H-S- ADAMS BY THE SAME AUTHOR FLOWER GARDENING About 200 pp., 5 x 7| in. Illustrated with many photographs $1.20 net; postage lOc. MAKING A ROCK GARDEN 64 pp., 4f\ x 6| in. Illustrated with photographs 50c net; postage 6c. LILIES L. candidum — the madonna lily LILIES BEING ONE OF A SERIES OF FLOWER MONOGRAPHS BY H. S. ADAMS Author of "Making a Rock Garden" etc. NEW YORK McBRIDE, NAST & COMPANY 1913 Copyright, 1913, by ' McBaiDE, NAST & Co. Published, February, 1913 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION 1 II SUB-GENERA, WITH PRINCIPAL SPECIES . 3 III GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION .... 6 IV LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS ... 11 V TENDER AND CAPRICIOUS LILIES ... 24 VI PLANTING FOR THE BEST EFFECTS . . 30 VII ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS ... 38 VIII LILIES UNDER GLASS 47 IX PROPAGATION 51 X INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES .... 54 XI LILIES AS Cur FLOWERS ..... 56 XII SPECIES, VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS . . 59 XIII LILIES THAT ARE NOT LILIES . . . 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP LILIES 106 INDEX ... . 109 Q O *3 *y O Q THE ILLUSTEATIONS L. candidum — the madonna lily . . Frontispiece TACINQ PAQH L. pardalinum — the panther lily 6 L. philadelphicum — the Philadelphia lily ... 6 L. speciosum — the handsome lily — among rho- dodendrons / .... 12 L. speciosum var. rubrum — the red handsome lily 16 L. croceum — the orange lily 20 L. testaceum — the Nankeen lily 20 L. sulphureum — the sulphur lily 28 L. tigrinum — the tiger lily 36 L. Eansoni — Hanson's lily 46 L. auratum — the gold-banded lily 54 L. longifiorum — the Easter lily 58 L. Brownii — Brown's lily 64 L. elegans — the Thunbergian lily 72 L. Leichtlini — Leichtlin's lily 72 L. monadelphum — the Caucasian lily .... 82 L. myriophyllum in the garden 86 L. canadense — the Canada lily 96 L. tenuifolium — the coral lily 96 L. tigrinum, var. flore-pleno — the double tiger lily 100 LILIES CHAPTEE I INTKODUCTION OF all flowers, none is more beautiful than the lily. Nor is any more famous in song, in story and in art, or more sanctified by long garden association. Indeed, from remote an- tiquity, only the rose and the violet have been so strongly intrenched in the hearts of the peo- ple. Yet, of all flowers, the lily is among the most neglected. Especially is this true of American gardens. Lilies have been cultivated in them since early colonial days, but the pioneer ma- donna lily is far from common even in New England and Virginia, where it doubtless had its first foothold. The old orange lily is toler- ably scarce and the tiger lily has made no more than a fair amount of headway. Add the aura- turn and speciosum and the list of those that 1 2 LILIES are so much as tolerably familiar figures in the home garden stops at five. This despite the fact that there are a score or more of easy species, with numerous varieties and hybrids. And how many kinds of lilies are frequently seen in the greenhouse? Just one. Here are other glorious opportunities. In short what L. H. Bailey said in 1900 : l ' Dozens of magnificent lilies are practically unknown " is quite as true to-day — more 's the pity. In the hope of helping to bring the lily into its own here, in both garden and greenhouse, this book has been written. CHAPTER n SUB-GENEKA, WITH PRINCIPAL SPECIES THE species of Lilium, the typical genus of the order Liliaceae, are divided by Baker into six .groups, or sub-genera. For the most part the distinction lies in the shape and the ar- rangement of the blossoms. The sixth group is important only to the collector and sometimes is omitted altogether in the classification of this flower. There are differences of opinion as to the technical correctness of this division and also as to which group some of the lilies belong. Both are far less serious differences in the gar- den than in the botanist's mind. This list is not complete; it includes only the principal species. 1. CARDIOLANUM (heart-leaved). White blossoms, funnel-shaped. Leaves stalked, heart-shaped, ovate. cordifolium giganteum 4 LILIES 2. EULIRION (true lilies). Large, funnel or trum- pet-shaped blossoms, but shorter; mostly white or light tints. Lanceolate leaves. Brownii Parryi candidum philippinense japonicum primulinum- longiflorum rubellum Lowii sulphureum myriophyllum Wallichianum neilgherrense Washingtonianum nepalense 3. ARCHELIRION. Blossoms large, funnel-shaped, but open, the divisions spreading wide and turned back; pistil curved forward and stamens diverging from it. auratum speciosum Henryi tigrinum 4. ISOLIRION (upright-flowered lilies). Blossoms erect, more or less cup-shaped and generally early expanding ; mostly orange or reddish orange. bulbiferum dauricwm Catesbaei elegans concolor medeoloides coridion philadelphicum croceum Wallacei 5. MARTAGON. Blossoms mostly Turk's cap, or turn-cap type, the bell shape of L. canadense being an SUB-GENEEA 5 exception. About half of the species have leaves in whorls. avenaceum Leichtlini callosum maritimum canadense Mart agon carniolicum monadelphum chalcedonicum pardalinum columbianum parviflorum Grayi parvum Hansom polyphyllum Heldreichi pomponium Humboldtii pyrenaicum Jankae superbum Kelloggii tenuifolium testaceum 6. NOTHOLIRION. Has only two species, that appear to be a link between the lily and the fritillary and are of difficult garden culture. Hookeri roseum CHAPTEE III GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION LILIES are flowers of temperate regions — • which is fortunate indeed, as it makes a great many of the species available for gardens that have their extremely cold months and brings all of the others within the range of climates where the winter weather is mild. The family is found only in the northern hemisphere. In North America the lily belt runs across the upper part of the United States and strays over the Canadian border; but it resolves itself into two important centers, one taking in California, Oregon and "Washington and the other the northeastern states. In the western group are L. pardalinum, L. Wasliing- tonianum, L. parvum, L. Parryi, L. colum- bianum, L. maritimum, L. Humboldtii, L. Kel- loggii and L. parviflorum, constituting a list of admirable species in which American gardeners should take at least as much pride of cultiva- tion as do the English. Of these, L. Washing- 6 I ^ I GEOGKAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 7 tonianum is the nearest approach, to an Ameri- can white lily that there is. In the eastern group L. superbum and L. canadense, which range from New Brunswick to the nearer south and as far west as Minnesota and Missouri, and L. philadelphicum, which is found from New England to North Carolina and as far west as the other two, are the chief species. The others, L. carolinianum, L. Grayi and L. Catesbaei are, respectively, so similar to the preceding as to seem southern variations; they are not found north of Virginia. Indeed, L. carolinianum is not always classed as a species. Europe has lilies so far north as the lower part of Scandinavia, hut most of the species are natives of the more southerly countries. Here, too, there is only one white lily, L. candidum, which is one of a few that recognize no geo- graphical line between Europe and nearest Asia. Other important European species are L. Martagon, which also wanders into Asia; L. croceum, L. bulbiferum, L. chalcedonicum, L. pomponium, L. carniolicum, L. pyrenaicum and L. Jankae. These include, in L. candidum, the most beautiful of all garden lilies and several others than which none is more useful in the hardy border. 8 LILIES In Asia the great lily center is Japan and China, but the zone extends north into Siberia, and south to the Neilgherry hills of India and takes in the extreme west as well. Here are found all of the pure white and whitish lilies save one in each class and all of the pure pink and pink-tinged ones, as well as the most glow- ing red and orange kinds. Japan has fur- nished the incomparable list of L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. longiflorum, L. japonicum, L. Hansoni, L. elegans, L. rubellum, L. Wallacei, L. Leichtlini, L. medeoloides, L. dauricum, L. cordifolium, L. coridion and L. callosum; China, L. Henryi, L. myriophyllum, L. tenuifolium and L. yunnanense, and the two countries together, L. tigrinum, L. Brownii, L. concolor and L. avenaceum. Of these, L. tenuifolium, L. dauri- cum and L. concolor are natives of Siberia also. In India are found L. nepalense and L. neilgher- rense; in Burmah, L. Lowii, L. sulphur eum and L. primulinum; in the Himalayas, L. giganteum, L. Wallichianum and L. polyphyllum and in Persia, extending to Caucasus, L. monadelphum. The lilies of India and Burmah, unfortunately, are among the most tender as well as among the most beautiful. There is, apparently, a certain kinship be- GEOGBAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 9 tween lily species that are widely separated geographically. What L. philadelphicum is to America, for example, L. elegans and L. dauri- cum are to Asia and L. croceum is to Europe. Again, the L. superbum of the eastern United States differs immaterially from the western L. pardalinum, while L. Hansoni might be called an Asiatic counterpart and L. Jankae a Euro- pean one. Then there are the American L. canadense and L. maritimum, the Asiatic L. monadelpJium and the European L. pomponium that in form, if not so closely matched in color, put another lily girdle around the earth. Finally, L. Washingtonianum on this side of the Pacific, must be distantly related to the white and whitish trumpet lilies of the other side. It is probable that there remain no undis- covered lilies. The only hope of any new spe- cies seems to be China — now the world 's great botanical reserve and the lure of the most ardent inland voyages of discovery. Just when the lily map was changed by the entry of this flower into garden cultivation it is impossible to say; doubtless the earliest movement from the wild is lost in antiquity. However, it is going far enough back into the 10 LILIES past to say that L. candidum has been grown in English gardens since 1596 and this must have been the first kind to cross the Atlantic. Soon after, L. Martagon, L. croceum and L. chalce- donicum probably found their way northward. Eight kinds of lilies are mentioned in Gerard's Herbal (1597), but of these it is difficult to identify any excepting L. candicum and L. bulbiferum. In 1629, "Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris" speaks of L. pom- ponium, L. chalcedonicum, L. carniolicum, L. Martagon and L. pyrenaicum, as well as L. canadense, which therefore appears to be the pioneer American lily in Europe. While the eighteenth century saw a few more lilies in gar- dens, it was not until the last century found Japan and China open to western commerce and California a new field of venture because of the gold craze, that the real rush of lilies into cul- tivation began. The discovery of lilies, in short, is largely coincident with the entrance of the Pacific into the world's trade. CHAPTER IV LILIES FOB NORTHERN GARDENS ALL lilies are beautiful; one could pick at random and draw a prize. But the choice, so far as American gardens that know a real win- ter is concerned, necessarily is limited to a ^mailer number than the eighty or so known species. And there are some lilies that are rather too finicky for culture without extraordi- nary regard for their particular requirements. With these deductions from the list, however, there remain quite enough lilies in either the easy or the not very difficult class to constitute nothing less than an embarrassment of riches. No garden need be without at least one lily. There being nothing but want of trying to stand in the way, let that one be the madonna lily (L. candidum). This is not only the loveli- est of lilies, but the hardiest white kind. It is so adaptive to ordinary garden conditions that frequently it will stay in one spot for a genera- tion or more if undisturbed. Ben Jonson 11 12 LILIES meant the madonna lily when, years ago, he asked: "Have you seen but a whyte lillie blow?" And it is to it that Maeterlinck refers when he says: "The great white Lily, the old lord of the gardens, the only authentic prince among all the commonalty issuing from the kitchen-garden, the ditches, the copses, the pools and the moors, among the strangers come from none knows where, with his invariable six- petalled chalice of silver, whose nobility dates back to that of the gods themselves — the im- memorial Lily raises his ancient sceptre, august, inviolate, which creates around it a zone of chastity, silence and light." Certainly either of these quotations is appealing enough to bring to every American dooryard that knows it not, the lily of lilies — the emblem of purity, the in- spiration of poet and painter for centuries and a benediction in the garden when June is melt- ing into July. Of the two types, the one with wide petals is the better. The next best garden lily, if sheer loveliness as well as complete hardiness be considered, is L. speciosum; which has no adequate common name. Handsome lily is indefinite and the old name, Japan lily, is confusing. Though a gar- den flower in the western world since 1830, it rMMM^M^i^ *. . *•„ ."'•• X •; "•>' .'f % • ,/•-,•„,•;•*; ^ ^,.,# " #%» L. speciosum — the handsome lily — among rho- dodendrons LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 13 does not begin to be grown as much as its merits warrant. These merits include late August and early September bloom, thus extending the lily season. There are both white and colored va- rieties. The white has a faint greenish stripe down each petal and it is one of the best of cool- looking flowers for midsummer. It deserves the widest cultivation — with, rather than in preference to, the type ; which is white, faintly flushed and spotted with crimson. If more rosiness is desired, add the admirable variety Melpomene, which is quite a deep crimson mar- gined with white. There are a number of other good kinds, running into somewhat confused nomenclature; but more minute distinctions than these three may well be left to Dutch, Japanese and English horticulturists to set- tle among themselves. The so-called yellow speciosum is L. Henryl. For its like hardiness, its glowing color and its rounding out of a little lily season of three months by blooming late in July and early in August, the tiger lily (L. tigrmum) is well en- titled to third place. The particular shade of orange red, spotted with deep purple, is alto- gether unique among tall lilies and, when rightly employed, is a valuable tone in garden painting. 14 LILIES This is the one true lily that has so far Amer- icanized itself as to have become an "escape"; it is occasionally found wandering out to the roadside from places where there was once a garden. The finest of the several varieties is L. t. splendens. The double form, though the best double lily, is not worth while. Were its bloom not virtually coincident with that of L. candidum, third place would be given to the orange lily (L. croceum). It is "iron clad," having stood the cottage garden test — and there is no better recommendation for a lily — time beyond memory. The bright orange hue is wonderfully rich and glowing and the erect blossoms are set so closely together that the color is even more amenable to bold effects than that of the tiger lily. These four lilies would glorify any garden and may be called a perfectly safe, if not the safest, quartet for northern precedence. Their selection, however, is purely arbitrary. An- other, for perhaps quite as good reasons, might make a somewhat different choice ; for example, L. tigrinum splendens, L. speciosum rubrum and L. tenmfolium have been grouped as the most desirable three lilies for everyone. And there you are. In the end it is the individual LILIES FOE NORTHERN GARDENS 15 who must decide what is best for his particular garden — best after considering not only his per- sonal preferences but climate, soil, shade, shel- ter and other conditions. From this point to the end of the chapter, therefore, precedence of mention will have nothing to do with precedence of desirability. If any lily is magnificent it is the gold-banded lily (L. auratum). Its color — white, spotted sparsely with reddish brown and each petal banded longitudinally with yellow — is compara- tively modest, but there is a richness and ele- gance to it all that is singularly impressive in the July and August garden. Then there is the size of the blossoms — sometimes a full foot across, making this the largest of all lilies. The gold-banded lily has been in cultivation half a century, but its garden progress has been ren- dered pitiably slow by the fact that, though perfectly hardy, it is not in the easiest class. It rarely does its best in ordinary conditions and, for some reason or other, it is apt to peter out after two or three seasons, making frequent renewal necessary. The Martagon lily (L. Martagon) is one of the most graceful of border lilies, yet it is rarely seen in American gardens. The finest kind is 16 LILIES L. M. album, a pure white variety of singular cliarm and one that should be widely planted. The type, known as the purple Martagon lily, is dull purplish pink — somewhat spotted. It offers a striking garden hue, that deepens to wine color in L. M. dalmaticum and to almost black in L. M. Cattaneae, two of the best of the colored varieties. The double form is of no value. The scarlet Martagon lily (L. chalce- donicum) is a distinct species that is quite as worthy of wider recognition. Its bright red turbans are a real delight. There are some im- provements of the type; the best is L. c. excel- sum. The Martagon lilies bloom in June and July. One of the erect lilies, L. croceum, has been mentioned already. Some of the lower species are extremely valuable in the hardy garden be- cause of their dwarf or dwarfish stature as well as for running the gamut of color from lemon through all the yellows to red. Excepting for their height and less vigorous growth, the two chief species, L. dauricum and L. elegans, are enough like L. croceum to deceive many a flower- lover. Add to this the fact that the former is identical with L. davuricum and L. umbellatum and the latter with L. dahuricum, L. land folium L. speciosum var. rubrum — the red handsome lily LILIES FOE NORTHERN GARDENS 17 and L. Thunberaianum and that the blood of both is mixed with each other and with L. croceum, and the confusion is worse confounded. The best way is to pick out some good varieties and let the authenticity of the species go to pot. In the elegans class the variety Batemanniae, sometimes called L. Batemanniae, is an exqui- sitely beautiful late-flowering apricot variety that grows as high as four feet. Of the dwarfs, Prince of Orange is a fine early apricot variety, Orange Queen all that its name implies and Alice Wilson a good pale yellow. The type is orange and less planted than the varieties and hybrids, which are the most numerous of any lily. Orange is also the type color of L. dauri- cum, but it is flushed with red and spotted with black. Of the varieties and hybrids, Diadem, bright crimson with a yellow band down each petal; Sensation, deep orange flushed with brownish red ; incomparabile, deep crimson, and Sappho, light orange tipped with red, are all admirable. June and July are the blooming months. The bulb-bearing lily (L. loulbiferum) is similar to L. dauricum, but the type has brighter orange red blossoms and there are bul- bils in the leaf axils. It is a very old, hardy- garden plant, with a blooming season extending 18 LILIES from July to August. Then, in the same erect class, there is the red star lily (L. concolor), a bright scarlet species, spotted red, that makes a very good Asiatic substitute for the American L. philadelphicum where the latter does not do well. It blooms in June and July and is quite dwarf. The varieties Coridion, rich yellow; Partheneion, scarlet flushed with yellow, and pulchellum, deep crimson, are all good. American lilies are grown mostly in English gardens — where every one of the species is treasured. The lack of home appreciation is nothing short of deplorable. One of the noblest of them, the swamp lily (L. superbum), will flourish amazingly in an ordinary border if it has only so much as a ground cover; in these circumstances, without its wonted peaty soil and moisture, it has been known to raise a cluster of nearly thirty bells full seven feet above the ground. Its orange blossoms, flushed with scarlet, spotted with brown and strongly re- curved, are excellent for heightening the gar- den skyline in July and August. The some- what similar panther lily (L. pardalinum) of the extreme West is quite as excellent for a like purpose. The blossoms, coming in July, are a rather bright red, the lower parts of the petals LILIES FOE NOKTHEEN GAEDENS 19 being orange with red spots. There are a num- ber of varieties, some of which are occasionally listed as species. Of its hybrids, Burbank's lily (L. BurbanJci) is especially good. The Carolina lily (L. carolinianum) is hardy in the North, but is less striking than L. superbum and L. pardalinum. The Canada lily (L. canaden- se) lends itself to July garden use with the same readiness and, though less showy, both the yellow and the red types are to be generally recommended. Gray's lily (L. Grayi) is so nearly like the red form of L. canadense that it is scarcely worth while to have the two ex- cepting in a lily collection. The Oregon lily (L. columbianwn) grows readily in eastern gardens, but its small, golden-yellow blos- soms, spotted with red, are among the least effective of lily blooms. It flowers in June and July. The Nankeen lily (L. testaceum), though one of the choicest of border lilies and quite hardy, is rarely seen in American gardens. The dull apricot tone that gives it its name, set off by orange anthers, puts it in a color class by itself. Few lilies are more graceful. This lily, which blooms in June and July, has never been found growing wild 5 but it is regarded as a natural 20 LILIES hybrid of L. candidum and either Z/. chalcedoni- cum or L. pomponium. Among the oldest and hardiest of border lilies is the turban lily (L. pomponium). The type is vermilion red and not unlike the scarlet Marta- gon lily, but it blooms earlier — in June. The variety L. p. aureum is possibly the same as the yellow Turk's cap lily (L. pyrenaicum) or the similar L. Jankae. In any event, both of these are meritorious yellow lilies. The smaller L. carniolicum is a good vermilion red lily for July. Hanson's lily (L. Hansoni) is a Japanese va- riety that ought to be better known, as it is quite hardy and not at all difficult of culture. The color is bright orange, spotted with brown and the reflexed petals are very thick and waxen. It blooms in June and July and runs up to a height of four or five feet. The Marhan lily (L. Marhan) is a most attractive hybrid of it, the other parent being L. Martagon album. The color is a tawny orange, curiously spotted and streaked with reddish brown and the backs of the petals whitish. It has the Martagon habit and the blooming period is coincident with that of L. Hansoni. Of the white, or whitish, lily species, the only one save L. candidum that can be placed in the L. testaceum — the Nankeen lily . croceum — the orange lily LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 21 first rank of reliability is Brown 's lily (L. Brownii). The sole drawback is that it re- quires replanting every few years. This is in- deed a hardy garden treasure of July and August. The blossoms, usually solitary, are of the size and shape of the Easter lily; but they are suffused with reddish brown on the outside and the anthers are brown. There is a variety, Chloraster, that is suffused with green and the varieties leucanthum and odorum are creamy yellow. A somewhat similar newcomer, from China, that appears to be both hardy and vigorous in American gardens is L. myriophyllum. Its funnel-shaped white blossoms, flushed with yel- low in the center and the outside of the petals streaked with brown and tipped with pink, and its fine, narrow foliage commend it to general culture. It bears some resemblance to L. Brownii leucanthum, but has more refinement and it blooms a little earlier — in July. Although neither Brown's lily nor L. myri- ophyllum has the purity of the species best known as Easter lily (L. longiflorum), the last- named is less to be preferred in the colder gar- den zone. It is hardy enough to have endured the winter so far north as Ottawa ; but, unless 22 LILIES given unusual care, responds indifferently and must be renewed with frequency. The type, from Japan, is the best for planting out in the North; bulbs from Bermuda (L. Harrisii) might prove too tender. The variety Wilsoni is a fine one. For a rather pale yellow color nothing is bet- ter than the Caucasian lily (L. monadelphum) . The yellow is slightly tinged with purple and the anthers are a rich orange. It blooms in July and the stalks may run up as high as six feet. The variety Szovitzianum, sometimes called L. Szovitzianum, is straw color, spotted with black and has brown anthers. It is rather to be preferred to the type, but either makes a fine display. The littlest of all, the coral lily (L. tenuifo- lium), is far too charming to have its present slight recognition. Coming as it does from Si- beria and northern China, it is quite at home in gardens where the winter is severe; but, as it is a fairy among lilies, it is apt to be choked to death by neighboring giants. While it has a way of being at its best in its fourth year and then perishing, it is readily renewed by seed. The coral lily's little waxen, and strongly re- curved, bells are deep scarlet and with from six LILIES FOE NOETHEEN GAEDENS 23 to ten of them on a stalk the contrast with the dark green foliage is charming. The average height is about a foot and a half and the blos- soms appear in June and July. The variety pumilum is taller and stouter and there is a very beautiful clear apricot kind called Golden Gleam. Here then are no less than twenty-eight lily species and two hybrids, with a great many varieties more or less distinctive, from which to choose without going outside of the range of hardy garden safety. Surely it is a generous enough list in point of numbers and it draws upon all the five important sub-genera, save only the heart-leaved lilies. CHAPTER V TENDER AND CAPKICIOUS LILIES FORTUNATE indeed are the gardens that may open their gates to all the lilies. Such there are, lingering somewhere between northern and sub-tropical climes — with winters not too cold, nor yet too hot. For them are the glorious company of the tender and capricious lilies — those that will live in northern gardens only at the expense of overmuch coddling, if at all. In this class, reluctantly, is placed the won- derful giant lily of the Himalayas (L. gigan- teum). This is a hardy lily and in some parts of England has been naturalized in woods ; but it is not quite hardy enough to stand a very cold winter without an uncommon amount of protec- tion. Even then there is a vast difference be- tween merely blooming and attaining to perfec- tion— which means throwing up a stalk ten to fourteen feet tall, with very fine heart-shaped foliage and crowned in July and August with from a dozen to a score of trumpet-shaped blos- 24 rTENDEB AND CAPEICIOUS LILIES 25 soms, nine inches long and five inches wide across the mouth. These blossoms pass as white, but actually they are tinged with purple inside and green outside. In the evening air their fragrance, though powerful, is very de- lightful. The heart-leaved lily (L. cordifolium) is a similar, but smaller and generally inferior, Japanese species of like tenderness and bloom- ing about a month later. The variety Giehnii is the hardiest form of it. It is no less trying to put the only two clear pink lilies into the tender class ; but they, too, do not quite belong outside of it. These are Kramer's lily (L. japonicum) and the reddish lily (L. rubellum), both Japanese species and with such points of resemblance that the latter has been thought by some to be a smaller form of the other. They differ also in the point that L. rubellum has less open blossoms, broader leaves and shorter stems. Both are among the loveliest of lilies, their rose color and general refinement being hard to match. Kramer's lily is sometimes sold as L. Krameri. The very choice whitish variety, Alexandrae, is not hardy also ; another variety, Colchesterense, which re- sembles L. Brownii, is rather more so. In mild parts of England L. rubellum is fairly hardy 26 LILIES and on the whole is more reliable outdoors than Kramer's lily. It is one of the earliest of lilies, May and June. Kramer's lily follows in July and August. While Henry's lily (L. Henryi) is called a hardy and vigorous border subject, it is difficult when it has to contend with extremely cold weather conditions. Still it well deserves its place among the preferred lilies for American gardens and the hope is that in them it will eventually attain to the superb luxuriance of bloom and foliage that it displays in England. There, where it rarely fails, it has been known to run up to twelve feet in height and to bear as many as thirty of its deep salmon orange blossoms on a stalk. It used to be called the yellow speciosum, as it is quite like L. speciosum in both form and habit. The blooming season is the same — July and August. Several of the American lilies are either rather tender or capricious, or both. These include, unfortunately, three of the finest of the lot, the Washington lily (L. W ashing tonianum), Humboldt's lily (L. Humboldtii) and Parry's lily (L. Parryi). The Washington lily, which flowers in June, is regarded as one of the best of western lilies for eastern gardens ; but it is TENDER AND CAPRICIOUS LILIES 27 nevertheless somewhat difficult of culture, even in England. It is a wood lily, from three to five feet tall, and the white funnel-shaped blos- soms are tinged with pink or red and dotted with purple. A smaller variety, rubescens, is white changing to pink and the variety pur- pureum is a distinct pinkish lilac kind from the Siskiyou mountains. These varieties perhaps account for the confusing color descriptions of this lily. Humboldt's lily, a tall reddish yel- low species spotted with maroon and blooming in June and July, resembles L. superbum, but is showier. It is in the capricious class. Parry's lily (L. Parryi) grows readily in gar- dens and comes into bloom at the same time, but is not very strong in cultivation. The citron hue, shaded with light brown on the inner bases, and the brown anthers, make it one of the most beautiful of yellow lilies. Of the others, the wood lily (L. philadelphicum) , though perfectly hardy, needs coddling in the garden to keep it there. Where it can be made to stay, it is a handsome little lily, erect and with scarlet blossoms, the yellow center being dotted with maroon. The season is July and August. Its near relative, the southern red lily (L. Catesbaei) is quite similar and blooms 28 LILIES in July. It is tender and therefore rather un- reliable in northern gardens. Kellogg 's lily (L. Kelloggii), pinkish purple with maroon spots and somewhat resembling the purple Martagon lily; the coast lily (L. maritimum), a slender species with reddish orange blossoms spotted with purple, and the little lily L. par- vum, light orange tipped with red, are a trio of quite delicate California lilies. All of the very beautiful lilies of India and Burmah are so sadly tender that when any of them has been made to bloom well in gardens it has been in such mild parts of England as Cornwall and Devonshire. The Nepaul lily (L. nepalense), has flowered in such circumstances. This is a large lily, greenish yellow with a deep purple base. The Neilgherry lily (L. neilgher- rense) is more funnel-shaped in form, but pale yellow. Both bloom in September, making them doubly unsafe in cold climates. The sul- phur lily (L. sulphur eum) is another September lily, and fairly hardy for its class. The trum- pet-shaped blossoms are creamy white, suffused with yellow inside and tinged with red outside. It is comparatively easily in cultivation. Of the same form, but a soft primrose yellow color, is L. primulinum. Low's lily (L. Lowii) is a L. sulphur eum — the sulphur lily TENDER AND CAPRICIOUS LILIES 29 handsome bell-shaped species, white spotted with purple, that blooms in September. Wal- lich's lily (L. Wattichianum) , white tinged with green and funnel-shaped, is a July lily that is very difficult as well as very tender. The west- ern Himalayan species, L. polyphyllum, green- ish yellow tinged inside with purple and turban- shaped, and the Philippine form of L. longiflorum (L. philippinense) , are in the same class. With heavy protection, L. philippinense has been wintered successfully in Ohio. Of the other species the oat-scale lily (L. avenaceum), a red Japanese kind similar to L. tenui folium, is delicately constituted. The similar orange red L. medeoloides and the scar- let L. callosum, as well as Leichtlin's lily (L. Leichtlini), pale yellow with purple spots, are three more Japanese species that are not easily cultivated. CHAPTER VI PLANTING FOR THE BEST EFFECTS NOWHERE in the garden can lilies be said to be out of place ; the worst of circumstances will not close the eye to their beauty. There is, nevertheless, all the difference in the world, so far as effect is concerned, between the proper and the improper planting of lilies. The ideal way to plant lilies would be in a lily garden. The lines from "Troilus and Cressida," ' ' Give me swift transportance to those fields. "Where I may wallow in the Lily beds, ' ' suggest such a place apart. Who would not like to wallow, mentally and sentimentally, in a garden full of lilies 1 To come down to earth, E. W. Wallace, the English lily expert, makes this practical suggestion: "An ideal spot for lilies would be an open forest glade with a small stream running through it, near the banks of which the North American peat- and moisture- loving lilies would flourish; and higher up, 30 PLANTING FOB BEST EFFECTS 31 away from the water, clumps of auratum, Washingtonianum, Humboldtii, giganteum, and all our finest species, would readily grow." Many a country place, both large and small, has a spot approximating these conditions — thus easily convertible into a naturalistic lily garden. And there is no reason in the world, other than the negligible botanical one, why the planting should be confined to members of the Lilium genus. Some of the so-called lilies, not a few of which belong to the lily family, might be used for seasonal effects. But whether one has the space for a lily gar- den, and the time and disposition to maintain it, or whether it is a matter of a species or two in ordinary dooryard conditions, there is a prime rule that should not be broken. A lily's beauty does not consist wholly in color; there is beauty of form, both in the blossoms and in the plant as a whole. Unless it is properly placed, the full of esthetic delight is therefore not experienced. If a lily's normal habit is dignified and stately, it must be set forth in all its dignity and stateliness to be at its best; if graceful, in all its gracefulness ; if rather stiffly dwarfish, in its rather stiff dwarfishness, and so on. 32 LILIES Nature, as in so much else that concerns the disposition of plants in the garden, is the best guide. For example, when lilies grow naturally they rise from herbage or low shrubbery. There is never any overcrowding; the stalks have room to bend more or less to the breeze and not a trumpet or bell that does not stand out with individual prominence. You see in short, the lily in all its glory. There is, accord- ingly, no more effective way to plant lilies than among shrubs or, in the case of the dwarf spe- cies, in a low shrubbery foreground. More- over, this plan kills two birds with one stone, as some lilies require, and all prefer, not to rise from bare ground and also to be protected from spring frosts. Inasmuch as some of the lilies are particu- larly fond of peat too, the rhododendron bed, or a planting of any of the broad-leaved ever- green shrubs, is one of the best of places. Natural conditions are approximated and at the same time admirable use is made of unemployed ground space, and lilies that prefer not to be disturbed may follow their own sweet will. Of course, the shrubbery must not be too thickly set ; that would crowd out the lilies. Such tall- growing species as the swamp lily (L. super- PLANTING FOE BEST EFFECTS 33 bum), Hanson's lily (L. Hansoni), the Canada lily (L. canadense) and Henry's lily (L. Henryi) are seen to the very best garden ad- vantage when planted, in naturalistic groups, among rhododendrons. The gold-banded lily (L. auratum) and the madonna lily (L. candi- dum) are quite as fine in their less colorful and less looming way, while in the foreground the Thunbergian lily (L. elegans) and other dwarf erect species, as well as the dainty coral lily (L. tenuifolium), may be used to decided ad- vantage with ferns or other low growth. Shrubbery may also be employed with excel- lent effect as the background of lilies and when it also breaks the force of strong winds so much the better. The taller lilies mentioned all look well against high shrubbery. To them may be added the Caucasian lily (L. monadelphum) , the panther lily (L. pardalinum) and the pur- ple and white Martagon lilies (L. Martagon). Where the background is lower the scarlet Mar- tagon lily (L. chalcedonicum) , Brown's lily (L. Brownii), the orange lily (L. croceum) and Batemann's lily (L. elegans Batemanniae) are admirably placed, or a dwarf foreground may be made with the red star lily (L. concolor) or L. elegans Orange Queen. In all cases the lilies 34 LILIES will be better, and look more at home, if there is an evergreen herbaceous ground cover, low or tall according to the flowering height of the dominant figures. Lilies really require an appropriate back- ground. A few, such as the madonna and Henry's lilies, are very, very beautiful stand- ing out against a clear blue sky ; but, generally speaking, green, and plenty of it, is the best setting, especially for the white, whitish, pink and pale yellow lilies. So, in massing in the border of hardy perennials, care should be taken that something appropriate rises higher behind them. This is no drawback when it shuts off some of the sun, for most lilies will stand a little shade and there are those that refuse to thrive well without it. Such massing is the most effective way of planting lilies where naturalistic methods are out of the question and here there may be a little more crowding. The more irregular the planting the more ef- fective, save in purely formal designs — for which lilies are not often suitable. Any lily that will survive the garden winter is excellent for this purpose — all of those already spoken of in this chapter and the Nankeen lily (L. tes- taceum), the turban lily (L. pomponium), the PLANTING FOE BEST EFFECTS 35 tiger lily (L. tigrinum) and the bulb-bearing lily (L. "bulbiferum) as well. For purity the madonna lily stands alone, though L. Martagon album is very fine for a less chaste white, while for color the Nankeen, speciosum, gold-banded, Martagon, Hanson's, Henry's, turban and all of the hardier erect lilies, are always very useful. The most beautiful formal employment of lilies is to line a path, on one or both sides. For such planting nothing is better than the madonna lily, in a solid phalanx of purity. Where a pergola is not densely shaded from above, the path may be lined on either side with this lily; that has been done, with most en- chanting effect. The soft apricot Nankeen lily lends itself to the same purpose. A path in sparse woodland, or through shrubbery, may be lined with either Brown's or the speciosum lily, or L. longiflorum if more pains be taken, but in this case the planting must be thinner and altogether irregular. There these lilies will incline gracefully toward the path, instead of assuming the erectness that they have in the open garden. One lily leaf, at least, may be taken from the cottage gardens. In them a self-arranged 36 LILIES clump now and then nestles up to the house by the side of the door and seems to belong to the home, as it does. This is a good way to plant the madonna, tiger, Nankeen and orange lilies, which thus placed will frequently take care of themselves for years. They need not be staked ; in fact wherever this can be avoided in the gar- den it should be done. A lily tied to a stake can never be quite its natural self. The out and out naturalization of lilies is more delightful to think about than easy to accomplish, because to most are denied the right conditions. Where these do obtain, it is far preferable to use lilies this way than in even a naturalistic garden. The swamp and Canada lilies it is cruel to place in a garden when they may be introduced to one's own bit of wild. Both are good subjects; so is the wood lily (L. philadelphicum) , which does not take very kindly to cultivation. For the rock garden any lily may be used, as the taller ones can be planted in recesses on the ground level and given the requisite setting. The dwarf, erect kinds, however, are to be pre- ferred. For cool pockets the red star lily is a good subject. Very likely the reddish lily (L. rubellum) and the coast lily (L. maritimum) L. tigrinum — the tiger lily PLANTING FOE BEST EFFECTS 37 would be more amenable to culture in rock gar- den pockets than in other conditions. Each lily species shows off to better advan- tage by itself. If mixing is done, it is wiser to place varieties together; the purple and white Martagon lilies, for example. Though a com- mon enough practice, it is also a wiser plan not to mix lilies with other flowers. This as a rule; no one could possibly take exception to the garden juxtaposition of the madonna lily and tall blue larkspur or the swamp lily and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), and the low erect yellow, orange and red lilies may be used in a few combinations. The point is, as with entirely segregated planting, that there shall be neither detracting nor distracting in- fluence. Finally, unless one is collecting, the planting of many lilies of one or a few kinds, rather than a few lilies of many kinds, is to be strongly advised. In the first place, all lilies are not for all gardens. The selection in the average- in- stance must narrow down to the most suitable kinds for individual conditions and of these a small choice should be made. Better two or three kinds in perfection than ten, times as many in both imperfection and ineffectiveness. CHAPTEE VII ESSENTIAL CULTUEAL POINTS A FEW of the lilies have become so domesti- cated that they will do well in any ordinarily good garden conditions; the tiger lily even re- fuses to let grass choke it to death. But most of them are not sufficiently remote from the wild to make it safe to deny them an approach to what they have been accustomed to in life, and there is not one that does not thrive better if its particular likes are catered to. It goes without saying, therefore, that the culture of lilies should begin before the buying of the bulbs, so to speak. Their hardiness, their ease of culture, their soil preference and their shelter and shade requirements having been thoroughly digested, a straight start is easily made. Soil preference is of the greatest importance and, fortunately, it is possible, with a little care, to supply almost any local deficiency. [The majority of lilies grow naturally in very, 38 ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 39 good soil. It is usually rich in peat or veg- etable mold, there is generous depth and though the degree of moisture required varies, this is tolerably uniform as to any species in the grow- ing season. Garden loam, lightened with sand if too heavy and mixed with peat or leaf-mold, makes a good soil for lilies. Manure should not be used unless it is extremely well rotted. The better way is to employ it as a top dressing and trust to the rain to do the mixing. No lily tolerates fresh manure next to the bulb. Spad- ing should be to a depth of at least three feet, and deeper still where, in chalk or clay condi- tions, it is necessary to excavate a trench and fill it with entirely new soil. Partial shade from the sun, which scorches L. Hansoni and L. Henryi, and partial shelter from winds, are urgent demands of some of the lilies. To others they are grateful, but not necessary. Shade must not shut off light and air, however, and while the branches of trees may overhang the planting, care must be taken that the tree roots do not absorb all the lily food from the soil. Where this danger may not be dodged, lilies can be planted in a tub of soil sunk in the ground. As for moisture, all lilies need it when growing. Few of them stand 40 LILIES drought well and if once given a serious set- back by it the bulbs rarely recover. It is impossible to make a hard-and-fast plant- ing rule in all these matters, for the reason that lilies have a way of following their own devices. In one garden a species will sometimes adapt itself to circumstances with the best of grace whereas in another it refuses to be comforted unless humored. For this reason lily cultural observations vary quite widely and now and then are absolutely contradictory. The only real solution is for each grower to create his own experience and then forget that of others. As an approximate guide in the making of such experience the following differentiations of the hardiest lilies may be used. CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS Thrive in good light garden loam and in full sun. All are the better for some peat or leaf- mold in the soil and can stand partial shade. A ground cover is preferable, but not necessary; L. candidum makes its own. These are the easiest lilies to grow. bulliferum carniolicum canadense chalcedonicum candidum concolor ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 41 croceum Martagon dauricum pomponium telegans pyrenaicum Hansoni speciosum Jankae tenuifolium longiflorum testaceum Marhan tigrinum May be grown in ordinary garden conditions, but are best off in soil with plenty of peat and leaf-mold, and should be planted out among shrubs where their roots can be shaded and a fair degree of moisture maintained. auratum monadelphum Brownii myriophyllum columbianum Prefer shade, moisture and shelter from wind, with plenty of peat or leaf-mold in the soil and a well-drained root-run. Burlanki Grayv carolinianum pardalmu/m; superbum The rule to plant lily bulbs three times their depth is not to be taken literally. The two lilies in the heart-leaved group are planted with the top of the bulb about on a level with the surface of the ground. With these exceptions, the 42 LILIES 3epth of soil above the top of the bulb should be from three to seven inches. The normal size of the bulb — some are quite small — and the vigor of the species are determining factors. But there is a -third highly important point to bear in mind. Some lilies root from the base of the bulb only, while others throw out later a second set of roots from the stem a little way above Henryi (6 to 8) 1 In cold, wet soil not so deep. 2 Plant mammoth bulbs 6 to 8 inches. ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 43 LILIES WITH NO STEM-ROOTS, OR FEW canadense (3) pardalinum (4) candidum (4) Parryi (3) carniolicum (4) parvum (3) chalcedonicum (4) philadelphicum (3) columbianum (3) pomponium (3) cordifolium (none) pyrenaicum (4) giganteum (none) superbum (4) 6rra?/& (3) tenui folium (3) Humboldtii (4) testaceum (4) Martagon (4) Washingtonianum (3) monadelphum (4) The madonna lily should be planted in Au- gust, as it puts out a new growth of foliage in the early autumn. The scarlet Martagon lily makes an early root growth and therefore ought to be in the ground by the middle of October. Aside from these two species, lilies may be planted in the autumn any time before the ground freezes. Not infrequently it is difficult to get imported bulbs in season to do that; in such an event, the ground may be prepared and kept from freezing by means of a heavy tem- porary covering of manure. Then the bulbs can be planted as late as December. A few of the lilies will do well if bulbs carried through the winter in cold storage are planted in April 44 LILIES or May; but spring planting at best is a poor second choice — no matter how great the care, the bulbs are apt to be shriveled. Plumpness is very important to the strength of lily bulbs. As some of them will shrivel if allowed to dry for only a day or so, it is best to plant them at once. If they are slightly shriveled when received, they can be plumped by laying them on moist cocoanut fiber in a cool place for a few days. Bulbs that show signs of a little decay or mold, may be disin- fected by sprinkling a little powered charcoal or sulphur over them; but if badly off in this respect, or much shriveled, they would better be thrown away. The bulb scales protect the germ and must be in at least fair condition. It is always a good plan to dust lily bulbs with powdered sulphur, letting it get under the scales, before planting; this to prevent fungous dis- ease. Excepting in extremely light soil, it is also a good plan to put a little sand under and all around the bulb. A little peat under the bulb promotes root growth and in the case of the Nankeen lily a couple of inches of fresh sphagnum has been tried with success. If the lily bed is not protected by growing shrubs, there should be provision made against ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 45 the spring frosts; the young shoots are often very susceptible to frost, and injury of this sort is an unsuspected cause of failure. Branches of any evergreen are the safest pro- tection, but even bare boughs will break the force of the frost. Some lilies are a bit tricky in one particular ; they may decide to take a rest for a year and then, when you have set them down as "gon- ers," fool you by "bobbing up serenely." Again certain lilies put in an appearance the first spring, but either give unsatisfactory bloom or none at all. Most of the lilies that root only from the base of the bulb establish themselves so slowly that they are rarely at their best for a year, and occasionally they may be two or three years getting about it. Of the Martagon group, L. Hansoni is about the only one that can be relied upon to bloom well the first season. The no-hurry kinds further in- clude L. giganteum, the buds of which should be pinched off the first spring if any do appear, in order that root-growth may be encouraged; L. monadelphum, L. Humboldtii and L. parda- linum. So patience with, as well as understand- ing of, lilies is called for. One secret of the success of the madonna and 46 LILIES scarlet Martagon lily in cottage gardens is the fact that usually they are let alone for years at a time. These resent disturbance. The same thing is true of most of the Martagon group, including L. pardalinum. A surface mulch of manure is good for lilies and the ground should have a winter cov- ering of either this or leaves, unless it is well blanketed with an evergreen herbaceous plant. Very frequently lilies perish because they have insufficient winter protection in ex- posed places. X L. Plansoni — Hanson's lily CHAPTER VIII LILIES UNDER GLASS THERE are three reasons for growing lilies under glass — all of them good. In the first place they are among the most decorative of indoor plants. Then again there is no more valuable cut flower. Finally, by this-means only is it possible to grow successfully in a cold cli- mate some of the most beautiful species. The ideal indoor planting of the tender In- dian, Burmese, Himalayan, Japanese and Phil- ippine species is in a bed in a cool greenhouse where, among ferns and other plants, they may grow in a close approach to natural conditions. That is the Kew plan and in even a greenhouse of quite modest proportions it is possible to adopt, or at any rate adapt, the plan. The fol- lowing lilies are best treated this way: cordifolium neilgherrense giganteum nepalense japonicum philippinense Lowii pplyphyllum 47 48 LILIES primulinum sulphureum rubellum Wallichianum All of these, however, are prime subjects for pot plants — with the exception of neilgherrense, whose flower spike is thrown out horizontally from the bulb before leaving the ground; as are also auratum longiflorum Brownii Marhan candidum speciosum Hansoni tigrinum Henryi The following are also good, though rather less satisfactory than the others : concolor elegans croceum tenuifolium dauricum testaceum A few lilies are not suitable for pot culture, as they have rhizotamous or creeping bulbs. These include : canadense * Parryi 1 Leichtlini superbum 1 pardalinum 1 Lilies grown in pots serve two purposes. They can be used indoors or they may be the i All the American lilies are better outdoors. LILIES UNDER GLASS 49 means of advancing, or ekeing out, the lily sea- son outdoors. Potted lilies, brought into flower under glass, are extremely convenient to place temporarily in bare spots in the shrubbery or the hardy border, where the pots may be sunk in the ground, or to brighten up the piazza or living-room. The most serviceable kinds for such disposition are L. longiflorum, L. japoni- cum, L. auratum, L. speciosum and L. candidum. The best compost for potting lilies consists of two-thirds fibrous loam and one-third fibrous peat with a little leaf-mold and sand. This suits almost all lilies. For the madonna lily a small amount of lime rubbish may be added and L. rubellum will do well in stony, sandy soil if the drainage is perfect. Pots should be roomy and for stem-rooters there must be plenty of depth. These are planted low and the pots filled up with a somewhat richer compost when the stem-roots appear. In the case of L. aura- tum and L. speciosum this top dressing should be followed by an application of weak liquid manure. After planting, the pots are plunged in a bed of ashes four inches deep and later transferred to the greenhouse or a coldframe. Potting is done in October for early bloom in- doors and later for indoor succession or for 50 LILIES outside use. Bulbs potted for outdoors sKould be kept in a cool place but safe from frost. Dur- ing the growing and blooming season a great deal of water is required. After blooming the watering should be gradually decreased until the stems turn yellow — when the bulbs may be repotted and kept rather dry in a coldf rame for use the following winter. If L. longiflorum is wanted early, it is advisable to keep it in a moist atmosphere and well watered and sy- ringed. CHAPEE IX PEOPAGATION THERE are three ways of propagating lilies — by seed, by scales and by offsets. Seed, no doubt, is the best means of acclimatizing some of the more tender and capricious species, but only a lily enthusiast would care to use so slow a process of reproduction. It requires about seven years for L. giganteum to bloom from seed and the other species take their own time. A few of the lilies produce seed very freely, among them L. Henryi, L. superbum, L. rubel- lum and L. tenuifolium; others are chary of it. Lily seed should be planted in a sheltered place, as soon as well ripened, in light, moist soil and not allowed to dry out until the second year, as germination may not take place the first spring. Sow seed of Martagon lily, L. monadelphum, L. dauricum, L. croceum, L. superbum in open ground if desired, but most kinds germinate better in pans indoors. The young bulbs can be transplanted when a year old and grown on 51 52 LILIES until large enough for permanent placing. If seed is sown broadcast in a suitable spot, no transplanting is necessary. Scales should be healthy ones from the out- side of the bulb, which is not injured by the careful removal of a few. They may be taken from the bulbs as soon as ripe (L. candidum in August), or in early spring, and planted in the open ground, but it is better to put them in pans of loose soil kept fairly moist. They form bulblets the first season. Three kinds of lily offsets are produced — from the bulb, from the lower part of the stalk and from the axils of the leaves; the last are known as bulbils. All these are simply planted in the open ground, or in pans in the case of L. sulphureum, and allowed to grow to flower- ing size. Most lilies can be propagated all three ways. Their weak response is to attempts at hybridiza- tion. The genus is very unusual in the stub- bornness with which it resists being influenced by foreign pollen. Seedlings of any species, if crossed, are very apt to resemble the one that bears them. The result is that there are com- paratively few lilies that are not species or va- riants of species. The natural hybrid L. testa- PROPAGATION 53 ceum and the garden hybrids L. Burbanlci, L. Dalhansoni, L. Marhan and L. Kewense are notable exceptions and doubtless forerunners of numerous others. Still, with so many beautiful species, the world stands in no particular need of more. The chief advantage of hybridizing lilies would seem to be to couple the blood of the Indian and Burmese species with hardiness. CHAPTER X INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES THEEB kinds of lilies, L. longiflorum, L. speci- osum and L. auratum, are subject in their early stages of growth to onslaughts of the green fly (aphides). These insects get in the unfolding leaves and will cause imperfect bloom if not checked. They are particularly trying in the case of L. longiflorum, which has denser foliage than the others. Immediate fumigation and more of the same thing later is a good remedy ; or syringing, first with a nicotine solution and then with tepid water, may be substituted. The most destructive of the three parasitic fungi and the commonest is Botrytis cinerea. This shows itself in brown, or brownish, specks on the stems, foliage and bads. Eventually it turns into a soft gray mold ; sometimes into lit- tle black spots that become imbedded in the scales. This fungus, which is very trying in the case of L, candidum and L. testaceum in the garden, 04 L. auratum — the gold-banded lily INSECT PESTS 55 attacking L. auratum as well if in the full sun, is best treated by Bordeaux mixture when the trouble is above ground. Dissolve one pound of sulphate of copper in a wooden tub and slake one pound of fresh quicklime in another recep- tacle. When slaked, pour the quicklime into the sulphate of copper solution and add ten gallons of water. Spray gently with this mixture and repeat the operation in a week. Bulbs that are seriously affected would better be destroyed. The rust known as Uromyces Erythronii causes discolored patches. As the bulbs are not at- tacked, the best treatment is to burn the dis- eased stems and thus prevent a spread of the fungus. The third fungus, Rlnzopus necans, gets into the bulbs through injured roots and causes them to rot. CHAPTEE XI LILIES AS CUT FLOWERS As has been said already, lilies are among the most valuable of cut flowers, but — there is a great big but. The fact is that, although they are invariably beautiful, some of them have shockingly bad taste in the matter of the odor that they exhale. These must be barred from the house altogether and there are others that, though classed as fragrant, have odors so over- powering that they must needs be placed near an open window or in a hall where there is a good passage of air. The most agreeably odorous lily in the house is L. longiflorum and its fragrance is the safest for the sick-room. The similar fragrance of L. japonicum Alexandras and L. philippinense, the delicate and distinctive aroma of L. neilgher- rense and the restrained scent of L. speciosum, put them well at the head of the list ; and there is the delicious perfume of L. candidum, that is not too strong unless a great many of the blos- 56 LILIES AS CUT FLOWEES 57 soms are in a closed room. Other pleasantly fragrant lilies are L. giganteum, L. testaceum, L. Brownii leucanthum, L. rubellum, L. japoni- cum Colchester ens e, L. sul'phureum, L. mona- 'delphum, L. Kellogii and L. Burbanki. Indoors the odor of L. pomponium is scarcely bearable. The Martagon lilies are not much better; L. pyrenaicum and L. monadelphum Szovitzianum have heavy and unpleasant scents. The odor of L. auratum is less disagreeable, but is too rank for the house unless in a very airy place. The odor of L. Parryi and L. caro- linianum is similar, but not so overpowering as the others. Where it can be grown, L. japonicum is ad- mirable for indoor use ; so are L. tigrinum and L. canadense. This brings the safe list up to large enough proportions. Lilies should be cut with long stalks, as other- wise it is impossible to arrange them effectively. Unless the stalks curve gracefully, through growing on the edge of shrubbery, it is best to use a vase that does not flare much at the top. Nor, as a rule, is it wise to employ any other flower foliage with them. Maidenhair fern, however, goes well with L. candidum or L. testa- ceum and a good gray foliage, such as lavender 58 LILIES cotton (Santolina Chamcecyparissus) , with the upright orange and red lilies. If lilies are wanted for vases in the house, a very sensible plan is to plant a reserve stock for cutting — say in rows next to the vegetable garden. Some of the more tender lilies can be grown in coldframes and the glass lifted off about the end of May. Such pains would be well worth while to secure bouquets of Kramer's lily or L. rubellum. L. longiflorum — the Easter lily CHAPTER XII SPECIES, VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS THIS list is not absolutely complete; but it includes most, if not all, of the important sub- jects. Nor does it pretend to be absolutely cor- rect in either a botanical or a horticultural sense. When botanists do not altogether agree on species, no mere layman can straighten out the matter of nomenclature with any degree of definiteness or finality. As for the vendors of lilies, they also differ among themselves in both botanical and horticultural names. After all, it matters very little to the plain, everyday flower- lover whether the exquisitely beautiful Kram- er's lily is L. japonicum, as the Kew authori- ties maintain, or L. Krameri, as others quite as stoutly opine, and Batemann's lily displays a no less glowing apricot hue in the garden as L. elegans Batemanniae than as plainer L. Batemanniae. In this confused state of things, no doubt some actual duplication of names oc- curs. 59 60 LILIES So, too, the descriptions are sometimes ap- proximate, rather than strictly accurate. Ob- servers do not always see precisely alike and there is no universal standard of color terms. Then again, various conditions may alter not only the color shades but the height and the period of bloom, not to mention throwing the matter of culture into the easy or difficult class. Here, as well, differences of opinion, or of ob- servation, are of slight consequence. For one thing, no lily color will ever prove unsatisfying if given a fair chance to display its particular charm. The writer found the Washington lily at Kew fairly describable as pink. But no one, if he succeeds in growing this choice American species and its varieties will have any fault to find if it proves to be " white, tinged with pink or red and dotted with purple," or " white, pur- ple-spotted blooms that become tinged with pur- ple after expansion," or " white, with purple tinge on back," or " white, shading off to lilac." L. Alexandrae See japonicum Alexandra's lily is classed by Kew as a va- riety of L. japonicum, but is sometimes called a natural Japanese hybrid, L. auratum x L. longiflorum. SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 61 L. angustifolium See pomponium. L. aurantiacum See bulUferum. L. auratum Gold-banded lily.1 Japan. Introduced 1862. White, spotted sparsely with reddish brown and yellow band down each petal ; 6 to 12 in. across ; 3 to 30 on stalk. July, August. 4 to 8 ft. Quite hardy, but prone to run out. Kenew stock every three years or so. Thrives in ordi- nary garden soil, but prefers moist peat or leaf -mold and sand, with good drainage. Does well in cool woodland or thinly planted rho- dodendron bed; better still among alpine rhododendrons and low azaleas or kalmias, but must not be crowded. Protect from cold spring winds and direct rays of summer sun. Plant 6 to 10 in. deep. Mulch with rotted manure and water frequently. In bad soil dig holes 4 to 6 ft. deep and fill with peat and sand, or sandy loam, leaf -mold, rubbish ashes and some well-rotted manure. yar. cruentum — Same as rubro-vittatum. var. macranthum — Less spotted and more robust; best of all. var. pictum — Crimson band and spots, var. platyphyllum — Same as macranthum. var. platyphyllum virginale — S lightly spotted with yellow. i Known also as golden- rayed lily and Japan lily. 62 LILIES var. rubro-vittatum — Bright crimson band. var. virginale — No spots. var. JVlttei — Same as virginale. L. avenaceum Oat-scale lily. Japan, Manchuria, Kamchatka. Red, droop- ing, reflexed tips. Similar to L. tenuifolium. 1 to 2 ft. The bulbs are eaten in Kamchatka. Delicate constitution. L. Bakeri Baker's lily. Washington and British Columbia. L. Bdkerianum India. L. Batemanniae See elegans. The origin of Batemann's lily is somewhat obscure, but it is regarded as a variety of L. elegans. L. Berensi Hybrid; L. testaceum x L. chalcedonicum. Dull apricot; fragrant. L. Bloomerianum See Humboldtii. L. Bolanderi California. Dull pomegranate, spotted; shape of L. canadense. June. 2 ft. Recommended only to collectors. SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 63 L. Brownii1 Brown's lily. China, Japan. White, outside of petals suf- fused with reddish brown; brown anthers; trumpet-shaped; usually- solitary; fragrant. Handsome foliage; brownish stalk. July, Au- gust. 3 to 4 ft. Hardy and quite vigorous, but requires re- planting every few years. Plant deep in light, peaty soil and warm, sheltered position. Will stand almost pure sand with a little manure, also heavier soil. In cold, heavy soil lay something on ground to shoot off winter wet. The Japanese plant the bulb on the side to avoid damage by water. var. Chloraster — Suffused with green. var. leucanthum — Shaded yellow; steins green ; very fragrant. var. odorum — Pale yellow, changing to cream; shorter and less heavily tinged. From Central China. Same as L. odorum, L. Colches- terense and L. japonicum Colches- teri. L. bulbiferum* Bulb-bearing lily. Central Europe, Southeastern Scandinavia. Orange red. Similar to L. dauricum, but dis- tinguished by brighter and less crowded blos- 1 Syn. L. japonicum Brownii. 2 Syn. L. auriantiacum. 64 LILIES soms and bulbils in leaf axils. July, Xugust. 2 to 4 ft. Very hardy. Has stood test of many years in gardens. Does well in light, rich garden soil and in an open position. L. Burbanki Burbank's lily. Garden hybrid; L. pardalinum x L. Wash- ingtonianum x L. Parryi. Orange, spotted with brown and flushed with crimson on the tips; 25 to 30 in loose, graceful spike. Very fragrant. 'July. 4 to 6 ft. Prefers moist, peaty soil and partial shade. var. "Selected" — Orange red recurving and evidently L. pardalinum x L. Humboldtii. Free-flowering. 4 ft. L. calif ornicum See Humboldtii and pardalinum. L. callosum Japan. Introduced 1840. Scarlet, droop- ing. 1 to 3 ft. Difficult of culture. L. canadense 1 Canada lily.2 Eastern United States. Light orange, spot- ted with brown. July. 3 ft. 1 Syn. L. penduliflorum. 2 Known also as meadow lily, Canadian lily and wild yellow lily. L. Brownii — Brown's lily SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 65 Very hardy. Excellent for naturalizing. Thrives in ordinary garden conditions, but pre- fers moist, peaty soil with a low ground cover. var. flavum — Common orange type, var. rubrum — Orange red outside, yellow inside. L. candidum Madonna lily.1 Southern Europe. Introduced 1596. White; yellow -anthers. Broad and narrow petal types. June, July. 4 ft. Very hardy. The oldest lily in cultivation. Thrives in well-drained garden loam and open position. Dislikes to be disturbed. Trans- plant in August, as there is new leaf growth in September. var. flore plenum — Very poor double. var. foliis aureo-marginatis — Foliage bor- dered with yellow. ivar. monstrosum — Same as flore plenum. yar. peregrinum — Purplish stem, narrow leaves and petals. var. speciosum — Later; 20-30 blooms on stem, which is black. 5 to 6 ft. var. spicatum — Same as flore plenum. var. striatum — Blossom streaked with pur- ple. i Known also as white, annunciation, Bourbon and June liljr. 66 LILIES L. carniolicum Carniolian lily. Lombardy, Dalmatia, Bosnia. Yennilion red; smaller and less bright than L. pom- ponium. July. 3 ft. Thrives in ordinary garden soil. Has done well even in clay. L. carolinianum 1 Carolina lily. Southeastern United States. Orange red, spotted with black and marked with yellow; recurved. Resembles L. superbum, but less striking and foliage is broader. July, August. 3ft. Quite hardy. Will thrive in ordinary gar- den soil, if well-drained. L. Catesbaei Southern reel lily. North Carolina to Florida and Kentucky. Orange red, spotted with purple and yellow; generally solitary. July. iy2 ft. Tender and rather unreliable in northern gardens. Prefers sandy or gravelly peat and a cool, moist, partially shaded place. Often found in pine barrens. Good for rock garden. L. Cattamae See Martagon. L. superbum carolvnianum. SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 67 L. chalcedonicum Scarlet Martagon lily.1 Greece. Bright red; small, turban-shaped, in loose clusters; unpleasant odor. July. 3 ft. Very hardy in English gardens for over a century. Resents disturbance and generally flowers poorly first season. Thrives in ordi- nary light garden loam, or heavier soil if well drained. Transplant not later than October, as roots make early growth. Bears drought well. var. excelsum — Larger and superior; pet- als spotted black at base. yar. Heldreichi — Improved form; color paler on outside. Very like L. Heldreichi. var. maculatum — Same as excelsum. var. major — Same as excelsum. L. claptonense See primulinum. L. Colchesterense See Brownii and japonicum. L. colchicum See monadelpbum. L. Columbianum 2 Oregon lily. Oregon, Washington, British Columbia. Golden yellow, spotted with red ; small ; turban- 1 Known also as Turk's cap lily and red lily. Probably the "red lily of Constantinople" of Parkinson. 2 Syn. L. nitidum, L. parviflorum and L. Sayi. LILIES shaped. 'June, July. 2y2 ft. Some regard it as small form of L. Humboldtii and it seems to be identical with L. pardalinum parviflorum. One of the easiest of western lilies, but not highly effective in the garden. Prefers soil with peat and sand and a shady, sheltered posi- tion. L. concolor * Red star lily. China, "Japan, Siberia. Bright scarlet, dark red spots; erect, star-like, waxen; about two inches across. Several on stem and two to three stems from one bulb. June, July. 1 to H/2 ft. No longer considered difficult. Good and graceful garden lily. Does well in ordinary garden soil. Prefers light loam with peat, leaf- mold and sand and a moist, well-drained and partly shady location. Will stand slaty soil. Excellent for cool parts of rock garden. In good soil and cool spot increases rapidly. var. Buschianum — Crimson. Siberia. var. Coridion — Rich yellow; larger blos- soms. Same as L. coridion. var. Partheneion — Scarlet, flushed yellow. var. pulchellum — Deep crimson, narrower petals. Same as L. p. punctatum. i Syn. L. sinicum (China). SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 69 L. cordifolium Heart-leaved lily. Japanese and Kurile islands. Greenish white, tubular, 3 to 5 in. across; 5 to 10 on stalk. Leaves more heart-shaped and deeper green than those of the nearly related L. gigan- teum and sometimes tinged with red. Inferior to L. giganteum. August, September. 2 to 3 ft Quite tender. Difficult in culture. Safest to pot, and winter in coldframe. Plant in cool and well-drained spot, sheltered from strong sunshine. Give good root-run of leaf soil. var. Giehnii — Hardiest form. L. coridion See concolor. L. croceum Orange lily. Switzerland, France, Northern Italy. Bright orange, with small crimson spots; upright; 3 in. across ; several on stalk. June, July. 3 to 4 ft. Resembles L. dauricum, but blossoms bet- ter in substance and duration. Very hardy old cottage garden lily. Flow- ers well first season. Thrives in any soil in a sunny garden border, or among shrubs in half shade. var. Chaixi — Dwarfer than type. L. 'dahuricum See elegans. 70 LILIES L. Dalhansoni Dalhanson lily. Garden hybrid ; L. Hansoni x L. dalmaticum. Dark brownish purple. June. 5 ft. L. dalmaticum See Martagon. L. dauricum x Dahurian lily. Siberia, North Japan. Orange, flushed with red and spotted with black; erect; 6 to 8 in umbel. Species more slender than modern gar- den forms and has smaller blossoms and shorter leaves. Resembles L. croceum, but smaller and more slender. Resembles still more closely L. elegans, with which it is easily confounded, tfune, July. 2 ft. Very hardy dwarf lily. Does well in ordi- nary light garden loam. var. Diadem — Bright crimson ; yellow band down petal. Fine hybrid, var. erectum — Orange and scarlet. Early, var. grandinorum — Light orange red. Large, var. incomparabile — Deep crimson. Very fine, var. maculatum — Deep orange; spotted. Tall. 1 Syn. L. davuricum, L. spectdbile and L. umbellatum. Miss Jekyll says that L. davuricum, is said to be identical with "L. pennsylvanicum*" SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 71 var. multiflorum — Orange red. More blos- soms. var. Sappho — Light orange, tipped with red. Hybrids of L. umbellatum and L. elegans. var. Sensation — Deep orange, flushed with brownish red. var. aurantiacum multiflorum — 0 range yellow, tipped with orange red. The following forms are perhaps hybrids of L. croceum and L. elegans: var. aurantiacum — Orange. var. Cloth of Gold— Bright yellow. var. Tottenham! — B right yellow, large heads. L. Davidi See primulinwn. L. davuricum See dawricum. L. Delavayi China. Wine red; trumpet-shaped. L. elegans x Thunbergian lily. Japan. Orange ; erect. Less vigorous growth than L. croceum, which it resembles in general form. Resembles still more closely L. i Syn. L. TJwwbergianum, L. daJwricum and L. lancifolium. 72 LILIES dauricum, with which it is easily confounded. May, June, July. y2 to 1 ft. Very hardy. One of the best border lilies. Thrives in ordinary garden soil, but prefers light loam, peat and leaf-mold. Stands full ex- posure. Fine for rock garden or naturalizing. var. Alice Wilson — Lemon. Dwarf. var. alutaceum — Apricot. Dwarf. Early. var. alutaceum Prince of Orange — Apricot with black spots. var. armeniacum — Orange red. Late. var. atrosanguineum — Deep red. var. Batemanniae — Apricot. Late. 4 ft. Same as L. Batemanniae. var. Beautiful Star — Orange red. var. bicolor — Yellow, streaked with red. var. biligulatum — Brownish red. var. flore-pleno — Deep red, semi-double. var. fulgens — Red. Same as L. fulgens. var. hoematochroum — D ark crimson. Fine. var. Horsmanni — Same as hoematochroum. var. lateritium — Same as biligulatum. var. Leonard Joerg — Orange red, crimson spots. var. marmoratum aureum — Deep yellow, crimson spots. var. Orange Queen — Bright orange. 1 ft. Very fine. var. Othello — Blood red, tinged with orange. oj '& H SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 73 var. Peter Barr — Soft yellow; few spots; very fine. var. pictum — Same as bicolor. var. Prince of Orange — Apricot, dwarf, early. var. reticulatum — Salmon with yellow bar, spotted purple, var. sanguineum — Light red, black spots. Same as L. sanguineum. var. semi-plenum — Half double crimson, var. Van Houttei — Fine bright crimson, large and fine. var. venustum — Same as armeniacum. var. Wilsoni — Apricot, purple spots; late. var. Venustum macranthu m — Bright orange, no spots, late. 2 ft. var. Wallacei — Apricot, early August. Same as L. Wallacei. var. Willie Barr — Orange yellow, spotted crimson. L. excelsum See testaceum. L. eximiuin See longiflorum. L. Fargesi China. Yellow; small; Martagon type. L. Formosum White. Resembles L. elegans in form. 74' LILIES L. fulgens See elegans. L. giganteum Giant lily. Himalaya mountains. White, tinged with purple inside and with green outside ; trumpet- shaped, 8 to 9 in. long and 5 in. wide; 12 to 20 on stalk. Delicious, but powerful, fra- grance. Very fine foliage, heart-shaped. July, August. 10 to 14 ft. Hardy. Quite vigorous and not very diffi- cult when conditions suit it. Naturalizes read- ily in English woods. Needs protection in very cold climates. Flourishes finely in a green- house border. Requires quite deep soil con- taining leaf-mold or sandy peat with well- rotted manure and moist sub-soil. A light, loamy soil in woodland will do. Give shelter and partial shade. Does well in rhododendron beds. Boots must be well established to insure perfect flower development and it is therefore better to sacrifice the first season's bloom in the case of bulbs of flowering size. The best per- manent results are from small bulbs left un- disturbed, but that may mean a few years' waiting. Protect growing shoots with ever- green boughs in spring. L. Grayi Gray's lily. Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. Reddish orange, spotted with maroon. Similar to L. canadense, but petals slightly less curved ; SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBEIDS 75 possibly a southern form of it. Foliage in whorls. June, July. 4 ft. Culture quite easy. Thrives best in moist, peaty soil, but does well in any light, well- drained garden soil. L. Hansoni* Hanson's lily.2 Japan. Introduced 1882. Bright orange, spotted with brown ; thick, waxen, reflexed pet- als. Fragrance not heavy. Leaves in whorls. June, July. 4 to 5 ft. Quite hardy and easy of culture. Does well in light loam. Plant among shrubs and low plants to protect young shoots, this being one of the earliest lilies to appear in spring. Avoid full sun, as blossoms bleach easily. L. Harrisii See longiflorum. L. Heldreichi Mountains of Greece. Bright reddish yel- low. Narrow leaves, thickly set on stem. 2 to 3 ft. Similar to L. chalcedonicum Heldreichi. Plant in loamy soil, in partly shaded place. L. Henryi Henry's lily.3 Ichang, Western China. Introduced 1888. Deep salmon orange; as many as thirty on 1 Syn. L. maculatum. 2 Known also as Japanese yellow Martagon lily and spotted lily. a Known also as yellow speciosum. 76 LILIES stalk. Uncommonly fine foliage. Similar to L. speciosum in habit. August, September. 6 to 12 ft. Vigorous and one of best border lilies. Hardy, but rather difficult in very cold climate. Best under glass where outdoor conditions are unfavorable. Has done well in both light and heavy loam, but prefers soil with a mixture of peat. Requires moisture toward blooming sea- son. Shelter from wind and full force of sun. Plant deep. Seeds freely. L. Humloldtii Humboldt's lily. California. Reddish yellow, spotted with maroon, reflexed petals; in loose triangular cluster. Stout stems, with whorls of leaves. Similar to L. superbum, but showier. June, July. 4 to 8 ft. Rather capricious. Prefers deep, peaty soil, but will grow in any well-drained soil. Thrives best in a moist atmosphere. Very poor bloomer the first season. Plant shallow. var. Bloomerianum — Small-growing form and same as L. Bloomerianum, L. calif ornicum and L. puberulum. var. Bloomerianum magnificum — The fin- est form. var. magnificum — Freer bloomer and larger spots; from Southern Cali- fornia. var. ocellatum — Same as magnificum. SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBEIDS 77 L. Isabellinum See testaceum. L. Jarikae Mountains of Transylvania. Clear yellow, slightly dotted with brown. Similar to L. pyrenaicum, but broader leaves and larger blossoms. Thrives in good loam. L. japonicum * Japanese lily.2 South 'Japan. Clear rose, occasionally paler ; funnel-shaped, 6 in. long, carried horizontally; generally one on stem, but sometimes up to seven. Slender growth. July, August. 2y2 ft. Type sometimes described as purple, or purplish, with white inside and L. Erameri then distinguished as L. j. roseum. In this case it is also confused with L. Brownii. Very erratic and in cold climates safest in pots. Prefers light, rich sandy loam or peat and good drainage. Peat is said to make color darker. Does well among rhododendrons, but requires frequent renewal. Grows in pine woods in Japan. Plant deep. yar. Alexandra e — White, shaded with green at base; pale green foliage; 2 to 3 ft. Resembles somewhat both L. auratum and L. longiflorum, 1 Syn. L. Krameri and L. roseum. 2 Known also as Kramer's lily. 78 LILIES and sometimes regarded as a nat- ural hybrid of them, but shorter flower tubes than latter. First in- troduced from Japan as L. UJci-uri. Not hardy and best in pots. yar. Brownii — Same as L. Brownii. yar. Colchesterens e — Resembles L. Brownii, but less brown and more erect, and known also as L. Brownii odorum, L. odorum and L. Colches- terense. yar. roseum — Same as L. Krameri and L. roseum. L. Kelloggii Kellogg Js lily. Northwestern California. Pinkish purple, with maroon spots; drooping; petals much re- flexed ; very fragrant. Bears some resemblance to L. Washingtonianum and the purple Marta- gon lily. Prefers moist peat, or leaf -mold and sand, with good drainage. L. Kewense Kew lily. Garden hybrid, L. Henryi x L. Brownii. Creamy buff, changing to nearly white; something like a small L. auratum. L. Krameri See japonicum. L. lancifolium See elegans and speciosum. SPECIES, VAKIETIESj HYBEIDS 79 L. Larikongense Yunnan, China. L. Ledebouri ... Bees Monddelphum. L. Leichtlini Leichtlin's lily. 'Japan. Introduced 1867. Pale yellow, with purple spots. Slender stems; long, narrow leaves. Very graceful lily. August. 3 to 4 ft The so-called red L. Leichtlini is L. tigrinum jucundum (or Maximowiczii) . Needs very careful treatment. Prefers sandy soil, lightened with peat. Comes out early and must have protection from frost. Put sharp sand around bulbs. L. Loddigesianum See monadelphum. L. longiflorum St. Joseph's lily.1 Japan. Pure white, trumpet-shaped; deli- cate perfume. Good foliage. Suly, August. 3ft. Quite hardy in right conditions, but runs out easily. Best grown in pots. Does well in good garden soil, but better in peat, loam and sand, well drained and kept moist during growth. Give shelter and partial shade. yar. eximium — Taller and more robust than type. This is the Bermuda lily. i Known also as Easter lily and trumpet lily, and the Har- risii variety as Bermuda lily. 80 LILIES var. Harrisii — Same as eximium and L. Earrisii. var. giganteum — More blossoms and stronger growth. var. foliis albo-marginatis — Foliage with white margin. var. f ormosanum — More slender than type, blossoms tinged with purple on out- side. Native of Formosa. ?ar. formosum — Formosa type cultivated in Japan. var. Livkin — Similar to type. var. multiflorum — Same as giganteum. var. robustus — Same as giganteum. var. Takesima — Stems and flower buds flushed with brown. var. grandiflorum — Improvement of Con- tinental type, bloom slightly brown on outside. var. Wilsoni — 6 to 8 large blossoms and dwarfer growth. var. Wilsoni (of Leichtlin) — Same as ex- imium. L. Lowii* Low's lily. Upper Burmah. Introduced 1893. White, thickly or thinly spotted with purple; bell- shaped. Narrow leaves, slender growth. Sep- tember. 3 ft. i Not very hardy. Best for pots or greenhouse border. SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 81 L. maculatum See Hansoni. L. Marhan Marhan lily. Garden hybrid; L. Martagon album x L. Hansoni. Tawny orange, curiously spotted and streaked with reddish brown ; backs of pet- als whitish. Has Martagon blossoms and habit, with thick petals of other parent. June, July. 4 to 5 ft. Thrives in good garden loam. var. Ellen Willmott — Finest and most ro- bust form. L. maritimum Coast lily. Coast of Northern California. Reddish orange, spotted with purple; drooping, bell- shaped ; petals much reflexed. Slender growth. Duly. 3 ft. Very difficult in cultivation. Being a native of peaty meadows, it prefers moist peaty soil, in partial shade. Good for the rock garden. L. Martagon1 Purple Martagon lily.2 Central and Southern Europe into Asia. Dull purplish pink, somewhat spotted; small, turban-shaped; in large pyramidal clusters; rather unpleasant odor. June, July. 2 to 5 ft. The bulbs are eaten by the Cossacks. 1 Syn. L. dalmaticum. 2 Known also as Turk's cap lily. 82 LILIES Three centuries' test in English gardens. Very vigorous and effective lily. Loamy soil in almost any position, but prefers cool and damp places, though thriving in coldest cli- mates. Plant shallow. var. album — Pure white and very beauti- ful. A lilac-tinted form has stron- ger growth and more shining foli- age. yar. dalmaticum — Light to dark wine color and very waxen ; 30 to 40 blossoms on stalk ; unopened buds with whit- ish covering; same as L. dalmati- cum. 6 ft. yar. Cattanii — Almost black, probably a darker form of dalmaticum. Same as L. Cattaniae. var. Sore-plenum — Valueless double form. L. Masseyi See philadelphicum. L. Maximowiczii See LeiMlini and tigrinum. [Tapan. Bed to yellow; 6 to 8 on stem. 2 to 3 ft. Maximowicz's lily is quite distinct, but seems to be identical with L. tigrinum jucun- dum. Is sometimes called the red L. Leicht- lini. Origin is obscure. L. monadelphum — the Caucasian lily SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 83 L. medeoloides. rjapan and Korea. Orange-red ; reflexed pet- als. Similar to L. avenaceum, but taller. 12 ft. Difficult in cultivation. L. mirabile China. A variant of L. corifolium. L. monadelphum * Caucasian lily. Caucasus, Persia. Bright yellow, slightly tinged with purple ; orange anthers ; nodding ; 20 to 30 on raceme ; fragrant. July. 4 to 6 ft. Thrives in good light loam, well drained, and in an open situation, but likes partial shade. Rarely does well the first year. Easily grown from seed. var. Szovitzianum — Straw color, spotted with black; brown anthers; larger blossoms ; strong scent. Sometimes classed as species, the stamens be- ing free at base whereas in the type they are joined. Better than type. Same as L. Scovitzianum. L, montanum See pJiiladelphicum. i Syn. L. colchicum, L. Loddigesianum, L. Ledebouri and L. Szovitzianum. 84 LILIES L. vnyriophyllum China. "White, flushed with yellow in cen- ter; outside of petals streaked with brown and tipped with pink. Fine, narrow foliage. Ke- sembles L. Brownii leucanthum, but blossoms smaller and more funnel-shaped and blooms earlier. In general it has more refinement. July. 3 to 4 ft. Hardy and vigorous. Thrives in any good peaty soil, when acclimatized. L. neilgherrense Neilgherry lily. India. Pale yellow, purplish on outside; thick petals; trumpet-shaped; one to three on stalk. Distinct, delicate aroma. September. 3 to 4 ft. Too tender for outdoors and even in pots needs frequent renewal. Blooms well first sea- son, but inclined not to do so thereafter. Plant in equal parts of loam, peat and sand, preferably in a greenhouse bed. L. nepalense Nepaul lily. Nepaul, India. Greenish yellow, with deep purple base; funnel-shaped; 5 in. across; seg- ments recurved ; slightly fragrant. September. 4 to 6 ft. This very striking lily has flowered outdoors in Devonshire and Cornwall, England, but there only in a sheltered position. In cold SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 85 climates should be cultivated in a greenhouse. Prefers a moist, peaty soil and a light position where it is in no danger of being scorched by the summer sun. L. nigrum Black lily. Dubious species ; syn. Sarana kamschatkensis and Fritillaria kamschatica. L. nitidum See columbiamum. L. occidentale Orange red, with crimson tips and black spots. 2 to 4 ft. L. ochroleucum See sulphureum. L. ochraceum China. L. oxypetalum See yunnanense. L. odorum See Brownii and japonicwm. L. papilliferum Yunnan, China. Dull red. Form of L. su- perbum. L. pardalinum 1 Panther lily. California. Bright red, lower parts of pet- als orange with red spots; variable in color • i Syn. L. californicum. 86 LILIES large; strongly recurved; 20 to 30 on stem; long blooming period. Very stately, with whorls of dark green leaves. July. 6 to 9 ft. Very hardy and robust. Fine for the gar- den. Does well in good well-drained garden loam, but prefers moist, peaty soil in sun or partial shade. Must have plenty of light and air and protection from high winds. Dislikes being disturbed and blooms poorly first season. Increases rapidly. var. angustif olium — 0 range red, with brown spots; slender growth. var. Bourgaei — Darker than type and more robust. var. ealifornicum — Deep orange; maroon spotted, scarlet tips. Same as L. ealifornicum. yar. luteum — Orange, spotted with crim- son. var. Ellacombei — Smaller and later than type, var. Johnson i — Fine British Columbia kind, var. Michauxii — Same as Ellacombei and L. carolinianum. var. minor — Beautiful early form, var. pallidif olium — L i g h t e r color and smaller blossoms. var. parviflorum — Same as minor. Same as L. parviflorum and L. Sayi. 03 tuo SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 87 var. puberulum — Same as pallidifolium x L. puberulum. var. Red Giant — Burbank hybrid, crimson and red, spotted maroon, var. Roezlii — Bright yellow, purplish brown dots in center; leaves rarely in whorls. Same as L. Roezlii. var. Robinsoni — Strongest grower and deepest color, var. Warei — Beautiful, apricot shade. L. Parkmanni Parkmann's lily. Garden hybrid, L. auratum x L. speciosum. White, spotted and banded with crimson. One of the finest of hybrids, but disease caused it to almost, or quite, disappear from cultiva- tion. L. Parryi Parry's lily. California. Citron, the inner bases shaded with light brown; brown anthers; funnel- shaped; pendulous; several on stem; delicate fragrance. June, July. 3 to 5 ft. Easily cultivated, but not very strong. Ad- mirable yellow lily. Plant in moist, but well- drained, peaty soil in partial shade and where sheltered from wind. In California this lily is found at an altitude of 7,000 to 10,000 ft. in alpine meadows and near streams where the soil is about two-thirds granitic sand and one- third peat or vegetable mold. 88 LILIES L. parviflorum l Small-flowered lily. California. Golden yellow, spotted brown. June. 31/2 ft. L. parvum Little lily. Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Light orange, tipped with red; drooping; recurved petals; several on stalk. June, July. 4 to 5 ft. Constitution not very strong. Prefers moist, but well-drained, peaty soil in partial shelter from sun and wind. var. flore-pleno — Double form. var. hybridum — Richly colored hybrid. var. luteum — All yellow. L. penduliflorum See canadense. L. peregrinum Asia Minor. L. philadelphicum Wood lily.2 Eastern United States and Canada. Scarlet, center yellow, dotted with maroon ; cup-shaped ; very narrow segments. July, August. 18 in. Southern form, L. Masseyi, has narrow perianth segments and western form, L. montanum, has broader leaves. 1 Syn. L. columbianum, L. pardalinurn minor and L. Sayi. 2 Known also as wild orange-red lily and Philadelphia lily. SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 89 Very hardy, but rather uncertain in the gar- den. Requires good soil, preferably with leaf- mold. Grows naturally both in thin woods and fully exposed places and will stand sun or shade if there is a low ground cover. L. philippinense Philippine lily. Philippines. White; similar to L. longi- florum, but more drooping and generally sol- itary; fragrant. A tropical form of L. longi- florum, taller and with extremely narrow leaves. Has proved hardy in Ohio with protection, but perished in Connecticut. Too tender for northern winter and even in the greenhouse not very robust. Requires moist, but well- drained, peaty soil in partly shaded and shel- tered position. Must be watched carefully. L. polyphyllum Western Himalayas. Greenish yellow, tinged inside with purple ; turban-shaped ; 4 to 6 on stalk; fragrant. August, September. 2 to 5 ft. Very tender and dislikes winter wet. Has been grown in open air in England and North- ern Wales, but there is better under glass. Even in a greenhouse the bulbs are likely to perish after flowering. Plant in loam, peat and sand. Will grow in fairly dry loam, but in India is found in gravel and vegetable soil on northern slopes. 90 LILIES L. pomponium1 Turban lily.2 Northern Italy. Vermilion red, strongly re- flexed. Similar to L. chalcedonicum, but ear- lier. Very strong scent. June. 3 to 4 ft. Also called L. p. verum. Very hardy. It is among oldest of border lilies. Plant in light soil, well drained. var. aureum — Yellow. The same as L. pomponium pyrenaicum (see L. pyrenaicum). L. primulinum 3 Primrose lily. Upper Burmah. Soft primrose yellow; large; trumpet-shaped. Quite tender. In cold climates suitable only for greenhouse culture. L. puberulum See Humboldtii and pardalinum. L. pulchellum punctatum See concolor. L. pumilum See tenuifolium. L. Purdyi Purdy's lily. Washington and British Columbia. Orange red, spotted; fragrant. 2 to 5 ft. 1 Syn. L. rubrum and L. angustifolium. 2 Known also as scarlet pompone. s Syn. L. claptonense (suppressed) and L. Davidi. SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 91 L. pyrenaicum* Tellow Turk's cap lily. Greenish yellow, with greenish spots; re- flexed petals; 10 or so on stalk; very small; odor disagreeable, but faint. Foliage narrow and very dense. May, June. 2 ft. Some- times called L. p. fiavum. Quite hardy, and long grown in cottage gar- dens. Plant in loamy soil, in an open position. var. rubrum — Orange scarlet, spotted with maroon. L. Roezlii Roezl's lily. Orange red to yellow, spotted with purple; 5 to 10 in raceme. Blossoms resemble those of L. Humboldtii in shape. June. 2 to 3 ft. Sometimes listed as species and sometimes as L. pardalinum Roezlii. L. roseum See japonicum and Thompsonianum. The name is confusing, referring alike to a true lily and a fritillary. L. rubellum Reddish lily. Japan. Introduced 1898. Deep rose, vary- ing to nearly white; yellow anthers; usually three on stalk ; fragrant. Similar to L. japoni- cum, but smaller and less open blossoms, broad- er leaves and shorter stems. May, June. ft. i Syn. L. pomponium pyrenaicum. 92 LILIES Fairly hardy in England. More reliable than L. japonicum, but bulbs likely to disap- pear. Easily renewed by seed. Vegetable soil and loam, preferably light and sandy, are the best for it. It has, however, thrived in poor and rather dry, stony soil under deciduous shrubs. Sometimes it has been found benefi- cial to place rubble around the bulb to prevent direct contact with the soil. This lily re- quires partial shade and is fine in thin wood- land or among low shrubs. In deep shade the bloom will be a lighter color. L. rubescens See WasJiingtonianum. L. rubrum See pomponium. L. sanguineum See elegans. L. Sargentiae . Sargent's lily. China, Similar to L. Brownii leucanthum and possibly identical; but blossoms are held horizontally and seem to have richer shading of brown. August. 6 to 8 ft. L. Sayi See columbianum and parvifiorum. L. sinensis See tigrinum. L. sinicum See concolor. SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 93 L. speciosum* Handsome lily.2 Japan. Introduced; 1830. White, faintly flushed and spotted with crimson j reflexed pet- als. August, September. 3 ft. Very hardy and one of the most reliable bor- der lilies. Does well in ordinary garden soil and in either sun or partial shade. Prefers deep, moist, sandy loam, with leaf-mold and peat. Protect with ground cover. var. albiflorum — "White ; slight suffusion of pink, outside. Continental form. var. album — Sam© as albiflorum. var. album — Same as Kraetzeri. var. album Kraetzeri — Same as Kraetzeri. var. album novum — Anthers larger than Kraetzeri and not brown. var. Crown Princess — White. var. cruentum — Dwarf of Melpomene. Var. gloriosides — White, spotted with pink. var. Kraetzer i — Pure white, greenish stripe halfway down petal, brown anthers. var. macranthum — Distinct deep rose kind. var. magnificum — J a p a n e s e variety of rubrum, rich and earlier than Mel- pomene. var. Melpomene — Deep crimson heavily spotted with narrow margin of white. 1 Syn. L. lancifolium (erroneous; this belongs to L. elegans). 2 Known also as Japan lily. 94: LILIES var. punctatum — White, shaded and spot- ted pink. var. punctatum album — Weak constitu- tion; same as a. novum. var. purpureum — Same as Japanese rub- rum. var. roseum — Japanese form. Much pink- er than type. var. roseum multiflorum — Resembles Mel- pomene. var. roseum superbum — Similar to Mel- pomene. Large. Early. var. rubrum — Japanese form. Still deep- er color. var. rubrum — Dutch form. White, with heavy pink spots. var. Schrymakersii — Deep rose, spotted with purple. Early and free blooming form of rubrum. L. spectabile See dauricum. L. sulphureum 1 Sulphur lily. North Burmah. Creamy white, suffused with yellow inside and tinged with red on outside; large ; tubular ; fragrant. This lily has bulbils in leaf axils. September. 6 ft. Fairly hardy for its class. Has flowered outdoors in England. Best grown in pots in i Syn. L. ochroleucum and L. Wallichianum superbum. SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 95 the open and removed to greenhouse for flower- ing. Easily cultivated and quite prolific. L. superlum Swamp lily.1 Eastern United States to Canada. Orange, flushed with scarlet and spotted with brown; recurved ; 12 to 30 on stem, in cone-shaped clus- ters. Color varies somewhat. July, August. 6 to 8 ft. Very hardy. Highly satisfactory border lily. Does well in ordinary garden soil, if given good drainage, partial shade and a ground cover. Preference is for swampy soil, but any moist location will do. Good among low shrubs. var. Carolinianum — Southern type, Vir- ginia to Florida. Same as L. caro- linianum. L. Sutchuense Su-Tchuen lily. Reddish orange, spotted with black. De- scribed as form of L. tenuifolium and also called syn. of L. Wallacei. L. Szovitzianum See monadelphum. L. Taliense Talien lily. China. White. Form of L. Martagon. i Also known as American Turk's Cap lily. 96 LILIES L. tenuifolium Coral lily. Siberia, North China. Deep scarlet; waxen; strongly recurved ; very small ; 6 to 10 on stalk. Leaves dark green; very numerous. June, {July. 1% ft. Quite hardy, but too delicate of growth to be with rank plants. Best in its fourth year, after which it dies away. Easily renewed by seed. Plant in good moist loam in cool and partly shaded location. var. Golden Gleam — Clear apricot. Very fine. var. pumilum — Stouter and taller stems, narrower leaves. Same as L. pum- ilum. var. stenophyllum — Same as pumilum. L. testaceum * Nankeen lily. Supposed natural hybrid, L. candidum x L. chalcedonicum or L. pomponium; but never found in wild state. Dull apricot, of quite unique shade; orange anthers; nodding; very fragrant, but fairly strong odor. Has texture of L. candidum but shape is along Martagon lines. Extremely graceful habit. June, July. 6 to 7 ft. Quite hardy and one of the choicest border lilies. Thrives in good light garden loam. . L. excelsum and L. Isdbellinum. L. tenui folium— the coral lily L. canadense — the Canada lily SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 97 Very fine in generous plantings among ferns or on the edge of woodland. Plant shallow. L. Thompsonianum Thompson's lily. Dubious species; syn. Fritillaria Thompson- ianum. Same as L. roseum. L. Thuribergianum See elegans. L. tigrinum 1 Tiger lily. Japan, China. Orange red, spotted with deep purple; large; reflexed petals. July, Au- gust. 6 ft. Very hardy. Increases rapidly by self-sown bulbils. The bulbs are eaten in Japan and China. Thrives in almost any soil, but pre- fers friable sandy loam and peat or leaf-mold. Avoid drought and provide shelter from high winds. Plant 7 inches deep. var. flore-pleno — Best double lily, but far less beautiful than type. var. Fortune i — Flowers slightly paler, sometimes fifty on stem. var. Fortunei giganteum — Larger blossoms and greener stems. Woolly down on stems, var. Fortunei giganteum fl. pi. — Double variety of same. i Syn. L. sinensis. 98 LILIES var. jucundum — Vermilion, spotted with maroon; no bulbils. More slender and quite distinct. var. Leopoldii — Larger and brighter blos- soms, with larger and fewer spots; fewer leaves; lower stems smooth and black. var. Maximowiczii — Same as jucundum. var. plenescens — Double. var. pseudo-tigrinum — Same as jucundum. var. splendens — Same as Leopoldii, the true splendens considered the best. L. Uki-uri (Ukeyuri) See japonicum. L. umbellatum See dauricum. L. Wallacei* Wallace's lily. Japan ; possibly a garden hybrid. Kew calls it a variety of L. elegans. Rosy apricot, thick- ly spotted. Very graceful. July. 2 to 5 ft. Quite hardy in the border. Plant in a damp place ; this lily loves moisture. L. Wallichianum Wallich's lily. Central Himalayas. "White, tinged with green on the outside ; funnel-shaped, 8 or 9 in. long with wide mouth; usually solitary; very strong perfume. July. 4 to 6 ft. i Syn. L. elegans Wallacei and L. Sutchuense. SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 99 Too tender for northern winters and rather difficult of culture. Requires peaty soil and a light position without full exposure. Does well in shrubbery where the winter is not too severe. var. superbum — Same as L. sulphureum. L. Washingtonianum Washington lily.1 Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. White, tinged with pink or red and dotted with purple; funnel-shaped, 6 in. across and nearly erect; reflexed petals; 12 to 20 on stalk; fra- grant. Color descriptions of this lily vary greatly. June. 3 to 5 ft. One of the best western lilies for eastern gar- dens, but rather difficult in cultivation when conditions are not quite right. Requires a deep soil of peat, leaf-mold and gritty loam, with perpetual moisture at the roots. Being a wood lily, it likes partial shade. var. minor — Of smaller growth. var. purpureum — Striking pinkish lilac variety found in SisMyou Moun- tains in Cascade range. Of smaller growth and blossoms arranged dif- ferently on spike. yar. rubescens — White, changing to pink. Smaller, more compact and more i Known also as Nevada lily. 100 LILIES slender. A little less difficult than the type. L. yunnanense Yunnan lily. Yunnan, China. Pink; small; drooping; 1 to 3 on stalk. Narrow leaves ; slender growth. 1 to 2 ft. high. Probably allied to L. oxypeta- lum, now regarded as a fritillary. Requires a peaty soiL L. tigrinum, var. flore-pleno — the double tiger lily CHAPTEE XHI LILIES THAT ARE NOT LILIES THE name lily lias always been used very loosely in all garden talk that is not in Latin. So it has come about that there are many so-- called lilies which are not lilies at all, in the trne sense ; some of them are not even liliaceous, bnt belong to genera quite distinct botanically. A number of these are here grouped for easy reference. African — Agapanthus umbellatus. African corn — Ixia. Amazonian — Eucharis amazonica. Arum — Richardia africana. Arum, golden — Richardia Elliottiana. Atamasco — Zephyranthes Atamasco. Avalanche — Erythronium citrinum. Barbadoes spice — Amaryllis equestre. Belladonna — Amaryllis Belladonna. Bengal — Crinum longiflorum. Bermuda spice — Amaryllis Johnsoni. Black 1 — Sarana kamschatkensis. i Same as Lilium nigrum (dubious species) and Fritillaria kamschatika. 101 102 LILIES Blackberry — PardantJius chin ensis. Brisbane — Eurycles sylvestris. Butterfly — Hedychium coronarium. Caffre (Kaffir) — Schizostylis coccinea. Calla — Richardia africana. Cape — Crinum Capense. Checkered — Fritillaria meleagris. Chilian — Alstrcemeria chilensis. Chinese sacred — Narcissus tazetta orientalis. Climbing — Gloriosa superba. Corfu — Funkia subcordata. Cuban — Scilla. Custard — Hemerocallis flava Day, blue — Furikia ovata. Day, tawny — Hemerocallis fulva. Day, white — Funkia subcordata. Day, yellow — Hemerocallis flava. Fairy — Zephyr anthes rosea. Fayal — Ornithogallum arabicum. Flax — Phormium tenax. Ginger — Hedychium coronarium. Glory — Gloriosa superba. Good Luck — Narcissus polyanthus. Guernsey — Nerine sarniensis. Herb — Alstr&meria. Iuwdae--£!yrtanthus sanguineus. Saeobean — •Amaryllis formosissima. LILIES NOT LILIES 103 Lent — Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. Lotus — Nymphcea Lotus. Mariposa — Calochortus. Milk and wine — Crinum fimbriatulum. Mount Etna — Sternbergw lutea. Nassau — Crinum fimbriatulum. Natal — Moro3a iridioides. Of the field * — Sterribergia lutea. Of the Incas — Alstrczmeria Pelegrina. Of the Nile — Richardia africana. Of the palace — Aulica platypetala. Of the valley — Convallaria majalis. Persian — Fritillaria persica. Peruvian — Alstrcemeria. Plantain — Funkia. Pond, white — Nymphcea odorata. Pond, yellow — Nuphar advena. Queen — Phcedranassa. Queen — Curcuma petiola. Rain — Zephyranthes alba. Hush — Sisyrinchium. St. Bernard's — Anthericum liliago. St. Bruno's — Anthericum liliastrum. St. James — Sprekelia formosissima. Satin — Sisyrinchium B ermudianum. Scarborough — Vallota purpurea. i May be Syrian red lily or the red anemone (A. coronaria). 104 LILIES Snake 's head — Fritillaria meleagris. Spanish — Pancratium Caribbceum. Spider — Tradescantia virginica. Spider — Pancratium Caribbceum. Swamp, Peruvian — Zephyranthes Candida. Sword — Gladiolus. Thompson's * — Fritillaria Thompsonianum. Toad — Tricyrtis hirta. Torch — Tritoma uvaria. Trout — Erythronium americmum. Water, blue — Nymphcea zanzibariensis. Water, Cape Cod — Nymphcea rubra. Water, fringed — Limnanthemum peltatum. Water, Royal — Victoria regia. Water, white — Nymphcea odorata<. Water, yellow — Nuphar advena. Wood— Trillium. The lily of antiquity was undoubtedly L. can- didum, and therefore a true lily. In mythology this white lily (Rosa junonis) was supposed to have sprung from the milk of Hera. As the plant of purity, it was contrasted with the rose of Aphrodite. All through the Middle Ages this lily was the symbol of heavenly purity. As is indicated in the preceding table, there is con- fusion of opinion as to whether the biblical i Same as Litiwm Thompsonianum (dubious species)'. LILIES NOT LILIES 105 "lilies of the field " were true lilies. Pliny mentions a red Syrian lily and in springtime the red anemone is a common flower of the Galilean hillsides; but there seems to be quite as good reason for surmising that the plant is Stern- bergia lutea. BIBLIOGEAPHY OF LILIES Review of the Order Liliaceae, J. G. Baker, 1874. Botanical Review of Genus, Botanical Gazette, 1899. Monograph of the Genus Lilium, EL H. Elwes, 1880. Report of Conference on Lilies (new species and varieties since 1880), journal of the Royal Hor- ticultural Society, 1901. Lilies [for English Gardens, Gertrude Jekyll, 1903. The Book of the Lily, William Goldring, 1905. Notes on Lilies, A. Wallace. 106 INDEX INDEX Alexander's lily, L. Alexandrae, 60 American Turk's Cap lily, L. superlum, 5, 7, 9, 18, 32, 36, 37, 41, 43, 48, 51, 95 Annunciation lily, L candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 Baker's lily, L. Bakeri, 62 Bermuda lily, L. longiflorum, var. Harrisii, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 79 Black lily, L. nigrum, 85 Bourbon lily, L. candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 Brown's lily, L. Brownii, 4, 8, 21, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 57, 63 Bulb-bearing lily, L. bulUferum, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 40, 42, 63 Burbank's lily, L. Burbanki, 41, 53, 57, 64 Canada lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 57, 64 Canadian lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 57, 64 Carniolian lily, L. carniolicum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 40, 43, 66 Carolina lily, L. carolinianum, 7, 19, 41, 57, 66 Caucasian lily, L. monadelphum, 5, 8, 9, 22, 33, 41, 43, 45, 51, 57, 85 Coast lily, L. maritimum, 5, 6, 9, 28, 36, 81 Coral lily, L. tenuifolium, 5, 8, 14, 22, 33, 41, 43, 48, 51, 96 Dahurian lily, L. dauricum, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 41, 42, 48, 51, 57 Dalhanson lily, L. Dalhansoni, 53, 70 Easter lily, L. longiflorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 79 109 110 INDEX Giant lily, L. giganteum, 3, 8, 24, 31, 43, 45, 47, 51, 57, 74 Gold-banded lily, L. auratum, 1, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 61 Gold-rayed lily, L. auratum, 1, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 61 Gray's lily, L. Orayi, 5, 7, 19, 41, 43, 74 Japan lily, L. auratum, 1, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 61 Japan lily, L. speciosum, I, 4, 8, 12, 14, 35, 41, 48, 49, 54, 56, 93 Japanese lily, L. japonicum, 4, 8, 25, 42, 47, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 77 Japanese yellow Martagon lily, L. Hansonl, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 75 June lily, L. candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 Handsome lily, L. speciosum, 1, 4, 8, 12, 14, 35, 41, 48, 49, 54, 56, 93 Hanson's lily, L. Hansoni, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 75 Heart-leaved lily, L. cordifolium, 3, 8, 25, 43, 47, 69 Henry's lily, L. Henryi, 4, 8, 13, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 48, 51, 75 Humboldt's lily, L. Humboldtii, 5, 6, 26, 27, 31, 43, 45, 76 Kellogg's lily, L. Kelloggii, 5, 6, 28, 57, 78 Kew lily, L. Kewense, 53, 78 Kramer's lily, L. japonicum, 4, 8, 25, 42, 47, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 77 Leichtlin's lily, L. Leichtlini, 5, 8, 29, 42, 48, 79 Little lily, L. parvum, 5, 6, 28, 43, 88 Low's lily, L. Lowii, 4, 8, 28, 47, 80 Lilium Alexandrae, 60 angustifolium, 61 aurantiacum, 61 INDEX 111 lAlium auratum, 1, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57,61 avenaceum, 5, 8, 29, 62 Bakeri, 62 Bakerianum, 62 Batemanniae, 62 Berensi, 62 Bloomerianum, 62 Bolanderi, 62 Brownil, 4, 8, 21, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 57, 63 lulbiferum, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 40, 42, 63 Burbanki, 41, 53, 57, 64 californicum, 64 callosum, 5, 8, 29, 64 canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 57, 64 candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 carniolicum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 40, 43, 66 carolinianum, 7, 19, 41, 57, 66 Cateslaei, 4, 7, 27, 66 Cattaniae, 66 chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 67 claptonense, 67 Colchesterense, 67 colchicum, 67 ColumUanum, 5, 6, 19, 41, 43, 67 concolor, 4, 8, 18, 33, 36, 40, 42, 48, 68 cordifolium, 3, 8, 25, 43, 47, 69 coridion, 4, 8, 69 croceum, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 36, 41, 42, 48, 51, 69 dahuricum, 69 Dalhansoni, 53, 70 dalmaticum, 70 dauricum, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 41, 42, 48, 51, 70 Davidi, 71 davuricum, 71 Delavayi, 71 112 INDEX Lilium elegans, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 33, 41, 42, 48, 59, 71 excelsum, 73 eximium, 73 Fargesi, 73 formosum, 73 fulgens, 74 gigwteum, 3, 8, 24, 31, 43, 45, 47, 51, 57, 74 Grayi, 5, 7, 19, 41, 43, 74 Hansoni, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 75 Harrisii, 75 Heldreichi, 5, 75 Henryi, 4, 8, 13, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 48, 51, 75 Eumloldtii, 5, 6, 26, 27, 31, 43, 45, 76 Isabellinum, 77 Jankae, 5, 7, 9, 20, 41, 77 japonicum, 4, 8, 25, 42, 47, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 77 Kelloggii, 5, 6, 28, 57, 78 Kewense, 53, 78 Krameri, 78 lancifolium, 78 Lankongense, 79 Ledebouri, 79 Leichtlini, 5, 8, 29, 42, 48, 79 Loddigesianum, 79 longiflorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 79 Lowii, 4, 8, 28, 47, 80 maculatum, 81 Marhan, 20, 41, 48, 53, 81 maritimum, 5, 6, 9, 28, 36, 81 Martagon, 5, 7, 10, 15, 16, 33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 46, 51, 57, 81 Masseyi, 82 Maximoiviczii, 82 meleoloides, 4, 8, 29, 83 vnirdbile, 83 monadelphum, 5, 8, 9, 22, 33, 41, 43, 45, 51, 57, 83 INDEX 113 Lilium montanum, 83 myriophyUum, 4, 8, 21, 41, 84 neilgherrense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 48, 56, 84 nepalense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 84 nigrum, 85 nitidum, 85 occidentale, 85 ochroleucum, 85 ochraceum, 85 oxypetalum, 85 odorum, 85 papilliferum, 85 pardalinum, 5, 6, 9, 18, 19, 33, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 85 Parkmanni, 87 Parrot, 4, 6, 26, 27, 43, 48, 57, 87 parviflorum, 5, 6, 88 parftm, 5, 6, 28, 43, 88 penduliftorum, 88 percgrinum, 88 philadelphicum, 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 88 philippinense, 4, 47, 56, 89 polyphyllum, 5, 8, 29, 47, 89 pomponium, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 34, 35, 41, 43, 57, 90 primulinum, 4, 8, 28, 48, 90 puberulum, 90 pulchellum punctatum, 90 pumilum, 90 Purdyi, 90 pyrenaicum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 41, 43, 57, 91 Roezlii, 91 rosewm, 91 rubellum, 4, 8, 25, 36, 42, 48, 49, 51, 57, 58, 91 rubescens, 92 rubrum, 92 sanguineum, 92 Sargentiae, 92 s, 92 114 INDEX Lilium sinensis, 92 sinicum, 92 speciosum, 1, 4, 8, 12, 14, 35, 41, 48, 49, 54, 56, 93 spectabile, 94 sulphureum, 4, 8, 28, 42, 48, 52, 57, 94 superbum, 5, 7, 9, 18, 32, 36, 37, 41, 43, 48, 51, 95 Sutchuense, 95 Szovitzianum, 95 Taliense, 95 tenuifolium, 5, 8, 14, 22, 33, 41, 43, 48, 51, 96 testaceum, 5, 19, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 48, 52, 54, 57, 96 Thompsonianum, 97 Thunbergianum, 97 tigrinum, 1, 4, 8, 13, 14, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 57, 97 Vki-uri (Ukeyuri), 98 umbellatum, 98 Wallacei, 4, 8, 98 Wallichianum, 4, 8, 29, 48, 98 Washingtonianum, 4, 6, 9, 26, 31, 43, 60, 99 yunnanense, 8, 100 Madonna lily, L. candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 Marhan lily, L. Marhan, 20, 41, 48, 53, 81 Meadow lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 57, 64 Nankeen lily, L. testaceum, 5, 19, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 48, 52, 54, 57, 96 Neilgherry lily, L. neilgherrense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 48, 56, 84 Nepaul lily, L. nepalense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 84 Nevada lily, L. Washingtonianum, 4, 6, 9, 26, 31, 43, 60, 99 Oat-scale lily, L. avenaceum, 5, 8, 29, 62 Orange lily, L. croceum, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 36, 41, 42, 48, 51, 69 Oregon lily, L. Columbianum, 5, 6, 19, 41, 43, 67 INDEX 115 Panther lily, L. pardalinum, 5, 6, 9, 18, 19, 33, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 85 Parkmann's lily, L. Parkmanni, 87 Parry's lily, L. Parryi, 4, 6, 26, 27, 43, 48, 57, 87 Philadelphia lily, L. philadelphicum, 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 88 Philippine lily, L. philippinense, 4, 47, 56, 89 Primrose lily, L. primulinum, 4, 8, 28, 48, 90 Purdy's lily, L. Purdyi, 90 Purple Martagon lily, L. Martagon, 5, 7, 10, 15, 16, 33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 46, 51, 57, 81 Red lily, L. chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 67 Red star lily, L. concolor, 4, 8, 18, 33, 36, 40, 42, 48, 68 Reddish lily, L. rubellum, 4, 8, 25, 36, 42, 48, 49, 51, 57, 58, 91 Roezl's lily, L. Roezlii, 91 St. Joseph's lily, L. longiflorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 79 Sargent's lily, L. Sargentiae, 92 Scarlet Martagon lily, L. chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 67 Scarlet pompone lily, L. pomponium, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 34, 35, 41, 43, 57, 90 Small-flowered lily, L. parviftorum, 5, 6, 88 Southern red lily, L. Catesbaei, 4, 7, 27, 66 Spotted lily, L. Hansoni, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 75 Sulphur lily, L. sulpliureum, 4, 8, 28, 42, 48, 52, 57, 94 Su-Tchuen lily, L. Sutchuense, 95 Swamp lily, L. superbum, 5, 7, 9, 18, 32, 36, 37, 41, 43, 48, 51, 95 Talien lily, L. Taliense, 95 Thompson's lily, L. Thompsonianum, 97 Thunbergian lily, L. elegans, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 33, 41, 42, 48, 59, 71 Tiger lily, L. tigrinum, 1, 4, 8, 13, 14, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 57, 97 116 INDEX Trumpet lily, L. longiflorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 79 Turban lily, L. pomponium, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 34, 35, 41, 43, 57, 90 Turk's cap lily, L. chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 67 Turk's cap lily, L. Martagon, 5, 7, 10, 15, 16, 33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 46, 51, 57, 81 Wallace's lily, L. Wallacei, 4, 8, 98 Wallich's lily, L. Wallichianum, 4, 8, 29, 48, 98 Washington lily, L. Washing tonianum, 4, 6, 9, 26, 31, 43, 60, 99 White lily, L. candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 Wild orange-red lily, L. philadelphicum, 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 88 Wild yellow lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 57, 64 Wood lily, L. philadelphicum , 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 88 Yellow speciosum lily, L. Eenryi, 4, 8, 13, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 48, 51, 75 Yellow Turk's cap lily, L. pyrenaicum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 41, 43, 57, 91 Yunnan lily, L. yunnanense, 8, 100 FLOWER MONOGRAPHS LILIES (In preparation) PRIMROSES BELLFLOWERS PHLOX IRIS PINKS All to be uniform with LILIES. Each volume $1 net; postage lOc. McBRIDE, NAST & COMPANY Publishers: 31 Union Square North NEW YORK THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. •B8 4 Hlflf '-P 141937 f.ratM'*'^ rmp LIBRARY USE MAD 11364 fltnlt OP"*X^«r™k I r-\ m£t ro i.jj MAR l'B4-4HM JL ^. ~, *. f\t-j i A ki A u /nrm JAN 2 8 ^UU!) YB 48570 UMVERSinr OF CALIFORNIA UBRARV