te-< U. on §B 108 | LIFE BULLETIN No. 10 S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY UsMe ZONES AND CROP ZONES OF Boe UNITED STATES BY Cc. HART MERRIAM Chief, Biological Surocy WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1898 Gas DR1ORe Book «5 Mé BULLETIN No. 10 Uo Ss DEPARTMENT OF “AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES OF ie ON e Dp STArES Cc. HART MERRIAM Chief, Biological Survey WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING, OFFICE 1898 + ae Ae anf ‘ ‘. ey ee ee og ee : aie tut ee - iad yw ~ 5 7 JUN 22 1906 D. of D. y* ‘ af > 4 > - ¥ * = ~ #60 ‘ bas S$ he er e_ woe @ . Re at . re Ae Peary . . wr Enea e Soe ve ra . bia «2 eee ear « . tJ eee CE Pips A eS (6 < @ ‘ 7 - - LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, Washington, D. C., June 20, 1898. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication, as Bul- letin No. 10 of this division, a report on the work of the Biological Survey in its relation to practical agriculture, comprising a reprint of the article on the subject in the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1897 and considerable additional mat- ter. This report is accompanied by a new map of the life zones of the United States, corrected to December, 1897, and consists of four parts, as follows: I. Relations of the Biological Survey to practical agriculture. II. Life zones of the United States: Boundaries, native species, and important crops. II. Laws of. temperature control of the geographic distribution of animals and plants. IV. Crop tables. It is hoped that this report, with its accompanying zone map and crop lists, will serve to emphasize the extreme wastefulness of indis- criminate experimentation, by which hundreds of thousands of dollars are thrown away each year in futile attempts to make crops grow in areas totally unfitted for their cultivation. Respectfully, C. HART MERRIAM, Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Page. POC TION see eet eee Ee a tee elses oo Sao ae eee ee ents if PART I. RELATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY TO PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. .-.--- 9 INecdkOmalVerrciti CamOntOl CLOPS tees sas eae ye a ee ae eee 9 Sea Island and Egyptian cotton for new sections .--...-...-..-------.--- 11 Proniubloerops.tor difterent climates... -)_2:--.-..2-:-1-+--22-2-+.s218. V1 Wihatsthesranmer Needs tO;kNOW «2 --...-- === -22< <2 62522 42ecee noses 12 Mappineraerculiural Tesions2a.2s22- 2.25. 25 seo e. 2 eae eee ee en 12 Hevelopment of agriculture in California _.). 2. 2-22-2252. ss eeke-osce =~. 14 Mi evat ere SIONS eee rk tee erste mk oe a es ht et SS Seg bl ae eee 15 Special value of narrow extensions of faunas. ..---..-.------------------ 15 PART If: LIFE ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES: BOUNDARIES, NATIVE SPECIES, AND TATE ORAIVAVNET ak ORO) PG Yes aes 2 ae SP Ent en eee ee ee hE he ee ae eee SES 18 iP Me eA Tees lpIne: ZOMG] 94s <2 esse Se ote See 2 Sek 2 See e es 32 eee 18 Ve iewenASOnlAantZOne mae ee eos eee ee See Ee tg Dene @amadianyZzON Oc eos, - en Se Sas seca taies concn - =. ily AP HOME rAaAnSibIOUSZONO kobe se ae oe eee ea ed ee eee 20 (QelherAlleshanianitaunaltancaes -s5 2222. ees 222 ee ese 20 Cropsiof the Allechanian faunal area 222-22. -22-. 225-2. 5-2 == 21 (b) The arid Transition faunal area _____ _- wy NE) a mes = Be eee ee 25 Crops of the arid Transition faunal area ___.:...-_--..--------- 20 (Q)elnesPacinc coast lransition taunalarediee a= 5245222 2s eee 27 Crops of the Pacific coast Transition faunal area ._-__.----.----- 29 em ubesWinpersAustralezone see st sone. | ee Se eee ee ek 30 (elheCarolinianehaumalvaneases = ore ease. see eee eee ee ee 7 30 CropsionineCaroliniansiaunalvanedis e522) 594229 282) = eee ol (O}EchesUippersonoran-ftaunalyanrea, 2. 45. 925-5 2 soos ee 2 ee 3 Cropsiombhe Upper sonoran) faunalareaes--- 82 ---- 22-2 2 -~-- 37 Gaelthe ower -Australzone) 922222222... 2) sees ee ge Ob Pam ete Ao 41 (a) othe Bower Sonoran faunaliared= 222.2222) 725 2 2 eee ee bal Crops of the Lower Sonoran faunal area _____- .-.--...-------- 42 (OjetherAustroniparian fatmalvanreas- 25. = 99 352) 82 222222 . 45 Crops of the Austroriparian faunal area __.._. ._---- - Ree een Ab (Qinsemiltropicalvor Crulli stripe eee eee. See ee 49 Crops of the Semitropical or Gulf strip. STEN ke ee ae ey te 49 ee line me bropicalereodones er ease sae nr ee | 51 Cropaoeinie Uropical Becton ste het 1 eo fo 8 ee oe 52 Cropsror, Lropical) Mlonidaes:ss5s-5 one eee: LG kee A aes © CRY 6 CONTENTS. TeyNT RAL MIU Page. LAWS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS AND. PLANTS) J. -= i235 sc The letter (P) indicates that the fruit after which it is placed is cultivated suc- * cessfully in peninsular Florida only, except in a few cases where it thrives also in the Mississippi delta below New Orleans. 1002—No. 10 4 Cleopatra (Ce)c Dancy Tangerine (P). King (P). Bahia (Washington Navel). Beach No. 6. Bessie. Boone Early. Buttercourt. Centennial. Circassian. Colmar. Cunningham. Drake Star. Dulcissima. Du Roi. Foster. Hart Late (Excelsior). Higley Late. Imperial Blood. LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. CITRUS FRUITS—continued. Mandarins. Satsuma. Tangerona (P). Oranges (P). Jaffa Blood. Lamb Summer. Magnum Bonum. Maltese Oval. Mediterranean Sweet. Nonpareil. Oblong, Early. Old Vini. Parson Brown. Pineapple. St. Michael. St. Michael Blood. Star Calyx. Thorpe Trophy. Valencia Late. Vinous, Madame. Jaffa. Pomeloes (P). Aurantium. Mammoth. Blood. Seedless. Forbidden Fruit. Triumph. Hart. Walter. Josselyn. OTHER FRUITS. Apples. Jennings. Red Astrachan. Chinese quince. Dewberry. Lucretia. Figs. Adriatic, White. Magnolia. Celestial. Marseillaise, W hite. Granadillas. Grapes. Elvira. Tenderpulp. Flowers. Thomas. Herbemont. Wylie, Peter. Scuppernong. Cattley (Strawberry). Costata. Hachiya. Hiyakume. Kurokuma. Okame. Angel. Bidwell Early (P.). Bidwell Late (P.). Cabler Indian. Climax. Countess. Early China (P.). Ferdinand. Florida Crawford. Garber. Kieffer. Kelsey. Satsuma. Hoffman. Michel Early. China grass [for fiber]. Cotton. Jute. Rice. Sea Island cotton. THE TROPICAL REGION. 51 OTHER FRUITS—continued. Guavas (P.). Chinese (Mexican). Japanese persimmons. Tane Nashi. Tsuru. Yedo-ichi. Yemon. Zengi, Kumquats (P.). Loquats. Peaches. Gibbon. Honey. Imperial. Maggie Burt. Onderdonk. Pallas. Peento (P.). Waldo. Pears. Le Conte. Magnolia. Plums. Wild Goose. Pomegranates. Strawberries. Neunan. Thompson, Lady. NUTS. Peanuts. Pecans. MISCELLANEOUS, Sorghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tobacco. 7. THE TROPICAL REGION. The Tropical region within the United States. is of small extent and is restricted to three widely separated loealities—southern Flor ida, extreme southeast Texas (along the lower Rio Grande and Gulf Genet), 52 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. and the valley of the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California. The Florida area is genuine humid tropical; the Texas and Arizona- California areas are dilute arid tropical. Among the tropical trees that grow in southern Florida are the royal palm, Jamaica dogwood, manchineel, mahogany, and mangrove; and among the birds are the caracara eagle, white-crowned pigeon, zenaida dove, quail doves, a Bahama vireo, and the Bahama honey creeper. The absence of characteristic tropical mammals and the relatively small number of tropical birds in Florida is due to the lack of land connec- tion with other tropical areas; while the presence of the jaguar, ocelot, and other tropical eats, the armadillo, and a considerable number of tropical birds in southeastern Texas is the direct result of the continu- ous extension of the Tamaulipan arid tropical fauna from Mexico into Texas. The extension of the arid tropical along the lower Colorado and Gila rivers is over a desert region of such excessive aridity that only desert mammals and birds can live there. The flora has not been sufficiently studied, but is characterized by giant cactuses, desert aca- cias, palo verdes, and the Washington or fan-leaf palm. CROPS OF THE TROPICAL REGION. With irrigation the arid tropical areas are found to be as produc- tive as the humid tropical, but they have been cultivated so short a time that their capabilities can only be inferred from the circumstance that bananas, citrons, dates, guavas, lemons, loquats, oranges, and Mexican limes do well in the Arizona-California arm. No informa- tion is at hand relating to the Texan or Tamaulipan arm. Tropical Florida, with its handsome cocoanut palms and extensive banana fields, has been longer under cultivation, but its full capacity is still unknown, and the following list must be regarded as far from complete: Crops OF TROPICAL FLORIDA. CITRUS FRUITS. Bergamot Orange (Citrus bergamium). Mandarins. Citrons. Oranges. Lemons. Pomeloes. Limes. OTHER FRUITS. Avocado (Aguacate). Carob or St. John’s bread (Ceratonia Amatungula (Carissa arduina). siliqua). Banana. Cherimoyer. Barbados gooseberry (Pereskia acu- Cocoanut. leata). Custard apple (Anona reticulata). Caraunda, Christ thorn (Carissa ca- Date. randas). Downy myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomen- Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). tosa). Cashew nut. Egg frutt. THE TROPICAL REGION. 5 OTHER FRUITS—continued. Ginep or Spanish lime. Granadilla. Guava. Hog plum (Ximenia). Kumquat. Loquat. Mammee apple. Mammee sapota. Mango. Melon papaw (Carica papaya). Monstera deliciosa. Otaheite gooseberry (Phyllanthus dis- tichus). Pepino (Solanum muricatum). Pineapple. Pond apple (Anona glabra). Rose apple (Eugenia jambos). Sapodilla (Achras sapota). Soursop (Anona muricata). Southern dewberry (Rubus trivialis). Strawberry tomato (Physalis — alke- kengt). Sugar apple (Anona squamosa). Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora). Tamarind, MISCELLANEOUS. ! Camphor. Coffee. Ramie. Sisal hemp. Tobacco. 'Eggplants, tomatoes, beans, and some other garden vegetables are important crops in tropical Florida, but as the varieties of these have not yet been arranged by zones they can not be given here. lemvecie UN LAWS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.' Apart from obvious mechanical barriers, such as oceans, tempera- ture is the most important single factor in fixing the limits beyond which particular species of animals and plants can not go. Investi- gations conducted by the Biological Survey have shown that the north- ward distribution of terrestrial animals and plants is governed by the sum of the positive temperatures for the entire season of growth and reproduction,®? and that the southward distribution is governed by the mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year.? ZONE TEMPERATURES. THE BOREAL REGION. Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian zones.—The distinctive tempera- tures of che three Boreal zones (Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian) are not positively known, but the southern limit of the Boreal as a whole is marked by the isotherm of 18° C. (64.4° F.) for the six hottest consecutive weeks of Summer. It seems probable, from the few data available, that the limiting temperatures of the southern boundaries of the Hudsonian and Arctic zones are, respectively, 14° C. (57.2° F.) and 10° ©. (50° F.) for the same period. 1 Abridged from a paper by the author entitled ‘ Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of terrestrial animals and plants,’ National Geo- graphic Magazine, Vol. VI, pp. 229-238, 3 colored maps, December, 1894. >In computing the sum of the positive or effective temperatures a minimum tem- perature of 6° ©. (48° F.) has been assumed as marking the inception of the period of physiological activity in plants and of reproductive activity in animals. The effective temperatures or degrees of normal mean daily heat in excess of this mini- mum have been added together for each station, beginning when the normal mean daily temperature rises higher than 6° C. in spring and continuing until it falls to the same point at the end of the season. The sums thus obtained were platted on alarge scale map of the United States and connected by isotherms, which were found to conform in the most gratifying manner with the northern boundaries of the several life zones. ’The exact length of this. period has not been determined. It must be short enough to fall within the hottest part of the summer in high northern latitudes, and probably increases in length from the northsouthward. For experiment, the mean normal temperature of the six hottest consecutive weeks was arbitrarily chosen and platted on a large scale map. Isotherms were then drawn, which con- formed so closely with the southern boundaries of the Boreal, Transition, and Upper Austral zones that the matter was not carried further. 54 TEMPERATURE OF AUSTRAL AND TROPICAL REGIONS. ao THE AUSTRAL REGION. Transition zone species require a total quantity of heat of at least 5,500° C. (10,000° F.), but can not endure a summer temperature the mean of which for the six hottest consecutive weeks exceeds 22° ©, (71.6° F.). The northern boundary of the Transition zone, therefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive tempera- tures of 5,500° C. (10,000° F.), while its southern boundary is coinci- dent with the isotherm of 22° C. (71.6° F.) for the six hottest con- secutive weeks. Upper Austral species require a total quantity of heat of at least 6,400° C. (11,500° F.), but apparently ean not endure a summer tem- perature the mean of which for the six hottest consecutive weeks exceeds 26° C. (78.8° F.). The northern boundary of the Upper Austral zone, therefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive temperatures of 6,400° C. (11,500° F.), while its southern boundary agrees very closely with the isotherm of 26° C. (78.8° F.) for the six hottest weeks. Lower Austral species require a total quantity of heat of at least 10,000° C. (18,000° F.). The northern boundary of the Lower Austral zone, therefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive temperatures of 10,000° C. (18,000° F.). THE TROPICAL REGION. Tropical species require a total quantity of heat of at least 14,400° C. (26,000° F.); and since the tropical life region is a broad equatorial belt, it is probable that both its northern and southern boundaries are marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive tem- peratures of 14,000° C. (26,000° F.). Governing temperatures of the zones. Governing temperatures. | Northern limit. | Southern limit. Eepiens. ouee: Sum of normal Normal mean mean daily tem- | temperature of | peratures above six hottest con- 6° C. (48° F.). secutive weeks. ST Bel Mate OG a: tent Bonealige sia. S-8 22 PAC Li Gee ee eee en Se eee oes) wee ee Ee 110 | 150 Hnmdsoniane-sse-co. = See a ea) ee lees eae 114 157.2 Wana dia Nhe aera eee ee Ne a aoe 18 64.4 PATistralisrec.. 2 PDT AN SiGlON eee oe ees oe ees oe ee 5,500 | 2 10,000 22 71.6 liippperAustralsce.--ase sees = 6, 400 J1, 500 26 78.8 WowemAustralsec.e se ceseee see ee 10, 000 PSR OOO} eee eer erer: | See tee Mropicalesss2—- 24 = EE eof tee ay 8 pk es 14, 500 £2 F(0 0,0) 5] ee er Dee ee 1 Estimated from insufficient data. *The Fahrenheit equivalents of centigrade sum temperatures are stated in round numbers to avoid small figures of equivocal value. PAs Dy: CROP TABLES. ; The accompanying tables are arranged to show, under the head of particular crops (as cereals, apples, pears, and so on), the zone ranges of the more important varieties. Fruits having very limited zone ranges, as oranges and guavas, are not included, because they are so easily found under their appropriate zones in the text. Incidentally, the tables serve to bring out the interesting fact that while a few varieties, as the Red Astrachan apple and Bartlett and Seckel pears, have wide ranges, thriving in as many as three zones, the vast majority are restricted to two, and a considerable number to a single zone. Additions and corrections are earnestly desired. CEREALS. Cereals taken collectively thrive best in cool climates and are most successful in the Transition and Upper Austral zones. This is particu- larly true of oats and wheat. Corn, while no exception to the rule, has more varieties adapted to the Lower Austral, as appears in the accompanying table. Zone ranges of oats, wheat, and corn. [Kry.—(2) and (3) of second or third rate in the area. ] TRANSITION ZONE. Transition areas as a whole. | Transition areas as a whole. Oats: | Wheat—Continued. American Banner. Saskatchewan Fife. Black Tartarian. Scotch Fife. Lincoln | Corn: Welcome. | Angel of Midnight. White Russian. | Canadian Eight-Row Yellow Flint. Wheat: King Philip. Australian (). | Longfellow. Clawson. Pride of the North. Fultz (2). Squaw. Ladoga. Stowell Evergreen (2 and local). Red Fife. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Oats: Oats: Lincoln (2). Lincoln (2). Red Rust Proof. Red Rust Proof (2). Welcome. Welcome (2). White Russian (2). White Russian (2). 56 CEREALS AND APPLES. 57 Zone runges of oats, wheat, and corn—Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE—Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Wheat: Wheat: Clawson. Australian. Fuleaster. Fultz (3). Fultz. May wheats (3). Mediterranean. Mediterranean (2). Turkey Red [Mississippi Valley]. Sonora. Velvet Chaff. | Turkey Red (2). | Velvet Chaff (2). Corn: Corn: Bloody Butcher. Hickory King (3). Golden Dent (2). ‘King Pailin (2). Hickory King (2). Leaming ( King Philip (°). Pride of che North (3). Leaming Squaw (3). St. Char age White [Lower Mississippi Val- ley] (2). Stowell Evergreen. White Gourd Seed (2). LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Oats: : Oats: Red Rust Proof (2). Burt. Red Rust Proof. Wheat: Wheat: Australian. May wheats [away from coast]. Sonora. Mediterranean (3). Fultz (2). Corn: Corn: White Gourd Seed (2). Golden Dent. Hickory King. Leaming (2). Mosby Prolific. St. Charles White [Mississippi Valley] (2). Stowell Evergreen (2). White Gourd Seed. APPLES. Apples rank among the staple crops of the United States. A mul- titude of varieties flourish in the Transition and Upper Austral zones and a smaller number in the Lower Austral, as may be seen from the following table. One variety, the Red Astrachan, is remarkable for the wide range of climatic conditions it is able to endure, as it appears to thrive in all the zones and in all the areas except the most arid. Many varieties are restricted to a single zone, but the greater number are common to two adjoining zones, as the Transition and Upper Austral, or the Upper and Lower Austral. Crab apples are almost restricted to the Transition zone, only four varieties being known to flourish farther south, and all of these are Transition varieties. 58 LIFE ZONES Zone ranges of apples. AND CROP ZONES. [KEyY.—Cross (+), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (n), in northern part only; (s),in southern part only; (?), information sufficiently positive to make the listing necessary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification. ] Alleghanian (eastern) area. TRANSITION ZONE. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Alexander. + Bailey Sweet (s). -+ Baker. + Baldwin. + Benoni (s). + Bietigheimer (s). -+ Blenheim. + Blue Pearmain. + Bullock (American Russet). + Canada Reinette. + Chenango (s). +Clyde Beauty. + Cogswell (s). + Danvers (s). + Domine (s). + Dutch Mignonne (s). + Dyer (Pomme Royal) (s). + Early Harvest. + Early Ripe (s). -+ Early Strawberry (s). + Esopus Spitzenburg. + Ewalt (s). -++ Fall Pippin. + Fameuse. -++ Garden Royal. + Golden Russet. -+ Golden Russet [New York] (s) -+ Golden Sweet. tolden + Gravenstein. + Green Sweet. Haas ( Fall Queen) {Mississippi | Valley]. -+ Hightop Sweet. +-Hubbardston. -+ Hunt Russet. + Jefferis (s). -+ Jefferson County. -+ Jewett Red. + Jonathan (s). -+ Keswick (s). Longfield. + Lowell (s). -+-MeIntosh. McMahon. + Maiden Blush (s). -+ Margaret, Harly Red (s). -+-Melon, Norton (s). + Minister. +-Montreal Peach. -+ Moore Sweet (s). + Mother (s). + Newtown Spitzenburg (s). -+ Northern Spy. -+ Ohio Nonpareil (s). Oldenburg, Duchess of. -+ Ontario. + Peck Pleasant. -+-Perry Russet. Pewaukee. + Pomme Gris. + Porter (s). -+ Primate (s). + Pumpkin Sweet). + Rambo (s). -+ Red Astrachan. -+ Red Canada. -+ Rhode Island Greening. ++ Ribston. + Rolfe. Roman Stem. + Roxbury. +St. Lawrence. +Seott Winter. -++ Shiawassee. Sweet = ( Pownd Alexander. Baldwin. Dutch Mignonne. Dyer (Pomme Royal). Early Harvest. Early Strawberry. Esopus Spitzenburg. Fameuse. Golden Russet. Golden Sweet. Gravenstein. Hightop Sweet. Hubbardston. Jefferis. Jonathan. Keswick. Longfield. Lowell. Maiden Blush. Monmouth. Mother. Newtown Spitzenburg. Northern Spy. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Pewaukee. Porter. Primate. Rambo. | Red Astrachan. | Rhode Island Greening. Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Roxbury. Sops of Wine. Summer Pearmain Swaar. Tetofski. Tolman Sweet. . Tompkins King. Twenty-Ounce. Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. Williams Favorite. Wine, Hays. _ Winesap (7). Wolf River. Yellow Newtown Pippin. Yellow Transparent. Baldwin. Ben Davis (s). Blue Pearmain. Early Harvest (s). Esopus Spitzenburg. Fall Pippin (s). Gravenstein. Jonathan (s). Keswick. Maiden Blush. Monmouth. Northern Spy. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Rambo (s). Red Astrachan. Red June (s). Rhode Island Greening. Sops of Wine. Swaar. Tompkins King. Wagener. Wealthy. Winesap (s). Yellow Bellflower (s). Yellow Newtown Pippin (s). Yellow Transparent. APPLES. Zone ranges of apples—Continued. TRANSITION ZONE—Continued. 59 Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. | Pacific Transition area. + Sops of Wine. + Sterling (American Beauty), + Summer Pearmain (s). | + Sutton. + Swaar (s). | Tetofski. + Tolman Sweet. + Tompkins King. + Twenty-Ounce. + Vandevere (s). + Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. + Williams Favorite. + Wine, Hays (s). . Wolf River. Yellow Transparent. Crab apples: Beach. Brier. + Elgin. Excelsior. Gibb. + Hyslop. Martha. Marengo. Minnesota. Montreal. Orange. Red Siberian. Transcendent. + Van Wyck. Whitney Wo. 20. Yellow Siberian. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig). Bailey Sweet. Baldwin (7). Belmont. Ben Davis. Benoni.’ Bentley. Bonum. Bough, Sweet. Bradford Best (Kentucky Red). Broadwell. Buckingham. Cannon Pearmain. Champlain (Nyack). Clayton. Cornell Fancy. Cullasaga. Domine (7). Dyer (Pomme Royal). Early Cooper. Early Harvest. Early Joe. Early Pennock. Early Strawberry. Edward Early. Esopus (71). Evening Party. Ewalt. Fallawater. Fall Orange. Fall Pippin. Fall Wine. Golden Russet (n) Golden Sweet. Alameda, Beauty of. Belmont. | Ben Davis. Blue Pearmain. Cook Seedling. Dyer (Pomme Royal). Early Harvest. Early Pennock. Early Strawberry. Esopus Spitzenburg. Fall Jenneting. Fall Orange. Fall Pippin. Fall Wine. Gloria Mundi. Golden Russet. Golden Sweet. Grimes Golden. Haas (Fall Queen). Hawthornden. Hightop Sweet. Holland Pippin. Hubbardston. Jersey Sweet. Jonathan. Keswick. Lady Sweet. Lawver (Delaware Re ed Winter). Limber Twig. Lowell. Maiden Blush. McAfee Macahall Red (Red Bellflower). Missouri Pippin. Monmouth Pippin (Red Cheek Pippin). Mother. _ Newtown Spitzenburg. Nickajack. 60 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of apples—Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE—Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Green Cheese. Green Newtown. Grimes Golden. Haas (Fall Queen). Hewes Crab. Hightop Sweet [Mississippi Valley]. Hoover. Horse. Hubbardston (7). Jefferis. Jersey Sweet. Jonathan (7). July (Fourth of July). Keswick Kinnaird. Lady. Lady Sweet. Lansingburg. Late Strawberry. Lawver (Delaware Red Winter). Limber Twig. Lowell. McAfee. MeLellan. Maiden Blush. Mangum. Margaret, Harly Red. Milam. Missouri Pippin. Melon, Norton (7). Monmouth. Moore Sweet. Mother. Newtown Spitzenburg. Nickajack. Northern Spy (7). Ohio Nonpareil. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Ontario (7). Ortley. Otoe (1). Perry Russet (7). Porter. Primate. Pryor Red. Ralls Genet. Rambo. Ramsdell Sweet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Red Stripe. Rhode Island Greening (1). Romanite, South. Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Shockley. Smith Cider. Smokehouse. Sops of Wine (7). Stark (7). Summer Pearmain. Summer Queen. Summer Rose. Sutton (7). Swaar (7). Sweet Winesap. Tetofski. Tompkins King (7). Trenton Early. Twenty-Ounce (7). Vandevere. Wagener (7). Walbridge (Edgar Red Streak). Westfield (1). White Juneating. White Pearmain. White Pippin Willow Twig. Wine, Hays (1). Winesap. Wythe. Northern Spy. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Porter. Primate. Ralls Genet. Rambo. Red Astrachan. Red Canada. Red June. Rhode Island Greening. .| Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Smith Cider. Summer Pearmain. Summer Queen. Summer Rose. Swaar. Tetofski. Tompkins King. Twenty-Ounce. Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. White Pearmain. Wine, Hays. Winesap. Wolf River. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin. APPLES. Zone ranges of apples—Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE—Continued. 61 Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin (Albemarle). Yellow Transparent. York Imperial. Crab apples: Hyslop. Martha. Transcendent. Yellow Siberian. Lower Sonoran area. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Marshall Red (Red Bellflower). Sexton Golden. : Skinner Seedling (Santa Clara king). Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin. Bonum (7). Bradford Best (Kentucky Red). | Bruce. Buckingham. Cannon Pearmain. Carter Blue. Champlain (Nyack) (). Clark Pearmain. Cornell Fancy (1). Cracking. Cullasaga. Disharoon. Farrar (Robinson Superb). Ferdinand. Gilpin (7). Green Cheese. Hoover (7). Horn. Horse. Jennings. Julian. July (Fourth of July) (n). Junaluskee. Limber Twig (7). McAfee (7). Mangum. Manomet. Mason Stranger. Mattamuskeet. Maverack. Nansemond. Nickajack (7). Oconee. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Ralls Genet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Romanite, Sowth. Shockley. Stephenson. Switzer [Mississippi Valley]. Taunton. Watson. Waugh Crab. White Juneating. Willow Twig. Winesap (iv). Yates. Yellow June. Yellow Transparent. Yopp. York Imperial (7). Jennings. Red Astrachan. 62 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. APRICOTS. Apricots require a warm climate and do best in the dry summer heat of the Upper and Lower Sonoran areas. They bloom early and are easily injured by frosts, for which reason they are a precarious crop in the Eastern States. Zone ranges of apricots. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Alexander [Mississippi Valley]. Alexander. Breda. Blenheim. Budd [Mississippi Valley ]. Breda. Early Golden. Budd. Gibb [Mississippi Valley]. Eureka. Harris. Gibbs. Hemskirke. Hemskirke. Large Early. Large Early. Moorpark. Montgamet, Alberge de. Peach. Montgamet Early. Moore Early. Moorpark. Newcastle. Peach. Pringle. Royal Golden, Brier. St. Ambroise, Vestal Moorpark. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. | Austroriparian area. Breda, Breda. Hemskirke. Early Golden. Hinds Seedling. i Hemskirke. Montgamet, Alberge de. Moorpark. Montgamet Early. Musch. . Moorpark. Royal Orange. Peach. St. Ambroise. Roman. Turkey. St. Ambroise. Sparks. Vestal Moorpark. CHERRIES. Cherries like a warm temperate climate, and do best in the Upper Austral zone, although some varieties flourish in the Transition and others in the Lower Austral. In both of these extremes, however, it will be observed that by far the greater number are confined to those parts of the zones which lie nearest to the Upper Austral (as indi- cated by the letter (s) in the Transition list, and the letter (7) in the Austroriparian list). [KEY.—Cross (+), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Gree information sufficiently p on as to require qualification. | only; (s), in southern part only; sary, but lacking such full verificati CHERRIES. Zone ranges of cherries. (2), TRANSITION ZONE. ositive to mak 63 (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and n Bay; (7), in northern part e the listing neces- Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. +Archduke. Bessarabian. + Black Heart (s). +Buttner, Yellow (s). +Choisy, Belle de. +Coe Transparent (s). +Donna Maria (s). + Downer (s). +Dyehouse (s). +Eagle, Black (s). +Early Purple Guigne (s). +Elton (s). + Eugenie, Empress (s). +Florence (s). +Hortense, Reine (s) + Hovey (s). Late Kentish. Lutovka. + Magnifique, Belle (s). + Mayduke (s). +Montmorency Large. +Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello, English. + Napoleon (s). +Olivet (s). +Philippe, Lowis (s). +Plumstone Morello. Richmond (Kentish). --Tartarian, Black. + Windsor. +Wood, Governor. Archduke. Choisy, Belle de. Ostheimer Weichsel. Advance California. Bing. Centennial. Coe Transparent. Elton. Lewelling (Black Republican). Napoleon (Royal Ann). Richmond (Kentish). Rockport. Spanish, Yellow. Tartarian, Black. Windsor. Wood, Governor. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. | Upper Sonoran area. Archduke (7). Black Heart. Carnation. Choisy, Belle de. Coe Transparent (i). Downer (7). Dyehouse. Eagle, Black. Early Purple Guigne. Elton (7). Eugenie, Empress. Hortense, Reine. Knight Early. Late Kentish. Magnifique, Belle. Mayduke. Morello, English. Napoleon (Royal Ann). Olivet. Plumstone Morello. Richmond. Rockport (7). Spanish, Yellow. Tartarian, Black. Windsor. Wood, Governor. Archduke. Bing. Centennial. Choisy, Belle de. Cleveland. Early Purple Guigne. Late Duke. Lewelling (Black Republican). Mayduke. Montmorency Large. Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello, English. Napoleon (Royal Ann). Olivet. Ostheimer Weichsel. Richmond (Kentish). Rockport. Spanish, Yellow. Tartarian, Black. Thompson Seedling. Windsor. Wood, Governor. 64 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of cherries—Continued. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Archduke (7). Black Heart. Choisy, Belle de (1). Early Purple Guwigne (1). Late Duke. Magnifique, Belle (n). Mayduke (7). Morello, English (1) Richmond (Kentish) (7). Early Purple Guigne (7). GRAPES. Grapes of high excellence and in great variety flourish in all the zones from the Transition to the Lower Austral, inclusive, although no single variety does well in more than two zones. The following table contains only the more important varieties, and might be largely extended, particularly in the Lower Sonoran area: Zone ranges of grapes. [Kny.—Cross (+), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (h), in hottest part only; (vn), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only]. TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. | Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Agawam. +Barry. Champion. Clinton. Concord. Cottage. +-Diana. + Martha. Moore Early. +Salem. Vergennes. Victor, Early. + Wilder. Winchell (Green Mountain). Worden. Wilder. Worden. Concord. Isabella. Moore Early. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Agawam (iv). Barry (7). Brighton. Catawba. Champion. Clinton (7). Concord. Cynthiana (s). Delaware. Diamond (7). Diana (7). Duchess. Elvira (s). Goethe (s). Iona (7). Agawam. Alexandria, Muscat of (h). Black Ferrara. Black Hamburg. Catawba. Chasselas Red. Chasselas Rose. Concord. Delaware. Elvira. Emperor (i). Tsabella. Ives. Malaga (jh). Massasoit. GRAPES AND PEACHES. 65 ~ Zone ranges of grapes—Continued, UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE—Continued. Carolinian area. | Upper Sonoran area. Isabella. Mission. Ives. Moore Early. Jefferson. Norton Virginia. Lindley. Peru, Rose of (h). Missouri Reisling (s). Pierce (Isabella Regia). Moore Early. Prince Biack. Niagara. Royal Muscatine (h). Noah [Southern Mississippi Valley.] (s). Salem. Norton Virginia (s). Sweetwater (Fontainebleau) (h). Pocklington (7). Thompson Seedless (h). Prentiss (7). | Tokay, Flame (h). Salem. r | Victor, Early. Telegraph. Worden. Ulster (7). Zinfandel (h). Worden (7). Wyoming. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. | Gulf strip. Alexandria, Muscat of. Berckmans. Elvira. Black Hamburg. | Brighton (7). Flowers. Emperor. Brilliant [Mississippi Valley]. | Herbemont. Feher Szagos. Catawba. Norton Virginia. Gordo Blanco. Cynthiana. Scuppernong. Herbemont. Delaware (7). Tenderpulp. Huasco. Diamond, Moore (iv). Thomas. Malaga. Elvira. | Wylie, Peter. Mission. Flowers. Muscat-Hamburg. Goethe (7). | Peru, Rose of. Herbemont. Prince, Black. Jefferson (7). | Sultana. ; Lenoir. | Sweetwater (Fontainebleau). Lindley (7). | Thompson Seedless. Missouri ReisJing [Mississippi Tokay, Flame. Valley]. White Muscat. Moore Early (1). Zinfandel. Niagara (7). Norton Virginia. Salem (i). Scuppernong. Tenderpulp. Thomas. Triumph. | Wylie, Peter. PEACHES. Peaches require a warm climate, and are one of the most important fruits of the Upper and Lower Austral zones. In the Transition zone, except along the southern edge, where the Transition shades into the Upper Austral, they can not be depended on. But in the Pacific Coast division of the Transition, which, as elsewhere explained, receives more heat than the other parts of this zone, peaches are grown in certain localities, and the Hale is said to do well. Nectarines follow peaches, except in the humid areas, but are of little consequence in the Eastern States. They reach their highest development and greatest commercial consequence in the arid Lower Sonoran. 1002—No. 10 5 66 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of peaches. [KEyY.—(7), in northern part only. ] UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Alexander. Beers Sniock. Bilyeu. Chili, Hills. Early Crawford. Elberta. Foster. George IV. Globe. Golden Drop. Grosse Mignonne. Hale.} Heath Cling. Hoover. Kenrick Heath. Large York. Late Adimirable. Late Crawford. Late Rareripe. Morris White. Mountain Rose. Oldmixon Cling. Oldmixon Free. Red Cheek Melocoton. Reeves Favorite. Richmond. Rivers. Salway. Smock. Sneed. Stevens Rareripe. Strawberry. Stump. St. John, Yellow Susquehanna. Nectarines: Boston. Elruge. Stanwick. Alexander. Beers Smock. Bilyeu. Brandywine. Chair Choice. Early Crawford. Early York. Elberta. Foster. Garey. Garfield. Garland, Governor. Globe. Golden Cling. Hale. 1 Heath Cling. Late Crawford. Lovell. Malta. McKevitt Cling. Muir. Newhall. Nichols Cling. | Orange Cling. Picquet Late. | Reeves Favorite. Rivers. Runyon Orange Cling. St. John, Yellow. Salway. Smock. Stump. Waterloo. Wilkins. Strawberry. Susquehanna. Tuskena (Tuscany). Nectarines: Hunt Tawny. Red Ro man. 1'The Hale peach is said to do well in the Pacific Coast Transition area, and is the only peach known to thrive in the Transition zone. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Alexander. Early Crawford (7). Early York. Elberta. Foster (7). Garland, Governor. Hale. Heath Cling. Henrietta. Late Crawford (i). Lemon Cling. Muir. St. Jobn, Yellow. Strawberry. Susquehanna. Nectarines: Boston. Downton. Early Newington. Early Violet. Elruge. Hardwicke. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Alexander (7). Amelia. Austin. Blood Cling. Blood Free. Cabler Indian. Chinese Cling. Columbia. Early Crawford (7). Early York (7). Elberta. Hale (7). Heath Cling (n). Hoover. Kerr, Jessie. Late Crawford. Lee, General. Lemon Cling. Mountain Rose (7). Oldmixon Cling (7). Picquet Late. Sneed. St. John, Yellow. | Thurber. Tillotson. Angel. Bidwell Early (P). Bidwell Late (P). Cabler Indian. Climax. Countess. Early China (P). Ferdinand. ; Florida Crawford. Gibbon. Honey. Imperial. Maggie Burt. Onderdonk. Pallas. Peen-to (P). Waldo. Pears thrive best in the Transition and Upper Austral zones and fairly well in the Lower Austral, though the number of varieties adapted to the latter is relatively small. varieties flourish. [Kry.—Cross (+), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (n}. in northern part only; (s), in southern part only; (7), information sufficiently positive to make the listing neces- PEA RS. PEARS. Zone range: s of pears. sary. but lacking such full verification as to require qualification. ] TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. +Andrews. : +Angouleme, Duchess de (s). +Anjou (s). +Bartlett (s). + Bose (s). +Boussock. +Brandywine (s). +Buffum. +Clairgeau (s). - +Clapp Favorite (s). +Columbia (s). +Dana Hovey (s). +Diel. +Dix. +Elizabeth, Manning. +Flemish Beauty. +Fulton. +Giffard (s). +Goodale. + Howell (s). | +Julienne (s). +Lawrence (s). +Louise Bonne de Jersey. +Luerative (s). +McLaughlin. + Madeleine (s). + Malines, Josephine de (s). + Onondaga (s). +Osband Summer. +Pound. + Rostiezer (s). +Seckel (s). +Sheldon (s). 4Souvenir du Congress (s). +Sterling. +Summer Doyenne (s). +Tyson. Angouleme, Duchess de. Anjou. Bartlett. Bosc. Boussock. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Clapp Favorite. Columbia. Easter Beurre. Flemish Beauty. Lawrence. Lucrative. Onondaga. Osband Summer. Seckel. Tyson. Winter Nelis. Bartlett. Bose (s). Boussock. Clairgeau (s). Clapp Favorite. Flemish Beauty. Seckel (s). Tyson (s). Winter Nelis (s). UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Angouleme, Duchess de. Anjou (7). Bartlett (7). Bloodgood. Bose (7). Boussock (7). Brandywine. Buffum (7). Chambers. Clairgeau (7). Clapp Favorite (7). Columbia. Comice, Doyenne du (nr). Diel. Easter Beurre. Garber. Giffard. Gray Doyenne (n), Hosenschenk. Upper Sonoran area. Angouleme, Duchess de. Anjou. Bartlett. Bose. Boussock. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Clapp Favorite. Columbia. . Dana Hovey. Diel. Easter Beurre. Flemish Beauty. Glout Morceau. Idaho [local in Idaho]. Lawrence. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. Margaret. In the Gulf strip only four Pacific Transition area. 68 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of pears—Continued, UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE—Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Howell. Onondaga. Julienne. Osband Summer. Kieffer. Patrick Barry. Kirtland. Seckel. Lawrence. White Doyenne. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Winter Nelis. Lucrative (7). Vicar of Winkfield. Madeleine (i). Malines, Josephine de (n). Marguerite, Petite (7). Mt. Vernon (7). Napoleon (7). Onondaga (7). Osband Summer. Paradise d’? Automne (1). Rostiezer. Rutter. Seckel. Sheldon. Summer Doyenne. Superfin (7). Tyson. White Doyenne (7). Winter Nelis. 1 LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Angouleme, Duchess de. Angouleme, Duchess de (i). Garber. Bartlett. Garber. Kieffer. Bosc. Julienne (7). Le Conte. Boussock. Kieffer. | Magnolia. Brandy wine. Lawrence (7). Clairgeau. Le Conte. Easter Beurre. Magnolia. Glout Morceau. Rostiezer (7). Howell (7). Seckel (7). Lawrence. Tyson (7). Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. Patrick Barry. Pound. Seckel. Superfin. Tyson (7). White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. PLUMS. Plums have a wide range. They attain their highest development in the Upper Austral zone, but numerous varieties flourish in the Transition and Lower Austral zones. In the dry summer heat of the Upper and Lower Sonoran areas many varieties develop so much sugar that they make the best of prunes, but in the cooler Transition zone and the more humid Carolinian and Austroriparian areas prune culture is not a success. PLUMS. 69 Zone ranges of plums (including prunes). [KEY.—Cross (+), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (n), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only. } TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. } +Arctic, Moore. Aubert, Yellow. +Bavay Green Gage. De Soto. +Diamond, Black (s). +Drap d'Or (s). +Duane Purple (s). +Englebert (s). +German Prune (s). +Golden Drop, Coe (s). +Grand Duke (s). Green Gage. +Hudson River Purple Egg (s). +Hulings Superb (s). +Imperial Gage (s). 4Jefferson (s). +Kingston (s). +Lawrence Favorite (s). Lombard. +McLaughlin (s). Moldavka. +Monroe £9@g (s). +Orieans (s). +Ottoman (s). +Pond (Hungarian Prune). +Purple Gage (s). +Quackenboss (s). Richland. + Shropshire (s). +Smith Orleans (s). +Transparent Gage (s). +Wales, Prince of (s). +Wangenheim (s). + Washington (s). Wolf. Yellow Egg. | De Soto. | Forest Garden. | | | Agen (French, Petite, etc.) (s). | Columbia. Dosch. Italian (Fellenberg). German Prune. Golden Drop, Coe. Golden Prune. Pond (Hungarian Prune). Silver Prune. Tragedy. Yellow Egg. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Abundance. Agen (French, Petite, etc.) (n). Archduke (n). Bavay Green Gage (n). Bleecker Gage (7). Bradshaw (1). Burbank. Chabot. Clinton. Columbia (7). Copper (7). Damson. Diamond, Black (n). Drap d’Or (7). Duane Purple (7). Englebert (7). German Prune (7). Golden Drop, Coe. Grand Duke (7). Hand (7). Hudson River Purple Egg (n). Hulings Superb (7). Imperial Gage (7). Italian (Fellenberg) (n). Jefferson. Kerr (Hattankio 2). Kingston (7). Lawrence Favorite (n), Lombard. Miner. Monroe Egg (n). Newman. | Agen (French, Petite, etc). | Bavay Green Bradshaw. Cherry. Clyman. Columbia. Gage. German Prune. Golden Drop, Coe. Golden Prun e. Imperial Gage. Italian. Kanawha. Lombard. McLaughlin. Peach. Pond (Hungarian Prune). Sergent, Robe de. Shropshire. Silver Prune Tragedy. Washington. | Yellow Egg. 70 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of plums (including prunes)—Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE—Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Ogon. Orleans (7). Ottoman (7). Peach (7). Prince Yellow. Purple Favorite (7). Purple Gage (7). Red Nagate. Richland (7). Robinson. Saratoga (7). Saunders (1). Satsuma. Shropshire. Smith Orleans (n). Transparent Gage (n). Washington (7). Wales, Prince of (n). Wangenheim (7). Wild Goose. Willard, Yellow Egg (7). LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Agen (French, Petite, ete. ). Caddo Chief. Columbia. El] Paso. German Prune. Golden Drop, Coe. Italian (Fellenberg). Jefferson. Peach. Sergent, Robe de. Simon ( Prunus simonit). Kelsey. Satsuma. Wild Goose. | Abundance ( Botan.). Burbank. Caddo Chief [western]. Caradeuc, De. Chabot. Cumberland. E] Paso [western]. Georgeson (Hattankio). Golden Beauty. Kerr (Hattankio 2). Indian Chief. Lone Star. Marianna. Miner. Newman. Red Nagate. Satsuma. Transparent, Yellow. Weaver. | Wild Goose. STRAWBERRIES. Strawberries taken collectively have a wide range, special varieties being commercially profitable in every zone from the lower edge of the Boreal in Canada to the semitropical strip bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, the strawberry is the product of cool temper- ate climates, and by far the larger number of varieties are found in the Transition and Upper Austral zones. STRAWBERRIES AND NUTS. ral Zone ranges of strawberries. _[Key.—(n), in northern part only; (s),in southern part only; (7),information sufficiently posi- tive to make the listing necessary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification. } TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Bubach No. 5. Crescent. Cumberland. Downing, Charles. Eureka (s). Haverland. Jessie. Michel Early (s). Miner. Sharpless. Wartield. Wilson. Bubach No. 5. Captain Jack. Jessie (7). _ Bubach No. 5 | Clark Seedling. Crescent. Everbearing. Jessie. Monarch. Perry. | Sharpless. | Vick. | Wilson Albany. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Bubach No. 5. Crescent. Cumberland. Downing, Charles. Enhance. Eureka. Gandy. Greenville. Haverland. Jersey Queen. Jessie. Michel Early. Miner. Parker Earle. Sandoval. Sharpless. Warfield. Wood, Beder. Bubach No. 5. Captain Jack. Clark Seedling. Crawford. Jessie. Longfellow. Monarch. Parker Earle. Sharpless. Thompson No. 7. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Australian Crimson. urt. Longfellow. Monarch. Sharpless. | Bubach No. 5 (7). Hoffman. Cloud [Mississippi Valley]. Michel Early. Crescent. Neunan. Gandy (7). Thompson, Lady. Hoffman. Michel Early. Parker Earle. | Thompson, Lady. Warfield [Mississippi Valley ]. 1 Markedly successful at Hood River, Oregon, where the Pacific or humid division of the Tran- sition zone merges into the arid Upper Sonoran. NUTS. Our native wild nuts, of which the butternut, chestnut, hazelnut, hickorynut, and black walnut are of some commercial importance, are not ineluded in the table, which treats of cultivated kinds only. Peanuts are grown on a small seale in hot localities in the Caro- linian area, in Michigan and Nebraska, and to a greater extent in New Jersey and Delaware, but belong properly to the Austroriparian. Pecans thrive in the Austroriparian and Lower Sonoran areas, but do 2 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. best in the Gulf strip. Almonds, though grown sparingly in the Austroriparian area, do not fruit well, and are not a commercial suc- cess except in the Lower Sonoran area of California and Arizona, where they and English walnuts are very important crops. Zone ranges of nuts. [Kry.—(h), in hottest part only. ] UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Peanuts (h). European walnuts: Chaberte. Franquette. Mayette. Parisienne. Preparturiens. Serotina. European chestnruts: Combale, Marron. De Lyon, Marron. Filberts and hazelnuts: Du Chilly. Lambert. Piedmont. Purple Leaf. Red Aveline. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Almonds: Almonds.} Peanuts. Blowers. Brier. English walnuts.' | Pecans. Drake. Golden State. Peanuts. Gray [southwestern Utah]. Harriott. Pecans. | IXL. King Soft Shell. Languedoc. Lewelling. McCoy. Ne Plus Ultra. Nonpareil (Hetra). Paper Shell. Routier, New. Soft Shell, Routier. Supremo. Tarragona. Twin, Routier. European walnuts: Bijou. Chaberte. Cluster. Ford. Franquette. Gant (Bijou). Kaghazi. Mayette. Mesange (Paper Shell). Mission (Los Angeles). Parisienne Proeparturiens. Santa Barbara. Serotina, Peanuts. Pecans. Pistachio nut. 1Not commercially grown in the Austroriparian area. MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 73 MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. This list is only the merest skeleton. Additions of all kinds, particularly specific information respecting the ranges of definite varieties of garden vegetables, will be thankfully received. Zone ranges of miscellaneous crops. [Kry.—(h), in hottest part only: (7), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only.] TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Flax (s). Hops. | Maple sugar. Sorghum (s). Sugar beet. Sweet corn. White potatoes. Flax. Sugar beet. White potatoes. Alfalfa (s). Hops. Sugar beet (s). Sweet corn. White potatoes. Carolinian area. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Upper Sonoran area. Cowpeas. Flax. Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Lima beans. Sorghum. Sugar beet. Sweet potatoes (h). Tobacco. White potatoes. | Alfalfa. | Cowpeas. | Kafir corn. Hemp. | Lima beans. | Sorghum. Sugar beet (7). Sweet potatoes. Tobacco | White potatoes. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Alfalfa. Black wattle. Canaigre. Castor bean. Cork oak. Cotton. Cowpeas. Flax (seed). Hemp. Mustard. pore oil. pium poppy. Pyrethrum. Ramie. Roselle. Sorghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tagasaste. Tobacco. Camphor. Coffee. China grass. Castor bean. Cotton. Cowpeas. Jute. Lima beans. Rice. Sorghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tea. Tobacco. Turpentine. TROPICAL FLORIDA. Ramie. Sisal hemp. China grass (for fiber). Cotton. Jute. Rice. Sea Island cotton. Sorghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tobacco. Tobacco, INDEX. | \ | | | } e Page. Agricultural regions. ..-------------------- 12-13 Agriculture in California ....--.----------- 14 JIRMEE 5 os poo nosceas sbacHObronnuecoseaoonees 30,45 | Alleghanian area....------------------++-+- 20-24 Ist) exeSi che aaeees Sen ORO Coen SURaEnoaas 20 | Werealsme thes Coe net ee eas 21 | Ib y< Sasaso pode cabaedcapopnooesaecaEonos 24 INAS Sade SeedE SABO SE ROU BOSbORESSeTnoS 21--24 Tals) Nie dasa Sob oose ecesr case Sn Soe sGeraec 24 Wihinelk) Sepp eecooceeacosprapopaasosces 20 Maple sugar ....----------------------- 24 INI USIE eee ene eee cise mci ae Seis ie 20-21 Sorghum ~..-- 2-2-2 - <2 = 503 -n = one 24 Sugar beet -...-.----------------+------ 24 See biG ONT a ee eee ln amine = on ie aa 24 TMHSGS) pesnos ode seen sneeooSoroeeesasoec 20 White potatoes -...--.----------------- 24 JON = See 5ecenuesoesocoscodurseeaarosecn 45, 48 Amatungula .........-.--------02-----222=- 52 Apples— Alleghanian area.....--...-------+++++- 21-22 Arid Transition area..-.-.-.------------ 26 Austroriparian area..-.-.---------++---- 46 Garoliniamyane dives es een see Mee lao- 32-33 Gi istriplese sme sas one se eam minnie 50 Bower Sonoran area: .-------2-.54------- 42 Pacific Coast Transition area .....----- 29 Upper Sonoran area.....--------------- 37-38 MONTAN SOMO a). = eesiee eee 57-61 Apricots— Austroriparian area......-.------------ 47 @aroliniam areatss-) 2-2 ee ss oesa= = 33 | HGOW.CL SONOLAM ANC Ae c= acto a e-=i=-l- = 42 Upper Sonoran area..--------.--------- 38 ZONE LAU CECS Osco anelmace cio ~ n= === 62 Arctic-Alpine zone ...-...--.-------+------- 18-19 1Bit EE ooobb ECE bnacec cou CSpumodEoccacToos 18 Nihil) Se ococeeHoasessooosecEEooesae 18-19 TPR ones cece spooecee pududsaenpancace 18 Arid regions ..-...------------------------: 15 Arid Transition areas..--....-------------- 25-27 IBN ap eedaoe ease Seo as Eaotaecacescec dae 25 Wereal see aceeae asa sieereoniieriscicis ater 25-26 IN ae Sapp booeas: See eeEScobonBcepaEeene 27 SEEDS orate sitet aiatata alafe atoidiels etateletel=i=i='= == 26-27 | Mammal ee msesea oases eens eee ate 25 RObaADOeS a tene hee eee eclosion dete 27 | SU Pe DAS betel = oe ieieie ote le ee Seren aerate 49 Oe Otc oc acess ad aac ooeccoddesEeESaec 49 SURGES) cae cooeoeeaccossuocnaceesosousecue 45 Turpentine .....--.-------------------- 49 IMMER De ssp sedaoscenedeonncoonc cssacaseSec 42,52 LB WOHE), Sac nad ondocs sean eso ondoocedneseesras 52 Barbados gooseberry ----------------------- 52 Barley Alleghanian area ..-------------------- 21 INTO HAMNER Be aaponeopeosoS Seco 26 Austroriparian area. ....--------------- 46 Carolinianared eases e sense a 31 Lower Sonoran area .------=------------ 42 Upper Sonoran area....---------------- 37 Bergamot orange .------------------------- 49, 52 Birds— Alleghanian area .....--.-------------- 20 Arctic-Alpine zone .-...-.------------- 18 AridelransiilOMaLedenassc~ <6 eeseoe= i 25 Austroriparian area ..-.--------------- 45 Coamadianizon Geese ae eee aa 19 @arolinianianéa 2-2 --e eee eee === 31 Gulls brip ees ecec eae een = 49 Hurdsonianvaredes--- ce -se-- = =1= 19 Lower Sonoran zone ....--------------- 16 Mower SOnoOLs¢n ales = eeeee eee see eee 41 Pacific Coast Transition area ---------- 27 TP ramiSitiwoneZOue serrate ekacae a= r i 20 LTO PICA s savers ss ole etal mea lala ao 52 Bitter oranges .....--.------------------- - 49 Blacks eweranussee yates oes ott laa 23 Blac lannautlem ace ees sae Se = ta att 45 Buckwheat— Alleghanian area..-.------------------- 21 Arid ‘Transitionarea:-=--------=------- 26 @arolinian area eee n-- eine 2a octal l= 31 Pacific Coast 'Transition area ...-..---- 29 California, development of agriculture. --. 14 Camphor.......--.---------+-++-+--+-------- 53 76 INDEX. Page. Page. (CER UbIEH WONG oe sca sosecodsoedboshacaenbsse 19-20 | Corn—Continued. Ii Cis aerate see cose hasccsspsieeuc sc 19 Upper Sonoranvarea-----cereee ees eeeeee 37 MINES eee se eco oe se eases iae seers 19-20 ZONe TANG eS! Of ease ae aay eee 56-57 Mam mM BS race see escent 19 | Cotton— NUS). i= Sc.< -.2eeineoese oseten sen ereere 51 TADS TERY TSI ssa eae coutoocEesomossode 65-66 | Sugar canes: sscte-o sae seston nese 51 IPeANTiSis 2c: sseeee -Saee ese seGrecneieeaere 45, 48, 51 | Sweet potatoes...<.--. cesses oeecigenieie 51 Pears— Pobaccos s.52ses-eie ace eee eee 51 Alles hanianvanrea ssn smceiaeateteeetelte seine 23-24 DYGCS os cisecinseee near Seer ean eeeeeeee 49 ATIC ransitionvareaese. eee a= sere a aeee 26 | ISHrubs.225.62.5.022s0see oe sense eae eere 27 AUStrorviparian area i jes... cco cme PA Gulfisttipa. Sects. nae oncieeeeeeeeee 51 ALUSELOLIPATIAN ATCA. cc s5 cee cee cies 48 | Owen SONOTan alea--- eee eee eee 44 Carolimian/anese- oss. eee cence ace 35) Pacific Coast Transition area ........-. 30 Grills tripese see sete inere vaeemioneteaeae 51 Wpper Sonoramiareae. <2 secs caesar 40 AONCHTANZOS Oleapemse es aster eieae 68-70 AONE VANCES Ol) eee eee See eee 70-71 Plums (including prunes)— Strawberry) tOMmatOee en. gee 2a eee 53 hower Sonoran areas. sss ass eseeee 44. |, Sugarapple:: <2 -ot as caccene se eseeee ee aeeee 53 Pacific Coast Transition area ...-...-.. 30 | Sugar beet— UppernSonoran aneaaess-.-eessc ees es 40 | Aleshanian areas ses eee eee 24 AGDE TANCES) Ola saeeecos Saks easier eas 68-70 ‘Arid inansition area... cesses eee 27 IPOMESTANALOS =. iss asa eisai secon eee 44, 48, 51 Carolinianldreaceesseeeece sents eee eee 36 IROMELOES Zee es -ceseeineeee sieteus streets 44, 50, 52 Pacific Coast Transition area .....-..-- 30 IPINGADP Pp] CSeaacsnisee sees raion eee ee eet 44,53 | Uipper: Sonorantares. 2 ssa eee 40 MON GAD Pl Cosas ne aes cisciceie sieeeie eee 53 | Sugancanes-q).- ae. cheese eee eee 45, 49, 51 JE ARON N= cop Saope Seon eqqsenccoasacusdeasd 45 > Suri NamMiCheEryicece setae eles eee ee 53 Quacensland NU). 222-05 seesee ees se oer 42 | S\iGEUNEU DIES oopmponoossocopsnoosubodsacace 24, 30 QYRINECS SoonsoSssbecesseqenmanaeeonssssoaKs 24, 35,40 | Sweet potatoes— PRAMS erties cesinlsistewasteci-teleieiesinewiaeicienieecs 45, 53 | ATIStROLIPATIAN ALCAs) woe eters eee 49 RAS PDELRICS Sa -moew ces een csese eee 35, 40 | (Galicia Nor mesocns soonoceeorononcesciccr 51 Regions— | Mower Sonoran areaies sexi eee 45 Wig (UR ee on SagepsieEsonchssaeqane -senes 15") Wipper Sonoraniareal-. see -=-eeee eee 40 Mapping agricultural ...............-.- WOLTS | Naa sate bi24-cee ces tee eee eee 45 FETODICalee mace et estaal eo fe ec ee ee 51-53)! (Lamarinds'-- 222. .escce sec ccee nce eioeetes 44, 53 JOCE). Shnb Soe ecoesoarEdesacounarsosccassaueas EAU] | leavers abels) Sopocen spose osooer oSoDeccsedecoec 50 IROSC a PlOctes-e- ee = eee cc eids + sacseeuer B58 | SPOR, csarsd nsla so: aparaicineie cicero eee ne ree eta 49 Rosellers weccsseee ee See e See ae wlcieeeeeee 45 | Temperatures of zones..--..-...--....-.--- 54-55 Rye— PAT CLIC 2 ctortatel> Sees) oe se eee eae eee 54 Allléghaniantanearesse meses seer ere rae 21 Jed SOndaneer\= ese aiae eee eee 54 Arid Transition area.....--...---.- ae 26 | @anadian’ <5 (o. 2/322 msec ease eee 54 AuUstroriparian areas. yo. sees ssnceee- 46 Lower Austral)... < 5s ssnstsiseeaaeeee 55 Carolimianarein so. senses esse cece sie 31 | Transition. 22. aise eee 55 Wipper Sonoraniarea-= sass eeeee =e ae 37 | Tropical... 2-0 dente eseec couse eee 55 St. John’s bread or carob .----525.......-.- 52 | Wpper Austral)... cs. 25. cesecee eae 55 Sapodilla: . <5 .2s.4 arate ais =o amtel smn 40 HMiTdSonlanmeeeecr cesses eee secre. 19 Ihe GaAs = poser oonpooseaseeoseeaecec 40 Life zones of the United States bound- Mnimaibeanisy aca cose coe oes oe cess osc 40 aries, importantcrops, nativespecies. 18-53 IMEMTRTONS < edcddecnsae soonepoceeeeecos 36 itp ee NTR coecesnconcsaseeoescossc 41-51 INURE poeccdooeeaasosetesoe ab saqeECORCUEae 40 | Sinan SiiiOnyese sees oeeeeciset asia ai 20-30 IDEN 5s ceccdcon coon poco Eueesodcanaed 36 Wipper Austral’. 5... <--cemce-=---=---== 30-40 TRG ENMOYeS) se Seca senaSonaosoosececesnaooe 40 | Zone temperatures ....--.------------------ 54 55 SOUP UNUM ep cies cite = a =e 40 INWOMNG eaoceceade Sond neonoer Gabo oes ae 54 SUS ATDCCO =~ eae sep 2 em 40 G@anadian: = =e sce=- = =~ >= ees 54 SIGE ODI ET anos secede ose Seasos 40 Pied SOnIaN esses ee = see ee eee a 54 INC CRD socces cocsnSacoss sssupadoone=aee 40) Ib foyyaske SSR pees cocoon seasose 35 55 TWEE) secede adqooedes suave sualSSepresee 36 Mransib Oneeaeee see aa eeeinces seer le 55 \VGGURIDG RE Sechsecaso Se csonocededanoseanses 20 AUTOM oe jee cdocosncorossossostecasos 55 Walnuts, English...-.-. 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