, several deposits occur which should apparently be cor- related with the Aftonian stage. Three are well within the area covered by the Kansan drift sheet, the balance are near the southern limit of the drift. — Bain® records a forest bed nine feet in thickness and 120 feet below the surface in Harrison: County; McGee’’ mentions a forest bed in Macon County; and 534 Science, N.S., XLIV, p. 68, 1916. 53 Shimek, Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 308, XXI, p. 138. 54 Todd, Bull. 158, U.S. Geol. Surv., p. 73. 5% Op. cit., p. 70. 58 Geol. Iowa, VIII, p. 290. 7 Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, V, pp. 305-336. THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 233 Broadhead gives the following section from a well located five miles southwest of Gallatin, Daviess County, near Honey Creek:** EISSN eo cart Bae a eak sath ata ese ve REUNION SoBe wEeseH MES eta ech cuedeties Spica nen eet 1 foot VOLT EES SS eee ee lr a ete ar 3 feet Se VET REESE a ee oe GU Ea ap? wanfompclay- with, pebblesiand boulderstce sce secesce-ecsssce-cctessessaases tay se -aeveesgs cranks carstesee estes AAR wed PMBESERLEN Glee oe Peat MO er ryc eteatee ee see Nec A a caatle Rca UU ean Ua ee aaa creat ea BV FETTER COSA TIC ee vt Seat I ee rr, SUSE UTNE UE Me UMN Re ad SE SL MUN 1%” Memee Nona: Sancti oe ee eo rere hal AO MERE, SCA UR Mee aid PeepEpressarieu wa GhuStIGKS and leaves :cc.css.ccccectseeesseeleseecvaciecteste deseo re eaeteid eee ees Sia, Bem Fears heal OS Stet cere ica cos hee sct atk ec eaee GUA ec anskgn dg ap bach sage varia tid eve SeeoRUC oes OEY Sin In No. 5 of the above section, at a depth of 35 feet below the surface, an elm stick and a grapevine were seen. No. 5 is Kansan and the underlying deposits are certainly Aftonian. Several nearby wells (sections 27, 28, 29, and 33) contained wood, one at 40 feet (walnut) and another (pine) at 70 feet. South of the Missouri River, in the counties bordering the Missouri-Kansas state line, a few records appear referable to the Aftonian stage. Four miles north of Pleasant Hill, Cass County,>* the skull of a bison (Bison latifrons) was found in gravel with decomposing fresh water shells, at a depth of 12 feet, under soil and dark clay. In Bates County,®° a well at Papinville gave the subjoined section: ELT FLL CLES a a ee re aE eS ee SPE 30 feet 10 inches LE TIGUS, GEST. apical Gee eae Oe BI RE ar Pe aes ee NR oe ae Ne Oi Wea ne hse sang Stratum: with tooth Of HOTSE..............2..0..c2ccececesseseencessesssestuctaveueseads Qe ea exe wie EEL WEST kk eee SAR OR cen BPO al yyy ce The bones and tusks of a mastodon are reported from the banks of the Marias de Cygnes, embedded in similar deposits. In Vernon County, near Nevada,” a gravel bed occurred in a well boring, 16 feet below the surface, which contained a walnut log. Four miles north of this well, charred wood and bivalve shells were found at a depth of 19 feet. In Benton County, Platygonus compressus (= Dicotyles costatus) has been found associated with mastodon remains. Calvin® records several species of mammals from Aftonian deposits near Rockport, Atchison County, in the Whitman gravel pit, sect. 22, T. 64, N, R. 41 W. 8 Geol. Missouri, 1873-74, pp. 313-314. 59 Broadhead, Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 61- 62. 59 Ob. cit., pp. 60-61. 1 Broadhead, Geol. Missouri, 1873-74, p. 157. * Broadhead, Geol. Missouri, 1873-74, p. 121. & Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 61-62. * LeConte, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1852, pp. 5-6. ® Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, pp. 211-212. 234 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Neohipparion gratum®* Camelops kansanus? Equus complicatus Elephas columbi Equus niobrarensis 4. Kansas The Kansan ice sheet overran a small part of northeastern Kansas. Be- neath this till sheet the remains of vertebrates have been found which are evidently referable to the Aftonian stage. Lucas® gives the following reference to an extinct bison from this area: Millwood, Leavenworth County, 25 feet below the surface. Savage®’ has described a fossiliferous horizon in Douglas County southwest of Lawrence, near the Wakarusa River, which is certainly referable to the Aftonian. It is greatly to be regretted that the mus- sel (muscle) shells were not identified as to species. Of this deposit Savage says “The (mastodon) jaw was found in what was once the bottom of a fresh water lake or estuary, which extended for several miles both up and down the creek; its boundaries have not yet been determined, nor perhaps ever can be with exactness. That it extends out beneath the bottom lands adjoining, is proven by the many springs which issue from it in different localities up and down the stream, and it can be traced each way from where the jaw was found, some ten or twelve miles in extent. Besides the thick layer*of muscle shells which line this ancient lake-bed, we find the trunks of old trees protruding, as well as small sandy concretions containing net-veined leaves within them. In addition to these layers of muscle shells, old trees and concretions, we also find bones of what appear to be the remains of the buffalo, antelope, elk, and some other animals as yet undertermined; but all in an unfossilized state. This goes to prove that the animals whose bones we find along the same horizon with the mastodon, and are not fossilized, did not live contemporaneously with the mastodon whose jaw was found fossilized. We conclude then, that the mastodon jaw, though not way-worn at all, was washed into this old lake- bed after fossilization had taken place, and may be all of the animal that was preserved. “T might also add, that Mr. M. Sayler, during last summer, explored the banks of the Wakarusa for some ten or twelve miles by boat; his explorations only confirm our own previously made, and added considerally to our previous collection of unfossilized bones. “This lake-bed in which the mastodon jaw was found is about twenty-five feet below the present surface of the ground. Whatever fossil treasures are in this locality we cannot now determine; but so many bones have already been found that we already speak of it as the Bone-bed of the Wakarusa.” ©@ Hay, Iowa Geol. Survey, XXIII, p. 149. © Proc. U.S: Nat. Mus., XoXI, pp. 751. *’ Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 10-11. —— THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 235 A tusk and tooth of a mastodon have been found in eighteen Mile Creek, Franklin County, but the horizon is doubtful, altho it may have been Afton- ian.*8 The same holds true of the horn-core of Bison alleni, which was fished from the bed of the Big Blue River, a few miles from Manhattan, Riley County.*® This was.at first referred to Bison latifrons. In Linn County,*™ in coal shaft number 2, three and one-half miles south- west of Biocourt, in the valley of the Marias des Cygnes, the skull of Cas- toroides was found at a depth of 34 feet in a layer of sedimentary material of a bluish color overlying a deposit of sandy conglomerate. The deposit is be- lieved to be the same as that at Trading Post, which was above a conglomerate and contained bones of elephant, horse, camel, etc. A section at Trading Post exhibited the following strata (p. 391): Teg Sie LSE Be a ce I ROE en 6 feet SOOM a aan Len yee eos ed asc bce ectnc ant tab anc statis tassios sohucd shots catree esrataetg tat cae ee LEAP Pineraned yellow marl, verging into Shaler. occ lescccscstceseosssnsgcesecseck casereeivsereesereesstvees M2? PE Seea rc ba Sib med IN EXOTICS tee cos cece eae atest costes cot aisstaptotersvunacsssivia Tosis Lovsbucrversnsreeneree uae Wy” Conglomerate, lying on the heavy Bethany Falls limestone «0.0.00... eee wm” Height of sections 33 f The deposit at Biocourt is believed to be Aftonian and the skull has been named Castoroides kansensis. 5. South Dakota In South Dakota, Castoroides’® has been recorded by Calvin from Sioux Falls. Todd™ reports wood from wells in the lower part of the till which he refers to a preglacial or circumglacial forest. It is probably an Aftonian forest overriden by the Kansan ice. A section three and a half miles west of Fair- view, Lincoln County, on the Big Sioux River, apparently includes the Afton- ian.” The section is shown below: 11 £8 Ec cccececeaclh mitotic ado eg ae a RS CR De 6-10 feet. Till with irregular stratified sand strata toward the bottom. The lower 20 fee EIS pine and: almost free from PeDDIes: .. :..42...2.c.c.s0s:-sencsatangsesaneadsece-ectoeevseisvine 100-110 feet. Fine sand with large rusty concretions of upper portions and a few fragments of large, pearly shells (Unios). The stratum is of undeterminable thick- FSS cccunantiei acco ae Re eee ee oP aes SMe te ee en Es Pee ore ee es 20 feet. Unexposed. Probably much of it is a pebbleless clay of Cretaceous age.............. 110 feet. The sand containing Unios is apparently referable to the Aftonian interval. 88 Wheeler, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VI, p. 11. 5° Mudge, of. cit., V, pp. 9-10; Hay, Iowa Geol. Surv., XXIII, p. 326. 638 Martin, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., VI, No. 6, pp. 389-396, 1912. 79 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, p. 215. 1 Bull. 158, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 121. 7 Of. cit., p. 83. 236 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Todd’ records a dark old soil in the Big Sioux Valley, Minnehaha County, east of Sioux Falls, between two till sheets, and lists certain mollusks from the same horizon. Wilder” has published a section in which these mollusks occur. According to Carman” and Shimek,” the territory in the immediate vicinity of Sioux Falls is covered by Kansan drift, and hence the strata containing life which lie beneath the till must be Aftonian. There is no Wisconsin till in this region. Wilder’s section and list of fossils appear below: Cutting on I. C. RR., one half mile cast of Sioux Falls. 5: Sandy. loess; in*places sand) ci22. esi ee aes eeceecereneaeesec teresa 1-3 feet. 4) Drift, unoxidized, with fresh’ pebbles. ea eee 6-10 feet. 3: Silt; slate: color; with shells... 0. hooey ee Sa Oe ee 3 feet. 2. Gravel, stained, partially decayed’. .c.....c)redecetessecccsessesteceseteossteie need ea eam 1-2 feet. 1. Driftiwith ferretto/ very, distinct: ee ee eee en a eee 15 feet. The following fossils have been reported from No. 3. Planorbis bicarinatus (=antrosus) Sphaerium sulcatum (= simile) By parvus Vallonia costata (1 specimen) Physa heterostropha Mud turtle Galba caperata : Equus species (cervical vertebrae) Valvata iricarinata Smaller bones (undeterminable) Pisidium compressum From near “‘the brewery,” in Sioux Falls, two species of mollusks have been recorded: Galba caperata and Planorbis albus. Recently, Shimek has given special attention to the region about Sioux Falls and many sections are described by him which contain fossils referable to the Aftonian interval.”” At the Otis mill-site section, in Union County, situated on the west side of the Big Sioux River, opposite Chattsworth, Iowa, a dark fossiliferous silt resting on the Cretaceous, contains the following mollusks: Planorbis bicarinatus (=antrosus) Amunicola species B dilatatus Pisidium species Segmentina armigera Sphaerium sulcatum (=simile) Physa gyrina Unio, fragments Galba reflexa Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi ” humilis modicella Strobilops, fragment Valvata tricarinata In Sioux Falls the sections indicate that the Kansan ice ploughed up the Aftonian Interglacial silts, causing them to lie between two beds of Kansan 73 Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 122-130. 4 Geol. Iowa, X, p. 127. % Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XX, pp. 237-250. % Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXIII, pp. 125-154. 77 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIII, pp. 125-154, 1912. THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 237 till in some places. The section in the cutting of the Illinois Central Railway, as interpreted by Shimek, is shown below. Sandy, somewhat loess-like stratum, possibly aeolian 2-5 feet. erausweathered drift, probably Kansati. 0. cc ie.ce2s.tteccecetieecbebeencecss tenses sscttesencdye 7-9 feet. Gravel, sand, and silt: Sanchecra uel aniGuDOUlGers.i eee eee Ue SAN IR lime Uor al, weaney ae 1-2 feet. Silt with sand and pebbles, ferruginous. cz. ..--cscsceccensnecvececseeescrsseneceroccetceseseressecseas 2-4 feet. RATER OED.V El ANG! DOULGETS loc. oe veeescssc cose sadest osaccuek seca susassee OST ete eal atu Mere ntra 5-6 feet. Weathered gray drift, probably Kansan, exposed 2 feet From the silt a number of mollusks were obtained together with the bones of a horse.’8 * Planorbis bicarinatus (=antrosus) Galba reflexa he #3 parvus * ” caperata 2 dilatatus »” humilis modicella Ancylus rioularis * Pisidium compressum Valiata tricarinata 2 abditum (?) Amnicole species Sphaerium sulcatum (=simile) Segmentina armigera Anodonta imbecilis (?) * Physa integra * Vallonia costata ” — sayi(?) Equus scotti (E. laurentius, vide Hay) In the Collins sand pit the following evidences of life were observed:?® Unio species Equus scotti (E. niobrarensis, vide Hay) Sphaerium sulcatum (=simile) Castoroides species Mastodon and musk ox bones are recorded by Todd from lower strata east of Sioux Falls, near the Big Sioux River.®° 6. Moniana Alden®* records a pre-Wisconsin glacial drift in the region of Glacier National Park which is thot possibly to correspond with the Nebraskan or Kansan drift sheets. A second pre-Wisconsin is also thot possibly to be repre- sented. A section on St. Mary River north of Sloan’s Ranch, just north of the International Boundary, exhibits the following strata: Northeastern till, containing crystalline boulders.......0..0.00000:e Deh ire aC heh Murat Se Le | LMES, SEDC BS Ya] es aa Oe ee eR a ee ne eet 6 feet Soil, black clayey loam, consisting of the weathered surface oi the lower loess bed............ 10 feet Typical loess, containing concretions, hard shells, and bones of small animal................. 5 feet Northeastern drift containing many decomposed boulderS..............:.cccecessecsesesesteeeesereeseees 2 feet 4. sunercececloigt 22 aE BAe Ae EOE oP NSD REE oP OD aS SE oe RO PPE RL 78 Those species marked with an * were included in Todds list, where, however, Pkysa integra is identified as Physa heterostropha. 7° Calvin, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, pp. 211-212. 80 Bull. No. 158, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 85. 504 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, p. 546, 1913. 238 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 7. Minnesota It is not definitely known how far north the Aftonian deposits extend, but it is believed that they are represented in the southern part of Minnesota. Chamberlin® has correlated with the Aftonian certain peaty deposits in the basin of Lake Agassiz, together with other peat beds between the two till sheets in southern Minnesota, described by Winchell. At this time, however, the pre-Kansan or Nebraskan till sheet was but little known, and the Aftonian was placed above the Kansan. The recognition of the Aftonian as an interval between the Kansan and the Nebraskan, places some of these deposits from Minnesota above the Kansan, and hence correlates them with the Yarmouth Interglacial stage. A number of Minnesota records, however, appear to be referable to the Aftonian interval. In Wilkin County,” at Mitchell, a well record gave the following section: RS ToT AER eat ce a a NA 2 feet Yellowish-gray till... Ou OR Gray sande pee ee eee Ve BU Darkibluishetillie so cesses 3 ae Sandy black mud...........0.cc cece Ke The sandy black mud contained many small gastropod shells. The dark blue till is evidently Kansan and the shells are referable therefore to the Afton- ian interval. In McLeod County, a number of wells encountered mollusks at various depths.* A boring from the Stewart railroad well descended to a considerable depth, as noted below: Yellowish tile eee 20 feet Darkébluish tile eee 240 feet Sand with graveli 120 ee 5 feet Height of section.......... 265 feet ' At 100 feet, in a thin muddy layer, shells were found, and at 110 feet more shells. At 177 feet the trunk of a tree was encountered. In the sand and gravel at the bottom a number of fragments of bones were found. The dark bluish till includes both Wisconsin and Kansan till, and the shells at 100 and 110 feet are evidently referable to the Yarmouth interval. The bones in the gravel at the bottom are possibly Aftonian. In Cottonwood County gastropod shells and wood have been found 60 feet below the surface at Windom, and in Jackson County™ wood and small -™ Journ. Geol., III, pp. 272-273, 1895. 32 Geol. Min., Final Rep., II, p. 529. 4% Op. cil., pp. 186-187. 4 Op. cit., 1, p. 511. > ~~ THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 239 gastropod shells are reported from a depth of 100 feet. The great depths of these deposits indicate that they underlie the Kansan drift and are therefore referable to the Aftonian interval. The records from Murray,” Nobles,® and Rock counties*’ also apparently belong to the same horizon. From the last, at Luverne, clam shells and wood are reported from a depth of 81 feet. Red cedar and tamarack occur in these strata. It is also extremely probable that the old soils reported from Olmsted,*” Filmore, and Winona counties should be referred to the Aftonian stage. ; 8. Wisconsin Few evidences of Aftonian life have been observed from this state. An old, pre-Kansan drift has been recorded by Wiedman*’ who describes it as “a very old, thin drift.”” Koehler’** describes an old forest bed 4 to 12 inches thick, near Woodville, St. Croix Co., which appears to be referable to the Aftonian interval. The wood was identified as spruce. The order of strata was as follows: Illinoian drift Weathered soil Kansan drift Old torest bed Pre-Kansan drift 9. Illinois In Illinois, Aftonian deposits are apparently indicated in several places. At Bloomington, McLean County, a well section passes thru many deposits, showing the Aftonian at the base.*? mesurace soil and brown! Clay (WisCOMSiD.:.:::/2...ccccs..:.c.00s-ccseseressessee-soseceteees Secultse t 10 feet. PMBE SEBEL AVE ( VVISCOLISEE)) perena thse oie. che ccstarsere seth: esesccs ds azcsecasebora sata oaca cas deine est eae a 40.” Spemearcbue Lye lardn pany (VWISCONSII) oe. ae cles cscnc occu cae e alse doses eden vacre svascu ster vacupiese Seveaseots 0) 4. Black mold with pieces of wood (Sangamon).....0.....0.0..0..cecccsessssete ceeseeeeeee ny Lae ee 13in 72 peetdarepair ane clay, (hliinoiamM) oe. ie eco ies bocce i csesrn eden Mote soon ae 89 ” Smtartecariold) (Yarmouth) 5,505. 2e see ed Ee ea ea ONY MEERIETE LACS ATISAT 0 ace tee a cL cee le Male or eet he Hume el Mt SAH 8. Sand, buff and drab, with fossil shells (Aftonian).................. tire SEE Pee eta Dest? Heiphtvotisectiones re ene Dysph 0: Bannister®® records Helicina occulta from No. 8 and suggests that the deposit may be loess. % Op. cit., I, p. 529. £6 Op. cit., p. 530. 37 Op. cit., p. 553; 264; 312. 38 Science, N. S., XX XVII, No. 951, p. 457, 1913. 334 American Forestry, XXII, pp. 92-93, 1916. *9 Leverett, Illincis Glacial Lobe, p. 108. $9 Geol. Illinois, IV, p. 178. 240 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE In the vicinity of Rock Island several exposures referable (apparently) to the Aftonian occur, and a well section is given by Leverett which is repro- duced below: mh WHR oA = Yellow. till) (probably, Witnolan) i... .ee esses tec ee 5 feet. : Blackomuck. (Yarmouth?) eile be ee lel sates set estas teeta oe pk? Brown‘ till (leached: 2 or 3 feet) ..0..ccci belek bee. eee 74 . Blue till (probably Kansan): 0.003. .04e0n eeeeeee 4” . Black calcareous silt, with gastropod fossils.......c.cccccccscscssssecstesecseccsecsessvesnecsesseesscaveess Bre seBlackemuckse ees RAIN UNEP RUU ON Me arcane Sona . Green muck witha few local’ pebbles: een St ee . (Coal measure shale...) eS Rae ten cae ee ean a an KY Height of section... cee ee 34.” The gastropod shells in No. 4 were identified as follows: Helicina occulta Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pupa allticola Succinea avara Similar deposits occur in the b'uffs east of Cordova, Illinois, and Clinton, Towa. How far eastward the Aftonian biota may have extended is not at present definitely known. Like the fauna and flota of the Pliocene, it was probably widely distributed in all directions. Several deposits outside of the southern limits of the ice sheets may possibly be correlated with this stage, as for example the Hay Springs, Nebraska, fauna, and the Christmas Lake, Oregon, fauna. 10. Canada No deposits of unquestionable Aftonian age are known from Canada. Coleman® in a late paper refers the Toronto Interglacial deposits to the Afton- ian interval. The fauna of these deposits seems more like that of the Yar- mouth or Sangamon, especially the mammals. The deposits have usually been classed as post-IIlinoian (Sangamon) and they are so considered in this paper. More conclusive data seem necessary to correlate these deposits with the Aftonian. A new species of plant (Ficus) found in interglacial deposits of the Kootenay Valley,” British Columbia, may belong to the Aftonian interval, as well as the Montana deposits described by Alden and mentioned on a previous page of this work. No age is given by Hollick. It is also possible that they may be of Yarmouth age and post-Kansan. 1 Leverett, Mon. XX XVIII, p. 114; Udden, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, p. 103. 82 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, pp. 243-254, 1915. 3 Hollick, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, p. 159, 1915. THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 241 TII. SySTEMATIC CATALOG OF THE BIOTA REFERRED TO THE AFTONIAN INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL p PLANTS BRYOPHYTA HYPNACEAE Camptoihecium nitens (Schreb.) Schimp. =H ypnum nitens. Drepanocladus fluitans(L.) Warnst. = % fluitans. sg revolvens Swartz. = ” revolvens. Calliergon richardsoni Lesq. and Jams. = ” richardsoni. PTERIDOPHYTA Species indet. SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE PINACEAE Pinus species Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch=L. americana. Picea species. » mariana (Mill.) BSP.=Abies nigra Link. ANGIOSPERMAE MONOCOTYLEDONAE GRAMINEAE Species indet. DICOTELEDONEAE SALICACEAE Populus species JUGLANDACEAE - Juglans species URTICACEAE Ulmus species VITACEAE Vitis species ANIMALS MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA UNIONIDAE Quadrula metanevra Rat. Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea) Anodonta imbecilis Say (?) 242 Sphaerium sulcatum (Lam.) a striatinum (Lam.) Helicina occulta Lam. Valavta tricarinata Say Amnicola species Physa integra Hald. ” sayi? Tappan. Ancylus rivularis Say Planorbis antrosus Conrad MY parvus Say m dilatatus Gould Galba obrussa (Say) ”” — galbana (Say) humilis modicalla (Say) ” Carychium exiguum (Say) Succinea ovalis Say ”” —_ avara Say Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Bifidaria armifera (Say) ye contracta (Say) Sphyradium edentulum alticola (Ingersoll) Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry Zonitoides arborea (Say) Polygyra monodon (Rackett) 7 multilineata (Say) minuscula (Binney) LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE SPHAERIIDAE Pisidium abditum (Hald.) as compressum (Prime) GASTROPODA ° HELICINIDAE VALVATIDAE Valvata bicarinata Lea AMNICOLIDAE Amnicola emarginata Kiister PHYSIDAE Physa gyrina Say A plexa hypnorum (Linn.) ANCYLIDAE PLANORBIDAE Planorbis albus Miiller (=hirsutus Gld.) Segmentina armigera (Say) LYMNAEIDAE Galba caperata (Say) ” — palustris (Miiller) ” — reflexa (Say) AURICULIDAE Carychium exile H. C. Lea SUCCINEIDAE Succinea retusa Lea VALLONIIDAE Vallonia costata (Miiller) PUPILLIDAE Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) - virgo (Pilsbry) ENDODONTIDAE Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) Pyramidula alternata (Say) ZONITIDAE Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) Vitrea hammonis (Strom.) HELICIDAE Polygyra profunda (Say) THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 243 INSECTA COLEOPTERA Wing cases, species undetermined VERTEBRATA REPTILIA Mud turtle MAMMALIA" MEGATHERIIDAE * Megalonyx leidyi? Lindahl * Mylodon harlani? Owen EQUIDAE * Equus complicatus Leidy * Equus excelsus Leidy * ” laurentius Hay * Neohipparion gratum (Leidy) * »” niobrarensis Hay TAYASSUIDAE * Mylohyus? temerarius Hay * Platygonus compressus Le Conte CAMELIDAE * Camelops kansanus Leidy? * Camelus species CERVIDAE * Alces shimeki Hay BovIDAE * Aftonius calvini Hay * Bison, cf. allent Marsh ELEPHANTIDAE * Mammut americanum (Kerr) * Elephas primigenius Blum. » — progenium Hay Ge ” — columbi Falconer * Rhabdobunus mirificus (Leidy) + ” —_ imperator Leidy CASTORIDAE Castor canadensis CASTOROIDIDAE * Castoroides ohioensis Foster ‘s 4 kansensis Martin URSIDAE Ursus americanus Pallas IV. Summary The Aftonian Interglacial Stage is known to have extended from south central Minnesota, south to northem Missouri, and from eastern Nebraska and South Dakota eastward to western Illinois and Wisconsin. It has been definitely recorded from almost every part of Iowa; its wide distribution is shown by the list of counties (39) indicated below. Buchanan Fayette Lyon Pottawattamie Benton Fremont Linn Sioux % An * indicates that the animal is extinct. 244 Buena Vista Chickasaw Cherokee Clay Cedar Decatur Dubuque Delaware LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Guthrie Harrison Hancock Henry Howard Towa Johnson Kossuth Monona Union Mitchell Washington Mills Wayne Marshall * Woodbury Normal Winnebago Obrien Worth Plymouth Wapello Powershiek In the adjoining states it is known from the following counties: Cedar Union Cottonwood Jackson Atchison Bates Benton Nebraska Knox Linn South Dakota Minnehaha Minnesota McLeod Murray Nobles Missourt Cass Daviess Kansas Leavenworth McLean Illinois Wisconsin St. Croix Douglas Lincoln Rock Wilkin Harrison Macon Vernon Douglas Rock Island The Aftonian was a time of luxuriant forests, the climate was moist, and the winters were not too severe for such animals as the elephant, horse, and peccary. The types of mollusks indicate a climate not essentially different from that of today. The fresh water mollusks also indicate the presence of large streams, while the land snails attest the presence of a rich flora. A study of the entire biota reveals two types of life: (1) a warm temperate, in which the naiads and other mollusks and the larger part of the mammals lived, and (2) a cold temperate climate in which a boreal flora flourished. Shimek remarks that the molluscan fauna of the Aftonian suggests aquatic and low ground conditions, but the mammal fauna suggests also upland or prairie conditions. It is probable that both types of topography prevailed. THE NEBRASKAN ICE INVASION 245 Reviewing the biota, it is observed that 14 species of plants are represented and 75 species of animals, distributed as follows: Molluskseccnescns oe 50 species Insects (wings)............ 5. Se Vertebrates... D5 5. prt Oi these all are now living with the exception of a large part of the mammals of which 23 or 92 percent are extinct. The mammalian fauna resembles most closely the fauna of the Equus zone or Sheridan formation described by Osborn. It likewise resembles the fauna of the bone caves of Pennsylvania as well as the Hay Springs fauna of Nebraska and Hay has stated his belief that all of these deposits should be referred to the Aftonian.® There is clearly a very close resemblance between the species represented, and particularly between the extinct species, but this would most likely be the case in the first inter- glacial interval, not only for the reason that the large mammals could find refuge south of the ice sheet, but also because all of the species undoubtedly lived in abundance in the region south of the affected territory, where the en- vironment was possibly but little changed, and formed a reserve fauna which migrated northward as soon as the Aftonian climate became favorable. % Smith. Mis. Coll., LEX, p. 15. CHAPTER VIII THE KANSAN ICE INVASION AND THE YARMOUTH INTERGLA- CIAL INTERVAL I. THE KANSAN IcE INVASION Following the Aftonian Interglacial interval, climatic conditions again became severe and a second ice sheet, the Kansan, advanced-and covered a large portion of the United State: (Plate XLVI). East of the 110th meridian the ice sheet extended a short distance south and west of the Missouri River in Montana, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri. The largest known lobe extended southward west of the Mississippi River and the driftless area, spreading entirely over Iowa and entering Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri, as well as a narrow strip in western Illinois. Another lobe entered Illinois but its extent is not known as it is completely covered by the later Illinoian ice sheet. The Kansan has been definitely located beneath the Ilinoian till, however, and its presence is beyond question. The extent of this till beneath later glacial deposits is not known. An old till sheet is known in northern Pennsylvania, but whether it is Kansan or Nebraskan has not been definitely determined.? The Kansan ice picked up pieces of wood, tree trunks and branches and other material on the surface of the Aftonian soil. In some places, as in Monona and Harrison counties, Iowa, the Kansan ice ploughed up the Aftonian and Nebraskan deposits, either incorporating the frozen gravel and sand in the base of itself, or pushing these deposits until they were either vertical or actually lay over the Kansan deposits.” Il. THe YARMOUTH INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL This interglacial interval is better developed and has been more fully studied in the states of Iowa and Illinois. The sands, gravels, silts, and mucks have preserved a well marked fauna of which the largest number of 1 Consult the following references for information on this point: Butts, Warren Folio, U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 172, pp. 6-7. Leverett, Mon. U.S. Geol. Surv., XLI, pp. 253-254. Munn, Sewickley Folio, U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 176, p. 6. Willard, Tower Folio, U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 168, p. 2. Williams, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX XVII, pp. 84-87. 2 Shimek, Iowa Geol. Surv., XX, p. 351. THE KANSAN ICE INVASION 247 ~ species, however, are terrestrial. The deposits are of three kinds: (1) sands and gravels, (2) muck and old soils, and (3) loess or aeolian sands. The latter is widespread over Iowa and portions of the adjoining states and contains an” abundant and varied fauna. To the above may be added the ‘Gumbo’ or Loveland formation, which, however, is never fossiliferous in the typical deposit. This is a heavy clay and is believed to have “been formed during the melting of the Kansan ice when silt was carried into ice-bound basins, these being located at first on the higher ridges where the thinner ice was the first to melt, and when the ice finally disappeared these masses of silt, often lens- shaped, were spread upon the underlying Kansan drift.’ The Loveland has been called loess by many geologists, and its silty charac- ter has been the cause of much of the controversy as to whether the loess was water laid or wind laid. Another deposit formed at a little later stage is the Buchanan gravels, which are widespread in Iowa and other states. Chrono- logically the post-Kansan deposits stand as follows, reading from the lower stratum upward: V. Post-Kansan loess IV. Yarmouth soil horizon III. Buchanan gravels II. Loveland silt I. Kansan drift I. THE YARMOUTH SOIL AND WEATHERED ZONE The name Yarmouth was given by Leverett’ to a soil and weathered zone which lies between the overlapping portions of the Kansan and Illinoian drift sheets in eastern Iowa. Old soils and weathered zones occur in parts of Iowa, Illinois, and other states which are believed to be referable to this stage. A typical section, from a well near Yarmouth, Des Moines County, Iowa, show- ing the position of the interglacial deposits, is given below.’ Samat tar sea LevATtIs: OL OWATIcIOESS) occ. z.soesiecceeseoe pels isda ete Nooetnskse teeoe seen eae 4 feet 2 EDanrietesl nn 72a yal a) MOTT (0) Feo) nen tle pee aI nD eNO ID 8 eumrat SUREMIIROESLIFIO IATL) = S08: 8 net eS sere Ue Sy ote ee a Doe NRA eae, ry 0), fapecae ped with twigs and bones (Varmouth))../.........0....:cctecsccsssoweessscessscaeeserseseseseceee 1S 3. Gray or ashy sandy clay, containing wood (Yarmouth) .0.......ccccccccscssecseceessesesseees 12 Pane mcEitete OV ALENIGOUEH) 9: oe. ee ea cei ee Nh a le se Ee Ny dala LOM i Yellow sandy till with few pebbles (Kamsan)..........0....ccecccsscescscecssssesesescssseceseeceeees 3S ani Height of Section.............. MO) 3 Shimek, Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 373. See also Kay, Science, N.S., XLIV, p. 637, 1916, for the term “Gumbotill.” * Hlinois Glacial Lobe, p. 119; Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, pp. 81-86. ® Leverett, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, p. 82; Ill. Glacial Lobe, p. 42. 248 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE The Yarmouth stratum No. 4 contained the bones of the following mammals: Lepus sylvaticus Mephitis mephitica Deposits of Yarmouth age have been observed near West Point and Den- mark, Lee County, Davenport, Iowa, and near Woodville, Payson, and Quincy, Adams County, Illinois. II. DISTRIBUTION OF THE YARMOUTH BIOTA 1. IOWA The Yarmouth is represented near Davenport, Scott County, from which place several good sections have been recorded. Pratt® recognized this old soil horizon many years ago and published an excellent section, which is copied below. The interpretations are the writer’s, based on the works of Leverett and other geologists. 1, Recent’ soil). s NU Ma eC NYE eee 1 foot 2. Yellow clay (loess) with Succinea obliqua, S. avara, Helicina occulta. Pupa fal- lex, Hf: striatella, (Mlinoian| loess) about:ohenseso eee 20 feet 3. Bluish-gray clay, with shells of above, mammoth remains at junction of (2) and (3)... (Kansan loess) 2). ee ny ee 3-5 “ 4, Brown peat with Hypnum aduncum and pieces of coniferous wood (Yarmouth) 1 foot 5. Ancient soil, dark brown color (Yarmouth Soil)........0.c..cccsccsssssseesesesseesceeeseesesecseeseene 2 feet 6: Boulder clay ‘(blue clay) Kansan tiles ee, oe 13% The section was in a cut made by the C. R. I. & P. R. R. west of Davenport, and is interesting as showing evidence of erosion between 3 and 4, evidently accomplished previous to the deposition of the loess stratum number 3. Web- ster’ later uses the same section, adding the remains of Coleoptera from the ancient soil number 5. Shimek® refers the old soil and peat horizons to the Aftonian and the blue clay to the Nebraskan till, but this disposition cannot be correct, the underlying till sheet being clearly Kansan. Leverett? has published several sections from Davenport, one of which, along Eighth Street between Myrtle and Vine streets, is shown below. Towan loessy:: 6/7. Ma S08 QU Ue URN Es UE Se Oe 30 feet Reddish-brown surface of Illinoian till sheet, leached and stained during Sanga- mon Interglacial Stage: eee nee eee crac cee eee 214-3 feet Brown calcareous till, crumbling readily; a characteristic Ilinoian till.................. 15 feet Ash-colored gummy clay with black streaks, apparently of humus, representing the) Yarmouth Interglactal Stagen/sii..cccsesesssesccseeet ee 2-3 feet § Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., I, p. 97, 1876. 7 Amer. Nat., XXII, pp. 415-416, 1888. § Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 376. 9 Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 45; the Iowan loess also includes the Illinoian loess in its lower part. fr THE KANSAN ICE INVASION 249 Brown till, calcareous, fracturing in cubic blocks, color changing to grayish blue iste — to feet=a Characteristic Wansam) Gills scctccese cece ocean eee tees tearaite 25 feet Height of section about.. 75 feet In Lee County, in the bluffs near Fort Madison, the Kansan till contains vegetation among which Penhallow identified:!° Larix americana? Taxus canadensis? Taxus species The vegetation is said by Keyes to be embeded in the blue till, but no depth isstated. As the Kansan is here 60 feet in thickness, and is overlaid by yellow- ish Ilinoian drift, it is assumed that the organic remains were in the upper part of the Kansan drift, and hence of Yarmouth age. In the same county," “between Fort Madison and Montrose there are high bottoms, consisting of beds of sand and gravel, the surface of which is from 20 to 30 feet above the present high watermark. Along the rapids there is a bed of Unios in band-like form, extending on both sides of the river at an elevation from 15 to 20 feet above present high water mark, nearly the whole distance from Nauvoo to Keokuk. Just below Mansion House at Nauvoo, the mussel bed is 25 feet above ordinary level of the river. The shells are white and waterworn, the deposit 12 to 18 inches thick.”” The Unios mentioned have not been identified. Like the benches along the Missouri River, these high bottoms are probably remnants of the old Kansan drift plain and hence the Unios may be referred to the Yarmouth Interglacial interval. Along the rivers in Plymouth, Harrison, and Monona counties, extensive benches occur which have been mistaken for river terraces. These are said by Shimek” to be remnants of the old drift plain showing the same structure as the Kansan drift. “Near the mouth of Broken Kettle Creek, Plymouth County, there is a higher terrace very faintly cut in the loess. Its upper sur- face is marked by the presence of Unios 45 feet above low water in the Sioux. This level corresponds to the flat and well-marked bottom land found in the upper portion of Broken Kettle Creek. The Unios occur in little groups or colonies, nested together along this horizon, and at the same horizon ordinary loess fossils occur. The same phenomena are found in Woodbury County, at North Riverside, though at a lower horizon relative to the present water level. In Monona County, near Castana and Turin, there is a very well marked loess 19 Keyes, Geol. Surv. Iowa, III, pp. 357-358. 1 Worthen, Geol. Surv. Iowa, I, p. 186, 1858. ® Geol. Iowa, XX, p. 291. 250 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE terrace about 70 feet above the river and similar terraces are common in the region.’?% Shimek" lists the species found at the above locality, as follows: Unio anodontoides Unio rubiginosus ” donaciformis ” undulatus ” elegans Succinea lineata ” pustulosus Helicodiscus lineatus Yarmouth soil, 12-18 inches thick, has been observed, between Kansan drift and loess, in Washington and Hancock townships, near Dalton.¥ At Sioux City three species of naiads have been obtained from loess-like silt. d Unio undulatus ” rubiginosus ” pustulosus The mammoth, Elephas species, has been reported from both Cedar and Washington counties. In the former county,!® from a creek in Springfield Township, (five miles southeast of Clarence) flowing thru Iowan drift underlaid by Kansan loess and till? Here a bed of white alluvial clay is overlaid by gravel, but it is not known from which deposit the mammoth teeth came. In sect. 14, T. 74 N, R. 8 W, Washington County,!* the bones of this animal were found in an area fifteen feet square in a deposit of black mud and vegetable mold with some clay, six feet below the surface of the ground. In Linn County, the following deposits are shown in a section at Bertram, near the mouth of Big Creek:!9 5. Loess-like loam...) . 22 en ce EON es alae 3 feet 4, Sand interstratified with sandy Clay... .....c.:..cc:0).cs:c:-e0ssscesee stereos eeeeee eee 4.” 3. Sand, finely and horizontally stratified, fine above, growing coarser below (Iowan) 30 ” 2. Sand and gravel; with’ cobble/stones: (1.15. oe eae ae eee ee 3: ia 1. Slope’ ofjfine whitish’ clay to water in creek. .).0..20000. Aine eee ee ee One Heightiof section::..:.c:0.5 ee 462% In a gravel pit belonging to the C. & N. W. R. R., across the creek from the above section, coniferous wood was found between numbers 2 and 3. Bones of mastodon, mammoth, and buffalo are reported to be frequently found in 13 Bain, Geol. Surv. Lowa, VIII, pp. 340; 336; 348. 4 Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, pp. 37, 44; Hay (Iowa Geol. Surv., XXIII, p. 70) states that — Shimek refers the majority of these shells to the work of the aboriginal inhabitants, and they are therefore not listed with the Yarmouth fauna. 18 Shimek, of. cit., pp. 37, 44. 16 Norton, Geol. Iowa, XI, p. 377. 17 Gass and Pratt, Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., IIL, pp. 177-178. 18 Anderson, Augustana Lib. Pub., No. 5, p. 26. 18 Norton, Geol. Iowa, IV, p. 173. THE KANSAN ICE INVASION 251 these deposits. Similar deposits, referable to the Yarmouth interval, are reported from Jones,”? Allamakee,” and Howard” counties. McGee in his classic work” on the Pleistocene of northeastern Iowa, records the remains of a once luxuriant flora, some of which may be of Yarmouth age. Much of the material, however, is probably of Peorian age. Logs, sticks, branches, twigs, cones, leaves, stems and roots of grasses, and other plant remains are found in peaty soils, usually at the junction of two drift sheets. From this chaotic material have been identified: Juniperus virginiana, elm, ash, pine, sumach, hickory, oak, walnut, tamarack, and willow. From Emmet County, at Wallingford, fossil wood thot to be Picea alba (=canadensis) is reported by Thomas” from glacial drift at a depth of 80 feet. This depth would penetrate the Wisconsin drift and reach the Kansan which apparently underlies the Wisconsin in this part of Iowa. It may, therefore, be referred to the Yarmouth interval, tho it might be of later date. The horse, Equus complicatus, is reported from near Sandspring, Delaware County; it was lying on a knoll of Niagara limestone. Hay” infers that this may be referable to the Yarmouth stage. a. Post-Kansan Loess The Kansan drift in Iowa is covered pretty generally (tho not uniformly) with a fine, bluish or whitish loess which is highly fossiliferous. This loess extends beneath the Illinoian drift sheet to the east and beneath the Iowan and Wisconsin drift sheets in the northern part of Iowa. Just how far the deposit may extend thruout the adjoining states is not at present known, but it is believed to be of wide distribution. In a recent paper, Alden and Leighton** question the distinction between the gray and yellow loess, the two being thot to be the result of loess deposition during but one interval, the post-lowan or Peorian, the yellow color being due to leaching. Considerable data are given by these authors which seem to support such a conclusion. If this condition should prove true of all of the loess deposits beyond the Wisconsin area, many of the records of fossils herein referred to Yarmouth and Sangamon time would have to be transferred to Peorian time. This conclusion would lead to the recognition of a distinct period during which the loess was deposited, as contended by many early geologists. 20 Calvin, Geol. Iowa, V, pp. 65-66. 1 Orr, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XIV, p. 232. 2 Calvin, Geol. Iowa, XII, p. 63. 3 An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., XI, pp. 487, 489. 2% Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XXIV, pp. 454-455. % Science, N. S., XXX, p. 491. * Towa Geol. Surv., 26 Ann. Rept., pp. 49-212, 1917; Leighton, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., pp. 87-92, 1917. 252 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE However, it has not been thot necessary to change any of the statements or lists of loess fossils appearing under the Yarmouth or Sangamon Interglacial inter- valsin this work. The transfer of some of these records to the Peorian interval would not materially affect the general discussion of the life of the Pleistocene Period. At Iowa City, Johnson County, a Kansan loess occurs beneath an Iowan loess; a section given by Webster” is reproduced below: 1.) Very. fine brownish’““loamy.’? {soil i eee ee eee 3 inches 2. Very fine and homogeneous yellowish-clayey earth (Iowan loess)...........:ccccccssee000 15 feet. 3. Very fine and homogeneous bluish-gray clayey earth, with fossils (Kansanloess) 5 feet. The following fossils have been identified from the Kansan loess: Old name Modern name Zonites viridulus Vitrea hammonis ” limatulus Pyramidula shimekit ” fulous Euconulus fulous Patula strigosa Oreohelix iowensis ” — striatella Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi Ferrusacia subcylindrica Cochlicopa lubrica Pupa muscorum Pupilla muscorum ” blandit ” blandi Vertigo simplex Sphyradium edentulum alticola Mesodon multilincata Polygyra multilineata Vallonia pulchella Vallonia gracilicosta Succinea avara Succinea avara ” var. vermeta ” -grosvenori? obliqua obliqua Helicina occulta Helicina occulta Limnaea desidiosa Galba obrussa Physa species Physa gyrina Pisidium species Pisidium species Egg shell of small helix ” DEM Shimek” has published several lists of the mollusks of the loess of Iowa — City. These lists do not separate the faunas of the post-Kansan and post- Iowan loeses; the statement is made however, that they both contain practically the same species. The species not listed by Webster are tabulated below: Bifidaria armifera >? pentodon Vertigo ovata Vitrea indentata Zonitoides minuscula % Amer. Nat., XXII, pp. 417-419. % Op. cit., p. 119. Pyramidula perspectiva ” — alternata Helicodiscus parallelus Succinea species Galba caperata 27 Amer. Geol., I, pp. 149-152; XXVIII, p. 345. THE KANSAN ICE INVASION 253 Polygyra profunda Galba humilis modicella ” multilineata (small form) A fossiliferous Kansan loess occurs in the bluff above Hershey Avenue, Muscatine, which contains a varied molluscan fauna. Leverett?* quotes the subjoined list, after Udden. Helicina occulta Cochlicopa lubrica Polygyra multilineata (young, probably Pyramidula alternata this species) ” pers pectiva ”? _ monodon 23 cronkhitei anthonyi Strobilops virgo Succinea avara Bifidaria pentodon ” — obliqua Pupilla blandi (listed as muscorum?®) Galba caperata ” muscorum (vide Shimek?®) Valvata sincera The Valvata evidently belongs to an earlier period than the loess, when fluviatile conditions prevailed in the Yarmouth stage. It may also have been artifically introduced at a later stage. The species is questionable, the name sincera formerly embracing several species, as Jewisii, bicarinata perdepressa, etc. McGee* has published a list of loess fossils from Muscatine, furnished by Prof. Witter, which contains several species not included in the Udden and Leverett lists. These are: Helix fulva (= Euconulus fulvus) ” pulchella (=Vallonia gracilicosta?) Pupa quarticaria (= Bifidaria corticaria) ” simplex (=Sphyradium edentulum alticola) It is not known from just what horizon Witter’s shells were secured and the list is therefore not available for use in the present connection. The five naiades listed (which are referred to later) belong to a later period. At Davenport, two loesses occur above the Yarmouth deposits, one, the lower, post-Kansan (bluish-gray) and the other, the higher (yellowish in color) post-Ilinoian, the interval between marking the presence of the Illinoian ice sheet.. The post-Kansan loess contains the following species: Succinea obliqua Leucochila fallax ”» avara Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi Helicina occulta The tusk and molars of a mammoth were found in the upper part of the loess, at its junction with the post-Illinoian loess. It may possibly belong to 78 Tilinois Glacial Lobe, p. 174. Modern names are here used. 29 Shimek, Amer. Geol., XXVIII, p. 346. #0 11th An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 471. 31 Pratt, Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., I, p. 97. 234 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE the Sangamon or post-Illinoian interval. Shimek (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXI, page 139) states that Witter’s specimen was a fragment of a molar of Elephas primigenius from a layer of Aftonian gravel one foot thick. At Des Moines, a loess occurs between the Kansan and Wisconsin drifts, which contains a large and varied molluscan fauna _ All are apparently refer- able to the post-Kansan interval.” (Modern names used.) Gallba humilis modicella Strobilops labyrinthica (perhaps virgo) ” obrussa (=desidiosa) Euconulus fulvus Carychiwm exiguum (exile, vide Shimek) Helicodiscus parallelus(=lineatus). Succinea obliqua Vallonia pulchella . ” avara (gracilicosta, vide Shimek) Polygyra clausa Zonitoides arborea ” — multilineata ie minuscula ” — thyroides? Bifidaria pentodon ”? — monodon “ armifera ” Pyramidula alternata corticaria iff strigosa (=Oreohelix iowensis)Pupilla muscorum ” — striatella Vertigo ovata (=cronkhitei anthony?) Helicina occulta Bain* lists the fauna of Des Moines, indicating that the loess underlies Wisconsin drift, and adds five species. Zonitoides shimeki (=Pyramidula shimeki) Pupa blandi (= Pupilla bland?) Vertigo simplex (=Sphyradium edentulum alticola) Cochlicopa lubrica Limnaea caperata (=Galba caperata) Pyramidula strigosa iowensis (=Oreohelix iowensis) A post-Kansan loess underlies the Wisconsin drift in Storey County A good exposure has been observed, in Washington Township, along Clear and Walnut creeks, the latter showing the following section: . Drift, yellowish above, bluish below (Wisconsin)......0.......cccccccccscsssescsssseessescseseseseseneteceeeee 20 feet Loess, sandy below (post-Kansam))2o.0../0..locsscceccatetetbseeoitesssteeastieesee ee 20a Clay, blue with much coarse gravel (Kamnsam)....:........ccccsescscesesssssceesesesesssesseesesstoassee exposed. The upper four feet of the loess is stained yellow-brown along joint planes, and grades downward into massive, structureless, pale blue clayey silt con- taining, in places, an abundance of root casts, wood fragments and black carbonaceous spots, and emits a distinct swamp-like odor. The entire deposit 3 McGee and Call, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XXIV, pp. 202-223 (list p. 216). *® Geol. Iowa, VII, p. 344. 4 Beyer, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., VI, p. 118. . , 7710 Sana Eight species of mollusks were obtained from the deposit No. 3. Lymnaea catascopium (short spired variety Planorbis bicarinatus(=antrosus y y Valvata tricarinata % parous? i 2 (keelless variety,=ecarinata?) Pisidium abditum 7) Amnicola limosa porata? Sphaerium striatinum With the shells also occured a number of diatoms as well as several higher plants, which are enumerated below: Elodea canadensis Vallisneria spiralis Taxus canadensis At Churchbridge, on the Manitoba and Northwestern Railway, a well showed the following section: ® 1s \Sandyiloam ai.) 8 EE ERS ee Ried Sie Seis ee ee . 8 feet 2: Clay with! gravel| and’ smalll'stones eee iiececshe eee iacee eee ee 12:42 3. Gray;samds).. 5c. est are slicy ss asc ecomelee lee see ier HERING eee oer B72 40 Can. Geol. Surv., 1890-91, p. 116E, 217E, 1892. M1 Op. cil., p. 142 E. THE KANSAN ICE INVASION 279 Berocksiand(clayaboutiall rocks}... EN Nee a en ects 3 feet peBirevclayangismalliston es: cccsccvereiie cols ee eects Aries cee heen ee Mh 732 BPRS EAN! STIL sos od con St ae SRS aa rr eR ce oc acrs taedr ees OTS Ua ELS geet ett 132 7. Soft blue clay with layers of sand one inch thick about every two feet, no pebbles RNA BOUL C ESS seco eas asec ieee eee ace Ha aE Act Sean ea tUE EN hee se Loe Me a 234 ” Heightiofisectionn se ee ee oy In the bed number 7, at a depth of 200 feet, a piece of wood was found which Prof. Penhallow has named Larix churchbridgensis. The same species has been reported from southern Manitoba in postglacial deposits.!” In the vicinity of the Bow and Belly rivers, between 110 and 115 degrees west longitude, and just north of the United States boundary, a general sec- tion is found to be as follows:'* Stratified sands, gravels and silts Upper boulder clay Interglacial deposit with peat Lower boulder clay Quartzite shingle and associated beds. At Wolf Island, Belly River, a section exhibited 173 feet, as noted below: Correlation Character Depth Wisconsin till Boulders clay sees ccc cssossi vrei e etesie ae eet 100 feet Yarmouth interval _Interglacial deposit with peat 8a Kansan till Boulder: clay oes eee ee eee 1752 Yellowish & brownish-yellow sands..........:.::cc0000 MS 7 Aftonian interval Burplish-erayiclaysneses ose er thts tesa une es, At Wellow, Sands. ee hr tee eee eh cee eaten (Ea Nebraskan till Q@Quartziteishingletean ce ere eee ree AS 2} Cretaceus shales and sandstone6..........:.:ccceeeeeeees 10 ” Height af Section........c.4:..s0+---0+s 173 feet The deposits beneath the lower boulder clay are probably referable to the Aftonian interval and the Nebraskan drift. No organic remains are reported. The Ficus described by Hollick,** and referred to the Aftonian on a pre- vious page, may be of Yarmouth age. No age is assigned to the deposit by Hollick nor is the species named other than to genus. 12. ALASKA Two glacial stages have been observed in Alaska by Capps, an earlier one separated from a later by an interglacial interval of long duration, the U2 Op. cit., p. 143 E. “3 Dawson, Geol. Surv. Can., 1882-84, p. 140 C. “4 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, p. 159, 1915. ™ Journ. Geol., XX111, pp. 748-756, 1915. 280 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE interglacial deposits being covered in places by a lava flow and this by a later ice sheet, the Wisconsin. No correlation is made of this interglacial interval with the intervals of the Mississippi Valley, but it might have been coeval with the Yarmouth interval, which was of long duration. Ill. SYSTEMATIC CATALOG OF THE BIOTA OF THE YARMOUTH INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL PLANTS BRYOPHYTA SPHAGNACEAE Sphagnum species HypPNnaAcaE Drepanocladus aduncus(L.) Warnst. SPERMATOPHYTA TAXACEAE Taxus canadensis Marsh PINACEAE Pinus species Picea species Juniperus virginiana Linn. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Kch. =americana Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. (?) ” churchbridgensis Penhallow MONOCOTYLEDONEAE HyDROCHARITACEAE Flodea canadensis Michx. Vallisneria s ptralis Linn. GRAMINEAE Species indet. CYPERACEAE Species indet. DICOTYLEDONEAE BORAGINACEAE Lithos permum (seeds) ANIMALS MOLLUSCA _ PELECYPODA UNIONIDAE Fusconaja chunii (Lea) Pleurobema obliquum (Lam.) ” — rubiginosa (Lea) Proptera purpurata (Lam.) Crenodonta per plicata (Conrad) ? Quadrula asper (Lea) undulata (Barnes) ” — pustulosa (Lea) THE KANSAN ICE INVASION Sphaerium sulcatum (Lam.) ” striatinum (Lam.) Musculium transversum (Say). Pisidium variable Prime. Aelicina occulta Lamarck. Valvata tricarinata Say ” — lewisit Currier Amnicolalimosa porata (Say) Campeloma ponderosum (Say) vk subsolidum (Anthony) Pleurocera canaliculatum (Say) » —_ alveare (Conrad) Physa gyrina Say Planorbis antrosus Conrad a antrosus striatus Baker trivolvis Say ” Galba caperata (Say) ” — obrussa (Say) ” humilis modicella (Say) Carychium exiguum (Say) Succinea ovalis Say ” ~~ avara Say Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. ” — parvula Sterki Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller) Bifidaria armigera (Say) ” — pentodon (Say) =curvidens Say 143 Vide Sterki. SPHAERIIDAE Pisidium medianum Sterki ”, abditum (Hald.) dd compressum (Prime) GASTROPODA HELICINIDAE VALVATIDAE Valvata sincera Say ? AMNICOLIDAE Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say) VIVIPARIDAE Lioplax cyclostomatiormis (Lea) PLEUROCERIDAE Pleurocera unciale (Hald.) ”” species. PHYSIDAE Physa species PLANORBIDAE Planorbis parvus Say 8 deflectus Say exacuous Say ” LYMNAEIDAE Galba palustris (Miiller) ” catascopium (Say) Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) AURICULIDAE Carychium exile H.C. Lea. SUCCINEIDAE Succinea grosvenorit Lea ” retusa Lea VALLONIIDAE Vallonia pulchella (Miiller) COCHLICOPIDAE PUPILLIDAE Pupilla blandit (Morse) Vertigo milium (Gould)! 281 282 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Bifidaria contracta (Say) Verligo ovata Say ” tappaniana (C.B. Adams) ” — bollesiana (Morse) =pentodon Authors. Leucochila fallax (Say) ” holzingeri (Sterki) Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) ” procera (Gould) ” virgo (Pislbry) Pupilla muscorum (Linn.) ENDODONTIDAE Sphyradium edentulum alticola (Ingersoll) Pyramidula aliernata (Say) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) 72 shimekii (Pilsbry) Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry 2 solitaria (Say) i He pers pectiva (Say) Oreohelix iowensis Pilsbry ZONITIDAE Zonitoides arborea (Say) Vitrea hammonis (Strém) #4 minuscula (Binney) ” indentata (Say) Euconulus fulous (Miller) Gastrodonta ligera (Say) HELICIDAE Polygyra hirsuta (Say) Polygyra thyroides (Say) ” — monodon (Rackett) =leai (Ward) ” — multilineata (Say) ” —_ clausa (Say) ” —— proyunda (Say) ” ——-yraterna (Say) j ” — albolabris (Say) , inflecta (Say) R elevata? (Say) ” —_ appressa (Say) ” — zaleta (Binney) ARTHROPODA Species indet COLEOPTERA Species indet. VERTEBRATA PISCES SALOMONIDE Cristivomer namycush (Walbaum) AVES Genus et species indet. MAMMALIA MEGATHERIIDAE Megalonyx jeffersoni Desmarest EQUIDAE Equus complicatus Leidy | TAPIRIDAE Tapirus haysii Leidy TAYASSUIDAE Mylohyus nasutus (Leidy) THE KANSAN ICE INVASION 283 CERVIDAE Odocoileus virginianus (Zimm.) Rangifer species Rangijer, cf. muscatinensis Leidy Cervalces roosveltt Hay BoviDar Bison latifrons (Harlan) Symbos cavifrons (Leidy) ” occidentalis Lucas [ELEPANTIDAE Elephas primigenius Blum. Mammut americanum (Kerr) ” columbi Falconer) CASTOROIDIDAE Castoroides ohioensts Foster ; LEPORIDAE Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen) MUSTELIDAE Mephitis mephitica (Shaw) CANIDAE Canis dirus Leidy IV. SUMMARY The deposits of the Yarmouth Interglacial interval are known to extend from Nebraska and South Dakota eastward to southeastern Ohio, including Illinois and Indiana; they extend south to the Missouri River in Missouri, and to northern Kentucky; to the north they are found in Minnesota and southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. That the interval was of long duration is believed by Leverett, who states that the thickness of peat and associated deposits is impressive evidence of an interglacial interval of considerable length. The extent of the weathered zone is still greater proof. Additional evidence of the long duration of this interval (in Iowa) is furnished by Kay,!“* who cites the great amount of weathering of the Kansan drift “which produced a gumbo (gumbotil) over 20 feet in thickness, the diastrophic eleva- tion of 150 to 200 feet, and the mature topography which was developed by erosion after the diastrophism and apparently, in the main, before the close of the Yarmouth epoch.” Osborn™ believes that the Yarmouth was the longest interglacial interval and says of its climate: “It would appear that the Second Interglacial Yar- mouth Stage was of greater duration than the entire interval between the Third Glacial and the present time. In the course of this long warm Second Inter- glacial Stage the climate again moderated, becoming slightly warmer than the climate of today. The climate immediately following the retreat of the ice was cool and moist, then followed a long warm stage, but this stage was finally 4 Ilinois Glacial Lobe, p. 43. “454 Science, N. S., XL111, p. 398, 191 6. us Men of the Stone Age, p. 269. 284 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE succeeded by a period of aridity both in Europe and America in which the first loess deposit occurred.” That the fauna and flora advanced into the territory laid bare by the reces- sion of the Kansan ice is attested by the wide-spread character of the discovered remains of animals and plants, 124 species being rather definitely recorded; 12 plants, 20 vertebrates, and 92 mollusks. Of the plants, all are now living and none is peculiar. The Spermatophytes are the leading type, the Pinaceae furnishing the larger number of species. The Mollusca are largely represented, 92 species being recorded, 2 of which are extinct, tho having living representa- tives in the drier portions ef the southwest; 40 species are aquatic and 52 species are terrestrial. Streams and ponds, as well as rivers, must therefore have been numerous, and moist woodlands as well as drier uplands probably were present: As far as the plants and mollusks are concerned the life of the Yarmouth Interglacial interval was very little, if any, different from that of today. The vertebrates, however, tell a different story, for of 20 species represented, at least 14 or 70 per cent are extinct. Giant sloths, horses, peccaries, tapirs, elephants, deer, bison, giant beavers, hares, skunks, and wolves roamed about the country and formed a vertebrate fauna quite different from that of today. The insects, of which only a few wings of beetles are known, will probably tell a similar story when a sufficient number have been discovered and classified. The presence of the peccary, giant sloth and tapir point to a climate con- siderably warmer than the present. Other mammals, as the deer, rabbit, skunk, and bison suggest a climate not warmer than that of the present time. The pine, tamarack, and juniper suggest a cooler climate. It is probable that during this interglacial period there was a succession of climates as the ice sheet waned and waxed again—cold, temperate, warm; warm, temperate, cold. That a portion of the country was dry is attested by the loess deposits and their fossils, all pointing to periods of prolonged dryness. The fauna of the loess is discussed at greater length in Chapter X. | a CHAPTER IX. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION AND THE SANGAMON INTER- GLACIAL INTERVAL I. Tse ILtrinorn Ice INVASION “The typical formation of this stage was a sheet of till occupying the sur- face in the southern and western portions of Illinois, and running back under the later formations to the northeast toward the Labradorean center of radia- tion. Its surface exposure is traceable northerly into Wisconsin and easterly into Indiana and Ohio, but it is not identified with any confidence farther east, where the margin seems to have fallen back, and to have been overridden by the ice of the Wisconsin epoch. The identification of the Ilinoian drift in the Keewatin area is yet an open question. Like the Kansan drift, the Illinoian is made up of clayey till, without marked association with assorted drift in most regions. There is appreciably more assortment of the material, however, than in the Kansan drift. There are tracts of kames in some sec- tions, notably a belt running southwest from Tower Hill, Illinois, to the mar- gin of the drift. The original surface was generally plane, and only a limited tendency to ridging in the fasion of terminal moraines has been found. The west edge of the Illinoian ice-lobe crossed the present course of the Mississippi between Rock Island and Fort Madison, and pushed out into Iowa a score of miles, forcing the river in front of it. Previously the Kansan lobe had forced the Mississippi east of its present course, if indeed it did not already have a course east of its present one before the Kansan ice appeared. Efforts to trace out the early courses of the Mississippi under the thick mantle of drift in Illimois have not been entirely successful ’”? II. THe SANGAMON INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL A. SANGAMON SOIL AND WEATHERED 20NE; TYPICAL EXPOSURES “Between the disappearance of the Illinoian ice sheet and the deposition of the Iowan till and loess there occurred an interval of deglaciation about as marked as that between the Kansan and Illinoian stages of glaciation, a period marked by leaching and oxidation of the Illinoian drift, of peat and soil accumu- lation, and of erosion. This interval was long since brought to notice by Prof. A. H. Worthen in his report on Sangamon County, Illinois. For this reason, 1 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, I11, p. 391. 286 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE and because of the conspicuous development in the Sangamon drainage basin, it seems appropriate to name it the Sangamon Interglacial Stage.’” A typical generalized section of the strata in Sangamon County is given by Leverett, after Worthen, and is reproduced below: A570) | a eet hr ae AR Bs Bel rPina5Ksoocetinonrabocanimson nn. wr 1-2 feet Yellow clay: (Iowan loess) \...22..:4:-5sccsessclpesheuties cachecs soeneeoas he ear Sigil Whitish (gray?) jointed clay, with shells (Illinoian loess).............cccccccecsessesesesereseseees 5-8 ” Black muck with fragments of wood (Sangamon SOI]).........0...cccccceceesseseseseeeteeeeseereeees 3-8 ” Bluish colored boulder clay (Illinoian drift) Gray hardpan, very hard (Illinoian).................. Soft; blueiclay, without boulders. ee eee This interval is widespread in Illinois, but is not always represented by muck beds. Sometimes it is represented by a leached and somewhat reddish deposit which has been called the ‘ferretto’ zone by Dr. H. F. Bain.* In some areas there is an alternation of sand with peaty beds, this phase being restricted, apparently, to the borders of valleys where stream action has been more or less active, intermittently. The blue loess is also to be included in the Sanga- mon interval, and is to be separated from the upper yellow or Iowan loess. The Sangamon is considered first in those states in which it covers the exposed Illinoian drift, and later in those states to the north and northeast in which this drift sheet is covered by the Wisconsin till. B. DISTRIBUTION OF THE SANGAMON BIOTA 1. IOWA As has already been stated, the Illinoian ice sheet invaded Iowa, pushing the Mississippi River westward for several miles. Illinoian drift is found near Fort Madison northward to near the northern boundary of Scott County. In this area a number of deposits occur which are referable to the Sangamon interval. In Des Moines County, near Burlington, a section exposes the following strata:* ; 1. Brownish yellow clay free from gravel, grading into No. 2 (Iowan loess).................. 5 feet 2. Typical ashen,compact loess)\(Mlimotan).......2:5. $0 c:.c:..cs ete 84a 3. Till with abundance of gravel and pebbles (Lllimoian)...0...0.0..ccccccccccseecsceeececeeeeseeveceeees 20 ” Height of'section: 22). sen ene CARR CALT Sm Cashes ae th 33 feet ? Leverett, Ilinois Glacial Lobe, p. 125; Proc. Lowa Acad. Sci., V, p. 71; Worthen, Geol. ll., V, pp. 306-319. 3 Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., V, p. 91. ‘ Keyes, lowa Geol. Surv., I11, p. 156. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 287 Number 2, referable to the Sangamon or Illinoian loess, contained six species of mollusks. Pyramidula pers pectiva Succinea obliqua 4 cronkhitei anthonyi Helicina occulta Pupilla muscorum Galba obrussa (=desidiosa) Leverett® also lists a number of species from this locality, these being: Succinea obliqua Oreohelix towensts ” lineata (= grosvenorii) Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyt Helicina occulta 5 pers pectiva In Louisa County, at Grandview, from the bottom of a well 12 feet deep, four species of mollusks were collected.® Succinea avara Galba caperata -grosvenorit » humilis modicella In the same county, Udden’ states that the Sangamon old soil is especially pronounced in the east bluffs along the Iowa River, northeast of Wapello. In the bluff of the Mississippi River, where the Muscatine North and South R. R. has made a cut, the Sangamon soil or peat is partly replaced by gymnospermous wood. In Sweetland Township, Muscatine County, (SW14 Sect. 12, T. 77 N, R. 1 W) elephant bones were observed in a peat deposit containing gym- nospermous wood.’ The elytra of beetles have also been found, and at two other points the remains of the elephant have been observed. The succession of strata noted below is exhibited in this region: Loess Sangamon soil Mlinoian till Buchanan gravel and Yarmouth soil Kansan till Aftonian Nebraskan till From the Sangamon soil in the bed of Otter Creek, near Morning Sun, (NW14 Sect. 25, T. 73 N, R. 4 W) several bones of a mastodon were ob- tained. An elephant tooth was also found in a well near a tributary of Indian Creek, which may have come from the same horizon.* The antler of a deer (probably extinct) was reported by Udden from NW14 Sect. 14, T. 74.N, R. 3 W. 5 Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 169. 5 Udden, Geol. lowa, XI, p. 112. 7 Geol. lowa, XI, pp. 101-111. 3 Op. cil., p. 110. 3 Udden, lowa Geol. Surv., LX, p. 350. 288 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE At Davenport, in Scott County, Leverett records the presence of a post- Illinoian loess. Near the base of the loess at Division Street, eight species of mollusks were secured by Prof. Udden:?° Helicina occulta Bifidaria pentodon Succinea avara Galba palustris Sphyradium edentulum alticola ” caperata Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi Sphaerium-fragment of valve Udden’s first list differs somewhat (0). cit., p. 168) and may have been based on specimens from a higher position in the loess. Succinea avara Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyti » grosvenorit Helicodiscus parallelus ” — Iuteola Helicina occulta Cochlicopa lubrica Sphyradium edentulum alticola In a cut along the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, west of Davenport, the tusk, teeth, and other bones of Elephas primigenius were found in a bed of bluish loess (post-Illinoian) 3-5 feet thick which lay just above a bed of brown peat (Sangamon soil) 1 foot in thickness. This deposit has been thot to be Aftonian, but seems clearly post-Illinoian.! Mammoth bones, apparently referable to the Sangamon, have been found at Big Rock and Blue Grass, Scott County. The latter was buried 10 feet below the surface, embedded in yellow clay.4 At Muscatine, Muscatine County, fossiliferous deposits occur which are referable to the Sangamon interval. McGee" lists the following fauna: Fusconaja ebena Pupilla blandi Nephronajas ligamentina Bifidaria corticaria Eurynia recta 4 pentodon Arcidens conjragosus Sphyradium edentulum alticola (=simplex) Campeloma subsolidum Helicodiscus parallelus (=lineata) Helicina occulta Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi (= striatella) Galba humilis modicella Oreohelix towensis (=‘cuperi’ =cooperi) Succinea ovalis Euconulus fulvus avara Vallonia gracilicosta (= pulchella) Pupilla muscorum k The four naiades as well as the Campeloma listed above, probably came from a fluviatile stratum beneath the true loess, probably formed at a time when the Mississippi was at a much higher level than at present. 10 Tlinois Glacial Lobe, p. 173. 184 Pratt, Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci.,1,p.96; Norton, Iowa Geol. Surv., 1X, p.482; Shimek, op.cit., XX, p. 376. 1 Anderson, Augustana Library Pub., No. 5, p. 35. 2 11th An. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., p. 471, after Witter. The modern nomenclature is here used. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 289 A caribou (Rangifer muscatinensis) was found by Mr. Witter in a deposit thot to be loess.¥ Shimek (vide Hay, Geol. Iowa, XXIII, page 34) states that the bones were in a deposit bearing the same relation to the Illinoian drift that the Loveland bears to the Kansan drift, hence preceding the forma- tion of the post-Illinoian loess. A fragment of an antler of a caribou wasalso said to have been found by Prof. Witter, in the loess at Neibert’s brickyard, near Woodlawn and Orange streets, Muscatine. A tooth of Mammut americanum was secured from thé bank of Mad Creek, about a mile from its point of entrance to the Mississippi River. The tooth was found about 10 feet beneath the surface of the bluff in a bed of gravel. The deposit appears referable to the Sangamon.4 2. ILLINOIS __ The Sangamon horizon is widely distributed in southern, western and north- western Illinois, and old soil or weathered strata have been found in almost every county. In northwestern Illinois, the Iowan was at one time thot to overlie the Illinoian drift, but later investigations!® have shown that the older drift is all referable to the Illinoian drift sheet. A typical section showing post-Illinoian deposits is afforded by a coal shaft at Ashland, near the line of Sangamon and Cass Counties. IBlackssolee rs ote ee erate! Eth es 114 feet Loess of yellow color (Iowan l0€SS).......0....:cccccescsessseeseees 9 i Loess of blue color (Illinoian loess)..............0ccccccceseseeseeees 2 2 Peat and black sandy slush (Sangamon)................::.:00 22 2 Bsbevishry oermimy:: Clay? ere eccn cee ccs or eee svecees ce vacasevaevs set iasweee seen 20 a Mellowatili (ilinolan) 2 2.. ert et tele RRR oan 30) 7? FETE EOL SECHON eee, tees ccs ia peers 8414 feet a. Deposits of Fluviatile Origin Five miles south of Milan, Rock Island County, a deposit occurs at the base of the loess in the bluff of Mill Creek. The fauna is almost exclusively aquatic.” Succinea avara Planorbis parous Lymnea stagnalis appressa? (fragment) — Valvata tricarinata Galba reflexa ” sincera Planorbis albus Pisidium species (fragments) 43 Leidy, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XVII, p. 410; Hay, Geol. lowa, XX1I1I, pp. 34, 279. 4 Witter, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., I, part 2, p. 67; Udden, lowa Geol. Surv., 1X, p. 352. 1% Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, Chapter V11. 16 Alden, Journ. Geol., XVII, p. 694. 17 Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 174. 290 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE b. Old Soil Horizons Near Danville Junction, Vermilion County, the subjoined section was ex- posed in a well boring. Yellow till and gravel...........ceccccceceeeeee 20 feet Bluej tilly ein sien. see ee 1 Hardpanite ee Del 3A eee eae 30.” Blue tile OOM sO ae ee ean iy) #2 Sand yMloam cen aaa eee eee 10 ” Clay, sand and gravel............0.cccceee S05.” Muck bed with wo00d.........:ccccccceseeeeee Sire, Tough blue'clays. icici. fascssccessccsseoes Zoe. Sand and gravel.......c..c.cccccccsssescssnsosotecers OAs Coalimeasures/. fee neeaeals x The muck and wood appear to overlie the Illinoian drift and hence may be referable to the Sangamon interval. Organic remains have been found in a ravine in Richland Creek, Woodford County (sect. 21, T 28, R. 2 W.), the section being interpreted as follows:!9 1. Soiltand iyellowsclay sree a I A eR AOA ee ae 50-60 f, a : | t (W: 2 Purplish’clayjorshardpanii: eee secs kes ereceeecr eee eet (Wisco 3. Blue sandy clay, containing fresh water shells............0.0.ccc:ceccesees 6 feet 4. Rotten drift wood and peaty matter. ..........ccccccesceecceeceeeceeereeeeneece 314 S SS Blues layer nh Sy ge 3-4 » ¢ Gangamiag 6. Drift wood and peaty mattel.............0.ccee Rear eave Be tac 5-6 M Fo Bluciclayei os Me Mn MUS TONG US Lees RAs be ea CL x ” (Illinoian) No. 3 of the section contained Lymnea and Succinea, and from No. 4 was obtained American white birch, black spruce, American tamarack and one variety of cedar. No. 6 contained American tamarack. In Tazewell County,” at Delavan, the following section has been noted: Yellow till (Wisconsin).............0000..000... 15 feet Blue till (Wisconsin)..........00.0..00c:cee 60 ” Muck and wood (Sangamon)................ Nou Green mucky clay (Sangamon)............ Bie Gray sandy till (Illinoian)..........0......... 30 Gray sand (Illinoian)........0.00.cee 122.5? Height of section.............. 241 ” 18 Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 699. 19 Green, Geol. LL, IV, p. 336. 30 Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 691. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 291 Near Cooper a bed of muck was found between tills at a depth of 150 feet. In Champaign County,” at Mahomet, a similar section occurs showing this interval. Gravel teen teers tun belts ee 7 feet Pebblelessiclays2s 2 oe ee Said IBFOWRIANG | Praiyatilleet tees ee 32.5% Blacksmucks neers ee ence ee Died lar datill Bree eee teen e ee ter d eae ee Si Height of section.............. 100752 The black muck or peat deposit near Mahomet contains a beetle fauna of 10 species which has recently been studied by Wickham.”!* The section from which the beetles came has been studied by Dr. T. E. Savage who refers the deposit to the Sangamon interval; it lies just above the Illinoian till and is separated from the Wisconsin till by a slight development of loess-like silt. Writing of the climate of the Sangamon, as indicated by the beetles, Wickham says: “I think we are quite justified in assuming that conditions were, at any rate, more rigorous than in southern Illinois at present. Probably they were at least as severe as in Ontario at the date of formation of the Scarborough beds.” Four families and seven genera are represented by the ten species. Carabidae Dytiscidae Carabus meander sangamon Agabus savaget Patrobus henslowi ” — praelugens Platynus pleistocenicus Staphylinidae < subgelidus Olophrum interglaciale Chlaenius plicitipennis Chrysomelidae Donacia styrioides Comparison with the beetles of the Toronto beds at Scarborough indicate that none are identical as to species. It is probable that many peat deposits of interglacial age contain the remains of insect life, which will be of great value for comparison with these deposits already studied, when they have been given the same careful scrutiny. In Mercer County (Sect. 9, T. 13, R. 4) in the bluff bordering Pope Creek, heavy beds of sandy marl occur, which contain some mollusks (Lymne@a and Succinea).” These beds apparently underlie Illinoian loess. In Boone Coun- ty,” near Irene, a black soil is found separating Iowan from Illinoian till and containing molluscan shells. Identifiable plants referable to the Sangamon appear to be rarely recorded from Illinois. At Bloomington the two species noted below were recognized 4 Op. cit., p. 703. 14 Amer. Journ. Sci., iv, XLIV, pp. 137-145, 1917. 2 Green, Geol. ll., 1V, p. 302. % Leverett, op. cit., p. 375. 292 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE by Penhallow from material obtained at depths of 100 and 107 feet below the surface at the base of the Wisconsin drift.” Picea canadensis (=alba) Taxus minor (=baccata) In Sangamon County” a section in a well (NE 14 Sect. 36, T. 18, R. 6, W.) showed the following strata: Soil, blacks oer TT ie i ace rt eee ce 3 feet Clay, yellowish; fine grained! (loess) iin fees sesttcrees sc esetsrecesstesnseescrtey ane eee ON ee Soil, black, with pieces of wood (Sangamon)...........c.cccc:cecsceseceseecseseseseacsesesesececencsenssesensns 4” Clay, yellow, (Mhnoiany drift) eer ccestoeeeteeceetee one ee Se Boulder clay, blue, compact, with some quicksand (Illinoian drift)........0000.... 10 Height of section:...002. een 31 feet The Sangamon soil overlies the drift in many places in this county, and includes logs and branches of trees. Mucky soil is reported by Leverett from beneath Wisconsin drift in Moultrie,?° LaSalle,” and under 160 feet of Wiscon- sin till at Barringon, Lake County.” In the Fox River Valley the Wisconsin is underlaid by a thick bed of peat which overlies the Iinoian drift.% The Sangamon soil horizon has been definitely recorded from the following counties in Illinois: McLean, Henry,*! Logan,” Edgar, Greene,* Carroll, Peoria,*® Tazewell; Sangamon,*’ Christian,** Menard,**, Cumberland,” Coles,*? Shelby,*, Cass,” Knox,*? LaSalle, Iroquois, Vermilion,” Champaign,*' Ford,*' Livingston, McHenry,” Kane,* Clark.* * Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., I, p. 333. % Shaw and Savage, Tallula-Springfield Folio, U.S. G. S., No. 188, p. 8. *6 [Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 730. 27 Op. cit., pp. 636-641. °8 Op. cit., p. 581. 29B. W. Thomas, personal communication. 30 Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 694. 31 Op. cit., p. 624. 3 Op. cit.; p. 709. 33 Op. cit., p. 732. 4 Op. cit., p. 745. % Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 612. 36 Udden, Bull. 506, U. S. G. S., p. 56. 37 Leverett, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., V, p. 76. 38 Worthen, Geol. Ill., V111, p. 15. 39 Op. cit., p. 16. 40 Leverett, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., V, p. 78. 41 Leverett, Proc. A. A. A. Sci., XX XVII, pp. 183-184. “ Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 733. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 293 The following records have been referred to the Peorian by Leverett, but in the light of present evidence they would seem to be referable to the Sanga- mon interval: Kankakee County;* old soil beneath blue till. Iroquois County;* till underlaid at many points by a black soil and by beds of peat and shell marl; old soil 60-80 feet below the surface. Woodford County ;* Metamora, till 140, muck and sand 15, till 115 feet. Douglass County; near Areola, swampy muck below blue tili at about 50 feet, harder till beneath. Edgar County.” McHenry County.*' Kane County;** at Elgin shoe factory, old soil at 118 and 113 feet; also at 111 and 114 feet; near St. Charles* old soils at 72 to 78 feet and 195-200 feet.*! DeKalb County; several instances of an old soil below the Wisconsin. Lee County;° old soil beneath 78-100 feet of drift. Kendall County; near Plano, old soil containing grass leaves beneath till at depth of 25 feet. Near Melbrook, old soil with wood at 160 feet. Dewitt County;* a muck bed beneath 80 feet of till, underlaid by green clay, apparently a swamp subsoil. Cook County; an old till was encountered in the Chicago drainage canal east of Summit (Leverett). Many buried soils occur at different depths, and these have been referred by Leverett to both the Sangamon and the Peorian intervals. Such occur in Kane, DeKalb, LaSalle, Bureau, McLean, Lee and other adjacent counties.® These soils occur at depths of from 40-50 to 180-200 feet. In Iroquois County a soil horizon occurs at the base of the soft Wisconsin till, while another is encountered in the harder, Ilinoian till. * Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 654. “Op. cit., p. 655. © Op. cit., p. 672. 2 Op-ici., p. 31. SLOP: cit:, p. 132. 8 Op. cit., p. 577. 49 Op. cit., p. 595. 59 Op. cit., p. 597. 31 This soil is evidently pre-Illinoian or Yarmouth. % Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 600. 33 Op. cit., p. 610. 54 Ob. cit., p. 644. 5 Op. cit., p. 707. % Tllinois Glacial Lobe, pp. 262-266. 294 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE In northeastern Illinois three drift sheets are apparently penetrated in well borings. These vary in thickness as noted below.*” Upper or Wisconsin drift sheet.................... 50-100 feet. Middletdriftishect#e: eect eee 15-50) 7? Lowerdriftisheeti ee ee 45-175 ” The upper or Wisconsin till is soft, while the two lower drifts are very hard— hence called by the drillers “hard-pan.”” Just what the two lower drift sheets are has not been definitely indicated. One is certainly Illinoian. The present aspect of the Iowan drift would seem to exclude that till sheet. It might be the equivalent of the Kansan; or these two lower sheets might be variations of one sheet, the Illinoian. Until more data are available it seems unsafe to claim more than one soil horizon—the Sangamon. The Sangamon interval is represented in the Upper Illinois Valley, where the river has cut thru the drift deposits. On the west bank of Spring Creek, about a mile below Dalzell,>™ a section shows the following strata. The life has not been identified as far as known to the writer. Bloomington till (Wisconsin)............ sid jeteavadsbtldie Site Oued lesa thec estilo ide sceeee ts Sn ae 40 feet Toes. Oe INU TTL 2 CEL LA a 15-20 feet Silt at base of section crowded with shells and roots of plants (probably Sanga- INOW) Bee eee le ON SS Oc A AO x c. Florencia Forniation Some years ago, Mr. Hershey described a fossil-bearing formation from near Freeport, Stephenson County, to which he gave the name “Florencia Formation ”’ and assigned it to a post-Kansan interval, below the lowan loess. The formation may be thus briefly described. The basal member (which rests on drift) is composed of coarse, subangular gravel, containing a few mol- lusks and some drift wood. The thickness is unknown, but is believed to be as much as 20 feet. Resting upon this gravel are three deposits, a dark blue- green silt, light brownish gray sand, and dark brown carbonaceous clay or muck. The thickness of these deposits is variable. The muck is overlaid by laminated and variegated clays. The Florencia deposits are of fluviatile origin and were formed in the bed of an interglacial stream, probably an ancient Pecatonica River. Hershey says:>9 “It rests upon the Kansan drift sheet everywhere except where post-Kansan erosion has completely removed the till and other glacial deposits. It is, therefore, separated from the latter by an erosion interval of the length of which the interglacial rock gorges of this region are the gauge. 57 Leverett, op. cit., 142-143. $78 Sauer, Bull. Ill. State Geol. Surv., No. 27, p. 73, 1916. 68 Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), IV, pp. 90-98. © Op. cit., pp. 93-94. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 295 The Florencia formation passes through these rock gorges, completely burying their flat bottoms. Its age is, therefore, not earlier than the practical comple- tion of these gorges. The Florencia formation is overlain with perfect con- formity by the basal member of the Iowan loess series.” The drift sheet called Kansan by Hershey is now correlated with the Lli- noian®' drift-sheet and the Florencia formation thus falls into the Sangamon Interglacial interval. Hershey states that typical upland loess occurs above these deposits. This latter formation possibly includes both Illinoian and Iowan loesses. The Florencia deposits are said to be rather widely distributed in the Pecatonica basin and they are believed by Hershey to be represented in other parts of northwestern Illinois. The fauna from the Florencia formation is large and varied, including both terrestrial and fluviatile species. It is not specifically stated by Hershey whether some of these came from the old soil (muck). It is a common exper- lence to find land shells in the shore debris mixed with the more common fluviatile shells, tho they by no means occur in such abundance. The list of terrestrial shells seems unusually large, tho there is no reason why these species should not occur in shore debris. They have no connection with the loess. The species listed by Hershey are tabulated below: Indian Garden Locality Pleurocera subulare Vivipara species, juv. Campeloma decisum Amnicola limosa porata ag cincinnatiensis Bythinella tenuipes Valvata tricarinata Physa heterostropha Ancylus tardus? ” rivularis ” parallelus Planorbis bicarinatus(=antrosus) 2 parvus Galba humilis modicella Sphaerium stamineum 2 striatinum Pisidium walkeri 2 cruciatum fallax Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 167. Crane Creek Locality Pleurocera subulare Amunicola cincinnatiensis Somatogyrus depressus Bythinella tenuipes Valvata tricarinata Physa heterostropha Segmantina armigera Planorbis antrosus 2 parvus Galba obrussa Sphaerium stamineum dd striatinunr simile(=sulcatum) solidulum? 99 Pisidium fallax 296 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Pisidium punctatum Pisidium punctatum 43 compressum i? compressum e variabile a variabile PE See eee eR te masta de virginicum ie species 3 species Carychium exiguwm 0 i heen en eee ee i ORI ER GON NO eT Ee ae en ee Succinea avara Succinea avara Vallonta perspectiva’ 8 15, 80 ONY) ON a ee CST AS SASL OR pe ON eS UCU Vallonia costata Strobilops virgo 00) (heyy) tay ME Or ee Oa Bifidaria contracta Bifidaria contracta 0 corticaria: 1), )\ iby 4) 3 a MS) See ee ” — holzingeri Bifidaria holzingeri ” armifera Vertigo elatior ” . tridentata Zonitoides arborea Vitrea hammonis ” indentata Zonitoides minuscula Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyr i alternata Helicodiscus parallelus Polygyra hirsuta af species CY Pris. 8 EN ESSE ST STG: AAT a en Ostracoda sa Ve BN IN Be NEAR NS ES eS eA Se From near Bolton, Hershey reports Pisidiwm abditum? d. Illinotan Loess®* Loess deposits cover much of the Illinoian drift sheet especially along the banks of the large rivers, such as the Mississippi, Rock, Illinois, Kaskaskia and Wabash. As in Iowa, the loess includes two divisions, an earlier (Illinoian) and a later (Iowan). Possibly some of the loess adjoining the Wiscdnsin till may be of post-Wisconsin age. In Adams County,* in a coal boring near Coats- burg, the relation of the loess to the underlying strata is well shown. Soil and'yellow/clay, (Iowan loess) io... esses eee eee Gray or ashy clay (Illinoian loess)........0..0..0cccceeeeeee RES ee Yellow till, becoming blue near bottom (Illinoian drift) Blue-gray, tilly (Win olan) pees eee ce ea eet eee eee ee aa Blackrsoil (Yarmouth) oir tive uae a coe aoe a ene lear 608 See Ante page 251 for the result of recent studies on the great loess deposits of the Mississippi valley. 61 Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 716. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 297 Stratified: claya (Vanmouthy) ety. coer tere, Nes ccaa terete rsecscetodeces cates anions 6 feet mRouehiblueyclaya (Kansan) etek neces ccs cc secceccnconet ot casee crests se eaten 20 fe In Pike County a similar division of the loess occurs and Worthen reports the mammoth and Castoroides from marl-like deposits, associated with land and fresh water shells.” These are probably referable to the post-Illinoian interval. It is not always an easy matter to discriminate between these two loesses in the matter of fossils when the author has failed to indicate the character of the loess from which they came. Udden® lists nine species from Moline, Rock Island County, which are probably referable to the Illinoian loess. These are: Succinea avara Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyt ” — Iuteola® Sphyradium edentulum alticola ” — ovalis( =obliqua) Pupilla muscorum Helicina occulta Bifidaria pentodon Vallonia pulchella( = gracilicosta?) From Virginia, Cass County, 13 species are listed. Helicina orbiculata or occulta Polygyra clausa Succinea obliqua(=ovalis) ”” — monodon Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi(=striatella) ”’ multilineata ” alternata ” — pennsyluanica Oreohelix towensis (cited as Helix strigosa) Galba humilis modicella Circinaria cancova Arionta exarata (= Epiphragmophora) and Bulinus dealbatus are also cited, but these species belong to a totally different part of the United States, and are doubtless examples of erroneous identifications. Bulimus dealbatus may be an erroneous name for Bulinus or A plexa hypnorum, a species sometimes occurring in the loess. Loess deposits as well as ancient soils occur in Vermilion County. The old soils are believed to represent the Sangamon interval. A pre-Wisconsin loess also occurs near Danville beneath 15 feet of Wisconsin till.” It has been disturbed by the Wisconsin ice and in many places has been incorporated with the upper till. Before the advent of the later ice sheet, the deposit probably included both post-Illinoian and post-Iowan loess, but these have been badly mixed in most exposures and are now indistinguishable. Five small gastro- pods, typical of the loess, were collected; wood identified as white cedar (Thuja ® Geol. Pike County, Geol. Ill., IV, p. 36. Leverett, op. cit., pp. 170-171. 4 Succinea luteola is a distinctly southern species which has never been authentically teported from the loess or from any deposits so far north. It might be Succinea grossenors which is a characteristic loess fossil. ® Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 171. % Leverett and Campbell, Danville Folio, pp. 4-5. Wegemann, Univ. Ill. Studies, III, no. 2. 298 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE occidentalis) was obtained from the old soil material. Fossiliferous loess occurs in other parts of the Danville region. Helicina occulta occurs in Gallatin County with other mollusks. At Freeport, Stephenson County, Succinea avara is reported from the loess.®® Mollusks have also been reported from the loess of White, Hamilton, Hender- son, and Mercer counties. Loess overlies Sangamon soil in Sangamon County, and rests directly upon it, except in a few cases where sand separates the two deposits. It is fossili- ferous in many places. The loess in this county doubtless includes both the Sangamon and the Peorian intervals. The fossils are not specifically listed.” Fossiliferous silt or 'oess covers portions of Boone and Ogle counties. Lev- erett says:” “at the Village of Stratford, five miles east of Polo, the railway exposes a bed of fossiliferous silt at the base of the Iowan drift, resting on an old land surface formed on the Illinoian. . . . In two other localities fossili- ferous silts have been found at the base of the Iowan, one being in the railway cuttings on the I.C. immediately west of Irene . . . and another in the rail- way cutting of the Chicago and Northwestern, . . . one mile east of Belve- dere. Here, as at Stratford, the fossils are mainly of the one species (Succinea avara).”’ These deposits should probably be referred to the post-Illinoian loess or Sangamon interval. The loess (also called a compact silt) extends eastward in a practically continuous sheet from Illinois over southern Indiana, southern Ohio and neighboring portions of Kentucky and West Virginia and is the superficial deposit as far north as the border of the Wisconsin drift sheet. It is known to underlie the Wisconsin drift, numerous exposures having been found beneath that drift.” It is called white clay in the early Ohio reports and slush land in the Indiana reports. As in IIlindis, this loess probably includes both the Sangamon and the Peorian intervals altho all have been referred to the Iowan age by Mr. Leverett. e. Vertebrates Mammals have been reported from various deposits of Sangamon age. In Madison County,” above the City of Alton, the remains of a mastodon were found 30 feet below the surface, near the bottom of the loess, where it was separated from limestone by 2-3 feet of local drift (Illinoian). The loess above contained land and fresh water shells. A mastodon was also found in Peoria 68 Geol. Ill., VI, p. 213. 68 Hershey, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), IV, p. 98. 70 Shaw and Savage, Tallula-Springfield Folio, p. 8 71 Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, p. 138. 7” Leverett, Mon. XLI, p. 295. 73 Worthen, Geol. Ill., I, p. 315. x THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 299 County which appears to be referable to the Sangamon. A well section near the City of Peoria presented the following order of strata:” Meptrroiy prairie: clay and (SOU... scscsecstetssccestercsesdesteeres td cuasasesasSeonteten haute stteeeseant eet 12 feet 2. Coarse gravel and sand with boulders (Wiscomsin)........0...c.c.cccccscssssescseseseseeteeeees 35a wy? 3. Clay and sand, forming 7-8 distinct beds, some containing coarse gravel and “> peed ESAS (CITES TENT Ree a A DT gc 48 ” 4. Black, mucky soil, with limbs of trees, etc. (Yarmouth).........0...cccccsscssssscneeeeseeeeees 2am amb rbars OLE GLa (NC ATISAIN) Seeen cs or secr ec oe see ae a seb ccies eee eceees Cesta sees cos ees MAR Sie Heightiot ‘section: .-.8 sn eee LOS) 72 In the bluff near Peoria a mastodon was found in a gravel bed, believed to be the equivalent of number 2 in the above section. In Washington County (at Beaucoup)” a mastodon is reported from reddish clay below yellow clay, at a depth of about 18 feet below the surface, and in Marion County (at Sando- yal) a mastodon was observed in the same stratum at 12 feet below the surface. In Ogle County” a mastodon tooth was secured from a tributary of Stillman’s Run and leg bones were found in the bank of Rock River at a depth of 5 feet, 15 feet above the river. The elephant jaw recorded by McAdams” from Calhoun County may be referable to the Sangamon. It was from drift clay, in the side of a ravine. A mammoth tooth from Christian County, found in a sand drift near the South Fork of the Sangamon River, may be referred to the same horizon. In Gallatin County the remains of the mastodon and the mammoth have been found in Sangamon deposits. At ‘Half Moon’ both the mammoth and mastodon occur in a yellowish clay mixed with gravel, which underlies a salt lick. In Shawnee- town mastodon teeth were found embedded in a shallow deposit of bluish clay resting on yellow clay and gravel.” The Castoroides reported by LeConte from a well near Shawneetown, 40 feet below the surface, may also be referable to the Sangamon interval.”” Two records from Henry County are thot to be- long to the Sangamon. Near Cambridge a part of a tusk was found in a well 16 feet below the surface and from Penny’s Slough a tooth was secured. This latter may belong to a later time, however, perhaps post-Wisconsin. A number of records of mammals have been reported from Rock Island County.*° At Milan a tusk was found in the red ‘ferretto’ zone; at Rock Island, in a cut thru the loess, which is here 35 feet thick, a tooth and a piece of a leg bone of an elephant were found at a depth of 22 feet. The lower part ™ Op. cit., V, p. 236. 75 Foster, Proc. Amer. A. A. Sci., X, p. 161. 78 Shaw, Geol. Ill., V, p. 110. 7 Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., X, No. 3, p. LX XIX. 78 Anderson, Augustana Library Pub., No. 5, pp. 10-11. ™ Proc. Phil. Acad., VI, p. 53. * Anderson, oP. cit., p. 17. 300 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE of the loess is slightly peaty, probably representing the Sangamon soil. A car- pal bone was found in the same clay. A tooth found in Rural Township may have been derived from the Sangamon deposits. The bones of several mammals, as well as the remains of other animals, were reported by Worthen* from a point between Niantic, Macon County, and Illiopolis, Sangamon County. Worthen says: “the Niantic mastodon was found on the farm of W. F. Corell, in a wet, spongy piece of ground located in a swale or depression of the surface that had evidently once been a pond and had been filled up by the wash from the surrounding highland until it formed a morass or quagmire in dry weather. The bones were about four feet below the surface and partly embedded in light gray quicksand filled with fresh water — shells. Above this quicksand was found four feet of black peaty soil, so soft that a fence rail could easily be pushed down through it. The quicksand had evidently once formed the bottom of a fresh water pond, fed probably by springs, and was the resort of the animals whose bones were found here.” The species of animals found in this deposit are listed below: Mastodon (Mammut americanum) Elk (Cervus canadensis) Buffalo (Bison bison?) Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Physa (Physa species) Flanorbis (Planorbis species) Cyclas (Sphaerium species) This deposit is outside of the Wisconsin drift and rests on Illinoian drift, hence it appears referable to the Sangamon interval. A tooth of Elephas primigenius was found in an excavation at the Kewanee works of the National Tube Co., at Kewanee, Henry County. It was found at a depth of 12 feet in undisturbed yellow clay, and is probably referable to the Sangamon interval (specimen in Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois). In Adams County, especially near Quincy, the loess is 30-40 feet thick and is underlaid by a foot or more of chocolate-colored clay containing twigs and other vegetable remains (the Sangamon soil). At Alton, Madison County, and Chester, Randolph County, a number of mammals occur in deposits refer- able to the Sangamon. These are identified by Worthen as follows:® Mastodon Bos primigenius Mammoth Castoroides ohioensis Megalonyx Several small rodents Mollusks are said to have been found with the mammals. *1 Geol. Ill., V, p. 308; VIII, p. 23; Amer. Nat., V, p. 607. *2 Geol. Ill., IV, p. 46; VIII, p. 8. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 301 The mastodon mentioned by Udden® as being found in a gravel pit (Adam Saal’s) between Dead Lake and the river channel, a mile south of Pekin, in sand, under gravel, is probably referable to the Sangamon interval. The overlying gravel is said to be of Wisconsin age. The horse appears to have lived during the Sangamon interval as its remains occur in strata referable to this horizon. The maxillary bone with a few teeth were found in a bog on the confines of Bond and Fayette counties.® The species was identified as Equus complicatus. Both the horse and the bison (Bison latifrons) have been reported® from Illinois, the former from Greene County and Alton, Madison County, and the latter from near Alton. The horizon from which these specimens came is, however, indefinite. Bison lati- frons 7 has also been reported from the Kaskaskia River, Moultrie County, in dark clay and debris. Details are not given but the deposit is possibly Sanga- mon, beneath Wisconsin till. Illinoian drift has been identified beneath 160 feet of Wisconsin till at Barrington, Lake County but no biotic material has beea recorded.** 3. INDIANA a. Old Soils In Indiana deposits referable to the Sangamon interval have been recorded from several localities. In Delaware County*® well diggers encounter a layer of vegetable material at a depth of about 40 feet, composed of stumps and trunks of trees, twigs, leaves, and vegetable mold. In Boone County® black muck or loam, with branches of trees and other vegetable matter is reported beneath the Wisconsin drift. In Ripley and Decatur counties” old soils have been reported which should probably be referred to the Sangamon. At Sey- mour,” Jackson County, an old flood plain of the White River is also probably referable to this stage. The great majority of the buried soils reported in Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio appear to belong to the Sangamon interval. At the edge of the Illinoian drift in Dearborn, Ohio, and Switzerland counties several interesting sections have been exposed.“ Well sections in 8 Bull. 506, U.S. G.S., p. 61. & Hay, Science, N. S., XXX, p. 891. % Leidy, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., II, p. 39; Gidley, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XIV, p. 91. 86 McAdams, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., X, p. LXXX. §7 Broadhead, Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 61-62. *8 Leverett, Il]. Glacial Lobe, p. 581. #9 Phinney, Geol. Ind., 11th An. Rep., p. 130. % Gorby, of. cit., 15th An. Rep., pp. 167-173. 4 Blatchley, op. czt., 29th An. Rep., pp. 431, 432. Leverett, Mon. XLI, p. 263. 3 Leverett, op. cit., p. 293. * Warder, Geol. Surv. Ind., 3-4 An. Rep., p. 404. 302 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Ohio and Switzerland counties show the following strata: (I, NW 4 Sect. 6, T. 3, R.2 W.; IL, Sect. 4, T. 5 R. 12 E.) iT Soil and layin ee ee eee eee ea aes nee eae 22 ~~ feet Yellow ‘sand; quite hard ‘or cemented ioe. c i eetreec tees ot cevestetasner se saseee aero ene 9 " Blue clay, quite hard, without pebbles. ......0..05.....ccccccccscsesesssscsesescseeceescscaeseseceeeneeeneees 1%” Rotten leaves, twigs, black soil, wood, and thick bark..........cccccccccccescescseeceseesrecseneeee 14%” Coarse sand, gravel and shelly stomess vs.:-<..-c.:2--20---sstoes eaee spe e eee 9 4 Hard ‘blue:limestome;s 20) icccak ce oncsssesessores See canec cere eek cobs ie ee ee 1 x Height of section............ccccccccseccesees 44 feet II Soil and clay, more whitish at lower part......0..:.....:-...;s.-c0s-es-ses/esct000s+.s0-2 ss ee 22 feet Blue mud, resembling recent allurviamn...........-csicc.cccsceccerseceo+sgeeieseseesseaasassoesteeeeenee manent Og Black soil containing leaves, cedar wood and ochreous particles.............c:ccceceseseseeeeeeee 3:3 Small stones packed together like a macadamized road...........cccccccsseeessseseseeseseees Fs oe 1 Height of ‘section ince 32 feet The old soil and wood are evidently referable to the Sangamon interval. At Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, organic remains occur which are to be referred to the Sangamon interval. A section of the river bank presents the strata as shown below:® Ve Sot ee ee RE AE ROOT RAN etal SUSU | tS, LA RO a 1-2 feet Y igs © Eh, Arr ernie et en eet eel een erie OLE Pedr is La Re et ey sic osaScccntc orc 6 ” 3. Sand} clay;'gravel; loam) 2c25 2A eA See 30 x 4. Ochreous sand (containing land shells) ...........ccccccecccscsceseseeseeeseesessecesescscseneeecaeeas 14.” 5. Carbonaceous clay containing old forest bed and ancient Soil.......0......:cc:ceees 7 % 6. Ochreous Sand vias. ceccccs eet cssscsectettensesees eee he cede nesakaes ge nla cnee e 1%” Fe Clean ‘gravels. 00s AN Ue NN On Mini al OR, 6 Low waters. ccc l vise cccpet eaiehecs caswe cesady coe esos tupea hs hee uat E0 ReRA UL x Height of section.....0.....0.0.cccceeeeeees 53 feet The forest bed contains six species of plants. Platanus occidentalis Aesculus glabra- Fagus ferruginea Juniperus viginianus Carya alba Echinocystis lobata? (seed only) A rich fauna of land mollusks occurs above the forest bed in the ochreous deposit; 29 species being listed by Billups.* The shells were first seen in % Orton, Geol. Ohio, I, p. 428. % Nautilus, XVI, p. 51. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 303 drift along the river shore of the Ohio and the Miami. Later these were traced to their source in the geological deposit. Vallonia pulchella. Traces only. Polygyra tridentata. More elevated and more deeply striated than recent form. ” tridentata, var. Mouth much depressed; deeply striated. inflecta 2% profunda albolabris. Scarce He exoleta (=zaleta) 4» muultilineata. Not found alive within 20 miles of Lawrenceburg. ay palliata appressa elevata pennsylvanica. Rare alive in vicinity. thyroides mitchelliana. Rare alive. stenotrema monodon. Very rare. Pupoides marginatus Bifidaria contracta ie armifera Cochlicopa lubrica Circinaria concava Vitrea hammonis Gastrodonta ligera Pyramidula alternata a2 solitaria a cronkhitet anthonyt(=striatella). Rare. H perspectiva. Rare. Helicodiscus parallelus. Rare. Succinea species. Nothing as large found in the vicinity. Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Never found alive near Lawrenceburg. Forest beds are also found at Hickman’s Landing, Switzerland County, two miles above Florence. This bed of blue clay, which contains leaves and wood and is 414 feet thick, may be traced in the river bank without interrup- tion for 20 rods. Ochreous deposits occur above and below this deposit, as at Lawrenceburg.” Leverett®® believes that the old soil at Lawrenceburg is of Sangamon age and overlies Illinoian drift, the upper deposits, often aggregat- ing 85 feet in thickness, being referable to Wisconsin age. In Gibson County Sangamon soil is frequently noted beneath loess de- posits and above Illinoian till. A section, situated four miles west of Wades- ville, indicates the position of this soil. 7 Warder, Geol. Surv. Ind., 3-4 An. Rep., p. 408. %3 Mon. XLI, p. 267. 99 Fuller and Clapp, Patoka Folio, p. 4. 304 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Marly, soil ey yn aa eae ee 3 feet Clay*(marliloess) #2 ee ee 30 ” Rich soil, logs, etc. (Sangamon).............0...... Sami, Blue mud and gravel..............:ccccccccceceeeeeeeee 1022 Quicksand (stratified drift).....0.00.c.cccccceeee i+-” Several exposures in northern Indiana indicate the presence of old soils and peat beds beneath the Wisconsin till. In Boone County, near Jamestown, a well section gave the strata noted below:!©° 1. Soil and: yellow: clay mixediwith/sand!00-). 5. einai. cee ee 12 feet 2. Yellow sand.) coi ccll ice. dedebes bathe sinc as ak note calls GN Se Ee al 3: Hard gravel. a2 SO PR a ee 4° Hardpan and gravelii i a Ae Be Se Wihitessamnd csi ccsc tee tacee eee a eee ls sowaeapes dts loch nds. ties Gee eA ee 6 ” 6. Sand-and clays bluish). a aaa ee ee 1857 7. Black muck or loam, with branches of trees and other vegetable matter..................-+ AD 8. Blue clay... csc eiek i ea 4” 9. Gray sand), gravel) etc. ..2 A ee ASI 2602 The stratum number 7 is probably of Sangamon age. An excavation in Main Street, Lebanon, exposed mollusks beneath clay, as noted below:!% SOM ee LU ONS IL He ee ae an 2 feet i 6 AI eeGn ROR eer Or eA ee ee LL car ss hncrcgcecogoranacercucc 128 Sand with large number of shells said to be fresh watel.............cccjceccsescssssescseesesesenecseesenees b aed Gravel. 2). ad cl stavetentesieia tie Be ee X78 If the 14 feet is Wisconsin drift, the thinness is very unusual. It may possi- bly be postglacial. Several other records of pre-Wisconsin soil in Boone County are known, indicating the deposits to be widespread. Ancient stream channels near Richmond: “The cut through this formation for the passage of the national road, exposes the beds of no less than three small streams, which appear to have run parallel with the present one, and are now covered by a thick deposit of diluvium. The section of the largest one, which is on the west side of the river (Whitewater), presents the following appear- ance on the north side of the road. “The bed of this ancient stream is about 400 feet from the escarpment of the present river, whose waters flow nearly 12 fathoms below, in perpendicular measurement. The silt is 6 feet deep, and consists of a dark bluish earth, strongly contrasting with the yellowish diluvial clay above it. This silt con- tains no bowlders, but pockets of coarse sand and pebbles of various sizes are found in it. The diluvium which fills up the remainder of the channel is about 10 feet thick immediately over the silt, and is the same that forms the 100 Gorby and Lee, Geol. Surv. Ind., 15th An. Rep., p. 167. 101 Op, cit., p. 167. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 305 general surface of the country; bowlders, however, are much more numerous in the course of the obliterated stream than in any other part of the diluvium exposed to view by the cut for the road. “Tn the silt, removed for the passage of the national road, sticks and other vegetable matter were found; and in portions of this fluviatile deposit which I have examined, I have detected at various times, small soggy pieces of wood, such as we find at the bottom of existing waters; also fragments of the ribs of leaves and their nervous ramifications, and a well characterized piece of pine. ’”!? No shells were found. Wood has been found at Springboro, 44 miles west of Richmond, Wayne County, at a depth of 14 feet. Wood with marks of the teeth of the giant beaver (Castoroides) was also found near Richmond. Some of the wood was thot to be pine; other fragments resembled Platanus occidentalis. Wood was also found in Madison County, at a depth of 27 feet; it was thot to be elm. Leverett'©* records interglacial deposits in Putnam and Owen counties, but remarks that he is hardly prepared to express an opinion as to the age of the buried soils in southern Indiana. The Sangamon appears to be represented in Putnam County, a ravine exhibiting the following section (0p. cit., p. 63): Surface silt or clay, white, pebbleless; apparently a correlation of the main loess de- POSIEOl ere MVIISSISSIPp i DASHN co eee ceat seas ters ects ee eserves Se 4-6 feet Soil, black, gummy, or gumbo, with quartz pebbles, representing apparently Fre Sancamoniinterglacial soil. *. 30.2.2. Ahoscichecgite diese SA ee Se es 1-3” Till, brown, generally with deeply weathered surface, apparently of Illinoian age.... 3-15 Gumbo, black, changing to blue or gray below; generally containing afew pebbles.. 1-8 Till, brown, extending to bottom of ravine, in places changing to blue; exposed........ S10 27 “Twenty feet or more of the black mucky material is reported beneath the upper sheet of till in certain wells in the region, but no exposure exceeding 8 feet was found in ravines.” “Tn La Grange County, a well about four miles south of La Grange, on the farm of Dr. Drake, is reported to have penetrated a buried soil. The records of the borings are as follows”’ (oP. cit., p. 145): Record of Prospect Boring at La Grange Jail pb yellows sete eA Acoma ee 15 feet Till, blue, with thin beds of sand...........0ccceeees 50) 7 Mould or soil, brown (Sangamon?)............000c0000 Bi 2? Gravelycementede te se ee eee Sale Gravel; loose; with) watetir....c.ccccsetccselectescertecoesss Stee Pileblucs(Mlingian?) Ate ele 497022 Gravel cemented in 5. tecc rset ccecssceteteese alee Sere Sand and gravel, dry, or sandy till... 0%? Dotalidepth eo ae 205 feet 102 Plummer, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLIV, pp. 286-287. 10” Mon. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 64-71, and elsewhere. 306 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Record of Drake Well near La Grange Mill sandy; yellowish lew sina eee eee on eee 10 feet DTU AR) 0) US ape take eM plas SW eluate liu os 41.” Gravel, with inflammable gas.............. Seemed FA Ne ity Clay. blue {(till2) ee Ee A COM aaa 46” Muck, black, with leaves and gas.......0.00.000.00000000.... (oy Clay, soft, blue; no pebbles noted.........0......0.0...... Das 2? Sand, water-bearing, coarse near bottom.............. 10) 2 Total depth... 140 feet Of the buried soils of Indiana, Leverett says, (p. 64) “The buried muck beds are perhaps as conspicuous in these flat areas among the hills of central Indiana as are those found between the Illinoian and Kansan drift sheets of southeastern Iowa, but they are not underlain by the highly weathered and oxidized till sheet that characterizes the upper part of the Kansan drift in Iowa. The results of the study, therefore, leave the occurrence of a long inter- val of deglaciation in doubt.” b. Loess oe Loess deposits extend up the Wabash and Ohio valleys for many miles and cover, also, much of the intervening territory in southwestern Indiana. Near the rivers a type of loess known as marl-loess occurs which is usually very fossiliferous. ‘The thickness above the Illinoian till or indigenous rock varies from 10 to 30 or 40 feet. This deposit is said to be of aqueous origin,!% but the fossil species represented do not bear out such an origin. There is no apparent reason for ascribing the deposits in which the land shells were found to agencies other than aeolian. Organic remains are reported as follows:!4 Pike County, 114 miles northwest of Petersburg. Zonitoides arborea S uccinea lineata( = grosvenorz) Polygyra monodon Galba humilis modicella » multilineata (reported as Succinea humilis) Gibson County, Hazelton, opposite the railroad station. Zonitoides arborea Polygyra albolabris Bifidaria armifera Succinea lineata (= grosvenori) Pyramidula alternata Helicina occulta Polygyra hirsuta Shells were also found at Patoka, Posey County, 114 miles east of New Harmony. Euconulus fulvus Vallonia cyclophorella Bifidaria armifera Succinea lineata (=grosvenori) Vertigo tridentata Pomatiopsis lapidaria 103 Fuller and Clapp, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XIV, pp. 166-168, et seq; see also Shaw Science, N. S.,.XLI, pp. 104-108, 1915. 104 Op, cit., pp. 161-162. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION Posey County, 34 mile south of New Harmony. Zonitoides arborea Euconulus fulvus Strobilops labyrinthica Polygyra hirsuta Polygyra elevaia ” —_ thyroides Polygyra monodon Succinea lineata (= grosvenori) Helicina occulta Pomatiopsis lapidaria One mile southeast of Kilroy. Circinaria concara Succinea lineata (= grosvenori) Three-fourths mile southwest of Stewartsville. Zonitoides arborea Euconulus fulvus Strobilops labyrinthica Polygyra hirsuta ” —_ ‘thyroides Succinea lineata (= grosvenori) 307 Helicodiscus lineatus( = parailelus) Galba humilis modicella Other localities in Posey County are, 2 miles north of Grafton and 1 mile southwest of Poseyville. One mile west of Mounts, Gibson County, a deposit occurs which must have been formed in water as the shells are all aquatic. This was probably a pond or stream which later was partly drained and finally filled with loess. Six species have been identified, as noted below: Valvata tricarinata Pisidium variabile 4 compressum Galba humilis modicella Planorbis parvus 7. bicarinatus (=antrosus) Near Mt. Carmel and Keensburg, in Wabash County, Illinois, loess fossils were also found. From two of the best known Indiana localities, New Har- mony and Grand Chain, Daniels collected 26 species. The loess is here cov- ered with two feet of soil; the shells occur from 6 to 15 feet below the surface, being more plentiful from the middle to the bottom of the deposit. Polygyra monodon is abundant in the loess, but no living specimens occur here or else- where in the state except on the marshes bordering several of the lakes in the northern part of the state, where it is abundant.!® The species noted by Daniels are listed below.1 x Helicina occulta Vitrea hammonis Vallonia pulchella ” wheatleyi Polygyra multilineata Euconulus fulvus x 2 hirsuta Zonitoides nitida x fe, monodon ” arborea x % fraterna Gastrodonta ligera Strobilops labyrinthica Pyramidula alternata ” — affinis ” pers pectiva Pupoides marginatus ” cronkhitei anthonyi Bifidaria armifera Helicodiscus parellelus 10 Daniels, Nautilus, XIX, p. 62. 106 Op. cit., p. 63; x indicates abundant. 308 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Bifidaria contracta Succinea retusa Circinaria concava ” — avara Omphalina inornata x Pomatiopsis lapidaria It will be noted that the list of Fuller and Clapp includes a number of species of land shells not recorded by Daniels. These are: Succinea lineata (= grosvenort) Vertigo tridentata Polygyra albolabris Vallonia cyclophorella My elevata Galba humilis modicella 2 thyroides Succinea lineata is considered a synonym of S. grosvenori (vide Pilsbry, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1906, page 161). Gvosvenori is not given in Daniels list, nor is it quoted in any list of Illinois or Indiana fossils. It is a common loess fossil in Iowa and there is no reason why it should not occur in the same deposits in Illinois and Indiana. Its occurrence is paralleled by the presence of Oreohelix iowensis, Pyramidula shimekti and Sphyradium edentulum alticola, species which are now found living westward in a drier climate. The list published by Cox, which follows, also contains species not listed by either of the previously mentioned authors. It is possible that in the older list there may be some errors of identification. Cox lists 18 species from New Harmony, 5 of which do not occur in Daniels lits.1” These are marked with an x. ‘. Circinaria concava Polygyra hirsuta Zonitoides arborea e monodon x Vitrea indentata » — fraterna Pyramidula pers pectiva Vallonia pulchella Helicodiscus parallelus(=lineatus) Succinea avara Bifidaria armifera i ” — elongata x Leucochila fallax Pomatiopsis lapidaria Strobilops labyrinthica Helicina occulta x Punctum pygmaeum x Valvata tricarinata The last species is doubtful, as it is not found in true loess. The Succinea elongata in the above list, as well as in the following list, is probably Say’s Physa elongata(= A plexa hypnorum) as there is no Succinea elongata in America. In Sullivan County, along the Wabash River and Busseron Creek, a fossili- ferous loess occurs overlying Illinoian drift. The following species have been identified. Circinaria concava Helicina occulta Polygyra fraterna Succinea elongata? 24 monodon ”” species » hirsuta Bifidaria armifera Strobilops labyrinthica Pomatiopsis lapidaria Pyramidula pers pectiva Helix minuta (=Vallonia pulchella) 107 Geol. Surv. Ind., 8, 9, 10 An. Rep., pp. 119-120; 6th An. Rep., p. 7. 108 Collett, op. cit., 2nd Rep., pp. 226-227. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 309 These deposits include two loesses, an upper light yellow loess, and a lower, darker loess. The first is post-lowan (Peorian) while the second is post- Illinoian (Sangamon). Shimek! refers the lower loess to the post-Kansan interval, but as it lies on the Illinoian drift it is later than the post-Kansan in- terval (Yarmouth), and must be considered as of Sangamon age. The lower loess is exceedingly fossiliferous, the upper much less so, in fact, containing but few examples. On the Kentucky side of the River, near Henderson, the marl-loess contains several species of helices, Bifidaria armifera, Succinea, and Pomatiopsis (Cyclostoma)."° Deposits of mussel shells have been exposed in the bank of the Ohio River near Florence, Switzerland County. These are from 3 to 10 feet below the surface. The shell beds are said to have been deposited by Man, but this statement it would seem, is open to grave question. They are probably natural deposits, belonging to the Sangamon or to a later period.44!_ In the river bank opposite Florence the shell bed is 32 inches beneath the surface. Other de- - posits also occur.!” c. Mammalian Fauna Mammals referable to Sangamon age are present in Indiana deposits. Mastodon remains were exhumed some years ago at Wm. Cordery’s sand bank, 300 feet west of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 12 feet below the sur- face, in a sand and gravel deposit." In Martin County both the mastodon and the mammoth are reported from marsh clay, resting on drift." In Dear- born, Ohio, and Switzerland counties, in various deposits overlying Illinoian drift, the remains of the mammoth and the mastodon have been observed. Many of these deposits are in the river bank. Mastodon remains have been recorded from various deposits, many of which are probably referable to the Sangamoninterval. These are listed below: Clarke County; near Charleston Landing, Ohio River, above Louisville, Ky., in sand bank." Dearborn County; five miles west southwest from Aurora, on blue clay, 8-9 feet below the surface." DuBois County; near mouth of Wolf Creek, at ‘Rock House,” ford of the White River.” East branch of White River. 199 Journ. Geol., XIII, No. 3, p. 232. 10 Leidy, Smith. Contr. Knowl., VII, Art. V, pp. 7-8. ut Geol. Surv. Ind., 3rd and 4th An. Rep., pp. 408-409. 12 Op. cit., p. 414. _ 18 Borden, Geol. Surv. Ind., 6th An. Rep., p. 141. 14 Cox, op. cit., 2nd An. Rep., p. 103. "5 Borden, Geol. Surv. Ind., 5th An. Rep., p. 176; Hay, 36th An. Rep., p. 700. 16 Hay, op. cit., p. 701. "7 Collett, op. cit., 4th An. Rep., p. 214. "8 Hay, 36th An. Rep., p. 703. 310 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Gibson County; Princeton, in excavation for sewer in west Chestnut Street, at depth of 6 feet. Jackson County; in bank of Judah Creek, a branch of Mill Creek.” Martin County; near Shoals, brot up on a fishing line.” Switzerland County; in gravel bank at mouth of Grant’s Creek; river bank near Patriot; river bottom, five miles below Vevay; Laughery Creek, above Hartford; Rising Sun, on river bank. The exact age of these remains, consist- ing of teeth and tusks, is in question.” Some of them are probably of Sanga- mon age. Franklin County; near Brookville, at three localities; a mile below Brook- ville; three and a half miles from the town, in gravel in the upper terrace, 8-9 feet below the surface; three and a half miles northwest of Brookville, in a piece of marshy ground which had been ditched.!3 The last reference may belong to post-Wisconsin time, but the first two were found in gravel which antedates the Wisconsin stage.!*4 Elephas columbi and E. primigenius are both known to have lived in Indiana but the horizon of most of the “finds” is doubtful. The following may have been from Sangamon strata: Elephas primigenius. One and a half miles below Vevay, Switzerland Coun- ty, on shore of Ohio River.!” Elephas columbi. Fifteen miles west of Brookville, Franklin County, in a gravelly bank of Salt Creek (Butt’s Fork).* In Vigo County, near Terre Haute, on a farm, a lower molar tooth was found at a depth of 18 feet.” As Terre Haute lies near the edge of the Wisconsin drift sheet, which is here under- laid by Illinoian drift, the inference is that at this depth (18 feet) the deposit would cover the Ilinoian drift, and the tooth would be of Sangamon age. The remains of elephants, the species of which are not indicated, have been _ found in strata possibly referable to the Sangamon interval. Many years ago Plummer reported a tusk from near Brookville, dug from the Whitewater canal at a depth of 15 feet, the deposit being gravel.’& The mammoth has been reported from Martin County!® (near Shoals) but these remains cannot be referred to any definite horizon. 119 Hay, op. cit., p. 705. 120 Cox, op. cit., 6th An. Rep., p. 59. 121 Hay, op. cit., 36th An. Rep., p. 709. 122 Hay, op. cit., p. 714. 123 Haymond, Geol. Surv. Ind., 1st An. Rep., 1869. 14 Hay, op. cit., 36th An. Rep., p. 704. 1% Hay, op. cit., p. 733. 326 Haymond, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLVI, pp. 294-296; Hay, op. cit., p. 742. First citied as tooth of Megatherium. 127 Hay, op. cit., p. 746. 128 Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLIV, p. 302. 128 Cox, Geol. Surv. Ind., 2nd An. Rep., p. 103; Hay, op. cit., 36th Rep., p. 748. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 311 The tapir (Tapirus haysii) is recorded by Cope™® from near Richmond, Wayne County, but the record has not been subsequently substantiated.” Bison antiqguus has been recorded from near Vincennes, Knox County. A skull was found in a ditch at a depth of 6 feet. This is believed by Hay to belong to pre-Wisconsin time and it may be referred to the Sangamon interval with a considerable degree of certainty. In Bartholomew County mammal remains are reported as follows, possibly from Sangamon deposits.1* Species Locality Mammut americanum. Sand bar in White River, one mile east of Walesboro. Elephas primigenius. Tn gravel pit one-half mile south of Walesboro, under 7 feet of soil and gravel. Alces americanus. In White River, one mile east of Walesboro. Odocoileus virginianus. Wayne Township. ) In a limestone cave in Rock Cliff Quarry, just northwest of Williams, in Lawrence County, the remains of several animals were found in a stalagmitic deposit 20-30 feet below the level of the ground. Hay'** remarks that the age of the deposit cannot be determined but that the animals probably lived before the oncoming of the Wisconsin ice. It seems quite proper to refer this material to the Sangamon interval. Three species are represented, as noted below: Terrapane carolina. Shell. Tayassu lenis. Jaws and teeth. Platygonus vetus. Molar. 4. OHIO a. Old Soils The Sangamon interval has been identified from Ohio by Leverett and the records of some of the old soils and forest beds published by Ohio geologists should doubtless be referred to the same horizon. In Fairfield County™ this soil occurs at Clearport, between the surface soil and Illinoian drift, and-at Lancaster, between the Wisconsin and Illinoian tills. From German Town- ship, Montgomery County, Dachnowski!® reports a Sangamon peat bed beneath 80-100 feet of stratified clay and gravel (Wisconsin). This bed is ex- posed in the channel of Twin Creek, a tributary of the Miami River. The peat is from 1 to 4 feet in depth and the upper layers contain sphagnum mosses. 139 Journ. Phil. Acad., XI, p. 253. 131 Hay, Geol. Surv. Ind., 36th Rep., p. 591. 122 Middleton and Moore, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1899, pp. 178-181; Hay, op. cit.,p.651. * 133 Edwards, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1901, pp. 247-248, 1962. 184 Towa Geol. Surv., XXIII, pp. 553, 596, 605. ™ Leverett, Mon. XLI, p. 269. 1% Bull. 16, Geol. Surv. Ohio, p. 103. 312 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE The lower layers contain woody fibers. The peat rests on a bed of fine sand several feet in thickness, which in turn is underlaid by clay and gravel. The sand often contains trunks, roots, and branches of trees and also berries of cedar (Juniperus virginianus). The wood is partly coniferous,but ash, hickory, sycamore, beech, and wild grape also occur. The tusks of the mastodon were also found. The peat bed is said to be of wide extent. In Columbus County, near Matville,“® a section shows the Sangamon soil underlaid by Illinoian drift. The section is in the east bluff of Big Darby Creek and the succession of strata is as noted below: 4. Weathered till and present dark soil grading into the next (Wisconsin)................ 3-4 feet 3. Fresh, loose, stony yellow clay till, with sharp contact between it and no. 2 (Wisconsin) in ee TAI eo Li oe en 1 2—Siaias 2. Much weathered, dark, compact soil-like material gradually passing into the next helow (Sangatnon))....5:2 Me W ee a eee oa es 24 ” i. Characteristic dense, blue old drift (llinoian).........0.cceecceccececceececeeeseeesetececneeee 50 feet A similar section is published by Hubbard !7 from Springwater Run, near Harrisburg, the old soil being overlaid by 30 feet of Wisconsin till. In Hocking County Sangamon soils with forest remains are frequently encountered. Near Palmyra and Springfield old soils with limbs of trees, sticks, leaves, etc. are recorded at depths of 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30 40, and 45 feet beneath the surface. Every well dug encounters this deposit.° An earlier till sheet with overlying interglacial deposits has been recognized in northern Ohio. Carney'® distinguished an earlier, bluish clay under a yellow clay near Cleveland, and Scudder"® has identified four species of beetles from clay beds believed to be interglacial, which occur near Cleveland. The deposits are similar to those at Scarboro, Canada. The four species are: Hydrochus amictus Pterostichus dormitans Helophorus rigescens Bembidium fragmentum Wright"! has described a deposit at Amboy, Ashtabula County, which may be referable to the same horizon from which the insects mentioned above were obtained. Many logs were noted, lying side by side, covered by 30 feet of gravel, in which was found a tooth and a tusk of the mammoth. The log deposit is 140 feet above Lake Erie. 86 Bull. 14, Geol. Surv. Ohio, p. 67. 37 Bull. 14, p. 66. 139 Silliman, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXV, pp. 104-107. 139 Journ. Geol., XVII, pp. 473-487. 40 Contr. Can. Pal., I, part 1, page 27; Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVIII, p. 182. 41 Proc. Amer. As. Ad. Sci., XLVII, p. 298. i THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 313 b. Fluviatile Deposits An interesting deposit occurs at Cincinnati, Hamilton County, which con- tainsasmallfauna. A section, made 20 years ago, is indicated below:!” Wellow clays... ee eee 5 feet 8 inches Blueiclay eke e el es, lglg) ees Height of section.................. 13 feet 1 inch The contact portions between the two clays contained fragments of wood and vegetation in one place, which probably represented the Sangamon soil horizon. The blue clay contained sand pockets containing the following spe- cies of shells: Physa ancillaria Planorbis parvus Anculosa costata (of small size) Equus fraternus and Mammut americanum were also secured from the blue clay. The yellow clay is probably loess. Many years ago, Hildreth'* described a well boring which passed thru strata evidently referable to the Sangamon interval; the lower strata may, however, be of older date. As the region is far outside of the till margin, the age of the deposits cannot be placed with certainty. Valley drift from the Illinoian and Wisconsin drift sheets extends down the Muskingham River to the Ohio. The well was located six miles above the mouth of the Musking- ham River and one and one-half miles north of the Ohio River. The section included the following strata (correlation the writers): Sumeimentored.clay (probably loess) 220)... iee css ceeccnavilensscee cst ee acigeeei beeen 40 feet 2. Blue clay with fragments of plants, leaves, and seeds of monocotyledenous plants; beneath this a bed of wood, leaves and plant remains (Sangamon old soil?).............. 10% $3. Fine siliceous and micaceous sand, the upper part mixed with blue clay such as is now found in the bottom of fresh water ponds or in eddies and lagoons of large rivers. Scattered throughout the 10 feet, and especially in the upper portion, are numerous fipiviatile shells apparently Unio and Anodonta. (Sangamon or possi- SILER ERTOLLEET reve eet Ges. oe he a ape hse Le pO AM owe Wei mul alle eb 10)” Depthiotiwellkeee se eee ee 60 feet The Unios are given names by Morton and are also figured, but the cuts are not good enough for identification with recent species. These names, which are not recorded in Simpson’s Synopsis, are listed below: Unio _ petrosus Morton. Platelfigure 17. Page 149 id tumulatus 4 edit ” 18-21. ” 149 ™ Hayes, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, pp. 217-226. ™ Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXIX, pp. 17, 149, plate 1, 1836. 314 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Unio _ terrenus Morton. Plate 1 figure 19. Page 149 24 saxulum Ke Gene ary WPAN) ”» 149 Anodonta? abyssina 22 ed ” 22-23. ” 149 With the Unios “one perfect form of a genuine oyster and several frag- ments” were found. What these really were it is impossible to conjecture. The molluscan record is practically worthless for the present purpose. Near Middletown, Butler County, in the first bottoms of the Miami River, a stratum containing mollusks occurs which is evidently referable to the Sanga- mon interval. It is to be correlated with the old shell and forest beds near Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and in other parts of the Ohio Valley. Thirteen species are recorded from Middleton. Name listed. Present name. Helix elevata Polygyra elevata ” concava Circinaria concava ” alternata Pyramidula alternata » hirsuta Polygyra hirsuta ”” — monodon ” _ monodon ” — thyroideus ” — thyroides ” profunda ” — profunda ” — solitaria Pyramidula solitaria ” tridentata Polygyra tridentata Goniobasis depygis Goniobasis depygis Planorbis trivoltis Planorbis trivolvis Amnicola lapidaria Pomatiopsis lapidaria Succinea species Succinea species c. Mammalian Fauna Mammals of Sangamon age occur above the IIlinoian till in Ohio and that portion of Kentucky which was reached by the till sheet. The most complete fauna occurs at Big Bone Lick on Big Bone Creek, Boone County, Kentucky, twenty miles south of Cincinnati, Ohio. Foster,“ many years ago, called attention to the position of the fossils as related to the strata. His section is as follows: Yellow clay, containing remains of bison and eQ............ccesscscssessescsseseeeseeetenereeneeneeees 15-20 feet Blue clay, with remains of elephant and mastodoON...........cc.ssecsesesseesscsecsesseeneeeeetesseesenee x The fauna has been monographed by Leidy™ and has been referred to by many other authors.“7 From these various sources the fauna is seen to be made up of the following species: Megalonyx jeffersoni Alces americanus Mylodon harlani Rangifer caribou ™ Geol. Surv. Ohio, III, pp. 381-391. 6 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., X, p. 161, 1856. 46 Journ. Phil. Acad., VIL, 1869. 47 Cooper, Smith, and DeKay, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XX, pp. 370-372; Smith. Contr. Knowl., V, Art., 3, 1852; VI, Art., 5, 1853. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 315 Equus complicatus (=americanus) Bootherium bombifrons ” — fraternus Symbos cavifrons Tapirus haysiz Bison antiquus Platygonus compressus ” — bison Odocotileus tirgintanus Mammut americanum Cervus canadensis Elephas primigenius Cervalces scott: Neotoma magister Ursus americanus Several horizons are evidently represented at Big Bone Lick, as suggested by Foster and Hay. The lists which have been published do not discriminate and some of the material was undoubtedly secured from a higher level and therefore referable to a later time. Hay''® believes that the deposit contains animals which have been mired from IIlinoian (Sangamon) time to the present. Lyell states*** that the bison resorted to the springs up to a recent date. He also mentions the presence of fresh water and land shells with the bones, the species being the same as now found in this region. The Bison bison,»° accord- ing to Shaler, is found only in the superficial strata and hence referable to a late period, possibly post-Wisconsin. Some of the deer also belong to a later period than the Sangamon. As the different species have not been separated stratigraphically, they have been listed here together for the sake of com- pleteness. Bison Jatifrons was reported by Peale’! from a small creek about a dozen miles north of Big Bone Lick. It probably belongs to the same age as the other fossils at the previously mentioned locality. Other vertebrate remains bave been reported from Ohio as follows: Mammut americanum. In bank of Raccoon Creek, near Granville.’ Near Nashport, on gravel, at depth of 14 feet.» Muskingham County, in muck 25 feet. Castoroides ohioensts. Nashport, below the surface." Also 14 feet below the surface on bed of pebbles and gravel. Equus species. “Excavation for outer wall of penitentiary, Colum- busig=: 48 Geol. Surv. Ind., 36th An. Rep., p. 624. 49 Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLVI, pp. 320-323, 1843. 460 Allen, American Bisons, pp. 53, 236. 461 Philos. Mag., XV, pp. 325-327. 42 Hicks, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), V, p. 79. This locality is on the edge of the Wisconsin drift, and the remains may be of later age. 463 Foster, op. cit., (i), XX XI, p. 80, 1837. 14 Klippart, Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., II, p. 154. 4% Op. cit.; the horizon is doubtful, but the inference is that it is Sangamon, as horses have not been found in later deposits. 316 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Ursus procerus. Overpeck Station, on C. H. and D. Railway, four miles from Hamilton, Butler County, 23 feet below the surface on “nest of petrified sticks.” Ovibos moschatus. Youngstown, under 60 feet of gravel.'57 In Jackson and Muskingham counties several deposits occur from which the remains of mammals have been reported. These are in stream deposits evidently laid down by water from the Wisconsin ice. As the deposits con- taining the bones are at the base of the sections, they may represent Sangamon time. ; In Jackson County (Briggs,™) at Salt Creek, in the northwestern part of the county, the bones of an elephant, thot to be Elephas jacksoni (=columbi) werefound. The section of the bank at this locality is as noted below: 1:) Yellowish clay ii.s:..) cgi esha coo ie recs Dee 514 feet 2: ‘Yellowish sandy, clayit)s..:...0 00) A208 Re a 74%” 3. Ferruginous sand, partly cemented with if0n..........ccccecceeceeeesetecereteeseseseseses 4-8 inches 4. Chocolate colored sand or mud, the lower part containing remains of gram- ineous plants... se ee Se ee ee 2 feet 5. Sandy clay, light chocolate colored.............c:cccccssssesesesesesscecsescsesecteeececesaeacaesceees 14% ” 6. Sand and clay with large proportion of animal matter. Contains fossil Bones. 2e i hehe Rs | AOE RE lee Da a ee ere 1-114 feet Height of section.........ccccsceecseeeee 1714-19 feet Many fossil bones are reported from salt wells in this county, including the elephant and the Megatherium. In Muskingham County (Wyman”) the valley drift of the Muskingham River near Zanesville presents the section noted below: 1: Yellow ‘loam, stratified si ee, Ga ca ee 8 feet 0 inches 2, Fine/sand ise. 0o 8. Sere a a A Pe ee 1 /.?? «Oma 3. Fine:gravel. iii ee I Ee a 0: 1.6.9 4° Yellow) loadin ioe icc ips hes icici eee 2.” Oe $: ‘Pebbles:ofignéous rocks:..05..:380 ue ee a ene 6.” (0a 6. Yellow:sand stratified cos. 6h.5 Lh nie iieess so eee 0 “6 th 0 ” 4 ” &. 2 ” 6 ” 9. 8 ” 6 ” Height of section.................000+ 29 feet 7 inches 186 Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, pp. 53-56. Hay (36th An. Rep., p. 775) believes that the deposit may be older than the Illinoian as rock was found 3-4 feet below the bear skull. As the old forest beds in this region are believed to be of Sangamon age it seems logical that this ancient bear lived at the same time. 187 Hay, 36th An. Rep., Geol. Surv. Ind., p. 641. If the depth of 60 feet is correct it would probably penetrate the Wisconsin drift and the fossil musk ox may belong to the Sanga- mon fauna. : 1878 Briggs, First An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 96. Wyman, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., X, pp. 169-172, 1857, Hl | | 4 THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 317 The teeth of an elephant (Elephas primigenius?) were found in stratum 9 and may possibly be referred to the Sangamon interval. 5. WISCONSIN Old forest beds are known to occur beneath the Wisconsin till in this state. Alden” refers these to the Peorian interval, but they would seem to be equally as logically referred to the Sangamon interval. The Illinoian drift sheet disappears beneath the Wisconsin drift sheet south of Green Bay, and so far as known there are no Iowan drift deposits in the vicinity. If the Iowan ice did not reach this region, it may be that the forest of both the Sangamon and Peorian intervals are represented in these ancient forest beds. Unless the ice was near enough to kill the trees, there is no reason why the forests, especially the coniferous species, could not have existed continuously thru both Sanga- mon and Peorian time, and until they were destroyed by the Wisconsin ice sheet. Lawson”® records many ancient forest beds from the region of the Fox Riv- er, in Calumet and Outagamie counties. These forest remains are under from 10 to 100 feet of red till, and are composed of moss, leaves, grasses, seeds, limbs and branches of trees and saplings, many of the trees being 24 inches in diame- ter. Some of the vegetation with their localities are tabulated below. The names are those given by Lawson. Name Locality Pine cones and logs. Town of Harrison, Calumet County. Cedar, black ash, black oak, tamarack Border of Lake Little Butte des Morts. Linden (basswood) Forest Junction, Calumet County. Lawson says: ‘All these stumps bear evidence in their ragged heads of the trees having been violently wrenched off. The most notable stump field is that at Lewis Hankey’s brick yard in the Town of Neenah, on the west shore of Lake Little Butte des Morts. Here the removal of twelve feet of red clay in brick making has uncovered several acres of stumps still standing and about twelve inches high. The bed of vegetable mould and leaves is here several inches thick and rests on a thin layer of blue clay.” This forest bed is more probably postglacial, possibly representing the interval between a retreat and advance of the Wisconsin ice (see p. 118). The forest bed encountered in deep wells in various parts of the Green Bay—Lake Winnebago region is probably of Sangamon age and there is every reason to believe that this deposit underlies a large area of the drift. Several well sections north of Appleton afford ex- 388 Science, N. S., X XIX, p. 357. 489 Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., II, p. 170, et seq. 318 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE amples of the strata in which the forest is found. Some of these are noted be- low: Town of Center Seven miles north of Appleton Red clay. 205. ee ee 15 feet © Clayincsscccacmsccicn see 7 feet Sa ia iochelec tate eee ena eoes 80°! | Sand ia ne 15,7 2 Blueiclayi ee eee 25 7%. Rediclaty. il .ccjis ieee ene 40 ” Wood, leaves, stumpS...........0....00 200 Gravel ilac..cges.seisce ene ee 125s Gravel 2 ee ee var we ae x 7 Rediclay!.. 0 oa 6 Trees, leaves, StuMPS.............0:000000 20g Depth of well... 122? \Gravel:...i0i.5)) 2) 10 ” 1 2X0 ol eee ae ERT Oy ppricacer x Depth of well... 92 Whittlesey*® many years ago referred to the same deposit when he des- cribed the buried forest of Green Bay at 24 and 50 feet below the surface. Some wood examined was determined as cedar. A number of instances are on record of the occurrence of wood and old soils beneath Wisconsin till in southern Wisconsin. Both Winchell! and Newberry’ have reported wood “resembling white cedar” from a well 18 feet deep in Walworth County. Winchell reports a “tamarack” log from a depth of 25 feet, with clay above and gravel below, the locality being five miles east of Geneva. At Appleton, Outagamie County, red cedar is reported from 30 feet, also in red clay. In Brown County, wood, apparently willow, was found in red clay, 50 feet below the surface. The variation in the depth below the surface of these deposits indicates either a great variation in the thickness of the Wisconsin till, or that several horizons are represented. It may also be true that the Wisconsin till contains many sticks and logs at various depths which were picked up by the ice sheet from the Sangamon or Peorian surface and incorporated with the Wisconsin till. Alden 14 lists a number of records of vegetal remains from deposits thot to lie between the Illinoian and Wisconsin tills, in southeastern Wisconsin. The variation in depth indicates probably that several drift sheets have been pene- trated. The shallower depths evidently record the stage preceding the re- advance of the Lake Michigan glacier. For convenience these records are tabulated below: 160 Foster and Whitney’s report, p. 394. 181 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., XXIV, pp. 54-55. 182 Geol. Ohio, IT, p. 31. 1628 Professional paper 106, U. S. G. S., pp. 177-179. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 319 County Township Depth Character Marquette Westfield 230 Carbonaceous matter Montello 20 Logs Green Lake Brooklyn 100 Leaves Sauk Delton 260-270 | Twigs Delton 292 Muck Greenfield 190 Muck Dane Middleton 100 Peat Middleton 92 Wood Middleton 80 Black material Madison 240 Wood Fitchburg 112 Peat Fitchburg 135 Muck and driftwood Dunkirk 200 Wood Rock Harmony 40 Blackish clay Harmony 125 Muck Johnston 40 Muck Walwoth Richmond 230 Black soil Jefferson Farmington 60 Wood Waukesha Summit 60 Muck Jashington Hartford 30 Muck Addison 30 Soil, tamarack tree Fond du Lac Fond du Lac 30-50 Black dirt, wood Eden 90 Muck Walworth Lafayette 180 Muck Bloomfield 98-141 | Wood East Troy 60 “Tron ore”’ Kenosha Salem 50-60 Gas Milwaukee Greenfield 26 Black sand Franklin 24 Black loam Oak Creek 114 “Dry turt’” Waukesha Lisbon 50 Black soil Washington Polk 180 Muck or peat Washington Jackson 250 Black peat Sheboygan Holland 60 Muck Holland 100 Black muck and leaves Holland 62 Black muck Weidman finds evidences of five drift sheets in Wisconsin—the pre- Kansan, Kansan, Iowan, Early and Late Wisconsin. An interglacial interval is noted between the second and third drifts, i.e. the Sangamon. The loess is considered later than the third (Iowan) and older than the fourth (post-Iowan or Peorian). Much interesting and valuable information awaits the student 183 Science, N. S., XX XVII, p. 456. 320 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE who will take the trouble to study and classify the material in these buried forests. There should also be found with the vegetation a varied fauna of mollusks and insects, as well as vertebrates. 6. MINNESOTA Upham has recognized the Sangamon interval in Minnesota, tho no evi- dences of life are mentioned. The location of this stage is thus described. “Three chains of lakes on the till area of Martin County, one of the central counties of the southern tier in Minnesota, adjoining Iowa, are ascribed to inter- glacial erosion of rivers flowing south, where now the courses of drainage pass eastward. The duration of this interglacial stage is estimated by Winchell, from changes of the course of the Mississippi River in and near the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, to have been about 15,000 years. It seems to be represented in the history of the Quaternary lakes Bonneville and Lahontan by the stage of their desiccation between their previous prolonged stage of high water and their ensuing higher but more brief rise of water; and it is correlated with the Sangamon interglacial stage between the Illinoian and Iowan stages of glaciation. Its time is estimated to have been approximately from 40,000 to 25,000 years ago.” 7. MICHIGAN It is believed that the older drift sheets extended over Michigan, the. Kan- san from Keewatin and the Illinoian from Labrador. Beds of muck and peat have been found between drift sheets in deep borings as far north as Hopkins in Allegan County, and near Shelby in Oceana County. These occur at a depth of about 150 feet. It is not definitely known whether the overlying drift in- cludes the Iowan or is exclusively Wisconsin. At Ann Arbor borings struck a much harder sheet of till than the Wisconsin in the lower part of the till. The harder till is probably Illinoian. Its thickness at Ann Arbor is 30-40 feet, but north of Ypsilanti it is 200 feet thick. In a later publication! Leverett refers certain old soils to the post-{llinoian stage. These references include several mentioned above. The specific localities are: Near Avoca, St. Clair County. East Fremont, Sanilac County. Near Hillsdale, Hillsdale County. Near Allegan, Allegan County. West of Shelby, Oceana County. 164 Science, N. S., XX XVII, p. 457; Int. Geol. Congress, 12th session, Canada, 1913, pp. 1-11. Many of the strata mentioned are referred in the present work to the Yarmouth interval. See page 262. 16 Leverett, 6th An. Rep., Mich. Acad. Sci., p. 105. 166 Mich. Geol. Biol. Surv., Geol. Ser., No. 7, pp. 53-54. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 321 In Bay County a number of coal shafts penetrate several tills and inter- glacial deposits.’ These are tabulated below: Near Amelith. Shaft of Pittsburg Coal Co. Soil deposit at 110 feet, underlaid by beds of sand and gravel and overlaid by clay drift of Wisconsin age. Shaft of Hecla mine, northeastern part of Frankenlust Township. Fragments of trees in beds of sand just above the bed rock, at a depth of 85 feet. This vegetal deposit is probably contemporaneous in age with the 110 foot bed near Amelith, which may be Sangamon. Section 19, Bangor Township. Vegetation at 80 feet, underlaid by 37 feet of boulder clay. In the old Monitor shaft (S.E. 14 Sect. 28, T. 14 N, R. 4 E.) at a depth of 45 feet a vegetal deposit was found. Section of Monitor Shaft TNA Eee ter ry De eee a Une On 45 feet Papper Monitor soil... ose 444” SCIEN Ape SSE a ey ee eR 314% ” 4. Sand, lower Monitor soil.............. ee 10 inches The upper Monitor soil contains impressions of leaves, twigs, etc. Just what relation the two clays and the two soils bear to the intervals beyond the Wisconsin is not clear. If there was an Iowan drift in Michigan number 3 might be this one; or it might be early Wisconsin drift. The stratigraphical position of these deposits is not yet clear. At two localities in the Upper Peninsular, one near Hessel and the other in the region about Isabella, to the north of Big Bay de Noc, there are deposits of fine, pink, thinly laminated, highly plastic clay which as shown by its fine- ness and evenness of bedding was laid down in a large water body.!®8 Similar clay is perhaps present at other localities in the same general region, concealed beneath deposits of sand and possibly of till, but evidence in this connection is at present wanting. Of these deposits Russell says, ‘‘The deposits of clay briefly described above, are of the same character as much larger deposits exposed near Sault Ste. Marie and occurring widely on the Lake Superior shore of Michigan. Judging from the pronounced physical characteristics of the clay at these several localities and its known relation to other and associated deposits, it seems evident that it was laid down in a single widely extended water body. No fossils have been found in it to show whether it is of marine or lacustrine origin, but the presumption is that it was deposited in a lake. As to the date at which this lake existed no good evidence has as yet been obtained in Northern Michigan, but during the past summer similar clay previously known to exist in the northern portion of southern Michigan has been shown 187 Cooper, Rep. State Board Geol. Surv., 1905, pp. 152, 340, 341. 8 Russell, Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1904, pp. 93-94. 322 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE by Frank Leverett to be several hundred feet thick and of older date than the surface morainal deposits of the region and to rest upon older glacial de- posits. It is thus shown to have been deposited previous to the southward ad- vance of the Wisconsin ice sheet. This is a highly instructive discovery, and if as now seems probable, the pink clays of northern Michigan were deposited in the same lake as the similar clays in southern Michigan, the existence of an inter-glacial lake in the Great Lakes basin of comparable size with Lake Algon- quin is made manifest.”” These clays may be of Sangamon age. Sherzer'®® mentions Ilinoian drift in Monroe County with “coal” (probably compacted peat) above drift; and Davis!?® mentions pre-Wisconsin drift in Tuscola County. Many years ago!) Wm. Logan recorded the presence of a deposit 12-14 feet thick, containing roots and limbs of trees, at Grand Sable, south shore Lake Superior. The deposit rested on bluish-drab clay and was overlaid by a bed of sand interstratified with gravel 300 feet in thickness. It is not known what interval the vegetation may represent. Taylor'”* states that pre-Wisconsin till occurs beneath the Wisconsin drift in the area of the “Thumb” in Michigan. Of this deposit Taylor says: “Till older than that deposited by the Wisconsin ice sheet seems to underlie more or less continuously all of the later or Wisconsin drift in Indiana and the southern peninsula of Michigan.”’ Old soil in places overlies this older drift. 8. NEW YORK Evidence is accumulating, indicating the presence of a till sheet beneath the Wisconsin drift sheet. Just which drift sheet is represented has not been definitely stated, but it is apparently referable to the till beneath the interglacial deposits at Toronto, whichis thot to be the Illinoian stage. In the Keuka Valley, wave cut terraces have been observed which are believed to have been produced by a pre-Wisconsin glacial lake.'” In the Finger Lake region of New York a pre-Wisconsin drift has also been detected.!% In the Mohawk Valley’ the hardpan referred to in the well sections evidently represents the Illinoian till sheet. Well borings in western New York indicate that several drift sheets have crossed the state. Spencer!” has published a well section taken in the Whirl- pool-Saint Davids gorge, Niagara River, which exhibits several tills and inter- glacial deposits. 169 Geol. Surv. Mich., VII, part 1, pp. 126-127. 170 An. Rep. Geol. Surv, Mich., 1908, pp. 121-353. 171 Geol. of Canada, 1863, p. 905. 1714 Mon. LIII, U.S. G. S., pp. 261, 289. 172 Carney, Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), XXIII, pp. 325-335, 1907. 173 Carney, Denison Univ. Bull., XIV, pp. 3-18, 35-46, 1908. 174 Brigham, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., IX, pp. 189-190. See also Fairchild, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, p. 632. 175 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., X XI, p. 436, 1910. v THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 323 Possible correlation Character of deposit Feet Total Wisconsin till 1............ Reddish clay with few pebbles and glaciated stonee.......... 40 40 Wisconsin till 2............ Rounded gravel (2 feet) over light brownish fine, sandy loam, which is also calcareous (38 ft.).....0.ccccccecceeceeeee 40 80 Wisconsin till................ Small angular to rounded gravel mostly quartzite, in (Early) 3 red clay matrix, (4 feet); loam with gravel as above (10 feet); angular gravel with little clay binding (26 feet)....] 40 120 Wisconsin till................/ Bluish clayey sand with angular fragments (boring here (Early) 4 (Iowan?) | was rapid with admixture of recovered materials).......... 66 186 Interglacial....................Six inches of fine white sandy soil, deoxidized, with Land surface twigs and a well preserved trunk of a northern white Sangamon spruce. It rests ona grayish clayey sand, which, when (Scarboro beds ) 5 the calcareous and ferruginous matter are removed, is similar to the deoxidized soil above. Also contains {ECL th Rar AI OE ke i Ces te ea aM 34 220 Interplacial..............:... Angular and subangular gravel, mostly quarztite, size Scarboro beds 6 oi peas, with some earthy binding materials in variable layers. At 16 feet below the top was brown rusty sand (indicating an interglacial surface) strongly magnetic. At 15 ieet the fragments were large, subangular at PDAS Cte eters Meer Be a Ea es ee cece aR Rae 23 243 Interglacial.....0.0.......... Loamy sand with quartzite pebbles, which at base are Don beds ? POUNCE So teeee ciate ie eee oy Sisal oe EN Ue UEC eta ey 16 259 Baterplacial .....:.......1:... | Very fine siliceous flour, somewhat calcareous, but very (Sangamon) | rich in magnetic sand. Deposit held water, flowed up- Don beds ? ward in casing for 8 feet, like cement, and stopped the [OCOD nh Be ae et ora aie er ae tay eR, Sh Pe rey 914 268% Seperate anor aciale |Monmore that ee eect teste retest eke 2444 293 (Probably Tlinoian till) This is the level of the whirlpool but the drift may continue for 50 or 100 feet, less or more...........:.eeceee Spencer refers the wood in stratum 5 to the Scarboro beds at Toronto! and this correlation appears to agree with the evidence. The above inter- pretation of the well section strata may not be corrett but it appears to be in conformity with the evidence, as compared with the section at Toronto. Kin- dle and Taylor’? do not name the drift sheet beneath the Wisconsin, nor do they discuss this well section. An interglacial fauna of possible Sangamon age has been observed at the south end of Cayuga Lake.’ This deposit is on the west shore of the lake, “between Taughannock Falls and Frontenac Beach in a small ravine which 1%6 Op. cit., p. 438. 177 Niagara Folio, p. 9. 178 Maury, Journ. Geol., XVI, pp. 565-567. 324 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE has cut through one of the delta terraces so common in Cayuga Valley.” A vertical section is shown below: rifts ce 0 Re ae la Fle 20-30 feet Gravel and sand...................... several inches. Fossiliferous clay.................... 5-8 feet. Boulder clay. ky ees 10-15 feet. Devonian shales...................... 10 feet above lake level. ~ The lower boulder clay probably representing the [linoian till, is oxidized’ indicating a period of erosion. The fossils, mostly mollusks, are imbedded in a slaty blue clay, loose and peaty at the base, but becoming more compact toward the center and upper parts. The lower, peaty deposit is composed almost wholly of plant remains. These have not yet been identified owing to their very imperfect state of preservation. It would be of great interest to compare these plants with those found at Toronto in supposedly equivalent beds. The mollusks obtained from this deposit have been determined as follows: x Anodonta grandis x Valvata tricarinata x grandis footiana x Amnicola limosa 2 marginata x Physa heterostropha x Lampsilis luteola x Planorbis antrosus (= bicarinatus) x ” — ventricosa 3 deflectus x Sphaerium sulcatum (=simile) a lentus (=trivolvis?) x Pisidium compressum x di parvus a virginicum x Galba elodes ” x Campeloma decisum palustris Comparing the above list with the Don beds at Toronto, we find that 12 species out of 18, or two-thirds, are common to both localities (an x in the above list signifies that the species is found in the Don beds). The difference is purely one of habitat, the Cayuga Lake deposit representing the quieter waters of a lake, such as the Cayuga of today, while the Toronto mollusks lived on the shores of, or in an estuary near the rougher waters of the ancient Lake Ontario. It is interesting to note that at the present time all of the above species are living in Cayuga Lake. ' Rich and Filmer,!** in a study of the gorge of Six Mile Creek, near Ithaca, find evidences of three glacial stages and two interglacial intervals. Their interpretation includes (pages 73-74): 1. Preglacial time. 2. First glacial epoch. 3. First interglacial epoch. 4. Second glacial epoch. 5. Second interglacial epoch. 1784 Journ. Geol., XXIII, pp. 59-80, 1915. ¢ ia # THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 325 6. Third glacial (Wisconsin) epoch. 7. Post-Glacial time. Number 3 may be of Yarmouth age and number 5 of Sangamon age; or these may be respectively of Sangamon and Peorian age. Number 5 might’ also be an interval between older and later Wisconsin time. Tarr’s section from artesian well borings in Ithaca may include some of the strata mentioned above (see page 149). Of Sangamon land surfaces there is but little evidence. In the Watkins Glen-Catatonk Folio,'”® reference is made to an older drift in Watkins Glen, underlying 100 feet of Wisconsin drift. In the blue clay underlying the drift and overlying a bed of sand and gravel, the leaf of an Arctic willow (Salix reticularis) was found. This deposit is thot to‘have been laid down during the advance of the Wisconsin ice, and the willow adds additional weight, as it represents a cold climate. The remains of a mastodon, together with vegetation, were found in pot holes in the bed rock at Cohoes, Albany County, beneath the drift. These are at least as old as the Sangamon, if indeed, they are not of greater age. Six species of trees are represented.!3" Pinus strobus Larix americana (=Ilaricina) Picea canadensis Acer rubrum ” nigra (=mariana) Betula alba A beaver dam with beaver cut sticks was also observed. Many years ago!*! a fox (Urocyon cinereoargentatus?) was reported from Broome County “‘in fine clay beneath drift, in elevated ground which separated the upper courses of the rivers Delaware and Susquehanna near the line which divides New York and Pennsylvania.” The bones were found 40 feet below the surface at a point 1375 feet above tide. The deposit appears referable to the Sangamon interval. A tusk of a proboscidian, probably of Mammut americanum, was. found recently in a gravel pit in Pony Hollow, twelve miles southwest of Ithaca.!* The deposit was stratified sand in a terrace ‘‘whose top follows the valley wall above the outwash gravel plain which occupies the floor of the valley. The exact origin of this Pleistocene terrace is obscure but it is certainly not later than the end of the occupation of the valley and may be earlier.”’ It is possible that this terrace may be post-Lllinoian and the tusk of Sangamon age. 79U_S. G. S., Atlas No. 169, p. 26. 130 Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLIII, pp. 115-116, 1867. 131 Redfield, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., 2nd Meeting, 1850, pp. 255-256. 1318 Sheldon, Science, N.S., XLI, pp. 98-99. 326 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE In Allegheny County, at Angelica, on the Genesee River, parts of trees have been observed beneath tough, firm clay, several yards below the surface.!*? This is near the margin of the Wisconsin drift sheet and possibly represents either a Sangamon or a Peorian soil horizon. Steller'®* recognizes an interglacial interval in his study of the Saratoga Quadrangle. Of this he says: “In the region within which is included the area of the Saratoga Quadrangle the glacial period, or Ice Age, was broken by at least one interglacial epoch. This deduction is made from the fact that the Hudson River in its course across the southeastern spur of the Adirondack Mountains occupies an indubitably geologically recent valley of trench-like form and yet one that is cut in till.” Fairchild!* also recognizes the possibility of a pre-Wisconsin ice invasion of New York, and says: “The accumulating evidence of more than one glacial epoch in New York adds force to the thought that some of the peculiar relief features of the region have been produced by multiplicity of glaciation and glacial drainage. The lowland of St. Lawrence Valley and east of Lake Ontario exhibits many anomalous features which harmonize with this view.”” It would seem, therefore, that the presence of a pre-Wisconsin ice sheet, probably Tllinoian separated from the later drift sheet (Wisconsin) by an interglacial interval (probably the Sangamon), is clearly indicated in New York State. 9. NEW ENGLAND STATES One or more interglacial intervals are represented in New England. Near Brandon, Vermont, 50 feet below the surface, lignite was found and was said to be covered by a true drift.!%* In Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts the complexity of the glacial deposits has been recognized and an effort has been made to correlate the New England divisions with those of the Mississippi Valley. All of the till sheets, as well as the interglacial intervals, are recog- nized.14 These are mostly of marine origin and need not be considered here. In the Connecticut Valley there are certain phenomena which represent either interglacial intervals or prolonged oscillations of the Wisconsin ice front. Emerson says:!® In the long cutting of the canal railroad extension near the camp meeting grounds on the north line of Northampton, the interlocking of the till and sand deposits showed clearly that the ice after receding from this 182 Tomlinson, Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXIII, p. 207. 1828 Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 183, pp. 1-50. Also Bull. No. 45, pp. 1-194. 163 Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 160, p. 18. 1838 Thompson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, pp. 33-34. 1 Clapp, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XVIII, pp. 505-556. Correlation table opposite page 512. References are given to other works on New England glacial deposits. 18 Holyoke Folio, p. 7. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 327 point in the valley twice readvanced over it.” At this point a section exhibits the following strata: Drumlin peak, X. Beach sands, 12-15 feet. First interval of recession. Fine layer of till, 4-5 feet. First readvance of ice. Sands of high terrace type, 22 feet. Second interval of recession. Till, 8 feet. Second readvance of ice. Coarse, cross-bedded sands, x. Third recession of ice. This section is 40 feet thick and the strata may be seen for upwards of half a mile from north to south. Comparing this data with the paper of Clapp! it would seem to fit in with the general classification of glacial tills and inter- glacial intervals. No biotic remains have been observed in the sands between the tills. Somewhat recently, excavations in the City of Boston have uncovered strata apparently referable to one or possibly two drift sheets of pre-Wisconsin age.!™* The evidence for these “consists of a zone of extremely weathered material beneath the Wisconsin drift, an erosion unconformity, different types of de- posits, a slight trace of an interglacial soil, some interglacial subsoils, and an apparent difference in the direction of the source of included debris. It was possible to determine with some accuracy the zone of post-Wisconsin oxidation, and the final shaping of the ridge in which this evidence was found appears to be due to the readvance of an ice sheet which slightly contorted the upper- most water lain materials. The axis of this ridge is accordant with the direction of the striae of the last glacial advance in the region.” As is the case in New York State, evidence is accumulating which indicates complexity in the glacial deposits of the New England States; and it will pro- bably be found that several of the ice sheets overran this territory and were separated by interglacial intervals correlative with those of the areas farther west. 10. CANADA a. The Toronto Formation The most complete interglacial biota at present known is contained in the sands and clays at Toronto, Ontario. These are placed by Coleman'® in the 1854 Wentworth, Science, N. S., XLII, p. 58. 186 Interglacial Periods in Canada, pp. 12-14. Coleman later (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, pp. 243-254) refers these fossil remains to the Aftonian interval. The fauna is, how- ever, more like that of the Yarmouth or Sangamon. The complexity of the upper drift de- posits seems referable to the fluctuations of the ice fronts of later ice sheets. The Aftonian contains a number of extinct mammals which are absent from the Toronto formation, and the position of the Toronto deposits with relation to the old soils and other interglacial phenomena of adjacent regions, seems to place it rather in the Sangamon Interglacial interval. 328 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE post-Illinoian or Sangamon interval. The Toronto beds exhibit the following section (figure 5): Boulder clay, number'4). 22 cir e een eeee Stratified sand overlying stratified clay.........0.0ccccceee Boulder clay number Savant este eee Silty sand, upper layers crumpled.........0.0.000ccccesccceeceseee Boulder clay mumber 2 eee ee ee Cross-bedded) sande tee ene eee Bouldericlay;mum perce eee aalee eains Fossiliferous sand Scarhorotheds 1 tees ONS SAUNA Peaty clay Below Lake Ontario (Don beds)....+......0...ccccececcseseeesseeseeee Boulder clay (Illinoian till) ...0.000.0.ccccccececesesesesceeeeeeeeee Hudson 'River'shales:) i ian?) CON ee So aaa Height of section................ 48 feet 36 ” / ” After the Illinoian invasion, the ice must have receded in much the same manner as during the Wisconsin waning, forming lakes comparable to glacial Durem CHUREH Lever of L.ONTABIO RIVER Figure 5. Section of strata at Scarboro Heights, near Toronto, Ontario. I I. Boulder clay number 4.......0..000000.ce: 48 feet, 354 feet above the lake H Il. Stratified sand overlying stratified clay. 36 feet, 306 G III. Boulder clay Number 3.....00.0: cee 32 feet, 270 F IV. Silty sand the upper layers crumpled......25 feet, 238 EV. Boulder! claypnumiber 2) ete auenceer ee 9 feet, 213 D Cross-bedded sand..............:::cccscecsstesteeeeeees 29 feet, 204 Cc Boulder clay number 1.............ccceeee 24 feet, 175 B Possiliferous!sand sr... cn eee se 59 feet, 151 A Peaty iclay.o. sv oscecc wes ie eels a D2 feet.) 192; Level of Lake Ontario... x x The Iroquois terrace and the bed of the old Dutch Church River are also shown (After Coleman, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., X, figure 4). lakes Whittlesey, Warren, Iroquois, and possibly including other series of lakes in the west, like Algonquin and Nipissing. The level of this interglacial ” ” ” ob OUnnNn|a = oa ” ” THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION ‘ 329 lake was at first about that of the present Lake Ontario (possibly somewhat lower), but later rose to 60 feet (Don beds) and finally to 150 feet above the present level (Scarboro beds). This change of level was due probably to the rising of the outlet at the east end of the Ontario basin (differential elevation). Previous to the formation of the Don beds the underlying Illinoian boulder clay had been eroded by streams to a depth of 15 feet (the lower portion being in shale rock). A rich forest of deciduous and coniferous trees had also migrated northward, and the mammoth, mastodon, and bison roamed the coun- try. The great variety of this forest covering is indicated by the number of spe- cies of plants which have been found in this deposit. These are listed below: Acer pleistocenicum ” — spicatum ” — torontonensis Asiminia triloba Carya alba Cercis canadensis Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea (=thyotdes) Chara species Clethra alnifolia Crataegus punctata Cyperaceae species Eriocaulon species Fraxinus americana ” — sambuciformis (=nigra) quadrangulata Festuca ovina Gleditsia donensis Hippuris vulgaris Hypnum species Juniperus virginianu Larix americana (=laricina) Maclura aurantiaca (= pomifera) ” Ostrya virginica Picea nigra (=marianca) ” species Pinus strobus Platanus occidentalis Populus balsamifera ” _grandidentata Prunus species Quercus alba? ” acuminata (=muhlenbergeriz) macrocar pa oblongifolia ” obtusiloba (= stellata) rubra tinctoria (=velutina) Robinia pseudo-acacia Salix species Taxus canadensis Thuja occidentalis Tilia americana Ulmus americanus ” racemosa Vaccinium uliginosum Of the above species three are extinct, Acer pleistocenicum, A. torontonensis, and Gleditsia donensis. The waters of the interglacial lake teemed with mol- lusks, over 40 species having been recorded, as noted below: Pelecypoda Fusconaja undata (=trigona) td solida Crenodonta undulata Quadrula pustulosa ” — pustulosa schoolcraftensis Pleurobema coccineum ” — pyramidatum ” clava Gastropoda Campeloma decisum Pleurocera elevatum 2 elevatum lewisti? subulare Goniobasis depygis 23 haldemani Somatogyrus isogonus Amunicola limosa ” 330 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Elliptio gibbosus Amnicola limosa porata Anodonta grandis 2” emarginata (= obtusa) Ptychobranchus phaseolus cincinnatiensis (=sayana) Eurynia recta Valovata tricarinata ” Lampsilis luteola ” sincera}8? ” — -ventricosa( = occidens) Physa ancillaria Sphaerium sulcatum (= simile) ” heterostropha # rhomboideum Planorbis bicarinatus (=antrosus) 4 striatinum 2 parvus a solidulum Galba elodes Pisidium adamsi ” obrussa (=desidiosa) ie compressum Succinea avara i noveboracense Bifidaria armifera (=armata) Several cyprids and beetles (mostly wings) have also been obtained from these beds. The mammoth or mastodon, the bison and a fish comprise the vertebrate fauna. i A study of the biota of the Don beds suggests (as previously stated by Coleman and Penhallow) that during the Sangamon interval a warm climate prevailed in this region, as warm or warmer than the present, perhaps like that of southern Ohio or Pennsylvania. Such plants as the paw-paw (A siminia tri‘oba), the osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca), as well as species of maple, ash, oak, hickory, elm and basswood, indicate a genial climate. (See Penhal- low, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., X, page 67, 1904). The unionid molluscan fauna also indicates the same thing. Three species, solida, clava, and pyramidata do not now live in the St. Lawrence drainage, being confined to the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, farther south. Four species, phaseolus, coccineum, pustu- losus, and undata still live in Lake Erie, but not in Lake Ontario. The other species are now common in Lake Ontario and tributary streams. Of the gastropods, Pleurocera elevatum lewisit and Goniobasis depygis do not now live in the Ontario basin. The molluscan fauna is strongly indicative of the Mississippi Valley region, all of the species enumerated being found at the present time within its borders. The postglacial origin of the fluviatile biota, therefore, must have been in this region, where they had been crowded by the Illinoian ice invasion. From here, via an outlet at Chicago or perhaps one at the western end of Lake Erie (like the Fort Wayne outlet) the aquatic life returned and repeopled the devastated territory. Immediately above the Don beds is a deposit of stratified, peaty clay, 92 feet in thickness, the thin sheets of peaty material, mixed with mica scales, occurring every inch or two. These peaty layers, which may well represent annual floods, when a Laurentian river from Georgian Bay built up a delta of clay and sand in Scarboro Bay extending to the north, and communicating with 187 Simpson (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 593) says of this species “remarkably de- pressed’’; it probably should be referred to Valoata bicarinata perdepressa. Pleurocera palli- — dum? is mentioned by Simpson, but does not appear in Coleman’s lists. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 331 a large lake 150 feet higher than the present Lake Ontario, contain the remains of the largest single fossil insect fauna at present known, embracing 31 genera and 72 species. The late Dr. S. H. Scudder enumerates the following species :!%8 Family Carabidae Elephrus trregularts Pterostichus fractus Loricera glacialis 1 destructus ” lutosa 4; gelidus ” exita 2 depletus Nebria abstracta Badister antecursor Bembidium glaciatum Platynus casus a hayward ty hinder ”? vestigium de halli He vanum oe disstpatus id preaeteritum i desuetus 2 expletum Ry haritit 3 damnosum Ht delapidatus Patrobus gelatus ie exterminatus a4 decessus Ait interglacialis » — frigidus es interitus Pterosticius abrogatus ” —— longaevus ds destitutus Harpalus conditus Family Dytiscidae Coelambus derelictus Hydroporus tnanimatus my cribrarins 2h tnundatus 4 infernalts a sectus 2 disjectus Agabus perditus Family Gyrinidae Gyrinus confinis Family Hydrophilidae Cymbiodyta exstincta Family Staphylinidae Gymnusa absens Lathrobium frustum Quedius deperditus Oxy porus stiriacus Philonthus claudus Bledius glaciatus Cryptobium detectum Geodromicus stiricidit a cinctum Acidota crenata (var. nigra) Lathrobium interglaciale Arpediwm stillicidti a antiquatum Olophrum celatum id debilitatum q2 arcanum te exesum » — dejectum as inhibitum ; Family Chrysomelidae Donacia stiria Donacia pompatica 183 Contr. to Can. Pal., 1895. See also bibliography at end of this volume. 332 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Family Curculionidae Erycus consumptus Orchestes avus Anthonomus eversus Centrinus disjunctus ti Sossilis a lapsus Family Scolytidae Phiocosinus squalidens The plants first observed in the Scarboro beds number over a dozen species, as noted below: Abies balsamea Hypnum revolvens Alnus species ; (=Drepanocladus intermedius) Carex aquatilis * Larix americana ” yeticulata Lycopodium species Equisetum species Oxycoccus palustris Fontinalis species Picea alba (=canadensis) Hypnum commutatum * Salix species * Vaccinium uliginosum Later,!*** Coleman adds seven species of plants from the Scarboro beetle beds. The plants were identified by W. L. McAtee. Scirpus fluriatilis Chenopodium species Potamogeton species Brasenia purpurea Ceratophyllum demersum Prunus cf. pennsylvanicus Polygonum species The plant and beetle remains indicate a period when the climate was much colder, like that of Labrador, perhaps, cold and wet. It is to be noted that the rich fauna of the warm temperate climate has mostly disappeared the spe- cies being replaced by those able to withstand the rigors of a cold-temperate winter. Only three species of plants are common to both deposits. These are indicated in the above list by an *. All but two of the 72 species of beetles are extinct, a significant fact, indicating that this group of animals has not yet reached a static condition, but is now passing thru a period of active evolution. The great number and variety of species now living also indicates the same con- dition. The peaty clay is covered with 59 feet of stratified sand, containing a few mollusks, trees, and vertebrates, which have been identified as follows: Trees Abies balsamea Larix americana (=lartcina) Mollusks Sphaerium fabale Planorbis species v rhomboideum Lymnaea species Valvaia tricarinata 1888 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., X XVI, p. 247. ee eal THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 333 Vertebrates Mammoth Bison bison Mammut americanum ‘ Rangifer caribou These beds were apparently laid down in a shallowing lake where the waves formed sand flats and bars, and where an interglacial river Humber from the west brot down sand and gravel. The shells occur in the upper layers. Following the period of the cold temperate climate the lake fell and the beds were eroded by three interglacial streams, situated near Rough Creek, Highland Creek, and in the Dutch Church Valley. Ata later period the entire region was successively covered by three till sheets, representing, probably, the early and late Wisconsin invasions. The Sangamon interval appears to be represented near Hamilton, at the west end of Lake Ontario. Excavations made in Hunter Street, of that city, revealed the bones of an elephant and pieces of wood at the base of a blue till referred to the Iowan stage, but more probably representing the earlier Wiscon- sin till. About a mile to the west of this section mammoth tusks and bones were found at a depth of 45 feet beneath hardpan. In certain sand pits in western Toronto,!** near Christie and Shaw streets, there are interglacial deposits of cross-bedded sand and gravel laid down by powerful currents. In these beds the bones of Bison, Cervalces, Mastodon and Elephas, as well as ivory and a few shells, have been found. The relations of these sands to the other beds are uncertain, but they are doubtless interglacial and are probably correlative with the upper Scarboro beds. The Cervailces has been described as C. borealis. b. Other Canadian Deposits Interglacial deposits occur in various places along the Canadian shore of lakes Erie and Ontario. Strata of this age have been studied at Port Rowan, Norfolk County; Brosiville, Leeds County; Prescott, Greenville County; and Cornwall, Stormont County. A generalized section is shown below. (This section applies especially to the Ontario peninsula). Possible correlation Formation Postglacial 1. Clay and sand with gravel near the summit; contains Macoma. Wisconsin till. 2. Boulder clay. 3. Arenaceous and silty beds. 4, Gray, paftially oxidized, brownish clay, thinly stra- Sangamon interval. tified, sandy in spots. The Sangean clay. 5. Stratified, bluish-gray clay. The Erie clay, with fossils. 189 Faull, The Natural History of the Toronto Region, Ontario, Canada, p. 72. 190 Chalmers, Can. Geol. Surv., Rep., 1901, pp. 167-168 A, 1905. 334 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Mlinoian till. 6. Boulder clay, usually a thin sheet. 7. Decomposed rock in situ. 8. Surface of fundamental rock. The Iowan till does not appear to be present in this part of the country. The following fossils have been secured from number 5 of the section. Cam peloma species Succinea obliqua (=ovalis) Polygyra thyroides In the vicinity of Lake Simcoe, Ontario, two till sheets occur, separated by stratified sand, gravels, and clays. The lower till is only exposed in the beds of streams where it is seen to be composed of hard, compact sandy clay till without stratification and with polished and striated boulders. Some of the best sec- tions are in the bed of Lovers Creek, about one mile east of Allendale. The upper till in places forms but a thin veneer over the interglacial sands and gravels.1*! On the Hudson Bay slope interglacial deposits occur on Moose River, fifty miles from the mouth, and at the foot of Long Portage, Missinabi River, a tributary of the Moose. The first deposits are lignitic, the second coarse peat. Penhallow!” records the following plants from these strata.1% Larix americana (=laricina). (1) Picea nigra (=mariana). (2) Distichium capillaceum (= Dichelyma capillaceum) (2) Hypnum recurvans (2) Lycopodium species (2) South of James Bay a number of interglacial depos:ts have been observed, but it is not known whether they are referable to the Peorian or to the Sanga- mon interval. These are briefly described below: (1) Beds of lignite on Kenogami River in the bottom of an old channel excavated in the till and again filled by boulder clay. The bed contains sticks of ‘coniferous wood and of the canoe birch. No animal remains have bee: noted. (2) In the bank of Coal Brook, three-fourths of a mile from its junction with the Missinabi River. The bed is three feet thick, and is underlaid by soft sticky blue clay and overlaid by 70 feet of till full of small pebbles passing into gravel at the top. (3) Nineteen miles below Coal Creek on the Missinabi River, there is a seam of lignite 114-214 feet thick, made up of sticks and rushes; 80 feet of — 191 Johnston, Can. Geol. Surv., Summary Rep., 1912, p. 299, 1914. 12 Trans. Royal Soc. Can., X, pp. 56-76, 1904. 193 (1), Moose River locality; (2), Missinabi locality. 1% Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., [X, pp. 385-386, 1898. Oi ee a te —— — THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 335 yellow weathered gray clay lies below and 45 feet of blue clay is above this bed; both beds are filled with pebbles. (4) Three miles below Woodpecker Island and nine miles above the mouth of Opazatika River, there is a bed of lignite, 6 feet thick (diminishing to west- ward) made up of mosses and sticks in shale-like form. A section is shown be- low: Hardidrab clay, with striated pebbles and iboulders.is.....0.0...cesctdestesccdeeesteeeesssenretees 10 feet Parbi-colored: clay.) with marine! LOSsuls:.0..5...5.2.0).02 sees see ls ee Dy DRE RRRE eee eae Ne TEM NE ease Meat, Send oa orn eston vious Oia Nia dagtoe Ree eee ee o.” CELEE™ @IRGL DANE SO ol ee a Cc oe EG Le 5 Bil eae 1 Pe SRe LYS aG CNY se eee see ee er ee eae A a cal 40 ” (Depthyolesection sme teen eee 62a Interglacial strata have been noted in Nova Scotia,!” but no biotic material has been observed. Three glacial and two interglacial periods are indicated but not named. Til. Systematic CATALOG OF THE BIOTA OF THE SANGAMON INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL PLANTS BRYOPHYTA FONTINALACEAE Fontinalis species Dichelyma capillaceum (L.) Schimp. HYPNACEAE Sematophyllum recurvans (Michx.) E. G. Britton Drepanocladus intermedius (Lindb.) Warnst. Hypnum (?) commutatum Hedw. CHARACEAE Chara species PTERIDOPHYTA EQUISETACEAE «+ Equisetum species LycopoDIACEAE Lycopodium species SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE TAXACEAE Taxus canadensis Marsh Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton 1% Prest, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., [X, pp. 158-170. 336 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE PINACEAE Pinus strobus L. Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. ” mariana (Mill.) BSP. Levrix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Juniperus virginiana L. Thuja occidentalis L. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. ANGIOSPERMAE MONOCOTYLEDONEAE NAJADACEAE Potamogeton species GRAMINAE Festuca ovina L. CYPERACEAE Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. Carex reticulata Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray ERIOCAULACEAE Erieocaulon species DICOTYLEDONEAE SALICACEAE Salix species Populus grandidentata Michx. ” balsamifera L. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum demersum L. : JUGLANDACEAE Carya alba (L.) K. Koch BETULACEAE Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch Alnus species Betula alba L. FAGACEAE Fagus grandifolia Elrh. Quercus muhlenbergerit Engelm. Quercus alba L. (?) ” — gelutina Lam. »» — macrocarpa Michx. ” stellata Wang. » rubra L. ” oblongifolia Torrey URTICACEAE Ulmus americana L. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider ” racemosa Thomas : NYMPHAEACEAE Brasenia purpurea Casp. ANONACEAE Asiminia triloba Dunal. PLATANACEAE Platanus occidentalis L. THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 337 ROSACEAE Crataegus punctata Jacq. Prunus cf. pennsylvanica L. Prunus species LEGUMINOSAE Gleditsia donensis Penhallow Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Cercis canadensis L. ACERACEAE Acer pleistocenicum Penhallow Acer spicatum Lam. ” torontonensis Penhallow ” rubrum L. SAPINDACEAE Aesculus glabra Willd. VITACEAE Vitis species TILIACEAE Tilia americana L. HALORAGIDACEAE Hippuris vulgaris L. ERICACEAE Clethra alnifolia L. Vaccinium uliginosum L. OLEACEAE Fraxinus americana L. Fraxinus nigra Marsh ca quadrangulata Michx. CUCURBITACEAE Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. ANIMALS MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA UNIONIDAE Fusconaja undata (Barnes) Elliptio gibbosus (Barnes) 2 solida (Lea) Arcidens confragosus (Say) 7 ebena (Lea) Anodonta grandis Say Crenodonta undulata (Barnes) 32 grandis footiana Lea Quadrula pustulosa (Lea) a marginata Say » — pustulosa schoolcraftensis (Lea) Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth) Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad) Nephronajas ligamentina (Lam.) 7 pyramidatum (Lea) Eurynia recta (Lam.) 22 clava (Lam.) Lampsilis luteola (Lam.) Ht ventricosa (Barnes) SPHAERIIDAE Sphaerium sulcatum (Lamarck) Pisidium fallax Sterki 2? striatinum (Lam.) uv punctatum Sterki zy stamineum (Conrad) e compressum Prime 338 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Sphaerium solidulum (Prime) rhomboideum (Say) ”? # fabale (Prime) Pisidium walkeri Sterki # cruciatum Sterki v Helicina occulta Say Pleurocera subulare (Lea) UY elevatum (Say) ” Campeloma decisum (Say) Amnicola limosa (Say) ” ” ” Valvata tricarinata Say ”” sincera Say Physa heterostropha Say? ” ancillaria Say Ancalus tardus Say? ” — rivularis Say Planorbis antrosus Conrad 43 trivolvis Say 2 parvus Say Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say Galba palustris (Miller) ” reflexa (Say) ” elodes (Say) Carychium exiguum (Say) Vallonia pers pectiva Sterki es costata (Miiller) De cyclophorella Ancey elevatum lewisii (Lea) limosa porata (Say) emarginala (Kuster) cincinnatiensis (Lea) Pisidium variabile Prime ] virginicum (Gmelin) adamsi.Prime noveboracense Prime abditum Haldeman GASTROPODA HELICINIDAE PLEUROCERIDAE Goniobasis depygis (Say) % haldemani (Tryon) Anculosa costata Anthony VIVIPARIDAE Campeloma subsolidum (Anth.) AMNICOLIDAE Somatogyrus depressus Tryon Y isogonus (Say) Bythinella tenuipes Couper Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say) VALVATIDAE Valvata bicarinata perdepressa Walker PAYSIDAE Aplexa hypnorum (Linne) — ANCYLIDAE ; Ancylus parallelus Hald. PLANORBIDAE Planorbis deflectus Say 2 albus Miller (=hirsulus Gould) Segmentina armigera (Say) LYMNAEIDAE Galba obrussa (Say) ” — humilis modicella (Say) caperata (Say) ” AURICULIDAE Carychiwm exile H. C. Lea VALLONUDAE Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. i pulchella (Miiller) THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION CocHLICOPIDAE Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller) PUPILLIDAE Vertigo tridentata Wolf Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki » elatior Sterki Ze corticaria (Say) Pupilla muscorum (Linne) 23 pentodon (Say) ” blandi Morse Pupoides marginatus (Say) Leucochila fallax (Say) Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) Bijidaria armifera (Say) ” affinis Pilsbry » contracta (Say) SUCCINEIDAE Succinea avara Say ’ Succinea ovalis Say » retusa Say ” grostenori Lea ENDODONTIDAE Sphyradium edentulum alticola Ingersoll Pyramidula perspectira (Say) Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud) 2 alternata (Say) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) solitaria (Say) Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry Oreohelix iowensis (Pilsbry) 29 ZONITIDAE Gastrodonta ligera (Say) Vitrea hammonis (Strém.) Zonitoides arborea (Say) ” indentata (Say) 2 nitida (Miiller) ” wheatleyt (Bland) Euconulus fuluus (Miller) Omphalina inornata (Say) CIRCINARIIDAE Circinaria concasa (Say) HELICIDAE Polygyra monodon (Rackett) Polygyra multilineata (Say) » — fraterna (Say) ” zaleta (Binney) “ hirsuta (Say) » — albolabris (Say) ” — -mitchelliana (Lea) 74 profunda (Say) ” _ clausa (Say) ” — inflecta (Say) 3 thyroides (Say) 22 stenotrema (Fer.) ” — pennsylvanica (Green) ” — appressa (Say) ” elevata (Say) 22 tridentata (Say) 2 palliata (Say) ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA Cypris species Ostracod, species INSECTA COLEOPTERA CARABIDAE Carabus macander sangamon Wickham Pterostichus fractus Scudder Elephrus irregularis Scudder 2 destructus Scudder Loricera glacialis Scudder 7 gelidus Scudder 339 340 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Loricera lutosa Scudder ” — exita Scudder Nebria abstracta Scudder Bembidium glaciatum Scudder WY haywardi Scudder » sestigium Scudder 4, vanum Scudder 4 praeteritum Scudder w expletum Scudder ” damnosum Scudder is fragmentum Scudder Patrobus gelatus Scudder ” — decessus Scudder ” — frigidus Scudder ” — henslowi Wickham Pterostichus abrogatus Scudder ae destitutus Scudder Pierostichus depletus Scudder ? dormitans Scudder Badister antecursor Scudder Platynus casus Scudder 4 hindei Scudder 33 hallt Scudder yy dissipatus Scudder desuetus Scudder 2 harttit Scudder mM delapidatus Scudder exterminatus Scudder interglacialis Scudder uy subgelidus Wickham interitus Scudder pleistocenicus Wickham longavus Scudder Chlaenius plicatipennis Wickham Harpalus conditus, Scudder DyTISCIDAE Coelambus derelictus Scudder 49 cribrarius Scudder infernalis Scudder H disjectus Scudder ” Hydroporus inanimatus Scudder 2 inundatus Scudder sectus Scudder Agabus perditus Scudder ” savaget Wickham praelugens Wickham ” ” GYRINIDAE Gyrinus confinis LeConte HyYDROPHILIDAE Cymbiodyta exstincta Scudder Hydrochus amictus Scudder Helo phorus regescens Scudder STAPHYLINIDAE Gymnusa absens Scudder Quedius deperditus Scudder Philonthus claudus Scudder Cryptobium detectum Scudder 4 cinctum Scudder Lathrobium interglaciale Scudder a antiquatum Scudder ? debilitatum Scudder UH exesum Scudder inhibitum Scudder ” Lathrobium frustum Scudder Oxyporus stiriacus Scudder Bledius glaciatus Scudder Geodromicus stiricidit Scudder Acidota crenata Fabr. (Var. nigra) Arpedium stillicidit Scudder Olophrum celatum Scudder Hf arcanum Scudder dejectum Scudder interglaciale Wickham ” ” CHRYSOMELIDAE Donacia stiria Scudder Donacia pompatica Scudder ” styrioides Wickham i i i i tt i ee THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 341 CURCULIONIDAE Erycus consumptus Scudder Anthonomus lapsus Scudder Anthonomus eversus Scudder Orchestes avus Scudder a fossilis Scudder Centrinus disjunctus Scudder SCOLYTIDAE Phloeosinus squalidens Scudder VERTEBRATA PISCES Genus et species incertz cedis. REPTILIA EMyYDIDAE Terrapane carolina (Linn.) MAMMALIA MEGATHERIIDAE Megalonyx jeffersoni (Desmarest) Myiodon harlanit Owen EQUIDAE Equus complicatus Leidy Equus fraternus Leidy TAPIRIDAE Tapirus haysiz Leidy TAYASSUIDAE Platygonus compressus LeConte Tayassu lenis (Leidy) (?) Ba vetus Leidy (?) CERVIDAE Odocoileus virginianus (Zimm.) Alces americanus Clinton Cersus canadensis Erxlaben Rangijer caribou (Gmelin) Cervalces scotti Lydekker Cerzalces borealis Bensley BOVIDAE Bison latijrons (Harlan) Bootherium bombifrons (Harlan) ” antiquus Leidy Ovibos moschatus Ziram. Symbos cavitrons (Leidy) ELEPHANTIDAE Mammut americanum Kerr. Elephas primigenius Blumenbech ” columbt Falconer CasTOROIDIDAE Castoroides ohioensis Foster URSIDAE Ursus procerus Miller CANIDAE Urocyon cinereoargentatus Schreber (?) = 342 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE IV. SUMMARY Deposits referable to the Sangamon Interglacial interval extend from Iowa thru southern Illinois, Indiana and Ohio to New York. Northward they have been recognized at Toronto, Canada, and near James Bay, as well as in Minne- sota, Wisconsin and Michigan. It was an interval, therefore, of wide extent and also, probably, of long duration. The soil horizons and the peat deposits as well as the amount of erosion bear evidences of a long period of exposure to the air. The old forest beds are the most extensive of any interglacial interval, and are widely scattered, being especially well preserved in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin and Ontario. The climate varied as was the case in the Yarmouth interval, there being evidences (especially at Toronto) of a warm, a temperate and a cold climate. Loess deposits were formed on the Sangamon soils and cover a wide extent of territory along the Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio and other valleys, indicating a period of dry, windy conditions. Land mollusks were abundant, as in the post-Kansan loess. A large lake was present in the Ontario basin, comparable in size (probably) to the Lake Ontario of today. Coleman thus summarizes the lake conditions in the Ontario region: ‘“‘ Reviewing the old water levels of the Ontario basin . . , we find that the records commence with the Toronto formation at the middle of an inter-glacial period, and that the succession may be represented in the following table: (1) Don Stage, warm climate, fresh-water shells, dammed by differential elevation toward the northeast to about 60 feet above present lake. Succes- sor to Laurentian River enters north of Toronto. (2) Scarboro stage, cold temperate climate, fresh-water shells, deposit conformable with those of last level, but reach 145 feet, and consist of delta materials of Laurentian River. (3) Low water stage, with subaerial erosion and cutting of river valley to a depth below present lake level. (4) High water stage, glacial or sub-glacial climate, probably fresh-water shells, ice-dammed to a height of at least 320 feet.” That the other lake basins were also filled with water is rendered certain by analogy, because the naiad fauna at Toronto must have migrated thence from the Mississippi Valley and this could only have been accomplished by way of an interglacial Chicago or Fort Wayne outlet. Evidently there were Jakes comparable to the postglacial Chicago, Whittlesey, Warren, Iroquois, etc., long prior to the great waters which have left the evidences of their exist- ence in the old shore lines surrounding the present Great Lakes. —_ THE ILLINOIAN ICE INVASION 343 The biota of the Sangamon interval is the most extensive and varied of any of the interglacial intervals, 314 species being known, divided as follows: Living Extinct Total FEET LS nn ae A I a) ee 65 3 68 ERDECIS Geet ni eee et eee rh 132 1 133 TTA TG USE CODE eS Sea ae ee ara oh 2 0 2 TEE ETS acts PE eee Se ee ne mE 2 83 85 SEES ESE ALCS te ce eee Ne Celt gout! 6 20 26 Total biota:........... 207 107 314 The plants were abundantly represented, the Pinaceae (8) and Fagaceae (8) leading in the number of species. The large number of deciduous species present is noteworthy. The molluscan fauna was very extensive, embracing nearly all of the families inhabiting the temperate regions. The number of pelecypods is also noteworthy, the two families totalling 35 species. The number of pulmonates (60) is also striking, as is the number of species in the genus Polygyra (17). The plants and mollusks are practically the same as those now living in the same region; among the insects, however, all but 2 are extinct. The insects all belong to the order Coleoptera, or beetles, and of these the families Carabidae (41) and Staphylinidae (20) contain the greatest number of species. Of the vertebrates, 20 or about 77 per cent are extinct. Nearly all of these belong to the order Mammalia. As in Yarmouth time the sloth, horse, elephant, mammoth, peccary, bison, musk ox, giant beaver, and many deer roamed the woods and plains. Bear and wolves were also present. CHAPTER X THE IOWAN ICE INVASION AND THE PEORIAN INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL I. Tur Iowan Icr INVASION “The Lowan ice invasion is recorded in a thin sheet of till, marked by an exceptional profusion of large granitoid bowlders which lie chiefly on the sur- face and are somewhat aggregated into a bowlder belt on the eastern border of the tract. The typical Iowan drift was formed by a lobe of the Keewatin ice sheet, occupying the north-central part of Iowa.” The Iowan was once thot to enter the northwestern portion of Illinois? but later researches have shown’ that the till in this region is to be classed as Illinoian. Taylort maps the Iowan as extending southeasterly from beneath the Iowa lobe of the Wisconsin till, well toward, but not reaching the Mississippi River. A small area fringes the Wisconsin till in Wisconsin, north of the drift- less area. This is also the area of the Iowan given by the Iowa geologists. Whether there is a lobe from Labrador corresponding to the Iowan beneath the Wisconsin till in Michigan, and farther east, is not definitely known. A till shown in sections near Niagara Falls and at Toronto has been doubtfully referred to this stage. The existence of this drift as a separate till sheet has been questioned by some geologists. Leverett® says of this drift, as found in western Wisconsin overlying Kansan drift: ‘The so-called Iowan drift may stand in about as close relation to the Illinoian as do the later Wisconsin moraines to the earlier Wisconsin. It does not seem to be separated from the IIlinoian drift by a definite interglacial stage but instead to represent a substage or stadium of the Illinoian. It may, there- fore, be advisible, pending further study, to apply to it the double name Later Ilinoian or Iowan.”’ The Iowan geologists, however, affirm the existence of the Iowan drift as a distinct till sheet, unrelated to either the Kansan or Illinoian drift sheets. Calvin,** in an analytical paper, summed up the case as follows: 1. The Iowan drift is. 2. The Iowan drift is young compared with the Kansan. 1 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, I, p. 391. * Leverett, Mon. 38. % Alden, Journ. Geol., XVII, pp. 694-709. : 4 Smith. Rep., 1912, p. 326. 5 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, p. 698. 54 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, pp. 729-730. eS a THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 345 3. The Iowan drift is not a phase of the Kansan. 4. The Iowan drift has certain very intimate relations to certain bodies of loess. 5. The Iowan drift has no close relation to the Illinoian. Alden® affirms the existence of the Iowan drift in northeastern Iowa, coro- borating Calvin’s opinion, and remarks that “It is older than the Wisconsin and seems to be distinctly younger than the Illinoian” (p. 119). Recently, Alden and Leighton®* have made a very careful and extensive study of the Iowan drift, from which “the conclusion has been reached that there is what seems to the writers to be good evidence of the presence of a post-Kansan drift sheet in northeastern Iowa and that this drift appears to be older than the Wisconsin and younger than the Illinoian drift. The writers are, therefore, in the main in agreement with the late State Geologist, Dr. Samuel Calvin, in re- gard to the Iowan drift. There is, therfore, warrant for continued use of Iowan drift and Iowan stage of glaciation as major subdivisions of the Pleisto- cene classification” (p. 56). Il. THe PEoRIAN INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL The interval between the Iowan and early Wisconsin drifts has been named the Peorian by Leverett,’ who says: ‘“‘ Extensive deposits of muck and peat at the base of the Wisconsin drift in northern Illinois, notably in McHenry, Kane, Dekalb, LaSalle, and Bureau counties, are in all probability immediately underlain, in some cases at least, by Iowan drift. In central and eastern Illi- nois the soil is in places underlain by a fossiliferous silt, referred with some con- fidence to the Iowan loess. In eastern Illinois, as noted above the Iowan till may be present.’’ Leverett’s type locality, near Peoria, is unfortunate because the loess here referred to the Iowan is possibly post-Illinoian and therefore equivalent to the Sangamon interval. Some of these deposits may include both the Illinoian and Iowan loesses, and old soils between these loesses may be equivalent to the Peorian interval. The occurrence of Iowan drift in Illinois has been questioned, the fresh till thot by Leverett and Hershey to be Iowan being ascribed to later erosion. Alden says:* “It is quite possible, if not probable, that this till is underlain in part at least by older drift, but that question is not here under discussion. So far as the writer has observed there is no good ground for differentiating the drift exposed at the surface into deposits of more than one stage of glaciation. No intercalated, weathered zones, vegetal or other fossiliferous deposits are known to separate one part of this drift from another. Such as have been § Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX VII, pp. 117-119. ® Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Iowa, XXVI, pp. 49-212, 1917. 7 Tilinois Glacial Lobe, p. 185. * Alden, Journ. Geol., XVII, p. 696, 1909. 346 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE penetrated in wells or otherwise located occur beneath considerable thicknesses of this drift and probably represent an earlier stage of deglaciation.” It seems evident that the drift deposits outside the Wisconsin sheet in Illinois should all be referred to the Ilinoian invasion and hence most of the vegetal and other remains below the Wisconsin till should probably be re- ferred to the Sangamon interval and are to be correlated with the old soils overlying the Illinoian drift in central and Southern Illinois. The name Peor- jan may be retained for soils overlying the Iowan drift in Iowa and for loess overlying the Kansan loess in Iowa and Illinoian loess in Illinois and Indiana. III. Tur Iowan Loess It has been shown by Shimek and other Iowan geologists, that the loess is divisible into several horizons, each horizon representing an interglacial inter- val.° In Iowa, the lower, light bluish or post-Kansan loess is covered by a yellowish loess which is thot to be post-Iowan in age. The yellowish loess is likewise divisible, in certain parts of Iowa, into two deposits, representing the Peorian and Sangamon intervals. These loesses are highly fossiliferous and, according to Shimek, contain about the same species of mollusks. The post- lowan loess is widely distributed in Iowa. Theoretically there should be three loesses overlying the Kansan drift, viz., 1, the post-Kansan (Yarmouth); 2, the post-Illinoian (Sangamon); and 3, the post-Iowan (Peorian), each with fossils. The post-Kansan in many places probably includes both the Yar- mouth and Sangamon intervals, the Illinoian ice not being near enough, appar- ently, to cause a break in the loess deposits. The same is true of the Sangamon and Peorian loesses outside the influence of the Iowan ice sheet. A typical western section of these deposits is exhibited near Carroll, Carroll County, in the cut along the Chicago Great Western Railway northeast of the city." 6. Wisconsin drifty. ihe ete SSE ON er oe ee 1-5 feet 5. Yellow loess (post-lowan?) about. see eee 10 feet 4, Interval marking presence of Iowan ice 4. Bluish'gray loess (Most=Kamsam)..1..2...20lo.oec- cscs scecocsessnetestercneneeevieseserieediee eet eee 5-6 feet 3. Black, mucky, soil-like band (Yarmouth soil) .........c.ccccccccseccsssscssseeceeeeececerseesteceeeaeers 1 foot 2. Heavy, reddish joint-clay (Loveland)..............: 9 dcesionched detached ceihacee te 1 foot T. Reamsam A riites cecil sccc ds iecccdsscscdosses tock ongiee ato reaaes Hee ae ee x feet Both loesses are fossiliferous but the majority of lists of fossils do not dis- criminate between the two deposits. Alden and Leighton," after a recent exhaustive study of the Iowan loess, reach the following conclusion: “The statement, therefore, seems sound, that the main sheet of loess under consideration was deposited immediately follow- : Shimek, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., Univ. Iowa, V, pp. 338-339; 364-368. 10 Shimek, Iowa Geol. surv., XX, p. 390. 104 An. Rep. Iowa Geol. Surv., X XVI, pp. 49-212. — THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 347 ing the Iowan stage of glaciation. It is therefore a near-correlative of the Towan drift, though it really represents the early part of the Peorian stage of deglaciation (p. 158). Tf studies of the loess deposits covering other drift sheets outside the Wis- consin area should be in complete accord with the results obtained by these authors, the heavy loess deposits of the Mississippi Valley would have a new significance and would indicate, as affirmed by many of the older geologists, a definite period of loess deposition during the Pleistocene. A reexamination of the loess fossil deposits now referred to Yarmouthand Sangamon time would place at least some of these in Peorian time. Until such examinations are made and more extensive study is given the loess overlying the Kansan and Iilinoian drift sheets, it has been thot best to leave the biota of these earlier deposits as they were listed before the studies of Alden and Leighton appeared. Many of these lists of loess fossils contain fresh water mollusks (Planorbis, Galba, Physa) and the suggestion is at once presented that possibly these shells came from the lower part of the deposit and represent the ground surface of the Yarmouth or Sangamon interval before the heavy deposit of loess was laid down. The qustion as to whether loess was deposited in any degree during these earlier intervals must also be settled before any satisfactory readjustment oi the faunas of the loesses can be made. IV. THe Preortan Brora 1. IOWA In Harrison and Monona counties this yellow loess is quite fossiliferous and Prof. Shimek has identified a large number of species." A section of the strata in this county, as well as a list of the mollusks noted therein, is shown be- low:? Section oj loess in Harrison County Be MeOCSS (OSt=LOWAIN) elon eerie fee eeear a eeecstaat dered leeuee se name laed . 6-7 feet LP SSE CTT GIS) i (0 RR ape eon ea aa ol CR Pea 4-6 inches Bluish loess with iron tubules and small calcareous nodules (post-Kansan)................ 3 feet List of species in post Iowan loess, Harrison County Vallonia gracilicosta Zonitoides arborea Polygyra monodon be minuscula » — multilineata Pyramidula alternata Strobilops labyrinthica ” —— cronkhitet anthony: 4 virgo 2 shimekit Leucochila fallax? Helicodiscus parallelus Pupilla muscorum Succinea avara Bifidaria armisera * grosvenor1? 11 Op. cit., pp. 395-396. 2 Op. cit., p. 382. The correlations are the author’s. 348 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Verligo modesta Succinea obliqua Cochlicopa lubrica Helicina occulta Vitrea hammonis Eggs of small snails Euconulus yulvus One of the best eastern loess sections at present known is to be found in and about Iowa City, Johnson County. Both post-Kansan and Post-Iowan loesses occur (the former bluish, the latter yellowish) and both are fossiliferous, the species being the same in both horizons, according to Shimek. The species noted below have been identified from post-Iowan loess: Galba caperata Zonitoides minuscula ” humilis modicella Euconulus fulvus ” — obrussa Vitrea indentata Helicina occulta » kammonis Succinea avara Helicodiscus parallelus ” -grosvenori Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi ” —— obliqua (=ovalis) R pers pectiva Vallonia gracilicosta 3 shimekii Bifidaria armiera ” alternata of pentodon Sphyradium edentulum alticola Vertigo ovata Oreohelix towensis Pupilla blandi Polygyra projunda ”? muscorum ” — multilineata (small form) Cochlicopa lubrica Beyer!' records loess fossils from two localities in Marshall County, from the upper portions of the deposits, which are probably to be correlated with the post-Iowan loess. (1). Two miles west of Marshalltown. Succinea avara Vallonia pulchella (probably gracilicosta) 7 obliqua Pupilla muscorum Pyramidula shimekit Bifidaria pentodon a cronkhitei anthonyi Sphyradium edentulum alticola Euconulus fulous (2). One half mile south of Bangor. Succinea avara Pupilla muscorum Bifidaria pentodon Helicodiscus parallelus a. Vertebrate fossils Proboscidian remains have been observed in various parts of Iowa in situa- tions possibly referable to the post-Iowan interval. Only a few of the observed records, however, appear definite enough to include in the Peorian interval. Two of these are in Linn County.» 18 Shimek, Amer. Geol., XXVIII, p. 345. 4 Geol. Iowa, VII, p. 237. 18 Anderson, Augustana Lib. Pub., V, pp. 28, 29. THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 349 (1) Bertram, ina gravel pit. (2) Springville, in or on Iowan drift. Dr. Hay" cites the following records which may be referable to the Peorian interval. Black Hawk County. Waterloo, teeth of Elephas primigenius in a sand pit, at a depth of 7 feet below the surface. At this depth the deposit would seem to be referable to post-Iowan time (p. 438). Fayette County. Near Clermont, tooth of Elephas primigenius in gravel at depth of 20 feet, at a place between Elgin and Clermont. Ovibus moschatus (part of a skull) was found in Township 94, Range 35, in clay at depth of about 26 feet (pp. 81-82; 433-434. Anderson’s list, p. 28). Franklin County. Near Hampton, tooth of Elephas primigenius from sand pit near Breed’s Lake (Sect. 19, T. 92, R. 20) at a depth of 6 feet (p. 434). Clayton County. Tooth in Gravel pit two miles east of Garber (sect. 32, T.92N,R.3W). Possibly Iowan valley train (p. 381). Dubuque County. One-half mile from Center Grove. Portion of tooth of Elephas primigenius found in making drift toward lead crevice. (Hay, p. 433). It is probable that these animals, as has already been suggested by Dr. Hay, lived in this region when the Wisconsin glacier was not far away. They would, therfore, be correctly placed at the end of the Peorian interval, as their remains appear to be in deposits from the Wisconsin till sheet. 2. NEBRASKA Many years ago Leidy reported” the skull of Geomys bursarius from yellow loess deposits near Plattsmouth. Mastodon and elephant teeth were found in the same formation. Hayden! refers to the same specimen but indicates that it was in a nodule in the loess. Hayden also reports the buffalo (Bison) from marl blufis near Dakota City, 30 feet below the surface. The exact nature of the deposit is not indicated. 3. MINNESOTA The Peorian interval is apparently represented in several parts of south- eastern Minnesota. On Blue Earth River, near Minnesota River, the follow- ing section has been observed: Deposit Correlation BeE-COLOLE (CLAY. o5e-czcccditesiteseoosec castes Reet bolesoaa dete Be 8 feet 0 inches Wisconsin. Z. Coarse sand with some pebbles..................--ccccseeceetseseesesesese Die? (te te Md ReEE-COOT ER Clay MAUI... siete .c.ac0ciseecttofesvoseses ssissassesdsseensiez03 Lop ire Hi 4. Sand and pebbles, with small boulders at base.................. Sw Oi a He 16 Geol. Iowa Surv., XXIII. 17 Proc. Phil. Acad., 1867, p. 97. 12 Final Report, pp. 10-11. 350 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 5) Sand awith freshwater/shellssccs sess een ener 0 feet 6 inches Peorian. 6) Sand and) gravel nee ace nn en a eee 6.7 Oars Iowan. 7. Sand with fresh) water shellsiy winccsescsesccsee se eae ee CO fae Yarmouth 8) Soil/and subsoil eA pea nie occ ee ne (pmaictaial @ Yodel 4a i Height of section............ 38 feet 2 inches From number 5 a number of mollusks were obtained, the species being a noted below:!9 Planorbis parvus Cam peloma decisum oh bicarinatus (=antrosus) Goniobasis virginica” . Pseudosuccinea columella Unio siliquoides (=luteola) a Physa heterostropha? Sphaerium (=Cyclas) A section at Stillwater, Washington County, may possibly contain a stra- tum referable to the Peorian interval. e Section” of Strata at Stillwater. 1. Disturbed sand with some boulders: io. o.f etc seset tee cee ee eee 5 feet 2. Fine sand with nearly horizontal strata ...........ccccccccescsessescssesssessesesesseenesaestescsenees 2-6) a 3. Gravel and boulders eee eee eee eee er oh, onic wan nah eee ae aa 0-4.” 4, Very fine sand, horizontal stratification... ccceccceeecesesceeseseseneceeteteeetsesesteeeeeers 15 4 5.) Coarse.gravel’ and iboulders.é.ir2.3..ccccc5 seh eeanst cee eas te ee 4-6 ” 6. Horizontal'strata of fine sands yi eis cae ccsccsessaseey-scouevasceee sen eee ae 30-40 ” 7. Tripoli bed lies next below this fine sand Near the bottom of number 6 the tusk of a mastodon was found. There are several records which indicate the presence of the remains of life beneath the Wisconsin drift and above the Iowan drift, and hence referable to the Peorian interval. In Carver County”! a well section shows the succes- sion of strata to be as indicated below: Till) with many ‘boulders... cone ee eee ae 2-6 feet Clay, with Unios, 'S feet below. surface. 2 2.00 sien tecccrs ons teeter eee ee 20-40 feet Sand: fecha Manin ua lad atte aT ee ee x feet The Wisconsin till appears very thin, but can be nothing else. _ ' In Chisago County,” at Nessel, a well section exposes the strata noted be- low: : SOME ee A YN OS Aloe) al ae SO 2 feet Vellow tilecc i. is8 ct eee fo tects ees ap ol § Soft blue clay with peaty portions and decaying fragments of wo0d..........c.ccccessee-e 4 Sand s.sschecessclioadelecahs ossscesvent sieved a teteet esa UAC Let aN UE IDR rr igo Height of section®........... ses eee . 1 oe 19Qwen, Rep. Geol. Surv. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 489. Goniobasis sirginica is an erroneous identification and Physa heterostropha is doubtful. 20 Winchell, Geol. Surv. Minn., Final Rep., II, pp. 397-398. Op. cits, py 133: 2 Op. cil., p. 418. THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 351 Other wells vary from 12 to 22 feet, and show similar layers of peaty ma- terial. References to Peorian vertebrates in Minnesota are exceedingly rare. Winchell?’ records Ovibos (Symbos) cavifrons from a farm between Wabasha and Theilman, near the railroad from Wabasha to Zumbrota. It was 10 feet below the surface, in a gravel terrace of the valley. This is in the Driftless Area and it may belong to post-Iowan time. In Winona County, near Stockton, the remains of Elephas primigenius were found in Iowan loess.*4 4. ILLINOIS Some fossils in the loess of northern Illinois should probably be referred to the Peorian interval. In this horizon should be placed the mollusks from Fulton, Whiteside County, listed by McGee.” Succinea avara Vallonia pulchella (=gractlicosta..) Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyz Pupa species Oreohelix towensis Galba humilis modicella The upper layers of the loess in other parts of Illinois are doubtless to be classed as post-Iowan (Peorian) but no fossils have been observed. 5. WISCONSIN The Peorian interval is believed to be represented in Wisconsin but no fossils have been observed. The loess is believed to be post-Iowan and pre- Wisconsin.” 6. THE DRIFTLESS AREA a.. Invertebrate fauna The Driftless Area of Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota is partly covered with loess deposits, especially along the Mississippi River, a large part of which is referable to the post-Iowan interval. McGee? lists eight species from Galena, Illinois, as noted below: Succinea avara Pupilla muscorum » — obliqua Bifidaria contracta Pyramidula conkhitei anthonyt Galba humilis modicella Vallonia pulchella ” obrussa 2 N. H. Winchell, Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci., IV, No. 3, p. 419. *% Op. cit., p. 416. % Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa, p. 448. % Weidman, Science, N. S., XX XVII, p. 457. 7 Op. cit., p. 448. 352 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Chamberlin and Salisbury” list a number of mollusks from the Driftless Area. The species with their localities are tabulated below: Savanna, Illinois. Pyramidula cronkheitei anthonyi Succinea avara Oreohelix iowensis ” — obliqua Along some of the tributaries of the Mississippi there are loess-like deposits which are said®® to be younger than the true loess referred to above. The exact correlation of these deposits seems difficult, but as one locality (Jefferson) affords a characteristic post-Iowan mollusk (Oreohelix) they are included here, tho some may be as late as Post-Wisconsin time. Terraces at Galena, Illinois. Succinea avara Succinea obliqua (=oralis) Leucochila fallax Planorbis parvus Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Galba humilis modicella 20 feet above Apple River, Township 27, JoDaviess County, Illinois. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pupilla muscorum Higher terraces, Bridgeport, Crawford County, Wisconsin, near mouth of Wisconsin River. Succinea avara Sphyradium edentulum alticola ” — obliqua (=Vertigo simplex) Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi _ Galba humilis modicella Section 34, Ellenton Township, Grant County, Wisconsin. Succinea avara Southwest quarter section 20, Jefferson, Clayton County, Iowa. Succinea avara Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi ” — obliqua Pupilla muscorum Oreohelix iowensis Sphyradium edentulum alticola (= Vertigo) Vallonia palchella Galba humilis modicella Galena, Illinois, 135 feet above Galena River. Helicodiscus parallelus Succinea avara ei obliqua Southwest quarter section 26, Bloomington, Grant County, Wisconsin. Succinea avara East of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, on the heights at 425 feet above the Mississippi River. Succinea avara Galba humilis modicella 28 Driftless Area, pp. 285-286. THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 353 Terrace deposits two miles from the mouth of Sinsinawa River and two and a half miles west of Galena, Illinois, contain a fauna of molluscan land shells. This may be the same deposit as that referred to by McGee, Chamber- lin, and others. Trowbridge and Shaw” say of this deposit: “So far as our region is concerned the deposition of the loess may have accompanied or fol- lowed the Iowan, Illinoian, or even perhaps the Kansan ice epochs, or a part of it may have been deposited during or after each one.”’ It is probable that loess was deposited during each interglacial interval and that these deposits represent an accumulation of all or most of the glacial stages and intervals. As a char- acteristic Peorian mollusk (Pyramidula shimekii) occurs in the deposit the shells recorded may perhaps be considered as having been buried during the Peorian interval.2* Ten species are recorded, two of which (starred) are figured: Pyramidula shimekii* Sphyradium edentulum alticola Vallonia costata Euconulus fulvus Pupilla muscorum Succinea campestris \ = grosvenori?) Pupilla decora Succinea avara* Bifidaria cf. corticaria Lymnaea parva b. Vertebrate fauna In the southern part of the Driftless Area a vertebrate fauna occurs in the crevices of the limestone, and in the clay immediately overlying the lime- stone, which seems referable to the Peorian interval, tho some of it may be of later date. In Illinois the crevices are 40 feet beneath the surface. These deposits are near Galena, Illinois, Dubuque, Iowa, and in Grant and Richland counties, Wisconsin. The reason for including the lead region fauna in the Peorian interglacial interval is its geological position, in crevices of the indigi- nous bed rock covered by clay and loess. Hay? refers the vertebrates of the driftless area to post-Wisconsin time but the inference is strongly in favor of their being post-Iowan or Peorian, since the region is largely covered with Iowan loess, beneath which many of the bones have been found. There seems no good reason for considering the majority of the finds of later date. Jeffries Wyman,* Joseph Leidy,# and John LeConte® record the following species, nearly all of which have been found near Galena, Illinois. 284 Bull. 26, Ill. Geol. Surv., p. 106. 29 Galena-Elizabeth Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 200, p. 7. 294 Geol. Iowa, XXIII, pp. 38, 487. 30 Geol. Wis., I, pp. 421-423, 1863. 2 Op. cit., p. 424. 2 Amer. Journ. Sci., (ili), V, pp. 103-106. 354 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Wyman F Leidy Bison bison Platygonus compressus Odocoileus virginianus Procyon priscus Mammut americanum Anomodon snyderi Megalonyx jeffersoni Arctomys mpnax Tayassu tajacu? (lenis, probably) Geomys bursarius Canis occidentalis Microtus cf. pennsylvanicus ” latrans Lepus sylvaticus (=Sylvilagus floridanus) Canis cinereoargentatus Leidy® repeats this list in his great monograph. J. A. Allen* later added two new species from this region and listed some others previously recorded, his list being: Bison bison Antilocapra americana Mammut americanum (=gigantewm) Cervus whitneyi (=Odocoileus whitneyi) Megalonyx Canis indianensis Platygonus species ” mississippiensts (not dirus) Cervus canadensis McGee records* two species of mammals from JoDaviess County, Illinois, near Dubuque, Iowa, and on an earlier page (135) of the same work lists two additional species. JoDaviess County Bison latifrons Megalonyx jeffersont Near Dubuque, in crevice in Galena limestone, embedded in clay, 10 feet below the surface. Megalonyx Tayassu tajacu? (=T. lenis?) Many years ago,*® Edward Daniels recorded certain animal remains from the driftless area from deposits which are here correlated with the Peorian, tho they may be of later date. Galba galbana is recorded from Jamestown and Potosi, Grant County, in great abundance in clay, 20 feet below the surface. The elephant and mastodon are listed from Fairplay and Potosi, and Elephas from Sextonville, Richland County. 7. INDIANA Post-Iowan loess probably caps the post-Illinoian loess in Indiana, particu- larly along the Wabash and Ohio rivers and some of their tributaries. Few references to this loess, however, have been noted in the literature. Leverett®’ cites the presence of a loess soil and weathered zone in western Johnson County. 33 Extinct Mammatian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, 1869. 3 Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XI, pp. 47-51. 3% 11th An. Rep., U.S. Geol. Surv., p. 310. 3 Ist. An. Rep., Geol. Surv. Wis., pp. 10-11, 1854. 37 Mon. LIT, U.S.G.S., p. 75. —£ THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 355 The exposure occurs in Coal Creek, several miles within the Wisconsin drift border. The section is noted below, no fossils being mentioned: Section of bluff of Coal Creek near corners of secs. 29, 30, and 32, T. 12, R. 3 E. Till (Wisconsin), yellow at top but shading into blue-gray at bottom..............::ccceeee 20 feet BSA TACKS (PCORIAM) 25.2 eee 8 er eee rei Ld Ea ae 2 ne Re 1 foot Silt or clay, pale greenish yellow, pebbleless (post-Sangamon)............:cccccccscseseeseereee 3 feet Till (Illinoian), weathered and leached brown, exposed ...........ccccccccescsccsseseeeenesetseenes 5 feet Heightiofisectionse eee eee 29 feet 8. MISSOURI Deposits said to be later than the post-Kansan loess occur along the Mis- souri River, on the border of the Kansan drift sheet. Mr. F. A. Sampson has collected extensively in these deposits and has obtained the species listed below. At Providence, Boone County, ‘‘the deposit is of later period than the Kansan loess, and is not the fine silt of the loess, but is of clay intermixed with stones of various sizes.’”°8 The species noted from Providence and Lupus are listed below: Providence, Boone County Lupus, Moniteau County Polygyra profunda Polygyra profunda » — albolabris alleni ” —— albolabris alleni ” thyroides ” — thyroides » — elevata » — elevata % clausa (scarce) 2? clausa (scarce) 7 pennsylvanica ” — pennsylvanica ” — appressa » appressa ” — inflecta ” — inflecta » fraterna » fraterna ” ‘monodon ” monodon » hirsuta » hirsuta siccrn ete ee ce Some RE Succinea ovalis (one specimen) oc cce pei tie epee Ane oe eS eS Gastrodonta ligera (one specimen) Helicina occulta (scarce) Helicina occulta (scarce) = eat bck Se EERE Ee Vitrea indentata “oc SCcELA EA Ee ep ar ee Se ” — hammonis? AE ee erate Zonitoides minuscula 2 milium Peas es NOB ICE gee eas TP ends ohei dads Bifidaria armifcra inte bce rp ay BEE et ee 2 contracta Pyramidula solitaria Pyramidula solitaria ty alternata a3 alternata (rare) 4 perspectiva (one speciman) x perspectiva (one specimen) oof Sea Ere Breer ee Helidiscus parallelus PP Sos eu se ie eee eciacds aI Carychium exile 38 Sampson, Nautilus, XXVIII, pp. 15-17. 356 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE In his Catalog of Missouri Shells, Sampson adds the following localities which may be referred, with some degree of assurance, to the post-Iowan inter- val. Glascow, Howard County. Helicina occulta Polygyra multilineata Succinea ovalts Pyramidula alternata 2 avara Kansas City, Jackson County. Helicina occulta Booneville, Cooper County. Helicina occulta St. Joseph, Buchanan County. Helicina occulta Potygyra divesta Bifidaria armifera "hirsuta Succinea grosvenori ”" ‘monodon Pyramidula alternata Miss Owen*® records a number of species from loess deposits in and near St. Joseph. Whether all are referable to post-Iowan loess cannot be known from the text, as no discrimination is made between the loesses. The following species are listed, secured from depths of 12 to 50 feet below the surface. Helicina occulta Patula striatella (= Pyramidula cronkheite: anthonyi, Succinea obliqua ” — alternata) Polygyra albolabris ” alternata (= The five species which follow were taken from greater depths. Circinaria concava Succinea luteola*® Polygyra miultilineata ay grosvenort a4 avara 9. KANSAS The bones of both the elephant and the mastodon have been found in the loess near Manhattan, Riley County, but whether in post-Kansan or post- Iowan loess is not stated.“ Peorian fossils should be found in that portion of the state covered by the Kansan drift. 39 Amer. Geol., XXXIII, p. 223. 40 This is certainly a case of misidentification, Juteola being a southern species recorded from Texas and Florida. “t Mason, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, VIII, pp. 12-13. THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 357 10. CANADA It has been suggested that the Iowan drift may be represented in Ontario, especially at Toronto (see section, page 328). Near Niagara Falls a boring in the Whirlpool-St. David’s channel passed thru strata which might be referable to the Iowan stage (see section, page 323) An old soil underlies 30 feet of sand and gravel in Hamilton (Hunter Street), at the west end of Lake Ontario. This old soil is 2 feet thick” and appears in the section as noted below: Sand and gravel, some cross-bedded...........0....0:cc0ccecceee ee asso ae 30 feet Brown clay, unstratified (old soil).......... Peorianeke sere ee Die Blue till, the upper portion weathered........ TOWall pees ers Sie Bones of elephant and pieces of wood........ SANGAMON aeecene eee eK From this layer were collected: Larix americana Picea cf. nigra Mammal bone (reported by workman) The bones of the elephant and the pieces of wood noted at the base of the cutting seem to indicate the presence of the Sangamon interglacial interval. About a mile to the west of the Hunter Street section, in gravel pits, the follow- ing section was observed. Muisconsin= | Clay.jmaking red DricCkS::.c.<:c.s scence eee 6 feet a Saye re in oe ek ASS Sanne ae Nn SURI 30.” Peorian? Wihiteisand se Core eee See Ue Sees a eee eRe Seay Iowan? LATO Dans. oon ee eae Sn Se OLE AE io eee a 4” Sangamon? White sand with mammoth tusks and bones.............. Suni Woveredstonlevelolsbayaee te nee Kn Height of Section®.2.2)-.01..- 78 feet Two interglacial intervals are apparently indicated here, the lower is clearly Sangamon while the higher may be Peorian, or it may be a portion of the Wis- consin series. In view of the present attitude of several prominent geologists toward the Iowan there seems need for much additional information before these beds are positively referred to the Peorian interval. V. SysTEMATIC CATALOG OF THE BIOTA OF THE PEORIAN INTERGLACIAL INTERVAL PLANTS None recorded specifically. “ Coleman, Trans. Can. Inst., VI, p. 36; Spencer, Can. Nat., N. S., VII, p. 470; op. cit., X, p. 308. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE bs ANIMALS MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA UNIONIDAE Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck) SPHAERIIDAE Sphaerium species GASTROPODA HELICINIDAE Helicina occulta Say PLEUROCERIDAE Goniobasis species VIVIPARIDAE | Campeloma decisum (Say) PHYSIDAE Physa heterostropha Say? PLANORBIDAE Planorbis antrosus Conrad: Planorbis parvus Say LYMNAEIDAE Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) Galba humilis modicella (Say) Galba obrussa (Say) ” caperata (Say) ” — galbana (Say) ” parva (Lea) | AURICULIDAE Carycium exile H.C. Lea VALLONIIDAE Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Vallonia pulchella (Miiller) Vallonia costata (Miller) COCHLICOPIDAE Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller) PUPILLIDAE Vertiga modesta Say Bifidaria armifera (Say) » ovata Say ae contracta (Say) ” —milium (Gould)* 2 pentodon (Say) Pupilla muscorum (Linn.) fi procera (Gould)* ” blandi (Morse) he corticaria (Say) * ” decora (Gould) Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) Leucochila fallax (Say) ” virgo Pilsbry SUCCINEIDAE Succinea avara Say Succinea grosvenori Lea ” — ovalis Say * Vide Shimek. THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 359 ENDODONTIDAE Sphyradium edentulum Pyramidula shimekii (Pilsbry) aiticola (Ingersoll) U2 alternata (Say) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) de solitaria (Say) : Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry Oréohelix iowensis (Pilsbry) By: perspectiva (Say) ZONITIDAE Gastrodonta ligera (Say) Euconulus fulous (Miller) Zonitoides arborea (Say) Vitrea hammonis (Strom) a minuscula (Binney) ” indentata (Say) > milium (Morse) CrecINARDDAE Circinaria concava (Say) HELICIDAE Polygyra monodon (Rackett) Polygyra multilineata (Say) ” ~~ fraterna (Say) 44 albolabris (Say) » hirsuta (Say) ” — albolabris alleni (Wetherby) »? _ clausa (Say) ” — profunda (Say) »» _ thyroides (Say) » — inflecta (Say) ” — pennsylvanica (Green) ” — appressa (Say) ” elevata (Say) ” — divesta (Gould) VERTEBRATA MAMMALIA MEGATHERIIDAE Megalonyx jeffersoni (Desmarest) TAYASSUIDAE Tayassu lenis (Leidy) Platygonus compressus LeConte CERVIDAE Odocoileus virginianus (Zimm.) Cervus canadensis Erxlaben ” whitneyi (Allen) ANTILOCAPRIDAE Antilocapra americana Ord. BovmDAE Bison bison L. Symbos cavifrons (Leidy) ” Jatifrons (Harlan) Ovibos moschatus Zimm. ELEPHANTIDAE Mammut americanum (Kerr) Elephas primigenius Blum. ScIURIDAE Marmota monax (Linn.) MURIDAE Microtus species (reported as pennsylvanicus (Ord.) GEOMYIDAE Geomys bursarius (Shaw) 360 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE LEPORIDAE Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen). LEPTICTIDAE Anomodon snydert LeConte PROCYONIDAE Procyon priscus LeConte CANIDAE Canis mississippiensis Allen Canis indianensis Leidy ” occidentalis Richardson Urocyon cinereoargentatus (Schreber) Canis latrans Say VI. Summary A difference of opinion prevails among geologists relative to the extent (and even the existence) of the Iowan ice sheet. The exposed portions of this drift sheet are found only in Iowa and a small portion of Minnesota and Wisconsin. The deposits containing evidences of life, however, indicate that there was an interglacial interval following the Kansan and Illinoian, and previous to the Wisconsin, that is easily recognized stratigraphically. Two loesses have been observed in many places, an early and a later. The loesses above the Illinoian till are post-Illinoian (Sangamon) and post-Iowan (Peorian). In Iowa the upper loess is considered post-Iowan, and there should be below this a post-Illinoian overlying a post-Kansan. Deposits referred with confidence to the Peorian interval have been observed in Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, Minne- : sota, Wisconsin and Missouri. Little is known concerning the climate of the Peorian interval, tho it is believed, in Iowa at least, to have been somewhat drier than that of the present time. The flora is very poorly represented (only the presence of wood being recorded) ut the fauna is well represented. The biota is tabulated below: Living Extinct Total Moollusks tsi talie Si On ee Naas) MLA UB eee won eid 64 2 66 IMlamimals ics iils Sos Wi Masa Sie Sas Ise tee detee eee a See 10 14 24 i Do 1] Ee oT ROR LUI eC a 74 16 90 Land mollusks predominate as would be expected in loess deposits, 53 species being represented. With few exceptions all are living in Iowan territory at the present time. Of the mammals recorded, 59 per cent are extinct. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOESS FOSSILS The fauna of the various loess deposits is but little understood by many geologists, as well as by most zoologists. A paper by Prof. B. Shimek* of the “4 Science, N. S., XXXVII, No. 953, pp. 501-509, 1913. THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 361 Iowa State University, ably discusses this subject and some extracts from his paper may fittingly close this chapter. “Tn order that the value of these molluscan faunas may be properly meas- sured it is necessary that they be taken collectively. A single terrestrial shell does not make a land deposit, neither does a single aquatic shell make a water deposit. In water deposits aquatic shells always form a conspicuous part of the fauna, even tho locally they may not predominate. In subaerial deposits aquatic shells may occur, but they are rare and local, and the dominant types are terrestrial. Strictly terrestrial Pleistocene deposits are of two types: buried sand dunes and the loesses. Buried sand dunes are not uncommon in the upper Mississippi Valley, excellent illustrations being found near Gladstone, Illinois; north of Iowa City, Iowa; at Hooper and West Point, Nebraska, and at other points. Neither buried nor surface dunes contain shells so far as observed. “The loesses are much more satisfactory for our purposes, because they fre- quently contain fossils and offer by far the best opportunity for the study of Pleistocene terrestrial mollusks. In these deposits terrestrial forms vastly predominate, and fluviatile forms are wholly wanting. So much has been written on this feature of the subject that only reiteration is here possible. “Fresh-water shells in the loess are very few. They belong to species which inhabit small ponds and boggy places. They are not of the types found in streams and lakes. They are local in distribution, and in a number of cases clearly associated with buried ponds. Ponds are not rare in high places in loess regions. They frequently contain the smaller Lymnea, etc., which are sometimes found in the loess, aquatic birds and insects probably being respon- sible for their introduction. Such ponds, if buried by subsequent depositions of loess, would present exactly the conditions under which aquatic shells are usually found in the loess. The vastly predominating forms are terrestrial— upland terrestrial at that. Some have become extinct in the loess region, but occur westward and southwestward in the drier part of the continent. Such are Pupa muscorum, P. blandi, Sphyradium edentulum var. alticola, Pyramidula shimekit and Oreohelix iowensis. Others like Succinea grosvenori and Vallonia gracilicosta are still found in the loess region, but they prefer dry, often open grounds. The land species which prefer wet grounds are conspicuously absent from the loess. “The fossil mollusks do not enable us to determine the age of any of the Pleistocene formations. The fossils of the Aftonian are not sufficiently dis- tinct from those of modern alluvium to permit the drawing of any conclusion other than that the conditions of deposition were much the same. They do not enable us to distinguish between the loesses, for the fossils of the gray and the yellow loesses are, in larger series, essentially the same. But they give us 362 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE an excellent measure of the conditions which prevailed at the time of the deposi- tion of the various fossil-bearing Pleistocene strata. “The terrestrial mollusks which are found in the Pleistocene deposits are also now of very wide distribution and the variation which they exhibit in spe- cies, form and size is not at all determined by latitude, but rather by the eda- phic conditions under which the forms existed. In both cases the species are those of modern faunas whose habits are well known. ‘Variations in the Pleistocene fauna are nowhere better illustrated than in the loess, which has a wide distribution both north and south, and east and west, in the Mississippi Valley. If we begin in the northwestern part of the loess area in Nebraska and western Iowa, we find that the dominant species in the loess are Pupa muscorum, P. blandi, Pyramidula shimekii, Succinea gros- venori, Oreohelix iowensis, Vallonia gracilicosta, Bifidaria procera, Sphyradium edentulum alticola. These species all belong to a fauna characteristic of the dry western regions, Pupa muscorum alone passing by a wide detour northward to the northeastern part of the country. Other species belonging to more east- erly faunas appear, as a rule, in smaller numbers. Southward along the Missouri River, as in northwestern Missouri, larger forms, such as Circimaria concava, Pyramidula alternata and Polygyra multilineata, more characteristic of eastern and southeastern faunas, begin to appear in larger numbers. The change southward along the Mississippi iseven more striking. In the north- erly deposits along the Mississippi Helicina occulta, Pyramidula striatella, Succinia ovalis and S. avara are among the most common species. Pupa decora is also abundant in both northern and northwestern loess, and while it is largely a boreal species, like Pupa muscorum, it extends along the western mountains well into our dry western region. ‘“Southward along the Mississippi the loess molluscan fauna changes in essentially the same manner as the modern fauna of the surface. At Hickman, Kentucky, the larger helices (so prominent in the southeastern modern fauna) already appear in large numbers and Pyramidula solitaria, carinate Pyramidula alternata, Polygyra tridentata, very large P. albolabris, large P. profunda, a few P. elevata, P. fraterna, P. fraudulenta, P. appressa, Omphalina fuliginosa, large Circinaria concava, more abundant Pyramidula perspectiva and Gastrodonta ligera. These species already form the most conspicuous feature of the loess fauna. Helicina occulta still appears, though here approaching its southern limit. Still farther south at Dyersburg, Tennessee, a similar fauna appears in the loess, but Helicina occulta is not common, reaching here its southern limit and Pyramidula striatella, so common in the north, also becomes rare. Still farther south on the west side of the Mississippi River at Helena, Arkan- sas, the loess fauna becomes still more characteristically southern, and in addi- tion to the larger helices already mentioned the large form of Succinea ovalis, Omphalina kopnodes, Vitrea placentula and Helicina orbiculata appear in | THE IOWAN ICE INVASION 363 conspicuous numbers. The last three species are distinctively southern. Helicina. occulta has wholly disappeared and its place has been taken by Helicina orbiculata. The richly fossiliferous loess of Natchez and Vicksburg, Mississippi, also contains the forms common at Hickman and Helena, and the presence of Polygyra obstricta, P. inflecta and P. stenotrema still further stamps the fauna as distinctively southern. “But in this variation in the wide loess region there is nothing which sug- gests a transition or change from cold climate to warm climate faunas or vice versa. The variation, as we find it in the loess is practically exactly duplicated in the modern fauna of the surface. The only conclusion, then, which can be drawn from the fossils of the loess is, that during the deposition of the several loesses climatic conditions were not materially different from those which exist in the various parts of the same general region to-day. Such differences as do exist point rather to a drier climate in the northern part of the loess-covered area than that of to-day. “Emphasis has sometimes been placed upon the depauperation in size of certain loess shells, as evidence that the climate in which they existed was colder than that of to-day. These depauperate shells are found only in the northern part of the loess area, in Iowa, Nebraska, etc. Their exact counterparts are found living to-day in the drier portions of the same region. And correspond- ing differences do not occur in more easterly series which represent differences in latitude. It is evident that the depauperation is due to drouth and not to a low temperature, and the abundance of these depauperate shells in the northern loess reinforces the evidence already noted that the climate of this region was then somewhat drier than at present.” TABLE OF LOESS FORMATIONS Prof. Shimek® presents the following ideal section as representing the rela- tion of the different loesses to the drift sheets. Kansan drift Kansan residual sands and gravels (Buchanan) Gumbo (Loveland) Black soil (Yarmouth) Post-Kansan loess Illinoian drift Illinoian residual sands and gravels Black soil (Sangamon) Post-Illinoian loess Iowan drift Iowan residual sands and gravels #* Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., State Univ., Iowa, V, p. 363. 364 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Black soil (Peorian) Post-Iowan loess Wisconsin drift Wisconsin residual sands and gravels Post-Wisconsin loess. These several loesses are quite distinct near the drift borders, but the distinction grows less clear as we recede from the drift margins, especially southward, and finally practically disappears, probably in the regions in which plant-life was not wholly destroyed by the advances of the several ice-sheets succeeding the Kansan. CHAPTER XI THE WISCONSIN ICE INVASION Two till sheets referable to the Wisconsin invasion are recognized, one known as the Earlier Wisconsin and the other as the Late Wisconsin. Of these Chamberlin says:! “The Earlier Wisconsin glacial stage-——The formations of the two Wiscon- sin stages together occupy much larger surface areas than the preceding, be- cause they were not overlapped by later drifts, and they are hence less modified. Besides this, they seem to have had stronger features originally. The till- sheets are marked not only at their borders, but at intervals in the oscillatory recession of the ice, by declared terminal moraines. Kames, eskers, drumlins, and other special forms of aggregation and of outwash mark the surface, and reveal the mode of action of the ice and the glacial waters in a conspicuous way, and are in contrast with the nearly expressionless surface of the older sheets of drift. A part of this difference is due to the greater freshness of the Wisconsin formations; but the larger part, apparently, is assignable to a stronger original expression. This is more markedly true of the later Wisconsin drift than of the earlier. At least three successive terminal morainic tracts characterize that portion of the Early Wisconsin formation in Illinois which was not covered by the Late Wisconsin. The outermost of these lies on the border of the Wis- consin drift, and marks the outermost limit of the ice; the others lie within this outermost belt, and are rudely concentric with it, marking stages of halt, or of minor advance in the general oscillating retreat of the ice. “The fifth interval of recession —There was an interruption of the retreat of the earlier Wisconsin ice at some unknown line within the area of the later drift, followed by a re-formation of the ice-lobes, and a re-advance of the ice- front. It does not appear that this interval was very long, but it was sufficient to permit the lobes of the ice-sheet to change their relative sizes and their relations to one another to such an extent that the moraines of the later stage at some points cross those of the earlier at large angles. It is uncertain whether the interval should be put in the preceding class, as the shortest representative of a declining series, or referred to a different category, and it has been left unnamed. “The Later Wisconsin glacial stage —Following this epoch of re-adjustment, the ice margin assumed a pronounced lobate form, and gave rise to the most 1 Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, pp. 392-394. 366 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE declared moraines, drumlins, and other distinctive glacial formations of the period. The ice radiated not only from the Labradorean, Keewatin, and Cor- dilleran centers, but from many isolated heights. Nearly all the well-known mountain glaciation of the west is referred to this epoch. The drift-sheet of this stage is characterized by ernormous terminal moraines, by great bowlder belts, by unusual developments of kames, eskers, drumlins, outwash aprons, valley trains, and other diagnostic features of glacial action and glacio-fluvial codperation. ‘This drift-sheet, far beyond all the others, bears the stamp of the great agency of the period. The disposal of the ice in great lobes is referable to the influence of the great basins. Field studies indicate that broad, smooth- bottomed basins, elongate in the general direction of the ice movement, favored the prolongation of the ice into broad lobes, while sharp, deep valleys of tor- tuous course or transverse attitude had little effect upon the extension of the ice: “The Later Wisconsin drift is characterized in some places? by nearly a score of concentric moraines which, in some cases, represent re-advances of the ice in the course of its general retreat, and in others perhaps nothing more than halts sufficient to permit an exceptional accumulation of drift at the ice border. There appears to have been exceptional vigor of ice action, correlated with rapidity of melting, resulting in a sharp contest between the antagonistic agen- cies that made for advance and retreat. The older drift-sheets, so far as over- ridden by the ice of this epoch, were cut away more largely than in preceding epochs, and the scoring of the rocks below was more prevalent and profound. This was notably so in the great thoroughfares of movement, and for obvious reasons less so where the lateral borders of the lobes only lapped upon the older drift. Extensive overriding of the older drift, without complete removal, occurred in some districts, notably in Illinois and Michigan, as determined by Leverett.” In Ohio there was a period of erosion between the two tills; the cutting of the broad valley of Mad River, two miles in width and 25-50 feet in depth, is referred by Chamberlin to this interval. Other river erosions in this and other parts of the state are also placed in this interval.* LIFE ‘““As yet no soil, or leached or weathered zones have been found separating the drift of the two series and it seems questionable whether the interval be- tween their deposition was sufficiently long to justify their reference to distinct glacial stages.’’* No life has yet been reported from this interval. However, * Minnesota, Upham, 9th An. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Minn., p. 880; Leverett, Mon. XLI, U.S. Geol. Surv. 3 Leverett, Monograph XLI, p. 352. ‘Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe, pp. 317-318. THE WISCONSIN ICE INVASION 367 it is possible that many of the mar! deposits found on the older Wisconsin till in Illinois, and elsewhere, may be referable to the interval between the deposition of the two drift sheets. The bodies of water in which these marl beds were formed may have been inhabited by hardy mollusks and other animals while the ice front was still in the vicinity of Chicago. An example of this possibility is the marl deposit underlying the campus of the University of Illinois, des- cribed on page 127 of this work. WABASH FAUNA Hay°® has proposed the name “ Wabash Beds” for the deposits laid down subsequent to the retreat of the late Wisconsin ice sheet, and for the biota he proposes the name “Wabash Fauna,’’ believing that the period between the waning of the ice sheet and the historical period should bear a name and be equivalent in value to the interglacial periods between the different ice sheets. This biota, lying in deposits formed on the surface of the late Wisconsin till sheet, is described in Chapter IV of this volume. 5 Smith. Mis. Coll., No. 20, p. 13, 1912. CHAPTER XII SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE WITHIN THE ENGLACIATED PORTION OF NORTH AMERICA In the tables at the end of this chapter the biota of the Pleistocene, in that part of North America covered at one time or another by a drift sheet, is arranged to show both systematic and stratigraphic sequence, upward of 685 species of animals and plants being listed. A study of the table below, which is a summary of the large tables at the end of this chapter, brings out some striking features. Table Showing Number of Living and Extinct Species Recorded from the Glaciated Portion of North America Living Extinct Total Percent extinct Plants ieee ier Ma a OS ke 138 7 145 48 Animals IMolisca a ens TG Gianna 292 6 298 Be GCrustaceaes yun Ne 4 0 4 0 TNSectan ee OE eae 4 104 108 96.3 Wertebratate ni eu culms 37 93 130 71.5 Totals eee Meee cay Hen A Wea lere 475 210 685 30.7 The plants and mollusks are seen to have suffered but little change thru- out the Glacial Period, the percentage of extinct species being about 4.8 per cent in plants and 2 per cent in mollusks. Among the insects and verte- brates, however, the case is reversed; of the former, about 96.3 per cent are extinct, and of the latter about 71.5 per cent are extinct. The percentage of extinct mammals varies considerably, decreasing with the advance in time of the Glacial Period. Thus the Port Kennedy cave fauna, herein considered as preglacial, contains 80 per cent of extinct species, while the Conrad Fissure fauna, placed by Hay in the Sangamon interglacial interval,' contains 47 per 1Dr. Hay places this fauna in the Sangamon (Smith. Mis. Coll., LIX, pages 14-15; Iowa Geol. Surv., XXIIJ, pages 31-32) but as it is believed to have been destoyed by the influence of the Illinoian ice invasion, its true age must be the interval preceding this invasion, or the Yarmouth (See Science, XXX, page 892, 1909). SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 369 cent of extinct species. These groups consist of highly complex organisms which have undergone rapid evolution. The vertical geological range of many of the species and groups is noteworthy; the data are not yet full enough, how- ever, to permit of generalizations, except in a few instances. I. THE FLORA The flora of the Pleistocene differs but little from that of the same area today. At different times during the interglacial intervals the cold temperate plants have been driven southward and their remains have been found to the south of their normal habitat of today. Many species of plants preserved in the Don beds of Toronto (Sangamon interval) as well as in later postglacial deposits, are also found in the Pleistocene of South Carolina, Maryland and Virginia.” Likewise, during a period of warmer climate a subtropical and temperate flora flourished at a higher northern latitude than at the present time. As has already been stated, it is probable that each interglacial interval experienced five periods of climatic variation—(1) Arctic, (2) cold temper- ate, (3) temperate (perhaps subtropical), (4) cold temperate, (5) Arctic. This climatic variation has been observed in only a few places, notably at Toronto and Chicago. The flora of the former locality is the most extensive of any known Pleistocene locality within the glaciated area. The plant remains also attest the presence of swamps, lakes, rivers, and vast forested areas, com- parable with the same territory as it was before the advent of the White Man. Among the plants, trees predominate, perhaps because the woody leaves and stems were more readily preserved. Enough of the other branches of the plant kingdom have been preserved to indicate that they also were abundantly represented. Il. THe FAuna. I. THE MOLLUSCA Almost half of the life of the Pleistocene belongs to the group of mollusks owing, doubtless, to the hard shelly skeleton which is easily preserved. As in the case of the plants, the most complete molluscan fauna occurs at Toronto and Chicago. A greater or less number of species have also been observed in many other places. The Sangamon interval is the most prolific in the remains of the naiades, evidencing pronounced lake conditions in at least one locality (Toronto). This type of mollusk also flourished during the Aftonian and the Yarmouth intervals. The species from these early deposits show that little change has taken place in this group during the glacial episodes. The fresh water univalves are abundantly represented in all strata, many species being found in all, or nearly all of the interglacial intervals; notably, 2 Berry, Journ. Geol., XV, pp. 338-349, 1909. 370 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Valvata tricarinata, Segmentina armigera, Planorbis trivolvis, Planorbis antrosus, Planorbis parvus, Galba caperata, Galba humilis modicella, Galba obrussa, and Galba palustris. ‘ The land snails are perhaps, the best represented of the mollusks, when all of the interglacial intervals are considered. Many species of some genera per- sist thruout all of the intervals, as Vallonia, Strobilops, Bifidaria (Gastrocopta) Succinea, Helicodiscus, Sphyradium, Pyramidula, Zonitoides, Vitrea, Euconulus and Polygyra. 5 So far as known these species do not differ materially from the same species as they exist today and it is inferred from this that conditions during at least a part of these intervals did not differ from the conditions of today in the same regions. It was at one time thot by many biologists that the Glacial Period was a strong factor in the mutation of species and varieties. In 1894 Dr. Pilsbry® stated as his opinion that “one of the most potent causes of specific or varietal differentiation has been the glacial epoch which undoubtedly caused a south- ward movement of the entire northern fauna. Upon the recession of the ice sheet the species thus driven south found themselves exposed to changing climate and food-plants in their new home. Those following the retreat of the ice found the topography, soil and drainage systems of their former area in the north vastly changed.” While this factor has been found to have been potent in changing some groups it seems to have had but little effect upon many mollusks, the tables showing that a large number of the species, especially the pulmonates, both land and fresh water, persist practically unchanged from the Aftonian to the present time. The great differentiation of species, especially among the land snails has taken place beyond the limits and infl- ence of the great ice invasions. Too little is yet known concerning the vertical distribution of the fresh water pulmonates, but the data at hand indicate that but little change has occurred. Itis believed by the writer, however, that the great majority of the numerous species of the fresh water pulmonates have been evolved since the retreat of the Wisconsin ice sheet. The species pre- served in interglacial deposits show no change from the type of the recent forms of the same species. Further research may carry many of the species into pre- glacial time and may also add many of the supposed recent species to the list of fossils. As previously explained (Chapter X, page 363 ) some of the loess fossils attest a change to a drier climate during some of the intervals, a climate similar to that of the southwest in Colorado and adjacent states, and at these times a few peculiar species and races flourished in the loess-covered areas. II. INSECTA The insects are peculiar in that all but four species are extinct. The majority of the species are from the Toronto deposits of the Sangamon Interval. 3 Nautilus, VII, p. 51. SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 371 A less number are from cave deposits thot to be preglacial, while a few are from other interglacial and postglacial deposits. Nearly all of the insects are beetles (Coleoptera) and the majority of the species belong to the families Carabidae and Staphylinidae, the first represented by 51 species and the last by 20 species. Other orders of insects are but meagerly represented, only one, Phryganea, be- ing certainly identified. The insect fauna of the Pleistocene will probably be very largely increased in number of species when the interglacial peat deposits are more carefully examined. III. VERTEBRATA The vertebrates, like the insects, are notable for the large number of extinct species represented. In this group of animals, whole families are extinct, notably Megatheriidae, Equidae, Camelidae, Elephantidae, and Castoroididae. Among the other families, upwards of half the species are now extinct. The number of species which survived the glacial episodes and became extinct during postglacial (Wabash) time is notable. These are: \, Megatherium jeffersoni Bootherium sargenti Platygonus compressus Symbos cavifrons Mylohyus nasutus Mammut americanum Cervalces scotti Elephas primigenius Cervalces borealis Elephas columbi °? Bison laiifrons Castoroides ohioensis Conditions for these animals, as well as for the insects, must have changed radically before the recent or human period. The strong South American element in the vertebrate fauna is to be especially noted—Megalonyx, Platy- gonus, Mylohyus—and also that some of these (as Platygonus) extended in postglacial time as far north as New York, Indiana, and Michigan. A northern element is also present in the vertebrate fauna, consisting of the mastodon, northern elephant (mammoth), bison, bear, reindeer, and musk-ox. The horse, so abundant in the Pliocene Period, becomes scarcer and scarcer, and the last authentic records seem to be in the Sangamon interglacial interval. The camels became extinct very early in the Glacial Period. The remains of the Cervidae, Bovidae, Elephantidae, and Canidae occur thruout the different interglacial intervals, indicating that during these intervals a varied mammalian fauna existed. Cope, Osborn and other paleontogologists have divided the Pleistocene mammals into faunal zones thereby dividing Pleistocene Time into periods corresponding to these faunas. Cope* divided the mammals into two faunas, one the Megalonyx fauna, the other the Equus fauna, the former inhabiting the region east of the Great Plains and the latter the western and southwestern “Amer. Nat., XXIV, p. 593. 372 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE parts of the country. The two faunas were said by Cope to be contemporary and to have lived during pre-Champlain time. After the Champlain time a new fauna is thought to have appeared, consisting of existing species with a few remnants of the pre-Champlain fauna. Osborn’ recognizes four faunas, first, the Equus-Mylodon zone; second, the Megalonyx zone; third, the Ovibos-Rangifer zone; and fourth, the Cervus zone, the latter being the fauna immediately preceding the discovery of Amer- ica by Columbus. The first two zones are thot by Osborn to be practically contemporary, the Equus-Mylodon zone being, perhaps, a little earlier in ap- pearance. Scott® follows Osborn in his treatment of Pleistocene mammals. These authors in these works have not taken into account the different glacial advances and retreats, and the resulting interglacial intervals, and a true picture of the vertebrate life of the Pleistocene can be gained only by a study of the stratigraphy of the Pleistocene deposits in connection with the biotic remains contained in these deposits, as has already been pointed out by Hay.’ The deductions of Cope, Osborn and others are mainly based on material found in strata beyond the limits of the ice sheets, which cannot be positively correlated with the glacial divisions of this period for obvious reasons. Many other records are from cave deposits and bed rock fissures, which are usually of doubtful age stratigraphically. Exact knowledge of the extent and survival of Pleistocene mammals (as of other groups of animals and plants) can be gained only by a study of material contained in interglacial deposits of undoubted age. It will probably be possible to separate the Pleistocene mammals into early, middle, and late zones or faunas. Dr. Hay® sums up the situation based on our present knowledge in the following words: “It looks, therefore, as if the earliest Pleistocene was characterized by the existence of numerous edentates, horses, camels, tapirs, and saber-tooth cats, and few bisons, while during the later pre-Wisconsin Pleistocene, there were few eden- tates, few horses, no camels, few saber-tooth cats, but numerous bisons.” The tables presented in this chapter furnish evidence of the truth of this state- ment. Extended analysis of the tables herein presented would be unwise in the light of our present imperfect knowledge of the life of the different intervals. Factors of stratigraphic differentiation must be found in the insects and mam- mals, the plants and mollusks being of little value for this purpose on account of their uniformity thruout the interglacial intervals. Plants, however, are good indicators of climatic changes and have had, and will continue to have, an especial value in placing the climate of the fauna which may be found 5 Age of Mammals, 1910, pp. 452-467; Hay, Smith. Mis. Coll., LEX, pp. 3-15. 6 A History of Land Animals in the Western Hemisphere. 7 Smith. Mis. Coll., LIX, pp. 3-16, 1912. 8 Op. cit., p. 15. SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 373 associated with them. Mbollusks are excellent indicators of ecological condi- tions, which they usually rather accurately attest. III; MAN IN THE PLEISTOCENE It is singular that the bones of Homo have not been found in America in connection with interglacial deposits. There are several references in the literature to such remains in connection with glacial deposits, but investiga- tion has nearly always resulted in referring the specimens to recent burial or inclusion. Some years ago parts of a human skeleton were found in deposits at Lansing, Kansas, thot to be loess of Peorian Age. Later investigations,” however, led to the conclusion that the human relics were later in age than the deposits in which they were found, and it was also shown that the deposit was not loess." In Europe, parts of skeletons, as well as cultural articles, have been found in connection with interglacial deposits. The oldest human remains (des- cribed as Homo heidelbergensis) wece found in deposits referable to the Mindel- Riss interglacial epoch of European glacialogists, which is correlated in time with the Yarmouth or second interglacial interval of American glacialogists.” Cultural articles in Europe have also been found in deposits of middle Oligocene age. Recently, human remains have been reported from deposits in Florida apparently referable to early or middle Pleistocene time. These deposits occur at Vero, on the Atlantic coast of east-central Florida, chiefly in an old stream bed which was uncovered during the construction of a drainage canal. The strata were undisturbed previous to the canal work and it is thot that the human remains, as well as the vertebrate remains associated with them, were deposited in the stream during Pleistocene time. There were associated with the human remains, in addition to the bones of birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, a number of mammal skeletons mostly fragmentary, belonging to the following species: Didelphis virginiana Sigmodon his pidus Dasypus species ; Neotoma floridana Chlamytherium seplentrionalis Neofiber alent 9 Upham, Amer. Geol., XXX, pp. 135-150, 1902; Science, N. S., XVI, p. 355; Amer. Geol., XXXII, pp. 185-187, 1903; Williston, Science, N. S., XVI, pp. 195-196, 1902; Amer. Geol., XXXV, pp. 342-346, 1905. 10 Calvin, Chamberlin, Salisbury, Journ. Geol., X, pp. 745-779, 1902; Shimek, Amer. Geol., XXXII, pp. 362-364, 1904. 11 Shimek, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., Univ. Iowa, V, pp. 346-352, 1904. See also Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., XXIV, pp. 93-98, 1917. ® Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age; The Age of Mammals. 13 Sellards, Science, N. S., XLIV, pp. 615-617, 1916; 8th An. Rept. Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 121-160, 1916; 9th An. Rept., Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 69-81, 1917. Also Nelson, Science, N.S., XLVI, pp. 394-395, 1918. 374 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Equus littoralis? Sylvilagus palustris Tapirus haysii? Scalopus aquaticus australis Tayassu lenis Ursus floridanus Bison species Procyon lotor Odocoileus osceola Lutra canadensis Odocoileus sellardsiae Vulpes palmoria Mammut americanum Canis riviveronis Elephas columbi Canis. species Oryzomys palustris Lynx rufus floridanus Of the above, 13, or over 50 percent, are extinct, and the conclusion of Dr. Hay as to the age of the deposit seems justified. Commenting on this point, Hay says (op. cit., p. 67): “We are, therefore, confronted by questions as to the antiquity of these human remains. As has already been indicated, the writer believes that the deposits in question are not only of Pleistocene age but of early or middle Pleistocene. He is also convinced, after having examined the locality and collected fossils from it, that the human remains are as old as the deposits in which they are found.”’ The age of these human remains is not yet entirely clear in the minds of several leading American geologists and anthropologists. A conference was held at Vero in October, 1916, at which the following men were present: Dr.O. P. Hay, Dr. G. G. MacCurdy, Dr. A. Hrdlicka, Dr. T. W. Vaughan, and Dr. R. T. Chamberlain. In March, 1917, Dr. E. W. Berry visited the locality. Papers by these gentlemen relating to the deposits and to the human remains con- tained therein, have been published in Volume 25 of the Journal of Geology. The Florida deposits are far beyond the limits of the ice sheets of Pleistocene time and they bear an unknown relation to the interglacial intervals of the Glacial Period. Hay presents some evidence (0p. cit., pp. 67, 68) of Man’s presence in deposits apparently older than Wisconsin, but while they are sug- gestive, they are scarcely as definite as desired and necessary for the indubitable evidence of Man’s occupancy of the glaciated territory during the progress of the Glacial Period. It remains true, as far as the writer has been able to ascertain, that no undisputed record of the presence of human bones is known from interglacial deposits in the territory once covered by the great ice sheets. IV. CONCLUSION The evidence accumulated during the preparation of this volume indicates that the interglacial intervals, especially the Yarmouth and Sangamon inter- vals, were of wide extent and long duration and that the animal and plant life was varied and consisted of a large number of species. It is probable that con- ditions during these intervals were not largely different from those of today, at least during the temperate period of the intervals. Osborn” believes that 4 Hay, 9th An. Rep., Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 43-68, 1917. ~ ’ SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 375 the biota was not seriously affected until the Sangamon interval. This author says: “Until toward the close of third Interglacial Times no traces of northern much less arctic forests and animals are discovered anywhere, excepting along the borders of the ice fields. It would appear as if the animal and plant life of Europe and America were, in the main, but slightly affected by the first three glaciations. We cannot entertain for a moment the belief that in glacial times all the warm fauna and flora migrated southward and then returned, because there is not a shred of evidence for this theory. It is far more in accord with the known facts to believe that all southern and eastern forms of life had be- come very hardy, for we know how readily animals now living in warm earth belts are acclimatized to northern conditions. ” It is probable that Osborn here has in mind the biota living at the margin or somewhat to the south of the ice front, because all the evidence indicates that all life moved southward in the path of the advancing glacier or suffered extinction. There was undoubtedly an unusual commingling of arctic, temper- ate, and warm faunas and floras in the region south of the ice sheet and the southern forms probably did become more or less acclimatized to a climate colder than was normal for them; but when the ice sheet melted and retreated the arctic and temperate animals undoubtedly migrated northward, as is plainly indicated by the remains of these animals and plants in territory to the north of the southern boundary of the till sheets (cf. Aftonian and Yarmouth). Salisbury sums up the effect of the Ice Age on the biota and his conclusions seem to well describe the situation as it is indicated by the facts at present known. “The great changes in the physical processes which this on-coming of the ice-sheets brought into operation, effected corresponding changes in life and in the processes which depend on life. In the first place, the total amount of land life must have been greatly reduced. If account be taken of mountain glaciation in both hemispheres as well as of the ice-sheets, it is probably within the limits of truth to say that conditions became so far inhospitable as nearly to eliminate land life from about one-seventh of the land of the globe, and to have rendered conditions relatively inhospitable over a still larger area. . . “The crowding of land life off 8,000,000 square miles, more or less, must have tended to concentrate it upon the land which still remained hospitable, and to decimate or exterminate those forms which could not migrate readily. - . - It would seem, from the series of physical changes sketched, that very profound changes in life should have followed, but it must be confessed that, % Outlines of Geologic History with especial Reference to North America, pp. 271-272. References to marine conditions are omitted. 376 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE in spite of the conditions which it would seem must have been favorable for great destruction of life, and for imposing great modifications upon that which survived, statistical evidences of the changes which followed are less impressive than would have been expected. The data at hand point to extensive migra- tions, but not to exterminations and profound modifications which might have been expected. It seems impossible to think that the changes of climate which drove musk oxen to Kentucky and Virginia, and Arctic plants and reindeer to the lowlands of central Europe and to the Mediterranean, were without very profound biologic significance, unless the life of the earth had reached a condi- tion of far greater stability than that of earlier times, when lesser physical changes seem to have produced greater biological changes.” Table showing Distribution of Life during each Interglacial Interval Pas Aa Wale es Gide sacl 3 3 3 3 3 g a | a Interglacial Interval a "ep 8 & & z 4 3 a ay =< Ss A a = a Plants eee hen acai a eats 7 23 12 14 68 0 66 145 Animals Molluscal aye ie salt hnnauHND 6 4 50 91 132 66 | 244 298 Grustacea leer ish Meee) 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 a Insectatse 0s Wats Mean 104 14 0 0 85 0 9 108 PASCES Mele Re Mle Mee 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 Amphibians ve ae eee 0 1 0) 0 0 0 0 val Rep tala te ees Wee Se Neos 4 4 1 0 1 0 0 6 AVES ye ney MUNG Miri su Ae sOD 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 Miammaliates eit sae ttn 87 79 24 18 25 24 21 117 MotaltAninrals seep eevee 203 | 105 75 L1OF 245 90 | 279 540 Totaliitencn ein Manin elo Ae 210 A288 124 | 313 90 | 345 685 It is apparently in accord with the ascertained facts, as indicated by the fossil remains found between the till sheets, and listed in this work, to believe that at each interglacial interval there was first a migration northward into territory laid bare by the retreating ice and later a southward migration as the climate changed with the on-coming of the new glaciaton; that this to and fro migration was repeated four times and is now in its fifth northward migration period; and that the effect of such forced migrations has been to cause the ex- tinction of many species of insects and mammals, while causing little change in plants and mollusks. There were probably other causes contributary to the extinction of the insects and mammals, but we must believe, from the strati- graphical evidence, that the physical changes brought on by the Glacial Period contributed largely to the dying out of so many species of these two highly i t SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 377 developed groups which were evidently not as able to adapt themselves to changing conditions as were the other groups. Additional data may change these deductions, which, however, seem to be justified by the information pro- vided by the animal life thus far obtained from deposits laid down between the several till sheets. V. Systematic List oF SPECIES S\e/3/s ‘|| S|) Sle)4] 3 eI PlSl sa! Ss] 31s] a Alay lala la |= | x PLANTS BYROPHYTA SPHAGNACE MRRUEEAS SEH ETSPRCEL CS Ie Goes sete et hg ce dewachuseh AE asec Kee aees Daa espe arte A x FONTINALACEAE MPEERIEIEE SASTCCICS Menuet n BSc re cece ccc once E tice et ane |. MeN SM Ech (Cn x Dichelyma capillaceum (U.) SCHIMP o0...........cessessesceeseeeessecseerees|eceese| coeee dean Pte >, cl (ae Wore x HYPNACEAE Camptothectum nitens (Schreb.) Schimp.........cscccecssssscsssecseeesees.|eosee-|cosees EX | asec (feu mand [ce x Drepanocladus fluitans (L..) Warnst.t..........csc-scsesseessesssececeseesses| cssee|cccoes x 2.8)/||)\ Be g PED OLGEHSS WALZ 370 ete ee ee elle DL 9d Pea be Lp eee x 2” LTT CLES (Lo) AN ViCUTIS Geese eee ee ee | (tI an boil ease Pease ea X re amermedius (ind bh.) WartnStee.00.c ee Wooo ee bg anes lea K Catliergon richardsoni Lesq. and JameS......c.cce.cccccsseccessseecsssee.)ecssee| cosce EK | Se cell ania Pall ena x Sematophyllum recurvans (Michx.) Britton eccccccccccccccccccecccescccsse-[ccosecl cose ccceeeloceees Ken | eral [eet x Hypnum(?) commutatum Wedwoercecccccccccccccccsccssssssecsssscsessecccssccsec. Sead Cicecil bevel eee 7 beat Mae x Plagiothecum denticulatum roseanum Gem pe) HBS Ge Seer eles | ee neds [en | | Ke | ox CHARACEAE TD BLESS nue ee coe eB ae a a a er DORR PP FAR RU KG xylose XM | ex PTERIDOPHYTA EQUISETACEAE ELCs 7227 Na a a DS a8 jl Bs » fluviatile L x ” — scirpoides Michx x “SUSSMAN eet aoa emmy Hennig Crema er hii eT) Gi Hale cee aay LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium selago Pee eer eee AT ee, ee (ae Selly alba xX} xX Bete et ie yee ae RAC Oe ee Se ee ee ee ete 378 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE SO OoOwWmWNV' Preglacial Aftonian Yarmouth Sangamon Recent $$ | ——— |} —— |} —_ | ——_}_ _|_}___, SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE TAXACEAE Taxus canadensis Marsh 22 paninor, (MACH xs) WB TIGtOme sneer ree eee en | | seseas lie pose eee x PINACEAE Pinus vigeda. Milks ccc ees alo aseseesabekeven scconcnsen eons tee ors eel |X | ea | ee | x PIS SERODUS TMG Olle MON NEUSE INU, COURIC eae aa Ne ue at ie (| | ee Ky | Meeesa| ees x 22SEC CU O.MUs LO SLNUE IMIS ore ave LU BIg Wend at center ae a see sence SA eee sae | | x 7B SPOCLES eb 2. Fo. csleccaes he blaciasbesecsees sdssss uneseveseonssosccests Wisseesa] aml] Ce Hee a | | Or Larix laricina (DuRoi) Kochi ee | x ” - churchbridgensis Pemballow...222.....t.c1scsesccsscsssseecenceeesecoseeses|| X || Seccta lessee: [eeeees | eeeea | ees eee Picea mariana (Mill) BSP eo ete: ” canadensis (Mill.) BSP By SPECIES ee Meer A TEU a TE area Ter aS ROSEN | Albiestbalsamea)(Ie) mii ieee ne cee ee ene eneees tenn non eea ue Rompe wine (8 2 veil Kel eee x Tiki aroccidentalzsiuse eae eed acne meets aoa Jassendevect| cece steel eseree) eames ea | eee x BOO a AOA SATU AIS) Waar ey Eee perry ee eee ree eH Pea brerl brrol| 2 || 28 [loacce x Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.)) BSP io...t.c....ccccccssessssssscsscessseeecoseeses eee errs beer tect (128. {Peeroce ie x Taxodium distichum (U.) Richard.......ccccceccscseseseceseeseeeeaees PerEH Pree Peete bret Bec Sacone| ooo ce x ANGIOSPERMAE MOoNocoTyLEDONAE TYPHACEAE Ty phalatifolia Us... becct he eV eek he SL, re ae | | x NATADACEAE Potamogeton natans Wer iiss. ccceccccccctitsceccssstels teense Be ee eee eee ene x e Per foltatus Tas. oc eee oe Gash shevates eee eee ee Sees es | eee ee x © FOLIO a Inneek ae ECO ER expel ncedo| [soc x 2 Titilits NVOli gan pines Mane ee nist cue nears foe Freeal eee Deer Fee [ccs kasccos x oy pectimates Toiii!h kee a AV AU a ll ES | | x 4 SPECIES 152 Hoi N el L lly ceA oe ene || ed [a Najas species HyYDROCHARITACEAE Ellodea camad ests MACH 5. c0cc..as.eccacseseloze-cs0sss nocsoscosesdhelectecsevesses| cera oud ese | eae |e x Vallisneria:spiralis Ti.) 8 ee so aS devcovecultsdences ce cesadlliaeeay| on eee ioral [eee x GRAMINEAE a Speciesindetec hCiiD Ae Vy LWA eee ein tee Enea cavsssseseeteooesdfeseces] |] 2Xh)| Renee] aes aa rt Festuca ovina. 2 A RWS al CLI e RY SOC | ee La | ol x ee ee = Oryzopsis as perifolia MichX.............0.-. Lrscccascharscateaced cevelaussues soit epueta Ruane [Beste | ena tata ae x SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 379 Extinct Preglacial Aftonian Yarmouth Sangamon Peorian Wabash Recent CYPERACEAE Carex paupercula irrigua (Wahl.) Fermald................c.0 cesses feces feccsee|ccseee|seseeefesesasfecsees x/] x RMR CLECTLOTELES WY GENER De codon ecto acca satds nee snadescoceteavestessestieinte:(OBbo| val eel nee 5 a | er x MRR CLIGSOL CES aero c cee anne cer eneesteatsataes‘ecerte eves cogctcsecericed| eroe| eee | ease aes 2:6 | oeccad faonace x BES RIC CICS Cte ee reece ore ater CT, eu ccetaS ensdescst eect ih | eee | Co ee pe) as tee King. ves prris [LicoratrliS. (LOLI) GLAYe tees ct ccetctseeeceseeoeesessreised notes Mn |e EN dle 58 Weld aces x RMU TESTSISCCLCS oa rac cece east ashe te eco tnsnccc devas tucetat tevacetsswseessecrtes| Loess | ee rae Ween Ree elas Xo) ox FE-RIOCAULACEAE ESS RTI OTST a ea a em (LPS U ED S| heer eared are DICOTYLEDONEAE SALICACEAE OF RE STR Ease eae Pe RE a ale oth La lea x| x SENET SU Ye cook vce vesss sv sbescnnn ts colaecag deccenesion scabies ioceea| mee | ite ea Foe (ea ea iol ae RiralaE SA ORILI LACTIC LO NUICA XY: Sov. scsecscepsvavtpatessss cares atloeseee [ned ef Be leach Kalix 2 USES TAG tO Ue ape ee Oe eee Veer een et ote! Uri (AM Ho VE| LIE 5 el eae x x BMMMES PICO ES 0 oe ce Laecen cos sce sckre dhases cose sts ctetactotncs dususseceteaes [oat tence ba ae ei (ee JUGLANDACEAE SSE. Si CEECL CA REA a E e PE scsesuanrysszsencnensstie7|useweu|beesas Asean | euweal (Repeal a eeed xe lexX PMS PICGLC S eo cae ee See cane ses al tet el ohare rere teedtcas setae Ua 5a INS} Lee ke) Gs) Hee Nl MOMSIORE ORG TLOLILISL (NV ATE.) KOC 5. .028:psocet vee tessresvereeecreseercee hve eel eatin | Na Xi eX SmPTADE Es (NEI) SACHS. 2. 12.-..scceceecccdevscseseetas satya ce ead bo | aoe epee] ana Lae Pili 5.< GTR RE (Va) C0 Ce CR ees eat Pe DO Xe||Nvz|iead 5a epee x BETULACEAE DESL AESECTILCV.EG IEE CAV ALCS Soho! cacti cn ono acs cesonsneactonstse taetsceonegnveinse [heed 5a Deter ec SE x PDT, SS SCATES Ie SARE ee eran SRR OD ry ene | (aR tne lth we Mites pela et a alba L STE C Conte AARC USER CORO SCOL AOE COCORRLECE COOOL COCA OnE ROLE SSE AOBO ARR EERELe | Sisal ooced hassel laceea! Oi acme x x “sd lutee Michx Peenensr-snieenvne= ducecWareradrenascnasnans-sssrsncete=ecateseaeaasse-| cre. |sd.set|Mesealaceesalewieecdie cee x x LOUIE SUL SSUES cor caer eth hee et Nee mE eda e PE eae re Re TE! eR Nene dY e te er Kien Xt lees 1 SLE GATT LOM OTT 8 “2a er | [UO | T(E oe [Sab | peas x FAGACEAE MMMAASAPR STULL EL OVE EGE 2 Boss ca rsiee a oe nee cgcatetaeeisceiaestreeaiei tears l| oh 5 || teal ae | hone x x LEO TYAN Cac ce oR RE Oe Fee OE Al sts al oak x] x MME ULEN OCDE PL NENCHIXD ooo ooze cc stenesstarseseens hictoseHeacesecsretelve es oa | cel ee Ka [iets | eed x MTP ULTSTEDS WRCUIDI CM 2 cc5 bees elsacnsevesceraectotetensiecteceastenteied|oees > teed jes Pm Gee Oe x MU SIMLIMCRDCH BCH ID MONON TH ch. czsteettscatsescasctes: ie:te-teczestorsdla seal ef oe Xgl helen! x am OCHLULE TIE GATING crs sco se ceat ssa sa soos Se eee c voids asus ree A ee ed ese ea LO SM ba aval La x EAST TIN SUE VV fare cor Pe Se ee | (RE Vaan) (a! [Ma pc (eee Loe x me EAT CV ONG EN DAN OW ctl cose ss osvsserevveventsssese) cotesedzocviedeti-s SX [es coe eae: |beetee leet Xfi | RMN LECHOS OV i cion- APs cape raree he toscatesccceeactar actos to outotieets es ctale edie eevee walker algeates |X 380 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Preglacial Yarmouth Sangamon Aftonian QUEr CUS 11107 Ee eee cee ee eee LU SIs Las ans alae [Saeed | AN eR | ” —— yubra ambigua (Michx.) Fernald.. Oblongrfols@ LOLLY fcc teense cee sere ete eee aes ee ee | eae ” URTICACEAE ”? Species: tes ees enh Ce eee se ie NE Oks Fazer yal Perro Peer bse cil Maclura pomifera) (Raf,)) Schneider. 202 setectescsvsvesesescadeeaee| eee eos | oe x POLYGONACEAE Poly Soni SPECIES ee Ee cia selau tee Manu tee se euia Leer | ee | Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiumispeciessc ii. sek a ea Ea oe oa ele | x Perey ered Peers CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum demersium Line gic cseisccee dates cnctrncescuesteeees | eee eee | eee bal eee Free x NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea'advena Att. ii ee ae ee Ne es | | x |e Brasenta schrebers Gmelin ee esis cccsek oslo scree lead | a | eee | aaa | x || ix 22 purpurea (Michx:)\Caspiicss.iccsicscsscroceseseteestecses siesta | ee ee | eee ee pal eae se x RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus aquatiles caprllaceus WC. sc... c.ceseseenssescesceestssest ae [tunes teeeeg seston eee | ees bd lh. < MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia Species. cies che cee elie recre cscs ced yee eared eR xX ae ee eee Bardodend ron tultpifer a Mar vevsctirtce tor eet eee KX |e ecese| cesses] Boe] eee ee ANONACE AE Astmenia triloba Duman ee csc neces bicae ioe eee ees eee ee b dal Peel ee, : DROSERACEAE Drosera rotundifolia Ve. cies iect sca iakeacihoncus bncarsvedegetescadesaes toe eeal Cates loeroae | eee | eee | ee x HAMAMELIDACEAE Liquidambar, Sin acijiita Ma eee ee ee eee lee a eee pil Beer] Pe ES oe cece PLATANACEAE Platanusvoccrdentales ee ee eee ean eee Unsere cea | Sree Ki, [essehe| ess xu |e x Crataegus: species.) ) Ons ND, | AMIDE eM Us aaah at NU ACLs aco a K foc cscefeeecet| sacral eee eee aaa ” tee Nyssa sylvatica biflora (Walt.) Sarg SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 381 Preglacial Aftonian Yarmouth Sangamon Prunus virginiana L ” bee preresescyl7e7G aeeeeeee a eens etae cotter ves eascs ones senseseocer acs] tesehe|keeeea| eteees |eceras x ” » tridentata Ait ? TEE ITT Ro ee at LT Ue ea bare canadensis L 2? LEGUMINOSAE IMU APHEREEIIEIRCDCIES Pee cee ene ers cance cne esate concen nsesenes setees rated | wocena levee | aeedalire tee We cects tce Gledsista donensis Penhallow. ...........::.cs.cscseceesssteuceccesesscedessseoeense Dal Perea Mert Da, x eR RNSHE (ESE CETESTS Dir te es te A snes Sas csc ease reasebcasear aves |toeeead areal tates pose x Robinia pseudo-acacia L.... ACERACEAE Acer pleistocenicum Penhallow.........2.....:.:csccseseecteeeeeseseeeeeeeeeees Koni [eters eee ees x PRMD FOTHOMENSIS ECM AN OW...:5ca:.:c0s+2s200+6p a reel er x GENTIANACEAE Menyanthes trifoltata W.....3:cccscecscescccssssscescessotescorsocess Seger cencanenes | e105] pons | teeta lteeees | uaa aaa x jez BORAGINACEAE Lithos pernuimd SPpeches. oii eee aie. ceavates. saretescorstivesesestscoeezses| trae] eae | ae K | is...| ee leeore ee CUCURBITACEAE Echinocystis Lobata (Michx.) T. and Goi......ccccccccceccec ccs eeteeeeefceeeefecseeefoceeen] eeeeee x [es x ANIMALS MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA UNIONIDAE Fusconaja undata (Batmesy......002.c)te.scscrc-scecsescoresesssesesckncesesssess) ete lees eee eee B51 Kose x dd Salada: (eae NA ee Noe one nes | | bail bere x Ht ebena' (ea) Se a aatals Ys chunit (Lea).......... is PUBL QINOSA (LEA)... .cccsaseteesecessiesesernscetvesedenoescontesteres cou fce sal dentoeleesece| EXtn eaee Crenodonta pertviana (Lamarck).........:ccscscscsecscececvsecsesereeensetesce| secess| eczeva|eoeess|eeceval secees| eonees x ee undulata (Barnes)...... Deal eal ea x i henplicata (Conrad) eee eee eee Fe ee aero cece Ouadrula as per: (ea) 2s sek ee cctete vaca c hone hese tae neSeaeet oe | Cool een X |.4.4) dd pustulosa) (eal eer Weve estate, hence lace enc meanee ee Sk jake a Ky! | oka | eee x w pustulosa schoolcraftensis)\(Lea).......2.0 0002 ee xe x ie metaneura (RatimeSque) | -22....-200.0..-..cs2cs5-----cosesasesese eel eel | eee x eS x HH bachnymosa) Qea))s.cisce ce ei haeee li ceedeecesecsscouuasuacod oneal ote eee eee i: x Rotundaria tuberculata (Rafimesque).............cccccccccceccsssessessesesefecseee|seeees|coeeee[eceeeefecceea|ensese x Plethobasts aesopus. (Green)... ce-c-ccescczccetcceccsscecsssesatecsersssss ote eee eee | eee eee | | x Pleurobema, coccinen (Conrad)... ..4..s..)cce.ssss.coeeeesssceseeseceedecesens| eel aes | eee eee pal eee x SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris (Simpson) ” Eliptio crassidens (Lam.).... xtinct Preglacial Yarmouth Aftonian 383 obliquum (Lam.)........... pyramidatum (Lea)..... lava, (lars) escrseseccees BME PELUOSIES| (RANTES) 2ac5-.- 2. cevszsiscectesus decssestencsecs cde saptssossutesense|vtnes EMRE GOTEDICILLIUS. (CULL WT) 2. cnces--seecs casccecesctonentoedsuceceretseeece;|| avec eoves | ohees oes WES PPEYES{COMIT ULOSUS: (SAY) oa osc. oct. tseusecezsccentiacessesseeessesaveress sith |eeess Macmerona costata (Rafinesque)........:....c.cse.sccsecesescsessesseenesetee[oeecee a GOITER ESS (a (alberta sera oe ceca sacar tes cavensetsoceve tess erie | ae [Poors] teeta | eae DREN EESTLITE DECI TUTES NOD Esc. Pease ch aca asievessetecussivecsskeSscsese srcacss!tenena|otuses|Posesd| tens feoeees x IED GS: OOELOIED NCA ane cae cacao eee cctoneveseesees oc bapnes ca guetal sess| eases] oeeedl oes % ATEN EIDE OE SAN ca o0e Seats acess esectaesacecessus chevta Peaizs uc etet| eee Sa[ oes owen Bees ‘ad GORE LGR AYR essen rots sce doe ver ote Ree AERA |e ” tmbecilis Say.......- PR NRA SAO acne Oe ase eo See EO | Anodontoides ISUDGNIAMOTACEUS| (LER). -csesscttreescnctresteercast testes. [eae ERARAYEUROTLBANOPEINGALG (SAY) 2 sa. 2. .05...c0seszkecescetegetescanssveendesseeetseeoa| terete ” Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth).............:::c:ceceeceececeesesssees Obovaria circula (Lea)............cccccsecceeeee BREN EPSTS, (IbCa) |, all Se ” WeareOvam Waray see tk RE Sd Rs eae a ca ee Ho ETIENLE OS (05 (ER ALTECS) pete oes. ee coo eae Se iets el Se SPHAERIIDAE UST SLATE TTTA GG DEN) ie | | Xi exy eX IS ERE LUIVILII AIG AMIN) os eco es rene oh ect aa ¥)| x | x ve SEA ELIT TEA 2g 3191S) caer ak ie a a at a [Pe |r| dg SHAMUINCINO(CONLAG) ek. 5s occ eee ee | ml Depa Ds a | id stamineum wisconsinensis Sterki...... ..ccccccccscccecceeeee|scesce[cocteel soceee[ceeeee 4 SMOMUOULCUFIN SAY) tees eect ee ee ee, coe) | gel lave | el ” abate) (Prine) ox setes a2 et Ok meee Se, 1a elle On? Rane peel 42 DECULE Tale: WEXING trac eat ee ee ates, Sa mM al ee al ea ” [=| re) AE/e|/4 so |. | 3 oO; bh | ARIE Alea |= paclos| seco?) x bbdcdd |osocne x capscd eoaton x 2.5) doce x doorta| |sozens x xX | xX /|}xX >S | eeotnc x 3S apscoo x >| [epee x Sl osooed x 7S | oeeced x pcarod| |oecond x 2.5. |loabeag x Ra) |Ilenee| eases cacdatd lance x crccod koanee x 384 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Extinct Preglacial Aftonian Yarmouth Sangamon 2 ical anal celine — @ Sphacrium emarginatum (Prime).........-scccsssecsecsssecesseesseeens Paesre roel Weer ever ree Doerr eee oer x WY acuminatum (Prime)...........c.ccccccccccesseseeseeseseeseee seecuesef sahil] cee 8 eee aa ee x a3 tovstan:-Sterkai sis. ei Me Se aaa Tsao PEM PA Ds sd cro cen ae x Af levisscmaum'Sterki 2 Uti ee eee ied seer ae sees | eel cad) -Seactl doses | esoeel eee x a4 SPECIES Hes ee TA Ea a Nemec ey eed ae ea ee Pe a Muscultam secure (Prime) a ea | ee | Se x y En ansver Sumy (Sy) ici lect secovessdeccsescessetstocsssqessassvtece| oseaal eee | eioes | oe x 7 lrancatum) (Linsley) ii iic cc seletesccacscosccsestesssesesres|sasere| eee | toeeen aa ee x 24 parlumeium (Say)... x ” rosacewm (Prime) 3.22.20 eyes sesso cassette cae sere ee oe | oe | eae x Pisidium abditum (Haldeman).. x a adamsi (CRIME) on eee eee x dy adamsi affine Sterki x » Gompresstne | (UIE) iii Une UA Betis Meee ey uals te ee x 22 compressum confertum Sterki .........ccccccccesessescctcessescsees|ccssesfeceesefosseee[eezses|peeneafeenees x 72 compressum Lacvigatum Sterka. esis ccccscssosovesesloe.csalescues| seeenel teetee Caen eee x 2 Compressum iUlamoisense SteVk............cscssessessscesencesssee| vcssea| sevces| sessed] "eee feeey. |eeseee |e aa 22 contortum (Prime) i223.) a a a x Bs Costattem Sterki eT Tiere eta CN rae ie cructatumy Stern yee ones ees Se esta || x PM Pat SLOT ec eee NUT oe ade ee ec eee | a a He LO GHOENSEROPEL Se eee vaescessvcosevace les) evens [uesees| Beeera eaeeee | eaeenel Meena H Rirklands:Sterky ie Ue es VE ies See ela ened | ees #2 MOINENSE SET) UE Ge eee (eee ne a zy medianum Sterki. foc Ue Ae Od 2? medranium manrtims Steril. ...s..0..csccccesccncosssesesscesescces[ssouns]icescal teseae| cdeeeel eee [eae EB) milium (Haldeman) is 0.).c00 eli cccccen le ecets dabeseboc ce Oot B NOVEVOTACENSE (ETIIME) 2-20. feee)cceccoc te seetes asec eee aces | ee | ee | a2 Ohitoense Starke ye Mead MOOS AUS ERG ea Bo ee ae ii Par perculrcr; Sterna) re ieee. jeesescee cette den epstecazecesseratercadteeeae | tessa eaten | eee | eae @? punctatum Sterki... y To pert Sterkis ame eA a ee a 2s) Oe ee a rotundatum Prime... 0) i0h..0A Beit. secestseces ots doses) oes | Sec eee eee ee ee 29h i Sarngenie Stern eee oiee eke ea eee Tega ante | | 1 scttellatum: Sterka. icicles css tesee see, | SS 4 splendidulum: Sterkes i.e cares ssesse ses cy Sececteos ts opeseee | eotoes | test [een | ee ” superius Sterka ie Wet AO A IO Se Seah | A een La SS ees Fe Ieee ai LenuiSsimalmn : Sterkay teehee esses cee eee tea eee [eae [ee a3 tenwisstmium calcarewm Sterki.........ccc.cccsecececsssesecseeseese|cesevs|socess|tezees|seceee| eee 2 dra pezoidertm:, Starke: eee aes uascn ones secsebess reste alo oeen | oe eee | Be 2 lriangulare Sterkie) cli cecccecasediccseccteeesess eee ee 23 ultra-montanum (PLIMe)........cc.ccccsccccsssssesessecsscsesesscsousfovcassfeooees [ee A eat a wy DAPTADILEH | (RATING) | eee Wie aaa OP Ae eel aca een | Ra x SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 385 Yarmouth Sangamon Extinct Preglacial Aftonian Recent Pisidium veniricosum (Prime).........-...cccseccssssssessssseesseeesestecssecsees x tk ventricosum costatwm Sterki...............ccccccceecseeseecesseeees x a VESECULORE SUCTM bee eee reerr nse eee ea casein Seesc ore x a2 mig ecnecieme: (Gel iti) Mo caer tes tease hess tr ea ee bier | | ee x a2 LEA ak SAG CA a DP Le TU | a abe x a POL TITELO SUGTA Seer ep See x » — politum decorum Sterki x GASTROPODA HELICINIDAE REBPErE Arr AAOC CUE) CaN oer ee ant the 2 ute ea a Ome x PLEUROCERIDAE SERCRERCIGER GY SIEUTALAL EN (USCA) oa secn cas co cocoa aas rpc saswlosscentecsasooeest sce ates | | ean [eee ae alt eee x ue. CLEDOSUITON SELY)) sores oe oan ET ee ora | oes aoe | era x a elevatum lewisii (Lea) x 2 GOR MUICULOUUINY (SAY) ea scenes eet or ereasteags ee ee Oe x 23 CGH EVOVE) (COUT AG) © aia scatscxsnpsediecetatcansscerereeoetcceties 45 re | eee ee aa Eel toa x BERGE OLE ETAL eTAN) oes acess toot eh ace stescsc toes se teeh re Neca | en ae | ek al sl ee [eee x x hi DEMESCENSIIUUL RON ENSTSN (LLCD) si enee stare ee reete esa eee Le | le | eat eae x TROLL CIILCIIT MEV OMN: yooh c05 ccccnsectactecatst cavéeas sens Sosastceaise bes dle eee x MELE LEVEES A (SAY) veces es ees wn ctcaesracss' See fosteodt cata cSeceassas Hales ee PEAR LE eae ek x ” cdusdnauneateavanntuccensmancs snus esrceeedeveccvecoevaucecs | eee: | Cnean Lm ias | Pemes | ssread | es | Enea x AMNICOLIDAE RAUL UADSESESCULONIJOVANTS VOM r=. asxscav sot -nsccetectesseteasessstssecstadoeeeo'| oes.s| eects x EMIMIELOPSESILO PUDOILE (SAY!) on 2. o cs nssnn ees eviesect stadt eeniec te iattecsesses0ss|l laid doles ioea hex | lke x PRMIPEEL OL OMEIOSC (SAY) foe te oes een cc sn coc attess everson cect osestt secede Mb toh |e Mee ce x WEMBOS UDOT LOM SAY) ects acccccsesoecesesthseetccsesde gs ctucssseetooid| ccc: (oe Ieee lea Weel ote x a WNO SOR POTVANNCED) Sn praet coer t vee te Pays eves oe ae | ue ale WAN Oe aa ee Ma pied | x ” CHOLLI OUT SUSTEL) ere cece sane tures) ese fae ee sal [Le uae tI x ” CLEETIUILOLTCN SSN (NUCL) seo seagate eee tee aisha [Rasa | sll ae [ge | ee x a VESUPT CORE MSD cont ovesae tes escent ace ae rested acct os sy eel ape | ea Deda bale | x 2 UL EESUCTEEN TEA Cy a is cre ee care SA ORT Ee OE wp ted AOD rat bin) K x 4 PL TLTICETEOS ES) Vecsey referer ae cael ope seen anne Db 21H | oeal peat eed eal i ed <4 BOGIES ESP MSDEY s cira-ssesevesesees,sdstusssboeedlctcgscsscnseecel cts Wem | ea eal Newer eter let MME SEICCLOS Sacre scons eet Sass iar agterei wbsbtescostosessieecscorsiceriod adhe Somatogyrus integer (Say) e? SUULIOVOSUSA (SAY) enc t ote oar ne eae ee eT alsa ae i ata 7 MEPTESSUS PETY ON cers cclyctecsssst estuscycadc Fo sesseeass yg Pieet lle Os SA BAL et le [hth ne x 386 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Ay is gS = 5 Z = = ¢ E s. 3 3 & Ae eae a NG |) SI} Ay lett | 1m | A S 4 Paludestrina nickliniand (Lea)......ccccecsesecscscsscseeeseecssssescseseceses|eoeees scveis|tosbea | esses Coe ee xX) = Bythinella tentutpes) Couper. .i-c.sc-ccssescssosssessvsssssconssusacorssescecesest¥| teeem | epee | meee ae Mi lcee|iaes x VIVIPARIDAE ¥ Vivipara intertexta) (Say) ccc. ceieccsstecsesses inctelicersebobeesccuexe|egeees | etees | aaa | oseeeal eee ao x |x ‘ 1 Sub purpurea: SAY ..cc..seccsscesesscocertversanteseceeceens tet sians Faeroe (esses | reel eee ee x| x Campeloma) dectsumt) (Savy) ze. teccccctecsececeteneccussncevaressaoseuasca-sesed-erd|enever|ezaceeltectea| tee || se es es v Ponderosum: (Say) s:ccccscccssteccsscesestscssscerevetpesceenesecnserecl oueaez [areas eee [Sees -s| oereeel eae x 2 subsolidum (Anthony)........:ccccccecseseesesecececesesessceses|senece|eaeese|eeeens Xo 4/ KG ees xi x uy subsolidum exilis (Anthony).......cccccececsceceeessesseeees|eceeee| eecees|ecesse|eeeseefeneeee]eeeees xix ta antegrums (DEK ay) .....ssccetessssiicsceessecsssesSinscvesscdensses ve] x x x a umbilicatellus Cockerell.............2...0:000000+ % MELE STILIES AG OUI eee eo ee oe SE oe S| Eee FLETIELES SEE EaeOCEE EPEe Reeee Oe SEEr eae Pena eee 5, x BULUUSLILUCICNSTS RAK CT se tieccxte oe ate eee NN fae | tea Ue RE eer (Pee rc Xa pene GEST A SVG Tes ae ee meee Lamy PAP | ay Ina x GR ESEDCHESCALO MITA PN eee ce cote eee Ne eka aN area Deena | aeece [eee ees [Bee x LYMNAEIDAE Popertac @ Sitesralts GP PressO (Say): scczes0i-diedncsescs sec tesessec tee teesets | ages 21a eee es Pseudosuccinea columella (Say).......... BE eas ee ant 2s Mae nes ae Pave | eA XA [ete Be CEI ALACIITOT T= (DESI EATIMNS) occa ccc cade cz2eeneevolenceesccihesiossss see cefessnss|scteal teers) Peale ee leanne: Galba caperata (Say) ........c.c000. cece Meares eR Semen |B Tyres (LCS) VER ce es re SR ae Sana Ha] Coa eT a x x x x x MEE CESL PR CESARE) eee ee chess sade vzauate a vusesubecotbevaedssaeisvassstns |taseed| Geel [eee RS Pe x x x x x x x AITALESMNOCIGCH SAY) tse eee eA Te ee [LT ETERS ALISA (GEE ieee Pere ee PPE Pel Creel bene dl Leoeee cael tacked rere DEALER IG SEO faa ne a OR ee Ue il QUIMISSILOCCOMEPT (SULCN EW sac ssce sees e ease secede ee ee oe | oa eee lca [Eee OE LES SCX EGU) (MLC) ects: oss A sets hotest | eel ae | ee | ee eae ene RELUBILCSSAN, erate secede ecco esc cee elt ets. c2 v2) | eka are eer aa eee GRUEOSILANG (Dall) beers eee nee cae ee Kee [Sete eens cee eee ee ena anscan [tae RESTA ANKCE) ce c5oeccsteesc2td tesla scescs vscnssvebeesvtisserciaasucoeests 9 Hama 4 Dea el Darh seed ese |, Si nee) PUPIL SETA AGN GATES 2) AEs gn eC PO vets nd a ES CHCLIDC SAN) 2h: Seenee ere eu, eve pa lae The.) ee eames, Beall Gaara x EMITS AN SAY. ist: RB once ork hed IPS RE cco yee eae ered ial eee x TUES OUENENSTSN UD AREL) Bose nn tek eet oes la duis Dal eer be ore eee ka ll 3: Yocece 388 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Slel3|§ 3)3)2) 2/8 Seis ele Salata l a Galba.catascopiumey(Sary) ne Pe. cic te peer rear eset teeta eee tense | eee een lea 5 a Bee ae —emarginata canadensis (SOWD.).........---cscscsereseccceeccesssneeencee|soseee|eseese| ercene|eeeezeleoneralectees j AURICULIDAE Carychium exiguaime (Say) 2s sine tecnseeteresgeses estates ees cee sececteseer | ears lees Xe | ea | fe Hy exile FbsG Wea a 2 peed eae Pie ue 8 ||) 58 |]! es VALLONIIDAE Vaallonva \paroulasS rere ae ee ey aa Uay te eae ees | ee | Gute a Xl |e HA gractlicosia Reimiay wt sie e tre Bae ey a Wain | pie be Ka) | exon om: 2771 hel costatan (MEN eT) Meter ais tea Me Nel cbt CEL OU auc uate ase [RO pan ee x 270 Sy pulchella| (Muller) eee HE ie a eleie oeetal (Mena UA Xo ex 2) Uilcperspectiva Stark ee ee se ce ae ellos Oa Pree bated bose x Vil \eyclophorella ANCeys sete csrcee sere e reece oiss| ae | Rea ee x PUPILLIDAE Strobilops:labyrenthica (Say) see neces eee eee | eee ee Ky | lexan exe OO Cafinss Pils Dry. oie seesene eter oag uaa tei aie neity eee eee Brel Crates lose x FE a da) AVON Werte crecee Be Msi |e Kea [eee Pupordes marginatus (Saye ve ence seve ce ecac cca ecaaee rantae ce hedvoasa | EMEA | lean x LGB a daviG OT INaf erg) (Say, cscs ele ener eat see atet eee aati Unaeaz iia eaten aed xX) ean ex 2? CONUAGEG (Says) eee Oe Sere ee Ta eee eee here aloe Il 58 a4 PENLOLOUM (SAY) as eee are ees So De x |x if tappantana (CiBwAdams) ri vessrrse ier neue pees aca [alee ee | eee | ee PON (BOlZtye wert SEETRD: Mave EON UNAM SUNIL le users Oe aa |e Roan Tt x6 |) 38 Hy procera (Gould) iy. eed che ee Pee eae pa ey Mi COPLCOTTO (SAY) nian Nee arene tend eee Ones RUHL ee Oe x Pupila muscorugn (Timm). PGs essetsscsesscteecies eee chee ee ae ee x |x 221 bland) (Morse) eee ey ie ae UM Se 2 J) NUN eC eT ean AR a X11 ex 7 Gécord (Gould) eee ee ence ee eo [sae ede nan ean ee Teucochil aifallacl(Say,)eicccte seas te de ceiecsrae eee rer ene seta eee | ees | ae Ka Vertigo tridentata Wolfs. 03.0 fe sil cela teet reves see te ele aecrd ei ae x UE MOUGEG SAY es ede PNT La MRR LEE a1 Lace eas clea sia ae oe ee aa po ae 2) nant haope NT OTSe sh ee ea ee GL UO Le OULU ecu Mie ee aa xen 22. WMOTSEU: SUTRA. ii scsi esc sicoecscssea cos suceaeeereaes Sade eS coe Eas Rae | Sa | | 2?) (Dolbestanag MIOTse sees sc helo Waa a aie ete | eee TE Kc ae ee 72 NCLOLLOP AS LET Dai fas seese cea eainss sesso tos eal se ee aN Ce Aa ot | eel | x YN MOGESTD SAY ee ee a eee oe NN CSUs sot [etl ign Eve COCHLICOPIDAE Cochlicopa tubricas (Millen) teres ote ererecsetee teas sien ses ewes yess ean | | ze x SUCCINEIDAE DUCCLIED OVAIIS SAY Es eNO MID Nese AC ae NE Ue NAMA Bee) casa ee Xa aex i CTC OSS aL RE ee Ee ee ee goes |) 58 16 This genus is now known as Gastrocopta SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 389 a\e/3|8 S/S/3/8/8/ 8/312 S| PIS si el sisl g | glala la lA |e] e | BUND PETIE Gir PEOSTOHOP ELC ayo ree hoc oe scat aar sa ee sces sea ncse ones ecensencene ns] eee Levee [ste >. glIB. cetN5.¢ ut baer x +4 TAY AGC | FEE mm ne de NE A OU A LLB Xe HERA een [earns Pe siil| iaib< ENDODONTIDAE Sphyradium edentulum alticola Ingersoll... eeepc patil Weil} 98 MHia.@ || 9-8 x FAPIEC OU ESCUS) PAY GIEIUS, (SAY) --. ferent ct encccestucotsecosvodevssveceretecesestiesol tees fiavees 26 [Sei veitli de Mh neuf b< ' BEDaRTE AEN PN EITULELEID (WEDD) :ossccsses-c-e-wscscesctes covers saecnecansceresrst tects] coviea| erate lessens p dil Dae Ki |e Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi Pilsbry...........ccccccccce eee feces feces | ok de ot [Nox x ” ENS PECLLUG: (SAY) erate ac- ares se ne eesia tee etes en sssdnstevves eden Pee Pusan EX | ea [Xo | ee [NX i: ISRUINERUE | (SUSE TY) occas cores emastet cca rese car chececesbeneeecesea | Peat) [ate a | ee cli | ese fh [eae x af QUET ROLE (SAY) eerste ee eee [ee a 5.04 15,0) Ih) del og IP og Il!) aie 2 SOIR EETTE: (SES) eae ee ee en i HO ig raul Re |l/ 38 Hoel. 5:e Pruners Owes StS, WEUSDIY)) ooo. sods esses sesenscecsossectsseaseeatiecuesnstes conte >a) oa st pal Fs aa Fi. Se ieee aes LIMACIDAE PMPARALETILGCAGUMIUPESINES, BANNCY 22.5. s.x2c.ssecvassasecdeceeecsns sen doacnevse ones] cocete|eeeed| ate [eset eves fees! x x REVERT SPCEICSTINUC Esse oes ce esti kcteauectpe ee tiete eis its Meee aOR Ee OR Kix ZONITIDAE MESURE ULOTIL CHET LEI) (SAYs) one cso caeva. canne ecu losesncespecteestish castvaguncsons ove tue eee OTRO Ke Meo exp SAP ASE ITAL E SHOP TOPE (SAY) Sescccscesasceecsssadesenaceeccese sci rectesdenssasesonsagesses|eeeres | eees ST eX Xue | eX | Xo | MEX: “ud ETE NETO es ee ee rt VT |e eae Kh |e e x a AWETAITES GULLIT ESTTLTAG YS) sce es sete sores eats eat ence told EU, xt exe ae pale ail iino.< eg EDESCTUE SCOTIA 9c se. ores seneszssetoueet vats eseitecs x| x ” APESLRALIITA NT ORSE) Sosa ccc «ess cot esse seas ee eres NCE oe octal [ioral [ene gaan eT Dad x Euconulus fulvus (Miller) Xo es ” — chersinus (Say) Hex ” .chersinus polygyratus (Pilsbry) Ky | wax emmmPSTES ZEA (IMI UI] eeictsstae rs Sancta oa cae, crastes cot sus ht avsogs eeenc | Ubu | eee [opie ell ot oh aan x x Vitrea hammonis (Strém)... es SX | eX pee [ei eae eX ERIS ITO STE ooo ra Re ree geese 1 NO (a So |h Sell 58 I de ls 5:8 RAMEY OIA SESEMSILY oa cs sci c-- 02s espacsenecsiauetsdetiezeeds teciesiaegoensscveebtes ae] er pian a eae Weasel |i “GaP GET 3) Ea ) eee nee a eee eeE oe ete rane oer are BNA, pea Beds Dal By Kj | eX TPL LEG TG! TUTTLE AGS a UTS 0) Vere pee reeey Or eee areca (ise WAS | ae ued Be Xo (ox m EILOR LOL ON SAG) ote oe ose te ees caine ES ates Serene at [ON Na Rea | ales ae eh x CIRCINARIIDAE Circinaria concava (Say)........ AP Sore mPa te fee ee lA | aa 53 iN 3.8 |t osilhet bs HELICIDAE eM UGUE BIOMOL ON | CIRACK CLE). .<-scosco-2- scent soso deo goat cls bensdicees cdseccy: ome a me |) 8 Wie M58 tpi ae ill 15 OW OET ALTON SSY-5 9 eee eae ee eee See Eee Deed Ve eee MN 9.S 18.3.1 .s) Ne 9.6 MEN IELI STILL (SHAY) cot ese ete coe oes va ssc toate eestetes oethes Seeaton (Me | olan a RIES | ek ets He: MAME SIEIECIICH TONG: (LCA) ret hese! sh iccreste css coe idee ee ee ee ele) 5 OE Xs | ea 4d EL EUS TEMS 26,) sci e ee nce santa oregano des ee gn Lea a x) exitexelllx x 5| 7 | 1 : ; 390 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 2|a|2) Sia /8)-2)2| 8) 8lale2 S1P/S/5/8|S|2] 8 Bla la Alaa |S log Polygyra thyroides (Say). ....cccsscccesceeessesceeereeesntecsneceseceneseevatana|eesces eesseeleatoey X | amy |e || ee > = pennsylvuanicd (GreeN)..........ccsccseceeetececee eee rceteeteenes[eneete| cannes] oeeane Sale [exe || re SARITA Tt ATA (STEN? Vicia eee eects cscaeasce seen ioe ene dtcare a osacccend| Pecee| hocer| heron: xX | ox] X51 eae 43! Vee halitasay (Say, eters eeme iter ecceesary sees atee re a eerens cree ences | eaceea | eer ee | se Kee ball ” gnultilemeata’ (Say, ise eeetece eee ee caoertes es ennaeetscatede | eateae | pease x] x! exe eae x 21) Mizaleta. (BINNEY, enemies steele x 1s We albolaurits! (Saye mere ees x » —— albolabris alleni (Wetherby) ” — albolabris dentata (Tryon)..............- » — sayana Pilsbry................+. ” — profunda (Say) 2P YT AM PLECLD (SAY, cesestete ne ath aastteste ec aies sence onc enccuterterenenas ara) “ceea | eeaeae | eee BY UU SHemOtremid: (MEETS). ik sceccelissctiesk ices seatadeterereesenser sarc ceesesssed| cages | Gaeeee | eee | eames X i[ic.a| see x 22 er DB ESSGs( SAY, ere ce eee ee eer se creezces | aor | ee eee x | exe xcs ae oe 2) WEVA CHLALG (SAY) rere cert ee ee ease aa alana se ieee sen |e cera ieee | eee ee Xo | ae x ||) as 29), frattdiilenta EASDYY coc. c-k-.--ssese cus csesnoesctecceneneoceecsene==t3| sczers|lenena | pence | tease | Uae (nee = |e Met sara vestas (GOULM) a. ce tece sen eeiecses cere ee eee means Pa eee reed beeen Bacon fcc Xi oa Die ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA Cambarus blandingt acttus Girard..........ccceccsccssecsecesceseeserssseeessese|scvees[esnces|scsees| recess] pecnee|=eeezs xe GEMMA US/SPECIES he. hea eee ene eat eee enone ocala 5 al PPR Eel Bes [accor peeece||co- COL) oT HReR OP SFN pe te I OE Breet ry area eae en| Fev Lacie Lascon||ocaacc XA x ae Ostracod eee ke MOG MARA Or a SEN aE IU MIRT (CANO oe seas 08 let | | eR | XE See INSECTA COLEOPTERA Wings/ofibeetlessccciy Meo le rato a cae) reas | aa aa x | xe BYRRHIDAE Byrrhus ottawaensis SCUdELT..........1..sccccescseeseessseseceeeeecsetseeeaeeees Ko pceedl Shekel eee ee x SCARABAEIDAE Aphodius: Praecuy soy SCUGGED. oii. co) cess vee- sist shcesvcssasteessenescesetnstes xix [ood Se q}, MUCOMS SCUAGET erie, es ectes sh crused hen secede tentos sestetateeeese Xo) x S| ee YY ISCULELLANTSESCUAG I re eee ere eee X fox |e IPRONGEUSONUGILUS SCUGCGEL er tikes nate tes eee cone ee X | OX |ecec/ie lee ees ee Choeridium ebeninwm Scuddet...........ccccccccecrcscceseterensereneeeenees x | xd.wJesee ee Se CARABIDAE Chlaenius punctatissimius SCuddeL.........cccccccccceseeececeeeeeeeteeneees pil Wp. ai pee) pesPa Ptetes| secoffacccee|f no - 4 plicatipennis Wickham.... bal Meer barked cee Xo ben eee tH punctulatus Scudder Carabus macander sangamon Wickham...........ccc.ccccccecceteeeeeees x ba eres areca |scor SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 391 ranean lee BS Salve Wels cals Elm! s/e| es) 8) 8 a les Gal Shih Ges Dll eal Hi n|Bele le MEM IURIULTS GUT OFE SCUAGET onc... n snes cece cen speenicnsesvasverseatcictoctens bil Ui ol oneness eect beet pyegee KO ® BALLOU P CSCENSL SCUC GC Les rete ee nsccse en tesestaceesenreses 5 ab eee ergees Faeeey bear Pee Keller, PRS SECLTESY GUULOC EUS: SCUGGET 5.25.22. c.cbeccccccezsqnteegectcsoesteasstsdbeseetons pS fed. fusca ora CaP Sa ae Ba SEICCIOS on ico Renee otic cca eh i tistssaeraseeer tees ba ibn base Deal Petia aeeeel Pees eae Plerostichus laevigatss Scudder.......-.....:..:.0::scesessssescsteseteteseseees 5 al epg eee peniten Wy Freep ey eae 3d Pompe DENNIS SCUGC ET eee tere seceescoe nase bi >. Gl eral eters Peer eee eect Pee 2 BbROp Otis: SCUCUER eee ete iret een Xan Paes see Peas) Sill sierra es pe 2 MMeSLATMAUSSSCUGGET: fener ie aie teeice ec b | Crees eceel aaieed S| a Ie Ae “a WPGtusy SCUCE ret tr eee in ee neets ease ball asia arr lant > | belie ae Lae 2 eStMICIUS SCUGCET tet. eee ancora niseeete > eal eres tt alba Seu | Bree | Rate Waa 2 LITA ERS NGG be (G5 oA er RD Ke a eee ase Xo | Ae | aa Ie ag Ge pletus|SCUAGCY rte est th me sriaess sleet sctssteastia > Sul besa beeen Peake ig ea tee Od ” HOMINILONS) SCUDGET eee eect b cal Keep Peril ees Se Peel aR AL eve lerrts OREO Cyt SCUACET: «...........cncessceasccesersesessetecasesseseesecesdetares 5 al lem: ol Nene eel bers Pet beeeedl ea TTS TSTTTSSY SUG Ua (5 Oe sa eo > eal Up. oe Sep see a Se PTE DIGUS B7F EGULATES. SCUGCET. ....-.-...2-0-c.0-0sesterensctecsodecsusseseceestases bt i el al bell areal (ge Melia WSIERE ED GICPOCECITS SCUGGER 0.22. 2525 soe sdcnslcscscecasesstbscavotalesiectssesess: bl ead boas ee 5 | et | Da BMI EIZOS Cs SEUGGOT: 5c. 2t 2.2.52 2, osen se eadeseecehsecgieesvesattekicee baa Fan beat > lees) a es MC LTERE SCLC ED oo eo 3.5.5 escescbescevcrcsocass esbecauccennnieenedss b,c eal ee Paras Kgl eed ele CDEC: UGE AE TONST 10 C0 (6) el ee bi Patel Peel Hare 5 ee a Bembidiwm glaciatum Scuddet.............2...::ceccececceeeseseeseeseseseeseees 5 dell Seal Pecillo KA lees hosel tae, ae UTE ITT CARRS LUC 6 (5S eon Ae XU nen > cial areas Leen a BESET SCUGGEE 2. 1c ce roises see eoece 5 aes RN a Sapte seed Presa tea cs BONUS ASCUGGET Ys ia ino ei Ky [SSA Es ys 5 Kae eae ae ig PY eter Uae: SCUAG EY eens scsee aac coe cen seetee sete sons Xe | eee | Pee AAA eal ter <4 CADIENUIMESCUCGED Sen rete eee ee Ue bal been Re iad 5 bees en ee e? damnosum Scudder 5 ol | Reteel ara ee ee 5 areal ect ates 4 AO LIMENIIETIE SCUGGET:. oes:23eprscse lect scessiesecs eset 5b Lea eae Ke [eee | al ea BP RSUAESH PCL OUST SCUGGEY: 022151 0s cect ken AES eoecl vosceen on tns Ki peeualeeees [sey Ka ees eres SME CLECESSTIS SCUGCEE: 58. ee cst nes aess graces nee bd eel ee eh ea [sa | tater ENN ESTATES SCUCGETS. 2c ee ois. 2. sacne ss cv nccensee state sivas casts eves: Xi[oe eal eee be eee beer] bgack MMR TECTESLOWE NULCK DOM. hoe cc8 0000 cccdesn sheet cats scevee tins doedbeeeevitcs Ke || oe ees 5 | beer ein eres ESIULAS LOTALICOUT SOV) SCUAG OT 5: ccsstseasieiaiestiscoatsiolestiverasviscisennetis Ki | ees [Coase Kea pease Platynus casus Scudder 5 terse eel HN Spi ese pelea ee aE BESLACHSCUGGEES 22.7 o-0.1s..othed. feeensens tse ie > dil Pres ea eel eer Kl | Perea eed RMD De SCUCUET res cs dooce nie ee ere eos iy [eee lea Kill ces | eee Bae CESSUPQIUS SCUGGETS 1-52-25, -5s<-cctssoscsa22ss0hetec ussieeseeteeeeoe Keil wed |e os 5 ll hebeen| bencon| Heeeee a desuctus Scudder:..........4-...-..-- SE eS Gi [boc |e a [ane 5 peer ecroel acces MME RUSILIE SCUGKEE? ors aches. d. fess aeons eestses tas os en [ eee |e a [mast 54a Pee pea beeen “4 STL AL A TIS LIES SS (0 (0 C=) apni a es 5 | ase ay ae baal Scop ean Lee “4 exterminatus Scudder. Xa|| Sees eae cll wee yy Saal banal La Canter glactalis Scudder... ccc: ceeccececcteecceetieseessetciessieses 4 [eeees he (oe bal eee ene kere pane sub gelidics, Wick Hams. 9. sei. 2ccecccesctetsieescasleitien Nok, 5 aa A ER sa Keele sleet. [ees 392 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE AEE B)S/2/3/8) 8/2] - e/e/S|5) 2/5/21 2 lala [a | sla |e] Platynus interitus SCUdGer::......0t.ccccisscsscsssocssssecesngseasesesecensseestnees pl Pee ba Bs [33e > Peeeee Leooss bao 9) | pletstocemtous: WACKDAM,..0.2..0042.--.26-20sessesvevencosssverstessees pal baal Paws Hes Baal Pepi mre Pe 20) VN LOW SA EDUSI SO CUAGET siti c sete a seetneeee aetna settee pal rec A bones KO] ne] eee Harpalus conditus Scudder..:.....:....-ssecccsescecsssescapessseocsenentenenssssees 8-9 Bae Frigate bern0: > al rel Pen La DyTISCIDAE Coclambus’ derelictus; SCUdGER?.. ch. .cecsesecsocrstesseosconsessesesnsneresereess [seal eam pases X: [3h id Gribrarius Scudder a esecenceeieisstereesinch ye PER Pires ene | eran ee asec Hy UI EVN GNIS SCUACET i cena hecssete ee ee eats paneer Pe ifs ceell ea eee fy disj ects Scudder eee eee ee Le a lees ll sce] esol eee Hydroporus inanimatus Scuddet...........:.ccccceeeeeseeeeeseeeeieees 5.9] Heal recon Lovers >) Beene Br Li a IMUNGQLUS) SCUGGET heres scscerestoccctsceacesssteeracceserteseeeases x ” sectus Scudder Agabus savager Wickham as Alec atta IN ana SU oO CLE x Alcabusperditus, SCUdGeT! cur sain ne ane ea iueae ese x Agabus praelugens Wickham.................ccccceseseeeeeetseseeeseseneneeeeees x Species indet GYRINIDAE Gyrimisiconfints Le Conte ee eee ee eae | oie iiatia| heme Galena x ee x HyDROPHILIDAE Cymbiodyta exstincta Scudder Hydrochusiamicius Scudder.) .y earn ein eta es cane X)| oe ee x Helophorus regescens Scudder Pa Pea P| Rasa x STAPHYLINIDAE Gynmnusaabsens: Scudder!) ey en We Nala cesel yy a eee eae Xj ce [etal Easy Xess | eee Quedius deperdiius SCUdCE Tee eee ee seals nec stinate aes poi ieee) ote | et x Philonthus claudus Scudderiny eee eectceeecee nes yee es x Cry ptobnim' detectum Scudder. eee cose ssetesecscseccsspseetestevens p40) een BNE be x ant cinctum Scuddet........ Aue pl Fata aa Es XK Lathrobium interglaciale Scudder..... Sel |e ee Xx |e ee 4 antiquatum Scudder.... Xi ae ea X |. ol eee 2} debilatatwm Scudder. ...cicc..ccctsiecsscssseeecetsescaneseceseees bd Deiat X fe ssrecl|i-cosal ee 2 exesum: Scuddersie i Mae ieee ees beh erties x | a, tnnibitum Scudder fone le wen ene Ne pial Raa Pi er ay rastum) | Scudder eee Cee nad Uneven x X fevers. tea Oxyporus:stincacus) SCUdder Ne eee ee ee Ae an pl Bengt alert Real Xi] ste corel ee Bledius glactatusiScudders aise t ee eee ee eae ee pail Vee ace an x Geodromicis»stiricidis | Scuddery shen ae eee en niet aeeees bu Reore Fee Ra, X |. lee oe sig Aicudota’ crenata) Fabrs)(Vars (720g). tec ssscsecsrer tse costes sears | eta | eee | weed | bean BML x Arpedium stillicidit Scudder Olophrum celatum Scudder ” arcanum Scudder SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 393 pa fet lies Gs ~~ {o) elolsl|2lelelal. Q] os |-a a|/.S]alae a tml so E to} | a] o Si\elS(8]/slsialg = a | Oo o lala] al Alale |e WURDE ELIE: LE] CLIN. SCUGGED 3.00.0. SH Fete eee aa CHRYSOMELIDAE SO PELDHEIT: SEL SYST 0 Ey cS SR a er I 5 Patera (ips Pag Sy |e naa teas RMR ONE D OETA SCUGGET 0.2 .n csc .ctsstsccccnsssscssoseatsstsestnoassctiesssto, DS | Dyer bee eee pals eee kerala ” — elongatula Scuddet...............:00+ De teccll state Seer trans > Wee Feed eve eel ey > Sill Baye RMSE VELOTILES SW GKANALION cfee se feces ere sc ceescesShe solsssscsceeseetecseeteds > tl eal Perera sere beosacl boy th on 72) OCCIMENLGLES LUCAS et ae eee Re lente coe aen ea ene aes ae Bal Bec Prt bl es ee ee 2?) Latafrons: (Harlan) ic vie entes aectcntst eneeatestieepveeanets bt Eeviets bercs bil fue Stlfuessll 2S ily. Symbos Cavifrons, (Leidy) :site.ct.cstescs-tcntssseesossssetscotsstnsdcvoctecersteee Boel Fea Bete, x) xeon Bootherium bombifrons (Harlan)............:.:cccccseseceeesceeeeeeeeeeeeeees Xe Se Kialbese scsesa| ee at sargenit Gidley. eee ee ccctisct saree otters pot abbas) Rae Voc essa be Xi leone Ovibosmoschatus ZAM ee eee eee eee et ance sen ee|| aed eee | eae | one x ||x || xe "ALON TUSICOLDINTNELAY eo ete ete ese eee rrccteeth reese tens esteeertarcseneee ala X [vessel tcoucs pessoa) eee ame ELEPHANTIDAE Mammut americanum (Kerr)........cccccccccscssccseneeseeetecsecereeeeseneerens x | ox |x [Klee |) oe eee # PYOLENTUM ELA Ye eta lata natstetaace cence xy ae py PEEP | eecel Pee eee ies Rhabdobunus mirificus (Leidy).........cecccccccecceceseseeetetereteeeeeneeeeeees xt Poa Fat eoeeel Pee ee tb. Elephas primigentus BYm............c.ccccscecececcesececesceneesecseessseesseeseens x | x | x | xx.) x) Bb am per ator eldy eee eee aoe x |x |) [bile ee 425 EOLIMO DUE ALCOTIED. lee ee nin OLE ACL Md NBM > dl ip. ne. NPS IS | beat, Xe SCIURIDAE Sciurus calycinus Cope........cceecceee Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord).......... Marmota monax (Linn.)................ CASTORIDAE Castor canadensis Kuhl................ pecritenneeeeeceessnnsnseecetesmeenssseseeet| eee Ba fb, et Wage oe tect lsc (ass MuRIDAE Peromyscus leucopus ((Rat.) ii... ek eae eee pal eee rel Mostar. Anaptogonia hiatidens Cope Sycium cloacinum Cope... Microtus pennsyvlanicus (Ord) i diluvianus Cope.......cceccecee a speothen Cope... 4 didelta Cope.............000+ i, SNVOLULUS COPE re ete ee DU aaa 7 amp hibius! Cope ss ee EE ea Eaberizibethicus| (inn?) eee eee a ae eet en na XS eee GEOMYIDAE Geomys bursarius (Shaw) TiROMONLYS SPECleS!.. fh yee EY AR CE ARN a aic heeee eaten eae x SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 397 DIPLOPORIDAE WESAAS AUASOMICUS: (ZAIN)... sciznsesncsssesecensonssensstesicectiensotesesss ERETHIZONTIDAE ieemeazorasdorsGlus) (Lannie ioc.2..secclentcasssscesseseesoetsbosseectbevesesoses CASTOROIDIDAE astorordes ORtCEnStS FOSteL).......¢.cccccccscccsscccnecesectsseesncserevevtescctes 2» Ransensis Martin OcHOTONIDAE Msktona palatinus (COPE) ...22 2254. scsc.cpecsesdcesptecstsasdecsdsscssessheesestee LEPORIDAE meslunagus floridamncs (Allen)............--..---2-cecesesssocgeiecessncececesesess LEPTICTIDAE RIP EONT SILVILET TE CONE, coca. 0 2. sivnnsa8.Deacceceuvoccctiecsatecesovasceeeass TALPIDAE : 2 PE TLE GUS TIES a ee SORICIDAE MME SAUL SEDILCLO CNS COPE: o ceca cnc a8et saa cetce sve ceetscerzeseseessesnencucheeiteses VESPERTILIONIDAE DP IPEIZISOISPCEIES oo oh sev nee eee ea ee MESO TIEN LERIUUS TEGAN AS. 2250 festace. 222. tee nee fac cect eh ece ete Ease aM DL OCESUSHWVUUNCT 25 5). £2. 5.a Pucci lsc cadet ca ctsseuceseeehosesecesssvasvedeueses Arctodus haplodon (Cope) MUSTELIDAE MER APEE I LTAES) (SCI TC DET,) ooo ap-2os5. cose ce sEcaccssecasseicectocerodecseresectueasss’ RM PISSIES SL OSSULETISAC OPCs i cxeei ccc ct estas si ccosesetectstacecstncogecectesttslanscis am OF EOSELE US: COPE a oe cece ssescsrctaas hot secest ites stesesdivstsesetaeiceeet ULES QUUSS COPE rer er set ceeen tee caso neates ert tarctoteesetbeeicalgses LOPLI P SAG OPCs sere seer cee eu ate ae ee ete tee rapeeed LOU CATTEIIN CS) TCA p) Beene reni cece eee per eave ry cr ober eeee re etter Pismotherinn: spelacutm COpe........-.------cccecedsesseeneceseevestevessenesses: PMB LELE SHLOUPLLALILS COPE once ccs este cou css soc evst onto adedcerticteteceseseoetonde MNSSLELD OAULOLING; COPE ss isinci.cscesscsacastcteaseasssassassloscvssshedhecscosstinsect ELSES (TASTE RR eh ee re eerie ae eo 9 ”? 2 MISMO RO CISEY CODE. 23). eens 7 nc says teenie fovaessasecs Hiteesetedeeceas oases | Extinct s|e/3]| 6 O|S|Zlelalale ales a}.8!/ 48/4 — |e = w| S|] &]e/8| ¢ o/P/alis/Sisis Fo a | © o ole (Ala lS | 398 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE B) 8 l-2/8| ele Bl 212) 818/38 Sala ya lala PROCYONIDAE Procyon priscus LeConte.........00cceeee resisldltasiue sora te eS ae peal Pree arte oon oo x CANIDAE Canis latpans? Sayer eae ee ee Ne aed ere | x 12.|238(ee8 x ” — priscolatrans Cope...... ; K | XK i] ec sel esesee|peeees| eee ee ” Jatidentatus (Cope) x|x » occidentalis Richardsoniacs cece ete | ee X |a.2.| peat eee x BARES, LY YSN Oty (oh ee ARR ehiatiee oe ODD etree era care UR aa aa 5 dl Boe Peo XK |e. alee lee ae 12) NMLSSTSSUp PLEMSTS ALLEN Jatrerecec renee ee nee A NALANENSTSULCLDY! sec he oe err ee Dinocyon' species: ).i.cc.c.ce ses Cae Ee ee |e Urocyon cinereoargentatus (Schreber) FELIDAE Felisvanexpectatusi( Cope) ian terete ester ete ee, pda Dep. Leverett and Taylor,** in the Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan, map this region and provide a wealth of information. Several excellent maps, tho old, appear in volumes I and II of the Geological Survey of Ohio. In volume I, page 58, lagoon or swamp depo- sits are indicated behind beaches near Cleveland.® LAKE CHICAGO In the southern part of the Chicago outlet the body of water known as Lake Kankakee should be thoroughly searched for evidences of life which may have migrated up the Illinois-Kankakee rivers.’ The Green Bay region is also worthy of attention and studies similar to those carried on in the Chicago region would doubtless be productive of important results. LAKE DULUTH The waters of this portion of the Lake Superior basin were probably purely glacial and there is little hope of finding the remains of life in the sediments laid down by this body of water. The silts of the St. Croix outlet, however, should be carefully examined. LAKE IROQUOIS Fossils have been found in this beach at several Canadian localities, but with the exception of the Niagara River deposits, no records have been seen from localities on the American side of the Lake. Hall has recorded Unios from this beach, but no species have been listed (see ante, page 147). The re- mains of life doubtless occur but have not yet been recorded. Fairchild has mapped the ancient shore of Lake Iroquois, as well as of the other glacial waters, and his report on “Glacial Waters in Central New York’’ will be found very helpful to anyone studying the life which may be found in or near these beaches. Leverett publishes an admirable map of the Pleistocene features of northwes- tern New York, which clearly indicates the area of the Iroquois beach and lake. Coleman’® (Iroquois Beach in Ontario) also gives an excellent map showing the position of this beach in Ontario and New York. The region of Sodus Bay, as well as the whole of western Lake Ontario and the eastern portion of 5 Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., No. 11, 1912. 54 Monograph LIII, U. S. G. S., 1915. 6 Vol. II, p.61. See also Carney, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XIV, pp. 262-287, 1909. for shore lines of Maumee, Whittlesey and Warren waters. 7 See Leverett, Illinois Glacial Lobe. § Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 127, 1909. § Monograph XLI, plate iii. 10 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XIV, pp. 347-368, 1904. 402 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Lake Erie, is well mapped and described by Fairchild in his paper “Glacial Waters in the Lake Erie Basin.’ The Ridge Road north of Rochester, and particularly the old Irondequoit Bay silts, should produce evidences of the life of the Lake Iroquois stage. The region has been mapped and described by Fairchild.” The bed of glacial Lake Tonawanda® is also worthy of study. The old glacial outlets near Syra- cuse, especially the region of the Montezuma marsh, should contain some evi- dences of postglacial life, as should also parts of the old Mohawk-Hudson outlet. LAKE ALGONQUIN AND THE NIPISSING GREAT LAKES The silts of the Trent outlet as well as those of the Nipissing-Ottawa (North Bay) outlet should be examined. It is possible that certain marine organisms (as Mysis, Pontoporeia etc.) may have migrated into the present Great Lake system at this time, from the Champlain Sea. The postglacial distribution of a number of animals, notably the naiades, might be far better understood if a naiad fauna could be found in these outlets. INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS Interglacial deposits may be looked for in many places south of the Wiscon- sin drift sheet. North of this till reliance can only be placed on well drillings or deep stream cuttings. Towa In Iowa, deposits referable to the Aftonian, Yarmouth, Sangamon and Peorian intervals are known. The reports of the Iowa Geological Survey serve as admirable guides for the stratigraphical location of these deposits. In not a few places several of these horizons are superimposed and reasonable care will place the biotic remains found in strata of undoubted age. Many rivers, which cut thru the upper drift, expose the earlier tills and interglacial deposits in their banks. Tllinots In Illinois the Yarmouth, Sangamon, and Peorian intervals occur, with possibly the Aftonian. Along the Fox and Illinois rivers many excellent sec- tions may be found, penetrating all the Pleistocene deposits and entering the underlying bed rock strata. In these valleys the Illinoian and Wisconsin drift sheets are separated by the Sangamon soil, which affords excellent material for the study of some phases of the life of this interval. Along the Mississippi 1 Bull. N. Y. State, Mus., No. 106. 13 The Geology of Irondequoit Bay, Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci., III, pp. 236-239, 1906; see also Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 114, 1907. 13 Niagara Folio, U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 190. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY 403 River, in the region of the overlap of the Kansan and Illinoian drift sheets, both the Yarmouth and the Sangamon intervals may be studied. Much work remains to be done in northwestern Illinois, where many deposists occur con- taining the remains of this ancient life. Leverett’s maps in his “TIllinoian Glacial Lobe”’ will be found of great assistance in this connection. Indiana and Ohio In many parts of these states, the old forest bed, which is believed to be of Sangamon age, is conspicuously present and may be studied with great advan- tage. Along the Ohio and its tributaries, many good sections occur showing the relation of this forest bed to the overlying and underlying strata. In the northern portion of Ohio, especially along the shore of Lake Erie, it is believed that interglacial deposits occur, and sections should be studied and published confirming this statement. For this work, Leverett’s report on this region will be found indispensable. South Dakota, Minnesota and Wisconsin These states, being covered for the most part by Wisconsin drift, afford splendid opportunities for the study of glacial phendmena. Old soils as well as old lake and swamp deposits should occur beneath this till. Winchell’s Final Reports contain many good maps of this region. The Driftless area in these states should also be carefully studied, to ascertain if possible the age of the fauna contained in the limestone crevices and beneath the loess de- posits bordering the Mississippi River. RELIABILITY OF DATA Too strong an emphasis cannot be placed on the admonition to use the greatest amount of care in studying and reporting data of this character. Accuracy of detail is absolutely essential. In making sections, every variation no matter how small, should be noted on a chart, and any material obtained should be correspondingly labeled and carefully preserved for future reference. The character of overlying and underlying till, if these are thot to be present, should be established with reasonable certainty. It is eminently desirable that all material collected and upon which deter- minations have been made, should be deposited in some well-known and acces- sible museum, that it may be available for study by subsequent workers. By this precaution previous errors of identification may be corrected. Many times changes of nomenclature cause confusion in interpreting older records; also composite species, later broken up into several species, perplex the subsequent investigator. In short, the greatest effort should be made to make the story of Pleistocene life as true and complete as possible. 4 Monograph, No. XLI, U. S. Geol. Surv. % Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey. BIBLIOGRAPHY The list of works indicated below includes all of the references consulted during the pre- paration of this volume. It is believed to contain all of the important references to the pres- ence of life during the Pleistocene, as related to the area limited in the preface. Absolute completeness is not claimed. The measure of its fullness can be known only after its use by students of the subject. Apams. C. B. 1846. Second An. Rep. Geol. State of Vermont, pp. 1-267. ADAMS, CHARLES C. 1902. Postglacial Origin and Migration of the Life of the Northeastern United States. Journ. of Geog., I, pp. 303-310, 352-357. 1902a. Southeastern United States as a Center of Geographical Distribution of Flora and Fauna. Biol. Bull., ITI, pp. 115-131. 1905. The Postglacial Dispersal of the North American Biota. Biol. Bull., IX, pp. 53-71. Acassiz, Louis. 1850. On the Fossil Remains of an Elephant found in Vermont. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., IT, p. 100. 1851. Report on the Vertebrate Fossils exhibited to the Association. Proc.- Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., V, pp. 178-180. { ALDEN, WILLIAM C. 1899. See Salisbury, R. D. 1902. Chicago Folio, No. 81. Geol. Atlas, U. S. G. S. 1904. The Delavan Lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier of the Wisconsin Stage of Gla- ciation and associated Phenomena. Prof. Paper, U. S. G. S., No. 34, pp. 106. 1906. Milwaukee Folio. Geol. Atlas, U. S. G. S., No. 140 (special). 1909. The Pleistocene Phenomena of Southwestern Wisconsin. Science, N. S., XXIX, No. 744, p. 557; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, p. 638. 1909a. Concerning certain Criteria for discrimination of the Age of Glacial Drift Sheets as modified by Topographic Situation and Drainage Relations. Science, N. S., XXIX, p. 628; Journ. Geol., XVII, pp. 694-709; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, pp. - 638-639. 1913. Pre-Wisconsin Glacial Drift in the Region of Glacier National Park, Montana. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, pp. 529-572. 1910. Discussion of ‘Some features of the Kansan Drift in Southern lowa” by G. F. Kay. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVII, pp. 117-119. 1918. The Quaternary Geology of Southeastern Wisconsin with a Chapter on the older Rock Formations. Professional Paper 106, U. S. G. S., pp. 1-356. ALDEN, WM. C. AND Leicuton, Morris M. 1917. The Iowan Drift, A Review of the Evidences of the Iowan Stage of Glaciation. i Ann. Rept. Iowa Geol. Surv.,,1915, XXVI, pp. 49-212. ALLEN, JOEL A. ‘. 1876. Description of some Remains of an Extinct Species of Wolf and an Extinct Spe- cies of Deer from the Lead Region of the Upper Mississippi. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), KL, pp. 47-51. BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 1876a. The American Bisons, Living and Extinct. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harv. Coll., IV, No. 10. 1877. See Coues, Elliott. 1913. Ontogeneric and other Variations in Musk Oxen, with a Systematic Review of the Musk Ox Group, Recent and Extinct. Memoirs Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N.S., I, pp. 101-226. AMERICAN GEOLOGIST. 1903. A Fossil Mammoth’s Tooth. XXXI, p. 262. 1904. Remains of a Large Mastodon. XXXIII, p. 60. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. 1830. Notice of the Osseus Remains at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky. (i), XVIII, pp. 139- 141. 1835. Vertebral Bone of a Mastodon. (i), XX VII, pp. 165-166. 1837. Fossil Remains of the Elephant, Elephas primigenius. (i), XX XU, pp. 377-379. 1853. Warren Mastodon. (ii), XV, pp. 367-373. 1858. Mastodon on Long Island. (ii), XXVI, p. 134. 1870. On the Occurrence of a Peat Bed beneath Deposits of Drift in Southeastern Ohio. (ii), -L, pp. 54-57. 1875. Another New York Mastodon. (iii), X, p. 390. 1882. Mastodons in New Jersey. Review of Paper by Prot. Lockwood. (iii), XXIV, pp. 294-295. 1889. Mastodon or Elephas with Fragments of Charcoal at Attica, Wyoming Co., N. Y. (iii), XXX VIII, p. 249. AMERICAN NATURALIST. 1871. Fossil Whale in the Drift. V, p. 125. 1897. The Western American Loess. XXXI, pp. 58-59. Aut, Henry M. 1884. List of Fossils from Ottawa and Vicinity. Post-Tertiary (Alluvium). Trans. Ottawa Nat. Field Club, IT, pp. 54-62. 1895. Fossil Insects from the Leda Clays of Ottawa and Vicinity. Ottawa Nat., [X, pp. 190-191. 1897. Contribution to the Paleontology of the Post-Pliocene Deposits of the Ottawa Valley. Ottawa Nat., XI, pp. 20-26. 1900. On the Geology of the Principal Cities in Eastern Canada. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, (ii), VI, sect. 4, pp. 125-174. 1902. Preliminary Lists of the Organic Remains occurring in the Various Geological Formations comprised in the Map of the Ottawa District, including Formations in the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, along the Ottawa River. Rep. Canada Geol. Surv., N. S., XII, 1899, pp. 49-56, G. 1907. Preliminary Lists of Organic Remains from the Chazy, Black River, Trenton, and Pleistocene Formations comprised within the Area of the Pembroke Sheet (No. 122). Canada Geol. Surv., No. 977, pp. 47-71. ANDERSON, Netta C. 1905. A Preliminary List of Fossil Mastodon and Mammoth Remains in Illinois and Iowa. Augustana Library Pub., No. 5, pp. 1-43. ANDREWS, Epmunp. 1867. Observations upon the Glacial Drift beneath the Bed of Lake Michigan, as seen in the Chicago Tunnel. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLIII, pp. 75-77. 1869. On some Remarkable Relations and Characters of the Western Boulder Drift. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLVIII, pp. 172-179. 406 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 1870. The North American Lakes considered as Chronometers of Post-Glacial Time. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., IT, pp. 1-24. Review in Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), L, pp. 264-265; 424. ANDREWS, E. B. 1874. Report on the Geology of Washington County, Ohio. Geology of Ohio, II, pp. 453-508. 1874a. Report on the Geology of Pickaway and Fairfield Counties, Ohio. Geol. of Ohio, II, pp. 588-594. Arey, MELVIN F. 1910. Geology of Wayne County, Iowa. Geol. of Iowa, XX, pp. 223-229. ASHLEY, GrorGE H. ‘ 1902. See Fuller, M. S. ATWATER, CALEB. 1820. Notice respecting the Teeth and Bones of the Mammoth or Mastodon. Amer. Jour. Sci., (i), II, pp. 245-245. Atwoop, W. W. anp Gotptuwalr, J. W. 1908. Physical Geography of the Evanston-Waukegan Region. Bull. Ill. State Geol. Surv. No. 7. AUGHEY, SAMUEL. 1876. The Superficial Deposits of Nebraska. Hayden’s U.S. Geol. Surv. of Colorado and Adjacent Territory, pp. 243-269. 1880. Sketches of Physical Geog. and Geol. of Nebraska, pp. 287-290. Bacc, Rufus M. 1909. Notes on the Distribution of the Mastodon in Illinois. The University of Illinois Studies, III, No. 2, pp. 45-56. — Barn, H. Foster. 1896. Geology of Washington County. Geology of Iowa, V, pp. 153-154. 1896a. Geology of Woodbury County. Geol. of Iowa, V, pp. 243-299. 1896b. Geology of Appanoose County. Geol. of Iowa, V, pp. 406-407. 1897. Geology of Guthrie County. Geol. of Iowa, VII, pp. 415-487. 1897a. Geology of Polk County.’ Geol. of Iowa, VII, pp. 265-412. 1898. The Aftonian and Pre-Kansan Deposits in Southwestern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, 1897, pp. 81-101. 1898a. Geology of Decatur County. Geol. of Iowa, VIII, pp. 257-309. 1898b. Geology of Plymouth County. Geol. of Iowa, VIII, pp. 317-366. 1900. See Calvin. BAKER, FRANK COLLINS. 1898. Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Part I, Pelecypoda. Bull. Nat. Hist. Surv., IH, Part. 1, pp. 1-130 (pp. 23-24). 1900. Notes on a Collection of Pleistocene Shells from Milwaukee, Wisconsih. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 175-177. 1903. Pleistocene Mollusks of White Pond, New Jersey. Nautilus, XVII, pp. 38-39. 1906. A Catalogue of the Mollusca of Illinois. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., No. 6, pp. 53-136. 1910. The Ecology of the Skokie Marsh Area, with special Reference to the Mollusca. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 437-499. | 1910a, Preliminary Note on the Life of Glacial Lake Chicago. Science, N. S., XXX, | pp. 715-717, May 6. | 1911. The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Special Bulletin No. 3, pp. i-xvi, 1-539. é BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 1912. Post-Glacial Life of Wilmette Bay, Glacial Lake Chicago. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 108-116. 1913. Interglacial Recordsin New York. Science, N.S., XX XVII, pp. 523-524. 1913a. Notes on Post-Glacial Mollusca, I; Emmet County, Michigan. Nautilus, XXVII, pp. 7-8. 1913b. Notes on Post-Glacial Mollusca, II; Waukesha County, Wisconsin. Nautilus, XXVII, p. 68. 1913c. Interglacial Mollusks from South Dakota. Science, N. S., XXXVIII, No. 989, pp. 858-859, Dec. 12. 1915. Pleistocene Mollusks from Illinois. Nautilus, XXIX, pp. 87-88. 1916. Further Notes on the Post-Glacial Biota of Glacial Lake Chicago. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 74-78. 1918. Post-glacial Mollusca from the Marls of Central Illinois. Journ. Geol., XXVI, pp. 659-671. 1919. Descriptions of a New Species and Variety of Planorbis from Post-glacial De- posits. Nautilus, XXXII, pp. 94-97. Baxer, H. BARRINGTON. 1912. A Few Notes on the Mollusca of the Douglas Lake Region. An. Rep. Mich.Acad. Sci., XIV, pp. 209-211. Batpwiy, S. PRENTISS. 1894. Pleistocene of the Champlain Valley. Amer. Geol., XIII, pp. 170-184. Batt, T. H. 1895. Extinct Fauna of Lake County. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1894, pp. 54-47. BANNISTER, Henry M. 1868. Chapter xiii, Cook County. Geology of Illinois, IIT, pp. 240-242. 1870. Geology of Cassand Menard Counties. Geol. of IIl., IV, p. 164. 1870a. Geology of Morgan County. Op. cit., p. 150. 1870b. Geology of McHenry and Lake Counties. Op. cit., p. 131. 1870c. Geology of Tazewell, McLean, Logan, and Mason Counties. O?. cit., pp. 178-179. 1870d. Geology of DeKalb, Kane and DuPage Counties. Op. cit., p.113. Barsour, Epwin H. 1890. Remains of the Primitive Elephant found in Grinnell, Iowa. Science, N.S., XVI, p. 263. Barrows, Harian H. 1910. Geography of the Middle Illinois Valley. Bull. Ill. State Geol. Surv., XV, (p. 47). Bascom, F. 1909. Philadelphia Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 162. BEcHoozy, A. F. 1885. Geological Notes in Blue Earth County. An. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., XIII, 1884, pp. 141-146. BEEDE, J. W. 1897. See Howarth, E. BEt1, RoBerr. 1861. On the Occurrence of Fresh-water Shells in some of our Post Tertiary Deposits. Can. Nat. and Geol., VI, pp. 42-51. 1864. Commission Géologique du Canada. Rapport de Progrés dupuis son commence- ment jisjué 4 1863; illustré de 498 gravures dans le texte et accompagné d’un atlas de cartes et de sections. Montreal. 1879. Report on the Country between Winnipeg and Hudsons Bay, 1878. Geol. Surv. Canada, Rep. Prog., pp. 1-31cc. 408 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE ~ 1879a. Report on an Exploration of the East Coast of Hudsons Bay in 1877. Rep. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-37c. 1896. Froofs of the Rising of the Land around Hudsons Bay. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv) V, pp. 219-228. 1898. On the Occurrence of Mammoth and Mastodon Remains around Hudson Bay. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., EX, pp. 369-390. 1899, The Geological History of Lake Superior. Trans. Can. Inst., VI, pp. 45-60. Benenpict, A. C. 1892. See Elrod, Moses N. BENSLEY, B. A. 1913. A Cervalces Antler from the Toronto Interglacial. Univ. Toronto Studies, Geol. Series, No. 8, pp. 1-3. Berry, EDWARD W. 1907. A Tilia from the New Jersey Pleistocene. Torreya, VII, pp. 80-81. 1907a. Contributions to the Pleistocene Flora of North Carolina. Journ. Geol., XV, pp. 338-349. 1910. Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey. Torreya, X, pp. 261-267. 1912. Notes on the Geological History of the Walnuts and Hickories. Plant World, XV, pp. 225-240. : 1913. Same title as above, Rep. Smith. Inst., pp. 319-331. BEst, 1903. Holzinger, The Bryologist, Nov. BEYER, SAMUEL W. 1896. Geology of Boone County. Geol. Iowa, V, pp. 204-205. 1897. Evidence of a Sub-Aitonian Till Sheet in Northeastern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, 1896, pp. 58-62. 1897a. Geology of Marshall County. Geol. Iowa, VII, pp. 199-262. 1899. Buried Loessin Storey County. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., VI, 1898, pp. 117-121. 1900. Geology of Worth County. Geol. Iowa, X, pp. 257-369. BiLuincs, E. 1856. Onthe Mammothand Mastodon. Can. Nat., I, pp. 379-390. 1856a. On the Tertiary Rocks of Canada, with some Account of Their Fossils. Can. Nat., I, pp. 321-346. 1863. On the Remains of the Fossil Elephant found in Canada. Can. Nat. and Geol., VIII, pp. 135-147. Bittues, A. C. 1902. Fossil Land Shells of the Old Forest Bed of the Ohio River. Nautilus, XVI, pp. 50-52. BINNEY, Amos. 1851. Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusca of the United States. Vol. I, pp. 182-183. Binney, W. G. 1865. Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Part II, Pulmonata Limnophila and Thalassophila. Smith. Miscel. Coll., No. 143, pp. 1-161. 1865a. Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Part III. Op. cit., No. 144, pp. 1-120. 1885. Manual of American Land Shells. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 28, pp. 1-528. BLAINVILLE, H. M. DucroTAy DE 1839. Recherches sur l’ancienneté des Edentés terrestres 4 la surface de la terre. Comp- tes rendus de l’Acad. Sci. Paris, VIII, pp. 65-69; Ann. Sci. Naturelles, (2), XI, pp. 113-122. BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 1864. Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du sys- téme dentaire des mammiféres récent et fossiles pour servir de base 4 la zoologie etala géologie. Vol., III. BLATCHLEY, W.S. 1898. The Geology of Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana. An. Rep. Geol. Nat. Res. Ind., XXII, pp. 25-104, 1897. BLATCHLEY, W. S., AND ASHLEY, G. H. 1901. Lakes of Northern Indiana and their associated Marl Deposits. An Rep. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Ind., XXV, pp. 31-321, 1900. 1905. The Clays and Clay Industries of Indiana. An. Rep. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Ind., XXIX, pp. 1-657, 1904. Buss, J. S. 1865. On Buried Stems and Branches in Illinois. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XX XIX, pp. 95-96. 1866. Noteson Wisconsin Drift. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLI, p. 255. BorDEN, WILLIAM W. 1876. Geology of Jefferson County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 6th Report, 1875, p. 141. 1877. Geology of Jennings County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 7th Report, 1876, pp. 171-174. 1877a. Geology of Ripley County. Op. cit., pp. 195-196. Boston Soctety oF NaTurAL History. 1854. Mastodon from 40 Miles West of Chicago. IV, p. 377. BowNockeERr, J. A. 1900. The Preglaciai Drainage of Ohio. Ohio Acad. Sci., Special Papers, No. 3. 1911. See Stauffer, Clinton R. BRADLEY, FRANK H. 1870. Geology of Vermilion County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 1st An. Rep., 1869, p. 140. 1870a. Geology of Franklin County. Op. cit., pp. 199, 200. 1870b. Geology of Grundy County. Geol. Ill., IV, p. 193. 1870c. Geology of Kankakee and Iroquois Counties. Op. cit., pp. 229-236. 1870d. Geology of Vermilion County. Ob. cit., p. 270. 1870e. Geology of Edgar, Ford and Champaign Counties. Op. cit., pp. 266-275. Brevoort, J.C. 1858. Remains of the American Mastodon on Long Island, near New York. Proc Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., XII, pp. 232-234. Briccs, J.C. 1838. Report of fourth Assistant Geologist. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1st. An. Rep., pp. 71- 98 [96]. BricHaM, ALBERT PERRY. 1898. Topography and Glacial Deposits of Mohawk Valley. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., IX, pp. 183-210. BroADHEAD, G. C. 1870. Quaternary Deposits. Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 61-62. 1870a. Fossil Horse in Missouri. Of. cit., pp. 60-61. 1874. Geology of Daviess County (p. 313); Geology of Barton County (p. 121); Geology of Bates County. Geol. Surv. Missouri, 1873-1874. 1875. Geology of Montgomery, Shelby, and Macon Counties. Geol. Ill., VI, pp. 150, 165, and 192. 1904. The Loess. Amer. Geol., XX XIII, pp. 393-394. 410 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Brown, BARNUM. 1903. A New Genus of Ground Sloth from the Pleistocene of Nebraska. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 569-584. 1908. The Conrad Fissure, A Pleistocene Bone Deposit in Northern Arkansas; with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Twenty New Species of Mammals. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 157-208. _ Bui, ALFRED. 1911. The Township of Jefferson, Ill., and ‘“Dinner-Pail’’ Avenue. Chicago, privately printed. : BURCHARD, E. F. 1907. See Grant, U.S. Burrs, CHARLES. 1910. Warren Folio (Pennsylvania). U.S. G.S., No. 172. CaLHown, FRED H. 1906. The Montana Lobe of the Keewatin Ice Sheet. U.S. Geol. Surv., Profes. Paper, 50, pp. 1-62. CALL, R. ELLSwortu. 1881. Fossils of the Iowa Loess. Amer. Nat., XV, pp. 585-586. 1881a. The Loess of Central Jowa. Amer. Nat., XV, pp. 782-784. 1882. See McGee, W. J. 1882a. The Loess of North America. Amer. Nat., XVI, pp. 369-381; 542-549. 1892. See Keyes, Charles R. CALVIN, SAMUEL. 1888. Notes on the Formations passed through in Boring the Deep Well at Washington, Towa. Amer. Geol., I, pp. 28-31. 1896. Geology of Jones County. Geol. Surv. Iowa, V, pp. 35-112. 1897. Geology of Johnson County. Op. cit., VII, pp. 35-116. 1897a. Summary of Discussion (On Iowa Pleistocene Deposits). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, 1896, pp. 66-68. 1898. Geology of Delaware County. Geol. of Iowa, VIII, pp. 121-192. 1898a. Geology of Buchanan County. Op. cit., VIII, pp. 203-253. 1898b. The Interglacial Deposits of Northeastern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, 1897, pp. 64-70. 1901. Geology of Page County. Geol. of Iowa, XI, pp. 399-460. 1902. The Geological Relations of the Human Relics of Lansing, Kansas. Journ. Geol., X, pp. 777-778. 1903. Geology of Howard County. Geol. of Iowa, XII, pp. 62-71. 1903a. Geology of Chickasaw County. Geol. of Iowa, XII, pp. 279-287. 1903b. Geology of Mitchell County. Geol. of Iowa, XII, pp. 326-330. 1905. The Aftonian Gravels and Their Relations to the Drift Sheets in the Region about Afton Junction and Thayer. Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., X, pp. 18-31. 1909. Present Phase of the Pleistocene Problem in Iowa. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, pp. 133-152. 1909a. Aftonian Mammalian Fauna, I. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, pp. 341-356. 1909b. The Work of the Iowa Geological Survey. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XV pp. 11-18. 1910. The Aftonian Age of the Aftonian Mammalian Fauna. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XVII, pp. 177-180. 1911. Aftonian Mammalian Fauna. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, pp. 207-216. 1911a. Iowan Drift. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXII, pp. 729-730. BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 CaLvINn, SAMUEL AND Bat, H. Foster 1900. Geology of Dubuque County. Geol. of Iowa, X, pp. 379-622. CAMPBELL, Maurtus R. 1900. See Leverett. Capps, STEPHEN R. 1915. Two Glacial stagesin Alaska. Journ. Geol., XXIII, pp. 748-756. CARMAN, J. ERNEST. 1909. The Mississippi Valley between Savanna and Davenport. Bull. Ill. Geol. Surv., XIII. 1913. Notes on the Nebraskan Drift of the Little Sioux Valley in Cherokee County. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XX, pp. 231-235. 1913a. The Wisconsin Drift-plain in the Region about Sioux Falls. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XX, pp. 237-250. 1917. The Pleistocene Geology of Northeastern Iowa. An. Rep. Iowa Geol. Survey, 1915, XXVI, pp. 233-445. CARNEY, FRANK. 1907. Wave-cut Terraces in Keuka Valley, Older than the Recession Stage of Wisconsin Ice. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), XXIII, pp. 325-335. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XIV, pp. 35-46, 1908. 1908. Pre-Wisconsin Drift in the Finger Lake Region of New York. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XIV, pp. 3-18. 1909. The Metamorphism of Glacial Deposits. Journ. Geol., XVII, pp. 473-487. 1909a. The Raised Beaches of the Berea, Cleveland, and Euclid Sheets, Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XIV, pp. 262-287. Case, E. C. 1915. Ona nearly complete Skull of Symbos cavifrons Leidy, from Michigan. Occa- sional Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. of Michigan, No. 13, pp. 1-3. CHADWICK, GEORGE H. 1906. Noteson Wisconsin Mollusca. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., IV, pp. 67-99. 1917. The Lake Deposits and Evolution of the Lower Irondequoit Valley. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci., V, pp. 123-160. CHALMERS, ROBERT. 1882. On the Surtace Geology of the Baie de Chaleur Region. Can. Nat., N. S., X, pp. 193-212. 1885. Preliminary Report on the Surface Geology of New Brunswick. An. Rep. Can. Geol. Surv., I, pp. 1-58 GG. 1896. Report on the Surface Geology of Eastern New Brunswick, Northwestern Nova Scotia and a Portion of Prince Edwards Island. An. Rep. Can. Geol. Surv., VII, 1894, M. 1902. Artesian Borings, Suriace Deposits and Ancient Beaches in Ontario. Summary Rep., Can. Geol. Surv., pp. 270-281 A. 1906. Surface Geology of Eastern Quebec. An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can., 1904, XVI, pp. 250-263 A. CHAMBERLIN, THOMAS C. 1877. Geology of Wisconsin, II, pp. 219-233. 1883. Preliminary Paper on the Terminal Moraine of the Second Glacial Epoch. An. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., III, 1881-1882, pp. 295-404. 1893. The Diversity of the Glacial Period. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLV, pp. 170-200. 1895. Geikie’s Great Ice Age, Edition 3, pp. 724774. 1895a. The Classification of American Glacial Deposits. Journ. Geol., III, pp. 270-277. 412 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 1896. Editorial (on Glacial and Interglacial Formations). Journ. Geol., IV, pp. 873-874. 1897. Supplementary Hypothesis Respecting the Origin of the Loess of the Mississippi Valley. Journ. Geol., V, pp. 795-802. 1902. The Geological Relations of the Human Relics of Lansing, Kansas. Journ, Geol., X, pp. 745-779. CHAMBERLIN, T. C. AND LEVERETT, FRANK. 1894. Further Studies of the Drainage Features of the Upper Ohio Basin. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVII, pp. 247-283. CHAMBERLIN, T. C. AND SatisBury, R. D. 1888. Preliminary Paper on the Driftless Area of the Upper Mississippi Valley. An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., VI, pp. 199-322; Review in Amer. Geol., I, pp. 122-125. 1906. Geology, ITI. CHAPMAN, E. J. 1858. Mastodon Remains, Morpeth, Canada West. The Canadian Journ. of Indus- try, Sci. and Arts, N. S., III, pp. 56-57. 1869. On the Geology of Belleville and the surrounding District. Can. Journ., N. S., V, pp. 41-48. 1861. Some Notes on the Drift Deposits of Western Canada, and on the Ancient Ex- tension of the Lake Area of that Region. Can. Journ., N.S., VI, pp. 221-229. 1861a. Additional Note on the Occurrence of Fresh Water Shells in the Upper Drift Deposits of Western Canada. Can. Journ., N.S., VI, pp. 497-498. 1875. An Outline of the Geology of Ontario. Can. Journ., N.S., XIV, pp. 580-588. CHENEY, T. A. 1872. The Chautauqua Mastodon. Amer. Nat., VI, pp. 178-179. CLAPP, FREDERICK G. 1903. See Fuller. 1904. See Fuller. 1908. Complexity of the Glacial Period in Northeastern New England. Bull. Geol, Soc. Amer., XVIII, pp. 505-556. Crark, W. B. 1909. See Bascom, F. CLARKE, JOHN M. 1887. Mastodon Bones in Sink Hole, Attica, Wyoming Co., N. Y. 6th An. Rep. State Geol. N. Y., 1886, pp. 34-35. 1903. Mastodons of New York. A List of Discoveries of Their Remains 1705-1902. Bull. New York State Museum, LXIX, pp. 921-933. 1915. Peccaries of the Pleistocene of New York. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, p. 150. CLAYPOLE, E. W. 1886. Buffalo and Chicago, or “What might have Been.” Amer. Nat., XX, pp. 856- 862. 1891. Megalonyx in Holmes County, Ohio. Amer. Geol., VII, pp. 122-132. CocKERELL, T. D. A. 1911. Scudders Work on Fossil Insects. Psyche, XVIII, pp. 181-186. CoLeman, A. P. 1894. Interglacial Fossils from The Don Valley, Toronto. Amer. Geol. XIII, pp. 85- 95. 1895. Glacial and Interglacial Deposits near Toronto. Journ. Geol., III, pp. 622-645. 1897. Glacial and Interglacial Deposits at Toronto. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., pp. 650-651. 1898. Canadian Pleistocene Fauna and Flora. Report of Committee, Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., pp. 522-529; op. cit., 1899, pp. 411-414. BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 1899. The Iroquois Beach. Trans. Can. Inst., VI, pp. 29-44. 1899a. Lake Iroquois and its Predecessors at Toronto. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., X, pp. 165-176. 1900. On the Pleistocene near Toronto. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XVII, pp. 328- 334. 1901. Marine and Freshwater Beaches of Ontario. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XII, pp. 129-146. 1901a. Notes on Pleistocene Geology. An. Rep. Bu. Mines, Canada, pp. 210-212. 190ib. Glacial and Interglacial Beds near Toronto. Journ. Geol., IX, pp. 285-310. 1902. The Duration of the Toronto Interglacial Period. Amer. Geol., XXIX, pp. 71- 79. 1904. Iroquois Beach in Toronto. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XIV, pp. 347-368. 1906. Interglacial Periods in Canada. Int. Geol. Congress, Mexico, pp. 1-26. 1909. Lake Ojibwa, Last of the Glacial Lakes. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, p. 639. 1913. Iroquois Beach. Twelfth Int. Geol. Congress, Guide Book No. 4. Issued by the Canadian Geological Survey, pp. 71-74. 1913a. Glacial Phenomena of Toronto and Vicinity. Ontario Bureau of Mines, 22nd An. Rep., Part 1, pp. 238-255. 1915. Length and Character of the Earliest Interglacial Period. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, pp. 243-254. CoLLETT, JOHN. 1871. Geology of Sullivan County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 2nd An. Rep., 1870, pp. 226-227. 1872. Geology of Dubois County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 3rd and 4th An. Rep., 1871-72, p. 214. 1874. Geology of Warren County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 5th An. Rep., 1873, pp. 193-195. 1875. Geology of Brown County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 6th An. Rep., 1874, pp. 78-84. 1876. Geol. Surv. Ind., 7th An. Rep., 1875, pp. 245-247, 270. 1880. (Mammoth and Mastodon in Indiana and Illinois). Ind. Dept. Stat. and Geol., 2nd An. Rep., pp. 384-386. Cootey, L. E. 1889. Water Supplies of Illinois in Relation to Health. Rep. State Board Health, Springfield, Ill. 1890. Lake and Gulf Waterway, Private Publication. Cooper, Smits, J. A. AND DeKay. 1831. Report of Messrs. Cooper, J. A. Smith, and DeKay, to the Lyceum of Natural History, on a Collection of Fossil Bones, disinterred at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, in September, 1830, and recently brought to New York. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XX, pp. 370-372. COoorPeEr. 1824. See DeKay. Cooper, W. F. 1905. Geological Report on Bay County. Rep. State Board Geol. Surv. Mich., pp. 134-426. 1908. Pleistocene Beaches of Saginaw County. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., X, pp. 90-98. Core, Epwarp D, 1869. The Fresh-water Clays of the Pea Shore. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XIV, pp. 249-250. 1882. Recent Extinction of the Mastodon. Amer. Nat., XVI, pp. 7475. 1895, The Fossil Vertebrata from the Fissure at Port Kennedy, Pa. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 446-451. , 414 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 1899. Vertebrate Remains from Port Kennedy Bone Deposit. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., (ii), XI, pp. 193-267. Corr, E. D. anp Wortmay, J. L. 1884. Post-Pliocene Vertebrates of Indiana. Ind. Geol. Surv., 14th An. Rep., Part Il, pp. 1-62. Cory, CHARLES B. 1912. The Mammals o! {Illinois and Wisconsin. Field Museum Nat. Hist., Zool. Series, XI, Appendix, pp. 481-482. Corti, T. 1853. On Fossil Pachydermata in Canada. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XV, pp. 282-283. Cougs, ELLioTT AND ALLEN, J. A. 1877. Monographs of North American Rodentia. Report U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Territories, XI, pp. 1-264, 455-542, 601-630. CowLes, HENRY C. 1901. The Plant Societies of Chicago and Vicinity. Bull. Geog. Soc. Chicago, No. 2, pp. 1-76. Cox Eat: 1869. Geology of Clay County. Geol. Surv. Ind., ist An, Rep., pp. 20-85. 1871. Geology Martin County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 2nd An, Rep., 1870, p. 103. 1875. 6th An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ind., 1874, pp. 7-8. Review in Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), X, pp. 305-306. 1879. 8th, 9th, 10th An. Rep., Geol. Surv. Ind., 1876-1878, pp. 119-120. CROLL, JAMES. 1890. Climate and Time in Their Geological Relations; A Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth’s Climate. CrosskEY, HENRY W. 1867. On the Relation between the Glacial Deposits of Scotland and Those of Canada. Can. Nat., III, pp. 207-211. CyD: 1838. Bones of the Mammoth. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XX XIII, p. 201. DacHNOWSKI, ALFRED. 1912. Peat Deposits of Ohio, Their Origin, Formation and Uses. Bull. No. 16 Geol. Surv. Ohio, pp. i-viii, 1-424. DALL, W. H. 1905. Land and Fresh Water Mollusks. Harriman Alaska Expedition, XIII, pp. 1-171. Dana, J. D. 1875. On Southern New England during the melting of the Great Glacier. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), X, pp. 353-357. DANIELS, EDWARD. 1854. ist An. Rep., Geol. Surv. State of Wisconsin. Danlc Ls, L. E. 1902. A Check-List of Indiana Mollusca, with Localities. An. Rep., Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Ind., XX VII, pp. 629-652. 1905. Notes on the Semi-fossil Shells of Posey County, Indiana. Nautilus, XIX, pp. 62-63. Darton, N. H. 1909. See Bascom, F. Davis, CHARLES A. 1909. Report on the Geology of Tuscola County, Michigan. An. Rep., Geol. Surv. Mich., 1908, p. 121-258. BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 1913. Peat Deposits of Geological Interest near New Haven, Connecticut. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, p. 700. Davis, W. M. 1894. The Ancient Outlet of Lake Michigan. Pop. Sci. Monthly, XLVI, pp. 218-229. Dawson, GEORGE M. 1885. Report on the Region in the Vicinity of the Bow and Belly Rivers, Northwest Territory. Superficial Deposits and Glaciation. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can., 1882- 84, pp. 139-152C. 1885a. Glacial Deposits of Central North America in the Vicinity of the Bow and Belly Rivers, Canada. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XXIX, pp. 408-411. Review. 1885b. Boulder-clays. An. Rep., Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., XIII, 1884, pp. 150- 163. 1885c. Boulder Clays. On the Microscopic Structure of Certain Boulder Clays and the Organisms containedin Them. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, No. 6, pp. 59-69. . 1895. Interglacial Climatic Conditions. Amer. Geol., XVI, pp. 65-66. Dawson, J. WILLIAM. 1857. Newer Pliocene Fossils of the St. Lawrence Valley. Can. Nat., II, pp. 279-280. 1858. On the Newer Pliocene and Post-Pliocene Deposits of the Vicinity of Montreal. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XXV, pp. 275-277. 1859. Additional Notes on the Post-Pliocene Deposits of the St. Lawrence Valley. Can. Nat., IV, pp. 23-39. 1860. Notice of Tertiary Fossils from Labrador, Maine, etc., and Remarks on the Cli- mate of Canada in the Newer Pliocene or Pleistocene Period. Can. Nat., V, pp. 188-200. 1865. Notes on Post-Pliocene Deposits at Riviere-du-Loup and Tadoussac. Can. Nat., ‘TI, pp 81-92. 1866. The Evidence of Fossil Plants as to the Climate of the Post-Pliocene Period in Canada. Can. Nat., III, pp. 69-76. 1872. Notes on the Post-Pliocene Geology of Canada; with Especial Reierence to the Conditions of Accumulation of the Deposits and the Marine Life of the Period. Montreal, pp. 1-112. 1878. Acadian Geology. The Geological Structure, Organic Remains, and Mineral Resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edwards Island. London, 3rd. Ed., pp. xxvi, 697, suppl. 102 pp. 1883. On Portions of the Skeleton of a Whale from Gravel on the Line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, near Smith’s Falls, Ontario. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XXV, pp. 200-202. 1888. The Geological History of Plants. Inter. Scient. Series, LXI, pp. 219-236. 1893. The Canadian Ice Age. Being Notes on the Pleistocene Geology of Canada, with Especial Reference to the Life of the Period and Its Climatic Condition. Montreal, 301 pp. Dawson, J. W. AND PENHALLow, D. P. 1890. On the Pleistocene Flora of Canada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amet., I, pp. 311-334. DeKay, James E. 1842. Zoology of New York. Part I. Mammalia, pp. I-XV, 1-142. DeKay, VAN RENSSELAER AND COOPER. 1824. Account of the Discovery of a Skeleton of the Mastodon giganteum. Ex- tracted from a Report made to the Lyceum of Natural History. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, pp. 143-147. 416 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE DoncGE, RICHARD E. 1894. Additional Species of Pleistocene Fossils from Winthrop, Mass. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVII, pp. 100-104. . DRYER, CHARLES R. 1889. 16th An. Rep., Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 104. Dusors, WILLIAM E. 1871. Ona Quasi Coin reported found in a Boring in Illinois. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XII, pp. 224-226. Eaton, AMOS. 1827. Notices respecting Diluvial Deposits in the State of New York and Elsewhere; in a Letter to the Editor. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XII, pp. 17-20. 1828. Geological Nomenclature exhibited in a Synopsis of North American Rocks and Detritus. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XIV, pp. 145-159. 1832. Geological Equivalents. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXI, pp. 132-138. EATON, JAMES. 1832. Four Cardinal Points in Stratiagraphical Geology, established by Organic Re- mains. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXI, pp. 199-200. Epwarps, J. J. 1902. Paleontology of Bartholomew County, Indiana. Mammalian Fossils. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1901, pp. 247-248. Ets, R. W. 1881. Report on the Geology of Northern New Brunswick. An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Canada, 1879-80, pp. 1-47 D 1898. Sands and Clays of the Ottawa Basin. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., IX, pp. 211-222. 1902. Report on the Geology and Natural Resources of the Area included in the Map of the City of Ottawa and Vicinity. An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Canada, N. S., XII, 1899, pp. 1-48 G. 1907. Report on the Geology and Natural Resources of the Area included in the North- west Quarter-sheet, Number 122, of the Ontario and Quebec Series, etc. Can. Geol. Surv., No. 977, pp. 1-46. Egon, Moses N. AND BENEDICT, A. C. 1892. Geology of Wabash County. Dept. of Geol. and Nat. Res., Ind., An. Rep., 1891, pp. 192-259. EMERSON, B. K. 1898. Holyoke Folio, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Geological Atlas, U.S. G.S., No. 50. 1898a. Geology of Old Hampshire County, Massachusetts, comprising Franklin, Hamp- shire, and Hampden Counties. Monograph X XIX, U.S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-790. ENGLEMANN, HENRY. 1868. Geology of Marion County. Geol. of Illinois, ITI, p. 194. Evans, Pror. 1851. Mastodon near Chicago. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., V, p. 58. FAIRCHILD, H. L. 1898. Glacial Geology in America. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XLVII, pp. 257-290. 1899. Glacial Waters in the Finger Lakes Region of New York. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., X, pp. 27-68. 1906. The Geology of Irondequoit Bay. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci., ITI, pp. 236-239. 1907. Glacial Waters in the Lake Erie Basin. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 106, 86 pp. 1907a. Drumlins of Central Western New York. Op. cit., No. 111, pp. 389-443. 1909. Multiple Glaciation in New York. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, p. 632. BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 1909a. Glacial Waters in Central New York. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 127, 66 pp. 1912. Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 160, pp. 1-47. 1913. Pleistocene Geology of New York State, I. Science, N. S., XX XVII, No. 946, pp. 237-249; II, op. cit., No. 947, pp. 290-299; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, pp. 131-162. Favtt, J. H. 1913. The Natural History of the Toronto Region, Ontario, Canada. Toronto. Frumer, Epwin A. 1915. See Rich, John L. Fiscuer, G. J. 1859. (Account of an antler of the reindeer found at Sing Sing, N. Y.) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., XI, p. 194. Fitzpatrick, T. J. 1897. The Drift Section and the Glacial Striae in the Vicinity of Lamoni, Iowa. Proc. Towa Acad. Sci., V, pp. 105-106. ForsHay, P. Max. 1890. Preglacial Drainage, Western Penn. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XL, pp. 397-403. Foster, J. W. 1837. Miscellaneous Observations made during a Tour in May, 1835, to the Falls of the Cuyahoga, near Lake Erie; extracted from the Diary of a Naturalist. Amer. Journ. Sci., (I), XXX, pp. 1-84. 1838. Organic Remains. 2nd An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, pp. 79-83. 1839. Head of the Mastodon giganteum. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXXVI, pp. 189-191. 1856. On the Geological Position of the Deposits in which occur the Remains of the Fossil Elephant of North America. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., X, pp. 148-169. 1872. A New Species of Elephant. Nature, VI, p. 443. FowkE, GERARD. 1900. See Bownocker. FRENCH, GRANT E. 1897. Drift Section at Oelwein, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, 1896, pp. 54-58. Fuiter, M. L. 1903. Probable Pre-Kansan and Iowan Deposits of Long Island. Amer. Geol., XXXII, pp. 308-312. Forrer, M. L. ann Crapp, F. G. 1903. Marl-loess of the Lower Wabash Valley. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XIV, pp. 153- 176. * 1904. Patoka Folio, Indiana. Geol. Atlas, U.S. G.S., No. 105. Futter, M. L. anp AsBLey, Geo. H. 1902. Ditney Folio, Indiana. Geol. Atlas, U.S. G. S., No. 84. Futton, A. R. 1883. (Note on mastodon tooth). Howes Annals of Iowa, II, p. 102. Gass, J. AND Pratt, W. H. 1882. Bones of the Mammoth in Washington Co., Iowa. Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., TI, pp. 177-178. Gaziay, SAYRS. 1834. Notices of Fossil Wood in Ohio; in a Letter from Rev. Sayrs Gazlay to Prof. Silliman. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXV, pp. 104-107. 418 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE GEIKIE, JAMES. 1895. 1903. The Great Ice Age and Its Relation to the Antiquity of Man. 3rd Ed. Text Book of Geology, II, 4th edition, pp. 1301-1346. Gw ey, JAMEs W. 1908. Descriptions of Two New Species of Pleistocene Ruminants of the Genera Ovibos and Bootherium, with Notes on the latter Genus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIV, pp. 631-684. 1913. Preliminary Report on a recently discovered Pleistocene Cave Deposit near Cumberland, Maryland. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XLVI, pp. 93-102. x GrBert, G. K. 1871. Remains ofa Mastodon. Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., pp. 220-221. 1871a. Notes of Investigations at Cohoes with reference to the Circumstances of the Deposition of the Skeleton of Mastodon. N. Y. State Cabinet N. H., 21st An. Rep., pp. 129-148. 1873. Reports on the Surface Geology of the Maumee Valley and on the Geology of Williams, Fulton and Lucas Counties, and West Sister Island. Geol. Ohio, I, pp. 535-590. 1890. The History of the Niagara River. New York Com. State Reserv. Niagara. 6th An. Rep., 1889, pages 61-84. Reprinted in Rep. Smith. Inst., 1890, pp. 231-257. 1897. Modification of the Great Lakes by Earth Movement. Nat. Geog. Mag., VIII, pp. 233-247. 1898. Recent Earth Movement in the Great Lakes Region. An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., XVIII, pt. 2, pp. 595-647. GoLtptHwalt, James W. 1906. 1906a. 1907. 1908. 1908a. 1909. 1910. 1910a. Correlation of the Raised Beaches on the West Side of Lake Michigan. Journ. Geol., XIV, pp. 411-424. Raised Beaches of Eastern Wisconsin. Abstract. 8th Report Mich. Acad. Sci., p. 98. The Abandoned Shore-lines of Eastern Wisconsin. Bull. Wis. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., XVII, pp. 1-134. A Reconstruction of Water Planes of the Extinct Glacial Lakes in the Lake Michigan Basin. Journ. Geol., XVI, pp. 459-476. The Records of the Extinct Lakes. Bull. Ill. State Geol. Surv., No. 7, pp. 54-68. Physical Features of the Desplaines Valley. Bull. Ill. State Geol. Surv., No. 11, pp. 1-103. An Instrumental Survey of the Shore-lines of the Extinct Lakes Algonquin and Nipissing in Southwestern Ontario. Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem., No. 10, pp. 1-57. Isobases of the Algonquin and Iroquois Beaches and Their significance. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., X XI, pp. 227-241. Goopinc, WILLIAM AND WILSON, JAMES A. 1868. Report on the Survey of the Illinois River. Rep. Chief Eng., U.S. A., pp. 438- 459. Gory, S. S. 1886. Geology of Benton County. 15th An. Rep., Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 192. Gory, S. S. AND LEE, S. E. 1886. Geology of Boone County. 15th An. Rep., Geol. Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 160. BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 Gorpon, C. H. 1895. Buried River Channels in Southeastern Iowa. Iowa Geol. Surv., III, 1893, pp. 239-255. 1900. Geological Report on Saranac County, Michigan. Geol. Surv. Mich., VII, part lii., pp. 1-34. Gorpon, REGINALD. 1902. Bones of Mastodon found. Science, N.S., XVI, p. 594. 1902a. Tree Trunks found with Mastodon Remains. Science, N. S., XVI, p. 1033. Gow, JAMES, E. 1913. Preliminary Note on the so-called ‘Loess’ of Southwestern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XX, pp. 221-230. Grasau, A. W. 1901. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., VII, No. 1, pp. 1-284; Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 45, pp. 1-284. GRANT, E. 1842. On the Structure and History of the Mastodontoid Animals of North America. Proc. Geol. Soc. London, ITI, pp. 770-771. Grant, U. S. 1899. Geology of Itasca County. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., Final Rep., IV, pp. 166-192. Grant, U.S. AND BURCHARD, E. F. 1907. Lancaster-Mineral Point Folio, Wisconsin-Iowa-Illinois. Geol. Atlas, U.S.G.S., No. 145. Gray, J. E. 1869. Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia in the British Museum. London. 398 pages. GREEN, H. A. 1870. Geology of Mercer County. Geol. IIl., IV, p. 302. GREGER, DARLING K. 1916. Pleistocene Mollusca from Callaway County, Missouri. Nautilus, XXX, pp. 64-66. GUERSNSEY, J. A. 1831. Mastodon, near Rochester, N.Y. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XIX, pp. 358-359. HALL, JAMES. 1838. New York Geol. Surv. Second Annual Report of the Fourth Geological Dis- trict of New York. 1843. Natural History of New York, Part IV, Survey of the 4th Geological District, pp. i-xxv; 1-687. 1846. Notice of the Geological Position of the Cranium of Castoroides ohioensis. Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 385-391. 1846a. On the Geologica! Relations of Castoroides ohioensis. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, pp. 167-168. 1871. Notes and Observations on the Cohoes Mastodon. 21st An. Rep., Regents State University, pp. 99-148. 1887. Note on the Discovery of a Skeleton of an Elk (Elaphus canadensis) in the Town of Farmington, Ontario County. 6th An. Rep., State Geol. N. Y., 1886, p. 39. HALL, JAMES AND WYMAN, JEFFRIES. 1846. I. Notice of the Geological Position of the Cranium of the Castoroides ohioensis, by James Hall (pp. 385-391); II. Anatomical description of the same, by Jeffries Wyman. Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 385-401. 420 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Hamsacu, G. 1890. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Fossils occurring in Missouri. Bull. Geol. Surv. Missouri, No. 1, pp. 60-85. Hanpiirscu, ANTON. 1908. Die Fossilen Insecten und die Phylogenie der rezenten formen. Ein handbuch fiir Palaeontologen und zoologen. Leipzig, pp. i-x, 1-1430. Hanna, G. DALLAS. ‘ 1911. The American Species of Sphyradium with an inquiry as to Their Generic rela- tionships. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XLI, pp. 371-376. Harrincton, M. W. 1884. The Geology of Olmsted County. Geol. Minn., Final Report, I, pp. 325-346. 1884a. Geology of Dodge County. Op. cit., pp. 367-375. 1884b. Geology of Steele County. Op. cit., pp. 394-403. 1894. Currents of the Great Lakes as deducted from the Movements of Bottle Papers during the Seasons 1892 and 1893. Weather Bureau Bull. B, U. S. Dept. Agri- culture. HARTNAGEL, C. A. 1907. Geological Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach Quadrangles. Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 114, pp. 1-35. Hartt, CHARLES F. 1871. Discovery of Mastodon Remains at Motts Corners near Ithaca, N. Y. Amer. Nat., V, pp. 314-315. Hay, OLIverR P. 1902. Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, pp. 1-868. 1909. The Geological and Geographical Distribution of some Pleistocene Mammals, Science, XXX, pp. 890-893. 6 1912. The Pleistocene Period and Its Vertebrata. Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 36th An. Rep., 1911, pp. 539-784. 1912a. The Recognition of Pleistocene Faunas. Smith. Mis. Coll., LUX, No. 20. 1913. Descriptions of two New Species of Ruminants from the Pleistocene of Iowa. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI, pp. 5-8. 1914. The Extinct Bisons of North America; with Descriptions of One New Species, Bison regius. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XLVI, pp. 161-200. 1914a. An Account of a Visit to some of the Smaller Museums. Science, N.S., XXXIX No. 1014, p. 844. : 1914b. The Pleistocene Mammals of Iowa. Iowa Geol. Surv., XXIII, pp. 1-662. 1917. Vertebrata mostly from Stratum No. 3, at Vero, Florida, together with Descriptions of New Species. 9th An. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 43-68. HayoveEn, F. V. 1872. Final Report, U. S. Geol. Surv. of Nebraska and Portions of the Adjacent Ter- ritories, pp. 1-264. HAVES, SETH. 1895. The Shaw Mastodon. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, pp. 217-22. An. Rep., Ohio Acad. Sci., ITI, pp. 37-41. Haymonp, RurFus. 1843. Notice of Remains of Megatherium, Mastodon and Silurian Fossils; in a Letter to the Senior Editor. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLVI, pp. 294-296. } 1869. Geology of Franklin County, Indiana. Geol. Surv. Ind., ist An. Rep., pp. 199- 200. BIBLIOGRAPHY 421 HERON, GILBERT C. 1880. List of Shells (Fossil) found in Marl Beds near Ottawa City during the’ Year 1879. Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, I, p. 40. HersHey, O. H. 1895. The Columbia Formation in Northwestern Illinois. Amer. Geol., XV, pp. 7-24. 1896. Early Pleistocene Deposits of Northern Illinois. Amer. Geol., XVII, pp. 287-303. 1897. The Florencia Formation. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), IV, pp. 90-98. Hicxs, L. E. 1873. Discovery of Mastodon Remains in Ohio. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), V, p. 79. Hictey, W. K. anp Rapp, C. S. 1891. The Flora of Cook County, Illinois, and a Part of Lake County, Indiana. Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci., IT, No. 1, pp. i-xxili, 1-168. HipretT#, S. P. 1836. Observations on the Bituminous Coal Deposits of the Valley of the Ohio, and the accompanying Rock Strata; with Notices of the Fossil Organic Remains and the Relics of Vegetable and Animal Bodies, illustrated by a Geological Map, by numerous Drawings of Plants and Shells and by Views of interesting Scenery. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXXIX, pp. 1-154. Hrcarp, E. W. 1879. The Loess of the Mississippi Valley and the Aeolian Hypothesis. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XVIII, pp. 106-112. Hinpe, G. J. 1877. ‘The Glacial and Interglacial Strata of Scarboro, Heights and other Localities near Toronto. Can. Journ., N.S., XV, pp. 388-413. Hrrcacock, C. H. 1861. Geology of Vermont, I, pp. 93-167. 1871. The Distribution of Maritime Plants in North America. A Proof of Oceanic submergence in the Champlain Period. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., XIX, 1870, pp. 175-181. Hitcxcock, E. 1872. Discovery of a Tooth of a Mastodon in Massachusetts. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), II, p. 146. 1885. (Letter to the editor of Science announcing discovery of a mastodon’s skeleton near Geneva, N. Y.) Science, VI, p. 450. Hosss, B. C. 1872. Geology of Parke County. Geol. Surv. Ind., 3rd-4th An. Rep. pp. 341-344. Hoses, WILLIAM H. 1911. The Late Glacial and Post-glacial Uplift of the Michigan Basin. Michigan Geol. and Biol. Surv., Pub. 5, Geol. Series 3, pp. 1-68. Hotranp, W. J. 1906. The Hyoid Bone in Mastodon americanus. An. Carnegie Mus., III, pp. 464-467 Ho tick, ARTHUR. 1901. Discovery of a Mastodon’s Tooth and the Remains of Boreal Vegetation in a Swamp on Staten Island,N.Y. An.N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, pp. 67-68. 1915. New Species of Ficus from the Interglacial Deposits of the Kootenay Valley, British Columbia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, p. 159. Ho.mes, N. 1868. Some Remarks upon the Loess in connection with the Big Mound at St. Louis. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, II, pp. 565-569. 422 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE HOoLZINGER AND BEST. 4903. The Bryologist, November. Hopkins, THomAS C. 1914. The Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 171, pp. 1-80. Hovey, E. O. 1908. The Chester, New York, Mastodon. An.N.Y. Acad. Sci., XVIII, No. 4, Part ii, p. 147. HowartTH, ERASMUS AND BEEDE, J. W. 1897. The McPherson Equus Beds. The Univ. Geol. Surv. of Kansas, IT, pp. 285-296. HuBBARD, BELA. 1840. 3rd. An. Rep., State Geol. Surv. Mich., pp. 102-111. HuBBARD, GEORGE D. 1911. See Stauffer, Clinton R. Humpnreys, Epwin W. 1909. Recent Fresh-water Fossils from Bronx Borough, New York City. Nautilus, XXIII, pp. 10-11. Hunter, A. F. 1902. The Algonquin Shore-line in Simcoe County, Ontario. Sum. Rep., Can. Geol. Surv., pp. 281-304 A. Hussakor, L. 1916. Discovery of the Great Lake Trout, Cristivomer namycush, in the Pleistocene of Wisconsin. Journ. Geol., XXIV, pp. 685-689. Jackson, J. B.S. 1845. (Fossil bones of Mastodon giganteus). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., II, pp. 60-62. Jounson, H. A. AND ‘Exomas, B. W. 1884. Microscopic Organisms in the Bowlder Clays of Chicago and Vicinity. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, No. 4, pp. 35-40. Joxunston, W. A. 1914. The Calcareous Drift and Lacustrine Deposits in Rainy River District, Ontario. Sum. Rep., Geol. Surv. Canada, 1913, pp. 170-177. 1914a. Geology of Lake Simcoe Area, Ontario; Beaverton, Sutton and Barrie Sheets. Sum. Rep., Geol. Surv. Canada, 1912, pp. 294-300 (Pleistocene p. 299). 1917. Pleistocene and Recent Deposits of the Vicinity of Ottawa, with a Description of the Soils. Memoir 101, Can. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-69. Kansas City REVIEW OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 1879. Note on Mastodon tusk. Vol. III, p. 242. Kay, Gro. F. 1916. Some Features of the Kansan Drift in Southern Iowa. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVII, pp 115-117. 19i6a. Some Evidence regarding the Duration of the Yarmouth Interglacial Epoch. Science, N. S., XLIII, p. 398. 1916b. Gumbotil, A New Term in Pleistocene Geology. Science, N.S., XLIV, pp. 637- 638. Keyes, CHARLES R. 1888. An Annotated Catalogue of The Mollusca of Iowa. Bull. Essex Inst., XX, pp. 61-63. 1888a. Surface Geology of Burlington, Iowa. Amer. Nat., XXII, pp. 1049-1054. 1889. Note on the Distribution of certain Loess Fossils. Amer. Geol., IV, pp. 119-121. 1893. Bibliography of Iowan Geology. Iowa Geol. Surv., I, pp. 209-464. BIBLIOGRAPHY 423 1894. (Preglacial valleys). Geol. Surv. Iowa, IT, pp. 183-185, 292, 346. 1895. Geological Scorings in Iowa. Iowa Geol. Surv., III, 2nd An. Rep., 1893, pp. 147-165. 1895a. Geology of Lee County. Geol. Surv. Iowa, ITI, 2nd An. Rep., 1893, pp. 356-361. 1912. Relations of Missouri River Loess Mantle and Kansan Drift Sheet. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), XXXII, pp. 32-34. Keyes, CHARLES R. AND CALL, R. ELLSwortu. 1892. On a Quaternary Section Eight Miles Southeast of Des Moines, Iowa. Proc. Towa Acad. Sci., I, ii, p. 30. Kiyb_e, Epwarp M. 1898. Catalogue of the Fossils of Indiana accompanied by a Bibliography of the Litera- ture relating to Them. 22nd An. Rep., Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., Ind., 1897, pp. 407-514. Fossil vertebrates, pp. 484-485. Kinp1re, E. M. anp Taytor, F. B. 1913. Niagara Folio, New York. Geologic Atlas, U.S. G.S., No. 190. Kurppart, JOHN H. 1875. Discovery of Dicotyles (Platygonus) compressus LeConte. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXTIT, 1874, pp. 1-6; Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., I, pp. 1-6. 1875a. Mastodon Remainsin Ohio. Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., II, pp. 151-155. Knicat, Dr. 1835. (Opinion on fossil tooth of Buffalo). Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XX VII, pp. 166-168, Know .ton, F. H. 1901. The Canadian Pleistocene Flora. The Plant World, IV, p. 12. 1912. Modern Aspects of Paleobotany. I, The Relations of Paleobotany to Geology. Amer. Nat., XLVI pp. 207-215. KorEHLER, ARTHUR. 1916: Wood Older than the Hills. American Forestry, XXII, pp. 92-93. Kummet, H. B. 1919. See Bascom, F. Kwapp, G. N. 1909. See Bascom, F. Lampe, LAWRENCE M. 1898. On the Remains of Mammoth in the Museum of the Geological Survey Depart- ment. Ottawa Nat., XII, pp. 136-137. 1912. The Past Vertebrate Life of Canada. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, (iii) V, sect. 4, pp. 3-15. LANE, ALFRED C. 1900. Geological Report on Huron County, Michigan. Geol. Surv. Mich., VII, Part ii, pp. 1-329. 1902. Mammoth and Mastodon. Geol. Surv. Mich., An. Rep., 1901, pp. 252-253. 1908. Summary of the Surface Geology of Michigan. 9th An. Rep. State Geol. Mich., 1907, pp. 97-143 (122-135). Lancpon, F. W. 1883. The Giant Beaver (Castoroides ohioensis Foster). Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 238-239. Lapuam, INCREASE A. 1828. Notice of the Louisville and Shippingsport Canal, and of the Geology of the Vicinity. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XIV, pp. 65-69. 1855. On the Number of Teeth of the Mastodon giganteus. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 133-136. 424 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE LATCHFORD, F. R. 1914. Valvata piscinalis in Canada. Nautilus, XXVIII, p. 10. Laturop, S. P. 1851. Mastodon in Northern Illinois. Amer. Journ., Sci., (ii), XII, p. 438. Lawson, ANDREW C. 1889. Report on the Geology of the Rainy Lake Region. Rep. Can. Geol. Surv., 1887-8, pp. 1-182F. Lawson, Pustius V. 1902. Preliminary Notice of the Forest Beds of the Lower Fox. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., II, No. 2, pp. 170-172. Lea, IsAAc. 1868. Descriptions of Unionidae from the Lower Cretaceous Formation of New Jersey. Proc. Phil. Acad, Nat. Sci., pp. 162-164. LeConte, Joun L. 1848. Notice of Five New Species of Mammalia from Illinois. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), V, pp. 102-100. 1848a. On Platygonus compressus; A New Fossil Pachyderm. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., II, pp. 257-274. 1852. Notes on some Suilline Pachyderms from Illinois. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, pp. 3-5. 1852a. (Remarks on Castoroides ohioensis from Shawneetown, Illinois). Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, p. 53. 1852b. Notice of a Fossil Dicotyles from Missouri. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 5-6. Ua oy SHUSY See Gory, S. S. Ley, JosEPH. 1845. Notes taken on a Visit to White ’Pond, in Warren Co., New Jersey. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 279-281. 1847. On the Fossil Horse of America. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1IJ, pp. 262-266. 1852. Memoir on the Extinct Species of American Ox. Smith. Contr. Knowl. V, Art. iii, pp. 1-20. 1852a. Fossil Bones from Big Bone Lick, Kentucky. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, p. 140. 1852b. (Note on fossil Bison.) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, p. 117. 1853. A Memoir on the Extinct Dicotylinae of America. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., X, pp. 323-343. 1854. Remarks on the Question of the Identity of Bodtherium cavifrons with Ovibos moschatus or O. maximus. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., VII, pp. 209-210. 1854a. Notice of some Fossil Bones discovered by Mr. Francis A. Lincke, in the Banks of the Ohio River, Indiana. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., VII, pp. 199-201. 1855. A Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America. Smith. Contr. Knowl., VII, Art. v, pp. 1-68. 1856. Notice of the Remains of a Species of Seal, from the Post-Pliocene Deposit of the Ottawa River. Can. Nat., I, pp. 238-239. 1856a. Description of some Remains of Extinct Mammalia. Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., (ii), III, pp. 106-171. 1857. Observations on the Extinct Peccary of North America, being a Sequel to “A Memoir on the Extinct Dicotylinae of America.” Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, pp. 97-105. 1859. (References to fossil reindeer.) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 194. 1860. 1862. 1867. 1867a. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1870a. 1871. 1873. 1875. 1879. 1879a. 1889. 1889a. 1889b. LEIGHTON, 1913. 1916. 1916a. 1917. 1917a. BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 (Note on Dicotyles.) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 416. Observations upon the Mammalian Remains tound in the Crevices of the Lead- bearing Rocks at Galena, Illinois. Geol. Wis., I, p. 424. (Fossil skull of a gopher ‘Geomys bursarius.’) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 97. (Castoroides ohioensis from Coles Co., Illinois.) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 97-98. Notice of some Remains of Extinct Pachyderms. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 230-233. The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska including an Account of some Allied Forms from other Localities, together with a Synopsis of the Mammalian Remains of North America. Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., (ii), VII, pp. 1-472. (Note on Ovibos cavifrons.) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 73. (Notes on Mastodon, Elephas, etc.) Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 96-98. Notes on the American Mastodon and other Fossils. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), I, pp. 63-65. Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories. Hayden’s Final Report, U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories, I, pp. 14-358. Mastodon of Otisville, Orange County, N. Y. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), EX, p. 483. Fossil Remains of a Caribou. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 32-33. The Woodland Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer caribou) from the Loess of Iowa. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XVII, p. 410. On Platygonus, an Extinct Genus allied to the Peccaries. Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., II, pp. 41-50. Notice of some Mammalian Remains from the Salt Mine of Petite Anse, Louisiana. Op. cit., pp. 33-40. Notice and Description of Fossils in Caves and Crevices oi the Limestone Rocks of Pennsylvania. An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Penn. for 1887, pp. 1-20. Morris M. An Exposure showing Post-Kansan Glaciation near Iowa City, Iowa. Journ. Geol., XXI, pp. 431-435. Superimposition of Kansan Drift on Sub-Aftonian Drift in Eastern Iowa. Science, N. S., XLIV, p. 68. The Pleistocene History of Iowa River Valley, North and West of Iowa City in Johnson County. An. Rep., Iowa Geol. Survey, XXV, pp. 103-181. The Iowan Glaciation and the so-called Iowan Loess Deposits. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., for 1917, XXIV, pp. 87-98. See Alden. Lemon, JAMEs H. 1898. Interglacial Shells at Toronto, Canada. Nautilus, XII, pp. 6-7. LeTSON, ELIZABETH J. 1901. 1905. LEVERETT, 1888. 1888. 1890. Post—Pliocene Fossils of the Niagara River Gravels. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 238-252. Check-list of the Mollusca of New York. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 88, pp. 1-112. FRANK. Raised Beaches of Lake Michigan. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 177-192. On the occurrence of the ‘Forest Bed’ beneath Intra-morainic Drift. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX XVII, pp. 183-184. The Cincinnati Ice Dam. Op. cit., XXXIX, pp. 250-251. 426 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 1890a. Changes of Climate indicated by Interglacial Beds and attendant Oxidation and Leaching. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, pp. 455-459. 1895. Soils of Illinois. Final Report Illinois Board Worlds Fair Com., pp. 77-92. 1896. The Water Resources of Illinois. 17th An. Rep., U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. II, pp. 695-849. Chicago Outlet, pp. 711-712. 1897. Glacial Deposits of Indiana. Inland Educator, 1896, pp. 24-32; Science, N. S., V, p. 263. 1897a. The Pleistocene Features and Deposits of the Chicago Area. Bull. Nat. Hist. Surv., Chicago Acad. Sci., II, pp. 1-86. 1898. The Weathered Zone (Yarmouth) between the Illinoian and Kansan Till Sheets. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, 1897, pp. 81-86. 1898a. The Weathered Zone (Sangamon) between the Iowan Loess and Illinoian Till Sheet. Op. cit., pp. 71-80. 1899. The Illinois Glacial Lobe. Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv., XX XVIII. pp. 418-459. 1899a. Wells of Indiana. Water Supply Papers, U. S. Geol. Surv., Nos. 21 and 26. 82 and 64 pp. 1902. Glacial Formations and Drainage Features of the Erie and Ohio Basins. Mon, U.S. Geol. Surv., XLI. 1904. Review of the Glacial Geology of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. An, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 100-110. 1904a. The Loess and Its Distribution. Amer. Geol., XXXIII, pp. 56-57. 1908. See RusseELt, I. C. 1910. Comparison of North American and European Glacial Deposits. Zeitschrift fiir Gletscherkiinde, Bd. VI, pp. 241-316. 1910a. Outline of the History of the Great Lakes. 12th An. Rep., Mich. Acad. Sci., pp. 19-42. 1912. Correlation of Lake Agassiz with Glacial Lakes in Great Lakes Basins. 14th An. Rep., Mich. Acad. Sci., p. 115. 1912a. Surface Geology and Agricultural Conditions of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., Pub. 9, Geol. Ser. 7, pp. 1-144. 1913. Iowan Drift. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, p. 698. 1913a. Time Relations of Glacial Lakes in the Great Lakes Region. Trans. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, pp. 237-238. LEVERETT, FRANK and CAMPBELL, Maurtus R. 1900. Danville Folio. Geologic Atlas, U. S. G. S., No. 67. LEVERETT, FRANK and TayLor, FRANK B. 1915. The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan and the History of the Great Lakes. Mon. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-529. Lewis, J. L. 1880. Fossil Remains in Southwest Missouri. Kansas City Review Science and Industry, IV, p. 207. LitTLE, Homer P. 1917. Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene Geology of Waterville, Maine. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVIII, pp. 309-322. Locxwoop, SAMUEL. ; 1882-3. A Mastodon americanus in a Beaver Meadow. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXXI, pp. 365-366, 1882; Montreal Herald, Aug. 25, 1882; Pop. Sci. Mon., Jan. 1883. BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 iow, A. P. 1887. Preliminary Report on an Exploration of Country between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay. Can. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-19F. 1892. Report on the Geology and Economic Minerals of the Southern Portion of Que- bec and Montmorency Counties, Province of Quebec. An. Rep. Can. Geol. Sury., 1890-91, pp. 1-82 L. Lucas, F. A. 1899. The Fossil Bison of North America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXI, pp. 755-771. 1899a. The Characters of Bison occidentalis, the Fossil Bison of Kansas and Alaska. Kansas Univ. Quarterly, VIII, pp. 17-18. Luz, Ricwarp S. 1914. New Mastodon Find in Connecticut. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXV, p. 143. LYELL, CHARLES. 1843. On the Ridges, Elevated Beaches, Inland Cliffs and Boulder Formations of the Canadian Lakes and Valley of St. Lawrence. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLVI, pp. 314-317; Proc. Geol. Soc. London, IV, No. 92. 1843a. On the Geological Position of the Mastodon giganteum and associated Fossil Remains at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, and other Localities in the United States and Canada. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLVI, pp. 320-323; Proc. Geol. Soc. London, IV, pp. 36-39; An. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 125-128. 1845. Travels in America, I. 1871. Elements of Geology. Glacial Formations of North America, pp. 182-183. OTC: M. , 1867. Discovery of additional Mastodon Remains at Cohoes, N. Y. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLII, pp. 115-116. McApams, Ws. 1886. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1V, pp. LA XIX-LXXX Macsrwe, T.H. 1897. A Pre-Kansan Peat Bed. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, 1896, pp. 63-66. 1902. Geology of Cherokee and Buena Vista Counties, with Notes on the Limits of the Wisconsin Driit as seen in Northwestern Iowa. Geol. Iowa, XII, pp. 303-353. 1902a. Geology of Kossuth, Hancock, and Winnebago Counties. Geol. Iowa, XII, pp. 100-106. 1906. Geology of Sac and Ida Counties. Geol. Iowa, XVI, pp. 509-562. McGee, W. J. 1878. Relative Position of Forest Beds and associated Drift 'ormztions in Northeastern Towa. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XV, pp. 339-341. 1878a. On the Complete Series of superficial Formations in Northeastern Iowa. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX VII, pp. 198-231. 1887. Ovibos cavifrons from the Loess of Iowa. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XXXIV, pp. 217-220. 1888. Notes on the Geology 0: Macon County, Missouri. Trans. Acad. Aci., St. Louis, V, pp. 305-336. 1888. Ovibos cavifrons from the Loess of Iowa. Amer. Geol., I, pp. 126-127. 1891. The Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa. 1ith An. Rep., U. S. Geol. Surv., Part I, pp. 189-577. McGee, W. J. and Catt, R. E.tswortu. 1882. On the Loess and associated Deposits of Des Moines. Amer. Jour. Sci., (iii), XXIV, pp. 202-223. 428 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Marsx, O. C. 1867. Discovery of additional Mastodon Remains at Cohoes, N. Y. Amer. Journ. Sci., Gi), XLIII, pp. 115-116. 1875. Mastodon of Otisville, Orange County, N. Y. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), TX, p. 483. MarsHatt, W. L. 1890. Survey of Waterway from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River at LaSalle, Ill. An. Rep., Chief of Engineers, 1889, Part 3, Appendix JJ, pp. 2399-2574. Marti, H. T. 1912. Onacomparison of Three Skulls: Castoroides ohioensis, Castoroides kansensis and Castor. Kansas Univ., Science Bull., VI, No. 6, pp. 389-396. Mason, S. C. 1883. A Preliminary List of Fossils found in Riley County. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VIII, pp. 12-13. Mater, W. W. 1838. (Letter to editor on bones and teeth of Elephas jacksoni found in Ohio.) Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXXIV, pp. 362-364. MattTuHew, G. F. 1877. On the Mollusca of the Post-Pliocene Formation of Acadia. Can. Nat., N. S., VIII, pp. 104-117. Mattuew, W. D. 1902. List of the Pleistocene Fauna trom Hay Springs, GUESS. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, pp. 317-322. 1915. See CLARKE, JoHN M. Maury, C. J. 1908. An Interglacial Fauna found in Cayuga Valley and Its Relation to the Pleistocene of Toronto. Journ. Geol., XVI, pp. 565-567. MaxwELl, J. B. 1845. (A letter concerning the discovery of Mastodon bones near Hackettstown, N.Y.) Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., IV, pp. 118-121; 127. Mercer, H. C. 1895. A Preliminary Account of the Reéxploration in 1894 and 1895 of the ‘Bone Hole,’ now Known as Irwins Cave, at Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 443-446. 1899. The Bone Cave at Port Kennedy, Pa., and Its Partial Excavation in 1894, 1895 , and 1896. Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., (ii), XI, pp. 269-286. Merril, J. H. 1886. On the Geology of Long Island. An. N. Y. Acad. Sci., III, pp. 341-364. MIppLeTon, W. G. and Moore, JOSEPH. 1900. Skull of Fossil Bison. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1899, pp. 178-181. Miter, B. L. 1909. See Bascom, F. MItter, G. S. 1899. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., VI, No. 29, pp. 371-390, Fossil Mammals, pp. 372-376. 1899a. A New Fossil Bear from Ohio. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, pp. 53-56. MILLER, SYLVANUS. 1837. Retrospective Notice of the discovery of Fossil Mastodon Bones in Orang € County (N. Y.). Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXXI, pp. 171-172. BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Muter, S. A. 1881. The Caenozoic Age or Tertiary Period. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. 3-46: 183-234. Mitter, W. J. 1914. The Geological History of New York State. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 168, pp. 1-130. Mitts, W. M. 1903. A Physiographic and Ecological Study of the Lake Eagle (Winona Lake) Region, Indiana. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Ind., 28th An. Rep., pp. 377-396. MrTcHELL, SAMUEL L. 1818. Observations on the Geology of North America; Illustrated by the Description of various Organic Remains found in that Part of the World. Cuvier’s Essay on the Theory of the Earth, pp. 319-431. American Edition, published by Kirk and Mercem. New York. MontTcoMERY, Hucu T. 1899. The Glacial Phenomenon as exhibited in Northern Indiana and Southern Michi- gan and the resulting Ancient Waterways or the Early History of Our Home. Northern Ind. Hist. Soc., Pub. No. 2. Moore, JOSEPH. 1890. Concerning some Portions of Castoroides ohioensis not heretofore Known. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXXTIX, pp. 265-267. 1890a. Concerning a Skeleton of the Great Fossil Beaver, Castoroides ohioensis. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIII, pp. 138-169. 1890b. A Recent Find of Castoroides. Amer. Nat., XXIV, pp. 767-768. 1893. The recently found Castoroides in Randolph County, Ind. Amer. Geol., XII, pp. 67-74. 1897. The Randolph Mastodon. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, pp. 277-278. 1900. See MrppreTon, W. G. 1900a. A Cranium of Castoroides found at Greenfield, Indiana. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1899, pp. 171-173. Mose tey, E. L. 1905. Formation of Sandusky Bay and Cedar Point. Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 179-238. Monce, B. F. 1877. Bison latifrons in Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., V, pp. 9-10. Monn, M. J. 1911. Sewickley Folio (Pennsylvania). Geologic Atlas, U. S. G. S., No. 176. Netson, N. C. 1918, Additional Studies in the Pleistocene at Vero, Florida. Review. Science, N. S., XLVII, pp. 394-395. NEWBERRY, J. S. 2 1862. Notes on the Surface Geology of the Basin of the Great Lakes. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 42-46. 1870. On the Surface Geology of the Basin of the Great Lakes and the Valley of the Mississippi. An. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., LX, pp. 213-234. 1870a. The Geological Position of the Remains of Elephant and Mastodon in North America. Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, pp. 77-84. 1870b. The Surface Geology of the Basin of the Great Lakes and the Valley of the Mississippi. Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 193-214. 1871. The Drift Period. Amer. Nat., V, pp. 729-731 (From Nature). 430 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 1873. Report on the Geology of Cuyahoga County. Geol. Surv. Ohio, I, Geology and Paleontology, Chapter VI, pp. 171-200. 1874. Surface Geology. Geol. Ohio, II, Chapter XXX, pp. 1-80. 1874a. (Remarks on skulls of Dicotyles compressus found at Columbus, Ohio.) Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., (ii), No. 3, pp. 77-78. 1874b. (Remarks on Castoroides ohioensis.) Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., (ii), No. 4, pp. 92-93. 1883. On the Origin and Drainage Features of the Basins of the Great Lakes. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX, pp. 91-95. 1895. The Flora of the Amboy Clays. Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv., XXVI (p. 109), pp. 1-260. Norton, WILiiAmM H. 1895. Geology of Linn County. Geol. Surv. Iowa, IV, Pleistocene Deposits, pp. 168- 134. 1901. Geology of Cedar County. Op. cit., XI, pp. 343-372. NYLANDER, OLOF O. ih 1901. Shells of the Marl Deposits of Aroostook County, Maine, as compared with the Living Forms in the same Locality. Nautilus, XIV, pp. 101-104. 1909. Fossil and Living Shells found in Little Mud Lake, Westmanland, Aroostook County, Maine. Nautilus, XXII, pp. 105-106. Orr, ELLISON. 1908. Exposures of Iowan and Kansan(?) Drift, East of the usually accepted West Boundary Line of the Driftless Area. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XIV, 1907, pp. 231-236. OrTMANN, ARNOLD E. 1912. Notes upon the Families and Genera of Najades. An. Carnegie Mus., VIII, No. 2, pp. 222-364 1912a. The Geological Origin of the Freshwater Fauna of Pennsylvania. Top. and Geol. Surv. Penn., 1910-1912, Appendix E, pp. 135-149. 1913. The Alleghenian Divide, and Its influence upon the Freshwater Fauna. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., LII, pp. 287-390. Orton, Davin. 1878. Report on the Geology of Warren County. Geol. Ohio, III, pp. 381-391. Orton, EpwArp. 1873. Geology of the Cincinnati Group. Report on the Third Geological District. Hamilton, Clermont, Warren and Butler Counties. Geol. Ohio, I, pp. 364-480, (427-428.) ; 1874. Report on the Third District. Geol. Ohio, II, pp. 609-696. 1888. The Geology of Ohio, considered in Its Relation to Petroleum and Natural Gas. Geol. Surv. Ohio, VI, pp. 1-831. 1891. On the occurrence of Megalonyx jeffersoni in Central Ohio. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., II, p. 635. Osporn, H. F. 1899. The Newburgh Mastodon. Science, N. S., X, p. 539. 1907. A Mounted Skeleton of the Columbian Mammoth (Elephas columbi). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, pp. 255-257. 1909. Cenozoic Mammal Horizons of Western North America. Bull. U. S. Geol- Surv., No. 361, pp. 1-138. 1910. The Age of Mammals. In Europe, Asia, and North America, pp. i-xvii, 1-635. New York, Macmillan Company. ‘ BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 1915. Review of the Pleistocene of Europe, Asia and Northern Africa. An. N. Y. Acad. Sci., X XVI, pp. 215-315. 1916. Men of the Old Stone Age, their Environment, Life and Art. Second Edition. Oscoop, WILFRED H. 1905. Scaphoceros tyrelli, an Extinct Ruminant from the Klondike Gravels. Smith. Miscel. Coll., XLVIII, pp. 173-183. OwEN, Davi D. 1852. Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota and inciden- tally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory. Owen, LUELLA A. 1904. The Loess at St. Joseph (Missouri). Amer. Geol., XXXIV, pp. 223-228. 1905. Evidence on the Deposition of Loess. Amer. Geol., XX XV, pp. 291-300. Pacxarp, A. S. 1866. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLI, pp. 30-32. 1867. Observations on the Glacial Phenomena of Labrador and Maine, with a View of the Recent Invertebrate Fauna of Labrador. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, pp. 210-303. Review in Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLIV, pp. 117-118. 1869. The Hairy Mammoth. Amer. Nat., II, pp. 23-35. Paistey, C. H. 1875. On the Post-Pliocene Formation near Bathurst, New Brunswick. Can. Nat., N. S., VII, pp. 268-270. 1875a. Notes on the Marine Clays occurring at the Railway Cutting on the Left Bank of the Tattegouche River. Can. Nat., N.S., VII, pp. 41-43. Panton, J. Hoes. 1891. The Mastodon and Mammoth in Ontario, Canada. Geol. Mag., (iii), VIII, pp. 504-505. 1892. The Mastodon and Mammoth in Ontario, Canada. Report British Assoc. Adv. Sci., 61st Meeting, Cardiff, 1891, pp. 654-655. Parker, H. W. 1884. (Abstract of an account of the finding of a mammoth in Grinnell, [owa, by H. W. Parker; taken from Daily Iowa Capital). Science, IV, p. 46. PEALE, REMBRANDT. 1803. Account of some Remains of a Species of Gigantic Oxen found in America and other Parts of the World. Philos. Mag., XV, pp. 325-327. PEATTIE, RODERICK. 1914. Topography of the Bed Rock Under Chicago. Journ. Western Soc. Eng., XIX, No. 6, pp. 590-611. PENHALLOW, D. P. 1891. Two Species of Trees from the Post-Glacial of Illinois. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, IX, pp. 29-32. 1892. A New Species of Larix from the Interglacial of Manitoba. Amer. Geol., IX, p. 368. 1896. Contributions to the Pleistocene Flora of Canada. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, (ii), II, iv, pp. 59-77. 1900. The Pleistocene Flora of the Don Valley. Rep. British Assoc. Adv. Sci., XVII, pp. 334-339. 1901. A Decade of North American Paleobotany. 1890-1900. Science, N. S., XIII, pp. 161-176. 1904. Notes on Tertiary Plants from Canada and the United States. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, N. S., X, pp. 56-76. 432 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Perkins, G. H. 1908. Fossil Cetacea of the Pleistocene of the United States and Canada, with special reference to Delphinapterus vermontanus, Thompson. Rep. State Geol. Ver- mont, VI, 1907-1908, pp. 76-112. Puwney, A. J. 1882. Geology of Delaware County. Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist., Ind., 11th An. Rep., 1881, pp. 131-132. Piers, HARRY. 1912. Mastodon Remains in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., Proc. and Trans., XIII, Part 2, pp. 163-174. Pitssry, Henry A. 1886. Notes on some Eastern Iowa Snails. Amer. Nat., XX, p. 75. 1896. Geology of the Mussel-bearing Clays of Fish-house New Jersey. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 567-570. ' 1898. Notes on the Florencia Formation. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), V, pp. 232-233. 1901. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. Review, Nautilus, XV, p. 84. I’"LUMMER, JOHN T. 1841. Tooth and Grinder of a Mastodon. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLI, p. 149. 1843. Suburban Geology, or Rocks, Soil, and Water about Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XLIV, pp. 281-313. PRIME, TEMPLE. > 1865. Monograph of American Corbiculidae (Recent and Fossil). Smith. Miscel. Coll., No. 145, pp. i-xi, 1-80. Pratt, W. H. 1876. Report on a Geological examination of the Section of the Bluffs recently ex- posed by the C.R.I.andP.RR. Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., I ,pp. 96-99. 1878. The Shell-beds of the Vicinity of Davenport. Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci., II, pp. 156-162. 1882. See Gass, J. Prest. W. H. 1896. Glacial Succession in Central Luneberg. Proc. and Trans., Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., EX, pp. 158-170. : Price, Evi K. 1877. The Glacial Epochs. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVI, pp. 241-276. PUMPELLY, RAPHEL. 1879. The Relation of Secular Rock-disintegration to Loess, Glacial Drift and Rock Basins. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XVII, pp. 133-144. QUARTERLY JOURNAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1845. Notice of a Mastodon recently discovered in North America. I, pp. 566-567. Rappin, C. S. 1891. See Higley, W. K. Reap, M.C. 1873. Reports on the Geology of Ashtabula, Trumbull, Lake and Gauga Counties. Geol. Ohio, I, pp. 481-533. Ramsay, ANDREW C. 1859. On some of the Glacial Phenomena of Canada and the Northeastern Provinces of the United States during the Drift Period. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, XV, pp. 200-215. BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 REAGAN, ALBERT B. 1908. Summary of Glacial Literature relating to Glacial Deposits. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., X XI, Part I, pp. 86-110. REDFIELD, W. C. 1850. On some Fossil Remains from Broome County, N. Y. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 2nd Meeting, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 255-256. Ruoaps, SAMUEL N. 1897. Notes on Living and Extinct Species of North American Bovidae. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 483-502. 1903. The Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. List of Fossils on pp. 227-250. Philadelphia. Rick, FRANKLIN P. 1885. An Account of the Discovery of a Mastodon’s Remains in Northborough, Wor- cester County, Mass. Wercester, Mass., pp. 3-8. Ricu, Joun L. and Fitmer, Epwin A. 1915. The Interglacial Gorges of Six Mile Creek at Ithaca, New York. Journ. Geol., XXIII, No. 1, pp. 59-80. RICHARDSON, JOEN. 1854. (On some points in the osteology of the Mastodon and fossil elephant.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 82-84. 1856. (On Swan River Mastodon.) Op. cit., pp. 265-266. 1855. Note on the Mastodon(?) and the Elephas primigenius. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XTX, pp. 131-132. RWDELL, JouN L. 1836. Remarks on the Geological Features of Ohio, and some of the Desiderata which might be Supplied by a Geological Survey of the State. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXX, p. 394. Ries, HEINRICH. 1895. Clay Industries of New York. Bull. N. Y. State Museum, ITI, No. 12, pp. 93- 262. Rogs, CHARLES, 1860. Observations on the Physical Geology of the Western Districts of Canada. Can. Journ., N. S., V, pp. 497-512. Rocers, H. D. 1854. (Epoch of the Mammoth.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 22-23. RUSSELL, FRANCIS W. 1891. Preliminary Notes on the Geology of Central Nebraska. Amer. Geol., VII, pp. 38-44. RusseE11, I. C. 1905. A Geological Reconnaissance along the North Shore of Lakes Huron and Michi- gan. Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1904, pp. 39-105. RussELL, I. C. and LEvEReETT, F. 1908 Ann Arbor Folio, Michigan. Geol. Atlas, U.S. G. S., No. 155. SAFELY, ROBERT. 1866. Discovery of Mastodon Remains at Cohoes, N. Y. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XLII, p. 426. St. Jonn, O. H. 1870. Geology of the Middle Region of Western Iowa and other Counties. Report Geol. Surv. Iowa, II, p. 15. 434 SALISBURY, 1896. 1899. 1902. 1906. 1909. 1912. SALISBURY, 1909. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE R. D. Loess in the Wisconsin Drift Formation. Journ. Geol., IV, pp. 929-937. The Geography of Chicago and Its Environs. Bull. Geog. Soc. Chicago, I. See CHAMBERLIN, T. C. See CHAMBERLIN, T. C. See Bascom, F. Physical Geography of the Pleistocene with Reference to the Correlation of Pleistocene Formations. Outlines of Geologic History with especial Reference to North America, pp. 265-275. Chicago. R. D. and Knapp, G. N. Philadelphia Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 162. Sampson, F. A. 1913. 1914. A Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Missouri (Exclusive of the Unionidae). Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XXII, No. 3, pp. 67-108. Postpliocene Shells of Providence and Lupus, Missouri. Nautilus, XXVIII, pp. 15-17. SAUER, CARL O. 1916. SAVAGE, J. 1878. SAVAGE, T. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1905a. 1913. 1915. Geography of the Upper Illinois Valley and History of its Development. III. State Geol. Surv., Bull. 27, pp. 1-208. On Mastodon Remains in Douglas County. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 10-11. E: Geology of Henry County. Geol. Iowa, XII, pp. 289-294. Geology of Tama County. Geol. Iowa, XII, pp. 230-243. A Buried Peat Bed in Dodge Township, Union County, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XI, 1902, pp. 103-109, Geology of Fayette County. Geol. Iowa, XV, pp. 433-546. Geology of Benton County. Geol. Iowa, XV, pp. 127-225 (201-210). See SHaw, E. W. The Loess in Illinois; Its Origin and Age. Trans. Ill Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 100-117, Say, THomas. 1825. Descriptions of some New Species of Fresh-water and Land Shells of the United States. Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., V, pp. 119-131. 1829-1831. Descriptions of some New Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of North America. 1832. New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, II, p. 229 et seq. ad interim, 1829-1831. American Conchology; or, Descriptions of the Shells of North America. Il- lustrated by Colored Figures from Original Drawings, executed from Nature. New Harmony, Ind., Part V. ScuarrF, R. F. 1907. 1912. European Animals; their Geological History and Geographical Distribution. London. Pp. i-xiv, 1-258. Distribution and Origin of Life in America. New York. Pp. 1-497. Scott, WILLIAM B. 1885. 1885a. Discovery of an Extinct Elk in the Quaternary of New Jersey. Amer. Nat., XIX, p. 495. Ki Cervalces americanus, a Fossil Moose or Elk from the Quaternary of New Jersey. Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., pp. 181-202. BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 1886. Cervalces americanus. 4th An. Rep., E. M. Mus. Geol. and Arch. Princeton Coll., pp. 46. 1898. Memoir of Edward D. Cope. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., IX, pp. 401-408. 1913. A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere. Pp. i-xiv, 1-693. ScovELl, J. T. 1896. Geology of Vigo County. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Ind., 21st An. Rep., pp. 532-557. ScuDDER, SAMUEL H. 1877. Description of Two Species of Carabidae found in the Interglacial Deposits of Scarboro Heights, near Toronto, Canada. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., III, pp. 763-764. 1886. The Operations of a Prehistoric Beetle. Can. Ent., XVIII, pp. 194-196. 1890. Remains of Coleoptera in the Interglacial Clays of Scarboro, Ontario. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, pp: 467-468. 1893. Tertiary Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of the United States. Mon. U.S. G.S., XXII, pp. i-vi, 1-206. 1894. The Effect of Glaciation and of the Glacial Period on the Present Fauna of North America. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVIII, pp. 179-187. 1895. The Coleoptera hitherto found Fossil in Canada. Contr. to Can. Pal., II, Part I, pp. 27-56. 1898. The Pleistocene Beetles of Fort River, Massachusetts. Mon. XXIX, U.S.G.S., pp. 740-746. 1900. Additions to the Coleopterous Fauna of the Interglacial Clays of the Toronto District. With an Appendix by A. D. Hopkins on the Scolytid Borings from the same Deposits. Con. to Can. Pal., II, Part II. Canadian Fossil Insects, pp. 67-92, SELLaRDS, E. H. 1916. Human Remains from the Pleistocene of Florida. Science, N.S., XLIV, pp. 615-617. 1916a. Human Remains and Associated Fossils from the Pleistocene of Florida. 8th An. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 121-160. 1917. Review of the Evidence on which the Human Remains found at Vero, Florida, are referred to the Pleistocene. 9th An. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 69-81 SHALER, N. S. 1871. The Time of the Mammoths. Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 148-166. 1871a. Note on the occurrence of the Remains of Tarandus rangifer, Gray, at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 167. 1876. On the Age of the Bison in the Ohio Valley. Mem. Kentucky Geol. Surv., I, pp. 232-236; Appendix, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll., IV, No. 10, pp. 232-236. 1890. Note on Glacial Climate. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, pp. 460-465. SHaw, EucEeNe W. 1915. On the Origin of the Loess of Southwestern Indiana. Science, N. S., XLI, pp. 104108. Saw, E. W. Anp Savace T. E. 1913. Tallula-Springfield Folio, Illinois. Geol. Atlas, U. S. G. S., No. 188. Suaw, E. W. anp Trowsrince, A. C. 1916. Galena-Elizabeth Folio, Illinois-Iowa. Geol. Atlas, U. S. G. S., No. 200. 436 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE SHaw, JAMEs. 1873. Geology of Ogle County. Geol. Illinois, V, p. 110. 1873a. Geology of Lee County and Whiteside County. Geol. Illinois, V, pp. 130, 145. SHELDON, PEARL. 1915. Mastodon Tusk in Glacial Gravels. Science, N.S., XLI, pp. 98-99. SHELFORD, VICTOR E. 1911. Ecological Succession, II. Pond Fishes. Biol. Bull., XXI, pp. 127-151. 1913. Animal Communities in Temperate America as Illustrated in the Chicago Re- gion; A Study in Animal Ecology. Bull. Chicago Geog. Soc., No. 5, pp. i-xiii, 1-362. SHEPARD, CHARLES U. : 1838. Geology of Upper Illinois. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXXIV, pp. 134-161. SHERMAN, PAUL. 1873. Glacial Fossils in Maine. Amer. Nat., VII, pp. 373-374. SHERZER, W. H. 1900. Geological Report on Monroe County, Michigan. Geol. Surv. Mich., VII, part I, pp. 1-240. Sumek, B. 1888. Notes on the Fossils of the Loess at Iowa City, Iowa. Amer. Geol., I, pp. 149-152. 1888a. The Mollusca of Eastern Iowa. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, 1, No. 1, p. 56. 1890. The Loess and Its Fossils. Op. cit., 1, pp. 200-214; II, pp. 89-98. 1892. Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf) Calland Pisbry. Op. cif., II, pp. 168-174. 1894. Additional Notes on Iowa Mollusca. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., I, iv, pp. 107-111. 1894a. Variation of the Succineidae of the Loess. Op. cit., I, iv, p. 111. 1896. A Theory of the Loess. Op. cit., III, 1895, pp. 82-89. 1897. Additional Observations on Surface Deposits of Iowa. Op. cit., 1V, pp. 68-72. 1898. Is the Loess of Aqueous Origin. Op. cit., V, pp. 32-45. 1899, The Distribution of Loess Fossils. Op. cit.. VI, 1898, pp. 98-113; Journ. Geol. VII, pp. 122-140. 1899a. (Notes on mollusks of the loess.) Mon. U.S. Geol. Surv., XX XVIII, pp. 171- 176. (Leverett) 1901. Report on Loess Mollusca of Pottawattamie County. Towa Geol. Surv. XI, pp. 261-265. (Udden) 1901a. Pyramidula shimeki (Pilsbry) Shimek. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, V, pp. 139-170. 1901b. The Loess of Iowa City and Vicinity. Op. cit., V, No. 2, pp. 195-212; Amer. Geol., XXVIII, pp. 344-358. 1902. The Loess of Natchez, Miss. Amer. Geol., XXX, pp. 279-299. 1903. The Loess and the Lansing Man. Amer. Geol., XXXII, pp. 362-364. 1904. The Loess and the Lansing Man. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, V, pp. 327-352. 1903. Living Plants as’Geological Factors. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., X, pp. 41-48. 1904. LEvidences(?) of Water-deposition of Loess. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Towa, V, pp. 368-381. é 1904a. Loess and the Iowan Drift. Op. cit., V, pp. 352-368. 1904b. The Lansing Deposit not Loess. Op. cit., V, pp. 346-352. 1904c. The Loess of Natchez, Miss. Op. cit., V, pp. 299-326. 1905. Additional Note on Helicina occulta. Journ. Geol., XIII, No. 3, pp. 232-237. 1908. The Loess of the Missouri River. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XIV, 1907, pp. 237-256. BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 1908a. The Loess of the Paha and River-ridge. Op. cit., XV, pp. 117-136. 1908b. The Genesis of Loess a Problem in Plant Ecology. Op. cit., XV, pp. 57-64. 1908c. Aftonian Sands and Gravel in Western Iowa. Science, N. S., XXVIII, p. 923. 1909. Same Title. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, pp. 399-408. 1910. Evidence that the Fossiliferous Gravel and Sand Beds of Iowa and Nebraska are Aftonian. Op. cit., XXI, pp. 119-140. 1910a. Geology of Harrison and Monona Counties. Iowa Geol. Surv., XX, pp. i-vii, 273-485. 1912. Mingling of Pleistocene Formations. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIII, pp. 709- 712. 1912a. Pleistocene of Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Vicinity. Op. cit., XXIII, pp. 125-154. 1913. The Significance of Pleistocene Mollusks. Science, N. S., XX XVII, No. 953, pp. 501-509. 1913a. A New Succinea. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, VI, pp. 31-32. 1917. The Loess and the Antiquity of Man. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XXIV, pp. 93-98. Sumer, H. W. 1915. Post-Glacial History of Boston. Amer. Journ. Sci. (iv), XL, pp. 437-442. SHuRTLEFF, N. B. 1846. Remarks on the Skeleton of Mastodon giganteus found in Newburg, Orange County, N. ¥Y. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, pp. 96-98. Srztman, BENJ. 1834. Notices of Fossil Wood in Ohio; in a Letter from Rev. Sayrs Gazlay. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXV, pp. 104-107. Smapson, C. T. 1893. On some Fossil Unios and other Fresh-water Shells from the Drift at Toronto, Canada: with a Review of the Distribution of the Unionidae of Northeastern North America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVI, pp. 591-595. 1896. On the Mississippi Valley Unionidae found in the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Drainage Areas. Amer. Nat., XXX, pp. 379-384. e 1896a. The Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Pearly Fresh-water Mussels. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, pp. 295-343 (338). 1900. Synopsis of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels. Op. cit., XXII, pp. 501-1044. SxItToN, Dr. 1858. Communication upon Equus major near Troy, N. Y. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 303-304. SMALLWoop, W. M. i 1903. The Remains of Bear and Deer on the Shores of Onondaga Lake. Science, N. S., XVIII, No. 444, pp. 26-27. SmitH, BURNETT. 1914. A Review of the Mammalian Remains from the Superficial Deposits in the Vicinity of Onondaga Lake, New York. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 171, pp. 64-72. SuitH, Horace P. 1887. Bison latifrons, Leidy. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., X, pp. 19-24. Smita, Sipney I. 1874. The Crustacea of the Fresh Waters of the United States. Rep. U.S. Fish. Com., 1872-3, pp. 637-661 (642-645). Suir, W. HILtes. 1899. Shells and Mastodon. Nautilus, XIII, p. 34. 438 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE SPENCER, J. W. 1875. 1881. 188la. 1883. 1887. 1889. 1891. 1891a. 1894. 1894a. 1895. 1895a. 1905. 107. 1910. 1913. Geological Sketches of the Neighborhood of Hamilton. Can. Nat., N. S., VII, pp. 463-471. Discovery of the Pre-glacial Outlet of the Basin of Lake Erie into that of Lake Ontario; with Notes on the Origin of our Lower Great Lakes. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XIX, pp. 300-337. Discovery of the Pre-glacial Outlet of the Lake Erie Basin. Second Geol. Surv. Penn., Rept. Progress, 1879, QQQQ, pp. 357-406. Surface Geology of the Region about the Western End of Lake Ontario. Can. Nat., N.S., X, pp. 265-312. Sand-boulders in the Drift, or Subaqueous Origin of the Drift, in Central Missouri. Amer. Nat., XXI, pp. 917-921. Notes on the Origin and History of the Great Lakes of North America. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX XVII, 1888, pp. 197-201. High Level Shores in the Region of the Great Lakes, and their Deformation. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLI, pp. 201-211. Deformation of the Algonquin Beach, and Birth of Lake Huron. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLI, pp. 12-21. A Review of the History of the Great Lakes. Amer. Geol., XIV, pp. 289-301. The Drainage of the Great Lakes into the Mississippi River by way of Chicago. Amer. Nat., XXVIII, p. 884. High Continental Elevation Preceding the Pleistocene Period. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., VI, pp. 141-166. The Geological Survey of the Great Lakes. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XLII, 1894, pp. 237-242. The Submarine Great Canyon of the Hudson River. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), XIX, pp. 1-15. The Falls of Niagara. Can. Geol. Surv., An. Rep. 1905-6, pp. i-xxxi, 1-490. Relationship of Niagara River to the Glacial Period. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX], pp. 433-440. Relationship of the Great Lake Basins to the Niagara Limestone. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIV, pp. 229-232. STANSFIELD, J. 1915. The Pleistocene and Recent Deposits of the Island of Montreal. Memoir 73, Can. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-80. STAUFFER, CLINTON R., HUBBARD and BOWNOCKER. 1911. Geology of the Columbus Quadrangle. Bull. 14, Geol. Surv. Ohio. STEARNS, R. E. C. 1900. Mollusca associated with Mastodon Remains. Nautilus, XII, pp. 100-101. STEBINGER, EUGENE. 1913. See ALDEN, Wm. C. STERKI, VICTOR. 1893. 1907. Observations on Vallonia. Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., pp. 234-279. (See also Tryon’s Manual of Conchology [ii,] VIII.) A Preliminary Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Ohio. Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 365-402. Special Paper No. 12. STEWART, ALBAN. 1897. Notes on the Osteology of Bison antiquus Leidy. Kansas Univ. Quart., VI, pp. 127-135. BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Srewart, THOs. P. 1828. Teeth ofthe Mastodon and Mammoth. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XIV, pp. 187-189. Stimpson, WILLIAM. 1870. On the Deep Water Fauna of Lake Michigan. Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 403-405. STOLLER, JAMES H. 1916. Glacial Geology of the Saratoga Quadrangle. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 183, pp. 1-50. STONE, LEANDER. 1886. Chicago Artesian Wells. On their Structure and Sources of Supply. Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci., I, No. 8, pp. 93-102. STOOKEY, S. W. 1910. Geology of Iowa County. Geol. Iowa, XX, pp. 151-198 (172-179). 1910a. Geology of Powershiek County. Geol. Iowa, XX, pp. 237-269 (260-261). SwALLow, G. C. 1855. Catalogue of Bluff Fossils. Geol. Surv. Missouri, Ist and 2nd Rep. p. 215. 1858. Quaternary Deposits of Missouri. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XI, 1857, Part 2, pp. 21-39. 1866. Notice of the Remains of the Horse in the altered Drift of Kansas. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, IT, p. 418. SupwortsH, GrorcE B. 1916. The Spruce and Balsam Fir Trees of the Rocky Mountain Region. Bull. 327, U. S. Dept. Agriculture. Tarr, Rawps S. 1894. Lake Cayuga a Rock Basin. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., V, pp. 339-356. 1904. Artesian Well Sections at Ithaca, N. Y. Journ. Geol., XII, pp. 69-82. TAyYLor, FRANK B. 1893. The Ancient Strait at Nipissing. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., V, pp. 620-626. 1894. The Limit of Post-glacial Submergence in the Highlands East of Georgian Bay. Amer. Geol., XIV, pp. 273-289. 1894a. The Ancient Strait at Nipissing. Amer. Geol., XIII, p. 220. 1894b. A Reconnaissance of the Abandoned Shore Lines of Green Bay. Amer. Geol., XIII, pp. 316-327. 1895. The Second Lake Algonquin. Amer. Geol. XV, pp. 100-120, 162-179. 1895a. Niagara and the Great Lakes. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLIX, pp. 249-270. 1896. Notes on the Quaternary Geology of the Mattawa and Ottawa Valleys. Amer. Geol., XVIII, pp. 108-120. 1896a. The Algonquin and Nipissing Beaches. Amer. Geol., XVII, pp. 397-400: 1897. Correlation of Erie-Huron Beaches with Outlets and Moraines in Southeastern Michigan. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., VIII, pp. 31-58. 1897a. A Short History of the Great Lakes: Chapter X of Dyer’s Studies in Indiana Geography, pp. 90-110. Inland Publishing Co., Terre Haute, Ind. 1905. Relation of Lake Whittlesey to the Arkona Beaches. 7th An. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., pp. 29-36. 1913. Niagara Fallsand Gorge. Can. Geol. Surv., Guide Book No. 4, pp. 8-70. 1913a. See Kindle, E. M. 1913b. The Glacial and Postglacial Lakes of the Great Lakes Region. An. Rep. Smith- Inst., 1912, pp. 291-327. 1915. See LEVERETT, FRANK. Tuomas, A. O. 1912. Some Notes on the Aftonian Mammals, Science, N. S., XXXVI, p. 570. 44) LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Tuomas, Benjy. W. 1893. Diatomaceae of Minnesota Interglacial Peat with List of Species and some Notes upon them by H. L. Smith. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., 20th An. Rep., pp. 290-306. Tuomas, WILBUR A. 1917. A Picea from the Glacial Drift. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. for 1917, XXIV, pp. 455- 456. THOMPSON, SAMUEL. 1884. Reminiscences of a Canadian Pioneer. (Fossils p. 286.) Tsompson, Wy. A. ; 1833. Facts Relating to Diluvial Action. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXIII, pp. 243-249. 1886. A Geological Survey of Clinton County. Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist., Ind., 15th An. Rep., p. 159. THOMPSON, ZADOCK. 1850. An Account of some Fossil Bones found in Vermont, in making Excavations for the Rutland and Burlington Railroad. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), DX, pp. 256- 263. 1851. (Fossil wood). Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. 33-34. Tirrany, A. S. 1876. Discovery of Human Remains in a Shell Bed on Rock Island. Proc. Daven. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 42-43. Ticut, W. G. 1900. See Bownocker, J. A. 1903. Drainage Modifications in Southeastern Ohio and adjacent Parts of West Vir- ginia and Kentucky. U.S. Geol. Surv., f rof. Paper No. 13, pp. 1-111. TitTon, J. L. 1896. Geology of Warren County. Geol. Iowa, V, pp. 300-359. 1897. Result of Recent Geological Work in Madison County. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, 1896, pp. 47-54. 1911. The Pleistocene Deposits of Warren County, Iowa. Univ. Chicago Press, pp. j-iv, 1-42. 1910. Pleistocene Record of the Simpson College Well. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XVII, pp. 159-164. 1913. A Pleistocene Section from Des Moines South to Allerton (Iowa). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XX, pp. 213-220. 1915. The Age of the Terrace South of Des Moines, Iowa. Science, N.S., XLI, p. 950; Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XXII, pp. 233-236, 1915. Topp, ALBERT. 1876. (Exhibition of tooth identified as that of Mastodon angustidens, found in Pike County, Mo.) Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, HI, pp. CXCU-CXCIIL.) Topp, JAMEs E. 1878. Richthofen’s Theory of the Loess in the Light of the Deposits of the Missouri. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX VII, pp. 231-239. 1889. Evidence that Lake Cheyenne continued till the Ice Age. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX XVII, pp. 202-203. 1890. On the Relation of Loess to Drift in Southwestern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., I, 1875-1880, pp. 19. 1894, Preliminary Report on the Geology of South Dakota. Bull. No. 1, South Dakota Geol. Surv., pp. 125-126. % 1899. 1899a. 1906. 1906a. 1908. 1914. Topp, J. E. 1895. BIBLIOGRAPHY A4AL The Moraines of Southeastern South Dakota and Their attendant Deposits. Bull. 158, U.S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-171. New Light on the Drift in South Dakota. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 122- 130. More Light on the Origin of the Missouri River Loess. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XIII, pp. 187-194. Some Variant Conclusions in Iowa Geology. Op. cit., pp. 183-186. Elk Point Folio, South Dakota—Nebraska—Iowa. Geol. Atlas, U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 156. The Pleistocene History of the Missouri River. Science, N. S., XXXIX, pp. 263-274. and Bam, H. Foster. Interloessal Till near Sioux City, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., II, 1894, pp. 20-23. Tomitnson, C. H. 1833. Alluvial Deposits of the Mohawk. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XXIII, p. 207. TROWBRIDGE, A. C. 1915. Geology and Geography of the Galena and Elizabeth Quadrangles. Bull. ILL. Geol. Surv., No. 26, pp. 1-172. 1916. See SHaw, E. W.: ° TyrELt, J. B. 1890. Post-tertiary Deposits of Manitoba and the adjoining Territories of North- 1892. western Canada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., I, pp. 395-410. Report on Northwestern Manitoba with Portions of the adjacent Districts of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Rep. Geol. Surv. Canada, 1890-1891, pp. 116- 207 E. UDDEN, JoHan A. 1891. 1898. 1899. 1901. 1901a. 1902. 1903. 1905. 1912. Megalonyx-beds in Kansas. Amer. Geol., VII, pp. 340-345. Some Preglacial Soils. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, 1897, pp. 102-104. Geology of Muscatine County. Iowa Geol. Surv., IX, pp. 249-380. Geology of Louisa County. Op. cit., XI, pp. 57-126 (101-113). Geology of Pottawattamie County. Op. cit., XI, pp. 201-277 (258-267). Geology of Jefferson County. Op. cit., XII, pp. 355-437 (422-428). Geology of Mills and Fremont Counties. Op. cit., XIII, pp. 123-183 (167-175). On the Proboscidian Fossils of the Pleistocene Deposits in Illinois and Iowa. Augustana Library Publications, No. 5, pp. 44-57. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Peorian Quadrangle, Illinois. Bull. 506, U.S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-103. UnpDERwoop, Lucien M. 1890. A Bison at Syracuse, N. Y. Amer. Nat., XXIV, p. 953, Oct. " UpHam, WARREN. 1883. 1884. 18842. 18384b. 1884c. 1884d. 1834e. The Minnesota Valley in the Ice Age. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXXII, pp. 213-231. Geology of Watonwan and Martin Counties. Geol. Minn., Final Rep., I, pp. 472-490. Geology of Blue Earth County. Op. cil., pp. 415-453. The Geology of Waseca County. Op. cit., pp. 404-414. The Geology of Cottonwood and Jackson Counties. Op. cit., pp. 491-516. The Geology of Murray and Nobles Counties. Op. cit., pp. 519-532. The Geology of Brown and Redwood Counties. Op. cit., pp. 562-588. 442 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE The Geology of Yellow Medicine, Lyon and Lincoln Counties. Op. cit., pp. 589- 612. The Geology of Big Stone and Lac qui Parle Counties. Op. cit., pp. 613-631. The Geology of Carver and Scott Counties. Op. cil., pp. II, 102-147. The Geology of Sibley and Nicollet Counties. Op. cit., pp. 148-179. The Geology of McLeod County. Op. cit., pp. 180-189. The Geology of Renville County. Op. cit., pp. 190-204. The Geology of Kandiyobi and Meeker Counties. Op. cit., pp. 220-242. The Geology of Chisago, Isanti and Anoka Counties. Ob. cit., pp. 399-425. The Geology of Stearns County. Op. cit., pp. 445-470. The Geology of Grant and Stevens Counties. Op. cit., pp. 499-510. The Geology of Wilkin and Traverse Counties. Op. cit., pp. 511-533. The Geology of Otter Tail County. Op. cit., pp. 534-561. The Geology of Crow Wing and Morrison Counties. Op. cit., pp. 580-611. The Geology of Becker County. Op. cit., pp. 646-655. The Geology of Clay County. Op. cit., pp. 656-671. Marine Shells and Fragments of Shells in the Till near Boston. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XX XVII, pp. 359-372. Report of Exploration of the Glacial Lake Agassiz in Manitoba. An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Canada, IV, pp. 1-156 E. A review of the Quaternary Era, with Special Reference to the Deposits of Flooded Rivers. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLI, pp. 33-52. Glacial Lakes in Canada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., II, pp. 243-276. History of Lake Agassiz, II. Amer. Geol., VII, pp. 222-231. Relationship of the Glacial Lakes Warren, Algonquin, Iroquois and Hudson Champlain. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., III, pp. 484-487. Marine Shell Fragments in Drumlins near Boston. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVI, pp. 238-239. Diversity of the Glacial Drift along its Boundary. Op. cit., pp. 358-365. Late Glacial or Champlain Subsidence and Reélevation of the St. Lawrence River Basin. Op. cit. (iii), XLIX, pp. 1-18. Epochs and Stages of the Glacial Period. Op. cit., pp. 305-306. Climatic Conditions shown by North American Interglacial Deposits. Amer. Geol., XV, pp. 273-295. Late Glacial or Champlain Subsidence and Reélevation of the St. Lawrence Basin. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., XXIII, pp. 156-193. The Glacial Lake Agassiz. Monograph No. 25, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-xxv, 1-658. Fluctuations of North American Glaciation shown by Interglacial Soils and Fossiliferous Deposits. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XLVII, p. 297. The Toronto and Scarboro’ Drift Series. Amer. Geol., XXVIII, pp. 306-316. Man in the Ice Age at Lansing, Kansas, and Little Falls, Minnesota. Op. cit., XXX, pp. 135-150. Primitive Man in the Ice Age. Bibliotheca Sacra, LIX, pp. 730-743, Oct. The Fossil Man of Lansing, Kansas. Records of the Past, I, pp. 272-275, Sept. Man in Kansas in the Iowan Stage of the Glacial Period. Science, N. S., XVI, p. 355, Aug. 29. The Antiquity of the Fossil Man of Lansing, Kansas. Amer. Geol., XXXII, pp. 185-187. f BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 1903a. Valley Loess and the Fossil Man of Lansing, Kansas. Amer. Geol., XXXI, pp. 25-34. 1903b. Glacial Lake Jean Nicolet. Amer. Geol., XXXII, pp. 330-331. 1903c. Glacial Lake Nicolet and the Portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Op. cit., XX XU, pp. 105-115. 1913. The Sangamon Interglacial Stage in Minnesota. Science, N. S., XXXVII, No. 951, p 457. 1913a. The Sangamon Interglacial Stage in Minnesota and Westward. Int. Geol. Congress, 12th Session, Canada, pp. 1-11. Advance copy. Vanatta, E. G. 1915. Two New Varieties of Valvata. Nautilus, XXVIII, pp. 104-105. Van Hise, CHARLES R. anp LeiTu, CHARLES K. 1911. The Geology of the Lake Superior Region. Mon. LI, U.S. Geol. Surv., pp. 1-641. Van RENSSELAER, JEREMIAA. 1824. See DeKay. 1826. Notice of a Recent Discovery of the Fossil Remains of the Mastodon. Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), XI, pp. 246-250. 1828. On the Fossil Remains of the Mastodon lately found in Ontario County, New York. Op. cit., XII, pp. 380-381. 1828a. On the Fossil Teeth of an Elephant found near the Shore of Lake Erie, and on the Skeleton of a Mastodon lately discovered on the Delaware and Hudson Canal. Op. cit., XIV, pp. 31-33. WAGNER, GEORGE. 1903. Observations on Platygonus compressus Le Conte. Journ. Geol., XI, pp. 777- 782. 1905. Onan interesting Fossil Unio from Wisconsin: Nautilus, XVIII, pp. 97-100. Wa txer, A. E. 1896 Description of the Railway Cutting. Journ. and Proc. Hamilton Assoc,, 1895- 96, p. 147-150. WALKER, BRYANT. 1898. Mollusca contemporaneous with the Mastodon. Nautilus, XI, pp. 121-122. 1899. Supplementary Note on the Mollusca associated with the Mastodon in Berrien County, Michigan. Nautilus, XII, p. 55 1903. A Contribution to the Natural History of the Marl, by C. A. Davis. Appendix, On the Shells of the Marls. Geol. Surv. Mich., VIII, Part iii, Chapter v, pp. 97-102. 1906. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Michigan. Part I, Terrestrial Pul- monata. State Board Geol. Surv., An. Rep., 1905, pp. 427-531. 1907. Marl Shells from Cobalt. Ottawa Nat., XXI, p. 180. 1908. New Michigan Lymnaeas. Nautilus, XXII, pp. 16-19. 1910. Distribution of Margaritana margaritifera in North America. Proc. Mal. Soc. London, IX, Part II, pp. 126-145. WALKER, BRYANT AND LANE, A. C. 1900. Recent Shells (of the Marl). Geol. Surv. Mich., VII, Part ii, pp. 247-252. Warp, Henry A. 1864. Notice of the Megatherium cuvieri, the Giant Fossil Ground-sloth of South America. Presented to the University of Rochester by Hiram Sibley, Esq. Rochester N. Y., pp. 1-34. og LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Warner, ROBERT B. 1872. Geology of Dearborn, Ohio and Switzerland Counties. Geol. Surv. Ind., 3rd and 4th An. Rep., pp. 401-402, 408-409, 414. WaRREN, JOHN C. 1852. Description of a Skeleton of the Mastodon giganteus of North America. Boston, J. Wilson and Son, 219 pp. 1853. Notice of the Mastodon giganteus of Dr. J. C. Warren. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XV, pp. 367-373. 1855. Supernumerary Tooth in Mastodon giganteus. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), XIX, pp. 349-353, WEBSTER, CLEMENT L. 1888. On the Glacial Drift and Loess of a Portion of the North-central Basin of Iowa.. Amer. Nat., XXII, pp. 972-979. 1888a. Notes on the Geology of Johnson County, Iowa. Amer. Nat., XXII, pp. 408- 419. WEGEMANN, CARROLL H. 1909. Some Notes on River Development in the Vicinity of Danville, Illinois. The University of Illinois Studies, No. 2, pp. 23-43. WEIDMAN, S. 1911. The Glacial Lake of the Fox River Valley and Green Bay and Its Outlet. Science, N.S., XX XITI, No. 847, March 24, p. 467. 1913. The Pleistocene Succession in Wisconsin. Science, N.S., XX XVII, pp. 456-457. WENTWORTH, R. PRESTON. 1915. Pre-Wisconsin Glacial Drift in the Boston Basin. Science, N. S., XLII, p. 58. WHEELER, WILLIAM. 1878. A Fossil Tusk, found in Franklin County. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VI, p. 11. Waiter, CHARLES A. 1869. The Lakes of lowa—Past and Present. Amer. Nat., II, pp. 143-155. 1868. Second An. Rep. State Geol. Iowa, p. 146. 1870. Report Geol. Surv. State of Iowa, I. Surface Deposits, pp. 119-121; County and Regional Geology, p. 339. 1882. On Certain conditions attending the Geological Descent of some North American Types of Fresh-water Gill-bearing Mollusks. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XXIII, pp. 382-386. 1883. A Review of the Non-marine Fossil Mollusks of North America. 3rd An. Rep., U.S. Geol. Surv., pp. 403-550. Waite, I. C. 1881. The Geology of Erie and Crawford Counties. Second Geol. Surv. Penn., Rept- Prog., 1879, QQQQ, pp. 1-355. WHITEAVES, J. F. 1907. Notes on a Skeleton of a White Whale or Beluga, recently discovered in Pleisto- cene Deposits at Pakenham, Ontario. Ottawa Nat., XX, pp. 214-216. WHITFIELD, R. P. 1885. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey. Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 9, pp. 243-252. 1891. Mastodon Remains on New York Island. Science, XVIII, p. 342. Watney, J. D. 1858. Allamakee County. Geol. Surv. Iowa, I, Part i, pp. 317-323. 1862. Report on the Lead Region of Wisconsin. Geol. Surv. Wis., I, pp. 73-424. BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 WaitTaker, FE. J. 1918. The Relationship of the Fossil Marl Fauna of MacKay Lake, Ottawa, to the present Molluscan Fauna of the Lake. Ottawa Nat., XXXII, pp. 14-18. WHITTLESEY, CHARLES. 1838. Second An. Rep., Ohio Geol. Surv. (Mather), pp. 41-71. 1848. Notes upon the Drift and Alluvium of Ohio and the West. Amer. Journ. Sci., (ii), V, pp. 205-217. 1851. (Buried Forest at Green Bay.) Forster and Whitney, Report on the Lake Superior Land District, Part 2, p. 394. 1851a. On the “Superficial Deposits” of the Northwestern Fart of the United States. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., V, pp. 54-59. 1867. On the Fresh-water Glacial Drift of the Northwestern States. Smith. Con. Knowl., XV, Art. 2, 38 pp. 1867a. On the Ice Movements of the Glacial Era in the Valley of the St. Lawrence. Proc Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XV, pp. 43-54. WicxHay, H. F. 1917. Some Fossil Beetles from the Sangamon Peat. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iv), XLIV, pp. 137-145. Wizser, C. D. Ys 1861. Mastodon giganteus. Trans. Il]. Nat. Hist. Soc., I, pp. 59-64. Wrer, B. G. ‘ 1871. Mastodon Remains in Central New York. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), II, p. 58. Wiper, FRANK A. 1900. Geology of Lyon and Sioux Counties. Geol. Iowa, X, pp. 84-155 (124-132). 1902. Geology of Webster County. Op. cit., XII, pp. 63-235 (128-138). Witrarp, DANIEL E. ‘ 1909. Jamestown-Tower Folio (Pennsylvania). Geologic Atlas, U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 168. Wiritams, Epwarp H. 1898. Notes on Kansan Drift in Pennsylvania. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXVII, pp. 84-87. WILuraMs, Ira A. 1905. Geology of Jasper County. Geol. Iowa, XV, pp. 277-367. Wiis, BAILey. 1909. Paleogeographic Maps of North America, 13, Eocene—Oligocene North America. Journ. Geol., XVII, pp. 503-505. Wirttston, S. W. 1897. The Pleistocene of Kansas. Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, II, pp. 297-308. 1898. The Pleistocene or Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., XV, pp. 90-94. 1902. A Fossil Man from Kansas. Science, N. S., XVI, pp. 195-196. 1905. On the Lansing Man. Amer. Geol., XXXV, pp. 342-346. Writson, ALFRED W. G. 1901. Physical Geology of Central Ontario. Trans. Can. Inst., VII, pp. 139-186. Wrtson, James A. and Goopinc, WILLIAM. 1868. Report on the Survey of the Illinois River. Rep. Chief Eng. U.S. A., p. 438. Witson, W. J. 1898. Notes on the Pleistocene Geology of a few Places in the Ottawa Valley. Ottawa Nat., XI, pp. 209-220. y | 446 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE WINCHELL, ALEXANDER. 1863. Description of Elephantine Molars in the Museum of the University of Michigan. Can. Nat., VIII, pp. 398-400. 1864. Notice of the Remains of a Mastodon recently discovered in Michigan. Amér. Journ. Sci., (ii), XX XVII, pp. 223-224. 1870. Notes on some Post-tertiary Phenomena in Michigan. Amer. Nat., IV, pp. 504- 505. 1897. The Age of the Great Lakes of North America—A Partial Bibliography. Amer. Geol., XIX, pp. 336-339. WINCHELL, N. H. 1874. Report on the Geology of Crawford County. Geol. Ohio, II, Chapter xxxv, pp. 236-252. 1875. Vegetable Remains in the Drift Deposits of the Northwest. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXIV, pp. 43-56. 1875a. Report on the Geology of Mower County. An. Rep., Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., III, 1874, pp. 20-36. 1876. Report on the Geology of Fillmore County. An. Rep., Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., IV, 1875, pp. 13-74. 1880. Castoroides ohioensis Foster. Op. cit., VIII, 1879, pp. 181-183, 1884. The Geology of Pipestone and Rock Counties. Geol. Minn., Final Rep., I, pp. 533-561. 1884a. The Geology of Fillmore County. Op. cit., pp. 267-324. 1884b. The Geology of Winona County. Op. cit., pp. 236-267. ' 1884c. The Geology of Mower County. Op. cit., pp. 347-366. 1884d. The Geology of Freeborn County. Op. cit., pp. 376-393. 1884e. The Geology of Rice County. Op. cit., pp. 648-673. 1888. The Geology of Hennepin County. Op. cit., II, pp. 264-344. 1888a. The Geology of Washington County. Op. cit., pp. 375-398. 1888b. The Geology of Goodhue County. Op. cit., pp. 20-61. 1888c. The Geology of Dakota County. Op. cit., pp. 62-99. 1901. Glacial Lakes of Minnesota. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XII, pp. 109-128. 1902. The Lansing Skeleton. Amer. Geol., XXX, pp. 189-194 (editorial). 1903. The Pleistocene Geology of the Concannon Farm, near Lansing, Kansas. Amer. Geol., XX XI, pp. 263-308. 1910. Extinct Pleistocene Mammals of Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci., IV, No. 3 pp. 414-422. WINSLOW, ARTHUR. 1896. A Report on the Higginsville Sheet, Lafayette County. Geol. Surv. Missouri, IX, p. 56. WIsTAR, CASPAR. 1818. An Account of Two Heads found in the Morass called the Big Bone Lick and Presented to the Society by Mr. Jefferson. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (ii), I, pp. 375-380. Witter, F. M. ‘ 1877. History of Muscatine County, Iowa. Pp. 330-332. 1878. List of Mollusca collected at Muscatine, Iowa, U. S. A. Journ. of Conch., I, p. 383. 1879. Notes on the Loess. Muscatine Tribune, 1879. Read before the Muscatine Acad. Sci., Feb. BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 1890. Some Additional Observations on the Loess in and About Muscatine. Proc. Towa Acad. Sci., I, p. 45. Worr, Joun. 1870. Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells. Amer. Journ. Conch., V, p. 198. Woop, Norman A. ; 1914. An Annotated Check-list of Michigan Mammals. Occasional Papers, Univ. Mich. Mus.,-No. 4, April. Fossils, p. 13. 1914. Two undescribed Specimens of Castoroides ohioensis Foster from Michigan. Science, N. S., XX XIX, p. 759. Woopsrince, C. W. 1888. The River-lake System of Western Michigan. Amer. Geol., I, pp. 143-146. WoopwokrtH, J. B. 1905. Pleistocene Geology of Mooers Quadrangle. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 83. 1905a. Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. Bull. N. Y. State _ Mus., No. 84, pp. 65-265. Woo man, Lewis. 1897. Stratigraphy of the Fish House Black Clay and associated Gravels. An. Rep. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1896, pp. 201-247. Wor THEN, A. H. 1858. Geology of Certain Counties. Hall’s Report on the Geol. Surv. of State of Iowa, I, p. 186. 1866. Geology of Madison County. Geol. Il., I, pp. 313-316. 1866a. Geology of Hancock County. Op. cit., pp. 327-330. 1866b. Geology of St. Clair County. Op. cit., pp. 297-300. 1868. Geology of Jersey County. Op. cit., III, pp. 107 1868. Geology of Jackson County. Geol. Illinois, III, p. 75. 1868a. Geology of Perry County. Op. cit., p. 87. 1870. Geology of Pike County. Op. cit., IV, p. 36. 1870a. Geology of Adams County. Op. cit., IV, pp. 46-47. 1870b. Geology of Fulton County. Ob. cit., pp. 91-92. 1871. Vertical Range of the Mammoth and Mastodon. Amer. Nat., V, pp. 696-607. 1873. Geology of Peoria County. Geol. Illinois, V, pp. 236-237. 1873a. Geology of Sangamon County. Op. cit., p. 308. 1875. Geology of Richmond County, Hamilton County and Coles County. Geol. Tilinois, VI, pp. 45, 75, 105. 1890. Drift Deposits of Illinois. Op. cit., VIII, pp. 1-24. WortMan, J. L. 1884. See Cope, E. D. Wricat, G. FREDERICK. 1889. The Ice Age in North America and its bearing upon the Antiquity of Man. Pp. i-xviii, 1-622. Appleton & Co. 1890. The Glacial Boundary in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 58, pp. 1-112. 1892. Unity of the Glacial Epoch. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLIV, pp. 351-373. 1893. The supposed Post-glacial Outlet of the Great Lakes through Lake Nipissing and the Mattawa River. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., IV, pp. 423-425. 1894. Continuity of the Glacial Period. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XLVII, pp. 161- 187. 1898. Supposed Corduroy Road of Late Glacial Age at Amboy, Ohio. Prac. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XLVII, p. 298. 448 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 1904. Evidence of the Agency of Water in the Distribution of the Loess in the Missouri Valley. Amer. Geol., XX XIII, pp. 205-222. 1905. Prof. Shimek’s Criticism of the Aqueous Origin of Loess. Amer. Geol., XXXV, pp. 236-240. 1914. Age of the Don River Glacial Deposits, Toronto, Ontario. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXV, pp. 205-214. 1917. [Beaches of Glacial Lake Chicago]. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVIII, p. 142. Wyte, T. A. 1859. Teeth and Bones of Elephas primigenius lately found near the Western Fork of White River, in Monroe County, Indiana. Amer. Journ. Sci., (iii), XOXVIII, pp. 283-284. WyMAN, JEFFRIES. j 5 1846. (Note on Castoroides ohioensis). Amer. Journ. Sci., (i), II, pp. 138-139 (see also p. 103). 1846a. See Hall, James. 1862. Observations upon the Remains of Extinct and existing Species of Mammalia _found in the Crevices of the Lead-bearing Rocks, and in the Superficial Accumu- lations within the Lead Region of Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois. Geol. Wiscon- sin, I, pp 421-423. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES Plate I. Section of Wilmette Bay, showing variation in sedimentary strata. The char- acter and thickness of each deposit is indicated, as is also the altitude. The level of the differ- ent water bodies is also indicated. Only a few of the most characteristic of the 63 stations are shown. The measurements of the strata are in inches. Folder at end of volume. Plate II. Plan of North Shore Channel, showing location of stations. Plate III. Longitudinal section of North Shore Channel, from Foster Avenue to Lin- coln Avenue, showing relation of the ground moraine to the sedimentary strata and indicating location of section stations. Plate IV. Cross sections of Toleston beach on the Northwestern University Campus, Evanston. Plate V. Station 1. The Unio bed may be plainly seen in the photograph. Photo- graph by Woodruff. Plate VI. Station 2. The division between the surface soil and the peaty soil (strata viii-x) is indicated by the rule laid horizontally. The Unio bed is marked by the paper (III). Photograph by Woodruff. Plate VII. Station 9. The log near the white cardboard is in sand and silt (strata iii-vii). The Unio bed above is in stratum viii. Shells were notably abundant near this old log. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate VIII. Station 15. The Unio bed is just beneath the large boulder to the left. The latter may have been brought to this locality in a piece of ice in the spring, and dropped on-the Unio bed. The deposit beneath the 15 inches of gravel and sand, upon which the Unio bed rests, is boulder clay. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate IX. Station 16. Stratum viii, showing solid bed of shells forming a marl Gepastt. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate X. Station 17. The deposits are lettered from A to M as indicated in the ee on page 33. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XI. Station 19. The height of the bank is 10 feet 8 inches. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XII. Station 21. A heavy bed of Unios is shown at C. Large pieces of wood were found at D. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XIII. Station 27. The wood in stratum ii (C) may be plainly seen beneath the gravel, sand, and Unio bed, stratum iii (B). Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XIV. Station 28. The relation of the pond deposit (C) with its mollusks, to the lake deposit (B), with its Unio bed, is plainly indicated. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XV. Station 29. The relation of the sedimentary strata, indicated in the table, is here well shown. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XVI. Stations 29-31. General view of the canal looking south from station 32 (see plate IIT, 32). The vertical embankment, to the left in the photograph, extended down the center of the canal its entire length; the majority of the sections were in this embankment, which was later removed by the dredges. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XVII. Station 33. West bank of canal. The hammer indicates position of stratum carrying wood and Anodonta. Spruce cones occur in the stratum below K. Photo- graph by Baker. 450 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Plate XVIII. Station 37. East bank of canal. Height of bank 15 feet. Photograph by Baker. Plate XIX. Stations 33-37. Partly completed excavation looking north toward Devon Avenue bridge, showing one method of excavation. Photograph by Baker. Plate XX. Station 43. The stratum of sand and gravel, separating the fossiliferous silt from the clay, is indicated by the arrow. Photograph by Baker. Plate XXI. Station 44. The trowel, near top of picture, indicates a deposit of mol- lusks; the rule near the middle of photograph, indicates the position of the sandy clay (stratum iii). Photograph by Baker. Plate XXII. Station 45. The trowel indicates the position of the sand and gravel stratum (iv). To the left, above the line, may be seen freshwater mollusks belonging to the genera Galba and Planorbis. Photograph by Baker. Plate XXIII. Station 48. Canal looking north toward Church Street bridge. Photo- graph by Baker. Plate XXIV. Station 49. There is here no sharp contact between the loamy-silt and the boulder clay. Photograph by Baker. Plate XXV. Map of the Calumet-Sag Channel. A cross marks the location of the section described in the text. Plate XXVI. Section of Calumet-Sag Channel. The numerals at the right indicate the relative position of the various strata. The height of the section is over 28 feet. Photo- graph by Woodruff. Plate XXVII. Portion of section in plate XX VI, shown in greater detail. II, boulder clay; III, boulder pavement and Unio bed; IV, sand and gravel; note the boulders and the cross bedding in one place; V, fine gray sand; VI, clay, sandy in lower part. The sharp demarcation between the clay above and the gravel below is to be especially noted in stratum V. Photograph by Woodruff. Plate XXVIII. Diagram illustrating the interpretation of the deposits in section of the Calumet-Sag Channel at 92nd Avenue. Plate XXIX. Section of Rose Hill bar (part of the Calumet Beach) at Bowmanville, at the end of the bar as it turns west. Field in foreground was ese of Wilmette Bay. Photograph by Woodruff. ; Plate XXX. Diagram illustrating the interpretation of the deposits 1 in the North Shore Channel, between Foster Avenue and Lincoln Avenue. Plate XXXI. Map of the Great Lakes region showing early stages of glacial lakes and their outlets into the Mississippi River. The different outlets were not all contemporaneous in time. Lake Jean Nicolet is hypothetical. The map indicates in a striking manner the fact that the repopulation of the territory by aquatic life was by way of the Mississippi River and its large tributaries (compiled from Leverett and Upham; cut from Baker, Mon. Lymn., fig. 3). Plate XXXII. The Glenwood stage of Lake Chicago (after Alden). Plate XXXIII. The Bowmanville low water stage. : Plate XXXIV. Wilmette Bay during the Bowmanville low water stage. The numerals on land (593,600, etc.) indicate altitudes above sea level; figures in the bay (5, 10, etc.) indicate probable depths of water. The names and locations of the streets of the eh) of Chicago in the area studied are given. Plate XXXV. The Calumet stage of Lake Chicago (alter Alden). Plate XXXVI. Wilmette Bay during the Calumet stage. Numerals as in plate XXXIV. Plate XXXVII. The Toleston stage of Lake Chicago. The Hammond stage did not differ materially (after Alden). DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 451 Plate XXXVIII. Wilmette Bay during the Toleston stage. Hammond stage the same. Numerals as in plate XXXIV. Plate XXXIX. Ecological map of Braddock’s Bay, Lake Ontario, near Rochester, N. Y. 30, 36, 60, depths of water in inches. L) buildings -.-.- swamps; water 6-18 inches deep; plants consisting _ of Typha, Pontederia, Sagittaria, Sparganium, Decodon, etc. !!! Scirpus .-- Castalia and Nymphaea *** trees PJate XL. Hook at end of sandy peninsula, east end of Braddock s Bay. Photograph by Baker. Plate XLI. Hook at west end of Braddock’s Bay. Photograph by Baker. Plate XLII. Portion of Braddock’s Bay, marsh-bordered, in which the water is from 5 to 9 feet deep. Photograph by Baker. Plate XLIII. Typha marsh, Braddock’s Bay. Photograph by Baker. Plate XLIV. The Englewood stage of Lake Chicago (after Alden). Plate XLV. Wilmette Bay during the Englewood Stage. Plate XLVI. Map showing greatest extent of the Wisconsin ice sheet, also previous ice sheets. Compiled from Leverett, Taylor, and Chamberlin. Plate XLVII. Figure 1. Map showing one of the first courses of drainage from Lake Michigan basin (Leverett and Taylor, Ann Arbor Folio, fig. 6). Figure 2. Map showing formation of Lake Chicago with its southerly outlet. The shaded area represents the glacial lake (Leverett and Taylor, Ann Arbor Folio, Fig. 7). Plate XLVIII. Glacial Lakes Maumee and Chicago, showing southwestern outlets as well as drainage from the Green Bay basin (Leverett and Taylor, Smith. Report, 1912, fig. 2). Plate XLIX. Glacial Lakes Chicago, Saginaw, and Whittlesey, showing drainage from Chicago, Green Bay, and Superior basins (Leverett and Taylor, Smith. Rep., 1912, fig. 3). Plate L. Glacial Lakes Chicago and Warren, showing outlet thru Grand River to Lake Chicago (Leverett and Taylor, Smith. Rep., 1912, fig. 4). Plate LI. Glacial Lakes Duluth, Chicago, and Lundy, showing outlets thru St. Croix, Chicago, and Syracuse channels (Leverett and Taylor, Smith. Rep., 1912, fig. 5). Plate LIT. Lake Algonquin, with Lakes Erie, Iroquois, and the Champlain Sea. Out- lets at Chicago, Kirkfield (Mohawk—Hudson), and North Bay (Leverett and Taylor, Smith. Rep., 1912, fig. 6). Plate LIII. Nipissing Great Lakes with Lakes Erie and Ontario, outlets at North Bay and Port Huron (Leverett and Taylor, Smith. Rep., 1912. fig. 8). Plate LIV. Preglacial rivers of the lake basins (Spencer, Falls of Niagara, plate XL). Plate LV. Preglacial drainage in the lake basins (during Tertiary time) as worked out by Professor Grabau. The direction of flow is southwestward (Geol. and Paleon. Niagara Falls, fig. 6, p. 45). Plate LVI. Map of North America showing maximum development of the ice sheet and indicating (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) probable areas in which the life of the englaciated territory was preserved during the intervals of the Ice Age, when the areas shaded were covered with ice (Willis, Journ. Geol., XVII, p. 60). Plate LVII. Figure i. Portion of Vilasand Oneida counties, Wisconsin, showing topo- graphic conditions in a typical glaciated country (from map published by Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company). Figure 2. Portion of Driftless Area in Wisconsin, showing regular erosion in a typical unglaciated country (from map published by the Geologi- cal Survey of Wisconsin). ¢ AP Gi INDEX Abies balsamea, 41, 71, 101, 184, 194, 332, Alden, W. C., 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 69, 70, 74, 336, 378. 75, 76, 79, 105, 117, 118, 120, 121, 237, Abies mariana, 230. 240, 251, 289, 317, 318, 344, 345, 346, 347. Abies nigra, 230. Alden, N. Y., 112. Acella haldemani, 143, 144, 188, 387. /ilgae, 178, 180. Acer, 204, 211, 381. Algonquin beach, 19, 75, 135, 157. Acer pleistocenicum, 329, 336, 381. Algonquin stage, 16, 17, 74, 136-138, 147, Acer rubrum, 325, 336, 381. 156, 157, 161, 176. Acer saccharinum, 170, 178, 186, 381. Allegheny Mountains, 199. Acer spicatum, 178, 186, 329, 336, 381. Allen, J. A., 315, 354. Acer torontonensis, 329, 336, 381. Alnus, 178, 185, 332, 336, 379. Acidota crenata nigra, 331, 340, 392. Ami, H. M., 159-161. Acmaea cocca, 14. ~ Amia calva, 18, 27, 88, 100, 103, 190, 393. Adams, C. C., 129. Amnicola, 2, 73,122, 149, 179, 225, 236, 237, Adirondack Mountains, 115, 326. 242, 385. Aesculus glabra, 302, 336, 381. Amnicola cincinnatiensis, 99, 120, 124, 187, Aftonian interval, 207, 209, 219, 224, 225, 295, 330, 338, 385. 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, Amnicola emarginata, 11, 23, 26, 27, 30, 38, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 246, 253, 254, 42, 44, 55, 71, 81, 87, 90, 98, 102, 124, 270, 279, 288, 327, 375, 376, 402. 145, 149, 187, 242, 330, 338, 385. Aftonian interval. Amnicola galbana, 168, 187, 385. Canada, 240. Amnicola letsoni, 30, 55, 82, 84, 90, 99, 102, Illinois, 239, 240. 109, 148, 149, 187, 385. Towa, 225-232, 240. Amnicola limosa, 4, 11, 17; 23-30, 33, 35, Kansas, 234. 38-40, 42, 44, 54, 56, 58-60, 71, 73, 81, Minnesota, 238, 239. 82, 85, 87, 89-95, 98, 102, 120, 124-126, Missouri, 232, 233. 133-140, 143, 145, 147, 149, 150, 157, 160, Montana, 237. 166, 169, 187, 264, 324, 329, 338, 385. Nebraska, 232. Amnicola limosa parva, 98, 141, 187, 385. South Dakota, 234, 235, 236. Amnicola limosa porata, 38, 87, 94, 98, 102, Wisconsin, 239. 125, 143, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 179, Aftonius calvini, 226, 243, 396. 187, 264, 324, 329, 338, 385. Agabus perditus, 331, 340, 392. Amnicola lustrica, 26, 29, 30, 33, 39, 54-56, Agabus praelugens, 291, 340, 392. 58-60, 64, 71, 73, 81, 85, 87, 89-92, 95, Agabus savagei, 291, 340, 392. 98, 102, 120, 126, 134, 138, 140, 141, 145, Agriolimax campestris, 144, 189, 389. 187, 385. Alaska, 72. Amnicola obtusa, 149, 157, 187, 330. Alasmidonta calceola, 55, 96, 134, 149, 186, | Amnicola sayana, 124, 187, 330. 193, 383. Amnicola walkeri, 121, 138, 187, 385. Alasmidonta marginata, 96, 149, 160, 186, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 207. %' 193, 383. ; Amygdalonajas donaciformis, 97, 250. Alces americanus, 213, 311, 314, 341, 395. Amygdalonajas elegans, 23, 30, 37, 39, 82, » Alces shimekii, 226, 243, 395. Alces species, 210. 97, 101, 186, 193, 250, 383. _.M Anaptogonia hiatidens, 208, 214, 396. 453 ; 454 Anculosa costata, 313, 338, 385. Ancylus, 2, 12, 64, 90, 133, 144, 162, 264, Ancylus fuscus, 29, 30, 72, 87, 99, 103, 1885~ 387. Ancylus kirklandi, 145, 188, 387. Ancylus rivularis, 99, 124, 135, 188, 225, 237, 242, 295, 338, 387. Ancylus parallelus, 25, 27, 29, 72, 81, 87, 95, 99, 103, 137, 145, 155, 156, 162, 188, 295, 338, 385. Ancylus tardus, 99, 295, 338, 387. Anderson, N. C., 16, 69, 128, 129, 173, 175, 231, 250, 258, 288, 299, 348, 349. Andrews, E., 3, 4, 7, 9, 70, 74. Ann Arbor, Mich., 139. Anodonta, 23, 26, 38, 59, 73, 95, 119, 166, 210, 260. Anodonta abyssina, 314. Anodonta cataracta, 186, 193, 383. Anodonta corpulenta, 204. Anodonta corpulentoides, 204, 212. Anodonta fragilis, 155, 156. Anodonta fluviatilis, 161, 186. Anotonta grandioides, 204, 212. Anotonta grandis, 11, 39, 42, 71, 81, 87, 96, 101, 186, 193, 204, 324, 330, 336, 383. Anodonta grandis benedictensis, 81. Anodonta grandis footiana, 26, 44, 71, 87, 90, 96, 101, 134, 186, 193, 324, 336, 383. Anodonta imbecilis, 96, 237, 241, 383. Anodonta marginata, 81, 186, 193, 324, 336, 383. Anodontoides ferussacianus, 96. Anodontoides subcylindraceus, 96, 134, 186, 193, 383. Anomodon snyderi, 354, 360, 397. Anticosti Island, 260. \v\ Antilocapra americana, 209, 213, 354, 359, 395. Anthonomus eversus, 332, 341, 393. Anthonomus fossilis, 332, 341, 393. Anthonomus lapsus, 332, 341, 393. Aplexa hypnorum, 99, 168, 172, 188, 227, 242, 267, 297, 338, 385. Aphodius nucans, 208, 212, 390. Aphodius praecursor, 208, 212, 390. Aphodius scutellaris, 208, 212, 390. Arbor vitae, 6. Arca ponderosa, 15. Arca transversa, 14. Arcidens confragosus, 288, 336, 383. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE ‘Ri Bascanion) acuminatus, 208, 213, 394. C ‘ol ‘i Meee haplodon, 208, 214, 397. om wy || 'Arctomy§ monax, 354. Arctostaphyllos alpina, 170, 186, 382, Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, 170, 178, 186, 382. Arey, 231. Arionta exarata, 297. Arlington Heights, Chicago, 64, 106, 107. Arpedium stillicidii, 331, 340, 392. Asiminia triloba, 329, 330, 336, 380. Astarte laurentiana, 176. Atlantic Ocean, 114. Atwater, 146. Atwood, 20, 183. Auburn Park, Chicago, 80,94. § fy A" —™M Auchenia huerfanensis)210, ‘Aughey, 260. Austin Avenue, Chicago, 54, 65, 66, 73, 85. Badister antecursor, 331, 340, 391. Bagg, 129. Bain, 225, 230, 231, 250, 254, 286. Baker, F. C., 11, 18, 90, 117, 168. Balanus crenatus, 176. Baldwin, 181. Ball, J. R., 120, 131. Balmoral Avenue, Chicago, 60. Bannister, 1-4, 6, 128, 239, 270. Barrington, IIl., 107. Barrows, 129, 183. | uUbty ‘Beach, Algoma, 116. Beach, Algonquin, 115, 135, 156, 157, 192. Beach, Battlefield, 115. Beach, Calumet, 15, 19, 20, 62, 70, 74, 76- 80, 105. Beach, Campbell, 164. Beach, Elkton, 113. Beach, Englewood, 120. Beach, Forest, 113, 132, 133, 139. Beach, Fort Brady, 115. Beach, Gladstone, 164. Beach, Glenwood, 19, 61, 69, 76, 77, 79, 105. Beach, Grassmere, 113. Beach, Huronia, 17. Beach, Iroquois, 153, 154. Beach, Lake Gondreau, 115. Beach, Nipissing, 116, 135, 138, 161, 192. Beach, Toleston, 16, 17, 62, 66, 74, 79, 91. Beach, Wayne, 113. Beach, Whittlesey, 19, 113. Beach Station, Chicago, 17. INDEX Beecher, 107. Beede, 209. Bell, R., 13, 14, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 177, 179. — Beltrami Island, 399. N Bembidium damnosum, 331, 340, 391. Bembidium expletum, 331, 340, 391. Bembidium fragmentum, 312, 340, 391. Bembidium glaciatum, 331, 340, 391. Bembidium haywardi, 331, 340, 391. Bembidium praeteritum, 331, 340, 391. Bembidium vanum, 331, 340, 391. Bembidium vestigium, 331, 340, 391. Benedict, 130. Benton Harbor, 134. Berrien Springs, Mich., 134. Berry, E. W., 19, 126, 169, 195, 206, 374. Beetles wings, 330, 390. Betula, 204, 211, 379. Betula alba, 185, 325, 336, 379. Betula lutea, 178, 185, 379. Beyer, 227, 231, 254, 255, 348. Bifidaria armifera, 144, 172, 189, 226, 227, 242, 252, 254-257, 266, 267, 269, 271, 281, 296, 303, 306-309, 330, 339, 347, 348, 355, 358, 388. Bifidaria contracta, 124, 142-144, 172, 189, 227, 242, 256, 269, 282, 296, 303, 308, 339, 351, 355, 358, 388. Bifidaria corticaria, 144, 189, 253, 254, 288, 296, 339, 353, 358, 388. Bifidaria curvidens, 256, 281. Bifidaria holzingeri, 256, 257, 282, 296, 339, 388. Bifidaria pentodon, 124, 138, 144, 172, 189, 252-256, 281, 288, 297, 339, 348, 358, 388. Bifidaria procera, 269, 282, 358, 362, 388. Bifidaria tappaniana, 144, 189, 282, 388. Billups, 182, 302. ~ | Bison, 176, 374, 333, 349. Bison americanus, 165, 210. ~ (i Bison alleni, 210, 214, 226, 235, 243, ~ Bison antiquus, 210, 214, 311, 315, 396. j4 Bison bison, 154, 165, 172, 173, 175, 274, 300, 315, 333, 341, 354, 359, Bison crampianus, 210, 214. : M Bison latifrons, 167, 191, 233, 235, 257, 283, 301, 341, 354, 359, 371, 396. /y Bison occidentalis, 257, 259, 283, 396. ~ Blarina simplicidens, 208, 214, 397. Blatchley, 11, 131, 301. 396 19 396. {\ 2775,M < 1, vi z 4 455 Bledius glaciatus, 331, 340, 392. Blue Island, Chicago, 69. Borden, 272, 276, 309. Boétherium bombifrons, 315, 341, 396. Bootherium sargenti, 142, 191, 371, 396. Bos primigenius, 300. Bowmanville, Chicago, 22, 70, 78, 80, 106, 108. Bowmanville stage, 3, 11, 15, 18, 19, 59, 69, 70-78, 104, 105, 108, 118, 119. Braddocks Bay, N. Y., 81, 87. Bradley, 126, 127, 128, 131, 272, 276. Brasenia peltata, 178, 185. Brasenia purpurea, 332, 336, 380. Brasenia schreberi, 185, 380. Brevoort, 151. Brigham, 322. Briggs, 316. Broadhead, 233, 272, 301. Bromus ciliatus, 178. Buccinum undatum, 14, 176. Buchanan gravels, 270. Bulinus dealbatus, 297. Bulla rivalis, 147. Buried valleys, Chicago, 1006. Buried river valleys, 197-201. Butts, 246. Byrrhus ottawaensis, 179, 190, 390. Bythinella obtusa, 124. Bythinella tenuipes, 295, 338, 385. Bythinia tentaculata, 81, 98. Call, 261. Calliergon richardsoni, 228, 241, 377. Calumet stage, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12-14, 16-18, 20, 59, 69-71, 73, 74, 76-78, 82, 85, 90, 91, 104, 105, 108, 118, 120, 123, 134. Calumet-Sag channel, 56, 57, 60, 65, 67, 84, 88, 92. Calvin, 121, 225, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 251, 344, 345, 373. Cambarus blandingi, 92. Cambarus blandingi acutus, 46, 92, 100, 103, 190, 390. Camelops kansanus, 209, 210, 213, 226, 229, 234, 243, 395. Camelops vitakerianus, 209, 213, 395. | Camelus, 226, 243, 395. Camelus americanus, 209, 213, 395. Campeloma, 73, 122, 126, 135, 166, 334. Campeloma coarctatum, 124. a 456 Campeloma decisum, 81, 98, 120, 137, 138, 148, 149, 159, 161, 172, 188, 295, 324, 329, 350, 358, 385. Campeloma integrum, 2, 3, 24, 27, 29, 200 33-35, 37, 38, 40, 56-58, 72, 81, 82, 85, 87, 89, 91, 98, 102, 125, 134, 135, 138, .] 188, 385. 1" LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Case, 141, 142. Castalia odorata, 81. \\|Castor canadensis, 158, 191, 208, 214, 243, 267, 396. Castor fiber, 158, 267. \Castoroides, 130, 131, 139, 209, 235, 263, 277, 299, 305. 226, 237, Campeloma integrum obesum, 39, 57, 58,— Castorauies kansensis, 235, 243, 397. 72, 85, 89, 98, 102, 134, 188, 385. M Campeloma ponderosum, 273, 274, 281, 385. Campeloma rufum, 98. Campeloma subsolidum, 24, 30, 34, 82, 87, 98, 102, 124, 125, 134, 188, 268, 281, 288, 385. Campeloma subsolidum exilis, 98, 188, 385. Camptothecium nitens, 228, 241, 377. Canis, 210, 374. /Canis)cinereoargentatus, 208, 215, 354. Canis dirus, 274, 283, 354, 398. Ac” Canis indianensis, 274, 354, 360, 398.',, = Canis)latidentatus, 208, 215, 398. © ' Canis latrans, 131, 191, 209, 215, 354, 360, 398. an Canis lupus, 210, 215. \\ \\ Canis occidentalis, 215, 354, 360, 398. ~~” Canis priscolatrans, 208, 215, 398. Canis riviveronis, 374. Capps, 279. Capromeryx furcifer, 209, 213, 395. Carabus maeander sangamon, 291, 339, 390. Cardium groenlandicum, 14 Cardium muricatum, 15. Carex, 26, 27, 71, 87, 91, 101, 185, 379. Carex aequatilis, 332, 336, 379. Carex magellanica, 178, 185. Carex paupercula irrigua, 185, 379. Carex reticulata, 332, 336, 379. Caribou, 104. Carll, R., 199. Carman, 236. Carney, 312, 322. Carya alba, 207, 211, 302, 329, 336, 379. Carya amara, 170. Carya cordiformis, 170, 185, 379. Carya glabra, 185, 211, 379. Carya porcina, 207, 211. Carychium exiguum, 15, 139, 144, 189, 226, 242, 254, 269, 281, 296, 338, 355, 358, 388. Carychium exile, 134, 138, 144, 189, 226, 242, 254, 260, 281, 296, 339, 388. -M At Cervalces borea ‘ Chlamytherium septentrionalis, 373. \_ (\ , a ¥ Castoroides ohioensis, 128, 131, 133, 142, 146, 153, 166, 191, 209, 214, 232, 243, 274, 276, 283, 300, 315, 371, 397. Central Avenue, Evanston, 51, 80, 81. Ceratophyllum demersum, 332, 336, 380. Cercis canadensis, 329, 336, 381. Centrinus disjunctus, 332, 341, 393. Cerithiopsis, 14. 141, 226, 341, °"Cerithium, 14. ¥ \\ Cervalces, 195, 333. Cervalces americanus, 169. » 163, 191, 341, 371, 395; Cervalces roosvelti, 259, 283, 395. (hts \t Cervalces scotti, 169, 191, 315, 341, 371, 395. Cervus canadensis, 121, 131, 132, 153, 158, 300, 315, 341, 354, 359, 395. Cervus zone, 372. Chalmers, 177, 180, 182, 333. Chara, 26, 66, 81, 87, 88, 101, 108, 184, 329, 335, 377. Chamaecyparis thyoides, 329, 336, 378. Champaign moraine, 127. Chamberlain, R. T., 374. Chamberlin, T. C., 9, 75, 103, 111, 117, 194, 199, 206, 216, 217, 219, 220-224, 228, 238, 285, 344, 352, 353, 365, 373. Champlain basin, 116. Champlain substage, 93, 116, 155, 156, 178, 180, 181, 210, 219, 372, 402. Chapman, 158, 163. Chenopodium, 332, 380. Chicago basin, 86. Chicago drainage canal, 61. Chicago Heights, 61, 86. Chicago Lawn, 12, 15, 79. Chicago sanitary commission, 22. Chlaenius plicatipennis, 291, 340, 390. Chlaenius punctatissimus, 208, 212, 390. Chlaenius punctulatus, 208, 212, 390. Chlamys irradians, 14. ‘ Chlamys islandicus, 14. / f INDEX 457 Choeridium ebeninum, 208, 212, 390. Cychrus wheatleyi, 208, 212, 391. Church Street, Evanston, 44, 48, 49. Cymbiodyta exstincta, 331, 340, 392. Circinaria concava, 143, 144, 189, 266, 267, | Cymindis aurora, 208, 212, 391. 297, 303, 307, 308, 314, 339, 359, 362, 389. | Cymindis extorpescens, 170, 190, 391. Clapp, 177, 303, 306, 308, 326, 327. Cynomys ludovicianus, 209, 214, 396. Clark Street, Chicago, 66, 80. Cyprinoid, 27, 88, 100, 103. Clarke, 151, 153. Cypris, 162, 190, 296, 330, 339, 390. Claypole, 142. FR Clemmys insculpta, 208, 213, 394. Dachnowski, 311. & Clemmys percrassus, 208, 213, 394. Dakota ice lobe, 117, 164. Clethra alnifolia, 329, 336, 382. Dall, 149. Cleveland, 199. Dalton, 80, 106. Cochlicopa lubrica, 252-257, 281, 288, 303, Dama laevicornis, 208. 339, 348, 358, 388. Dana, 171. Coelambus cribrarius 331, 340, 392. Daniels, E., 354. Coelambus derelictus, 331, 340, 392. Daniels, L. E., 307, 308. Coelambus disjectus, 331, 340, 392. Dasypus, 373. Coelambus infernalis, 331, 340, 392. Davis, C. A., 17, 72, 171, 322. Collett, 127, 131, 273, 274, 276, 308, 309. Dawson, G. M., 279. Coleoptera wings, 59, 95, 243, 248. Dawson, J. W., 176-179, 181, 182. Coleman, 157-160, 161, 164, 178, 240, 327, | Decodon verticillatus, 81. 328, 330, 332, 357, 401. Deer, 4, 152. Cdfigad fissure fauna, 210, 368. Definance Bay, 400. f Cook Co., Ill., 18, 107. Dempster Street, Evanston, 47, 48. Cooper, 135, 137, 314, 321. Des Moines, Iowa, 201. Cope, 131, 203, 207, 311, 371, 372. Desplaines Bay, 69. Corell, W. F., 300. Desplaines Valley, 77. Corinth, N. Y., 198. Devon Avenue, Chicago, 22, 41, 43, 44, 65, Corylus americana, 207, 211, 379. 66, 70-72, 80-82, 87, 91, 103. Corymbites aethiops, 170, 190, 393. Dicaelus alutaceus, 208, 212, 391. Cox, 308-310. Dichelyma capillaceum, 334, 335, 377. Cragin, 106. Dicotyles costatus, 233. Crataegus, 207, 211, 380. ; i Didelphis virginiana, 373. Crataegus crusgalli, 207, 211, 380. a Dilg, C., 60. Crataegus punctata, 329, 336, 380. \\ Dinocyon, 209, 215, 398. Crayfish, 66. ~ Diptera, 133, 190, 393. Crenodonta peruviana, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, Dodge, 177. 39, 82, 87, 96, 101, 186, 193, 382. Donacia elongatula, 170, 190, 340, 393. Crenodonta perplicata, 273, 280, 382. Crenodonta plicata, 125. Crenodonta undulata, 23, 26, 29, 34, 37, 39, 58, 60, 82, 85, 96, 101, 186, 193, 250, 280, Donacia pompatica, 331, 340, 393. Donacia proxima, 59, 95, 100, 190,°393. Donacia stiria, 331, 340, 393. 329, 337, 382. Donacia styrioides, 291, 393. Cretaceous shells, 203. Dover Street, Chicago, 62. ® Cristivomer namycush, 282, 393. Dowagiac Creek, 134, 139, 140, 141. Cryptobium cin¢tum, 331, 340, 392. Drake, 305. Cryptobium detectum, 331, 340, 392. Drepanocladus aduncus, 248, 280, 377. Cumberland, Md. 210. Drepanocladus fluitans, 178, 184, 228, 241, Cuyahoga valley, 199. 377. Cyclas, 153, 158. Drepanocladus intermedius, 332, 335, 377. Cychrus minor, 208, 212, 391. Drepanocladus revolvens, 228, 241, 332, 377. 458 LIFE OF THE ‘Driftless Area. Clayton Co., Iowa, 352. Dubuque, Iowa, 353, 354. Galena, IIl., 251-353. Grant Co., Wis., 352-354. JoDaviess Co., IIl., 352, 354. Prarie du Chien, Wis., 352. Richland Co., Wis., 353, 354. Savanna, IIl., 352. Drosera rotundifolia, 178, 185, 380. Dryer, 131. Dyer, Ind., 69. Jf ¢ L Faton, 147. Echinocystis lobata, 302, 336, 382. Edwards, 341. Effect of ice, 194. Eggs of snail, 189, 252. Elephant, 128, 155, 175, 176, 299. } Elephas, 131, 167, 175, 250, 258, 276, 333. & Elephas americanus, 191, 274. 2 Elephas columbi, 61, 86, 100, 132, 142, 146, 153, 158, 163, 174, 176, 191, 209, 214, 226, 229, 234, 243, 283, 310, 316, 341, 371, 374, - 396, si Elephas imperator, 210, 214, 226, 232, 243¢ 396. Elephas jacksoni, 142, 158, 191, 316. “ \| Elephas primigenius, 86, 100, 121, 130, 132, 142, 154, 166, 173, 174, 191, 210, 214, 226, 243, 254, 258, 267, 275, 283, 288, 300, 310, 311, 315, 317, 341, 349, 351, 359, 371, 396. Elephrus irregularis, 331, 339, 391. Elk, 152. Elgin, Hl., 107. Elliptio complanatus, 81, 157, 159-162, 186, 193, 383. Elliptio crassidens, 23, 26, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 57, 82, 83, 85, 96, 101, 108, 118, 125, 186, 193, 383. Elliptio gibbosus, 23, 26, 30, 32, 34, 37, 54, 55, 57, 58, 82, 85, 87, 92, 93, 96, 101, 125, 135, 137, 149, 158, 160, 186, 193, 330, 337, 383. Elliptio gibbosus delicatus, 96. Ells, 13, 14, 161, 177. Elodea canadensis, 178, 184, 278, 280, 378. Elrod, 276. Emerson, 169, 326. Englewood barrier, 96. h sv° PLEISTOCENE Englewood stage, 11, 60, 80, 90, 93, 94, 96, 105, 109. Epiphragmophora, 297. Equisetum, 332, 335, 377. Equisetum fluviatile, 184, 377. Equisetum limosum, 178, 184. Equisetum scirpoides, 178, 184, 377. Equisetum sylvaticum, 178, 184, 377. \\ Equus, 202, 203, 232, 236, 315. Equus americanus, 315. |\{ Equus complicatus, 154, 205, 209, 210, 213, 226, 229, 234, 243, 274, 282, 301, 315, 341, 394. Equus curvidens, 210. _/M Equus excelsus, 210, 213, 227, 243, 395. ) (Equus fraternus}208, 209, 213, 313, 315, 341, S 394. a uny Kttdye \\ Equus laurentius, 226, 229, 237, 243, 395. ,4 Equus littoralis, 374. Equus major, 154, 210, 213, 229. _ | Equus niobrarensis, 226, 232, 234, 237, 243, 395. /\Equus occidentalis, 210, 213, 395. /\ Equus pectinatus, 208, 213, 395. (Equus scotti, 209, 213, 237, 395. Equus fauna, 371. Equus-Mylodon zone, 372. _~ | Erethizon dorsatus, 208, 214, 397. Frie clay, 333. Erie basin, 74, 86, 112 114 Erie Canal, 147. Erie ice lobe, 68, 112. Erigan River, 198. Eriocaulon, 329, 336, 379. Erycus consumptus, 332, 341, 393. Euconulus, 270. Euconulus chersinus, 144, 189, 389. Euconulus chersinus polygyratus, 139, 189, 389. Euconulus fulvus, 139, 144, 162, 172, 189, 227, 242, 252-257, 282, 288, 306, 307, 339, 348, 353, 359, 389. Euconulus sterkii, 144, 189, 389. Euphorbia polygonifolia, 14. Eurynia ellipsiformis, 23, 82, 97, 101, 135, 149, 186, 193, 383. Eurynia iris, 97, 135, 186, 193, 383. Eurynia parva, 97. Eurynia recta, 54, 55, 58, 82, 85, 93, 97, 101, 149, 150, 160, 164, 181, 186, 193, 288, 330, 336, 383. INDEX Evans, 128. Evanston, IIl., 2, 3, 6, 8-10, 16, 18, 19, 22, 62, 65, 78, 80, 84-86, 90. Fagus ferruginea, 170, 211, 302. Fagus grandifolia, 170, 185, 207, 211, 336, 379. Fairchild, 114, 199, 326, 401, 402. 7 \\\ Felis calcaratus, 208, 215, 398. # M 4 1)" gil Fiber)zibethicu< $6, 89, 209, 214, 396. Oné Felis eyra, 208, 215, 398. Felis inexpectatus, 208, 215, 398. Festuca ovina, 329, 336, 378. Ficus, 240, 279. Filmer, 324. Finger Lakes, 113, 114. Fish, 265. Fish bones, 25, 95, 158, 205, 212, 394. Fjords, submerged, 198. Florencia formation, 294, 295. Fond du Lac, Wis., 75. Fontinalis, 332, 335, 377. Fornax ledensis, 179, 190, 393. Forshay, 199. Fort Wayne, Ind., 112, 142. Foster Avenue, Chicago, 22-41, 71, 72, 80, 88, 94, 103. Foster, 299, 314, 315. Fossil wood, 2, 155, 158. Fox River, 75. Fraxinus americanus, 329, 336, 382. Fraxinus nigra, 329, 336, 382. Fraxinus quadrangulata, 329, 336, 382. Fraxinus sambuciformis, 329. Frederick Street, Chicago, 60. Fulgur perversus, 4. Fuller, 207, 303, 306, 308. Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, 66. Fusconaja chunii, 273, 280, 382. Fusconaja ebena, 288, 337, 382. Fusconaja rubiginosa, 54, 85, 96, 250, 280, 382. Fusconaja solida, 85, 148, 149, 160, 186, 193, 329, 330, 337, 382. Fusconaja trigona, 125. Fusconaja undata, 23, 29, 32, 34, 37, 55, 58, 60, 82, 85, 88, 93, 101, 125, 186, 193, 329, 336, 382. Fusus tornatus, 176. Galba anticostiana, 182, 188, 387. 459 Galba bakeri, 141, 188, 387. Galba caperata, 12, 46, 47, 64, 90, 94, 99, 103, 124, 128, 138, 144, 160, 172, 180, 188, 225, 227, 236, 237, 242, 252-257, 281, 287, 288, 338, 348, 358, 370, 387. Galba catascopium, 81, 90, 100, 137, 149, 188, 278, 281, 388. Galba dalli, 144, 387. Galba desidiosa, 124, 135, 149, 156, 160, 162, 188, 260, 232, 254, 260, 261, 330. Galba elodes, 99, 139, 158, 161, 170, 179, 180, , 188, 324, 338, 387. “*Galba emarginata canadensis, 136, 188, 388. Galba exilis, 100. Galba fragilis, 266. Galba galbana, 126, 137, 140, 162, 168, 182, 188, 242, 354, 358, 387. Galba humilis modicella, 81, 99, 124, 135, 138, 144, 145, 147, 157, 168, 172, 188, 225, 226, 236, 237, 242, 254-257, 260, 271, 281, 287, 288, 295, 297, 306-308, 338, 348, 351, 352, 358, 370, 387. Galba humilis rustica, 137, 144, 145, 188, 387. Galba jolietensis, 99. Galba kirtlandiana, 100. Galba nashotahensis, 121, 144, 188, 387. Galba obrussa, 24, 56, 58, 81, 88, 99, 103, 120, 124, 133, 135, 137, 139-141, 145, 149, 155-157, 160, 162, 165, 172, 188, 232, 242, 252, 254, 256, 260, 262, 281, 295, 330, 338, 348, 351, 358, 370, 387. Galba obrussa decampi, 54, 56, 58, 73, 89, 92, 99, 120, 127, 128, 136, 139, 140, 144, 150, 188, 387. Galba obrussa exigua, 58, 89, 99, 140, 141, 188, 387. Galba palustris, 12, 24, 27, 30, 35, 38, 39, 58, 59, 64, 72, 81, 88-90, 92, 94, 95, 99, 103, 119, 120, 136, 138, 140, 157, 159, 188, 232, 242, 260, 261, 262, 266, 267, 281, 288, 324, 338, 370, 387. Galba parva, 99, 144, 188, 257, 353, 358, 387. Galba parva sterkii, 99. Galba reflexa 12, 17, 23-25, 27, 29, 33-35, 46, 47, 56, 59, 64, 72, 88-92, 95, 99, 103, 120, 124, 128, 136, 138, 144, 172, 188, 225, 236, 237, 242, 266, 289, 338, 387. Galba tazewelliana, 188. Galba umbrosa, 161, 180. Galba walkeri, 100. 460 LIFE OF THE Galba woodruffi, 58, 89, 100. Gallinago, 208, 213, 394. Gammarus, 210, 212, 390. Garfield Park, Chicago, 80. Gass, 250. Gastrocopta, see Bifidaria. Gastrodonta ligera, 142, 143, 189, 268, 269, 282, 303, 307, 339, 355, 359, 362, 389. Gaylussacia baccata, 186, 382. Gaylussacia resinosa, 178, 186. Geodromicus stiricidii, 331, 240, 392. Geomys bursarius, 210, 214, 349, 354, 359, 396. Georgian Bay, 115, 156, 198, 201, 330. Gidley, 142. Glacial climate, 283, 284. Glacial lakes, formation of, 110. Glacial outlets. Chicago, 20, 76, 84, 86, 90, 91, 95, 109, 113-116, 134, 140, 141, 164, 330, 401. Big Stone Lake, 399. Desplaines, 82. Fort Wayne, 84, 114, 142, 192, 330, 399. Grand River, 20, 114, 192, 400. Imlay, 112-114. Kirkfield, 86, 90, 114, 115. Mohawk, 114, 193. North Bay, 114, 116, 402. Ottawa River, 114. Port Huron, 115, 116. St. Clair, 86, 91, 95, 116. St. Croix, 192. St. Lawrence, 93, 116. Syracuse, 114. Traverse, 164, 192, 399. Trent, 114, 115, 193, 402. Ubly, 114. Glencoe, IIl., 69. Glenwood, IIl., 69. Glenwood stage, 3, 8, 11, 12, 15-17, 20, 59, 69-71, 76, 77, 90, 105, 106, 108, 118. Gnathodon cuneatus, 14. Goldthwait, 16, 17, 20, 69, 70, 74-78, 86, 105, 106, 117, 118, 149, 157, 161. Goniobasis, 385. Goniobasis acuta, 160, 161. Goniobasis conica, 157, 160, 161. Goniobasis depygis, 58, 85, 89, 99, 120, 187, 314, 329, 330, 338, 385. Goniobasis haldemani, 149, 160, 161, 187, 329, 338, 385. LL" PLEISTOCENE Goniobasis livescens, 11, 12, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37-40, 55, 56, 58, 60, 64, 72, 82, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 99, 102, 120, 134-139, 144, 149, 157-161, 166, 172, 187, 385. j Goniobasis livescens niagarensis, 148, 149, 160, 187, 385. Goniobasis virginica, 172, 350. Gorby, 301, 304. Grabau, 148, 201. Graceland bar, Chicago, 80, 88, 93, 94. Grand Boulevard, Chicago, 65. Grand Canyon, 198. Grant, U. S., 16, 63, 165. Grass, 276, 280. Greger, 268. Green, 290, 291. Green Bay, 68, 75, 76, 82, 83, 108, 112, 119, 317, 401. Gross Point, Evanston, 22, 53, 71. Gumbo, 247, 248. Gundlachia, 144, 145, 385. Gulf of Maine, 198. Gulf of Mexico, 199, 202. Gulf of St. Lawrence, 177, 198. (i Gulo luscus, 208, 215,397. Gymnusa absens, 331, 340, 392. Gyrinus confinis, 331, 340, 392. Haas’ gravel pits, Chicago, 3, 8, 15, 61. Hall, J., 1, 147, 153, 401. Hambach, 266. Hammond stage, 3, 12, 59, 60, 86, 90, 91, 93, 94, 105, 119, 120. Harpalus conditus, 331, 340, 392. Harvey, Chicago, 106. Hawthorne, Chicago, 80. ~ Hay, O. P., 18, 61, 129, 131, 132, 145, 146, 154, 163, 173-175, 207, 209, 232, 234, 251, 258, 265, 275, 289, 301, 309-311, 315, 316, 349, 352, 367, 368, 372, 374. Hayes, 313. Haymond, 310. Helicina occulta, 172, 187, 239, 240, 242, 248, 252-257, 260, 267-271, 281, 287, 289, 298, 306-308, 348, 355, 356, 358, 362, 363, 385. Helicina orbiculata, 362, 363. Helicina orbiculata tropica, 267, 297. Helicodiscus lineatus, 143, 250, 254, 255, 260. Helicodiscus parallelus, 139, 144, 172, 189, 227, 242, 250, 254, 255, 257, 260, 266- INDEX 461 269, 271, 282, 288, 296, 303, 307, 308, 339, 347, 348, 352, 355, 259, 388. Helix, 124. Helophorus regescens, 312, 340, 392. Heron, 162. Hershey, 270, 294-296, 298, 345. Hicks, 315. Hicoria glabra, 169. Higley, W. K., 5, 8, 61. Hildreth, 313. Hitchcock, 152, 170. Hollick, 240, 279. Homo heidelbergensis, 373. Horicon, Wis., 112. Hovey, 151. Howarth, 209. Hrdlicka, 374. Hubbard, B., 1, 312. Hudson Bay, 72, 198. Hudson River canyon, 198. Humphreys, 150. Hunter, 157, 158. Hussakoff, 265. Hyalina binneyana, 257. Hyde Park, Chicago, 65. Hydrochus amictus, 312, 340, 392. Hydroporus inanimatus, 331, 340, 392. Hydroporus inundatus, 331, 340, 392. Hydroporus sectus, 331, 340, 392. Hypnum, 27, 87, 101, 329. Hypnum commutatum, 332, 335, 377. Hypnum recurvans, 334. Hippuris vulgaris, 329, 336, 381. Ice, effect on biota, 216, 221. Ice, effect on topography, 216, 221. Tllinoian loess, 248, 252, 286, 289, 297, 298, 307-309, 347, 348. Tilinoian drift sheet, 65, 107, 152, 219, 239, 247, 266, 269-275, 277, 285, 290, 292, 295, 296, 298-300, 305-308, 311-315, 318, 320, 322-326, 328, 329, 334, 344-346, 353, 360, 368, 403. Indian relics, 13, 15, 79. Interglacial life of Chicago, 106, 107. Iowan loess, 167, 247, 252, 286, 289, 295, 298, 309, 346, 353, 356, 360. Iowan drift sheet, 174, 219, 230, 251, 262- 265, 296, 317, 319-321, 333, 334, 344-347, 349-351, 357. Irondequoit Bay, N. Y., 158, 199. Irving Park, Chicago, 106. Jackson Park, Chicago, 55. Jefferson Park, Chicago, 77, 106. Jeffrey Avenue, Chicago, 55, 90. Jerseyan ice sheet, 207. Johnston, 167, 177, 334. Joliet, Ill., 107. Juglans, 211, 241, 379. Juglans cinerea, 170, 185, 379. Juniperus virginianus, 169, 184, 251, 276, 280, 302, 312, 329, 336, 378. Kansan loess, 248, 250. Kansan drift sheet, 152, 174, 205, 209, 219, 224, 228-232, 236-240, 246-251, 255, 256, 259, 260, 262, 269, 270, 277, 279, 285, 294, 295, 306, 320, 344-346, 352, 355, 356, 403. Kay, 283. Keyes, 249, 286. Kingston Avenue, Chicago, 55, 90. Kingston, Ont., 198. Kindle, 149, 160, 323. Kirkfield stage, 86, 87, 91, 105, 115. Klippart, 146, 315. Knapp, J. H., 61. Knight, 154. Koehler, 239. Labrador, 332. Lagrange, 69. Lake Co., Ind., 18, 85, 86. Lake Arkona, 19, 86, 105, 112, 114, 161. Lake Agassiz, 117, 164-167, 192, 238, 399. Lake Algonquin, 9, 74, 86, 87, 91, 105, 109, 111, 115-117, 133-137, 139, 149, 156, 161, 164, 322, 328, 402. Lake Bonneville, 320. Lake Burt, 136. Lake Calumet, 55, 71, 93, 96. Lake Chicago, 1, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 65, 68-71, 74-77, 84, 86, 91, 96, 100, 108, 111, 113, 115, 133, 134, 140, 192, 399, 400, 401. Lake Cayuga, 149, 150, 199, 201, 202. Lake Champlain, 115, 116, 181. Lake Chautauqua, 154. Lake Crooked, 136. Lake Dakota, 117. Lake Dana, 113. 462 Lake Dawson, 114. Lake Dawagiac, 111, 133, 139, 140, 141. Lake Duluth, 68, 86, 111, 401. Lake Elkton, 105, 113. Lake Erie 1, 20, 84, 86, 114, 115, 142, 148, 149, 192, 197, 199, 201, 312, 330, 402, 403. Lake Hall, 114. Lake George, 96. Lake Grassmere, 105. Lake Huron, 115, 136, 161, 192, 197, 198, 201. Lake Hyde, 96. Lake Iroquois, 1, 81, 86, 114, 148, 154, 158, 159, 160, 328, 401. Lake Jean Nicolet, 68, 85. Lake Kankakee, 126, 401. Lake Lahontan, 320. Lake Lundy, 86, 105, 113, 114. Lake Maumee, 20, 68, 84, 86, 105, 112, 114, 399, Lake Magician, 139, 140, 141. Lake Michigan, 1, 9, 20, 22, 75, 111, 115, 120, 121, 136, 164, 192, 197, 198, 201. Lake Mullet, 136. Lake Newberry, 114. Lake Nipissing, 93, 133, 136, 137, 139, 161, 402. Lake Onandaga, 154. Lake Oneida, 202. Lake Ontario, 148, 156, 157, 197-199, 201, 324, 326, 329-333. Lake Pickerel, 136. Lake Pine, 141. Lake Saginaw, 86, 105, 113, 400. Lake Simcoe, 198. Lake Seneca, 114, 199, 201, 202. Lake Superior 75, 111, 115, 192, 197, 401 Lake Traverse, 117. Lake Tonawanda, 148, 402. Lake Warren, 20, 86, 105, 113, 114; 133, 139, 159, 160, 164, 328, 400. Lake Wayne, 20, 75, 86, 105, 113, 114. Lake Whittlesey, 20, 75, 84, 86, 105, 113, 114, 328, 400. Lake Winnebago, 75, 112, 117, 164, 317. Lake Winnepegosis, 117. Lake Wolf, 96. Lake Upham, 86, 111. Lake Van Uxun, 114. Lampsilis anodontoides, 172, 186, 193, 225, 241, 250, 383. Lampsilis iris, 97. a (\(Lepus sylvaticus} 208, 248. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Lampsilis luteola, 23, 30, 34, 37, 44, 72, 81, 82, 87, 97, 101, 138, 157, 159, 160, 164, 186, 193, 324, 330, 336, 350, 358, 383. Lampsilis luteola rosacea, 81. Lampsilis nasuta, 81. Lampsilis occidens, 160, 330. Lampsilis radiata, 81, 193. Lampsilis siliquoides, 350. Lampsilis ventricosa, 23, 30, 37, 55, 58, 82, 85, 93, 97, 101, 134, 160, 181, 186, 193, 324, 330, 336, 383. Lane, 132, 141. Langdon, 146. Lansing Man, 373. Lapham, 142. Larix americana, 150, 180, 184, 229, 249, 280, 332, 334, 357. Larix churchbridgensis, 165, 279, 280, 378. Larix laricina, 41, 71, 101, 184, 194, 241, 280, 325, 329, 332, 334, 336, 378. Lasmigona complanata, 96. Lasmigona compressa, 96, 134, 186, 193, 383. Lasmigona costata, 30, 82, 96, 101, 134, 186, 193, 383. Latchford, 158. Lathrobium antiquatum, 331, 340, 392. Lathrobium debilitatum, 331, 340, 392. Lathrobium exesum, 331, 340, 392. Lathrobium frustum, 331, 340, 392. Lathrobium inhibitum, 331, 340, 392. Lathrobium interglaciale, 331, 340, 392. Lathrop, 128. Lathyrus maratimus, 14. Lawrence Avenue, Chicago, 23, 66. Lawson, 118, 317. Lea, 205. LeConte, 233, 353. Leda portlandica, 176, 180. Leda clay, 180. Leidy, 128, 146, 153, 168, 169, 274, 275, 289, 301, 309, 314, 349, 353, 354. Leighton, 232, 251, 345, 346, 347. Lemna, 81. Lemont, IIl., 55, 56, 69. Lepomis, 27, 88, 100, 103, 190, 394. Lepralia, 177. 209, 213, 395. , Leptochoerus, 209, 213, 395 ne wi lagus 4 (ov! Letson, 83, 147, 148, 149. INDEX Leucochila fallax, 248, 252, 255-257, 282, 308, 339, 347, 352, 358, 388. Leverett, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 18, 19, 20, 61, 63-66, 68-70, 73, 74, 78, 86, 105, 106, 112, 117, 123, 125, 126, 129, 134, 142, 199, 200- 202, 239, 240, 246-248, 253, 269, 271, 272, 277, 283, 286, 287, 288, 290-298, 301, 305, 306, 311, 320, 322, 344, 345, 354, 366, 400, 401, 403. Limacid, 144, 189, 389. Limnea longiscata, 147. Limnea minima, 147. Lincoln Avenue, Chicago, Lincoln Park, Chicago, 64, 80, Lindley, 129. Lioplax cyclostomatiformis, 273, 281, 385. Liquidambar straciflua, 211, 380. Liriodendron tulipifera, 211, 380. Lithospermum, 267, 280, 382. Little, 177. Littorina palliata, 14. Lockport, Chicago, 77, 80. Lockwood, 168. Loess fossils, characteristics of, 360-363. Loess formations, table of, 363, 364. Loess deposits in Chicago, 100. Loess deposits. Tllinoian (Sangamon) Tllinois, 296, 297, 298. Indiana, 306-309. Towa, 287, 288. 23, 60, 7 108. Towan (Peorian). Mi Tilinois, 351. Indiana, 354. Towa, 347, 348. Missouri, 355, 356. Nebraska, 349. Kansan (Yarmouth).. Tilinois, 271. Towa, 251-257. Missouri, 266. Nebraska, 259. Wisconsin (Postglacial), Tlinois, 183. Towa, 183. Wisconsin, 183. Logan, W., 322. Loricera exita, 331, 340, 391. Loricera glacialis, 331, 340, 391. Loricera lutosa, 331, 340, 391. Loveland formation, 247, 289. NM ( Machaerodus gracilis, 208, 215, 398. 463. Low, 177. Lucas, 234, Lull, 171. Lunatia heros, 14. \\ Lutra canadensis, 374. Lutra rhoadsi, 208, 215, 397. Lycopodium, 332, 334, 335, 377. Lycopodium selago, 170, 184, 377. ; Lymnaea, 2, 6, 10, 73, 122, 127, 155, Hee 290, 332, 361. Lymnaea stagnalis appressa, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 56, 59, 72, 81, 88, 89, 91 95, 99, 103, 135, 136, 138, 140-144, 160, 162, 163, 178, 188, 261, 289, 338, 387. Lynx rufus floridanus, 374. Lyons, Ill., 77, 80. Macbride, 228, 231. MacCurdy, 374. Mackinac Straits, 113. Machaerodus mercerii, 218, 215, 398. Maclura aurantiaca, 329, 330. Maclura pomifera, 329, 336, 380. Macoma balthica, 179, 182. Macoma groenlandica, 14, 176, 179-182. Madawaska Valley, 116. Magnolia, 211, 380. _ Mammoth, 11, 16, 18, 61, 69, 104, 108, 109, 128, 132, 141, 145, 146, 153, 163, 166, 250, _ 253, 258, 288, 299, 300, 301, 333. Mammut americanum, 85, 100, 121, 130- 132, 135, 142, 158, 173, 174, 191, 208, 210, 214, 226, 243, 258, 267, 271, 276, 283, 289, 300, 311, 313, 315, 325, 333, 341, 354, 359, 371, 374, 396. \| Mammut progenium, 226, 243. Man in Pleistocene, 373. Manistee moraine, 75, 105, 118. Marcy, ON. 274, 55105 12° 16.07, 1803; 64, 90. Marine life in Chicago, 12, 13, 14, 19, 79. Marine postglacial deposits, 177, 180, 181. Marmota monax, 259, 396. Marquette, 75. Mason, 256. ‘Mastodon, 11, 16, 18, 69, 104, 108, 109, 128, | 130, 132, 141, 145, 150-155, 163, 167, 168, f 170, 173, 176, 231, 258,275, 298, 299: | 300;333: . Mastodon americanus, see Mammut. Sm ad n as St é p a 464 Mastodon angustidens, 267. Mattawa, 115. Matthew, 209. Maury, 323. Maxwell, 168. McAdams, 299, 301. McAtee, 332. McGee, 219, 222, 232, 251, 253, 254, 256, 288, 351, 353, 354. McKay, 142. McWilliams, 151. 354. Megalonyx jeffersoni, 191, 274, 282, 314, 341, 354, 359, 371, 394. {\) Megalonyx leidyi, 209, 210, 213, 236, 243, 394, \,) Megalonyx loxodon, 208, 213, 394. /\\ Megalonyx scalper, 208, 213, 394. ‘)Megalonyx tortulus, 208, 213, 394. s Megalonyx wheatleyi, 208, 213, 394. “"* Megalonyx fauna, 371. Megalonyx zone, 372. Megatherium, 202, 316. Melania, 2. Meleagris altus, 213. Meleagris superbus, 208, 213,.394. Menyanthus trifoliata, 180, 186, 382. Mephitis, 208. __»\ Mephitis fossidens, 208, 214, 397. “ MM | Mephitis mephitica, 248, 283, 397. Mephitis leptops, 208, 215, 297, \\ Mephitis obtusatus, 208, 215, 397. - !) Mephitisorthostichus; )208, 214, 397. 4.,Mergus serrator, 37, 85, 100, 109, 190, 394, ' Merrill, 177. Myers, Ira, 55. Michigan basin, 74, 86, 87, 111, 113, 116, 192. Michigan ice lobe, 68, 74, 111, 121. Michigan City, 19. Microtus amphibius, 209, 214, 396. _+f Microtus didelta, 208, 214, 396. \\ Microtus diluvianus, 208, 214, 396. | Microtus involutus, 208, 214, 396. p. Microtus pennsylvanicus, 354, 359, 396, “ +, Microtus speothen, 208, 214, 396. “ Middleton, 314. Miller, 153, 301, 316. Millers, Ind., 80. Mills, 130. Milwaukee, Wis., A iw py im LA 75, 76, 105. \y Megalonyx, 142, 145, 194, 202, 229, 274, 300, i _ vi _ /\(Neofiber) floridana, 373. A \\ Neotoma magister, 315. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Minnesota ice lobe, 117. 7 Mohawk Valley, 75, 108, 113, 114, i} Monroe Street, Chicago, 61. ; Montezuma marsh, 402. Montrose Boulevard, Chicago, 62, 66. Moore, 130, 146. Morgan Park, Chicago, 106. Morgan Street, Chicago, 61. Morton, 313. Moses, 130. Mt. Forest, Chicago, 57, 69, 70, 77, 80, 94. Mudge, 235. Munn, 246. Musculium orbicularis, 162, 186. Musculium partumeium, 97, 163, 186, 384. Musculium rosaceum, 127, 145, 186, 384. Musculium secure, 27, 54, 73, 87, 97, 133, 136, 145, 156, 186, 384. Musculium transversum, 38, 87, 94, 97, 186, 268, 380, 384. Musculium truncatum, 47, 54, 73, 92, 97, 127, 145, 172, 186, 384. Musk ox, 104, 259, 316. | Mustela diluviana, 208, 215, 397. Mya arenaria, 14, 176, 180, 181. Mya truncata, 14, 176, 180. \ Mylodon, 202, 210. ~~ (Mylodon harlani, 208, 213, 226, 232, 243, 314, 341, 394. _- |, Mylohyus nasutus, 146, 191, 208, 213, 275, 282, 371, 395. \v\Mylohys pennsylvanicus, 208, 213, 395. iv Mylohyus tetragonus, 208, 213, 395. _)4 Mylohyus temerarius, 226, 229, 243, 395. Mysis, 14, 402. Mysis relicta, 79. Mytilus edulis, 14, 176, 180. Najas, 27, 66, 87, 94, 101, 184. Naperville, Tll., 69. Natica clausa, 176. Nebraskan ice invasion, 207, 210, 219, 224, 229, 231, 237, 238, 246, 279, 319. Nebria abstracta, 331, 340, 391. Needham, 16. \ Neohipparion )gratum, 226, 229, 234, 243, Kt 'P r 395. (\\ Neofiber alleni, 373. p Ap (Ne INDEX 465 Nephronajas ligamentina, 97, 125, 186, 288, | Ontario basin, 74, 86, 93, 113, 114, 116. 336, 383. Orchestes avus, 332, 341, 393. Newberry, 197, 318. Oreohelix cooperi, 288. New Buffalo, Mich., 12, 15, 19. Oreohelix iowensis, 252, 254, 255, 282, 287, New England States, 116. 288, 297, 308, 339, 348, 351, 352, 359, 361, Newton Co., Ark., fossils, 210. 362, 389. Niagara Falls, 83, 84, 114, 344. Orr, 251. Niagara gorge, 223. Ortmann, 92, 199, 205, 206, 277, 302. Nicholson, 79. Oryzomys palustris, 374. Nipissing Great Lakes, 105, 116, 120, 132, Oryzopsis asperifolia, 185, 378. 133, 136, 137, 155, 161. Osborn, 207, 218, 283, 271-274. Nipissing stage, 60, 84, 94, 95, 136, 137, 138, \; Osmotherium spelaeum, 208, 214, 397 155, 157, 161, 163. Ostracod, 296, 339, 390. Noah’s bone-yard, 272. Ostrea virginiana, 14, 15, 329, 336, 379. North Avenue, Chicago, 94, Ottawa valley, 93, 116, 176. North Clark Street, Chicago, 60. Over, W. H., 261. Norton, 230, 231, 250, 288. \, Ovibos moschatus, 132, 173, 191, 316, 341, Nexwood Park, Chicago, 69, 106. ate 359, 396. Noyes Street, Chicago, 63. Ovibos-Rangifer zone, 372. Nylander, 155, 156. Owen, D. D., 263, 350. Nymphaea advena, 27, 81, 91, 101, 185, 380. Owen, Luella, 356. Nyssa sylvatica biflora, 204, 211, 381. Oxycoccus palustris, 332. Oxyporus stiriacus, 331, 340, 392, Oak Park, Chicago, 54, 65, 61, 69, 86, 106. Oxyria digyna, 170, 185, 380. Oakton Avenue, Chicago, 46. Ozark Mountains, 199. Obliquaria cornuta, 125. Obliquaria reflexa, 30, 37, 82, 97, 101, 125, Packard, 177. 186, 193, 383. Paisley, 182. Obovaria circulus, 158, 186, 193, 383. Palos Park, Chicago, 69. Obovaria ellipsis, 125, 160, 164, 186, 193, Palos Springs, Chicago, 15, 77, 79, 80. 383. Paludestrina nickliniana, 99, 140, 187, 385. _| Ochotona palatinus, 208, 214, 397. Paludina, 126. -Oculina robusta, 14. \y Paramylodon\nebrascensis, 209, 213, 394. 4} Odocoileus laevicornis, 213, 208, 395. *Paraptera gracilis, 97. \, Odocoileus osceola, 374. Patrobus decessus, 331, 340, 391. Odocoileus virginianus, 56, 64, 86, 89, 100, Patrobus frigidus, 331, 340, 391. 153, 154, 191, 274, 283, 300, 311, 315, 341, Patrobus gelatus, 331, 340, 391. 354, 359, 395. Patrobus henslowi, 291, 340, 391. \\ Odocoileus whitneyi, 354, 359, 395. Peale, 315. —amap of grea rc he ai Peat, 393. gden Avenue, Chicago, 54, 65. Peattie. 18. Ogden ditch, Chicago, 54, 65, 66, 73, 85. et Peacatonica basin, 295. Pecten, 14. Pelycictis lobulatus, 208, 214, 397. Old soils of Chicago, 64. Olophrum arcanum, 331, 340, 392. Olophrum celatum, 331, 340, 392. Olophrum dejectum, 331, 340, 393. Peorian soil, Chicago, 65. Olophrum interglaciale, 291, 340, 393. Penhallow, 3, 6, 72, 90, 149, 150, 178, 202, O'Neill, 16. 279, 292, 330, 334. Omphalina fuliginosa, 157, 189, 362, 389. Pensauken formation, 207. Omphalina inornata, 308, 339, 389. Peorian interval, 118, 167, 219, 252, 263, 293, Omphalina kopnodes, 362. 317, 319, 325, 360, 373, 376, 402. 466 Peorian interval. Canada, 357. Mlinois, 345, 351. Indiana, 354. Towa, 347-349. Kansas, 356. Minnesota, 349-351. Wisconsin, 351. Peorian loess, 309, 346. Perkins, 177. Peromyscus leucopus, 208, 214, 396. Petawawa Valley, 116. Phanaeus antiquus, 208, 212, 390. Phinney, 131, 301. Philanthus claudus, 331, 340, 392. Phryganea ejecta, 179, 190, 393. Physa, 2, 6, 121, 122, 127, 136, 142, 143, 181, 262, 274, 300. Physa ancillaria, 81, 119, 132, 135, 138, 141, 144, 145, 147, 157, 159, 162, 168, 188, 311, 330, 338, 386. Physa aplectoides, 144, 148, 336. Physa crandalli, 267. Physa elliptica, 17, 136, 138, 139, 188, 386. * Physa gyrina, 38, 39, 46, 47, 56, 72, 73, 87, 89, 92, 94, 99, 103, 124, 128, 133, 136, 140, 144, 145, 172, 188, 227, 236, 242, 252, 266, 267, 281, 386. Physa gyrina hildrethiana, 137-139, 188, 386. Physa heterostropha, 99, 135, 138, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 155, 156, 160, 161, 162, 163, 172, 188, 236, 237, 266, 267, 295, 324, 330, 338, 350, 358, 386. Physa integra, 26, 27, 33, 35, 55, 56, 58, 87-92, 94, 99, 103, 135, 139, 144, 145, 172, 188, 225, 237, 242, 386. Physa niagarensis, 136, 140, 141, 188, 386. Physa plicata, 266, 267. Physa sayii, 128, 145, 188, 237, 242, 386. Physa walkeri, 54, 58, 81, 88, 99, 121, 140, 188, 386. Physa warreniana, 11, 12, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 54, 56, 58, 59, 64, 72, 73, 85, 87-91, 95, 99, 102, 121, 188, 386. Picea, 6, 7, 228, 241, 280, 329, 378. Picea alba, 251, 292. Picea canadensis, 19, 41, 44, 53, 71, 72, 87, 101, 147, 152, 184, 194, 251, 280, 292, 325, 332, 336, 378. ” LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Picea evanstoni, 5, 10, 64, 101. Picea mariana, 5, 19, 26, 29, 41, 87, 184, 194, 241, 325, 329, 334, 336, 378. Picea nigra, 184, 325, 329, 334, 357. Picea sitchensis, 5, 6, 7, 72. Piers, 182. Pilsbry, 203-205, 308, 370. . Pinus, 204, 210, 241, 280, 378. F Pinus nigra, 180. Pinus rigida, 184, 207, 210, 378. Pinus strobus, 325, 329, 336, 378. Pinus taeda, 169, 184, 378. Pipestone Creek, Mich., 141. Pisidium, 2, 17, 29, 42, 122, 149, 150, 236, 252, 289, 296. Pisidium abditum, 30, 87, 97, 102, 123, 127, 132, 134, 144, 145, 149, 156, 159, 162, 172, 187, 210, 212, 225, 227, 237, 242, 278, 281, 296, 338, 384. Pisidium abyssorum, 97. Pisidium adamsi, 155, 187, 330, 338, 384. Pisidium affine, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 39, 47, 72, 82, 87, 91, 92, 97, 102, 127, 137, 138, 140, 145, 156, 187, 384. Pisidium compressum 23, 23, 26, 27, 30, 32- 37, 39, 56, 58, 72, 82, 87-89, 91, 94, 97, 102, 125, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145, 149, 155, 156, 168, 172, 187, 225, 236, 237, 242, 261, 281, 296, 307, 324, 330, 336, 384. Pisidium compressum confertum, 55, 90, 97, 187, 384. Pisidium compressum illinoisense, 125, 187, 384. Pisidium compressum laevigatum, 25, 87, 97, 102, 187, 384. © Pisidium compressum rostrata, 97. ; Mi Pisidium contortum, 127, 133, 135, 136, 155, 156, 162, 170, 187, 384. Pisidium costatum, 127, 156, 187, 384. a Pisidium cruciatum, 97, 295, 338, 384. — Pisidium dubium, 4, 90, 157, 160. ‘ Pisidium fallax, 58, 89, 97, 143, 145, 187, 3 295, 336, 384. s Pisidium handwerki, 97. - Pisidium idahoense, 44, 72, 98, 102, 384. e Pisidium kirklandi, 24, 88, 98, 102, 162, 187, 384. Pisidium mainense, 55, 56, 89, 90, 98, 155, 156, 162, 187, 384. INDEX 467 Pisidium medianum, 54, 58, 73, 88, 98, 134, 135, 137, 138, 144, 145, 162, 187, 262, 281, 384. Pisidium medianum minutum, 156, 187, 384. Pisidium milium, 134, 187, 384. Pisidium neglectum corpulentum, 98. Pisidium noveboracense, 23, 24, 27, 35, 88, 91, 98, 102, 140, 157, 159, 162, 187, 338, 384. Pisidium noveboracense elevata, 98. Pisidium ohioense, 145, 187, 384. Pisidium pauperculum, 27, 32, 82, 88, 98, 102, 135, 144, 145, 155, 162, 187, 330, 384. Pisidium peralta, 98. Pisidium politum, 26, 30, 32, 35, 98, 102, 187, 385. Pisidium politum decorum, 88, 98, 102, 187, 385. Pisidium punctatum, 98, 296, 336, 384. Pisidium punctatum simplex, 98. Pisidium roperi, 98, 135, 187, 384. Pisidium rotundatum, 132, 133, 136, 144, 145, 155, 162, 187, 384. Pisidium sargenti, 24, 88, 98, 102, 138, 187, 384. ; Pisidium scutellatum, 27, 30, 82, 87, 98, 102, 133, 136-138, 145, 149, 155, 163, 187, 384. Pisidium splendidulum, 23-25, 27, 32, 33, 56, 58, 82, 88, 89, 91, 98, 102, 137, 138, 140, 141, 145, 156, 187, 384. Pisidium superius, 55, 90, 98, 187, 384. Pisidium tenuissimum, 54, 73, 98, 156, 163, 187, 384. Pisidium tenuissimum calcareum, 127, 128, 187, 384. Pisidium trapezoideum, 137, 187, 384. Pisidium triangulare, 156, 187, 384. Pisidium ultra-montanum, 149, 187, 384. Pisidium variabile, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32-37, 39, 72, 82, 88, 91, 94, 98, 102, 128, 132, 136-138, 141, 145, 150, 155, 156, 170, 187, 261, 281, 296, 307, 338, 384. Pisidium ventricosum, 135, 136, 155, 156, 187, 385. Pisidium ventricosum costatum, 136, 187, 385. Pisidium vesiculare, 128, 135, 162, 187, 385. Pisidium virginicum, 23, 26, 30, 33, 34, 37, 55, 58, 82, 85, 88, 90-92, 98, 102, 125, 38, 82, 88, 137, 143, 149, 157, 160, 187, 296, 324, 338, 385. Pisidium walkeri, 23, 24, 32, 35, 82, 98, 102, 136, 144, 187, 295, 285. Plagiothecum denticulatum roseanum, 126, 184, 377. Planorbis, 2, 6, 10, 127, 150, 153, 155, 178, 179, 259, 266, 332, 300. Planorbis albus, 147, 236, 242, 289, 338. Planorbis altissimus, 128, 188, 387. Planorbis antrosus, 23-27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 54, 56, 58, 59, 72, 73, 81, 87-95, 99, 103, 119, 133, 135-141, 145, 147, 148, 150, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162-165, 168, 172, 179, 188, 225, 236, 237, 242, 255, 259, 260, 262, 264, 274, 278, 281, 295, 307, 324, 330, 338, 350, 358, 370, 387. Planorbis antrosus angistomus, 140, 141, 188, 387. Planorbis antrosus striatus, 119, 141, 162, 188, 262, 281, 387. Planorbis annulata, 147. Planorbis bicarinatus, 17, 148, 150, 161, 162, 163, 172, 179, 188, 225, 226, 237, 255, 259, 260, 274. Planorbis binneyi, 145, 188, 387. Planorbis campanulatus, 23-27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 54, 56, 58, 59, 72, 73, 81, 87, 89-91, 94, 95, 99, 103, 119, 121, 125, 132, 135, 136, 138, 140, 144, 146, 155, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 168, 188, 387. Planorbis crista, 155, 188, 387. Planorbis crista cristata, 144, 145, 156, 188, 387. Planorbis deflectus, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 56, 58, 60, 72, 85, 88, 89, 91, 99, 103, 119, 132, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 157, 159, 162, 168, 188, 262, 324, 387. Planorbis dilatatus, 172, 225, 236, 237, 242, 274, 287. Planorbis exacuus, 25, 29, 56, 59, 72, 88, 89, 95, 99, 103, 121, 126, 138, 139, 140, 145, 162, 168, 172, 188, 262, 274, 281, 387. Planorbis hirsutus, 81, 121, 138-141, 145, 156, 162, 188, 242, 338, 387. Planorbis lens, 274. Planorbis lentus, 324. Planorbis obtusa, 147. Planorbis paludosa, 147. Planorbis parvus, 4, 17, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 33-35, 38, 46, 54, 56, 58-60, 64, 72, 73, 468 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 81, 88-95, 99, 103, 121, 124, 126, 127,135, Pleurocera elevatum lewisii, 99, 329, 338, 136, 138-145, 147, 149, 150, 155-159, 161- 385. 166, 170, 172, 179, 188, 225, 227, 232, 236, Pleurocera pallidum, 330. 237, 242, 260, 261-264, 278, 281, 289, 295, Pleurocera subulare, 60, 99, 124, 149, 160, 307, 313, 324, 330, 338, 350, 352, 358, 187, 293, 329, 338, 385. f 370, 387. Pleurocera unciale, 273, 281, 385. ; Planorbis parvus urbanensis, 128, 188, 387. Plummer, 305. Planorbis rubellus, 145, 188, 274, 387. Polygonum, 380. Planorbis trivolvis, 11, 12, 17, 23-27, 29, 30, Polygyra, 122, 226, 271, 296, 370. 33, 35, 38, 39, 46, 47, 56, 64, 72, 81, 88-91, Polygyra albolabris, 136, 143, 144, 157, 159, 94, 99, 103, 124; 128, 135-138, 141, 144, 160, 162, 189, 268, 269, 282, 303, 306, 147, 155, 157, 170, 172, 179, 188, 257, 308, 339, 356, 359, 362, 390. 261, 266, 267, 281, 314, 324, 338, 370, 387. | Polygyra albolabris alleni, 355, 359, 390. Planorbis umbilicatellus, 144, 188, 387. Polygyra albolabris dentifera, 162. Platanus occidentalis, 170, 185, 211, 302,305, | Polygyra albolabris dentata, 189, 390. 329, 336, 380. Polygyra appressa, 268, 269, 282, 303, 339, |) Platygonus, 354. 355, 359, 362, 390. Ze | Platygonus compressus, 131, 141, 146, 153, Polygyra clausa, 124, 143, 189, 254, 268, 282, a 191, 194, 209, 210, 213, 233, 315, 341, 297, 339, 355, 359, 389. |) 354; 3595371) 395. Polygyra divesta, 257, 267, 356, 259, 390. _/\\Platygonus vetus, 209, 213, 311, 341, 395. Polygyra elevata, 143, 189, 268, 269, 282, Platynus casus, 331, 340, 391. 303, 307, 308, 314, 339, 355, 359, 362, 390. Platynus delapidatus, 331, 340, 391. Polygyra exoleta, 303. Platynus desuetus, 331, 340, 391. Polygyra fraterna, 268, 269, 282, 307, 308, Platynus dissipatus, 331, 340, 391. 339, 355, 359, 362, 389. Platynus exterminatus, 331, 340, 391. Polygyra fraudulenta, 142, 144, 189, 362, Platynus halli, 331, 340, 391. 390. Platynus hartii, 331, 340, 391. Polygyra hirsuta, 142, 144, 172, 189, 255, Platynus hindei, 331, 340, 391. 256, 267-269, 282, 296, 306, 307, 314, Platynus interglacialis, 331, 340, 391. 339, 355, 356, 359, 389. Platynus interitus, 331, 340, 391. Polygyra inflecta, 142, 189, 268, 282, 303, Platynus longaevus, 331, 340, 391. 339, 359, 363, 390. Platynus pleistocenicus, 291, 340, 392. Polygyra leai, 255, 256, 257. Platynus subgelidus, 291, 340, 391. Polygyra mitchelliana, 143, 189, 303, 339, Plethobasus aesopus, 125, 186, 382. 389. Pleurobema clava, 160, 329, 330, 337, 383. Polygyra monodon, 138, 139, 144, 158, 160, Pleurobema coccineum, 83, 96, 148, 149, 160, 172, 189, 227, 242, 253, 254, 256, 257, 186, 193, 329, 330, 337, 382. 267-269, 282, 297, 303, 306-308, 339, 347, Pleurobema coccineum magnalacustris, 23, 355, 356, 359, 389. 26, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 54, 58, 82-85, 96, Polygyra multilineata, 124, 125, 138, 143, 101, 109, 148, 149, 186, 193, 383. 144, 172, 189, 227, 242, 252-257, 266, 267, Pleurobema obliquum, 273, 280, 303. 269, 282, 297, 303, 306, 307, 339, 347, Pleurobema pyramidatum, 329, 330, 337, 348, 356, 359, 362, 390. 383. Polygyra obstricta, 363. Pleurocera, 122, 136, 159, 268, 281, 385. Polygyra palliata, 144, 189, 303, 339. > Pleurocera alveare, 273, 281, 385. Polygyra pennsylvanica, 144, 189, 297, 303, 4 Pleurocera canaliculatum, 157, 273, 274, 281, 339, 355, 359, 390. : 285. Polygyra profunda, 124, 125, 143, 144, 172, Pleurocera elevatum, 11, 12, 64, 90, 99, 102, 189, 227, 242, 253, 256, 266, 267, 268, 282, 125, 134, 187, 329, 330, 338, 385. 303, 314, 339, 348, 355, 359, 362, 390. INDEX Polygyra sayana, 157, 162, 189, 390. Polygyra sayii, 157, 162, 189. Polygyra stenotrema, 303, 339, 363, 390. Polygyra thyroides, 125, 143, 144, 189, 254, 266, 268, 269, 282, 303, 307, 308, 314, 334, 339, 355, 359, 390. Polygyra tridentata, 144, 157, 159, 189, 303, 314, 339, 362, 390. Polygyra zaleta, 142, 189, 269, 282, 303, 339, 390. Pomatiopsis lapidaria, 99, 123, 143, 144, 149, 187, 257, 267, 281, 303, 306-309, 314, 338, 385. Pontederia cordata, 81. Pontoporeia, 402. Pontoporeia affinis, 79. Pontoporeia fisicornis, 79. Pontoporeia hoyi, 79. Populus, 228, 241, 379. Populus balsamifera, 29, 71, 101, 178, 185, 194, 329, 336, 379. Populus grandidentata, 178, 180, 185, 329, 336, 379. Port Huron, 17, 115. Port Kennedy fauna, 368. Port Stanley, 199. Portage, Wis., 75, 112, 199. Post-Glenwood stage, 3, 8, 11, 12, 16. Postglacial deposits. Canada, 156-164, 176-182, 193. Connecticut, 154, 155, 171. Tilinois, 122-129. Indiana, 130-132. Towa, 171-176. Massachusetts, 169-171. Maine, 155. Michigan, 132-136, 139-141, 149. Minnesota, 164-167. New Brunswick, 182. New Jersey, 168, 169. New York, 147-154, 157. North Dakota, 167. Nova Scotia, 182. Ohio, 142-146. Pennsylvania, 147. South Dakota, 176. Vermont, 154, 181. Wisconsin, 118, 123. 469 Potamogeton, 25-27, 39, 56, 66, 67, 81, 87, 91, 94, 101, 108, 332, 336, 378. Potamogeton natans, 178, 184, 378. Potamogeton pectinatus, 178, 184, 378. Potamogeton perfoliatus, 178, 184, 378. Potamogeton pusillus, 178, 184, 378. Potamogeton rutilus, 178, 184, 378. Potentilla anserina, 178, 185, 381. Potentilla canadensis, 178, 185, 381. Potentilla monspeliensis norvegica, 178, 185, 381. Potentilla tridentata, 178, 185, 381. Pratt, 124, 125, 248, 250, 288. Preglacial conditions, 197, 199. Preglacial deposits. Towa, 210. Kansas, 209. Nebraska, 209. New Jersey, 203-205, 207. Pennsylvania, 207. Preglacial drainages, 197, 199, 200. Preglacial fauna, 376. Preglacial land elevation, 198. Prime, 170. 2 ES _)\ Procyon lotor, 374. Port Huron-Chicago stage, 105. =a : : bs , Procyon priscus, 354, 360, 398. Port Huron-Whitehall moraine, 75,76. — Proptera alata, 29, 42, 71, 82, 98, 101, 186, 193, 383. Proptera purpurata, 273, 280, 383. Prunus, 207, 211, 329, 336, 381. Prunus pennsylvanica, 332, 336, 381. Prunus maratima, 14. Prunus virginiana, 170, 185, 381. Psedera quinquefolia, 211, 381. Pseudosuccinea columella, 81, 99, 145, 149, 188, 264, 281, 350, 358, 387. Pseudosuccinea columella chalybea, 99. Pullman, Il., 80. Punctum pygmaeum, 144, 189, 308, 339, 389. Pupilla blandi, 252-257, 259, 281, 288, 339, 348, 358, 361, 362, 388. Pupilla decora, 353, 358, 362, 388. Pupilla muscorum, 252-257, 282, 287, 288, 297, 339, 347, 348, 352, 353, 358, 361, 362, 388. Pupoides marginatus, 144, 189, 303, 307, 339, 388. Pterostichus abrogatus, 331, 391. Pterostichus depletus, 331, 340, 391, Pterostichus destitutus, 331, 391. Pterostichus destructus, 331, 339, 391. ‘470 -Pterostichus dormitans, 312, 340, 391. Pterostichus fractus, 331, 339, 391. Pterostichus gelidus, 331, 339, 391. Pterostichus laevigatus, 208, 212, 391. Pterostichus longipennis, 208, 212, 391. Ptychobranchus phaseolus, 330, 336, 383. Pyramidula alternata, 121, 125, 143, 144, 157, 159, 161, 162, 189, 226, 227, 242, 252-257, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 282, 296, 297, 303, 306, 307, 314, 339, 347, 348, 355, 356, 359, 362, 389. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi, 139, 143, (Rana, 213, 394. 144, 163, 172, 179, 189, 226, 227, 236, 240,. \\\Rangifer, 265, 283, 395. 242, 248, 252-257, 260, 264, 266, 267, 271, \»Rangifer caribou, 190, 314, 333, 341, 395. 282, 287, 288, 296, 297, 303, 307, 339, 4) Rangifer muscatinensis, 176, 191, 259, 283, 347, 348, 351, 353, 356, 359, 389. Pyramidula perspectiva, 144, 189, 252-257, 268, 271, 282, 287, 303, 307, 308, 339, 348, 355, 359, 362, 389. Pyramidula shimekii, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 282, 308, 347, 348, 353, 359, 361, 362, 389. Pyramidula solitaria, 125, 143, 144, 189, 268, . +e4 269, 282, 303, 314, 339, 355, 359, 362, 389\\_{- Rhabdobundus mirificus, 226, 229, 243, 396. § \ Pyramidula striatella, 172, 248, 256, 267, 362. Pyrgulopsis, 122. Pyrgulopsis scalariformis, 123, 187, 385. Quadrula asper, 273, 380, 382. Quadrula lachrymosa, 23, 30, 32, 37, 82, 86, 101, 172, 186, 193, 382. Quadrula metanevra, 125, 186, 241, 275, 382. Quadrula pustulosa, 23, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 55, 58, 82, 83, 87, 88, 93, 96, 101, 125, 186, 193, 250, 280, 329, 330, 337, 382. Quadrula pustulosa schoolcraftensis, 186, 193, 329, 337, 382. Quadrula rubiginosa, 11. Quadrula trigona, 11. Quadrula undulata, 11. Quedius deperditus, 331, 340, 392. Quercus, 26, 28-30, 39, 53, 64, 71, 87, 101, 204. Quercus acuminata, 329. Quercus alba, 170, 185, 207, 211, 329, 336, 379. Quercus falcata, 67. Quercus garryana, 5. Quercus macrocarpa, 207, 211, 329, 336, 379. Quercus marcyana, 5, 10, 64, 90, 101, 185, 379. Quercus muhlenbergeri, 329, 336, 379. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Quercus oblongifolia, 329, 336 ,380. Quercus obtusifolia, 329. Quercus palustris, 207, 211, 379. Quercus phellos, 169, 185, 379. Quercus primus, 5, 6, 7. Quercus rubra, 329, 336, 380. Quercus rubra ambigua, 170, 336, 379. Quercus stellata, 329, 336, 379. Quercus tinctoria, 329. Quercus vellutina, 329, 336, 379. Raddin, 5, 8, 61. 289, 305. Rangifer tarandus, 153, 169, 171. Ranunculus aquatilis, 170. Ranunculus aquatalis capillaceus, 185, 380. . Red River Valley, 117. Redfield, 325. Reis, 152, 177.. Rhododendron lapponicum, 170, 186, 382. Rice, 171. Rich, 324. Ridge Road, N. Y., 1, 147, 402. Ridge Avenue, Chicago, 80. Rivers. Black, 140, 200, 202. Calumet, 56, 71, 109. Carll, 199. Chicago, 66, 109. Cumberland, 199. Desplaines, 68, 69, 109, 111. Detroit, 83, 115. Dowagiac, 139, 140. Dundas, 199, 201. Fox, 75, 112, 119, 192, 402. Genesee, 199-201. Grand, 83, 112, 113. Great Miami, 200. Hudson, 86, 113-115, 116, 176, 326. Humber, 333. Huronian, 198. Illinois, 69, 110, 111, 200, 402. Kankakee, i11, 134, 140. Kenogami, 13. Laurentian, 198, 199, 222, 330. Little Miami, 200. Luzerne, 198. Mad, 200. Maumee, 142. Memominee, 120. Milwaukee, 120. Minnesota, 117. Mississippi, 68, 69, 83, 110, 111, 113, 140, 164, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 403. Missouri, 110. Mohawk, 86, 113-115, 150. Muskingum, 200. Newberry, 199. INDEX 471 Sagittaria latifolia, 81. Salisbury, 12, 20, 111, 117, 183, 194, 206, 216, 217, 219, 220-223, 285, 365, 344, 352, 373, 375. Sampson, 170, 355, 356. Sandy Hook, 198. Salix, 329, 332, 336, 379. Salix cutleri, 170. Salix reticularis, 325. Salix uva-ursi, 170, 185, 379. Sangamon interval, 118, 210, 219, 239, 240, Niagara, 115, 147, 148, 149, 199, 201, 401. Ohio, 110, 200, 403. Pawpaw, 111, 139, 140. Pecatonica, 200. Raisin, 84, 148. Rock, 110, 112, 200. Rocky, 200. Saginaw, 201. Spencer, 199. St. Clair, 115, 116, 198. St. Croix, 68, 111. St. Joseph, 111, 139, 140, 141. 248, 251, 252, 258, 262, 266, 269, 270, 277, 328, 330, 333, 346, 347, 357, 360, 368, 370, 374-376, 402, 403. Sangamon interval. St. Lawrence, 83, 111, 115, 116, 148, 201, 205. Tennessee, 199. Vermilion, 200. Wabash, 68, 110, 112, 200, Wisconsin, 58, 83, 192. Wolf, 75. Riverdale, Ill., 106. Riverside, Ill, 77 Robertson, 16. Robinia pseudoacacia, 329, 336, 381. Rochester, N. Y., 105, 199. Rocky Mountains, 199. Rogers Park, Chicago, 78, 80, 96. Rome, N. Y., 114. Rose Hill bar, Chicago, 74, 78, 80, 108. Rose Hill cemetery, Chicago, 80. Canada, 323-325, 328-330, 332-335. Hlinois, 285, 286, 289-294, 297-300. Indiana, 301-311. Iowa, 286-289. Kentucky, 314, 315. Massachusetts, 326, 327. Michigan, 320-322. Minnesota, 320. New England, 326, 327. New York, 322-326. Ohio, 311-316. Vermont, 326. Wisconsin, 317-319. Sangamon soils, 65, 107. Sangean Clay, 333. Sauer, 294. Savage, 125, 127, 291, 292, 298, 228, 231, 234, 272. Say, 147. Sayler, 234. Saxicava, 177. Saxicava arctica, 14, 176, 180, 182. Saxicava rugosa, 176. Saxicava Sand, 180. Saxinus regularis, 170, 190, 393. Scala groenlandica, 14. Rotundaria tuberculata, 23, 26, 30, 32, 34, \\Scalops, 208, 214, 397. / Scald pus 37, 38, 40, 54, 82, 85, 87, 96, 101, 15, ) Scalopus aquaticus australis, 374. Scarboro Bay, 330. ~Scharf, 15, 79, 192. Schlicht, 142. Scirpus, 27, 81, 91, 101, 185, 379. Scirpus fluviatilis, 332, 336, 379. __.|\ Sciurus calycinus, 208, 214, 396. Scott, 169, 372. Scovill, 276. 186, 193, 382. Rotundaria verrucosa, 125. Russell, 138, 259, 321. Saal, Adam, 301. Sag low water stage, 86, 105, OS, 109. Sag outlet, 88, 92, 94. Saginaw Bay, 112, 198. A 472 Scudder, 170, 207, 312, 331. Sedge, 276, 380. Segmentina armigera, 25, 29, 46, 47, 56, 58, 72, 81, 88, 89, 92, 99, 103, 124, 138, 144, 188, 225, 236, 237, 242, 261, 262, 266, 267, 295, 308, 370, 387. Sellards, 373. Sematophyllum recurvans, 334, 335, 377. Shaler, 315. Shaw, 172, 272, 292, 298, 299, 353. Shelbyville moraine, 129. Sheldon, 325. Sheffield Avenue, Chicago, 60. Shepard, 1. Sherman, 177. Sherzer, 322. Shimek, 104, 122-124, 171, 172, 224-226, 231, 232, 236, 237, 246-248, 250-254, 256, 257, 260, 289, 309, 346-348, 358, 360, 363, 373. Shimer, 177. Shufeldt, 85. Sigmodon hispidus, 373. Silliman, 312. Silurid, 27, 88, 100, 103, 190, 393. Silveria formation, 270. Simpson, 10, 63, 83, 330. Skelton, 154. Skokie Bay, IIl., 69. Slocum A. W., 119, 120, 121, 136. Smith, 79, 154, 277. Snodgrass, 104. Sodus Bay, N. Y., 401. Soils, old Chicago, 106, 107. Somatogyrus, 122. Somatogyrus depressus, 295, 338, 385. Somatogyrus integer, 55, 90, 99, 123, 187, 385. Somatogyrus isogonus, 329, 338. Somatogyrus subglobosus, 23, 26, 27, 81, 87, 99, 102, 123, 187, 385. South Bend, Ind., 134. Sowerby, 147. Sparganium eurycarpum, 81. Spencer, 156, 159, 197, 198, 322, 323. Sphaerium, 122, 127, 150, 155, 158, 159, 164, 162, 179, 180, 226, 264, 266, 288, 300, 350, 358, 394. Sphaerium acuminatum, 29, 44, 58, 72, 87, 88, 92, 97, 102, 187, 384. Sphaerium emarginatum, 46, 92, 97, 187, 384. LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE Sphaerium fabale, 81, 91, 332, 338, 383. Sphaerium flavum, 23, 26, 29, 37, 38, 42, 72, 82, 87, 91, 97, 102, 137, 138, 187, 383. Sphaerium laevissimum, 23, 34, 91, 97, 102, 187, 384, Sphaerium occidentale, 58, 88, 97, 127, 138, 187, 383. Sphaerium rhomboideum, 23, 32, 33, 35, 82, 87, 91, 97, 102, 119, 127, 145, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 187, 330, 332, 338, 383. Sphaerium simile, 11, 119, 120, 123, 132, 135, 138, 143, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 164, 172, 187, 210, 212, 236, 237, 259, 330. Sphaerium solidulum, 23, 24, 29, 33, 38, 42, 72, 87, 91, 94, 97, 102, 125, 145, 160, 187, 295, 330, 338, 383. Sphaerium stamineum, 11, 23, 38, 42, 46, 72, 91, 94, 97, 102, 125, 149, 187, 336, 383. Sphaerium stamineum wisconsinensis, 42, 44, 72, 87, 92, 97, 102, 187, 383. Sphaerium striatinum, 23, 24, 27, 30, 34, 37, 39, 42, 44, 55, 72, 82, 87, 90, 91, 97, 102, 123, 135, 136, 139, 141, 145, 147, 149, 160, 162, 164, 165, 166, 172, 187, 210, 212, 232, 242, 260, 278, 281, 295, 330, 336, 383. Sphaerium sulcatum, 4, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 39, 60, 72, 81, 82, 87, 90, 91, 94, 97, 102, 120, 121, 123, 125, 133, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 145, 156, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 172, 187, 210, 212, 225, 236, 237, 242, 259, 260, 281, 295, 324, 303, 336, 383. Sphaerium torsum, 149, 187, 384. Sphagnum, 207, 211, 276, 280, 377. Sphyradium, 370. Sphyradium edentulum, 143, 189. Sphyradium edentulum alticola, 240, 242, 252-257, 282, 288, 297, 308, 339, 348, 352, 353, 359, 361, 362, 389. Spillman, 156. Sponges, 176. St. Anthony, Falls of, 223. St. Lawrence drainage, 330. St. Lawrence Valley, 117, 181. Stansfield, 163, 177, 180. Stearns, 151, 157. Steller, 326. Sterki, 142, 143, 163. Stewart, 168. Stimpson, 79, ¥ t j INDEX 473 Stony Island, Chicago, 70, 80. Stookey, 231. rib Straits of Mackinac, 136. Strobilops, 236, 370. Strobilops affinis, 139, 144, 189, 307, 339, 388. Strobilops labyrinthica, 135, 144, 189, 227, 242, 254, 257, 267, 271, 282, 307, 308, - jy'Tapirus terrestris, 274. 339, 347, 358, 388. Strobilops virgo, 227, 242, 253, 254, 256, 282, 347, 358, 388. a Strombus gigas, 15. Strophitus edentulus, 97. Strophitus pavonius, 97. Succinea, 122, 252, 290, 303, 308, 309, 314, 370. 348, 351, 352, 353, 356, 358, 362, 388. Succinea campestris, 267, 353. Succinea decampi, 257. Succinea elongata, 308. Succinea grosvenori, 252, 255-259, 267, 281, M Symbos cavifrons, 132, 142, 146, 167, 176, 191, 256, 259, 283, 315, 341, 351, 359, 371, 396. Syracuse, N. Y., 75, 76, 108, 113, 114. Tamarack, 290. \\|Tapirus haysii, 208, 213, 274, 282, 211, 215, 241, 274, 295. 7 4h} 4% i, \. a Tarr, 149, 199, 325. \/ Tayassu lenis, 311, 341, 354, 359, 395. Tayassu tajacu, 354. Taylor, 9, 75, 91, 105, 112, 113, 114, 115, 138, 148, 160, 192, 332, 344, 400, 401. Taxidea americana, 208, 214. ,) Taxidea taxus, 214, 397. Succinea avara, 47, 56, 89, 92, 124, 137, 139) 144, 158, 159, 160, 172, 189, 226, 227, 240, 242, 248, 252-257, 259, 262, 271, 281, 287-289, 296, 298, 308, 330, 339, 347, Taxodium distichum, 169, 184, 378. Taxodium baccata, 292. Taxus canadensis, 249, 278, 280, 329, 335, 378. Taxus minor, 292, 335, 378. Teleopterinus orientalis, 208, 213, 395. Tellina, 179. Tenebrio calculensis, 179, 190, 393. ®k Terrapane anguillulatus, 208, 213, 394. 287, 297, 306-308, 339, 347, 348, 353, “R Terrapane carolina, 311, 341, 394. 356, 358, 361, 362, 389. Succinea lineata, 250, 252, 255, 257, 259. 306, 307, 308. Succinea luteola, 271, 297, 356. Succinea obliqua, 124, 155, 159, 189, 232, 248, 252, 254, 256, 260, 265; 287, 297, 334, 348, 351, 352. Succinea iter grierii, 257. ast Succinea ovalis, 123, 135, 143, 144, 172, 189, 226, 232, 242, 256, 260, 266, 281, 288, 297, 334, 339, 348, 352, 355, 356, 358, 362, 388. Succinea retusa, 46, 47, 92, 136-139, 143, 144, 168, 172, 189, 226, 227, 242, 255, 281, 308, 339, 389. Succinea vermeta, 252. Succinea verrilli, 260. Summit, Illinois, 4, 19, 60, 77, 80, 107. Superior basin, 74, 86, 87, 111. Superior ice lobe, 68, 111. Swallow, 266. Sycium cloacinum, 208, 214, 306. 7M Sylvilagus floridanus, 208, 214, 283, 354, 360, 397. iM Sylvilagus palustris, 374. Thomas, B. W., 292. \/Thomomys, 209, 214, 396. Thompson, 131, 154, 155, 177. Thornton, 77. Thousand Islands, 201. Thuja occidentalis, 41, 71, 101, 178, 180, 184, 194, 297, 329, 336, 378. Tiffany, 124, 125. Tight, 200. Tilia americana, 329, 336, 381. Tilia dubia, 204, 211, 381. Tilton, 176. Todd, 176, 232, 235-237, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262. Toleston stage, 3, 4, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 58, 59, 69, 70, 77-79, 82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91, 104, 105, 108, 119, 120, 123, 133, 134, 158. Tomlinson, 151, 326. Toronto Formation, 103, 104, 291, 322, 327. Trent Valley, 86, 90, 109, 115. Trichotropis borealis, 14, 176, Trifolium repens, 178, 185, 381. Triglopsis stimpsoni, 79. Triglopsis thompsoni, 79. t 474 Trowbridge, 172, 353. Tuohy Avenue, Chicago, 45, 46. Turner Park, Chicago, 106. Turtles, 236, 243, 394. Two Creeks, Wis., 76. Two Rivers, Wis., 75, 105. Typha, 108. Typha latifolia, 27, 81, 91, 101, 178, 184, 378. Tyrell, 278. Ubly outlet, 112. Udden, 175, 209, 210, 231, 253, 255, 256, 257, 271, 287, 288, 292, 297, 301. Ulmus, 241, 380. Ulmus americana, 329, 336, 380. Ulmus racemosa, 329, 336, 280. Unio, 2, 3, 10, 11, 59, 61, 122, 123, 125, 126, 136, 140, 143-145, 158, 159, 166, 180, 203, 226, 235-237, 249, 257. Unio alatoides, 204, 212. Unio alatus, 204, 206. Unio anodontoides, 204, 206. Unio cariosoides, 205, 212. Unio cariosus, 205. Unio complanatus, 204, 205. Unio complanatus quadrilaterus, 206. Unio dariensis, 206. Unio gibbosus, 11. Unio humerosoides, 204, 212. Unio jayensis, 206. Unio ligamentina, 206. Unio ligamentoides, 204, 212. Unio nasutoides, 205, 212. Unio nasutus, 205, 206. Unio petrosus, 313. Unio praeanodontoides, 204, 212. Unio radiatoides, 204, 212. Unio radiatus, 204, 205, 206. Unio rectoides, 212, 214. Unio rectus, 204, 206. Unio roanokensis, 205. Unio roanokoides, 205, 212. Unio saxulum, 314. Unio subrotundoides, 204, 212. Unio subrotundus, 214. Unio terrenus, 314. Unio tumulatis, 313. Upham, 8, 75, 117, 164, 165, 167, 177, 198, 262, 320, 366, 373, 399, LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE S / /\Urocyon cinereoargentatus, 208, 325, 341, 360, 398. Ve / Ursus americanus, 154, 208, 214, 226, 243, 315, 397. /\\iUrsus floridanus, 316, 341, 374, 397. Utica, Il., 82. Vaccinium oxycoccus, 170, 186, 382. Vaccinium uliginosum, 170, 186, 329, 332, 336, 382. Vallisneria, 178. Vallisneria spiralis, 178, 184, 278, 380, 378. Valparaiso moraine, 57, 59, 61, 69. Valvata, 2, 6, 150, 153, 179, 274. Valvata bicarinata, 98, 124, 125, 188, 225, 242, 253, 386. : Valvata bicarinata normalis, 98. Valvata bicarinata perdepressa, 55, 81, 90, 98, 188, 253, 330, 338, 386. 3 Valvata lewisii, 98, 126, 127, 188, 253, 262, 281, 386. Valvata obtusa, 81, 158, 188, 386. Valvata piscinalis, 158. Valvata sincera, 119, 127, 128, 136, 139, 145, 149, 155-159, 161, 188, 253, 261, 262, 281, 289, 330, 338, 386. Valvata striata, 127. Valvata tricarinata, 17, 23-27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 42, 56, 60, 72, 81, 87-92, 94, 95, 98, 102, 119, 124-127, 133, 134, 138-145, 149, 157-159, 161, 162, 163, 166, 179, 188, 210, 225, 232, 236, 237, 242, 260, 262, 264, 266, 278, 281, 289, 295, 307, 308, 324, 330, 332, 338, 386. Valvata tricarinata confusa, 58, 88, 98, 138, 188, 386. Valvata tricarinata ecarinata, 278. Valvata tricarinata infracarinata, 168, 188, 386. Valvata tricarinata simplex, 58, 88, 98, 188, 386. Valvata tricarinata unicarinata, 54, 58, 73, 88, 98, 188, 386. Vallonia, 269. Vallonia costata, 236, 242, 255, 296, 338, 353, 358, 370, 388. Vallonia cyclophorella, 306, 308, 338, 388. Vallonia gracilicosta, 172, 189, 226, 242, 252— 259, 256, 266, 267, 281, 288, 297, 338, 347, 348, 351, 358, 361, 362, 388. Vallonia minuta, 267, 308. va INDEX Vallonia parvula, 172, 189, 256, 281, 388. Vallonia perspectiva, 296, 338, 388. Vallonia pulchella, 144, 189, 254, 259, 266, 267, 269, 281, 288, 297, 303, 307, 308, 338, 348, 351, 352, 358, 388. Van Ransaelaer, 147. Vaughn, 374. Vertigo, 138, 155. Vertigo bollesiana, 255, 256, 282, 388. Vertigo elatior, 144, 189, 296, 339, 388. Vertigo gouldi, 257. Vertigo, milium, 144, 189, 281, 358, 388. Vertigo modesta, 256, 348, 358, 388. Vertigo morsei, 144, 189, 388. Jertigo ovata, 144, 172, 189, 252, 254-256, 282, 348, 358, 388. Vertigo tridentata, 144, 172, 189, 256, 306, 308, 339, 388. Venus cancellatus, 14, 15. Venus mercenaria, 14. Vero, Florida, 373. Vespertilio, 208, 214, 397. Viola palustris, 170, 186, 381. Vitis, 241, 336, 381. Vitis aestivalis, 169, 186, 381. Vitis pseudorotundifolia, 169, 186, 381. Vitrea, 370. Vitrea electrina, 267. Vitrea hammonis, 124, 135, 139, 143, 172, 189, 226, 227, 242, 255, 256, 267, 282, 296, 303, 307, 339, 348, 355, 359, 389. Vitrea indentata, 124, 143, 144, 145, 162, 189, 252, 256, 267, 282, 296, 308, 339, 348, 355, 358, 389. Vitrea placenta, 362. Vitrea radiatula, 134. Vitrea rhoadsi, 143, 189, 389. Vitrea wheatleyi, 143, 189, 307, 339, 389. Vivipara contectoides, 98. ee intertexta, 124, 188, 386. Vivipara subpurpurea, 125, ase, 336. 296, Mf thpes-palmoria} 374. Wabash fauna, 195, 367, 376. Wagner, 82, 117-119, 142. Walker, 17, 118, 133, 134, 141, 192, 194, Warder, 301, 303. Washington Heights, Chicago, 77, 106. Waukegan, 96. Webster, 230, 252. Wegemann, 297. / % Weidman, 239, 265, 219, 251. Welch, J. H., 12015. Weller, 15. Wentworth, 327. Wheaton, IIl., 69, Wheeler, 235. Whiteaves, 177. White, 147. Whitfield, 203, 205. Whitehall moraine, 105, 118. Whittaker, 162. Whittlesey, 1, 120, 146, 277, 278, 318. Wicker Park, Chicago, 85. Wickham, 291. Wilder, 231, 236. Wilmette, Evanston, 65, 71, 77, 78, 80, 106, 108. Wilmette Bay, 22, 38, 71, 77, 80, 81, 87, 88, 91-94, 103, 108, 109, 158. Willard, 246. Williston, 210 Willow Springs, Ill., 11. Winchell, A., 141. Winchell, N. H., 145, 166, 262, 272, 275, 276, 278, 318, 350, 351, 403. Windsor Park, Chicago, 90. Winnetka, Illinois, 69. Winthrop Harbor, Ill., 17. Wisconsin glaciation, 65. Wisconsin ice sheet, 22, 110, 192. Wisconsin invasion, early, 219, 365. Wisconsin invasion, late, 219, 365. Wisconsin Valley, 112. Witter, 253, 254, 289, Wolf, 125. Wood, 142. Wood, fossil, 154, 251, 262, 265, 276, 277, 290, 305, 317-325. Woodruff, 121. Woolman, 203, 204, 207. Worth, Ind., 94. Worthen, 249, 270, 272, 285, 286, 298, 300. Wortman, 131. Wright, 20, 312. Wrightwood Avenue, Chicago, 60. Wylie, 275. Wyman, 153, 316, 353. Yarmouth interval, 215, 230, 239, 240, 283, 284, 299, 309, 313, 325, 327, 347, 350, 368, 373, 374, 376, 402, 403. 476 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE J Yarmouth interval. || Zapus hudsonicus, 208, 214, 397. Canada, 278, 279. Tinois, 248, 269-272. Indiana, 272, 274-276. Towa, 247-259. Kansas, 269. Kentucky, 274. Minnesota, 262-265. Missouri, 266-268. Nebraska, 259, 260. Ohio, 276, 277. South Dakota, 260, 261. Wisconsin, 265. Zion City, Tl., 17. Zizyhus, 169, 186, 194, 381. Zonitoides arborea, 124, 133, 139, 142, 143, 144, 162, 163, 172, 189, 226, 227, 242, 254-256, 264, 267, 269, 271, 282, 296, 306, 307, 308, 339, 347, 359, 389. Testes laeviscula, 142, 189, 389. Zonitoides milium, 355, 359, 389. Zonitoides minuscula, 124, 138, 139, 142, 143, 172, 189, 227, 242, 252, 254, 256, — 269, 282, 296, 347, 348, 355, 359, 389. Zonitoides nitida, 307, 339, 389. Zostera marina, 180. mV a) « 4 i 5 = ~ > ~~ j ‘ : : . wv “a ¢€ a & om CALUMET 35 Feet / PLATE I STATION 60 - 610 9 BLACK SAND. STATION 61 85 BEACH SAND z% ANDGRavEL | 608 $ FI a * 5 | 3 | 4M BEACH SAND | { ANDIGRAV EDIE is 602 } | : = 8 BLACK SAND wz is | i Series ft YELILOW SAND ; Zi Bs 5 GRAY SAND. pe = == 1 o cLay i WLM ot { 3 E 28 CARBONACEOUS, ees YELLOW SAND a EES < 1 F SAN wi SAND STATION 3 j Ee ara p a, LMA > YELLOW saxp TAT F Ea STATION 56 | z ) PEAT AND WooD —————— rr 400 TOLESTON 20rer | e Ves 7 Feer i | — oo oe Sa os 7 LM eee/ rns HAMMOND 20-15 Fecr My YA GRAVEL AND SAND Se BLACK SAND EE "| 17 BLACK San { fx e j= WW CLAY Pred a a STATION 54 EE BTCA, 5 CLAY ) oe ‘P| a 598 E £ 2 5] a a byettow ann | & | = : > ) a ‘4 a a Ee 5 17 YEI.LOW SAND | & > > a) STATION 47 a < = = S ez I 4 a z > Fa ay i} } F PEAT AND WooD 3 S = a 24 SILT | 1475 1% YELLOW AND | z = = weND AND GRAVEL 2 YELLOW SAND | y j 3¥j SANDY CLAY 23 SILT 4 GRAVEL-BAND CLAY STATION 43 4 STATION 32 STATION 33 STATION 39 j } 595 595 595 BOWLDFR CLAY | BOWLDER GLAY | BOWLDER CLAY } 2 SAND-GRAVEL "i BOWLDER CLAY 20 SILT LAMINATED CLAY ~ 26 SANDY LOAN ENGLEWooD 12 FEET | CRAY 40 BLUE CLAY 32 SILT Bo “a WMANVILLE 10 reer STATION 9 STATION 11 Seas ition as STATION 16 STATION 19 STATION 20 STATION otf STATION 22 STATION 28 eee WATER-LAID CLAY LAMINATED Bg 5 590 see amy - 500 590 590 590 590 59 2 = CLAY AND SAND TF a 590 | 590 STRATIFIED = =< oe 8 12 SAND a aSILT A pastes 21 SILT s 22 SILT = STATION 4 | } 14 SAND = ! ——+ ] SS] 52 PEAT i STATION 1 5 } 587 17 SILT 3 | aa z 15 GRAVEL i BOWLDER CLA’ Unio Bed I Alene PRA MNA OLA 4 GRAVEL 4g srr RK \ | HOWLDER CLAY z 4 LAMINATED fe] Uma Bed 7 SANDY CLAY CLAY f 2. GRAVEL-SAND 15 GRAVEL ces : 40 SILT 16 BLUE CLAY 6 16/2S1LT } SILT { BOWLDEK ee) 6 SAND BOWLDER CLAY } CLAY Avant: SILT 1 SANDY CLAY : - 4 SAND B 1 SSS =, caxo Uitte sano ——————— 4 GRAVEL BOWLDER CLAY \ E 4 SILT Unio Bed 2 GRAVEL 23sILT C 12 SILT 47 P =n 3 i Ss S = 2 > 5 Z > < HAM yan ' mh Nie aly Nyy jul mony My yal ity ' ! mn mt Pita N yay in vl NL | atin 1 nye yy | ie het wt 3 = = o ” c ° 2 m i. 4 6 NVSTHOIW INV T ILVNINVI ZY 110S SAWNH 9 AVI @ IAAVEY-UNVS 6E ANVS MOUIIAK 1S Avia MoTTaL ONVY snoI>DW NOUV? Onvg SN0JI>VNOG¥VD VID MOTTTL Wey snoauveIVD LZ (NWS SQOdOV NOU VO. GNVS MOITGA QI AAVUD O9 ANVS GNV 'E JAAVUD UNV GNVS 8B] ayo Nou! 5O>D 9 ANVS MO'TIAA 69 AX O9 ANVS MOTT 216) L338! L19USAZ7] rm anys Q] aAvuy QI aNnvs +@ IHAVUD UNV UNYS OF AI ALV Id PLATE V PLATE VI PLATE VII Se ee pao i; Se Lae IIA ALV Id * ( ¥ . \ NS ne F $ , - ’ = ¥ 3 : + a aa PLATE IX —_ aT os PLATE NI PLATE XII PLATE, XOtr PLATE XIV PLATE XV PLATE XVI PLATE XVII PLATE XVIII PLATE XIX SAAN Ch A, BTR NT OT fi ~ PLATE XX 4 , i ’ < ’ : — 1 ~ = PLATE XXI PEATE SOU PLATE XXIII PLATE XXIV 3 3 3 Ss we os SMI] aiwas z Q STA EIA TT NY S SHAT = . . < x S AMVONN Od Se SuLSIa RELY . mi SEEN SS Nn, At A 4 j 7 a 3 == 3 ! wp | ; & Ss Si jess] T oO. TiS les rf “ i) =a is| eee i i H “J ig Efmnss ‘ & zy S SSF SS. > =e H ‘al fe el eee re 1__2 3, 4 132 Eales ie ee = x =~! a ee ofS 3 ook Viz = Ese IP = = . Ze || Ae of Ze ¥ Ss t 7 A y « & “Ber See 1 si 5: 5 SSeS A —| D ° ES n WoaKva oat el WHvToNT yee YI Suderstam, Del. PLATE XSXV THE SANITAILY DISTIICT OF CHICAGO. - AG. HICAGO Oty MAP SOUTH CHICAG of the irae Ke wAie ] yd a hay y i SSN A CALUMET SAG CHANNEL weap teaen lll SS MICHIUAN WESTERLY RESERVE LINE, of the ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL + F —§-—}----% BRO. 14, 7.87 N., R11 B OF THE dep. PM. Wo the NORTH AND SOUTH CENTER LINE. ot SRO. 92, 7.37 N., R14 BOF THE dan PM, cure SeaLe JULY 1910. - = NET 7 =v + « . . eal PLATE XXVI PLATE XXVII aad - “3 : = : > S y a \ : < = + — ot ——o z . ane 3 ro ) di i - F 7 . : : ra - - in Zl eccoccwh esos s: hwhiva obvain?) ° ‘oo H a 2° ! ice D : e H z ee Ce a9 : rc 5 4 2 : = 2 allel 0S 2a uty 73a AvY+D JNOLSIWI7] hv10 yusainog $9 djd OINN + TVIAVYD 1S ONYS ANI be AVI 8b AW) ALv3d 21 tvessnaty CAV ID AAV ee ee. Ej Z| ony 4 fi 10 | B FEET DEEP Bron > 02 SS : JoV4was ANI N ywaLVM MOT Y4L¥YM MOT mY w oe mc) m > - ,O/ JIWAWW MO | 65-70 FEET DEEP 25-30 FEET DEEP 1 | ' ' 9710 FEET DEEP 21 doomaT ONG INF93yY ,0°¢ GNoWWVH 145-50 Feet DEEP 1 | =0¢ NO1SAIOL $2 ,0%-S€ Lawnanrvy ,09-$S @oomnaty © IWIAXX ULV1d PLATE XXIX PLATE XXX GLENWOOD 55-60 ] CALUMET 25-40 TOLESTON v 20-25 HAMMOND 20 FS==>) UNIO BED His ENGLEWOOD GRAVEL- SAND 12 v RECENT LANO LOW WATER 10 Low WATER LAND SURFACE SHI SAND oT q BoutDER CLAY SUVS RBS Sa EG a- 2s Leveter LAKE es te ww iS Peary Sil lS 1S 2 ° DEPTH eof WATER aT THIS POINT fae PLATE XXXI fl an! Superior lobe 7. =? She Poems on or | What 34 hl 7h PLATE XXXIV ~ae e eee eN eee ee ESN Bt Ss ae ek Pe ane ~~~ eee BSS oe CENTRAL AVENUB —-~ >= | CHURCH DENPSTES,— — OAKTON TAUHY — LINCOLN AVENUES, ~ 7 7 > DEVON fm a= io CHICAGO RIVE : as te i fi , 7 a : i % r ? o ren ——— cy ‘ PLATE XXXVI ' OAKTON) tata eae TOUHY ----—-4----+---.. seeeee, CHICAGO RIVER SH ri a = - = 5 2 = 7 =e , A 2 1 - XVII PLATE cHURCI DEMPSTER § = * f 7 on ine . 4 _ 2 Bee ec ger ecet tay ak € coe CEDCEE EEG SE WERE E EERELE beg EE peeEEEE es, As ieee « “ee mana € £ ete hae yf ma Bi€y te eS a i€ E, ran € E e€ 6 ad E eept ger eel f, date eee & re E 13 t 3 iE g tere if tf £ Etes Ee gt fhe €e tN EE, f if * £, T: «ee i; epee at S € 96 9F FF OF 2) be mr TH mt _ TT mm a “is mn! Ae ine ae rie ae iy IT im aa TS _ mT a _ re. a mm a ™ Ar 7m ae 96 9695 SE: 5 iy rive iy mn 7a iT ve nite ar cae aT Ti 7 ie es im LS * ws -~ JIN are AY yan = Sas oe Dual or 9F of ws 8g a rn, ne x tA TINY 7 an a. TiS Tie vite TTY as Tom FT ame am rie ATE Ga ae rit am ay may L ae) iL 2D Uy — ) Fr FAT) 09 EE 4 Ce fete ° este 59 5? ry) sd IE ee ig ek, 43 EEE Cy CEP EEL gt ie . ee. ef Cae rie on ae AIC at fin me ame ae a = ave AIR omit an TTS 7 ie An ae AN AM prey ATTN, vt AR ae aN TM Bee ES Sa a) ea) 8/ BI er al gortl BISO tL Ye Ye Ye ve st sx 8! Ue IE Of VR 2 ® =. se of . of ORE ar Sh sto 9 oO 29 09 09 o£ mn i ( a J a LV al OS yan O XIXXX UFLV1d - : ; an. : P - ao . . 4 PLATE XL Shee Gans ee SS SSSR: PLATE XLI siihiiatbiiin cache caine NER PLATE XLII TTX ALVWTd ae ae ae < an | PLATE XLV \ . \ ’ LINCOLN: mete Ny Soe PRESENT SHORE LINE Wahatiy Ve Sah ae wie SNS A! NHL ase yes We AEE AS SAS AY AR ‘ x \ vate Waa a ES AY TON AN AWANS \ TA NSEANANA SEA Sua AACS NEI MN ANTS RAEN RRC OND SCAANASAA CAS CAN CSE U ANS NTR *y RRO NTS SMT SS AAU SAAN SN ASAD ASRS NV OSSS AAA AN Ok NS . aN S NAINA NN ENTS N ve SEA MN SRS Wye any WEES ASN Sek A tt SAAS SS ATONE AA OE SONOS NITY RON Sy VHS * ROR SOS SAS A Sats eh) SAR NORORRN SANE AA NYS AY Ny » Way ANN ARR UOY K MO ‘ Y RN wry Wy ares NY wey RASS I Aou CRON ASSN RE NES SN SORA ARN ‘ RARE RRR N ROR UNNRNON NS PARANA NAN Yat yy WSS SARE TAS GEE NAIR RRO y ase Sy SN VT HL RNG GS RAT RNS RRS NNN N CRRA WINS Y aN wy N v\y N ‘ uN RRA LSS NS RE RE x RR AREY QIN x: ROO EORAR ORSON yw VR Y KY ARORA STAN Sah MMav wry N N SANUS AN ORC RN ERE RS MERE ORCS ES SON as rv RON VAN AS YS NAN ay An ‘ VAN AWW NA RAO RU ROR RON ROR “ SOAR WE BEY AY NY MEW NOVAS NAN ANN SSA SPN AE OB CNN NES ASSES URN AEN AAS SNA SARS RRA RONAN re RY WARRIORS DIG BRIO ENA IANCRAORDANOR pt Ny LORS NSE \ RNANIARRRR ARS ANNAN RNS AARON NESS se 8 Sy NAAN SALES E HONE LY RUNIIIURCROR EARNS SONN INI ON ORONO ASS EAS SSS EEE HON EQS RN MSIE SEE EAM BN AE SBS S AS NSN RRR \ . ROU RE NE RNR ee SOR RRNA AC RRR ANA RS NNN ANAS AA Nw VS ASS BN DENSenae DRUIRARNANAARORS LYE LS Yay TM RYN NUE IRON ATNRRROS NARUC A FRAY SRN SRALAN RNS ALS ECS EL INNS Sass \ EB Ss nnn AAYY Ay SAAS SEEPS MAK ANNE ES LOE ES ERD ELE ELEMENTS Mee SSAA y SEZ DOCON ROCCO NOS DSTA NONSOCOOR NO CRS e NECN RONDO RWW y Oe B Sea ean ey eyes IRINA RON NANA RS RARER OONSON ORIN S AN SYA GRR Sh NEL HW NQYG HG HS MG NS VBI SNS LANG NOMS RON OTON BNW ASIN TAQ SSSR RE RES BARRIS RAK Breas vw Nady) N Aa NS ARORINAD BERR NON RONEN x ‘ ’ \\' NYE SOA BB LOS OSPR een nn gy? PSE SAS CU By PNET ES NANT ZY SNS SOS WQS ov y NY CORN NANA YS Ay ae SAORI ROU ERRNO NSE RRNA My ROO NNS RUE TONIC INNO SB SATA SE MANS SSM YY RRO ROO Bi Sor rete cis RRS a SEEM QE Ly RORCORRN CARROL CONROE WW AAS RA So SARI AS ER OA SE PLATE XLVI ad Ye a 85 iY eR ay a e fo) R sv ROE A NOES Es 4l : . “Seacee t a o 24) Sian GV INKE MicH1GAN ) \ a Wisconsin DRIFT < iy : A IK Dae hp rs My fay a : ES towan Driet Yi y M0 teuinovan Dairt = Y EI KANSAN Dairr W opie <8 x ee EE] Ovo Dairt a , Vas ee Vee OS ava le eee: 3] Te RSEYAN Daiet ® “iiss spplstane ee eee me we 2A PLATE XLVII Illinois Riv. aie, 1L tv ) D> CHICAGYoOuTL tn ————, VA A & | f rGe2s MAD 98 Hy (90 POM eal fp an 75, a “ ry PLATE XLVIII ake ety OREO LEGEND Areas covered by the Lakes.......c% shade lines LAKE OUCLERS..2.2-000 cer encerececesernce soa ClaClal AT ALRAGE ...s0nvrecseescreseee cers 1. Succesive /ee borders.........+-+. yg ASe ke borders in New York largely conjectural Correlative Moraines from Wisconsin westward not determined Seale a i] *€ 100Miles 7 - ‘ * has 1 , “ “ + te \ ¢ . 4 i i ; ; : », a “a » { - . i) / 2 \ é / j . 5 , Pita 4 Ny . ! a Q ‘ ; ~ - i i . ' ‘i a 2 = * . ' / 7 : \ 7 - , = Sor! 001 ““"UBPL09 92/ aAI2v70II0D ““aboummsp 72720)9 “"""$9a)970 OYOT ““sayny ay) Ag pavarod svary OGNIIDI7 $au7n apoys vr XITX ALVId reg i rm a 27025) avjwsrajapun proajsam unboyopy ~~ Sf woLy (24102 "$9990 BYDT “9ayD7 aya Ag pasarce svaiy OGNI9NIT7 "7990409 B2/ BAI9 K aresauere ve etarelentr asters see a $8U7) spoys ur" TaLvid pot + PLATE LI LEGEND Areas covered by the Lakes......- in shade lines Gtore nes incompletely traced) TEI RNCLT A eee mi) ET Correlative /cé border..—....---..----- = = =! (Ke borer largely conjectural and tentative) Scale 85° 15" | os” i 0 wT eri ge In o7 $42 ‘ { : —y Pata hie : ce fof wrnrpineten/ PLATE LII LEGEND Areas covered athe Lakes.......c2 shade lines Shore removed by modern lakes LAKE OULLEES.02--2 ener eee erereeee Succesive Algonguin /ce borders— Succeslve /roguots e_ borders af Scale si. N 1 v 0 JPoor; 5 } 4 Ss: $ : meas 7 su Sk IMT ALWTd aun asoyg) 984 J0U DAS LIDIAWDYD Jo BUN 2""""""SayD7 ay) Ag PIsLBAOD SRBs ONIIDIT os ’ a pPSBass < BE AWS. True North Pf L. Stmeoe Kingston oNewmarket § le X ° \ Trenlo 6 ee aa) Y Vi ult neyville Detroitg dChicag, ) \- 3 PR E GLA CIAL R IVE R Ss ¢ 7 ovbb-b submerged ecarpments OF THE re 2 Fhe er Or EUR Moh y t ‘egheny R. a) ey: Cony é BUPBa COUR SELTO north y : «— glaciation Soundings in feet Statute Milos i 0 10 20 a0 60 80 100 ms 3 PLATE LV \OGoderich tnt tthe Little falls 0 Mh Nh, all MMM), I ‘ ma PLATE LVI STORK yee NORTH AMERICA — LEGEND | OCEANIC BASINS MARINE WATERS I CONTINENTAL DEPOSITS, SOMETIMES | L INCLUDING MARINE SEDIMENTS d LANDS ICE == POLAR —— EQUATORIAL ——— >» == To" To | | MARINE CURRENTS PLATE LVII . a, A » = g ax | ra : S ps - ‘ ~y Capac eniay 2 ee 3 : > _ > t . “ , é ¢ : : — _ A! : = = I ge = = : = ‘ 2 = © 7 z z : ae = - a 7 : = é : ; ; 7 “ “: ey 7 = = . ; ; S - om eee 5 ; = : : = a = 2 = f Za Ee ‘ = oe . E 3 * is ¥ = ' a : : NA . , 4 : : “ . . S y ‘ - = : ; z ; 7 : | : = = + i ‘i ; - : Oa a aa a onl we ee am OP Se Sees ee ee — ek ee _——— - ala? Leys ee ‘ {i LTP wane) | LV yV eS | lala laldapthlenlamian! HITT Et Li ae 4 li Lt ae Bent Phen yehetern aa. Thy pet) asaAadia gh iliak aStineimnale 4 poy AE . eeapdbPPPRAARMARs sian i F Lee y x née 4 A sapnehi Pi gaaee ae at peananee gpladaia 9 Pine |e pAahee abieifia.. we, TTT | pee : atmceheneihe “tay m “AVA, AMAR DeAenese (MIANb eR BbD aati -cosait mene PEEL) Veh bieldaltt-ite Lape nme mile! CPE ayant RaagWAA cg Ss y bl heb ae ™~* a=". a é a ai Aad, Ams ia rT. | onl ak { MIARARRS Ss.) ft aah a i ; z Aaa aunt iMIARARAS att tty ALARA ppmadiian, Mag, AA TT leaded pees) TSE are! tf illetoe a 4 a af My a ae bie aaah ages BAA fel OE han | As a same s & BEL aaa AA wad _ Aiea aaah A aphac aaa af aa 8 ae y ry. & ai “A Demir L baal ly Nae ama when URAAR ARS cpin ney Aten, nial ea: Om eA in sashabenia, SAA NAY -SeRARAUR Aaa AAAs UALNan, Le] Re BAL, RR pa a yuan’ mn aretbal { MARR) KA, NA nod : Se eeeee ans - . he Na) noth Wrurapase. .. %§ Qa ee Hh a Mg ic on ‘WL |) eaerry Wy WN poe nai BNR! AY PADD “a oe. ee Soe WOPARS SA SE Tan Leanna a r > “uit aa Suey ayy TY Perrin a Aelia neta ehMans, Ae eee uiltdiiay taasaane Name - = = a ioe a ee = @ \ a Anan 49 Narn: x Net Sax tet pnteahe se PURAABA RRA Lanai d> 36.0 antl Trine Th Hie Lanna Anas Sy ye Ny mh - a> yN bn Bi Bees & F 2,7 1 \ aa. AN ananine, He PEE £ a : "Se. SS aie fe ck ee eS a fie: SO Sse Los priate Se TN 1.\ 4\ —— aad Se) a tes 5 Pel PRAARRA LRA AAPA, | PAAARAA: An padrAR, noth yaewasan@hana rs ties Panne ct ten. neds os “ANY YN 4 wail Xrameritin atta” ne NS Ph te a) As | 4 af ans y a todd Jail S caer 4 iS be Delsaaare ded SAAN ee? SONA a~ AN. s > a — PARE “AFR AR, ; Pt e@ecchaaieees .. al enna. hae ~Aanaa nhs al Y On dOnM or. - 7 9P2P%,. a PaAgae..-- > ‘2 Sbest et farts “was” 3 ¢ “3h Bn mi ip ® Torus Et As ele ee nite bye =e! aaa aes ‘Ry . Nige = ey Wat. 4 - fet Tt a | apenue sy it aaparapy pip 9 esha Ys 9 rye ~ ae ita | appen~ a , s ae ~~ SD aAnaas? ae 223 AL eMAn N tot ft epbar Le net Paea Piaia! ae PY Natale] 8 itinia | pORReRREate LE f _ Bt ab 2 BT aa 4 ; *,' AR ae SE : ~n~an Ab mOMQAAGAS Ye PC pt £t IEW aA Aaa ~ ye% Lo a SUBS = OSaN,s ‘ar - Ny parm anahNan? Aaa, Bic@aa--2ih23468. 2 yy Tq 4 “A, A ag ai sep f || ry yaa Gast ann YY > RAMEN EST DM, WIN ere Ny a PRR Ba ceia el tae fb aging Pl att oe L na aan 198 Dn \ “4 mj i a ats as aaa. "s “ Ventanas ™s aaeae ee” ‘anne e gaan ats ales iota ; : F Fiat 5 ; nq ) as ate EN AAAR pap nnnannan antl aa 3 biidd un Magyar? 9 a Ce antag WANA AAR pa Annan 3 a eS sue & ; pana MTN cry 11h) aan tient aa ; “ap AgaAnad! A. ganar ase manka” aA he Le a. Rae : & Tra AA a ah” an e mice meee eti Gh nc Pal aN aamha” > ha panne - id ed atentinte tt hel Goat eaQn : é Banani LY eae rev? if’ Teo AT “36 Sam, aes ama har AR Ass — , Dd. rey o Dbieinitnte Lett tare eens TT (or “TT PE a eA Pe x Beane 70) b delol ts oh ets aA = ae ‘ie =a’ & 4 Tan, Dy" te TW Vv “hai, ARAN, Se moe pe Fe VR ve { Aae@ar Sen a A 3 Pater U1) Anne tone AAD aR ABA ES eel LOREEN ~ =” igre nee al = ; ' ia 1G Bb £2e* a5 s as ; VARA A a-a ~ 8, my: i) ! BRRARER™ ene ga bf pangs =n ; s ay? Hi Seats \ ve Agee ~~ ReW*~apr Xe Qe of? = cad ve z. bs Nay x re 13 aa wT - . et | aed se MTT PT itl ||, meer : PLY) en. Aarne a A pied je ee So - a 2 re a wet Tay axe f = a ee oe : : BRQRNR A”. 2 ~ ®Oa~ oS ee F . vr YY aN ae ey A ryan aN a ; LY aa bent f ee aw RRA AR ‘